diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/0596af07.txt b/politicalTextFiles/0596af07.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52ce6b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/0596af07.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +=============================================================== +The BIRCH BARK BBS / 414-242-5070 +=============================================================== +America's Future, Inc., Behind The Headlines, May 1996 + + + Big Business Is Promoting Socialism + ----------------------------------- + by F.R. Duplantier + + You'd think that Big Business interests would support free + enterprise, but the bulk of their annual corporate giving goes to + nonprofit groups promoting increased regulation and higher taxes. + + An expert on corporate philanthropy claims that "corporate + America is funding its enemies." Austin Fulk of the Capital + Research Center reports that "many corporations give away their + investors' dollars to special interest advocacy groups that favor + irresponsible government policies harmful to a corporation's own + best interests." In a recent issue of Human Events, Fulk charges + that "big business is undermining American values by freely + contributing to tax-exempt groups that work against a free and + competitive market." He points out that "tax-exempt groups + receiving the biggest share of corporate charitable dollars + repeatedly offer status quo proposals to solve America's most + pressing problems: racial quotas, increased welfare and + entitlement programs, higher taxes and more government spending, + command-and-control environmental laws, and regulations on + employers." + + More than 300 nonprofit advocacy groups got contributions from + America's top 250 corporations in 1993, but only 35 of those + groups received more than $250,000 apiece. Austin Fulk reports + that nearly two-thirds of these 35 groups "favor the liberal, + tried-and-failed policies of bureaucratic government. Groups such + as the Nature Conservancy, the NAACP, the Center for Community + Change, and Planned Parenthood get big corporate grants." + + Liberal groups with a Big-Government bias aren't the only + beneficiaries of corporate largesse, however. "Corporations not + only fund groups working against the general interests of + business, but some also support radical activist groups that are + principled opponents of America's enterprise tradition," says + Fulk. "Corporate funding, even in small amounts, affects the + fortunes of radical activists far out of proportion to the actual + dollar amount. A corporate gift lends respectability to radical + groups. It gives them a credential so that they can ask other + corporations, individuals, and grantmaking foundations for + funding." + + Donations to nonprofit groups that promote big government also + undermine the work of legitimate charities. "Private charities + have a record of effectively delivering services," says Fulk. + "But too often their work is overshadowed by failed government + programs that perpetuate the social problems they were supposed + to address. The mission of charity is hurt when government + programs replace private programs, and when taxpayer funding + replaces private contributions and individual voluntarism." + + Austin Fulk of the Capital Research Center urges American + investors to hold corporate management responsible for foolish + and self-defeating philanthropy. If managers can't make + charitable contributions wisely, they should make none at all. + "Corporate managements do shareholders and the nation a grave + disservice when they fund leftist advocacy groups," says Fulk. + "If the welfare state is to be replaced by an opportunity + society, support for nonprofit institutions must become more + discerning. Individuals as well as corporations must champion + charities and advocacy groups that encourage self-reliance. And + they must refuse support to nonprofit groups that draw strength + from government." + + America's Future, 7800 Bonhomme, St. Louis MO 63105 + + Phone: 314-725-6003 Fax: 314-721-3373 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/0596af11.txt b/politicalTextFiles/0596af11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a856565 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/0596af11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +================================================================ +The BIRCH BARK BBS / 414-242-5070 +================================================================ +America's Future, Inc., Behind The Headlines, May 1996 + + + Change The Orientation Of Welfare + --------------------------------- + by F.R. Duplantier + + What is the real purpose of welfare? Is it meant to help the + unfortunate get back on their feet, or was it designed from the + beginning to create a permanent underclass? + + "The focus of Indiana's welfare policy should be to + help families become self-sufficient," says Andrew Bush + of the Hudson Institute in Indianapolis. "Gov-ernment + can best achieve this goal by recognizing its own + limitations and by drawing on the strengths of + charities, community-based organizations, and other + private service providers." In the April issue of + Alternatives in Philanthropy, published by the Capital + Research Center, Bush reports on the Indiana + Independence Initiative, a graduated work-based plan + that "would dramatically change the orientation of + welfare." This Initiative would help "able-bodied + parents find immediate work," says Bush. It also "would + open public aid to a wide range of non-government + service providers that would help families pursue self- + sufficiency." + + In the same issue of Alternatives in Philanthropy, + Michael Hartmann of the Wisconsin Policy Research + Institute in Milwaukee reports that the Badger State + "has imposed stringent work requirements on welfare + recipients and has successfully moved many able-bodied + recipients into productive work." Wisconsin's welfare + caseload fell nearly 25 percent during a period in + which state caseloads across the country "increased by + an average of 35 percent." In 1988, Wisconsin + implemented the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills + program, which, as Hartmann explains, "required + caseworkers to closely monitor and motivate welfare + recipients in their search for employment." In 1993, + the state implemented a program called Work, Not + Welfare, which "limits AFDC payments to two years and + offers major job-training services." + + The state legislature recently approved a new program + called Wisconsin Works, which provides "four graduated + work options" for welfare recipients. "Recipients + unable to perform self-sustaining work will engage in + work activities, vocational rehabilitation, and + counseling," says Hartmann of the first, transitional + phase of the program. "Recipients will learn work + habits and job skills necessary for employment in the + private sector" by doing community-service jobs in the + second phase. A period of subsidized employment + follows, after which participants "will be guided to + the best available immediate job in the private + sector." + + Also in the April issue of Alternatives in + Philanthropy, Tom Tancredo and Dwight Filley of the + Independence Institute in Golden, Colorado point out + that social pathologies such as juvenile delinquency, + drug abuse, teen pregnancy, and welfare dependency have + all been linked to "the absence of a married father in + the household." Given this documented correlation, they + ask, "why does government policy seem geared toward + driving fathers away?" Despite the "oppressive burden + of federal laws," Colorado still has "considerable + latitude to end the perverse incen-tives that wreck + families and contribute to our social ills," say + Tancredo and Filley. "AFDC, for example, is a matching + fund program. If the Colorado legis-lature refused to + fund its share, AFDC would end in the state." + + America's Future, 7800 Bonhomme, St. Louis MO 63105 + + Phone: 314-725-6003 Fax: 314-721-3373 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/072594n1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/072594n1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4cf31b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/072594n1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +================================================================== +The BIRCH BARK BBS / 414-242-5070 +================================================================== +Submitted by: + +THE NEW AMERICAN -- July 25, 1994 +Copyright 1994 -- American Opinion Publishing, Incorporated. +P.O. Box 8040, Appleton, WI 54913 414-749-3784 + +================================================================== + +ARTICLE: American Opinion +TITLE: "High-Tech Nightmare" +SUBTITLE: "Traveling Big Brother's information superhighway" +AUTHOR: William F. Jasper + +================================================================== + +Since its publication in 1949, George Orwell's terrifying novel 1984 +has provided a foreboding look at a possible future world in which +both man and machine have become mere instruments to serve the evil +purposes of the totalitarian state. In the book's opening chapter, +through the eyes and mind of protagonist Winston Smith, we gradually +glimpse and feel the suffocating omnipresence of an omnipotent government. +Smith and other tragic inhabitants of his grim world can scarcely look +in any direction without coming under the watchful gaze of the ever-present +visage of the black-mustachioed, Stalinesque Big Brother. Beneath the +ubiquitous posters of the supreme dictator blares the caption: BIG BROTHER +IS WATCHING YOU. + +In the grotesque world of Big Brother we see the individual stripped of +all freedom, worth, dignity, and privacy. Technology is harnessed to +penetrate and subjugate every area of their lives, even their dreary, +pathetic homes. This is the chilling description of Smith's apartment: + + The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. + Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very + low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so long + as he remained within the field of vision which the metal + plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There + was of course no way of knowing whether you were being + watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, + the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was + guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched + everybody all the time. But at any rate they could plug in + your wire whenever they wanted to. You had to live -- did live, + from habit that became instinct -- in the assumption that + every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, + every movement scrutinized. + +Our technological capabilities today are more than adequate to implement +this same kind of Orwellian nightmare, and politically we are headed in +that direction. In the past year the Clinton Administration has been +aggressively pushing a number of statist, privacy-invading initiatives +that have groups and individuals all across the political spectrum screaming +"Big Brother." Clinton proposals for a national identification card, a +national "information super highway," and installation of a federal +"Clipper chip" in our telephones, computers, fax machines, and other +electronic devices to allow government monitoring certainly justify the +concern that we have embarked on the "slippery slope." + +It is perfectly apropos, of course, that Bill Clinton's Orwellian statist +programs be introduced with Orwellian "Newspeak," in which words often +mean the opposite of what we normally take them to mean. In 1984 the +Ministry of Truth proclaims, "War Is Peace," "Freedom Is Slavery," and +"Ignorance Is Strength." In like manner, the Clinton Administration seems +to be saying, "Intrusion Is Privacy." With its Clipper chip proposal, +Team Clinton is saying, in effect: "In order to protect your privacy, +Fedgov has to have the ability to invade your privacy -- but you can trust +us not to." + +The Clinton pitch is playing to a real and legitimate concern. In this +"information age" our lives are transparent. Our employment history, credit +rating, banking transactions, school and medical records, shopping habits, +travel, telephone and electronic communications, and many other intimate +details of our personal lives are floating in the ether of cyberspace, +available for abuse by government, commercial interests, hackers, personal +enemies, or other interested parties. In order to protect against +unauthorized use of this information, many individuals, companies, and +institutions are making use of data and voice encryption devices and software. + +But encryption, says the Administration, threatens legitimate law enforcement +interests, by making it very difficult or impossible for police agencies to +decipher wire taps of dangerous criminal and terrorist elements. The growth +of digital telephone technology and new computer-enhanced efficiency +techniques that allow compressing, hopping, and spreading of telephone +and data transmissions has already made phone tapping extremely hard. +The Administration's solution is to force the private telephone systems +to develop software that will track and decipher transmissions, and to give +the government a monopoly on encryption. + +Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh are pushing Congress to enact +requirements that telecommunications providers -- local telephone services, +cellular phone companies, wireless services, long distance networks, etc. -- +be able to intercept targeted telephone calls and data transmissions. The +FBI is not proposing to dictate how companies will accomplish these +surveillance tasks; it simply wants to impose a three-year deadline for +companies to come up with methods and technology to do them. + +Freeh says that in the digital information age the American people must +be willing to give up a degree of personal privacy in exchange for safety +and security. Moreover, said the FBI head in an interview earlier this +year in which he defended the Clinton Administration's support for the +Digital Telephony and Communications Privacy Improvement Act of 1994, +taxpayers would be asked to pay up to half a billion dollars to develop +the computer software necessary to secure the telecommunications +infrastructure. "The costs are high, but you have to do a cost-benefit +analysis," said Freeh. "The damage to the World Trade tower and the +economic interests of the country are conservatively estimated at +$5 billion," he said, referring to the 1993 bombing of the World Trade +Center in New York. "I think the American people will agree that this +is a credible solution to the problem we face."* + +Credible? Hardly. Dangerous? Absolutely. Not only are the Clinton proposals +doomed to failure as effective law enforcement measures against criminals, +but they are threatening precedents that would invite government abuse. +"Do not be fooled," the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an industry lobbying +group, warned on its computer bulletin board. "The FBI scheme would turn the +data superhighway into a national surveillance network of staggering +proportions." + +In March, the Digital Privacy and Security Working Group, a coalition of +computer professionals, companies, trade associations, and privacy groups, +wrote a letter to President Clinton, challenging the Administration's +proposed digital telephony bill. "We still see no evidence that current +law enforcement efforts are being jeopardized by new technologies," the +group told the President. "Nor are we convinced that future law enforcement +activities will be jeopardized given industry cooperation." So far, the +Administration and other advocates of the new federal surveillance powers +have not cited any specific cases where criminals have eluded the long +arm of the law due to encryption or failure of telephone carriers to cooperate. + +Undaunted, the police statists push onward. Confrontations in Congress +over the Clipper chip are now underway. Hearings on the matter were held +by the Senate Judiciary Committee on May 3rd. The Clipper chip is a product +of the National Security Agency, the super-secret federal spy agency +headquartered at Fort Meade, Maryland. According to Dr. Clinton Brooks, +the NSA scientist who led the Clipper chip research team, the chip project +began in 1989 and cost more than $2.5 million. "Cryptomathematicians" and +other specialists from NSA and the National Institute of Standards and +Technology (NIST) developed a powerful encryption formula, dubbed Skipjack, +which was built into a microprocessor now known as the Capstone chip, for +use in computers to scramble data. The chip is embedded on a circuit board +known as a Tessera Card and connected to the innards of the computer. + +The NSA designers then modified the Capstone chip for telephone encryption +and named the new creation the Clipper chip. The Clipper/Capstone chips +can either be built into the telephones, computers, and fax machines +themselves or put into separate devices about the size of a video cassette +tape which telephones, computers, and fax machines could be plugged into. +In order for the encryption to work, both the caller and the receiver have +to be using equipment with the Capstone/Clipper chips. + +As presently proposed by the Administration, the Clipper encryption would +only be activated when two people decide they want to secure their +communications and initiate encryption by pushing a button on their phones +or devices. Their conversation or data transmission would then be scrambled +and rendered meaningless to outsiders by the Clipper chip, since only the +caller and receiver would have the "secret" numerical keys to encode and +decode the transmission. + +Except that in the interest of "national security" and "law and order," +the federal government would hold master keys to each Clipper chip. In +order to protect against government abuse, the master keys would be divided +in half and each half held in "escrow" by different federal agencies. +(The NIST and the Treasury Department have been selected as the custodial +"key escrow" agents.) Before a law enforcement agency could decode a +Clipper-encrypted transmission it would have to present its search warrant +authorizing the wiretap to each custodial agency. Combining the halves of +the key from each "key escrow" custodian, the law enforcement agency could +then decode the call. + +Electronic privacy specialist Winn Schwartau writes in his new book, +Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway, that there are +a number of flaws in this plan: + + First, unless everyone uses Clipper, the entire effort is futile. + In order for everyone to use it, it would have to become a mandate + or law, therefore making other forms of encryption illegal. That + will never happen in an open society. Second, for the Clipper to + be accepted, the Government has to be trusted not to abuse their + capabilities to decrypt private transmissions without proper court + authorization, as is required today. + +Schwartau notes also that "since no one outside of a select few will be able +to examine the internal workings of the Clipper system, we have to take on +faith that the Government doesn't have a so-called back-door to bypass the +entire escrow system." Considering the trustworthiness of governments +throughout history, it is probably wise in such matters to remain agnostic. +James Bidzos, president of RSA Data Security, a computer security firm, is +one expert who remains skeptical. He sees the Clipper chip as perhaps only +the "visible portion of a large-scale covert operation on U.S. soil by NSA." +John Perry Barlow of the Electronic Frontier Foundation is another nonbeliever. +"Relying on the government to protect your privacy is like asking a Peeping +Tom to install your window blinds," said Barlow, in one of the most relevant +and on-target comments concerning the Clipper. + +Clintonistas protest that Clipper opponents are getting all worked up over +nothing. "Voluntary, voluntary, voluntary," says Edward A. Roback, one of +NIST's computer specialists. "We're certainly not forcing anyone to use it +[Clipper chip technology]." "Domestically, anybody can use whatever they want," +Roback insists. "There are no domestic restrictions and, no, the Administration +has no plans to propose any." + +Winn Schwartau is not convinced. In Information Warfare he comments: + + Perhaps the Government is engaged in a campaign to desensitize + the American public, a sophisticated form of Information Warfare. + First they attempt to pass a law, then they back off when attacked + by privacy advocates and adverse publicity. Next, they make the + very technology available that would have been used to implement + the proposed law, if it had been passed. Then Clipper is announced + and the flak hits the fan, so they back off again. They try to + convince the public that Clipper really is OK. Then maybe they'll + try to sneak it in another law, perhaps in a few months or a year. + See what happens. Sooner or later, the reasoning goes, the public + will cease to care and Clipper will become the law of the land. + It is a scenario that does not take great imagination to conjure. + It depends upon who is behind Clipper, the depth of their pockets, + their political wherewithal, and their motivation and resolve. + +Right now it is the federal government that is behind Clipper, and it has +pretty deep pockets. As the largest buyer and user of computer and +telecommunications equipment and services, it is in a good position to +force "voluntary" adoption of its favored technologies and policies. +Defense contractors and other major providers of products and services +to government agencies may soon find themselves forced into the situation +of either adopting Clipper technology or losing government contracts. + +"It's starting to look like economic coercion -- use this or else -- even +though the [Clipper] standard is supposed to be voluntary," says David +Peyton, vice president of the Information Technology Association of America. +Daniel Wietzner of the Electronic Frontier Foundation agrees. "The government +is going to use its purchasing power to try and make this a de facto standard," +he argues. + +The only currently available Clipper chip product is the AT&T Surety +Telephone Device 3600, which sells for about $1,200. The federal government +is ordering thousands of them even though it is an unproven commodity. +"The Clipper chip was developed in secrecy," notes Jim Schindler, an +information security manager at Hewlett-Packard, "and everyone begins to +question its strength without peer review." + +The Clipper "flunked" its first equivalent of limited peer review. On June +2nd of this year news accounts reported that a computer scientist at AT&T +Bell Laboratories, Dr. Matthew Blaze, had discovered a basic flaw in the +Clipper technology. He didn't break the code; in fact, just the opposite -- +he found a weak link in the Clipper chip that would allow users to further +scramble their transmissions so that they couldn't be decoded by the +government even with the use of its escrow keys. If this is the case -- +and the NSA has not disputed Dr. Blaze's findings -- the Clipper will be +no more useful for apprehending criminals and terrorists than other +encryption devices and software programs that law enforcement cannot decode. + +The NSA has all but conceded that the Clipper flaw exists, but has attempted +to minimize its significance. "Anyone interested in circumventing law- +enforcement access would most likely choose simpler alternatives," the NSA's +director of policy, Michael A. Smith, said in a written statement issued in +response to the Blaze report. "More difficult and time-consuming efforts, +like those discussed in the Blaze paper, are very unlikely to be employed." + +This is a very significant and interesting admission. Smith seems to be +conceding that: 1) with sufficient knowledge, resources, and motivation, +criminals could evade Clipper via the Blaze technique; and 2) there are +ways to evade Clipper's surveillance requiring even less knowledge, +resources, and motivation than the Blaze method. Either way, it is the +ostensible targets of Clipper -- criminals and terrorists -- who are most +likely to have the knowledge, resources, and motivation to evade the +technology. + +That leaves the average, law-abiding citizen as the logical primary target +of the Clipper. There is a parallel here, of course, with the Clinton drive +for more gun control laws, which (as always) are ignored by the criminal +element and serve only to penalize and criminalize the responsible gun owner. + +But the cult of Big Brother is not stopping with surveillance of +telecommunications; Clipper is just the beginning. According to the +computer industry journal PC Week, "The Clinton administration is +working on creating an identification card that every American will +need to interact with any federal government agency." In its May 9th +issue, PC Week reported, "Sources close to the administration said +President Clinton is also considering signing a pair of executive +orders that would facilitate the connection of individuals' bank +accounts and federal records to a government identification card." + +According to PC Week, the national ID proposal was presented by the +U.S. Postal Service in April at the Card Tech/ Secure Tech Conference +in Crystal City, Virginia as a "general purpose U.S. services smart +card" to be used by individuals and companies when sending or receiving +electronic mail (E-mail), transferring funds, and interacting with +government agencies. + +The computer weekly reported that Postal Service representative Chuck +Chamberlain outlined at the conference "how an individual's U.S. Card +would be automatically connected with the Department of Health and +Human Services, the U.S. Treasury, the IRS, the banking system, and a +central database of digital signatures for authenticating E-mail and +other transactions." + +"While the U.S. Card is only a proposal," noted PC Week, "the Postal +Service is prepared to put more than 100 million of the cards in citizens' +pockets within months of administration approval, which could come at +any time," according to Chamberlain. + +"There won't be anything you do in business that won't be collected and +analyzed by the government," charges William Murray, a security consultant +to accounting firm Deloitte and Touche in New Canaan, Connecticut, who +attended the Crystal City conference. "This is a better surveillance +mechanism than Orwell or the government could have imagined." + +The "smart card" is also a central feature of the Clinton "health care +reform" program. However, some "Friends of Hillary" have even grander +visions. Mary Jane England, MD, a member of the executive committee of +the White House Health Project and president of the Washington Business +Group on Health, a national outfit comprised of some of the nation's +leading corporate welfare statists, is especially excited about the +potential for implanting smart chips in your body. Addressing the 1994 +IBM Health Care Executive Conference last March in Palm Springs, +California, Dr. England said: + + The Smart Card is a wonderful idea, but even better would be + capacity not to have a card, and I call it "a chip in your ear, + " that would actually access your medical records, so that no + matter where you were, and if you came into an emergency room + unconscious -- and for those of you who treat or know anything + about adolescents, forget the card because they're not going to + have the card when they need it anyway -- [we would have] some + capacity to access that medical record. We need to go beyond the + narrow conceptualization of the Smart Card and really use some + of the technology that's out there. The worst thing we could do + is put in place a technology that's already outdated, because + all of you are in the process of building these systems. Now is + the time to really think ahead.... + + I don't think that computerized, integrated medical records with + a capacity to access through a chip in your ear is so far off and + I think we need to think of these things. + +Considering the Orwellian mind-set of the Clinton regime, the Administration's +fervent campaign for creating a national (federally funded and controlled) +"information network" that will "link every home, business, lab, classroom +and library by the year 2015" becomes positively frightening. This is the +same Administration, remember, that is advocating a huge new National Police +Corps; implementing warrantless searches for firearms; advocating severe +restrictions on firearms ownership by law-abiding citizens; usurping control +of state jurisdiction over law enforcement and criminal justice; and +attempting to purge all religious expressions and symbols from the workplace. + +It is the same Administration that wants to take away your right to medical +privacy, but refused to make the records of its own health care task force +public (and even defied a court order to do so). It is the same regime that +(whether through criminal malice or criminal incompetence) wielded its police +powers in such a blatantly tyrannical fashion that it is responsible for the +deaths and incineration of more than 80 members of an arguably harmless +religious sect. + +With due respect to Electronic Frontier's Mr. Barlow, trusting this +government to protect your privacy and your rights is more like asking +Jack the Ripper to install the locks on your home. + +END OF ARTICLE + +================================================================== + +THE NEW AMERICAN -- July 25, 1994 +Copyright 1994 -- American Opinion Publishing, Incorporated. +P.O. Box 8040, Appleton, WI 54913 + +================================================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/0814gulf.txt b/politicalTextFiles/0814gulf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07b34a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/0814gulf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16734 @@ + + + + 1 + + UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + + - - - + + PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE + + ON GULF WAR VETERANS' ILLNESSES + + - - - + + + PUBLIC MEETING + + - - - + + Monday, August 14, 1995 + + + - - - + + + + The Advisory Committee met in the + + Congressional Room, Capital Hilton, 16th and K Street, + + + N.W., Washington, D.C., at 9:30 a.m., Dr. Joyce + + Lashof, Chair, presiding. + + PRESENT: + + + JOYCE LASHOF, Chair + + JOHN BALDESCHWIELER + + ARTHUR L. CAPLAN + + DONALD CUSTIS + + + DAVID A. HAMBURG + + MARGUERITE KNOX + + PHILIP J. LANDRIGAN + + + ELAINE L. LARSON + + ROLANDO RIOS + + ANDREA KIDD TAYLOR + + + 2 + + DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICIAL: + + + CATHERINE WOTEKI + + STAFF PRESENT: + + ROBYN NISHIMI + + THOMAS McDANIELS + + + 3 + + C O N T E N T S + + + PAGE + + Hillary Rodham Clinton 8 + + The Honorable Donna E. Shalala 18 + + The Honorable Jesse Brown 21 + + + The Honorable John P. White 28 + + The Honorable Stephen C. Joseph 53 + + The Honorable Kenneth W. Kizer 66 + + + Dr. Henry Falk 68 + + Dr. Robert H. Roswell 78 + + Public Comment 129 + + + 4 + + 1 P R O C E E D I N G S + + + 2 (9:34 a.m.) + + 3 MS. WOTEKI: Good morning, everyone. My + + 4 name is Catherine Woteki. I'm the Acting Associate + + 5 Director for Science at the White House's Office of + + + 6 Science and Technology Policy. I'm also the + + 7 designated federal official for this very important + + 8 committee. + + + 9 I would like to welcome all of the + + 10 committee members to this, the first meeting, and also + + 11 to thank them for their willingness to embark on the + + 12 endeavor that you will be embarking upon. + + + 13 I'd also like to welcome all of the people + + 14 who are going to speak and give testimony today, + + 15 veterans, members of their families, and also to + + + 16 welcome all of you who are observers. + + 17 In my capacity as designated federal + + 18 official, I also have the responsibility for opening + + 19 and closing all of the meetings of the committee, and + + + 20 at this point this meeting is now open. + + 21 I'd like to introduce to you Dr. Joyce + + 22 Lashof, who is the Chair of the committee. + + + 23 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. thank + + 24 you, Ms. Woteki. + + 25 It's my pleasure to be able to chair this + + + 5 + + 1 Advisory Committee, and I want to join Cathy Woteki in + + + 2 thanking all of the members for their willingness to + + 3 participate in this endeavor. + + 4 As you know, the concerns of the illness + + 5 of the Gulf War veterans is a high priority for both + + + 6 the President and the First Lady, and the appointment + + 7 of this committee really represents their commitment. + + 8 Our charge is to review all of the + + + 9 activities that are ongoing to get to the bottom of + + 10 the problem, to assure that veterans are receiving + + 11 adequate care, and eventually to make recommendations + + 12 about how future such studies or problems can be dealt + + + 13 with. + + 14 At this point, I would like to introduce + + 15 or, rather, ask each member of the Advisory Committee + + + 16 to introduce themselves, and we'll just go around the + + 17 table here and just ask each of them to identify + + 18 themselves and just briefly their current positions. + + 19 Dr. Hamburg. + + + 20 DR. HAMBURG: David Hamburg, President of + + 21 Carnegie Corporation of New York, which is a general + + 22 purpose foundation. + + + 23 MS. WOTEKI: Could you use your + + 24 microphones. + + 25 CHAIR LASHOF: Push the button on your + + + 6 + + 1 mikes. + + + 2 MS. KNOX: I'm Marguerite Knox. Can you + + 3 hear me now? + + 4 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes. + + 5 MS. KNOX: Okay. I'm Marguerite Knox. + + + 6 I'm a captain in the South Carolina Army National + + 7 Guard. I'm also a clinical assistant nursing + + 8 professor at the University of South Carolina in + + + 9 Columbia. + + 10 DR. LANDRIGAN: I'm Philip Landrigan. I'm + + 11 a physician, Chairman of the Department of Community + + 12 Medicine at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York. + + + 13 MS. LARSON: My name is Elaine Larson. + + 14 I'm the dean of the School of Nursing at Georgetown + + 15 University here in D.C. + + + 16 MR. RIOS: My name is Rolando Rios. I'm + + 17 a public interest lawyer. I'm a Vietnam veteran and + + 18 a disabled veteran. + + 19 MS. TAYLOR: I'm Andrea Kidd Taylor. I'm + + + 20 with the United Auto Workers Health and Safety + + 21 Department in Detroit. I'm an industrial hygienist. + + 22 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I'm John + + + 23 Baldeschwieler. I'm a professor of chemistry at the + + 24 California Institute of Technology. + + 25 DR. CAPLAN: I'm Art Caplan. I'm + + + 7 + + 1 professor of bioethics at the University of + + + 2 Pennsylvania. + + 3 DR. CUSTIS: I'm Dr. Don Custis, retired, + + 4 previous Chief Medical Director of the Veterans' + + 5 Administration and previously a career in the Navy. + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 7 As you can see, this Advisory Committee + + 8 does represent many disciplines, many areas of + + + 9 expertise, and I believe that we have a committee well + + 10 able to address the complexity of the problems that we + + 11 face. + + 12 At this point the committee comes + + + 13 completely with an open mind. They've been provided + + 14 with a briefing book of material of previous reports, + + 15 but the purpose of this meeting is to initially hear + + + 16 from the major departments that have been actively + + 17 involved in the work and then we will be proceeding to + + 18 developing a plan of action and strategies by which we + + 19 will undertake our work. + + + 20 It is our goal to have a report ready for + + 21 the President as an interim initial report in six + + 22 months and a final report by the end of December of + + + 23 1996. + + 24 This meeting will also enable us to hear + + 25 directly from veterans and others who have been + + + 8 + + 1 concerned for some time, who have specific statements + + + 2 they wish to make to the Committee about the Gulf War + + 3 veterans' illnesses. + + 4 I'm obviously waiting for the signal that + + 5 the First Lady has arrived and will be able to + + + 6 introduce her to you momentarily. + + 7 All right. As many of you know, the + + 8 President's commitment to the Gulf War veterans is + + + 9 shared by the First Lady and, thus, as we embark on + + 10 this effort, it is my distinct pleasure and honor to + + 11 introduce the First Lady, Hillary Rodham Clinton. + + 12 (Applause.) + + + 13 MRS. CLINTON: Thank you very much. + + 14 I am delighted to be here at this first + + 15 meeting, and on behalf of the President, I want to + + + 16 thank the Chair and members of the President's + + 17 Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses for + + 18 your willingness to perform this public service. + + 19 I also want to welcome all of the + + + 20 veterans, their friends and families, who are here to + + 21 talk about their personal experiences and to hear from + + 22 the administration officials who have been working + + + 23 diligently on the issues raised in the President's + + 24 executive order creating this committee. + + 25 I want to start by emphasizing again how + + + 9 + + 1 proud we all are of our victory in the Gulf War. + + + 2 Because of the enormous skill and bravery of American + + 3 troops, an end was put to Saddam Hussein's brutal and + + 4 illegal occupation of Kuwait. Because of the strength + + 5 of U.S. leadership, the international community came + + + 6 together to stop and reverse unprovoked aggression + + 7 against an innocent nation. + + 8 This Presidential Advisory Committee is an + + + 9 important example of the President's commitment to + + 10 leave no stone unturned in the administration's + + 11 efforts to understand Gulf War veterans' illnesses and + + 12 to make sure that the government is responsive to + + + 13 veterans' needs. + + 14 In his announcement, the President assured + + 15 Gulf War veterans that we are grateful for their + + + 16 bravery, and we are as proud of them today as all of + + 17 us were when they returned victorious in 1991, and + + 18 most important, the President made it clear that just + + 19 as we relied on our troops when they were sent to war, + + + 20 we must assure them that they can rely on us now. + + 21 The President and I have heard from many + + 22 Gulf War veterans and their family members about their + + + 23 illnesses. We have received letters from all over the + + 24 country and have had the privilege of meeting with + + 25 many veterans and family members in person. Some of + + + 10 + + 1 these men and women, such as Steve Robertson and Nancy + + + 2 Kapplan, will be speaking to you this afternoon. + + 3 Veterans have told me about their + + 4 frustrating efforts to find out why they are ill and + + 5 how their illnesses can be treated. They have shared + + + 6 moving stories of the devastating effects on families + + 7 when fathers and mothers become disabled and unable to + + 8 work. They have described what it was like to serve + + + 9 their country in a desert land where oil well fires + + 10 turned the day to night and where sand storms made it + + 11 difficult to breathe. Some describe SCUD missile + + 12 attacks, were told of frequent use of insecticides to + + + 13 protect them from insect-borne diseases. + + 14 Many Gulf War veterans have been outspoken + + 15 in seeking and providing information about their + + + 16 illnesses. This Advisory Committee will determine + + 17 whether the experiences these veterans describe in the + + 18 Persian Gulf and in receiving medical care have been + + 19 adequately addressed or whether there are additional + + + 20 actions that need to be taken. + + 21 When Secretary Jesse Brown and I met with + + 22 veterans at the local VA hospital here in Washington, + + + 23 and when then Deputy Secretary of Defense John Deutsch + + 24 and I met with active duty soldiers at Walter Reed + + 25 Hospital, the stories we heard touched us deeply and + + + 11 + + 1 provided important information as well. I know you + + + 2 will be working closely with veterans who will be an + + 3 invaluable resource in your deliberations, and I am + + 4 pleased you will begin by hearing directly from Gulf + + 5 War veterans today. + + + 6 I have also met with the physicians, + + 7 nurses, and other health care professionals from the + + 8 VA and DOD who have worked with Gulf War veterans who + + + 9 are ill. They, too, express great frustration about + + 10 the difficulties they have faced in helping some of + + 11 the veterans and their family members whose illnesses + + 12 remain undiagnosed. I know you will also work closely + + + 13 with these dedicated men and women and learn from + + 14 their experiences. + + 15 When the men and women of the U.S. + + + 16 military reserves and National Guard were called to + + 17 war in 1990, our nation knew that we could rely on + + 18 them, and they served our nation honorably. When we + + 19 look back to the euphoric parades for returning U.S. + + + 20 troops in 1991, we can still remember a great feeling + + 21 of relief. We had won the war, and most Americans had + + 22 returned home safely, but through 1991 and 1992 there + + + 23 was increasing concern about some of our Gulf War + + 24 veterans. + + 25 There were veterans who described symptoms + + + 12 + + 1 that did not respond to treatment and did not go away + + + 2 as expected. When my husband became President and + + 3 learned that the numbers of veterans with chronic + + 4 symptoms seemed to be increasing, he took an active + + 5 interest in helping our veterans. + + + 6 Because of the leadership and dedication + + 7 of the Departments of Veterans' Affairs, Defense, and + + 8 Health and Human Services, this administration has + + + 9 already made unprecedented efforts to help Gulf War + + 10 veterans. For example, never before has an + + 11 administration moved so quickly to conduct research + + 12 aimed at helping returning soldiers who are ill. This + + + 13 year alone, the three departments will spend + + 14 approximately $15 million to study possible + + 15 environmental hazards, to determine whether illnesses + + + 16 have been transmitted to spouses and children, and to + + 17 develop improved treatment programs. + + 18 With the leadership of the VA, this + + 19 administration strongly supported laws to insure that + + + 20 compensation is available to those who are disabled, + + 21 even if the direct causes of the illnesses stemming + + 22 from their military service are unknown. + + + 23 The VA is also providing priority medical + + 24 care to Gulf War veterans, and both VA and the Defense + + 25 Department have established special treatment centers + + + 13 + + 1 to help veterans whose illnesses are particularly + + + 2 difficult to diagnose. + + 3 The Defense Department has also recently + + 4 initiated a new program that will declassify documents + + 5 and other information about the Gulf War and make them + + + 6 available on Internet. + + 7 All of these efforts will serve our + + 8 veterans well, and most were accomplished with + + + 9 bipartisan support from the 103rd Congress under the + + 10 leadership of then Chairman of the Veterans' Affairs + + 11 Committees, Senator Jay Rockefeller and Representative + + 12 Sonny Montgomery and their committee members. + + + 13 As President Clinton stated when he first + + 14 announced this Advisory Committee, he is determined to + + 15 do whatever it takes to respond to the concerns of the + + + 16 Gulf War veterans. + + 17 This administration has already convened + + 18 several other panels of outside experts to examine + + 19 various issues pertaining to Gulf War veterans' + + + 20 illnesses, but it came to realize that the issues are + + 21 so complex they require a more comprehensive, + + 22 sustained effort, and so the President established + + + 23 this Advisory Committee, to be independent and + + 24 appropriately staffed, with the relevant experience + + 25 and expertise that the members represent. + + + 14 + + 1 This Advisory Committee is unique because, + + + 2 as the President outlined in his executive order, you + + 3 will review all aspects of the federal government's + + 4 programs and policies that affect Gulf War illnesses, + + 5 telling us what we are doing right and what we should + + + 6 be doing better. + + 7 The executive order specifies that you + + 8 will provide advice and recommendations based on your + + + 9 review of the following: research, medical treatment, + + 10 risk factors from service in the Gulf War, including + + 11 possible environmental factors and drugs and vaccines, + + 12 reports of the possible detection of chemical and + + + 13 biological weapons, coordinating efforts that have + + 14 been established by federal agencies, external reviews + + 15 by other expert panels, and outreach to veterans. + + + 16 As you can see from that list, the mandate + + 17 is broad. In your efforts to review all of these + + 18 programs and policies, the Secretaries are pledged to + + 19 assist you, and you will find their doors open to you, + + + 20 and the President has made it absolutely clear in his + + 21 executive order and in his announcement of this + + 22 Advisory Committee that when you consider your task, + + + 23 no issue is off limits and every reasonable inquiry + + 24 should be pursued. + + 25 There are many opinions about how many + + + 15 + + 1 Gulf War veterans are ill, what has caused those + + + 2 illnesses, and how they can best be treated. In + + 3 talking to veterans and to those who are trying to + + 4 serve them, it is clear that those opinions are as + + 5 strongly held as they are diverse, and so your task is + + + 6 a difficult one. There are many unanswered questions, + + 7 and we are counting on you to make sure that this + + 8 administration is doing all it can to catalog relevant + + + 9 questions and insofar as possible answer them. + + 10 For that reason, you were selected on the + + 11 basis of your wide range of expertise in medical + + 12 issues, scientific research, policy, and military + + + 13 matters. The veterans on the panel will contribute + + 14 their invaluable perspectives from their military + + 15 experiences, and it is particularly important that two + + + 16 of you served in the Gulf War. + + 17 You all were selected because you do not + + 18 have preconceived notions about the scope of the + + 19 problem of Gulf War illnesses or the causes and + + + 20 treatments. + + 21 None of us knows what the research now + + 22 being conducted or called for in the future will tell + + + 23 us. So far the research that the government has + + 24 conducted indicates that thousands of veterans who + + 25 were healthy when they left for the Gulf War are now + + + 16 + + 1 ill. Many veterans believe that these symptoms + + + 2 clusters together into a Gulf War syndrome that is + + 3 unique. + + 4 Based on the research to date, however, + + 5 experts have concluded that there is not enough + + + 6 evidence to call this a syndrome. This is an issue + + 7 that will continue to be studied as more research is + + 8 completed. + + + 9 There are disagreements about the likely + + 10 causes and the best treatments for these symptoms. + + 11 These issues also will continue to be studied as more + + 12 research is completed. + + + 13 The President has appointed this Advisory + + 14 Committee because we do not yet have the answers to + + 15 these important questions. These are complicated, + + + 16 scientific questions that deserve careful scientific + + 17 scrutiny. + + 18 In his executive order, the President has + + 19 entrusted you to make sure that the federal government + + + 20 is supporting appropriate research and that whenever + + 21 possible, the results are being used to inform + + 22 treatment, compensation, and priorities for future + + + 23 research. + + 24 You are also entrusted to examine the wide + + 25 array of federal programs and policies to make sure + + + 17 + + 1 that they not only make sense, but also that they are + + + 2 being administered effectively and humanely. + + 3 I want to leave you with the image of an + + 4 open door. Perhaps your most important tool as you + + 5 serve on this committee is your ability to be open + + + 6 minded, to take advantage of our open door policy to + + 7 seek out the information you need, to evaluate all + + 8 existing programs and policies, and to make + + + 9 recommendations to insure that this administration + + 10 will continue to be responsive and responsible to our + + 11 veterans. We owe them that much and more, and all of + + 12 us are grateful for your willingness to take on this + + + 13 important public service. + + 14 Thank you very much, Madame Chairman. + + 15 (Applause.) + + + 16 (Pause in proceedings.) + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Now, I think we're all very + + 18 appreciative of the First Lady coming to join us and + + 19 of her remarks. The challenge she has given us is + + + 20 certainly a major one that we are willing to + + 21 undertake. + + 22 And now it's my pleasure to introduce -- + + + 23 I guess we're going to take a brief break while + + 24 there's some logistic changes here. We have to + + 25 rearrange things for the first panel. + + + 18 + + 1 Would the audience just remain seated and + + + 2 wait a few minutes while we move the barriers and get + + 3 a table up here so we can get the first panel started? + + 4 (Whereupon, a short recess was taken.) + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: I believe we're ready to + + + 6 proceed, and it is my pleasure to introduce the first + + 7 panel, the Honorable Donna Shalala, Secretary of the + + 8 Department of Health and Human Services; the Honorable + + + 9 Jesse Brown, Secretary of the Department of Veterans' + + 10 Affairs; and the Honorable John P. White, Deputy + + 11 Secretary, Department of Defense. + + 12 You may proceed. Thank you. + + + 13 SECRETARY SHALALA: Thank you very much. + + 14 I want to join my colleagues in thanking + + 15 all of you for your dedication and your energy and + + + 16 your expertise for our veterans and our country. + + 17 Five years ago thousands of American men + + 18 and women left their families and their friends and + + 19 their jobs and their homes behind to defend freedom + + + 20 halfway around the world. I knew dozens of them + + 21 because they were my students, my staff, and my + + 22 faculty at the University of Wisconsin. + + + 23 While most returned safely from the + + 24 Persian Gulf War, the journey for some has been + + 25 fraught with pain and illness. Today we in the + + + 19 + + 1 administration are renewing our promise to these + + + 2 Americans and to their families. We're committed to + + 3 finding the answers. All of us, whether we serve on + + 4 the panel or in the cabinet, are here because the + + 5 President and the First Lady are determined to get to + + + 6 the bottom of these medical issues. + + 7 The President has made it very clear that + + 8 we must leave no stone unturned in our efforts to + + + 9 identify what these illnesses are, how we can help the + + 10 victims and their families, and what we can do to + + 11 prevent similar diseases or illnesses from afflicting + + 12 veterans in the future. + + + 13 At the Department of Health and Human + + 14 Services, we have taken these challenges very + + 15 seriously. Our involvement with this issue began when + + + 16 we examined the environmental impact of the oil well + + 17 fires that occurred in the early days of the war. + + 18 Since that time we have supported the VA and the DOD + + 19 for laboratory diagnosis of leishmania infection. + + + 20 Through the National Institutes of Health, we convened + + 21 a scientific panel to review the health effects of the + + 22 Gulf War and carefully lay out this country's research + + + 23 needs. + + 24 We've conducted studies of illnesses + + 25 reported by some Gulf War veterans in a Pennsylvania + + + 20 + + 1 Air National Guard unit, and we've investigated birth + + + 2 defects reported by others in two National Guard units + + 3 from Mississippi. + + 4 Today we are proud to be part of the + + 5 Inter-agency Persian Gulf Veterans' Coordinating + + + 6 Board, and I'm pleased to say that the department + + 7 through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention + + 8 will soon be collaborating with the Iowa Department of + + + 9 Public Health to conduct an extensive telephone survey + + 10 examining the health of Iowa Gulf War veterans and + + 11 their families. + + 12 In a few minutes Dr. Henry Falk of the + + + 13 National Center for Environmental Health at the CDC + + 14 will provide you with more details of our work. All + + 15 of these important steps are essential, but we need + + + 16 you to help us do even more. + + 17 The commemoration of the 50th anniversary + + 18 of World War II and the dedication of the Korean War + + 19 memorial remind all of us of the enormous + + + 20 contributions of our veterans in every war. Time and + + 21 time again they have sacrificed their lives so that + + 22 others could be free. Our veterans must know that + + + 23 long after the battle has ended, long after the + + 24 mission has been accomplished, long after the last + + 25 enemy stronghold has been captured, and long after the + + + 21 + + 1 flag of victory has been planted that their country + + + 2 will be there for them and their families. + + 3 Again, I want to thank members of the + + 4 committee for helping us give our veterans and their + + 5 families the answers and the assistance they deserve, + + + 6 and I want to pledge our entire arsenal at the + + 7 Department of Health and Human Services, from the + + 8 Indian Health Service to FDA, to the National + + + 9 Institutes of Health, to the Centers for Disease + + 10 Control, and the entire Public Health Service to this + + 11 effort. + + 12 Thank you very much. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 14 The Honorable Jesse Brown. + + 15 SECRETARY BROWN: Dr. Lashof and + + + 16 distinguished members of the committee, colleagues + + 17 from other department and agencies, fellow veterans, + + 18 honored guests, ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy + + 19 to be here today, but more importantly, I'm very happy + + + 20 that you are here. + + 21 This is a very significant moment for our + + 22 veterans and their families. Today's meeting elevates + + + 23 the departments' dealing with the problems of our + + 24 Persian Gulf veterans to the highest possible level. + + 25 Your work has been given top priority. + + + 22 + + 1 The facts you find and the recommendations + + + 2 you make will be presented to three cabinet members + + 3 and through them to the President of the United + + 4 States. That is the kind of consideration our + + 5 veterans and their families need and deserve, and it + + + 6 is a level of response that is different from another + + 7 time and another problem, a time when the problems + + 8 related to Agent Orange were allowed to manage us. + + + 9 This President and his administration will not allow + + 10 history to repeat itself. + + 11 Over the past two years I have been + + 12 pleased to authorize VA compensation for several new + + + 13 conditions presumed related to exposure to herbicides + + 14 in Vietnam. We who fought for these benefits never + + 15 again want to see our nation fail to respond to the + + + 16 health problems of our citizen soldiers. That is why + + 17 we are being proactive in responding to the needs of + + 18 our Persian Gulf veterans who are suffering from + + 19 unexplained illnesses. + + + 20 We know that the Persian Gulf War was a + + 21 dirty word environmentally speaking. Our warriors + + 22 were exposed to stressful combat conditions, smoke + + + 23 from oil fires, a hot, dusty climate, leishmaniasis, + + 24 carp, toxic petroleum products, and depleted uranium. + + 25 It is very important that the Advisory + + + 23 + + 1 Committee look into all of these risk factors. This + + + 2 includes reports of a possible detection of chemical + + 3 or biological agents. VA, for instance, will continue + + 4 to investigate whether any of our veterans are + + 5 suffering from health problems that might be the + + + 6 result of exposure to these agents. + + 7 We are also looking into the vaccinations + + 8 and medications they received to protect them from + + + 9 chemical and biological weapons, and we are concerned + + 10 about the long-term effects of stress that many of our + + 11 Persian Gulf veterans experience. + + 12 It is clear in retrospect that there are + + + 13 many reasons for concern. Many veterans are reporting + + 14 symptoms. Some have undiagnosed illnesses, and nearly + + 15 all have questions. All of us have been looking for + + + 16 answers, but the information is incomplete and some + + 17 answers have been illusive. + + 18 When I made this issue a top priority + + 19 nearly two and a half years ago, only one thing was + + + 20 known for sure. Persian Gulf veterans were suffering. + + 21 They were suffering from fatigue, memory loss, painful + + 22 joints, and other physical and psychological problems. + + + 23 That is why I committed VA to doing everything + + 24 possible to assist them. + + 25 We have initiated our own research + + + 24 + + 1 efforts. This will allow us to team up with other + + + 2 agencies in order to find scientific answers. We are + + 3 taking a comprehensive approach to the problem. The + + 4 first step is evaluating immediate problems and + + 5 providing care. We offer a special health + + + 6 examination, which includes a complete physical + + 7 examination with appropriate laboratory studies. This + + 8 is available to all Persian Gulf veterans concerned + + + 9 about their health, whether they are ill or not. + + 10 Forty-eight thousand veterans have been examined so + + 11 far, and the results have been entered into our + + 12 Persian Gulf registry. + + + 13 We continue to monitor the registry, to + + 14 identify patterns of illnesses and complaints, and + + 15 this centralized registry allows us to provide + + + 16 veterans with current information on health issues, + + 17 research findings, and new compensation policies. + + 18 We have four Persian Gulf referral centers + + 19 where experts evaluate the cases which are difficult + + + 20 to diagnose. They are located in Washington, D.C., + + 21 Houston, L.A., and Birmingham. We obtained special + + 22 authority to offer veterans priority access to VA care + + + 23 for any disability that might be related to service in + + 24 the Gulf. + + 25 Following evaluation and treatment, our + + + 25 + + 1 second step deals with disability compensation. We + + + 2 supported and worked hard to enact legislation to pay + + 3 compensation to Persian Gulf veterans with chronic + + 4 disabilities even though their conditions are + + 5 undiagnosed and have not been traced to their military + + + 6 service. We felt veterans deserved the benefit of the + + 7 doubt. The Congress agreed, and the President signed + + 8 this law late last year. + + + 9 In February I was proud to join President + + 10 Clinton in presenting the first compensation check + + 11 awarded under the new law to a veteran from my home + + 12 State of Illinois. We are contacting all Persian Gulf + + + 13 veterans who have had a VA registry examination, and + + 14 we're inviting all of them to file a claim for + + 15 compensation benefits. + + + 16 We are also reviewing claims for every + + 17 Persian Gulf veteran who had filed a claim based on + + 18 environmental hazards. + + 19 The third step is one which I believe will + + + 20 concern this committee, the question of getting + + 21 definitive answers. This obviously involves research. + + 22 We have already begun a large and ambitious effort in + + + 23 this direction. There are now over 30 government + + 24 research projects. They are looking into areas like + + 25 general health, environmental effects, and toxic + + + 26 + + 1 exposures. VA and the Defense Department have + + + 2 contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to + + 3 review existing information on the problem. + + 4 VA is also moving forward with our own + + 5 research. For example, we established three special + + + 6 research centers. They will focus on the effects of + + 7 exposure to environmental hazards. Our mortality + + 8 study will compare causes of death for Persian Gulf + + + 9 veterans with the cause of death for veterans serving + + 10 in the same era who were not deployed to the Gulf. + + 11 Another study will survey symptoms, + + 12 illnesses, and exposures of 15,000 Persian Gulf + + + 13 veterans. It will compare their experiences with + + 14 those of a similar size group who served at the same + + 15 time, but did not go to the Gulf. This study will + + + 16 also evaluate the health status of their family + + 17 members. + + 18 The final step in our approach is getting + + 19 the word out. We're working very closely with our + + + 20 nation's veterans' organizations to reach out to + + 21 Persian Gulf veterans and their families. Our Persian + + 22 Gulf Information Center operates a nationwide toll + + + 23 free information line staffed by trained operators. + + 24 We also provide information through electronic + + 25 bulletin boards 24 hours a day, seven days a week. + + + 27 + + 1 The Persian Gulf newsletter goes out periodically to + + + 2 everyone on the Persian Gulf registry, providing them + + 3 with the latest information on research and other + + 4 developments. + + 5 We are conducting a series of Persian Gulf + + + 6 health days at some of our medical centers. These + + 7 seminars allow concerned veterans to get direct + + 8 answers to their questions, and finally, VA officials, + + + 9 from myself and Deputy Secretary Gober, to facility + + 10 directors have participated in hundreds of media + + 11 interviews describing VA programs for Persian Gulf + + 12 veterans. + + + 13 There are too many things going on for me + + 14 to describe them all today. However, I believe that + + 15 we are managing the problem as opposed to allowing the + + + 16 problem to manage us. The Persian Gulf Coordinating + + 17 Board, which includes the VA, the Department of + + 18 Defense, and HHS, continues to coordinate extensive + + 19 work on research, clinical issues, and disability + + + 20 compensation. + + 21 In the end, as the President has promised, + + 22 no stone will be left unturned, but I want to state in + + + 23 the strongest terms possible something that I have + + 24 said on many occasions. If there is anything that we + + 25 are not doing that you would like to see us do, let us + + + 28 + + 1 hear from you. Your counsel is very important to us. + + + 2 Our veterans have offered their very lives for the + + 3 nation and peace in the world. It is only right that + + 4 we serve them as they have served us. + + 5 I personally believe that the way a + + + 6 society treats its veterans is an indication of who we + + 7 are as a nation, and as a result, we cannot break the + + 8 moral obligation the nation has to its veterans. That + + + 9 is why, ladies and gentlemen, you have a very, very + + 10 important responsibility, and that is why I pledge to + + 11 you VA's total cooperation. Any records or + + 12 information you need will be made available to you. + + + 13 All you need do is ask. We will respond fully and + + 14 promptly. + + 15 I wish you good luck and Godspeed in your + + + 16 very important work. + + 17 Thank you so very much. + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, + + 19 Secretary Brown. + + + 20 And now we will hear from the Honorable + + 21 John White. + + 22 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: I thank you, + + + 23 Madame Chairman and distinguished members of the + + 24 committee. + + 25 First, let me thank Secretary Brown and + + + 29 + + 1 Secretary Shalala for their leadership and hard work + + + 2 as all three departments have been working + + 3 aggressively on these efforts in order to fulfill the + + 4 President's and Mrs. Clinton's commitment, which we of + + 5 course take very, very seriously. + + + 6 I want to take the opportunity today to + + 7 just outline for you what we at Defense are doing. + + 8 First of all, as to goals our first and, of course, + + + 9 fundamental goal is to take care of our service + + 10 members, and we want to do that openly because people + + 11 have a right to know. + + 12 Thirdly we want to do it openly because + + + 13 we're looking for other information and help. We do + + 14 not have a corner on the knowledge in this perplexing + + 15 problem. Dr. Stephen Joseph, my colleague and the + + + 16 Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, + + 17 will brief you on more details in our program in the + + 18 next hour. Secretary Perry has asked me personally to + + 19 make this one of my highest priorities, and I am doing + + + 20 so. + + 21 Many veterans of the Gulf War are ill, and + + 22 they believe it's the result of their service, and + + + 23 that's enough for us to recognize that we must provide + + 24 them with the medical attention which they deserve. + + 25 Marcel Proust has said, "Pain we obey," and in this + + + 30 + + 1 case the pain of our veterans we will obey. It is the + + + 2 least we can do for them. It's our responsibility, + + 3 and it's the right thing to do. + + 4 Now, Secretary Perry and General + + 5 Shalikashvili communicated to all of our service + + + 6 members on active duty who served in the Gulf War + + 7 urging them to come forward and report any illnesses, + + 8 and as a result of that, we have a four-part program. + + + 9 First and most importantly, to treat the + + 10 illnesses. This is, of course, fundamental and out + + 11 initial emphasis. Last June we launched a + + 12 comprehensive clinical evaluation program for Gulf War + + + 13 veterans. We had some 23,000 veterans respond to the + + 14 Secretary's and the Chairman's encouragement, and on + + 15 August 1st we issued our initial report, a review of + + + 16 10,020 such veterans and the in-depth medical exams + + 17 which have been provided to these veterans. So far + + 18 they show no evidence of unique Persian Gulf illness, + + 19 but rather a range of illnesses and symptoms. + + + 20 Now, these studies are clinical. They're + + 21 not perfect research, nor the final word, but they're + + 22 certainly very valuable and necessary, and we will + + + 23 continue to conduct the research and to provide the + + 24 information. + + 25 Secondly, we're all trying to understand + + + 31 + + 1 these illnesses. The three departments that are + + + 2 represented here have funded in-depth medical research + + 3 into these problems. In fiscal '95, DOD alone + + 4 dedicated $15 million to this effort. Research is + + 5 being done both in the government and by + + + 6 nongovernmental researchers. + + 7 Thirdly, we need to investigate the + + 8 illnesses, and again, all three departments are + + + 9 aggressively working at clinical information. We have + + 10 established an investigative team to analyze Persian + + 11 Gulf classified and unclassified documents, DOD and + + 12 otherwise, all related to the actions and the + + + 13 incidents that occurred, to find out where and why + + 14 there might be some impact on individual's health. We + + 15 set up an 800 number for people to provide us with any + + + 16 incidents they know of or theories or other + + 17 information. + + 18 We are declassifying and analyzing + + 19 information from the war, and we're trying, based on + + + 20 all of this, to inform people about the illnesses and + + 21 the possible causes and to ask for their cooperation + + 22 in dealing with these problems. + + + 23 We will be making operational and + + 24 intelligence documents available once they are + + 25 declassified. On August 3rd of this year, we + + + 32 + + 1 announced an initial release of 3,700 pages of + + + 2 records, including Defense intelligence and captured + + 3 Iraqi documents. We are now up to 4,200. We have + + 4 literally millions more to go, but an aggressive + + 5 program of declassification, and we expect to be + + + 6 complete and have all of this information by December + + 7 '96. + + 8 We are making this information public via + + + 9 a special program that has been established called + + 10 Gulf Link. It is a database that is on the Internet. + + 11 It's directly accessible. I've used it myself. It's + + 12 very easy to use. It has two fundamental parts to it. + + + 13 First, it has the declassified documents, and it will + + 14 provide all of those documents, and secondly, it + + 15 provides the relevant medical reports, journal + + + 16 articles, newspaper clippings, and other information + + 17 that we think are important in terms of getting to the + + 18 bottom of this problem. + + 19 Now, Dr. Joseph, as I said, will + + + 20 illuminate on these initiatives in the next panel, but + + 21 I want to reiterate our bottom line, and that is that + + 22 we are doing as we have done over the past. We are + + + 23 continuing to be aggressive in our effort to treat, to + + 24 investigate, to understand, and to inform people about + + 25 the illnesses. We are committed most of all, of + + + 33 + + 1 course, to caring for our veterans. + + + 2 Let me end with a personal note, Madame + + 3 Chairman. My son served as a junior officer in the + + 4 Marine Corps and a platoon commander in the Gulf for + + 5 nine months. So I know from him the environment in + + + 6 which our young people lived and the environment in + + 7 which they fought. So this is not an abstract issue + + 8 for me. This is a very real issue, a personal family + + + 9 issue, and one in terms of my obligation to all of the + + 10 veterans who fought there. + + 11 So I can assure you, again, that we are + + 12 doing all that we can to get to the bottom of this + + + 13 problem. + + 14 Thank you very much. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + + 16 Now, the panel is open for questions, and + + 17 any member of the Advisory Committee is free to ask + + 18 them. I would just hope that you will indicate to me + + 19 so that I can call on you as you wish. Your mike, + + + 20 please remember that you push the button down, and + + 21 once you push it down it will stay on. You don't have + + 22 to hold it and then release it. + + + 23 Are there questions that any of you would + + 24 like to address to the panel? + + 25 MS. KNOX: I would like to ask. You + + + 34 + + 1 mentioned that there was a Gulf Link on the Internet. + + + 2 Are there computers available to veterans maybe at + + 3 local VAs so that they can go and access the Internet? + + 4 SECRETARY BROWN: That is really a very + + 5 interesting question. The answer I'm told is yes. + + + 6 (Laughter.) + + 7 MS. TAYLOR: I have a question for the + + 8 last panelist. You mentioned that some of the + + + 9 documents will be made available as soon as they're + + 10 cleared. How soon do you think that will take? + + 11 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: Well, we have + + 12 already cleared over 4,000 documents, and they've been + + + 13 made available. We will not wait to make them + + 14 available. As soon as they are cleared, we're doing + + 15 it in batches, but as soon as they are cleared, we + + + 16 will put them on the Gulf Link Internet and so they + + 17 will be periodically regularly updated and expanded. + + 18 In fact, even since I made the + + 19 announcement a couple of weeks ago, we've added more + + + 20 documents to that list. + + 21 DR. HAMBURG: I guess this goes to all + + 22 three or whoever who'd want to respond. We have read + + + 23 very impressive material on ways of tackling this + + 24 problem. As Secretary Brown said, it has a very + + 25 different feel to it than the Agent Orange situation, + + + 35 + + 1 which I well remember. + + + 2 Nevertheless, it's impossible for us to + + 3 tell from these documents, sound and thoughtful as + + 4 they are, what is likely to be the fate of the + + 5 recommendations in those documents. How can you see + + + 6 to it that these good plans will actually be + + 7 implemented? + + 8 I assume that the Coordinating Board has + + + 9 an important role in that, but perhaps we could hear + + 10 a bit more about the Coordinating Board and any other + + 11 mechanisms you may have in mind to actually implement + + 12 these thoughtful recommendations. + + + 13 SECRETARY SHALALA: We do have a + + 14 coordinated process, and one of the characteristics of + + 15 actually the Clinton administration is our ability to + + + 16 work across agencies effectively, and we do put + + 17 together and have an implementation process, David, + + 18 but I guess we're as concerned about our ability to + + 19 anticipate these issues as we are of finding + + + 20 everything we can about the illnesses that are related + + 21 to participation in the Gulf War. + + 22 It is just not possible in future wars or + + + 23 future activities by the American military not to + + 24 expect that our soldiers will go out to areas in the + + 25 world that are environmentally unsafe, and therefore, + + + 36 + + 1 it's not simply responding after the fact, but our + + + 2 ability to anticipate in the future as veterans go to + + 3 other parts of the world. + + 4 I personally know this area of the world. + + 5 I served as a Peace Corps volunteer in southern Iran, + + + 6 and I actually intimately know that area of Iraq + + 7 around the Persian Gulf, and I can tell you from + + 8 personal experience about the sand storms and the + + + 9 burning off of oil wells and all of the other things + + 10 that one faces there. + + 11 So that I guess my point would be not only + + 12 do we have an inter-agency effort and an ability to + + + 13 work across, but we need from all of you an ability to + + 14 anticipate for the future so that we're better + + 15 prepared. + + + 16 SECRETARY BROWN: I happen to agree with + + 17 my colleague on her assessment, but I would like to + + 18 carry it a little bit farther. I'm basically + + 19 concerned about making sure that our veterans are not + + + 20 adversely impacted upon as a result of having served + + 21 the nation and served it well. In that regard, we + + 22 have to look to see what impact that their service + + + 23 actually has on their ability to get on with their + + 24 lives, to make that transition back from military + + 25 service into mainstream America. + + + 37 + + 1 And to make that assessment, we look at + + + 2 three areas basically. One is what impact did it have + + 3 in terms of medical problems, and we are thinking + + 4 we're responding to that, but there are many gaps in + + 5 that whole process in the sense that we are kind of + + + 6 like just responding to the symptoms because we really + + 7 don't understand the etiology of this process, and out + + 8 of that etiology once we understand it, we can shift + + + 9 those resources from treating the symptoms to actually + + 10 providing a cure, and that's really where I think + + 11 Donna's point comes in because then we can share that + + 12 information with the entire world. + + + 13 The other part of it has to do with + + 14 compensation benefits. We know that when you are + + 15 sick, it has an adverse effect on your ability to + + + 16 provide for your family, for your wife, your children, + + 17 and your family members, and so we want to make sure + + 18 that we understand exactly what is happening so that + + 19 we can compensate them fairly. + + + 20 We're moving in that direction. I don't + + 21 think that we are there. We made great progress last + + 22 year, but we must continue to look forward to what's + + + 23 going to come out of this year's committee so that we + + 24 can make further improvements in the process. + + 25 And then finally, for those that are sick, + + + 38 + + 1 we need to have an understanding so that we can help + + + 2 design a vocational rehabilitation program for our + + 3 veterans so that they can move on. + + 4 Now, once we pull all of these together + + 5 and have a good understanding, then, of course, we + + + 6 will not hesitate in pushing for legislation that will + + 7 give us the authority to begin to actively move + + 8 forward on these three initiatives that have, quite + + + 9 frankly, been time tested. We at the VA have a lot of + + 10 experience on it. During the history of our nation, + + 11 we have lost over a million men and women serving + + 12 their country and the country and a million and a half + + + 13 of them have come back home suffering from all kinds + + 14 of problems. + + 15 And so what we want to do is to make sure + + + 16 that we continue our time honored tradition of + + 17 responding to their needs, and with your help we will + + 18 do just that. + + 19 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: May I just make + + + 20 one comment? + + 21 While this is obviously a special program + + 22 with a great deal of intense care and scrutiny, we + + + 23 have taken care to make sure that the people involved, + + 24 starting with myself and with Dr. Joseph, are people + + 25 who are in operating management policy positions in + + + 39 + + 1 the department. So this is not something off to the + + + 2 side of what we are doing. We're deeply involved. + + 3 The Surgeons General of the services are deeply + + 4 involved so that the information gets put back into + + 5 the regular chains where it ought to be used in terms + + + 6 of future issues. + + 7 MR. RIOS: This question is for Secretary + + 8 White. + + + 9 Do we have a final count as to how many + + 10 troops we lost during the war, a list, and how many + + 11 have died since as a result of the exposure to the + + 12 elements? + + + 13 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: I think we have + + 14 a count as to the first part. I don't think we + + 15 probably have a count as to the second, but I would + + + 16 have to be able to go back. + + 17 MR. RIOS: What was the count for the + + 18 first part? + + 19 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: We'll get that + + + 20 for you. + + 21 SECRETARY BROWN: I just have just one + + 22 additional question or response that I'd like to make + + + 23 with respect to David's question. I think that for + + 24 the purpose of clarity so we do not end up getting + + 25 confused as we move to try to find solutions to these + + + 40 + + 1 very difficult problems, we should view the illnesses + + + 2 that our Persian Gulf veterans are suffering from in + + 3 the same manner as we would view a gunshot wound to + + 4 the head or a gunshot wound to the chest or a person + + 5 who has lost an arm or a leg because they are just as + + + 6 serious as that. It is just simply we do not + + 7 understand it, but in terms of how it interferes with + + 8 a person's ability to socialize and interact in our + + + 9 society and how it interferes with their ability to + + 10 make an industrial adjustment, it is just as + + 11 devastating. + + 12 So if we kind of keep that focus, I think + + + 13 it would help us get through this whole process. + + 14 MS. LARSON: I'd like some clarification + + 15 on a comment, Dr. Shalala, that you made because I + + + 16 think it's a little different than our charge. If I + + 17 heard you correctly, you were suggesting that one of + + 18 the things this commission might do would be to look + + 19 at how, if and when there are future armed conflicts + + + 20 or wars the government should anticipate an approach + + 21 that would provide the safeguards necessary. In other + + 22 words, as you said, it's safe to assume that every + + + 23 armed conflict or war is environmentally unsafe, and + + 24 so how do we in the future also look at this in a + + 25 proactive way rather than treating each war as we have + + + 41 + + 1 in the past as unique and isolated? + + + 2 And I thought that you were saying that + + 3 you wanted us to look at the process as well. Is that + + 4 correct? + + 5 SECRETARY SHALALA: Not completely correct. I'm + + + 6 simply interested in the implications, in drawing out + + 7 the implications here. I'm not sure that your charge + + 8 involved anything as extensive as that, but we're as + + + 9 interested in the implications of this because it's + + 10 very clear in the world we're going into in the future + + 11 that there are many areas of the world that raise some + + 12 serious issues about the environment as we send in not + + + 13 only troops in terms of wars, but also in terms of + + 14 peace, and we simply need to think that through, and + + 15 we will learn some things out of this review, it seems + + + 16 to me. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: I think I can respond a + + 18 little bit further on that. As I understand our + + 19 charge, and we'll be discussing that a great deal more + + + 20 tomorrow and make sure we all clearly understand the + + 21 charge, and that's on the agenda, but at this point I + + 22 can say that we certainly hope to be able to make + + + 23 recommendations concerning how one would follow up on + + 24 veterans when they come back in the future so that + + 25 we're not this many years down the line and now trying + + + 42 + + 1 to decide what epidemiology and so on, and I think + + + 2 that is an issue we will clearly look at. + + 3 Whether we can anticipate everything you + + 4 need to do when you send troops out, that's another + + 5 story, but it's something we can discuss in our + + + 6 strategies and objectives. + + 7 Are there other questions? Dr. Custis? + + 8 DR. CUSTIS: I think you've just + + + 9 identified what we feel our responsibility to be. I + + 10 think it would be interesting to hear from the panel + + 11 what they expect from us. In other words, there was + + 12 a question in that regard, but in the larger context, + + + 13 what do you expect from this committee? + + 14 SECRETARY SHALALA: We helped write your + + 15 charge. So I think that the charge as outlined both + + + 16 by Mrs. Clinton and in the letters you got is + + 17 completely consistent with our conversations within + + 18 the administration. + + 19 We are enthusiastic participants in this + + + 20 process, and we're very much involved in the decision + + 21 making and the thinking that went behind it. I don't + + 22 know whether Jesse or John want to add to that. + + + 23 SECRETARY BROWN: Dr. Custis, I'm looking + + 24 for answers from you. I know that's kind of a broad + + 25 statement, but the bottom line is that we are now + + + 43 + + 1 operating in a grey area. The rules and regulations + + + 2 that govern, for instance, VA compensation mandate us + + 3 to provide disability payments only in the presence of + + 4 injury or disease. Many of our veterans returning + + 5 from the Persian Gulf cannot be classified in any one + + + 6 of those categories, neither an injury nor a disease. + + 7 We need to understand what that means so that we can + + 8 have a better feel on how to deal with it. + + + 9 Now, we think that we've made progress, + + 10 but we haven't made progress based on understanding. + + 11 So we need to understand mechanically exactly what is + + 12 happening to these people, and we are looking to the + + + 13 science to give us that information. + + 14 Let me give you one example based on + + 15 history. Many of our veterans returned from Vietnam + + + 16 suffering from various types of problems that were + + 17 associated with their service. It took us 20 years + + 18 for the science to catch up with us, and as a result, + + 19 we are now, for instance, providing compensation and + + + 20 medical care for life for disabilities that are a + + 21 direct result of having served in Vietnam and having + + 22 been exposed to Agent Orange, and these problems + + + 23 include cloagnin, non-Hodgkins, lymphoma, soft tissue + + 24 sarcoma, Hodgkins disease, multiple myeloma, and + + 25 respiratory cancers, and the list goes on and on. + + + 44 + + 1 And so what we want to do, we don't want + + + 2 to wait another 20 years to be able to respond to the + + 3 needs of people who have been hurt carrying out the + + 4 policies of the nation, and that is why we're trying + + 5 to be proactive. We're getting our best minds up + + + 6 front to look at this, to see if we can figure out + + 7 exactly what is going on so that we can take immediate + + 8 action and not have to wait until thousands of people + + + 9 have died and whole families just disintegrated + + 10 because we simply didn't have enough information on + + 11 which died. + + 12 MS. KNOX: Secretary Brown, I'd like you + + + 13 to address if you could and help me to understand. I + + 14 know there are veterans from the Gulf War who are + + 15 still going today to have their exit physicals from + + + 16 the VA system, and they're providing that for them. + + 17 Do the regulations state that the illness has to have + + 18 occurred within the first two years after the war? + + 19 SECRETARY BROWN: Yes. The symptoms and + + + 20 the illness as we define it because we can't classify + + 21 it as a disease must have occurred within two years + + 22 after having left the Persian Gulf. Now, that does + + + 23 not mean that that is the only vehicle by which we can + + 24 service connect, but that is part of the provision, + + 25 legislative provision, that was enacted last year. + + + 45 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: Let me ask Secretary White. + + + 2 You talked about the declassification schedule. It's + + 3 my understanding that some of the material won't be + + 4 declassified until 1996. Our charge and our final + + 5 report is due at the end of '96. What would it take + + + 6 to speed up the declassification? + + 7 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: It would probably + + 8 take more resources than we have on it today. I don't + + + 9 think -- and I recognize your concern -- I don't think + + 10 that's necessarily a problem, and I would suggest to + + 11 you that we look at it in three or four months, and + + 12 the reason I say that is that we are trying, first of + + + 13 all, to do it as rapidly as we can. It's millions of + + 14 pages; secondly, to do it in so-called bulk. That is, + + 15 we're not sitting there going through it in a slow, + + + 16 methodical way; thirdly, to do it intelligently in + + 17 terms of looking at that information that is most + + 18 likely to be of value to you first. + + 19 So I think, you know, what we end up with + + + 20 is this huge undifferentiated documentation, and we, + + 21 of course, are organizing it and differentiating it in + + 22 ways which we hope will be responsive. So I think we + + + 23 ought to look at this in terms of what the yield will + + 24 be after three or four months, and then we can see + + 25 whether or not we need a different strategy. + + + 46 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + + 2 Yes. + + 3 DR. LANDRIGAN: Secretary Brown, I'd like + + 4 to address a question to you. I concerns the matter + + 5 you were just discussing of the two-year limitation, + + + 6 statute of limitations, if you will. We know in the + + 7 field of environmental medicine that many diseases + + 8 that are triggered by environmental exposures, the + + + 9 diseases that are caused by asbestos, the cancers that + + 10 are caused by Agent Orange, to give just two examples + + 11 of many, don't develop in some cases until decades + + 12 have passed between exposure and onset of symptoms. + + + 13 In the event that we conclude at the end + + 14 of our deliberations that certain disease entities + + 15 have to be considered potentially related to the + + + 16 Persian Gulf Syndrome, but these -- Persian Gulf + + 17 exposures, sorry -- but these are disease that may be + + 18 associated with long latency, how is that going to + + 19 come together? + + + 20 SECRETARY BROWN: That would be wonderful. + + 21 That is exactly the kind of information that I'm + + 22 looking for. The two-years that we used in the + + + 23 legislation is really kind of an arbitrary number, + + 24 arbitrary in the fact that we used it because many of + + 25 the symptoms that we had been able to gather + + + 47 + + 1 information on developed within two years, but that + + + 2 doesn't mean that, as you pointed out, there are other + + 3 conditions that will develop later on or manifest + + 4 themselves later on, maybe three, four, five, six, + + 5 seven years. + + + 6 With respect to Agent Orange, we know that + + 7 the cancers are up to 30 years. So those are the + + 8 kinds of things that we're looking at, and also you're + + + 9 going to be able to help us because you're going to be + + 10 able to assist us in bringing some peace to many of + + 11 our veterans and their families' minds. For instance, + + 12 many of them are worried about having children because + + + 13 they're worried about birth defects. + + 14 So that is why the work that you are going + + 15 to do is so important, because it has a tremendous + + + 16 impact on the quality of life of those who have given + + 17 a lot for the nation. + + 18 DR. CAPLAN: This is to any of the panel. + + 19 I was just curious that as we look in our briefing + + + 20 books and hear your presentations about the many + + 21 activities that you're undertaking to establish the + + 22 nature of these problems, if you could share with us + + + 23 either what you feel might be going faster, where you + + 24 feel things are weak looking at this massive set of + + 25 activities to collect information and find things out, + + + 48 + + 1 and what ideally you want to do if you could add + + + 2 additional information gathering capacities. + + 3 In other words, where do you, having + + 4 started this process, see things to be, if you will, + + 5 perhaps not quite where they ought to be in terms of + + + 6 gaining information? + + 7 SECRETARY BROWN: We have about 48,000 men + + 8 and women on our register. Not all of them have + + + 9 complained about problems, but they at least have + + 10 expressed some concern. I want to be able to respond + + 11 to any of their needs. If a person is sick as a + + 12 result of having done what the nation asked him to do, + + + 13 I want to provide them with lifetime medical care. I + + 14 want to provide them with vocational rehabilitation. + + 15 I want to provide them with compensation. + + + 16 And so what I'm looking for is all of the + + 17 support, scientific support, that we can get so that + + 18 I can move forward aggressively in recommending + + 19 legislation that will allow us to do the right thing + + + 20 for our veterans. + + 21 SECRETARY SHALALA: I think that in part + + 22 the panel was convened to help us answer that + + + 23 question, and you're going to get detailed + + 24 presentations from the scientific leaders at the + + 25 Department of Health and Human Services, for example, + + + 49 + + 1 and what we'd like, in particular, is some of your + + + 2 feedback about the kind of strategy we've embarked + + 3 upon, some of which is legislatively driven and some + + 4 of it is driven by our inter-agency group. So I think + + 5 I would hold off and see what the panel wants to say + + + 6 to us about the approaches that we're taking up until + + 7 now. + + 8 DEPUTY SECRETARY WHITE: I would second + + + 9 what Donna said, and also in the next hour I would + + 10 urge you to ask that question to the people who will + + 11 be here who are much more intimately involved in + + 12 managing these programs. + + + 13 DR. HAMBURG: A question for Secretary + + 14 Shalala. You have in your department two of the most + + 15 respected agencies in the world with respect to health + + + 16 matters, the CDC and the NIH, and they both will be + + 17 very important, both for the work of this committee + + 18 and also more fundamentally for dealing with the + + 19 problem in the long run. + + + 20 I wonder if you'd say a word about the + + 21 extent to which you think it's appropriate for the CDC + + 22 and the NIH to be involved in this, and if so, what + + + 23 sort of channel is the appropriate one for us to use + + 24 to stimulate their activity in this field. + + 25 SECRETARY SHALALA: You'll hear from CDC + + + 50 + + 1 people and see where we are in terms of NIH research + + + 2 at the same time, David. So I think it's not only + + 3 appropriate; it's mandatory for both of them to be + + 4 involved in this effort, particularly in the case of + + 5 NIH in a long-range effort, because of the point that + + + 6 was made earlier about environmental health. We're + + 7 going to need long-term studies to give us some + + 8 answers, and I think that as you take a look at what's + + + 9 going on, we'll be interested in your suggestions, but + + 10 both of those agencies, plus the FDA and the Indian + + 11 Health Service has obviously some responsibility here, + + 12 as well as the entire Public Health Service, and Phil + + + 13 Lee actually has been leading the coordinating effort + + 14 within the department. + + 15 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: The issue of Gulf War + + + 16 illnesses, of course, has been explored by a very + + 17 large number of distinguished panels and advisory + + 18 groups already. What do you hope that we can add to + + 19 this already enormous existing base of review and + + + 20 analysis that is aware of the issues where you are not + + 21 satisfied? + + 22 SECRETARY BROWN: Doctor, one of the + + + 23 things that I think that you can do is you can bring + + 24 all of this information together for us. As you + + 25 mentioned, a lot of research has been done all across + + + 51 + + 1 the country in different areas. One of the things, I + + + 2 think you can bring it together and present it in a + + 3 way that it really makes sense that will allow us to + + 4 understand it so that we can act upon it. I think + + 5 that's one of the things that's very, very important + + + 6 here. + + 7 There is a lot of information that's out + + 8 there, and so we need to figure out how we can use + + + 9 that information, and I think we can go to and I have + + 10 already pledged from the VA that you have carte + + 11 blanche to all of our records and information. + + 12 So if I were just to answer briefly, I + + + 13 would just say that you can bring all of the + + 14 information together and present it to us in a way + + 15 that it makes sense so that we can make some use of + + + 16 it. + + 17 SECRETARY SHALALA: I think that just + + 18 because something is complex and we're in grey areas + + 19 doesn't mean that there are not answers, and a good, + + + 20 strong citizen review of people that understand the + + 21 issues and can speak clearly to the American public + + 22 about what we know and what we don't know and what we + + + 23 can find out and what we may never be able to find + + 24 out, and that combined with our own response, which + + 25 thus far, I believe, under Jesse's leadership has been + + + 52 + + 1 very strong, along with new strategies for the future + + + 2 is exactly what the President has requested. + + 3 But I think that sometimes when we say + + 4 that something is complex and there are no single + + 5 answers it sounds like we're backing off and covering + + + 6 up an issue as opposed to sorting it out very + + 7 carefully and understanding that in the future all of + + 8 the answers may be very much like this, so that we've + + + 9 got to be educated as we go through; that we may never + + 10 again be able to have a single answer to what seems + + 11 like a straightforward question. + + 12 So anything we can do to sort this out for + + + 13 all of us, not just for the American people, but the + + 14 government itself is asking for a strong review. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: Any other member of the + + + 16 committee have a question for this panel? + + 17 If not, I want to thank you all very much, + + 18 and we appreciate your coming and sharing your + + 19 insights with us, and we look forward to working with + + + 20 you. + + 21 (Pause in proceedings.) + + 22 CHAIR LASHOF: If the next panel will come + + + 23 forward and take their place at the table, we can move + + 24 right along. + + 25 I'm pleased to welcome our second panel + + + 53 + + 1 this morning. It is composed of the Honorable Stephen + + + 2 Joseph, Assistant Secretary of Health Affairs, + + 3 Department of Defense; the Honorable Kenneth Kizer, + + 4 Under Secretary for Health, Department of Veterans' + + 5 Affairs; Dr. Henry Falk, Director of the Division of + + + 6 Environmental Hazards and Health Effects from the + + 7 Centers for Disease Control; and Robert Roswell, + + 8 Executive Director of the Persian Gulf Veterans + + + 9 Coordinating Board. + + 10 We're anxious to hear your testimony, and + + 11 I'm sure we'll have questions for you. So I think we + + 12 can proceed promptly with Dr. Joseph. + + + 13 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Thank you. + + 14 Dr. Lashof, members of the Advisory Committee, + + 15 distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, especially + + + 16 those veterans of the Persian Gulf, good morning. + + 17 I appreciate this opportunity to describe + + 18 for you how the Department of Defense, in cooperation + + 19 with the Departments of Veterans' Affairs and HHS, is + + + 20 responding to the President's direction. I think + + 21 three times this morning the phrase "leave no stone + + 22 unturned" has been used. It's in my text as well. + + + 23 It's probably in Ken's. That is really our objective, + + 24 and that's the spirit with which we've been + + 25 proceeding, to leave no stone unturned. + + + 54 + + 1 If I may have the second slide, I think + + + 2 these slides are also in your book. So you may not + + 3 need to turn around. + + 4 Encouraged by the President's commitment + + 5 and building on the department's activities to + + + 6 register and care for returning service members, we + + 7 now have in place in DOD a comprehensive four-part + + 8 program as just outlined by Secretary White. + + + 9 The four components are: care and + + 10 treatment; medical research; incident investigation; + + 11 and document declassification. I want to highlight + + 12 the details of these extensive and in some cases + + + 13 unprecedented initiatives for you over the next few + + 14 minutes. + + 15 Above all, our bottom line really is to + + + 16 focus and provide the best care possible for those who + + 17 return from the Gulf War and who today are ill. When + + 18 we began our clinical program for active duty Persian + + 19 Gulf vets and their family members, we wanted to do it + + + 20 right. We began, therefore, by looking and focusing + + 21 on the individual patient, each patient's condition, + + 22 individually evaluating, examining, and testing to try + + + 23 and find the source of his or her illness. + + 24 Patient by patient our military medical + + 25 teams reached diagnoses, developed treatment plans, + + + 55 + + 1 and for the majority helped them to recover. Some + + + 2 patients continue to receive care, and we still have + + 3 others who are coming into the stream of our + + 4 comprehensive clinical evaluation program. + + 5 If I may see the next slide, we set up the + + + 6 so-called CCEP -- and I think you may want to have + + 7 this in much more detail at a later briefing; I'll + + 8 give you the highlights now -- in the early summer of + + + 9 1994. It was set up essentially as a clinical program + + 10 whose first objective was to enhance access to care + + 11 for our active duty Persian Gulf veterans and their + + 12 family members, but also to attempt to gain insight + + + 13 into the nature of their symptoms and diagnoses. + + 14 We developed a very comprehensive tertiary + + 15 protocol, virtually identical to those used in the + + + 16 Department of Veterans' Affairs, and through the + + 17 Persian Gulf's Coordinating Board, we share our + + 18 findings across the agencies in an attempt to have the + + 19 greatest clinical information available to everyone + + + 20 who's working on this problem. + + 21 Right now in DOD we have over 23,000 + + 22 active duty veterans and their family members on our + + + 23 Persian Gulf registry. This is a registry that's + + 24 activated either by coming to a military treatment + + 25 facility or calling, accessing a 1-800 hotline number + + + 56 + + 1 which has been widely publicized. + + + 2 We've had 17,000 of those 23,000 ask to be + + 3 evaluated through the clinical evaluation program. We + + 4 have completed examinations of over 13,000 people and + + 5 have assessed and entered into the database records + + + 6 for 10,020 participants. That's the report that we + + 7 issued several weeks ago, and I believe you have that + + 8 in your packet in front of you. I think that's + + + 9 probably the most extensive published medical + + 10 examination of this type ever performed. Included in + + 11 those 10,000 participants are 136 spouses and 81 + + 12 children. + + + 13 The 10,000 comprehensive patient + + 14 evaluations which we've completed clearly represents + + 15 the most substantial analysis of Persian Gulf related + + + 16 clinical information that has been reported, but of + + 17 course, again, as John White said earlier, we + + 18 understand it is not perfect. It is not what one + + 19 would describe as a formal research study. + + + 20 It was undertaken as a clinical + + 21 investigation from which we could formulate research + + 22 hypotheses and learn what we could. Nevertheless, + + + 23 there are findings in these data which will assist in + + 24 guiding our ongoing and future research efforts. + + 25 Very importantly, as soon as we get the + + + 57 + + 1 privacy concerns, considerations worked out, we are + + + 2 going to make this entire database available for + + 3 scientific researchers in the civilian sector to do + + 4 further analyses and studies with, and we hope to + + 5 accomplish that in the next few months. + + + 6 If I may have the next slide, there are + + 7 three findings that I want to highlight from this + + 8 report. First, among the 10,000 participants, we have + + + 9 as yet found no evidence for a single, unique illness. + + 10 Instead we find a range of symptoms and diagnoses + + 11 which are indicative of multiple causes. + + 12 I want to emphasize, however, that these + + + 13 clinical evaluations are primarily designed to provide + + 14 care and treatment rather than definitive research + + 15 aimed at determining causation. Nevertheless, what we + + + 16 find is a very broad spectrum of symptoms and + + 17 diagnoses. + + 18 Next slide. + + 19 Second, as we considered the clinical + + + 20 profile of our program participants, we found that + + 21 severe disability does not affect large numbers of our + + 22 patients. The measure we used in making that + + + 23 determination is the commonly used one of the number + + 24 of missed work days in the 90-day period prior to + + 25 initial evaluation. + + + 58 + + 1 Of course, in making this finding we + + + 2 recognize that it's been four years since the Gulf War + + 3 and that many who may be severely ill would no longer + + 4 be on active duty. Even for those on active duty, + + 5 this finding in no way suggests that our patients are + + + 6 not suffering. They are. + + 7 About seven percent of participants + + 8 reported missing more than a week of work due to + + + 9 illness, and for these patients and all other CC + + 10 participants, we will continue to provide the care and + + 11 treatment they need to relieve their suffering. + + 12 Nevertheless, the data stand as they are. + + + 13 If I may have the next slide, the third + + 14 finding, multiplicity of diagnosis, a large percentage + + 15 without missed work days, and the third finding I want + + + 16 to emphasis is that many of these Gulf War veterans + + 17 have multiple and chronic symptoms. For example, + + 18 approximately one third to one half report symptoms + + 19 such as fatigue, joint pain, headaches, and memory + + + 20 loss. + + 21 If I may have the next slide, here you see + + 22 a comparison of those symptoms in our CCEP population + + + 23 with the three large community based studies that we + + 24 could find in the literature. Although these symptoms + + 25 are also common among the general population, the + + + 59 + + 1 frequency of some of the symptoms for our Gulf War + + + 2 veterans differs when compared to other studies of + + 3 U.S. out-patient populations. In some cases, the + + 4 frequency is greater while in other categories, it is + + 5 less. + + + 6 We made comparisons with several published + + 7 studies in order to provide a general context for + + 8 preliminary interpretation of our CCEP findings. Of + + + 9 course, the groups in these other studies are not + + 10 strictly comparable to CCEP patients who tend to be + + 11 younger and mostly male. In fact, there is no genuine + + 12 comparison group that one can use. + + + 13 Still there are useful insights to be + + 14 drawn in the comparisons. These are all self-selected + + 15 clinic populations. + + + 16 Our formal research efforts, which I'll + + 17 discuss in a few moments, include appropriate control + + 18 or comparison groups. Generally and for preliminary + + 19 descriptive purposes, we found the pattern though not + + + 20 necessarily the frequency of symptoms of our CCEP + + 21 participants to be quite similar to patients seeking + + 22 primary care in community-based studies. + + + 23 Next slide. + + 24 Among our findings has emerged an + + 25 important perspective that I would like to call to the + + + 60 + + 1 attention of the committee. As you look into the + + + 2 issue of Persian Gulf illnesses, keep in mind the + + 3 differentiation between disease diagnosis and symptom + + 4 diagnosis. As I just mentioned, some of our patients + + 5 have presented with a number of symptom clusters that + + + 6 do not fit neatly into a defined category or into a + + 7 standard diagnostic classification scheme. This + + 8 situation reflects a limitation in medicine's ability + + + 9 to exactly define each set of symptoms, a situation + + 10 that is also very common in civilian populations. + + 11 We will continue to conduct the intensive + + 12 CCEP evaluations for those remaining on the registry + + + 13 and those who continue to sign up. Additionally, + + 14 we've established a specialize care center in + + 15 Washington, D.C., designed to offer the full array of + + + 16 special evaluations, and we will open a similar center + + 17 in San Antonio if it's needed. + + 18 Next slide, please. + + 19 Let me say a word now about medical + + + 20 research. With the VA and HHS, we have a coordinated + + 21 and intensive scientific research program underway to + + 22 assess the spectrum of health consequences of service + + + 23 while deployed to the Persian Gulf. These research + + 24 efforts involve epidemiologic studies, analysis of + + 25 hospitalizations, review of pregnancy outcomes, + + + 61 + + 1 assessment of current health status, descriptions of + + + 2 symptomatology, and determining the risk of potential + + 3 environmental exposures. + + 4 Many of these first truly epidemiologic + + 5 studies will be coming off line, beginning to produce + + + 6 data, towards the end of this calendar year. + + 7 If I may have the next slide, for fiscal + + 8 '95, the DOD had dedicated $12 million for medical + + + 9 research focused on Persian Gulf health issues. + + 10 Ongoing internal Defense research efforts include a + + 11 series of epidemiologic studies, studies of infectious + + 12 and parasitic disease, and analyses of pyridostigmine + + + 13 bromide. + + 14 Also in response to some of the comments + + 15 that were made particularly by Secretary Shalala and + + + 16 the panel, we have begun and actually are fairly far + + 17 along in making changes in our pre-deployment and + + 18 post-deployment health assessments, preventive + + 19 medicine, epidemiology teams on the ground during + + + 20 deployment, information and education furnished to the + + 21 individual soldier, et cetera, as a way to try to get + + 22 ahead of the current problem and thinking about the + + + 23 future. + + 24 This perhaps is also a point in which I + + 25 might give you the numbers I think that Dr. Landrigan + + + 62 + + 1 asked for -- I'm sorry -- that were asked for earlier, + + + 2 the numbers of deaths actually in the Gulf. Battle + + 3 deaths were 148, and what we call DNBI, disease non- + + 4 battle injuries, that is, other deaths not directly + + 5 the result of armed conflict, were 145. So that adds + + + 6 in my math to 293. + + 7 Next slide. + + 8 Just recently with the Department of + + + 9 Veterans' Affairs, we announced the availability of $5 + + 10 million for nongovernment, independent research + + 11 projects, and we are seeking additional proposals from + + 12 both the public and private sectors for other Persian + + + 13 Gulf health research. + + 14 The close coordination among our + + 15 departments serves to foster cooperation, avoid + + + 16 duplication of effort, and insure effective approaches + + 17 in our research projects. I think my answer to Art + + 18 Caplan's question of what could we do if we could do + + 19 more than we're doing it would be both to get others + + + 20 to understand the time that it takes actually to + + 21 receive data out of the kind of research projects that + + 22 give you definitive answers. You don't do double + + + 23 blind, prospective, clinical trials, and you don't do + + 24 epidemiologic studies and have answers in three or + + 25 four months. I think we're about at the horizon of + + + 63 + + 1 starting to see some of those bear fruit. + + + 2 Next slide. + + 3 The third component of the DOD'S Persian + + 4 Gulf illnesses program expands our previous efforts to + + 5 identify all information pertaining to the health + + + 6 problems experienced by veterans of the Persian Gulf + + 7 War and their families. In March of this year, the + + 8 DOD created an investigation team dedicated to + + + 9 tracking down and analyzing all reasonable links + + 10 between service in the Persian Gulf and possible + + 11 illnesses related to that service. + + 12 This team is charged with aggressively + + + 13 investigating all reported incidents, anecdotes, + + 14 theories, and documentation that could shed light on + + 15 possible causes of the illnesses being experienced by + + + 16 our Gulf War veterans. + + 17 We've set up another hotline which was on + + 18 my first slide. We have the one hotline for clinical + + 19 registration, if you want to come through the medical + + + 20 examination process, and another if you have a theory + + 21 or an incident to report that we can then follow down. + + 22 That, of course, is closely linked with + + + 23 the declassification effort, and the investigation + + 24 team will have 12 members, mostly health + + 25 professionals, but also include representatives from + + + 64 + + 1 the intelligence, special investigations, and + + + 2 operational community. They have begun work. + + 3 My next slide lists some things about the + + 4 fourth component, the declassification effort that + + 5 Secretary White referred to. You can see that the + + + 6 investigative team and the declass. effort need to be + + 7 and are intimately linked together. + + 8 As we review and declassify the + + + 9 documentation, we are making it available on the + + 10 Internet. The home page, which is called Gulf Link, + + 11 is up now to around 4,000 pages. + + 12 I think it's important for you to think + + + 13 about as you start your work what this information + + 14 looks like. This is buckets and baskets and boxes of + + 15 everything from after action reports to hospital + + + 16 records to unit reports scrawled on pieces of paper, + + 17 in the form of electronically transmitted messages. + + 18 It's a mass of information that is classified during + + 19 wartime and quite complex to sort out and sift + + + 20 through. + + 21 As John White said, we're attempting to do + + 22 it in bulk as rapidly as possible, and going where the + + + 23 money is first, in a sense, looking for documents that + + 24 might bear on medical information. This is an + + 25 enormous task, but just as with the clinical + + + 65 + + 1 examination database, we are going to make this fully + + + 2 available and open to the public. + + 3 I believe that our four-part program, in + + 4 coordination with the VA and HHS, strongly supports + + 5 the spirit and intent of the President's commitment to + + + 6 all veterans of the Persian Gulf War. These programs + + 7 hold the promise of providing all of us with a + + 8 comprehensive assessment of the health consequences of + + + 9 Persian Gulf service, and certainly will contribute to + + 10 our ability to protect the health of military + + 11 personnel during future deployments. + + 12 Keeping America's armed forces healthy is + + + 13 the very core mission of military medicine. I've seen + + 14 first hand the compassion and caring of our military + + 15 physicians and nurses, and I hope that among the + + + 16 things you do as a committee will be to visit and see + + 17 some of the people who are doing the work in the VA + + 18 and in DOD, the docs and nurses and other health + + 19 professionals who are caring for the patients. + + + 20 Thank you for the opportunity to speak + + 21 this morning. We in Defense welcome the thoughts and + + 22 ideas of this presidential commission, and stand ready + + + 23 to assist in whatever way we can. + + 24 Let me repeat Secretary Brown's offer. + + 25 Anything you want, all you need to do is ask for it. + + + 66 + + 1 We will put it together and see that you get it. + + + 2 Thank you. + + 3 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, Dr. + + 4 Joseph. + + 5 Dr. Kizer. + + + 6 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: Dr. Lashof, + + 7 distinguished members of the committee, I'm pleased to + + 8 be here this morning to make a very brief opening + + + 9 comment and hopefully to respond to your questions and + + 10 engage in some dialogue as we go along. + + 11 You've heard a number of statements this + + 12 morning and many others are scheduled for over the + + + 13 course of the day, including some from my staff. Many + + 14 of the points that I might normally make in this + + 15 setting have already been made, and I'm not going to + + + 16 repeat all of those things here. + + 17 Indeed, I'm going to depart from tradition + + 18 and make this opening statement very brief. I would + + 19 just reaffirm that our four-pronged effort to deal + + + 20 with the Persian Gulf War veterans' illnesses was + + 21 described by Secretary Brown earlier. This approach + + 22 includes providing compassionate and high quality + + + 23 medical care, carrying out necessary research to fill + + 24 in some of the answers that we don't have at this + + 25 time, carrying out public as well as caregiver + + + 67 + + 1 outreach and education, and providing compensation + + + 2 benefits. + + 3 I provided in your briefing booklets and + + 4 in my written statement additional details about some + + 5 of the specific activities in this regard, both about + + + 6 the registry program, our clinical protocols, and a + + 7 number of other things, and I'm not going to repeat + + 8 all of that here. + + + 9 Indeed, having sat on your side of the + + 10 table on other occasions and recognizing that this is + + 11 the first meeting of the committee, and mindful of + + 12 having time for discussion and the fact that there are + + + 13 two other members of the panel to make comments, as I + + 14 say, I'm going to make this statement very brief. + + 15 Let me just reaffirm what Secretary Brown + + + 16 has already said, that it is the VA's intent to + + 17 respond to the problem of our Persian Gulf War + + 18 veterans in a proactive and progressive and productive + + 19 manner, and when other panel members have given their + + + 20 opening statements this morning, I'll be happy to + + 21 answer your questions, and as I said at the outset, + + 22 engage in some dialogue. + + + 23 Thank you. + + 24 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, Dr. + + 25 Kizer. + + + 68 + + 1 I did neglect to state that obviously + + + 2 we'll go through all members of the panel presenting + + 3 and then have an open period for discussion back and + + 4 forth. + + 5 Dr. Falk, would you proceed? + + + 6 DR. FALK: Thank you very much. I + + 7 appreciate the opportunity to be here this morning to + + 8 meet with the committee, to review our efforts at CDC, + + + 9 and those of Department of Health and Human Services + + 10 in evaluating the health status of Persian Gulf War + + 11 veterans. + + 12 The health of our military personnel and + + + 13 veterans is an important issue with HHS and with this + + 14 administration, as demonstrated by our many responses + + 15 to the veterans' concerns, including the establishment + + + 16 of this presidential committee. As you may know, CDC + + 17 has a long history of involvement in veterans' issues, + + 18 dating back to the formation of CDC as a public health + + 19 agency. + + + 20 In fact, CDC evolved from an agency + + 21 established during World War II to help control + + 22 malaria among soldiers training in the southern United + + + 23 States. + + 24 Although CDC has no clinical + + 25 responsibilities defined within its mission, support + + + 69 + + 1 of the clinical mission of the Departments of Defense + + + 2 and Veterans' Affairs, particularly through the + + 3 provision of laboratory services, an important + + 4 resource provided by both CDC and the NIH. For + + 5 Persian Gulf veterans, this support is focused on our + + + 6 testing for evidence of leishmania infection. + + 7 From December of '91 through February '95, + + 8 over 1,600 serum specimens from persons who served in + + + 9 the Persian Gulf region were referred to CDC for + + 10 testing for evidence of antibodies to the parasite + + 11 that causes leishmaniasis. We also cultured bone + + 12 marrow, liver, spleen, and skin specimens. + + + 13 The support of clinical services also + + 14 includes communication and education activities. + + 15 After military personnel returned from Operation + + + 16 Desert Storm, CDC published an article in the February + + 17 '92 issue of the morbidity and mortality weekly report + + 18 that described cases of leishmaniasis identified in + + 19 persons who had served in the Persian Gulf region. + + + 20 In addition, CDC staff have worked with + + 21 staff of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and + + 22 others to distribute information to medical, public + + + 23 health, and lay communities about the risk of + + 24 leishmaniasis in persons who have traveled to the + + 25 Middle East. + + + 70 + + 1 The preponderance of current knowledge + + + 2 about types of illness among Persian Gulf War veterans + + 3 has come from registries established by the DOD and VA + + 4 that you have heard considerably about this morning. + + 5 They were designed primarily to provide clinical + + + 6 evaluation and treatment for veterans with health + + 7 concerns. + + 8 However, a number of other studies have + + + 9 been complete or are underway that should provide + + 10 critically needed information. HHS, along with DOD + + 11 and VA, is responsible for the conduct of some of + + 12 these epidemiologic studies. + + + 13 Our initial involvement with the impact of + + 14 the Gulf War began in response to concerns about the + + 15 health impact of exposures to smoke from the burning + + + 16 oil wells. More than 600 oil wells were set on file + + 17 or damaged throughout Kuwait in February of '91. In + + 18 response to a request from the Department of State + + 19 regarding concerns about the health impact of the + + + 20 burning oil fields, the Public Health Service issued + + 21 a preliminary health advisory in March of '91 + + 22 describing the emissions from the fires, and beginning + + + 23 in April '91, CDC participated with EPA, DOD, the + + 24 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry in + + 25 HHS, and NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric + + + 71 + + 1 Administration, in the design of surveillance and + + + 2 research projects to assess potential health effects + + 3 of the oil well fires. + + 4 These projects included the initiation of + + 5 a health alert system and the initiation of disease + + + 6 surveillance in selected emergency rooms in Kuwait + + 7 City. This provided information on the quality of air + + 8 during 1991 in Kuwait City and areas nearby. It + + + 9 looked at pollutants, in particular TSPs, which were + + 10 elevated in Kuwait City. Monitors in Kuwait City were + + 11 approximately ten kilometers from the file, from the + + 12 site of the fires. Pollutants were carried upwards to + + + 13 high altitudes and dispersed so that the other + + 14 criteria pollutants were not elevated for most of the + + 15 people in the region. + + + 16 In a study of oil well firefighters, + + 17 elevated levels of volatile organic compounds, VOCs, + + 18 were found in their blood. These chemicals are known + + 19 to be quickly excreted by the body. Among non- + + + 20 firefighting personnel, VOC concentrations were equal + + 21 to or lower than levels from in a U.S. reference + + 22 group, suggesting that smoke from the oil well fires + + + 23 did not pose a significant health threat to + + 24 individuals working in the Kuwait area away from the + + 25 immediate vicinity of the fires. + + + 72 + + 1 Another area in which CDC has been + + + 2 involved is in assessing birth outcomes among Persian + + 3 Gulf War veterans. Starting in December of '93, CDC + + 4 and the Mississippi Department of Health assisted the + + 5 VA Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi in an + + + 6 investigation of an apparent cluster of infant health + + 7 problems among children born to Persian Gulf War + + 8 veterans from two National Guard units in Mississippi. + + + 9 This investigation found no increase over + + 10 the expected rates of birth defects or frequency of + + 11 premature birth and low birth weight. The frequency + + 12 of other health problems, such as respiratory + + + 13 infections, gastroenteritis, and skin diseases among + + 14 children born to these veterans also did not appear to + + 15 be elevated. + + + 16 However, due to the small number of births + + 17 investigated, this study was not able to examine + + 18 individual categories of birth defects. In addition, + + 19 this study was not able to account for confounding by + + + 20 the many well known factors that can increase the risk + + 21 for conceiving and giving birth to a baby with a + + 22 congenital malformation. + + + 23 In December of '94, CDC was requested to + + 24 conduct an investigation of a suspected cluster of + + 25 illnesses among members of an Air National Guard unit + + + 73 + + 1 in Pennsylvania. All of these persons had been + + + 2 deployed to the Persian Gulf during Operations Desert + + 3 Shield/Desert Storm. This investigation has been + + 4 conducted in three phases. + + 5 Phase one described the clinical + + + 6 manifestations and health concerns among a sample of + + 7 ill Persian Gulf War veterans served by the Lebanon + + 8 Veterans Affair Medical Center. The objective was to + + + 9 evaluate and characterize the existence of illnesses + + 10 and search for possible risk factors. + + 11 Phase two was a survey of the index Air + + 12 National Guard unit and comparison military units to + + + 13 document the prevalence of health problems. The + + 14 objectives of this phase were to determine if illness + + 15 rates were unusually high in the index Air National + + + 16 Guard unit and determine if illnesses were related to + + 17 Persian Gulf War service. + + 18 In this study, we found a pattern of + + 19 symptom complaints similar to that found in the VA + + + 20 Persian Gulf registry and in the DOD comprehensive + + 21 clinical evaluation program. The two symptoms + + 22 identified as most bothersome were fatigue and + + + 23 diarrhea. No consistent abnormalities were identified + + 24 among the participants on standardized physical + + 25 examination or by review of medical records and + + + 74 + + 1 accompanying laboratory studies. + + + 2 In all units surveyed in phase two, the + + 3 prevalence of specific chronic symptoms was + + 4 significantly greater among persons deployed to the + + 5 Persian Gulf War than among those not deployed. The + + + 6 prevalence of five symptom categories, chronic + + 7 diarrhea, other gastrointestinal complaints, + + 8 difficulty remembering or concentrating, word finding + + + 9 problems, and fatigue, were significantly greater + + 10 among deployed personnel from the index unit than + + 11 among deployed personnel from each of the other units. + + 12 Symptom prevalence among nondeployed personnel were + + + 13 similar in all units. + + 14 It must be pointed out that these findings + + 15 are preliminary and are subject to at least two + + + 16 limitations. The data on symptom prevalence reflects + + 17 self-reported information, and participation rates for + + 18 the four units surveyed during phase two varied + + 19 widely, ranging from 36 percent to 78 percent. + + + 20 Phase three is currently underway and will + + 21 include a detailed case control study of risk factors + + 22 among ill and health Persian Gulf veterans from the + + + 23 index unit. + + 24 At the request of Congress, CDC is + + 25 implementing a survey of Persian Gulf War veterans who + + + 75 + + 1 listed Iowa as their home of record. This survey, + + + 2 being conducted in collaboration with the Iowa + + 3 Department of Public Health and the University of + + 4 Iowa, includes a detailed assessment of Persian Gulf + + 5 War veterans' health concerns, as well as questions + + + 6 about the health of the veterans' family members. + + 7 The telephone interview will be conducted + + 8 with a random sample of approximately 1,500 military + + + 9 personnel who served in the Persian Gulf theater of + + 10 operations and approximately 1,500 Persian Gulf era + + 11 military personnel who served at sites other than the + + 12 Persian Gulf. This survey will assess a wide variety + + + 13 of self-reported health outcomes and exposure. + + 14 Several committees have been established + + 15 to provide scientific and public oversight for this + + + 16 study. These include a scientific advisory committee + + 17 composed of distinguished scientists in the fields of + + 18 epidemiology, reproductive health, psychiatry, + + 19 environmental medicine, and infectious disease, and a + + + 20 public advisory committee composed of affected + + 21 veterans and representatives from veterans' service + + 22 organizations. + + + 23 Pending approval by the Office of + + 24 Management and Budget, we anticipate beginning data + + 25 collection in September and having a final report + + + 76 + + 1 prepared by the fall of '96. + + + 2 In addition to these studies, CDC has been + + 3 an active participant in the Persian Gulf Veterans' + + 4 Coordinating Board. As you know, this board is co- + + 5 chaired by the Secretaries of Veterans' Affairs, + + + 6 Defense, and Health and Human Services and is tasked + + 7 with overseeing health issues related to Persian Gulf + + 8 War veterans. + + + 9 The Coordinating Board co-sponsored a + + 10 scientific panel convened by NIH in April of '94. The + + 11 purpose of the NIH technology assessment workshop was + + 12 to bring together an independent, nongovernmental + + + 13 panel to review the scientific evidence regarding the + + 14 health effects of the Gulf War experience and to make + + 15 recommendations as to what future research is + + + 16 necessary to determine the types and magnitude of the + + 17 health problems that are associated with military + + 18 service in the Persian Gulf War. + + 19 The committee's report was published in + + + 20 the JAMA. The panel's recommendations have served as + + 21 a basis for much important research in clinical work + + 22 to date. + + + 23 In addition to participating in the NIH + + 24 technology assessment workshop, HHS participates in + + 25 fostering, coordination, and communication among the + + + 77 + + 1 federal agencies involved in Persian Gulf research + + + 2 through active participation on the Persian Gulf + + 3 Veterans' Coordinating Board. + + 4 Additionally, CDC staff participate on + + 5 Department of Veterans' Affairs Persian Gulf Expert + + + 6 Scientific Committee, and we look forward to assisting + + 7 staff of this Presidential Advisory Committee. + + 8 HHS staff participate in the development + + + 9 of the working plan for research on Persian Gulf + + 10 veterans' illnesses and endorse its general strategy. + + 11 All of these studies will contribute to our + + 12 understanding of the effects of military service in + + + 13 the Persian Gulf theater of operations. However, most + + 14 of these studies are limited by their retrospective + + 15 nature. This was also true of previous CDC studies of + + + 16 military personnel. + + 17 Baseline data on the health of military + + 18 personnel is often lacking, which limits the ability + + 19 to conduct definitive studies. A more proactive + + + 20 approach, as has been outlined here this morning, to + + 21 evaluate veterans' health concerns will be of value in + + 22 the future. + + + 23 VA and DOD are responsible for the bulk of + + 24 the work addressing the concerns of the Gulf War + + 25 veterans. We recognize their contribution and applaud + + + 78 + + 1 the work that has been done to date. HHS has been + + + 2 called upon for discrete activities both in support of + + 3 the VA and DOD missions and to undertake independent + + 4 research. + + 5 HHS, working closely with VA and DOD, is + + + 6 certainly willing to consider any appropriate role in + + 7 further efforts on behalf of the veterans. We believe + + 8 that the health of veterans is a very high priority. + + + 9 We are taking steps toward continuing and increasing + + 10 our collaboration with other federal agencies that + + 11 deal with veterans' issues. + + 12 Thank you. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, Dr. + + 14 Falk. + + 15 Dr. Roswell. + + + 16 DR. ROSWELL: Dr. Lashof, committee + + 17 members, and honored guests, it is my privilege and + + 18 honor to appear before you today as you embark upon a + + 19 very important task that will directly impact the + + + 20 welfare of almost 700,000 veterans of the Persian Gulf + + 21 War. + + 22 In the aftermath of that war, as veterans + + + 23 returned home to families and loved ones, reports of + + 24 illnesses, some of which were not readily explained + + 25 began to surface. Responding to these reports, the + + + 79 + + 1 Departments of Veterans' Affairs, Defense, and Health + + + 2 and Human Services each became involved in the + + 3 evaluation of possible causes of unexplained + + 4 illnesses, development of health care services to + + 5 treat these illnesses, and compensation programs to + + + 6 deal with the resultant disabilities. + + 7 Recognizing a need to coordinate these + + 8 efforts, President Clinton established the Persian + + + 9 Gulf Veterans' Coordinating Board on January 21st, + + 10 1994. The mission of the Coordinating Board is to + + 11 provide direction and insure coordination within the + + 12 executive branch of the federal government on all + + + 13 health issues related to the Persian Gulf War. + + 14 The Coordinating Board serves as a single + + 15 focal point and clearinghouse for official information + + + 16 related to the agency's independent and cooperative + + 17 efforts to address Persian Gulf veterans' health + + 18 questions. + + 19 The Coordinating Board has established + + + 20 three primary objectives: + + 21 First, to assure all veterans have timely + + 22 access to a complete range of health care services + + + 23 necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses + + 24 possibly related to their service in the Persian Gulf + + 25 War. + + + 80 + + 1 Second, to develop and manage a research + + + 2 program that will result in an accurate and complete + + 3 understanding of the types of health problems + + 4 experienced by Persian Gulf veterans and the various + + 5 factors that may have contributed to these problems. + + + 6 And, third, to develop clear and + + 7 consistent guidelines for the evaluation, description, + + 8 and compensation of disabilities related to Persian + + + 9 Gulf service. + + 10 The Persian Gulf Veterans' Coordinating + + 11 Board is co-chaired by the Secretaries of Veterans' + + 12 Affairs, Defense, and Health and Human Services. A + + + 13 support staff includes two physicians, one a highly + + 14 published investigator in the field of infectious + + 15 disease, the other directly involved the care and + + + 16 evaluation of Persian Gulf veterans on a day-to-day + + 17 basis. + + 18 This support staff also includes a nurse + + 19 and two health services administrators and is located + + + 20 in office space in Washington, D.C., where it assists + + 21 in all functions of the board, including daily + + 22 operations, handling requests for information, + + + 23 coordinating responses, and disseminating relevant + + 24 information. + + 25 The Coordinating Board also provides + + + 81 + + 1 direct support and assistance to the activities of + + + 2 three working groups established by the Coordinating + + 3 Board. These working groups include the Clinical + + 4 Working Group, chaired by Major General Ron Blank of + + 5 the Department of Defense; the Research Working Group, + + + 6 chaired by Dr. Raymond Sphar of the Department of + + 7 Veterans' Affairs; and the Compensation Working Group, + + 8 co-chaired by Gary Hickman of the VA and Ms. Jeanne + + + 9 Fites of Department of Defense. + + 10 The Clinical Working Group has been + + 11 responsible for the development and coordination of + + 12 patient registries of which you've heard about this + + + 13 morning operated by both the VA and the Department of + + 14 Defense. This group also develops continuing medical + + 15 education materials to assist clinicians caring for + + + 16 Persian Gulf veterans. + + 17 The Research Working Group provides + + 18 guidance and coordination of VA, DOD, and Health and + + 19 Human Services research activities to avoid + + + 20 duplication, focus on high priority questions, and + + 21 share research findings between departments in a + + 22 timely manner. This group also provides periodic + + + 23 reports to federal oversight authorities. + + 24 The Compensation Working Group assists in + + 25 the establishment of fair, clear, and consistent + + + 82 + + 1 guidelines for VA and DOD disability determinations + + + 2 and compensation and also monitors the implementation + + 3 of new disability compensation rules and procedures + + 4 established by law or departmental policy. + + 5 Although the Persian Gulf Veterans' + + + 6 Coordinating Board has existed for less than two + + 7 years, it has already accomplished several objectives + + 8 that have aided Persian Gulf veterans. These include + + + 9 the establishment of clinical evaluation protocols not + + 10 utilized by VA and DOD that generate complementary, + + 11 comprehensive clinical information, the development of + + 12 a cohesive inter-departmental research plan, and a + + + 13 centralized research database to catalog and + + 14 disseminate research findings, and an enhancement of + + 15 professional and lay understanding of Persian Gulf + + + 16 health issues through the publication of scientific + + 17 articles, presentation at national scientific and + + 18 medical meetings, and a variety of public appearances. + + 19 Equally important has been the creation of + + + 20 a forum for the exchange of ideas within the + + 21 government and for the development of inter- + + 22 departmental relations that have fostered greater + + + 23 understanding and cooperation in dealing with the very + + 24 complex issues affecting the lives of many Americans. + + 25 I would like to conclude my remarks by + + + 83 + + 1 saying that I believe that the Persian Gulf Veterans' + + + 2 Coordinating Board has effectively focused the + + 3 efforts, the talents, and the resources of three + + 4 executive branch departments on the common goal of + + 5 serving the needs of Persian Gulf veterans. + + + 6 I would be happy to answer any questions + + 7 you have. Thank you. + + 8 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, Dr. + + + 9 Roswell. + + 10 I think the panel is now open for + + 11 questions. I think we might just try to move around + + 12 the table because I'm sure everybody has got some + + + 13 questions, and we'll take them in order. + + 14 Do you want to? + + 15 MS. TAYLOR: I have a question for Dr. + + + 16 Joseph. It was regarding the number of illnesses of + + 17 persons who died from illnesses or diseases. There + + 18 were 145 you mentioned. Do you have the specific + + 19 diseases? + + + 20 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: We can + + 21 furnish those to you. I don't have them with me. + + 22 Those would normally be in the normal way that DOD + + + 23 calculates casualties everything from a person who was + + 24 in a vehicular accident to a person who died of + + 25 malaria or of pneumonia. It would be everything + + + 84 + + 1 except direct engagement with the enemy. + + + 2 CHAIR LASHOF: Let me just -- + + 3 If I might, with much of the talk, much of + + 4 it correct about the environment in the gulf, the + + 5 DNBI, which is a measure of the health of our troops + + + 6 and our ability to use preventive medicine and medical + + 7 care to keep people health and restore them to health, + + 8 the DNBI was the lowest in the gulf than it's been in + + + 9 any conflict that we have been in. + + 10 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: Just with regard + + 11 to the question on mortality, as you have probably + + 12 seen in your materials, we are conducting a study + + + 13 looking at mortality of veterans from the Gulf + + 14 conflict compared with those who did not participate + + 15 in those hostilities. Preliminarily, no notable + + + 16 differences have been found, but I would underscore + + 17 that those are preliminary findings at this point. + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: Mr. Rios? + + 19 MR. RIOS: Dr. Joseph, you said 148 troops + + + 20 were killed in actual combat while the engagement was + + 21 going on? + + 22 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: That's + + + 23 correct, Mr. Rios. + + 24 MR. RIOS: And 145 died as a result -- of + + 25 the 145, what's the time period that those people died + + + 85 + + 1 in? Over the past year? + + + 2 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I can't give + + 3 you the exact time period, but those would be deaths + + 4 that were directly related to the deployment so that + + 5 while someone might have been injured -- let's take my + + + 6 example -- while someone might have been severely + + 7 injured in an automobile accident but survived and + + 8 then died in a hospital six months later back in the + + + 9 States, they would count in that DNBI. + + 10 Those numbers do not count, if I think I + + 11 know where you're going; those numbers do not count + + 12 Persian Gulf War deployed veterans or active duty who + + + 13 died since returning from the Persian Gulf of a cause + + 14 that was not diagnosed in the Persian Gulf. Those + + 15 figures we will have from the study that Dr. Kizer + + + 16 referred to. We are also doing a study comparing + + 17 active duty to deployed to the gulf and active duty of + + 18 the same era who did not deploy to the gulf. We'll + + 19 have information on comparative mortality, comparative + + + 20 hospital experience, reproductive health issues, and + + 21 the rest, but those results will not be available + + 22 until some time towards the end of the year as early + + + 23 results. + + 24 MR. RIOS: And your research shows that + + 25 our troops were, in fact, exposed to chemical war + + + 86 + + 1 agents while they were over there? + + + 2 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: No. In fact, + + 3 the finding of every group that has looked at this, + + 4 beginning with the Defense Science Board, the so- + + 5 called Lederberg report, all the other reports that + + + 6 have been issued, plus the results of our own + + 7 investigations in the department show no evidence of + + 8 the use of chemical or biological weapons in the gulf. + + + 9 MR. RIOS: In other words, you found + + 10 absolutely no chemical war agents that were in the + + 11 atmosphere throughout the whole war; is that correct? + + 12 At no levels? Because I understand that some of these + + + 13 troops that had devices that measured chemical war + + 14 agents, some of them were going on quite a bit, and is + + 15 it the government's position that there were no + + + 16 chemical war agents in the atmosphere at all + + 17 throughout the whole war? + + 18 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Let me + + 19 mention three. You're now deeply into an issue that + + + 20 I'm sure you're going to be into for some time. There + + 21 were at least three sort of sets of claims or reports + + 22 during the gulf conflict. One was the frequent going + + + 23 off, setting off of alarms, chemical detection alarms. + + 24 There were hundreds of these incidents where various + + 25 alarms were set off. In each one of those incidents, + + + 87 + + 1 a follow-up investigation failed to confirm the actual + + + 2 presence of chemical agents. + + 3 In part, this is a sensitivity versus + + 4 specificity issue. + + 5 Secondly, there's a very well publicized + + + 6 incident where an advanced scout went into a bunker in + + 7 the desert, came out -- the bunker was full of vats + + 8 and storage tanks -- came out some time later and + + + 9 sustained a burn on his clothing and on his arm. + + 10 Initially that was reported as a mustard gas exposure, + + 11 but in that instance, as well, the chemical, + + 12 biological, nuclear detection officers who followed up + + + 13 and all follow-up testing on that soldier and on the + + 14 clothing could not confirm exposure to a chemical + + 15 warfare agent. + + + 16 And finally, there are the reports, the + + 17 famous Czech incidents, where a Czech, C-z-e-c-h, a + + 18 Czech detection team in the desert allegedly reported + + 19 the presence of chemical agents on the battlefield, + + + 20 and again, those reports have not been able to have + + 21 been confirmed, including after visits from our people + + 22 visiting with the Czechs and others. + + + 23 So the position of the department, and + + 24 it's based on a very thorough review of all the data + + 25 that we can find and the review by external bodies, + + + 88 + + 1 such as the Defense Science Board, is that there is no + + + 2 evidence of the use or presence of CBW agents on the + + 3 battlefield. + + 4 MR. RIOS: I'm sorry. Now, what's the + + 5 explanation for these meters or devices or whatever it + + + 6 is that the troops were carrying? Why were they going + + 7 off? + + 8 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Well, these + + + 9 devices, one, are not perfect, and (b) they are set to + + 10 be more sensitive than specific so that many things + + 11 will set off a device besides the presence of the + + 12 actual agents. In fact, one of the findings that has + + + 13 been repeated in several of the independent groups and + + 14 our own internal studies coming out of the gulf is the + + 15 urgent need for more specific and reliable battlefield + + + 16 usable chemical detection agents. + + 17 One would expect to have many more false + + 18 alarms than real. It's a little bit like the smoke + + 19 alarm in your house. If you broil your lamb chops a + + + 20 little too vigorously, you'll set off the smoke alarm, + + 21 but you want that to happen because you don't want + + 22 there to have to be a fire in your house before the + + + 23 smoke alarm goes off. + + 24 MR. RIOS: And did DOD ever issue any + + 25 report on the actual bombing sites and whether or not + + + 89 + + 1 any of these bombings that the United States did + + + 2 occurred close to where there were any chemical + + 3 weapons or that could have -- + + 4 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I do not + + 5 believe so. I don't have that information with me. + + + 6 I'll get you what I think approximates it, but all + + 7 that data that has been looked at has come up with the + + 8 same conclusion. + + + 9 MR. RIOS: So right now so that the panel + + 10 knows it's your position and the government's position + + 11 that there were no chemical war agents in the + + 12 atmosphere and that our troops were not exposed to any + + + 13 chemical war agents? + + 14 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: That is + + 15 correct, Mr. Rios. + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: General Larson. + + 17 MS. LARSON: Yes, two quick questions. + + 18 First to staff, I don't recall seeing a copy of the + + 19 JAMA article that Dr. Falk referred to, and it might + + + 20 be useful to get copies of that. + + 21 MS. NISHIMI: I thought it was in there, + + 22 but if not, then we'll get it. + + + 23 MS. LARSON: I just looked through. I may + + 24 have missed it. + + 25 MS. NISHIMI: Okay. + + + 90 + + 1 MS. LARSON: Second quick question to Drs. + + + 2 Roswell and Joseph. I read with interest the report, + + 3 Dr. Joseph, on the comprehensive clinical evaluation + + 4 program and the reprint from the Archives of Internal + + 5 Medicine. Those are very useful reports for sort of, + + + 6 if you will, generating hypotheses of disease, but the + + 7 real important compelling evidence will come from the + + 8 kind of prospective cohort study that you mentioned. + + + 9 It seems to me we really need that + + 10 information, and you're saying it will -- would you + + 11 tell us a little bit more about the status of that + + 12 prospective cohort and what you're actually studying, + + + 13 when it started, and as you mentioned, the results + + 14 will be available by the end of this year; is that + + 15 correct? + + + 16 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Well, let me + + 17 just take one point of issue with you. There are + + 18 things that that kind of prospective epidemiologic + + 19 study can't tell you. That study will not give us -- + + + 20 that study will not generate the level and detail of + + 21 clinical information that the other studies have, but + + 22 the other problem is vice versa. + + + 23 The most important set of studies for us, + + 24 the so-called Gray studies, are studies that are being + + 25 carried out by the Navy out of San Diego, and they are + + + 91 + + 1 this family of controlled studies that I mentioned + + + 2 before: mortality experience, hospital experience, + + 3 and birth outcomes and reproductive health. + + 4 Those studies began a good year ago, and + + 5 as I said, the first preliminary data we expect to see + + + 6 in November or December of this year. I don't think + + 7 that's unusual. It just takes that kind of time to do + + 8 these kinds of studies, and I can guarantee you that + + + 9 no matter how interesting, provocative, or useful the + + 10 results of those studies will be, they will lead to + + 11 additional questions which then will need to be + + 12 studied in an even more refined matter. + + + 13 It's a little bit like Secretary Shalala + + 14 was saying here. I don't want at all to give the + + 15 impression that we're saying this, you know, to back + + + 16 off and sort of give ourselves cover. Well, it's very + + 17 complex; it takes a long time; it's hard to get + + 18 answers. That's not my purpose. My purpose is that + + 19 it does take a long time. Those things will give us + + + 20 very important answers, but I'm not sure they will + + 21 give us the kind of single channel, yes/or, red + + 22 light/green light answers that some may be expecting. + + + 23 Science just does not work that way. + + 24 MS. LARSON: I'm not suggesting that it + + 25 does, but I am suggesting that it's very useful to + + + 92 + + 1 have comparison groups which are comparable -- + + + 2 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Absolutely. + + 3 MS. LARSON: -- in all other aspects + + 4 except deployment to the gulf, and that's what we + + 5 don't have in the data now. + + + 6 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: That's + + 7 correct. + + 8 DR. ROSWELL: The VA study that was + + + 9 alluded to earlier will actually survey 15,000 + + 10 randomly selected Persian Gulf veterans and compare + + 11 the answers they provide to answers provided by 15,000 + + 12 randomly selected veterans of the Persian Gulf era who + + + 13 did not serve in theater. + + 14 That questionnaire that will be used in + + 15 that process has been evolved with a great deal of + + + 16 cooperation between the three departments and input + + 17 from our Scientific Advisory Committee. Right now the + + 18 questionnaire is pending final approval by the Office + + 19 of Management and Budget, a requirement in law. + + + 20 Once that's obtained, we plan to begin + + 21 that survey and hope that results would be available + + 22 within 12 to 15 months, but understandably to + + + 23 aggregate and evaluate that kind of detailed + + 24 information, it is a lengthy process, as Dr. Joseph + + 25 has alluded to. + + + 93 + + 1 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: If I might + + + 2 just take another moment more to describe one other + + 3 study that the committee needs to know about, a + + 4 terribly important study, the other parameter, of + + 5 course, is space and time, and the so-called Army + + + 6 geographic locator study, which should be finishing up + + 7 or at least have usable data early in '96, December + + 8 '95, January '96, will provide a map of every unit on + + + 9 every day in the Gulf so that if and as we turn up + + 10 important clinical or epidemiologic information that + + 11 seems to cluster around particular units, not + + 12 individual soldiers, but particular units, we can look + + + 13 for patterns of space and time, and that's the other + + 14 very important thing. It just takes a white to get + + 15 there. + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: Dr. Landrigan. + + 17 DR. LANDRIGAN: You know, you must have + + 18 been reading my mind, Dr. Joseph, because I was just + + 19 going to ask a question along those lines. One of the + + + 20 things that we've learned over the years in + + 21 environmental and occupational medicine is that all + + 22 members of a population are not equal in terms of + + + 23 their exposure, but typically there are subsets that + + 24 have heavier exposure either by virtue of their job + + 25 classification or their geographic location or some + + + 94 + + 1 other factor. + + + 2 And I wanted to talk with you for a moment + + 3 about your strategy and also Henry Falk at your + + 4 strategy in devising the epidemiologic studies. I + + 5 think it's all well and good, and indeed essential, + + + 6 that you do the big, broad based studies that you're + + 7 doing, but it seems to me there ought to be a + + 8 systematic effort afoot to identify groups within the + + + 9 larger population either by virtue of particular + + 10 exposures that were reported or anecdotal events of + + 11 disease or other intelligence that you have, and then + + 12 focus in on them using either clinical studies, case + + + 13 control, or whatever methodology seems appropriate. + + 14 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I won't go + + 15 back over the space, time and comparison group + + + 16 comments that we've all just made, but one of the most + + 17 important findings, I think, in the CCEP 10,000 so far + + 18 is that those 10,000 patients are distributed over a + + 19 very, very large number of units in the gulf, that + + + 20 were in the gulf, and with a few exceptions, all of + + 21 those, the units described, many thousands of units, + + 22 had only a very small number each of those who later + + + 23 became registrants on the CCEP. + + 24 That, I think, is one of the strongest + + 25 pieces of evidence that whatever these things are we + + + 95 + + 1 are dealing with, we are not dealing with a single, + + + 2 unique cause of illness over this mass population. + + 3 Of course, that does not tell you whether + + 4 or not there might be small clusters, particularly in + + 5 those units that seem to have a larger number of + + + 6 individual participants than one might have imagined; + + 7 that there might not be some specific things going on + + 8 in those clusters; and so another important tool for + + + 9 focusing these more discrete studies that you've + + 10 talked about is now to go back and look at those units + + 11 where there have been more than one or two people who + + 12 emerge who later turn up as patients in our program, + + + 13 and also to take all our other clinical data and try + + 14 to focus it back on that unit, space, time, and + + 15 comparison group map. + + + 16 DR. LANDRIGAN: I must say I'm not too + + 17 hung up one way or the other on the issue of a single + + 18 entity. It may or may not exist. I have no opinion + + 19 on that, but I'm thinking more in terms of different + + + 20 subpopulations that have distinctly different + + 21 exposures, oil smoke here, some chemical there, + + 22 benzene in a third place, and I think of it more as a + + + 23 checkerboard, I guess. + + 24 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Both we in + + 25 the VA in our registry information ask self-reported + + + 96 + + 1 questions about exposures and so does the CDC, and Dr. + + + 2 Falk may want to comment on that. + + 3 One of the problems, of course, is that + + 4 you're talking about memory. You're talking about + + 5 self-selection, and you're talking about events that + + + 6 now are from some time in the past, and for example, + + 7 we have many more people on our registry self- + + 8 reporting exposure to various agents than could + + + 9 possibly be the case from what we know about the way + + 10 either insecticides were used or pyridostigmine was + + 11 ingested or various vaccines were administered. + + 12 DR. FALK: In response to your question, + + + 13 I agree with Dr. Joseph in terms of systematically + + 14 looking at all the people who are in the CCEP registry + + 15 and trying to find pockets of concern. In addition to + + + 16 that, several of the things that we have done like in + + 17 Pennsylvania or Mississippi are studies that were + + 18 generated by concerns from particular units, and I + + 19 think that that's something we would be attentive to + + + 20 in the future, as well. + + 21 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: I would just make + + 22 two additional comments. When I came to the VA not + + + 23 that many months ago one of the first things I asked + + 24 was about the geographic locator study. I think that + + 25 is going to be of great importance, particularly + + + 97 + + 1 insofar as being able to link that with the folks on + + + 2 the registry, both DOD's and the VA's registry, and + + 3 out of that I would expect a whole number of anecdotal + + 4 incidents, as well as perhaps some ideas for case + + 5 control studies will emerge. + + + 6 The second point I wanted to make, and it + + 7 goes back to a question that -- I apologize -- I don't + + 8 recall who asked it of the prior panel though that + + + 9 bears on this, and that is the need at least in my + + 10 judgment that we work with some of our international + + 11 partners to look at their experience as well. There + + 12 were other allied forces, although not as numerous as + + + 13 the United States, that have populations. They have + + 14 been perhaps slower in recognizing the problem and + + 15 dealing with it, but it is a potential reservoir of + + + 16 information, both anecdotal as well as epidemiologic, + + 17 that we should not ignore and that we need to be + + 18 looking at their experience collaboratively just as we + + 19 look at our own. + + + 20 DR. ROSWELL: With regard to study design, + + 21 I should also point out that if we look at the 700,000 + + 22 approximate force that served in the Gulf War, we find + + + 23 that the composition included seven percent women, + + 24 approximately ten percent Reserve troops, and about + + 25 six to seven percent National Guard. + + + 98 + + 1 Because each of those subsets within that + + + 2 larger force are important components, each of those + + 3 areas will intentionally be over-sampled in the VA's + + 4 epidemiologic study to make sure that we achieve + + 5 statistical significance for each of those + + + 6 populations, as well. + + 7 All of these are factors. The geographic + + 8 factors as well as the force composition are factors + + + 9 that have gone into the experimental design that has + + 10 become a part of the inter-agency research plan. + + 11 MS. KNOX: Can you give us some insight + + 12 into why the State of Iowa was chosen for the study + + + 13 that you're going to do? Is it random? + + 14 DR. FALK: I think we were very directly + + 15 asked about doing it in the State of Iowa. You know, + + + 16 I think that there will be some differences between + + 17 the CDC study and the VA study in the sense that as a + + 18 telephone interview survey, we can do interviews + + 19 perhaps in more detail in certain aspects. So I think + + + 20 we can take advantage of that wherever we do that + + 21 study to do it in more detail. + + 22 So I think, yes, it could conceivably have + + + 23 been done someplace else, but we were requested to do + + 24 this in Iowa, and I think we can do the study well in + + 25 Iowa with active participation from the Health + + + 99 + + 1 Department there and the University of Iowa, and + + + 2 there's a very good group working on this together + + 3 there. + + 4 So I think it will actually work well + + 5 there, and it's an effort to do something a bit more + + + 6 intensive in one particular place. + + 7 DR. ROSWELL: I could probably also shed + + 8 a little bit of light. Senator Tom Harkin actually + + + 9 conducted a field hearing in Iowa where this and other + + 10 concerns were discussed, and as a direct result of + + 11 that field hearing, actually Dr. Satcher (phonetic), + + 12 Director of the Center for Disease Control and + + + 13 Prevention, made the commitment to initiate the study. + + 14 MS. KNOX: And what's the sample size of + + 15 that study going to be? + + + 16 DR. ROSWELL: There'll be -- right now it + + 17 -- do you want to answer? + + 18 DR. FALK: Oh, it's anticipated that it + + 19 will be probably a little over 3,000, 1,500 deployed + + + 20 to the Persian Gulf, 1,500 not deployed to the Persian + + 21 Gulf. + + 22 MS. KNOX: The second question I have is + + + 23 about the external research. Is there funding + + 24 available from NIH for external researchers? + + 25 DR. ROSWELL: Of course, funding is + + + 100 + + 1 available on a competitive basis through NIH for any + + + 2 researcher. I'm not aware of any special earmarked + + 3 money available through NIH. However, earlier this + + 4 year the Department of Defense announced the + + 5 availability of over $5 million that would be + + + 6 available to any investigator in a call for proposals + + 7 that would address specific areas of the experience + + 8 associated with the Persian Gulf health concerns. + + + 9 MS. KNOX: Knowing the publicity of this + + 10 committee, has that deadline for those proposals been + + 11 set? + + 12 DR. ROSWELL: I believe the deadline for + + + 13 the call for proposal is August 24th. + + 14 (Technical malfunction.) + + 15 DR. HAMBURG: -- diverse set of health + + + 16 effects. You might or might not find among them some + + 17 unique condition that would be of considerable + + 18 intellectual interest. It isn't obvious to me why it + + 19 would necessarily have particularly great medical or + + + 20 social interest, and maybe you could explain that. + + 21 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I think it's + + 22 the result of the social and political history of the + + + 23 way this problem came to the fore. In the earliest + + 24 days of concern about this issue, before anyone knew + + 25 how many people were suffering, what they were + + + 101 + + 1 suffering from, for example, which we're now beginning + + + 2 to learn, there was sort of a fascination with what + + 3 came to be called "the mystery illness." Part of it + + 4 had to do with conspiratorial theories around chemical + + 5 and biological warfare. Part of it had to do with + + + 6 virtually everybody in the country seeing the Scud + + 7 missile attacks on CNN. Part of it had to do with + + 8 other kinds of special concerns that this or that + + + 9 particular disease causing agent, the oil well fires, + + 10 whatever, might have caused illness in a large group + + 11 of people. + + 12 And really the idea of a Persian Gulf + + + 13 illness, a mystery illness, a Persian Gulf Syndrome + + 14 was really the driving force in the early days -- I + + 15 mean two or three years ago -- of this issue. I think + + + 16 that as the data has begun to come in, there is more + + 17 understanding of the kind of perspective that you have + + 18 put on it, Dave, but the earliest, and still you'll + + 19 see in the media from time to time -- as a matter of + + + 20 fact, one of the newspaper headlines after that report + + 21 was issued two or three weeks ago was "No Persian Gulf + + 22 Illness Found," which was a total distortion of what + + + 23 we found and said, but there still is, I think, a + + 24 fascination with finding the mystery, of proving the + + 25 agent, or whatever, though I think there is a great + + + 102 + + 1 deal of data on the opposite side of that balance. + + + 2 I would also add or accentuate the point + + 3 you made, is nothing that we've said so far can be + + 4 taken as an indication that there is not within those + + 5 many causes of illnesses and very broad range of + + + 6 symptoms and diagnoses perhaps specific clusters of + + 7 small numbers of things that are unusual. + + 8 Well, one we have found, the earliest + + + 9 found was leishmaniasis, which was talked about, and + + 10 we now have, I believe, 32 cases or 37 cases of + + 11 leishmaniasis, including about 20 cases of visceral + + 12 leishmaniasis, coming out of the Gulf War. That is a + + + 13 very unusual finding in American medicine. You don't + + 14 find leishmaniasis being reported in this country to + + 15 that extent. + + + 16 But that's quite a different thing that + + 17 the sort of the specter of a mystery illness. In + + 18 fact, early in the history there was quite a bit of + + 19 speculation, much of it irresponsible, that + + + 20 leishmaniasis was the cause of all of these symptoms + + 21 that were being seen in all our people. + + 22 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: Let me just make + + + 23 a couple of additional comments because I think your + + 24 perspective, Dr. Hamburg, is really one that has been + + 25 shared from the VA certainly as long as I've been + + + 103 + + 1 associated with the agency. Whether there is or is + + + 2 not a single syndrome is merely a question that needs + + 3 to be answered, but it really doesn't go to the heart + + 4 of the much larger question of whether there are + + 5 multiple syndromes or whether exposures or other + + + 6 things may contribute to the occurrence of these + + 7 commonly diagnosed conditions. + + 8 I mean there are several tiers of + + + 9 questioning here. I think the issue of one syndrome + + 10 or not is really a product of the media and has not + + 11 colored the investigators' thinking, and there are + + 12 other questions that have to be answered as to whether + + + 13 whatever occurred in the gulf may contribute to the + + 14 occurrence of these commonly diagnosed conditions. + + 15 There's a whole train of reasoning out there that a + + + 16 number of our investigations are looking at. + + 17 The other thing that I think should not be + + 18 ignored in this whole process also is the fact that + + 19 the issues that are being asked or the questions that + + + 20 are being asked have considerable relevance to issues + + 21 that go beyond the gulf. Indeed, many of the + + 22 questions related to industrial, occupational, + + + 23 environmental exposures occur in the civilian setting + + 24 and other settings, and we shouldn't overlook the + + 25 opportunity that these investigations and this whole + + + 104 + + 1 effort may have in further elucidating or answering + + + 2 questions that go far beyond the specific questions + + 3 related to the gulf. + + 4 DR. ROSWELL: As we have this very + + 5 important discussion about possible causes and whether + + + 6 or not there exists a single syndrome, I think it's + + 7 imperative that we not lose the perspective of the + + 8 veteran. These are the people that deserve a complete + + + 9 and truthful answer of factors that may be affecting + + 10 their health today. They deserve health care that is + + 11 available now, and in most cases, health care can be + + 12 very beneficial to veterans of the Persian Gulf War + + + 13 who are now experiencing medical problems. + + 14 They do not, however, deserve to be + + 15 stigmatized by incorrect assumptions that they're + + + 16 harboring some type of mystery illness, and that's why + + 17 I think it's imperative that we maintain these open + + 18 minded objectivity that we have tried to retain at + + 19 this point. + + + 20 DR. FALK: May I just make one comment on + + 21 that quickly? I think different diseases oftentimes, + + 22 as Dr. Joseph implied, present differently with very + + + 23 different symptoms, and they're easily teased apart, + + 24 and disease from different kinds of exposures will + + 25 similarly look differently. + + + 105 + + 1 I think the idea that many of these + + + 2 symptoms overlap in ways lead for some kind of a + + 3 search for a unitary hypothesis, and so I think it's + + 4 inherent when many people have similar kinds of + + 5 complaints that one always looks for, you know, the + + + 6 simplest hypothesis. + + 7 CHAIR LASHOF: Any other questions? + + 8 Let me ask a few now and then we'll + + + 9 proceed around. + + 10 I wanted to ask you, Dr. Kizer, whether + + 11 the locator data, trying to pinpoint where everyone is + + 12 -- what it would take to speed that up so that it was + + + 13 done before the end of this year. This committee has + + 14 less than a year and a half to complete its work. + + 15 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Let me answer + + + 16 that. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Oh, I'm sorry. + + 18 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: You addressed + + 19 it to Ken because it's a DOD/Army study. + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: I'm sorry. + + 21 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: The study has + + 22 already been speeded up with an additional infusion of + + + 23 resources that moved it back to, as I said, about + + 24 around Christmas, December, January, '95-'96. I think + + 25 now we're at the limitation of data entry, and I'm not + + + 106 + + 1 sure. I will give you an answer to that question, + + + 2 Joyce, but I think an increment of resources would not + + 3 bring it back further than where we expect to see it + + 4 at the end of '95, but I will give you an answer to + + 5 that. + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: On your CCEP study -- well, + + 7 I won't call it a "study" -- the protocol and + + 8 evaluation, the clinical assessment, you do give us + + + 9 comparison of the symptom rate with a whole series of + + 10 clinical ones. One that I thought was in there was + + 11 the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. + + 12 Now, isn't it possible to obtain from the + + + 13 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey a group that + + 14 are comparable in age and sex distribution? And why + + 15 wasn't that comparison made? + + + 16 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I'm sure we + + 17 could get a sample from that study that was gender and + + 18 age comparable. You would still have the argument + + 19 that no civilian populations is comparable to the + + + 20 health and fitness and perhaps other characteristics + + 21 that you and I can't think of of a military + + 22 population. So we think that there is important + + + 23 information to be mined out of these comparisons. + + 24 That's why we put them in the report, but we also + + 25 caution against anything that we can see as an + + + 107 + + 1 existing database that is truly comparable. + + + 2 I must tell you also that the thing that + + 3 this has done for me most in watching this ride along + + 4 is a realization of the limits of our medical + + 5 diagnostic "nosology" and capability. The more you + + + 6 get into symptom diagnosis and trying to see where + + 7 groups of symptoms compare to other groups of + + 8 symptoms, the more you find clusters and individual + + + 9 patients who bear out that experience that we all have + + 10 in practicing medicine, that many patients you cannot + + 11 pin an ICD-9 definitive diagnostic label upon, and I'm + + 12 sure that's true in all the ambulatory care studies, + + + 13 as well as the CCEP. + + 14 DR. ROSWELL: Work that's actually been + + 15 conducted at the Birmingham VA Medical Center did just + + + 16 what you spoke of, and there we surveyed Persian Gulf + + 17 veterans seeking care for symptoms being reported and + + 18 then compared the answers they provided with age and + + 19 gender match controls, who were also veterans seeking + + + 20 care at the same VA medical center and compared the + + 21 relative ratio. + + 22 We did find that certain symptoms, in + + + 23 fact, many of the symptoms mentioned were reported + + 24 more commonly by the Persian Gulf veterans, although + + 25 they were quite common in the age and gender match + + + 108 + + 1 controls, as well. + + + 2 CHAIR LASHOF: I think there's no question + + 3 that these are common symptoms, but I would think that + + 4 if you're going to publish any kind of comparable + + 5 group, if there is a group that at least is comparable + + + 6 in age and sex, it would have been more helpful than + + 7 a generalized population that comes to a clinic who + + 8 basically are much older and sicker people than one + + + 9 would expect in the veterans, and whether it's worth + + 10 going back and doing that now, I don't know. It + + 11 depends on how much work it is, but I would suggest + + 12 that you might take a look at that. + + + 13 I'd also like to ask Dr. Falk and Dr. + + 14 Roswell to comment further on the CDC role. CDC, as + + 15 the epidemiologic arm of the government, I was + + + 16 surprised, frankly, to see that the only epidemiologic + + 17 studies that they are actively engaged in are the one + + 18 in Pennsylvania, which they're doing at the request of + + 19 the Pennsylvania Department of Public Health, and the + + + 20 one in Iowa that Senator Harkin brought to the fore. + + 21 And I'd like to know more about CDC's role + + 22 in looking at the protocol of the other epidemiologic + + + 23 studies. I'd like to know whether the studies being + + 24 done by DOD and VA and any other studies that are + + 25 being carried out in the country of an epidemiological + + + 109 + + 1 nature are all comparable so that the data could be + + + 2 pooled and a meta analysis performed at the end. + + 3 DR. FALK: Let me begin. Several things. + + 4 One is I think the Coordinating Board has really been + + 5 a very important function and has brought the people + + + 6 from the different agencies together much more so than + + 7 at least has been my experience in previous situations + + 8 like this. + + + 9 We have had active participation with the + + 10 Coordinating Board. We do have efforts that are + + 11 underway to look at ways of asking comparable + + 12 questions in similar kinds of studies, and comments + + + 13 back and forth on the different studies. So there is + + 14 active participation in that regard. + + 15 I think -- and we very much appreciate, I + + + 16 think, from our perspective the effort of the + + 17 Coordinating Board to bring the groups together and + + 18 build that sense of coordination. + + 19 I think historically as I look back at CDC + + + 20 over the years, I've been at CDC for a little over 20 + + 21 years now, and I have watched several efforts or + + 22 participated in them from the soldiers who + + + 23 participated in the Nevada test site activities to the + + 24 Agent Orange activities at CDC, and now Persian Gulf + + 25 activities. We have in each of those incidences + + + 110 + + 1 either responded to a request from a member of the + + + 2 public in a particular situation or responded to + + 3 requests directly from the VA and other groups. + + 4 We've not had in a sense a standing unit + + 5 working on veterans' affairs. So it has been in a + + + 6 responsive mode, and I think in this particular + + 7 situation there has been an effort to build a + + 8 coordination across agencies. + + + 9 DR. ROSWELL: I would certainly endorse + + 10 what Dr. Falk has said. In fact, a CDC representative + + 11 serves on the Research Group and, in fact, has had + + 12 direct input into the development of the epidemiologic + + + 13 study that will be conducted by the Department of + + 14 Veterans' Affairs. + + 15 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: Dr. Lashof, I + + + 16 might also add two points. One of the things that has + + 17 delayed or at least taken more time than I would like + + 18 on getting this 15,000 individual study underway has + + 19 been the efforts to coordinate and make sure everyone + + + 20 has looked at the protocols, bought into the + + 21 protocols, agreed on the questionnaire, and to assure + + 22 the comparability of the data, and when you do that + + + 23 type of thing, it does take longer to get your studies + + 24 underway. + + 25 The other point I would make is I have + + + 111 + + 1 discussed with Dr. Richard Jackson, the head of the + + + 2 National Institute of Environmental Health, the + + 3 potentiality of actually having -- at least that part + + 4 of CDC having more of an ongoing role in veterans' + + 5 issues. + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 7 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Dr. Lashof, + + 8 no one has mentioned so far this morning a fact which + + + 9 I presume you all know, that there are two Institute + + 10 of Medicine committees that are backing up this + + 11 effort. There's what we call the big committee, which + + 12 is overseeing the coordinated research portfolio, and + + + 13 there's the so-called small committee, which is + + 14 helping us with the CCEP. + + 15 You're going to hear from them tomorrow. + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: We're going to hear from + + 17 them tomorrow. + + 18 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: And we would + + 19 welcome anything that comes out of that interaction in + + + 20 terms of methodologic improvements that we can either + + 21 put into current studies or studies which will + + 22 undoubtedly be going on in the future. + + + 23 CHAIR LASHOF: Let me ask just one more + + 24 question and then I'll move it along. The VA is + + 25 looking at the veterans who have been discharged. DOD + + + 112 + + 1 is looking at those who are still in the service; is + + + 2 that correct? + + 3 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: And their + + 4 dependents. + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: Pardon? And their + + + 6 dependents. + + 7 What percentage of the men who served in + + 8 the gulf are now veterans discharged and what + + + 9 percentage -- what are the numbers in the comparable + + 10 groups we're looking at? Who's still on active duty + + 11 and who isn't is the question, I guess. + + 12 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: It's about 50-50. + + + 13 I don't have the exact number, but those are the ball + + 14 park. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: All right. + + + 16 DR. CUSTIS: Just a couple of questions + + 17 for whomever cares to answer. Regarding the early + + 18 reports of possible synergistic toxicity of + + 19 pyridostigmine in insecticides, do you have a measure + + + 20 of how many people, how many actually ingested the + + 21 pyridostigmine? + + 22 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: We have an + + + 23 inexact measure because as you know, pyridostigmine + + 24 was issued to a significant number of troops in the + + 25 gulf, and we have that number and can give it to you, + + + 113 + + 1 but they were told to take it upon the order of their + + + 2 unit commander. + + 3 What we cannot tell you, and this is + + 4 again, I think, the kind of lesson we can learn for + + 5 improving practice in the future; what we cannot tell + + + 6 you is who took how much, when they took it, over what + + 7 period of time based on the orders that were given by + + 8 the unit commander, but we do have rough numbers of + + + 9 both the actual numbers of people who were given + + 10 pyridostigmine and also the vaccines that have been + + 11 talked about, and you'll also see in the CCEP some + + 12 self-reported exposure information. + + + 13 With respect to the insecticide, that's + + 14 also very complicated because insecticide was + + 15 available, but during most of this period for most of + + + 16 the individuals, there were really very little + + 17 problems with insects at that time of year in the + + 18 desert. That's evidenced by the very low rates of + + 19 insect borne diseases that we see among the troops. + + + 20 Again, there's no way to have a clear + + 21 understanding of who sprayed what during what period + + 22 on which pieces of their clothing. + + + 23 DR. CUSTIS: The other question is based + + 24 on my ignorance of depleted uranium. Just how + + 25 dangerous is it to have retained imbedded in fragments? + + + 114 + + 1 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Well, there's + + + 2 a study going on to look at that issue right now in + + 3 terms of both those who were exposed to depleted + + 4 uranium in the handling of munitions and to those + + 5 casualties that were involved with depleted uranium + + + 6 shell heads. + + 7 DR. CUSTIS: Is it very dangerous or not? + + 8 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I'm not sure + + + 9 that one can give you a good answer to that question + + 10 until the studies are done. + + 11 DR. ROSWELL: Dr. Custis, the Baltimore + + 12 VA, in cooperation with Department of Defense, is + + + 13 following just over 30 individuals who were exposed to + + 14 depleted uranium. Our concern is not so much one of + + 15 the radiation. The radioactivity of depleted uranium + + + 16 is extremely low. + + 17 However, because it is a heavy metal, the + + 18 concern was its properties as a heavy metal, + + 19 specifically nephrotoxicity, as a possible concern, + + + 20 and to date we have not seen any decline in creatinine + + 21 clearances or any change, any measurable changes in + + 22 renal function of those people who are being followed + + + 23 in this interagency study. + + 24 So we do know that trace amounts of the + + 25 depleted uranium is being excreted in the urine of + + + 115 + + 1 these individuals, indicating that it's not totally + + + 2 inert, but so far no measurable changes in physiologic + + 3 function have been identified. + + 4 DR. LANDRIGAN: Depleted uranium, about 12 + + 5 or 13 years ago the National Institute for + + + 6 Occupational Safety and Health did quite a thorough + + 7 study of workers in a plant in Tennessee who were + + 8 making armaments out of depleted uranium, and the + + + 9 focus, as you say, was on renal toxicity, and + + 10 hopefully those reports are available to you. I + + 11 believe it was done as a health hazard evaluation from + + 12 NIOSH. + + + 13 I'm not sure if it ever was published in + + 14 the open literature. + + 15 The other thing that occurs to me about + + + 16 the depleted uranium, its metabolism, its + + 17 toxicokinetics in the human body are at least roughly + + 18 similar to those of lead, probably seeks bone, and one + + 19 technique that you could apply to study these people + + + 20 who were exposed to the depleted uranium that would + + 21 not have been available to the NIOSH investigators a + + 22 decade ago in Tennessee is direct measure of any + + + 23 uranium that might be in bone, direct noninvasive + + 24 measurement using the X-ray fluorescence technique + + 25 that a half dozen labs around the country now have + + + 116 + + 1 available. + + + 2 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, Dr. + + 3 Landrigan. + + 4 Dr. Caplan. + + 5 DR. CAPLAN: Well, my first question is + + + 6 about outreach, and it's to any of the panel. Excuse + + 7 me. If you'd care to comment, about a year ago I + + 8 moved from Minnesota to Pennsylvania, and I had to get + + + 9 a new driver's license. When I went to get the + + 10 driver's license, I asked the lady at the desk why she + + 11 hadn't asked me about organ donation as an option on + + 12 the driver's license, and she said, "Well, we're + + + 13 supposed to, but you probably wouldn't want to get + + 14 involved with that anyway." + + 15 I'm curious about your views, given all of + + + 16 the 800 numbers and efforts that have been made to + + 17 seek out symptom reporting. Are you satisfied? Do + + 18 you think this is working? Do you think that people + + 19 out there who served really do understand that they + + + 20 can report and that they've been called upon if we did + + 21 a sample out there of some thousand people randomly, + + 22 they'd tell us, "Yes, we're all aware of this," or, + + + 23 "Gosh, I didn't know," or what's your read on that? + + 24 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: This is an area + + 25 where we think we need to continue to work on it. + + + 117 + + 1 Certainly by the nature of some of the veteran + + + 2 populations that we're focus on, they're sometimes + + 3 hard to access. We've used multiple vehicles. Using + + 4 the Internet is not necessarily one that will reach + + 5 many of them. We've used a variety of mailings and + + + 6 PSAs. + + 7 I was surprised to hear about three weeks + + 8 ago a couple of folks called me from California saying + + + 9 they had heard me at 12 o'clock or one o'clock in the + + 10 morning on a radio station with some of the PSAs that + + 11 we've done. + + 12 DR. CAPLAN: You're right. You're right + + + 13 after the organ donation. + + 14 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: No, I think that + + 15 came on later, but we've used a variety of instruments + + + 16 and vehicles to get this out. We know we need to + + 17 continue to intensify this effort. In some areas we + + 18 think it has been covered quite well, and we have had + + 19 good success. + + + 20 Our message has uniformly been to + + 21 encourage all veterans to come in whether they have + + 22 complaints or not, to seek care, get on the registry. + + + 23 Indeed, the majority of the folks on the registry + + 24 don't have specific complaints, but this does provide + + 25 a baseline for further assessment down the road, and + + + 118 + + 1 as was talked about earlier, ten years, 20 years, + + + 2 whatever, down the road if questions come up, we would + + 3 like to have as much baseline information on folks as + + 4 possible. + + 5 So your question is absolutely right, and + + + 6 certainly in my prior experience in other campaigns of + + 7 this type you need to use as many vehicles as + + 8 possible, and even in doing that and over a prolonged + + + 9 period of time, you're still not going to reach + + 10 everybody that you want to, and you just have to keep + + 11 trying. + + 12 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: Our problem, + + + 13 Dr. Caplan, is a little different at DOD than VA + + 14 because in one sense we have an easier population to + + 15 access, and I guess the good news is I would say that + + + 16 the efforts that have been made in DOD to access, + + 17 starting with a joint letter from the Secretary of + + 18 Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff + + 19 right down through, have really been extremely + + + 20 aggressive and very productive. + + 21 We have another somewhat different problem + + 22 than the VA, however, and I would appreciate as you go + + + 23 along any thoughts about this that the committee has. + + 24 You will hear persistent reports from active duty + + 25 troops that there is under-reporting or under- + + + 119 + + 1 registration because the sergeant or the lieutenant or + + + 2 the captain in one way or another will discourage + + 3 members of the unit from reporting in on this or for + + 4 taking sick time. + + 5 That comment you will also hear about our, + + + 6 I think, very striking data on lack of disability as + + 7 measured by work time, and you will hear, I'm sure, as + + 8 a committee that there are subtle and indirect and + + + 9 sometimes more direct pressures placed upon troops not + + 10 to come forward. + + 11 When you try to run those down, they're + + 12 hard to find, and any light you can shed on that as + + + 13 you go along would be helpful to us because it's an + + 14 important part of that denominator obviously. + + 15 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Two questions for Dr. + + + 16 Falk. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't + + 18 mean to cut you off. + + 19 DR. CAPLAN: I just had two other + + + 20 questions. One follows up on this outreach issue, and + + 21 we've heard a lot so far today about epidemiological + + 22 inquiry to see who is exposed to what. I'm curious if + + + 23 you could comment for us again, anybody who cares to + + 24 on the panel, about the understanding of basic + + 25 science, either animal models or just bench models of + + + 120 + + 1 some of the health effects of things like + + + 2 pyridostigmine and the insecticides and so on. It + + 3 seems to me as I've followed this issue, basic science + + 4 knowledge was pretty poor a few years back about what + + 5 the exposure was in terms of health effects for some + + + 6 of these agents that might have been in play in the + + 7 gulf, and I'm just curious about what your thoughts + + 8 are as to what's known now, adequacy of funding there, + + + 9 and so forth. + + 10 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I think + + 11 there's a range ranging all the way from some things + + 12 -- for example, the licensed and tested and 30-year + + + 13 used vaccine in some cases to a great deal of medical + + 14 uncertainty about long term and chronic effects of + + 15 lots of things, particularly in combinations, and this + + + 16 is one of the dilemmas in there. + + 17 If you say, well, we have very good + + 18 evidence that Compound X does not cause this pattern + + 19 of illness, particularly over time, and then somebody + + + 20 says, "Well, what about if you combine Compound X with + + 21 Compound Y?" Well, we have a little bit of data + + 22 there, and then somebody says, "Well, maybe it's + + + 23 Compound X and Y and Z." + + 24 It is difficult. The data isn't there. + + 25 I would doubt very much certainly within the lifetime + + + 121 + + 1 of this inquiry, not just the committee, but the + + + 2 inquiry, that we will have that kind of perfect data + + 3 around combinations, but you look where you think. I + + 4 mean it's, again, Sutton's law. You go where the + + 5 money is, and you look for those things that might be + + + 6 important. + + 7 For example, the depleted uranium studies, + + 8 the studies that have been done since the President's + + + 9 initiative now looking at pyridostigmine and + + 10 combinations with other agents, first in animal + + 11 models, et cetera, and you pick off the ones that you + + 12 think are the ones that are of most concern and where + + + 13 there might be some payoff. + + 14 As of yet I know of no data that has + + 15 surfaced on any, starting with the smoke study, oil + + + 16 plume study. I know of no data that's surfaced on any + + 17 of these questions that has shown a probable + + 18 relationship to specific illness in the gulf, but + + 19 that's not to say it's not there. + + + 20 DR. CAPLAN: I appreciate that, and the + + 21 reason I asked about that was keeping in mind this + + 22 notion of looking forward as well as back in terms of + + + 23 making sure that maybe for some of these things it's + + 24 going to be necessary to set up an infrastructure to + + 25 finally capture some answers to some of these + + + 122 + + 1 questions. + + + 2 Lastly, on the issue of expertise and + + 3 symptoms, one of the things that I've heard already + + 4 from some people who've dealt with VA is that maybe + + 5 the expertise in listening to symptoms and thinking + + + 6 about responses to them isn't what it should be in + + 7 terms of the kind of population that they're more + + 8 familiar in dealing with in terms of health problems + + + 9 and health difficulties. + + 10 So I'm just curious if I could get a + + 11 comment maybe from Dr. Kizer about, you know, the + + 12 system is a big one; it's got a big population to deal + + + 13 with; this is a fraction of the population that comes + + 14 in with their complaints. Is the ability to get + + 15 information about symptomatology and ideas about what + + + 16 might be going on through the VA adequate? + + 17 UNDER SECRETARY KIZER: Certainly efforts + + 18 have been made to, in fact, do that. As you note, + + 19 it's a large system. It's the nation's largest + + + 20 integrated health care system, and it is undergoing a + + 21 massive reorganization and transformation for other + + 22 reasons, and I think based at least on the feedback + + + 23 that I've gotten, talking to patients at various + + 24 forums, that in some cases it has been excellent and + + 25 that the service, the attentiveness, the customer + + + 123 + + 1 service, if you will, to patients has been absolutely + + + 2 great. People have been very happy with it. In other + + 3 cases it has not been what we would like to see, and + + 4 we're trying to address that. + + 5 We have had numerous forums and vehicles + + + 6 internally to make sure that our clinicians are + + 7 approaching the problem in a uniform and standardized + + 8 manner; that they are, indeed, listening and being + + + 9 judicious in what they say, recognizing that there are + + 10 many questions that research has yet to answer. + + 11 So your point is well taken, and any + + 12 system as large as this, there's going to be a + + + 13 variability in response, but we are certainly making + + 14 the effort to assure that folks have the audience and + + 15 get the information and are treated the way that we + + + 16 want them to be. + + 17 DR. ROSWELL: With over 14,000 physicians + + 18 in the VA health care system, it is difficult to get + + 19 to each and every one of those, as Dr. Kizer alluded + + + 20 to. One of the things he did not mention specifically + + 21 though was his efforts to appoint a physician + + 22 coordinator for Persian Gulf veterans' care at each of + + + 23 the 172 VA medical centers nationwide. That physician + + 24 serves as a clinical focal point, and in fact, each of + + 25 those physicians were recently asked to attend a + + + 124 + + 1 national program in Baltimore where literally the + + + 2 state of the art, so to speak, of our current + + 3 understanding of Persian Gulf issues was discussed in + + 4 a three-day workshop. + + 5 In addition to that, various materials are + + + 6 supplied to the physician coordinator, and as Dr. + + 7 Kizer alluded, we have had a variety of interactive + + 8 video tele-conferences, as well as other written + + + 9 publications, to disseminate information. So it's an + + 10 imperfect effort, but it's a concerted effort to make + + 11 sure that we have that sensitivity, as well as that + + 12 clinical expertise when it's needed and where it's + + + 13 needed. + + 14 CHAIR LASHOF: Dr. Baldeschwieler. + + 15 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Two questions for Dr. + + + 16 Falk. You mentioned serum assays with emphasis on + + 17 leishmaniasis. Did you assay for other pathogens, and + + 18 what was the rationale for those that you either did + + 19 or did not assay for? + + + 20 DR. FALK: I know about the serum assays + + 21 for leishmaniasis. I can't answer specifically what + + 22 other things were looked for, but I can check on that + + + 23 for you. + + 24 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: That would be + + 25 extremely useful. + + + 125 + + 1 And, secondly, with regard to + + + 2 leishmaniasis, there was a hypothesis about a + + 3 potential low level of leishmania infection below a + + 4 level sufficient to create an assayable antibody + + 5 titre. What is the status of that hypothesis? + + + 6 DR. ROSWELL: Well, it's difficult. One + + 7 of the current areas of research is better diagnostic + + 8 methods to identify patients who may currently be + + + 9 having or have previously experienced leishmania + + 10 infection. That's an area of active research both in + + 11 the Department of Defense and in the VA and CDC as + + 12 well. We're using the very best diagnostic methods we + + + 13 have available, but as you accurately point out, + + 14 they're imperfect, and so it's an area for research. + + 15 With regard to other infectious diseases, + + + 16 we know that there were infectious diseases in the + + 17 gulf. Most of those were short-term, acute illnesses, + + 18 diarrheal illnesses that you expect with any type of + + 19 deployment like that. + + + 20 As far as chronic infectious diseases that + + 21 might this be affecting some of the 700,000 people who + + 22 served in the gulf, the only known chronic diseases + + + 23 that we're aware of that may currently be a factor + + 24 would include malaria, brucellosis, and Q fever. + + 25 There have been no cases of brucellosis identified, + + + 126 + + 1 one or two cases of Q fever, and a similar number, one + + + 2 or two cases of malaria identified. + + 3 Other than that, we have just not seen + + 4 chronic infectious disease. The leishmania infection, + + 5 including the 12 cases of visceral atrophic leishmania + + + 6 are the most prevalent chronic infectious disease + + 7 that's been observed out of the gulf experience. + + 8 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I understand there is + + + 9 an initiative to develop a PCR based assay to assay + + 10 the pathogen directly. Has that -- + + 11 ASSISTANT SECRETARY JOSEPH: I understand + + 12 that there are expected to be scientific difficulties + + + 13 in bringing that to accomplishment. That's my + + 14 understanding of the current status. That's not going + + 15 to be an easy task. + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: I have just one final + + 17 question for Dr. Roswell, and then we will be breaking + + 18 for lunch. You mentioned that the questionnaire for + + 19 the protocol for the broad epidemiologic study is over + + + 20 still in the Office of Management and Budget waiting + + 21 clearance. Having been in the government before, I + + 22 know how long that can take. + + + 23 How long has it been there, and what can + + 24 we do to get it out of there for you? + + 25 DR. ROSWELL: We're anticipating OMB + + + 127 + + 1 approval in the very near future, but we'll certainly + + + 2 appreciate your support in obtaining that approval. + + 3 Thank you very much, Dr. Lashof. + + 4 CHAIR LASHOF: I want to thank the panel + + 5 very much. I think this morning has been very + + + 6 productive, very useful to all of us. + + 7 We'll stand adjourned for lunch. We will + + 8 meet promptly at 1:45, and we will hear from the + + + 9 public open comments. + + 10 Thank you. + + 11 (Whereupon, at 12:30 p.m., the meeting was + + 12 recessed for lunch, to reconvene at 1:45 p.m., the + + + 13 same day.) + + + 128 + + 1 AFTERNOON SESSION + + + 2 (1:48 p.m.) + + 3 CHAIR LASHOF: I'd like to call the + + 4 session to order. + + 5 This afternoon we have a series of people + + + 6 who have requested to present comments for us. Let me + + 7 give the ground rules. Because there are so many + + 8 people who want to present, we probably will run a + + + 9 little over. We have some additions to the original + + 10 list, and I think they're posted on the board out + + 11 there or is there a new list already? + + 12 Okay. Each person has been allotted only + + + 13 five minutes. That is the only way we can get through + + 14 the time. The presenter will have five minutes to + + 15 present, and then the panel will have an opportunity + + + 16 to question the presenter. + + 17 I will indicate at the end of three + + 18 minutes. When the presenter has two minutes left, + + 19 I'll up two fingers, and I will cut them off at the + + + 20 end of five, but then we'll have time for the panel to + + 21 ask questions. + + 22 If the presenter goes over, then it makes + + + 23 it impossible for the panel to ask questions, and I + + 24 think that's important that we be able to do that. + + 25 So if our first speaker will come forward. + + + 129 + + 1 MR. HOBBS: My name is George Hobbs. I + + + 2 was with the 736th Supply and Service Battalion as the + + 3 battalion nuclear, biological, and chemical + + 4 noncommissioned officer or as I will refer to my job + + 5 as the NBC NCO. + + + 6 In 1985 I completed the NBC officer and + + 7 NCO defense course, and in 1986 DMOS-54 qualifying + + 8 course. I will also offer my DD-214 discharge and + + + 9 other papers about my background so the committee can + + 10 see where I'm coming from. + + 11 My unit was stationed at King Klied + + 12 Military City in Saudi Arabia. My unit was + + + 13 approximately five miles west of the city, one mile + + 14 east of the Saudi Engineer Building, and the airport + + 15 was about one mile south of our unit. + + + 16 My testimony is about my experience at + + 17 KKMC. I wish to make it very clear that I do believe + + 18 that numerous vets are ill and that they are hurting. + + 19 However, I do not believe that the majority of the + + + 20 cases are from the effects of chemical weapons. + + 21 In the packet I submitted, there is a + + 22 letter from the Assistant Commandant of the NBC School + + + 23 in Alabama and states his findings over there in KKMC; + + 24 also some newspaper clippings about findings between + + 25 the nerve agent pill and the insect spray. + + + 130 + + 1 I would like to first address the nerve + + + 2 agent pill. When the war was over and I had to turn + + 3 in the nerve agent pills to a medical unit outside of + + 4 KKMC, I asked the sergeant in charge of the medical + + 5 unit what was going to happen to the pills. He told + + + 6 me that the pills were not FDA approved and that they + + 7 were going back to Germany with his unit, and also in + + 8 the packet I have in there a public affairs brief from + + + 9 the Department of Defense where the Department of + + 10 Defense said that the pills were FDA approved. When + + 11 we turned them in, we were told they were not FDA + + 12 approved. + + + 13 I also know of two units, the 249th and + + 14 the 209th, that took the pills like they were + + 15 aspirins, even though we were told to keep the pills + + + 16 under strict control, and they were not to be used at + + 17 any time unless word came down from higher + + 18 headquarters. + + 19 Second, I would like to address the + + + 20 chemical question. First, if the chemicals were used + + 21 at KKMC, there would have been reports from the + + 22 medical units about people with chemical symptoms. + + + 23 There were none. + + 24 Secondly, I was in constant contact with + + 25 our higher headquarters. There was not even a rumor + + + 131 + + 1 or a whisper of chemical use. + + + 2 We had our chemical -- we had our MA + + 3 alarms out. They never registered. We also had the + + 4 M-256 kits out, which would detect chemicals. None of + + 5 them ever registered. + + + 6 At this time I wish to address the VA. I + + 7 also have problems with my hands, my feet, and my + + 8 knee. I was -- took the physical. I was told at the + + + 9 end of the physical if I had any complaints to come + + 10 back and get another physical; came back, got another + + 11 physical. + + 12 My hands were numb. They set me up and + + + 13 told me I had to wait four months. I have in the + + 14 meantime gone and seen a specialist. He has got me on + + 15 two drugs. I spend thousands of dollars of my own + + + 16 money, and I'm only temporarily what you would call + + 17 healed because I can function pretty good as long as + + 18 I stay on the pills. + + 19 I wish to address the VA. In the packet + + + 20 that I handed in, you will find out the VA doctor + + 21 turned me down even though a specialist said, yes, I + + 22 have problems, and in the packet the VA doctor says he + + + 23 doesn't even understand why I'm seeing a doctor. + + 24 I also turned in a statement about my knee + + 25 from a specialist who said that while being in Desert + + + 132 + + 1 Storm my knee was irritated. I spent two weeks + + + 2 visiting the hospital in Saudi Arabia, and once more + + 3 the VA doctor says why was I seeing a specialist for + + 4 my knee. + + 5 I was one of the lucky ones. Even though + + + 6 I have some numbness that comes and goes and I'm + + 7 spending my own money seeing a doctor twice a year, + + 8 paying for my own medicine, at least I can function. + + + 9 There are many vets out there who are not as lucky as + + 10 I am, and I hope that this panel can find out what's + + 11 wrong. + + 12 I would like to make one suggestion to + + + 13 this panel. While you're looking into causes, please + + 14 looking into the kerosene being used over there. + + 15 Kerosene was sprayed at least three times a day in + + + 16 front of our unit. People in our unit, in my unit, + + 17 that has had problems worked with kerosene. I was one + + 18 of them. I ruined five pairs of gloves working with + + 19 the kerosene, and from around about or by word of + + + 20 mouth, I was told that the kerosene was not a treated + + 21 kerosene like we have over here. So that might be + + 22 something that this committee might want to look into. + + + 23 I would like to thank this committee for + + 24 their listening to me. + + 25 Thank you. + + + 133 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + + 2 Does the committee have questions? We + + 3 have five minutes for questioning. + + 4 Andrea Kidd Taylor. + + 5 MS. TAYLOR: Mr. Hobbs, you mentioned the + + + 6 nerve pill that members were taking. Was that + + 7 something different than what we know already? What + + 8 were the contents of the nerve pill? Do you have any + + + 9 idea? + + 10 MR. HOBBS: The nerve agent pill was a + + 11 pre-treatment pill, and this was in case you were + + 12 going to come under chemical attack. You would take + + + 13 this hours before. + + 14 MS. TAYLOR: Okay. + + 15 MR. HOBBS: And what it would do, it would + + + 16 speed up your system to get the chemical rushing + + 17 through. + + 18 MS. TAYLOR: That's the other question. + + 19 You mentioned kerosene. Is this something that our + + + 20 government used, the kerosene that you mentioned that + + 21 was used quite often? This was something that our + + 22 government provided to -- + + + 23 MR. HOBBS: No. + + 24 MS. TAYLOR: Okay. + + 25 MR. HOBBS: This was from the Saudi + + + 134 + + 1 government. Where I was at KKMC, it got quite cold + + + 2 during the winter weeks, not months, but they had + + 3 about six weeks of winter, and they would use kerosene + + 4 heaters, and we had quite a bit of trouble with them, + + 5 and troops even used the kerosene to put on their + + + 6 wooden floors to keep the dust down. So it was used + + 7 in the heating, in the roads, and to keep dust down in + + 8 the tents. + + + 9 MS. TAYLOR: And this was provided by the + + 10 Saudi government? + + 11 MR. HOBBS: By the Saudi government, yes. + + 12 MS. TAYLOR: That's all. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Mr. Rios. + + 14 MR. RIOS: You mentioned that they were + + 15 taking these pills like what did you say, like? + + + 16 MR. HOBBS: Like aspirins. + + 17 MR. RIOS: Why? Were they concerned about + + 18 something or why were they taking them? I thought + + 19 they were under order not to take them unless -- + + + 20 MR. HOBBS: They were, but like the one, + + 21 you know, like I alleged, the 209th, I was told by + + 22 their NBC NCO that they just started taking them when + + + 23 they got off the ship. Why? I don't know. From my + + 24 understanding, there's quite a few units that took + + 25 them. + + + 135 + + 1 MR. RIOS: They were scared or what? + + + 2 MR. HOBBS: Scared. + + 3 MS. NISHIMI: Thank you, Mr. Hobbs, just, + + 4 again, for staff making sure that we have all of this + + 5 material. Thank you. + + + 6 MR. HOBBS: Thank you. + + 7 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 8 The next person is Teresa Huschart -- + + + 9 Huschart. I'm sorry. + + 10 MS. HUSCHART: I'm just going to lay that + + 11 there. That's part of my presentation. + + 12 Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen and + + + 13 distinguished members of the Advisory Committee. My + + 14 name is Teresa Huschart. I'm from the Medenica Clinic + + 15 and the Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory in Hilton + + + 16 Head, South Carolina. I will be speaking for Dr. + + 17 Medenica who was unable to attend today. + + 18 Today I would like to speak to you about + + 19 our experience and success with a veteran of the + + + 20 Persian Gulf War who was suffering from an auto-immune + + 21 like disease. Studies performed in collaboration with + + 22 the Adolph Coors Clinic of Immunoregulation have + + + 23 determined that unexplained symptoms experienced by + + 24 our patient are attributable to a disease that may + + 25 fall in the group of multiple chemical sensitivity + + + 136 + + 1 syndrome, a chronic immunological disorder that + + + 2 develops from related exposure to chemicals. + + 3 Our clinic has experience with patients + + 4 who suffer from chemical sensitivity syndrome. The + + 5 difference between multiple chemical sensitivity + + + 6 syndrome and the disease from which the veterans of + + 7 the Persian Gulf War suffer is that exposure to the + + 8 two different types of agents are involved: chemicals + + + 9 and biologicals. Although the exact source of the + + 10 causative agent or agents has not yet been determined, + + 11 the etiology of the syndrome can be explained. + + 12 A toxin or toxins which have entered the + + + 13 body for some reason were not metabolized by the human + + 14 detoxification in totality. These may remain + + 15 nonmetabolized ingredients. While these chemical and + + + 16 biological molecules are too small to complete + + 17 antigens by which the body would elicit immune + + 18 response, these particles act as a heptane by + + 19 combining with normal proteins, becoming antigenic and + + + 20 inducing the immune system to produce an immune + + 21 antibody. + + 22 The combination of heptane and the + + + 23 patient's proteins form autoantibodies which circulate + + 24 within the blood stream. These are deposited in the + + 25 organs, including those of the central nervous system, + + + 137 + + 1 producing a wide variety of symptoms depending on the + + + 2 tissue localization of the heptane or immune complex. + + 3 This activity initiates an autoimmune phenomenon. + + 4 The signs and symptoms manifested depend + + 5 on the location of the tissue injury and may mimic + + + 6 known diseases. In our experience with this type of + + 7 disease from which the veterans are suffering, in + + 8 multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome we have seen + + + 9 Parkinson-like syndromes, porphyria-like syndromes, + + 10 multiple skin allergies, rashes, gastrointestinal + + 11 symptoms, pulmonary problems out of the 12 patients + + 12 that we have studied. + + + 13 Laboratory findings in these patients + + 14 include increased levels of interferon inhibitor + + 15 factor, low serum interferon levels, low T helper + + + 16 lymphocytes, and low suppressor lymphocytes, lower + + 17 natural killer cells, and reduced macrophage activity. + + 18 Tissue culture of blood and bone marrow + + 19 demonstrate an autoimmune phenomenon which indicates + + + 20 an autoimmune problem. + + 21 The source of the toxins can be from a + + 22 chemical origin, a biological origin, or from a + + + 23 combination of chemical and biological sources. We + + 24 have identified crystalline structures in a muscle + + 25 biopsy from our patient who fought in the Persian Gulf + + + 138 + + 1 War. Although not enough of the muscle was received + + + 2 to definitely identify the crystals, the presence of + + 3 the structures in the muscle tissue demonstrate the + + 4 toxins are present. + + 5 The toxins from biological sources act as + + + 6 a type of viral disease eventually leading to chronic + + 7 fatigue syndrome which the patients have been + + 8 suffering from. The important point to remember is + + + 9 that no matter the source of the disease as chemical, + + 10 biological, or both, an autoimmune response is + + 11 elicited by the body and which produces antibodies + + 12 that act against our own proteins in our organs. + + + 13 We can combat this problem in one of two + + 14 ways. The first is with the development of a + + 15 monoclonal antibody against this agent which started + + + 16 the activity in the body. Since we do not yet + + 17 understand the source of the toxin, a monoclonal + + 18 antibody would be difficult to develop. + + 19 The second way to combat the problem is by + + + 20 removing the circulating toxins with plasmapheresis. + + 21 We are currently using plasmapheresis in immunological + + 22 therapy as the treatment of choice for this disease. + + + 23 Various poisons, drugs, and toxins can be removed by + + 24 plasma exchange. + + 25 Due to restriction of molecular size or + + + 139 + + 1 the protein binding, it is impossible for certain + + + 2 toxins to cross the dialysis membrane. So in these + + 3 situations plasma exchange has been proven to be + + 4 lifesaving by removing these toxins. + + 5 The process of plasmapheresis removes the + + + 6 circulating immune complexes, the combination of + + 7 heptane, protein, and autoantibodies, and the + + 8 interferon inhibitor factor which works against the + + + 9 natural function of the patient's immune system and + + 10 circulating toxins. When plasmapheresis is combined + + 11 with immunomodulation, the abnormalities of the + + 12 circulating cells of the immune system, such as the + + + 13 circulating lymphocytes, the natural killer cells, and + + 14 the macrophages, can be reversed. + + 15 The macrophage activity results in the + + + 16 reduction of chemotaxism and metabolism of + + 17 phagocytized antigens. This approach to combatting + + 18 the autoimmune disease experienced by multiple + + 19 chemical sensitivity patients and by our Persian Gulf + + + 20 War patient has been an effective treatment with + + 21 minimal side effects. + + 22 The constituents removed from the plasma + + + 23 can be analyzed to determine any common factors + + 24 present in patients, possibly leading to the knowledge + + 25 of common exposures among the Persian Gulf War. When + + + 140 + + 1 the causative agent can be removed and is known, it + + + 2 can be quantitated. Then the quality available in the + + 3 plasma for exchange can be calculated from the + + 4 concentration multiplied by the patient's volume. + + 5 Samples could be pre- and post-drawn and + + + 6 can provide information about the percentage of drop + + 7 in the plasma factor. Samples taken from the bags of + + 8 the plasma can provide information about the total + + + 9 quantity of the factor removed. + + 10 Our study showed strong results in 12 + + 11 patients suffering from multiple chemical sensitivity + + 12 who were treated with plasmapheresis and + + + 13 immunomodulatory therapy. Plasmapheresis was + + 14 performed two consecutive days every four weeks for + + 15 four cycles. An immunomodulatory regime, including + + + 16 interferon, interleuken, and other cytokines, was + + 17 given for three consecutive days in conjunction with + + 18 plasmapheresis protocol to increase the immune + + 19 competent cells. Four patients demonstrated complete + + + 20 response, two showed partial response, and two + + 21 patients showed progression of their disease. + + 22 Levels of the toxins were reduced + + + 23 dramatically in six patients. Serum interferon levels + + 24 were normalized in eight patients. The T helper cells + + 25 increased in nine patients. T suppressor levels + + + 141 + + 1 remained stable, and the natural killer cells + + + 2 increased in ten patients. + + 3 With our Persian Gulf War patient, similar + + 4 results have been noticed. Our patient received 19 + + 5 course of plasmapheresis treatments with + + + 6 immunomodulatory therapy over a period of one year. + + 7 We have found that the disease has not progressed, and + + 8 our patient seems to be improving. + + + 9 We believe that combination of + + 10 plasmapheresis treatments and immunomodulatory therapy + + 11 is a successful approach to combatting the illness of + + 12 the unexplained Persian Gulf War veterans. + + + 13 Additionally, a study of the plasma + + 14 removed from these patients during treatment can serve + + 15 as an indicator of the origin of the symptoms + + + 16 experienced by these veterans. + + 17 Thank you. + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 19 Questions from the panel? + + + 20 MS. LARSON: You're saying that you're + + 21 treating 12 patients with this syndrome from the Gulf + + 22 War? + + + 23 MS. HUSCHART: No, we have -- what I'm + + 24 saying is that we have correlated. We have patients + + 25 that we treated with multiple chemical sensitivity + + + 142 + + 1 syndrome, which are patients that are similar to the + + + 2 category of what this one patient -- + + 3 MS. LARSON: Right, and how many were Gulf + + 4 War veterans? + + 5 MS. HUSCHART: One. + + + 6 MS. LARSON: Of the 12? + + 7 MS. HUSCHART: No, it was a different -- + + 8 if you want to say a total of 13 then. It was one + + + 9 Gulf War and then -- + + 10 MS. LARSON: Okay, all right. How were + + 11 the patients referred to your clinic? + + 12 MS. HUSCHART: Usually by other patient + + + 13 referrals or physicians. The physician that I work + + 14 with had worked over in Europe for a while. So + + 15 there's a large population that comes over from there, + + + 16 as well. + + 17 MS. LARSON: Okay, and in the other 12, + + 18 you have multiple causes or you think there are + + 19 multiple causes? + + + 20 MS. HUSCHART: That's correct. We were + + 21 measuring their serum samples and sending them out to + + 22 referral laboratories to check for certain chemicals + + + 23 that they had possibly been exposed to. Some of the + + 24 levels were elevated; some of them weren't, but they + + 25 were grouped in a category because they had very + + + 143 + + 1 similar type of symptomatology that they were + + + 2 experiencing. + + 3 MS. LARSON: Thank you. + + 4 CHAIR LASHOF: Anyone else? + + 5 I'd like to ask you, the clinic, the + + + 6 Medenica Clinic and Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, + + 7 is this specific for the treatment of medical -- + + 8 chemical, multiple chemical sensitivities, or is it a + + + 9 general medical clinic that does this as well? + + 10 MS. HUSCHART: We are basically an + + 11 immunology and cancer clinic, and so we see patients + + 12 that have cancer and other related disease processes. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Any others? + + 14 Dr. Baldeschwieler. + + 15 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: You mentioned the + + + 16 observation of crystals in musculature. Can you + + 17 describe those in more detail? + + 18 MS. HUSCHART: Yes. I had two slides, but + + 19 I was afraid with the lighting of the cameras that + + + 20 they wouldn't show up. Our patient had, I believe, a + + 21 muscle biopsy at Walter Reed Hospital, and they did + + 22 send us a sample, and so we were able to get that in + + + 23 liquid tissue culture and take some pictures of that, + + 24 and unfortunately there was not enough of the sample + + 25 to actually find out what the crystal is. + + + 144 + + 1 We did send it off to Yale University, and + + + 2 it came back inconclusive. Basically it's a striated + + 3 muscle that has some crystalline formation on it. + + 4 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: But can you describe + + 5 the crystal? What does it look like? + + + 6 MS. HUSCHART: No. I mean it's unknown at + + 7 this time. + + 8 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: No, no, but can you + + + 9 see the shape of the crystal? + + 10 MS. HUSCHART: Yeah. You can't -- + + 11 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Is it colored or is + + 12 it clear? + + + 13 MS. HUSCHART: It's clear. + + 14 CHAIR LASHOF: Could you submit the + + 15 pictures to us? + + + 16 MS. HUSCHART: Yes. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: All right. + + 18 MS. HUSCHART: Actually in the folder that + + 19 I have for the committee, there's pictures in there, + + + 20 I believe. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Okay. We'll ask staff to + + 22 get that. + + + 23 Any other questions? + + 24 Thank you very much. + + 25 MS. HUSCHART: Thank you very much. + + + 145 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: Nancy and Barry Kapplan. + + + 2 I'm not sure. Both will be presenting. Please come + + 3 forward. + + 4 MR. KAPPLAN: Dr. Lashof, distinguished + + 5 committee members, thank you very much for allowing my + + + 6 wife and I opportunity to present today. + + 7 We would never be able to present + + 8 everything. We have provided a written copy of our + + + 9 testimony. + + 10 My name is Barry Stewart Kapplan. I'm a + + 11 major in the United States Army, retired. I just + + 12 recently retired from the active duty, and one of the + + + 13 things I'd like to talk to you about is the fact that + + 14 my wife, my children, and I are part of no ongoing + + 15 litigation. Also we're not a member, official member, + + + 16 of any Persian Gulf War illness group. We're just a + + 17 soldier and his family helping other soldiers and + + 18 their families that are dealing with some very bizarre + + 19 things. + + + 20 But most importantly, I still retain + + 21 command responsibility for the guys that worked for me + + 22 during the war who are also sick, members part of the + + + 23 93rd 227th Aviation Support Battalion of the Third + + 24 Armored Division. + + 25 Now, it's important to understand that for + + + 146 + + 1 15 years I had perfectly clear blue, 52 flight + + + 2 physicals, not a thing wrong, ostensibly documented + + 3 cardiac, esophageal, Class 1 and Class 2 flight + + 4 physicals. Then in April when I was stationed in + + 5 northern Kuwait and southern Iraq around the Soff One + + + 6 Area, we all became mysteriously ill. We didn't know + + 7 what was happening. + + 8 We assumed that it was some sort of + + + 9 problem with the climatization to 120-plus degree + + 10 weather. Then in approximately about the 8th of May + + 11 and when I was leading a convoy back down to KKMC, I + + 12 became violently ill with a nausea, vomiting, and + + + 13 diarrhea attack. I was admitted to the KKMC Saudi + + 14 Arabian military hospital, and I was an in-patient + + 15 there for approximately four days. + + + 16 Since then it has been absolute insanity. + + 17 MRS. KAPPLAN: I would like to speak to + + 18 you a little bit about the problems that occurred when + + 19 my husband came home. He came home with numerous + + + 20 symptoms which are annotated in the documentation that + + 21 we've given you. Some of the more memorable ones were + + 22 his bleeding gums, his shortness of breath, his + + + 23 cardiac arrhythmias which caused him to be + + 24 hospitalized right after he came home to rule out a + + 25 heart attack. + + + 147 + + 1 At that time, they did rule out a heart + + + 2 attack, and he had some esophageal studies done. He + + 3 was diagnosed with esophageal dismotility and went on + + 4 medication for that. + + 5 In December he was hospitalized for a GI + + + 6 bleed, and he was medivaced to Walter Reed where he + + 7 spent three months. At that time they did an + + 8 extensive work-up, which showed lymphadenopathy, an + + + 9 enlarged liver, an enlarged spleen, elevated liver + + 10 function tests, just numerous abnormalities of which + + 11 they could not provide a clear-cut medical diagnosis. + + 12 They did go ahead and repair his + + + 13 esophageal sphincter which had a zero sphincter + + 14 pressure, put him on medication for his blood + + 15 pressure, and sent him on to his next duty assignment. + + + 16 They have continued to follow him and + + 17 identify positive Q fever titres and other issues + + 18 outside of the context of the comprehensive clinical + + 19 evaluation program. + + + 20 During the time frame immediately after + + 21 him coming home, I had a 16 month old daughter when he + + 22 deployed, 22 months old when he came home, who + + + 23 developed gangrene, necrotizing fascitis, and toxic + + 24 shock syndrome. She has continued to have problems + + 25 over the last few years. She is six years old and + + + 148 + + 1 weighs 36 pounds. She has had a couple of endoscopies + + + 2 and colonoscopies which document findings very similar + + 3 to what my husband has: esophagitis, gastritis, + + 4 chronic nonspecific inflammation in the colon. + + 5 When we were moved here to Fort Meade + + + 6 where he retired from to participate in the + + 7 comprehensive clinical evaluation program at the + + 8 recommendation of the infectious disease doctors at + + + 9 Walter Reed, I entered into the program for an + + 10 enlarged spleen and some other problems that I had had + + 11 off and on over a period of a couple of years. + + 12 At that time they diagnosed + + + 13 lymphadenopathy, a polygamopathy, an elevated + + 14 sedimentation rate, a granuloma in my lung, just + + 15 numerous things, abnormal bone marrow, for which at + + + 16 this time I have no medical diagnosis. I have no idea + + 17 what the causative agents are for my family's + + 18 problems. + + 19 The other thing that was very interesting + + + 20 was after the onset of the air war, but prior to the + + 21 ground war, while we were in Germany, his bags came + + 22 home, and at that time they were soiled. They were + + + 23 wet. They arrived very quickly. The children helped + + 24 me handle them, take them downstairs, wash them. + + 25 Within three weeks of his clothing coming home, we + + + 149 + + 1 were diagnosed with asthma, three of us out of five, + + + 2 which was I thought kind of bizarre. + + 3 We have had continued hospitalizations and + + 4 issues that we have not been able to have addressed to + + 5 our satisfaction. I don't expect that they are going + + + 6 to be able to give us a common diagnosis, but I did + + 7 expect a very comprehensive and objective evaluation. + + 8 These problems are occurring to veterans + + + 9 throughout the country, and we do have some + + 10 recommendations to make to hopefully make things + + 11 better. + + 12 MR. KAPPLAN: In summing up, this really + + + 13 is a financial issue because this is destroying + + 14 American families. You can't get medical insurance, + + 15 can't get life insurance, can't get supplemental + + + 16 medical insurance for an unknown disease. Immediately + + 17 the insurance companies say, "Uninsurable. Thank you + + 18 very much. Here's your premium back." + + 19 Thank you. + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 21 Are there questions from the panel? + + 22 MS. TAYLOR: Mr. Kapplan, while you were + + + 23 stationed in Kuwait, did you notice, other than the + + 24 extreme heat, were there any other abnormal + + 25 environmental conditions to speak of, say, airborne + + + 150 + + 1 exposures from contaminants or anything of that sort + + + 2 that you recognized? + + 3 MR. KAPPLAN: Within the 7th Corps and 3rd + + 4 Armored Division area during that time period, we were + + 5 basically southern Iraq, northern Kuwait, which was + + + 6 the entire gambit of oil -- we had two major oil + + 7 fields that were still ablaze during that time period. + + 8 So environmentally we had that problem. We had crust + + + 9 of the desert that wasn't kicked up since biblical + + 10 times we were told. So, you know, you have a lot of + + 11 track vehicles in an armored division that are tearing + + 12 up the neighborhood. So there's all kinds of + + + 13 environmental things that were present during that + + 14 time period, yes, and animals devoid of insects, dead + + 15 animals. Excuse me. + + + 16 It was the whole gamut, and that's all + + 17 presented in the written. + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: Mr. Rios. + + 19 MR. RIOS: Mr. Kapplan, are you a disabled + + + 20 veteran right now? Do you have a disability? + + 21 MR. KAPPLAN: I'm going underneath a C&P + + 22 evaluation, compensation and pension evaluation, with + + + 23 the VA at this time. + + 24 MR. RIOS: So you have no determination at + + 25 this point? + + + 151 + + 1 MR. KAPPLAN: No. I'm in the middle of + + + 2 the evaluation process. + + 3 MR. RIOS: And what do you think you were + + 4 exposed to or do you have any suspicions? What's your + + 5 theory? + + + 6 MR. KAPPLAN: If somebody was going to do + + 7 everything, I was there. I really couldn't say. I + + 8 went through bunkers. I went through T-72 and T-50 + + + 9 and 60 series tanks as we were clearing the areas on + + 10 our last battlefields of the 7th Corps and 3rd Armored + + 11 Division. I couldn't say, but whatever it was, it was + + 12 low level. It was a very insidious sort of onset. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Any other questions? + + 14 Sorry. Ms. Larson. + + 15 MS. LARSON: You said you were aware of + + + 16 other veterans with similar symptoms and syndromes. + + 17 MR. KAPPLAN: Yes. + + 18 MS. LARSON: Do you have a sense among + + 19 those people that you know how many would you say? + + + 20 MR. KAPPLAN: Well, within our brigade + + 21 there are approximately 5,500 to 6,000 folks, + + 22 depending on attachments on a particular day. I was + + + 23 the log ops. officer, and I was responsible for taking + + 24 care of those folks. + + 25 Of my support operation cell, the guys, + + + 152 + + 1 the E-8s, the master sergeants, the guys that worked + + + 2 for me, of those eight folks, two are medically + + 3 retired, one's still on active duty, two retired, and + + 4 all of them are in the CCEP. + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes, Dr. Baldeschwieler. + + + 6 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I wanted to just + + 7 confirm that I heard correctly. Did you say that you + + 8 had a Q fever titre? + + + 9 MR. KAPPLAN: That's affirmative. I'm one + + 10 of those one or two that has a positive Q fever from + + 11 USAMRID, the Mayo Clinic, and has been reported to the + + 12 CDC. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 14 MR. KAPPLAN: Thank you. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: We appreciate your coming + + + 16 forward. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Mr. Steve Robertson. + + 18 MR. ROBERTSON: My name is Steve + + 19 Robertson. I'm the Legislative Director for the + + + 20 American Legion and an ill Persian Gulf veteran. + + 21 Thank you for this opportunity for the + + 22 American Legion to participate in the first meeting of + + + 23 this independent, unbiased committee assembled by the + + 24 President. + + 25 Since its inception, the American Legion + + + 153 + + 1 has actively worked on behalf of veterans and their + + + 2 families. When Persian Gulf veterans initially turned + + 3 to the government with their health care problems, + + 4 they ran smack dab into the bureaucratic wall of rules + + 5 and regulations that turned them away. They next + + + 6 turned to the veterans' advocate groups like the + + 7 American Legion. + + 8 Today the First Lady talked about the + + + 9 heart wrenching stories that she and the President + + 10 have heard from the Persian Gulf veterans and their + + 11 families. I can tell you that the American Legion has + + 12 heard the same cries for help. + + + 13 I can also tell you of the thousands of + + 14 phone calls that I have received from ill Persian Gulf + + 15 veterans, not one asking me, "How do I get + + + 16 compensated?" Every one asked me, "How do I get + + 17 well?" + + 18 That is why the American Legion has + + 19 lobbied Congress for programs and benefits to address + + + 20 the needs of these veterans and their families. + + 21 Congress has responded truly in a bipartisan nature, + + 22 but neither Congress nor the President can legislate + + + 23 a diagnosis or a cure. + + 24 The American Legion greatly appreciates + + 25 the dedicated health care professionals who generally + + + 154 + + 1 are concerned about this issue and are working + + + 2 aggressively trying to identify, treat, and cure the + + 3 medical problems of Persian Gulf veterans and their + + 4 families. + + 5 The American Legion understands the deep + + + 6 frustration that everyone involved in this issue is + + 7 experiencing. This is not an issue of money. It's + + 8 not an issue of politics. It's not an issue of right + + + 9 or wrong. It is an issue of healthy young men and + + 10 women who went to war and are now sick. + + 11 These veterans honestly believe that their + + 12 medical condition is a result of their service in the + + + 13 Persian Gulf. The government says, "Prove that your + + 14 medical problems are a result of your service." The + + 15 veterans reply, "Prove that the medical problems are + + + 16 not as a result of our service." + + 17 This is the same dialogue that went on + + 18 between the government and atomic veterans and Agent + + 19 Orange veterans and other veterans that have been + + + 20 exposed to environmental hazards. The simple fact is + + 21 that if these symptoms existed prior to deployment, + + 22 none of these veterans would have gone to the Persian + + + 23 Gulf. In fact, many of them have been discharged + + 24 because of these conditions. + + 25 To be declared deployable for + + + 155 + + 1 mobilization, you not only have to be healthy + + + 2 physically. You have to be physically fit, and you + + 3 also have to be emotionally stable. Military + + 4 personnel must pass physical fitness training tests. + + 5 They also are randomly tested for drug use and are + + + 6 also under the personal reliability program. + + 7 What is significant is all the impact that + + 8 happened to them while they were in the Persian Gulf, + + + 9 everything from the inoculations and the medications + + 10 to the oil well fires, to living in unsanitary + + 11 conditions, to the possibility of biological and + + 12 chemical warfare; exposed to the burning landfills, + + + 13 and the possibility of depleted uranium. These are + + 14 just a few of the problems. + + 15 The American Legion entrusts that this + + + 16 committee will do a few things: validate that + + 17 credible research is being conducted; insist that + + 18 statistical data compares apples to apples, not some + + 19 diluted, irrelevant population. The American Legion + + + 20 would like to see the data compare Persian Gulf + + 21 veterans to Persian Gulf era veterans, the ones that + + 22 did not go over to the Persian Gulf. Compare things + + + 23 like the death rate, the rate of cancers, the birth + + 24 rate, miscarriages, medical discharges, administrative + + 25 discharges, denial of reenlistment due to various + + + 156 + + 1 medical problems. + + + 2 We also hope that any evidence, whether + + 3 it's classified or unclassified, that might be an + + 4 explanation to the medical condition be revealed. + + 5 We need further research on the + + + 6 inoculations and medications that were administered. + + 7 We would also like to see research on the oil well + + 8 fires and particularly focusing on the chemicals that + + + 9 are used in the oil lines by chemical companies in the + + 10 oil field work. The studies that DOD did were six + + 11 months after the fires were started. + + 12 We also think that further research needs + + + 13 to be done on the chemical and biological capabilities + + 14 of Iraq. A good start would be obtaining a list of + + 15 all agents that the United Nations inspection team + + + 16 have identified, especially the ones that are missing, + + 17 and it is also important to determine the DOD's + + 18 capability to detect and protect us against those + + 19 agents. + + + 20 Thank you for volunteering to accept this + + 21 tremendous challenge. The American Legion is prepared + + 22 to help this committee in any way possible. Please + + + 23 remember through this entire process Gulf War veterans + + 24 are seeking nothing more than the truth, the whole + + 25 truth, and nothing but the truth. These veterans + + + 157 + + 1 answered the nation's call to arms. Now it's the + + + 2 nation's turn to answer our call for help. + + 3 I ask that you read my entire testimony + + 4 which has been submitted to you. + + 5 Thank you very much. + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 7 Are there any questions? Mr. Rios. + + 8 MR. RIOS: Has the American Legion taken + + + 9 a formal position as to whether or not it agrees with + + 10 the government that there was no exposure to chemical + + 11 war agents? And do you have any documentation to + + 12 support your position? + + + 13 MR. ROBERTSON: Absolutely not. The + + 14 American Legion still believes that there is viable + + 15 evidence that we were exposed to possible chemical and + + + 16 biological agents. We have submitted in our testimony + + 17 the sources that we think that you should review that + + 18 includes Senator Reigle's reports that were submitted + + 19 and other data. + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 21 Other questions? Dr. Hamburg. + + 22 DR. HAMBURG: You made a passing reference + + + 23 to the U.N. technical team in Iraq. Would you expand + + 24 a bit more what you had in mind about what you'd like + + 25 us to get from them? + + + 158 + + 1 MR. ROBERTSON: Well, yes, sir. First of + + + 2 all, they're doing an inspection to make sure that the + + 3 chemical and biological agents are accounted for, and + + 4 one thing that has recently come out in the media is + + 5 that there is a large quantity of missing biological + + + 6 agents. It would seem to me that if we're running + + 7 into a brick wall and we can't figure out what's the + + 8 problem that it might be a pretty logical thing to + + + 9 find out what's missing and try to identify it and see + + 10 if that's the things we're looking for, and to this + + 11 date no one has provided any kind of list that I've + + 12 seen of the biological and chemical capabilities, and + + + 13 especially what's missing. + + 14 CHAIR LASHOF: Any other questions? + + 15 MR. ROBERTSON: May I just make one other + + + 16 observation -- + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes. + + 18 MR. ROBERTSON: -- on a question that + + 19 asked earlier about outreach? + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes. + + 21 MR. ROBERTSON: The American Legion has + + 22 been doing its part to try to encourage veterans to + + + 23 come forward, and we are constantly contacted by + + 24 active duty people that say, "I am afraid to come + + 25 forward because of jeopardizing my career," but the + + + 159 + + 1 comment that was made by the Department of Defense + + + 2 where they said, "Well, we think we're doing a pretty + + 3 good job," I think they're doing a damned good job + + 4 being the DOD from the start of this thing that said + + 5 there were no active duty people that were sick and + + + 6 now their registry has over 26,000 names on it. I + + 7 think they're doing a pretty good job of outreach with + + 8 those that have come forward. + + + 9 The same thing with the VA registry. It + + 10 is well documented that there's over 40,000 names on + + 11 that list. So I think the outreach is working. + + 12 What we need is the evidence that's going + + + 13 to encourage the troops that are not coming forward to + + 14 step forward and say, "I think I may be able to be + + 15 part of the solution." + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: Do you have suggestions of + + 17 what it is that makes them fearful to come forward + + 18 since so many have come? What's worrying them and + + 19 what can we do to convince them that it's safe to come + + + 20 forward? + + 21 MR. ROBERTSON: I think Major Kapplan made + + 22 a very good statement to me at lunch. He said that + + + 23 his salary went from a major's salary to where he's + + 24 eligible for most substance assistance programs as a + + 25 retired major. Once you lose your job security, you + + + 160 + + 1 think about what happens when a guy gets discharged. + + + 2 He loses his house. He loses health care for himself + + 3 and his family, and he loses half of his salary the + + 4 day that he is retired, or if he's discharged without + + 5 retirement, he loses all of his salary, as well as the + + + 6 rest of those things. + + 7 Now, he's got to go out and look for a + + 8 job. When they ask him, "What's your health + + + 9 condition?" what's he going to put on the application? + + 10 When insurance companies ask, "What's your medical + + 11 condition?" you're out there. + + 12 Now, to me that's pretty scary, and + + + 13 fortunately I work for an organization that's going to + + 14 see this thing through thick and thin, and I have some + + 15 job security. So I can be an advocate for this issue. + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 17 MR. ROBERTSON: Thank you. + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: The Reverend Doctor Barry + + 19 Walker. + + + 20 REV. WALKER: I want to thank you very + + 21 much for this opportunity to be here, the opportunity + + 22 to speak to you and this unbiased panel. + + + 23 My name is Reverend Doctor Barry M. + + 24 Walker. I'm also chaplain, a lieutenant colonel, in + + 25 the United States Army and now Reserves. I want to + + + 161 + + 1 thank you for the opportunity to testify for the + + + 2 veterans of Desert Shield and Desert Storm. + + 3 I am a disabled veteran of the Vietnam + + 4 era, as well as the Gulf War era. I first entered the + + 5 service in the Army in January of 1964, spent time on + + + 6 active duty from 1966 through 1970, the era of Vietnam + + 7 and all of its related things. I was mobilized with + + 8 my Reserve unit in September of 1990 with the 475th + + + 9 Quartermaster Unit, Petroleum. We are responsible for + + 10 theater bulk fuel and water that was handled for all + + 11 services. + + 12 As a chaplain, and as the senior chaplain + + + 13 of 475th, I supervise four unit ministry teams which + + 14 include chaplains and we needed several more because + + 15 we were so large, in both Saudi Arabia and ultimately + + + 16 in Iraq and in Kuwait. We had some 4,700-plus troops + + 17 under our command, which is made up of active duty, + + 18 active Army units, now activated Army Reserves and + + 19 National Guard. + + + 20 I myself was very healthy. I did have a + + 21 slight blood pressure problem before I went over. I + + 22 had no health problems during the first few months + + + 23 that I was there. On January 16th, I received the + + 24 first of two shots which was not told exactly what + + 25 they were. I'm an inquiring person, and I went and + + + 162 + + 1 did a lot of investigation and found out. + + + 2 A lot of them do not have the records of + + 3 their shots. I have my record right here and my + + 4 assistant's record with me to show the records of A-1 + + 5 and A-2. We were not told what A-1 and A-2 were. We + + + 6 assumed after a period of time that A-1 was anthrax, + + 7 and that's what we were finally told. + + 8 We were also told the purpose of this show + + + 9 was to protect us from the anthrax that possibly was + + 10 there. + + 11 Also, in January, after the first Scud + + 12 attack was launched, we were exactly told and ordered + + + 13 -- not exactly told, but ordered -- to take the + + 14 pyridostigmine pills, though they were not told + + 15 exactly what they were for either, and even sometimes + + + 16 you had to inquire to find out what the names were. + + 17 All we were told about these pills was they were to + + 18 protect us against chemical and biological weapons. + + 19 We were told to take the pills, given no choice. Some + + + 20 troops were stood there and they watched them take + + 21 them. Other troops took them privately. + + 22 I later learned that they were + + + 23 pyridostigmine, and I took my full dose of what I + + 24 needed, quote, unquote, to the Army there. To my + + 25 knowledge, none of my 4,700 troops except for the + + + 163 + + 1 commander and the headquarters were given any real + + + 2 information as to the risk of that drug and its + + 3 vaccines that were there. We were not shown anything + + 4 in writing or told anything other than they were given + + 5 to protect us. + + + 6 Our chemical officer was asked to find out + + 7 more about the pills. She shared the information with + + 8 the group commander and some of the staff members and + + + 9 other commanders. She said the pills were of no + + 10 problem. + + 11 The fact that they were given the vaccine + + 12 in the drugs is not recorded in my official Army + + + 13 medical record, nor in most of my units. I'm a + + 14 stubborn one. I had my yellow card and forced my + + 15 assistants to take it, and that's why we had it + + + 16 recorded, and that took some persistence to get it + + 17 done. + + 18 I was a lieutenant colonel. The one + + 19 giving the things was a lieutenant, and I was a + + + 20 chaplain, and it took some effect, and we finally got + + 21 it recorded, and those other troops of mine who came + + 22 over with the yellow shot books got it recorded even + + + 23 though I had to fight for each one of them. + + 24 Our names were put on a list. The list, + + 25 we have no idea what happened to it. + + + 164 + + 1 A few of my people did get diarrhea from + + + 2 the vaccines, but there was no major problems, as + + 3 such, at that time. After the pills were distributed, + + 4 more people got serious diarrhea, and they stopped + + 5 taking the pills. Even those who were not sick + + + 6 stopped taking the pills because of the effects they + + 7 had on our fellow soldiers in combat. + + 8 Since the pills were taken in privacy in + + + 9 my particular unit, it was thus possible to not take + + 10 them and not know about it. The fact that the people + + 11 got sick from taking the pills was not recorded in + + 12 their medical records. + + + 13 I remember thinking that the vaccine, the + + 14 pills I was taking were causing me problems, although + + 15 I stopped taking the pills when I saw they seemed to + + + 16 have a great effect on other people. However, around + + 17 this same time, which is around January after the air + + 18 war started, I began to have major problems with + + 19 respiratory and allergy problems, as I was told by the + + + 20 medics that's what they were. I didn't pay much + + 21 attention because I didn't really have time to get + + 22 sick. I had a job to do. I was an officer, and I + + + 23 kept going. + + 24 I started having problems with my back + + 25 after the February 25th of '91 Scud attack upon the + + + 165 + + 1 475th Quartermaster group, and one of my down-link + + + 2 units, the 14th of Greensburg, PA. It was probably + + 3 from moving bodies, lifting debris, and so on, after + + 4 we were blow up. + + 5 The attack was horrible. Soldiers were + + + 6 killed. Limbs were lost. One soldier's head was + + 7 partially blown off, and I had to grab one of my + + 8 soldiers who had carried her out and just hold him + + + 9 because he literally went wild, and I can't blame him, + + 10 and afterwards my back injury was considerably bad. + + 11 I did go to the 85th Medivac Hospital for + + 12 treatment, and there I was told -- I told them I had + + + 13 been moving bodies and cots and we put the bodies + + 14 sometimes on the cots to help get them out of the + + 15 warehouse where the Scud had hit, and they wrote it + + + 16 down it was because of my moving cots on the line of + + 17 duty. + + 18 I also with the Scud attack lost some + + 19 hearing and have a ringing constantly in my ears. + + + 20 We left the Persian Gulf at the end of + + 21 May. I was discharged again the 19th of June 1991. + + 22 I was so happy to get home I wasn't worried about + + + 23 anything being wrong with me. I did go down as a + + 24 walk-in to the VA hospital in Pittsburgh on June 18th, + + 25 1991 because of the pain and injury to my back of + + + 166 + + 1 which I needed something to do. + + + 2 It wasn't until later that summer when I + + 3 went to the Pittsburgh-Oakland VA for further + + 4 treatment that I realized that something else was + + 5 wrong. The VA doctor had arranged for an EMG, a CAT + + + 6 scan, MRI, myelogram, and so on, to try to find out + + 7 just what was wrong. + + 8 With the EMG they found out that the + + + 9 nerves from my waist down were not what they should + + 10 be, and my right leg was worse than my left. I now + + 11 have problems, including when I came up the stairs to + + 12 come in here. My right leg dragged and I fell down + + + 13 and a couple of people came running, but I still have + + 14 that problem. + + 15 Because of my symptoms, I was also checked + + + 16 for alcohol abuse. I have a case of beer which I + + 17 brought summer a year ago still in my refrigerator, + + 18 which is maybe half there, and most of it drunk by my + + 19 kids when they came in to visit. So you can see how + + + 20 frequently I drink. + + 21 I also was checked for diabetes and other + + 22 causes, such as lead poisoning, but still nothing was + + + 23 found. Now my symptoms include headaches, rashes, + + 24 constant fatigue, loss of memory, sweating, + + 25 respiratory, occasional urine in my blood. I'm unable + + + 167 + + 1 to concentrate like I used to. I have definite + + + 2 problems sleeping and night sweats like you wouldn't + + 3 believe. + + 4 My mother came to visit about eight weeks + + 5 ago. She said she was doing some wash. I said, "Mom, + + + 6 would you mind washing these pillows? You know, do + + 7 you have anything to put in?" as I gave her the + + 8 pillows. She said, "How come you have so much blood?" + + + 9 Well, you cut yourselves sometimes when you're moving + + 10 and hitting things, and you really don't even know + + 11 what you're doing, and so I had blood on my pillows, + + 12 not much, but more than most people would ever think + + + 13 about having. + + 14 My symptoms also I have occasional blood + + 15 in my urine. I have been evaluated at a two-week + + + 16 study at the Washington, D.C. VA, and I'll tell you + + 17 what. That's probably the best thing that ever + + 18 happened to me. I was there because of an undiagnosed + + 19 cardiac problem. They know what's not wrong with me, + + + 20 but they don't know what's wrong with me. + + 21 I am now taking l-e-v-o-d lepopa, which is + + 22 for nerve damage, which they will not accept or deny + + + 23 is due to a nerve agent. Pardon me? + + 24 CHAIR LASHOF: Time. Can you finish up + + 25 quickly for us? + + + 168 + + 1 REV. WALKER: Okay. I have dealt with + + + 2 over 300 veterans' families presumably in taking them + + 3 to hospitals and such, taking personally 300 in and + + 4 over 1,000 families. My question is: how long do I + + 5 have to live? + + + 6 I've already had two close calls with the + + 7 heart. This is a progressive disease. The fear in + + 8 the community, the problems such that when a friend of + + + 9 my daughter's husband at work's kids were infected and + + 10 she said, "Dad, please don't kiss your grandchildren. + + 11 Please don't be around them too much." + + 12 The fear is there. It's in the community. + + + 13 I spend about one to two days a week being treated at + + 14 the VA hospital. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: We have your complete + + + 16 testimony, and I promise you we will read it + + 17 thoroughly, but I'm afraid I must ask you to close. + + 18 REV. WALKER: Okay. + + 19 CHAIR LASHOF: I'll give you a couple more + + + 20 seconds. + + 21 REV. WALKER: A couple more seconds? + + 22 Okay. + + + 23 The American flag was fought for proudly, + + 24 and this is the one that was put on graves of those + + 25 who have died. Our government may be putting them on + + + 169 + + 1 my grave and many others well ahead of time, not in + + + 2 vain, but the pride of those who survived and the + + 3 epithet of those who fell and who are still falling. + + 4 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 5 REV. WALKER: Thank you for the + + + 6 opportunity. + + 7 CHAIR LASHOF: We can take a few + + 8 questions. Any questions? + + + 9 (No response.) + + 10 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 11 Mr. Albert Donnay. + + 12 MR. DONNAY: Thank you, Dr. Lashof and + + + 13 panel. I'm very pleased to be able to come and speak + + 14 to you today. + + 15 My name is Albert Donnay. I have a + + + 16 background in environmental health engineering, a + + 17 Master's degree from the School of Hygiene and Public + + 18 Health at Johns Hopkins, and I've been a public health + + 19 researcher for the last 15 years. I work with a Dr. + + + 20 Grace Ziem, who sees patients with multiple chemical + + 21 sensitivity disorders in her private practice and has + + 22 seen several Persian Gulf veterans. + + + 23 We've been tracking the VA and DOD + + 24 response to these Persian Gulf veterans' problems for + + 25 the last two years. We've written six reports of one + + + 170 + + 1 form or another and submitted five to you in July and + + + 2 the sixth you have in your packet today, and I'd ask + + 3 you to please take it out. It's entitled "Critique of + + 4 the DOD's Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program + + 5 for Gulf War Veterans," the report on their 10,200 + + + 6 participants. + + 7 Dr. Joseph said this morning that DOD will + + 8 eave no stone unturned, and I'm here to try to turn + + + 9 over a few stones. Dr. Joseph told Congress, as has + + 10 been reported in the first three reports about the + + 11 CCEP -- he told Congress this is March -- that 84 + + 12 percent of patients have a clear diagnosis or + + + 13 diagnoses which explain their condition. Then he + + 14 said, quote, about 16 percent of patients with + + 15 completed evaluations have ill-defined symptoms that + + + 16 are also commonly seen in civilian medical practice. + + 17 That was a theme he reiterated again today. The first + + 18 slide he showed you in his presentation, which was in + + 19 the handout, listed the primary diagnostic categories + + + 20 for the conditions they've identified. + + 21 Our major criticism of this effort and + + 22 this public information is that it focuses completely + + + 23 arbitrarily on the primary diagnosis of these + + 24 patients. As the DOD and the VA are the first to + + 25 admit, they have multiple overlapping illnesses and + + + 171 + + 1 symptoms. To focus on only the primary diagnosis is + + + 2 to miss all of their other diagnoses, and these + + 3 patients have many diagnoses. + + 4 In response to our criticisms -- I hope it + + 5 was in response to our criticisms -- in this third + + + 6 report they have for the first time given the overall + + 7 frequency of these diagnostic categories. However, + + 8 that's not in the handout. It wasn't in the slide. + + + 9 It hasn't been in any of the materials presented to + + 10 the press, but as I show on the cover of our report, + + 11 it's on page 14 of the CCEP report. + + 12 In their table there on the frequency + + + 13 distribution of the diagnoses, they include a second + + 14 column showing the diagnoses, what they call "any + + 15 diagnosis," meaning secondary, third, fourth, fifth, + + + 16 sixth, et cetera, and they show that contrary to their + + 17 claim that only now 17 percent have ill-defined + + 18 conditions, the actual number is 41 percent. + + 19 As well, they've made a major focus of + + + 20 their public information on the fact that 19 percent + + 21 have psychological conditions as their primary + + 22 category, and they suggested that most of the + + + 23 illnesses may be due to stress or PTSD or some + + 24 combination of factors. + + 25 In actuality, that figure is 37 percent + + + 172 + + 1 overall, and third behind ill-defined conditions and + + + 2 musculoskeletal. + + 3 The other issue I want to point out to you + + 4 has to do with the quality of the data in this + + 5 database. They did not tell you that they are only + + + 6 collecting in their database the primary diagnoses and + + 7 the next six. They're not paying the contractor to + + 8 keypunch any more than that, and the keypunchers will + + + 9 tell you if you call them up, which is how I found + + 10 out, that, indeed, many people have more than seven + + 11 diagnoses, and the rest are simply cut off. They're + + 12 not being entered into the database, and they can't be + + + 13 evaluated. As we learned in public health school and + + 14 I think the rules haven't changed, if you're trying to + + 15 identify an ill-defined syndrome, you must look at the + + + 16 totality of the symptoms and the diagnoses. + + 17 They speak of finding no pattern of + + 18 illness in these patients. There is no analysis in + + 19 the first, second, or third report of the pattern of + + + 20 illness. All they present are the frequency + + 21 distributions of each individual symptom and each + + 22 individual diagnosis. + + + 23 We don't know what the pattern is. + + 24 They're not telling us what the pattern is. Do they + + 25 have Symptoms A, B, and C or D, E, and F or X, Y, and + + + 173 + + 1 Z? And how do those combinations compare to the + + + 2 civilian population? + + 3 They did include civilian population + + 4 controls in their slide you saw this morning. We + + 5 suggest as you did that there could be better control + + + 6 groups. The CDC had a better control when they + + 7 published their study of the group in Pennsylvania, + + 8 and that data is not in the CCEP report. They focus + + + 9 on the civilian data. + + 10 In the back of our report on page 5, we + + 11 include the CDC comparison in our comparison Table No. + + 12 2 to show you that when you do look at nondeployed + + + 13 Persian Gulf veterans, their rates of reporting these + + 14 symptoms, fatigue, joint pains, headache, and sleep + + 15 disturbances, are one quarter to one half as great as + + + 16 those that they allege are seen in the civilian + + 17 population. + + 18 They had this data. They're not + + 19 presenting it. I think it's being swept under the rug + + + 20 and for the obvious reason that if 41 percent of these + + 21 people have ill-defined conditions, this is a much + + 22 bigger problem than they have admitted to date. + + + 23 And lastly, I want to address the quality + + 24 control. There's a large problem with ICD codes to + + 25 diagnose medical conditions. There are a great many + + + 174 + + 1 options available to a physician today -- notice these + + + 2 particular symptoms -- and there's been no guidance + + 3 from the DOD or the VA to help physicians use a + + 4 standardized set of codes for the standard symptoms + + 5 they're seeing. + + + 6 And there's also a dilution factor of + + 7 including the healthy patients. In no study of a + + 8 syndrome would you include healthy patients. They + + + 9 came into the CCEP and the VA registry for other + + 10 reasons, but they shouldn't be included in these + + 11 percent distributions. As is shown in our table, as + + 12 well, they say that 11 percent had a primary diagnosis + + + 13 of healthy. Well, 19 percent have an overall + + 14 diagnosis of healthy. How can you have 19 percent who + + 15 are healthy in any diagnostic category, first, second, + + + 16 or third, and 11 percent who are healthy in just their + + 17 primary? It's either 11 or 19, but either way, it's + + 18 a major dilution of their overall statistics. + + 19 CHAIR LASHOF: I'm afraid your time has + + + 20 expired. + + 21 MR. DONNAY: Thank you. + + 22 CHAIR LASHOF: And we do have your full + + + 23 document, and I assure you it will be reviewed. + + 24 Are there questions that the panel wishes + + 25 to address to Mr. Donnay? + + + 175 + + 1 Dr. Baldeschwieler. + + + 2 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Let me just ask on + + 3 the basis of your analysis is there any interesting or + + 4 potentially suggestive pattern? + + 5 MR. DONNAY: We have not been given and + + + 6 they will not release any data on the pattern. + + 7 There's nothing in their reports about the pattern. + + 8 They only give the individual frequency of each + + + 9 symptom, and there's no information on which symptoms + + 10 are occurring together, and that is what you would + + 11 need to define the syndrome, and that is simply not + + 12 being analyzed or presented. + + + 13 I would have not received my degree if I + + 14 submitted a report like this, I'm afraid. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: Dr. Landrigan. + + + 16 DR. LANDRIGAN: You mentioned the + + 17 possibility the DOD might offer guidance to physicians + + 18 on how to properly diagnose folks through ICD. Would + + 19 you elaborate on that? + + + 20 MR. DONNAY: We've urged them to do that. + + 21 Dr. Ziem and other independent physicians met at a + + 22 meeting arranged by several Congressmen last year with + + + 23 high level officials from both the CCEP and the VA + + 24 registry programs, and we urged them to work with us + + 25 to make some information available that would + + + 176 + + 1 standardize the way these symptoms were being + + + 2 reported. They never got back to us. + + 3 They had a three-day meeting in Baltimore + + 4 on the VA side to inform their designated Persian Gulf + + 5 physicians how to handle these things, but the DOD has + + + 6 done no similar effort that we're aware of, and the + + 7 worst thing is the coding. I mean we don't have all + + 8 the data. It stops at primary plus six, and these + + + 9 patients have many more diagnoses than that, and they + + 10 have a specific instruction from the DOD to code + + 11 undiagnosed conditions last. So if anything is going + + 12 to get cut off at the end of a list, it's most likely + + + 13 to be those undiagnosed conditions, and that they have + + 14 given an instruction for. That's to be coded 799.9. + + 15 CHAIR LASHOF: Ms. Larson. + + + 16 MS. LARSON: I apologize. I'm not + + 17 familiar with MCS referral and resources. Could you + + 18 just tell us a little bit about it, who funds it and + + 19 what your mission is, in addition to the -- it's not + + + 20 just the Gulf War? + + 21 MR. DONNAY: No, it's not just the Gulf + + 22 War veterans. The organization was founded by myself + + + 23 and Dr. Ziem to address three areas of need in the MCS + + 24 community, multiple chemical sensitivity. We felt a + + 25 need to provide professional outreach to physicians + + + 177 + + 1 and other health care professionals who deal with MCS + + + 2 patients and who are not aware of current research on + + 3 MCS. So we distribute a lot of peer reviewed + + 4 literature to them, and we did that also for the DOD + + 5 and the VA. + + + 6 The second need is patient support. The + + 7 organization distributes Dr. Ziem's patient literature + + 8 to hundreds of patients who don't even get to go on + + + 9 her waiting list. She sees patients from around the + + 10 country. + + 11 And the third area, public advocacy, + + 12 addresses issues of quality of science in MCS + + + 13 research, and that is my main concern. I've been such + + 14 a watchdog of this effort. I see so many glaring + + 15 problems with the quality of the science. I can't + + + 16 even call it "science." + + 17 We keep badgering them to do better. The + + 18 oversight committee specifically charged with this + + 19 responsibility, which you'll hear from tomorrow, what + + + 20 they call the small committee, issued a first report + + 21 after just two of its members had been briefed by the + + 22 DOD. It said nothing about these problems. + + + 23 Three reports have been issued since. + + 24 These problems continue in the reports, and the + + 25 oversight committee is apparently having no impact on + + + 178 + + 1 correcting them, but they and all of these other + + + 2 committees have received all of our reports to date. + + 3 We've never even received an acknowledgement of any of + + 4 our reports. + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes. + + + 6 MS. TAYLOR: I had one question about the + + 7 patients that you've seen. How many have actually + + 8 been Gulf War veterans or is there a number? And what + + + 9 symptoms are you seeing? Are you seeing similar + + 10 symptoms? + + 11 MR. DONNAY: Dr. Ziem has seen less than + + 12 a dozen, and the reason she's stopped seeing more is + + + 13 that two thirds of those were diagnosed as having + + 14 active mycoplasma incognitos infection, and given + + 15 that that condition is not yet necessarily treatable + + + 16 or curable, she feels it's too great a risk to bring + + 17 those patients into her office to exposure herself and + + 18 other patients to that mycoplasma. + + 19 I don't know if you will receive reports + + + 20 today about that or not, but these patients were + + 21 tested by Dr. Nicholson in Texas as part of his + + 22 current research program into mycoplasma incognitos. + + + 23 We think that there's a variety of problems in these + + 24 patients, not just MCS, but MCS is a critical symptom, + + 25 and it's a symptom that's not being tracked. It's + + + 179 + + 1 simply not being coded. + + + 2 You mentioned our funding, Dr. Larson, and + + 3 I should say that we have very little funding. I'm + + 4 unpaid. We have an office manager who's paid by funds + + 5 we've raised from our research fees and our + + + 6 publications. We are a nonprofit organization, but + + 7 without any substantial funding of any kind. + + 8 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much, Mr. + + + 9 Donnay. + + 10 MR. DONNAY: Thank you. + + 11 CHAIR LASHOF: Gina Whitcomb. + + 12 MS. WHITCOMB: Good afternoon. My name is + + + 13 Gina Whitcomb. I'm a Public Affairs Officer for the + + 14 Desert Storm Justice Foundation. We are a charitable + + 15 organization formed to help the Gulf War veterans. + + + 16 There are tens of thousands of those + + 17 veterans that deployed that are now battling for the + + 18 proper and adequate health care that they need to + + 19 resolve their serious health issues, and that's what + + + 20 I'm here to address today because Secretary Brown + + 21 announced many good programs that are begin trying to + + 22 be put out there, and it's not happening. It's not + + + 23 happening in Oklahoma City where I'm from. It's not + + 24 happening in a lot of hospitals as I talk to veterans + + 25 all over the nation. + + + 180 + + 1 I have brought today and attached a sample + + + 2 of our database that we have established from + + 3 testimonies that we have received from these veterans. + + 4 As a definitive insight regarding comprehensive Gulf + + 5 War health issues, these reports are anonymous due to + + + 6 our membership, spanning all services from the lowest + + 7 ranks to the highest ranking officers, both active + + 8 duty and the Reserve components. + + + 9 A brief review of this data reveals that + + 10 these reports are coming from all over the nation, + + 11 from small towns to large cities. This indicates the + + 12 seriousness that you just apply in your work on these + + + 13 issues as requested by the President of the United + + 14 States. + + 15 The enclosed evidence from the DSGF + + + 16 database outlines the following: a symptom check + + 17 list, when the veteran first realized the problem and + + 18 on the scale of one to ten a severity of the problems + + 19 at that time. We find the severities are increasing + + + 20 as time goes by. + + 21 It is interesting to note that many of the + + 22 so-called undiagnosed illnesses correlate to the very + + + 23 symptoms most troubling to our veterans. We + + 24 recognized that very early in our data collection. + + 25 Yet it took the VA until late 1994 to recognize this + + + 181 + + 1 by crafting legislation known as the Veterans' Persian + + + 2 Gulf Benefits Act of 1994. + + 3 Many service members still on active duty + + 4 after the Gulf War are being diagnosed after reporting + + 5 the same symptoms as many who are no longer on active + + + 6 duty. We believe this is a way to remove those + + 7 service members from active duty on an ongoing + + 8 reduction in forces. They are the lucky ones in that + + + 9 their service connected will be well documented. + + 10 Those released from active duty soon after + + 11 the war do not have that same luxury. Many must now + + 12 fight to obtain the bottles of aspirin being + + + 13 prescribed for migraine headaches or the Motrin which + + 14 slightly eases the pain enough till our veterans use + + 15 their arms to cover a crying baby. + + + 16 Again, this same group of people are + + 17 reporting the same symptoms. Yet only the veterans + + 18 still on active duty are generally being diagnosed and + + 19 for discharge. + + + 20 To assist in such problem solving, the + + 21 Desert Storm Justice Foundation has formed a working + + 22 group with the Oklahoma City VA Medical Center. The + + + 23 members of that include the Chief of Staff, Chief of + + 24 Ambulatory Care, the Persian Gulf Environmental + + 25 Physician, the Persian Gulf Hospital Coordinator, and + + + 182 + + 1 the officers of DSJF. + + + 2 While this has been helpful in resolving + + 3 small issues, we have determined that many major + + 4 issues go completely unaddressed to the very poor + + 5 communication at all levels of the VA. Primarily the + + + 6 Chief of Staff and his colleagues lack knowledge of + + 7 the comprehensive clinical evaluation protocol many + + 8 months after its inception. We had to take this + + + 9 information to them ourselves. + + 10 We have further determined that many + + 11 programs and issues are not being communicated and + + 12 studies are not taking place or being disseminated. + + + 13 Because the VA's Persian Gulf review newsletter is + + 14 issued so sporadically, the information may not be + + 15 accurate or timely, but that is no excuse for the lack + + + 16 of implementation of major programs mentioned in the + + 17 Persian Gulf review. + + 18 Ironically after recently going to great + + 19 lengths to gather information on specific testing, we + + + 20 were told not to disclose this to our members. A + + 21 direct quote from Dr. D. Robert McCaffery, Chief of + + 22 Staff, Oklahoma City VA Medical Center: "so we don't + + + 23 have to test every Tom, Dick, and Harry." + + 24 Other problems as evidenced over and over + + 25 in the enclosed testimonies are lack of timely + + + 183 + + 1 scheduling of appointments, long waits to see doctors + + + 2 at scheduled appointments, apathy, and hurried + + 3 examinations from doctors, lack of documenting + + 4 symptoms in the patient's file, long waits for follow- + + 5 up appointments. I'm talking months. I'm talking of + + + 6 one gentleman that waited eight months to have a + + 7 follow-up to a cardiac problem that had had three + + 8 abnormal EKGs. + + + 9 Misplacing of records and files + + 10 continuously; lack of communications to patients + + 11 regarding their results. One example of receiving + + 12 negligent health care through the VA is the case of a + + + 13 22 year old man, a former combat engineer, 82nd + + 14 Airborne, now in a wheelchair. He is unable to + + 15 receive follow-up appointments at his local VA + + + 16 hospital until his medical file is returned from the + + 17 Special Gulf Referral Center in California. He + + 18 returned there from May and still has not received + + 19 results from the testing. + + + 20 After complaining over a year at the + + 21 Oklahoma City VA Hospital to no avail about a bladder + + 22 condition, he had to undergo bladder surgery at the + + + 23 Special Referral Center in Houston. Upon returning + + 24 from Houston to Oklahoma City, the doctor there + + 25 questioned his wheelchair use and diagnosis from + + + 184 + + 1 Houston. After he explained, the doctor said, "Oh, + + + 2 don't listen to those doctors in Houston. They don't + + 3 know what they're talking about." + + 4 Another doctor, without even glancing at + + 5 his medical file, told him he had tendinitis from + + + 6 over-use of his joints. This, after having to walk + + 7 with a cane for three years and in a wheelchair for + + 8 almost a year. + + + 9 Although non-VA physicians have given him + + 10 medical diagnosis, the VA hospitals continue to focus + + 11 on depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. + + 12 What young man wouldn't suffer from depression over + + + 13 the loss of his health? However, the depression is + + 14 not the cause of his pain and illness. + + 15 After his medical discharge, this young + + + 16 man whose IQ previously tested at 137 has had several + + 17 psychological testings. They reveal that his IQ is + + 18 steadily dropping as his illness continues from 126 in + + 19 1992 to 112 in 1994, to the present rating of 92. + + + 20 From 137 to 92, that's a 67 percent drop. This has + + 21 been explained by a brain scan expert as neurotoxic + + 22 damage. + + + 23 This is my son that I just explained. + + 24 This is his picture before, when he was tall and + + 25 straight and healthy. This is his picture now as he + + + 185 + + 1 sits in his wheelchair, as he walks short distances + + + 2 with his cane. + + 3 The submitted testimonies tell the same + + 4 story over and over from every corner of this country. + + 5 The priority health care veterans receive in VA + + + 6 hospitals would never be tolerated in the private + + 7 sector. The filth that has been reported to me in the + + 8 patient's room in VA hospitals would never be + + + 9 tolerated in private sectors. I have observed this + + 10 first hand. + + 11 Why are veterans, the very citizens who + + 12 serve our nation in time of war, treated worse than + + + 13 second class citizens? The time has arrived and the + + 14 time is now to change this inequitable treatment. + + 15 I thank you very much. + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 17 (Applause.) + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: Open for questions from the + + 19 panel. Anyone? + + + 20 (No response.) + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. We + + 22 appreciate your -- + + + 23 MS. WHITCOMB: Okay. I'd like to take + + 24 this opportunity to invite the press and the panel to + + 25 a reception following this in the Ohio Room that is + + + 186 + + 1 being sponsored by the Desert Storm Justice Foundation + + + 2 and the audience in whole. + + 3 Thank you. + + 4 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 5 Captain Julia Dyckman. + + + 6 CAPT. DYCKMAN: I'd like to exchange my + + 7 time with Jim Tuite. I will take his time at 4:30 if + + 8 that is all right. + + + 9 CHAIR LASHOF: Okay. Jim Tuite; is that + + 10 correct? + + 11 MR. TUITE: Yes, Madame Chairman. + + 12 CHAIR LASHOF: The 4:30 time. Okay. + + + 13 MR. TUITE: During the 103rd Congress, the + + 14 Senate Banking Committee investigated U.S. export + + 15 policies that contributed to Iraqi chemical, + + + 16 biological, and nuclear weapons development programs. + + 17 One aspect of the investigation focused on the health + + 18 consequences of the Gulf War. I directed that + + 19 investigation. + + + 20 In September 1993, former Senator Donald + + 21 Reigle reported the findings of the preliminary study + + 22 on the Senate floor. Shortly after the release of + + + 23 that report, the Department of Defense took the + + 24 position that there were no confirmed detections of + + 25 chemical or biological agents in theater, and that no + + + 187 + + 1 chemical or biological munitions were discovered south + + + 2 of the Euphrates River. + + 3 Secretaries Perry, Brown, and Shalala + + 4 assured the committee in writing on May 4th, 1994, + + 5 that there was no classified information that would + + + 6 indicate any exposures to or detections of chemical or + + 7 biological agents during the war. This statement was + + 8 expanded on May 25th, 1994, when Secretary Perry and + + + 9 General Shalikashvili wrote that there is no + + 10 information classified or unclassified that indicates + + 11 that chemical or biological agents were used in the + + 12 Persian Gulf. + + + 13 CIA Director Deutsch has repeatedly said + + 14 that there is no convincing evidence of widespread + + 15 use. + + + 16 While we may debate that there are some + + 17 loopholes in these statements, clearly the message + + 18 that they are selling is that there is no evidence + + 19 that the troops were exposed, and this is absolutely + + + 20 false. + + 21 The committee uncovered documentation that + + 22 U.S. firms provided anthrax, clostridium, botulinum, + + + 23 and nearly all of the other pathogenic materials + + 24 discovered in the Iraqi biological warfare program. + + 25 In February 1994, the committee briefed a Defense + + + 188 + + 1 Science Board task force on these findings. Later it + + + 2 was learned that the task force director, Dr. Joshua + + 3 Lederberg, according to corporate reports, was serving + + 4 on the board of directors of one of the principal + + 5 suppliers of these pathogens to Iraq. + + + 6 In some cases, these exports, all licensed + + 7 by the U.S. Department of Commerce, were shipped + + 8 directly to facilities believed to be involved in the + + + 9 Iraqi biological warfare program. + + 10 In March 1994, the committee requested all + + 11 classified and unclassified material related to + + 12 possible chemical, biological, or radiological + + + 13 detections, exposures, or munitions. The requested + + 14 documents were never received by the committee, but + + 15 through a series of confidential contacts throughout + + + 16 the military and intelligence communities, materials + + 17 were received that confirmed that DOD was withholding + + 18 substantial information. + + 19 In January 1995, DOD released CENCOM logs + + + 20 that confirmed reports of chemical agent detections, + + 21 but these log entries corroborate many of the + + 22 incidents reported by the veterans. + + + 23 Other DOD documents confirm that Czech + + 24 units reported multiple chemical agent detections + + 25 using biochemical nerve agent alarms that detected + + + 189 + + 1 cholinesterase reactivity, and that these detections + + + 2 were confirmed using another biochemical + + 3 cholinesterase reactive test and that the specific + + 4 nerve agent was identified in a laboratory using a + + 5 series of wet chemistry tests, technology unavailable + + + 6 to U.S. forces. + + 7 How these agents got there really doesn't + + 8 matter. Cholinesterase was being affected. + + + 9 Further, on January 23rd, 1991, the CENCOM + + 10 logs show that a directive was issued to disregard any + + 11 reports coming from the Czechs. + + 12 Marine Corps documents reveal the + + + 13 discovery of dusty mustard during the ground war. + + 14 Recently declassified documents reveal that Iraq used + + 15 these types of chemicals in the Iran-Iraq war; that + + + 16 the U.S. protective over-garments under certain + + 17 conditions are vulnerable to these agents; and that + + 18 U.S. chemical agent detectors do not readily identify + + 19 them. + + + 20 This, in my opinion, is information that + + 21 should never have been declassified. It gratuitously + + 22 exposes a vulnerability of equipment still in use. + + + 23 Other documents reveal that units repeatedly detected + + 24 both nerve and blister agent in both the 1st and 2nd + + 25 Marine Division area of operations. + + + 190 + + 1 The 1st Marine Division also reported the + + + 2 discovery of chemical weapons munitions bunker in an + + 3 area designated as the 3rd Iraqi Armor Ammo Supply + + 4 Point just outside of Kuwait City. The bunker tested + + 5 positive for mustard agent, using the GC mass + + + 6 spectrometer on the Fox vehicle. The crates and + + 7 munitions were marked with skulls and crossbones. + + 8 Recently declassified documents confirm + + + 9 that Iraq marked their chemical weapons with skulls + + 10 and crossbones. + + 11 The committee investigation and follow-on + + 12 independent investigation confirmed that in several + + + 13 cases U.S. soldiers found munitions with skulls and + + 14 crossbone markings; that these materials tested + + 15 positive for chemical warfare agents with the GC mass + + + 16 spec. on the Fox vehicle; and that the soldiers who + + 17 were present were injured or are now sick. + + 18 On numerous occasions during the air and + + 19 ground war, U.S. chemical specialists detected and + + + 20 confirmed chemical agents in the field. They were + + 21 told to run repeated tests until the results were + + 22 negative, proper procedure to assure the passing of + + + 23 the threat, but the findings were recorded as a + + 24 negative test. + + 25 Official documents also confirmed that + + + 191 + + 1 anthrax was detected after a Scud attack, but these + + + 2 findings were also later discounted. Prior to and + + 3 during the war, U.S. commanders were warned of the + + 4 impact of bombing of chemical weapons facilities and + + 5 storage depots by the National Laboratories. The + + + 6 commander of the Soviet Chemical Forces, French, + + 7 Czech, and U.S. commanders publicly commented that + + 8 there were traces of neurotoxins being detected as a + + + 9 result of the bombing of chemical agents facilities. + + 10 The fact is, according to Army safety + + 11 standards, the levels detectable by the sensors + + 12 deployed are hundreds and even thousands of times + + + 13 higher than the levels believed to be safe in + + 14 sustained or chronic exposures and require the use of + + 15 protective equipment. This is all confirmed in + + + 16 official documentation received directly from the + + 17 United States government. + + 18 DOD asserts that there are different + + 19 illnesses with overlapping symptoms, whatever that + + + 20 means. Further, they say that most have been + + 21 diagnosed. Yet the etiology of the diagnosis remains + + 22 unknown in many of these cases. Their own statistics + + + 23 reveal that 41 percent of the veterans still have + + 24 undiagnosed symptoms, albeit with a primary diagnosis. + + 25 Very few of these veterans have received + + + 192 + + 1 sophisticated toxicological, biological, and + + + 2 neurological tests necessary to identify the effects + + 3 of these types of exposures, despite a striking + + 4 similarity between the symptoms and the effects of + + 5 these types of exposures as reported in much of the + + + 6 relevant medical literature. + + 7 Our veterans and their families have + + 8 traveled here to describe their illnesses and relate + + + 9 their experiences. Most, if not all, have traveled + + 10 here at their own expenses. You are the fifth + + 11 independent panel that they have come to explain their + + 12 problems to. They have also come to Washington + + + 13 testify before Congress on several occasions. + + 14 Two of the previous panels, the Defense + + 15 Science Board Task Force and the Institute of Medicine + + + 16 study, both relied on individuals who were deeply + + 17 involved in the defense and intelligence process to + + 18 conduct a review of chemical and biological warfare + + 19 related exposures, and the material they received was + + + 20 regulated by the Department of Defense. + + 21 I have come here to tell you today + + 22 publicly and with definite knowledge, our veterans and + + + 23 the U.S. Congress have been repeatedly lied to by the + + 24 Department of Defense. These veterans sit here before + + 25 you today as if in a civil court where the government + + + 193 + + 1 is the defendant, the judge, the investigator and has + + + 2 hand-picked the jury. Certainly if you have any doubt + + 3 as to the nature and causes of their illness, you must + + 4 recommend favorably on their behalf. + + 5 I ask that the commission permit me to + + + 6 provide at a later date either in public or private a + + 7 complete briefing related to the substance of this + + 8 statement. + + + 9 The full text of this statement and all + + 10 supporting documentation is being submitted for + + 11 inclusion in the record. + + 12 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. I + + + 13 assure you we will be in touch, and we will review all + + 14 of the documentation you've given us and we'll follow + + 15 up to get additional documentation. + + + 16 MR. TUITE: Thank you. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Are there other questions + + 18 that the panel wishes to address to Mr. Dyckman at + + 19 this time. + + + 20 MR. TUITE: I'm Tuite. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Sorry. Yeah, we switched. + + 22 (No response.) + + + 23 MR. TUITE: Thank you. + + 24 CHAIR LASHOF: If not, thank you very + + 25 much. + + + 194 + + 1 The next person who was scheduled to + + + 2 speak, Wendy Wendler, is going to submit her + + 3 testimony, but is not able to speak. + + 4 MS. WENDLER: I had ask that my time be + + 5 given to the only active duty officer here today. + + + 6 (Inaudible) refused to let me do that, but Captain + + 7 Hamden is here and would like to take my (inaudible) + + 8 and my statement if you will let him. + + + 9 CHAIR LASHOF: Oh, very well. + + 10 MS. WENDLER: We would really appreciate + + 11 it. + + 12 CHAIR LASHOF: All right. + + + 13 MS. WENDLER: Thank you. + + 14 CAPT. HAMDEN: Good afternoon. My name is + + 15 Captain Charles Hamden, and I do hope that General + + + 16 Franks is feeling better. + + 17 The Persian Gulf War was the largest + + 18 opportunity for manufacturers of military hardware to + + 19 showcase their latest models, and it was also an + + + 20 opportunity for the military medical community to try + + 21 its new arsenal of preventive inoculations and + + 22 chemical precursors. + + + 23 But unknown to those that were part of + + 24 this experiment were the lasting side effects that we + + 25 would suffer. Steve Robertson, the Legislative + + + 195 + + 1 Director of the American Legion, said in an interview + + + 2 on public radio, along with Dr. Stephen Joseph, that + + 3 he did not consider Gulf War vets to be used as guinea + + 4 pigs. The fact of the matter is that we were human + + 5 guinea pigs. + + + 6 Four years after the war ended, the + + 7 Department of Defense position searched for an answer + + 8 for Gulf War Syndrome. They have looked at sand + + + 9 fleas, oil well fires, environmental hazards, and + + 10 others looking for a silver bullet. All of these + + 11 factors were present, but no one has begun to look at + + 12 the vaccines as the cause of the maladies that + + + 13 veterans and their families suffer from. + + 14 The comprehensive clinical evaluation + + 15 program, a series of tests being administered for the + + + 16 cause of this illness, have been evaluated by civilian + + 17 physicians as being superficial and limited. It would + + 18 seem that if you know what you're looking for, you + + 19 would know what tests not to run, and with the + + + 20 scientific research being done by Drs. Garth and Nancy + + 21 Nicholson, they wouldn't know where to look. + + 22 The Nicholsons have isolated a + + + 23 microbacterium called mycoplasma incognitos. That is + + 24 communicable between humans and should be considered + + 25 moderately infectious. This finding contradicts the + + + 196 + + 1 Veterans' Administration's claim that there is no + + + 2 evidence of transmissibility. + + 3 This mycoplasma is being spread among + + 4 family members and causes clusters just like chronic + + 5 fatigue syndrome. Unfortunately, the antibiotic + + + 6 treatment that they recommend is only a treatment for + + 7 as now there is no cure. The question that the + + 8 Department of Defense needs to answer is: where did + + + 9 this mycoplasma come from and was it in vaccines? + + 10 Dr. Chi Lowe of the Armed Forces Institute + + 11 of Pathology has stated that this mycoplasma is also + + 12 found in chronic fatigue syndrome patients and AIDS + + + 13 patients. Dr. Lowe has gone on record to say that + + 14 this mycoplasma could cause death on its own. Based + + 15 on Drs. Nicholson and Dr. Lowe's finding, we are + + + 16 suffering from a non-HIV autoimmune deficiency + + 17 syndrome or non-HIV/AIDS. + + 18 The government has claimed that no + + 19 chemicals were used in the gulf. That may be true to + + + 20 a certain extent, but they gave it to the soldiers via + + 21 pyridostigmine bromide pills. Senator Jay Rockefeller + + 22 in the Senate Veterans' Affairs report dated December + + + 23 8, 1994, stated that pyridostigmine is a nerve agent + + 24 itself and in conjunction with Deet pesticide makes + + 25 the Deet seven times more toxic. + + + 197 + + 1 So it doesn't matter if the chemicals are + + + 2 deployed in the gulf, our leaders chemically altered + + 3 the soldiers themselves. + + 4 The injections of anthrax and botulism + + 5 that the soldiers received were given investigational + + + 6 status and were given to soldiers with no warning of + + 7 possible side effects. When I received my + + 8 inoculations, I was told what the shot was, but did + + + 9 not receive any information concerning the vaccine, + + 10 and it has not and will not be transcribed in my + + 11 medical records. + + 12 These vaccines have no history of human + + + 13 testing and were not FDA approved and should not have + + 14 been used on soldiers. By the Defense Department + + 15 saying that they were necessary to protect the + + + 16 soldiers in case of exposure, it takes responsibility + + 17 off those individuals that approved their use. These + + 18 bureaucrats made a decision based on so-called + + 19 military intelligence from other officers, and now the + + + 20 soldiers they were protecting are suffering. + + 21 Everyone is avoiding the fact that the + + 22 vaccines were tainted. During Operation Desert Storm, + + + 23 Pentagon officials had to supplement sources of + + 24 vaccines with experimental drugs produced by the + + 25 British and Japanese. These companies are not + + + 198 + + 1 regulated by the FDA and are not subject to their + + + 2 convoluted approval guidelines. Whether the vaccines + + 3 are made in the United States or in other countries, + + 4 the soldiers were guinea pigs, part of a sick + + 5 experiment. + + + 6 Even the federal court system has thrown + + 7 soldiers and their freedom against involuntary + + 8 participation in medical experiments out. In early + + + 9 1991, Public Citizen filed a federal suit, John and + + 10 Jane Doe v. Secretaries Chaney and Sullivan, to block + + 11 the government from using GIs as unwilling guinea pigs + + 12 to experiment with, untested and unproven vaccines to + + + 13 allegedly protect the soldiers against certain bio + + 14 warfare agents. + + 15 Also the military has a record of using + + + 16 unapproved and delicensed vaccines on soldiers. An + + 17 example, as late as 1982, soldiers were still + + 18 receiving adenoviruses vaccines delicensed by the FDA + + 19 in 1963. + + + 20 My family as well as thousands of others + + 21 are sick. They are suffering mental, physical, and + + 22 financial hardship while our leaders decide which lie + + + 23 to tell next. Soldiers throughout the years have + + 24 suffered at the hands of the governments, and when + + 25 will it stop? It is time for our leaders to take a + + + 199 + + 1 stand and tell the truth and support our veterans + + + 2 through actions, not rhetoric. + + 3 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. You + + 4 are -- + + 5 (Applause.) + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: I would ask the audience to + + 7 hold applause. It only takes up our time. + + 8 You're Captain Charles Hamden? + + + 9 CAPT. HAMDEN: Yes, ma'am. + + 10 CHAIR LASHOF: Is that correct? You were + + 11 on the schedule for 4:20 this afternoon. I don't know + + 12 where the mix-up in information was. So, Wendy + + + 13 Wendler, if you would like to testify this afternoon + + 14 at 4:20 in Captain Hamden's spot, you may do so and + + 15 we'll get both of you because we had both of you on + + + 16 the schedule. + + 17 Are there questions for Captain Hamden? + + 18 Dr. Baldeschwieler? + + 19 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Can you tell me + + + 20 anything more about the mycoplasma incognitos? + + 21 CAPT. HAMDEN: The research that Drs. + + 22 Garth and Nancy Nicholson have done, what they do is + + + 23 they do forensic PCR and gene tracking to go within + + 24 the white blood cells, the leukocytes, to find the + + 25 mycoplasma that has imbedded itself within the cell + + + 200 + + 1 structure and the nucleus. So the Nicholsons have + + + 2 done extensive work with that. + + 3 MS. TAYLOR: Do they have any kind of + + 4 scientific reports yet on what they've found? They do + + 5 have something? + + + 6 CAPT. HAMDEN: They have preliminary + + 7 reports out. Dr. Garth Nicholson had spoken to + + 8 officials of the VA and DOD a week ago last Friday + + + 9 about some of the work that he's doing. Dr. Mather + + 10 and Dr. Murphy were there. They might be able to give + + 11 you more information on his speech, and also Dr. Lowe + + 12 was there. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: I'm sure we'll be able to + + 14 get that information. + + 15 Dr. Caplan. + + + 16 DR. CAPLAN: Do you know if there are any + + 17 samples of lots of the vaccines still in existence? + + 18 CAPT. HAMDEN: I'm not sure if there are + + 19 anthrax and the botulism were gone. We also received + + + 20 gamma globulin shots. When the soldiers were + + 21 preparing to go to Saudi Arabia the second time, they + + 22 had run out of gamma globulin shots, but one thing + + + 23 that they also did with the soldiers going there, they + + 24 gave doxycycline as a prophylactic measure, and they + + 25 did not receive some of the shots. + + + 201 + + 1 Another thing that the problem is having, + + + 2 people that were prepared for deployment for Desert + + 3 Storm received the shots but did not go. They're also + + 4 suffering the same maladies that the people who were + + 5 in theater. + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: Dr. Landrigan? + + 7 DR. LANDRIGAN: Captain, you said your + + 8 vaccines were never recorded on your medical record + + + 9 and never would be. What do you mean by that? + + 10 CAPT. HAMDEN: When we got our vaccines, + + 11 we got our botulism vaccine approximately one month + + 12 before the ground war started. We got our anthrax + + + 13 injection February 23rd. We signed our name on a + + 14 yellow piece of legal paper, have never seen it in my + + 15 medical records. That piece of paper is probably + + + 16 sitting in the desert somewhere in Iraq right now for + + 17 all I know. They have never been recorded. + + 18 The people that I've seen that were in my + + 19 unit in the 101st Airborne Division, theirs have never + + + 20 been recorded either. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Further questions? Yes. + + 22 MS. KNOX: Just for the record, I would + + + 23 like to say that I received anthrax vaccine as well, + + 24 and I wanted to see for myself whether or not it was + + 25 in my medical record, and it is not recorded. + + + 202 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: It is not. Okay. Thank + + + 2 you very, very much. + + 3 CAPT. HAMDEN: Thank you. + + 4 CHAIR LASHOF: We're just on time and + + 5 ready for a break. We will resume again promptly at + + + 6 3:30. + + 7 (Whereupon, a short recess was taken.) + + 8 CHAIR LASHOF: Can I ask everyone to take + + + 9 their seats, including my committee? + + 10 I think we'll resume. Major Richard + + 11 Haines. + + 12 MAJ. HAINES: I'm getting you a flier, my + + + 13 report to the White House. I trust that you received + + 14 this. + + 15 My name is Richard Haines, President of + + + 16 Gulf Veterans International. We became involved about + + 17 three years ago when a lot of this started. We were + + 18 the first to amass national statistics on symptoms + + 19 from different units, on different exposures, provided + + + 20 reports to the National Academy of Sciences that was + + 21 shocked at the number and different types of + + 22 exposures, and I'm going to talk a little bit about + + + 23 leaded fuels and the benzenes because some of the + + 24 other toxics have been covered here so far. + + 25 We finished a state-wide meeting in + + + 203 + + 1 Michigan this weekend. So I got here a little late + + + 2 this morning, and when I was in Michigan, I was + + 3 reminded of a great governor we had, George Romney, + + 4 who made a little off-the-cuff remark on the way back + + 5 from a flight from Vietnam that maybe we had been + + + 6 brainwashed, and it was just a little off-the-cuff + + 7 thing. He didn't think it would get out, and what + + 8 happened was that remark, that idea was so colossal, + + + 9 so comprehensive, so significant, economically, + + 10 politically, socially, and morally, that it was + + 11 unthinkable that such a thing, such a colossal + + 12 misrepresentation might have been made. + + + 13 And Kingston Smith, the veterans' counsel + + 14 in the Senate, said to me, "Why would the government + + 15 lie? What reason would they have to do that?" + + + 16 So as this issue has continued and the + + 17 letter we sent to the command, the 123rd ARCOM three + + 18 years ago to explain how this illness seemed to fit + + 19 one predominant illness, some might call it chronic + + + 20 fatigue syndrome, an immune dysfunction; some might + + 21 call it multiple chemical sensitivity. They just + + 22 said, "Thank you, Major Haines." So I decided if you + + + 23 want a battle, you've got the right man. + + 24 So after three years and about $100,000 of + + 25 my own time and effort, we collected about 1,000 hours + + + 204 + + 1 of interview information around the country, and the + + + 2 first thing we noticed was the multiple systems nature + + 3 of this illness, a characteristic that was, in fact, + + 4 noticed in the early 1950s when this multiple systems + + 5 disorder was first observed, and there was a common + + + 6 theme in it, and it was when a person is reexposed to + + 7 those incitants to which he has recently acquired + + 8 sensitivities or allergies, that he would react. His + + + 9 brain waves change. Sometimes they have + + 10 lightheadedness, sudden joint ache, face puffiness, + + 11 restrictive airway. + + 12 The recent unification conference that met + + + 13 in Dallas where they're in a treated room and made + + 14 them keel over. Four of them had to be taken to + + 15 emergency. + + + 16 The Yellow Ribbon Committee that met two + + 17 weeks ago here in Washington had some kind of pool + + 18 chemical, I guess, that had been recently used, and + + 19 they had a major problem. + + + 20 The single characteristic, the single + + 21 distinguishing characteristic about this illness and + + 22 with all these vets, and all you have to do is ask + + + 23 them and I hope you will talk to at least ten vets and + + 24 take them through a quality symptoms check list + + 25 because they've got brain damage, and the tests prove + + + 205 + + 1 that with spec. scans, to help them jiggle their + + + 2 memory about all their symptoms. + + 3 It appeared on me on Channel 4 in Battle + + 4 Creek on Friday. Mike Lawrence, 57 symptoms, and what + + 5 is VA getting him? Motrin for 57 symptoms, and this + + + 6 is what's happening all over this country, and this is + + 7 what these people are doing to these vets, and the + + 8 spouses are almost as bad. + + + 9 And this report I just gave out to you + + 10 spells out a linear progression and a logic as to how + + 11 and why the spouses are sick, and I'll get back to + + 12 that in a moment. + + + 13 I testified before the Science Board at + + 14 the Pentagon with Josh Lederberg. Dr. Lederberg said, + + 15 "I think these allergies are imagined. I don't think + + + 16 that these are real," because he's testified against + + 17 chemical victims for years. He's written articles. + + 18 He said, "I think they're just imagined." + + 19 Well, I'd like you to explain to me how a + + + 20 group that can stand in front of 1,000 tanks at + + 21 gunpoint are suddenly queasy and nervous about some + + 22 few micro parts per million or billion of Pinesol or + + + 23 Clorox bleach or fragrances and all of the things that + + 24 they have become reactive to, because different ones + + 25 may react to different toxics, incitants as we call them. + + + 206 + + 1 But whenever you administer or ingest or + + + 2 expose them to the one that they are reactant to, they + + 3 will have the same symptoms, and that's the constant + + 4 in this illness, and that's the question to home in + + 5 on. + + + 6 But those are the types of tests which are + + 7 validated with sublingual types of tests, with + + 8 pinprick tests, with blood tests using the ALCAT + + + 9 computer that can test chemical and food reactivity, + + 10 tests that this group, VA and DOD, will not do, but + + 11 which they have known about. They could clinically + + 12 validate it. They won't do it. They could have; they + + + 13 haven't. All kinds of tests. + + 14 Much of the tests that have been done, the + + 15 diagnostics, all over this country have come from the + + + 16 private sector and groups that have pitched in and + + 17 tried to help. Dr. Ruth McGill and I, she's from San + + 18 Angelo, Texas, multimillionaire, environmentally + + 19 sensitive, retired disabled psychiatrist, did liver + + + 20 function tests. Nineteen of the 21 were abnormal. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: I'm sorry. You've gone + + 22 over your time. I will give you another 20 seconds to + + + 23 finish up. + + 24 MAJ. HAINES: Okay. + + 25 CHAIR LASHOF: And we'll have your written + + + 207 + + 1 testimony. + + + 2 MAJ. HAINES: I was up at Walter Reed, and + + 3 on his death bed was Victor Ramis, dying from + + 4 pancreatic cancer, and he and his mother and I took a + + 5 hair sample off him. We had it tested, and he was + + + 6 loaded up with lead, and the military found a lot of + + 7 lead in some of their autopsied soldiers. + + 8 The 1173rd National Guard Unit from + + + 9 Michigan, transportation company, found lead in almost + + 10 half of those tested of about 30, and maybe some of + + 11 these people call it overlapping symptoms. I call it + + 12 medical murder. + + + 13 Over 4,000 have died, and you should + + 14 demand to get the list of the 4,000 that have died + + 15 looking not just at the cause of death, but the + + + 16 illness they had before the death because they are + + 17 dying of bizarre cancers, the most bizarre cancers + + 18 their doctors say they have ever seen in their medical + + 19 career. + + + 20 So I encourage this committee to look at + + 21 these things and dig into this and to understand + + 22 multiple chemical sensitivity, to use good symptoms + + + 23 questionnaires and exposures questionnaires, and to + + 24 understand this illness. + + 25 Thank you. + + + 208 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + + 2 Are there questions the panel has for + + 3 Major Haines? + + 4 (No response.) + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: All right. We'll move on + + + 6 to -- thank you very much -- Betty Zuspann. Wait a + + 7 minute. There's a change. Go for Veterans of the + + 8 Carolinas. Is there someone here to speak on behalf + + + 9 of the Go for Veterans of the Carolinas? Thank you. + + 10 MR. MORRIS: Good afternoon. My name is + + 11 Travis Morris. + + 12 I have more relevant issues than I have + + + 13 time. So I'll get right to the most relevant one. At + + 14 Mountain Home VA Medical Center in Johnson City, + + 15 Tennessee, they have identified a spore, + + + 16 microsporidia, that is usually only found with people + + 17 who have extremely compromised immune systems. They + + 18 found this in every Persian Gulf veteran that they + + 19 have tested. + + + 20 These spores have been found in stool, + + 21 urine, in the skin rash itself, in sinus mucuses, eye + + 22 mucuses, and sweat. I'm passing around photographs + + + 23 that have been taken of slides of some of these + + 24 veterans. Some of those are from myself. + + 25 We've been told that if microsporidia goes + + + 209 + + 1 untreated it can be fatal. It has been successfully + + + 2 treated in Australia with Australian Persian Gulf + + 3 veterans and by Dr. Hymen in Texas. I don't have a + + 4 lot of information on his treatments. + + 5 There is some evidence that this could + + + 6 possibly be a biological weapon. Based on the + + 7 chemical logs that have been declassified from U.S. + + 8 Central Command, NBC weapons were quite possibly used. + + + 9 There's some evidence to that based on the + + 10 declassified chemical log. + + 11 This is a pretty serious illness, and the + + 12 VA has given a lot of resistance against recognizing + + + 13 it. A man put his career on the line by giving me + + 14 those photographs. + + 15 I'd like to tell you here that by serving + + + 16 in the Persian Gulf -- excuse me -- I've lost a + + 17 civilian career as well as a military career. I've + + 18 had a marriage fall apart. My family may quite + + 19 possibly be in danger. + + + 20 People gave their lives for this country + + 21 and continue to do so. We'd like to have a cure, not + + 22 compensation and not sympathy, not pity, but be taken + + + 23 seriously and to be cured. + + 24 Public statements have been made recently + + 25 that there's no evidence to support that any illness + + + 210 + + 1 exists. Forty thousand people on the VA registry with + + + 2 very similar symptoms who were healthy one year, + + 3 returned from the Persian Gulf the next year and are + + 4 sick seems to be quite a bit of evidence in and of + + 5 itself to me, and this evidence, microsporidia, as + + + 6 well as some of the other evidence that people have + + 7 presented here today I feel to be pretty compelling + + 8 evidence. + + + 9 I urge you to look at that evidence, and + + 10 I thank you for your time. + + 11 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 12 Questions for Mr. Morris? + + + 13 Ms. Larson. + + 14 MS. LARSON: You said your family was in + + 15 danger. Would you clarify if that's because of + + + 16 disease or what? + + 17 MR. MORRIS: Well, I said they possibly + + 18 may be in danger. I don't know what this is or what + + 19 it may do, how I got it. I know that I didn't have it + + + 20 when I went to the Persian Gulf and I've had these + + 21 problems since I've come back. There's no definite + + 22 information on how contagious this could be or whether + + + 23 I could transfer this to another person by being in + + 24 the room with them if they come in contact with + + 25 equipment or clothing that I had in the Persian Gulf. + + + 211 + + 1 So I'm frightened. + + + 2 DR. LANDRIGAN: I don't want you to be a + + 3 doctor about how this bug may get spread, but what did + + 4 you do in the Persian Gulf? Could you tell us what + + 5 your -- + + + 6 MR. MORRIS: Well, I served with the + + 7 Second Squadron, 17th Calvary, which is an aerial + + 8 reconnaissance squadron, in the 101st Airborne + + + 9 Division. We moved around through the theater. I was + + 10 an intelligence analyst myself. I spent quite a bit + + 11 of time in several areas in the Kuwaiti-Iraq theater. + + 12 We came under some attacks. We had + + + 13 chemical alarms go off. We had tests that tested + + 14 positive, repeated tests until they became negative as + + 15 was already mentioned here. We had been told + + + 16 previously that if you were hit with these chemical or + + 17 biological weapons that people would immediately fall + + 18 over and die. That didn't happen. So at the time we, + + 19 you know, "rucked" up and did our job, which is what + + + 20 we were supposed to do. It was a combat situation, + + 21 and you don't have time to worry. You just do what + + 22 you've got to do. + + + 23 Looking back on it, I feel certain in my + + 24 mind that those times that we were told they're false + + 25 alarms, don't worry, move out; I feel certain in my + + + 212 + + 1 mind now that we were attached with chemical and + + + 2 biological weapons, and I think that the reason that + + 3 we had testing that proved to be negative or positive + + 4 -- sometimes tests made simultaneously rendered + + 5 different results -- is that we're dealing with a + + + 6 binary agent that's both chemical and biological, + + 7 which we have some intelligence information the Iraqis + + 8 were working on, and that it was a new type of agent + + + 9 that our equipment did not test for. + + 10 That's a layman's opinion, but as I said, + + 11 I was an intelligence analyst, and I have some + + 12 knowledge. I'm by far not an expert. I have some + + + 13 knowledge of Iraqi doctrine and weapon systems, and + + 14 that's my opinion. + + 15 MR. RIOS: Are you a disabled veteran + + + 16 right now? + + 17 MR. MORRIS: I have filed a claim that I + + 18 filed in November of 1993 with the VA. It has been + + 19 processed since November of 1993 with no results given + + + 20 to me. I continually check on it. The last thing + + 21 that they told me was that they were waiting on + + 22 medical records from the Army. I informed them that + + + 23 they had those medical records in my file already. + + 24 After four months they admitted that, yes, they did, + + 25 that there would be some delay, but they were + + + 213 + + 1 continuing to process my claim. + + + 2 At this point I have received no + + 3 compensation, and I'm not listed as a disabled + + 4 veteran. + + 5 MR. RIOS: So it's still pending, in other + + + 6 words? + + 7 MR. MORRIS: That's correct. + + 8 MR. RIOS: And it's your position that + + + 9 from what you saw and experienced that there were some + + 10 chemical war agents used against you by the Iraqi + + 11 government. Is that your testimony? + + 12 MR. MORRIS: That's my belief. + + + 13 MR. RIOS: Pardon me? + + 14 MR. MORRIS: That's my belief, yes, sir. + + 15 MS. TAYLOR: I have a follow-up. When the + + + 16 chemical alarms went off, were you ordered as well to + + 17 take the pills, the pyridostigmine? + + 18 MR. MORRIS: We were ordered immediately + + 19 after arriving in country. We received several + + + 20 injections that we were told were anti-nerve agent, + + 21 and we were immediately ordered to begin taking a + + 22 series of pills. I have no idea what those pills + + + 23 were, but we were observed by our medics and + + 24 commanders. We had to take them under observation, + + 25 and we took them daily, one pill a day, for the entire + + + 214 + + 1 time I was deployed in the theater. + + + 2 MS. TAYLOR: And when the alarms would go + + 3 off, was there anything present that you were aware of + + 4 or you were just told that there was nothing to be -- + + 5 MR. MORRIS: We came under artillery fire. + + + 6 We received fire from what's called a free rocket + + 7 overground 7, which is a piece of Soviet equipment + + 8 that the Iraqis have. It landed within an assembly + + + 9 area. So it didn't hit directly on the unit. There + + 10 were two explosions, one of them quite loud, one of + + 11 them muffled. The chemical alarms started going off + + 12 immediately throughout the 101st Aviation Brigade + + + 13 area. Everybody went to MOP 4. Everybody began + + 14 conducting tests. Those test results were both + + 15 positive and negative at the same time. + + + 16 We conducted tests for hours. We + + 17 redeployed out of the area. We were beginning the + + 18 decontamination process when we received word from + + 19 higher command that this was a false alarm, that they + + + 20 had entered the area with the division assets to check + + 21 for chemical presence and that there was none + + 22 detected; that if we were getting negative results at + + + 23 our location at that time to unmask, to take off our + + 24 MOP gear, and go about our business, which we did. + + 25 MS. TAYLOR: I just have one more + + + 215 + + 1 question. + + + 2 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes, sure. + + 3 MS. TAYLOR: Are there others in your unit + + 4 that you know of that have been affected or have + + 5 similar symptoms to what you're having? + + + 6 MR. MORRIS: I've only had contact with + + 7 one person since I left the Army that was in the same + + 8 unit as myself. He is having some severe problems + + + 9 that are, again, undiagnosed. They can't say it's + + 10 this, it's that, but he's having a multitude of + + 11 problems. + + 12 I know of several people who were in the + + + 13 101st Airborne Division that I've come in contact with + + 14 since, while they weren't in the same unit, were in + + 15 the same general areas that I was in, and they report + + + 16 much the same symptoms that I have myself. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Dr. Baldeschwieler. + + 18 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Excuse me. Is it + + 19 your belief that the microsporidia was part of an + + + 20 Iraqi biological weapon or that that was an endemic? + + 21 MR. MORRIS: That's my belief. My belief + + 22 is that it was part of a weapon. As far as the + + + 23 medical evidence, there is some evidence from a lab + + 24 that I believe to be in Texas. I got this information + + 25 last night. So I don't have it fully, but that they + + + 216 + + 1 had singled -- that in this microsporidia from + + + 2 equipment that had been brought back from the Persian + + 3 Gulf that had single strand DNA rather than dual + + 4 strand DNA, and that that was indicative of some kind + + 5 of biological tampering. I'm not a biologist, so I + + + 6 can't speak to that a whole lot. I just know what + + 7 little I read in the report. + + 8 As far as the medical evidence goes, the + + + 9 microsporidia is there, and it's been there in every + + 10 Persian Gulf veteran that they have tested at Mountain + + 11 Home VA Center in Johnson City, Tennessee, and + + 12 normally they only find it in and it's rare to find it + + + 13 in people such as AIDS patients or patients who have + + 14 received severe chemotherapy. In fact, that's how it + + 15 was discovered. The chief microbiologist realized he + + + 16 had these spores in a stool specimen, and he thought + + 17 that he had uncovered somebody who had HIV, reported + + 18 to that person that they likely had HIV, began testing + + 19 him. The man didn't have HIV. They conducted some + + + 20 more tests, couldn't find anything that was wrong with + + 21 his immune system, but he had this HIV, but he was + + 22 also being processed for the Persian Gulf protocol. + + + 23 So just out of curiosity they tested another veteran. + + 24 They continued to test Persian Gulf veterans as they + + 25 got positive results on each one they tested, and + + + 217 + + 1 eventually issued a call to all Persian Gulf veterans + + + 2 to come in for testing that were being seen at + + 3 Mountain Home, and every veteran that they've tested + + 4 from the Persian Gulf at Mountain Home has shown + + 5 positive for microsporidia. + + + 6 However, they have been told at Mountain + + 7 Home not to call it microsporidia, to call it by a + + 8 name of unidentified spore. They keep separate logs + + + 9 in the microbiology department there because they feel + + 10 like it's being negligent not to treat people. + + 11 I don't know what all the treatments are. + + 12 I know that I've seen some reports that Australian + + + 13 gulf veterans have been treated with extensive therapy + + 14 of some type of drug that clears this up, and I have + + 15 heard that a doctor in Texas has had some success + + + 16 treating this with the same drug. + + 17 You know, again, some of this is + + 18 unsubstantiated. You know, you hear things, and at + + 19 this point we're trying to listen to everything that + + + 20 we can because, quite frankly, we're scared. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. I + + 22 think we'll need to move on. + + + 23 MR. MORRIS: Thank you. + + 24 CHAIR LASHOF: The next person is + + 25 Christopher Brown. + + + 218 + + 1 MR. BROWN: Good afternoon. I want to + + + 2 thank the President and the members of this committee + + 3 for your interest and attention. + + 4 I'm a local attorney in the Glen Burnie + + 5 area with a lot of contact with the Fort Meade + + + 6 military personnel. A lot of what we've heard today + + 7 has to do with the interest and concern for the + + 8 soldiers. Well, the interest also was to not leave + + + 9 any stone unturned, and I have another stone that I'd + + 10 like to turn over here. + + 11 The soldiers go to fight for their country + + 12 and for their friends, but they also go to fight for + + + 13 their family, and much has been said today about the + + 14 soldiers. Very little has been said today about the + + 15 families. + + + 16 Senator Rockefeller said that the soldiers + + 17 take the risk. They know what they sign up for. + + 18 That's part of the deal. What's not part of the deal + + 19 is what may happen to their families, to their + + + 20 children, to their spouses. + + 21 The soldiers here were injected + + 22 experimentally with anthrax and pyridostigmine + + + 23 bromide. I, along with the office of Peter Angelos, + + 24 represent 30 families that have seriously injured, + + 25 disabled children by these experiments. The drugs + + + 219 + + 1 were used even though they weren't sure of the + + + 2 effectiveness of the drugs. They were used without + + 3 knowing the long-term effects of them. The soldiers + + 4 were given them without the solders' knowledge or + + 5 permission, very often against their will, and we know + + + 6 that the injections are not always recorded in the + + 7 medical records. + + 8 I happen to have a copy of an order that + + + 9 indicated from the Department of Defense that the + + 10 anthrax vaccine was not to be recorded in the records + + 11 until after the operation, after the theater was + + 12 completed, and then it was supposed reannotated back + + + 13 into the records. Of course, at that time most of the + + 14 soldiers had gone and the records were separated from + + 15 them, and it never got done. So it does not surprise + + + 16 me to hear that it's just not present in their + + 17 records. + + 18 The profile of the average client that + + 19 we're representing is essentially a healthy couple who + + + 20 may have had one or two or three healthy children. + + 21 Then they receive these experimental inoculations. + + 22 They fought. Husband or wife fought overseas. Some + + + 23 didn't go. Some just received the inoculations and + + 24 stayed here in the States. It's a very critical + + 25 issue, why we believe that a lot of what's happening + + + 220 + + 1 is from the inoculations and not from any exposure + + + 2 overseas. + + 3 Then we have them coming back. Then we + + 4 have repeated miscarriages, not just one, not just + + 5 two, but several miscarriages, unreported + + + 6 miscarriages. I personally know that they are + + 7 unreported because I tried to report them, and they + + 8 would not accept any information of any children that + + + 9 were not then alive at the time in the VA registry. + + 10 I tried to report a child that was one + + 11 year old and had just previously died, and they would + + 12 not accept the information. I tried to report a + + + 13 miscarriage, and they would not accept the + + 14 information. I know that that is being under- + + 15 accounted for. + + + 16 Then after the miscarriage, we have + + 17 children born with disabilities, not only here, not + + 18 only to our soldiers who fought over there, not only + + 19 to our soldiers who stayed here and never went + + + 20 overseas, but to soldiers in Britain and other places + + 21 around the world. + + 22 And the disabilities are consistent. + + + 23 They're a mirror imagine type of disabilities. Most + + 24 of these families have also had genetic testing done, + + 25 which has proven that genetics was not the cause of + + + 221 + + 1 the defects to the children. + + + 2 The deformities to the children are + + 3 startling. They're very repetitive. I'll show you + + 4 several pictures here. These involve facial + + 5 deformities as well as body deformities. These are + + + 6 four separate families, four separate people involved + + 7 in receiving the inoculations. + + 8 The deformities are bowel, rectum + + + 9 deformities, kidneys, either enlarged or missing, + + 10 multiple ureters or missing ureters, bowel + + 11 dysfunctions, diaphragmatic hernias, heart + + 12 irregularities, shrunken esophaguses, and then + + + 13 continuing up the midline up into the facial + + 14 deformities, as you see here one side of the face + + 15 smaller than the other side, sometimes ears missing, + + + 16 sometimes jaw missing. Call it Goldenhar Syndrome, + + 17 whatever you want to call it. It's the repetitive + + 18 nature of the type of disabilities that we see in all + + 19 these children, and we're hearing constantly from all + + + 20 the families not only just the physical deformities + + 21 that are being operated on and that are being dealt + + 22 with, but also immune problems, that the kids are not + + + 23 recovering well. They're not receiving antibiotics + + 24 well. They're not snapping back as you would expect + + 25 the kids to do. + + + 222 + + 1 My point in being here today is to + + + 2 indicate that what's missing from what you've heard so + + 3 far is the study. You've received some of the data of + + 4 the 36,000 veterans registered, and you have 1,400 + + 5 showing birth defects. What are they? How bad are + + + 6 they? Are they all Goldenhar type syndromes? Are + + 7 they all just midline type syndromes? + + 8 These things are going unevaluated, are + + + 9 going missed. So the point is please in your + + 10 investigation while you're making recommendations, + + 11 don't forget the children. They can't wait 20 years. + + 12 It's got to be done now. + + + 13 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 14 Questions for Mr. Brown? Any questions? + + 15 (No response.) + + + 16 CHAIR LASHOF: No. Thank you very much. + + 17 MR. BROWN: Thank you. + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: Oh, I'm sorry. + + 19 DR. LANDRIGAN: Do you have any hypothesis + + + 20 as to what component of the vaccine might be + + 21 responsible? + + 22 MR. BROWN: We have talked with about ten + + + 23 different doctors, epidemiologists, toxicologists, + + 24 teratologists, and what they all tell me is that it's + + 25 logically consistent that there's something in the + + + 223 + + 1 inoculations that is affecting the production of male + + + 2 sperm and that it's causing birth defects because of + + 3 the timing of a developing embryo and when these + + 4 defects become present, and what they know of the + + 5 inoculations. + + + 6 Unfortunately we don't have any of that + + 7 finished. That's still an ongoing process. + + 8 CHAIR LASHOF: Yes, doctor. + + + 9 DR. LANDRIGAN: Have semen analyses, sperm + + 10 analyses been done on some of the fathers? + + 11 MR. BROWN: We have been asking for that + + 12 to happen. I don't believe the Veterans' + + + 13 Administration is doing that as a regular course, and + + 14 we have not had it done privately, but that's going to + + 15 be the next step. + + + 16 MS. LARSON: Point of clarification on + + 17 sort of a side issue. Several people have testified + + 18 that they received vaccine not knowing what it is. + + 19 You also said that some people received the vaccine + + + 20 against their will, and that's the first time we've + + 21 heard that. + + 22 Can you verify that that's -- + + + 23 MR. BROWN: From talking with my clients, + + 24 they're under orders. They have to -- they have to + + 25 submit. + + + 224 + + 1 MS. LARSON: So they were not able to say, + + + 2 "We won't have it"? + + 3 MR. BROWN: That's according to what they + + 4 have told me, but that's also borne out in the + + 5 Rockefeller report that showed that many of the + + + 6 veterans were not allowed to decline. + + 7 Thank you. + + 8 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + + 9 David Addlestone, National Veterans Legal + + 10 Services. + + 11 MR. ADDLESTONE: My name is David + + 12 Addlestone. I'm the Joint Executive Director of the + + + 13 National Veterans Legal Services program here in + + 14 Washington. We're a nonprofit institution that is + + 15 involved in veterans' law and policy issues. + + + 16 I've been involved with the military and + + 17 veterans' law for 30 years and hope that I could + + 18 perhaps offer some suggestions that might guide your + + 19 course of inquiry. + + + 20 Some of the work we're currently doing in + + 21 the area of Persian Gulf veterans is included in your + + 22 packets, the self-help guide for Persian Gulf + + + 23 veterans, and I would suggest you compare that to + + 24 government publications to see how we're trying to aim + + 25 things at the public so they can understand them. + + + 225 + + 1 I have a prepared statement that goes into + + + 2 some details, and I apologize for not getting it to + + 3 you until late today. I'll just try to hit the high + + 4 points in my oral testimony, and my staff would be + + 5 certainly available to assist in any way possible in + + + 6 the future. + + 7 One point I'd like to try to make here is, + + 8 I mean, we seem to be split. We have people on one + + + 9 extreme who think that everything that's wrong with + + 10 anybody who went to the Persian Gulf was caused by the + + 11 Persian Gulf, and we've got people on the other + + 12 extreme that think that everybody that is claiming + + + 13 they're sick are a bunch of chiselers, and most of us + + 14 certainly are somewhere in between and open minded, + + 15 but the debate is somewhere between those two poles, + + + 16 and I hope I'm not preaching totally to the choir, but + + 17 I mean the dynamics of all of this are very important. + + 18 I'm speak from having spent about 20 years + + 19 working on the Agent Orange issue, and there was a + + + 20 great lack of dialogue among the public, the people + + 21 who felt they were affected, and the government and + + 22 scientists. + + + 23 We've got young, healthy people here who + + 24 went to war and came home either unhealthy or feeling + + 25 not quite as healthy. Obviously some people have some + + + 226 + + 1 common post-war letdown in their feelings, and there + + + 2 are some people that imagine that all kinds of things + + 3 are wrong with them. However, most of these folks are + + 4 interested in getting well or some sort of reassurance + + 5 that they are well, and I've heard all of this today + + + 6 from all the other witnesses. So I don't need to + + 7 repeat it. + + 8 The government is certainly not attempting + + + 9 to be callous in this regard. However, the processes + + 10 of government are just what they are, and they can + + 11 appear to be so. There are certain institutional + + 12 restraints. Government lawyers tend to demand proof + + + 13 of things and seek causation, which is not really a + + 14 terribly relevant issue here when dealing with perhaps + + 15 an epidemiological problem. + + + 16 Government press people like to put out + + 17 positive stories because there's no point if you're a + + 18 government press person in putting out a negative + + 19 story. The same thing with government scientists and + + + 20 doctors. There are certain institutional mindsets + + 21 that make it difficult to resolve issues like this. + + 22 But the government sort of sometimes is in + + + 23 a can't win situation. There are a lot of very + + 24 useful, short-term studies that can be done obviously + + 25 to advance science, but you issue a partial study like + + + 227 + + 1 the recent DOD report, and it can be immediately + + + 2 attacked depending on how the publicity spin is placed + + 3 on it, and it creates a lot of harm. + + 4 On the other hand, the government can't + + 5 withhold the information from the interested public. + + + 6 I don't have a ready solution for this other than + + 7 perhaps some sort of centralized control over what are + + 8 known to be the normal processes of government. This + + + 9 might facilitate the dissemination of information to + + 10 the public in a way that won['t create a firestorm of + + 11 criticism or a lack of understanding. + + 12 I think the recent DOD report was a good + + + 13 example. I was in the Pacific Northwest and read the + + 14 wire service stories, and basically the wire service + + 15 stories said, "Conclusive study of veterans proves + + + 16 there's no definitive illness." Well, I suppose + + 17 that's one interpretation of it, but from my + + 18 standpoint it certainly wasn't a study of veterans. + + 19 It was a study of generally healthy active duty + + + 20 people. + + 21 I looked at the press release. The press + + 22 release is not that bad from DOD, but the press just + + + 23 jumped on it and ran with something that simply is not + + 24 the truth, and of course that first day's news is + + 25 over. + + + 228 + + 1 Now, I would suggest that this committee + + + 2 recommend to the administration that there be some + + 3 sort of centralized coordinating agency that can + + 4 anticipate these problems. + + 5 In the case of Agent Orange, I think the + + + 6 problems were intended, but here I think everybody + + 7 means well, but by the very nature of the way + + 8 government issues press releases and press coverage, + + + 9 you're asking for problems. + + 10 A central oversight mechanism would be + + 11 appropriate in our view. The inter-agency task force + + 12 on these issues frequently doesn't work. I mean + + + 13 everybody has a dog in the hunt, as we Southerners + + 14 say, and I think maybe we're better off with a + + 15 centralized mechanism that can oversee the foibles of + + + 16 agencies, and I don't mean this in a negative sort of + + 17 way. It's just the inherent nature of government + + 18 agencies. + + 19 CHAIR LASHOF: Your time is up. So could + + + 20 you finish up, please? + + 21 MR. ADDLESTONE: Some of the + + 22 recommendations we make are that we focus on health + + + 23 care first. Compensation benefits are fine, but most + + 24 of the people want to get well and get back to work. + + 25 These seem to be illnesses as a family + + + 229 + + 1 problem, and that families cannot be treated under + + + 2 most legislative schemes currently in existence for + + 3 the people affected. + + 4 It would be a healthy opportunity of there + + 5 could be some forums outside of Washington where + + + 6 people could express their feelings. There may be + + 7 some way to make health care customers feel like + + 8 they're being satisfied. I mean there are very + + + 9 negative feelings about people that are going for + + 10 treatment. Whether it's the agencies' fault, I don't + + 11 know. + + 12 And the chemical and biological warfare + + + 13 issue is real. I mean people out there believe it + + 14 happened. I haven't a clue where it did, but from a + + 15 lawyer's standpoint of there were 10,000 false alarms, + + + 16 I'd be curious if the manufacturer who made the alarms + + 17 is getting paid for them. There are probably ways to + + 18 deal with that. + + 19 I'd be happy to answer or try to answer + + + 20 any questions. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 22 Dr. Hamburg. + + + 23 DR. HAMBURG: You referred to the need for + + 24 a central oversight mechanism because of the + + 25 wobbliness of inter-agency cooperation. Do you have + + + 230 + + 1 any suggestions about how that might be done + + + 2 effectively on this particular problem? + + 3 MR. ADDLESTONE: Well, maybe we could look + + 4 back at the Agent Orange experience. There was a + + 5 coordinating council established in the White House, + + + 6 and they did a pretty good job of keeping the lid on + + 7 things because that was -- I mean what I have seen and + + 8 read -- their intention was to keep a lid on things, + + + 9 frankly, and that was not an unreasonable political + + 10 decision. It was going to be a very expensive + + 11 proposition to pay people for Agent Orange claims. + + 12 It would probably be a very difficult + + + 13 thing to do. I've never done it, but it was certainly + + 14 done there, and it was staffed at an extremely high + + 15 level. I mean it was at the level where the + + + 16 President's views were known to the agencies, and it + + 17 wasn't just everybody delegating down, down, down to + + 18 the same people who are still or generally still + + 19 there. + + + 20 I've tried to touch on a little bit of + + 21 that in my written statement. + + 22 CHAIR LASHOF: We will, of course, review + + + 23 all of the written statements. + + 24 Ms. Larson. + + 25 MS. LARSON: No. + + + 231 + + 1 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + + 2 MR. ADDLESTONE: Thank you. + + 3 CHAIR LASHOF: Tom Hennessy. + + 4 MR. HENNESSY: Good afternoon, Dr. Lashof, + + 5 panel, esteemed guests. We very much appreciate you + + + 6 listening today. + + 7 As a person who's been almost totally + + 8 disabled for eight years with three out of four of + + + 9 these conditions here, I am very heartened by the + + 10 Presidential Commission, that it happened, and second, + + 11 heartened by the quality of the questions that you + + 12 have been asking of the presenters today. You seem to + + + 13 have an open mind, and that's definitely what we need. + + 14 In the interest of time, I did submit a + + 15 written statement which most of you have. It's got + + + 16 the little RESCIND logo on the front, and also a chart + + 17 that shows similarities between Gulf War Syndrome and + + 18 chronic fatigue syndrome. That's going to be pretty + + 19 much the heart of my talk. It's a gray and black + + + 20 chart. + + 21 It was put together by this Dr. Garth + + 22 Nicholson, who you have heard mentioned by several + + + 23 people today. He called me last week and told me that + + 24 he was coming up to give a briefing to the Department + + 25 of Defense. Dr. Chi Ching Lowe, some of General + + + 232 + + 1 Ronald Blank's people, some of Phil Lee's people, and + + + 2 we were not allowed to attend. So we are very happy + + 3 that you're here today. + + 4 I did make one copy for Dr. John + + 5 Baldeschwieler of his manuscript, but it is not + + + 6 published yet, and he asked if you make a copy and + + 7 then maybe mail it back to me, and I have a phone + + 8 number where he can be reached. + + + 9 I'm the President of RESCIND, which is a + + 10 small organization. It has members in about 20 states + + 11 and about 12 foreign countries. It is our contention + + 12 that there is no one Gulf War illness. There are + + + 13 multiple illnesses. The four major ones we believe + + 14 are chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome, which + + 15 is on your sheet; myalgic encephalomyelitis, which is + + + 16 older names for it; Gulf War Syndrome or Gulf War + + 17 illness; fibromyalgia syndrome; and multiple chemical + + 18 sensitivities. All four of these overlap, and the way + + 19 I describe it is like five blind men describing an + + + 20 elephant. If you're holding the tail, you describe it + + 21 one way. If you're holding the trunk, you describe it + + 22 another way. If you're holding one of the feet it's + + + 23 a totally different description. + + 24 But we believe there is a common + + 25 biological pathway to all of the insults these people + + + 233 + + 1 talked about, whether it be a pyridostigmine pill, + + + 2 depleted uranium, chemical virus. + + 3 Some of the descriptions that I have used + + 4 for up to six years is very simple. It's a train on + + 5 a track. Think of the engine of the train as your + + + 6 brain, the body of your train is your body. It has to + + 7 run on two rails to meet its destination. One is your + + 8 immune system, one is your central nervous system. It + + + 9 is supported by railroad ties. We say, number one, + + 10 it's how you handle stress. Most of us are Type A, + + 11 workaholics, 14-hour days, seven days a week. We + + 12 internalize stress. + + + 13 A lot of my friends don't like to admit it + + 14 but there's a psychological predisposition. Most of + + 15 us are workaholics. The whole Army, as far as I know, + + + 16 in the Gulf was a volunteer army. It was people who + + 17 wanted to serve their country. + + 18 Genetic predisposition, they just found + + 19 there might be a genetic predisposition for fatness, + + + 20 for breast cancer, for other cancers. Maybe there is + + 21 a predisposition, and with all of the speed of the + + 22 human genome project, we ask you to incorporate some + + + 23 of that information in your studies. + + 24 Environmental toxins, they could be + + 25 anything. I personally got sick after eating a plate + + + 234 + + 1 of bad oysters in Houston, Texas, eight years ago, but + + + 2 my job was leasing construction equipment to all of + + 3 the big refineries and chemical makers and biological + + 4 agents, and at the time Saddam Hussein was on our + + 5 side, and we were financing a lot of his biological + + + 6 and chemical weapons, and I think that's one of the + + 7 reasons that DOD has been sweating bullets for having + + 8 someone like you to come in and ask as many questions. + + + 9 Vaccines, I don't know the nature of all + + 10 these vaccines, but there's still even a discussion + + 11 today about the Sabine and the Salk polio vaccine and + + 12 others. What I say is any train can race along a + + + 13 track. They can have rotten railroad ties, and you'll + + 14 still get to your destination unless there is some + + 15 agent that causes the train to buck. When it hits a + + + 16 place where there's eight or nine rotten railroad + + 17 ties, that's when you get CFIDS, ME, or Gulf War + + 18 Syndrome. + + 19 I have elucidated ten different points, + + + 20 and with all due respect to David Letterman, I just + + 21 want to go through it. + + 22 Your name. Calling us chronic fatigue + + + 23 syndrome or Gulf War Syndrome, it's like calling + + 24 living a chronic breathing syndrome. It means + + 25 nothing. Any chronic illness will result in fatigue + + + 235 + + 1 to the people that have it. + + + 2 Dr. Nicholson's chart which you all have + + 3 on your table, it overlaps almost identical with one + + 4 exception, and that is sensitivity to light. I don't + + 5 know how these people could stand up here with these + + + 6 bright lights. Most of us who have Gulf War Syndrome + + 7 or CFIDS are very sensitive to light. + + 8 A written instrument. If they're talking + + + 9 about going on the Internet, why don't we get ten + + 10 questions from the best chemical person, best + + 11 biological person, best psychological person? Then we + + 12 put it on there, in the Internet or in doctors' + + + 13 offices, with a hidden number such as a PIN code plus + + 14 your social security number and your mother's maiden + + 15 name. That PIN code would enable these people who are + + + 16 still fighting to keep their jobs to be honest, but + + 17 still have privacy. + + 18 Avoid duplication of effort. There is a + + 19 lot of money being spent at the CDC which is in there + + + 20 now on chronic fatigue syndrome, on multiple chemical + + 21 sensitivities. Let's use the data. Tens of thousands + + 22 of people they've interviewed. Dr. William Reeves is + + + 23 one of the people who's in charge of both Go for + + 24 Syndrome and CDC. I can provide you a lot of + + 25 information, and the most polite statement I could say + + + 236 + + 1 is he's probably not the best guy for the job. + + + 2 The degrees of severity. No one mentioned + + 3 that anywhere in the world. I've research 15,000 + + 4 pages of information. There are three levels. One is + + 5 a 40-hour work week, but you're just dragging your + + + 6 behind. You can't cook, shop, clean, anything. + + 7 Number two, a lot of nurses and teachers + + 8 are doing this. They're sharing a job code with + + + 9 someone else. + + 10 Number three, you're like myself. Someone + + 11 has to drive you, cook, pay your bills. + + 12 So a 35 year old person, instead of making + + + 13 100,000 a year and paying 30 to 40 to Uncle Sam, I'm + + 14 a 41 year old person totally bedridden getting 13 + + 15 grand a year on disability. It's a double loss, a + + + 16 blow to Social Security and Medicare. This same thing + + 17 is happening to these people. + + 18 Any CDC and NIH cohort studies, absolutely + + 19 you have to have age and sex matched controls. I + + + 20 think it was Dr. Lashof this morning. There's no way + + 21 they can do a definitive study at DOD without + + 22 including age and gender matched controls for young + + + 23 healthy people. + + 24 A lot of these Go for veterans -- I was on + + 25 Larry King about four years ago talking about chronic + + + 237 + + 1 fatigue syndrome. He said, "What do you feel like, + + + 2 Tom?" + + 3 I said, "I feel like this." Lieutenant + + 4 Jeffrey Zahn had just been shot down in an A-6 fighter + + 5 plane, and he was all beaten up in front of the + + + 6 cameras. I said, "I look okay, but I'm sick as a + + 7 dog." + + 8 Cutting off? + + + 9 CHAIR LASHOF: Do you want to finish up? + + 10 MR. HENNESSY: Okay. Finishing up, + + 11 treatment protocols. There is no known treatment + + 12 protocol. While you're researching this, we have + + + 13 bills to pay, food to get on the table, rent to stay + + 14 alive. + + 15 Nationwide database, we're privacy. Last + + + 16 week there's a brand new company, Netscape, $2 billion + + 17 market, capitalization on the first day of business, + + 18 dealing with the Internet. Use it. + + 19 And last but not least, listen to the + + + 20 patients. The database requirement we can go through + + 21 later. I just want to leave with one quote. + + 22 President Clinton has mentioned we'll leave no stone + + + 23 unturned. I think just by being here you've turned + + 24 over a lot of stones today, but I want to give you our + + 25 hero, which is Florence Nightingale, a nurse, over 100 + + + 238 + + 1 years ago who had Crimean fever. But she was also a + + + 2 contemporary of Dr. Louis Pasteur, and he said, "The + + 3 antigen is nothing. The terrain is everything." + + 4 And I have some more things to submit. + + 5 Thank you for your time. + + + 6 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 7 Are there questions, please? + + 8 Dr. Baldeschwieler? Oh, I'm sorry. + + + 9 You indicated that your illness is not + + 10 related to the Gulf War; is that correct? + + 11 MR. HENNESSY: Yes, ma'am. I was a + + 12 salesman in Houston, Texas, working in refineries, and + + + 13 I ate a bad plate of oysters, and I thought it was + + 14 food poisoning, but my symptoms are identical, and + + 15 after I made the statement on Larry King Live, + + + 16 veterans started calling me, and they've been calling + + 17 me for four years saying, "We've got what you got." + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: I see. + + 19 MR. HENNESSY: And there's been a lot of + + + 20 government research. So I'm saying let's not reinvent + + 21 the wheel, and if you do a symptom check list -- + + 22 remember the gentleman that stood up and said that + + + 23 it's cut off after six? They never go to 20. You've + + 24 got to go to at least 20 because it is only driven by + + 25 symptoms, and when 93 percent are men, they'll believe + + + 239 + + 1 it more. + + + 2 Unfortunately when it was nurses and + + 3 teachers, 75 percent female, it was hysterical women + + 4 who couldn't handle it. + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + + 6 MR. HENNESSY: I'd like to just submit + + 7 this videotape of some MacNeil-Lehrer, Larry King + + 8 Live, and a two-hour video of snippets for your + + + 9 perusal. + + 10 CHAIR LASHOF: Fine, thank you. + + 11 Okay. Wendy Wendler, would you like to + + 12 take Captain Hamden's spot or have you departed? + + + 13 Okay. Carol Picou. + + 14 MS. PICOU: She'll be passing out our + + 15 written testimony that was prepared for me by my + + + 16 husband. My husband does most of my writing only + + 17 because what comes to mind is one time a soldier was + + 18 raised through the VA system and he was giving written + + 19 testimonies, and the VA told him that if he could + + + 20 write this well, he's not really that sick. Well, my + + 21 husband helps me prepare all of my reports, and the + + 22 soldier never told them that his wife is the one that + + + 23 helps him to write his also because of the long-term + + 24 and short-term memory diagnosis that we had suffered. + + 25 But before I begin, I'd like to thank the + + + 240 + + 1 Presidential Advisory Committee and my colleagues and + + + 2 Wendy Wendler for submitting her time to me. + + 3 I am from the MISSION Project. I'm a + + 4 spokesperson today. MISSION Project stands for + + 5 Military Issue Service in our Nation. This + + + 6 organization was originally Operation Desert + + 7 Shield/Desert Storm. My husband started this + + 8 organization while in San Antonio, Texas, on the + + + 9 behalf of the returning San Antonio soldiers. He + + 10 started the support group because he saw how ill we + + 11 were. + + 12 Our mission, currently what we do is we + + + 13 provide Desert Storm soldiers, family members, anybody + + 14 in the public information regarding what's happening + + 15 on Capitol Hill, on the testimonies, the NIH hearings, + + + 16 all the other panels. We provide soldiers VA numbers + + 17 to contact them, and that's our main goal as the + + 18 MISSION Project. We're currently trying to gain some + + 19 funding to bring some soldiers and get tested and go + + + 20 through the testing that I have gone through. + + 21 I was an active duty soldier for 15 and a + + 22 half years during the Persian Gulf War. I am now + + + 23 permanently retired. Two years ago I stood before a + + 24 committee testifying as an active duty soldier. I + + 25 have lost my military career. + + + 241 + + 1 You have repeatedly asked questions why + + + 2 soldiers refuse to call in and call the 1-800 numbers. + + 3 As the Honorable Stephen Joseph said, it's available, + + 4 but because when we do come forward and we speak out + + 5 and we talk about our illness, they tell us we're no + + + 6 longer fit for active duty and we're not worldwide + + 7 deployable. + + 8 That's what happened to me. I'm not + + + 9 worldwide deployable, and my condition had worsened. + + 10 So the best thing they said that was thought to do was + + 11 to medically retire me. + + 12 A bill was passed a year ago about TDRL + + + 13 status, that no soldier should be put out unless they + + 14 are placed on TDRL status at a 50 percent disability + + 15 and to remain on that for the next five years until + + + 16 they can evaluate their health conditions. I was on + + 17 TDRL status. I didn't even make it 14 months, and + + 18 they said that I was not fit. My condition hasn't + + 19 improved any, and that it would be best if I was + + + 20 permanently disabled. They took my rate and didn't + + 21 allow me to submit any additional information because + + 22 they said it wasn't from my previous board. + + + 23 I spent a year going through evaluations + + 24 through the VA hospital and the Department of Defense + + 25 because I had the best of both worlds. However, they + + + 242 + + 1 lost my records. The VA never received my active duty + + + 2 records. So I am not awarded any disability on 13 + + 3 outstanding diagnoses until they find my records. + + 4 The VA awarded me 100 percent permanent + + 5 disability, and looking at me I don't look disabled. + + + 6 It's like Dr. Joseph said. One of the doctors had + + 7 said if we would have come back with an arm or a limb + + 8 missing, we would have been medically taken care of. + + + 9 You can't see my illnesses most of the time. + + 10 Today I have the rash from underneath my + + 11 arms all the way down to my naval. I have the + + 12 blisters on the back of my legs. These come and go. + + + 13 Unfortunately when they break out by the time I get an + + 14 appointment to the VA, the VA can't even biopsy them + + 15 because of the fact that they disappear. + + + 16 So Monday I have an appointment with the + + 17 VA and hopefully they'll still be there when they see + + 18 me on Monday. + + 19 The problem is when you talk about the + + + 20 depleted uranium issue, I don't stand and neither does + + 21 our organization on one cause or effect. We were + + 22 exposed to depleted uranium which was used for the + + + 23 first time in our battlefields during the Persian Gulf + + 24 War. We inhaled those particles as front line troops. + + 25 I was a nurse in the front lines. I removed bodies + + + 243 + + 1 from the tanks. I received those bodies. We sat in + + + 2 a convoy for over hours breathing, inhaling the + + 3 vehicles that were just burned. + + 4 I had served for 15 years. I was in the + + 5 Flugtag disaster in Germany in 1988 where I body + + + 6 bagged 300 people. When I saw those bodies in Iraq, + + 7 they were as black as this, and this really startled + + 8 me because we were not in MOP gear. We were not + + + 9 ordered to be in MOP gear, and I said this doesn't + + 10 look normal to have these bodies that charred. + + 11 So I was driving with my platoon sergeant + + 12 and chief ward master. I said, "Guys, I'm going to + + + 13 take photos." I took photos of this because I was + + 14 concerned. + + 15 Seventeen days sitting in Iraq on our last + + + 16 day, General McCaffery from the 24th Infantry Division + + 17 which we supported came and said, "Why aren't you all + + 18 in chemical suits? This is a contaminated area." The + + 19 last day deploying out of Iraq as we tore down our + + + 20 hospital, we put our chemical suits on to leave Iraq. + + 21 I have photos of me in my just regular + + 22 uniform while the military support of the Marines were + + + 23 around us in full MOP gear. + + 24 My problem was the pyridostigmine. I have + + 25 taken pyridostigmine. We were ordered to take it + + + 244 + + 1 three times a day, 30 milligram tablets the day of + + + 2 deployment of the ground war. We were told every + + 3 eight hours. They woke us up, put us in formation, + + 4 and mandatory made us take this pyridostigmine. + + 5 One hour after I ingested it, I had + + + 6 developed the tearing of my eyes, the twitching of my + + 7 eyes. I start drooling. My nose started running. I + + 8 started having muscle aches and twitches, and I told + + + 9 my platoon sergeant, "I'm not taking this anymore. I + + 10 think I'm having a severe reaction." + + 11 He said, "You have to. It's mandatory." + + 12 So that kept up one hour after I ingested it. Finally + + + 13 the third day as we're driving our convoy he said -- + + 14 I didn't take it. I spit it into my Pepsi can. He + + 15 said, "You didn't take your pill, did you?" I said, + + + 16 "Well, no." He said, "Take it." So I took it; one + + 17 hour later, same problems. + + 18 When I finally set up our hospital, we got + + 19 there at eight o'clock at night. We were fully + + + 20 operational at two in the morning. The next morning + + 21 I reported my symptoms, and they said, "Take it and + + 22 come see me." So I showed them my symptoms. They + + + 23 told me, "Just keep taking you. You proved that it + + 24 peaked and it's working you the neurological system." + + 25 That was the results. I couldn't rescind + + + 245 + + 1 taking it. I was still ordered to keep taking it. + + + 2 Pyridostigmine has never been tested on + + 3 healthy women or healthy human beings. That was my + + 4 concern. They gave the same amount of dosage to the + + 5 same men of different height and weight as they did to + + + 6 women. + + 7 As in Senator Rockefeller's hearings, it's + + 8 not supposed to be prescribed like that. It's a nerve + + + 9 agent that they give for myasthenia gravis, and even + + 10 with those patients you still have to watch for levels + + 11 of toxicity. + + 12 Also Dr. Joseph talked. You asked about + + + 13 the levels of uranium, depleted uranium. I have a + + 14 soldier that contacted me two years ago after seeing + + 15 me up on Capitol Hill. He was hit by friendly fire, + + + 16 and they didn't even know about him. We sent him to + + 17 Dr. Frank Keough in Baltimore, Maryland, who is doing + + 18 a depleted uranium study. + + 19 This soldier was tested, and he had + + + 20 fragments in his shoulders and in his face. This is + + 21 part of the support group. We try to help soldiers + + 22 get to where they need to go. They removed his + + + 23 fragments. However, just recently he had another + + 24 urinalysis study and his levels have increased even + + 25 though his depleted uranium has been removed. + + + 246 + + 1 They told him he was going to have an in + + + 2 vitro monitor done in Nevada. Unfortunately they told + + 3 him that the machine was down. For two years this + + 4 soldier is still waiting for the in vitro monitor to + + 5 see if it's affected his lungs. + + + 6 I requested to be tested for depleted + + 7 uranium only because when I came back someone called + + 8 me up here and they called me and it was an atomic + + + 9 veteran. He said, "I'm really concerned about you. + + 10 You have the same symptoms I've had, and they used 238 + + 11 which is a particle of depleted uranium. You have + + 12 depleted uranium poisoning." + + + 13 So I requested to be tested. In March of + + 14 1994, through a Congressman, they ordered Fort Sam + + 15 Houston to test me for depleted uranium. I got + + + 16 tested. My results came back September 17th. The + + 17 results were levels of uranium. However, they were + + 18 low levels, and the doctor said, "It's just background + + 19 radiation from living in San Antonio." + + + 20 Prior to the war I didn't live there. I + + 21 was in Germany. I signed in my unit on the first. I + + 22 was alerted for the war on the second. I was never + + + 23 exposed to depleted uranium until on the front lines. + + 24 Out of my unit was 300 people. One + + 25 hundred fifty went forward, and 150 stayed to the + + + 247 + + 1 rear. Two years ago I asked the other panels to take + + + 2 my unit and do a study on them in San Antonio. We + + 3 have thousands of soldiers. Our babies are born with + + 4 birth defects, hypothyroidism. I asked them to take + + 5 our unit. Out of 150 of us that went forward, 40 of + + + 6 my comrades are ill. We were discharged before this + + 7 ever became a Desert Storm issue. + + 8 So out of these soldiers the rest don't + + + 9 want to come forward because of their careers. Most + + 10 of us had 15, 17 and 18 years in. + + 11 When the men refused to go to the front, + + 12 I was the next highest ranking female. I recruited + + + 13 seven other women to go. We took the units, and we + + 14 went in. We drove five ton trucks. We set up the + + 15 operating room, and we were the first ones to drop on + + + 16 line. + + 17 Those women, six of them, have admitted + + 18 their illness and four of them have been discharged, + + 19 and the other two won't say anything because of fear + + + 20 of their careers because they have one year left. + + 21 This has been happening to not only + + 22 myself, but to the family members. Three of our + + + 23 babies in San Antonio have the missing eyes, the ears, + + 24 the thyroid. + + 25 I went to the VA hospital in September. + + + 248 + + 1 My condition was getting worse. I have the abdominal + + + 2 distension, the fluid retention. I have the + + 3 neurological damage. I have an autoimmune deficiency. + + 4 It was all diagnosed by a civilian doctor through my + + 5 medical insurance. Since then my medical insurance + + + 6 said they're not paying because this is combat + + 7 related. I got discharged noncombat related. The + + 8 Army CHAMPUS said they're not paying because I was + + + 9 ineligible for CHAMPUS because I was still on active + + 10 duty. + + 11 This is what's happening to soldiers. I + + 12 had 16 and a half years. I just got retired this + + + 13 March. I was hoping to see 20 years as a commissioned + + 14 officer. I was up for a commission when the war broke + + 15 out. + + + 16 So this is what has happened to my life, + + 17 my family. I have no feelings from my waist down. I + + 18 have to catheterize. This was the solution the Army + + 19 gave me. Catheterize yourself six to eight times a + + + 20 day, wear diapers because I have lost all the muscles + + 21 in my bladder, my rectum, and my vaginal muscles have + + 22 now deteriorated, and this was the solution that they + + + 23 told me. + + 24 At my last medical board in March, it was + + 25 the same thing. Go to Social Security now. I went to + + + 249 + + 1 Social Security. Results just came back two weeks + + + 2 ago. She has too much education. She's 38 years old, + + 3 and she can still use her hands. Disability denied. + + 4 So this is what soldiers are up against. + + 5 I ask you today if you look in the back, I have + + + 6 several suggestions on recommendations, to keep + + 7 researching. We challenge this board. We've gone + + 8 through five other boards. We challenge this board + + + 9 to, like you said, turn over all the stones and + + 10 investigate it and do it with an open heart, and we're + + 11 praying and God bless you that you can find an answer + + 12 for us before more soldiers die. + + + 13 Thank you. + + 14 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. I + + 15 have allowed you to go quite over time, but I will + + + 16 open it up for any questions. + + 17 (No response.) + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: If not, okay. Thank you. + + 19 MS. PICOU: Any questions? + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: I guess not. + + 21 MS. PICOU: Thank you. + + 22 (Applause.) + + + 23 CHAIR LASHOF: Captain Julia Dyckman. + + 24 CAPT. DYCKMAN: I'm Captain Julia Dyckman. + + 25 I'm a drilling Reservist. I'm a Vietnam vet, and I + + + 250 + + 1 was recalled for Saudi Arabia for the Persian Gulf. + + + 2 I'm a nurse, and I served with Fleet Hospital 15 in El + + 3 Jubail, Saudi Arabia. + + 4 I thank the committee for the opportunity + + 5 to present, but I'm also presenting for Colonel Herb + + + 6 Smith, who was a recalled Army veteran who was a + + 7 practicing veterinarian and is in deteriorating + + 8 health. At this time he is also under care in the + + + 9 hospital. + + 10 You have a copy of his report, and you + + 11 have a copy of my report. I would like to because of + + 12 time restraints deal with his conclusion. + + + 13 He is a Persian Gulf vet who started + + 14 having symptoms after he returned and has been + + 15 constantly having problems proving his disability and + + + 16 looking for treatment. He has gone through extensive + + 17 medical tests, some of them very elaborate, and is + + 18 still dealing with the Army Evaluation Board on his + + 19 medical condition. + + + 20 I would like to at least read his + + 21 conclusions. The Gulf War Syndrome is controversial + + 22 because abnormalities in standard laboratory tests + + + 23 produce results that do not match the intensity of the + + 24 symptoms recorded by the affected veterans. The + + 25 severity of the complaints from a young, healthy, war + + + 251 + + 1 fighter population was not expected. The + + + 2 abnormalities anticipated from a tour in the Persian + + 3 Gulf did not appear. A routine office exam and a CBC + + 4 very likely will show nothing in most veterans. + + 5 Objective findings are few and far + + + 6 between. Subjective findings are predominant. The + + 7 physician, especially a military physician, will not + + 8 be inclined to verify all of the subjective complaints + + + 9 or believe the intensity of the complaints. Doctor- + + 10 patient relationships as a result are adversarial. + + 11 Consequently, specialized testing that + + 12 will reveal a medical problem will not be ordered. If + + + 13 specialized testing is ordered, the resultant + + 14 deviations are so mild and subtle the physician will + + 15 not believe them and will not try to correlate the + + + 16 results with the radical complaints of the patient. + + 17 Also, please remember all of the + + 18 specialized testing that was needed to verify that I + + 19 had a real problem and not a somatoform disorder, such + + + 20 as PTSD. Few Persian Gulf veterans will have the + + 21 opportunity for such extensive testing. I repeat, + + 22 most Gulf War veterans have only subtle or mild + + + 23 laboratory abnormalities that do not match the radical + + 24 symptoms which they report. It is not the character + + 25 of the abnormal results of the individual tests, but + + + 252 + + 1 rather the multiplicity of the mild or subtle + + + 2 abnormalities that should be considered. + + 3 The difficult task is in inspiring the + + 4 military physician to correlate these subtle and mild + + 5 laboratory deviations with the symptoms and the + + + 6 subjective complaints of the affected veteran. The + + 7 reality is that the veteran and his subjective + + 8 complaints are being ignored. Without a truly hard + + + 9 look, a look that includes specialized testing, how + + 10 can DOD undisputedly hope to find the cause of Gulf + + 11 War Syndrome? + + 12 I'm making this presentation to explain + + + 13 the problems that are being encountered in dealing + + 14 with the military, VA administration, and various + + 15 evaluation programs. As I said, I served with Fleet + + + 16 Hospital 15 in El Jubail, Saudi Arabia. While on + + 17 active duty and in the Persian Gulf, I had the + + 18 following symptoms: rashes, open blisters, flu + + 19 symptoms, bronchitis, reaction to the anthrax + + + 20 vaccines, chronic gastritis, rapid heart rate, and + + 21 uncontrollable high blood pressure. They all started + + 22 in February of 1991. + + + 23 Upon my return to the States, I was + + 24 discharged from active status and went to the drilling + + 25 Reserve status. I was discharged from active duty + + + 253 + + 1 with conditions not resolved. + + + 2 After discharge I was ineligible for any + + 3 care as a Reservist, and so I was forced to go to VA. + + 4 I went to VA in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Lebanon. + + 5 They constantly disregarded most of the symptoms and + + + 6 any specialized testing. So I asked to go to the VA + + 7 Medical Center in Washington, D.C. + + 8 At that time I was confirmed with Persian + + + 9 Gulf Syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome. The + + 10 results proved on change in care. I received no + + 11 treatment and was returned to VA Lebanon waiting for + + 12 more possible types of treatment, but none was done. + + + 13 I constantly had to insist on specialized testing to + + 14 prove that I was actually ill. + + 15 In 1994, I went to the clinical evaluation + + + 16 program at Bethesda. The clinical evaluation program + + 17 produced the following diagnosis: chronic fatigue + + 18 syndrome, resting tachycardia, fibromyalgia, + + 19 irritable bowel syndrome, short-term memory loss, + + + 20 chronic bilateral foot pain, chronic gastritis, + + 21 chronic headaches, and chronic sinusitis. + + 22 The problem is in some of the coding of + + + 23 these conditions. I could not be given Gulf War + + 24 Syndrome. I had to be given a codable illness. So + + 25 the most predominant thing was fatigue. So it came + + + 254 + + 1 out as chronic fatigue syndrome, but what results with + + + 2 these codable illnesses is the relationship that these + + 3 are all conditions that are found in the general + + 4 population and, therefore, difficulty in proving that + + 5 they're service connected. + + + 6 I filed a claim with VA in 1991 for + + 7 service connection, and you have the list of all the + + 8 things I filed for. I was denied service connection + + + 9 except for a foot problem with zero percent + + 10 disability. I appealed the decision, and two months + + 11 ago I got a decision saying there is no connection to + + 12 any medical condition and 30 percent PTSD. + + + 13 The reason for the denial was given: + + 14 confirmation of any -- I can't read this -- + + 15 confirmation of my symptoms was past the two-year date + + + 16 of service in the Persian Gulf. The rapid heart rate + + 17 was documented in theater, but the evaluation and + + 18 confirmation was past the two-year requirement. Most + + 19 of the evaluation programs and access to them were + + + 20 started after the two-year requirement, which was set + + 21 by VA. + + 22 Chronic fatigue was denied because without + + + 23 a finding of chronic fatigue syndrome during active + + 24 duty, which was a little hard to get that for the two + + 25 months we were there, there's no basis on which to + + + 255 + + 1 have service connection. + + + 2 I'll close with some of the statements of + + 3 concern. One were the immunizations. Those + + 4 immunizations were given to us. They were not + + 5 recorded. We had books at our hospital. They were to + + + 6 be recorded when we returned. I had contacted Admiral + + 7 Hagen, the Surgeon General for the Navy. He said they + + 8 would be added, but none of those records can now be + + + 9 found. + + 10 One final thing, and that is I have + + 11 Persian Gulf disease. It is not one disease, but a + + 12 combination of illnesses. No other war had veterans + + + 13 returning with the combination of symptoms and + + 14 illnesses that the Gulf War has produced. I feel that + + 15 the environmental exposure and the immunizations were + + + 16 a major part in the symptoms that I am now having. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 18 Are there questions for Captain Dyckman? + + 19 (No response.) + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: If not, thank you. + + 21 I've been allowing some of the people to + + 22 go on further since we're cutting out some of the + + + 23 questioning time. + + 24 Aubrey Leager. + + 25 MR. LEAGER: I'd like to thank the + + + 256 + + 1 committee for allowing me to speak today. My name is + + + 2 Aubrey Leager. + + 3 In 1974, while on active duty in the + + 4 United States Air Force, I received a vaccination + + 5 under questionable conditions. Shortly thereafter, + + + 6 another unusual event occurred in which I was coerced + + 7 into eating a sandwich. Within 48 to 72 hours later, + + 8 I was deathly sick. In the later stage of the + + + 9 illness, I had become so ill that I could not even + + 10 make it to the phone to call for an ambulance. + + 11 I went into a coma for over 18 hours. + + 12 When I awoke I was no longer the same person. + + + 13 Whatever it was nearly killed me, and probably should + + 14 have. + + 15 There were many unusual symptoms during + + + 16 the initial stage of the illness, and there were more + + 17 symptoms that developed later on. The latter of these + + 18 symptoms are known today as chronic fatigue immune + + 19 dysfunction syndrome, CFIDS. The initial symptoms of + + + 20 the illness I now know today were those of intestinal + + 21 anthrax exposure. + + 22 Over the years there have been many + + + 23 questionable incidents that have occurred that I feel + + 24 may have been related to my illness. Medical records + + 25 concerning the initial symptoms of my illness + + + 257 + + 1 disappeared. The Chief of Internal Medicine at + + + 2 Weisbaden Hospital in Germany, who had been handling + + 3 my case, was suddenly reassigned. These are just a + + 4 few. + + 5 In 1990, I was diagnosed as having CFIDS + + + 6 and began researching the disease. This is when I + + 7 first heard about mycoplasma incognitos and Dr. Chi + + 8 Ching Lowe of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. + + + 9 I was able to contact the doctor's lab and requested + + 10 to be tested for incognitos. I was told the doctor + + 11 was out of country and that they did not know when he + + 12 would be back. They said if I wanted to get tested + + + 13 that I would have to keep calling back. + + 14 In later calls some sort of cover-up + + 15 transpired in which I was told that the Armed Forces + + + 16 Institute of Pathology did not employ a Dr. Lowe, and + + 17 that they had never heard of him. When I finally got + + 18 up with an associate of Dr. Lowe's at the institute, + + 19 I was told they could not test me. I now knew I was + + + 20 on the right track and began checking into Dr. Lowe's + + 21 background. + + 22 I was able to find out that Dr. Lowe + + + 23 specialized in the research of four diseases. One of + + 24 these diseases is anthrax. Around the same time I + + 25 heard about a CFIDS researcher who had discovered a + + + 258 + + 1 spumovirus in CFIDS patients. This researcher was Dr. + + + 2 Elaine Dephratis of the Wistar Institute in + + 3 Philadelphia. + + 4 I contacted her and told her my story + + 5 about the military. She said she wanted to test my + + + 6 blood, but that if she found anything unusual, that + + 7 she could not go against the government as she + + 8 depended on grants from them. She employed PCR and + + + 9 other high tech methods in her research and told me + + 10 that it would take six to eight weeks for the results. + + 11 During this time I was still working as a + + 12 civilian for the Department of Defense and had a + + + 13 disability claim in based on my illness. On several + + 14 occasions I was asked questions about what I was being + + 15 tested for, who had my blood, and which institute was + + + 16 involved. It took several months to get up with Dr. + + 17 Dephratis as she would not return my calls. When I + + 18 finally got her, she reminded me of what she had told + + 19 me and then stated that she had found nothing. + + + 20 I later heard stories that Dr. Dephratis' + + 21 lab had been broken into and that research work was + + 22 destroyed or missing. I was able to confirm that Dr. + + + 23 Dephratis had left Wistar. + + 24 On Thursday night, August 10th, 1995, I + + 25 was able to contact Dr. Dephratis. She was able to + + + 259 + + 1 confirm that strange things had happened at Wistar. + + + 2 She also said that her superiors at Wistar had + + 3 received a letter from the CDC discrediting her work. + + 4 She strongly feels that there was government + + 5 intervention to purposely discredit her. + + + 6 When I first made contact with Garth and + + 7 Nancy Nicholson in October of 1994, they told me that + + 8 that very day they had received calls from the + + + 9 Pentagon, Department of Defense, and other government + + 10 agencies threatening to discredit their work if they + + 11 went public. They also said that their superior at + + 12 the institute had received a threatening call from the + + + 13 CIA. + + 14 In March of this year, I had my family's + + 15 blood drawn and flew to Houston where the Nicholsons + + + 16 tested me and my family's blood for mycoplasma + + 17 incognitos. I and my family are positive for + + 18 mycoplasma incognitos. + + 19 I have been told by researchers in the + + + 20 field of anthrax, as well as other researchers, that + + 21 the possibility of an experimental vaccine against + + 22 anthrax causing the creation of a mycoplasma is highly + + + 23 probable. It is my opinion that in 1974 an + + 24 experimental recombinant DNA vaccine was tested upon + + 25 me and others, and that this vaccine caused the + + + 260 + + 1 creation of the original strain of incognitos. + + + 2 I further believe that this vaccine was + + 3 altered by restructuring the DNA sequences to try to + + 4 prevent the creation of the mycoplasma and that this + + 5 new vaccine was covertly tested on our troops during + + + 6 the Gulf War with the same unfortunate results. + + 7 At a recent Yellow Ribbon Panel conference + + 8 on the Gulf War illness, I was able to find out that + + + 9 a Sergeant Jeff St. Julian and his unit received an + + 10 experimental Japanese vaccine. They were told that it + + 11 was an investigational Japanese encephalitis vaccine. + + 12 Sergeant St. Julian was never deployed to the Gulf, + + + 13 but came down with the Gulf War illness. + + 14 This vaccine was produced at Osaka + + 15 University in Osaka, Japan. + + + 16 I am now holding up a book entitled The + + 17 Unit 731, Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World + + 18 War II. This book is a documentary based on secret + + 19 Japanese documents that were accidentally discovered + + + 20 in 1987. At the end of World War II, it was + + 21 discovered that the Japanese had been conducting + + 22 secret biological warfare tests in occupied China, and + + + 23 that they had used American and Allied POWs as human + + 24 guinea pigs. + + 25 CHAIR LASHOF: Mr. Leager. + + + 261 + + 1 MR. LEAGER: Yes. + + + 2 CHAIR LASHOF: I'm going to ask you to try + + 3 to finish up. We'll take your full testimony. + + 4 MR. LEAGER: Okay. To make this short, + + 5 one of the researchers at the end of World War II -- + + + 6 they were basically -- a deal was cut in which they + + 7 could walk. One of those researchers went on to a + + 8 career at Osaka University in Osaka, Japan. + + + 9 I guess I won't have time to go on with + + 10 the rest of this, but I think I've made my point that + + 11 the vaccines -- + + 12 CHAIR LASHOF: It's your belief that -- + + + 13 MR. LEAGER: -- are the most likely cause. + + 14 CHAIR LASHOF: -- the vaccine is the + + 15 cause. + + + 16 Are there questions for Mr. Leager? + + 17 (No response.) + + 18 CHAIR LASHOF: If not, thank you very + + 19 much. + + + 20 MR. LEAGER: Thank you. + + 21 CHAIR LASHOF: Denise Nichols. + + 22 MS. NICHOLS: I know it's late, and I know + + + 23 all of us Desert Storm veterans are very, very tired, + + 24 and so I'll try to just make my comments short and get + + 25 us back on time. I have some prepared materials that + + + 262 + + 1 you'll be able to read in full. + + + 2 When I got involved with this is by going + + 3 to war for my country, and now it seems like a + + 4 disaster. It seems like Armageddon or worse, and the + + 5 deeper I took trying to find out something to help + + + 6 troops, to help myself, to help my family, it just + + 7 gets deeper and deeper. + + 8 We all love our country. In this group of + + + 9 soldiers, the first time I met a lot of them in person + + 10 was at the NIH meeting, and I don't know about you, + + 11 but I hope that you have some of the reactions I have + + 12 when I met them there. I had served with them, and + + + 13 when they were coming forward and trying to tell us, + + 14 tell all of us -- I was still in denial at times -- + + 15 what was going on, they are true Americans. + + + 16 We all swore to defend the Constitution as + + 17 all officers and military officers and even the + + 18 President. We need answers. This is like a dark, + + 19 dark story, and I have a hard time sometimes keeping + + + 20 logical, and we hear all kinds of things, and looking + + 21 at other things that we hear, and it's a struggle, and + + 22 it's a struggle when you're suffering with memory + + + 23 problems. You have low grade fevers. You're trying + + 24 to travel, trying to fight for your own rights, trying + + 25 to help others. + + + 263 + + 1 Not anyone in this room has a very low + + + 2 phone bill. We've been trying to help each other. + + 3 I got caught on national TV at Senator + + 4 Reigle's hearings. I never dreamed that I would ever + + 5 get up to Secretary Dorn and be really mad and telling + + + 6 him, hey, we're taking care of each other and we're a + + 7 family and we're a team. We went over together and we + + 8 did the job. Now, where is the VA and DOD? + + + 9 Now I have the question of where is the + + 10 President. What's he going to do? We cannot keep + + 11 suffering. We cannot. + + 12 We lost one of our brave pilots two weeks + + + 13 ago, Colonel Don Kline, and I want him recognized + + 14 today, and I want him recognized by the President. + + 15 Colonel Don Kline was in the first wave of planes into + + + 16 Baghdad. He hit biological and chemical facilities, + + 17 and then evading another plane, he flew right back + + 18 through the plumes. I had heard about him for a long + + 19 time. In March when I organized and had the meeting + + + 20 in Dallas, I met the man, a full colonel, highly + + 21 decorated like Colonel Herb Smith, a pilot. + + 22 I'm a flight nurse or was. He couldn't + + + 23 talk. He was paralyzed. He was skin and bones. This + + 24 shouldn't be happening. + + 25 I told him I'd fight. I'd fight for the + + + 264 + + 1 ones that didn't have a voice or had already gone on + + + 2 before us, that I wouldn't stop until we got answers + + 3 and got care for our veterans and our families. + + 4 He gave me a thumbs up. We're not giving + + 5 up. We want the truth. We want action and action + + + 6 now. I am tired of handling wives over the phone when + + 7 their husbands die. Some of them their husbands tell + + 8 them or their wives -- I don't know if we've lost any + + + 9 female vets. It seems like I get the phone calls on + + 10 the male vets -- and they put in for benefits and + + 11 they're denied. + + 12 They're 23 years old. They have two kids. + + + 13 The kids are sick. What is going to happen? We've + + 14 got to stop this now. I don't know what has happened + + 15 that's wrong, but we've got to stop it and turn it + + + 16 around because this is a national security item when + + 17 your public health of your country is involved. + + 18 And we haven't said that word here today, + + 19 but it is involved, and we're concerned. We've been + + + 20 coming to you and coming to you. We come a great + + 21 distance, and it only makes us suffer more because our + + 22 physical bodies start tearing down every time we + + + 23 travel up to Washington or we try to get together to + + 24 share information, to keep in touch with each other. + + 25 We go home and we're tired and we're sicker and it + + + 265 + + 1 takes our bodies a little time. We dose them up with + + + 2 vitamins and whatever else to try to keep holding on + + 3 and keep getting answers. + + 4 Our phone bills are horrendous. We're not + + 5 getting any help from the government, and I'm sorry. + + + 6 Today at lunch when you all left and you went across + + 7 the hall, I think you had a lunch. Hey, the veterans + + 8 have traveled up here. We've gone at great expense. + + + 9 We've been messed around by the government, pushed + + 10 down on psych. reasons. We can't afford to eat here. + + 11 If we get a hospitality room we get in trouble if we + + 12 bring in food from across the street. + + + 13 This has not been a user friendly meeting, + + 14 and you need to change that. We're sitting up here, + + 15 standing up, holding onto this. I've had chest pains + + + 16 today. I've been sick. I've been flushed with + + 17 whatever my fever is waiting my turn. You don't even + + 18 have a table and a chair for us, and you rush us + + 19 through our documentation for you. + + + 20 So you need to think how you're treating + + 21 us, too. I'm tired of people being labeled + + 22 psychiatric patients. It's like it was pre-termed to + + + 23 happen. That's what's scary, when you sit here and + + 24 look at things and you know the first thing they + + 25 pushed everybody through was get that psych. bill + + + 266 + + 1 through the VA or through the DOD, you know, and then + + + 2 you can have a neuro. eval., but everybody, almost + + 3 everybody had to go to psych. It was like they were + + 4 going to write us off as psych. + + 5 I'm sorry. We were highly trained. I + + + 6 don't know what's going on, but it sure is scary out + + 7 here, and we want answers and we can't wait much + + 8 longer. We're sick, physically not mentally. Okay? + + + 9 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + 10 Are there questions? + + 11 (No response.) + + 12 CHAIR LASHOF: Okay. Thank you very much. + + + 13 Reina Duval, Reina Duval. I guess she has + + 14 left. + + 15 Robert Slavin. + + + 16 MR. SLAVIN: My name is Robert Slavin. + + 17 I'm speaking on behalf of SIC, Save the Innocent + + 18 Children, and currently I'm assigned to Fort Meade, + + 19 the Fort Meade Military Police. + + + 20 I'd like to thank the members of the + + 21 committee for the opportunity to convey my feelings on + + 22 what has been a trying four years. I would also like + + + 23 to, due to time, there are other members of this group + + 24 that were going to speak, and due to a mis-scheduling + + 25 I was put in at the last minute, but there's a + + + 267 + + 1 Sergeant Brad Mins also from Fort Meade who won't get + + + 2 a chance to speak. You have his letter along with his + + 3 wife's. Also another family that this is the second + + 4 anniversary of a miscarriage of their first child. + + 5 They were unable to make it for emotional reasons, + + + 6 also staying home taking care of their second child + + 7 who is developmentally or born with severe birth + + 8 defects known as Goldenhar Syndrome. + + + 9 In April of 1991, I was deployed to + + 10 northern Iraq for Operation Provide Comfort, which has + + 11 been overlooked by many people as part of the Persian + + 12 Gulf War. My unit at the time was the 284th MP + + + 13 Company under the 18th MP Brigade stationed at + + 14 Frankfurt, Germany. Our mission was to provide + + 15 humanitarian service and support for the resettlement + + + 16 of the Kurds out of the northern mountains as well as + + 17 security against the Iraqi military. + + 18 My time spent in Iraq was very self- + + 19 rewarding, in knowing the large numbers of devastated + + + 20 Kurds that our military assisted. I am confident in + + 21 saying that the majority of people in this room today + + 22 will never know first hand the effect our U.S. troops + + + 23 had on hundreds of thousands of people in need. + + 24 For this reason alone I can stand proud + + 25 and say I'm glad I was part of this humanitarian + + + 268 + + 1 effort. + + + 2 My return to Frankfurt, Germany was brief. + + 3 In December of 1991, I returned to CONUS and was + + 4 stationed at my present duty station at Fort Meade, + + 5 Maryland. In March of '93, my wife Brenda and I were + + + 6 blessed with the news of our first child due in the + + 7 coming November. We had everything we wanted and + + 8 thanked God for our gifts. This feeling was soon + + + 9 shattered with fear after the first ultrasound + + 10 revealed the baby had enlarged kidneys. Additional + + 11 ultrasounds later revealed a diaphragmatic hernia. + + 12 Our daughter Amanda was born on November + + + 13 6th, 1993, with multiple birth defects which according + + 14 to the geneticist was classified as FRINS syndrome, + + 15 which is a parallel syndrome of Goldenhar. + + + 16 Amanda underwent eight major operations, + + 17 approximately seven months of her first year spent in + + 18 the hospital. During this time, Brenda and I stood by + + 19 Amanda and watched her overcome every obstacle thrown + + + 20 at her. We were anxious to learn every need Amanda + + 21 would have, and in doing so we questioned every avenue + + 22 of what could have caused Amanda's condition. + + + 23 The one question of could this have been + + 24 Gulf War related was asked several times to a large + + 25 number of doctors and geneticists. Each time the + + + 269 + + 1 answer was immediately answered no. + + + 2 Amanda's fight ended five days shy of her + + 3 first birthday where mismanaged care and misdiagnosis + + 4 was too much for her small body. + + 5 During the above time frame and up until + + + 6 presently I have undergone testing for various health + + 7 reasons. In 1992 I noticed a cyst on my right + + 8 testicle. An ultrasound revealed the cyst to be + + + 9 present. However, it was dismissed by the military + + 10 hospital as being of no concern, although recently + + 11 I've discovered in the Encyclopedia Britannica that a + + 12 cyst on the testicle can be the cause of birth + + + 13 defects. + + 14 I also have a cyst on my left knee, which + + 15 again was dismissed by the military hospital as being + + + 16 in a bad spot so they didn't want to deal with it, + + 17 thus having no regard for my pain. One captain at + + 18 physical therapy even mocked my ailment because I + + 19 showed good strength in my leg. + + + 20 I have developed rashes, occasional + + 21 burning of semen, pain in my joints, fatigue, + + 22 headaches, tiredness, and a loss of vision. So far my + + + 23 condition has not hindered my physical ability to + + 24 work, although my work performance has suffered. + + 25 In the course of the past four years, I + + + 270 + + 1 have seen what I consider a total disregard for the + + + 2 men and women that fought for our country. Testing by + + 3 a committee that is selective and prejudiced and + + 4 finding true answers as opposed to the accurate + + 5 answers, answers that suit the government and the + + + 6 multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical corporations, + + 7 leaving the unseen faces of the families behind those + + 8 statistical numbers to wonder why they have lost all + + + 9 sense of security and trust from the so-called + + 10 humanitarian government, a government that does not + + 11 hesitate to assist a foreign country but in the same + + 12 breath fights to dispute the claims of so many of its + + + 13 own nation. + + 14 Although I stand for all the servicemen + + 15 and women that answered the call of their country, my + + + 16 main focus is on the children of those brave men and + + 17 women. These are the victims of total innocence that + + 18 are suffering with a total disregard of the + + 19 seriousness and urgency of their care. + + + 20 In February 1994, Brenda and I attended a + + 21 committee hearing where I was afforded the opportunity + + 22 to speak. I stated that the programs were not + + + 23 reaching the people they were meant for, and that + + 24 while your studies may take years, people are still + + 25 suffering. + + + 271 + + 1 After that hearing several people thanked + + + 2 my wife and I for coming forward. One of those people + + 3 was a committee representative from the VA. She + + 4 offered her support and stated she would assist in any + + 5 way to get my wife and I tested through the VA. Only + + + 6 later did we find out that the empty offer fell to the + + 7 system, not allowing the VA to test the spouse of an + + 8 active duty member. + + + 9 After the conflict of interest with my + + 10 daughter's care at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, + + 11 there was no possible way we would go to the same + + 12 hospital for Gulf War testing. This type of pacifying + + + 13 by officials has been a constant stumbling block for + + 14 not only my family, but for the many families we have + + 15 met throughout this ordeal. + + + 16 I would like to leave you with this + + 17 thought while you are planning the government's next + + 18 course of action. Since the last committee hearing my + + 19 wife and I have learned that we are expecting a second + + + 20 child. This child has also been diagnosed with the + + 21 same severe birth defects Amanda had with virtually no + + 22 foreseen chance of survival. So for anyone that + + + 23 thinks because they have children of their own that + + 24 they know how we feel, let me remind you that while + + 25 your children sit on your lap or on your chair, my sit + + + 272 + + 1 in an urn on my shelf. + + + 2 You can't possibly know how these families + + 3 feel or the day-to-day fear that they live in. So + + 4 please help these families and let these urns in my + + 5 house be the last. You might wish that we'd just go + + + 6 away, but I want to clarify that parents fighting for + + 7 their children will never end. That's the feeling + + 8 that those of you with children might rightfully + + + 9 understand. + + 10 I've got a couple of photos. One second. + + 11 CHAIR LASHOF: It's okay. + + 12 MR. SLAVIN: Previously the committee + + + 13 talked about quality care. You should take a trip to + + 14 the hospital in D.C. to see the quality of care they + + 15 give. I'd like you to see the quality they have. It + + + 16 stinks. + + 17 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you very much. Does + + 18 anyone have any questions for Mr. Slavin? + + 19 (No response.) + + + 20 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. We appreciate + + 21 your coming and understand the emotional pain you're + + 22 suffering. + + + 23 I believe Reina Duval has come into the + + 24 room, and if so, I would call on her now. Reina + + 25 Duval. + + + 273 + + 1 MS. DUVAL: Yes, ma'am. Good afternoon. + + + 2 I wanted to first tell you I was with the 4th Civil + + 3 Affairs Group. I was a lieutenant colonel in the + + 4 United States Marine Corps Reserves, and it was a + + 5 pleasure to go out and serve my country because that's + + + 6 what I signed up for when the occasion presented + + 7 itself. However, I was very much dismayed and broken + + 8 hearted to see the treatment of Reservists while on + + + 9 active duty. + + 10 One of these came across particularly in + + 11 the processing out of active duty where a female major + + 12 whose duty it was to accelerate the processing came to + + + 13 do that at El Jubail in Saudi Arabia. I don't recall + + 14 the young lady's name. I do have a picture of her so + + 15 I would be able to find out who she is, but it + + + 16 appeared that no one was quite concerned with the + + 17 medical disposition of individuals as they were + + 18 leaving the active service. Our people were 13 days + + 19 away from having 180 days active duty. We had a lot + + + 20 of young troops who had various and sundry things + + 21 wrong with them, some that happened while they were in + + 22 Saudi Arabia, broken bones and operations that didn't + + + 23 go well, ankles that didn't set properly, who because + + 24 they were young were afraid that the Marine Corps + + 25 would throw them out or their employer wouldn't -- + + + 274 + + 1 they would no longer be employable if they didn't hush + + + 2 up about it. But they didn't get medical care coming + + 3 out. + + 4 While I was there, a rather active, + + 5 healthy individual -- at least I used to be -- my + + + 6 hands would get so rigid I couldn't open my sleeping + + 7 bag in the morning. Now, to not be able to open your + + 8 sleeping bag when you're under threat is kind of + + + 9 serious. I would stand up on my feet and couldn't + + 10 feel my feet and would fall down on my face. This + + 11 happened frequently. + + 12 Now, I did have a slight bit of arthritis + + + 13 since 1972, nothing that ever prevented me from doing + + 14 anything. Change my diet; just don't have a lot of + + 15 fat and fruits and what have you; never any problems + + + 16 with it. I go over there, and all of a sudden + + 17 everything is accelerated. + + 18 My blood pressure, I ended up with blood + + 19 pressure that was well above what my blood pressure + + + 20 normally is. It's usually 90-something over 60- + + 21 something. My blood pressure was like 128 over 90- + + 22 something. It stayed that way constantly. It's been + + + 23 that way every since. + + 24 When I came back I had numbness in my + + 25 hands. I felt as if I had my finger in a light socket + + + 275 + + 1 all the time. As time went on it dissipated some, but + + + 2 just this past weekend my hands were numb. My hands + + 3 all the way up to here were numb. They just go off + + 4 and on. I can't tell you when it's going to happen. + + 5 It just does it, you know. There's no reason for it. + + + 6 It wasn't until this past January that I + + 7 was able to get more than two hours' sleep at one + + 8 time. For four and a half years I have not been able + + + 9 to sleep. I sleep two hours, get up, sleep two hours, + + 10 get up, sleep two hours, get up. I can't sleep, and + + 11 I wake up wide awake, and I walk around exhausted, + + 12 irritable. + + + 13 It costs me approximately 50 to $60 a + + 14 week, $20 twice a week for shots. I have arthritis + + 15 medicine that doesn't do all that much anymore. You + + + 16 know, I lost my voice a couple of days ago, just lost + + 17 my voice. It just goes off and on. + + 18 I mean I don't have things that make any + + 19 sense. It's just a bunch of irritating things that + + + 20 keep me from feeling like a healthy person. The colds + + 21 that I used to get in the winter are now asthma and + + 22 allergies and other kinds of things, and that happened + + + 23 as soon as I came back in the fall. It says in my + + 24 medical plan it is out of plan. If you're familiar + + 25 with that, it means that I have to pay for it out of + + + 276 + + 1 my pocket. So I'm paying $50 a week out of my pocket, + + + 2 and my medicine costs me about $320 a month. Half of + + 3 it is not something that the medical plan pays for, + + 4 and we have a pretty decent medical plan. + + 5 I'm a stock broker in my other life, but + + + 6 you know, this is just out of pocket all the time, and + + 7 I feel like I'm getting something in my chest now. So + + 8 tomorrow I've got to go to the doctor for the shot and + + + 9 for that. + + 10 I have troops who I must say were mentally + + 11 very much on an even keel before going to Desert + + 12 Storm, and they seemed pretty much like they were on + + + 13 an even keep when they were there. They're not on an + + 14 even keel anymore. I know a couple of folks who are + + 15 homeless. I know a couple of folks who tried to + + + 16 commit suicide, and these were not people who were + + 17 slightly off. + + 18 I recall, too, getting anthrax shots when + + 19 I was overseas. They refused to put them in our + + + 20 medical records. I insisted that something be put in + + 21 my medical records since I was being given some kind + + 22 of medicine and I didn't know what it was. I finally + + + 23 got one corpsman to put one of my three shots in my + + 24 medical record. + + 25 All of our packages of our medicine was + + + 277 + + 1 collected before we left. There were just things that + + + 2 did not make you feel like folks were taking care of + + 3 you. When I came back off of active duty, I was home + + 4 about two weeks. I was called in my office by a + + 5 lieutenant colonel Marine who asked me if I wanted to + + + 6 spend 179 days on active duty. If you understand the + + 7 significance of that, why would someone ask me if I + + 8 wanted to spend 179 days of active duty as opposed to + + + 9 176 or 181? I think there's an issue of economics + + 10 there, but I found it insulting. + + 11 In case you don't know what the + + 12 significance of that is, it means you don't have any + + + 13 benefits or what have you if you don't have 180 days. + + 14 For my troops not to get full physicals + + 15 before they left active duty and they only had 13 days + + + 16 before they had 180 days, it makes me suspicious. It + + 17 doesn't make you feel like the service that you care + + 18 for so much, the country that you care for so much is + + 19 taking care of you. + + + 20 Now, I am not interested in any admin. + + 21 discharge. I'm not interesting in crying any stories. + + 22 I am just not interested in having to pay for a whole + + + 23 lot of medical bills that I don't think was my own + + 24 normal physical way, my own normal health. + + 25 I was an extremely healthy, vigorous + + + 278 + + 1 person before, and now I am also seeing a therapist + + + 2 for irritability. I have mood swings that go like + + 3 this, okay? One moment I'm fine. The next moment I'm + + 4 doing something else over here. I was not like that + + 5 before. + + + 6 So I'm trying to find out -- trying to get + + 7 an even keel in my life, and on one occasion I spoke + + 8 with an individual whose husband had been to Desert + + + 9 Storm who was in the Air Force who flew, and he was in + + 10 Riyadh, and I started talking to her about some of the + + 11 -- she asked me did I have any after effects from + + 12 Desert Storm, and I told her some of the things I had. + + + 13 He had some of the same things also, and he had never + + 14 stepped foot in Kuwait. I thought that was + + 15 interesting. + + + 16 So my own summation was the one thing that + + 17 we all did, it was intake nerve pills, anthrax shots + + 18 and all these other things that no one could quite + + 19 tell us what it was. I was told that if you did not + + + 20 take the medicine, if something happened to you and + + 21 there was a biological threat, then your relatives + + 22 would not get any of the monies from your insurance + + + 23 and so forth. So it's kind of like darn if you do, + + 24 darn if you don't. + + 25 So I kept a log of the pills I took. + + + 279 + + 1 There were so many of them. Even if someone was + + + 2 trying to keep track of it, it's very difficult to be + + 3 in a situation where there's a lot of confusion + + 4 because of threat of life and to have to keep a log + + 5 book to know when to drink what when because it was + + + 6 extensive, what we have to take, and I dare say + + 7 someone who is a private or a lance corporal might + + 8 have a little bit more problem trying to keep track of + + + 9 what kind of medicine they're supposed to take when. + + 10 I do think and I feel in talking with my + + 11 troops that I served with over in Desert Storm no one + + 12 has an interest in bleeding the government. I know I + + + 13 don't. I've had a lot of folks ask me, "Well, why + + 14 doesn't the government do something?" And I said, + + 15 "Well, if you have half a million people get sent to + + + 16 war, that would break the government. I don't think + + 17 anybody is interested in doing that, and I don't think + + 18 it's very practical." + + 19 At the same time, if you want people to + + + 20 serve, you take care of them. I do know for a fact + + 21 that my troops were up on the front. Reservists were + + 22 put a lot of times up on the front because they said + + + 23 since there were going to be a lot of casualties, let + + 24 them go, you know, and there was a lot of resentment + + 25 for that. Okay? + + + 280 + + 1 Make it half and half. Do something + + + 2 that's equitable. Don't make people feel that they're + + 3 some second class citizen. + + 4 It costs me -- + + 5 CHAIR LASHOF: Your time is up. + + + 6 MS. DUVAL: Right. It cost me about + + 7 $110,000 to go to this war. Okay? And it cost a lot + + 8 of the troops, I know, who were students. If you went + + + 9 a salaried employee, you did not get any salary from + + 10 your employer. If you were a student, some of the + + 11 students had to repeat the school. Some of the + + 12 students had to miss a whole semester. + + + 13 Some continuity of how that is going to be + + 14 taken care of would have been helpful for the troops + + 15 that are in school, especially the young ones who + + + 16 don't have any alternatives. + + 17 Okay. So I thank you very much for + + 18 listening to my comments, and have a good day. + + 19 CHAIR LASHOF: Thank you. + + + 20 Are there any questions for Major Duval? + + 21 (No response.) + + 22 CHAIR LASHOF: If not, thank you very + + + 23 much. + + 24 I think that completes all the testimony + + 25 for today. We will adjourn in just a minute or two. + + + 281 + + 1 I just want to review the schedule for tomorrow for + + + 2 any of you. It's an open meeting. We will start + + 3 against at 9:00 a.m. We will begin with a briefing + + 4 from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy + + 5 of Sciences, who will review their two studies that + + + 6 they have been doing and reviewing the activities. + + 7 Then we will move into a discussion of the + + 8 Advisory Committee's goals, our objectives, and our + + + 9 strategies, and essentially determine our game plan as + + 10 we go forward in this study. + + 11 Thank you all for coming, and we stand + + 12 adjourned. + + + 13 (Whereupon, at 5:17 p.m., the meeting was + + 14 adjourned, to reconvene at 9:00 a.m., Tuesday, August + + 15 15, 1995.) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/0815gulf.txt b/politicalTextFiles/0815gulf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7d44cc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/0815gulf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11154 @@ + + + + 1 + + UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + + + + + + + + + PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON + + + + + + + + + GULF WAR VETERANS' ILLNESSES + + + + + + + + + + PUBLIC MEETING + + + + + + + + + + TUESDAY + + AUGUST 15, 1995 + + + + + + + + + WASHINGTON, D.C. + + + + + + + + + + The Avisory Committee met in the + Congressional Room of the Capital Hilton, 16th and K + Streets, N.W., Washington, D.C., at 9:00 a.m., Dr. + Joyce Lashof, Committee Chair, presiding. + + + + COMMITTEE MEMBERS: + + JOYCE LASHOF, Chairperson + JOHN BALDESCHWIELER + ARTHUR L. CAPLAN + + DONALD CUSTIS + FREDERICK M. FRANKS, JR. + DAVID A. HAMBURG + JAMES A. JOHNSON + MARGUERITE KNOX + PHILIP J. LANDRIGAN + ELAINE L. LARSON + + ROLANDO RIOS + ANDREA KIDD TAYLOR + + + 2 + + + DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICIAL: + + + CATHERINE WOTEKI + + STAFF PRESENT: + + ROBYN NISHIMI + THOMAS McDANIELS + + + ALSO PRESENT: + + KARL T. KELSEY + DIANE J. MUNDT + GERARD BURROW + KELLEY BRIX + + + + + + 3 + + A G E N D A + + + PAGE + + I. OPENING REMARKS 4 + + II. BRIEFING: INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE, + NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES + + + A. COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE HEALTH 4 + CONSEQUENCES OF SERVICE DURING + THE PERSIAN GULF WAR + + B. COMMITTEE ON THE DOD PERSIAN GULF 12 + SYNDROME COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL + EVALUATION PROGRAM + + + III. DISCUSSION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE 57 + GOALS/OBJECTIVES/STRATEGIES + + IV. FUTURE MEETINGS 161 + + V. PUBLIC COMMENT 173 + + + 4 + + 1 P-R-O-C-E-E-D-I-N-G-S + + + 2 9:04 a.m. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I believe we are + + 4 ready to begin this morning. I think we had a very + + 5 full day yesterday. We heard a great deal, both from + + + 6 the Departments and from the Gulf War Veterans. + + 7 This morning, we are going to have a + + 8 briefing from the Institute of Medicine, the National + + + 9 Academy of Sciences. They have had two studies + + 10 ongoing. One, the Committee to Review the Health + + 11 Consequences of Service During the Persian Gulf War. + + 12 And then, the Committee on the DOD Persian Gulf + + + 13 Syndrome Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program. + + 14 And I would like to ask the people who are + + 15 going to present to come forward at this point. Take + + + 16 their places at the table. + + 17 Dr. Kelsey, will you be starting off? + + 18 DR. KELSEY: Yes. + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Please + + + 20 proceed. + + 21 DR. KELSEY: Thanks, Dr. Lashof. + + 22 I first want to thank the Committee for + + + 23 inviting me and send greetings from John Bailar, who + + 24 is the chairman of the committee, who couldn't be here + + 25 today. + + + 5 + + 1 What I am going to do is very briefly give + + + 2 you an overview of the Institute of Medicine process, + + 3 which is familiar to many of you. And then, describe + + 4 the workings of our committee, touching primarily on + + 5 the points from our first report. + + + 6 As many of you know, the Institute of + + 7 Medicine is a part of the National Research Council. + + 8 And the members who serve on these committees serve as + + + 9 volunteers. It was established congressionally and + + 10 operates as an independent body. + + 11 Our committee was established by public + + 12 law, a law passed in November of 1992, which was about + + + 13 the time the oil fires were a very large part of the + + 14 Congressional mind. The law requires the VA and the + + 15 Department of Defense to enter into a joint agreement + + + 16 with medical follow-up agency, the Institute of + + 17 Medicine, to fund a study to end in 1996. + + 18 The funding level is $500,000.00 a year, + + 19 as you can see, equally split between the two + + + 20 agencies. The study really began with money arriving + + 21 in October of 1993. And the first meeting was held + + 22 then, in January of 1994. + + + 23 We issued our first report on January 4th + + 24 of 1995, with the final report due approximately some + + 25 time around the summer of 1996. + + + 6 + + 1 We have an 18-member committee. And we + + + 2 have -- I've got the members of the committee listed + + 3 here, with John Bailar, as I mentioned, the chair. + + 4 The committee has met nine times. And we are + + 5 scheduled again to meet in September. + + + 6 We have members with various expertise, + + 7 including epidemiology, toxicology, biostatistics, + + 8 infectious disease and vaccination, reproductive + + + 9 health, psychiatry, respiratory illness, immunology -- + + 10 the areas, broadly speaking, needed to touch on the + + 11 health consequences of service during the Persian Gulf + + 12 -- in a very broad sense. + + + 13 We have obtained information through a + + 14 wide variety of means, including presentations from + + 15 members of the government. Some of the members of the + + + 16 panel have presented information to us. + + 17 We have also had an excellent staff that + + 18 have made inquiries broadly, and looking also through + + 19 the open literature, much of which has been found to + + + 20 be actually quite lacking. + + 21 The public law that established the + + 22 committee then, really had three direct points. The + + + 23 first one was to assess the effectiveness of actions + + 24 taken by the Secretaries of the Veterans + + 25 Administration and the Department of Defense to + + + 7 + + 1 collect and maintain information useful in assessing + + + 2 these health consequences. + + 3 That was specifically the first point. + + 4 The second one was to make recommendations on the + + 5 means of improving collection and/or maintenance of + + + 6 this information, again aimed at the data base issue. + + 7 And then finally, to make recommendations + + 8 as to whether there was a sound scientific basis for + + + 9 an epidemiological study or studies for the follow-up + + 10 of the veterans' health. And we were also mandated to + + 11 discuss or recommend the nature of such study or + + 12 studies. + + + 13 So that, explicitly, is our mandate. As + + 14 I have mentioned, we released a report on January 4th, + + 15 an interim report, so to speak, which was motivated by + + + 16 the committee's sense that there were some + + 17 recommendations that we wanted to make prior to the + + 18 end of the three years, primarily because we felt that + + 19 there was some immediate recommendations that could be + + + 20 utilized by the VA and the Department of Defense in + + 21 moving forward with some of these important and + + 22 pressing issues. + + + 23 We really stress three areas, data and + + 24 data bases, coordination, and study design needs. + + 25 Specifically then, in addressing what we recommended, + + + 8 + + 1 we talked a little bit about the registry, which you + + + 2 have heard quite a bit about. + + 3 We stressed that this was a self-selected + + 4 population. That the population itself was not + + 5 designed for research. And so, while it should be + + + 6 reviewed and updated regularly to monitor sentinel + + 7 events, which really was its chief purpose. That is, + + 8 to monitor for sentinel events. + + + 9 We also stressed that it would be useful, + + 10 certainly, for following up the Persian Gulf Veterans, + + 11 and definitely for future conflicts, to take a very + + 12 strong look at the data systems and try very hard to + + + 13 link them. + + 14 This currently is very difficult, as I am + + 15 sure you are aware. And it's instances like this that + + + 16 led us to believe that considerable effort might be + + 17 made to make the data available in linkage systems. + + 18 Again, we also recommended that the + + 19 Department of Defense Unit Location Registry be + + + 20 completed with a high priority since, in fact, that + + 21 could give us both denominator information as well as + + 22 potential to look at exposure information. + + + 23 We also touched on coordination and + + 24 recommended that funding be based on scientific merit + + 25 for any studies that were deemed useful while the + + + 9 + + 1 committee was ongoing. + + + 2 We strongly urged that all activities + + 3 undergo external peer review and that they be based on + + 4 scientific merit. This was something that we felt was + + 5 very important. And there were examples of how this + + + 6 had been lacking in the past. + + 7 We also recommended that active + + 8 coordination of the activities of various agencies be + + + 9 undertaken to reduce redundancy. There was a + + 10 considerable amount of duplication in efforts early + + 11 on. And we felt the need to stress that coordination + + 12 was important in this endeavor. + + + 13 The third point then involved study design + + 14 needs. What we recommended was that we define really + + 15 what is needed for research. We recommended a + + + 16 population-based epidemiologic study using what we + + 17 have deemed really data which will be, if it is not + + 18 currently, available with the completion of some of + + 19 the work of the Department of the Defense and the VA. + + + 20 We also stressed that information derived + + 21 from cluster or outbreak investigation was minimally + + 22 useful. And while it was important in a sentinel + + + 23 sense, this was not the goal of future studies. + + 24 The mortality study that the VA was + + 25 conducting -- we also agree it should be extended to + + + 10 + + 1 observe any excess from chronic disease. + + + 2 We use the example of lead to illustrate + + 3 that many of the possible events that have been tied + + 4 to chronic disease have not been fully investigated. + + 5 And certainly, lead deserves a closer look in future + + + 6 studies. + + 7 We also recommended that the various + + 8 agencies continue their work looking for appropriate + + + 9 models to evaluate potential interactions in terms of + + 10 compounds to which the troops were exposed. That is, + + 11 Deet, permethrin, insecticides, and vaccines, + + 12 pyridostigmine as well. + + + 13 And then, we further recommended that + + 14 leishmania tropica be a subject of intensive research + + 15 as this had been a hypothesis for a considerable + + + 16 amount of disease and represented a very serious + + 17 research challenge. We felt that it was very + + 18 appropriate to intensively study this particular + + 19 problem. + + + 20 We also then addressed some of the + + 21 putative outcomes associated with servicing the + + 22 Persian Gulf War. I list here for you some of the + + + 23 things that we have heard about from veterans and + + 24 which we have considered as part of our list of + + 25 putative outcomes associated with service. + + + 11 + + 1 And I won't read the list for you. I only + + + 2 show it in an effort to let you know that the list is + + 3 considerable and is something that we have wrestled + + 4 with. We also likewise have thought about a number of + + 5 putative exposures. And the committee has expertise + + + 6 in all these areas. + + 7 And we looked very closely then at any + + 8 associations between these putative exposures and the + + + 9 outcomes. And again, I show you the list to + + 10 illustrate the areas that we are looking at. + + 11 Finally then, my last overhead really + + 12 involves our future plans. We continue to look at the + + + 13 evaluation of data collection and the ongoing + + 14 research. We are continuing, as I have indicated, to + + 15 look closely at the health problems in general, not + + + 16 just the unexplained illness associated with the + + 17 Persian Gulf service. + + 18 Our committee is charged with a broad + + 19 range of health consequences. And we continue to look + + + 20 at them closely. And finally, we are also continuing + + 21 to look at potential exposures and outcomes for our + + 22 research recommendations, as part of our mandate. + + + 23 Thank you. I will be happy to address any + + 24 questions that you have as well at any point. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you very much, + + + 12 + + 1 Dr. Kelsey. + + + 2 I think we will proceed to hear the second + + 3 annual report. We'll hear from Dr. Burrow, and then + + 4 open it up for questions from the panel for both + + 5 reports. + + + 6 DR. BURROW: Thank you. I'm Gerard + + 7 Burrow, the dean of the Yale University School of + + 8 Medicine and chairman of the Institute of Medicine + + + 9 Committee on the DOD Persian Gulf Comprehensive + + 10 Clinical Evaluation Program. + + 11 The committee was formed in October of + + 12 1994 at the request of Dr. Stephen Joseph, the + + + 13 Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. + + 14 In the brief time allotted, I'd like to + + 15 address three topics: a description of the charge to + + + 16 our committee since we have two IOM committees, a + + 17 summary of the major findings included in our first + + 18 report on CCEP which was released on December 2nd, + + 19 1994, and a summary of the major findings included in + + + 20 our second report which we released to your Committee + + 21 and to the general public yesterday. + + 22 The charge to our committee was to + + + 23 evaluate the protocol for the Comprehensive Clinical + + 24 Evaluation Program or CCEP for short, to comment on + + 25 the interpretation and the results that have been + + + 13 + + 1 obtained so for, to make recommendations relevant to + + + 2 the conduct of the program in the future, and to make + + 3 recommendations on the broader program of the DOD + + 4 Persian Gulf health studies, if appropriate. + + 5 The IOM committee was comprised of 12 + + + 6 individuals with a distribution not unlike the other + + 7 committee, with Dr. Kelley Brix as the study director. + + 8 We will have held four meetings and produced three + + + 9 reports by the end of the project on September 30th, + + 10 1995. + + 11 You have heard about the structure, as Dr. + + 12 Kelsey has addressed, of the selection and procedures + + + 13 of that IOM committee. Let me simply state that the + + 14 goal is to make these IOM scientific reports + + 15 independent, authoritative, and objective. + + + 16 The first report of this committee was + + 17 released on December 2nd, 1994 based on the + + 18 information on the CCEP that was available from the + + 19 DOD in October of 1994. And remember again that it + + + 20 started in June of 1994, so this was very early. + + 21 The committee at that time concluded that + + 22 the CCEP design represented a serious attempt by the + + + 23 DOD to evaluate and treat the health problems of + + 24 military personnel who were on active duty in the + + 25 Persian Gulf. + + + 14 + + 1 The committee suggested at that time that + + + 2 attention be paid to three issues: the division of + + 3 labor and other resources between the local medical + + 4 treatment facilities and regional medical centers and + + 5 between Phase I, the beginning phase, and Phase II, + + + 6 the referral phase, in the CCEP in light of the + + 7 enormous large numbers of CCEP patients, and in the + + 8 light of the apparent use of CCEP by patients to + + + 9 obtain timely, high-quality medical care which would + + 10 otherwise not be as readily available. + + 11 We thought there should be attention to + + 12 the relationship between the clinical care aspects of + + + 13 CCEP for which it was designed and research functions + + 14 and commented on the prominence of stress and + + 15 psychiatric disorders as diagnosis and/or as + + + 16 contributing factors in the CCEP findings. + + 17 The purpose of the second report is to + + 18 comment upon an unpublished confidential draft DOD + + 19 report entitled "Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation + + + 20 Program For Gulf War Veterans Report on 10,020 + + 21 Participants." + + 22 That report was dated June 7th, 1995. I + + + 23 believe you have the report that was issued on August + + 24 1st which was a revised report. Although the DOD had + + 25 not seen the IOM's second report, the final DOD report + + + 15 + + 1 which was released on August 1st contained several + + + 2 revisions compared to the June 7th draft. + + 3 These revisions in the final DOD report + + 4 address some of the concerns expressed in our second + + 5 report, even though the IOM committee had no + + + 6 opportunity to review the August 1st report before it + + 7 was published. So that -- you will see some + + 8 dissynchrony. + + + 9 The IOM committee reviewed several + + 10 documents relating to illnesses among Persian Gulf + + 11 Veterans. These were authored by the Department of + + 12 Defense and others. + + + 13 I would emphasize that the committee has + + 14 not performed its own independent research, nor + + 15 examined individual patients. + + + 16 Second, the committee's second report was + + 17 based on the following: review of two published and + + 18 one unpublished report by the Department of Defense + + 19 which described the results of the program, three IOM + + + 20 committee meetings that included presentations by DOD + + 21 CCEP physicians, review of several reports which are + + 22 listed in the appendix of our second report, and + + + 23 attendance by the Institute of Medicine staff at a + + 24 number of meetings organized by the DOD and Department + + 25 of Veterans Affairs. + + + 16 + + 1 The CCEP has developed -- has been + + + 2 developed as a thorough, systematic approach to the + + 3 diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases. DOD has + + 4 made a conscientious effort to build consistency and + + 5 quality assurance into the CCEP at the many military + + + 6 medical facilities across the country. + + 7 The protocol has resulted in specific + + 8 medical diagnosis or diagnoses for most patients. The + + + 9 signs and symptoms of many patients could be explained + + 10 by well-recognized diseases that are readily + + 11 diagnosable and treatable. + + 12 The committee concludes that this is a + + + 13 more likely interpretation -- that a high prevalence - + + 14 - than the interpretation that a high prevalence of + + 15 CCE patients are suffering from a unique previously + + + 16 unknown mystery disease that has a very large number + + 17 of supposedly pathognomonic symptoms. + + 18 A major DOD conclusion in their report of + + 19 June 7th, quote: + + + 20 "To date, the CCEP has identified + + 21 no clinical evidence for a unique or new + + 22 illness or syndrome among Persian Gulf + + + 23 Veterans." + + 24 The committee -- our committee urged + + 25 caution or more justification for this statement. As + + + 17 + + 1 members of the committee are aware, it is always + + + 2 harder in epidemiology to prove that a new disease + + 3 does not exist than to prove that it does exist. + + 4 If a new or unique illness were either + + 5 mild or only affected a small proportion of veterans + + + 6 at risk, the illness might go undetected even in a + + 7 large case series. + + 8 On the other hand, if indeed there were a + + + 9 new, unique Persian Gulf-related illness that could + + 10 cause serious disability in a high proportion of + + 11 veterans at risk, it would probably be detectable in + + 12 a population of 10,020 patients. This pattern has not + + + 13 been detected. + + 14 Dr. Stephen Josephs and other DOD + + 15 physicians have discussed the likelihood that at least + + + 16 a few CCE patients had developed illnesses that are + + 17 directly related to the Persian Gulf service. + + 18 It is also likely that some CCE patients + + 19 had developed illnesses that are coincidental and + + + 20 therefore unrelated to their Persian Gulf illness. + + 21 And in some cases, they had predated their Persian + + 22 Gulf service. These possibilities should have been + + + 23 mentioned in the DOD report. + + 24 In summary, our overall conclusions were + + 25 that the program was designed primarily as a clinical + + + 18 + + 1 program to evaluate and treat the health problems of + + + 2 individuals who have served their country during the + + 3 Persian Gulf conflict. + + 4 As a secondary goal, the DOD has published + + 5 a series of reports which describe and interpret the + + + 6 symptoms and diagnoses of the entire group of CCE + + 7 patients. + + 8 Overall, our committee is impressed with + + + 9 the quality of the design and the efficiency of the + + 10 implementation of the clinical protocol. The + + 11 committee has been particularly impressed with the + + 12 dedication and commitment of the DOD physicians who + + + 13 actually care for the Persian Gulf Veterans. + + 14 The committee is also impressed by the + + 15 considerable devotion of resources to this program and + + + 16 the remarkable amount of work that has been + + 17 accomplished in just now, a little over a year. + + 18 Thank you again for the opportunity to + + 19 address the committee. And I would also be delighted + + + 20 to try and answer any questions that you might have. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you very much, + + 22 Dr. Burrow. + + + 23 The panel is now open for questions. And + + 24 we can move around our group and -- + + 25 Andrea, any questions? + + + 19 + + 1 (No response.) + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Rolando, any + + 3 questions? + + 4 (No response.) + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Elaine? + + + 6 DR. LARSON: Several quick questions. + + 7 First of all for Dr. Kelsey, we heard + + 8 testimony yesterday about a couple of things I'd like + + + 9 to ask you about. First of all, we heard testimony + + 10 that there were long months of waiting for + + 11 examinations. And I am wondering if the committee is + + 12 going to address anything about timeliness of data + + + 13 collection because that has not only clinical + + 14 implications, but certainly research implications. + + 15 And one related question about what we + + + 16 heard yesterday. That is, concern about if there is + + 17 a Persian Gulf-related syndrome or illness that is + + 18 characterized by a multiplicity of signs and symptoms. + + 19 And I understand from yesterday that the data + + + 20 collection is cut off after six symptoms. Is that + + 21 correct? + + 22 DR. KELSEY: You know, Dr. Burrows may be + + + 23 a more appropriate person for the question. Certainly + + 24 the issue of timeliness is critical in a lot of ways. + + 25 The committee certainly considered that + + + 20 + + 1 issue in trying to determine how to use the registry + + + 2 information because it bears on interpretation of that + + 3 data. And I think that's part of our recommendation + + 4 that the data be treated in a certain fashion. With + + 5 respect to -- + + + 6 DR. BURROW: The question of timeliness + + 7 was why we made that comment after the first meeting. + + 8 I mean, they were -- the process was simply being + + + 9 overwhelmed by individuals coming in and attempting to + + 10 see them. And everyone was getting a very complete + + 11 protocol. And that was altered in that they have + + 12 processed a very large number of patients. + + + 13 The number of both symptoms and diagnoses + + 14 are cut off after seven, I think. If one looks at + + 15 these, there are a multitude of diagnoses, but they + + + 16 vary so that there is a wide variety and -- + + 17 DR. LARSON: Two other questions. What + + 18 has been the response of the DOD to your + + 19 recommendations from the report in December of 1994? + + + 20 It's been seven and a half months. + + 21 DR. BURROW: They have been responsive, + + 22 have changed the direction in the way that the + + + 23 patients are being used. In a more recent -- in the + + 24 first draft that we saw of the Defense Department + + 25 report in June, that they had gone on at some length + + + 21 + + 1 about environmental threat. + + + 2 We question whether that was -- should be + + 3 in there. And that has been modified in the new + + 4 report. So that -- in fact, I think that they have + + 5 been responsive to the committee. + + + 6 DR. LARSON: And last question, what's the + + 7 interface between your two committees? How do you + + 8 interact and communicate? + + + 9 DR. BURROW: The two people on either side + + 10 of me are the probably major interactors. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Phil? + + 12 DR. LANDRIGAN: Yes. Good morning. I'd + + + 13 like to -- one of the recommendations that was made in + + 14 the report "Health Consequences of Service" -- is that + + 15 -- is that yours, Karl? + + + 16 -- was a report that the Vice President + + 17 should chair a committee. I guess this committee is + + 18 an approximation of that. And that one of our tasks + + 19 should be to devise a plan to link data systems on + + + 20 health outcomes with standardized forms and an + + 21 organized system of records. + + 22 One of the things that we heard repeatedly + + + 23 yesterday were tales of lost records, records that + + 24 didn't get from the DOD system to the VA, records that + + 25 were lost in transfer from one hospital to another. + + + 22 + + 1 Basically a system that seems to be still operating + + + 2 largely on paper and not in electronic form. + + 3 And I wondered if you -- this + + 4 recommendation is good, but it's also rather brief -- + + 5 if you had any plans to further elaborate upon that + + + 6 recommendation and spell out in more detail your + + 7 thoughts. + + 8 DR. KELSEY: Certainly. I think you've + + + 9 hit upon a -- what we view as a very important + + 10 recommendation. It's something that's crucial to the + + 11 endeavor we're all about. + + 12 The word "denominator" has come up I know + + + 13 in your meeting and obviously, if you are interested + + 14 in following up any of the health consequences of + + 15 anything like this, the absence of a denominator is a + + + 16 big problem. + + 17 Our view is that in fact the linking of + + 18 the data systems between the Department of Defense and + + 19 the VA is critical in follow up of any soldiers + + + 20 anywhere. And in our view that is very much lacking. + + 21 It obviously also is going to take major effort to + + 22 link these systems. + + + 23 But the committee I think in its first + + 24 report was very much trying to say -- given the amount + + 25 of effort and the amount of money that has been spent + + + 23 + + 1 to date on this problem, it might be best to think + + + 2 about prevention. + + 3 And the best way we know of to prevent + + 4 this type of thing is to get systems in place where + + 5 denominators are a little more forthcoming. + + + 6 And obviously we feel data systems and + + 7 data bases exist to computerize this and to make the - + + 8 - not only the record, but potentially, then, + + + 9 caregiving improved by swift and easy flow of + + 10 information. + + 11 So the Vice President's name was there, I + + 12 think, because of the importance we felt due to this + + + 13 problem. And I think we'll revisit that. I have no + + 14 doubt that it is still an important problem. + + 15 DR. LANDRIGAN: Right. It would seem to + + + 16 me that it has implications for the future too. The - + + 17 - I mean, the world is unfortunately -- remains an + + 18 unsettled place. + + 19 And there are likely to be further + + + 20 deployments of American troops overseas to + + 21 environments that are less than friendly. And these + + 22 problems in one form or another are going to recur I + + + 23 am afraid in the years ahead. And it would be nice to + + 24 have the system in place beforehand the next time. + + 25 DR. KELSEY: I mean, I think your point is + + + 24 + + 1 a very good one. And I'm glad you've raised it. And + + + 2 I think you've hit upon something the committee feels + + 3 very strongly about. + + 4 DR. LANDRIGAN: One more question. I -- + + 5 this may go beyond the purview of your committee. And + + + 6 if it is, you'll tell me. But we heard yesterday an + + 7 interesting point that I had not been previously been + + 8 aware of. + + + 9 And that is that the Veterans + + 10 Administration doesn't compensate veterans for + + 11 service-related disease if the disease first becomes + + 12 manifest more than two years -- I don't know if it's + + + 13 more than two years after discharge from the service, + + 14 or more than two years after the exposure has taken + + 15 place. + + + 16 But in either event, it's an approach that + + 17 basically cuts off from consideration within the + + 18 workers comp. -- the VA compensation system -- any + + 19 disease with long latency. + + + 20 This is an approach, of course, that some + + 21 state workers compensation systems used to have. And + + 22 most of them dropped it in the 1950's, recognizing + + + 23 that diseases like the diseases caused by asbestos can + + 24 develop as long as decades after the exposure takes + + 25 place. + + + 25 + + 1 And I wondered if you folks had given any + + + 2 consideration -- if either of the two committees had + + 3 given any consideration to that point. + + 4 DR. BURROW: Dr. Brix just informed me + + 5 that we believe it's two years after leaving the Gulf + + + 6 for individuals with unexplained illness. I mean -- + + 7 but our committee didn't really deal with that at all. + + 8 DR. KELSEY: And we are really not dealing + + + 9 with compensation issues, although it's an interesting + + 10 point. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Marguerite? + + 12 DR. KNOX: Was there any data related to + + + 13 that about identifiable diseases that are diagnosed + + 14 after the two-year periods? Do you know anything + + 15 about that, patients who have diagnosable diseases + + + 16 after the two years? + + 17 DR. BURROW: I have no information on it. + + 18 DR. KNOX: I wondered if there was -- + + 19 after your recommendation to DOD -- + + + 20 DR. BURROW: I'm sorry. Dr. Brix just + + 21 said that we do not think there is any limit on that. + + 22 It was just for the unidentified diseases. I mean + + + 23 that is our understanding. In other words, if you + + 24 have a specific label, then that time limit doesn't + + 25 hold. + + + 26 + + 1 DR. KNOX: Still, I think veterans are + + + 2 having to prove that the disease was related. And + + 3 without any patterning and aggregating of certain + + 4 health diseases, that's very difficult to prove. + + 5 So I hope there will be some long-term + + + 6 studies looking at patients who have been diagnosed + + 7 with neoplasias, either benign or malignant, that have + + 8 occurred in Gulf War Veterans. And I don't think that + + + 9 we've really looked at that very well. + + 10 DR. BURROW: I feel like a puppet. + + 11 DR. KNOX: Sorry. + + 12 DR. BURROW: Both the DOD and the Veterans + + + 13 Administration have information on that. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I have no problem + + 15 with Kelley Brix and Diane Mundt also contributing and + + + 16 speaking and not having to puppet through. We are + + 17 informal. And we certainly -- it's within our + + 18 protocol to -- please, I welcome Kelley and Diane to + + 19 freely speak for themselves. + + + 20 Yes? + + 21 DR. BRIX: Dr. Knox, you said you were + + 22 interested in neoplastic activities in particular? I + + + 23 believe that both the Department of Defense and the + + 24 Department of Veterans Affairs have data on both -- + + 25 particularly this have malignant cancers. + + + 27 + + 1 And they have tables in their -- in the + + + 2 materials that they passed out in the August 1st + + 3 report, as well as the DVA's most recent report has a + + 4 list of all the known patients diagnosed with cancer. + + 5 And all the different types. + + + 6 DR. KNOX: Could you tell me if the exam - + + 7 - veterans who did not receive the recommended + + 8 Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation -- I guess, could + + + 9 those veterans go back and have that comprehensive + + 10 evaluation? Those that did not receive it early on? + + 11 DR. BURROW: There are two kinds of + + 12 veterans: one, people who served in the Persian Gulf + + + 13 and are still on active service, and others who have + + 14 been discharged. If they have been discharged, it + + 15 would be done through the Veterans Administration. + + + 16 DR. KNOX: So it would be available, is + + 17 your understanding? + + 18 (No response.) + + 19 DR. KNOX: Could you tell me about the + + + 20 environmental toxin, the serum assays that maybe were + + 21 recommended for that evaluation? + + 22 (No response.) + + + 23 DR. KNOX: Were there any? + + 24 (No response.) + + 25 DR. KNOX: For instance, lead poisoning or + + + 28 + + 1 depleted uranium for those patients that complained of + + + 2 that? + + 3 DR. KELSEY: Yes. We -- the issue of lead + + 4 and depleted uranium were both addressed in our first + + 5 report. And we're -- we recommended that, I think, a + + + 6 little bit more work be done around those issues. + + 7 The lead levels that were initially drawn + + 8 clearly indicated that there needed to be some follow- + + + 9 up, certainly of some individuals. And that was one + + 10 of our recommendations. + + 11 In addition, the depleted uranium issue + + 12 also left a small cohort, but albeit a defined cohort + + + 13 that could be followed. And we recommended that as + + 14 well. + + 15 There is a serum bank -- that you referred + + + 16 to serum. There is a serum bank. And obviously, this + + 17 can provide a resource for a lot of research. Areas + + 18 that we touched on where that might be useful include + + 19 leishmaniasis and other infectious disease. Exactly + + + 20 what's ongoing at the moment, I think, is unclear to + + 21 me as I sit here. But I'm certain that that's a + + 22 resource that many people are thinking about. + + + 23 DR. BURROW: Perhaps it's worth explaining + + 24 -- the initial in the program -- the initial -- if + + 25 somebody identifies himself and wants to be cared for, + + + 29 + + 1 that there is a physical -- this Phase I, the primary + + + 2 care treatment, which is probably equivalent to a very + + 3 thorough executive physical. + + 4 If then things are identified in problems + + 5 or areas -- it is -- they are referred on to regional + + + 6 centers where it's really case finding so that it is + + 7 not necessarily screening for every environmental + + 8 toxin. + + + 9 But if there were evidence that the + + 10 individual might have lead poisoning or have a uranium + + 11 slug, it would be looked for. So it was really case + + 12 finding rather than screening. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Dr. Hamburg? + + 14 DR. HAMBURG: I wonder whether there are + + 15 plans for a continuing role for the Institute of + + + 16 Medicine in relation to the Gulf War health problems? + + 17 And if so, what the nature of that role is likely to + + 18 be? + + 19 DR. BURROW: As far as our committee is + + + 20 concerned we are in negotiation with the Department of + + 21 Defense to continue our committee and we should know + + 22 then -- obviously by the end of -- that when it ends. + + + 23 DR. HAMBURG: Thank you. + + 24 And the other committee? + + 25 DR. KELSEY: We're to issue our final + + + 30 + + 1 report in 1996. And at that point this committee will + + + 2 be disbanded. With respect to other activities of the + + 3 Institute of Medicine -- Diane? + + 4 DR. MUNDT: None. + + 5 DR. KELSEY: As far as I know, there's + + + 6 none planned. + + 7 DR. HAMBURG: I wonder if there has been + + 8 any consideration of the areas not covered in the + + + 9 mandates given to the two committees? There've been + + 10 occasions when there has been concern that the IOM was + + 11 not really in a position to look into an important + + 12 problem because it didn't fall within the mandate of + + + 13 either committee, implying that perhaps there should + + 14 be some new initiative or conceivably even a broad + + 15 gauge board to address these problems over the longer + + + 16 term. + + 17 DR. BURROW: Well, I think in answer, I + + 18 mean, our study is really in response to a contract + + 19 with the Department of Defense so that we are limited + + + 20 in those areas. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Dr. Mundt? + + 22 DR. MUNDT: To my knowledge, there is no + + + 23 information or no plans for such a board, although it + + 24 is an excellent idea. + + 25 DR. HAMBURG: Well, I raise the question + + + 31 + + 1 because it seems to me that this Committee is going to + + + 2 have to think about the question of whether some kind + + 3 of independent scrutiny of the highest level of + + 4 objectivity and penetration can be created to go + + 5 beyond the life of this Committee. + + + 6 These problems are not likely all to go + + 7 away any time soon. We heard about long latency + + 8 diseases and so on. I think we will have to address + + + 9 that. And obviously the IOM is an institution that + + 10 comes to mind as suitable for that role. + + 11 I suspect -- at least while speaking for + + 12 myself, I think there will be a continuing need for + + + 13 independent non-governmental scrutiny of the highest + + 14 caliber over an extended period of time. And that's + + 15 why I raise the question of an IOM board as one + + + 16 possibility. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, I would like to + + 18 ask Dr. Burrow -- the Comprehensive Clinical Protocol + + 19 Exam -- these are done at DOD facilities on active -- + + + 20 people who are still actively in service? Or, those + + 21 who have been discharged, the veterans who have been + + 22 discharged, are they included in this common protocol + + + 23 or not? + + 24 DR. BURROW: No. They are not. I mean, + + 25 this is specifically a DOD protocol. And I meant to + + + 32 + + 1 correct something because I may have left that + + + 2 impression -- is that if it's a veteran who has been + + 3 discharged, they could go to the VA hospital, but it + + 4 would not be part of the CCEP protocol. + + 5 DR. KNOX: So let me just say that of the + + + 6 700,000 veterans who served in the Persian Gulf, + + 7 according to the data that they have given us in our + + 8 notebook, 587,000 have separated from the military. + + + 9 So you are looking at a huge population that has + + 10 medical services unavailable to them. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And it also raises + + 12 the question of the selection of this population being + + + 13 those that are still on active duty when it is + + 14 somewhat logical that many of those that would be ill + + 15 have already left service. Can you tell me how + + + 16 representative you feel this eventual 20,000 will be + + 17 of the total group that served in the Vietnam War? + + 18 DR. BURROW: Of the Persian Gulf -- + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Of the -- sorry. The + + + 20 Persian Gulf. Apologies. + + 21 DR. BURROW: I think that you raise the -- + + 22 one of the issues that the committee raised when they + + + 23 start making comparisons. I mean, this is a self- + + 24 selected group of individuals who have felt that they + + 25 -- who were on active duty and felt that they had + + + 33 + + 1 problems and called to do this. + + + 2 So it is a self-selected sample. And it + + 3 makes it difficult in terms of what the control would + + 4 be. The issue of others -- I don't -- yes -- I'm + + 5 saying that the VA has a similar program, but that's + + + 6 not the question. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, that -- I'll + + 8 ask that question to accommodate Diane. In the VA + + + 9 program, are they following the same protocol? And do + + 10 you have any information of where they are in theirs? + + 11 How many they have done and whether the data looks + + 12 similar or dissimilar? + + + 13 DR. BRIX: Yes. There's a similar + + 14 protocol. And in fact, it is my understanding -- + + 15 someone from the VA or the DOD should speak up if this + + + 16 isn't correct -- is that they worked together to + + 17 develop the protocol that we have been examining for + + 18 the CCEP. And the VA has a similar protocol. They + + 19 even call their protocol Phase I and Phase II. + + + 20 I think you heard yesterday something + + 21 about the Persian Gulf Registry Exam. That's also -- + + 22 that's called Phase I. So they have a similar Phase + + + 23 I. And there are many thousands of people who have + + 24 been through that program -- is my understanding. + + 25 They also have a Phase II. Only a small + + + 34 + + 1 handful have been through their Phase II as far as I + + + 2 understand. But again, I'm not as familiar with the + + 3 VA program as the DOD program. But they are eligible + + 4 for care. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Those that have gone + + + 6 through the Phase I -- if this is beyond you we can + + 7 just ask staff to get us further information, + + 8 obviously, direct from VA -- does it appear similar + + + 9 that the pattern of illness and symptom diagnoses -- + + 10 similar among those that have gone through the VA + + 11 protocol to the DOD protocol? + + 12 DR. BURROW: I don't think we really know + + + 13 enough to comment. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Fine. + + 15 Dr. Custis? + + + 16 DR. CUSTIS: I would like the Committee + + 17 not to be -- not to have the impression that the VA + + 18 healthcare system is a paper system. It's highly + + 19 automated. The patient treatment file is only one of + + + 20 many computerized systems. The DHCP, the + + 21 Decentralized Hospital Computer Program got started + + 22 something like 30 years ago and today compares + + + 23 favorably with the private medical sector as far as + + 24 computerized data is concerned. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Do you have any + + + 35 + + 1 questions to -- + + + 2 DR. CUSTIS: I have no questions for the + + 3 panel. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Dr. Caplan? Art? + + 5 DR. CAPLAN: I guess I would like to -- I + + + 6 would like to get clearer about making sure that the + + 7 information that needs to be collected about this + + 8 problem is getting collected. + + + 9 In some ways our charge is to make sure + + 10 that things are going well and that all that can be + + 11 done is being done to identify the nature of Gulf War + + 12 illness and problems, and set up infrastructure to do + + + 13 things about it, both in the future and to compensate + + 14 those who may have been injured or become ill now. + + 15 And one of the things I find troubling is + + + 16 this confusion that's broken out just over the past + + 17 couple of days about well, is there, is there not Gulf + + 18 War Syndrome? + + 19 And I'm looking at the response to the + + + 20 report that you issued yesterday, the August 7th + + 21 report, in which you commented on the fact that there + + 22 was not enough evidence for the statement that there + + + 23 was not unique illness or syndrome among Gulf War + + 24 Veterans. + + 25 My first question to you is: This report + + + 36 + + 1 appears to have come out after you saw an earlier + + + 2 draft. Could you have seen a second draft? Is there + + 3 some reason you didn't see that before this one came + + 4 out? What led you to have to comment after the fact + + 5 on this second version of the DOD report? + + + 6 DR. BURROW: Our comments were directed to + + 7 the first version. And the DOD -- I can be corrected + + 8 by the people next to me -- wanted their report -- I + + + 9 mean, it was a contract -- early so that they would + + 10 have this -- so that we did not see the second report. + + 11 And the IOM has a review process it goes + + 12 through so that, in fact, the IOM by the time we had + + + 13 issued our report, they had already issued the second + + 14 report without either of us seeing the issue. Is that + + 15 -- + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: John? + + 17 DR. CAPLAN: I -- + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Oh, I'm sorry. If + + 19 you have another question, please, Art? + + + 20 DR. CAPLAN: Is there a need then to make + + 21 sure that that sort of situation is rectified? In + + 22 other words, if we'd had an advisory board out there + + + 23 trying to watch the protocol, and we're getting + + 24 announcements that X doesn't exist, and then we have + + 25 to have retractions that say well, maybe X exists. + + + 37 + + 1 And there are various methodological + + + 2 reasons to think that X might exist, that doesn't seem + + 3 to be an optimal situation. + + 4 DR. BURROW: I think for an ethicist + + 5 that's a fair statement. + + + 6 (Laughter.) + + 7 DR. BURROW: Let me go on and add. I + + 8 mean, you are reading the first sentence that was + + + 9 lifted out of the paper. I mean, we do go on in that + + 10 report to say that if there were, as I mentioned + + 11 earlier -- as I said, a disability with a high + + 12 proportion of veterans at risk, it would probably be + + + 13 detectable. + + 14 I mean, it was the need to couch the + + 15 statement that the DOD -- in some terms that would + + + 16 leave it open. And it would certainly have been + + 17 better to be able to work that out because I think a + + 18 lot of it was simply a matter of wording. + + 19 DR. CAPLAN: Let me just ask one more + + + 20 question about the protocol because this is important. + + 21 Again we want to make sure that people are clear. I + + 22 think we owe it to the veterans and to all Americans + + + 23 that we not give impressions that are false about what + + 24 does or doesn't exist with respect to the illness and + + 25 the disease. + + + 38 + + 1 And it plays to my philosophy interest a + + + 2 bit. We've got claims we made about who is ill, + + 3 what's a syndrome, what's a disease, what's a cluster + + 4 of diseases. And all of these things swirl around + + 5 this thing called Gulf War Syndrome which is a lot of + + + 6 things -- a lot of balls up in the air. + + 7 My question is: When you looked at this + + 8 protocol, in particular the Defense Department one, + + + 9 we've heard one comment that it may be a sampling + + 10 problem to talk about Gulf War Syndrome in general. + + 11 We want to be careful that we always + + 12 qualify that and say on active military. There + + + 13 doesn't appear to be a description adequate to say we + + 14 have a single disease going on. + + 15 But what I am asking is: Are you + + + 16 confident, even within that protocol for the active + + 17 military personnel, that the reporting by soldiers -- + + 18 they're going to feel comfortable identifying + + 19 themselves to go in for the physicals? + + + 20 Are you satisfied that the comparison + + 21 group that was used was adequate? In other words, can + + 22 you tell us a little bit more -- I don't mean for you + + + 23 to rehash the whole report -- might be improved upon + + 24 in terms of methods for this DOD study? + + 25 DR. BURROW: Well, it would have been at + + + 39 + + 1 the beginning to really have a comparable control + + + 2 study. And I tried to -- we emphasized in the report + + 3 and the committee felt that -- we felt that in terms + + 4 of case finding, I mean, a responsibility to take care + + 5 of individuals who had reported themselves not well, + + + 6 if you will, who had been on active duty -- that the + + 7 Department of Defense had merely set up a system of + + 8 good quality controls and delivering the best possible + + + 9 care in an attempt to make a diagnosis of specific + + 10 diseases. + + 11 Where one gets into less firm ground -- + + 12 and I think the questions that our co-committee talks + + + 13 about when you talk about the comparison groups + + 14 because then you have to decide who are these + + 15 comparison groups. + + + 16 And I think one has to look at this as a + + 17 protocol primarily to deliver care to that group of + + 18 individuals. Hopefully that answers some of the + + 19 things you've mentioned. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: John? + + 21 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I think it's + + 22 important to bear in mind that -- the potential for + + + 23 causative factors that perhaps have not yet been + + 24 identified. And typically in assays that one performs + + 25 you only find those things that you look for. + + + 40 + + 1 That is, with the extremely sensitive + + + 2 types of immune assays, for example, you only find + + 3 those things that you choose to look for. So it's + + 4 crucial, it seems to me -- the process of postulating + + 5 potential things to look for is a crucial part of the + + + 6 process. + + 7 Do you have some thoughts as to how one + + 8 composes the list of things to look for? Or how well + + + 9 that has been done in fact in this search? + + 10 DR. KELSEY: Well, I think that's well + + 11 put. And one of the goals of our work is to look + + 12 exactly at how questions are asked. Because as you + + + 13 say, you only find what you look for. + + 14 If you look well, you are likely to find + + 15 the things that can be repeated and the things that we + + + 16 want to be concerned about. If you do a poor job of + + 17 looking, you are likely to find things that may not be + + 18 so important to go after. + + 19 So I think one of our real concerns, and + + + 20 in particular, one of the motivations for issuing a + + 21 first report was to stress that people think very hard + + 22 about how they are going to look. + + + 23 We were impressed with the poor job, if + + 24 you will, that had been done with coordination and + + 25 with initial research. And this is why we felt the + + + 41 + + 1 pressing need to issue some recommendations for + + + 2 ongoing work. + + 3 And I think your questions are good ones. + + 4 And they are ones that we are very concerned with. + + 5 And our committee has tried to cast the net broadly. + + + 6 But the mandate is really about the health + + 7 consequences of the war. And I don't know if you can + + 8 get any broader than that. + + + 9 So we're -- we're trying to cast the net + + 10 broadly and begin by really hoping that as research + + 11 goes forward the quality can be maintained so that, in + + 12 fact, we can really uncover that which we need to + + + 13 follow up. + + 14 DR. BURROW: I would just simply say that + + 15 -- to go back to my earlier statement -- that it's + + + 16 easier to find a disease that is there than a disease + + 17 that isn't there. And part of the issue that Dr. + + 18 Caplan is raising is exactly this question. + + 19 I mean, can we say that there isn't + + + 20 something there that we haven't found. No. And so -- + + 21 that we haven't been able to find it with as complete + + 22 a study as, I think, that they could do. That needs + + + 23 to remain an open question. And it's part of the + + 24 research. + + 25 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: But quite + + + 42 + + 1 specifically, does there exist an operational list of + + + 2 things that are being tested for? And what's on that + + 3 list? I mean, a list of pathogens? Of potential + + 4 environmental factors? + + 5 DR. BURROW: No. Let me repeat that this + + + 6 was self-reported individuals who said they were + + 7 unwell, who had an initial screening, a very thorough + + 8 screening. And if one could not make a diagnosis, + + + 9 they were referred on in that at that time it was case + + 10 finding. + + 11 In other words, if they complained of + + 12 musculoskeletal disease, that they were thoroughly + + + 13 evaluated for anything that was wrong in the + + 14 musculoskeletal system. There was not a screening of + + 15 any -- of the whole panel of pathogens or viruses or + + + 16 environmental toxins. + + 17 DR. CAPLAN: But what -- would that be a + + 18 useful component of a future program? + + 19 DR. BURROW: I think it would be a better + + + 20 -- part of a research program, I mean, set up to + + 21 specifically screen, looking for this unit + + 22 identification. There a number of ways of getting at + + + 23 this. + + 24 DR. BRIX: I could add one thing about the + + 25 way the CCEP is designed. In the referral phase, if + + + 43 + + 1 the person has not been able to reach a diagnosis by + + + 2 the time they have gone through the initial + + 3 examination, they go to a regional medical center. + + 4 And there is a set of tests that is + + 5 mandated for a variety of symptoms. And those + + + 6 symptoms were chosen because they are the types of + + 7 symptoms that people are frequently complaining of. + + 8 So, for example, for fatigue there is a + + + 9 list of mandated tests that anybody who goes through + + 10 the regional medical center, who has fatigue gets + + 11 those tests and those specialty -- subspecialty + + 12 consultations. + + + 13 Likewise, if a person has headaches, they + + 14 get a mandated neurological consultation and a CAT + + 15 scan of the head and so on. So there is a protocol + + + 16 that's laid out very specifically for those symptoms + + 17 that are very common in this group. + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Further follow-up + + 19 questions? + + + 20 DR. LARSON: Yes. A follow-up question. + + 21 Really, I don't know if there is anybody on the panel + + 22 who can answer this, maybe Dr. Stoto or somebody from + + + 23 the Institute of Medicine in the audience. + + 24 From Dr. Hamburg's question, the Institute + + 25 of Medicine for years has been the repository of the + + + 44 + + 1 data base called the Medical Follow-up Study, which + + + 2 includes data from several wars. I think from World + + 3 War II, the Korean Conflict, Vietnam. + + 4 And I think there are some limitations, as + + 5 I understand it. In the past it has been a data base + + + 6 of primarily, if not completely, white males. + + 7 And given that that's fixed, and that the + + 8 data base is expanded to be more representative of who + + + 9 is in the wars, is that a potential source of -- or a + + 10 repository for data on the Persian Gulf Conflict that + + 11 could be used for long-term follow-up? + + 12 I'm not even sure what's in that data + + + 13 base. Maybe you could give us some information. + + 14 DR. MUNDT: We -- I am, in fact, staff in + + 15 the medical follow-up agency. We do studies in + + + 16 veteran populations on cohorts of data that have been + + 17 assembled over the years for various purposes. + + 18 And you are correct. They are primarily + + 19 in white male veterans. There are projects being + + + 20 conducted in atomic veterans and in veterans exposed + + 21 to microwaves, etc. + + 22 The cohorts are formed primarily to do a + + + 23 specific study. + + 24 There are several hundred cohorts. We + + 25 have no cohort data related to Persian Gulf Veterans + + + 45 + + 1 and Persian Gulf service at this point in time. + + + 2 DR. LARSON: But you could? + + 3 DR. MUNDT: Potentially, yes. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: David? + + 5 DR. HAMBURG: I want to ask about the + + + 6 possibilities for a beneficial interplay between IOM + + 7 committees and the government agencies, particularly + + 8 the DOD. In part, my question articulates with what + + + 9 Arthur Caplan raised a few minutes ago. + + 10 The question is on the one hand + + 11 stimulation by IOM committees -- for the committees + + 12 from the agencies that have problems and bring the + + + 13 problems to the IOM and say please help us figure this + + 14 out. + + 15 But on the other hand particularly + + + 16 focusing on the feedback from the IOM committees to, + + 17 let's say, the Department of Defense, not only with + + 18 respect to procedure as we heard -- is this curious + + 19 disjunction in procedure in the past couple of months + + + 20 about the latest version of the DOD report, which I + + 21 find puzzling and troubling frankly, but putting that + + 22 to one side -- substantive issues, for example, in + + + 23 your report, Dr. Burrow, your very interesting report, + + 24 on page 13 and 14, committee comments having to do + + 25 with the likely -- say that it's likely that at least + + + 46 + + 1 a few CCEP patients have developed illnesses that are + + + 2 directly related to their Persian Gulf Service. + + 3 And it gives some categories. And your + + 4 third category is psychological stress during or + + 5 immediately after the war. + + + 6 And you go on to say the basis for + + 7 research in many fields, of course -- it's important + + 8 to understand that such stressors produce adverse + + + 9 psychological and physical effects that are as real + + 10 and as potentially devastating as chemical or + + 11 biological stressors. + + 12 And you comment that the psychological + + + 13 stressors of the Persian Gulf war have been + + 14 insufficiently examined by the DOD. That seems to me + + 15 a very important issue, a very constructive suggestion + + + 16 that you make. + + 17 There is by now a vast body of research on + + 18 the biology and psychology and severe stress that it + + 19 appears not to have been adequately taken into account + + + 20 recently. Although I may say the DOD has a + + 21 distinguished tradition of research in this field. + + 22 For example, the Walter Reed Army + + + 23 Institute of Research going back to the 1950's. But + + 24 it seems to me that's an example. There are other + + 25 examples in here of a possible connection between the + + + 47 + + 1 IOM's work and the DOD. + + + 2 Is it possible in real time to give them + + 3 feedback perhaps in more depth beyond the printed page + + 4 that would help the DOD to address the stress problem + + 5 or other currently neglected problems that are really + + + 6 salient and should be addressed? + + 7 DR. BURROW: I think a great deal of that + + 8 interchange went on at our committee meetings, which + + + 9 really involved interacting with the physicians that + + 10 were carrying out the program and a number of + + 11 individuals from Walter Reed and -- specifically in + + 12 regard to psychological stressors. + + + 13 So I think that this is going on. I mean, + + 14 the committee disjunction, if you will, or committee + + 15 report disjunctions, needs to be resolved. + + + 16 But I think that my -- a personal comment + + 17 -- that they were trying very hard to look for + + 18 physical causes and to attempt not to focus as + + 19 strongly on the psychological stressors though they + + + 20 were aware that those were there. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I'd like to ask Dr. + + 22 Kelsey whether -- we heard yesterday that there a + + + 23 number of different epidemiologic studies going on. + + 24 And we did quiz the panel as to the comparability of + + 25 those different studies and the ability to pool the + + + 48 + + 1 data from all of them. + + + 2 Certainly you've been looking at that + + 3 issue and at the whole -- how scientific and solid the + + 4 epidemiology is. I wonder if you would comment upon + + 5 that, and how you feel about the fact that there are + + + 6 multiple epidemiologic studies, and how comparable + + 7 they are, and how well that agencies are really + + 8 working together to make them more comparable. + + + 9 DR. KELSEY: Well my -- chiefly what I + + 10 would say is we've been provided protocols for many of + + 11 the ongoing studies. And we're looking at the + + 12 questions that they specifically want to ask. + + + 13 It's obviously part of our mandate. And + + 14 I think we've urged that these things be done in a + + 15 coordinated fashion, subject to peer review. And I + + + 16 think that issue is important. + + 17 And it's something we look at. And + + 18 obviously something very important for you to look at. + + 19 Beyond that I don't think I can comment on specifics. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I guess part of my + + 21 question is: You made a series of recommendations. + + 22 And we clearly are going to have to look at whether + + + 23 your recommendations are being followed. And if you + + 24 have any insights or ideas at this point about how + + 25 well -- or any suggestions for us as we look at that, + + + 49 + + 1 it would be helpful. + + + 2 DR. KELSEY: Sure. And I think we'd be + + 3 happy to be in contact with the committee at any point + + 4 as well. For us, obviously, it's an ongoing process. + + 5 And it's -- those questions are very important. And + + + 6 we are actively searching for and asking for protocols + + 7 and any information that you can provide. + + 8 And I think the presence of this Committee + + + 9 has made a lot of information available to us more + + 10 rapidly than it might otherwise have. So it's been + + 11 useful for us as well. But I think that Dr. Mundt + + 12 would be happy to provide anything that we have that + + + 13 you can use. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you. + + 15 Elaine? + + + 16 DR. LARSON: It's pretty safe to say, I + + 17 think, that the resulting -- could be acute + + 18 musculoskeletal disease, stress, and infectious + + 19 disease from the indigenous area. + + + 20 That's pretty safe. And that is part of + + 21 any war. What's missing here is any specific comment + + 22 about the testimony that we heard yesterday related to + + + 23 autoimmune symptoms and immune dysfunctions of various + + 24 sorts. And I assume that's what some people refer to + + 25 as the Gulf War Syndrome. + + + 50 + + 1 You haven't commented that in your report. + + + 2 Did you hear testimony on that? Did you see evidence + + 3 that that's being examined or looked for? + + 4 DR. BURROW: Well, I can only go back and + + 5 repeat that the people who had complaints -- and they + + + 6 are listed -- were examined and if not satisfied by + + 7 the physician, were again looked at. + + 8 And what came out were specific diagnoses + + + 9 and not large numbers of any particular autoimmune + + 10 disease or anything else. So the -- that in that + + 11 structure, nothing of this sort surfaced in any number + + 12 that was different than one would expect. + + + 13 And by saying that, let me say there were + + 14 people who had lupus arimethrotosis, but may have had + + 15 it before. I mean, if you examine that many people, + + + 16 you are going to get people with illnesses. But there + + 17 wasn't anything that was particularly out of the + + 18 ordinary. + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Dr. Custis? + + + 20 DR. CUSTIS: In connection with Dr. + + 21 Lashof's question, I wonder, Dr. Mundt, would you + + 22 repeat your definition of the term "coordinated + + + 23 effort?" + + 24 DR. MUNDT: I think that the term + + 25 "coordination" is something that our committee + + + 51 + + 1 discussed at length. And I believe that the committee + + + 2 has looked at coordination in terms of coordinate the + + 3 activities and the interactions and the participation + + 4 of the various agencies on particular projects. + + 5 The word "coordination" -- it's become our + + + 6 understanding -- relates more to the knowledge of or + + 7 the awareness of various activities. So I think that + + 8 the word "coordination" may need to be defined + + + 9 explicitly, both in terms of how our committee + + 10 understands its use as well as how the various groups + + 11 that we are dealing with are defining the word + + 12 "coordination." + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Would it be correct + + 14 to say that we are talking about coordination and not + + 15 integration, and maybe we need some more integration + + + 16 of the efforts? Or not? + + 17 DR. MUNDT: That's really not my place to + + 18 answer. + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's our job, I + + + 20 guess. + + 21 Any further questions for the -- + + 22 Yes? Phil? + + + 23 DR. LANDRIGAN: Karl -- for Dr. Kelsey -- + + 24 Karl, on page 12 of your report you make the very + + 25 sensible recommendation that the VA and the DOD should + + + 52 + + 1 determine the specific research questions that need to + + + 2 be answered and should develop methodologies etc. to + + 3 pursue those questions. + + 4 It sort of follows up on Dr. + + 5 Baldeschwieler's question. Have you given any thought + + + 6 to what additional items ought to be on the list? + + 7 We've obviously heard about some: depleted uranium, + + 8 leishmaniasis, lead. Any others that you would like + + + 9 to offer specifically? + + 10 DR. KELSEY: Well, I can comment that I + + 11 think our mandate is broad. And so that this second + + 12 report will be much broader than the first. This + + + 13 really was an attempt to direct hypothesis-driven work + + 14 in the interim. And to the extent that we've done + + 15 that, we've accomplished our goal with that report. + + + 16 I can -- I can't give you specifics other + + 17 than to tell you that clearly our second report will + + 18 be much more broad and address other health + + 19 consequences. + + + 20 DR. LANDRIGAN: Yes. We learned yesterday + + 21 that there were -- there either has started or will + + 22 shortly be starting in the state of Iowa an + + + 23 examination of 3,000 veterans, half of whom were + + 24 deployed in combat areas, and half of whom were in the + + 25 service at the same time, but not in combat areas. + + + 53 + + 1 And it seems like a nice start in that + + + 2 direction. It would also be good, though, if that + + 3 effort were energized by specific hypotheses before it + + 4 began in fact. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Other -- + + + 6 DR. KNOX: I just have one more question + + 7 as to whether you made a recommendation, maybe, about + + 8 the predeployment physical, now that you've looked at + + + 9 exit physicals from being deployed? + + 10 DR. BURROW: Well, I think actually it's + + 11 an -- if I understand the question -- it's an + + 12 interesting -- because clearly, I mean, there was a + + + 13 war going on. And it's a bad way to set up an + + 14 experiment. + + 15 But if, in fact, one really thought about + + + 16 this kind of thing before going in, there were ways in + + 17 terms of unit identification -- who got vaccinated, + + 18 when, medications that would be enormously helpful + + 19 later. So I think that's an area of interest. We + + + 20 have not dealt with that. But it certainly is an + + 21 area. + + 22 DR. KNOX: One of the problems that I + + + 23 recognize -- when you look at this study and you look + + 24 at the number of illnesses that the reserve components + + 25 complained about, their physicals on active duty + + + 54 + + 1 reserve are only every four to five years unless they + + + 2 are over the age of 40. So that may be some of the + + 3 reason for the increased number of illnesses in that + + 4 group. + + 5 DR. BURROW: Very good. + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Art? + + 7 DR. CAPLAN: This is for Dr. Kelsey. In + + 8 your sort of overall examination of the issues -- one + + + 9 of the things that came up yesterday in the testimony + + 10 we heard is that people face tremendous problems if + + 11 they are discharged in terms of insurance coverage and + + 12 follow-up. + + + 13 I just had two questions for you. One, + + 14 are you looking at all at the ability of the + + 15 investigators to protect subject privacy and + + + 16 confidentiality in the various inquiries that are + + 17 being made? + + 18 And, two, are they doing a good job + + 19 warning people about what may happen to them if they + + + 20 get identified as having a problem or syndrome or + + 21 chronic condition that -- at discharge. + + 22 In other words, are they -- can you make + + + 23 some recommendations not only about what's there, but + + 24 about the protection of the subjects of the + + 25 populations that are involved in some of these studies + + + 55 + + 1 since there clearly are consequences that aren't + + + 2 always beneficial if you are identified as being ill? + + 3 DR. KELSEY: An excellent point. The + + 4 overarching fragmentation of healthcare really does + + 5 not lend itself to endeavors like the epidemiologic + + + 6 examination of this cohort of 700,000. And I think + + 7 insurance is but one of the many enormous problems. + + 8 We have discussed at length -- and there + + + 9 is -- it's obviously important both for the individual + + 10 patient and for caregiving, as well as for data + + 11 gathering and integration of the resources so the + + 12 economics of healthcare play a very big role here. + + + 13 In addition -- and that's from our + + 14 standpoint. It will come out in the report because + + 15 that's a very important part of this. The other issue + + + 16 of informed consent, if you will, for participating in + + 17 studies is a concern. And it's one that we have to + + 18 take into account when we advocate linking records. + + 19 It's, as you know, a complex problem. At + + + 20 this point, I think we are advocating linking medical + + 21 records and then dealing with these problems in the + + 22 way that epidemiologists deal with medical records. + + + 23 That's, I think, the model. And that's what, at this + + 24 point, we are really thinking about. + + 25 Going beyond that would require, + + + 56 + + 1 certainly, a rethinking of how one deals with this + + + 2 data because it is a massive data base. And to the + + 3 extent that a massive data base is being put together + + 4 with identifiers, that's a critical question. + + 5 And it's further a critical question when + + + 6 you deal also with the armed services because their + + 7 confidentiality has an entirely different meaning. So + + 8 I think your point is a good one. It's one that we + + + 9 have thought a lot about. It certainly will be in our + + 10 report. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Are there any other + + 12 questions? + + + 13 (No response.) + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: If not, I want to + + 15 thank you all very much. This has been helpful. And + + + 16 there is no question that we will be in touch. And + + 17 our staff will be working closely with Kelley and + + 18 Diane. And any further suggestions you have for our + + 19 work are certainly welcome. Thank you very much. + + + 20 The committee would like to take a stretch + + 21 just right here just for a couple minutes. + + 22 (Whereupon, the proceedings went off the + + + 23 record at 10:14 a.m. and went back on the + + 24 record at 10:22 a.m.) + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Can I ask the + + + 57 + + 1 Committee to take their places again? + + + 2 Well, I think we've had a very thorough + + 3 briefing now for a day and a half. Now we have to + + 4 face that task of deciding just what our job is and + + 5 how we are going to do it. And develop some type of + + + 6 time line for accomplishing our goal. + + 7 What I'd like to do is start first with a + + 8 discussion of the elements of the charter. Each of us + + + 9 has reviewed the charter ourselves. And each of us + + 10 discussed it at the time we agreed to serve on this + + 11 Committee. + + 12 But we haven't had a chance to discuss it + + + 13 as a Committee, as a whole, and make sure that we all + + 14 interpret the charter in the same way. Or, if we have + + 15 differences in views about the charter and our + + + 16 responsibilities, we need to air those and hopefully + + 17 reach a consensus as to what we need do. + + 18 If you'll turn in your briefing book to + + 19 tab B -- the charter is in tab B. And we might all + + + 20 just take a look at it at this point. I think item C + + 21 is clearly where we are at, at which the duties of the + + 22 Committee are solely advisory. That, I think we all + + + 23 understand. + + 24 We have no implementing authority. But I + + 25 think the weight of our advice -- it will carry a + + + 58 + + 1 great deal of weight. Let me put it that way. I + + + 2 think there is no question that the President, the + + 3 First Lady, the heads of the departments, are looking + + 4 to us for advice. And I think they will be + + 5 responsive. + + + 6 The areas at which we are supposed to look + + 7 are the research, which we have heard a fair amount + + 8 about this morning; the coordination efforts we also + + + 9 discussed briefly and again this morning. + + 10 We are to look at medical treatment. In + + 11 that regard we have heard primarily from the veterans + + 12 and their families. We are to look at the outreach + + + 13 issues, which we have had some brief questions about + + 14 and have been touched on. + + 15 And we are to look at the external reviews + + + 16 and the -- which really refer to the IOM and others + + 17 and whether those have been implemented. Look at the + + 18 NIH reviews and the Health Technology Assessment + + 19 reviews. + + + 20 We are to look at what possible risk + + 21 factors. We are again to look at the question of + + 22 chemical and biological weapons. My view of how we + + + 23 look at those -- well, how we look at them will be the + + 24 subject of our major discussion. + + 25 I think that really covers a broad range + + + 59 + + 1 and leaves out only one thing. And I think it's + + + 2 important to note what it does leave out. And it + + 3 leaves out the issue of compensation. It is not the + + 4 responsibility of this Committee to look at issues of + + 5 compensation. + + + 6 And it's also my understanding of the + + 7 charge that as we look at each of these issues, we + + 8 will not be undertaking any new research. But rather, + + + 9 we will be reviewing everything that is ongoing and + + 10 make recommendations about new research. + + 11 But within a year and a half, which is the + + 12 life of our Committee, it's clear that we could not + + + 13 launch new research activities in the traditional + + 14 sense of research. + + 15 Digging into and researching what has been + + + 16 done in that sense of research is obviously + + 17 appropriate. Listening and hearing and asking + + 18 questions and searching, rather than researching, may + + 19 be the way to put it. Well, that's enough said from + + + 20 me. + + 21 Let me ask any of the members of this + + 22 group to raise any questions, feelings, their + + + 23 interpretations of the charter itself. + + 24 Elaine? + + 25 DR. LARSON: Two comments. First of all, + + + 60 + + 1 it -- one of the other things that is missing is any + + + 2 consideration about the sort of, if you will, ethical + + 3 or social implications of all this and whether there + + 4 are processes in terms of the way people were handled + + 5 or treated that need to be considered. And we might + + + 6 want to talk a little bit about whether we are + + 7 interested in making any comments about that. + + 8 Secondly, obviously, we were reminded + + + 9 several times yesterday that we are the fifth group -- + + 10 and there is a clear mood of discouragement if not + + 11 questioning about whether any of these are going to be + + 12 that useful. + + + 13 The first thing we've got to do is make + + 14 some kind of a chart and figure out who has done what + + 15 in each of these areas, collect the information, + + + 16 collect the committee reports. That's a staff + + 17 function. + + 18 We have some of them. I don't think we + + 19 have all of the information. And then see where it is + + + 20 that we really can have an oversight function and make + + 21 some statements that will be of benefit. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's correct. + + + 23 Others? + + 24 Art? + + 25 DR. CAPLAN: One of the things that has + + + 61 + + 1 come up a bit in our somewhat sparse comments -- but + + + 2 it's probably the time to bring it up now -- is I + + 3 think it's not clear to me, although I know which way + + 4 I lean about this, that it's part of our mandate to + + 5 make suggestions about what Phil was talking about + + + 6 earlier, the future deployments, repeating the same + + 7 problems in that we may want to say things about + + 8 either research or structure or infrastructure that + + + 9 needs to be said. + + 10 And I lean toward thinking that that would + + 11 be important and should be part of what we are up to. + + 12 But it's not clear to me as I look at this that + + + 13 anybody asked, so to speak. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think I can respond + + 15 to that in the positive. In my discussions with the + + + 16 National Security Council and the representatives of + + 17 the Agency in assuming this role, that was one of the + + 18 things that was stressed, that they do look to us to + + 19 make recommendations as to how future issues of this + + + 20 kind can be addressed so that we don't find ourselves + + 21 in this situation this long after a deployment of + + 22 troops. + + + 23 Are there any other questions that come to + + 24 mind on the Committee on just reading the charter + + 25 itself and understanding what our responsibilities + + + 62 + + 1 are? + + + 2 (No response.) + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I suspect there is + + 4 just one other thing that needs to be said to that. + + 5 And it's only fair to the veterans that they + + + 6 understand that. We heard so much yesterday of their + + 7 need to have answers. + + 8 We are not in a position, probably, to + + + 9 give a definitive answer for all people's individual + + 10 problems at the end of this time. What we hope we + + 11 will be able to do is to say whether or not the + + 12 studies that are ongoing will provide those definitive + + + 13 answers. + + 14 If studies that are ongoing during the + + 15 course of our time give us answers, we certainly will + + + 16 act on that and state that. But epidemiologic studies + + 17 take time. And what we must be sure of, I think, is + + 18 that everything that should be done is being done. + + 19 Everything that can be done is being done. + + + 20 And if not, to identify those and + + 21 recommend that they be done. That is, I think, our + + 22 final goal. And we need to be clear to ourselves and + + + 23 to the community at large that that's our goal. + + 24 Phil? + + 25 DR. LANDRIGAN: Yes. I think in that + + + 63 + + 1 vein, we heard testimony yesterday from many veterans, + + + 2 their families, members of veterans' groups, laying + + 3 out a long series of diseases and syndromes and + + 4 symptoms that are bothering them. + + 5 And we saw a similar list up on the slide + + + 6 a while ago during the IOM presentation. It behooves + + 7 us to look very carefully at that list and look at the + + 8 minutes that will be provided us to make sure that + + + 9 we've got all the details of the testimony that was + + 10 presented. + + 11 And make sure, as you say, that each of + + 12 these points is being addressed, at least to the + + + 13 extent it can be, by either the various committees + + 14 that are already going on, the various studies that + + 15 are underway. + + + 16 And if they are not, it -- I think it's + + 17 our job to make suggestions as to how any gaps can be + + 18 filled so that, indeed, no stone is unturned. + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: All right. + + + 20 Art? + + 21 DR. CAPLAN: Just following up on the + + 22 issue of coming up with the answers. + + + 23 I think you put it very well, Madam Chair, + + 24 about our inability to answer some of these questions, + + 25 that it's going to have to fall to those actually + + + 64 + + 1 doing the studies to answer some questions. + + + 2 But we did hear yesterday as part of the + + 3 testimony claims about difficulties in getting + + 4 physicals, chilling effect if one reported complaints, + + 5 problems about fears of retribution, and what happened + + + 6 in terms of loss of benefits or coverage for people + + 7 who are discharged and so forth. + + 8 And I think it might be appropriate for us + + + 9 not again to try and solve every problem and + + 10 difficulty that has come up, but at least to look at, + + 11 again, structural means as part of the research to see + + 12 that those sorts of things -- what's going on and what + + + 13 could be done to attend to some of that as well. Not + + 14 just, in other words, the biology, but some of these + + 15 administrative problems that we hear about. + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Andrea? + + 17 DR. TAYLOR: I guess I wanted to follow up + + 18 with that as far as active duty versus those who have + + 19 been discharged who are no longer in service -- + + + 20 whether they are receiving the help that they need. + + 21 And I guess that was we heard over and over again. We + + 22 definitely have to address that. + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think the last + + 24 couple of remarks lead us right into the next things + + 25 I wanted to take up as we run through, which is a + + + 65 + + 1 discussion of our first day and what issues came out + + + 2 that we feel are burning that we need to look at. + + 3 But before I move on to that, let me ask + + 4 whether there are any other questions or + + 5 interpretations of the charter that anyone wants to + + + 6 make any further comments on before we move into -- + + 7 what I planned to do was -- the structure of our + + 8 discussion this morning will be around, after the + + + 9 charter, to discuss the first day and what things came + + 10 out and then to go systematically through what the + + 11 thrust of our report will eventually look like. + + 12 How we are going to go about -- staff, + + + 13 what kind of staff we are going to need, and then how + + 14 the Committee and staff are going to function. What + + 15 will be staff functions, what kinds of things the + + + 16 Committee is going to have to address as a Committee, + + 17 a whole, and some of the operational issues. + + 18 And we -- I think that will follow + + 19 naturally from this discussion. + + + 20 Anybody have any other suggestions about + + 21 how we go about this task at this point? + + 22 (No response.) + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. If not, then + + 24 let's launch into further discussion of issues that + + 25 people feel came up yesterday that they want to + + + 66 + + 1 explore further, either by getting staff to get + + + 2 further information, or by further testimony at future + + 3 times. Whatever. + + 4 Andrea? + + 5 DR. TAYLOR: I wrote down a few things. + + + 6 I've heard a lot of information regarding chemical + + 7 environmental exposure, or some. I am interested -- + + 8 one of the persons who testified yesterday talked + + + 9 about the kerosene exposure, kerosene use. + + 10 So I am really interested in following up + + 11 on that as far as the contents of kerosene, what was + + 12 being actually used at the point -- in the tents for + + + 13 heating -- whether that had any effect, along with + + 14 some of the other issues around, the chemical warning + + 15 signals that constantly went off. + + + 16 And although we've been told that there + + 17 was no chemical warfare, then why would the chemical + + 18 warning signals go off and react? And people would be + + 19 asked to don their equipment as well as take the + + + 20 tablets, the nerve tablets? + + 21 And that's something that I think we have + + 22 to investigate further, to make sure that the correct + + + 23 studies are being done. + + 24 The other thing that came up -- and I am + + 25 sure we've talked about it before -- is the mycoplasma + + + 67 + + 1 incognitas. I think that's the name that we heard. + + + 2 I've never heard of that before. + + 3 And I think we need some more background + + 4 information on that illness or disease. Actually what + + 5 it is. Who is getting it. How many people are + + + 6 affected. And I think that's what I have. And also + + 7 the inoculations, whether that had any impact. And we + + 8 have had a lot of researching done on that. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Rolando? + + 10 DR. RIOS: That's one of the issues that + + 11 came up to me yesterday -- that loomed in my mind + + 12 yesterday -- is to try to establish the facts, what + + + 13 actually happened, what kind of elements were the + + 14 troops actually exposed to. + + 15 And I think that a significant part of our + + + 16 report should be where we address every claim and what + + 17 the government's response to it is. We have some + + 18 pretty important group made up of citizens that + + 19 believe that the Department is hiding something or -- + + + 20 there is this kind of suspicion that is -- I think + + 21 there is a broad perception that it's difficult to + + 22 imagine that all this happened over there and that + + + 23 there was no exposure to chemical war agents. + + 24 And I think that's why people are worrying + + 25 that there must be something going on here, but the + + + 68 + + 1 government doesn't want to tell us. + + + 2 I do think that an important part of our + + 3 report must address each claim and what the response + + 4 of the government is, and what we have been able to + + 5 determine -- whether or not we agree or whether or not + + + 6 we disagree, or whether or not we, you know, we can't + + 7 conclude one way or the other. + + 8 So we've got to address the issue of what + + + 9 are the facts, what were they exposed to. Were + + 10 chemical war agents there? The government has agreed + + 11 that they inoculated everybody. So we know that they + + 12 were exposed to that. + + + 13 We all know that there was a lot of + + 14 kerosene, a lot of the fires from the wells. That's + + 15 there. Those are facts that they admit to. So I + + + 16 think that we do need to focus on what we can conclude + + 17 insofar as what our troops were exposed to. + + 18 And I think that's going to be an + + 19 important part because it underlines a lot of the + + + 20 suspicions that people have about what the government + + 21 is saying these days. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Andrea? + + + 23 DR. TAYLOR: I just thought of one other + + 24 thing regarding the chemical warning signals. We need + + 25 to know what kind of equipment was used, what was the + + + 69 + + 1 actual equipment, why it -- that was the one thing + + + 2 that I wanted to ask. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Elaine? + + 4 DR. LARSON: Well, first I have to make a + + 5 comment about the signals going off. That -- it + + + 6 doesn't bother me as much as I think it does other + + 7 people. + + 8 And that's probably because in the past, + + + 9 as a nurse I worked in critical care units where + + 10 monitors are always going off because you have them + + 11 set so that they go off for muscle movement and + + 12 everything else just so that you will check. + + + 13 And it's very common in healthcare that + + 14 you have monitors for everything, EKG's and I.V. + + 15 lines. And they're buzzing and sort of burping all + + + 16 the time. But anyway, it is something. + + 17 I think the main thing, again, is that + + 18 we've got to get the facts straight. Yesterday we + + 19 heard conflicting information. I don't know what's + + + 20 true. There are some things that we can determine are + + 21 true, and not true. + + 22 And I think we may need some more hearings + + + 23 specifically about the infectious diseases, the + + 24 microsporidium, the mycoplasma. And leishmaniasis, + + 25 and Q fever to a lesser extent because those are + + + 70 + + 1 expected. And those are endemic in the area. But + + + 2 particularly the new things. + + 3 We may need some expert help in addition + + 4 to what's on the panel with the chemical exposures and + + 5 what the implications of that are. What people were + + + 6 actually exposed to and what the implications are. I + + 7 think we need some expert help with the vaccine and + + 8 the potential for the kinds of side effects or that as + + + 9 an exposure. + + 10 And then we need someone to give us more + + 11 information about teratogenicity and some of the + + 12 congenital issues that came up yesterday. That + + + 13 factual information we need. + + 14 Lastly, I think we need to know what's + + 15 actually lost and what -- by virtue of whatever you + + + 16 want to call it, inefficiency or whatever -- versus + + 17 what is available in terms of data on who got what. + + 18 And we may, again, want to make some + + 19 recommendations on what data need to be kept in the + + + 20 future for long-term follow-up. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Phil? + + 22 DR. LANDRIGAN: No. + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Any further comments + + 24 from yesterday? + + 25 Marguerite? + + + 71 + + 1 DR. KNOX: I just have a couple of things. + + + 2 I think it's very important, again, that we look at + + 3 the predeployment physical that veterans have, + + 4 especially for the Reserve and Guard components. + + 5 Active duty army has a physical every + + + 6 year. But that's not so. And I think some of the + + 7 that patients we saw with GI bleeds and myocardial + + 8 infarcts during the war were because people were not + + + 9 screened well. They really were not physically fit. + + 10 The other thing is I want to comment on + + 11 the VA system. I think for the largest healthcare + + 12 system available, that it is a very good one. VA + + + 13 employees do their very best to meet the needs of + + 14 veterans. But because of federal funding, it is + + 15 difficult. + + + 16 I will admit that the VA has problems with + + 17 records because of the transfer from one facility to + + 18 the other. And that might be something that we could + + 19 address to the VA for an administrative purpose. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you. + + 21 David? + + 22 DR. HAMBURG: Well, our colleagues have + + + 23 already raised a whole series of major questions that + + 24 came up yesterday that we should clarify. I certainly + + 25 agree that getting the facts straight is the most + + + 72 + + 1 important task we have. + + + 2 I have to say, having been through many + + 3 similar exercises on other subjects, that it's easy to + + 4 say and very hard to do. It's very complex. We heard + + 5 yesterday vivid and poignant and moving accounts of + + + 6 the suffering and the concerns and hope for our + + 7 veterans and their families. + + 8 And we have to take those very seriously + + + 9 into account, do everything in our power to see to it + + 10 that those are matched up with the best available + + 11 scientific and professional resources of the country. + + 12 And that will be our ongoing and fundamental task. + + + 13 But it is hard to do. I think we mustn't + + 14 be presumptuous. That is, the extent to which we can + + 15 mobilize the capacity throughout the country will be + + + 16 very important. How much we an do ourselves, a + + 17 relatively small group -- and these issues are very + + 18 complicated. + + 19 We will need to think not only about our + + + 20 own staff, about our own members, but I think -- how + + 21 do we get, for example, people who are doing the best + + 22 ongoing research on these thorny questions, either + + + 23 directly vis vis the Persian Gulf War, or in other + + 24 contexts, chemical agents and so on. + + 25 There are a number of different sources of + + + 73 + + 1 information that we are going to have to try to tap + + + 2 quite systematically in the relatively short time + + 3 available to us. So I am not going to make + + 4 suggestions about that at the moment. + + 5 But I think, in effect, the mobilization + + + 6 of the relevant scientific and professional + + 7 communities and the relevant knowledge bases is a + + 8 really big job. It's got to go way beyond what we and + + + 9 our staff will actually be able to do ourselves. + + 10 We'll have to stimulate a lot throughout the country. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you. + + 12 Don? Any comments at this point? + + + 13 DR. CUSTIS: I know it's difficult to deal + + 14 with anecdotal information. But on the other hand, it + + 15 seems to me that we possibly could make some use of it + + + 16 by taking some samples, some examples of individuals + + 17 who are suffering from certain illness and follow + + 18 through, find out exactly what had been done for them, + + 19 and perhaps what is left undone, on a sample basis. + + + 20 I think to -- we can't afford to ignore some of this + + 21 anecdotal information. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + + 23 Art? + + 24 DR. LARSON: Joyce, could I just comment + + 25 on that -- + + + 74 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Sure. + + + 2 DR. LARSON: Because this is a technique + + 3 that the Institute of Medicine uses with some success + + 4 quite often. And that is the case study approach. + + 5 Now there's, you know, pros and cons and ups and + + + 6 downs. + + 7 But it's not a bad idea to look at some + + 8 representative cases and follow through the system of, + + + 9 you know, sort of a systems approach to what happened + + 10 to people. And I don't think that that's been done in + + 11 any way before. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Let's save + + + 13 that for when we get into the actual discussion of how + + 14 we are going to do the job. Right now we are + + 15 discussing what we need to cover, and then we will dig + + + 16 into exactly how we are going to go about doing it. + + 17 Art? + + 18 DR. CAPLAN: One of the things that I + + 19 think we ought to try and cover is something about how + + + 20 the response was mounted to this particular episode + + 21 and the attempt to muster information. I -- we have + + 22 the outcomes, if you will, the four committee reports + + + 23 and so forth. + + 24 But I'm interested in knowing literally as + + 25 much as we can without turning it into a complete + + + 75 + + 1 history project. But who asked for what when, how + + + 2 quickly, what sort of memos and requests went back and + + 3 forth. Because I think that would help us know what + + 4 are options and what's, to follow David's suggestion, + + 5 what's really practical. + + + 6 I mean, it may take a year to roll + + 7 something forward or 18 months to get a study up and + + 8 put our for peer review and so forth. And that may + + + 9 just be a reality. + + 10 But if you are looking at it from the + + 11 point of view of someone who is ill and waiting for an + + 12 answer, it looks like an obfuscation or a plot. + + + 13 And I think it's our -- in some sense our + + 14 responsibility to get information so that we can + + 15 explain to people why sometimes these responses take + + + 16 some time, and that's just going to be the way it is. + + 17 So I'd like to see us at least be able to + + 18 pull maybe some information about how we got to the + + 19 reports that we have with memos or documents or + + + 20 whatever there is there. + + 21 The two other things that I'd like some + + 22 information on came up yesterday actually in the first + + + 23 panel testimony. What are other countries doing? And + + 24 what were the illnesses there? And discussions to the + + 25 extent they've had them and so forth? I'd just like + + + 76 + + 1 to find out what we can about that. + + + 2 And the third thing that occurred to me is + + 3 I'd like to get some information about actually -- I + + 4 guess what Marguerite is talking about -- what really + + 5 is done in terms of base line and standard information + + + 6 collection. + + 7 I don't know that everybody's physical is + + 8 kept in a giant megacomputer somewhere. So what is it + + + 9 that's -- what do we know, as we begin the process of + + 10 sending troops into war, about their health status? + + 11 What do we know about the indigenous risks + + 12 that are believed to be out in any area, from + + + 13 intelligence reports or whatever it's going to be? So + + 14 what do we know when we start? + + 15 And then maybe we can say something + + + 16 interesting about what we might want to try to learn + + 17 next time when we start. + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Fine. + + 19 John, do you have anything at this point? + + + 20 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: On the basis of + + 21 yesterday's presentations, I would again recommend + + 22 that we consider carefully two specific things. One, + + + 23 the mycoplasma incognitas, and the microsporidial + + 24 species that were mentioned. It seems to me that + + 25 those are specific things that we can follow up on. + + + 77 + + 1 And that would be a good use of our staff. + + + 2 Also, one other specific issue. I must + + 3 say I found the descriptions of the environmental + + 4 exposures unconvincing, and particularly the exposure + + 5 to the plumes from the oil well fires. It seems to me + + + 6 that there is an enormous amount of release of toxic + + 7 material in those plumes. + + 8 And what I thought I heard was that the + + + 9 analysis of serum levels of specific hydrocarbons was + + 10 used as the measure. It seems to me this may miss an + + 11 important point. It meant, in particular, the -- it + + 12 seems to me the major risk is from particulates with + + + 13 carcinogens that are potentially condensed on them. + + 14 And so it may be that the most important + + 15 effects of exposure are yet to come in the sense of + + + 16 long-term, long-latency carcinogens. So it seems to + + 17 me that's an important one to follow up on. + + 18 Other observations from the presentations + + 19 -- it seems to me that the reports on the performance + + + 20 of the VA system are very uneven. And long waits, + + 21 lost records, and so forth. + + 22 And here I think the case study approach + + + 23 should be very useful, as I think tracking down, you + + 24 know, what happened in a few individual cases will be + + 25 very useful. We may find that some hospitals perform + + + 78 + + 1 very well, others do not. And all of that would be + + + 2 useful input. + + 3 Finally, it seems to me that it's + + 4 essential to get some sort of credible background + + 5 measures of incidents of symptoms of the kinds that + + + 6 we've -- that have been reported. Background measures + + 7 from control groups that are really as comparable as + + 8 they can be made. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you. + + 10 Okay. Well, I think all of those are good + + 11 points of things we need to follow up. If we look + + 12 specifically at the headings in the charter, it might + + + 13 be one way to try to look at the broad areas of + + 14 inquiry and look at what kind of staffing and what + + 15 kind of efforts we want to carry out. + + + 16 I mean, the first thing we were to look at + + 17 was the research. And it's clear that we are going -- + + 18 I mean, we have in our binder the research plan of the + + 19 -- pulled together by the VA and DOD and HHS. At + + + 20 least all signed off on it. It's a fairly extensive + + 21 research plan. + + 22 I think there's no question that we need + + + 23 to do an in-depth -- we need staff to do an in-depth + + 24 review of that research plan, to understand its + + 25 status, to look at how comparable the various -- the + + + 79 + + 1 issues I raised about comparability of that area. I + + + 2 think that's a lot of staff work that needs to go on. + + 3 I guess one of the questions for us is how + + 4 do we as a Committee address that versus what we have + + 5 staff try to do and what things you would like to have + + + 6 further Committee meetings specifically address? + + 7 Phil? + + 8 DR. LANDRIGAN: Yes. I think there's a + + + 9 basic principle here. And it was enunciated by the + + 10 folks from the IOM this morning. And I'd like to + + 11 underscore it. And that is that the results of the + + 12 various registries that were presented to us yesterday + + + 13 by DOD and VA are nothing more than that. They are + + 14 registries. + + 15 In other words, these are tabulations of + + + 16 symptoms in a lot of people, but a relatively small + + 17 and self-selected fraction of the total population + + 18 who, for whatever reason, have come forward. There is + + 19 no -- nobody concedes for a moment that these -- that + + + 20 these registries constitute prospectively designed + + 21 hypothesis-driven epidemiologic studies. + + 22 So I think that we have to distinguish + + + 23 carefully between the results of those registries + + 24 which throw up clues, but are really almost totally + + 25 unequipped to answer definitive questions. + + + 80 + + 1 We must distinguish those from true + + + 2 epidemiologic studies such as the one we were told is + + 3 about to be undertaken in Iowa, where a serious effort + + 4 is going to be made to compare exposed and unexposed. + + 5 I don't know if that's a perfect study or + + + 6 not. I simply haven't seen the protocols. I have + + 7 heard that some folks have concerns about it. I don't + + 8 know those concerns. + + + 9 But I think those are issues that we need + + 10 to keep clear as we proceed, as we develop lists of + + 11 exposures that we think ought to be subjected to + + 12 epidemiologic study. + + + 13 We have to do the testing of those + + 14 exposures in properly designed epidemiologic + + 15 protocols, and not merely rely upon the registries to + + + 16 throw out the answers. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Any further -- I + + 18 agree. And I want to caution us -- further thoughts + + 19 about how we go about evaluating the ongoing research + + + 20 projects and whether, since the key question we'll + + 21 have to address is: Are these research projects ones + + 22 that will give the answers? Are there new research + + + 23 projects that need to be done? + + 24 Certainly we need a lot more briefing from + + 25 staff. This book is pretty extensive. And I don't + + + 81 + + 1 know how many of you were able to go through the + + + 2 reports in it. But we need to do that. But there are + + 3 lots more reports that we didn't put in the book that + + 4 we need yet to digest. + + 5 Marguerite? + + + 6 DR. KNOX: Apparently Dr. Brix was under + + 7 the impression that the information already existed + + 8 about the patterning and aggregating of certain + + + 9 diagnosed diseases and the undiagnosed illnesses in + + 10 the Gulf War Veterans that were not mentioned in the + + 11 DOD report. And so maybe that would be easily + + 12 obtainable as well. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: David, you raised a + + 14 lot of questions about the psychological stressors. + + 15 Do you have recommendations about -- in this -- under + + + 16 the heading of research, if you will, how we might + + 17 address learning more about what we need to know on + + 18 this score. + + 19 DR. HAMBURG: Well, operationally we + + + 20 probably need someone on staff who is a specialist in + + 21 that area. I understand that there are bound to be + + 22 concerns that stress will not be treated in a proper + + + 23 scientific and rigorously medical public health way, + + 24 but rather as a way of dismissing the difficulties + + 25 that veterans and their families have. + + + 82 + + 1 At the extreme, and some times past, there + + + 2 has been -- had the implication that well, there is + + 3 just a kind of malingering. You know, it's kind of + + 4 made up. It's invented. It's not real, etc. + + 5 And that of course is a depreciatory + + + 6 stance which evades responsibility on the part of the + + 7 officials or institutions who are coping with the + + 8 problem. That is not what I am talking about. + + + 9 There is a very serious question of how + + 10 severe stress affects the endocrine system, for + + 11 example, the cardiovascular system, possibly the + + 12 immune system, and so on. It's a very extensive body + + + 13 of research over about half a century which has been + + 14 coming to fruition in the past decade. + + 15 And I think it just simply has to be taken + + + 16 into account. And it's one of the technical areas we + + 17 need to cover, being mindful of the distortion to + + 18 which that area is always susceptible as a kind of a + + 19 cavalier dismissal of serious problems, which is + + + 20 obviously not the way in which we would treat it. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: In that regard + + 22 certainly we would want to add someone on staff. + + + 23 Would you see that as an issue that we ought to have + + 24 some further panel and hearing about? Bringing in + + 25 some experts in that field? + + + 83 + + 1 DR. HAMBURG: Well -- + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: We can wait on + + 3 deciding that. But -- + + 4 DR. HAMBURG: To the extent we -- it's + + 5 part of a part of a kind of systematic even coverage + + + 6 of major problem areas. I wouldn't give it a higher + + 7 standing with let's say the sorting out of possible + + 8 chemical agents. But it's in that same ballpark. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: In the same category? + + 10 DR. HAMBURG: Yes. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Fine. + + 12 Don? Any further thoughts on this aspect? + + + 13 DR. CUSTIS: I think you've pretty well + + 14 covered it. + + 15 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Art? + + + 16 DR. CAPLAN: One set of information that + + 17 I think it might be useful to have -- I don't know + + 18 that everybody has to get it -- but clearly for many + + 19 of these protocols, when we heard testimony yesterday + + + 20 there were claims made about nonstandardization or + + 21 incomplete interview things. + + 22 We have been asking about standardization + + + 23 for information. I would just like to see us + + 24 archivally get some staff person who could read, + + 25 store, collate, tell us what's in the basic protocol + + + 84 + + 1 documents. We need somebody who is savvy to be able + + + 2 to read them and call them up and just tell us whether + + 3 they look comparable or not, or incomplete or even + + 4 incomprehensible, Lord only knows. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Fair enough. + + + 6 John? + + 7 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: One additional + + 8 thought. There has been so much previous work and + + + 9 layers of study and analysis upon study and analysis. + + 10 And I think we saw some of the problem this morning. + + 11 That is the distinctions between what was + + 12 literally in the IOM and DOD reports and what was said + + + 13 about what was in the DOD and IOM reports and those + + 14 seem to be completely orthogonal sets of statements. + + 15 And so, you know, I think we will have to play some + + + 16 role in sorting all of this out. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that's a very + + 18 important point. It was an issue that was raised with + + 19 me early by the White House group -- is the importance + + + 20 of our thinking through how we communicate with the + + 21 public about the issues as we do our work, not just at + + 22 the end when we have a report, but as we go along to + + + 23 be sure that we think through what's the best means of + + 24 communication beside being on C-SPAN or the newspaper + + 25 articles, what we want to do in a more proactive way + + + 85 + + 1 ourselves. And that's an issue we'll take up. + + + 2 All right. Well, from that I would say + + 3 that, you know, in the research area we would + + 4 certainly want on staff epidemiologic expertise and + + 5 environmental risk assessment expertise. + + + 6 I think, John, you've raised a lot of + + 7 questions about the environmental risk. There has + + 8 been at least one fairly scientific or technical study + + + 9 on risk assessment that I don't pretend that I have + + 10 completely digested, or frankly, completely + + 11 understood. + + 12 But I think we do need some people to do + + + 13 that and obviously I would look to -- the members of + + 14 the committee have different expertise. I would hope + + 15 they would concentrate their efforts in that area and + + + 16 take a look at that and make specific recommendations + + 17 to staff. + + 18 And if they can help us identify not only + + 19 people to put on staff, but consultants that we could + + + 20 call in, people that -- the contracts that we might be + + 21 able to give for consulting efforts. We can go both + + 22 ways. We have funding for staff as well as for + + + 23 consultants. And we can commission reports to us + + 24 analyzing reports, if you will. + + 25 Don? + + + 86 + + 1 DR. CUSTIS: You know, it occurs to me + + + 2 that the statements that were made that the people who + + 3 put out the fires that were complaining of no illness + + 4 -- in what depths that has been pursued. + + 5 That category of people remind me of the + + + 6 ranch handers in the Agent Orange group who were in, + + 7 you know, were studied with some intensity. I would + + 8 think that the people who put out the fires would be + + + 9 a very important source of information. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + 11 DR. LANDRIGAN: May I -- + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. Sure. + + + 13 DR. LANDRIGAN: I think that's an + + 14 excellent suggestion. And it sort of goes back to + + 15 what I was talking about yesterday, with the need to + + + 16 use our common sense, our instinct, and our ears to + + 17 find subgroups within this enormous population of + + 18 700,000 people who might have had particularly intense + + 19 exposures. + + + 20 And sometimes it's much more fruitful to + + 21 look at a few hundred people who are heavily exposed + + 22 than many thousands who were minimally exposed. And + + + 23 I wonder if there is some systematic way that we can + + 24 seek to learn about such groups. + + 25 There is usually somebody who knows about + + + 87 + + 1 those groups, but you have to find that somebody. And + + + 2 that might be worth some thought. It's a detective + + 3 process. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. I think that + + 5 would be a good detective process for one of the staff + + + 6 people. It's also one of the reasons that I raised + + 7 the question of how much longer it's going to take + + 8 them to do that geographic identification. I really + + + 9 don't understand why this long after, we don't know + + 10 who was where, and when. + + 11 All right. Let's move into the clinical + + 12 care area. It's obviously a major issue that came up + + + 13 from yesterday and how we might tackle looking at the + + 14 clinical care. + + 15 One is to consider one of our panel future + + + 16 meetings -- be a panel of physicians who have been + + 17 caring for veterans, both at the VA and some of the + + 18 other sources of care that veterans have sought out. + + 19 But I am open to any idea and suggestions along that + + + 20 line. + + 21 Elaine? + + 22 DR. LARSON: Here I think Don's suggestion + + + 23 about case studies is relevant. And if we are going + + 24 to do panels, I'd like to see not just physicians + + 25 there, but also -- there's no such thing as a typical + + + 88 + + 1 patient, but somebody who's been a client in the + + + 2 system and perhaps some of the nurses as well because + + 3 there's a different perspective from those delivering + + 4 care, outpatient care in the system. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Marguerite? + + + 6 DR. KNOX: I think it might be beneficial + + 7 for the panel as well to get some kind of + + 8 understanding about how the VA works. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 10 DR. KNOX: Any Gulf War Veteran or any + + 11 veteran of any kind can go into the VA system for an + + 12 emergency. If you are not a service-connected + + + 13 veteran, not just coming for a physical, the rules and + + 14 regulations are very different. + + 15 So I think it would behoove us to educate + + + 16 ourselves, those of us that are not as familiar to + + 17 know what the differences in that care is. + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Fine. + + 19 DR. RIOS: I know that I have been + + + 20 contacted by a couple of doctors in Texas who have + + 21 some Gulf War Veterans who are their patients and have + + 22 indicated that they would like to present information + + + 23 to this Committee by way of a panel -- + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 25 DR. RIOS: With their patients and give + + + 89 + + 1 you their perspectives. And I think that would be + + + 2 worthwhile. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. You give that + + 4 kind of detailed information to staff. + + 5 Art? + + + 6 DR. CAPLAN: That might be a good + + 7 opportunity for the Committee to maybe think about + + 8 going to the VA and doing it there. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 10 DR. CAPLAN: My school has a -- at Penn. + + 11 there is a pretty extensive program now on + + 12 rehabilitation. And they are interested -- made an + + + 13 offer that maybe we might want to come and both listen + + 14 and look. + + 15 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + + 16 David? + + 17 DR. HAMBURG: The VA system is not the + + 18 whole story by any means. But it is an important part + + 19 of this. And so there are at least two things that + + + 20 occur to me that might be a useful way for us to get + + 21 an overview. + + 22 One is that there have been periodic + + + 23 really major reviews of the VA care system by one or + + 24 another part of the National Academy of Sciences. I + + 25 don't know if there has been a recent one in the past + + + 90 + + 1 few years. Some of them in the period of 15 or so + + + 2 years ago were really well done, very thoroughly done, + + 3 enough that they created some flurry of resistance in + + 4 various circles. But if there is a recent one, we + + 5 ought to find that out. + + + 6 Secondly, Dr. Kizer, who appeared here + + 7 yesterday, has been given, I think, the lead role in + + 8 pushing a major extensive reform. And we probably + + + 9 should find out about that insofar as it's likely to + + 10 affect Gulf War Veterans and their families and maybe + + 11 many aspects that go far beyond that. + + 12 Obviously there will be. But at least + + + 13 that -- how it would impinge would -- for example, + + 14 it's conceivable that a reform which in general would + + 15 be very invigorating for the VA might have some + + + 16 adverse side-effects for Gulf War Veterans. I haven't + + 17 the foggiest idea. But I think since that is + + 18 perceived at the moment as a major undertaking, we + + 19 ought to learn what is the nature of that reform. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + 21 DR. LARSON: Joyce, obviously -- + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes, Elaine? + + + 23 DR. LARSON: It goes without saying that + + 24 we want to do an analogous thing on the active duty + + 25 side. + + + 91 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Pardon? + + + 2 DR. LARSON: I think we want to do an + + 3 analogous effort on the active duty side as well. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 5 DR. LARSON: In terms of medical care. + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: The DOD is also -- I + + 7 think Steve Joseph has been ordered to do -- or, + + 8 ordered is probably the incorrect term, but is + + + 9 undertaking a review of the total medical service at + + 10 DOD and looking at whether that needs to be + + 11 reorganized or not. And so I think we can get an + + 12 update. + + + 13 I think we have to be careful we don't get + + 14 into too broad in those areas and confine it to the + + 15 issue, as you point out, that what will be the impact + + + 16 of how they are looking at on the Gulf War Veteran and + + 17 not try to put ourselves as another panel to critique + + 18 the reevaluation in the VA and the DOD, but focus on + + 19 that in relation to the Gulf War Veterans. + + + 20 Any other thoughts about the clinical + + 21 care, diagnostic treatment? I think we need to know + + 22 more about the VA registry. I mean, we've gotten this + + + 23 detailed report on the DOD registry. + + 24 But we don't know whether the data are + + 25 similar for the VA registry yet and how soon that data + + + 92 + + 1 will be available. And to understand how those + + + 2 examinations are being done, I think we need more on + + 3 that. + + 4 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: In the spirit of the + + 5 case study, it might be interesting to try phoning + + + 6 some of the 800 numbers and see -- + + 7 (Laughter.) + + 8 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: To see what happens + + + 9 when you call. + + 10 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: To se what really + + 11 happens. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: All right. Well, one + + + 13 thing we could certainly do is have staff supply all + + 14 the Committee members with 800 numbers and ask every + + 15 one of us to make a few calls and find out what + + + 16 happens. + + 17 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: As an + + 18 experimentalist, I think this is often very + + 19 illuminating. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That'll be our own + + 21 original research. + + 22 DR. LARSON: Actually I was going to do + + + 23 that last night. But I ran out of time. Seriously. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Outreach is + + 25 another area. I mean, I'm sort of running down our + + + 93 + + 1 charter area as you can see. Outreach was the next -- + + + 2 certainly the panel we heard yesterday was our first + + 3 effort at outreach. + + 4 And Tom McDaniels, who was at my side + + 5 during that, is the staff person -- we've brought + + + 6 aboard staff to work on the outreach -- and was + + 7 instrumental in contacting and getting that group up. + + 8 We have to admit that, you know, he has not been on + + + 9 board very long. + + 10 And we weren't able to do the kind of + + 11 outreach we ought to be able to do in the future. For + + 12 our very first meeting, we had to pull this one + + + 13 together very quickly. + + 14 DR. RIOS: Along those lines, are we + + 15 planning to have hearings out in the field? + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's open for + + 17 discussion. I would like to hear how people feel + + 18 about hearings in the field, whether those ought to be + + 19 numerous, limited, whole committees, subcommittees, + + + 20 specific areas, how we decide where -- + + 21 DR. RIOS: I don't know what's out there, + + 22 but I think the idea of getting away from Washington + + + 23 and hearing from people out in the field might be of + + 24 some benefit because out there that have something to + + 25 say about this. + + + 94 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I agree. + + + 2 Don? + + 3 DR. CUSTIS: One option we might consider + + 4 would be to contract for some focus group sessions on + + 5 the part of -- contract with people who know how to + + + 6 handle a focus group, you know, organize focus groups. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 8 DR. CUSTIS: And get a sampling of + + + 9 patients who have been treated. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that's -- + + 11 DR. TAYLOR: I missed something Donald + + 12 said. He was saying contract with -- + + + 13 DR. CUSTIS: There are commercial outfits, + + 14 you know, that do nothing but handle focus groups. + + 15 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Don? + + + 16 Phil? Sorry. + + 17 DR. LANDRIGAN: Yes. I think -- I think + + 18 field hearings might be useful. I think that maybe + + 19 two topics where they could most fruitfully + + + 20 concentrate would be on medical care and outreach. I + + 21 think research is probably less likely to be + + 22 illuminated by those. + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Elaine? Did -- + + 24 DR. LARSON: Well, just a point of + + 25 clarification. My understanding of outreach here is + + + 95 + + 1 not to discuss how we are going to communicate or go + + + 2 out, but it's to evaluate government-sponsored + + 3 outreach efforts. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's true. + + 5 DR. LARSON: So we're -- + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's right. Yes. + + 7 DR. LARSON: To do that two times a year. + + 8 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's right. You + + + 9 are right. + + 10 DR. LARSON: But related to the -- related + + 11 to the topic or our assignment -- + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Assignment. + + + 13 DR. LARSON: In addition to checking out + + 14 the 800 numbers I think it would be very useful if + + 15 anybody has any information about when they started + + + 16 and the extent to which they have been used. It + + 17 probably isn't possible to get a good sense. + + 18 But you asked a question yesterday about, + + 19 okay, we've got these numbers. Do people know about + + + 20 them? How many veterans use the Internet? How many + + 21 people use a computer? And we need to kind of -- my + + 22 sense is our mandate is to look at that. Are the + + + 23 appropriate mechanisms being used? + + 24 I thought the panels yesterday were very + + 25 responsive. They said, "we are using multiple + + + 96 + + 1 methods" etc., etc., which is what you would want to + + + 2 hear. But we need to get some sense of what media + + 3 campaigns there have been. + + 4 Has there been anything on the -- on + + 5 television? On radio there has. But the question is: + + + 6 Is it appropriate? And is it occurring only at 2:00 + + 7 a.m.? Or, what's going on? + + 8 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. And also + + + 9 newsletters. You know, what newsletters are going + + 10 out? What kind of mailings? We ought to archive all + + 11 of those and analyze them. + + 12 Art? + + + 13 DR. CAPLAN: That's a great area for a + + 14 contract. One of the things I have been interested + + 15 over the years is working on tissue donation. And + + + 16 there are, again, firms that just do a nice job in + + 17 tracking. + + 18 They can answer the question for you about + + 19 who knows about the 800 numbers. And does anybody + + + 20 ever read newsletters that go out. And that sort of + + 21 thing. + + 22 That's a great place to get somebody with + + + 23 good expertise on media outreach and let them look at + + 24 this. And they'll call other veterans' samples and + + 25 find out who has been looking at what and do they know + + + 97 + + 1 about the numbers and that sort of stuff. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. That's a very + + 3 good point. We can look into that. + + 4 DR. TAYLOR: Are there government support + + 5 groups at all in relation to Gulf War Veterans + + + 6 illnesses? Is there any kind of support group + + 7 network? Does anyone -- + + 8 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's a good + + + 9 question. + + 10 Yes? + + 11 DR. RIOS: Down in San Antonio there's a + + 12 group called the Gulf War Veterans Support Group + + + 13 Network. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: There is a national + + 15 organization of -- + + + 16 DR. TAYLOR: But are they government- + + 17 sponsored? Or are they on their own with funding from + + 18 the outside? + + 19 DR. RIOS: The one in Texas is on its own. + + + 20 DR. TAYLOR: Okay. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: The one I was + + 22 contacted by is on its own. + + + 23 DR. TAYLOR: Okay. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Do you know one, + + 25 Marguerite? + + + 98 + + 1 DR. KNOX: My experience has been most of + + + 2 them are on their own. However, I would commend them. + + 3 They have a great network. They got the information + + 4 to everybody about this meeting. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: With the Internet + + + 6 coming up on line I think we ought to look at, in more + + 7 detail, where those computers are going to be, how + + 8 useful they are to the vets, how many of them know + + + 9 about it, how user friendly they are, whether they are + + 10 the difficult ones or the easy ones to get into and so + + 11 on. + + 12 DR. CAPLAN: One other thing I was going + + + 13 to comment on about outreach -- if you talk to some of + + 14 the schools of communication in addition to Internet + + 15 things, it's possible to put on location things like + + + 16 video disks and other technologies which some people + + 17 hope are going to start showing up in the library + + 18 system and in other places where people could find + + 19 them and know that there's some hope. + + + 20 That maybe -- in Pennsylvania that there + + 21 is going to be this commitment to put a computer + + 22 terminal and a CD ROM type player in every library. + + + 23 And that's the sort of place where people could go and + + 24 get a CD ROM disk that has information about this and + + 25 who to report to and that sort of stuff. + + + 99 + + 1 So I think we should think very broadly + + + 2 both about what's out there now and what might + + 3 reasonably be out there that people could really use + + 4 that may not own a computer or know anything about + + 5 them or some of these other information technologies. + + + 6 But a lot of cable stations, a lot of + + 7 technology coming out there -- it may be that in five + + 8 or ten years if we recommend it there could be some + + + 9 effort to put that into play. So it's not just the + + 10 Internet, there's a lot of other tactics out there to + + 11 get information out. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: So our charge in + + + 13 outreach really is one to look at what is going on in + + 14 outreach now, what we would recommend ought to be in + + 15 the outreach, as well as the other aspect that I had + + + 16 started off on and -- how we outreach. So we've got + + 17 three aspects of outreach there that we'll need to + + 18 address. + + 19 DR. CAPLAN: We'll have to get an 800 + + + 20 number. + + 21 (Laughter.) + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Do we have an 800 + + + 23 number? + + 24 DR. CAPLAN: No. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. We'll talk + + + 100 + + 1 about that. + + + 2 The next thing I had listed down to take + + 3 a look at was the question of the implementation of + + 4 past recommendations. As we know, there have been + + 5 others' reports and there have been recommendations. + + + 6 I don't know that there's been any + + 7 systematic review of all the recommendations that have + + 8 been made and what's happened to those recommendations + + + 9 and what is the status of the implementation of those + + 10 recommendations. + + 11 And Robyn Nishimi and I have been + + 12 discussing, you know, what maybe our first focus might + + + 13 well be. And it seems to me that that's a logical way + + 14 to get at this to start. + + 15 Any thoughts about that? + + + 16 Andrea? + + 17 DR. TAYLOR: I guess all of the + + 18 recommendations -- there are so many that have been + + 19 listed. And I guess it goes back to the agencies -- + + + 20 the DOD versus the VA system. + + 21 I guess -- is it our responsibility to + + 22 accomplish where these recommendations are and try to + + + 23 investigate the implementations from that end? And + + 24 how will that be accomplished? I mean, I have a hard + + 25 time with OSHA doing follow up on inspections. So I + + + 101 + + 1 am just -- + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think to the extent + + 3 that it is possible -- and, you know -- for some + + 4 recommendations it's going to be easy to find out + + 5 whether they are being followed. + + + 6 Specific recommendations on clinical care + + 7 and every physical exam will be very difficult for us + + 8 to know whether they are being implemented in the + + + 9 field. All we can do is look at whether the + + 10 information got out to the field and so on. + + 11 Others in terms of the epidemiologic + + 12 studies that have been recommended by IOM -- whether + + + 13 they have been started and where they stand should be + + 14 easy for us to find now. + + 15 And I do think the President and the White + + + 16 House are looking for us to take a look at the + + 17 recommendations that have been made and let him know + + 18 whether they are being implemented or not being + + 19 implemented. + + + 20 DR. TAYLOR: And make suggestions -- + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And make suggestions. + + 22 DR. TAYLOR: And make suggestions on how + + + 23 to get them implemented. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. That's within + + 25 our charge. + + + 102 + + 1 David? + + + 2 DR. HAMBURG: Yes. I think that's very + + 3 important to do. That's why I raised with some of the + + 4 government people about what mechanisms of + + 5 implementation they had or could construct to pursue + + + 6 the thought for recommendations it could put out + + 7 there. + + 8 I think we could ask every relevant agency + + + 9 their response to perhaps a defined set of + + 10 recommendations that have made by serious bodies that + + 11 have looked into this up to now. + + 12 And their reaction, their commentary -- + + + 13 probably to a considerable extent they have already + + 14 reacted. They may have reason, basis, for rejecting + + 15 some of the recommendations. But the most treacherous + + + 16 territory is where the response is essentially, "Yes. + + 17 We agree some day, some how we are going to do this." + + 18 And I think we need, therefore, to press + + 19 them for rather specific steps being taken and -- and + + + 20 questions about mechanisms of implementation. I asked + + 21 twice about this coordinating board yesterday. And I + + 22 have to say the responses, though earnest and in good + + + 23 faith and pleasant, were not very informative. + + 24 I -- it may be that this coordinating + + 25 board has real potential to move the agenda of serious + + + 103 + + 1 recommendations toward implementation. But that isn't + + + 2 obvious to me from what we heard yesterday. + + 3 So I would want to know not only about + + 4 their response to major recommendations, especially + + 5 converging recommendations, but also about the + + + 6 mechanisms they have in place or they are thinking of + + 7 constructing through which they would be likely to + + 8 respond effectively one way or another. + + + 9 Not assuming that they accept all. But + + 10 yes or no. But if no, why. And if yes, what concrete + + 11 steps are being taken. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: John? + + + 13 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: There's a significant + + 14 danger in asking a large agency such as DOD for their + + 15 response to a set of recommendations because they will + + + 16 assign a staff officer to write you something, which, + + 17 you know, typically is not going to be very helpful. + + 18 A much more powerful approach, I think, is + + 19 to look at the end point. And to literally once again + + + 20 look at some cases and see what is happening. I mean, + + 21 see what's really happening at the -- at the point of + + 22 care, for example. + + + 23 And if you find some, you know, outrageous + + 24 inconsistency there, that will certainly elicit a + + 25 response through the system, I think, much more + + + 104 + + 1 effectively than asking for a bureaucratic response to + + + 2 a set of recommendations. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I -- pardon? + + 4 DR. CUSTIS: So little faith. + + 5 (Laughter.) + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that does + + 7 vary with the kind of recommendation. I think the + + 8 point is very well taken. There are some + + + 9 recommendations that they will tell you, "Oh, yes. We + + 10 are doing this." But you have to go out in the field + + 11 and find out whether they are. + + 12 There are other recommendations like we + + + 13 are going to do this study, and here's where we are in + + 14 the study and so on. And we'll work with the protocol + + 15 and so on. So, yes. I think both those points are + + + 16 well taken. + + 17 Anything else on the implementation of + + 18 past recommendations? + + 19 (No response.) + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Moving ahead + + 21 to the hazard exposure assessment, including the + + 22 chemical and biological weapons. Well, we have talked + + + 23 about that as an important issue that came up + + 24 yesterday. And clearly, it's one that we are going to + + 25 have to look into. + + + 105 + + 1 We have on staff, or pending to be on + + + 2 staff very shortly, someone who has military + + 3 background in the area of chemical and biological + + 4 weapons who will have the clearance necessary to dig + + 5 into the records and review all of that. + + + 6 There have been previous studies. Our + + 7 first thing is to review those, find out the validity + + 8 of those, see if there are areas that we feel that + + + 9 haven't been looked into that need to be looked into + + 10 further. + + 11 And we have to be careful that we don't + + 12 start from scratch on all of these, and that we look + + + 13 first at what's been done, and then try to analyze + + 14 those and see whether more needs to be done. + + 15 Yes? + + + 16 DR. RIOS: On that, I noticed yesterday + + 17 when we asked them about bombing patterns and what + + 18 approach the military used on how to decide where to + + 19 drop their bombs and where not to drop them, + + + 20 apparently a lot of that information is still + + 21 classified. + + 22 Whoever we bring in would have to be + + + 23 somebody that knows everything about military planning + + 24 and what the ramifications are -- dropping bombs in + + 25 certain areas. I would assume that -- is that -- do + + + 106 + + 1 you have somebody in mind already? + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 3 DR. RIOS: In mind already? + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. And he does + + 5 have that kind of background. We'll get the CV's for + + + 6 all these people. I haven't wanted to put out the + + 7 CV's until they were processed and aboard. But we'll + + 8 get them as soon as they have been cleared and we'll + + + 9 be on to all of you. + + 10 And keep in mind that what we aren't able + + 11 to -- the expertise that we are not able to obtain as + + 12 full-time staff here we can bring on as consultants on + + + 13 a part-time basis. + + 14 So as we proceed through our process and + + 15 we put staff on -- and you'll get the detailed CV's -- + + + 16 and then if you feel that there are areas that there + + 17 are gaps -- and we can identify consultants to bring + + 18 in to do those. But we have looked at someone that we + + 19 think will fit the bill for -- in that area. + + + 20 DR. KNOX: Do you mind if I -- + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Certainly. By all + + 22 means. + + + 23 DR. KNOX: I think we need to look at a + + 24 point that someone made yesterday. And that is about + + 25 the chemical and biological warfare that cannot be + + + 107 + + 1 accounted for, that Saddam had. So I think that's + + + 2 something that we need to look at. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: John? + + 4 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: A useful field trip + + 5 might be to Aberdeen, Edgewood, to have a look at the + + + 6 various sensors and detection systems. I think that + + 7 would -- for those who haven't seen that, that would + + 8 be a potentially useful trip for the Committee. + + + 9 And one other aspect in this category. + + 10 There have been, I think, so many concerns raised + + 11 about the prophylactic drugs, about the pyridostigmine + + 12 bromide and the vaccines that it would be useful to + + + 13 have a thorough review of what's known from the + + 14 standpoint of the original FDA files on these + + 15 documents. + + + 16 And also from the standpoint of the + + 17 anthrax vaccine, the British troops of course I think + + 18 were all vaccinated. And I don't know if the source + + 19 of the vaccine was the same. I suspect it was not. + + + 20 But -- that is that the U.S. troops + + 21 received vaccine from the Michigan state origin. And + + 22 some from the British origin as well. But I think a + + + 23 comparison in that regard would be extremely + + 24 illuminating. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that maybe + + + 108 + + 1 another area where we would have a panel present to + + + 2 the full Committee -- I mean, we would get staff to + + 3 get background information, but this is something that + + 4 deserves a panel presentation. + + 5 And a little further down the line after + + + 6 we get all this on the table, we will sort of go back + + 7 and try to figure out what panels we want at the next + + 8 meeting and the following meeting, and some kind of + + + 9 time line on that. + + 10 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Are the -- the + + 11 botulinum toxin has not been mentioned. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 13 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: But that one was also + + 14 distributed to a limited number. I think -- of the + + 15 order of 8,000 U.S. troops received that. And it + + + 16 seems to me that that would be an important part of + + 17 that review as well. + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. Okay. Fine. + + 19 Other thoughts on this one? + + + 20 Elaine? + + 21 DR. LARSON: Yes. I was going to concur + + 22 that the most efficient way for us to deal with this + + + 23 factual information about vaccines and these chemicals + + 24 is with expert panels. + + 25 But when I am looking at charge number 7, + + + 109 + + 1 I guess I do need a little clarification on what we + + + 2 are supposed to be doing. It just says regarding + + 3 chemical and biological weapons, we are to: + + 4 "review information related to + + 5 reports of possible detection of chemical + + + 6 or biological weapons during the Persian + + 7 Gulf Conflict." + + 8 Well, what are we supposed to do with it? + + + 9 And hasn't that been done? I am not exactly clear + + 10 what we are supposed to do with that information. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think what we are + + 12 supposed to do is look at the previous studies about + + + 13 that and the response and why they've been passed off, + + 14 and see whether we think there is any stone unturned + + 15 or whether we are satisfied that it has been + + + 16 adequately addressed. + + 17 DR. TAYLOR: Because we did hear yesterday + + 18 that there was no chemical warfare used. Right? + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Right. + + + 20 DR. TAYLOR: So -- + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I guess we can read + + 22 the newspapers and see when the defector from Iraq is + + + 23 going to testify before the U.N. on their chemical and + + 24 biological warfare. We may get some information. + + 25 He's going to testify soon. So stay tuned. + + + 110 + + 1 David? + + + 2 DR. HAMBURG: I think there is a general + + 3 principle there. I think you are absolutely right, + + 4 Joyce, that we need to start with the existing + + 5 reports, the serious ones that are science based to + + + 6 the extent possible. + + 7 But then we also need to look for updates. + + 8 In the case we were just talking about now, there are + + + 9 some conceivable updated. One was raised yesterday + + 10 about this U.N. technical group, I guess the group + + 11 that's headed by Rolf Ichaeus. They've been in and + + 12 out of Iraq quite a bit since the prior reports were + + + 13 published. + + 14 And it may be that there is something of + + 15 importance there. I think you are absolutely right + + + 16 about these recent defectors -- may well be a source + + 17 of information. + + 18 In any case, the principle is in each -- + + 19 in each case, we build on what's there, but we ask + + + 20 about updates. Is there new information? Or are + + 21 there approaches that have never been taken that are + + 22 feasible to take? It should be built upon the + + + 23 previous reports. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + 25 Don? + + + 111 + + 1 DR. CUSTIS: I think we ought to find out + + + 2 if the American Legion has a source of information + + 3 that is not generally known. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Pardon? Could you -- + + 5 DR. CUSTIS: I think we ought to find out + + + 6 whether the American Legion has a source of + + 7 information that is not generally known. They make + + 8 some pretty categorical statements. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, all the + + 10 testimony we heard yesterday, you know, much of it was + + 11 abbreviated. We will have full records from all the + + 12 people who testified, and we can have staff follow up + + + 13 and get additional information on any points that were + + 14 raised that we feel are not adequately covered. + + 15 And it will be quite a research task. All + + + 16 right. Moving on then to the bioethics and humans and + + 17 subjects protection area. + + 18 Why don't we let you, Art, kick that one + + 19 off for us -- and what you think we need to do and + + + 20 look at in that area. + + 21 DR. CAPLAN: I think there's really two + + 22 divisions there to look at that occurred to me as I + + + 23 was listening to the testimony. One is sort of the + + 24 research ethics question: What can we do to protect + + 25 those who are asked to take experimental or innovative + + + 112 + + 1 things? + + + 2 The drugs, the vaccines, that whole issue + + 3 should be looked at in terms of what they were told, + + 4 risks that they were going to face, what's practical, + + 5 what's silly in the context of active or imminent + + + 6 conflict. + + 7 I think there's some questions about how + + 8 we are doing now in terms of protecting subjects as we + + + 9 try to understand what happened. + + 10 And that's what I was asking of the last + + 11 panel in terms of identified information, loss of + + 12 insurance, the information going back to employers, + + + 13 other third parties, that sort of thing. + + 14 So there are a set of issues about the, if + + 15 you will, research or innovative things that might + + + 16 have been done to troops -- or during or just before + + 17 the conflict. + + 18 And then as we try to assess what they are + + 19 exposed to and what the ability is of these studies to + + + 20 figure out what happened, how well do we do in making + + 21 sure that their welfare is protected? + + 22 And then there's the ethical issues on the + + + 23 clinical side. How well does the system deal with + + 24 them? Are they informed? Do they get humane and + + 25 respectful treatment when they go into the VA or not? + + + 113 + + 1 Do they get dealt with well within the context of the + + + 2 military health system with their complaints? Are + + 3 they basically getting the kind of care that we think + + 4 is ethically acceptable? + + 5 So that's roughly the visions I would be + + + 6 looking at there. I think there's a bigger issue that + + 7 I flagged before that I just want to come back to + + 8 again. It seems to me the best ethics is still + + + 9 prophylactic. + + 10 So anything we can say about how not to + + 11 get these problems, again, is going to be very useful + + 12 in terms of what I think would be constructive for + + + 13 Americans to hear about. How to minimize these + + 14 problems from coming up again. + + 15 And I'll tell you what I mean by that. + + + 16 I did go -- and I remember being at a hearing on the + + 17 vaccines. There's a lot of claims that we didn't have + + 18 basic science and didn't know about animal safety with + + 19 these things and that you did the best you could. + + + 20 You tried to use these antibiological + + 21 warfare weapons, antichemical warfare interventions, + + 22 just assuming that it would be better to be protected + + + 23 than not. + + 24 I'm not sure today that we are any better + + 25 off in answering the question: Would we use them next + + + 114 + + 1 week? And that's not a situation we should be in. We + + + 2 just had a big experiment in the field. + + 3 And I don't know whether we could answer + + 4 any more -- that if next week we had to go and deploy + + 5 in a desert situation and somebody said, "I think + + + 6 there might biological or chemical weapons put into + + 7 place. So should I take this vaccine or do I take + + 8 this pill?" -- something is not good about that. + + + 9 That seems to me to be an ethical problem. + + 10 If we sort of miss the opportunity to figure out the + + 11 answer to the question, we are going to be back at it + + 12 again a month or a year or ten years from now. So -- + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Any thoughts about + + 14 how we would go about both aspects of that? First, + + 15 what they were told, the initial ones. And then the + + + 16 more difficult one, I think -- + + 17 DR. CAPLAN: Some of it's panels again. + + 18 I think there's some opportunity there for information + + 19 to be presented to us about what the actual context is + + + 20 of doing -- in wartime situations or in conflict, + + 21 trying out new medicines, new vaccines, what's policy, + + 22 getting the documents and then finding out literally + + + 23 from a few people what they think the -- what's + + 24 reasonable to try and do and what's not reasonable to + + 25 try and do. + + + 115 + + 1 Postwise, I think some of the testimony + + + 2 we'll collect in terms of care, clinical care and + + 3 outreach, will cover what we need. I don't think + + 4 we'll need anything special. We'll just have to ask + + 5 the right questions in there. + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, again, in terms + + 7 -- in following up with Don's idea that maybe the idea + + 8 of some focus groups that could -- + + + 9 DR. CAPLAN: Yes. It would help. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Work on all these. + + 11 DR. CAPLAN: Yes. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Get some good focus + + + 13 groups that are representative and not necessarily + + 14 just the people who come forward, who, you know -- + + 15 DR. CAPLAN: I think that's a very good + + + 16 idea. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Particularly going to + + 18 be the people who have problems, clearly. + + 19 DR. CAPLAN: Yes. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I mean, that's + + 21 expected. But if we want a broader, to have focus + + 22 groups that we could explore a number of these issues + + + 23 with. + + 24 DR. CAPLAN: I think that's a great idea. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + + 116 + + 1 Phil? + + + 2 DR. LANDRIGAN: Although I think these + + 3 issues of the vaccine and the antidotes -- they are + + 4 basically research questions. And what we need to do + + 5 is look at the state of the data and the data gaps. + + + 6 Where has the testing been adequate? Where is it + + 7 deficient? + + 8 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 9 DR. LANDRIGAN: What do we need to know? + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: On that aspect, I + + 11 think there's no question we could get it. I was + + 12 thinking in terms of what people were told, how the + + + 13 felt about it and so on. + + 14 Elaine? + + 15 DR. LARSON: Well, actually the + + + 16 interesting about the issues that Arthur raises is + + 17 that they are not research questions. They are + + 18 ethical questions. They are questions of values. And + + 19 they are questions of sort of sociologic perspective. + + + 20 And that's beyond our charge. + + 21 Although I do think that within the + + 22 context of our, you know, number 3 charge, if you + + + 23 will, we don't have, unless I am missing it, a charge + + 24 to deal with the bioethics of and so forth. But I + + 25 think it does go in number 3. + + + 117 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think it goes in + + + 2 number 3. And clearly we are expected to, or Art + + 3 wouldn't be on this panel. So I think his presence + + 4 here tells us that we ought to be looking at those + + 5 kinds of issues. + + + 6 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Well, a major issue + + 7 of how you behave under a strategic situation of great + + 8 uncertainty is the quality of the intelligence + + + 9 information that is available. That is, if one knew + + 10 for sure what the opposition had and their doctrine + + 11 for using it, you would behave, of course, very + + 12 differently. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That may or may not + + 14 be part of the classified material that may or may not + + 15 get unclassified in time for us to discuss it + + + 16 publicly. But all of us I suspect at some point will + + 17 have our clearance confirmed. And we will be able to + + 18 look at those things in closed session, anything that + + 19 we can't have open. + + + 20 Anything else on that score? + + 21 (No response.) + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think the + + + 23 pyridostigmine bromide issue -- + + 24 DR. CAPLAN: Joyce, one other comment + + 25 which I am not sure about how to respond to -- and it + + + 118 + + 1 goes into this problem we got into earlier about + + + 2 trying to comment on the VA or the CHAMPUS program + + 3 generally, and keeping our focus on the veterans and + + 4 the Gulf War issue. + + 5 But clearly some of the problems that come + + + 6 up -- and we were joking about this yesterday -- but + + 7 it's not a joke from the point of view of access to + + 8 services. + + + 9 Are problems in the system -- I mean the + + 10 American healthcare system, not problems -- anybody + + 11 would have problems who has a preexisting condition or + + 12 a child with a disability. + + + 13 There are just some problems in the + + 14 system. An we are not going to review and fix all + + 15 that. But it seems to me, we may simply have to -- it + + + 16 may be necessary for us to say something about some of + + 17 the equity or access problems that people face. + + 18 They are not due to, necessarily, Gulf War + + 19 experience. They are due to problems that are still + + + 20 unsolved in healthcare. So I don't propose that we + + 21 review the system again. I think that was last year's + + 22 project. But we -- + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: We didn't solve it + + 24 last year. + + 25 DR. CAPLAN: We didn't solve it. + + + 119 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: So it -- + + + 2 DR. CAPLAN: I think it's been raised + + 3 again at this year's Congress. But -- + + 4 DR. CUSTIS: If we did solve it, the + + 5 solution would have been simple. + + + 6 DR. CAPLAN: Right. But we may need to + + 7 flag that as -- that some of the things we've heard + + 8 even yesterday in testimony were problems of the + + + 9 system. They are not VA problems. They are problems. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that's valid. + + 11 And I don't see how we can avoid without, as you say, + + 12 reviewing all the healthcare system inequities, but we + + + 13 need to take cognizance of it. + + 14 Other thoughts about all this before we + + 15 now dig into in -- and it's so good we are going to do + + + 16 all of this. Just how are we going to do it? + + 17 (No response.) + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: As I said, we will be + + 19 staffing up in each of these areas and have + + + 20 consultants available to us as well. And then the use + + 21 of scientific panels. So I'd like to move at this + + 22 point into the strategies for doing this. And that + + + 23 means a number of meetings, kinds of panels, what are + + 24 the issues, which ones, the priority for doing them. + + 25 The question of subcommittee formats, + + + 120 + + 1 whether we break up into some subcommittees. And + + + 2 especially if we want to do numerous hearings around + + 3 the country it may not be practical for all of us to + + 4 attend every hearing. + + 5 But it may be that we could develop some + + + 6 subcommittees and hold hearings in different parts + + 7 without the full Committee. + + 8 Why don't we start with that issue as a + + + 9 whole? Are -- should all of our meetings be full + + 10 Committee? We are a relatively small Committee. + + 11 There are 12 of us. Ten of us were able to make + + 12 today's. + + + 13 We thought we would have had 11, but + + 14 something came up at the last minute that -- for + + 15 General Franks. We will continue to -- and this one + + + 16 was called in very short order after your appointment + + 17 and did interrupt people's vacations. + + 18 We'll have enough time to hopefully get on + + 19 everybody's schedules. But everybody has busy + + + 20 schedules. So what are your feelings about number of + + 21 meetings, subcommittees, small -- + + 22 Andrea? + + + 23 DR. TAYLOR: Sometimes I think it's going + + 24 to be important that we work in subgroups to discuss + + 25 these issues further and come up with -- and possibly + + + 121 + + 1 come up with a scheme. + + + 2 It might -- you know, for those of us who + + 3 are interested in exposure assessment, for instance, + + 4 I think maybe working in a small group to develop a + + 5 plan and present it to the full body or something of + + + 6 that sort would be good. + + 7 The same with some of the other areas, + + 8 healthcare, primary care. Using it as a subcommittee + + + 9 and then bringing back a full report to the entire + + 10 body to accept or adopt may be useful. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Elaine? + + 12 DR. LARSON: Along those lines I was going + + + 13 to make a similar suggestion. And that is that we + + 14 have some subcommittees with specific assignments as + + 15 much as possible related to the seven charges that we + + + 16 have. + + 17 But also that each of our subcommittees + + 18 has assigned staff so that we are working in + + 19 subcommittee with staff who are collecting data and + + + 20 then the group is assigned to collate the data or do + + 21 whatever with it. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 23 DR. LARSON: We actually -- I was sort of + + 24 taking notes as we were talking about ideas and + + 25 processes. And we actually had laid out some plans + + + 122 + + 1 that I think we could move from there on. One is for + + + 2 charges 2, 3, and 4, we talked about case studies, + + 3 field visits, and focus groups. + + 4 Now, for those we may or may not want full + + 5 committee. There may be some where we'll have a field + + + 6 visit that we'll do, you know, something in a region + + 7 or whatever. For charges 1 and 5 through 7, first + + 8 before we can do anything else, we need staff work. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Right. + + 10 DR. LARSON: And so we have got to get all + + 11 of that done. And I liked your previous idea about + + 12 starting with number 5, the external reviews, and see + + + 13 where we are with that. And sort of look at where the + + 14 recommendations are in process. That might be a next + + 15 full Committee meeting that we need to do. + + + 16 And then for charges 6 and 7 which have to + + 17 do with risk factors and chemical and biological + + 18 weapons, there you suggested that we need some expert + + 19 testimony, which again is full committee work, I + + + 20 think. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that's an + + 22 excellent summary. I agree with that. + + + 23 Anyone else want to add to Elaine's -- + + 24 John? + + 25 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Let me express a + + + 123 + + 1 concern about credibility. That is to say if we + + + 2 divide the work to -- in too many fine segments, then + + 3 I guess I am concerned about our individual + + 4 credibility in those areas where we have a lot of + + 5 expertise. + + + 6 It seems to me that the issue of + + 7 credibility would be a highlighted. An important + + 8 aspect of this Committee is that the Committee as a + + + 9 whole, I think, brings credibility to these issues. + + 10 That is, if your resident chemist is the + + 11 only one who speaks to the chemical warfare issues, it + + 12 seems to me that's somewhat precarious. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: But I would think -- + + 14 let me react first before I ask everyone else to + + 15 react. My interpretation -- and, Elaine, correct me + + + 16 if I am wrong -- would be that the subcommittee would + + 17 work through with staff on that and present something + + 18 to the full committee. + + 19 DR. LARSON: That's right. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: But as resident + + 21 chemist, you would have to convince all of us first + + 22 before we would accept it. Not just we'll just take + + + 23 it. + + 24 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: A Committee consensus + + 25 it seems to me is a critical part of our output. + + + 124 + + 1 DR. TAYLOR: And that would be my first + + + 2 comment -- is that if we worked subgroups, which I + + 3 think is a good idea because of all the material that + + 4 we have, we would bring it back to the full Committee + + 5 for any kind of acceptance or otherwise rejection of + + + 6 what the recommendations are. That kind of thing. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Elaine? + + 8 DR. LARSON: Another point is that while + + + 9 I think at least one Committee member should be + + 10 present at each focus group or case study + + 11 presentation, just in terms of cost benefit and + + 12 efficiency and getting more information, we could + + + 13 convene some of these focus groups or case studies, + + 14 however we decide to do it, in various parts of the + + 15 country, making it possible for subgroups of us to get + + + 16 together with people who might have more difficulty + + 17 traveling -- some people who might not be able to come + + 18 here for a variety of reasons that would like to be + + 19 heard and need to be heard. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes? + + 21 DR. RIOS: I was going to ask John a + + 22 question. Is your concern that if you have a + + + 23 subcommittee and the chairperson is a chemist, say, + + 24 and that person makes a recommendation -- you are + + 25 concerned that there is no objectivity insofar as the + + + 125 + + 1 full Committee being able to hear the information + + + 2 that's presented to the subcommittee? + + 3 I mean, I understand where you are coming + + 4 from because I think credibility is very important. + + 5 Are you saying that it's important that we hear all + + + 6 the evidence? + + 7 Or maybe it could be taken care of by + + 8 having the subcommittee chair not make + + + 9 recommendations, and just say here is what I heard, + + 10 and summarize the information? I am trying to get at + + 11 what you were concerned about. + + 12 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I think credibility + + + 13 is the central issue of this exercise, and that + + 14 operating as individual experts in our own fields, I + + 15 think that credibility is likely to be questioned. + + + 16 I would say in epidemiology, for example, + + 17 the same kind of concern. So that I think enough of + + 18 us have to hear enough of the story from all of its + + 19 aspects to, you know -- to give a credible consensus + + + 20 view. + + 21 DR. RIOS: So you are arguing against a + + 22 subcommittee type of format? + + + 23 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Or at least a + + 24 division into subcommittees so small. + + 25 DR. TAYLOR: I'm not thinking of just one + + + 126 + + 1 person per subcommittee though. I am thinking a + + + 2 little more -- there are what -- 11 of us -- maybe + + 3 three in each group and don't have more than three + + 4 focus groups at a time before we decide to tackle + + 5 something else, three or four. + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Phil? + + 7 DR. LANDRIGAN: There may be a useful + + 8 model here in the way that the National Institutes of + + + 9 Health review grant applications. A grant application + + 10 comes in and it's assigned to a study session usually + + 11 consisting of ten or a dozen people, as many as we + + 12 have on this committee. + + + 13 And the ultimate verdict on the grant is + + 14 rendered by the whole study session who vote and + + 15 assign ratings. But within the study session, usually + + + 16 two people, sometimes three, are assigned primary + + 17 responsibility on the basis of their expertise for + + 18 reviewing the grant and informing the rest of the + + 19 committee about the grant. + + + 20 And then there is a discussion. And the + + 21 committee may entirely accept the recommendation of + + 22 the primary reviewers or further aspects may emerge. + + + 23 And maybe that's the way to, on the one hand maximize + + 24 efficiency, because none of us is doing this as a + + 25 full-time job. + + + 127 + + 1 It's all -- for all of us it's in addition + + + 2 to something else. And it seems to me cumbersome to + + 3 think that every one of us can attend in full detail + + 4 to every aspect of this. + + 5 And yet, at the same time, it's a way to + + + 6 protect the credibility of the one or two people with + + 7 particular expertise that take primary responsibility + + 8 for reviewing a particular aspect. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Is that, do you + + 10 think, responsive, John? + + 11 DR. KNOX: Well, and I think too, if you + + 12 are interested in a certain area, you certainly should + + + 13 not be restricted from not seeing what that + + 14 subcommittee does. + + 15 If you would like to, you know, be + + + 16 involved in more than one subcommittee, or just sit on + + 17 one and see what all the information received is, I + + 18 think you should be welcome to do that. + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: David? + + + 20 DR. HAMBURG: I think that the + + 21 subcommittee structure should really follow the task + + 22 requirements that we encounter. I don't see any need + + + 23 to -- in fact, it would be very undesirable to say + + 24 well, we are going to essentially, arbitrarily have so + + 25 and so many subcommittees or do everything in the + + + 128 + + 1 first instance by subcommittee. + + + 2 On the other hand, it seems to me almost + + 3 inevitable that the time we have available and the + + 4 complexity of the task will call for some kind of + + 5 efficient working arrangements. + + + 6 And subcommittees would be a part of that, + + 7 including, by the way, conference calls, not + + 8 necessarily their meeting all the time. But small + + + 9 subcommittees could move the agenda ahead without + + 10 having, so to say, voting rights to settle the issue. + + 11 Now, on credibility, John, I think you are + + 12 right and wrong. The credibility thing cuts both + + + 13 ways. To have a chemist of your stature gives us + + 14 credibility that we are not, you know, wandering in + + 15 the dark with respect to chemical issues. + + + 16 On the other hand, those of a suspicious + + 17 turn of mind may assume that having somebody who has + + 18 lived his life in the chemical community gives him a + + 19 warp, a serious warp, a deficiency -- he knows too + + + 20 much. + + 21 It cuts both ways, depending in some part + + 22 on who the audience is. And I think we need both. We + + + 23 need your expertise in chemistry or Phil's in + + 24 epidemiology. We desperately need that. We also need + + 25 to put some people at certain times around you so that + + + 129 + + 1 there are multiple perspectives on your expertise. + + + 2 And we can do that. + + 3 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I think you have said + + 4 it very, very well. Were right on target. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. In that light, + + + 6 do we need to identify any of the subcommittees at + + 7 this point? Or do we leave that for staff and myself + + 8 to be in contact as we try to work through the + + + 9 project? + + 10 DR. HAMBURG: I think you and staff + + 11 should, in the next week or two, intensively think + + 12 about this. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: We'll be on the phone + + 14 constantly. But I would -- it's obvious that John and + + 15 Andrea -- and, Phil, I am afraid we'll have you on so + + + 16 many subcommittees, Phil. + + 17 We'll be looking at some of the + + 18 environmental risks and the biological and chemical, + + 19 as well as wanting you on the epidemiological. But + + + 20 that's a natural grouping. + + 21 And medical care is a natural grouping + + 22 with Elaine and Marguerite and Art and Don. You know, + + + 23 there is some natural -- I'll float around. But as + + 24 you say, we'll work on this as we try to -- but what + + 25 about the oral briefings for the Committee. + + + 130 + + 1 Well, maybe -- what things could be + + + 2 handled in focus groups with then a report from the + + 3 focus groups to the full Committee. This being focus + + 4 groups of consumers or veterans really versus what + + 5 things you would like to see done on expert panels + + + 6 brought forward. + + 7 They are quite different. I shouldn't put + + 8 those one against the other. We really identified + + + 9 some areas that lend themselves to focus groups and + + 10 then some that lend themselves to expert panels. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: David? + + 12 DR. HAMBURG: Yesterday it seemed to be + + + 13 that we heard expressions of anguish in two themes, + + 14 both of which might be suitable for focus groups to + + 15 clarify. One had to do with the themes of conversion + + + 16 -- coercion -- sorry. + + 17 Coercion, involuntary participation as in + + 18 immunization or prophylactic medication. Begin forced + + 19 to do something without much information and without + + + 20 a choice to opt out and so on. And to understand + + 21 those kinds of issues it is conceivable that a focus + + 22 group would convene. + + + 23 We also heard the theme of neglect. Long + + 24 waits for VA care. Slow processing of disability + + 25 applications. Denial of benefits and so on. I think + + + 131 + + 1 the themes of coercion and neglect came up over and + + + 2 over again. And those are kinds of issues that + + 3 professional focus groups, well designed focus groups, + + 4 have been able to clarify in other settings. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. I think those + + + 6 are -- + + 7 Yes? Elaine? + + 8 DR. LARSON: I think we can proceed + + + 9 simultaneously with two things. First of all we can + + 10 set up for our next meeting, which I assume will be in + + 11 the fall. Some expert testimony related to the + + 12 specific of chemical and biologic and environmental + + + 13 potential hazards, etc. + + 14 We can set those up, and staff can work + + 15 with the panel and with others to find out the best + + + 16 way to get the information on that. We can also + + 17 decide how we want to proceed with these focus groups. + + 18 The focus groups can't be done in full Committee. + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: No. + + + 20 DR. LARSON: The results need to be + + 21 presented to full Committee. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Right. + + + 23 DR. LARSON: So they need to start now as + + 24 well and be on -- be in process. They probably won't + + 25 be ready for sort of synthesis and presentation at the + + + 132 + + 1 next meeting in the fall. But in order to have them + + + 2 ready for the one after that, we are going to have to + + 3 start them now. + + 4 And so those two things can go on while at + + 5 the same time, either before or after lunch, we should + + + 6 have some more discussion about whether we or + + 7 subgroups want to do, in addition to the focus groups, + + 8 which we don't have to do, except attend. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 10 DR. LARSON: Do we want to do something + + 11 else in the way of case study panels or in the way of + + 12 field -- we threw these words around, and we need some + + + 13 more discussion on what we want to do with that. So + + 14 I think three things going on simultaneously are going + + 15 to have to occur to get us done in time. + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, you know, I -- + + 17 Robyn? Please? + + 18 DR. NISHIMI: I just wanted to say one + + 19 thing about the focus groups so not to raise your + + + 20 expectation that you would even get this by the second + + 21 meeting, because obviously this will require a fair + + 22 amount of planning as to what we want. + + + 23 And then we will have to select the right + + 24 contractor who will then have to get the proper + + 25 groups. So I just, you know -- I don't want to -- + + + 133 + + 1 DR. LARSON: No. I agree. Even more + + + 2 reason why we start now thinking about when we want to + + 3 do that so that we'll have these things lined up and + + 4 can get the work done. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. Well, actually + + + 6 I was going to say if there -- we talk about general + + 7 principles about this. Then we try to say what should + + 8 the priorities -- so if we can identify what things we + + + 9 will want to have panels here for the full Committee. + + 10 What things we have just done on the + + 11 focus. What we want to do in field hearings where we + + 12 will hear from veterans in different areas -- separate + + + 13 from the focus groups because I think the focus group + + 14 is a different kind of structure than the kind of open + + 15 hearing where anyone, you know, wants to present their + + + 16 position. + + 17 Do we decide in principle how we feel + + 18 about those things? Then I think we would try to set + + 19 up a time line of which are the first ones to do, + + + 20 considering that we have a six-month report due and + + 21 then a final report that is a year and a half from + + 22 now. + + + 23 And the six-month report -- I am saying -- + + 24 we'll fudge a little on six months, the end of + + 25 February, first of March. + + + 134 + + 1 No? + + + 2 DR. NISHIMI: No. There's no fudging on + + 3 that date. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: There's no fudging on + + 5 that date. + + + 6 DR. NISHIMI: No. No. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Mid-February? + + 8 DR. NISHIMI: February 14th and 15th would + + + 9 be six months. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. We have our + + 11 marching orders. February 14th and 15th we have to + + 12 have an interim report ready. + + + 13 DR. CAPLAN: Joyce? + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 15 DR. CAPLAN: One thing I would like to + + + 16 suggest is that the next meeting be devoted to the + + 17 compilation of the recommendations about what + + 18 information to acquire and some initial step by us to + + 19 assess that. + + + 20 Because if we are going to say something + + 21 by February 14th, we want to leave ourselves time to + + 22 both find out what these recommendations are and then + + + 23 ask about them again if we need to, since that is + + 24 going to become a crucial part, I suspect, of the + + 25 interim report. + + + 135 + + 1 How well are we doing, given the task + + + 2 that's been put out there to four groups and + + 3 subsidiary studies to get information? How well is + + 4 that happening? + + 5 I think it would be appropriate -- I don't + + + 6 think there is any shift that is going to take place + + 7 on the biological and chemical warfare area, in terms + + 8 of what's known, to schedule some expert testimony + + + 9 about that. + + 10 That simply exists. And the same thing is + + 11 true about the vaccines and the various prophylactic + + 12 things that were tried out. We could certainly look + + + 13 to schedule those. + + 14 It does seem to me we should start to + + 15 think about the adequacy of care and having some + + + 16 hearings or the ability to collect information out in + + 17 the field in different locations. I'm not ready yet + + 18 to say exactly what questions we need to ask. + + 19 But we certainly need to standardize them. + + + 20 We have been yelling at everybody else to get + + 21 standardized questions. And if we are going to go out + + 22 in the field, we have to come with standardized + + + 23 questions to ask to make sure that we can do that. + + 24 And that's going to be a staff + + 25 responsibility. And it's going to take a little time + + + 136 + + 1 logistically to set those up. So it does seem to me + + + 2 that for the next meeting, which I gather you are + + 3 talking October -- + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: We are talking about + + 5 mid-October or around -- + + + 6 DR. CAPLAN: So that's pretty fast. We + + 7 might look for the recommendations, try to compile + + 8 that, see how people are meeting the goals that have + + + 9 been set in terms of getting information, and maybe + + 10 some of these panel presentations about the areas that + + 11 at least look like to me they are -- I don't want to + + 12 say they are settled -- but they are -- the expertise + + + 13 is there. + + 14 What's known is known. It's not going to + + 15 change unless we get one of our surprise defector + + + 16 announcements about biological warfare. But short of + + 17 that, that may be a place to go in the short run. + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well -- + + 19 DR. CAPLAN: I'm concerned when we get + + + 20 going on the recommendations that -- + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I agree. I mean, one + + 22 way to look at our priority of deciding what we want + + + 23 at which level is what do we want to try cover in that + + 24 first interim report? + + 25 DR. CAPLAN: Yes. + + + 137 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And one way is to + + + 2 look at as -- well, some things that are easy to + + 3 handle we can get out of the way, like chemical and + + 4 biological, the other is to say well, you know, that's + + 5 not that burning and immediate an issue. We can + + + 6 handle that later. + + 7 I think we have to balance which way to + + 8 go. I think, clearly, looking at the recommendations + + + 9 that have been made, because there is no point looking + + 10 at those a year and a half from now. + + 11 DR. CAPLAN: Right. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: We ought to look at + + + 13 those now and focus our interim report around what are + + 14 the recommendations that have been made, and where do + + 15 we stand on those? + + + 16 And maybe if we all agree on that, then + + 17 trying to determine just what are the panels is not + + 18 necessarily a good idea at this meeting. We may need + + 19 some staff work over the next month or so. + + + 20 I don't know, Robyn. + + 21 DR. NISHIMI: I'm sorry. I -- + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I -- yes. You got + + + 23 distracted too. + + 24 Well, let's sit on this and mull it at + + 25 lunch. And -- because I think it's noon. And I don't + + + 138 + + 1 know how all of you are feeling, but we've had a + + + 2 pretty intensive morning. + + 3 Maybe this is a good point to take our + + 4 lunch break, think about some of this over noon. And + + 5 we'll com back after lunch and try to go through a + + + 6 time line, priorities for hearings, staff hearings, + + 7 and so on. + + 8 (Whereupon, the proceedings went off the + + + 9 record at 12:01 p.m. and went back on the + + 10 record at 1:36 p.m.) + + 11 + + 12 + + + 13 + + 14 + + 15 + + + 16 + + 17 + + 18 + + 19 + + + 20 + + 21 + + 22 + + + 23 + + 24 + + 25 + + + 139 + + 1 A F T E R N O O N S E S S I O N + + + 2 1:36 p.m. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I believe we're ready + + 4 to resume. Dr. Landrigan had to leave to catch a + + 5 plane. And some of the other Committee members may + + + 6 need to leave before our official adjournment at 3:00. + + 7 But I would appreciate it if the others + + 8 could hang in here with us until we complete our + + + 9 business. I think we made a lot of progress this + + 10 morning in going through the charter, what we hope to + + 11 accomplish and some of the methodologies we'll use. + + 12 I think at the break we were up to the + + + 13 point of maybe exploring a little further what are the + + 14 areas we would like to have full briefings on for the + + 15 full Committee with scientific panels, not necessarily + + + 16 the time order for them, but just what are the subject + + 17 areas. + + 18 And I'd like to go back to that question + + 19 of subcommittees and get a feeling from each of the + + + 20 members of the areas they would like to be most + + 21 involved in. + + 22 Then I think we ought to be at the point + + + 23 where we might try to set some priorities and talk + + 24 about the frequency of meetings, and at least come to + + 25 an agreement on the next two or three meetings, not + + + 140 + + 1 the specific dates, but roughly the timing and the + + + 2 subject matter for those meetings. And then we can go + + 3 from there. + + 4 So with that in mind, let me just open it + + 5 up again for discussion of subjects for full panels + + + 6 for the full Committee. We did identify clinical care + + 7 as one. We identified biologic, meaning the + + 8 immunizations and -- remind me. + + + 9 Chemical and biological. Oh, biological + + 10 I already had. And chemical war. Oh, the infectious + + 11 diseases. We wanted to get some good scientific + + 12 panelists that would deal with the mycoplasma with the + + + 13 microsporidia issue and with Q fever, leishmaniasis, + + 14 and any of the other tropical diseases that possibly + + 15 be clinical or subclinical infections. + + + 16 Are there others that -- psychological + + 17 stress. Others? + + 18 DR. LARSON: The viral fighters were + + 19 mentioned. The smoke. Don mentioned something. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Don, was the -- + + 21 Well, the -- the environmental exposure, + + 22 certainly. + + + 23 DR. TAYLOR: And that would include, I + + 24 think, some of the things that we don't necessarily + + 25 think of environmentally, with reference to their + + + 141 + + 1 living area. The kerosene use, use of the heaters. + + + 2 And I think we should -- + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. I think living + + 4 conditions, sand, particulates. + + 5 DR. TAYLOR: Right. Particulates. All of + + + 6 those should be included. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Kerosene. All of the + + 8 environmental possible exposures we would probably + + + 9 want a scientific panel of experts. + + 10 Now, some of these -- we're looking at + + 11 actual members from DOD, VA, certainly in clinical + + 12 care, but -- well, let's run down them a little bit + + + 13 and talk about the kinds of people we're looking and + + 14 what would be official and where we would look for + + 15 other scientific expertise. + + + 16 In the clinical care, we want to hear from + + 17 the physicians, the VA physicians, and the DOD + + 18 physicians, who have been actively involved in the + + 19 care of veterans. But in addition, we wanted to hear, + + + 20 I believe, from some of the other physicians who have + + 21 been caring for veterans. + + 22 Rolando, you had some physicians in Texas + + + 23 who wanted to present. + + 24 We had some referred to yesterday at the + + 25 hearing. And I would think we would want to hear from + + + 142 + + 1 some of them. + + + 2 Are there other thoughts along that line? + + 3 Art? + + 4 DR. CAPLAN: We just wanted to make sure + + 5 that we had the nursing allied health input. And + + + 6 there are people in rehab now -- + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 8 DR. CAPLAN: That are doing that. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: We would want to hear + + 10 from some of those of the special referral centers. + + 11 DR. CAPLAN: Right. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That are doing some + + + 13 of that work. So, you know, that could be a session, + + 14 a day or more in itself just to deal with these + + 15 various clinical aspects -- be the subject of one + + + 16 whole meeting. + + 17 Okay. And the biologics, I would think we + + 18 would want to get some of the national experts in + + 19 vaccine and the vaccine development. + + + 20 We would want staff to do some background + + 21 work for us and get as much facts as we can about + + 22 where the vaccine is manufactured and how it -- + + + 23 whether it's similar to what is used by other troops, + + 24 a point you raised, John. + + 25 And then we want some of the infectious + + + 143 + + 1 disease experts in the country to tell us what we know + + + 2 about these vaccines and how they have been used + + 3 before and so forth. + + 4 Anything else on that score? + + 5 (No response.) + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. On chemical + + 7 warfare we have discussed the issues that we want + + 8 there. We are bringing someone on full time on the + + + 9 staff who will be doing thorough review of all the + + 10 material available and we'll be guided by staff + + 11 reports to us -- and then decide later, and by the + + 12 subcommittee work. + + + 13 DR. RIOS: Let me see if I understand + + 14 this. Is that going to be a different committee or a + + 15 different set of hearings from the environmental + + + 16 exposure? + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. I would think + + 18 that chemical warfare is separate -- well, it's a + + 19 separate issue from environmental exposure. They are + + + 20 looking at different things. It may be the same + + 21 subcommittee. They are both environmental. But it's + + 22 a particular issue in that area. + + + 23 DR. RIOS: Okay. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: It may well be that + + 25 we cover both at the same meeting. That would be + + + 144 + + 1 logical. + + + 2 DR. TAYLOR: Right. + + 3 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: And don't forget the + + 4 prophylactic drug issue. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Oh, yes. + + + 6 Prophylactic drugs. + + 7 Be sure to push your mic. + + 8 DR. TAYLOR: Prophylactic drug use goes + + + 9 with the vaccines that they were -- + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. When we do the + + 11 pyridostigmine bromide. We can decide how to group + + 12 these and what's the best ones to do at the same + + + 13 meeting and which ones go with others. But I think + + 14 maybe we could leave that to staff and myself to work + + 15 on. + + + 16 Then the infectious disease aspect -- that + + 17 might be combined with the biologic immunization work. + + 18 David, how would you like to see us and + + 19 what kind of panels would you like to see us pull + + + 20 together in the psychological stress factors? + + 21 DR. HAMBURG: Well, in principle, the same + + 22 -- use the same kind of criteria as for the other + + + 23 problem areas. There have been -- for example, right + + 24 after the Gulf War, the National Institutes of Mental + + 25 Health put out a request for proposals, and they have + + + 145 + + 1 stimulated quite a number of research studies. + + + 2 They are underway around the country. I + + 3 think we should find out from NIMH who are the leading + + 4 investigators in this field and get people who are + + 5 really at the frontier on the different facets of + + + 6 stress response. Plus, we should probably tap into + + 7 the basic research community on neuroendocrine + + 8 relations. + + + 9 DR. TAYLOR: The American Public Health + + 10 Association has a sort of a psychological stress + + 11 group. And they are planning a big conference. I'm + + 12 not certain if it's this year or the following year. + + + 13 Bob Karasek, Jeffrey Johnson from Johns + + 14 Hopkins -- there are quite a few folks in the field + + 15 who are doing work on psychological stress. So we may + + + 16 want to tap into what they are doing and find out. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: In all these areas, + + 18 you know, as you go home and think about them all, if + + 19 you identify any experts that you personally know in + + + 20 an area that you think would be key for a panel, + + 21 please let staff know. Feed that back regularly. + + 22 Art? + + + 23 DR. CAPLAN: This isn't actually about + + 24 substance, it's about process. And I just wanted to + + 25 get this in before I leave. Just two comments. + + + 146 + + 1 One is I think we should let people know, + + + 2 when we have expert panels, that we are certainly + + 3 willing to take written materials in in terms of + + 4 asking questions about what was said or things for us + + 5 to ask about. I don't mind being open to what anyone + + + 6 out there wants to raise for us to ask. + + 7 And I think it should be -- I joked before + + 8 about an 800 number -- but I think we need some + + + 9 mechanism -- if we say we are going to have a hearing + + 10 on X and someone wants to send in a question and say, + + 11 "Why don't you ask them about Y?" -- when you get to + + 12 the hearing, they should have a place to do that. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 14 DR. CAPLAN: It just seems to me that we + + 15 can be open. We don't have to be the sole source of + + + 16 every question that is out there. And it seems to me + + 17 too that it would be useful for us in looking for even + + 18 comments about themes and topics to be open to + + 19 suggestions as well. + + + 20 So what I'm saying is as we make the + + 21 agenda up, I have the correct thoughts, but I don't + + 22 mind hearing from other people in the world who might + + + 23 have other thoughts. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: It's a point well + + 25 taken. And, you know, I think it was clear this + + + 147 + + 1 morning as we identified some of these issues -- they + + + 2 were clearly based on what we heard yesterday. + + 3 And some areas we intend to explore are + + 4 merely in response to those comments. And in that + + 5 same spirit, we will certainly be open. I hope + + + 6 everyone at this point has the address for the office + + 7 and would urge that all communications be addressed to + + 8 Dr. Nishimi, who is the chief of staff, the executive + + + 9 staff director for the Committee. The address of the + + 10 Committee is 1411 K Street, N.W. And the zip is -- + + 11 DR. NISHIMI: Two, zero, zero, zero, five + + 12 dash three, four, zero, four (20005-3404). Suite + + + 13 1000. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + 15 John? + + + 16 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I wondered if + + 17 epidemiology will be on your list of major issues? + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, certainly the - + + 19 - that's right. We did say that one of the first + + + 20 things we'd be doing would be to look at all the + + 21 recommendations that have been made and whether they + + 22 have been implemented. + + + 23 And we'll certainly be having a full + + 24 hearing around that issue as the staff get that work. + + 25 And key among that will be the recommendations for the + + + 148 + + 1 epidemiologic studies, the issues we raised this + + + 2 morning and yesterday, the comparability of the + + 3 different epidemiologic studies that have been + + 4 started. + + 5 And I think getting some other + + + 6 epidemiologists to testify after they have reviewed + + 7 that's planned would be worthwhile. + + 8 Other things we need to flag for future + + + 9 hearings? + + 10 (No response.) + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Well, I think + + 12 we've covered that. Now, the question of + + + 13 subcommittees. I wonder if maybe the most efficient + + 14 way is to -- for me to just go around the table and + + 15 for each of you to indicate the areas you'd be most + + + 16 interested in working on if we develop subcommittees. + + 17 And how we develop them and the timing of + + 18 them and so on will depend on further staff analysis + + 19 of how fast we get our various staff on and how + + + 20 quickly they can go through the material that's + + 21 already in existence. + + 22 But, Andrea -- + + + 23 DR. TAYLOR: My interest, I guess, is the + + 24 environmental exposure, exposure assessment area + + 25 regarding -- from chemical warfare to some of the + + + 149 + + 1 other exposures that we've talked about earlier. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Fine. + + 3 Rolando? + + 4 DR. RIOS: My interest would also be in + + 5 chemical and biological warfare and the environmental + + + 6 exposure issues. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Elaine? + + 8 DR. LARSON: Infectious diseases and the + + + 9 clinical systems issues. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Marguerite? + + 11 DR. KNOX: Are you lumping the + + 12 pyridostigmine under the clinical -- the anthrax and + + + 13 that under the clinical? Or is that environmental? + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's a good + + 15 question. It crosses all boundaries, doesn't it? + + + 16 It's involved with both. You are interested in it, + + 17 clearly. + + 18 DR. KNOX: Right. And also the ethical + + 19 issues. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And the ethical + + 21 issues. Fine. + + 22 DR. HAMBURG: From your list of seven, I + + + 23 guess I would do either research or clinical care or + + 24 implementation of past recommendations. And -- either + + 25 one of those. + + + 150 + + 1 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + + 2 Don? + + 3 DR. CUSTIS: Clinical care and infectious + + 4 diseases. Are you going to have the staff handle the + + 5 implementation of past recommendations? Or is that + + + 6 also -- + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that will be + + 8 one staff will do most of the initial work on and + + + 9 we'll have complete hearings around. I doubt that + + 10 we'll do that one in subcommittee. But I don't know. + + 11 But if so, we'll put it down. + + 12 DR. CUSTIS: I have some particular + + + 13 interest in some of those recommendations. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Right. + + 15 DR. CUSTIS: I think clinical care and + + + 16 infectious diseases. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Fine. + + 18 DR. CAPLAN: I am interested in the -- + + 19 wherever the anthrax and prophylactic agents go. And + + + 20 I am interested in clinical care. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And, John, you are + + 22 the natural -- + + + 23 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I think I would + + 24 follow all those things with the molecular basis, + + 25 including chemical and biological warfare, the + + + 151 + + 1 environmental exposures, prophylactic drugs, + + + 2 immunization, and the assays for the infectious + + 3 diseases. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Fine. Thanks. + + 5 Well, you can see why we were all + + + 6 selected. We really do cover the waterfront. And I + + 7 think that's a good way to get about. I guess, then, + + 8 there's the question of what we think the priorities + + + 9 ought to be, the order in which we might be taking + + 10 these up. + + 11 For staff, the first priority will be + + 12 gathering the data on all the previous + + + 13 recommendations, previous reports, getting that + + 14 analyzed, and beginning to find out, and tracking that + + 15 material. My guess is they won't be ready to report + + + 16 on that for a couple of months. + + 17 Robyn, let me turn that part to you. + + 18 DR. NISHIMI: I would say not in + + 19 September. But I think we can start, you know, laying + + + 20 out a framework, certainly, by October, put together + + 21 that typology, you know, have started the interview + + 22 process of departments as well as the end users. + + + 23 But certainly, the typology could + + 24 presumably be completed by October and some + + 25 preliminary information gathering be presented to the + + + 152 + + 1 Committee. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. + + 3 Any questions on that? And we can aim for + + 4 that for an October session. + + 5 (No response.) + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: What would be our + + 7 next priority we would like to see addressed? Does it + + 8 matter to us? Or should we wait and see how staff are + + + 9 moving on all these areas and -- + + 10 DR. LARSON: Using your criterion that you + + 11 discussed before lunch -- and that is, what do we want + + 12 to put in that first six-month report -- + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 14 DR. LARSON: That interim report. Clearly + + 15 we need to be finished with reviewing the + + + 16 recommendations. And then it -- maybe the next + + 17 priority might have something to do with if there are + + 18 problems of access, waiting times, clinical issues. + + 19 We know that the research studies are + + + 20 beginning to get going. Perhaps the next thing to do + + 21 is to address some of those things that might hinder + + 22 the rest of the progress -- + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 24 DR. LARSON: Of inquiry. So we might want + + 25 to focus on getting those focus groups started and + + + 153 + + 1 getting -- looking at the clinical groups. And we had + + + 2 also talked before lunch about the possibility on + + 3 these panels of patients. Now, that may be a + + 4 different panel. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well -- oh, that's + + + 6 right. We wanted to come back to the question of + + 7 hearings around the country. + + 8 DR. LARSON: Yes. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And I think those + + 10 will be the kind of hearings, like we had yesterday + + 11 afternoon, that we might hold in different spots + + 12 around the country. But I think staff will have to do + + + 13 research as to where the concentration of vets are. + + 14 And I guess the issue for us is whether + + 15 those need to be the full Committee, or, we hold some + + + 16 regional hearings with two, three, four + + 17 representatives of the Committee at each one of the + + 18 hearings. + + 19 DR. LARSON: Well, that's one issue. And + + + 20 then, the other issue is we talked about doing some + + 21 case studies walking through the system. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That's right. + + + 23 DR. LARSON: For what happens when someone + + 24 enters the system as an active duty person or as a new + + 25 veteran in the VA system. And just walking through + + + 154 + + 1 that system with them as a case study. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + 3 DR. LARSON: Which is a little different + + 4 than the focus groups -- + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 6 DR. LARSON: And the individual hearings. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Right. Right. + + 8 DR. LARSON: And I would suggest that we + + + 9 might want to do that sooner rather than later to + + 10 approach some of the clinical systems problems. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Is that possible, + + 12 Robyn? + + + 13 DR. NISHIMI: Sure. I mean, we start on + + 14 all of these initially. But I think in terms of what + + 15 one can begin to do immediately in the near term to + + + 16 gather these facets -- + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Right. + + 18 DR. NISHIMI: For, certainly, the field + + 19 hearings because that's the type of thing where you'll + + + 20 be able to get immediate impact. + + 21 So I do think that if the Committee could, + + 22 you know, reach some kind of sense of whether they + + + 23 want to do this as a full Committee or whether they + + 24 feel that subcommittees of some combination or + + 25 combinations is adequate is an important thing for us + + + 155 + + 1 to settle today. + + + 2 DR. LARSON: Maybe one way to approach it + + 3 with the case studies is to use the same format and + + 4 then have it again. + + 5 We could do more if we did in two or three + + + 6 groups a similar case study in a different -- like at + + 7 lunch, you were saying, Don, that each VA is + + 8 different. + + + 9 There is a wide quality and spectrum of + + 10 care across the VAs depending on whether they are + + 11 associated with academic health centers or out in a + + 12 community or whatever. So we might want to select -- + + + 13 DR. CUSTIS: You shouldn't quote me. + + 14 DR. LARSON: Well, I'll quote myself then. + + 15 They are different. But anyway, it might be nice to + + + 16 have more than one of those case studies. + + 17 DR. CAPLAN: One thing we could do is + + 18 agree, I think, that it would be good to have small + + 19 groups going out to these hearings because we'll get + + + 20 more information and we'll give more people the + + 21 opportunity to talk to us. We'll just be able to + + 22 cover more of a big country. + + + 23 So I would strongly come down on the side + + 24 of two or three person subcommittees trying to do this + + 25 in different parts of the country, giving people + + + 156 + + 1 access who can't get to Washington. It's too + + + 2 expensive. They are too sick. Whatever. + + 3 And I would also like to urge that if we + + 4 are going to get ready for that, we need one other + + 5 thing, which is a kind of succinct summary of what + + + 6 people are supposed to be entitled to for clinical + + 7 care, legally and otherwise. + + 8 What are they supposed to get? What were + + + 9 they promised? What was supposed to be delivered? + + 10 That should certainly inform some standard set of + + 11 questions, whether in a case study format or just -- + + 12 And I had another thought, which is in + + + 13 addition to doing a case study walk-through. If we + + 14 could, instead of asking people to simply testify to + + 15 us, sort of hanging out the shingle and saying, "We're + + + 16 here. We've come to your town. Here we are." If we + + 17 could come up with a list of questions and say we want + + 18 you to tell us about A, B, and C, that will move it + + 19 along for us too. + + + 20 I mean, I don't mean to just limit it to + + 21 what we want to know about, but we certainly could + + 22 suggest as part of -- + + + 23 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Their testimony that + + 24 they address certain issues that -- + + 25 DR. CAPLAN: Their testimony, these are + + + 157 + + 1 key themes that we are interested in. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Good point. We'll + + 3 note that. + + 4 Okay. Any other -- I sense a consensus of + + 5 the group that we try to get those going in the fall, + + + 6 maybe use September, October -- + + 7 DR. LARSON: But we may be talking about + + 8 two different things. I mean, you are talking about + + + 9 hearings. I was talking about case -- where you + + 10 actually look at -- okay, here is where you entered + + 11 the system, and here's how. + + 12 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 13 DR. LARSON: And then on X date, Y date, + + 14 here's what happened, here's the test that occurred. + + 15 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 16 DR. LARSON: Here's the symptoms. You + + 17 know, just that kind of a walk-through. + + 18 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: For a specific + + 19 person? + + + 20 DR. LARSON: Yes. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. Yes. We would + + 22 identify some specific people. We'll have to stave + + + 23 off the work on the logistics. We could combine that + + 24 with the small hearings at the same time -- that we + + 25 are having a small hearing somewhere, have a case + + + 158 + + 1 study also from that area, that region, that VA. + + + 2 DR. NISHIMI: I think you have to be -- + + 3 we'll have to be careful about privacy considerations. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Privacy. + + 5 DR. RIOS: I was going to mention that it + + + 6 -- there may be some privacy problems. Plus it also + + 7 seems like it could be something done by staff. If + + 8 you get somebody and you find out what their complaint + + + 9 was, where it started, and what happened. + + 10 I mean, that's just -- sounds like + + 11 something that staff could work up. I don't know how + + 12 many cases you want to look at just to see what + + + 13 happened. It doesn't seem like it's something + + 14 conducive to having hearings on. I don't know. + + 15 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: No. I think it was + + + 16 separate from the hearings. + + 17 DR. LARSON: Two separate issues. + + 18 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That was the thought. + + 19 DR. LARSON: And in fact -- + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Of this whole -- + + 21 DR. LARSON: I wonder if the hearings is + + 22 not better served at this point by focus groups. I + + + 23 don't know. I mean, we are talking about three things + + 24 now. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think they are + + + 159 + + 1 different. They're three different things. + + + 2 DR. LARSON: Right. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: One would be + + 4 individual case studies. + + 5 DR. LARSON: Right. + + + 6 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And we'll have to + + 7 determine -- I think we'll need some staff work to + + 8 determine how to select those and what the exact + + + 9 specifics. Regional hearings are for those veterans + + 10 who wish to be heard by this Committee, who have not + + 11 been able to come here. + + 12 DR. LARSON: Yes. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Focus groups will be + + 14 an order sample, a more representative sample of Gulf + + 15 War veterans to explore the issues that have come up + + + 16 as part of the process and the studies. And we will + + 17 do all three. + + 18 Is that -- is that the consensus of what + + 19 I've heard here? + + + 20 DR. LARSON: Right. + + 21 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Well, to me it + + 22 sounds like then that by our October meeting we'll be + + + 23 able to get the initial recommendations issues. We + + 24 would get started on some of the case studies, + + 25 possibly, and some of the hearings. + + + 160 + + 1 The actual focus groups would not be held + + + 2 by then. That's more complicated until we select a + + 3 firm and identify that. But we could develop the next + + 4 meeting -- and we'll have to talk about the frequency + + 5 of meetings -- but the meeting after the October + + + 6 meeting, around the clinical care issues, and focus on + + 7 clinical care. + + 8 Maybe that's as far as we ought to go in + + + 9 trying to set priorities until we see where staff are. + + 10 There's too much that needs to be done and too many + + 11 unanswered questions. + + 12 DR. NISHIMI: Yes. I think so. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think -- + + 14 DR. NISHIMI: That's all we are going to + + 15 get done before the report is due, the six-month. If + + + 16 we had an October meeting and then another one in + + 17 December or whatever, the report's due in early + + 18 February, right? + + 19 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Mid-February. + + + 20 DR. NISHIMI: So it'll either be December + + 21 or January. I don't think we are going to get more + + 22 than two more meetings in before then. So if we've + + + 23 decided those two are our priorities, we can deal with + + 24 those before February. + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, that brings us + + + 161 + + 1 to the frequency of meetings. Are we aiming for + + + 2 monthly? Bimonthly? I can see everyone voting at + + 3 different times. And what's realistic? + + 4 DR. NISHIMI: I think you also have to + + 5 think about the fact that you are going to have these + + + 6 smaller group field hearings. So, you know, when you + + 7 commit to a -- either, you know, every four weeks, six + + 8 weeks, eight weeks schedule, remember that there will + + + 9 be subgroups of you also taking on the responsibility, + + 10 you know, at some point in between those meetings of + + 11 convening for a separate small gathering. + + 12 DR. TAYLOR: On that note -- + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: What is the + + 14 preference? On that note, what would you like to say? + + 15 DR. TAYLOR: Bimonthly. Every other + + + 16 month. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Every other month? + + 18 DR. LARSON: Whatever it takes to get the + + 19 work done. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: To get the work done. + + 21 DR. LARSON: Yes. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, let us see. + + + 23 We've asked you for calendars. Those have been + + 24 distributed. We'll have a sense by the October + + 25 meeting. And maybe we'll leave this open to see and + + + 162 + + 1 see what we can do in the -- + + + 2 DR. CAPLAN: What I'd like to suggest, + + 3 maybe, is that we could presume that we are going to + + 4 meet at least bimonthly. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. + + + 6 DR. CAPLAN: So we could set those in now. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Well, we won't + + 8 take this time to set the calendar. But staff will be + + + 9 back in touch with you all. + + 10 DR. CAPLAN: Well -- + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: All of you have in + + 12 the book a calendar with x's in there already, which + + + 13 are my x's out. Some are wrong. And I've corrected + + 14 them. + + 15 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: It's extremely + + + 16 helpful to at least -- + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. I think as many + + 18 as we can do ahead -- + + 19 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: Schedule ahead -- + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And just say if we + + 21 could set the bimonthly for the whole year, and then + + 22 if we need additionals, fit them in and do + + + 23 subcommittees. That would be helpful. + + 24 Okay. Are there any other -- + + 25 Robyn reminds me that in the environmental + + + 163 + + 1 that includes the depleted uranium issue as well. And + + + 2 -- okay. I am open now for anything else any member + + 3 of the Committee wants to raise at this point. Issues + + 4 we've missed. Additions. Suggestions. + + 5 Andrea? + + + 6 DR. TAYLOR: Yes. Our next meeting I note + + 7 thus far is the week of October 16th. So then, we + + 8 don't have the dates yet? + + + 9 DR. NISHIMI: No. Because we don't even + + 10 have all the responses in. But that was what was sort + + 11 of looking good. Although I got a few more yesterday. + + 12 And so maybe now it's toward -- anyway -- some time -- + + + 13 DR. RIOS: That's going to be here? + + 14 DR. NISHIMI: Well, that's for the + + 15 Committee to decide. + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Yes. That's one of + + 17 the questions, is how frequently we meet in + + 18 Washington. How frequently do you want to come to + + 19 California? And whether we ever meet somewhere else + + + 20 in between. If we do subcommittee hearings around the + + 21 country, there's less need for the whole Committee to + + 22 move west. And you are heavily eastern loaded. But + + + 23 John and I do live in California. + + 24 DR. KNOX: I think most of the Gulf War + + 25 veterans did come from the east. I don't want to make + + + 164 + + 1 that too big of a statement. But I think a lot of + + + 2 them were from the East because it was closer. + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Today, I mean for + + 4 this hearing, but then there are others from around + + 5 the country. + + + 6 DR. KNOX: Oh, right. Right. + + 7 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: That might want to + + 8 attend the full meeting as well as be present at the + + + 9 hearing. + + 10 DR. KNOX: Right. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: So I think we + + 12 shouldn't have all of the meetings in Washington. We + + + 13 clearly have to have some in other cities to give + + 14 other people beside the hearings a chance to actually + + 15 sit through a full meeting. + + + 16 DR. RIOS: Did you say the -- most of the + + 17 troops that went to the Gulf War were from the east + + 18 coast? + + 19 DR. KNOX: I think a majority of the + + + 20 troops that went into the Gulf War were on this side + + 21 of the United States. And simply because it was + + 22 easier to transport them from the east coast than it + + + 23 was from the west coast. + + 24 DR. RIOS: It may have been -- they may + + 25 have been stationed on the east coast, but they are + + + 165 + + 1 not from the east coast. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: John? + + 3 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: I would like to raise + + 4 what is a complex and confusing issue of economics and + + 5 ethics. And that is, presumably if this panel and the + + + 6 Administration responds to recommendations to improve + + 7 the care and the access of this group of veterans -- + + 8 if one is dealing with the zero sum game, that means + + + 9 that somebody else gets less care. + + 10 That is, if the system is conserved in + + 11 terms of resources and facilities. I suppose that is + + 12 not in our charter, but somehow it seems to me utterly + + + 13 essential that one understand just how the dynamics of + + 14 the system will respond to recommendations that we + + 15 make. + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think that's + + 17 something that we may want to talk about when we come + + 18 to final recommendations, as to costs of + + 19 recommendations and prioritizing them in some way. + + + 20 But final decisions of how governmental resources are + + 21 allocated remains in the hands of the President and + + 22 the Congress, through the appropriation processes and + + + 23 many others. But these are issues that I think we'll + + 24 have to address downstream. + + 25 The immediate issues for us are our own + + + 166 + + 1 budget, and that we live within that budget. Which + + + 2 may put constraints on how many hearings where, how + + 3 much travel and so on. And staff is going to have to + + 4 struggle with that a little bit with me as we -- + + 5 DR. BALDESCHWIELER: But the frequent + + + 6 outcome of recommendations of this sort is a, in a + + 7 sense, an unfunded mandate. The system is asked to do + + 8 something. And those resources come from somewhere + + + 9 else. And then you succeed in shifting the problem. + + 10 But not necessarily making an overall improvement. + + 11 DR. CUSTIS: Unfunded mandates are very + + 12 popular. It's an imponderable. + + + 13 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: It's an imponderable. + + 14 I'm not sure how fruitful it is for us to discuss that + + 15 at any length, but -- + + + 16 Elaine? + + 17 DR. LARSON: No. I was just going to + + 18 suggest that first we need to lay out the issues and + + 19 see where we are. And then, I agree with you. The + + + 20 final recommendations -- it might be something we need + + 21 to -- it will be something we will address in terms of + + 22 prioritization and so forth. + + + 23 In terms of deciding where our meetings + + 24 are, I am wondering if it might be helpful to first + + 25 have -- just talk about whether -- where we might, + + + 167 + + 1 what might be logical places to have hearings based on + + + 2 the location of where we might get more information, + + 3 more vets, and also where we are located around the + + 4 country. + + 5 And then maybe a simple way to do it with + + + 6 the Committee is to at least every third meeting, if + + 7 not every other, reverse coasts or go across and back. + + 8 I don't know. + + + 9 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Well, I -- it's a + + 10 question of whether that's worth our exploring that + + 11 more here, or we need staff to do some more work on + + 12 this -- + + + 13 DR. LARSON: That's fine. Yes. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And find out where + + 15 some key spots -- + + + 16 DR. LARSON: It sounds fine. + + 17 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: -- that we need to be + + 18 and so on. + + 19 DR. NISHIMI: Yes. I mean, I think + + + 20 because it wouldn't be very fruitful here for us to -- + + 21 all the data points aren't here. But we also have to + + 22 have financial considerations, quite frankly, taken + + + 23 into account. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: It's not only our + + 25 trouble, it's staff trouble as well. + + + 168 + + 1 David? + + + 2 DR. HAMBURG: Joyce, on the process of the + + 3 near term, it's been pretty easy for me and others + + 4 today to say the staff will do this and the staff will + + 5 do that, except we don't have much staff yet. + + + 6 These kinds of operations begin with a + + 7 desk and a pencil. When you start from ground zero, + + 8 it's not as if you had an established institution. + + + 9 You turn to the established institution to do a study. + + 10 You create an institution in a sense, a + + 11 transitory one to be blown away at the end of next + + 12 year. But in the meantime, how do you get up and + + + 13 running expeditiously? + + 14 And in effect, we are piling on + + 15 suggestions for a non-existent staff to do. I think + + + 16 we need to focus on how we get a staff in place of the + + 17 right calibre as rapidly as possible. + + 18 I think one part of that, quite frankly, + + 19 is an intensive interaction between the chair and the + + + 20 staff director in the next few weeks. A very + + 21 intensive one. If you had any thoughts of doing + + 22 anything else, I suspect they'll soon evaporate. + + + 23 But more than that, I believe we ought to + + 24 volunteer -- I think every member of the Committee + + 25 would want to be helpful to the extent you want to + + + 169 + + 1 involve us in identifying people or helping to assess + + + 2 or recruit people to join the staff as soon as + + 3 possible. + + 4 You might also want to consider some + + 5 flexibility, some first-rate people who are not + + + 6 available full time might be available half time in + + 7 the near future, something of that sort. We ought to + + 8 be open to that. + + + 9 It's more important to get the right sort + + 10 of people, with the competence and the integrity and + + 11 so on, than it is to have them in any particular + + 12 arrangement, in my judgement. + + + 13 In any event, I am volunteering for the + + 14 Committee to help the Chair to work this out to get + + 15 the staff up and running as soon as possible. + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you, David. I + + 17 appreciate that. And I welcome that help. Robyn and + + 18 I have been in almost daily contact since the end of + + 19 June, I guess, around staffing issues. We are -- I + + + 20 think have made amazing progress for how short. + + 21 But there are a lot of positions unfilled + + 22 at this point. It might be helpful for Robyn to run + + + 23 down and give you a brief description of the people + + 24 who are on board and the areas that we are still + + 25 searching very hard for and elicit you to help. + + + 170 + + 1 Robyn, would you like to do that? + + + 2 Okay. + + 3 DR. NISHIMI: There's myself, the + + 4 executive director. We have a deputy director and a + + 5 counsel, Holly Gwin, who has been doing all of -- most + + + 6 of the logistics for the meeting. + + 7 There will need to be some type of senior + + 8 medical advisor. And I believe we have already + + + 9 identified a person who has familiarity with the + + 10 policy world, military health, veterans' health, + + 11 clinical issues, bioethics, a lot of experience. + + 12 A director of communications, obviously, + + + 13 is important. And we are, I think, close to achieving + + 14 closure on that. The same with the congressional and + + 15 public affairs coordinator to work with the director + + + 16 of communications. + + 17 There will be sort of a medical veterans' + + 18 military ombudsperson that Joyce has previously + + 19 mentioned. And we have a couple of people in line + + + 20 there. + + 21 And then we are looking at, you know, what + + 22 I would call the policy analysts, senior policy + + + 23 analysts, across a range of issues, clinical care, the + + 24 ones we've been discussing. Clinical care. Research. + + 25 Hazard and risk assessment. Outreach. Implementation + + + 171 + + 1 of the past recommendations. + + + 2 And they would fill out the analytic + + 3 staff. And we have identified people for many of + + 4 those positions. Some of them are still being + + 5 interviewed. Some of them -- their papers are being + + + 6 processed. + + 7 And then a couple of research assistants. + + 8 The administrative staff is pretty much in place, + + + 9 except for probably a contractor to help with the + + 10 archival material and things like that. + + 11 DR. LARSON: Did -- were you clear on -- + + 12 or, I'm not clear on what our priorities are -- our + + + 13 priority needs are, based on that? + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Priority needs, I + + 15 believe, are in epidemiology and -- + + + 16 DR. NISHIMI: Well, in epidemiology we + + 17 have a strong candidate now identified that we were + + 18 following up on. On the psychological factors, Dr. + + 19 Hamburg has, I think, discussed that with Dr. Lashof. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: He's going to before + + 21 he leaves today. + + 22 DR. NISHIMI: Or, he's going to. Clinical + + + 23 care, we have a physician and then another possible + + 24 part-time consultant physician. But I think it would + + 25 be also important to look into, as Art indicated, some + + + 172 + + 1 of the allied health professionals, perhaps full time, + + + 2 perhaps not, to assist in going out and evaluating + + 3 both the DOD and the VA care systems. + + 4 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Did -- wouldn't we + + 5 feel that we would like to find a nurse who could help + + + 6 us in this area and could look at some of the + + 7 healthcare and medical care issues? And that's one we + + 8 haven't identified. And the outreach we have. + + + 9 Otherwise, we are in reasonable shape, actually. + + 10 We've been hard at work. + + 11 Okay. Others? Other issues? + + 12 Suggestions? Things we need to cover before we -- + + + 13 (No response.) + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: If not, we did have + + 15 a request earlier today that there were some veterans + + + 16 who wished to testify yesterday who did not have an + + 17 opportunity. And I said that if we had time at the + + 18 end of today's session before we had to adjourn, I + + 19 would grant them time. + + + 20 If they would identify themselves? + + 21 Let me take a five minute break and ask + + 22 anyone who wishes to so testify to come forward and + + + 23 identify themselves to Robyn? You, or? + + 24 DR. NISHIMI: No. I am looking for -- + + 25 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Diane's over there. + + + 173 + + 1 DR. NISHIMI: No. Is Mike Kowalek here? + + + 2 Or is he out front? + + 3 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Okay. Let us take a + + 4 couple-minute break. And we'll have someone to + + 5 identify anyone who wishes to testify. And we should + + + 6 be able to wrap up in the next 20 minutes. + + 7 (Whereupon, the proceedings went off the + + 8 record at 2:16 p.m. and went back on the + + + 9 record at 2:31 p.m.) + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think we'll resume. + + 11 I was approached this morning and informed that there + + 12 were some people that wanted to testify. But it does + + + 13 not appear that we've been able to -- we have. Okay. + + 14 We're waiting to try and see if we have + + 15 identified -- there is one person who wishes to + + + 16 testify. + + 17 The name is Diane St. Julian, I believe. + + 18 Will she come forward now to the mic. We'll be happy + + 19 to hear her. + + + 20 We may need to lower the mic. They + + 21 clearly need to lower the mic. for you. We'll do + + 22 that. Just wait one minute. + + + 23 The floor is yours. + + 24 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Good afternoon. My name + + 25 is Diane St. Julian. And I am reading a statement on + + + 174 + + 1 behalf of Jeffrey St. Julian. + + + 2 "Members of the committee, I served + + 3 my country in the United States Army for + + 4 over nine years, during which time I have + + 5 been awarded for outstanding service on + + + 6 numerous occasions. + + 7 "I was ready and willing to defend, + + 8 fight, or die for my country just so my + + + 9 family or fellow Americans could have all + + 10 the rights afforded to them under the + + 11 Constitution. + + 12 "During Desert Shield and Desert + + + 13 Storm I was assigned to 25th ID, + + 14 Schofield, Hawaii. I never deployed to + + 15 Saudi Arabia. + + + 16 "Nevertheless, my unit was briefed + + 17 for predeployment and predeployment plans + + 18 and conducted countless training + + 19 exercises in preparation for deployment + + + 20 with the main focus on NBC training. + + 21 "In a series of PALMING exercises - + + 22 - PALMING is done when a rapid deployment + + + 23 unit reaches a unit that can deploy + + 24 worldwide within 18 hours, going through + + 25 a series of checklists, such as updating + + + 175 + + 1 wills, insurance policies, to include + + + 2 receiving shots for diseases that are + + 3 contrary to that region of the world you + + 4 are deploying to." + + 5 "Some time before the war began, + + + 6 the 25th ID was placed in a unit on alert + + 7 to have the unit ready to deploy and act + + 8 as an escort to the ground troop + + + 9 commander. + + 10 "At this time, my unit did prepare + + 11 for deployment to the Gulf Region, to + + 12 include taking shots that were to protect + + + 13 us from various diseases and threats in + + 14 that region. + + 15 "Most of the shots went unrecorded. + + + 16 I was also involved in a mission to + + 17 support the unit that did deploy to the + + 18 25th ID to escort the commander. + + 19 "The mission involved receiving, + + + 20 cleaning as needed, and turning in + + 21 equipment. Also during this time, I + + 22 received several investigations of shots + + + 23 and pills. + + 24 "I was forced to take one of the + + 25 shots, and it was Japanese encephalitis, + + + 176 + + 1 and a mysterious malaria pill. + + + 2 "I called the pill mysterious for + + 3 two reasons: first, because after + + 4 contacting a medic who remembered the + + 5 pill, I could not find any record of + + + 6 them; secondly, because after questioning + + 7 numerous doctors about such a pill, none + + 8 of them was aware of a malaria pill taken + + + 9 in the fashion we took these. + + 10 "We were -- the malaria pills + + 11 finished. The pill was white and one was + + 12 taken after each meal. I took these + + + 13 pills for 60 days. + + 14 "In the summer of 1991, I had what + + 15 I now consider my first unexplained + + + 16 medical symptom. My problems have + + 17 continued and became more and more + + 18 frequent. + + 19 "I was lost when my family started + + + 20 having medical problems and conditions + + 21 that were very similar to my own. In + + 22 fact, I was referred to mental health for + + + 23 my symptoms, and on several different + + 24 occasions. + + 25 "I finally admitted myself into the + + + 177 + + 1 hospital in December of 1994 because the + + + 2 symptoms I was experiencing were coming + + 3 so often. + + 4 "After giving my symptoms to the + + 5 doctor, I was repeatedly questioned about + + + 6 whether I served in the Persian Gulf + + 7 during the war. + + 8 "I answered the question no. I did + + + 9 not serve in the Persian Gulf. I could + + 10 not understand the connection between my + + 11 symptoms and the Persian Gulf. + + 12 "After contacting DOD registry, I + + + 13 found that my symptoms that I had been + + 14 complaining about for the last couple of + + 15 years were the same as the Persian War + + + 16 illness. + + 17 "Colonel Jones of Walter Reed Gulf + + 18 War Registry wanted me seen there. After + + 19 being informed of my developing + + + 20 situation, my unit told doctors I was + + 21 faking my symptoms. + + 22 "I did not receive another medical + + + 23 treatment for over seven days. When I + + 24 was discharged from the hospital on the + + 25 21st of December, after contacting the + + + 178 + + 1 center at my home town, I was placed on + + + 2 medical hold to receive medical testing + + 3 and treatment at Walter Reed. + + 4 "I was not allowed to receive any + + 5 medical treatment. I was counseled that + + + 6 I was not due anything but clinic + + 7 insulation I was assigned to. + + 8 "I was escorted everywhere I went. + + + 9 In fact, on Christmas day, I was in the + + 10 hospital receiving a needed medical + + 11 surgery which otherwise I could not get + + 12 on a normal duty day. + + + 13 "The doctor who treated me felt I + + 14 needed to be seen by specialists for the + + 15 problems I was having and gave me + + + 16 consultation to have problems looked + + 17 into. + + 18 "After going on one of the clinics + + 19 the next day, I was once again counseled. + + + 20 This time I was counseled and warned that + + 21 if I attempted to get medical attention + + 22 again, I would be court martialed. + + + 23 "I was then escorted and taken to a + + 24 separation physical which found me not + + 25 qualified for separation. Nevertheless, + + + 179 + + 1 I was escorted to continue clearance and + + + 2 ordered to sign a DD-214. + + 3 "I did as I was ordered. I have + + 4 attempted to be seen through the VA, but + + 5 because I am not medically cleared from + + + 6 the service, I have not been seen there. + + 7 "In addition, I was told because I + + 8 didn't serve in the Gulf, I am not a Gulf + + + 9 War Veteran. So I am not qualified to be + + 10 seen by a VA Gulf clinic. + + 11 "Furthermore, on each visit to the + + 12 VA, I was sent to the Pentagon and to + + + 13 DODIG regarding errors in the discharge + + 14 from service. + + 15 "For this reason, I requested + + + 16 assistance from Senator Thurmond's + + 17 office, Congressman Jefferson Williams, + + 18 Senator Robb's office, Senator Moran's + + 19 office. + + + 20 "While dealing with Senator + + 21 Thurmond's office, a DOD investigation + + 22 was conducted. The military furnished + + + 23 false information in regards to the + + 24 investigation, such as Sgt. St. Julian + + 25 did not complete a separation physical, + + + 180 + + 1 so there is no reason to retain him on + + + 2 active duty. + + 3 "I have provided official + + 4 documentation in response to these false + + 5 statements, such as a copy of my official + + + 6 separation physical. + + 7 "The final response from the + + 8 military was for me to take it to the + + + 9 Military Board of Corrections. I have + + 10 contacted every source I know for help, + + 11 to include the Military Board of + + 12 Corrections. + + + 13 "The bottom line is that my family + + 14 and my medical problems are caught up in + + 15 politics. Who is a Persian Gulf Veteran? + + + 16 Who is isn't? I served my country + + 17 proudly. I wore my uniform proudly. + + 18 "I want you to realize I was a + + 19 career soldier, highly decorated. I + + + 20 wouldn't let anything stand in my way. I + + 21 have a contract with the United States. + + 22 And today it's not worth the paper it's + + + 23 written on. + + 24 "I'm not a veteran because I am not + + 25 qualified for discharge. I am not a + + + 181 + + 1 soldier because I signed a DD-214 after + + + 2 being ordered to do so. How can these + + 3 be? + + 4 "What have I done with the last ten + + 5 years of my life? Today I have to seek + + + 6 medical help the best way I can. I know + + 7 that I was not in the war zone. + + 8 "But I know I was prepared to go + + + 9 and I supported a unit going to and + + 10 coming from the Gulf. That must count + + 11 for something. + + 12 "I don't think that I am being + + + 13 unreasonable to want the rights I was + + 14 told I would receive if I needed them. I + + 15 have earned them. Jeffrey St. Julian." + + + 16 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 17 Just for the record, I'd like to clarify that you were + + 18 reading a statement from -- + + 19 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Jeffrey St. Julian. + + + 20 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: St. Julian. + + 21 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Yes. + + 22 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I see. And you are? + + + 23 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Diane St. Julian. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And you are Diane St. + + 25 Julian. + + + 182 + + 1 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Yes. + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: So that you were + + 3 reading the statement on behalf of your husband? + + 4 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Yes. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I understand that + + + 6 now. + + 7 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Okay. + + 8 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I wasn't clear on + + + 9 that, and I wanted that clear for the record. + + 10 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Okay. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 12 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Okay. + + + 13 DR. TAYLOR: One question, Diane? + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Oh, yes. Questions. + + 15 DR. TAYLOR: Diane, you said that he + + + 16 received the vaccines? In his statement, he said that + + 17 he had received a vaccine but never served in the + + 18 Gulf. So he received some of the similar shots that + + 19 many of the other veterans -- + + + 20 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Yes. He received all + + 21 the vaccines. He was even loaded on the plane to go, + + 22 with bags and everything, and then was told to stand + + + 23 down. + + 24 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Are there any other + + 25 questions. + + + 183 + + 1 (No response.) + + + 2 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: If not, thank you + + 3 very much. + + 4 MRS. ST. JULIAN: Okay. Thank you. + + 5 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: I think before we + + + 6 close we had one request from one of the Gulf War + + 7 Veterans. Denise Nichols would like to make just a + + 8 few remarks about her reactions to the day and a half, + + + 9 almost two days. + + 10 MS. NICHOLS: It's awfully low here. + + 11 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Denise, I will ask + + 12 you to be brief because we must return promptly -- + + + 13 MS. NICHOLS: It will be brief. + + 14 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: And I do have a few + + 15 more minor business things to cover. + + + 16 MS. NICHOLS: We want to make a couple of + + 17 statements. First of all, we appreciate the + + 18 dedication that you've shown. And you've picked up on + + 19 some of our concerns. We do hope we have some + + + 20 communication with the staff as you go along. + + 21 I want to mention that we have had quite + + 22 a few deaths. And we have different figures. And we + + + 23 hope that if you get those death data that you can + + 24 help facilitate the release of that so recognition for + + 25 these soldiers and the troops can be started. + + + 184 + + 1 I think they need to be recognized in some + + + 2 way. Col. Kline is one example. And I would like to + + 3 move that forward so that those families have some + + 4 recognition. I want to stress again that time is very + + 5 definitely a factor. + + + 6 A lot of the vets feel like their time is + + 7 short, that they are dying. And so I hope that even + + 8 though your final report is not due until quite a ways + + + 9 away, that if you find data that will provide the + + 10 answers, that you will communicate clearly with the + + 11 troops. + + 12 There was one thing that I was taught when + + + 13 I came into the military as an officer. And I am + + 14 retired now. It was always said if you take care of + + 15 the troops, they would take care of you. We've done + + + 16 our duty. We would like you to help us find the + + 17 answers and get them addressed. + + 18 We hope that you will also consider the + + 19 base line data that a lot of troops didn't have. Some + + + 20 of us do have base line data from before we went to + + 21 war, with the physicals. A lot of our records are + + 22 missing. + + + 23 Some people being reservists guards might + + 24 be able to provide some of that. And it's never been + + 25 asked for. But one of the things I've seen is it may + + + 185 + + 1 not be abnormal lab results yet, but they are + + + 2 different from their base line. They have changed + + 3 over time. + + 4 And I was always taught as a nurse to look + + 5 at a base line first. And it may not be abnormal yet. + + + 6 But if it's changing, you need to watch it. And it's + + 7 an indicator. + + 8 I want to stress that they have not been + + + 9 doing testing for depleted uranium. And in a + + 10 sandstorm situation, like we were in over there, with + + 11 the weather factors and all, that we have great + + 12 concern for the inhalation, ingestion, of depleted + + + 13 uranium. + + 14 And we have not had any testing across the + + 15 board for depleted uranium in our bodies, and heavy + + + 16 metals, and the lead that came out in one of the + + 17 reports in the past. + + 18 We also have not had sufficient testing + + 19 for leishmaniasis and some of the endemic diseases + + + 20 that may be affecting the families and could be + + 21 addressed quite quickly, I do believe. I think those + + 22 things that may affect the family we should put on a + + + 23 high priority -- would be our feed in because there's + + 24 great concern for our family members out there. + + 25 And in ending this, I would hope that -- + + + 186 + + 1 we heard the figures 58,000 on a registry. I went to + + + 2 the Wall last night, stopped by early this morning -- + + 3 58,000 and something names on the Vietnam War. And I + + 4 hope that we are not looking at -- and delayed an + + 5 expectant category of people that are looking to be + + + 6 not with us. And I hope that that doesn't happen. + + 7 That would be a real tragedy for our nation. And + + 8 thank you for your sincerity. And thank you for + + + 9 addressing some of our concerns from yesterday. + + 10 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: Thank you very much. + + 11 We are about ready to close up. I just + + 12 have a couple of final things to say to the Committee + + + 13 and then to anyone in the audience who wants to + + 14 approach anything. + + 15 Over the next few days we'll be getting + + + 16 out to you follow-ups on some of the issues that we've + + 17 discussed. Robyn will be back in touch with you about + + 18 dates and we'll try to resolve some of those. + + 19 Again, the -- I wanted to make clear to + + + 20 any of the audience who wishes to submit any + + 21 additional material to our office. That is open + + 22 throughout the duration of our study which runs to + + + 23 December 1996. + + 24 I would urge you not to submit anything + + 25 during the last month or two, but the sooner we get + + + 187 + + 1 additional information from you, the sooner we can + + + 2 address your concerns and look into it. + + 3 This is not like a Congressional hearing + + 4 where you only have ten days after the hearing to + + 5 submit material. Our office will be open to + + + 6 submissions from any veterans or any other concerned + + 7 people who have information or data. + + 8 Again, I'll give you the address of that + + + 9 office. That's 1411 K Street, N.W., Suite 1000, and + + 10 the zip code is 20005-3404. + + 11 Thank you, Robyn. + + 12 And if there are any other closing remarks + + + 13 any member of the Committee cares to make? + + 14 (No response.) + + 15 CHAIRPERSON LASHOF: If not, I will turn + + + 16 the gavel over to Cathy Woteki, who officially opens + + 17 and closes our meetings. + + 18 MS. WOTEKI: And as the designated federal + + 19 official for the Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses + + + 20 Committee, you are now adjourned. + + 21 (Whereupon, the Public Meeting of the + + 22 Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' + + + 23 Illnesses was adjourned at 2:49 p.m.) + + 24 + + 25 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/101.txt b/politicalTextFiles/101.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f9a6d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/101.txt @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 101 THINGS YOU CAN DO TO CONSERVE RESOURCES AND + PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + IN YOUR HOME + +Recycle everything you can; newspaper, cans, glass, aluminum foil and pans, +motor oil, scrap metal, etc. In the Portland area, many recyclables get +picked up at your curb. + +Investigate local recycling centers that take items your garbage hauler +doesn't (scrap paper, plastics, appliances). + +Save your kitchen scraps for the compost pile. + +Avoid the use of household pesticides. Fly swatters work very well. + +Clean your windows with vinegar and water instead of chemical products. + +Use cold water in the washer unless it's necessary to use warm or hot. + +Use washable rags, not paper towels, for cleaning spills and other household +chores. +Crumpled newspaper are great for washing windows. + +Use cloth diapers. The plastic in disposable diapers doesn't break down in +landfills. + +Use cloth, not paper napkins. + +Don't put hazardous substances down your drain or in your trash (paint thinner +furniture polish, etc). Dispose of them on designated hazardous-waste +collection days. + +Don't use electrical appliances for things you can easily do by hand. + +Reuse brown paper bags to line your trash can instead of plastic liners. +Reuse bread bags, butter tubs, etc. + +Use reusable containers to store foods - not plastic wraps and foil. + +Write to companies that send unwanted junk mail...ask them to take you off +their list. + +Save your coat hangers and return them to the cleaners. + +Take unwanted, reusable items to a charitable organization or thrift shop. + +Don't leave water running needlessly. + +Install a water-saving shower head. + +Set your water heater at 130 degrees. + +Have your water heater insulated free of charge by your utility company. + +Turn the heat down and wear a sweater. + +Lower your house temperature by one degree per hour every hour you'll be +away or asleep. + +Turn the lights off when you're out of the room. Ditto with the TV. + +Get a free energy audit from your utility company. + +Burn only seasoned wood in your wood stove or fireplace. + + IN YOUR YARD + +Start a compost pile. + +Plant shrubs and trees that provide food and shelter for birds and other +creatures. + +Feed the birds; put up birdhouses and baths. + +Pull weeds instead of using herbicides. + +Learn about natural insect controls as alternatives to pesticides. + +Landscape with plants that aren't prone to insect and fungus problems. + +Ignore caterpillars and most native leaf-chewing insects. Let birds and +insect predators take care of them. + +Use beer traps for slugs instead of baiting with poisons. + +Use organic fertilizers...manure or Zoo Doo helps condition your soil and +fertilize at the same time. + +If you use pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides, don't throw leftovers in +the trash, down your drain, or into a storm sewer. Dispose of them on a +hazardous-waste collection day. + +Compost your leaves and yard debris or take them to a yard debris recycler. +Burning them creates air pollution and putting them out with the trash is a +waste of landfill space. + +Use mulch to conserve water in your garden. + +Plant things that don't require a lot of water. + +Take extra plastic and rubber pots back to the nursery. + +Large expanses of lawn are not good habitat for other creatures, plus they +usually must be maintained with chemicals and extensive watering. Dig up +some of your grass and plant native shrubs and trees instead. + +Plant short, dense shrubs close to your home's foundation to help insulate +against the cold. + + ON VACATION + +Turn down the heat and turn off the water heater before you go. + +Carry reusable cups, dishes, and flatware. + +Make sure your plastic trash doesn't end up in the ocean. + +Don't pick flowers or collect wild creatures for pets...leave animals and +plants where you find them. + +Don't buy souvenirs made from wild animals. + +Watch out for wildlife...give consideration to all living things you see +crossing the road. + +Build smaller campfires. + +Stay on the trail. + + IN YOUR CAR + +Drive sensibly...dont't waste gas. + +Keep your car tuned up. + +Carpool. In the Portland area call 227-7665 for information. + +Use public transit. + +Ride your bike or walk instead of driving. + +Buy a more gas-efficient car. + +Recycle your engine oil. + +Keep your tires properly inflated to save gas. + +Recycle your old tires. + +Keep your wheels in alignment to save your tires. + +Don't litter. + + AT YOUR BUSINESS + +Start an office recycling program for office and computer paper, cardboard, +etc. + +Use scrap paper for informal notes to yourself and others. + +Print things on recycled paper. + +Print or copy on both sides of the paper. + +Use smaller paper for smaller memos. + +Reuse manila envelopes and file folders. + +Hide the throw-away cups and train people to bring their mugs to meetings. + +Route things around the office or put non-urgent communications on a bulletin +board rather than making multiple copies. + +Use the stairs instead of the elevator. + +Office building landscape doesn't have to be sterile lawns and bedding plants. +Plant trees and shrubs the birds will like. + +Put a bird feeder outside your office window. + + WHEN YOU'RE SHOPPING + +Don't buy food or household products in plastic or styrofoam containers if +there is an alternate (milk and egg cartons, vegetable oils, butter tubs, +etc.) They can't or are difficult to be recycled and they don't break +down in the environment + +Don't buy "disposable" anything. Paper plates and towels and foam cups are +extravagant wastes of the world's resources. + +If you must buy disposables, buy paper products rather than plastics or +styrofoam. The manufacture of styrofoam depletes the ozone layer. + +Buy durable products and keep them a little longer. Cheap furniture, clothes, +and appliances often have short life spans. + +Check the energy rating on major appliances you buy. + +Read labels and buy the least toxic product available for cleaning, pest +control, and other jobs. + +Put your parcels into one big sack instead of collecting several small ones. + +Don't buy things with excess packaging (individually wrapped cheese slices, +apples on a paper tray wrapped with cellophane, etc). + +Buy in bulk; reduce pollution that comes from the manufacture and disposal +of many small packages. + +Ask questions...don't buy products that are hazardous to the environment or +that were manufactured at the expense of important animal habitat. + +Buy locally grown food and locally made products when possible. + +Don't buy products that come from endangered animals. + +Don't keep exotic pets. + + PERSONAL EFFORTS + +Join a conservation organization. + +Volunteer your time to conservation projects. + +Give money to worthy conservation/environmental causes. + +Check your lifestyle...think about effects of your daily actions on the +environment. + +Take advantage of the non-game wildlife checkoff on your Oregon tax form. + +Vote for candidates who share your sentiments. + +Read books and articles on wildlife and environmental issues. + +Watch nature programs on TV (and call your local Nature BBS). + +Subscribe to conservation or environmental publications. Purchase them +as gifts for others. + + SPREAD THE WORD + +Convert by example...encourage other people to save resources too. + +Tease, cajole, persuade, or shame your family, friends, and neighbors for +not recyling, not being energy conscious, etc. + +Complain to merchants about excess packaging, use of plastics, etc. Write +letters to companies. Patronize merchants who are environmentally conscious. + +Write your legislators when you have an opinion about pending legislation +on environmental, land use, or other issues. + +Teach children to respect nature and the environment. Take them on a hike, +help them plant a tree or build a bird house, buy them a nature book or +subscription to a wildlife magazine. + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/103c-rep.txt b/politicalTextFiles/103c-rep.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd46268 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/103c-rep.txt @@ -0,0 +1,448 @@ +103rd Congress phone and fax numbers +==================================== + +The following information is from the US Congress "Yellow Book," Jan. +1993. Four seats were vacant at that time, in CA, MS, OH, and WI. The +list below of 436 people includes 5 non-voting members, from Guam (GU), +Puerto Rico (PR), Samoa (SA), Virgin Islands (VI), and DC. (some of +those abbreviations may be wrong) + +p st representative phone fax += == ============================= ============== ============== +R AK Young, Donald 1-202-225-5765 1-202-225-5765 +D AL Bevill, Thomas 1-202-225-4876 1-202-225-0842 +D AL Browder, Glen 1-202-225-3261 1-202-225-9020 +D AL Cramer Jr, Robert E. 1-202-225-4801 na +D AL Hilliard, Earl F. 1-202-225-2665 na +R AL Bachus, Spencer 1-202-225-4921 na +R AL Callahan, H. L. 1-202-225-4931 1-202-225-0562 +R AL Everett, Terry 1-202-225-2901 na +D AR Lambert, Blanche 1-202-225-4076 na +D AR Thornton, Raymond 1-202-225-2506 1-202-225-9273 +R AR Dickey, Jay 1-202-225-3772 1-202-225-8646 +R AR Hutchinson, Tim 1-202-225-4301 na +D AZ Coppersmith, Sam 1-202-225-2635 1-202-225-2607 +D AZ English, Karan 1-202-225-2190 1-202-225-8819 +D AZ Pastor, Ed 1-202-225-4065 1-202-225-1655 +R AZ Kolbe, James T. 1-202-225-2542 1-202-225-0378 +R AZ Kyl, Jon L. 1-202-225-3361 na +R AZ Stump, Robert 1-202-225-4576 1-202-225-6328 +D CA Becerra, Xavier 1-202-225-6235 1-202-225-2202 +D CA Beilenson, Anthony 1-202-225-5911 na +D CA Berman, Howard L. 1-202-225-4695 na +D CA Brown Jr., George E. 1-202-225-6161 1-202-225-8671 +D CA Condit, Gary 1-202-225-6131 1-202-225-0819 +D CA Dellums, Ronald V. 1-202-225-2661 1-202-225-9817 +D CA Dixon, Julian C. 1-202-225-7084 1-202-225-4091 +D CA Dooley, Calvin M. 1-202-225-3341 1-202-225-9308 +D CA Edwards, Donald 1-202-225-3072 1-202-225-9460 +D CA Eshoo, Anna G. 1-202-225-8104 na +D CA Fazio, Vic 1-202-225-5716 1-202-225-0354 +D CA Filner, Bob 1-202-225-8045 na +D CA Hamburg, Dan 1-202-225-3311 na +D CA Harman, Jane 1-202-225-8220 na +D CA Lantos, Thomas 1-202-225-3531 na +D CA Lehman, Richard H. 1-202-225-4540 na +D CA Martinez, Matthew G. 1-202-225-5464 1-202-225-4467 +D CA Matsui, Robert T. 1-202-225-7163 1-202-225-0566 +D CA McCandless, Alfred 1-202-225-5330 1-202-226-1040 +D CA Miller, George 1-202-225-2095 1-202-225-5609 +D CA Mineta, Norman Y. 1-202-225-2631 na +D CA Pelosi, Nancy 1-202-225-4965 1-202-225-8259 +D CA Roybal-Allard, Lucille 1-202-225-1766 1-202-226-0350 +D CA Schenk, Lynn 1-202-225-2040 1-202-225-2042 +D CA Stark, Fortney H. 1-202-225-5065 na +D CA Torres, Esteban E. 1-202-225-5256 na +D CA Tucker III, Walter R. 1-202-225-7924 1-202-225-7926 +D CA Waters, Maxine 1-202-225-2201 na +D CA Waxman, Henry A. 1-202-225-3976 1-202-225-4099 +D CA Woolsey, Lynn 1-202-225-5161 na +R CA Baker, Bill 1-202-225-1880 1-202-225-2150 +R CA Calvert, Ken 1-202-225-1986 na +R CA Cox, Christopher 1-202-225-5611 1-202-225-9177 +R CA Cunningham, Randy 1-202-225-5452 1-202-225-2558 +R CA Doolittle, John T. 1-202-225-2511 1-202-225-5444 +R CA Dornan, Robert K. 1-202-225-2965 1-202-225-3694 +R CA Dreier, David 1-202-225-2305 1-202-225-4745 +R CA Gallegly, Elton 1-202-225-5811 na +R CA Herger, Walter W. 1-202-225-3076 1-202-225-1609 +R CA Horn, Steve 1-202-225-6676 na +R CA Huffington, Michael 1-202-225-3601 na +R CA Hunter, Duncan L. 1-202-225-5672 1-202-225-0235 +R CA Kim, Jay C. 1-202-225-3201 1-202-226-1485 +R CA Lewis, Jerry 1-202-225-5861 1-202-225-6498 +R CA McKeon, Howard P. 1-202-225-1956 1-202-226-0683 +R CA Moorhead, Carlos J. 1-202-225-4176 1-202-226-1279 +R CA Packard, Ronald 1-202-225-3906 1-202-225-0134 +R CA Pombo, Richard 1-202-225-1947 1-202-226-0861 +R CA Rohrabacher, Dana 1-202-225-2415 1-202-225-7067 +R CA Royce, Ed 1-202-225-4111 na +R CA Thomas, Bill 1-202-225-2915 na +D CO Schroeder, Patricia 1-202-225-4431 1-202-225-5842 +D CO Skaggs, David E. 1-202-225-2161 na +R CO Allard, Wayne 1-202-225-4676 1-202-225-8630 +R CO Hefley, Joel 1-202-225-4422 1-202-225-1942 +R CO McInnis, Scott 1-202-225-4761 1-202-226-0622 +R CO Schaefer, Daniel 1-202-225-7882 1-202-225-7885 +D CT DeLauro, Rosa 1-202-225-3661 1-202-225-4890 +D CT Gejdenson, Samuel 1-202-225-2076 1-202-225-4977 +D CT Kennelly, Barbara B. 1-202-225-2265 1-202-225-1031 +R CT Franks, Gary 1-202-225-3822 1-202-225-5085 +R CT Johnson, Nancy L. 1-202-225-4476 1-202-225-4488 +R CT Shays, Christopher 1-202-225-5541 1-202-225-9629 +D DC Norton, Eleanor Holmes 1-202-225-8050 1-202-225-3002 +R DE Castle, Michael N. 1-202-225-4165 1-202-225-2291 +D FL Bacchus, James 1-202-225-3671 1-202-225-9039 +D FL Brown, Corrine 1-202-225-0123 1-202-225-2256 +D FL Deutsch, Peter 1-202-225-7931 1-202-225-8456 +D FL Gibbons, Samuel M. 1-202-225-3376 na +D FL Hastings, Alcee L. 1-202-225-1313 1-202-225-0690 +D FL Hutto, Earl 1-202-225-4136 1-202-225-5785 +D FL Johnston II, Harry 1-202-225-3001 1-202-225-8791 +D FL Meek, Carrie 1-202-225-4506 1-202-226-0777 +D FL Peterson, Peter 1-202-225-5235 1-202-225-1586 +R FL Bilirakis, Michael 1-202-225-5755 1-202-225-4085 +R FL Canady, Charles T. 1-202-225-1252 na +R FL Diaz-Balart, Lincoln 1-202-225-4211 1-202-225-8576 +R FL Fowler, Tillie 1-202-225-2501 na +R FL Goss, Porter J. 1-202-225-2536 1-202-225-6820 +R FL Lewis, Thomas 1-202-225-5792 1-202-225-1860 +R FL McCollum, William 1-202-225-2176 na +R FL Mica, John L. 1-202-225-4035 1-202-226-0821 +R FL Miller, Dan 1-202-225-5015 1-202-226-0828 +R FL Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana 1-202-225-3931 1-202-225-5620 +R FL Shaw Jr., E. C. 1-202-225-3026 1-202-225-8398 +R FL Stearns, Clifford B. 1-202-225-5744 1-202-225-3973 +R FL Thurman, Carol L. 1-202-225-1002 1-202-226-0329 +R FL Young, C. W. 1-202-225-5961 1-202-225-9764 +D GA Bishop, Sanford 1-202-225-3631 1-202-225-2203 +D GA Darden III, George 1-202-225-2931 na +D GA Deal, Nathan 1-202-225-5211 1-202-225-8272 +D GA Johnson, Don 1-202-225-4101 1-202-226-1466 +D GA Lewis, John 1-202-225-3801 1-202-225-0351 +D GA McKinney, Cynthia 1-202-225-1605 1-202-226-0691 +D GA Rowland, J. R. 1-202-225-6531 na +R GA Collins, Mac 1-202-225-5901 1-202-225-2515 +R GA Gingrich, Newt 1-202-225-4501 1-202-225-4656 +R GA Kingston, Jack 1-202-225-5831 1-202-226-2269 +R GA Linder, John 1-202-225-4272 na +D GU Underwood, Robert A. 1-202-225-1188 1-202-226-0341 +D HI Abercrombie, Neil 1-202-225-2726 na +D HI Mink, Patsy T. 1-202-225-4906 1-202-225-4987 +D IA Smith, Neal 1-202-225-4426 na +R IA Grandy, Fred 1-202-225-5476 na +R IA Leach, James 1-202-225-6576 1-202-226-1278 +R IA Lightfoot, James R. 1-202-225-3806 1-202-225-6973 +R IA Nussle, James Allen 1-202-225-2911 1-202-225-9129 +D ID LaRocco, Larry 1-202-225-6611 na +R ID Crapo, Michael D. 1-202-225-5531 na +D IL Collins, Cardiss 1-202-225-5006 1-202-225-8396 +D IL Costello, Jerry F. 1-202-225-5661 1-202-225-0285 +D IL Durbin, Richard J. 1-202-225-5271 1-202-225-0170 +D IL Evans, Lane 1-202-225-5905 1-202-225-5396 +D IL Lipinski, William O. 1-202-225-5701 1-202-225-1012 +D IL Poshard, Glendal W. 1-202-225-5201 1-202-225-1541 +D IL Reynolds, Mel 1-202-225-0773 na +D IL Rostenkowski, Daniel 1-202-225-4061 na +D IL Rush, Bobby L. 1-202-225-4372 1-202-226-0333 +D IL Sangmeister, George 1-202-225-3635 1-202-225-4447 +D IL Yates, Sidney R. 1-202-225-2111 1-202-225-3493 +R IL Crane, Philip M. 1-202-225-3711 na +R IL Ewing, Thomas 1-202-225-2371 1-202-225-8071 +R IL Fawell, Harris W. 1-202-225-3515 1-202-225-9420 +R IL Gutierrez, Luis V. 1-202-225-8203 1-202-225-7810 +R IL Hastert, J. D. 1-202-225-2976 1-202-225-0697 +R IL Hyde, Henry J. 1-202-225-4561 1-202-226-1240 +R IL Manzullo, Donald 1-202-225-5676 1-202-225-5284 +R IL Michel, Robert H. 1-202-225-6201 1-202-225-9461 +R IL Porter, John E. 1-202-225-4835 1-202-225-0157 +D IN Buyer, Steve 1-202-225-5037 na +D IN Hamilton, Lee H. 1-202-225-5315 1-202-225-1101 +D IN Jacobs Jr., Andrew 1-202-225-4011 na +D IN Long, Jill 1-202-225-4436 na +D IN McCloskey, Frank 1-202-225-4636 1-202-225-4688 +D IN Roemer, Timothy 1-202-225-3915 1-202-225-6798 +D IN Sharp, Philip R. 1-202-225-3021 na +D IN Visclosky, Peter J. 1-202-225-2461 1-202-225-2493 +R IN Burton, Daniel 1-202-225-2276 1-202-225-0016 +R IN Myers, John T. 1-202-225-5805 na +D KS Glickman, Daniel 1-202-225-6216 na +D KS Slattery, James 1-202-225-6601 1-202-225-1445 +R KS Meyers, Jan 1-202-225-2865 1-202-225-0554 +R KS Roberts, Pat 1-202-225-2715 1-202-225-5375 +D KY Baesler, Scotty 1-202-225-4706 na +D KY Barlow, Tom 1-202-225-3115 1-202-225-2169 +D KY Mazzoli, Romano L. 1-202-225-5401 na +D KY Natcher, William H. 1-202-225-3501 na +R KY Bunning, James 1-202-225-3465 1-202-225-0003 +R KY Rogers, Harold 1-202-225-4601 1-202-225-0940 +D LA Fields, Cleo 1-202-225-8490 1-202-225-8959 +D LA Hayes, James A. 1-202-225-2031 1-202-225-1175 +D LA Jefferson, William 1-202-225-6636 1-202-225-1988 +D LA Tauzin, W. J. 1-202-225-4031 1-202-225-0563 +R LA Baker, Richard H. 1-202-225-3901 1-202-225-7313 +R LA Livingston, Robert 1-202-225-3015 1-202-225-0739 +R LA McCrery, James 1-202-225-2777 1-202-225-8039 +D MA Frank, Barney 1-202-225-5931 1-202-225-0182 +D MA Kennedy II, Joseph P. 1-202-225-5111 1-202-225-9322 +D MA Markey, Edward J. 1-202-225-2836 1-202-225-8689 +D MA Meehan, Martin T. 1-202-225-3411 1-202-226-0771 +D MA Moakley, John Joseph 1-202-225-8273 1-202-225-7304 +D MA Neal, Richard E. 1-202-225-5601 1-202-225-8112 +D MA Olver, John W. 1-202-225-5335 1-202-226-1224 +D MA Studds, Gerry E. 1-202-225-3111 1-202-225-2212 +R MA Blute, Peter I. 1-202-225-6101 1-202-225-2217 +R MA Torkildsen, Peter G. 1-202-225-8020 1-202-225-8037 +D MD Cardin, Benjamin L. 1-202-225-4016 na +D MD Hoyer, Steny H. 1-202-225-4131 1-202-225-4300 +D MD Mfume, Kweisi 1-202-225-4741 1-202-225-3178 +D MD Wynn, Albert R. 1-202-225-8699 1-202-225-8714 +R MD Bartlett, Roscoe G. 1-202-225-2721 na +R MD Bentley, Helen D. 1-202-225-3061 1-202-225-4251 +R MD Gilchrest, Wayne T. 1-202-225-5311 1-202-225-0254 +R MD Morella, Constance 1-202-225-5341 1-202-225-1389 +D ME Andrews, Thomas H. 1-202-225-6116 1-202-225-9065 +R ME Snowe, Olympia J. 1-202-225-6306 na +D MI Barcia, James A. 1-202-225-8171 1-202-225-2168 +D MI Bonior, David E. 1-202-225-2106 1-202-226-1169 +D MI Carr, Robert 1-202-225-4872 1-202-225-1260 +D MI Collins Jr., Barbara 1-202-225-2261 1-202-225-6645 +D MI Conyers Jr., John 1-202-225-5126 1-202-225-0072 +D MI Dingell, John D. 1-202-225-4071 1-202-225-7426 +D MI Ford, William D. 1-202-225-6261 na +D MI Kildee, Dale E. 1-202-225-3611 na +D MI Levin, Sander M. 1-202-225-4961 1-202-226-1033 +D MI Stupak, Bart 1-202-225-4735 1-202-225-4744 +R MI Camp, David Lee 1-202-225-3561 1-202-225-9679 +R MI Henry, Paul B. 1-202-225-3831 na +R MI Hoekstra, Peter 1-202-225-4401 na +R MI Knollenberg, Joe 1-202-225-5802 1-202-226-2356 +R MI Smith, Nick 1-202-225-6276 na +R MI Upton, Frederick S. 1-202-225-3761 1-202-225-4986 +D MN Minge, David 1-202-225-2331 na +D MN Oberstar, James L. 1-202-225-6211 1-202-225-0699 +D MN Penny, Timothy J. 1-202-225-2472 1-202-225-0051 +D MN Peterson, Collin C. 1-202-225-2165 1-202-225-1593 +D MN Sabo, Martin O. 1-202-225-4755 na +D MN Vento, Bruce F. 1-202-225-6631 na +R MN Grams, Rod 1-202-225-2271 1-202-225-9802 +R MN Ramstad, James M. 1-202-225-2871 1-202-225-6351 +D MO Clay, William L. 1-202-225-2406 1-202-225-1725 +D MO Danner, Pat 1-202-225-7041 na +D MO Gephardt, Richard A. 1-202-225-2671 1-202-225-7452 +D MO Skelton, Ike 1-202-225-2876 1-202-225-2695 +D MO Volkmer, Harold L. 1-202-225-2956 1-202-225-7834 +D MO Wheat, Alan 1-202-225-4535 1-202-225-5990 +R MO Emerson, Bill 1-202-225-4404 1-202-225-9621 +R MO Hancock, Melton D. 1-202-225-6536 1-202-225-7700 +R MO Talent, James M. 1-202-225-2561 1-202-225-2563 +D MS Montgomery, G. V. 1-202-225-5031 1-202-225-3375 +D MS Parker, Paul M. 1-202-225-5865 1-202-225-5886 +D MS Taylor, Gene 1-202-225-5772 1-202-225-7074 +D MS Whitten, Jamie L. 1-202-225-4306 1-202-225-4328 +D MT Williams, Pat 1-202-225-3211 na +D NC Clayton, Eva 1-202-225-3101 na +D NC Hefner, W. G. 1-202-225-3715 1-202-225-4036 +D NC Lancaster, H. M. 1-202-225-3415 1-202-225-0666 +D NC Neal, Stephen L. 1-202-225-2071 1-202-225-4060 +D NC Price, David E. 1-202-225-1784 1-202-225-6314 +D NC Rose, Charles 1-202-225-2731 1-202-225-2470 +D NC Valentine, Tim 1-202-225-4531 1-202-225-1539 +D NC Watt, Melvin 1-202-225-1510 1-202-225-1512 +R NC Ballenger, Thomas C. 1-202-225-2576 1-202-225-0316 +R NC Coble, Howard 1-202-225-3065 1-202-225-8611 +R NC McMillan, J. A. 1-202-225-1976 na +R NC Taylor, Charles Hart 1-202-225-6401 1-202-251-0794 +D ND Pomeroy, Earl 1-202-225-2611 1-202-226-0893 +D NE Hoagland, Peter 1-202-225-4155 na +R NE Barrett, William E. 1-202-225-6435 na +R NE Bereuter, Douglas 1-202-225-4806 1-202-226-1148 +D NH Swett, Richard N. 1-202-225-5206 na +R NH Zeliff Jr., William 1-202-225-5456 1-202-225-4370 +D NJ Andrews, Robert E. 1-202-225-6501 na +D NJ Hughes, William J. 1-202-225-6572 1-202-226-1108 +D NJ Klein, Herbert C. 1-202-225-5751 na +D NJ Menendez, Robert 1-202-225-7919 1-202-226-0792 +D NJ Pallone Jr., Frank 1-202-225-4671 1-202-225-9665 +D NJ Payne, Donald M. 1-202-225-3436 1-202-225-4160 +D NJ Torricelli, Robert 1-202-224-5061 1-202-225-0843 +R NJ Franks, Bob 1-202-225-5361 1-202-225-9460 +R NJ Gallo, Dean A. 1-202-225-5034 1-202-225-0658 +R NJ Roukema, Marge 1-202-225-4465 1-202-225-9048 +R NJ Saxton, H. J. 1-202-225-4765 1-202-225-0778 +R NJ Smith, Christopher 1-202-225-3765 1-202-225-7768 +R NJ Zimmer, Richard A. 1-202-225-5801 1-202-225-9181 +D NM Richardson, William 1-202-225-6190 na +R NM Schiff, Steven H. 1-202-225-6316 1-202-225-4975 +R NM Skeen, Joseph 1-202-225-2365 1-202-225-9599 +D NV Bilbray, James H. 1-202-225-5965 1-202-225-8808 +R NV Vucanovich, Barbara 1-202-225-6155 1-202-225-2319 +D NY Ackerman, Gary L. 1-202-225-2601 na +D NY Engel, Eliot L. 1-202-225-2464 na +D NY Flake, Floyd H. 1-202-225-3461 1-202-226-4169 +D NY Hinchey, Maurice D. 1-202-225-6335 na +D NY Hochbrueckner, G. 1-202-225-3826 1-202-225-0776 +D NY LaFalce, John J. 1-202-225-3231 na +D NY Lowey, Nita M. 1-202-225-6506 1-202-225-0546 +D NY Maloney, Carolyn B. 1-202-225-7944 na +D NY Manton, Thomas J. 1-202-225-3965 na +D NY McNulty, Michael R. 1-202-225-5076 1-202-225-5077 +D NY Nadler, Jerrold 1-202-225-5635 1-202-225-6923 +D NY Owens, Major R. 1-202-225-6231 1-202-226-0112 +D NY Rangel, Charles B. 1-202-225-4365 1-202-225-0816 +D NY Schumer, Charles E. 1-202-225-6616 1-202-225-4183 +D NY Serrano, Jose E. 1-202-225-4361 1-202-225-6001 +D NY Slaughter, Louise M. 1-202-225-3615 1-202-225-7822 +D NY Towns, Edolphus 1-202-225-5936 1-202-225-1018 +D NY Velazquez, Nydia M. 1-202-225-2361 1-202-226-0327 +R NY Boehlert, Sherwood 1-202-225-3665 1-202-225-1891 +R NY Fish Jr., Hamilton 1-202-225-5441 1-202-225-0962 +R NY Gilman, Benjamin A. 1-202-225-3776 na +R NY Houghton, Amory 1-202-225-3161 1-202-225-5574 +R NY King, Peter T. 1-202-225-7896 1-202-226-2279 +R NY Lazio, Rick A. 1-202-225-3335 na +R NY Levy, David A. 1-202-225-5516 1-202-225-4672 +R NY McHugh, John M. 1-202-225-4611 na +R NY Molinari, Susan 1-202-225-3371 1-202-226-1272 +R NY Paxon, L. W. 1-202-225-5265 1-202-225-5910 +R NY Quinn, Jack 1-202-225-3306 1-202-226-0347 +R NY Solomon, Gerald B. 1-202-225-5614 1-202-225-1168 +R NY Walsh, James T. 1-202-225-3701 1-202-225-4042 +D OH Applegate, Douglas 1-202-225-6265 na +D OH Brown, Sherrod 1-202-225-3401 na +D OH Fingerhut, Eric D. 1-202-225-5731 na +D OH Hall, Tony P. 1-202-225-6465 na +D OH Kaptur, Marcy 1-202-225-4146 1-202-225-7711 +D OH Mann, Davis S. 1-202-225-2216 na +D OH Sawyer, Thomas C. 1-202-225-5231 1-202-225-5278 +D OH Stokes, Louis 1-202-225-7032 1-202-225-1339 +D OH Strickland, Ted 1-202-225-5705 1-202-226-0331 +D OH Traficant Jr., James 1-202-225-5261 1-202-225-3719 +R OH Boehner, John Andrew 1-202-225-6205 1-202-225-0704 +R OH Gillmor, Paul E. 1-202-225-6405 na +R OH Hobson, David L. 1-202-225-4324 na +R OH Hoke, Martin R. 1-202-225-5871 1-202-226-0994 +R OH Kasich, John R. 1-202-225-5355 na +R OH Oxley, Michael G. 1-202-225-2676 na +R OH Pryce, Deborah 1-202-225-2015 1-202-226-0986 +R OH Regula, Ralph 1-202-225-3876 1-202-225-3059 +D OK Brewster, Billy Kent 1-202-225-4565 na +D OK English, Glenn 1-202-225-5565 1-202-225-8698 +D OK McCurdy, David 1-202-225-6165 1-202-225-9746 +D OK Synar, Michael 1-202-225-2701 1-202-225-2796 +R OK Inhofe, James M. 1-202-225-2211 1-202-225-9187 +R OK Istook, Ernest Jim 1-202-225-2132 na +D OR DeFazio, Peter A. 1-202-225-6416 na +D OR Furse, Elizabeth 1-202-225-0855 na +D OR Kopetski, Michael J. 1-202-225-5711 1-202-225-9477 +D OR Wyden, Ronald 1-202-225-4811 na +R OR Smith, Robert F. 1-202-225-6730 na +D PA Blackwell, Lucien E. 1-202-225-4001 1-202-225-7362 +D PA Borski, Robert A. 1-202-225-8251 1-202-225-4628 +D PA Coyne, William J. 1-202-225-2301 na +D PA Foglietta, Thomas M. 1-202-225-4731 1-202-225-0088 +D PA Holden, Tim 1-202-225-5546 1-202-226-0996 +D PA Kanjorski, Paul E. 1-202-225-6511 1-202-225-9024 +D PA Klink, Ron 1-202-225-2565 na +D PA Margolies-Mezvinsky, Marjorie 1-202-225-6111 1-202-226-0798 +D PA McHale, Paul 1-202-225-6411 1-202-225-5320 +D PA Murphy, Austin J. 1-202-225-4665 1-202-225-4772 +D PA Murtha, John P. 1-202-225-2065 1-202-225-5709 +R PA Clinger Jr., William 1-202-225-5121 1-202-225-4681 +R PA Gekas, George W. 1-202-225-4315 1-202-225-8440 +R PA Goodling, William F. 1-202-225-5836 1-202-226-1000 +R PA Greenwood, Jim 1-202-225-4276 1-202-225-9511 +R PA McDade, Joseph M. 1-202-225-3731 1-202-225-9594 +R PA Ridge, Thomas J. 1-202-225-5406 na +R PA Santorum, Richard J. 1-202-225-2135 1-202-225-7747 +R PA Shuster, Bud 1-202-225-2431 na +R PA Walker, Robert S. 1-202-225-2411 na +R PA Weldon, Curt 1-202-225-2011 1-202-225-8137 +D PR Romero-Barcelo, Carlos 1-202-225-2615 1-202-225-2154 +D RI Reed, John F. 1-202-225-2735 1-202-225-9580 +R RI Machtley, Ronald K. 1-202-225-4911 1-202-225-4417 +D SA Faleomavaega, Eni F.H. 1-202-225-8577 na +D SC Clyburn, James E. 1-202-225-3315 1-202-225-2302 +D SC Derrick, Butler 1-202-225-5301 na +D SC Spratt Jr., John M. 1-202-225-5501 1-202-225-0464 +R SC Inglis, Bob 1-202-225-6030 na +R SC Ravenel Jr., Arthur 1-202-225-3176 na +R SC Spence, Floyd 1-202-225-2452 1-202-225-2455 +D SD Johnson, Timothy P. 1-202-225-2801 1-202-225-2427 +D TN Clement, Robert 1-202-225-4311 1-202-226-1035 +D TN Cooper, James 1-202-225-6831 1-202-225-4520 +D TN Ford, Harold E. 1-202-225-3265 na +D TN Lloyd, Marilyn 1-202-225-3271 1-202-225-6974 +D TN Tanner, John S. 1-202-225-4714 1-202-225-1765 +R TN Duncan Jr., John J. 1-202-225-5435 1-202-225-6440 +R TN Gordon, Bart 1-202-225-4231 1-202-225-6887 +R TN Quillen, James H. 1-202-225-6356 1-202-225-7812 +R TN Sundquist, Donald 1-202-225-2811 1-202-225-2814 +D TX Andrews, Michael A. 1-202-255-7508 na +D TX Brooks, Jack 1-202-225-6565 1-202-225-1584 +D TX Bryant, John 1-202-225-2231 na +D TX Chapman, Jim 1-202-225-3035 1-202-225-7265 +D TX Coleman, Ronald D. 1-202-225-4831 na +D TX Edwards, Chet 1-202-225-6105 1-202-225-0350 +D TX Frost, Martin 1-202-225-3605 1-202-225-4951 +D TX Geren, Peter 1-202-225-5071 1-202-225-2786 +D TX Gonzalez, Henry B. 1-202-225-3236 1-202-225-1915 +D TX Green, Gene 1-202-225-1688 1-202-225-9903 +D TX Hall, Ralph M. 1-202-225-6673 1-202-225-3332 +D TX Johnson, Eddie Bernice 1-202-225-8885 na +D TX Laughlin, Gregory H. 1-202-225-2831 1-202-225-1108 +D TX Ortiz, Solomon P. 1-202-225-7742 1-202-226-1134 +D TX Pickle, J. J. 1-202-225-4865 na +D TX Sarpalius, Bill 1-202-225-3706 1-202-225-6142 +D TX Stenholm, Charles W. 1-202-225-6605 1-202-225-2234 +D TX Tejeda, Frank 1-202-225-1640 na +D TX Washington, Craig A. 1-202-225-3816 na +D TX Wilson, Charles 1-202-225-2401 1-202-225-1764 +D TX de la Garza, E 1-202-225-2531 1-202-225-2534 +R TX Archer, William 1-202-225-2571 1-202-225-4381 +R TX Armey, Richard K. 1-202-225-7772 1-202-225-7614 +R TX Barton, Joseph 1-202-225-2002 1-202-225-3052 +R TX Bonilla, Henry 1-202-225-4511 na +R TX Combest, Larry 1-202-225-4005 na +R TX DeLay, Thomas 1-202-225-5951 na +R TX Fields, Jack 1-202-225-4901 na +R TX Johnson, Sam 1-202-225-4201 na +R TX Smith, Lamar S. 1-202-225-4236 1-202-225-8628 +D UT Orton, William H. 1-202-225-7751 1-202-226-1223 +D UT Shepherd, Karen 1-202-225-3011 1-202-226-0354 +R UT Hansen, James V. 1-202-225-0453 1-202-225-5857 +D VA Boucher, Rick 1-202-225-3861 na +D VA Byrne, Leslie L. 1-202-225-1492 na +D VA Moran Jr., James P. 1-202-225-4376 1-202-225-0017 +D VA Payne Jr., Lewis F. 1-202-225-4711 1-202-226-1147 +D VA Pickett, Owen B. 1-202-225-4215 1-202-225-4218 +D VA Scott, Robert C. 1-202-225-8351 1-202-225-3854 +D VA Sisisky, Norman 1-202-225-6365 1-202-226-1170 +R VA Bateman, Herbert H. 1-202-225-4261 1-202-225-4382 +R VA Bliley Jr., Thomas J. 1-202-225-2815 na +R VA Goodlatte, Robert W. 1-202-225-5431 1-202-225-9681 +R VA Wolf, Frank R. 1-202-225-5136 na +D VI de Lugo, Ron 1-202-225-1790 1-202-225-9392 +I VT Sanders, Bernard 1-202-225-4115 1-202-225-6790 +D WA Cantwell, Maria 1-202-225-6311 1-202-225-2286 +D WA Dicks, Norman D. 1-202-225-5916 na +D WA Foley, Thomas S. 1-202-225-2006 na +D WA Inslee, Jay 1-202-225-5816 1-202-226-1137 +D WA Kreidler, Mike 1-202-225-8901 1-202-226-2361 +D WA McDermott, James A. 1-202-225-3106 1-202-225-9212 +D WA Swift, Al 1-202-225-2605 1-202-225-2608 +D WA Unsoeld, Jolene 1-202-225-3536 1-202-225-9095 +R WA Dunn, Jennifer 1-202-225-7761 na +D WI Barrett, Thomas M. 1-202-225-3571 na +D WI Gunderson, Steve 1-202-225-5506 1-202-225-6195 +D WI Kleczka, Gerald D. 1-202-225-4572 na +D WI Obey, David R. 1-202-225-3365 na +R WI Klug, Scott 1-202-225-2906 na +R WI Petri, Thomas E. 1-202-225-2476 1-202-225-2356 +R WI Roth, Toby 1-202-225-5665 1-202-225-0087 +R WI Sensenbrenner, F. J. 1-202-225-5101 1-202-225-3190 +D WV Mollohan, Alan B. 1-202-225-4172 1-202-225-7564 +D WV Rahall II, Nick Joe 1-202-225-3452 1-202-225-9061 +D WV Wise Jr., Robert E. 1-202-225-2711 1-202-225-7856 +R WY Thomas, Craig 1-202-225-2311 1-202-225-0726 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/103c-sen.txt b/politicalTextFiles/103c-sen.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c667942 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/103c-sen.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +US Senate, 103rd Congress phone and fax numbers +=============================================== + +Information from US Congress Yellow Book, January 1993 + +p st name phone fax += == ======================== ============== ============== +R AK Murkowski, Frank H. 1-202-224-6665 1-202-224-5301 +R AK Stevens, Ted 1-202-224-3004 1-202-224-1044 +D AL Heflin, Howell T. 1-202-224-4124 1-202-224-3149 +D AL Shelby, Richard C. 1-202-224-5744 1-202-224-3416 +D AR Bumpers, Dale 1-202-224-4843 1-202-224-6435 +D AR Pryor, David 1-202-224-2353 na +D AZ DeConcini, Dennis 1-202-224-4521 1-202-224-2302 +R AZ McCain, John 1-202-224-2235 na +D CA Boxer, Barbara 1-202-225-5161 na +D CA Feinstein, Diane 1-202-224-3841 na +D CO Campbell, Ben N. 1-202-225-4761 1-202-225-0228 +R CO Brown, Henry 1-202-224-5941 na +D CT Dodd, Christopher J. 1-202-224-2823 na +D CT Lieberman, Joseph I. 1-202-224-4041 1-202-224-9750 +D DE Biden Jr., Joseph R. 1-202-224-5042 na +R DE Roth Jr., William V. 1-202-224-2441 1-202-224-2805 +D FL Graham, Robert 1-202-224-3041 na +R FL Mack, Connie 1-202-224-5274 1-202-224-8022 +D GA Nunn, Samuel 1-202-224-3521 1-202-224-0072 +R GA Coverdell, Paul 1-202-224-3643 na +D HI Akaka, Daniel K. 1-202-224-6361 1-202-224-2126 +D HI Inouye, Daniel K. 1-202-224-3934 1-202-224-6747 +D IA Harkin, Thomas 1-202-224-3254 1-202-224-7431 +R IA Grassley, Charles E. 1-202-224-3744 na +R ID Craig, Larry E. 1-202-224-2752 1-202-224-2573 +R ID Kempthorne, Dirk 1-202-224-6142 1-202-224-5893 +D IL Moseley-Braun, Carol 1-202-224-2854 na +D IL Simon, Paul 1-202-224-2152 1-202-224-0868 +R IN Coats, Daniel R. 1-202-224-5623 1-202-224-8964 +R IN Lugar, Richard G. 1-202-224-4814 na +R KS Dole, Robert 1-202-224-6521 1-202-224-8952 +R KS Kassebaum, Nancy L. 1-202-224-4774 1-202-224-3514 +D KY Ford, Wendell H. 1-202-224-4343 na +R KY McConnell, Mitch 1-202-224-2541 1-202-224-2499 +D LA Breaux, John B. 1-202-224-4623 na +D LA Johnston, J. Bennett 1-202-224-5824 na +D MA Kennedy, Edward M. 1-202-224-4543 1-202-224-2417 +D MA Kerry, John F. 1-202-224-2742 na +D MD Mikulski, Barbara A. 1-202-224-4654 1-202-224-8858 +D MD Sarbanes, Paul S. 1-202-224-4524 1-202-224-1651 +D ME Mitchell, George J. 1-202-224-5344 na +R ME Cohen, William S. 1-202-224-2523 1-202-224-2693 +D MI Levin, Carl 1-202-224-6221 na +D MI Riegle Jr., Donald 1-202-224-4822 1-202-224-8834 +D MN Wellstone, Paul 1-202-224-5641 1-202-224-8438 +R MN Durenberger, David 1-202-224-3244 na +R MO Bond, Christopher S. 1-202-224-5721 1-202-224-8149 +R MO Danforth, John C. 1-202-224-6154 na +R MS Cochran, Thad 1-202-224-5054 na +R MS Lott, Trent 1-202-224-6253 1-202-224-2262 +D MT Baucus, Max 1-202-224-2651 na +R MT Burns, Conrad R. 1-202-224-2644 1-202-224-8594 +R NC Faircloth, D. M. 1-202-224-3154 1-202-224-7406 +R NC Helms, Jesse 1-202-224-6342 na +D ND Conrad, Kent 1-202-224-2043 na +D ND Dorgan, Byron L. 1-202-225-2611 1-202-225-9436 +D NE Exon, J. J. 1-202-224-4224 na +D NE Kerrey, Joseph R. 1-202-224-6551 1-202-224-7645 +R NH Gregg, Judd 1-202-224-3324 na +R NH Smith, Robert 1-202-224-2841 1-202-224-1353 +D NJ Bradley, William 1-202-224-3224 1-202-224-8567 +D NJ Lautenberg, Frank R. 1-202-224-4744 1-202-224-9707 +D NM Bingaman, Jeff 1-202-224-5521 na +R NM Domenici, Pete V. 1-202-224-6621 1-202-224-7371 +D NV Bryan, Richard H. 1-202-224-6244 na +D NV Reid, Harry 1-202-224-3542 1-202-224-7327 +D NY Moynihan, Daniel P. 1-202-224-4451 1-202-224-9293 +R NY D'Amato, Alfonse M. 1-202-224-6542 1-202-224-5871 +D OH Glenn, John 1-202-224-3353 na +D OH Metzenbaum, Howard 1-202-224-2315 1-202-224-6519 +D OK Boren, David L. 1-202-224-4721 na +R OK Nickles, Donald 1-202-224-5754 1-202-224-6008 +R OR Hatfield, Mark O. 1-202-224-3753 na +R OR Packwood, Robert 1-202-224-5244 na +D PA Wofford, Harris 1-202-224-6324 1-202-224-4161 +R PA Specter, Arlen 1-202-224-4254 na +D RI Pell, Claiborne 1-202-224-4642 1-202-224-4680 +R RI Chafee, John H. 1-202-224-2921 na +D SC Hollings, Ernest F. 1-202-224-6121 na +R SC Thurmond, Strom 1-202-224-5972 1-202-224-1300 +D SD Daschle, Thomas A. 1-202-224-2321 1-202-224-2047 +R SD Pressler, Larry 1-202-224-5842 1-202-224-1630 +D TN Mathews, Harlan 1-202-224-1036 1-202-228-3679 +D TN Sasser, James 1-202-224-3344 na +D TX Krueger, Robert 1-202-224-5922 na +R TX Gramm, Phil 1-202-224-2934 na +R UT Bennett, Robert 1-202-224-5444 na +R UT Hatch, Orrin G. 1-202-224-5251 1-202-224-6331 +D VA Robb, Charles S. 1-202-224-4024 1-202-224-8689 +R VA Warner, John W. 1-202-224-2023 1-202-224-6295 +D VT Leahy, Patrick J. 1-202-224-4242 na +R VT Jeffords, James M. 1-202-224-5141 na +D WA Murray, Patty 1-202-224-2621 1-202-224-0238 +R WA Gorton, Slade 1-202-224-3441 1-202-224-9393 +D WI Feingold, Russell 1-202-224-5323 na +D WI Kohl, Herbert H. 1-202-224-5653 na +D WV Byrd, Robert C. 1-202-224-3954 1-202-224-4025 +D WV Rockefeller, John D. 1-202-224-6472 1-202-224-1689 +R WY Simpson, Alan K. 1-202-224-3424 1-202-224-1315 +R WY Wallop, Malcolm 1-202-224-6441 1-202-224-3230 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/13th.txt b/politicalTextFiles/13th.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c13c47 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/13th.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@ + Message-Id: <9311091736.AA19604@alfalfa.cs.utexas.edu> + From: lwb@cs.utexas.edu (Lance W. Bledsoe) + Date: Tue, 9 Nov 1993 11:36:00 -0600 To: act@bolis.sf-bay.org + Subject: ACT: Best of net dump... Subject: Missing 13th Amendment + Date: 6 Nov 1993 21:30:33 -0600 + Organization: UTexas Mail-to-News Gateway Lines: 1241 Sender: + daemon@cs.utexas.edu + Message-ID: <9311070330.AA20385@nyx10.cs.du.edu> NNTP- + Posting-Host: + cs.utexas.edu + + [Note: Please direct any comments to this post via email as I + cannot read this newsgroup at this time... Address below] + + Dear All: + + Here is an interesting legal issue for you all to ponder. According to this + and many other sources, there was a 13thAmendment to the Constitution + *for* the (u)nited States of America that was removed during the time + before the Civil War. This Amendment had a *very* specific intention + which is explained in the below text. + + Since the original writing/publishing of this report, several researchers, + including myself, have found more evidence that conclusively proves that + such an Amendment did in fact exist and was either ratified or was about + to be (this is still unclear, but evidence suggests that it *was* ratified). + + I have *in my possession* proof of its existence. We examined the + "records" of many states and found several copies of this same + information. The copies of the Amendment that I have are from many + different places and many different government sources. Astoundingly, + this information is *still* in the various records as the papers that I have + are mere photocopies of the documents containing the Amendment + obtained from various public libraries. + + More research is being conducted and I will be happy to snail-mail these + copies to anyone interested. + + From Virginia: + + The Revised Code of the LAWS OF VIRGINIA + A COLLECTION OF ALL SUCH ACTS of the GENERAL + ASSEMBLY ... + + March 18, 1819 Also, a similar document from Colorado, from the + Congressional Record, a copy of the Amendments to the Constitution, a + copy of "This volume of the Laws of Colorado Territory, and a similar + Amendment to the Virginia Constitution. + + Without further ado, here is "The Missing 13th Amendment". + +---------------------------------------------------------+ | With Explicit + Reservation of All Rights (U.C.C. 1-207), | | Regards, -A.J. Teel-, Sui + Juris (ateel@nyx.cs.du.edu). | | Call (303) 687-4935 anytime! Finger for + PGP PUBLIC KEY. | | Please use "ateel@nyx.cs.du.edu" NOT + ".@nyx10." Thanks. | + +---------------------------------------------------------+ + + The Missing 13th Amendment + + David M. Dodge, Researcher Date 08/01/91 + The Missing 13th Amendment, Part I + "TITLES OF NOBILITY" AND "HONOR" + + In the winter of 1983, archival research expert David Dodge, and former + Baltimore police investigator Tom Dunn, were searching for evidence of + government corruption in public records stored in the Belfast Library on + the coast of Maine. + + By chance, they discovered the library's oldest authentic copy of the + Constitution of the United States (printed in 1825). Both men were + stunned to see this document included a 13th Amendment that no longer + appears on current copies of the Constitution. Moreover, after studying + the Amendment's language and historical context, they realized the + principle intent of this "missing" 13th Amendment was to prohibit + lawyers from serving in government. + + So began a seven year, nationwide search for the truth surrounding the + most bizarre Constitutional puzzle in American history -- the unlawful + removal of a ratified Amendment from the Constitution of the United + States. Since 1983, Dodge and Dunn have uncovered additional copies + of the Constitution with the "missing" 13th Amendment printed in at + least eighteen separate publications by ten different states and territories + over four decades from 1822 to 1860. + + In June of this year, Dodge uncovered the evidence that this missing 13th + Amendment had indeed been lawfully ratified by the state of Virginia + and was therefore an authentic Amendment to the American + Constitution. If the evidence is correct and no logical errors have been + made, a 13th Amendment restricting lawyers from serving in government + was ratified in 1819 and removed from our Constitution during the + tumult of the Civil War. + + Since the Amendment was never lawfully repealed, it is still the Law + today. The implications are enormous. + + The story of this "missing" Amendment is complex and at times + confusing because the political issues and vocabulary of the American + Revolution were different from our own. However, there are essentially + two issues: What does the Amendment mean? and, Was the Amendment + ratified? Before we consider the issue of ratification, we should first + understand the Amendment's meaning and consequent current relevance. + MEANING of the 13th Amendment + + The "missing" 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States + reads as follows: + + "If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, + receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall + without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any + present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, + from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person + shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be + incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, + or either of them." [Emphasis added.} + + At the first reading, the meaning of this 13th Amendment (also called the + "title of nobility" Amendment) seems obscure, unimportant. The + references to "nobility", "honour", "emperor", "king", and "prince" lead us + to dismiss this amendment as a petty post-revolution act of spite directed + against the British monarchy. But in our modern world of Lady Di and + Prince Charles, anti-royalist sentiments seem so archaic and quaint, that + the Amendment can be ignored. + + Not so. Consider some evidence of its historical significance: First, + "titles of nobility" were prohibited in both Article VI of the Articles of + Confederation (1777) and in Article I, Sect. 9 of the Constitution of the + United States (1778); Second, although already prohibited by the + Constitution, an additional "title of nobility" amendment was proposed + in 1789, again in 1810, and according to Dodge, finally ratified in 1819. + Clearly, the founding fathers saw such a serious threat in "titles of + nobility" and "honors" that anyone receiving them would forfeit their + citizenship. Since the government prohibited "titles of nobility" several + times over four decades, and went through the amending process (even + though "titles of nobility" were already prohibited by the Constitution), + it's obvious that the Amendment carried much more significance for our + founding fathers than is readily apparent today. + + + HISTORICAL CONTEXT + To understand the meaning of this "missing" 13th Amendment, we must + understand its historical context -- the era surrounding the American + Revolution. + + We tend to regard the notion of "Democracy" as benign, harmless, and + politically unremarkable. But at the time of the American Revolution, + King George III and the other monarchies of Europe saw Democracy as + an unnatural, ungodly ideological threat, every bit as dangerously radical + as Communism was once regarded by modern Western nations. Just as + the 1917 Communist Revolution in Russia spawned other revolutions + around the world, the American Revolution provided an example and + incentive for people all over the world to overthrow their European + monarchies. + + Even though the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War in 1783, + the simple fact of our existence threatened the monarchies. The United + States stood as a heroic role model for other nations, that inspired them + to also struggle against oppressive monarchies. The French Revolution + (1789-1799) and the Polish national uprising (1794) were in part + encouraged by the American Revolution. Though we stood like a beacon + of hope for most of the world, the monarchies regarded the United States + as a political typhoid Mary, the principle source of radical democracy + that was destroying monarchies around the world. The monarchies must + have realized that if the principle source of that infection could be + destroyed, the rest of the world might avoid the contagion and the + monarchies would be saved. + + Their survival at stake, the monarchies south to destroy or subvert the + American system of government. Knowing they couldn't destroy us + militarily, they resorted to more covert methods of political subversion, + employing spies and secret agents skilled in bribery and legal deception - + - it was, perhaps, the first "cold war". Since governments run on money, + politicians run for money, and money is the usual enticement to commit + treason, much of the monarchy's counter-revolutionary efforts emanated + from English banks. DON'T BANK ON IT (Modern Banking System) + The essence of banking was once explained by Sir Josiah Stamp, a + former president of the Bank of England: + + "The modern banking system manufactures money out of + nothing. The process is perhaps the most astounding piece of + sleight of hand that was ever invented. Banking was conceived + in inequity and born in sin... Bankers own the earth. Take + it away from them but leave them the power to create money, + and, with a flick of a pen, they will create enough money to + buy it back again... Take this great power away form them and + all great fortunes like mine will disappear, for then this + would be a better and happier world to live in... But, if you + want to continue to be the slaves of bankers and pay the cost + of your own slavery, then let bankers continue to create money + and control credit." + + The last great abuse of our banking system caused the depression of the + 1930's. Today's abuses may cause another. Current S&L and bank + scandals illustrate the on-going relationships between banks, lawyers, + politicians, and government agencies (look at the current BCCI bank + scandal, involving lawyer Clark Clifford, politician Jimmy Carter, the + Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and even the CIA). These scandals are the + direct result of years of law breaking by an alliance of bankers and + lawyers using their influence and money to corrupt the political process + and rob the public. (Think you're not being robbed? Guess who's going + to pay the bill for the excesses of the S&L's, taxpayer? You are.) + + The systematic robbery of productive individuals by parasitic bankers + and lawyers is not a recent phenomenon. This abuse is a human tradition + that predates the Bible and spread from Europe to America despite early + colonial prohibitions. + + When the first United States Bank was chartered by Congress in 1790, + there were only three state banks in existence. At one time, banks were + prohibited by law in most states because many of the early settlers were + all too familiar with the practices of the European goldsmith banks. + + Goldsmith banks were safe houses used to store client's gold. In + exchange for the deposited gold, customers were issued notes (paper + money) which were redeemable in gold. The goldsmith bankers quickly + succumbed to the temptation to issue "extra" notes, (unbacked by gold). + Why? Because the "extra" notes enriched the bankers by allowing them + to buy property with notes for gold that they did not own, gold that did + not even exist. + + Colonists knew that bankers occasionally printed too much paper + money, found themselves over-leveraged, and caused a "run on the bank". + If the bankers lacked sufficient gold to meet the demand, the paper + money became worthless and common citizens left holding the paper + were ruined. Although over-leveraged bankers were sometime hung, the + bankers continued printing extra money to increase their fortunes at the + expense of the productive members of society. (The practice continues + to this day, and offers "sweetheart" loans to bank insiders, and even + provides the foundation for deficit spending and our federal + government's unbridled growth.) + + + PAPER MONEY + If the colonists forgot the lessons of goldsmith bankers, the American + Revolution refreshed their memories. To finance the war, Congress + authorized the printing of continental bills of credit in an amount not to + exceed $200,000,000. The States issued another $200,000,000 in paper + notes. Ultimately, the value of the paper money fell so low that they were + soon traded on speculation from 5000 to 1000 paper bills for one coin. + + It's often suggested that our Constitution's prohibition against a paper + economy -- "No State shall... make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a + tender in Payment of Debts" -- was a tool of the wealthy to be worked to + the disadvantage of all others. But only in a "paper" economy can money + reproduce itself and increase the claims of the wealthy at the expense of + the productive. + + "Paper money," said Pelatiah Webster, "polluted the equity of our laws, + turned them into engines of oppression, corrupted the justice of our + public administration, destroyed the fortunes of thousands who had + confidence in it, enervated the trade, husbandry, and manufactures of our + country, and went far to destroy the morality of our people." + + + CONSPIRACIES + A few examples of the attempts by the monarchies and banks that almost + succeeded in destroying the United States: + + According to the Tennessee Laws (1715-1320, vol. II, p. 774), in the + 1794 Jay Treaty, the United States agreed to pay 600,000 pounds sterling + to King George III, as reparations for the American revolution. The + Senate ratified the treaty in secret session and ordered that it not be + published. When Benjamin Franklin's grandson published it anyway, the + exposure and resulting public up-roar so angered the Congress that it + passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) so federal judges could + prosecute editors and publishers for reporting the truth about the + government. + + Since we had won the Revolutionary War, why would our Senators agree + to pay reparations to the loser? And why would they agree to pay + 600,000 pounds sterling, eleven years after the war ended? It doesn't + make sense, especially in light of Senate's secrecy and later fury over + being exposed, unless we assume our Senators had been bribed to serve + the British monarchy and betray the American people. That's subversion. + The United States Bank had been opposed by the Jeffersonians from the + beginning, but the Federalists (the pro-monarchy party) won out in its + establishment. The initial capitalization was $10,000,000 -- 80% of + which would be owned by foreign bankers. Since the bank was + authorized to lend up to $20,000,000 (double its paid in capital), it was a + profitable deal for both the government and the bankers since they could + lend, and collect interest on, $10,000,000 that didn't exist. + + However, the European bankers outfoxed the government and by 1796, + the government owed the bank $6,200,000 and was forced to sell its + shares. (By 1802, our government owned no stock in the United States + Bank.) + + The sheer power of the banks and their ability to influence representative + government by economic manipulation and outright bribery was exposed + in 1811, when the people discovered that european banking interests + owned 80% of the bank. Congress therefore refused to renew the bank's + charter. This led to the withdrawal of $7,000,000 in specie by european + investors, which in turn, precipitated an economic recession, and the + War of 1812. + + That's destruction. + + There are undoubtedly other examples of the monarchy's efforts to + subvert or destroy the United States; some are common knowledge, + others remain to be disclosed to the public. For example, David Dodge + discovered a book called "2 VA LAW" in the Library of Congress Law + Library. According to Dodge, "This is an un-catalogued book in the rare + book section that reveals a plan to overthrow the constitutional + government by secret agreements engineered by the lawyers. That is one + of the reasons why this amendment was ratified by Virginia and the + notification ~lost in the mail.' There is no public record that this book + exists." + + That may sound surprising, but according to The Gazette (5/10/91), "the + Library of Congress has 349,402 un-catalogued rare books and 13.9 + million un-catalogued rare manuscripts." There may be secrets buried in + that mass of documents even more astonishing than a missing + Constitutional Amendment. + + + + TITLES OF NOBILITY + In seeking to rule the world and destroy the United States, bankers + committed many crimes. Foremost among these crimes were fraud, + conversion, and plain old theft. To escape prosecution for their crimes, + the bankers did the same thing any career criminal does. They hired and + formed alliances with the best lawyers and judges money could buy. + These alliances, originally forged in Europe (particularly in Great + Britain), spread to the colonies, and later into the newly formed United + States of America. + + Despite their criminal foundation, these alliances generated wealth, and + ultimately, respectability. Like any modern member of organized crime, + English bankers and lawyers wanted to be admired as "legitimate + businessmen". As their criminal fortunes grew so did their usefulness, so + the British monarchy legitimized these thieves by granting them "titles of + nobility". + + Historically, the British peerage system referred to knights as "Squires" + and to those who bore the knight's shields as "Esquires". As lances, + shields, and physical violence gave way to the more civilized means of + theft, the pen grew mightier (and more profitable) than the sword, and + the clever wielders of those pens (bankers and lawyers) came to hold + titles of nobility. The most common title was "Esquire" (used, even + today, by some lawyers). + + + INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION + In Colonial America, attorneys trained attorneys but most held no "title + of nobility" or "honor". There was no requirement that one be a lawyer + to hold the position of district attorney, attorney general, or judge; a + citizen's "counsel of choice" was not restricted to a lawyer; there were no + state or national bar associations. The only organization that certified + lawyers was the International Bar Association (IBA), chartered by the + King of England, headquartered in London, and closely associated with + the international banking system. Lawyers admitted to the IBA received + the rank "Esquire" -- a "title of nobility". + "Esquire" was the principle title of nobility which the 13th Amendment + sought to prohibit from the United States. Why? Because the loyalty of + "Esquire" lawyers was suspect. Bankers and lawyers with an "Esquire" + behind their names were agents of the monarchy, members of an + organization whose principle purposes were political, not economic, and + regarded with the same wariness that some people today reserve for + members of the KGB or the CIA. + + Article 1, Sect. 9 of the Constitution sought to prohibit the International + Bar Association (or any other agency that granted titles of nobility) from + operating in America. But the Constitution neglected to specify a + penalty, so the prohibition was ignored, and agents of the monarchy + continued to infiltrate and influence the government (as in the Jay Treaty + and the US Bank charter incidents). Therefore, a "title of nobility" + amendment that specified a penalty (loss of citizenship) was proposed in + 1789, and again in 1810. The meaning of the amendment is seen in its + intent to prohibit persons having titles of nobility and loyalties foreign + governments and bankers from voting, holding public office, or using + their skills to subvert the government. + + + HONOR + The missing Amendment is referred to as the "title of nobility" + Amendment, but the second prohibition against "honour" (honor), may + be more significant. + + According to David Dodge, Tom Dunn, and Webster's Dictionary, the + archaic definition of "honor" (as used when the 13th Amendment was + ratified) meant anyone "obtaining or having an advantage or privilege + over another". A contemporary example of an "honor" granted to only a + few Americans is the privilege of being a judge: Lawyers can be judges + and exercise the attendant privileges and powers; non-lawyers cannot. + + By prohibiting "honors", the missing Amendment prohibits any + advantage or privilege that would grant some citizens an unequal + opportunity to achieve or exercise political power. Therefore, the second + meaning (intent) of the 13th Amendment was to ensure political equality + among all American citizens, by prohibiting anyone, even government + officials, from claiming or exercising a special privilege or power (an + "honor") over other citizens. + + If this interpretation is correct, "honor" would be the key concept in the + 13th Amendment. Why? Because, while "titles of nobility" may no + longer apply in today's political system, the concept of "honor" remains + relevant. + + For example, anyone who had a specific "immunity" from lawsuits which + were not afforded to all citizens, would be enjoying a separate privilege, + an "honor", and would therefore forfeit his right to vote or hold public + office. Think of the "immunities" from lawsuits that our judges, lawyers, + politicians, and bureaucrats currently enjoy. As another example, think + of all the "special interest" legislation our government passes: "special + interests" are simply euphemisms for "special privileges" (honors). + + + WHAT IF? (Implications if Restored) + If the missing 13th Amendment were restored, "special interests" and + "immunities" might be rendered unconstitutional. The prohibition + against "honors" (privileges) would compel the entire government to + operate under the same laws as the citizens of this nation. Without their + current personal immunities (honors), our judges and I.R.S. agents + would be unable to abuse common citizens without fear of legal liability. + If this 13th Amendment were restored, our entire government would have + to conduct itself according to the same standards of decency, respect, + law, and liability as the rest of the nation. If this Amendment and the + term "honor" were applied today, our government's ability to + systematically coerce and abuse the public would be all but eliminated. + Imagine. Imagine! + + A government without special privileges or immunities. How could we + describe it? It would be ... almost like ... a government ... of the people + ... by the people ... for the people! + + Imagine: a government ... whose members were truly accountable to the + public; a government that could not systematically exploit its own + people! + + It's unheard of ... it's never been done before. Not ever in the entire + history of the world. + + Bear in mind that Senator George Mitchell of Maine and the National + Archives concede this 13th Amendment was proposed by Congress in + 1810. However, they explain that there were seventeen states when + Congress proposed the "title of nobility" Amendment; that ratification + required the support of thirteen states, but since only twelve states + supported the Amendment, it was not ratified. The Government Printing + Office agrees; it currently prints copies of the Constitution of the United + States which include the "title of nobility" Amendment as proposed, but + un-ratified. + + Even if this 13th Amendment were never ratified, even if Dodge and + Dunn's research or reasoning is flawed or incomplete, it would still be an + extraordinary story. + + Can you imagine, can you understand how close we came to having a + political paradise, right here on Earth? Do you realize what an + extraordinary gift our forebears tried to bequeath us? And how close we + came? + + One vote. One state's vote. + + The federal government concedes that twelve states voted to ratify this + Amendment between 1810 and 1812. But they argue that ratification + require thirteen states, so the Amendment lays stillborn in history, + unratified for lack of a just one more state's support. + + One vote. + + David Dodge, however, says one more state did ratify, and he claims he + has the evidence to prove it. + + + PARADISE LOST, RATIFICATION FOUND + In 1789, the House of Representatives compiled a list of possible + Constitutional Amendments, some of which would ultimately become + our Bill of Rights. The House proposed seventeen; the Senate reduced + the list to twelve. During this process that Senator Tristrain Dalton + (Mass.) proposed an Amendment seeking to prohibit and provide a + penalty for any American accepting a "title of Nobility" (RG 46 Records + of the U.S. Senate). Although it wasn't passed, this was the first time a + "title of nobility" amendment was proposed. + + Twenty years later, in January, 1810, Senator Reed proposed another + "Title of Nobility" Amendment (History of Congress, Proceedings of the + Senate, p. 529-530). On April 27, 1810, the Senate voted to pass this + 13th Amendment by a vote of 26 to 1; the House resolved in the + affirmative 87 to 3; and the following resolve was sent to the States for + ratification: + + "If any citizen ofthe United States shall Accept, claim, + receive or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall, + without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any + present, pension, office or emolument of any kind + whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or foreign + power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the + United States, and shall be incapable of holding any + office of trust or profit under them, or either of them." + + The Constitution requires three-quarters of the states to ratify a proposed + amendment before it may be added to the Constitution. When Congress + proposed the "Title of Nobility" Amendment in 1810, there were + seventeen states, thirteen of which would have to ratify for the + Amendment to be adopted. According to the National Archives, the + following is a list of the twelve states that ratified, and their dates of + ratification: + + Maryland, Dec. 25, 1810 Vermont, Oct. 24, 1811 + Kentucky, Jan. 31, 1811 Tennessee, Nov. 21, 1811 + Ohio, Jan. 31, 1811 Georgia, Dec. 13, 1 + Delaware, Feb. 2, 1811 North Carolina, Dec.23, 1811 + Pennsylvania, Feb. 6, 1811 Massachusetts, Feb. 27, 1812 + New Jersey, Feb. 13, 1811 New Hampshire, Dec. 10, 1812 + + Before a thirteenth state could ratify, the War of 1812 broke out with + England. By the time the war ended in 1814, the British had burned the + Capitol, the Library of Congress, and most of the records of the first 38 + years of government. Whether there was a connection between the + proposed "title of nobility" amendment and the War of 1812 is not + known. However, the momentum to ratify the proposed Amendment was + lost in the tumult of war. + + Then, four years later, on December 31, 1817, the House of + Representatives resolved that President Monroe inquire into the status of + this Amendment. In a letter dated February 6, 1818, President Monroe + reported to the House that the Secretary of State Adams had written to + the governors of Virginia, South Carolina and Connecticut to tell them + that the proposed Amendment had been ratified by twelve States and + rejected by two (New York and Rhode Island), and asked the governors + to notify him of their legislature's position. (House Document No. 76) + (This, and other letters written by the President and the Secretary of + State during the month of February,1818, note only that the proposed + Amendment had not yet been ratified. + + However, these letters would later become crucial because, in the + absence of additional information they would be interpreted to mean the + amendment was never ratified). + + On February 28, 1818, Secretary of State Adams reported the rejection + of the Amendment by South Carolina. [House Doc. No. 129]. There are + no further entries regarding the ratification of the 13th Amendment in the + Journals of Congress; whether Virginia ratified is neither confirmed nor + denied. Likewise, a search through the executive papers of Governor + Preston of Virginia does not reveal any correspondence from Secretary + of State Adams. (However, there is a journal entry in the Virginia House + that the Governor presented the House with an official letter and + documents from Washington within a time frame that conceivably + includes receipt of Adams' letter.) Again, no evidence of ratification; + none of denial. + + However, on March 10, 1819, the Virginia legislature passed Act No. + 280 (Virginia Archives of Richmond, "misc.' file, p. 299 for micro-film): + + "Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that there + shall be published an edition of the Laws of this + Commonwealth in which shall be contained + the following matters, that is to say: the + Constitution of the united States and the amendments + thereto..." + + This act was the specific legislated instructions on what was, by law, to + be included in the re-publication (a special edition) of the Virginia Civil + Code. The Virginia Legislature had already agreed that all Acts were to + go into effect on the same day -- the day that the Act to re-publish the + Civil Code was enacted. Therefore, the 13th Amendment's official date + of ratification would be the date of re-publication of the Virginia Civil + Code: March 12, 1819. + + The Delegates knew Virginia was the last of the 13 States that were + necessary for the ratification of the 13th Amendment. They also knew + there were powerful forces allied against this ratification so they took + extraordinary measures to make sure that it was published in sufficient + quantity (4,000 copies were ordered, almost triple their usual order), and + instructed the printer to send a copy to President James Monroe as well + as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. (The printer, Thomas Ritchie, + was bonded. He was required to be extremely accurate in his research + and his printing, or he would forfeit his bond.) + + In this fashion, Virginia announced the ratification: by publication and + dissemination of the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution. + There is question as to whether Virginia ever formally notified the + Secretary of State that they had ratified this 13th Amendment. Some + have argued that because such notification was not received (or at least, + not recorded), the Amendment was therefore not legally ratified. + However, printing by a legislature is prima facie evidence of ratification. + + Further, there is no Constitutional requirement that the Secretary of + State, or anyone else, be officially notified to complete the ratification + process. The Constitution only requires that three-fourths of the states + ratify for an Amendment to be added to the Constitution. If three- + quarters of the states ratify, the Amendment is passed. Period. The + Constitution is otherwise silent on what procedure should be used to + announce, confirm, or communicate the ratification of amendments. + + Knowing they were the last state necessary to ratify the Amendment, the + Virginians had every right announce their own and the nation's + ratification of the Amendment by publishing it on a special edition of the + Constitution, and so they did. + + Word of Virginia's 1819 ratification spread throughout the States and + both Rhode Island and Kentucky published the new Amendment in + 1822. Ohio first published in 1824. Main ordered 10,000 copies of the + Constitution with the 13th Amendment to be printed for use in the + schools in 1825, and again in 1831 for their Census Edition. Indiana + Revised Laws of 1831 published the 13th Article on p. 20. + Northwestern Territories published in 1833. Ohio published in 1831 + and 1833. Then came the Wisconsin Territory in 1839; Iowa Territory in + 1843; Ohio again, in 1848; Kansas Statutes in 1855; and Nebraska + Territory six times in a row from 1855 to 1860. + + So far, David Dodge has identified eleven different states or territories + that printed the Amendment in twenty separate publications over forty- + one years. And more editions including this 13th Amendment are sure to + be discovered. Clearly, Dodge is onto something. + + You might be able to convince some of the people, or maybe even all of + them, for a little while, that this 13th Amendment was never ratified. + Maybe you can show them that the ten legislatures which ordered it + published eighteen times we've discovered (so far) consisted of ignorant + politicians who don't know their amendments from their ... ahh, articles. + You might even be able to convince the public that our forefathers never + meant to "outlaw" public servants who pushed people around, accepted + bribes or special favors to "look the other way." Maybe. But before you + do, there's an awful lot of evidence to be explained. + + + THE AMENDMENT DISAPPEARS + In 1829, the following note appears on p. 23, Vol. 1 of the New York + Revised Statutes: + + "In the edition of the Laws of the U.S. before referred to, + there is an amendment printed as article 13, prohibiting + citizens from accepting titles of nobility or honor, or + presents, offices, &c. from foreign nations. But, by a + message of the president of the United States of the 4th + of February, 1818, in answer to a resolution of the house + of representatives, it appears that this amendment had + been ratified only by 12 states, and therefore had not + been adopted. See Vol. IV of the printed papers of the + 1st session of the 15th congress, No. 76." + + In 1854, a similar note appeared in the Oregon Statutes. Both notes refer + to the Laws of the United States, 1st vol. p. 73 (or 74). + + It's not yet clear whether the 13th Amendment was published in Laws of + the United States, 1st Vol., prematurely, by accident, in anticipation of + Virginia's ratification, or as part of a plot to discredit the Amendment by + making is appear that only twelve States had ratified. Whether the Laws + of the United States Vol. 1 (carrying the 13th Amendment) was re-called + or made-up is unknown. In fact, it's not even clear that the specified + volume was actually printed -- the Law Library of the Library of + Congress has no record of its existence. + + However, because the notes authors reported no further references to the + 13th Amendment after the Presidential letter of February, 1818, they + apparently assumed the ratification process had ended in failure at that + time. If so, they neglected to seek information on the Amendment after + 1818, or at the state level, and therefore missed the evidence of Virginia's + ratification. This opinion -- assuming that the Presidential letter of + February, 1818, was the last word on the Amendment -- has persisted to + this day. + + In 1849, Virginia decided to revise the 1819 Civil Code of Virginia + (which had contained the 13th Amendment for 30 years). It was at that + time that one of the code's revisers (a lawyer named Patton) wrote to the + Secretary of the Navy, William B. Preston, asking if this Amendment + had been ratified or appeared by mistake. Preston wrote to J. M. + Clayton, the Secretary of State, who replied that this Amendment was + not ratified by a sufficient number of States. This conclusion was based + upon the information that Secretary of State J.Q. Adams had provided + the House of Representatives in 1818, before Virginia's ratification in + 1819. (Even today, the Congressional Research Service tells anyone + asking about this 13th Amendment this same story: that only twelve + states, not the requisite thirteen, had ratified.) However, despite + Clayton's opinion, the Amendment continued to be published in various + states and territories for at least another eleven years (the last known + publication was in the Nebraska territory in 1860). + + Once again the 13th Amendment was caught in the riptides of American + politics. South Carolina seceded from the Union in December of 1860, + signalling the onset of the Civil War. In March, 1861, President + Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. Later in 1861, another proposed + amendment, also numbered thirteen, was signed by President Lincoln. + This was the only proposed amendment that was ever signed by a + president. That resolve to amend read: + + "ARTICLE THIRTEEN, No amendment shall be made + to the Constitution which will authorize or give to + Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within + any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, + including that of persons held to labor or service by the + laws of said State." + + (In other words, President Lincoln had signed a resolve that would have + permitted slavery, and upheld states' rights.) Only one State, Illinois, + ratified this proposed amendment before the Civil War broke out in + 1861. + + In the tumult of 1865, the original 13th Amendment was finally removed + from our Constitution. On January 31, another 13th Amendment (which + prohibited slavery in Sect. 1, and ended states' rights in Sect. 2) was + proposed. On April 9, the Civil War ended with General Lee's surrender. + On April 14, President Lincoln (who, in 1861, had signed the proposed + Amendment that would have allowed slavery and states rights) was + assassinated. On December 6, the "new" 13th Amendment loudly + prohibiting slavery (and quietly surrendering states rights to the federal + government) was ratified, replacing and effectively erasing the original + 13th Amendment that had prohibited "titles of nobility" and "honors". + + + SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOVAL + To create the present oligarchy (rule by lawyers) which we now endure, + the lawyers first had to remove the 13th "titles of nobility" Amendment + that might otherwise have kept them in check. In fact, it was not until + after the Civil War and after the disappearance of this 13th Amendment, + that American bar associations began to appear and exercise political + power. + + Since the unlawful deletion of the 13th Amendment, the newly + developing bar associations began working diligently to create a system + wherein lawyers took on a title of privilege and nobility as "Esquires" + and received the "honor" of offices and positions (like district attorney or + judge) that only lawyers may now hold. By virtue of these titles, honors, + and special privileges, lawyers have assumed political and economic + advantages over the majority of U.S. citizens. Through these privileges, + they have nearly established a two-tiered citizenship in this nation where + a majority may vote, but only a minority (lawyers) may run for political + office. This two- tiered citizenship is clearly contrary to Americans' + political interests, the nation's economic welfare, and the Constitution's + egalitarian spirit. + + The significance of this missing 13th Amendment and its deletion from + the Constitution is this: Since the amendment was never lawfully + nullified, it is still in full force and effect and is the Law of the land. I + public support could be awakened, this missing Amendment might + provide a legal basis to challenge many existing laws and court decisions + previously made by lawyers who were unconstitutionally elected or + appointed to their positions of power; it might even mean the removal of + lawyers from our current government system. + + At the very least, this missing 13th Amendment demonstrates that two + centuries ago, lawyers were recognized as enemies of the people and + nation. Some things never change. + + + THOSE WHO CANNOT RECALL HISTORY .... Heed warnings of + Founding Fathers + In his farewell address, George Washington warned of + + "... change by usurpation; for through this, in one + instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the + customary weapon by which free governments + are destroyed." + + In 1788, Thomas Jefferson proposed that we have a Declaration of + Rights similar to Virginia's. Three of his suggestions were "freedom of + commerce against monopolies, trial by jury in all cases" and "no + suspensions of the habeas corpus." + + No doubt Washington's warning and Jefferson's ideas were dismissed as + redundant by those who knew the law. Who would have dreamed our + legal system would become a monopoly against freedom when that was + one of the primary causes for the rebellion against King George III? + + Yet, the denial of trial by jury is now commonplace in our courts, and + habeas corpus, for crimes against the state, suspended. (By crimes + against the state, I refer to "political crimes" where there is no injured + party and the corpus delicti [evidence] is equally imaginary.) + + The authority to create monopolies was judge-made law by Supreme + Court Justice John Marshall, et al during the early 1800's. Judges (and + lawyers) granted to themselves the power to declare the acts of the + People "un-Constitutional", waited until their decision was + grandfathered, and then granted themselves a monopoly by creating the + bar associations. + + Although Article VI of the U.S. Constitution mandates that executive + orders and treaties are binding upon the states ("... and the Judges in + every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or + Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding."), the supreme Court + has held that the Bill of Rights is not binding upon the states, and + thereby resurrected many of the complaints enumerated in the + Declaration of Independence, exactly as Thomas Jefferson foresaw in + "Notes on the State of Virginia", Query 17, p. 161, 1784: + + "Our rulers will become corrupt, our people careless... + the time for fixing every essential right on a legal basis + is [now] while our rulers are honest, and ourselves + united. From the conclusion of this war we shall + be going downhill. It will not then be necessary to + resort every moment to the people for support. + They will be forgotten, therefore, and their rights + disregarded. They will forget themselves, but in the + sole faculty of making money, and will never think of + uniting to effect a due respect for their rights. The + shackles, therefore, which shall not be knocked + off at the conclusion of this war, will remain on us long, + will be made heavier and heavier, till our rights shall + revive or expire in a convulsion." + + We await the inevitable convulsion. + + Only two questions remain: Will we fight to revive our rights? Or will + we meekly submit as our last remaining rights expire, surrendered to the + courts, and perhaps to a "new world order"? + + + MORE EDITIONS FOUND + As we go to press, I've received information from a researcher in Indiana, + and another in Dallas, who have found five more editions of statutes that + include the Constitution and the missing 13th Amendment. + + These editions were printed by Ohio, 1819; Connecticut (one of the + states that voted against ratifying the Amendment), 1835; Kansas, 1861; + and the Colorado Territory, 1865 and 1867. + + These finds are important because: 1) they offer independent + confirmation of Dodge's claims; and 2) they extend the known dates of + publication from Nebraska 1860 (Dodge's most recent find), to Colorado + in 1867. + + The most intriguing discovery was the 1867 Colorado Territory edition + which includes both the "missing" 13th Amendment and the current 13th + Amendment (freeing the slaves), on the same page. The current 13th + Amendment is listed as the 14th Amendment in the 1867 Colorado + edition. + + This investigation has followed a labyrinthine path that started with the + questions about how our courts evolved from a temple of the Bill of + Rights to the current star chamber and whether this situation had + anything to do with retiring chief Justice Burger's warning that we were + "about to lose our constitution". My seven year investigation has been + fruitful beyond belief; the information on the missing 13th Amendment + is only a "drop in the bucket" of the information I have discovered. Still, + the research continues, and by definition, is never truly complete. + + If you will, please check your state's archives and libraries to review any + copies of the Constitution printed prior to the Civil War, or any books + containing prints of the Constitution before 1870. If you locate anything + related to this project we would appreciate hearing from you so we may + properly fulfill this effort of research. Please send your comments or + discoveries to: + + + ARGUMENTS + Imagine a nation which prohibited at least some lawyers from serving in + government. Imagine a government prohibited from writing laws + granting "honors" (special privileges, immunities, or advantages) to + individuals, groups, or government officials. Imagine a government that + could only write laws that applied to everyone, even themselves, equally. + + It's never been done before. Not once. + + But it has been tried: In 1810 the Congress of the United States + proposed a 13th Amendment to the Constitution that might have given us + just that sort of equality and political paradise. + + The story begins (again) in 1983, when David Dodge and Tom Dunn + discovered an 1825 edition of the Maine Civil Code which contained the + U.S. Constitution and a 13th Amendment which no longer appears on + the Constitution: + + If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, + receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or + shall without the consent of Congress, accept and + retain any present, pension, office, or emolument + of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, + or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a + citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable + of holding any office of trust or profit under them, + or either of them. {Emphasis added] + + As outlined in the August AntiShyster, this Amendment would have + restricted at least some lawyers from serving in government, and would + prohibit legislators from passing any special interest legislation, tax + breaks, or special immunities for anyone, not even themselves. It might + have guaranteed a level of political equality in this nation that most + people can't even imagine. + + Since 1983, researchers have uncovered evidence that: + 1) The 13th Amendment prohibiting "titles of nobility" and "honors" + appeared in at least 30 editions of the Constitution of the United States + which were printed by at least 14 states or territories between 1819 and + 1867; and 2) This amendment quietly disappeared from the Constitution + near the end of the Civil War. + + Either this Amendment: + 1) Was unratified and mistakenly published for almost 50 years; or 2) + Was ratified in 1819, and then illegally removed from the Constitution + by 1867. + + If this 13th Amendment was unratified and mistakenly published, the + story has remained unnoticed in American history for over a century. If + so, it's at least a good story -- an extraordinary historical anecdote. + On the other hand, if Dodge is right and the Amendment was truly + ratified, an Amendment has been subverted from our Constitution. If so, + this "missing" Amendment would still be the Law, and this story could + be one of the most important stories in American History. + + Whatever the answer, it's certain that something extraordinary happened + to our Constitution between 1819 and 1867. + + + PROS AND CONS (for Ratification) + Of course, there are two sides to this issue. David Dodge, the principal + researcher, argues that this 13th Amendment was ratified in 1819 and + then subverted from the Constitution near the end of the Civil War. U.S. + Senator George Mitchell of Maine, and Mr. Dane Hartgrove (Acting + Assistant Chief, Civil Reference Branch of the National Archives) have + argued that the Amendment was never properly ratified and only + published in error. + + There is some agreement. Both sides agree the Amendment was + proposed by Congress in 1810. Both sides also agree that the proposed + Amendment required the support of at least thirteen states to be ratified. + Both sides agree that between 1810 and 1812 twelve states voted to + support ratification. + + The pivotal issue is whether Virginia ratified or rejected the proposed + Amendment. Dodge contends Virginia voted to support the Amendment + in 1819, and so the Amendment was truly ratified and should still be a + part of our Constitution. Senator Mitchell and Mr. Hartgrove disagree, + arguing that Virginia did not ratify. + + Unfortunately, several decades of Virginia's legislative journals were + misplaced or destroyed (possibly during the Civil War; possibly during + the 1930's). Consequently, neither side has found absolute proof that + the Virginia legislature voted for (or against) ratification. + + A series of letters exchanged in 1991 between David Dodge, Sen. + Mitchell, and Mr. Hartgrove illuminate the various points of + disagreement + + After Dodge's initial report of a "missing" Amendment in the 1825 Maine + Civil Code, Sen. Mitchell explained that this edition was a one-time + publishing error: + + "The Main Legislature mistakenly printed the + proposed Amendment in the Maine Constitution + as having been adopted. As you know, this was a + mistake, as it was not ratified." + + Further, "All editions of the Maine Constitution printed after 1820 [sic] + exclude the proposed amendment; only the originals contain this error." + Dodge dug deeper, found other editions (there are 30, to date) of state + and territorial civil codes that contained the missing Amendment, and + thereby demonstrated that the Maine publication was not a "one-time" + publishing error. + + + YES VIRGINIA, THERE IS A RATIFICATION + After examining Dodge's evidence of multiple publications of the + "missing" Amendment, Sen. Mitchell and Mr. Hartgrove conceded the + Amendment had been published by several states and was ratified by + twelve of the seventeen states in the Union in 1810. However, because + the Constitution requires that three-quarters of the states vote to ratify an + Amendment, Mitchell and Hartgrove insisted that the 13th Amendment + was published in error because it was passed by only twelve, not thirteen + States. + + Dodge investigated which seventeen states were in the Union at the time + the Amendment was proposed, which states had ratified, which states + had rejected the amendment, and determined that the issue hung on + whether one last state (Virginia) had or had not, voted to ratify. + After several years of searching the Virginia state archive, Dodge made a + crucial discovery: In Spring of 1991, he found a misplaced copy of the + 1819 Virginia Civil Code which included the "missing" 13th + Amendment. + + Dodge notes that, curiously, "There is no public record that shows this + book [the 1819 Virginia Civil Code] exists. It is not catalogued as a + holding of the Library of Congress nor is it in the National Union + Catalogue. Neither the state law library nor the law school in Portland + were able to find any trace that this book exists in any of their computer + programs." + + *1* + Dodge sent photo-copies of the 1819 Virginia Civil Code to Sen. + Mitchell and Mr. Hartgrove, and explained that, "Under legislative + construction, it is considered prima facie evidence that what is published + as the official acts of the legislature are the official acts." By publishing + the Amendment as ratified in an official publication, Virginia + demonstrated: 1) that they knew they were the last state whose vote was + necessary to ratify this 13th Amendment; 2) that they had voted to ratify + the Amendment; and 3) that they were publishing the Amendment in a + special edition of their Civil Code as an official notice to the world that + the Amendment had indeed been ratified. + + Dodge concluded, "Unless there is competing evidence to the contrary, it + must be held that the Constitution of the United States was officially + amended to exclude from its body of citizens any who accepted or + claimed a title of nobility or accepted any special favors. Foremost in + this category of ex-citizens are bankers and lawyers." + + + RATIONALES (for Ratification) + Undeterred, Sen. Mitchell wrote that, "Article XIII did not receive the + three-fourths vote required from the states within the time limit to be + ratified." (Although his language is imprecise, Sen. Mitchell seems to + concede that although the Amendment had failed to satisfy the "time + limit", the required three-quarters of the states did vote to ratify.) + Dodge replies: "Contrary to your assertion.., there was no time limit for + amendment ratification in 1811. Any time limit is now established + by Congress in the Resolves for proposed amendments." + + In fact, ratification time limits didn't start until 1917, when Sect. 3 of the + Eighteenth Amendment stated that, + "This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have + been ratified within seven years from the date of + submission ... to the States by Congress." + A similar time limit is now included on other proposed Amendments, but + there was no specified time limit when the 13th Amendment was + proposed in 1810 or ratified in 1819. + + Sen. Mitchell remained determined to find some rationale, somewhere, + that would defeat Dodge's persistence. Although Sen. Mitchell + implicitly conceded that his "published by error" and "time limit" + arguments were invalid, he continued to grope for reasons to dispute the + ratification: + "... regardless of whether the state of Virginia did ratify + the proposed Thirteenth Amendment... on March 12, 1819, this + approval would not have been sufficient to amend + the Constitution. In 1819, there were twenty-one states + in the United States and any amendment would have + required approval of sixteen states to amend the + Constitution. According to your own research, Virginia + would have only been the thirteenth state to approve + the proposed amendment." + + Dodge replies: "Article V [amendment procedures] of the Constitution + is silent on the question of whether or not the framers meant three- + fourths of the states at the time the proposed amendment is submitted to + the states for ratification, or three-fourths of the states that exist at som + future point in time. Since only the existingstates were involved in the + debate and vote of Congress on the Resolve proposing an Amendment, + it is reasonable that ratification be limited to those States that took an + active part in the Amendment process." + + Dodge demonstrated this rationale by pointing out that, "President + Monroe had his Secretary of State... [ask the] governors of Virginia, + South Carolina, and Connecticut, in January, 1818, as to the status of + the amendment in their respective states. The four new states (Louisiana, + Indiana, Mississippi, and Illinois) that were added to the union between + 1810 and 1818 were not even considered." + + From a modern perspective, it seems strange that not all states would be + included in the ratification process. But bear in mind that our + perspective is based on life in a stable nation that's added only five new + states in this century -- about one every eighteen years. However, + between 1803 and 1821 (when the 13th Amendment ratification drama + unfolded), they added eight states -- almost one new state every two + years. This rapid national growth undoubtedly fostered national + attitudes different from our own. The government had to be filled with + the euphoria of a growing Republic that expected to quickly add new + states all the way to the Pacific Ocean and the Isthmus of Panama. The + government would not willingly compromise or complicate that growth + potential with procedural obstacles; to involve every new state in each + on-going ratification could inadvertently slow the nation's growth. + For example, if a territory petitioned to join the Union while an + Amendment was being considered, its access to statehood might depend + on whether the territory expected to ratify or reject a proposed + amendment. If the territory was expected to ratify the proposed + Amendment government, officials who favored the Amendment might try + to accelerate the territory's entry into the Union. On the other hand, + those opposed to the Amendment might try to slow or even deny a + particular territory's statehood. These complications could unnecessarily + slow the entry of new states into the nation, or restrict the nation's ability + to pass new Amendments. Neither possibility could appeal to + politicians. Whatever the reason, the House of Representatives + resolved to ask only Connecticut, South Carolina, and Virginia for their + decision on ratifying the 13th Amendment -- they did not ask for the + decisions of the four new states. Since the new states had + Representatives in the House who did not protest when the resolve was + passed, it's apparent that even the new states agreed that they should not + be included in the ratification process. + + In 1818, the President, the House of Representatives, the Secretary of + State, the four "new" states, and the seventeen "old" states, all clearly + believed that the support of just thirteen states was required to ratify the + 13th Amendment. That being so, Virginia's vote to ratify was legally + sufficient to ratify the "missing' Amendment in 1819 (and would still be + so today). + + + INSULT TO INJURY + Apparently persuaded by Dodge's various arguments and proofs that the + "missing" 13th Amendment had satisfied the Constitutional requirements + for ratification, Mr. Hartgrove (National Archives) wrote back that + Virginia had nevertheless failed to satisfy the bureaucracy's procedural + requirements for ratification: + "Under current legal provisions, the Archivist of the + United States is empowered to certify that he has in + his custody the correct number of state certificates + of ratification of a proposed constitutional amendment + to constitute its ratification by the United States of + America as a whole. In the nineteenth century, that + function was performed by the Secretary of State. + Clearly, the Secretary of State never received a + certificate of ratification of the title of nobility + amendment from the Commonwealth of Virginia, + which is why that amendment failed to become the + Thirteenth Amendment to the United States + Constitution." + This is an extraordinary admission. + + Mr. Hartgrove implicitly concedes that the 13th Amendment was ratified + by Virginia and satisfied the Constitution's ratification requirements. + However, Hartgrove then insists that the ratification was nevertheless + justly denied because the Secretary of State was not properly notified + with a "certificate of ratification". In other words, the government's last, + best argument that the 13th Amendment was not ratified boils down to + this: Though the Amendment satisfied Constitutional requirement for + ratification, it is nonetheless missing from our Constitution simply + because a single, official sheet of paper is missing in Washington. Mr. + Hartgrove implies that despite the fact that three-quarters of the States in + the Union voted to ratify an Amendment, the will of the legislators and + the people of this nation should be denied because somebody screwed up + and lost a single "certificate of ratification". This "certificate" may be + missing because either 1) Virginia failed to file a proper notice; or 2) the + notice was "lost in the mail; or 3) the notice was lost, unrecorded, + misplaced, or intentionally destroyed, by some bureaucrat in Washington + D.C. + + This final excuse insults every American's political rights, but Mr. + Hartgrove nevertheless offers a glimmer of hope: If the National + Archives "received a certificate of ratification of the title of nobility + amendment from the Commonwealth of Virginia, we would inform + Congress and await further developments." In other words, the issue of + whether this 13th Amendment was ratified and is, or is not, a legitimate + Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, is not merely a historical curiosity + -- the ratification issue is still live. + + *2* + But most importantly, Hartgrove implies that the only remaining + argument against the 13th Amendment's ratification is a procedural error + involving the absence of a "certificate of ratification". + + Dodge countered Hartgrove's procedure argument by citing some of the + ratification procedures recorded for other states when the 13th + Amendment was being considered. He notes that according to the + Journal of the House of Representatives. 11th Congress, 2nd Session, at + p. 241, a "letter" (not a "certificate of ratification") from the Governor of + Ohio announcing Ohio's ratification was submitted not to the Secretary + of State but rather to the House of Representatives where it "was read + and ordered to lie on the table." Likewise, "The Kentucky ratification + was also returned to the House, while Maryland's earlier ratification is + not listed as having been return to Congress." + + The House Journal implies that since Ohio and Kentucky were not + required to notify the Secretary of State of their ratification decisions, + there was likewise no requirement that Virginia file a "certificate of + ratification" with the Secretary of State. Again, despite arguments to the + contrary, it appears that the "missing" Amendment was Constitutionally + ratified and should not be denied because of some possible procedural + error. + + + QUICK, MEN! TO THE ARCHIVES! + Each of Sen. Mitchell's and Mr. Hartgrove's arguments against + ratification have been overcome or badly weakened. Still, some of the + evidence supporting ratification is inferential; some of the conclusions + are only implied. But it's no wonder that there's such an austere + sprinkling of hard evidence surrounding this 13th Amendment: + According to The Gazette (5/10/91), the Library of Congress has + 349,402 un-catalogued rare books and 13.9 million un-catalogued rare + manuscripts. The evidence of ratification seems tantalizingly close but + remains buried in those masses of un-catalogued documents, waiting to + be found. It will take some luck and some volunteers to uncover the + final proof. + + We have an Amendment that looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and + quacks like a duck. But because we have been unable to find the + eggshell from which it hatched in 1819, Sen. Mitchell and Mr. Hartgrove + insist we can't ... quite ... absolutely prove it's a duck, and therefore, the + government is under no obligation to concede it's a duck. + + Maybe so. + + But if we can't prove it's a duck, they can't prove it's not. If the proof of + ratification is not quite conclusive, the evidence against ratification is + almost nonexistent, largely a function of the government's refusal to + acknowledge the proof. We are left in the peculiar position of boys + facing bullies in the schoolyard. We show them proof that they should + again include the "missing" 13th Amendment on the Constitution; they + sneer and jeer and taunt us with cries of "make us". Perhaps we shall. + The debate goes on. The mystery continues to unfold. The answer lies + buried in the archives. + + If you are close to a state archive or large library anywhere in the USA, + please search for editions of the U.S. Constitution printed between 1819 + and 1870. If you find more evidence of the "missing" 13th Amendment + please contact + + David Dodge, + POB 985, + Taos,New Mexico, 87571. + + 1) It's worth noting that Rick Donaldson, another researcher, + uncovered certified copies of the 1865 and 1867 editions of the + Colorado Civil Codes which also contain the missing Amendment. + Although these editions were stored in the Colorado state archive, their + existence was previously un-catalogued and unknown to the Colorado + archivists. + + 2) This raises a fantastic possibility. If there's insufficient evidence + that Virginia did ratify in 1819, there is no evidence that Virginia did + not. Therefore, since there was no time limit specified when the + Amendment was proposed, and since the government clearly believed + only Virginia's vote remained to be counted in the ratification issue, the + current state legislature of Virginia could theoretically vote to ratify the + Amendment, send the necessary certificates to Washington, and thereby + add the Amendment to the Constitution. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1776paid.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1776paid.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14cbea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1776paid.txt @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ + THE PRICE THEY PAID + +Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the +Declaration of Independence? + +Five signers were captured by the British as traitors, and tortured +before they died. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two +lost their sons in the revolutionary army, another had two sons +captured. Nine of the 56 fought and died from wounds or hardships +of the revolutionary war. + +They signed and they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their +sacred honor. + +What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists. +Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large plantation +owners, men of means, well educated. But they signed the +Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty +would be death if they were captured. + +Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his +ships swept from the seas by the British Navy. He sold his home and +properties to pay his debts, and died in rags. + +Thomas McKeam was so hounded by the British that he was forced to +move his family almost constantly. He served in the Congress +without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions +were taken from him, and poverty was his reward. + +Vandals or soldiers or both, looted the properties of Ellery, +Clymer, Hall, Walton, Gwinnett, Heyward, Ruttledge, and Middleton. + +At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson Jr., noted that the +British General Cornwallis had taken over the Nelson home for his +headquarters. The owner quietly urged General George Washington to +open fire. The home was destroyed, and Nelson died bankrupt. + +Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy +jailed his wife, and she died within a few months. + +John Hart was driven from his wife's bedside as she was dying. +Their 13 children fled for their lives. His fields and his +gristmill were laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in +forests and caves, returning home to find his wife dead and his +children vanished. A few weeks later he died from exhaustion and a +broken heart. Norris and Livingston suffered similar fates. + +Such were the stories and sacrifices of the American Revolution. +These were not wild eyed, rabble-rousing ruffians. They were +soft-spoken men of means and education. They had security, but they +valued liberty more. Standing tall, straight, and unwavering, they +pledged: "For the support of this declaration, with firm reliance +on the protection of the divine providence, we mutually pledge to +each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." + +Targetshooter's notes: +They gave you and I a free and independent America. The history +books never told you a lot of what happened in the revolutionary +war. We didn't just fight the British. We were British subjects at +that time and we fought our own government! Perhaps you can now see +why our founding fathers had a hatred for standing armies, and +allowed through the second amendment for everyone to be armed. + +Frankly, I can't read this without crying. Some of us take these +liberties so much for granted. + +We shouldn't. + +Peace my friends, +Garry Hildreth +(Targetshooter) +Erie, Pa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1837song.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1837song.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69f1ae0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1837song.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Newsgroups: freenet.shrine.songs +From: aa300 (Jerry Murphy) +Subject: Concord Poem +Date: Wed, 24 Jan 90 15:38:12 EST + + +CONCORD HYMN by Ralph Waldo Emerson + +Sung at the completion of the Battle Monument - July 4, 1837 + +By the rude bridge that arched the flood, + Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, +Here once the embattled farmers stood + And fired the shot heard round the world. + +The foe long since in silence slept; + Alike the conqueror silent sleeps; +And Time the ruined bridge has swept +Down the dark stream which seaward creeps. + +On this green bank, by this soft stream, + We set today a votive stone; +That memory may their deed redeem, + When, like our sires, our sons are gone. + +Spirit, that made those heroes dare + To die, and leave their children free, +Bid Time and Nature gently spare + The shaft we raise to them and thee. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + &TOTSE 510/935-5845 Walnut Creek, CA Taipan Enigma + Burn This Flag 408/363-9766 San Jose, CA Zardoz + realitycheck 415/666-0339 San Francisco, CA Poindexter Fortran + Governed Anarchy 510/226-6656 Fremont, CA Eightball + New Dork Sublime 805/823-1346 Tehachapi, CA Biffnix + Lies Unlimited 801/278-2699 Salt Lake City, UT Mick Freen + Atomic Books 410/669-4179 Baltimore, MD Baywolf + Sea of Noise 203/886-1441 Norwich, CT Mr. Noise + The Dojo 713/997-6351 Pearland, TX Yojimbo + Frayed Ends of Sanity 503/965-6747 Cloverdale, OR Flatline + The Ether Room 510/228-1146 Martinez, CA Tiny Little Super Guy + Hacker Heaven 860/456-9266 Lebanon, CT The Visionary + The Shaven Yak 510/672-6570 Clayton, CA Magic Man + El Observador 408/372-9054 Salinas, CA El Observador + Cool Beans! 415/648-7865 San Francisco, CA G.A. Ellsworth + DUSK Til Dawn 604/746-5383 Cowichan Bay, BC Cyber Trollis + The Great Abyss 510/482-5813 Oakland, CA Keymaster + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1863-get.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1863-get.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a11f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1863-get.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS + + +"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new +nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are +created equal. + +Now we are engaged ina great civil war, testing whether that nation or any +nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great bat- +tlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a +final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might +live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a +larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this +ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it +far above our poor power to add or detract. + +The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can +never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated +here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly +advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining +before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause +for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly +resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God +shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the +people, for the people shall not perish from the earth." + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + &TOTSE 510/935-5845 Walnut Creek, CA Taipan Enigma + Burn This Flag 408/363-9766 San Jose, CA Zardoz + realitycheck 415/666-0339 San Francisco, CA Poindexter Fortran + Governed Anarchy 510/226-6656 Fremont, CA Eightball + New Dork Sublime 805/823-1346 Tehachapi, CA Biffnix + Lies Unlimited 801/278-2699 Salt Lake City, UT Mick Freen + Atomic Books 410/669-4179 Baltimore, MD Baywolf + Sea of Noise 203/886-1441 Norwich, CT Mr. Noise + The Dojo 713/997-6351 Pearland, TX Yojimbo + Frayed Ends of Sanity 503/965-6747 Cloverdale, OR Flatline + The Ether Room 510/228-1146 Martinez, CA Tiny Little Super Guy + Hacker Heaven 860/456-9266 Lebanon, CT The Visionary + The Shaven Yak 510/672-6570 Clayton, CA Magic Man + El Observador 408/372-9054 Salinas, CA El Observador + Cool Beans! 415/648-7865 San Francisco, CA G.A. Ellsworth + DUSK Til Dawn 604/746-5383 Cowichan Bay, BC Cyber Trollis + The Great Abyss 510/482-5813 Oakland, CA Keymaster + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1945-ger.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1945-ger.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c43e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1945-ger.txt @@ -0,0 +1,968 @@ +THE GERMAN SURRENDER DOCUMENTS - WWII + + Instrument of Surrender + of + All German armed forces in HOLLAND, in + northwest Germany including all islands, + and in DENMARK. + +1. The German Command agrees to the surrender of all armed + forces in HOLLAND, in northwest GERMANY including the + FRISLIAN ISLANDS and HELIGOLAND and all islands, in + SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, and in DENMARK, to the C.-in-C. 21 + Army Group. + + =This to include all naval ships in these areas= + + These forces to lay down their arms and to surrender + unconditionally. + +2. All hostilities on land, on sea, or in the air by German + forces in the above areas to cease at 0800 hrs. British + Double Summer Time on Saturday 5 May 1945. + +3. The German command to carry out at once, and without + argument or comment, all further orders that will be issued + by the Allied Powers on any subject. + +4. Disobedience of orders, or failure to comply with them, will + be regarded as a breach of these surrender terms and will be + dealt with by the Allied Powers in accordance with the laws + and usages of war. + +5. This insturment of surrender is independent of, without pre- + judice to, and will be superseded by any general instrument + of surrender imposed by or on behalf of the Allied Powers + and applicable to Germany and the German armed forces as a + whole. + +6. This instument of surrender is written in English and in German. + + The English version is the authentic text. + +7. The decision of the Allied Powers will be final if any doubt + or dispute arise as to the meaning or intrepretation of the + surrender terms. + + =HANS GEORG von FRIEDBERG= + + =KINZEL= + + =G. WAGNER= +=B. L. MONTGOMERY= + =Field - Marshal= =POLECK= + + =FRIEDEL= + =4 May 1945= + =1830 hrs.= +--------------------------------------- +{Reichspresident Donitz's authorization to Colonel General Jodl} +{to conclude a general surrender:} + + Hauptquartier, den 6. Mai 1945 + + Ich bevollmachtige Generaloberst J o d l , + Chef des Wehrmachtfuhrungsstabes in Oberkommando + der Wehrmact, zum Abschluss eines Waffenstill- + + + E i s e n h o w e r . + + + [ SEAL ] =DONITZ= + + GroBadmiral. +--------------------------------------- + + Only this text in English is authoritative + + + ACT OF MILITARY SURRENDER + + + 1. We the undersigned, acting by authority of the German High Command, + hereby surrender unconditionally to the Supreme Commander, Allied + Expeditionary Forces and simultaneously to the Soviet High Command all + forces on land, sea and in the air who are at this date under German + control. + + 2. The German High Command will at once issue orders to all German + military, naval and air authorties and to all forces under German + control to cease active operations at =2301= hours Central European + time on = 8 May = and to remain in the positions occupied at that + time. No ship, vessel, or aircraft is to be scuttled, or any damage + done to their hull, machinery or equipment. + + 3. The German High Command will at once issue to the appropriate com- + mander, and ensure the carrying out of any further orders issued by + the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force and by the Soviet + High Command. + + 4. This act of military surrender is without prejudice to, and will be + superseded by any general instrument of surrender imposed by, or on + behalf of the United Nations and applicable to GERMANY and the German + armed forces as a whole. + + 5. In the event of the German High Command or any of the forces under + their control failing to act in accordance with this Act of Surrender, + the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force and the Soviet High + Command will take such punitive or other action as they deem ap- + propriate. + + Signed at =RHEIMS at 0241= on the =7th= day of May, 1945. + =France= + On behalf of the German High Command. + =JODL= + + IN THE PRESENCE OF + +On behalf of the Supreme Commander, On behalf of the Soviet + Allied Expeditionary Force. High Command + + =W. B. SMITH= =SOUSLOPAROV= + + =F SEVEZ= +Major General, French Army + (Witness) +--------------------------------------- + + SUPREME HEADQUARTERS + ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCE + SERIAL 1 + ORDERS BY THE SUPREME COMMANDER, + ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCE RELATING TO + ARMY AND AIR FORCES UNDER GERMAN CONTROL + + + 1. Local commanders of the Army and Air Force under German control on the + Western Front, in NORWAY and in the CHANNEL ISLANDS will hold them- + selves in readiness to receive detailed orders for the surrender of + their forces from the Supreme Commander's subordinate commanders + opposite their front. + + 2. In the case of NORWAY the Supreme Commander's representatives will be + the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Scottish Command and Air + Officer Commanding 13 Group RAF. + + 3. In the case of the CHANNEL ISLANDS the Supreme Commander's representa- + tives will be the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern + Command and Air Officer Commanding 10 Group RAF. + + + =WALTER B SMITH= + Signed.................... + For the Supreme Commander, RAF + + Dated =0241 7th= May, 1945 + =Rheims France= +--------------------------------------- + + SPECIAL ORDERS BY THE SUPREME COMMANDER, ALLIED + EXPEDITIONARY FORCE TO THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND + RELATING TO NAVAL FORCES + + +For the purpose of these orders the term "Allied Representatives" shall be +deemed to include the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, and any +subordinate commander, staff officer or agent acting pursuant to his orders. + + + SPECIAL ORDERS BY THE SUPREME COMMANDER, ALLIED + EXPEDITIONARY FORCE TO THE GERMAN HIGH COMMAND + RELATING TO NAVAL FORCES + PART I GENERAL + +Definition of Naval Forces + + 1. For the purpose of these orders all formations, units, and personnel + of the German Navy together with the Marine Kusten Polizie shall be + refered to as the German Naval Forces. + + 2. Members of the Marine Kusten Polizie will immediately be placed under + the command of the appropriate German Naval Commanders who will be + responsible for their maintenance and supply where applicable, to the + same extent and degree as for units of the German Navy. + + German Naval Representatives and information required immediately + + 3. The German High Command will dispatch within 48 hours after the + surrender becomes effective, a res ponsible Flag Officer to the Allied + Naval Commander, Expeditionary Force at his headquarters. This Flag + Officer will furnish the Allied Naval Commander, Expeditionary Force, + with:- + + a. Corrected copies of charts showing all minefields in Western + Europe waters, including the BALTIC as far as LUBECK + (inclusive) which have been laid by German and Ger- + man-controlled vessels or aircraft, positions of all wrecks, + booms and other underwater obstructions in this area, + details of the German convoy routes and searched channels + and of all bouys, lights and other navigational aids in this + area. The appropriate navigational publications are also + required. + + b. Details of the exact location of all departments and + branches of the German Admiralty (OKM). + + c. All available information concerning the numbers and types + of German minesweepers and sperr- brechers in German + controlled Dutch ports and German NORTH SEA ports that can + be obtained without delaying his departure. This German + Flag Officer is to be accompanied by a Communications + Officer who is familiar with the German Naval W/T organiza- + tion and who is to bring with him the current naval com- + munications Orders, including allocation of frequencies, + list of W/T and R/T call signs in force, and a list of all + codes and cyphers in use, and intended to be brought into + use. + + d. Location of all surface warships down to and including + "Elbing" class Torpedo Boats, and of all submarines and "E" + Boats. + + 4. The German High Command will also dispatch within 48 hours after the + surrender becomes effective a responsibile officer, not below the rank + of Captain, by coastal craft to report to the Admiral Commanding at + DOVER for onward routing to Commander-in-Chief, THE NORE, with:- + + a. Corrected copies of charts showing all minefields in the + NORTH SEA SOUTH of 54 30' NORTH and EAST of 1 30' EAST laid + by German and German-controlled vessels or aircraft, + positions of all wrecks, booms and all other underwater + obstructions; details of all German Convoy routes and + searched channels in this area, and of all bouys, lights and + other navigational aids which are under German control. + Appropriate navigational publications are also required. + + b. All available information concerning the numbers and types + of German minesweepers and sperrbrechers in German contolled + Dutch ports and German NORTH SEA ports that can be obtained + without delaying his departure. + + 5. Another responsible German Naval Officer, with similar information is + to be dispatched by un- escorted aircraft painted white to MANSTON + Areodrome position 51 20' NORTH, 1 20' EAST for onward routing to + Commander-in-Chief, THE NORE. + + 6. The German High Command will issue instructions to certain German + naval commands as indicated below:- + + a. The Naval Commander-in-Chief, NORTH SEA will dispatch by + coastal craft within 48 hours after the surrender becomes + effective a responsible officer, not below the rank of + Captain, to the Admiral Commanding at DOVER for onward + routing to Commander-in-Chief, THE NORE, with:- + + (1) details of minesweeping operations carried out in + the German convoy route between the HOOK OF + HOLLAND and HAMBURG and in approaches to harbours + between these two ports during the previous 60 + days; + + (2) numbers and postions of all British mines swept + during these operations; + + (3) details of all controlled mine-fields in this area + and information whether they have been rendered + ineffective; + + (4) details of all other mining and types of mines + employed in the harbours and harbour approaches of + CUXHAVEN, EMDEN, TERSCHELLING, TEXEL, IJMUIDEN, + AMSTERDAM, SCHEVENINGEN, HOOK OF HOLLAND and + ROTTERDAM; + + (5) berthing facilities in the harbours enumerated in + paragraph (6a). (4) above and the numbers of + auxiliary minesweepers which can be accomodated; + + (6) a list of all W/T and R/T call signs in use by the + German Navy. Any of the above information which + cannot be obtained without delaying the departure + of this officer will be forwarded subsequently as + soon as it is available. + + b. The Naval Commander-in-Chief, NORTH SEA, will also dispatch + as soon as possible by coastal craft to DOVER thirteen + German Naval Officers who must be familiar with the German + swept channels between the HOOK OF HOLLAND and CUXHAVEN. + These officers will bring with them all the charts and books + required for naviagation in this area and will be accom- + panied by pilots (and interpreters if necessary). + + c. The Naval Commander-in-Chief, NORWAY, will dispatch by sea + within 48 hours after the surrender becomes effective, a + responsible officer, not below the rank of Captain to the + Commander-in-Chief, ROSYTH, with corrected copies of charts + showing all German minefields in the NORTH SEA, NORTH of 56 + NORTH, all wrecks, booms and other underwater obstructions, + details of German convoy routes and searched channels in + this area, of the approach channels to the principal + Norwegian ports and of all bouys, lights and other naviga- + tional aids in this area. This officer will also bring with + him the disposition of all "U" Boats and details of all + orders affecting their future movements. He will be + accompanied by six German Naval Officers with pilots (and + interpreters if necessary) who are familiar with the coastal + swept channels between OSLO and TROMSO. These officers will + bring with them all the charts and books required for + navigation in Norwegian waters, and a list of all W/T and + R/T call signs in use by the German Navy. + + d. The Naval Commander-in-Chief, NORWAY, will dispatch a + duplicate party to the above with similar information by an + unescorted aircraft painted white to DREM Airfield 56 02' + NORTH 02 48' WEST. + + e. The Naval Commander-in-Chief, NORWAY, will report by W/T to + the Commander-in-Chief, ROSYTH, within 48 hours after the + surrender becomes effective, the following information:- + + (1) Berthing facilities at OSLO, CHRISTIANSAND, + STAVANGER, BERGEN, TRONDHEIM, NARVIK, and TROMSO. + + (2) The appropriate quantities of furnace oil fuel, + diesel oil fuel, and coal at all the principal + Norwegian ports between OSLO and TROMSO. + + 7. The German Admiral SKGGERAK will dispatch by sea within 48 hours after + the surrender becomes effective, a responsible officer not below the + rank of Captain, to the Commander-in-Chief, ROSYTH, with corrected + copies of charts showing all German minefields, wrecks, booms, and + other underwater obstructions, details of German convoy routes and + searched channels, bouys, lights and other navigational aids in the + SKAGGERAK, KATTEGAT, THE BEITS AND SOUND, KIEL BAY and BALTIC WATERS + WEST of 14 EAST. This officer will also bring with him the disposi- + tion of all "U" boats in the above area and details of all orders + affecting their future movements. He will be accompanied by three + German Naval officers with pilots (and interpreters if necessary) who + are familiar with the coastal swept channels, and channels in the + Swedish territorial waters, in the waters referred to above. These + officers will bring with them all the charts and books required for + navigation in these waters, and a list of all W/T and R/T call signs + in use by the German Navy. + + The German Admiral SKAGGERAK will dispatch a duplicate party to that + specified above, with similar information, by air in unescorted + aircraft painted white to DREM Airfield 56 02' NORTH 02 48' WEST. + + 8. The German Naval Officers who will be dispatched to DOVER and ROSYTH + by sea will proceed to positions in latitude 51 19' NORTH longitude 1 + 43' EAST and latitude 56 47' NORTH longitude 1 13' WEST respectively, + where they will be met by British warships and escorted to their + destination. The ships or craft in which they travel are to fly a + large white flag at the masthead by day and are to illuminate these + white flags by night. These ships are to broadcast their positions + hourly by W/T on 500 ks. (600 meters) whilst on passage. + + Information required within fourteen days + + 9. The German High Command will furnish the following information to the + Allied Naval Commander, Expeditionary Force, at by within + fourteen days of cessation of hostilities. + + a. Locations of all warships, auxiliaries and armed coastal + craft operating under the orders of the German Naval Command + stating particulars of the operational unit to which they + are attached, giving approximate totals of all naval + personal embarked in each vessel, (including naval flak and + merchant ship flak). + + b. A statement of the organizations of all naval shore Com- + mands, giving location of all naval establishments, includ- + ing establishments for experiment and research, names of all + Commanding Officers and Principal Staff Officers of the rank + of Commander in each establishment. + + c. A statement of the strength and location of all naval land + forces including naval infrantry, naval flak, merchant ship + flak and naval personnel manning naval coast artillery and + full particulars of all Coastal and port defenses giving + nature and locations. + + d. Lists of stocks of furnace oil fuels, diesel oil fuel, + petrol, and coal of 500 tons or more at, or in the vicinity + of, all ports between IJMUIDEN and HAMBURG inclusive. + + e. A statement of location of the principal naval armament + depots with approximate overall stocks of each major item + held. + + f. The following communications information:- + + (1) location and details concerning all + V/S, W/T (including D/F) and radar + stations in use by, and under constuc- + tion for the German Navy, these details + to include types and capabilities of all + equipment fitted. + + (2) details of the current naval W/T + organization, lists of W/T and R/T call + signs in force, and allocation of all + frequencies for communication and radar + purposes. + + (3) location and details of all naval + communications (including Infra-Red) + and naval radar training and research + establishments. + + g. Full details of all German minefields in the NORTH SEA, + SKAGGERAK, KATTEGAT, BEITS, and SOUND. + + h. Full details of the German naval minesweeping organization + including the communications organization. + + j. Full details of the communications (including Infra-Red) and + radar equipment fitted in all German minesweepers and + sperrbrechers. + + k. Technical details of all types of minesweeping gear used by + the German Navy. + + l. Details of all mining and types of mines employed and of + berthing facilities available for ships of 150 feet in + length and 16 feet draught at:- + + BREMERHAVEN + WILHELMSHAVEN + SCHIERMONNIKOOG + DELFZIJL + + 10. The German High Command will also furnish the Allied Naval Commander, + Expeditionary Force, with two copies of all coding and cyphering + systems which have been, are being, or were to be used by the German + Navy with the necessary instructions for their use and the dates + between which they have been, or were to have been used. + + PART II - CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT + +Orders to warships, auxiliaries, merchant ships and other craft + + + 11. The German High Command will forthwith direct all German and Ger- + man-controlled warships, auxiliaries, merchant ships and other craft + to comply with the following instructions:- + + a. All warships, auxiliaries, merchant ships and other craft in + harbours are to remain in harbour pending further directions + from the Allied Representatives. + + b. All warships, auxiliaries, merchant ships and other craft at + sea are to report their positions in plain language im- + mediately to the nearest British, US or Soviet Coast wire- + less Telegraphy station on 500 kc/s (600 metres), and are to + proceed to the nearest German or Allied port or such ports + as the Allied Representatives may direct, and remain there + pending further directions from the Allied Representatives. + At night they are to show lights and to display searchlights + with beams held vertically. + + c. All warships and merchant ships whether in port or at sea + will immediately train all weapons fore and aft. All + torpedo tubes will be unloaded and breech blocks will be + removed from all guns. + + d. All warships and merchant ships in German or Ger- + man-controlled harbours will immediately land and store in + safety all ammunition, warheads and other explosives. They + will land all portable weapons but, pending further instuc- + tions, warships will retain onboard the fixed armament. + Fire control and all other equipment will be maintained on + board intact and fully efficient. + + e. All minesweeping vessels are to carry out the means of + disarmament prescribed in c. and d. above, (except that they + will however, retain on board such portable weapons and + explosives as are required for minesweeping purposes) and + are to be prepared immediately for minesweeping service + under the direction of the Allied Representatives. They + will complete with fuel where necessary. + + f. All German salvage vessels are to carry out the measures of + disarmament prescribed in c. and d. above (except that they + will retain on board such explosives as are required for + salvage purposes.) These vessels, togipment and personnel, + are to be prepared for immediate salvage operations under + the direction of the Allied Representatives, completing with + fuel where necessary for this purpose. + + g. The movement of transport on the inland waterways of GERMANY + may continue, subject to orders from the Allied Representa- + tives. No vessels moving on inland waterways will proceed + to neutral waters. + +SUBMARINES + + 12. The German High Command will tranmit by W/T on appropriate frequencies + the two messages in Annexures 'A' and 'B' which contain instructions + to submarines at sea. + + +NAVAL AIRCRAFT + + 13. The German High Command will forthwith direct that:- + + a. German naval aircraft are not to leave the ground or water + or ship pending directions from the Allied Representatives; + + b. naval aircraft in the air are to return immediately to their + bases. + + +NEUTRAL SHIPPING + + 14. The German High Command will forthwith direct that all neutral + merchant ships in German and German-controlled ports are to be + detained pending further directions from the Allied Representatives. + + +ORDERS RELATING TO SABOTAGE, SCUTTLING, SAFETY MEASURES, PILOTAGE AND PERSONNEL + + 15. The German High Command will forthwith issue categorical directions + that:- + + a. No ship, vessel or aircraft of any description is to be + scuttled, or any damage done to their hull, machinery or + equipment. + + b. all harbour works and port facilities of whatever nature, + including telecommunications and radar stations, are to be + preserved and kept free from destruction or damage pending + further directions from the Allied Representatives, and all + necessary steps taken and all necessary orders issued to + prohibit any act of scuttling, sabotage, or other willful + damage. + + c. all boom defenses at all ports and harbours are to be opened + and kept open at all times; where possible, they are to be + removed. + + d. all controlled minefields at all ports and harbours are to + be disconnected and rendered ineffective. + + e. all demolition charges in all ports and harbour works are to + be removed or rendered ineffective and their presence + indicated. + + f. the existing wartime sustem of navigational lighting is to + be maintained, except that all dimmed lights are to be shown + at full brilliancy, and lights only shown by special + arrangement are to be exhibited continously. + + In particular:- + + (1) HELIGOLAND Light is to be burnt + at full brilliancy. + + (2) The bouyage of the coastal convoy + route from the HOOK OF HOLLAND to + + HAMBURG is to be commenced, mid-channel + light bouys being laid six miles apart. + + (3) Two ships are to be anchored as + mark vessels in the following positions:- + + 54 20' N, 5 00' E. + 54 20' N, 6 30' E. + + These ships are to fly a large black flag at the masthead by + day and by night are to flash a searchlight vertically every + 30 seconds. + + g. All pilotage services are to continue to operate and all + pilots are to be held at their normal stations ready for + service and equipped with their charts. + + h. German Naval and other personnel concerned in the operation + of ports and administrative services in ports are to remain + at their stations and to continue to carry out their normal + duties. + + +PERSONNEL + + 16. The German High Command will forthwith direct that except as may be + required for the purpose of giving effect to the above special + orders:- + + a. all personnel in German warships, auxiliaries, merchant + ships and other craft, are to remain on board their ships + pending further directions from the Allied Representatives. + + b. all Naval personnel ashore are to remain in their establish- + ments. + + 17. The German High Command will be responsible for the immediate and + total disarmament of all naval personnel on shore. The orders issued + to the German High Command in respect of the disarmament and war + material of land forces will apply also to naval personnel on shore. + + + =H. M. BURROUGH= + Signed....................... + For the Supreme Commander, AEF. + + + =Dated 0241 7th May 1945= + =Rheims, France= + + + ANNEXURE 'A' + +SURRENDER OF GERMAN "U" BOAT FLEET + +To all "U" Boats at sea: + +Carry out the following instuctions forthwith which have been given by the +Allied Representatives + + (A) Surface immediately and remain surfaced. + + (B) Report immediately in P/L your position in + latitude and longitude and number of your "U" Boat + to nearest British, US, Canadian or Soviet coast W/T + station on 500 kc/s (600 metres) and to call sign GZZ 10 + on one of the following high frequencies: 16845 - 12685 + or 5970 kc/s. + + (C) Fly a large black or blue flag by day. + + (D) Burn navigation lights by night. + + (E) Jettison all ammunition, remove breachblocks from + guns and render torpedos safe by removing pistols. + + All mines are to be rendered safe. + + (F) Make all signals in P/L. + + (G) Follow strictly the instructions for proceeding + to Allied ports from your present area given in + immediately following message. + + (H) Observe strictly the orders of Allied Representatives + to refrain from scuttling or in any way damaging your + "U" Boat. + +2. These instructions will be repeated at two-hour + intervals until further notice. + + + ANNEXURE 'B' + + +To all "U" Boats at sea. Observe strictly the instructions already given to +remain fully surfaced. + +Report your position course and speed every 8 hours. + +Obey any instructions that may be given to you by any Allied authority. + +The following are the areas and routes for "U" Boats surrendering- + + (1) Area 'A'. + + a. Bound on West by meridian 026 degs West and South by + parallel 043 degs North in Barents Sea by meridian 020 degs + East in Baltic Approaches by line joining the Naze and Hantsholm + but excludes Irish Sea between 051 degs thirty mins and 055 degs + 00 mins North and English Channel between line of Lands End + Scilly Islands Ushant and line of Dover-Calais. + + b. Join one of following routes at nearest point and + procceed along it to Loch Eriboll (058 degs 33 minutes North + 004 degs 37 mins West) + + +Blue route: All positions North and West unless otherwise indicated + 049 degs 00 mins 009 degs 00 mins 053 degs 00 mins + 012 degs 00 mins 058 degs 00 mins 011 degs 00 mins + 059 degs 00 mins 005 degs 30 mins thence to Loch Eriboll. + +Red route: 053 degs 45 mins North 003 degs 00 mins East + 059 degs 45 mins 001 degs 00 mins 059 degs 45 mins + 003 degs 00 mins thence to Loch Eriboll. + + c. Arrive at Loch Eriboll between sunrise and 3 hours + before sunset. + + (2) Area 'B' + + a. The Irish Sea between parallel of 051 degs 30 mins + and 055 degs 00 mins North. + + b. Proceed Beaumaris Bay (053 degs 19 mins North 003 + degs 58 mins West) to arrive between sunrise and 3 hours + before sunset. + + (3) Area 'C' + + a. The English Channel between line of Lands End - + Scilly Isles - Ushant and line of Dover - Calais. + + b. 'U' Boats in area 'C' are to join one of following routes + at nearest point: Green route: position 'A' 049 degs + 10 mins North 005 degs 40 mins West position 'B' 050 degs 00 + mins North 003 degs 00 mins West thence escorted to Weymouth. + +Orange route: position 'X' 050 degs 30 mins North 000 degs 50 mins East + position 'Y' 050 degs 10 mins North 001 degs 50 mins West + thence escorted to Weymouth. + + c. Arrive at either 'B' or 'Y' between sunrise and 3 hours + before sunset. + + (4) Area 'D' + + a. Bound on West by lines joining The Naze and Hantsholm + and on East by lines joining Lubeck and Trelleborg. + + b. Proceed to Kiel. + + (5) Area 'E' + + a. Mediterranean Approaches bound on North by 043 degs North + on South by 026 degs North and on West by 026 degs West. + + b. Proceed to a rendezvous in position 'A' 036 degs 00 mins + North 011 degs 00 mins West and await escort reporting expected + time of arrival in plain language to Admiral Gibraltar on + 500 kc/s. + + c. Arrive in position 'A' between sunrise and noon G.M.T. + + (6) Area 'F' + + a. The North and South Atlantic West of 026 degs West. + + b. Proceed to nearest of one of following points + arriving between sunrise and 3 hours before + sunset: W 043 degs 30 mins North 070 degs 00 mins + West approach from a point 15 miles due East X 038 + degs 20 mins North 074 degs 25 mins West approach + from a point 047 degs 18 mins North 051 30 mins + West on a course 270 degs Z 043 31 mins North 065 + degs 05 mins West approach from point 042 degs 59 + mins North 054 degs 28 mins West on a course 320 + degs. +--------------------------------------- + + UNDERTAKING + GIVEN BY CERTAIN GERMAN EMISSARIES + +TO THE ALLIED HIGH COMMANDS + +It is agreeed by the German emissaries undersigned that the following German +officers will arrive at a place and time designated by the Supreme Commander, +Allied Expeditionary Force, and the Soviet High Command prepared, with planary +powers, to execute a formal ratification on behalf of the German High Command of +this act of Unconditional Surrender of the German armed forces. + + Chief of the High Command + Commander-in-Chief of the Army + Commander-in-Chief of the Navy + Commander-in-Chief of the Air Forces. + + SIGNED + =JODL= + Representing the German High Command. + + DATED =0241 7th May 1945= + =Rheims, France= + +--------------------------------------- + +{Reichspresident Donitz's authorization to German representatives + to execute ratification} + + A b s c h r i f t. + + +Der Oberste Befehlshaber + Hauptquartier, den 7.5.45. + der Wehrmact + +/Bitte in der Antwort vorstehendes + Geschaftszeichen, das Datum und + kurzen Inhalt anzugegen./ + + ICH BEVOLLMACHTIGE + GENERALFELDMARSCHALL K E I T E L + ALS CHEF DES OBERKOMMANDOS DER + WEHRMACHT UND ZUGLEICH ALS OBER- + BEFEHLSHABER DES HEERES, + GENERALADMIRAL VON FRIEDBERG + ALS OBERBEFEHLSHABER DER KRIEGSMARINE, + GENERALOBERST S T U M P F + ALS VERTRETER DES OBERBEFEHLSHABERS + DER LUFTWAFFE + ZUR RATIFIZIERUNG DER BEDINGUNGSLKSEN + KAPITULATION DER DEUTSCHEN STREITKRAFTE GEGENUBER + DEM OBERBEFEHLSHABER DER ALLIIERTEN + EXPEDITIONSSTREITKRAFTE UND DEM SOWYET-OBER-KOMMANDO. + + + DONITZ + + GROBADMIRAL. + +Siegel. +--------------------------------------- + + ACT OF MULITARY SURRENDER + + 1. We the undersigned, acting by authority of the German High Command, + hereby surrender unconditionally to the Supreme Commander, Allied + Expeditionary Force and simultaneously to the Supreme High Command of + the Red Army all forces on land, at sea, and in the air who are at + this date under German control. + + 2. The German High Command will at once issue order to all German + military, naval and air authorities and to all forces under German + control to cease active operations at 2301 hours + + Central European time on 8th May 1945, to remain in all positions + occupied at that time and to disarm completely, handing over their + weapons and equipment to the local allied commanders or officers + designated by Representatives of the Allied Supreme Commands. No ship, + vessel, or aircraft is to be scuttled, or any damage done to their + hull, machinery or equipment, and also to machines of all kinds, + armament, apparatus, and all the technical means of prosecution of war + in general. + + 3. The German High Command will at once issue to the appropriate com- + manders, and ensure the carrying out of any further orders issued by + the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force and by the Supreme + Command of the Red Army. + + 4. This act of military surrender is without prejudice to, and will be + superseded by any general instrument of surrender imposed by, or on + behalf of the United Nations and applicable to GERMANY and the + German armed forces as a whole. + + 5. In the event of the German High Command or any of the forces under + their control failing to act in accordance with this Act of Surrender, + the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force and the Supreme High + Command of the Red Army will take such punitive or other action as + they deem appropriate. + + 6. This Act is drawn up in the English, Russian and German languages. + The English and Russian are the only authentic texts. + + Signed at =Berlin= on the =8 . = day of May, 1945 + + =Von Friedeburg= =Keitel= =Stumpff= + + On behalf of the German High Command + + IN THE PRESENCE OF: + + =A.W.Tedder= + On behalf of the On behalf of the + Supreme Commander Supreme High Command of the + Allied Expeditionary Force Red Army + =Georgi Zhukov= + + At the signing also were present as witnesses: + + =F. de Lattre-Tassigny= =Carl Spaatz= + General Commanding in Chief General, Commanding + First French Army United States Strategic Air Force + +--------------------------------------- + + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + A PROCLAMATION + +The Allied armies, through sacrifice and devotion and with God's help, have +wrung from Germany a final and unconditional surrender. The western world has +been freed of the evil forces which for five years and longer have imprisoned +the bodies and broken the lives of millions upon millions of free-born men. + +They have violated their churches, destroyed their homes, corrupted their +children, and murdered their loved ones. Our Armies of Liberation have restored +freedom to these suffering peoples, whose spirit and will the oppressors could +never enslave. + +Much remains to be done. The victory won in the West must now be won in the +East. The whole world must be cleansed of the evil from which half the world +has been freed. United, the peace-loving nations have demonstrated in the West +that their arms are stronger by far than the might of dictators or the tyranny +of military cliques that once called us soft and weak. The power of our peoples +to defend themselves against all enemies will be proved in the Pacific was as it +has been proved in Europe. + +For the trimuph of spirit and of arms which we have won, and of its promise to +peoples everywhere who join us in the love of freedom, it is fitting that we, as +a nation, give thanks to Almighty God, who has strengthened us and given us the +victory. + +NOW, THEREFORE, I, HARRY S. TRUMAN, President of the United States of America, +do hereby appoint Sunday, May 13, 1945 to be a day of prayer. + +I call upon the people of the United States, whatever their faith, to unite in +offering joyful thanks to God for the victory we have won and to pray that He +will support us to the end of our present struggle and guide us into the way of +peace. + +I also call upon my countrymen to dedicate this day of prayer to the memory of +those who have given their lives to make possible our victory. + +IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the +United States of America to be affixed. + + Done at the City of Washington this eighth day of May in + .. the year of our Lord + + ----------------------------------- + | | nineteen hundred + | | + | | and forty-five + | T H E G R E A T S E A L | + | | and of the + | | + | O F T H E | Independence + | | + | | of the United + | U N I T E D S T A T E S | + | | States of America + | O F | + | | the one hundred + | A M E R I C A | + | | and sixty-ninth. + | | + ----------------------------------- + + By the President: =Harry S. Truman= + +------------------------------------- +Prepared by Monty "Doc" White (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa201) + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + &TOTSE 510/935-5845 Walnut Creek, CA Taipan Enigma + Burn This Flag 408/363-9766 San Jose, CA Zardoz + realitycheck 415/666-0339 San Francisco, CA Poindexter Fortran + Governed Anarchy 510/226-6656 Fremont, CA Eightball + New Dork Sublime 805/823-1346 Tehachapi, CA Biffnix + Lies Unlimited 801/278-2699 Salt Lake City, UT Mick Freen + Atomic Books 410/669-4179 Baltimore, MD Baywolf + Sea of Noise 203/886-1441 Norwich, CT Mr. Noise + The Dojo 713/997-6351 Pearland, TX Yojimbo + Frayed Ends of Sanity 503/965-6747 Cloverdale, OR Flatline + The Ether Room 510/228-1146 Martinez, CA Tiny Little Super Guy + Hacker Heaven 860/456-9266 Lebanon, CT The Visionary + The Shaven Yak 510/672-6570 Clayton, CA Magic Man + El Observador 408/372-9054 Salinas, CA El Observador + Cool Beans! 415/648-7865 San Francisco, CA G.A. Ellsworth + DUSK Til Dawn 604/746-5383 Cowichan Bay, BC Cyber Trollis + The Great Abyss 510/482-5813 Oakland, CA Keymaster + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1945-jap.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1945-jap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14d98d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1945-jap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,647 @@ +THE JAPANESE SURRENDER DOCUMENTS - WWII + +TRANSLATION of Foreign Minister Shiegemitsu's credentials + +TRANSLATION + + H I R O H I T O , + +By the Grace of Heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on the Throne occupied +by the same Dynasty changeless through ages eternal, + +To all who these Presents shall come, Greeting! + +We do hereby authorise Mamoru Shigemitsu, Zyosanmi, First Class of the +Imperial Order of the Rising Sun to attach his signature by command and +in behalf of Ourselves and Our Government unto the Instrument of +Surrender which is required by the Supreme Commander for the Allied +Powers to be signed. + +In witness whereof, We have hereunto set Our signature and caused the +Great Seal of the Empire to be affixed. + +Given at Our Palace in Tokyo, this first day of the ninth month of the +twentieth year of Syowa, being the two thousand six hundred and fifth +year from the Accession of the Emperor Zinmu. + +.. +| Seal of | +| the | Signed: H I R O H I T O +| Empire | +!! + + Countersigned: Naruhiko-o + Prime Minister + +--------------------------------------- +TRANSLATION of General Umezu's credentials + + +TRANSLATION + + H I R O H I T O , + +By the Grace of Heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on the Throne occupied +by the same Dynasty changeless through ages eternal, + +To all who these Presents shall come, Greeting! + +We do hereby authorise Yoshijiro Umezu, Zyosanmi, First Class of the +Imperial Order of the Rising Sun to attach his signature by command and +in behalf of Ourselves and Our Government unto the Instrument of +Surrender which is required by the Supreme Commander for the Allied +Powers to be signed. + +In witness whereof, We have hereunto set Our signature and caused the +Great Seal of the Empire to be affixed. + +Given at Our Palace in Tokyo, this first day of the ninth month of the +twentieth year of Syowa, being the two thousand six hundred and fifth +year from the Accession of the Emperor Zinmu. + +.. +| Seal of | +| the | Signed: H I R O H I T O +| Empire | +!! + + Countersigned: Yoshijiro Umezu + Chief of the General + Staff of the Imperial + Japanese Army + + Soemu Toyoda + Chief of the General + Staff of the Imperial + Japanese Army + +--------------------------------------- + + I N S T R U M E N T O F S U R R E N D E R + +We, acting by command of and in behalf of the Emperor of Japan, the +Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, +hereby accept the provisions set forth in the declaration issued by the +heads of the Governments of the United States, China, and Great Britain +on 26 July 1945 at Potsdam, and subsequently adhered to by the Union of +Soviet Socialist Republics, which four powers are hereafter referred to +as the Allied Powers. + +We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers of +the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed +forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever +situated. + +We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated and the +Japanese people to cease hostilites forthwith, to preserve and save +from damage all ships, aircraft, and military and civil property and to +comply with all requirements which my be imposed by the Supreme +Commander for the Allied Powers or by agencies of +the Japanese Government at his direction. + +We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Headquarters to issue at once +orders to the Commanders of all Japanese forces and all forces under +Japanese control wherever situated to surrender unconditionally +themselves and all forces under their control. + +We hereby command all civil, military and naval officials to obey and +enforce all proclamations, and orders and directives deemed by the +Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to be proper to ef- fectuate +this surrender and issued by him or under his authority and we direct +all such officials to remain at their posts and to continue to perform +their non-combatant duties unless specifically +relieved by him or under his authority. + +We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government and their +successors to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration in +good faith, and to issue whatever orders and take whatever actions may +be required by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Poers or by any +other designated representative of the Allied Powers for the purpose of +giving effect to that Declaration. + +We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese +Imperial General Headquarters at once to liberate all allied prisoners +of war and civilian internees now under Japanese control and to provide +for their protection, care, maintenance and immediate transportation to +places as directed. + +The authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the +state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers +who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate these terms +of surrender. + + Signed at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0904 I + on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945 + + MAMORU SHIGMITSU + By Command and in behalf of the Emperor + of Japan and the Japanese Government + + YOSHIJIRO UMEZU + By Command and in behalf of the Japanese + Imperial General Headquarters + + + +Accepted at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0903 I +on the SECOND day of SEPTEMBER, 1945, +for the United States, Republic of China, United Kingdom and the +Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in the interests of the +other United Nations at war with Japan. + + DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR + Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers + + +C.W. NIMITZ +United States Representative + +HSU YUNG-CH'ANG +Republic of China Representative + +BRUCE FRASER +United Kingdom Representative + +KUZMA DEREVYANKO +Union of Soviet Socialist +Republics Representative + +THOMAS BLAMEY +Commonwealth of Australia +Representative + +L. MOORE COSGRAVE +Dominion of Canada Representative + +JACQUES LE CLERC +Provisional Government of the French +Republic Representative + +C.E.L. HELFRICH +Kingdom of the Netherlands +Representative + +LEONARD M. ISITT +Dominion of New Zealand Representative +--------------------------------------- + +Translation of Emperor Hirohito's Receipt of the Surrender documents + + P R O C L A M A T I O N + +Accepting the terms set forth in the Declaration issued by the heads of +the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and China on July +26th, 1945 at Potsdam and subse- quently adhered to by the Union of +Soviet Socialist Republics, We have commanded the Japanese Imperial +Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters to sign on +Our behalf the Instrument of Surrender presented by the Supreme +Commander for the Allied Powers and to issue General Orders to the +Military and Naval Forces in accordance with the direction of the +Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. We command all Our people +forthwith to cease hostilities, to lay down their arms and faithfully +to carry out all the provisions of Instrument of Surrender and the +General Orders issued by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters +hereunder. + +This second day of the ninth month of the twentieth year of Syowa + +.. +| Seal of | +| the | Signed: H I R O H I T O +| Emperor | +!! + + + Countersigned: Naruhiko-o + Prime Minister + Mamoru Shigemitsu + Minister of Foreign Affairs + Iwao Yamazaki + Minister of Home Affairs + Juichi Tsushima + Minister of Finance + Sadamu Shimomura + Minister of War + Mitsumasa Yonai + Minister of Navy + Chuzo Iwata + Minister of Justice + Tamon Maeda + Minister of Education + Kenzo Matsumura + Minister of Welfare + Kotaro Sengoku + Minister of Agriculture + and Forestry + Chikuhei Nakajima + Minister of Commerce + and Industry + Naoto Kobiyama + Minister of Transportation + Fumimaro Konoe + Minister without Portfolio + Taketora Ogata + Minister without Portfolio + Binshiro Obata + Minister without Portfolio +--------------------------------------- + + INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER + of the + Japanese and Japanese-Controlled Armed Forces + in the Philippine Islands + to the Commanding General + United States Army Forces, Western Pacific + + + Camp John Hay + Baguio, Mountain Province, + Luzon, Philippine, Islands + 3 September, 1945 + +Pursuant to and in accordance with the proclamation of the Emperor of +Japan accepting the terms set forth in the declaration issued by the +heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and China +on 26 July 1945; at Potsdam and sub- sequently adhered to by the Union +of Soviet Socialist Republics; and to the formal instrument of sur- +render of the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial +General Headquarters signed at Toyko Bay at 0908 on 2 September 1945: + + 1. Acting by command of and in behalf of the Emperor of Japan, + the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial + General Headquarters, We hereby surrender unconditionally to + the Commanding General, United States Army Forces, Western + Pacific, all Japanese and Japanese-controlled armed forces, + air, sea, ground and auxiliary, in the Philippine Islands. + + 2. We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated in + the Philippine Islands to cease hostilities forthwith, to + preserve and save from damage all ships, aircraft, and + military and civil property, and to comply with all require- + ments which may be imposed by the Commanding General, United + States Army Forces, Western Pacific, or his authorized + representatives. + + 3. We hereby direct the commanders of all Japanese forces in the + Philippine Islands to issue at once to all forces under their + command to surrender unconditionally themselves and all + forces under their control, as prisoners of war, to the + nearest United States Force Commander. + + 4. We hereby direct the commanders of all Japanese forces in the + Philippine Islands to surrender intact and in good order to + the nearest United States Army Force Commander, at times and + at places directed by him, all equipment and supplies of + whatever nature under their control. + + 5. We hereby direct the commanders of all Japanese forces in the + Philippine Islands at once to liberate all Allied prisoners + of war and civilian internees under their control, and to + provide for their protection, care, maintenance and immediate + transportation to places as directed by the nearest United + States Army Force Commander. + + 6. We hereby undertake to transmit the directives given in + Paragraphs 1 through 5, above, to all Japanese forces in the + Philip- pine Islands immediatlely by all means within our + power, and further to furnish to the Commanding General, + United States Army Forces, Western Pacific, all necessary + Japanese emissaries fully empowered to bring about the + surrender of Japanese forces in the Philippine Islands with + whom we are not in contact. + + 7. We hereby undertake to furnish immediatly to the Commanding + General, United States Army Forces, Western Pacific, a + statement of the designation, numbers, loacations, and + commanders of all Japanese armed forces, ground, sea, or air, + in the Philippine Islands. + + 8. We hereby undertake faithfully to obey all further pro- + clamation, orders and directives deemed by the Commanding + General, United States Armed Forces, Western Pacific, to be + proper to effecuate this surrender. + +Signed at Camp John Hay, Baguio, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippine +Islands, at 1210 hours 3 September 1945: + + +TOMOYUKI YAMASHITA, DENHICI OKOCHI, +General, Imperial Japanese Vice Admiral, Imperial Japanese +Army Highest Commander, Navy, Highest Commander, +Imperial Japanese Army in Imperial Japanese Navy in the +the Philippines. Philippines. + + By command and in behalf + of the Japanese Imperial + General Headquarters + + Accepted at Camp John Hay, Baguio, Mountain Province Luzon + Philippine Islands, at 1210 hours 3 September 1945: + For the Commander-in-Chief, United States Army Forces, Pacific: + + + EDMOND H. LEAVY, + Major General, USA + Deputy Commander, United States Army Forces, + Western Pacific. +--------------------------------------- + UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA + + HEADQUARTERS XXIV CORPS + + OFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL + APO 235 c/o POSTMASTER + SAN FRANSICO, CALIFORNIA + + + FORMAL SURRENDER BY THE SENIOR JAPANESE GROUND, + + SEA, AIR AND AUXILIARY FORCES COMMANDS WITHIN + KOREA SOUTH OF 38 NORTH LATITUDE TO THE COM- + MANDING GENERAL, UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN + KOREA, FOR AND IN BEHALF OF THE COMMANDER-IN- + CHIEF UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES, PAFIFIC + + +WHEREAS an Instrument of Surrender was on the 2d day of September 1945 +by command of and behalf of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Govern- +ment and the Japanese Imperial Headquarters signed by Foreign Minister +Mamouru Shigemitsu by command and in behalf of the Emperor of Japan, +the Japanese Government and by Yoshijiro Umezu by command of and in +behalf of the Japanese Imperial Headquaters and + +WHEREAS the terms of the Instrument of Surrender were subsequently as +follows: + + "1. We, acting by command of an in behalf of the Emperor of + Japan, the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial + General Headquarters, hereby accept the provisions set forth + in the declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of + the United States, China, and Great Britian on 26 July 1945 + at Potsdam, and subsequently adhered to by the Union of + Soviet Socialist Republics, which four powers are hereafter + referred to as the Allied Powers. + + "2. We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied + Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of + all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the + Japanese control wherever situated. + + "3. We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated and + the Japanese people to cease hostilites forthwith, to + preserve and save from damage all ships, aircraft, and + military and civil property and to comply with all require- + ments which my be imposed by the Supreme Commander for the + Allied Powers or by agencies of the Japanese Government at + his direction. + + "4. We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Headquarters to issue + at once orders to the Commanders of all Japanese forces and + all forces under Japanese control wherever situated to + surrender unconditionally themselves and all forces under + their control. + + "5. We hereby command all civil, military and naval officials to + obey and enforce all proclamations, and orders and directives + deemed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to be + proper to ef- fectuate this surrender and issued by him or + under his authority and we direct all such officials to + remain at their posts and to continue to perform their + non-combatant duties unless specifically relieved by him or + under his authority. + + "6. We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government + and their successors to carry out the provisions of the + Potsdam Declaration in good faith, and to issue whatever + orders and take whatever actions may be required by the + Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or by any other + designated representative of the Allied Powers for the + purpose of giving effect to that Declaration. + + "7. We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Government and the + Japanese Imperial General Headquarters at once to liberate + all allied prisoners of war and civilian internees now under + Japanese control and to provide for their protection, care, + maintenance and immediate transportation to places as + directed. + + "8. The authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to + rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander for + the Allied Powers who will take such steps as he deems proper + to effectuate these terms of surrender. + +WHEREAS the terms of surrender were, on the 2d day of September 1945 as +given by the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, +the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics and other allied powers, +accepted by the Imperial Japanese Government, and + +WHEREAS on the 2d day of September 1945 the Imperial General Head- +quarters by direction of the Emperor has ordered all its commanders in +Japan and abroad to cause the Japanese Armed Forces and Japanese +controlled forces under their command to cease hostilities at once, to +lay down their arms and remain in their present locations and to +surrender unconditionally to commanders acting in behalf of the United +States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the British Empire +and the Union of Socialist Republics, and + +WHEREAS the Imperial General Headquarters, its senior commanders and +all ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces in the main islands of Japan, +minor islands adjacent thereto, Korea south of 38 north latitude and +the Philippines were directed to surrender to the Commmander-in-Chief +of the United States Army Forces, Pacific and + +WHEREAS the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army Forces, +Pacific has appointed the Commanding General, XXIV Corps as the Command +General, United States Army Forces in Korea, and has directed him as +such to act for the Commander- in-Chief United States Army Forces, +Pacific in the reception of the surrender of the senior Japanese +commanders of all Japanese ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces in +Korea south of 38 north latitude and all islands adjacent thereto. Now +therefor + +We, the undersigned, senior Japanese commanders of all Japanese ground, +sea, air and auxiliary forces in Korea south of 38 north latitude, do +hereby acknowledge: + + a. That we have been duly advised and fully informed + of the contents of the Proclamation by the Emperor + of Japan, the Instrument of Surrender and the + orders herein above referred to. + + b. That we accept our duties and obligations under + said instruments and orders and recognize the + necessity for our strict compliance therewith and + adherence thereto. + + c. The the Commanding General, United States Army + Forces in Korea, is the duly authorized representa- + tive of the Commander-in-Chief United States Army + Forces, Pacific and that we will completely and + immediately carry out and put into ef fect his + instructions. + +Finally, we do hereby formally and unconditionally surrender to the +Commanding General, United States Army Forces in Korea, all persons in +Korea south of 38 degrees North Latitude who are in the Armed Forces +of Japan, and all military installations, ordnance, ships, aircraft, +and other military equipment or property of every kind or description +in Korea, including all islands adjacent thereto, south of 38 degrees +North Latitude over which we exercise jurisdiction or control. + +In case of conflict or ambiguity between the English text of this +document and any translation thereof, the English shall prevail. + +Signed at SEOUL, KOREA at 1630 hours on the 9th day of September 1945. + + YOSHIO SOZUKI + Senior Japanese commander of all + Japanese ground and air forces + in Korea south of 38 north + latitude. + + GISABURO YAMAGUCHI + Senior Japanese commander of all + Japanese naval forces in Korea + south of 38 north latitude. + +I, Nobuyuki Abe, the duly appointed, qualified and acting Governor +General of KOREA do hereby certify that I have read and fully under- +stand the contents of the foregoing Instrument of Surrender, and of all +documents referred to therein. + +I hereby acknowledge the duties and obligations imposed upon me by said +documents, insofar as they apply to all matters within my jurisdiction +or control as Governor General of Korea, and recognize the necessity of +my strict compliance therewith and adherence thereto. + +In particular do I reconize that the Commanding General, UNITED STATES +ARMY FORCES IN KOREA, is the duly authorized representative of the +Commander-in-Chief, UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES, PACIFIC, and that I am +completely and immediately to carry out and put into effect his +instructions. + +Signed at SEOUL, KOREA, at 1630 hours on the 9th day of September 1945. + + NOBUYUKI ABE + (Governor General of KOREA) + +Accepted at SEOUL, KOREA, at 1630 hours on the 9th day of +September 1945 for and in behalf of the Commander-in-Chief +of the United States Army Forces, Pacific. + + JOHN R. HODGE + JOHN R. HODGE + Lieutenant General U.S. Army + Commanding General + United States Army Forces in Korea + + + THOMAS C. KINCAID + T. C. KINCAID + Admiral, U. S. Navy + Representative of the United States Navy +--------------------------------------- + + SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER + SOUTH EAST ASIA + + + INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER OF JAPANESE FORCES UNDER + THE COMMAND OR CONTROL OF THE SUPREME COMMANDER, + JAPANESE EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, SOUTHERN REGIONS, + WITHIN THE OPERATIONAL THEATRE OF THE SUPREME + ALLIED COMMANDER, SOUTH EAST ASIA + + + 1. In pursuance of and in compliance with: + + (a) the Instrument of Surrender signed by the Japanese + plenipotentiaries by command and on behalf of the + Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Government and the + Japanese Imperial General Headquarters at Toyko on + 2 September, 1945; + + (b) General Order No. 1, promulgated at the same place + and on the same date; + + (c) the Local Agreement made by the Supreme Commander, + Japanese Expeditionary Forces, Southern Regions, with + the SupEast Asia at + Rangoon on 27 August, 1945; + +to all of which Instrument of Surrender, General Order and Local +Agreement this present Instrument is complementary and which it in no +way supersedes, the Supreme Commander, Japanese Expeditionary Forces, +Southern Regions (Field Marshall Count Terauchi) does hereby surrender +unconditionally to the Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia +(Admiral The Lord Louis Mountbatten) himself and all Japanese sea, +ground, air and auxiliary forces under his command or control and +within the operational theatre of the Supreme Allied Commander, South +East Asia. + + 2. The Supreme Commander, Japanese Expeditionary Forces, + Southern Regions, undertakes to ensure that all orders and + instructions that may be issued from time to time by the + Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia, or by any of his + subordinate Naval, Military, or Air-Force Commanders of + whatever rank acting in his name, are scrupulously and + promptly obeyed by all Japanese sea, ground, air and auxili- + ary forces under the command or control of the Supreme + Commander, Japanese Expeditionary Forces, Southern Regions, + and within the operational theatre of the Supreme Allied + Commander, South East Asia. + + 3. Any disobediance of, or delay or failure to comply with, + orders or instructions issued by the Supreme Allied Com- + mander, South East Asia, or issued on his behalf by any of + his subordinate Naval, Military, or Air Force Commanders of + whatever rank, and any action which the Supreme Allied + Commander, South East Asia, or his subordinate Commanders + action on his behalf, may determine to be detrimental to the + Allied Powers, will be dealt with as the Supreme Allied + Commander, South East Asia may decide. + + 4. This Instrument takes effect from the time and date of signing. + + 5. This Instrument is drawn up in the English Language, which is + the only authentic version. In any case of doubt to + intention or meaning, the decision of the Supreme Allied + Commander, South East Asia is final. It is the respon- + sibility of the Supreme Commander, Japanese Expeditionary + Forces, Southern Regions, to make such translations into + Japanese as he may require. + +Signed at Singapore at 0341 hours (G.M.T.) on 12 September, 1945. + +SEISHIRO ITAGAKI LOUIS MOUNTBATTAN +(for) SUPREME COMMANDER SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER +JAPANESE EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, SOUTH EAST ASIA +SOUTHERN REGIONS + +------------------------------------- +Prepared by Monty "Doc" White (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa201) + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + &TOTSE 510/935-5845 Walnut Creek, CA Taipan Enigma + Burn This Flag 408/363-9766 San Jose, CA Zardoz + realitycheck 415/666-0339 San Francisco, CA Poindexter Fortran + Governed Anarchy 510/226-6656 Fremont, CA Eightball + New Dork Sublime 805/823-1346 Tehachapi, CA Biffnix + Lies Unlimited 801/278-2699 Salt Lake City, UT Mick Freen + Atomic Books 410/669-4179 Baltimore, MD Baywolf + Sea of Noise 203/886-1441 Norwich, CT Mr. Noise + The Dojo 713/997-6351 Pearland, TX Yojimbo + Frayed Ends of Sanity 503/965-6747 Cloverdale, OR Flatline + The Ether Room 510/228-1146 Martinez, CA Tiny Little Super Guy + Hacker Heaven 860/456-9266 Lebanon, CT The Visionary + The Shaven Yak 510/672-6570 Clayton, CA Magic Man + El Observador 408/372-9054 Salinas, CA El Observador + Cool Beans! 415/648-7865 San Francisco, CA G.A. Ellsworth + DUSK Til Dawn 604/746-5383 Cowichan Bay, BC Cyber Trollis + The Great Abyss 510/482-5813 Oakland, CA Keymaster + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1983.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1983.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5425d61 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1983.txt @@ -0,0 +1,404 @@ +This file was uploaded by Ben Morehead, Associate Publisher of +_Policy_Review_ magazine and authorized agent for the copyright +holder. All rights reserved. You may contact the Associate Publisher +on the following major online services: + +America Online screen name: Ben486 +CompuServe ID: 71603,2037 +Internet node and ID: benjamin@access.digex.net +Prodigy ID: GJJT78A + +To order Policy Review, call 800-544-4843. + + +From the Fall 1993 issue of Policy Review magazine: + + + 1983 + Awakening from Orwell's Nightmare + by + ANDREW E. BUSCH AND ELIZABETH EDWARDS SPALDING + +This year marks the 10th anniversary of the beginning of the end of +the Cold War. Although it was difficult to foresee at the time, a +series of events in 1983 would come together to stop the seemingly +inexorable advance of Soviet totalitarianism and to lay the +groundwork for the eventual triumph of the West. + +These events were neither inevitable nor self-executing. They +depended upon the decisions of men, and of one man in +particular -- Ronald Reagan -- who understood the meaning of this +century, the nature of the Cold War, and the set of circumstances +that he and his country faced. In 1983, the elements of President +Reagan's strategy joined for the first time, making possible the +successes that wrought the changes in Eastern Europe in 1989 and +culminated in the 1991 implosion of the Soviet regime and the rest +of its empire. + +The Evil Empire Speech + +The central theme of President Reagan's foreign policy was the +ethical distinction he continually made between the West and the +Soviet bloc. At his first press conference as president, Mr. Reagan +bluntly referred to the nature of Leninist "morality," correctly +telling a contemptuous press corps that Soviet leaders "reserve +unto themselves the right to commit any crime, to lie, to cheat," +in order to achieve their objective of world communism. In a famous +speech before the British Parliament in June 1982, the president +called for a "crusade for freedom," and he predicted that it would +be communism, not freedom, that would end up on the "ash-heap of +history." + +But President Reagan's most important Cold War speech was his March +1983 address to religious broadcasters in which he called the +Soviet Union an "evil empire": + + Let us be aware that while they [the Soviet regime] + preach the supremacy of the state, declare its omnipotence over + individual man, and predict its eventual domination over all people + on the earth, they are the focus of evil in the modern world.... I + urge you to beware the temptation of pride -- the temptation of + blithely declaring yourselves above it all and labelling both sides + equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive + impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant + misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle + between right and wrong and good and evil. + +Mr. Reagan underscored the message that no longer +would the United States remain silent about the true nature of the +Soviet regime. Apprehending the importance of ideas and the danger +of truth far better than Mr. Reagan's critics did, the Kremlin +construed the evil empire speech as an act of political aggression. +Many people understood from the beginning that Mr. Reagan was +right. What since has become clear, however, is the effect that his +pronouncement had on those who lived in that empire. Among others, +Lech Walesa later maintained that the evil empire speech was an +epochal event in the long struggle of Eastern Europe to be free; +even former Soviet officials since have acknowledged that the +speech, in the words of Reagan biographer Edmund Morris, helped +"the motherland realize ... it was indeed evil." President Reagan's +ultimate vindication came when the foreign minister of the Russian +Federation, Andrei Kozyrev, added his concurrence: The Soviet +Union, Mr. Kozyrev said in 1992, had been an "evil empire." + +The legitimacy of this rhetorical counteroffensive was reinforced +in September 1983 when the Soviets under Yuri Andropov shot down a +Korean Airlines passenger jet, KAL 007, demonstrating with +appalling clarity the accuracy of President Reagan's March charge. +The incident not only gave momentum to Mr. Reagan's exposure of the +nature of the Soviet regime; it also shut down a nascent movement +within the administration for a more accommodationist stance toward +the Kremlin. + +The year 1983 also was significant for the intermediate-range +nuclear forces (INF) deployments in Western Europe. In November +1981, President Reagan reaffirmed the 1979 North Atlantic Treaty +Organization (NATO) dual-track decision, then championed by West +German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, to deploy missiles and to +negotiate for arms control. With the Soviets more aggressive than +ever as they deployed one SS-20 a week, President Reagan sought to +strengthen the West through the deployment of 108 Pershing II and +464 ground-launched cruise missiles, scheduled to begin in November +1983. To do so, he had to overcome one of the most powerful Soviet +propoganda offensives in the entire Cold War. + +Peace Movements + +As the Soviets had attempted to stymie NATO's founding and the +Western alliance in the late 1940s through subversion, aggression, +and totalitarian propaganda, so too, they tried to shape a +situation favorable to Kremlin hegemony in the superpower nuclear +age. It was all part of the same Cold War. The key to success, the +Kremlin knew, lay in dividing and sapping NATO of its unity and +meaning. The Soviets hoped, at a minimum, that opposition to the +Pershings and cruise missiles would become a substantial lever to +crack the Atlantic alliance. To this end, they sponsored and +inspired large portions of the nuclear freeze movement in Europe. +Six European countries had scheduled elections for 1983 -- Great +Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, Norway, +and the Netherlands -- and in each of these countries, the leading +liberal-left party had been captured by the peace movement and was +opposing INF deployment. Had voters in these countries turned +against deployment, the NATO alliance probably would have collapsed +at its greatest moment of peril. + +Because of the resolution of key statesmen, the parties that stood +for military preparedness all won in 1983. Helmut Kohl and the +Christian Democrats won the West German elections in March, +defeating a Social Democratic Party that had drifted to the left. +Margaret Thatcher, who did so much to draw together NATO allies at +the Williamsburg summit of late 1982, was overwhelmingly re-elected +in Britain in June. Pro-deployment parties also won 1983 elections +in Italy, Belgium, Norway, and the Netherlands. France did not have +an election that year, but President Francois Mitterand, though a +Socialist, stood strong in his support of Mr. Reagan and +deployment, and against Soviet domination of the continent. + +Euromissile deployment proceeded on schedule, and, more important, +the Atlantic alliance held strong. Late 1983 into 1984 was a period +of NATO cohesion unprecedented since the collective defense +organization's founding. NATO allies saw through the Kremlin +tactics aimed at straining Western unity in November 1983, when the +Soviets walked out of the START talks in Geneva. The allies +concurred with President Reagan that negotiations could come only +after the establishment of Western strength and acknowledgment of +that strength by the Soviet Union. As Mrs. Thatcher noted that +Reagan "strengthened not only America's defenses, but also the will +of America's allies." + +The SDI Wild Card + +President Reagan's revolution in strategic defense also came in +1983. His March 23 speech challenged the very nature of modern +warfare. It dazed the Soviets and helped to break the back of the +nuclear freeze movement. Mr. Reagan rejected the logic of mutually +assured destruction (MAD) and flexible response, which left +civilian populations totally vulnerable to nuclear destruction. He +announced the goal of making nuclear weapons "impotent and +obsolete." As the president said, "What if free people could live +secure in the knowledge that their security did not rest upon the +threat of instant U.S. retaliation to deter a Soviet attack, that +we could intercept and destroy strategic ballistic missiles before +they reached our own soil or that of our allies?" + +With this March 1983 speech, President Reagan finished putting +forth his vision to transform radically the global strategic +situation and the nature of defense. Mr. Reagan showed that the +West had the political courage and know-how to fight and win what +Soviet thinkers commonly called the scientific-technical revolution +in military affairs. The Kremlin referred over and over to American +militarization of space. Soviet leaders Konstantin Chernenko and +especially Mikhail Gorbachev attempted vigorously to derail SDI. +Mr. Gorbachev and his Foreign Ministers Eduard Shevardnadze and +Aleksandr Bessmertnykh now have conceded the importance of SDI in +driving change in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s. President +Reagan had begun to move the West beyond containment with the +promise of propelling the world beyond communism and Cold War. + +Turning the Tide in El Salvador + +As Ronald Reagan pursued a two-track strategy in Europe and on +defense policy -- one track securing the base of the Western alliance +and restoring our deterrent capacity, the other track seizing the +initiative with SDI -- he also constructed a two-tiered policy in the +Third World. First, President Reagan sought to brace American +friends and prevent further Soviet penetration. Second, he began to +pursue the offensive against many of the Kremlin clients that had +taken power in the 1970s: Cambodia, Angola, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, +Grenada, and Nicaragua. No other year was as pivotal to the +president's strategy as was 1983. + +It is easy to forget that, throughout 1982 and 1983, a serious +question existed as to whether the United States would be able to +ensure the survival of a fledgling democracy in El Salvador. When +the communists launched a major offensive in late 1983 that scored +several important victories, the Faribundo Marti National +Liberation Front (FMLN) was at its peak, leading Newsweek to +hypothesize that the Salvadoran army might collapse before +Christmas. There can be little doubt that failure in El Salvador +would have worsened prospects for democracy in Guatemala and +Honduras, if not prompted their fall. In that event, Mexico would +have been the next likely target. + +Yet, while the war in El Salvador remained a stalemate, the first +signs appeared that U.S. aid was slowing the FMLN in the field. +Through American encouragement, El Salvador's government amended +itself: death-squad killings declined rapidly, and a crucial +shakeup occurred in the Salvadoran high command in November 1983. +All told, 1983 was the last year that the survival of the incipient +Salvadoran democracy was in immediate doubt. + +Although the issue had surfaced in 1982, vigorous debate over aid +to the Nicaraguan resistance exploded in the summer of 1983. The +aid battle and the Contras' fortunes see-sawed throughout the +1980s, but 1983 was the first year the United States concentrated +significant political attention on the Nicaraguan resistance. It +was in 1983 that the Reagan administration, for the first time, +frankly made the case for aid. Turning back attempts in Congress to +end existing funding for the Contras, the administration also +proposed expanding Contra troop strength to 15,000. The Nicaraguan +resistance already had reached 12,000 men under arms, higher than +any other guerrilla army in Latin America, and the Contras grew +bolder. + +The Reagan Doctrine Defined + +A turning point had been reached in policy toward Nicaragua and, +more generally, in policy toward Soviet Third-World clients: +"covert" aid to resistance forces increasingly would be covert in +name only. While the successes in El Salvador were crucial, they +came within the framework of traditional containment policy. At the +same time, a much more proactive policy in the Third World began to +take shape in Nicaragua -- what became known as the Reagan Doctrine. +The Reagan administration had staked out a position putting the +U.S. on the side of anti-communist forces not only materially but +also morally, and it had given notice to the Soviets that the +Brezhnev Doctrine was not an acceptable point of departure for +superpower relations. In addition, aid to the Nicaraguan resistance +was linked with aid to El Salvador as two sides -- offensive and +defensive -- of a coherent policy. + +Just how correct President Reagan was about communist designs for +the region became clear later. Contra pressure helped force the +Sandinistas to hold elections in February 1990; shortly after they +were ousted, the FMLN sued for peace. This linkage further was +dramatized last May when a cache of arms and documents that proved +continuing ties between the Sandinistas and communist guerrillas in +El Salvador and elsewhere was discovered outside Managua. + +Grenada: Puncturing Brezhnev + +The most dramatic and abrupt reversal of the Soviet design +throughout the eight years of the Reagan presidency came on October +25, 1983, when U.S. airborne troops and Marines landed on the +island of Grenada. This small island country 100 miles off the +coast of Venezuela had fallen into the Soviet orbit in March 1979, +after Maurice Bishop, a Marxist lawyer, and his "New Jewel +Movement" seized power in a coup d' tat. For the next +four-and-a-half years, Grenada moved closer to serving as a base +for Kremlin ambitions and power projection in the Caribbean, a +threat that President Reagan had identified and warned of in his +March SDI speech. + +When Mr. Bishop was overthrown and executed in mid-October by even +more hard-line communist elements of the New Jewel Movement, +Grenada's small island neighbors, in the form of the Organization +of East Caribbean States, invited U.S. intervention. President +Reagan ordered the invasion to proceed on October 25. When the +operation ended a few days later, 75 percent of the American people +and 90 percent of the Grenadian people polled had supported the +action. + +The American invasion of Grenada was the first major use of force +by the United States since the Vietnam War, and it was the first +time that U.S. troops had been used to liberate a communist +country. Vast stockpiles of Soviet weapons and a collection of +damning documents were discovered, American students were evacuated +successfully, Cuban forces were defeated in battle, and the +Brezhnev Doctrine was punctured. For the first time in recent +memory, the United States was on the offensive for freedom, both +substantively and directly. + +Grenada was a tiny island with a tiny population of 85,000, but its +significance was huge. Historians should record that October 24, +1983, represented the high-water mark of the Soviet empire. Never +again would the communists in the Kremlin control as much territory +or wield as much influence as they did on the day before Army +Rangers landed at Point Salines. At the end of 1983, the Soviet +Third-World strategy was thwarted in key respects, and important +American allies had been reinvigorated. + +Shock Waves of the Economic Rebound + +Finally, victory against the Soviet Union in the Cold War was +undergirded by the remarkable recovery of the U.S. economy from the +stagflation of the late 1970s and early 1980s. In January 1983, the +United States began a 93-month period of sustained, noninflationary +economic growth. By the time the expansion ended in the summer of +1990 during the Bush administration, the Berlin Wall no longer +existed. + +This economic expansion had three important effects. First, it +ensured the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan and the continuation +of the policies that were instrumental to victory in the primary +theater of the Cold War. Second, it guaranteed the economic +resources necessary to pursue these policies and, more generally, +to maintain a strong American presence in the world. Lastly, the +ability of the United States to pull itself out of its economic +doldrums had a momentous impact on the Soviets' faith in their +Marxist beliefs. America's economic growth disproved the +"inevitability" of the collapse of capitalism, which the Soviets +had thought to be at hand. Indeed, the recovery led to a serious +re-appraisal of economic collectivism throughout the West and the +Third World, inducing many socialist governments to introduce +capitalist reforms. + +The Vulnerable Empire + +Ronald Reagan entered office determined to turn around the Cold War +and complete the policy of containment. In both theory and +practice, President Reagan grasped that the Soviet Union was at a +crisis point in the early 1980s, and he saw clearly the central +contradiction within Kremlin policy that made the Soviet empire +vulnerable: it was bankrupt economically, yet was engaging in +renewed heights of external aggression. By 1980, still on a +perpetual wartime footing because of their ideology, the Soviets +invested more than two to three times what the United States did on +military spending. Mr. Reagan aimed to push this Soviet paradox of +internal decay and outward expansion, all the while reminding the +world of the tyrannical nature of the Soviet regime. In this task +he succeeded. Although their economy continued to falter and their +military spending consumed over 25 percent of GNP by 1987, the +Soviets under Mikhail Gorbachev still attempted to accelerate world +communism and emulate the arms and military capacity of the West. +But within the next four years, the Kremlin lost its empire, and +its domestic and foreign policies collapsed. + +Certainly there were important points in shifting the Cold War +prior to 1983: the growth of the consensus in favor of increased +defense spending in the late 1970s; the throttling of SALT II; the +catalytic impact of Iran and Afghanistan; and the election of +Ronald Reagan in 1980. The president understood the import of these +factors, conveyed them to the American people, and incorporated +them into his policies. While victory against the Soviets was +nearer after 1983, its outline was not visible for several years. +In contrast to most of the media and foreign policy experts, +President Reagan knew that the triumphs of 1983 should not be +translated into conciliation and compromise as the political theme +of 1984. + +The Beginning of the End + +In sum, then, 1983 was the crucial year. It was the year that +America conclusively demonstrated it was not in decline, as had +seemed the trend at any point from 1968 on, but vigorously would +defend itself and carry the fight to the Soviets. The ideological +counterattack reached full voice, NATO was saved, nuclear +deterrence was protected successfully from the assault of the +nuclear freeze movement, the strategic defense initiative was +launched, El Salvador and with it containment in Central America +survived the worst that could be thrown against it, the groundwork +was laid for the Reagan Doctrine, the Brezhnev Doctrine was +disassembled in Grenada, and an economic expansion began that +reaffirmed American prosperity for the rest of the decade. In many +respects, the "Vietnam syndrome" that had prevented American vigor +for a decade was dismantled, not in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, +but in 1983. + +These factors, including SDI, Euromissile deployment, and elements +of the rhetorical counteroffensive, created what Mr. Shevardnadze +later referred to as a "Gordian knot" for the Soviet leadership, +which found itself at times "sinking into despair over the impasse" +that ultimately would lead to a radically new policy direction. +Genrikh Trofimenko, who was head of the Department for the Study of +the U.S. Foreign Policy at the former Soviet Institute of the USA +and Canada, similarly remarked that Mr. Reagan's strategy, and the +effect it had on the Soviet regime, convinced "99 percent of all +Russians that Reagan won the Cold War." + +None of President Reagan's grand strategy that began to coalesce in +1983 was inevitable; in fact, every element of it was bitterly +opposed and ridiculed by powerful segments of American and Western +political, cultural, and intellectual opinion. And even those who +believed in the policies could not know the outcome. Only the +steadfast political wisdom, confidence, and determination of Ronald +Reagan -- and the common sense of the American citizenry -- ensured that +America held firm. A president must join prudence and courage in +the service of right principles, and he must be led by the soul of +his people while being willing and able to lead their minds. + +As 1980 denotes a watershed in domestic politics, 1983 is the +counterpart in world politics. The year 1983 -- a year of +extraordinary importance to the ongoing triumph of human freedom in +the protracted conflict against communist totalitarianism -- stands +out as more than a historical marker. It is an anniversary worth +noting not only for its own sake but also for the lessons it +offers: history is made by human beings making choices, and in a +battle for the survival of great and good principles, simply being +right is not enough. Fortune favors the brave. + + +To reprint more than short quotations, please write or FAX Ben +Morehead, Associate Publisher, Policy Review, 214 Massachusetts +Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20002, FAX (202) 675-0291. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1lesson.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1lesson.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..632f4ef --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1lesson.txt @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Libertarianism In One Lesson +A forceful one-page essay describing +the essence of the Libertarian idea +and how it can lead to a world of +abundance & harmony. +By David Bergland + +LIBERTARIANISM IN ONE LESSON +======================================== + + This is a simple summary of what +"Libertarianism" is. It was originally +written by David Bergland, the 1984 +Libertarian Party (LP) presidential +candidate, for distribution during his +campaign. + + + LIBERTARIANISM IN ONE LESSON + + by David Bergland + + Perhaps the most common question +put to Libertarian Party (LP) candidates +is: "What is Libertarianism?" Or, +"What does the LP stand for?" + + First, let's avoid some common +errors and confusion by stating what +libertarianism is not. It is NOT a +combination of left and right positions. +It does not fit on the traditional +political spectrum. That spectrum does +not admit the idea that all people have +the right to control their own lives, in +all respects, and the obligation to take +responsibility for themselves and their +own actions. Liberals and conservatives +agree that the rest of us are evil or +incompetent or both and must therefore +be controlled by government. They +differ only on which aspects of our +lives should be controlled most. + + By contrast, Libertarians hold that +each person has the absolute right of +self-ownership over his or her life, +body, speech, action and honestly +acquired property. Each has the +obligation to respect those same rights +in mutual respect for each other's right +of self-ownership. Anything that is +peaceful, voluntary and honest violates +no rights and thus is not a proper +subject for governmental intervention. + + Law enforcement's only proper +function is to assist us in defending +our rights. The only proper laws are +those which penalize such conduct as +murder, rape, kidnaping, robbery, +burglary, arson, trespass, pollution and +fraud. On an international scale, the +U.S. armed forces should be confined to +providing security against foreign +attack on American shores. They should +not be used in foreign wars. + + Libertarianism is the philosophy of +the Declaration of Independence and the +American Revolution. Most people, most +of the time, deal with each other on the +libertarian basis of mutual respect. +Two groups don't: criminals and +government. Libertarians challenge the +notion that government can legitimately +coerce the rest of us through taxation, +regulation, conscription and criminal +penalties imposed upon peaceful, +voluntary conduct. We demand that laws +be limited to their proper functions and +that government personnel be held to the +same standard of respect for our rights +that the rest of us follow. + + The Libertarian Party is for all +people who do not want to be controlled +and who do not want to control others. +On all issues we will support increased +personal liberty and reduced government +control. We know that a free society is +possible and that it is practical. We +are committed to work for as long as it +may take to achieve it. + +2nd. ed., 2/10/84 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1st_than.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1st_than.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36f224d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1st_than.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +THE FIRST THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION - JUNE 20, 1676: + + + "The Holy God having by a long and Continual Series +of his Afflictive dispensations in and by the present Warr +with the Heathen Natives of this land, written and brought +to pass bitter things against his own Covenant people in this +wilderness, yet so that we evidently discern that in the midst +of his judgements he hath remembered mercy, having remembered +his Footstool in the day of his sore displeasure against us for +our sins, with many singular Intimations of his Fatherly Compassion, +and regard; reserving many of our Towns from Desolation Threatened, +and attempted by the Enemy, and giving us especially of late with +many of our Confederates many signal Advantages against them, +without such Disadvantage to ourselves as formerly we have been +sensible of, if it be the Lord's mercy that we are not consumed, +It certainly bespeaks our positive Thankfulness, when our Enemies +are in any measure disappointed or destroyed; and fearing the +Lord should take notice under so many Intimations of his +returning mercy, we should be found an Insensible people, as +not standing before Him with Thanksgiving, as well as lading +him with our Complaints in the time of pressing Afflictions: + + The Council has thought meet to appoint and set apart the +29th day of this instant June, as a day of Solemn Thanksgiving +and praise to God for such his Goodness and Favour, many +Particulars of which mercy might be Instanced, but we doubt not +those who are sensible of God's Afflictions, have been as diligent +to espy him returning to us; and that the Lord may behold us as +a People offering Praise and thereby glorifying Him; the Council +doth commend it to the Respective Ministers, Elders and people +of this Jurisdiction; Solemnly and seriously to keep the same +Beseeching that being perswaded by the mercies of God we may all, +even this whole people offer up our bodies and soulds as a +living and acceptable Service unto God by Jesus Christ." + +------------------------------------ + +The First Thanksgiving Proclamation (June 20, 1676) + +On June 20, 1676, the governing council of Charlestown, +Massachusetts, held a meeting to determine how best to express +thanks for the good fortune that had seen their community +securely established. By unamimous vote they instructed +Edward Rawson, the clerk, to proclaim June 29 as a day of +thanksgiving, our first. That proclamation is reproduced here +in the same language and spelling as the original. + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1stblood.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1stblood.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0420bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1stblood.txt @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +Newsgroups: info.firearms.politics +Subject: Waco Article +From: ACUS10@waccvm.sps.mot.com (Mark Fuller) + + WACO + + What really happened during the government's + assault on, siege and ultimate destruction of + the Branch Davidians, and who is responsible? + +by M. Pietrantoni +as printed in American Survival 12/93 + + [Most Americans believe the federal government's actions leading +to the deaths of Branch Davidian religious sect leader David Koresh and +nearly 100 of his followers at their compound outside Waco, Texas, last +spring were justified and necessary to control the illegal activities of +religious fanatics. Yet many troubling questions about the government's +actions remain unanswered. And as of this writing, it remains unclear +whether the Branch Davidians were in fact violating any laws. And +critics are asking if the government's heavy handed tactics were +justified--The editors.] + + Why did the disaster of the destructions of the Branch Davidians +in Waco happen? Was it, as the government would have you believe, the +inevitable result of a religious fanatic who led those who believed in +him to their deaths? Or was it something far worse, a government out of +control? Or worse still, a government in control, knowing full well what +it was doing? + + The media and government played up the supposedly sinister and +sensational aspect of "stockpiling" of weapons by the BDs, but in +actuality, Texas Rangers recovered about 200 guns from the ashes of the +compound, an average of 2 per person. In Texas the average number of +guns owned by citiizens is about four per person. + + The flaws and lies in the search warrant which the federal +Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, BATF, attempted to execute at +the Branch Davidian compound are so numerous that it would take a book +length article to detail them all. Here are just three of the more +glaring examples of the flaws in the warrant: + + - Special Agent Davy Aguilera, BATF, was the head investigator +of the Branch Davidian probe. An affidavit by Aquilera filed in support +of the warrant notes a conversation by another BATF agent, Carlos +Torres, with one Joyce Sparks, a child abuse investigator with the Texas +Department of Human Services. Ms. Sparks had twice visited the BD +residence in Mt. Carmel to investigate reports that BD leader David +Koresh (who changed his name from Vernon Howell) had been "sexually +abusing young girls," reports, by the way, that Ms. Sparks found to be +unsubstantiated. In Aguilera's affidavit he says that Ms. Sparks told +agent Torres that during her second visit to the compound on April 6, +1992, "Koresh told her that he was the 'Messenger' from God, that the +world was coming to an end, and that when he 'reveals' himself the riots +in Los Angeles would pale in comparison to what was going to happen in +Waco, Texas." If Ms. Sparks is to be believed then David Koresh may well +have had a special link to the Almighty, since the L.A. riots, started +on April 27, 1992. [Three weeks afterwards]. + + - In another part of Aguilera's supporting affidavit he cites +the claim by one Marc Breault, a disgruntled former member of the BDs, +that Breault, "participated in firearm shooting exercises conducted by +Howell (David Koresh)." One can only wonder what kind of shot Marc +Breault proved to be during these shooting exercises, since Mr. Breault +is blind. + + - In his affidavit agent Aguilera told the federal magistrate +from whom he was seeking the search warrant, that Koresh was in +possession of a "clandestine" firearms publication: The Shotgun News, a +well-respected national publication which carries ads by gun retailers +and wholesalers, and has a circulation of more than 150,000. + + The February 28 raid by the BATF upon the Mt. Carmel compound, +was in all senses a disaster. Six Branch Davidians and four BATF agents +died and an unknown number of BDs (including Koresh) and 15 agents were +wounded. Every aspect of the raid, from its planning to its execution +was a case study in how not to conduct such an operation. + + From a tactical standpoint dozens of questions about the raid +have been raised, for example why were there no ambulances on scene for +such a high risk operation? Why did BATF commanders give the go-ahead +for the raid even though they knew before it had ever started that the +Branch Davidians knew that the raid was imminent? Etc., etc. + + There is, however, another category of questions regarding the +raid. Questions which call into doubt many of the government assertions. +Consider the following. + + From the New York Times, March 28, 1993, "Moments before the +trailers arrived at the compound, two Scout helicopters and one Apache +helicopter from Austin, filled with senior federal agents, circled +overhead." + + "The helicopters had been supplied by the (Texas) National +Guard, which typically lends them to Federal agencies only when the +agencies need them for law-enforcement operations involving illegal +drugs. Texas officials had been told by the bureau (BATF) that the three +helicopters were warranted because of suspicions of illegal drugs in the +compound." + + "But for weeks after the raid, federal officials insisted to +reporters that there was never any suspicion of drugs at Mount Carmel. +This week, after the governor's office indicated that it believed it had +been misled by the agency, the firearms bureau for the first time said +the compound may have held a methamphetamine laboratory." It should be +noted that there is no mention of drug activity anywhere in the search +warrant. This use of military helicopters by the BATF appears to be a +clear vviolation of Title 32, of the U.S. Code, better known as the +"Posse Comitatus" act. + + The BATF maintains that they were "ambushed" by the Branch +Davidians, and that it was the Davidians who opened fire first. There +are indications that the first shots may have been fired by BATF. In an +article of the June 1993 edition of Soldier of Fortune, author James L. +Pate notes that; "In phone calls to Texas news outlets and to CNN Koresh +claimed an agent fired the first shot as Koresh opened the compound door +to ask why the BATF was there. This is given some credence by one SOF +law enforcement source who said an agent had an accidental discharge +getting out of ... trailers used to transport and conceal agents--that +he wounded himself in the leg and cried out 'I'm hit!'" + + "A slightly different version was told by Brad Branch, a cult +member who surrendered. On 23 March, Branch used a jailhouse pay phone +to call a radio station and say it was the BATF who fired the first +shots, wounding Koresh and killing his 2-year-old daughter. This matches +information from FBI and Texas Ranger sources whose investigations +indicate BATF fired first." + + In June the House Appropriations subcommittee began hearings on +the performance of the federal agents during the BATF raid. During those +hearings, the FBI played for the first time publicly, a 30-minute +recording of telephone calls made to 911 during the raid, by David +Koresh and another leading Branch Davidian, Harvard educated lawyer +Wayne Martin. It turns out that the tapes the FBI gave the committee +were heavily edited and portions of the tape were played out of sequence +giving a distorted impression of what really happened. Indeed The Dallas +Morning News reported that a Waco police communications supervisor, +Maria DeMarco, said the 30-minute tape was incomplete and "gives a false +impression of how the event occurred." + + This author has heard the actual tape, (it is much longer than +30 minutes) in its normal sequence. It is chilling to listen to, as +Koresh and later Wayne Martin speak to Lieutenant Larry Lynch of the +sheriffs office, amidst a cacophony of gunshots. Two portions of these +conversations are particularly interesting. The first is Koresh speaking +to Lynch; + + Lynch: "What I'm doing is trying to establish some links with +you." + + Koresh: "No, no, no, no, no, let me tell you something. You see, +you brought a bunch of guys out here and you killed some of my children. +We told you we wanted to talk." Later in the conversation Koresh says to +Lynch: "Now we are willing and we've been willing all this time to sit +down with anybody." It turns out that Koresh, many months before had +indeed offered to let the BATF come into the compound to check out his +weapons. + + In another portion of the tape is a conversation between Lynch +and Wayne Martin. This conversation is on a speakerphone with Martin +across the room trying to take cover from BATF fire: + + Lynch: "Wayne, talk to me Wayne. Tell me how you are." + + Martin: "I have a right to defend myself. You started firing +first." + + Lynch: "OK let's resolve it. Let's resolve this Wayne, before +someone gets hurt. OK?...I'm trying to make contact with the persons +outside (referring to the BATF). OK?" + + A few moments later: Martin: "We've ceased fire but they're +firing at us." + + The Siege--Immediately after the fiasco of the BATF raid the FBI +was given control of operations at Mt. Carmel. For 51 days the FBI tried +using psychological warfare tactics against those inside. The first +thing they did was cut off the electricity, water and sewer service to +the compound. Of course this resulted in deteriorating sanitation +conditions inside. Even though it was the government that cut off these +services, both Attorney General Reno and President Clinton would later +cite the sanitary conditions as a prime reason for the FBI assault of +April 19. "The sanitation situation within the compound we were told was +beginning to deteriorate," said Reno. And from President Clinton; "The +children....being forced to live in unsanitary and unsafe +conditions,"--Liberty magazine, June 1993. + + As the days wore on the government began portraying the siege as +a "hostage crises" and brought in the FBI's HRT, Hostage Rescue Team. +The simple fact is that this was not a hostage crisis. Those who wanted +to leave the compound were permitted to do so very early on, in fact +some 37 people including 21 children left the compound voluntarily. + + The FBI began ratcheting up the psychological pressure by +blasting music and macabre sounds into the compound all night long. +These sounds included the screeches of rabbits being slaughtered, as +well as Tibetan chants. The sounds were accompanied by high power +searchlights that were aimed into the compound as government helicopters +flew over the buildings at rooftop level. + + By day, government tanks cleared fields of fire, and crushed the +cars, trucks, boats, bicycles and tricycles that belonged to the +Davidians and their children. + + All the while, the FBI was holding daily press conferences, +assuring the public that they "would wait as long as necessary" and that +"time was on our (the FBI's) side." + + The Final Assault--According to Janet Reno, she "was convinced +that the passage of time only increased the likelihood of incidents and +possible attendant injuries and harm." Yet the FBI's own Hostage +Negotiation Training Manual unequivocally states that, "Time is always +in our favor." + + Despite the manual, and the public statements, the government +saw fit in the pre-dawn hours of April 19, to begin an assault against +the Branch Davidians. There had been no provocation from those within +the compound. + + It must be remembered that what the world saw on TV that April +morning, the Mt. Carmel compound aflame, was the very end of a more than +six-hour-long assault by the government. That assault began with the +absurd spectacle of government loudspeakers blaring "this is not an +assault" into the compound while tanks were repeatedly ramming the +building and collapsing its stairways and hallways. + + And why would those inside need or want to escape? Because the +government had for six hours or more been pumping a virulent type of +teargas known as CS into the building. Yet according to an article +entitled "Mass Murder, American-Style" that appeared in the June 1993 +issue of Liberty magazine: "We find that a week before the assault, the +FBI said that it would not use tear gas on the compound, because it +feared for the safety of the children. It had evidence that the adults +had gas masks but the children did not.'" However just seven days later, +"the FBI's operational plan was to pump in gas until the masks failed -- +which would require eight hours of continuous gassing." Also of interest +is the fact that CS gas is to be banned for military use as of January +1994 under terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention. According to +Benjamin C. Garrett, director of the Chemical and Biological Arms +Control Institute, CS would have particularly impacted the children: +"The reaction would have intensified for the children" since "the +smaller you are the sooner you would feel response." + + The government maintains that the fire which consumed the +compound was deliberately set by those inside. Others theorize that the +fire resulted from lighted kerosine lanterns being knocked over as the +tanks rammed the building. There is a third possibility. One that is +both disturbing to think about and frightening in its implications. That +is that the fire was no accident, that it was purposely set by the +government. + + The American Justice Federation, AJF, headed by attorney Linda +Thompson, has released a videotape of the FBI attack against the +compound. A lot of the footage has been compiled from satellite feeds to +the TV networks from video tape that has not been previously available +to the public. Some of the scenes directly contradict government +assertions. For example, one scene clearly shows a tank ramming through +a wall of the compound two separate times. Each timee the tank backs out +a jet of flame coming from a nozzle at the front of the tank and aimed +into the building is clearly visible. + + It has now been determined that most of the women and all of the +children fled to the underground concrete bunker to escape the CS gas. +The bunker was located underneath the lawn on the north side of the +compound, not underneath the building itself. + + Dr. N.S. Pirwani the chief medical investigator has stated that +"21 of the BDs died of gunshot wounds but the rest died of smoke +inhalation and suffocation due to being buried in debris when the bunker +collapsed." What would cause a concrete bunker to collapse? The AJF +videotape shows a tank moving backwards and forwards over what is +described as the roof of that bunker before the fire in the compound +ever started. + + Dick DeGuerrin, Koresh's attorney was asked in an interview in +SoF if the fire was deliberately set by the government. His answer, "I'm +not ready to say that. I don't have any evidence to support it. I heard +a rumor that six or eight specially trained [men] were sent in to shoot +people...when you look at some of the wounds, they were not suicide +wounds." + +The End or Just the Beginning-- Waco, coming as it did just months after +the government seige of Idaho recluce and racial separatist Randy +Weaver, may not be an isolated inci- dent. Are we seeing a pattern +established where the government will use the rubric of "gun control," +"child abuse" or other allegations to attack law-abiding people it deems +undesirable? + + After the immolation of the Branch Davidians, President Clinton +said: "I hope very much that others who will be tempted to join cults +and to become involved with people like David Koresh will be deterred by +the horrible scenes they have seen." He also, on the evening of the fire +called Attorney General Janet Reno and said to her, "You should sleep +well. You did a good job today." + + The AJF tape, Waco -- The Big Lie, can be purchased for $20 from +the American Justice Federation, 3850 South Emerson Ave., Indianapolis, +IN 46203. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/1wg-slav.txt b/politicalTextFiles/1wg-slav.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b3fdc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/1wg-slav.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + The following info was captured from the Patriot BBS +((818) 888-9882) and I'm uploading it as I got it. + +Social Security Information +=========================== + +It has been brought to my attention that there is an IRS manual that +states that if you have a social security number you are classified as +a business entity. You all know that a business entity does not and +cannot receive wages. They can only receive "income". This is why +the IRS can and does harass everyone for taxes. They are only a +business and the Constitution does not apply to a business entity. + + +Citizen of the State or an alien? +================================= + +The Government Code Section 242, states that you are either a Citizen +of this State, a Citizen of another State, or an alien. Now if you +are a citizen of the District of Columbia (which is not a State), +under the so-called 14th Amendment you are a second class citizen or +an alien as the law relates to you. You can be regulated in all +aspects of life, as you are not a "Citizen". If you don't believe me, +look at any law, it only applies to the "residents of the state" not +to the "Citizens of the State". + + +State Rights or One World Slavery? +================================== + + Everyone wants the government out of their hip pocket, and +from my legal research there is only one way to do it. That is to +restore State Rights and State Citizenship, as our founding fathers +intended these States to be a Republic, not a democracy (mob rule). + + The federal government is harassing the people in the +several states as they are not State Citizens, but only "residents" +and are "aliens" to the States, as they are "citizens of the United +States" (District of Columbia). The Federal Government can and does +tax their citizens and they do it legally. You cannot remain a +federal citizen and correct the situation. + + You must advocate the restoring of State Rights and State +Citizenship for those that qualify for such status. If you do this, +everything else that you want will come to pass, aliens will still +become liable for the federal tax, State Citizens will be exempt. +This is according to the Bible and Christianity. + + Next, by restoring State Rights and State Citizenship you +will throw a kink in the one world government dictatorship advocated +by the President. Only "federal" citizens are subject to the +"federal" debt, the Citizens of Mexico and the Citizens of Japan +arenot subject to the "federal" debt, and neither are the Citizens of +the Several States. + + You become subject to the "federal" debt when you obtain a +Social Security Number and have your children's birth certificate +registered with the state as security for the "federal debt". This +is correct as the birth certificate is given to the federal +"Commerce Department". As the Federal Reserve System proudly states +in the publications the security of the federal debt is secured by +the future labors of the federal citizens. + + I hope that you will read and understand what this means +and you may grow to be a effective force with the future American +Republic, and not a slave under the one world government. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/2crosses.txt b/politicalTextFiles/2crosses.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51f5b29 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/2crosses.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +From the Chicago Tribune, 1/13/94, Editorial: + + Too much ado about two crosses + + It must be exhausting to be a self-appointed guardian of church-state +separation in this age. For Rob Sherman of Buffalo Grove, national +spokesperson for American Atheists Inc., life seems to be a constant odyssey in +search of insidious schemes to sneak in a little religion where it doesn't +belong. + He has taken on everything from religious symbols on municipal seals, to +street signs pointing the way to churches, to Christmas decorations and +menorahs on municipal property. Usually, one way or another, he has won, for +if you give a fine reading to the Constitution--and force a court to render on +it--it is clear that government and religion aren't to mix. + It is, however, hard to believe that this is what the framers of the Bill +of Rights had in mind when they crafted the 1st Amendment. Properly worried +about the official imposition or intolerance of religion, they made certain +that government could neither establish it nor prohibit its free exercise. + Sherman is worried these days about two foot-high crosses atop a sign at +Waukegan's 142-year-old, city-owned Oakwood Cemetary. Most people wouldn't +think twice about seeing a cross at a cemetary, or be offended by it. But +Sherman has been thinking about it a lot, and sees offense to the Constitution. + He has taken his cause to the Waukegan City Council, asking that the +crosses be removed forthwith--or he will, of course, sue. For legal standing, +he is joined by an 18-year-old Waukegan resident, to whom the crosses are "a +violation of personal freedom." + Most people would rightly wonder exactly what freedom is at stake here, +other than that of an atheist to be nettlesome about an insignificant matter. +They might wonder if nothing is sacred to this guy, but that is exactly his +point. More basically, they might wonder why this is worth bothering about. + Waukegan Mayor Bill Durkin has the proper perspective. He will investigate +the constitutionality of the issue, and he will not make the mistake of other +communities in spending thousands of dollars and years of litigation fighting a +Sherman crusade. But he will not roll over easily, or any time soon. + Sherman probably is right, in a strictly legal sense. But obsessively +pursuing matters so inconsequential and harmless only serves to trivialize a +bedrock of American democracy. There truly are times to be vigilant, as the +founders were, about the improper mingling of religion and state. This is not +one of them. + +============================================================================= + +Letter to the Editor in response, 1/20/94: + + CHICAGO--What you call in your editorial "Too much ado about two crosses +(Jan. 13)" obsessive pursuit of inconsequential matters, I call the pursuit of +what really matters. + Christians in this country often see such things as a cross over a public +cemetary, a nativity scene or Christmas tree in public places as rather +mundane, secular symbols of our society in America. For that minority, +including myself, who is not Christian, such symbols are not inconsequential +nor secular; rather they are painful reminders that no matter what the +Constitution says, we do in fact live in a Christian nation. + I applaud every effort of Rob Sherman's to separate church from state. + + Daniel Kelber diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/2party.txt b/politicalTextFiles/2party.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e42a5b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/2party.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ + THE TWO PARTY SYSTEM MYTH: + Presidential Elections: + The Multi-Partisan Truth + + by Jackie Bradbury, Secretary + Missouri Libertarian Party + + People in the United States have been clinging to a myth +for a very long time now - that the United States is a two +party system. Heck, they use the term "bipartisan" as if it +means that all views are represented, when in fact it is only +two opinions out of many. We Libertarians know this is +incorrect (and we have been using the term ourselves lately in +Columbia, meaning Libertarians and Greens), but it's nice to +have it verified by outside sources. + + The source I used is my old college days history +textbook: _Essentials_Of_American_History_. It lists all of +the Presidential elections from 1789 (I added 1988 and 1992): +it lists most of the candidates who got anything near a +significant vote total or an electoral vote. + + See the chart below (Sysop note: adjoining file). As you +can see, in fact a _three-way_ race is more common than any +other. Three-way races make up 44% of all of our Presidential +elections, as a matter of fact (23 out of 52 total), and two- +candidate races only make up 37% of all Presidential elections +in history... We have even had a few four and five-way races +as well (19% of all elections). And as an interesting note, +look at how rare a two-way race is in the 20th Century as +compared to the previous one. Perhaps we could speculate WHY +the cycle swings from multi-candidate elections to two- +candidate elections. + + It may have something to do with social upheaval - you +can point to many of the multi-party swings and they tend to +correspond with social movements such as women's suffrage, the +civil rights movement, etc. They also somewhat correspond to +economic stability as well, such as the current economic +crisis (our national debt) corresponds with the current multi- +candidate swing in the cycle. I'm sure a more competent +political scientist than I can figure out what happens and +why: the important thing is that, whatever the reasons, you +can see that indeed multi-candidate and multi-partisan +politics are no strangers to democracy in the United States. + +(taken from the SHOW ME FREEDOM, June 1993 issue, a +publication of the Missouri Libertarian Party). diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/3rd-foot.txt b/politicalTextFiles/3rd-foot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b15448 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/3rd-foot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ + The Third Week of Foot Injuries + by + Matt Giwer (c) 1994 + + If the prosecution of the Branch Davidians had a foot or +even four feet they would all be punctured by bullets in this +third week. It was an impressive third week for the trial. We +have heard confirmation of the violation of the posse comitatus +law, admission of intent to deceive the public, and testimony the +government was lying as to events. + First we have three National Guardsmen admitting they were +piloting helicopters in the initial attack upon the home of the +Branch Davidians in Waco. This is specifically prohibited by the +Posse Comitatus Act. I have previously noted this is felony +murder as deaths resulted during the course of the commission of +a felony. Previously I suggested it was only when the tanks were +used by the FBI. We now have testimony by the pilots of the +helicopters that the entire raid constituted felony murder. + The pilots were under some pressure to give their original +testimony as first they (all of them) testified they did not get +within 1000 feet of the compound. Then there was video tape +shown in court they had circled the compound at least three times +and that of course demonstrated perjury on their part. They +indicated their testimony was under pressure of the prosecutors. + As they had made continuous flight recordings for the three +hours of their flight time they were unable to identified who had +edited it down to seventeen minutes and presented it as the sum +total off the flight time. + Next the government was requested to present all the +information supporting the statements in the Treasury Department +report of the incident. The prosecution objected saying the +report was meant for public and media consumption and, in effect, +not intended to represent provable or substantiable statements. + Listen up. The prosecution has said that what they want you +to read has absolutely NOTHING to do with what they can prove in +court. What they want the media to present has no relation to +the evidence. The prosecution has objected to having to prove +anything in the Treasury report. + That folks is an admission of deliberately misleading the +public with a report that is insubstantial. In layman's terms +that means if we can be clever enough in our wording they might +belief us. In reality it means there is nothing in the Treasury +report that is credible as by prosecution statement it was +created only for public an media consumption and not to present +what really happened. + Finally we have the who was ordered to be the inside man to +infiltrate and report on David Koresh. Immediately afterwards he +hired his own attorney as he believed the BATF was making him the +scapegoat. He believed this because he knew they were lying +about events as they occured. + In the previous two weeks we have no two witnesses who can +tell the same story of the original attack. We have no testimony +of any intent to serve the search warrant in a peaceful manner. +We have no witness who can swear to any intention to identify +themselves or their possession of a warrant. We have no person +who can swear they did identify themselves and their possession +of a warrant. + Now in the third week we have a specific admission of felony +violation of the posse comitatus law. We have specific admission +the Treasury intended to mislead the public. We have specific +allegation from a person who knows what happened that the +government was lying to the public. + If Kafka were alive today he would abandon fiction as he +could not imagine any trial as strange as this. + We have almost every mainstream dissent from the government +version proven correct in only three weeks and all by prosecution +witnesses. People who have supported the government now know +they have been lied to. People who have questioned felony murder +now have no question it occured. + If there is going to be justice, when are the felony +murderers going to be indicted? diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/3wash.txt b/politicalTextFiles/3wash.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0542460 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/3wash.txt @@ -0,0 +1,911 @@ + 14 page printout, page 37 to 50 of 225 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + During the presidential campaign of 1880, the Christian Union +made the startling admission that, of the nineteen men who, up to +that time, had held the office of President of the United States, +not one, with the Possible exception of Washington, had ever been +a member of a Christian church. + + Was Washington a church member? Was he in any sense a +Christian? In early life he held a formal adherence to the church +of England, serving, for a time, as a vestryman in the parish in +which he resided. But this being merely a temporal office did not +necessitate his being a communicant, nor even a believer in +Christianity. In his maturer age he was connected with no church. +Washington, the young Virginia planter, might, perhaps, with some +degree of truthfulness, have been called a Christian; Washington, +the Soldier, statesman and sage, was not a Christian, but a Deist. + + This great man, like most men in public life, was reticent +respecting his religious views. This rendered a general knowledge +of his real belief impossible, and made it easy for zealous +Christians to impose upon the public mind and claim him for their +faith. Whatever evidence of his unbelief existed was, as far as +possible, suppressed. Enough remains, however, to prompt me to +attempt the task of proving the truth of the following +propositions: + + 1. That Washington was not a Christian communicant. + + 2. That he was not a believer in the Christian religion. + + WAS WASHINGTON A COMMUNICANT? + + Washington was not a communicant. This fact can be easily +demonstrated. A century ago it was the custom of all classes, +irrespective of their religious beliefs, to attend church. +Washington, adhering to the custom, attended. But when the +administration of the sacrament took place, instead of remaining +and partaking of the Lord's Supper as a communicant would have +done, he invariably arose and retired from the church. + + The closing years of his life, save the last two, were passed +in Philadelphia, he being then President of the United States. In +addition to his eight years' incumbency of the presidency, he was, +during the eight years of the Revolutionary war, and also during +the six years that elapsed between the Revolution and the +establishment of the Federal government, not only a frequent +visitor in Philadelphia, but during a considerable portion of the +time a resident of that city. While there he attended the Episcopal +churches of which the Rev. William White and the Rev. James +Abercromble were rectors. In regard to his being a communicant, no +evidence can be so pertinent or so decisive as that of his pastors. + + Bishop White, the father of the Protestant Episcopal church of +America, is one of the most eminent names in church history. During +a large portion of the period covering nearly a quarter of a +century, Washington, with his wife, attended the churches in which + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + +Bishop White officiated. In a letter dated Fredericksburg, Aug. 13, +1835, Colonel Mercer sent Bishop White the following inquiry +relative to this question: + + "I have a desire, my dear Sir, to know whether Gen. + Washington was a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal + church, or whether he occasionally went to the communion only, + or if ever he did so at all. ... No authority can be so + authentic and complete as yours on this point." + + To this inquiry Bishop White replied as follows: + + "Philadelphia, Aug. 15, 1835. + + "Dear Sir: In regard to the subject of your inquiry, truth +requires me to say that Gen. Washington never received the +communion in the churches of which I am the parochial minister. +Mrs. Washington was an habitual communicant. + + ... I have been written to by many on that point, and + have been obliged to answer them as I now do you. I am + respectfully. + + "Your humble servant, + + "WILLIAM WHITE." +(Memoir of Bishop White, pp. 196, 197). + + In a standard Christian authority, Sprague's "Annals of the +American Pulpit," written and compiled by Rev. Wm. B. Sprague, +D.D., is a sketch of the life of Rev. James Abercromble, D.D. In +this biographical sketch is to be found some very important +evidence from the pen of Washington's other pastor, pertaining to +the subject under consideration. I quote the following: + + "One incident in Dr. Abercrombie's experience as a + clergyman, in connection with the Father of his Country, is + especially worthy of record; and the following account of it + was given by the Doctor himself, in a letter to a friend, in + 1831 shortly after there had been some public allusion to it: + 'With respect to the inquiry you make I can only state the + following facts; that, as pastor of the Episcopal church, + observing that, on sacramental Sundays, Gen. Washington, + immediately after the desk and pulpit services, went out with + the greater part of the congregation -- always leaving Mrs. + Washington with the other communicants -- she invariably being + one -- I considered it my duty in a sermon on Public Worship, + to state the unhappy tendency of example, particularly of + those in elevated stations who uniformly turned their backs + upon the celebration of the Lord's Supper. I acknowledge the + remark was intended for the President; and as such he received + it. A few days after, in conversation with, I believe, a + senator of the United States, he told me he had dined the day + before with the President, who in the course of conversation + at table said that on the preceding Sunday he had received a + very just reproof from the pulpit for always leaving the + church before the administration of the Sacrament; that he + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + honored the preacher for his integrity and candor; that he had + never sufficiently considered the influence of his example, + and that he would not again give cause for the repetition of + the reproof; and that, as he had never been a communicant, + were he to become one then it would be imputed to an + ostentatious display of religious zeal? arising altogether + from his elevated station. Accordingly, he never afterwards + came on the morning of sacramental Sunday, though at other + times he was a constant attendant in the morning'" (Annals of + the American Pulpit, Vol. v, p. 394). + + Here we have a confirmation of the statement previously made +that Washington absented himself from church on sacramental +Sundays; undeniable proof that during the later years of his life +he was not a communicant; and, above all, the assurance of +Washington himself that "he had never been a communicant." + + The Rev. E.D. Neill, in the Episcopal Recorder, the organ of +the church of which it is claimed Washington was a communicant, +says: + + "As I read, a few days ago, of the death of the Rev. + Richard M. Abercrombie, rector of St. Matthew's Protestant + Episcopal church in Jersey City, memories of my boyhood arose. + He was born not far from my father's house in Philadelphia and + was the son of the Rev. James Abercrombie, a fine scholar and + preacher, who had in early life corresponded with the great + lexicographer, Dr. Samuel Johnson, and in later years was the + assistant minister of Christ's and St. Peter's churches, in + Philadelphia, where my maternal ancestors had worshiped for + more than one generation. One day, after the father had + reached four score years, the lately deceased son took me into + the study of the aged man, and showed me a letter which + President George Washington had written to his father, + thanking him for the loan of one of his manuscript sermons. + Washington and his wife were regular attendants upon his + ministry while residing in Philadelphia. The President was not + a communicant, notwithstanding all the pretty stories to the + contrary, and after the close of the sermon on sacramental + Sundays, had fallen into the habit of retiring from the church + while his wife remained and communed." + + Referring to Dr. Abercrombie's reproof of Washington, Mr. +Neill says: + + "Upon one occasion Dr. Abercromble alluded to the unhappy + tendency of the example of those dignified by age and position + turning their backs upon the celebration of the Lord's Supper. + The discourse arrested the attention of Washington, and after + that he never came to church with his wife on Communion + Sunday." + + The Rev. Dr. Wilson, in his famous sermon on the Religion of +the Presidents, also alludes to this subject. He says: + + "When the Congress sat in Philadelphia, President + Washington attended the Episcopal church. The rector, Dr. + Abercrombie, told me that on the days when the sacrament of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + the Lord's Supper was to be administered, Washington's custom + was to rise just before the ceremony commenced, and walk out + of church. This became a subject of remark in the + congregation, as setting a bad example. At length the Doctor + undertook to speak of it, with a direct allusion to the + President. Washington was heard afterwards to remark that this + was the first time a clergyman had thus preached to him, and + he should henceforth neither trouble the Doctor nor his + congregation on such occasions; and ever after that, upon + communion days, he 'absented himself altogether from the + church.' + + The Rev. Bird Wilson, D.D., author of the "Memoir of Bishop +White," says: + + "Though the General attended the churches in which Dr. + White officiated, whenever he was in Philadelphia during the + Revolutionary war, and afterwards while President of the + United States, he never was a communicant in them" (Memoir of + Bishop White, p. 188). + + The Rev. Beverly Tucker, D.D., of the Episcopal church, has +attempted to prove that Washington was a churchman. But while +professing to believe that he was a communicant before the +Revolution he is compelled to admit that there is a doubt about his +communing after the Revolution. He says: + + "The doubt has been raised partly on the strength of a + letter written by Bishop White in 1832. He says that + Washington attended St. Peter's church one winter, during the + session of the Continental Congress, and that during his + Presidency he had a pew in Christ church, 'which was + habitually occupied by himself, by Mrs. Washington, who was + regularly a communicant, and by his secretaries. This language + is taken to mean, and probably correctly, that Washington did + not commune." + + Dr. Tucker is evidently not acquainted with Bishop White's +letter to Col. Mercer in 1835. There is no question as to the +meaning of that letter. Continuing, Dr. Tucker says: + + "The doubt rests again on the recollection of Mrs. + Fielding Lewis, Nelly Custis, Gen. Washington's step- + granddaughter, written in 1833, who states that after the + Mount Vernon family removed from Pohick church to Christ + church, Alexandria, the General was accustomed, on Communion + Sundays, to leave the church with her, sending the carriage + back for Mrs. Washington." + + Washington's biographer, the Rev. Jared Sparks, who seems to +have entertained the popular notion that Washington was in early +life a communicant, admits that at a latter period he ceased to +commune. He says: + + "The circumstance of his withdrawing himself from the + communion service at a certain period of his life has been + remarked as singular. This may be admitted and regretted, both + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + on account of his example and the value of his opinions as to + the importance and practical tendency of this rite" (Life of + Washington, Vol. ii, p. 361). + + Origen Bacherer, in his debate with Robert Dale Owen in 1831, +made an effort to prove that Washington was a Christian +communicant. He appealed for help to the Rev. Wm. Jackson, rector +of the Episcopal church of Alexandria, the church which Washington +had attended. Mr. Jackson was only too willing to aid him. He +instituted an exhaustive investigation for the purpose of +discovering if possible some evidence of Washington having been a +communicant. Letters of inquiry were addressed to his relatives and +friends. But his efforts were unsuccessful. While he professed to +believe that Washington was a Christian, he was compelled to say: + + "I find no one who ever communed with him" (Bacheler-Owen + Debate, Vol. ii, p. 262). + + This, as might be supposed, did not satisfy Mr. Bacherer, and +he entreated the rector to make another attempt. The second attempt +was as fruitless as the first.' He writes: + + "I am sorry after so long a delay in replying to your + last, that it is not in my power to communicate something + decisive in reference to General Washington's church + membership" (Ibid., ii, p. 370.) + + In the same letter Mr. Jackson says: + + "Nor can I find any old person who ever communed with + him." + + The "People's Library of Information" contains the +following: + + "The question has been raised as to whether any one of + our Presidents was a communicant in a Christian church. + There is a tradition that Washington asked permission of a + Presbyterian mister in New Jersey to unite in communion. But + it is only a tradition. Washington was a vestryman in the + Episcopal church. But that office required no more piety + than it would to be mate of a ship. There is no account of + his communing in Boston, or in New York, or Philadelphia, or + elsewhere, during the Revolutionary struggle." + + The tradition of Washington's wishing to unite with a +Presbyterian minister in communion, like many other so-called +traditions of the same character, has been industriously +circulated. And yet it is scarcely possible to conceive of a more +improbable story. Refusing to commune with the members of the +church in which he was raised, and the church he was in the habit +of attending, and going to the priest of another church -- a +stranger -- and asking to commune with him! Had Washington been +some intemperate vagabond, the story might have been believed. +But Washington was not an inebriate, and was never so pressed for +a drink as to beg a sup of sacramental wine from a Calvinistic +clergyman. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + Gen. A.W. Greely, U.S.A., in an article on "Washington's +Domestic and Religious Life" which was published in the Ladies' +Home Journal for April, 1896, says: + + "But even if he was ever confirmed in its [the + Episcopal] faith there is no reliable evidence that he ever + took communion with it or with any other church." + + Some years ago, I met at Paris, Texas, an old gentlemen, Mr. +F.W. Miner, who was born and who lived for a considerable time +near Mt. Vernon. He told me that when a boy he was once in +company with a party of old men, neighbors in early life of +Washington, who were discussing the question of his religious +belief. He says that it was admitted by all of them that he was +not a church member, and by the most of them that he was not a +Christian. + + Mr. George Wilson of Lexington, Mo., whose ancestors owned +the Custis estate, and founded Alexandria, where Washington +attended church, writes as follows: "My great-grandmother was +Mary Alexander, daughter of 'John the younger,' who founded +Alexandria. The Alexander pew in Christ church was next to +Washington's, and an old lady, a kinswoman of mine, born near +Alexandria and named Alexander, told me that the tradition in the +Alexander family was that Washington NEVER took communion." + + In regard to Washington being a vestryman, Mr. Wilson says: +"At that time the vestry was the county court, and in order to +have a hand in managing the affairs of the county, in which his +large property lay, regulating the levy of taxes, etc., +Washington had to be a vestryman." + + The St. Louis Globe contained the following in regard to the +church membership of Washington: + + "It is a singular fact that much as has been written + about Washington, particularly with regard to his superior + personal virtue, there is nothing to show that he was ever a + member of the church. He attended divine service, and lived + an honorable and exemplary life, but as to his being a + communicant, the record is surprisingly doubtful." + + In an article conceding that Washington was not a +communicant, the Western Christian Advocate says: + + "This is evident and convincing from the Life of Bishop + White, bishop of the Episcopal church in America from 1787 + to 1836. Of this evidence it has been well said: 'There does + not appear to be any such undoubtable evidence existing. The + more scrutinously the church membership of Washington is + examined, the more doubtful it appears. Bishop White seems + to have had more intimate relations with Washington than any + clergyman of his time. His testimony outweighs any amount of + influential argumentation on the question.' + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + The following is a recapitulation of the salient points in +the preceding testimony, given in the words of the witnesses. It +is in itself an overwhelming refutation of the claim that +Washington was a communicant: + + "Gen. Washington never received the communion in the + churches of which I am the parochial minister." -- Bishop + White. + + "On sacramental Sundays, Gen. Washington, immediately + after the desk and pulpit services, went out with the + greater part of the Congregation." -- Rev. Dr. Abercromble. + + "After that, [Dr. Abercrombie's reproof,] upon communion +days, he absented himself altogether from the church." -- Rev. +Dr. Wilson. + + "The General was accustomed, on communion Sundays, to + leave the church with her [Nelly Custis], sending the + carriage back for Mrs. Washington. " -- Rev. Dr. Beverly + Tucker. + + "He never was a communicant in them [Dr. White's + churches]." -- Rev. Dr. Bird Wilson. + + "I find no one who ever communed with him." -- Rev. + William Jackson. + + "The President was not a communicant." -- Rev. E.D. + Neill. + + "This [his ceasing to commune] may be admitted and + regretted." -- Rev. Jared Sparks. + + "There is no reliable evidence that he ever took + communion." -- Gen. A.W. Greely. + + "There is nothing to show that he was ever a member of + the church." -- St. Louis Globe. + + "I have never been a communicant." -- Washington, + quoted by Dr. Abercrombie. + + The claim that Washington was a Christian communicant must +be abandoned; the claim that he was a believer in Christianity, I +shall endeavor to showy is equally untenable. + + WAS WASHINGTON A CHRISTIAN? + + In the political documents, correspondence, and other +writings of Washington, few references to the prevailing religion +of his day are found. In no instance has he expressed a disbelief +in the Christian religion, neither can there be found in all his +writings a single sentence that can with propriety be construed +into an acknowledgment of its claims. Once or twice he refers to +it in complimentary terms, but in these compliments there is +nothing inconsistent with the conduct of a conscientious Deist. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + +Religions, like their adherents, possess both good and bad +qualities, and Christianity is no exception. While there is much +in it deserving the strongest condemnation, there is also much +that commands the respect and even challenges the admiration of +Infidels. Occupying the position that Washington did, enjoying as +he did the confidence and support of Christians, it was not +unnatural that he should indulge in a few friendly allusions to +their religious faith. + + In his "Farewell Address," the last and best political paper +he gave to the Christian religion is not once named. In this work +he manifests the fondest solicitude for the future of his +country. His sentences are crowded with words of warning and +fatherly advice. But he does not seem to be impressed with the +idea that the safety of the government or the happiness of the +people depends upon Christianity. He recommends a cultivation of +the religious sentiment, but evinces no partiality for the +popular faith. + + In the absence of any recorded statements from Washington +himself concerning his religious belief, the most conclusive +evidence that can be presented is the admissions of his clerical +acquaintances. Among these there has been preserved the testimony +of his pastors, Bishop White and Dr. Abercromble. + + In a letter to Rev. B.C.C. Parker of Massachusetts, dated +Nov. 28, 1832, in answer to some inquiries respecting +Washington's religion, Bishop White says: + + "His behavior [in church] was always serious and attentive, +but as your letter seems to intend an inquiry on the point of +kneeling during the service, I owe it to the truth to declare +that I never saw him in the said attitude. ... Although I was +often in company with this great man, and had the honor of dining +often at his table, I never heard anything from him which could +manifest his opinions on the subject of religion. ... Within a +few days of his leaving the presidential chair, our vestry waited +on him with an address prepared and delivered by me. In his +answer he was pleased to express himself gratified by what he had +heard from our pulpit; but there was nothing that committed him +relatively to religious theory" ("Memoir of Bishop White," pp. +189-191; Sparks' "Life of Washington," Vol. ii., p. 359). + + The Rev. Parker, to whom Bishop White's letter is addressed, +was, it seems, anxious to obtain some evidence that Washington +was a believer in Christianity, and, not satisfied with the +bishop's answer, begged him, it would appear, to tax his mind for +some fact that would tend to show that Washington was a believer. +In a letter dated Dec. 21, 1832, the bishop writes as follows: + + "I do not believe that any degree of recollection will + bring to my mind any fact which would prove General + Washington to have been a believer in the Christian + revelation further than as may be hoped from his constant + attendance upon Christian worship, in connection with the + general reserve of his character" ("Memoir of Bishop White," + p. 193). + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + Bishop White's testimony does not afford positive proof of +Washington's unbelief, but it certainly furnishes strong +presumptive evidence of its truth. It is hardly possible to +suppose that he could have been a believer and have let his most +intimate Christian associates remain in total ignorance of the +fact. Bishop White indulges a faint hope that he may have been, +but this hope is simply based on his "constant attendance" at +church, and when we consider how large a proportion of those who +attend church are unbelievers, that many of our most radical +Freethinkers are regular church-goers, there are very small +grounds, I think, upon which to indulge even a hope. But even +this "constant attendance" on the part of Washington cannot be +accepted without some qualification; for, while it is true that +he often attended church, he was by no means a constant +attendant. Not only did he uniformly absent himself on communion +days, but the entries in his diary show that he remained away for +several Sundays in succession, spending his time at home reading +and writing, riding out into the country, or in visiting his +friends. + + But if Bishop White cherished a faint hope that Washington +had some faith in the religion of Christ, Dr. Abercrombie did +not. Long after Washington's death, in reply to Dr. Wilson, who +had interrogated him as to his illustrious auditor's religious +views, Dr. Abercrombie's brief but emphatic answer was: + + "Sir, Washington was a Deist." + + Washington rarely attended, as we have seen, any church but +the Episcopal, hence, if any denomination of Christians could +claim him as an adherent, it was this one. Yet here we have two +of its most distinguished representatives, pastors of the +churches which he attended, the one not knowing what his belief +was, the other disclaiming him and asserting that he was a Deist. + + The Rev. Dr. Wilson, who was almost a contemporary of our +earlier statesmen and presidents, and who thoroughly investigated +the subject of their religious beliefs, in his sermon already +mentioned affirmed that the founders of our nation were nearly +all Infidels, and that of the presidents who had thus far been +elected -- George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James +Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson -- +not one had professed a belief in Christianity. From this sermon +I quote the following: + + "When the war was over and the victory over our enemies + won, and the blessings and happiness of liberty and peace + were secured, the Constitution was framed and God was + neglected. He was not merely forgotten. He was absolutely + voted out of the Constitution. The proceedings, as published + by Thompson, the secretary, and the history of the day, show + that the question was gravely debated whether God should be + in the Constitution or not, and, after a solemn debate he + was deliberately voted out of it. ... There is not only in + the theory of our government no recognition of God's laws + and sovereignty, but its practical operation, its + administration, has been conformable to its theory. Those + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + who have been called to administer the government have not + been men making any public profession of Christianity. ... + Washington was a man of valor and wisdom. He was esteemed by + the whole world as a great and good man; but he was not a + professing Christian." + + Dr. Wilson's sermon was published in the Albany Daily +Advertiser in 1831, and attracted the attention of Robert Dale +Owen, then a young man, who called to see its author in regard to +his statement concerning Washington's belief. The result of his +visit is given in a letter to Amos Gilbert. The letter is dated +Albany, November 13, 1831., and was published in New York a +fortnight later. He says: + + "I called last evening on Dr. Wilson, as I told you I + should, and I have seldom derived more pleasure from a short + interview with anyone. Unless my discernment of character + has been rievously at fault, I met an honest man and sincere + Christian. But you shall have the particulars. A gentleman + of this city accompanied me to the Doctor's residence. We + were very courteously received. I found him a tall, + commanding figure, with a countenance of much benevolence, + and a brow indicative of deep thought, apparently + approaching fifty years of age. I opened the interview by + stating that though personally a stranger to him, I had + taken the liberty of calling in consequence of having + perused an interesting sermon of his, which had been + reported in the Daily Advertiser of this city, and regarding + which, as he probably knew, a variety of opinions prevailed. + In a discussion, in which I had taken a part, some of the + facts as there reported had been questioned; and I wished to + know from him whether the reporter had fairly given his + words or not. ... I then read to him from a copy of the + Daily Advertiser the paragraph which regards Washington, + beginning, 'Washington was a man,' etc., and ending, + 'absented himself altogether from the church.' 'I indorse,' + said Dr. Wilson, with emphasis, 'every word of that. Nay, I + do not wish to conceal from you any part of the truth, even + what I have not given to the public. Dr. Abercrombie said + more than I have repeated. At the close of our conversation + on the subject his emphatic expression was -- for I well + remember the very words -- 'Sir, Washington was a Deist.'" + + In concluding the interview, Dr. Wilson said: "I have +diligently perused every line that Washington ever gave to the +public, and I do not find one expression in which he pledges +himself as a believer in Christianity. I think anyone who will +candidly do as I have done, will come to the conclusion that he +was a Deist and nothing more.), + + In February, 1800, a few weeks after. Washington's death, +Jefferson made the following entry in his journal: + + "Dr. Rush told me (he had it from Asa Green) that when + the clergy addressed General Washington, on his departure + from the government, it was observed in their consultation + that he had never, on any occasion, said a word to the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + public which showed a belief in the Christian religion, and + they thought they should so pen their address as to force + him at length to disclose publicly whether he was a + Christian or not. However, he observed, the old fox was too + cunning for them. He answered every article of their address + particularly, except that, which he passed over without + notice" (Jefferson's Works, Vol. iv., p. 572). + + Jefferson further says: "I know that Gouverneur Morris, who +claimed to be in his secrets, and believed himself to be so, has +often told me that General Washington believed no more in that +system [Christianity] than he did" (Ibid). + + Gouverneur Morris was the principal drafter of the +Constitution of the United States; he was a member of the +Continental Congress, a United States senator from New York, and +minister to France. He accepted, to a considerable extent, the +skeptical views of French Freethinkers. + + The "Asa" Green mentioned by Jefferson was undoubtedly the +Rev. Ashbel Green, chaplain to Congress during Washington's +administration. In an article on Washington's religion, +contributed to the Chicago Tribune, B.F. Underwood says: + + "If there were an Asa Green in Washington's time he was + a man of no prominence, and it is probable the person + referred to by Jefferson was the Rev. Dr. Ashbel Green, who + served as chaplain to the Congress during the eight years + that body sat in Philadelphia, was afterwards president of + Princeton College, and the only clerical member of Congress + that signed the Declaration of Independence. His name shines + illustriously in the annals of the Presbyterian church in + the United States." + + Some years ago I received a letter from Hon. A.B. Bradford +of Pennsylvania, relative to Washington's belief. Mr. Bradford +was for a long time a prominent clergyman in the Presbyterian +church, and was appointed a consul to China by President Lincoln. +His statements help to corroborate the statements of Dr. Wilson, +Thomas Jefferson, and Mr. Underwood. He says: + + "I knew Dr. Wilson personally, and have entertained him + at my house, on which occasion he said in my hearing what my + relative, the Rev. Dr. Ashbel Green of Philadelphia, + frequently told me in his study, viz., that during the time + that Congress sat in that city the clergy, suspecting from + good evidence that Washington was not a believer in the + Bible as a revelation from heaven, laid a plan to extort + from him a confession, either pro or con, but that the plan + failed. Dr. Green was chaplain to Congress during all the + time of its sitting in Philadelphia; dined with the + President on special invitation nearly every week; was well + acquainted with him, and after he had been dead and gone + many years, often said in my hearing, though very + sorrowfully, of course, that while Washington was very + deferential to religion and its ceremonies, like nearly all + the founders of the Republic, he was not a Christian, but a + Deist." + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + Mr. Underwood's article contained the following from the pen +of Mr. Bradford: + + "It was during his [Dr. Green's] long residence in + Philadelphia that I became intimately acquainted with him as + a relative, student of theology at Princeton, and a member + of the same Presbytery to which he belonged. Many an hour + during my student and clergyman days did I spend with him in + his study at No. 150 Pine street, Philadelphia, listening to + his interesting and instructive conversation on + Revolutionary times and incidents. I recollect well that + during one of these interviews in his study I inquired of + him what were the real opinions Washington entertained on + the subject of religion. He promptly answered pretty nearly + in the language which Jefferson says Dr. Rush used. He + explained more at length the plan laid by the clergy of + Philadelphia at the close of Washington's administration as + President to get his views of religion for the sake of the + good influence they supposed they would have in + counteracting the Infidelity of Paine and the rest of the + Revolutionary patriots, military and civil. But I well + remember the smile on his face and the twinkle of his black + eye when he said: 'The old fox was too cunning for Us.' He + affirmed, in concluding his narrative, that from his long + and intimate acquaintance with Washington he knew it to be + the case that while he respectfully conformed to the + religious customs of society by generally going to church on + Sundays, he had no belief at all in the divine origin of the + Bible, or the Jewish-Christian religion." + + The testimony of General Greely, whose thorough +investigation of Washington's religious belief makes him an +authority on the subject, is among the most important yet +adduced. From his article on "Washington's Domestic and Religions +Life" I quote the following paragraphs: + + "The effort to depict Washington as very devout from + his childhood, as a strict Sabbatarian, and as in intimate + spiritual communication with the church is practically + contradicted by his own letters." + + "In his letters, even those of consolation, there + appears almost nothing to indicate his spiritual frame of + mind. A particularly careful study of the man's letters + convinces me that while the spirit of Christianity, as + exemplified in love of God and love of man [Theophilauthropy + or Deism], was the controlling factor of his nature, yet he + never formulated his religious faith." + + "It is, however, somewhat striking that in several + thousand letters the name of Jesus Christ never appears, and + it is notably absent from his last will." + + "His services as a vestryman had no special + significance from a religious standpoint. The political + affairs of a Virginia county were then directed by the + vestry, which, having the power to elect its own members, + was an important instrument of the oligarchy of Virginia." + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + "He was not regular in attendance at church save + possibly at home. While present at the First Provencal + Congress in Philadelphia he went once to the Roman Catholic + and once to the Episcopal church. He spent four mouths in + the Constitutional Convention, going six times to church, + once each to the Romish high mass, to the Friends', to the + Presbyterian, and thrice to the Episcopal service." + + "From his childhood he traveled on Sunday whenever + occasion required. He considered it proper for his negroes + to fish, and on that day made at least one contract. During + his official busy life Sunday was largely given to his home + correspondence, being, as he says, the most convenient day + in which to spare time from his public burdens to look after + his impaired fortune and estates." + + Dr. Moncure D. Conway, who made a study of Washington's life +and character, who had access to his private papers, and who was +employed to edit a volume of his letters, has written a monograph +on "The Religion of Washington," from which I take the following: + + "In editing a volume of Washington's private letters + for the Long Island Historical Society, I have been much + impressed by indications that this great historic + personality represented the Liberal religious tendency of + his tune. That tendency was to respect religious + organizations as part of the social order, which required + some minister to visit the sick, bury the dead, and perform + marriages. It was considered in nowise inconsistent with + disbelief of the clergyman's doctrines to contribute to his + support, or even to be a vestryman in his church." + + "In his many letters to his adopted nephew and young + relatives, he admonishes them about their manners and + morals, but in no case have I been able to discover any + suggestion that they should read the Bible, keep the + Sabbath, go to church, or any warning against Infidelity." + + "Washington had in his library the writings of Paine, + Priestley, Voltaire, Frederick the Great, and other + heretical works." + + Conway says that "Washington was glad to have Volney as his +guest at Mount Vernon," and cited a letter of introduction which +Washington gave him to the citizens of the United States during +his travels in this country. + + In a contribution to the New York Times Dr. Conway says: + + "Augustine Washington, like most scholarly Virginians + of his time, was a Deist. ... Contemporary evidence shows + that in mature life Washington was a Deist, and did not + commune, which is quite consistent with his being a + vestryman. In England, where vestries have secular + functions, it is not unusual for Unitarians to be vestrymen, + there being no doctrinal subscription required for that + office. Washington's letters during the Revolution + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + SIX HISTORIC AMERICANS -- GEORGE WASHINGTON. + + occasionally indicate his recognition of the hand of + Providence in notable public events, but in the thousands of + his letters I have never been able to find the name of + Christ or any reference to him." + + There is no evidence to show that Washington, even in early +life, was a believer in Christianity. The contrary is rather to +be presumed. His father, as Dr. Conway states, was a Deist; while +his mother was not excessively religious, His brother, Lawrence +Washington, was, it is claimed, the first advocate of religious +liberty in Virginia, and evidently an unbeliever, so that instead +of being surrounded at home by the stifling atmosphere of +superstition, he was permitted to breathe the pure air of +religious freedom. + + It is certain that at no time during his life did he take +any special interest in church affairs. Gen. Greely says that "He +was not regular in church attendance save possibly at home." At +home he was the least regular in his attendance. His diary shows +that he attended about twelve times a year. During the week he +Superintended the affairs of his farm; on Sunday he usually +attended to his correspondence. Sunday visitors at his house were +numerous. If he ever objected to them it was not because they +kept him from his devotions, but because they kept him from his +work. In his diary he writes: + + "It hath so happened, that on the last Sundays -- call + them the first or seventh [days] as you please, I have been + unable to perform the latter duty on account of visits from + strangers, with whom I could not use the freedom to leave + alone, or recommend to the care of each other, for their + amusement." + + When he visited his distant tenants to collect his rent, +their piety, and not his, prevented him from doing the business +on Sunday, as the following entry in his diary shows: + + "Being Sunday, and the people living on my land very + religious, it was thought best to postpone going among them + till to-morrow." + + His diary also shows that he "closed land purchases, sold +wheat, and, while a Virginia planter, went fox hunting on +Sunday." + + He did not, like most pious churchmen, believe that +Christian servants are better than others. When on one occasion +he needed servants, he wrote: + + "If they are good workmen, they may be from Asia, + Africa, or Europe; they may be Mahomedans, Jews, or + Christians of any sect, or they may be Atheists." + + These extracts contain no explicit declarations of disbelief +in Christianity, but between the lines we can easily read, "I am +not a Christian." + **** **** + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/a-12xtra.txt b/politicalTextFiles/a-12xtra.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4a7c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/a-12xtra.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Here is the info on the plaques at the Blackbird Airpark as read from +Paul Stahl's photos he sent me. Thanks again to Paul for sending them +to me. Please note that there are a few typos/spelling errors in this +information. I included them in the spirit of accurate reporting!? + + LOCKHEED + + A-12 + +The A-12 was the proof-of-concept vehicle for the SR-71/YF-12 family +of "Blackbirds." It was the 12th in a series of designs for a U-2 +replacement from Kelly Johnson's "Skunk Works," hence the designation +"A-12." Although its operational service is shrouded in mystery, it +is believed the single-seat A-12 was used exclusively in covert +operations by the CIA from 1967 to 1968. + + ************** + +Of the fifteen A-12's produced, this is the prototype aircraft, +#60-6924....the first one built and flown. Although momentarily +lifting off during a high-speed taxi check on Apr 24, 1962, it's +first real flight was two days later, from the Air Force's classi- +fied Groom Lake flight test facility in Nevada. Restoration +courtesy of Lockheed Advanced Development Company. + + + SPECIFICATIONS + + Wing Span...........................55.6 ft + Wing Area.......................1,795 sq ft + Length (excluding pitot)...........98.75 ft + Height..............................18.5 ft + Empty Weight.....................60,000 lbs + Gross Takeoff Weight............120,000 lbs + Engine.....2 Pratt & Whitney J-58 Turbojets + Static Thrust (each)...........32,500 lbs + (Note: #6924 made its first flight with + two Pratt & Whitney J75's installed.) + Crew......................................1 + Sensor Payload....................2,500 lbs + + + PERFORMANCE + + Maximun Speed.........Mach 3.35 (2,211 mph) + at 85,000 ft (estimated) + Maximum Range (unrefuelled)........2,500 mi + Maximum Operational Ceiling.......95,000 ft + + + This aircraft is on loan from the USAF Museum Program + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/a-i-wars.txt b/politicalTextFiles/a-i-wars.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db48f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/a-i-wars.txt @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ + ARAB-ISRAELI WARS + ================= + +Since the United Nations partition of PALESTINE in 1947 and the +establishment of the modern state of ISRAEL in 1948, there have +been four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49, 1956, 1967, and +1973) and numerous intermittent battles. Although Egypt and +Israel signed a peace treaty in 1979, hostility between Israel +and the rest of its Arab neighbors, complicated by the demands +of Palestinian Arabs, continued into the 1980s. + +THE FIRST PALESTINE WAR (1947-49) + +The first war began as a civil conflict between Palestinian +Jews and Arabs following the United Nations recommendation of +Nov. 29, 1947, to partition Palestine, then still under +British mandate, into an Arab state and a Jewish state. +Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillas attacked Jewish + settlements and communication links to prevent implementation +of the UN plan. + +Jewish forces prevented seizure of most settlements, but Arab +guerrillas, supported by the Transjordanian Arab Legion under +the command of British officers, besieged Jerusalem. By April, +Haganah, the principal Jewish military group, seized the +offensive, scoring victories against the Arab Liberation Army +in northern Palestine, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. British military +forces withdrew to Haifa; although officially neutral, some +commanders assisted one side or the other. + +After the British had departed and the state of Israel had been +established on May 15, 1948, under the premiership of David +BEN-GURION, the Palestine Arab forces and foreign volunteers +were joined by regular armies of Transjordan (now the kingdom +of JORDAN), IRAQ, LEBANON, and SYRIA, with token support from +SAUDI ARABIA. Efforts by the UN to halt the fighting were +unsuccessful until June 11, when a 4-week truce was declared. +When the Arab states refused to renew the truce, ten more days +of fighting erupted. In that time Israel greatly extended the +area under its control and broke the siege of Jerusalem. +Fighting on a smaller scale continued during the second UN +truce beginning in mid-July, and Israel acquired more +territory, especially in Galilee and the Negev. By January +1949, when the last battles ended, Israel had extended its +frontiers by about 5,000 sq km (1,930 sq mi) beyond the 15,500 +sq km (4,983 sq mi) allocated to the Jewish state in the UN +partition resolution. It had also secured its independence. +During 1949, armistice agreements were signed under UN auspices +between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. The +armistice frontiers were unofficial boundaries until 1967. + +SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956) + +Border conflicts between Israel and the Arabs continued despite +provisions in the 1949 armistice agreements for peace +negotiations. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs who +had left Israeli-held territory during the first war +concentrated in refugee camps along Israel's frontiers and +became a major source of friction when they infiltrated back to +their homes or attacked Israeli border settlements. A major +tension point was the Egyptian-controlled GAZA STRIP, which was +used by Arab guerrillas for raids into southern Israel. +Egypt's blockade of Israeli shipping in the Suez Canal and Gulf +of Aqaba intensified the hostilities. + +These escalating tensions converged with the SUEZ CRISIS caused +by the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian president +Gamal NASSER. Great Britain and France strenuously objected to +Nasser's policies, and a joint military campaign was planned +against Egypt with the understanding that Israel would take the +initiative by seizing the Sinai Peninsula. The war began on +Oct. 29, 1956, after an announcement that the armies of Egypt, +Syria, and Jordan were to be integrated under the Egyptian +commander in chief. Israel's Operation Kadesh, commanded by +Moshe DAYAN, lasted less than a week; its forces reached the +eastern bank of the Suez Canal in about 100 hours, seizing the +Gaza Strip and nearly all the Sinai Peninsula. The Sinai +operations were supplemented by an Anglo-French invasion of +Egypt on November 5, giving the allies control of the northern +sector of the Suez Canal. + +The war was halted by a UN General Assembly resolution calling +for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of all occupying +forces from Egyptian territory. The General Assembly also +established a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to replace +the allied troops on the Egyptian side of the borders in Suez, +Sinai, and Gaza. By December 22 the last British and French +troops had left Egypt. Israel, however, delayed withdrawal, +insisting that it receive security guarantees against further +Egyptian attack. After several additional UN resolutions +calling for withdrawal and after pressure from the United +States, Israel's forces left in March 1957. + +SIX-DAY WAR (1967) + +Relations between Israel and Egypt remained fairly stable in +the following decade. The Suez Canal remained closed to +Israeli shipping, the Arab boycott of Israel was maintained, +and periodic border clashes occurred between Israel, Syria, and +Jordan. However, UNEF prevented direct military encounters +between Egypt and Israel. + +By 1967 the Arab confrontation states--Egypt, Syria, and +Jordan--became impatient with the status quo, the propaganda +war with Israel escalated, and border incidents increased +dangerously. Tensions culminated in May when Egyptian forces +were massed in Sinai, and Cairo ordered the UNEF to leave Sinai +and Gaza. President Nasser also announced that the Gulf of +Aqaba would be closed again to Israeli shipping. At the end of +May, Egypt and Jordan signed a new defense pact placing +Jordan's armed forces under Egyptian command. Efforts to +de-escalate the crisis were of no avail. Israeli and Egyptian +leaders visited the United States, but President Lyndon +Johnson's attempts to persuade Western powers to guarantee free +passage through the Gulf failed. + +Believing that war was inevitable, Israeli Premier Levi ESHKOL, +Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan, and Army Chief of Staff +Yitzhak RABIN approved preemptive Israeli strikes at Egyptian, +Syrian, Jordanian, and Iraqi airfields on June 5, 1967. By the +evening of June 6, Israel had destroyed the combat +effectiveness of the major Arab air forces, destroying more +than 400 planes and losing only 26 of its own. Israel also +swept into Sinai, reaching the Suez Canal and occupying most of +the peninsula in less than four days. + +King HUSSEIN of Jordon rejected an offer of neutrality and +opened fire on Israeli forces in Jerusalem on June 5. But a +lightning Israeli campaign placed all of Arab Jerusalem and the +Jordanian West Bank in Israeli hands by June 8. As the war +ended on the Jordanian and Egyptian fronts, Israel opened an +attack on Syria in the north. In a little more than two days +of fierce fighting, Syrian forces were driven from the Golan +Heights, from which they had shelled Jewish settlements across +the border. The Six-Day War ended on June 10 when the UN +negotiated cease-fire agreements on all fronts. + +The Six-Day War increased severalfold the area under Israel's +control. Through the occupation of Sinai, Gaza, Arab +Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Golan Heights, Israel shortened +its land frontiers with Egypt and Jordan, removed the most +heavily populated Jewish areas from direct Arab artillery +range, and temporarily increased its strategic advantages. + +OCTOBER WAR (1973) + +Israel was the dominant military power in the region for the +next six years. Led by Golda MEIR from 1969, it was generally +satisfied with the status quo, but Arab impatience mounted. +Between 1967 and 1973, Arab leaders repeatedly warned that they +would not accept continued Israeli occupation of the lands lost +in 1967. + +After Anwar al-SADAT succeeded Nasser as president of Egypt in +1970, threats about "the year of decision" were more frequent, +as was periodic massing of troops along the Suez Canal. +Egyptian and Syrian forces underwent massive rearmament with +the most sophisticated Soviet equipment. Sadat consolidated +war preparations in secret agreements with President Hafez +al-ASSAD of Syria for a joint attack and with King FAISAL of +Saudi Arabia to finance the operations. + +Egypt and Syria attacked on Oct. 6, 1973, pushing Israeli +forces several miles behind the 1967 cease-fire lines. Israel +was thrown off guard, partly because the attack came on Yom +Kippur (the Day of Atonement), the most sacred Jewish religious +day (coinciding with the Muslim fast of Ramadan). Although +Israel recovered from the initial setback, it failed to regain +all the territory lost in the first days of fighting. In +counterattacks on the Egyptian front, Israel seized a major +bridgehead behind the Egyptian lines on the west bank of the +canal. In the north, Israel drove a wedge into the Syrian +lines, giving it a foothold a few miles west of Damascus. + +After 18 days of fighting in the longest Arab-Israeli war since +1948, hostilities were again halted by the UN. The costs were +the greatest in any battles fought since World War II. The +Arabs lost some 2,000 tanks and more than 500 planes; the +Israelis, 804 tanks and 114 planes. The 3-week war cost Egypt +and Israel about $7 billion each, in material and losses from +declining industrial production or damage. + +The political phase of the 1973 war ended with disengagement +agreements accepted by Israel, Egypt, and Syria after +negotiations in 1974 and 1975 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry +A. KISSINGER. The agreements provided for Egyptian +reoccupation of a strip of land in Sinai along the east bank of +the Suez Canal and for Syrian control of a small area around +the Golan Heights town of Kuneitra. UN forces were stationed +on both fronts to oversee observance of the agreements, which +reestablished a political balance between Israel and the Arab +confrontation states. + +Under the terms of an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty signed on +Mar. 26, 1979, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt. +Hopes for an expansion of the peace process to include other +Arab nations waned, however, when Egypt and Israel were +subsequently unable to agree on a formula for Palestinian +self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In the 1980s +regional tensions were increased by the activities of militant +Palestinians and other Arab extremists and by several Israeli +actions. The latter included the formal proclamation of the +entire city of Jerusalem as the Israeli capital (1980), the +annexation of the Golan Heights (1981), the invasion of +southern Lebanon (1982), and the continued expansion of Israeli +settlement in the occupied West Bank. DON PERETZ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/aacanada.txt b/politicalTextFiles/aacanada.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d7ca05 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/aacanada.txt @@ -0,0 +1,291 @@ +From: Debra Floyd + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n N e w s S e r v i c e + Deborah K. Floyd, M.A., Publisher + Kenneth M. Richards, Editor + Anika Collins, Editor + -=-=-=-=- + a service of the Institute for Global Communications + PeaceNet * EcoNet * ConflictNet * LaborNet * WomensNet +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + How to get into Canada + +Are you looking for the land of milk and honey, where you can have a +much better life without even working? Then you are looking for +CANADA. + +Even if you are just looking for a "Western" country, or want to get +into the United States of America, Canada is a very easy stepping +stone to these other countries. + +Why Canada? + +Canada has the most generous of all government benefit programs as +well as being the easiest country to get into in the whole world. + +BENEFITS +******** + +As a refugee or "landed immigrant" in Canada you can not run for +political office or vote in provincial election, but other than that +you are legally entitled to more government benefits than do their own +citizens. (It is a pretty good idea when you do get to the country to +join one of the mainstream political parties, as it will help you in +the future to get high paying political appointments to various +government departments and committees.) You can get free housing, +free health care, free day-care (for your children,) free education, +free money, free food, and all levels of government: federal, +provincial and municipal, will fight each other to see who will give +you the most. In addition there are religious organization who will +give you free help, plus many government funded multicultural (ethnic) +groups who will do everything possible to make your life there as easy +and prosperous as possible. Ever if you are not a citizen, the +government will give you money to start your own multicultural +organization to help other people going to Canada. If you do get +government funding to set up such a group, you decide what salary to +pay yourself, limited only by the size of the government grant. + +If you want a job, any job, you have advantages over many Canadian +citizens, and more rights than white Canadian males. The federal +(Canadian) government and many provinces have Employment Equity Laws +that set minimum quotas for (ethnic) minorities and women, based upon +local statistics. This gives you an advantage in jobs, especially +management positions, even if you don't have any experience in that +occupation. If you are obviously non-white, you are almost guaranteed +a government job, if you want one. Should you not get a job you want, +not only can you make a complaint with an Employment Equity Commission +you can also go to the provincial and federal Human Rights Commission. +There are also many training programs available free of charge to +assist you, that are not available to citizens. The government will +even give you money to start your own business. + +Should you decide you don't want to work, but instead receive Welfare +or Family Benefits, there is no difficulty in doing so. The more +children you have (or claim are yours though they might not be) the +more money you will get. They are so liberal in their social services +policies, so eager to please, that the administration of these +programs is set up so that you can easily falsely register as five or +ten or more people and therefore receive five or ten or more times the +benefits and never get caught. Many people do this and use the money +to purchase their own home, or a multiple unit dwelling they can then +rent out to other newcomers. + +The government benefits you receive are highest in the major urban +areas (and their surrounding areas) such as Vancouver (and Richmond,) +British Columbia, Toronto (North York, Scarborough, Etobicoke, +Mississauga and Bramalea,) Ontario, and in Montreal, Province of +Quebec. The government encourages newcomers to settle in these areas, +and with the assistance of multicultural (ethnic) organizations, will +assist you in doing so. + +Education is free for your children. If you get enough people from +your home country to petition a school to have a "Heritage Language +Program" the school will be obliged to teach your children your home +language. If the school doesn't already have a teacher who knows that +language, they will be obliged to hire one of the parents (or another +person) who knows that language and can teach it to the children (and +the language teachers does not need to have any teaching or other +credentials to do so). + +EASE OF ENTRY +************* + +Of all the countries in the World, Canada is the easiest in which to +become an immigrant. Should you wish to get into the U.S.A., get into +Canada first, and then entry into the U.S.A. is easy. With all the +benefits due to you upon getting to Canada, the only reason why you +might not want to live there is their cold winters. Canada is +democratic, peaceful, has a very low crime rate, and a relatively +small police force. Should you ever get caught for any criminal +offence, Canada has the most lenient sentences, often just giving you +a waring, though for serious violent crimes you will likely be sent +home (at the government's expense). + +There are four main methods of entering Canada: illegally, as a +refugee, as a landed immigrant (permanent resident status), or as a +citizen. + +Illegally: + +Entering Canada illegally shouldn't be necessary, as they have by far +the most liberal immigration and refugee entry laws in the whole +world. If you do plan to enter illegally because you have not or will +not be accepted any other way, you can visit Canada using a Visitor's +or Student visa, and then once it is about to run out, you can easily +disappear in Canada. Under a student visa you are eligible for free +health care in most provinces. + +Additionally, Canadian documents such as: entry permits, returning +resident permits, renewal of Minister's permits, immigration visa, +visitor visas and employment authorizations can easily be purchased. +There is no need to buy poor quality fake documents, as real +Government of Canada documents are in wide distribution, worldwide; as +many government workers appear to supplement their salaries by selling +these forms. + +At the present time, it is estimated that out of a population of 27.5 +million peole, 500,000 are in that country illegally. For political +reasons, every few years, the Canadian government solves the problem +of illegal immigrants by granting them all an amnesty; that is during +these amnesties anybody who is in that country illegally who comes +forward and admits it automatically gets "landed immigrant" status +unless they have been caught committing a serious violent criminal +act. + +Refugees: + +Every year about 20,000 go to Canada as political refugees. The +Canadian Minister of Immigration has announced that figure may rise to +as high as 60,000 a year. + +Half of these peole go to Canada sponsored and paid for by the +Government of Canada. Most of the rest are sponsored and their +transporation paid for by refugee organizations; many are church and +other religious groups, and the others are ethnic organizations. + +The United Nations Convention on Refugees defines a refugee as +somebody who has reason to fear persecution in their home country +because of their race, religion, gender, nationality, political +viewpoint, or membership in a particular social group. Canada has +expanded this definition; for instance their Supreme Court has +included "reproductive freedom" so that a Chinese woman who is +pregnant with her second child (which is against the law of the +Peoples' Republic of China, and will result in her being sterilized +against her will after the birth of that child,) can claim refugee +status, and Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) permits +political refugee status on the basis of homosexuality. + +Should you be refused entry for reasons such as not meeting the +medical criterion, you can use these same medical grounds (such as +having TB or AID's) to claim entry for compassionate and humanitarian +reasons. + +You should contact a church or other religious organization, or the +Canadian Embassy or Consulate in your country. Remember the U.N. +definition of a Convention Refugee before you give the reason(s) why +yo may fear for you and your family's lives, and keep your story +simple so you don't get caught lying. + +Once you get to Canada, stay in touch with the organization who +arranged your entry as they can make sure you get the maximum benefits +your are entitled to in Canada. + +Immigration: + +Canada grants over 250,000 people a year "landed immigrant" +(permanent resident) status. With only 27.5 million people in their +country, this is by far, the highest per capita figure in the World. + +You can emmigrate to Canada on several grounds: + - Family Class Sponsorship + - Entrepreneurs, + - Investors, + - the self-employed, or as an + - Independent Applicant. + +To enter under the Family Class Sponsorship, your relative who must be +a "landed immigrant" or citizen in Canada, requests of the Canadian +government, that you join them. This can easily be taken advantage of +as in many countries there is little provable documentation as to whom +is related to who. This is the easiest way to emmigrate to Canada. + +Investors and Entrepreneurs typically need to bring a minimum of +$250,000 with them to Canada. This money is meant to be invested in +Canada or to start a business there. It is common for several people +to put their money together so as to have over the $250,000 and this +money is used to get the first person into Canada as an Entrepreneur +or Investor. After a year, that money is sent out of Canada, and then +re-enters the country with another "entrepreneur". Using this method, +the very same money can be used to get several people into Canada over +several years. + +The "self-employed" must prove that they can make a significant +artistic, cultural or economic contribution to Canada to gain entry. +To be able to use this criterion, your best bet is to be an "artist" +or a "writer" and contact an artistic or cultural groups to provide +you wil a letter to back up your story even if you never really made +your living this way. + +The second easiest way to get "landed immigrant" status in Canada is +under the heading of an "Independent Applicant". + +Canada has a point system to decide your eligibility. There are +three methods get into Canada using that system: + +1 - They give points depending upon your education. The more + education; the more points. You just have to provide the + documents or certificates. Due to the number of applicants, they + almost never verify if your documents are real or forgeries. + +2 - Points are assigned based upon your claimed occupation. The + maximum number of points (almost enough to guarantee your entry,) + are awarded if you claim to be a: scientist, computer programmer, + engineer or electronic technician. You should have documents to + support your claims. They do not test you to see if you actually + have any knowledge of your claimed specialty, and rarely verify + your documents. Fake engineering degrees and computer programming + certificates that will almost guarantee your entry are widely + available in Asia and most of Eastern Europe. + +3 - If you have a job guarantee in Canada, your chances of getting + into Canada are extremely good. + + There are many employment agencies throughout the World and + Canada that will arrange jobs in any occupation in Canada. If you + are female there is a very high demand for "domestic helpers" + (housekeepers and nannies). Check for ads in your country's + newpaper's or ethnic newspapers from Canada. + + Even if there isn't a job waiting for you in Canada, for a price, + most of these companies will provide you with fake documentation + saying there is a guaranteed job waiting for you in Canada, and + you can use this documentation to get into the country. + + Warning: It is best to get a personal recommendation from somebody + who has successfully gotten to Canada, as to the reputation of the + employment agency. A few agencies have been known to abuse their + applicants and send them to Canada to be prostitutes. + +Citizenship: + +Normally it takes at least three years of living in Canada to become a +citizen of that country. There are two ways to instantly become a +citizen: marry a Canadian citizen, or be born in Canada. + +Many countries have marriage bureaus. Usually they bring together +women from their home country with Canadian men. (A few will also +introduce men to Canadian women.) It is your right to find the +richest man you can, to marry. If you marry him and stay married for +at least 6 months, even if you then get divorced, you get to keep your +Canadian citizenship. Additionally, if you actually marry the +Canadian man and then divorce him for a good reason, you will likely +get one-half of all his assets (businesses, family home, other +property, cars, etc.). If you want half of his assets, it is best to +create a record of repeated physical abuse, whether or not any has +occured. To do this contact any women's groups after 4 or 5 months of +marriage, to complain of physical abuse, to establish a record of +your first complaints. In the sixth month or later, hit or otherwise +injure yourself so that you will have at least bruising and call +the Police and say your husband has beaten you. You will then do +the same a second time, but first call the women's shelter and then +the Police. This second time, ask the Police to drive you to the +women's shelter on the grounds that you fear for your life. The +shelter will get you a place to live and get you a free lawyer to help +you divorce your Canadian husband and claim half of all his assets. +Feminist groups will also greatly assist you. You will now not only +be a Canadian citizen, but also be rich! + +Another way to get into Canada is to be a parent of a Canadian. It is +common for a pregnant woman to get a visitor's visa to visit Canada, +but to time the visit to be around the date of the birth. If the +child is born in Canada, it is automatically a Canadian citizen. +Having a child who is a Canadian citizen greatly increases the chance +for the woman to be given "landed immigrant" status. Once the woman +is a landed immigrant, she can now sponsor her husband and other +members of her family to come to Canada. + +With all its benefits, Canada is the greatest place to emmigrate to! + +. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/aarp.txt b/politicalTextFiles/aarp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10b6c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/aarp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +"Work, Family, Future" +Address to the American Association of Retired Persons +Governor Bill Clinton +Henry Gonzales Convention Center +San Antonio, Texas +June 4, 1992 + +Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much President +Burgess, ladies and gentlemen. I am so honored to be invited to be +here with you today. I appreciate the warm welcome on coming in. +It is an amazing thing to be through this long string of +presidential primaries where I learned a lot about not only how +much we have in common, but how different we are as Americans. I'm +always amazed at each day I learn something about how American +people can look at the same set of facts and draw different +conclusions from it. And since I am here at the AARP, I thought I +would tell you a story I heard the other day that illustrates this +point so well -- about a couple who'd been married just a little +over fifty years. They were sitting out on their porch rocking in +their chairs, and the husband looked at his wife and he said, +"Sarah, you know we've been together a long time." And she said, +"Yes." And he said, "I'm really a man of few words -- all these +years there are so many things I should have said to you that I +didn't." She said, "Yeah." He said, "You know, we got married in +the depression and you believed in me, but it was the depression. +And not long after we got married our little business went down and +I was flat broke, but you hung in there with me." And she said, +"Yeah, I did." He said, "Then I went off to World War II and I got +that bad wound, and it took me a year to overcome it, but you hung +in there with me everyday." She said, "Yeah, I did." He said, +"Then after the war, we finally moved into our own home for the +first time and six months later a tornado came along and blew it +down. It took us six years to get in our house again, but you hung +in there with me, didn't you." And she said, "Yes, I did." And +he said, "Well, Sarah, before it is too late, I just want to tell +you one thing. Honey, you're bad luck." So, if you want to be +involved in this enterprise on which I have embarked, you have to +be willing to have people see facts in a different way than you do. +In that connection, I want to compliment your president for the +theme of this conference: generations coming together. As +governor, I have worked hard to serve the retired people of my +state -- one of the states with the highest percentage of people +over 65 in the United States. But, I want to be president to +restore the promise of the American Dream for our children. When +I was a freshman at Georgetown University 28 years ago, I had a +professor of Western Civilization who said that the very special +thing about our civilization in general, and the United States in +particular, is that we had always believed that the future could be +better than the present, and that each of us has a personal, moral +responsibility to make it so. That's what I want to talk about +today -- beyond the talk of Democrats and Republicans, beyond +pointing the finger of blame to the assumption of responsibility. +For the plain truth is that millions of our fellow citizens of all +ages do not believe the future will be better than the present, and +millions more do not believe they have a personal, moral +responsibility to make it so. I learned the American Dream and I +lived the American Dream as a child growing up in Arkansas. Nearly +half a century ago, I was born in a little town called Hope. +Somebody's here from there, probably. We're everywhere now. I have +two delegates from Chicago who were born in Hope -- one from +Queens. We're way over our quota. My father died in a car wreck +three months before I was born. My mother went back to nursing +school so that she could earn a living to support me. Until I was +four, I was raised by loving grandparents of modest means but great +determination. They taught me to read and count when I was two and +three. They taught me in their own way that our country isn't +just another place, it's an idea -- a solid covenant that spans +generations, a commitment to uphold the values we learn in our +families -- to honor our parents and grandparents, to offer a +helping hand to our sisters and brothers, to protect and provide +for our children and our children's children. I learned from +my grandparents the basic contract of American life that if you +work hard and play by the rules, you will be rewarded. That promise +has come true for me beyond my wildest dreams. But as I have +traveled across this great nation of ours, I've met too many good, +hardworking people for whom that promise has been broken. Coming +over here today, I couldn't help remembering the encounter I had in +Nashua, New Hampshire with a couple named Mary Annie and Edward +Davis, who broke down crying telling me how every week they had to +chose between their food and the medicine they needed to stay alive +and healthy. People like them have done right by America and now +it's time for America to do right by them. One of the reasons I +entered this race for president is that I was tired of seeing +people being punished for their devotion to work and family, to +country, and community. If any Americans have kept faith with the +American promise, it's the generation that worked their way out of +the Great Depression, brought their way to victory over Nazism and +Fascism, led the way through the Cold War and sacrificed to provide +my generation with opportunities our parents never had. I'm going +to be a president who does right by older Americans because you've +done right by America. And your country owes you that. Doing right +means understanding that Social Security is a commitment that must +be kept, not just for today's beneficiaries, but to today's working +people who are paying into the system for their tomorrows. It's a +covenant -- Social Security -- a covenant between generations, and +I will honor that. Doing right means understanding, that in spite +of Medicare, most senior citizens still pay too much for health +care. In fact, a recent study found that the average elderly person +is actually paying a higher percentage of income for health care +today than in 1965 -- just before Medicare was enacted in the first +place. During the first year of my administration, we'll send a +national health plan to Congress to control the cost of health care +by taking on the insurance and health care and government +bureaucracies that add tens of billions of dollars in unnecessary +costs to our system. My plan will provide a comprehensive package +of benefits and have measures to discourage excessive cost and +especially to hold down the price of prescription drugs. The plan +will include long term care for the elderly and the disabled -- +charging people based on their ability to pay -- and will emphasize +greater choice in care, from home to nursing home service. After +you've worked hard all of your life you shouldn't be wiped out by +serious illness and you should have as much control over your own +life as possible. America is the only advanced nation in the world +without a national health plan. We spend 30% more of our income on +health care than any of our major competitors, and we do less with +it. And we lag behind them as a result on many measures of health +care from infant mortality, to heart disease, to life expectancy. +We also, I might add, are dramatically underfunding women's health +research and development in areas from breast cancer to ovarian +cancer to osteoporosis and that's why the bill now in the Congress +ought to pass for new health investment. As you know so well, +Americans pay more for prescription drugs than the citizens of +nations who have national health plans. This is a special burden to +elderly people who aren't poor enough to be on Medicaid but aren't +rich enough to pay their bills themselves. Their numbers are +legion. Mary Annie and Edward Davis are but two of the hundreds of +thousands of them. As the Senate Special Committee on Aging, +chaired by my good friend and fellow Arkansan, David Pryor found, +prices of prescription drugs during the last decade have risen by +three times the rate of inflation. And to add insult to injury, +some American drug companies charge Americans more for the same +products here than they charge people in other countries. That's +wrong and I want to change it. That's why I support Senator +Pryor's bill to take away tax breaks for drug companies to raise +their prices more than the rate of inflation. When you go to the +doctor or the drug store or the hospital, your next stop shouldn't +be the poor house. These issues have long been a concern to me. +Fifteen years ago, as one of America's youngest attorney generals, +I created the Advocates for the Elderly Program to help older +people with their legal problems. As governor of my state I led the +nation's governors in fighting to stop the unfair termination of +Social Security disability benefits. In Arkansas, we started a +long-term care program called Elder Choices, which let seniors use +money normally reserved for nursing home care for long-term care +services of their own choice -- from personal care to home health +care to adult day care. The country I want to lead will honor its +obligations to people who've worked hard all their lives. But I +also have to come here today to challenge you and all older +Americans to honor our obligations to our nation's children because +our future depends on their strength, their intelligence, their +skills, their citizenship. Thanks to Social Security and +Medicare, our country has made progress in reducing poverty among +older Americans. We can all be proud of the fact that, beginning in +1985, for the first time in the history of America, the elderly +were less poor than the rest of America. By contrast, poverty has +exploded among our children. Our new poor in America are young +children and their mothers -- most of whom are working mothers -- +and we cannot be proud of that. We can't be proud that 13% of +America's children have no health coverage whatever; that 30% of +all of our pre-schoolers are not immunized against mumps, measles, +and rubella; that every year 40,000 babies born in the United +States die before their first birthday. And many more are born with +very low birth weights, imposing great costs on society and bearing +mental and physical limitations which may dog them throughout their +lives and further undermine their ability to be contributing +citizens. We can't be proud of the fact that 20% of all children +under eighteen and 25% of all children under six are living under +poverty; that teenage boys are more likely to die from gunshot +wounds than natural causes; that each year a half-a-million +American children do not finish high school, and millions more stop +there with no further education, thus condemned to losing out in +the tough global competition in which what you earn depends on what +you can learn. It is astonishing to note that families under the +age of 30 are earning more than 25% less than what their +counterparts were seventeen years ago. We cannot be proud of this +because today's children are tomorrow's workers, tomorrow's tax +payers, tomorrow's parents, tomorrow's citizens. If they grow up +malnourished, unhealthy, and unprepared to compete in the 21st +century, then America will be neither safe nor solvent, neither +prosperous nor powerful. We must not neglect our children and let +their decline be the legacy of our generation. They are the +national security issue of 1992. As all of you know, we know what +works. We know what works in raising children -- how to help them +grow up healthy and hopeful, loving and learning, and ready to +build their futures and libraries and laboratories instead of +giving their lives away to gangs and guns on our meanest streets. +Mr. Bush says when it comes to investing in America, we have more +will than wallet. What I say, now that we've won the Cold War, +we've got to find the will to invest in our people, in our jobs, in + our education, in our health care and reclaim our own legacy. We +have the wallet to spend over $100 billion on the savings and loan +bailout in this year alone. We have the wallet to let health care +cost go up two and three times the rate of inflation with the money +going straight to insurance and bureaucracy while our competitors +hold them down. We have the wallet to keep protecting Germany from +the Soviet threat, while German factory workers earn 20% more than +Americans for a shorter work week, and the Germans invest in the +former Soviet Republics, while the former Soviet Republics slash +their own defense budgets far more than we have cut ours. And in +the 1980's, we had the wallet to cut taxes on the wealthiest +Americans and corporations, while raising taxes on the middle +class, slashing our investments in the future, and exploding the +federal deficit. I know that the generation that won World War II +and the Cold War has the vision and the will and the discipline to +join this crusade to invest in our young people and reinvigorate +our economy. Your generation has sweated and sacrificed and died +for others. You've never had the attitude, "I've got mine, you get +lost." At the end of World War II, you led a strong America in +rebuilding Europe and Japan. At the end of the Cold War, you must +lead us in rebuilding America -- in regaining our commitment to the +future. You can teach all Americans lessons in patriotism, and +citizenship, and responsibility. As president, I must challenge +you, and all Americans, to support a new national commitment to +provide every baby born in the United States with a healthy start +in life from health care and nutrition for expectant mothers and +their infants to immunization for young children. I will challenge +you and all Americans to provide pre school for every child who +needs it by finally fully funding Head Start so all our children +can start school ready to learn. All this is in your self-interest +and in our national interest. If we don't fully fund Head Start +today, we may not be able to fully fund Social Security twenty +years from now. As president, I must challenge you and all +Americans to help make every American school a model school because +all our children deserve the best. I will challenge you and all +Americans to support a domestic GI Bill -- a domestic peace corp +that will offer college loans to every American of every age +willing to repay the loan or give a couple of years of service back +to our community here at home -- not a peace corp for abroad, but +a peace corp for America. Think of it as we are here in San +Antonio. If every young person from San Antonio, or El Paso, or +Laredo, or Houston, or Dallas, or Texarkana, or Lubbock, if every +one of them got a college education from a national service loan +and came home to work as a police officer, a teacher, in a drug +rehabilitation program, with kids in trouble, we could solve the +problems of America at home and educate a whole generation of +Americans. It would be the best money we ever spent. For those +who do not want to go to college, we should follow our competitors +and give every high school graduate at least two years of further +education and training on the job with a national apprenticeship +program to restore the dignity of blue collar work in America. In +order to do this, we must have the discipline to control health +care costs -- which is the single most important force in the +exploding federal deficit today -- to reinvest all of our defense +costs in rebuilding the American economy, and to ask upper income +Americans to pay their fair share of taxes. Those who received most +of the benefits of the 1980's should shoulder more of the burden of +the 1990's. Let me be specific, although it may not be politically +popular. If your income went up and your taxes went down in the +last twelve years, if family income is over $200,000, you should +pay more. We cannot ask the middle class to pay more. Their incomes +went down and their taxes went up in the 1980's. I support a +higher rate for the richest Americans and a sur-tax on +millionaires, such as that recommended in the recent tax bill +sponsored by Senator Lloyd Bentsen and vetoed by the president. And +if an older American on Medicare has an income in excess of +$125,000 a year, I think there should be a higher price for +Medicare if, in return, you get control of health care costs and a +sensible system of long-term care. No one should be forced to pay +for the same old system and just take money out of private pocket +and send it direct to health care companies or a bureaucracy that +is out of control. We didn't get into this mess overnight, and we +won't get out of it without some sacrifice from those most able to +make it. The days of something for nothing for a few at the top are +over. To make America work again, we need more incentives for +private investment and new plant and equipment, to start new +businesses, to invest in the most depressed areas of our cities and +rural America. We also need more direct investment in education and +in health care in our future. Unless those whose incomes went +up while their taxes went down in the 80's pay their fair share, we +simply cannot afford to increase these investments and bring down +our huge deficit. These are problems we must all face. I +also hope you will support other policies which reinforce the +values of work and family. For all of those working poor families +I talked about, how about a simple tax system that says we will +increase the earned income tax credit so that if you work forty +hours a week and you've got children in the house you will be +lifted above the poverty line. How about a welfare reform system +that says we'll invest more in your education and training and +child care and medical coverage, but you have to go to work. We +have to end welfare as we know it. How about providing more +choices for elderly people in long-term care and more choices among +public schools for parents and their children so there will be some +competition but no private vouchers to deplete the limited +resources of our public education system. How about the toughest +possible system of child support enforcement so people can't bring +kids into this world, cross the state line, and leave them for the +government to raise. That's the kind of thing we ought to be +supporting. How about a safe streets initiative that will bring +police back to the blocks everyday, walking the same streets, +working with the same neighbors, enlisting the energies of people +to shut down the crack houses and open up the city parks. These are +the kind of programs we need in America today. And so I say to the +AARP, I respect the theme of this conference. I ask you to live it. +I ask you to go home and ask your fellow Americans to reach across +generational lines. As I said at the beginning, I was raised by my +grandparents until I was four. I spent a lot of time with my +great-grandparents who lived out in the country in what would be +called a shack today. They were poor, but they were loving and +strong people. They made me feel loved and know discipline. They +gave me self-esteem and respect for others. In the governor's +office in Arkansas, I've got a picture of my grandmother in grade +school in 1916, a picture a my grandfather at the furnace of a +sawmill in 1923, a picture of my great-grandfather holding my hand +in a hospital room in 1952. It's a long way in America from the +photographs I have on my wall to our meanest streets where children +don't know who their grandparents are, too often have to worry +about their parents' own behavior and even drug abuse, and where +too many join gangs to find the extended family I knew naturally as +a child. America's future needs an investment of your time as well +as money. America's children need grandparents, even if they are +not their own. I want to lift the earnings limit on Social Security +but I know our Social Security depends on your time being given +over to more than earnings. The elderly people of this country +could revolutionize the lives of troubled children of America +through volunteer programs in schools and communities all across +this land. For America is a dream every child must cherish, a +promise every generation must keep, a legacy we must leave to our +children and our grandchildren. And so I challenge you not only to +fight and strive and struggle to save social security, but also to +preserve, protect and defend the security of our children; to fight +not only to keep medicare strong and stable but to make our economy +grow and prosper; to work not only to keep older Americans out of +poverty but to lift our children up as well. Support programs that +reflect our shared values, putting the future ahead of the present, +moving people from welfare to work, establishing tough child +support, lifting the working poor, creating a new system of +national service for college education and more. Work, family, +future -- that is what we must honor and reward. Together we can +end this era of every person for himself and begin the era of we're +all in this together. Together we can do for America, what America +did for Europe and Japan at the end of World War II: build a +prosperous and powerful new economy with millions of new jobs and +dozens of new industries with people who are healthy and strong, +and children who believe the future will be better than the +present. Most of all, we can leave our children a nation that is +stronger, freer and richer than the one we inherited. That must, in +the end, be the true measure of our legacy as Americans: did we +leave this world better than we found it? Today, the answer would +be no, tomorrow the answer can be yes. It is that question on which +this coming election depends. Thank you, and God bless you all. +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/abecant.txt b/politicalTextFiles/abecant.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82d7068 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/abecant.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +THE 10 "CANNOTS" BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN + +"You cannot build character and courage + by taking away man's initiative and independence." + +"You cannot help small men + by tearing down big men." + +"You cannot strengthen the weak + by weakening the strong." + +"You cannot lift the wage earner + by pulling down the wage payer." + +"You cannot help the poor man + by destroying the rich." + +"You cannot keep out of trouble + by spending more than your income." + +"You cannot further the brotherhood of man + by initiating class hatred." + +"You cannot establish security + on borrowed money." + +"You cannot bring about prosperity + by discouraging thrift." + +"You cannot help men permanently + by doing for them + what they could and should + do for themselves." + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/abortion.txt b/politicalTextFiles/abortion.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b59575f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/abortion.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7736 @@ + 119 page printout + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + This file, its printout, or copies of either + are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + +Big Blue Book No. 474 + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + by + Martin Avery + (non de plume) + + Intimate Sidelights on the Secret Human, Sorrow, Drama and +Tragedy in the Experience of a Doctor Whose Profession It Is To +Perform Illegal Operations. + 1939 + + Haldeman-Julius Company + GIRARD -- : -- KANSAS + + 1. EARLY DAYS AND IDEAS + + Sometimes I find myself thinking wistfully of the days when I +was young and sure of myself and my future, when I thought the +solid ground under my feet was a foundation for an air castle and +when right and wrong were very definite things, and black was black +and white was white and I would have nothing to do with gray. + + I had no such regrets, of course, when first I gloated +childishly over the neat little black and gold sign that announced +to the world that Martin Avery was a doctor of medicine and ready +to practice. I admired my small library of medical textbooks, my +shiny surgical instruments and I repeated over and over the +sonorous words of the oath I had taken. Much has happened to me +since then, much that I somehow feel compelled to put on paper. +Perhaps even after these years I want to prove that in my way I +have tried to be faithful to my youthful ideas. + + So this is a human-interest document designed to show troubled +women that they have companions in distress, I shall not clutter it +up with medical terms. I have no patience with doctors who think +they must sprinkle Latin in every sentence and generally talk as +though they were dictating a highly technical article for a medical +journal. I am not trying to be impressive nor am I trying to +preach. This book might be called "Sidelights on Tragedy." If it +will make a few less persons look disdainful or horrified at the +word "abortion," I will have succeeded in my purpose. + + I must have been a somewhat priggish Sir Galahad when I was +graduated from medical school. I saw myself curing the world of +nice, respectable diseases like measles and smallpox and perhaps +halting epidemics by quickness of thought or saving a rich man's +life by my miraculous skill as a surgeon. + + I had lived a fairly clean life, almost unbelievably clean it +seems to me now. But then I never had much money. My people were +farmers. That accounted for part of my pride. I thought Myself +mighty smart to be going up a rung in the ladder, from peasant to +professional man. Sometimes I thought it would be nice if I had a + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +physician father to take me in with him and a long line of medical +ancestor's to give me an honorable tradition. But at the same time +my egotism fed itself on the thought that I was the first of my +family to have guts and ambition and brains enough to escape the +soil for a white-collar profession. + + I liked to hear my mother refer proudly to "My son, the +doctor," and I liked to strut around in front of the neighbors. To +be sure, the white collar and the shiny instruments and even the +neat little office were mortgaged to my father, whose dirt- +encrusted hands had earned the money that sent me through school. +But I had visions of grateful patients showering me with gold. I +was an idealist in those days and I had plenty of illusions, too. + + The sad thing about my office was that it stayed empty as did +likewise my purse. I angled after connections as hotel physician, +and I tried to get a job as a city clinic doctor; but I had no +political pull, and, being a farm boy, no influence in any other +lines. Most of my few patients had little money and came to me +because they believed I would be cheap. + + So for a while I pursued my honorable profession by lancing a +few boils, prescribing for a few bad hangovers, treating a child +for a nail wound, issuing headache pills to a woman who went from +doctor to doctor seeking an audience for her complaints and dishing +out enough medicine for common colds to stock a drug store. I was +so anxious to display all my knowledge that I went in for complete +examinations no matter how trifling the complaint, tried to look +wise, clucked thoughtfully and shook my head. + + At times I wished to high heaven that I lived in England, +where I could buy a steady practice and not have to sit in my +office reading and re-reading medical journal's and wondering if +I'd soon lose any surgical skill I possessed for lack of practice. + + It amuses me now to recall how I felt when I first treated a +house girl who had gonorrhea. I treated the girl, and then gave her +a lecture in which, as I recall, I told her that because of my oath +I would protect her secret but that she was running a horrible +risk. I know now that she must have been choking with laughter, but +at the time I thought that she was mightily impressed. And I felt +quite the man of the world. In fact, I made up some impressive -- +to me -- thoughts about how my profession brought me in contact +with the dregs of the world and how it was up to me to maintain my +purity of thought in spite of all the depravity I was forced to +see. I meant to deliver these noble sentiments to a pure sweet girl +whenever my practice grew enough that I could afford to seek this +marvelous woman who would be chosen as my wife. + + I still had this holier-than-thou attitude when a very pretty +blonde came to see me. She looked like a "nice girl," and this +shocked me all the more when she told me, in a frightened way, that +she was "caught" and she wanted an abortion. Her father was dead, +and she lived with her mother and her brother, a prominent +businessman in the town. I had heard of the girl as a well-known +college student and a gay member of the younger set. She was not a +social luminary, but she was a class ahead of me. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I made the finger examination and there was no doubt that she +was pregnant -- about two months along. She wanted a +"prescription," she said. She was ignorant about such things, but +a friend had told her that for a few dollars she could buy some +medicine that would cause a miscarriage. + + It seems odd to realize that I was shocked about this. I had +heard of girls who were "knocked up" and did something about it. +There had been plenty of such gossip in the farming community where +I had lived, and I'd heard methods of causing crude abortions +discussed among the medical students. In fact, I knew one medical +student who worked his way through his senior year as an +abortionist among the lower classes of the university town. He had +told me something about the method he had used, but I had paid +little attention and had disapproved of the whole business. + + I was stern and righteous with this girl and asked her why she +did not marry the man. + + She burst into tears. "I can't," she said. + + "Is he married?" I asked. + + She shook her head. + + "Engaged to another man?" I asked. Those were the only two +reasons that my mid-Victorian mind could conceive why any man would +refuse to marry her. + + "No," she said, "but he says that it is my fault. And I guess +it is. He asked me if I were doing anything about this, and I +suppose I was a fool, for I said that I was. I didn't know anything +to do. I asked a girl I know, and she told me to take a douche +anytime within 24 hours." + + Dumb as I was, I was shocked at this ignorance. Bit by bit she +unfolded a story that was new and pitiful to me then but which I +have heard so often since that I can supply it before the girl +opens her mouth. + + Katherine, as I shall call her, had fallen in love with a man +about seven years older than herself, a bachelor businessman. She +had gone absolutely crazy about him. + + The man was the sort who likes sexual freedom and gets panicky +at the thought of marriage. He had given Katherine a big rush, for, +of all reasons, her look of wholesomeness. He had said that she had +a "wholesome attitude" toward sex. As a matter of fact, she was too +deeply infatuated to have any definite attitude except to agree +with everything he said. A man's idea of a wholesome attitude +toward sex usually is one that leaves him absolutely free, while a +woman's idea is one that leads inevitably toward marriage. + + Because she wanted to appear worldly-wise, she denied being a +virgin. I was astounded to hear that, but I learned afterward that +a great many young girls do the same thing. Frequently they +themselves cannot explain why. Almost invariably, it is when they + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +are having affairs with older men. They seem to believe that the +man will wonder why they have not had affairs before and will think +less of them. So they try to disguise their awkwardness and +ignorance; and since many athletic girls do not have hymens, the +man does not find it out. + + Katherine had talked vaguely about an imaginary previous +affair. She seemed to think that it would make her more interesting +if the man believed she was sexually experienced and had been +desired before. "A lot of men had made overtures to me," she told +me. "but I had managed to evade them. I knew that Don had had a lot +of affairs and told him some lies so he wouldn't think I was quite +so dumb." + + This, of course, released the man from any feeling of +responsibility and had also made him think that she knew about +contraceptives and could take care of herself. And she was too +inexperienced to know whether he was protecting her. It was an +example of the dangers of innocence and where ignorance was not +bliss. + + Naturally, when she did not insist that the man use +contraceptives, he omitted them. She told me that when she learned +she was pregnant, she had explained the situation to him and he had +advised her to go to a doctor. But I think now that she lied. A lot +of girls are overwhelmed with false modesty in such circumstances +and will go instead to girls as inexperienced as they are. Having +pretended to be worldly-wise, they are caught in a web of their own +lies. + + This girl was not as stupid as she seems in this narrative. +She had sense enough to realize just what type of man she loved. +Apparently he had made it plain that he did not intend to marry her +and he expected her to take her full share of the responsibility in +this affair. She couldn't tell her mother because mother was the +type who would "rather See her daughter in her grave" than have an +abortion and she probably would try to force the man into a shotgun +marriage. Katherine was sensible enough to see that the man would +evade this, or if he married her, would hate her for the trick. +Too, since she had lied to him about her virginity, she had thrown +away that hold. + + So she had gone to a girl friend and the girl had said +something about a mysterious medicine that would cause her to +resume menstruation. Then she had come to me, for, of all reasons, +the fact that she did not know me and I was new in town. She did +not want to go to her family doctor or any physician whom she knew. + + It was a case of the blind going to the blind. I was horrified +and told her that, of course, I could not perform an abortion I had +heard about some of the drastic medicines given in such cases and +I warned her against them. I told her that I could go to prison for +doing what she wanted, and I was against such things personally. I +probably sounded fierce, for I was afraid someone would find out +that she'd been to me with such a request, and I feared even that +would get me into trouble. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She left me a great deal more frightened than when she +arrived. I had told her that no decent doctor would perform an +abortion. And I had scared her pretty badly about using any home +devices. Also I'd added a little homily on her 'sins. I should have +been shot, but I felt righteous about the whole business. She had +some money. She'd been teaching school and saved several hundred +dollars and she offered me the whole sum if I would get her out of +the jam. I needed the money, but I felt a virtuous glow over +turning it down. I was living up to medical ethics. I was being a +good citizen and an honorable physician. + + So she went away, and I settled back in my empty office and +read medical journals and old magazines and treated a few persons +who came in with colds and indigestion. + + The next day her name leaped at me from the front page of the +daily newspaper. Her body had been found on the doorstep of her +home, at one o'clock that morning, by her brother as he was +returning from a dance. She had shot herself, and she died in the +ambulance on the way to, the hospital. + + The newspaper account said she had resigned her position as a +teacher because of a nervous breakdown culminating when she fainted +in the class room. Her relatives had noticed that she seemed very +nervous, refused to eat and was unable to sleep at night. They had +tried, without success, to arouse her interest in social life. She +had left no note -- just gone out in the yard and shot herself with +her brother's revolver. + + There followed several paragraphs telling how prominent and +popular she had been in school, how she had a promising future as +a teacher. Her family was. grief-stricken. + + It shook me pretty badly. I tried to console myself by saying +that she had not threatened suicide to me, that I was within my +rights, in refusing to help her, and it was unfair of her to ask me +to risk my future by performing an illegal operation. + + But I kept seeing that description of her. "She was a pretty +blonde girl. College mates described her as always being full of +fun and active in all school enterprises." She had belonged to +several clubs. I wondered which sorority sister had advised her to +"get a prescription." + + I wondered how her lover felt. I was filled with sudden hatred +for him, taking this young girl easily and selfishly and ruining +her life, talking to her glibly about her "wholesome attitude +toward sex." Now she was dead, and innuendoes would be whispered +about her nervous condition and her fainting spells and her lack of +appetite and her insomnia. Her relatives would feel bad about it. +It might even ruin their lives, too. Of course, her puritanical +relatives were partly to blame. Had they been more tolerant, they +would have helped her. It was her own fault, too, for being so +careless. She had trusted people and life too much. She had been +too confident in the decency of others. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + In the back of my head there was a nagging thought that I, +too, was to blame. I might have found someone else to help her. I +might have made arrangements. I was not so stupid that I did not +know of a doctor whose legitimate practice was small but who, drove +around in a big car with a chauffeur and had plenty of money. It +was common talk that he did a lot of illegal operations. He was a +pretty good surgeon, too. + + It was all a mess, and I resented being dragged into it, and +being made to feel guilty over the death of a strange girl. + + + II. MY FAMILY SPEAKS + + I went out in the country to see my family every Sunday. This +meant that I got a good meal and my depressed spirits were helped +by my mother's soothing prediction that soon her boy's practice +would pick up. + + The next Sunday the conversation happened to turn to the +suicide of Katherine J--. + + "The poor girl," my mother said. "Sounds like she was in the +family way." + + She clucked her tongue sympathetically. "I wish you had seen +her," she said. "If she'd come to you, you could have sent her to +old Ma Gooding, the one folks call Feather Sally, because she uses +a goose feather. Lots of good doctor's send patients to Feather +Sally, and she's never lost a one. Good money she makes, too." + + I was shocked. + + "She did come to me," I said indignantly, "waving her money in +my face as if I were a quack she could buy with a few hundred +dollars. But I refused to have anything to do with it. That's a +prison offense." + + My mother looked at me queerly. "And it's no prison offense to +drive a girl to suicide?" she asked. + + "It was her own lookout," I said, "She couldn't expect me to +risk my future with a criminal operation in order to get her out of +a jam." + + "If you keep on turning down hundred-dollar fees, it doesn't +look as if you're going to have much future," my father said dryly. +"The drought hit us pretty bad son, and we're needing money out +here, too. Doesn't pay to be too choosy about how you earn it. Old +Doc Kennedy over at Clear Creek makes plenty of money that way. +Specializes in it. You'd be surprised to know the names of some of +his patients, too." + + I felt like a badgered animal. It was not until years later +that I realized that only youth is moral in the accepted way. Youth +judges more severely and expects more rigid living up to standards. +Old age is more tolerant; it has learned to compromise and give +only lip-service to awkward convention. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + And like most youths I had the idea that my parents were very +strict. It was a shock, now that they had admitted me to adulthood, +to learn some of their views. + + "Folks call it murder," sniffed my mother. "Ain't hardly +nothing more'n a germ at first. Ain't no more murder than doin' +something aforehand to keep from having children. As far as that +goes, it ain't really no more murder than bein' an old maid and not +havin' nothin' to do with man at all. If you want to argue, you can +always say that every woman could bear a child, and it's murder if +She don't do it. Talk about the child's right to be born! The child +ain't saying nothin' about it. How do all these preacher's know the +child wants to be born. I've seen some cases where if the child +knew what was coming to him afterward he wouldn't want to be born. +Her voice softened. "Poor unwanted little mites. No money and no +name and not much chance in the world." + + "It was a case of professional ethics, mother," I said. "Of +course, quack doctors do a lot of underhanded business. And +probably they risk the girl's life by crude methods. But good +doctors avoid such things." + + "Maybe," 'sniffed my mother. + + "Some of these days the laws may be changed," I said, "and +birth-control methods and abortions may be legalized. But until +then, I must obey my oath and abide by the medical code." + + This did not impress my parents. Country people are not much +in favor of laws. Laws to them mean disagreeable taxes, game laws +which preserve the quail and ducks for the benefit of city folks +who swarm over the land, shooting at everything that appears on the +horizon, foreclosing of mortgages and other unpleasant +interferences with their lives. + + "Human beings come before laws," my mother said. "Some of +these laws are made by folks who want to kick others in the gutter +so's to make themselves seem higher up. I ain't never had no use +for such folks. Pull themselves up by pushing others down. I've +known some mighty good women who had convenient miscarriages and +women who were in trouble and later on made fine marriages and good +wives." + + She sighed. "If I'd known that poor girl, maybe I could have +told her something to do. They're more ways of killing a cat than +choking it with butter." + + My father laughed. "Ma could tell her," he said. "She'd have +had her jumping off porches and riding houses and merry-go-rounds +and climbing up and down stairs and taking hot baths and purgatives +and God knows what all." + + My mother smiled. "That's all right for you," she said. "Many +a time you've been thankful I wasn't so green." + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "I never could stand to see a poor young girl bringin' a +fatherless babe into the world," my mother went on. "Of course, +sometimes they love the children just as much as if they were born +in wedlock and sometimes they make good marriages later on. But the +run of folks are hard on them, and it's bad trying to live down +your mistakes." + + My father, however, was more upset by the idea that I had let +a hundred or so dollars slip out of my hands because of ethics. + + "It's dangerous," I said. "Suppose I'd done a bad job and +she'd died because of the operation. Her folks would claim that I +murdered her." + + "She killed herself anyhow, didn't she?" my father said. +"Looks to me like it's six of one and a half-dozen of the other." + + It was a relief for me to get back to my bare room in a cheap +Lodging house in the city. My pleased glow of virtue had departed, +and I remembered the boy who had worked his way through school with +abortions and a young interne who frankly had announced that he +meant to specialize in illegal operations. + + "They're the easiest way for a young doctor to get started," +he had said. "And they're no more dangerous than, performing any +other operations. I'll wait until I get a little money saved and +then I'll be respectable. It takes money to be high and mighty." + + Some nagging prick of conscience forced me to go to Katherine +J's funeral. I eyed her weeping relatives with scorn. A little of +the love they were parading in public would have saved the girl's +life if they had exercised it in private. Some of the money that +went into the flower's, the elaborate coffin, the big monument, +could have sent the girl away on a "vacation" and brought her back +whole in body, and presently her heart would be healed. Later on, +I was to learn that while broken hearts cannot be cured by a +doctor, a little surgical or medical aid for the by-products helps +along a lot. + + Since then I've seen many girls, who were as tragic in speech +as Katherine, laugh about the whole episode a year later. By then +they had put it down as a valuable lesson and forgotten the horror +and fear they first felt. + + After the funeral, I drifted into a coffee shop and +encountered a doctor I admired. + + "You look low," he remarked. + + "I've been to a funeral," I said, and gave the girl's name. + + He nodded. "Nasty business. I suppose it's the old story." +"Yes," I looked at him. "I guess you see plenty of them," I went +on. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Not so many now," he said. "I get about two patients a year +who want abortions. I got more of them when I first started to +practice. I guess they thought that, being a young doctor, I'd need +the money. But luckily I made money from the start. I had plenty of +friends, and so I didn't need to take the risk." + + "What do you do about the ones who come to you now?" I blurted +out. + + He gave me a keen glance. "Give them an examination and tell +them whether they're really pregnant. Chances are they're only +delayed by something. Up until three months, it's not easy to tell, +especially with the finger examination." + + This, it might be added, was before the rabbit test was widely +used. Nowadays it is possible to tell immediately by injecting +urine, into the rabbit and examining its ovaries 36 hour's later. + + "Then," the doctor went on, "I say nothing more unless the +Patient obviously is ignorant of anything to do, I may drop a hint +about the proper doctor to go to. Usually I don't do this, because +most people have ways of finding that out for themselves. However, +of course you know that some doctors make a good deal of money with +such recommendations and split fees. If I do drop a hint, I make +sure that I can trust the doctor." + + "It's a problem," I said frankly, "I've been wondering what to +do about such business. People come to me for medical aid and I +have to refuse treatment. We are permitted to treat venereal +diseases and we can be called in after miscarriage --" + + He grinned. "Of course. You know the stock alibi. You were +called in, and it was obvious that something had been done to cause +a partial abortion and your aid was needed to save the girl's life. +As soon as the uterus is punctured or the fetus is expelled, the +abortion is a fact. No one can prove anything against you as long +as you and the patient keep mum." + + "Understand," he went on. "I'm not taking sides. I'm not the +type of doctor that crusades for birth-control legislation. A +successful doctor -- of my variety -- can't afford to. I admire the +kind of doctor who does -- but he usually doesn't make any money. +Whenever anyone asks me, I give them what birth-control data I can, +which isn't much. Anyhow, they probably won't follow instructions." + + "Maybe the laws will be changed," I suggested. + + "I'm not very hopeful about legislative reform," he said. "In +my opinion, the whole business will work out for itself. +Information will be spread more widely. To me, it seem's better to +send a girl to a good surgeon than to let her get an infection by +going to a quack or trying some crude home method. I knew one poor +girl whose sweetheart kicked her in the abdomen and almost killed +her." + + "Of course," I said weakly. "It's the women's fault." + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "I blame the men more. Some of these men are just like +animals. They don't give a damn what happens to the woman. They may +know all about contraceptives; but they don't want to use them, and +some of them think it's fun to fool the woman. But even those men +aren't so bad as the ones who carry disease and won't warn the girl +or take any precautions. A girl may escape pregnancy but she'll +probably get a dose. I'd Like to see all venereal-disease carriers +quarantined or branded. And if they're incurable, they ought to be +sterilized or shut up." + + I grinned to myself. The doctor, in spite of his suave +exterior, was like all good doctors, a bit of a crusader when you +got him on his pet subject. + + "They send habitual criminals to prison," he went on. "But a +man can get dose after dose of a disease and remain at large. He's +just as dangerous, if not more so, to the community than a habitual +burglar. He's worse, in my opinion. A burglar only rob's people +who've got plenty of dough. But a man probably will give a dose to +some poor dumb girl who hasn't sense or money enough to get proper +treatment, and she may die or be ruined for life. Reformers talk +about sterilization of criminals and the insane, but I'm in favor +of sterilization of any man who's had a disease more than twice. A +man can get a dose once without really being to blame. But if he's +got any sense, he takes care of himself after that." + + He seemed to weary of the subject then, and I went home a +mighty thoughtful young doctor. I'd been so busy passing exams and +skimping along on my allowance that I'd never gone in for many bull +session's. Anyhow, a lot of the stuff that we talked at medical +school seemed haywire now. I'd gone around with a bunch of young +idealists who talked about being second Pasteur's and great +surgeons and doing good for humanity and in the back of my mind I'd +always seen myself saving a millionaire's life and bringing young +beauties back from sure death by tuberculosis. + + But I was getting rid of my fancy ideas mighty fast. + + + III. I TAKE A CASE + + Two or three days after my talk with the old doctor, a well +dressed man came into my office. + + "There'll be a girl up here pretty soon for treatment for +gonorrhea," he said bluntly. "I'm paying for it. She's a dumb cluck +who got mixed up with one of my employees. He won't pay for it, but +something had to be done for the girl, and I told her I'd have her +cured if she wouldn't see him again.' You fix her up and send me +the bill. I don't want to give the girl the money because she might +spend it on something else or quit after one treatment. See that +she's clean, but if she comes back with another dose I won't be +responsible for any more bills." + + He gave me his card and the girl's name. He was managing +editor of one of the local newspapers. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "See if you can get any sense into her head," he added. "I +don't want any more trouble with her." + + He went out then, looking irritated, and I grinned. I figured +it was one of those "A-friend-of-mine" stories in which the +personal pronoun is soon brought into play. I wondered a little why +he told such a clumsy lie. + + But when the girl came in, half-frightened, half-angry, I +learned his story was the truth. + + One of the reporters had seduced the girl, whom I shall call +June. She was a pretty business-college student, dumb but +attractive in a virginal fashion. It may have been that very docile +innocence that attracted the man. He played around with a +sophisticated, hard-drinking crowd and it probably was, amusing to +find a girl who didn't know the ropes, didn't drink, didn't smoke, + + June, on the other hand, had heard about Jim, the reporter, +and she was fascinated by his reputation as a dapper man-about- +town. Jim was a handsome and entertaining scoundrel. He said that +he did not know she was a virgin until he had already started the +sex act. This may have been true, but it did not stop him then. + + Afterward, he either was conscience-stricken or decided that +it was dangerous to play around with her. Innocence may be +dangerous not only to the girl but to the man. At any rate, he did +not see her for about a month. + + But June was seized by the crazy infatuation which many young +girls feel for their first lovers. She telephoned Jim, she wrote +him notes asking why he was angry with her, what had she done? She +wept. She reminded him that, although a virgin, she had gone to bed +with him. + + Jim told his boas that he firmly intended to stay away from +June. Whether he was deeply attracted and some remnants of chivalry +motivated his refusal to see her or whether she bored him, I don't +know. But in the meantime he had been playing around with girls +equally dumb but not so innocent, and he got gonorrhea. He was +forced to tell his wife and to refrain from any intercourse with +her. But apparently his scruples did not apply to the young girl he +had seduced, for he went back to her. She got the disease and the +whole thing began again with the girl pursuing the reporter and +asking for medical treatment. The badgered newsman had gone to his +editor for sympathy. + + But his editor cursed him and told him to do something to keep +June from calling the office and coming down to the newsroom. Jim +refused, saying that he didn't have the money and anyhow the girl +had been with plenty of other men since he first seduced her. +Whether this was true, I do not know. It may have been. Frequently +girls who have just lost their virginity become promiscuous if +their first lovers desert them. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Such girls seem to feel that since, they have lost their much- +guarded chastity it doesn't make much difference what they do and +they weakly succumb to any man who comes along. It takes some time +for the girls to recover their emotional balance and become +discriminating. June denied that she had been with any other men. +And Jim admitted that he was diseased when he was with her. + + So the editor went to June and agreed to pay for her +treatments if she would promise never to see any of his reporters +again. She was grateful but at the same time she was a little +indignant about it. The editor had not minced words in describing +her lover, and she resented being forced to face the fact that +there was no romance in her seduction. She wanted the treatments, +but at the same time she would have liked to save her vanity. + + Since then, I have noticed the same traits in many girls. They +will try to find excuses for their first lovers, and say that it +"wasn't all his fault." They generally have remarkably few +illusion's about later lovers, but they want a little glamour over +the first affair. + + One intelligent girl talked to me about it. "It's a matter of +vanity for women to lie to themselves about their sweethearts," she +remarked. "The worst thing about breaking up an affair is that I +finally have to admit to myself that I have been kidding myself all +along. You see, I know that I am only an average girl and therefore +will attract only an average man. I know there are exceptions, and +sometimes you see a fine man absolutely crazy about a very +commonplace girl. But I, of course, have an ideal man in mind. +Whenever a man falls in love with me, I try to see my ideal +characteristics in him and I exaggerate those I do find. I try to +convince myself and my friends that he's a better man than he is. +When we break up, I have to see him as himself. That hurts, because +it shows me that I'm not attractive enough to get the sort of man +I want and hold him." + + But to go back to June. I sent my bill in to the editor and he +paid it promptly. June's spirits grew better as her cure +progressed. This time I gave no lecture on morals. Instead I tried +to teach her a few principles of hygiene. + + "Listen," I said, when I had pronounced her cured, "there is +no Santa Claus in this sex business, even if your case does look +like it. You were darned lucky. There are not many men who would do +for you what this editor did. It wasn't for the good of his soul, +either. He couldn't afford to have one of his men in a jam. So +don't go around expecting good Samaritans to yank you out of the +gutter. And don't try to get out of your class. You thought it was +romantic to have a love affair with a social butterfly, a dashing +columnist. But look what happened. A stranger got you out of your +jam. He did it because you were making a nuisance of yourself. If +you'd been in this guy's class, he would have taken more +precautions. He didn't give his wife a dose, but he figured you +didn't count. And to him you didn't. So you play in your own back +yard." + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She nodded. Later she married a clerk and they have three or +four kids. I don't know whither she ever told him about her first +affair. If she was smart, she didn't. + + The editor was pleased, because she kept away from his men And +two or three weeks later he sent me an abortion. This time didn't +quibble, I did it. + + IV. WHY I AM AN ABORTIONIST + + Since then I've performed hundreds of abortions and when I did +all the work I've had no fatalities. Of course, I've been called in +on bungled jobs when it was too late; there was infection or a +hemorrhage and death was a matter of hours. + + I have changed from the surgical operation, in which the womb +was scraped, to use of heat, bacteria and exercise to cause a +natural premature birth with very little danger. I discarded the +finger test for the rabbit test of pregnancy. My prices went up as +the danger went down. + + I don't regret the fact that I have risked prison terms +constantly. As I went up the financial scale, I tried to use more +discrimination and to work for the sake of humanity. I have refused +to abort young society women who merely wanted to save their +figures, who shrank from the responsibilities of children. I have +turned away young women who could afford to marry and who I felt, +should mate legally and carry on the race. I have seen women whom +I felt needed children to make their lives fuller and who were +merely lazy or afraid of pain. And I have performed operations +later regretted by the women when they wanted children and for some +reason could not have them. That has made me more careful. + + I am not bragging that I really made the world better. I am an +older man now and a little tired and a bit inclined to be cynical. +Perhaps all these things would have worked out anyhow. But I +believe that I have saved valuable members of the race from +disgrace or from suicide, that I have kept families from being +wrecked. And I have not had a repeat case in years, + + The reformers argue that we must pay for our sins. But I do +not know that I agree with their definition of sin. There are times +when our instincts are too strong for us. There are accidents. +There are many cases in which it does not seem to me that I should +judge. I do not believe in populating the world with unwanted +children. I do not like to see the women suffer when the man +escapes without even blame. If there is some disease or some taint +of insanity, I do not believe in allowing the child to be born. And +if the birth of the child is going to wreck even one adult life, it +seems to me kinder to stop it. The people who yell "child murder" +have almost invariably never been faced with the problem. + + Criminologists say that crime is caused by children being born +into families where they have no opportunity for proper upbringing. +The children turn to stealing to get money for luxuries, even +necessities. They run in the streets because they have no +playgrounds. Their minds are warped in childhood. I believe it to + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +be an act of crime prevention to halt any such children coming into +the world with the stigma of illegitimacy and a mother who is going +to have a much harder time making a living after the child is born. + + I am always irritated when I hear politicians talk about as +being the only land of equal opportunity. It isn't. Illegitimate +children had far better chances in the medieval days when "natural" +sons and daughters were the "natural" thing. + + I have never been in favor of forced marriages. In this +complex world the married couple starts out with enough problems +without being handicapped by an unwanted child and probably +unwanted mates. + + A great many cases have been like that of poor June, who fell +in love with a married man of a class slightly superior to her own. +Had she been slightly above him socially, the chances are that the +man would have obtained a divorce and married her. At least he +would have given her much better treatment. I get many girls who +have had affairs with their employer's, either married or +unmarried. The men do not want to marry them. Frequently they blame +the girl, for a great many men seem to think that it is up to the +girl to protect herself. + + I have heard men who considered themselves ethical in sexual +matters say that they believe the women should protect themselves. +Some of them excuse this by saying that women cannot trust the men +and so they must get accustomed to taking their own precautions. +Others frankly admit that they will not use anything that +interferes with their pleasure. + + A fellow doctor, one high in his profession and a man who +gives birth-control advice to his patients, once told me that he +received his pleasure from the thought of the risk. + + "If my wife is even a week pregnant, my pleasure is gone," he +said. "And I wouldn't touch a woman if I knew she was using any +sort of protective device. Man is still primitive enough to want +copulation for conception." + + He might have added that man is still primitive enough to want +to shirk all responsibility for the act and perhaps civilized +enough to regret any consequences. + + For these reasons I advise my women patients to take their own +precautions. One girl told me that she was shocked when her lover +asked her if she never used any contraceptive devices. He had made +love to her several times and she thought that he was protecting +her. She came to me for a pregnancy test. Fortunately she was all +right. But she was indignant and disgusted with the man. + + "I thought he was a swell fellow," she said. "I'd had only one +love affair and then the man took care of everything and I supposed +this man would do the same. He's shocked now because I won't see +him any more. But I hate to ask him to do anything and I'm afraid + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +to risk dating him unless this is arranged beforehand. Suppose I +get a little tight? Anyhow, I can't carry around a medical kit when +I go on a date. And it's more awkward for the girl to do such +things than for the boy." + + She laughed a little self-consciously. "It sounds silly to +talk about modesty at a time like this. But these affairs usually +aren't deliberately planned. It's one thing for a man and girl to +have a steady affair and go to a hotel room with a private bath or +to an apartment where they can have everything handy. It's quite +another thing to go to a dance and have a hot petting scene on the +way back. I take this business seriously and I'm not promiscuous. +I don't mean that I've got matrimony in my eye all the time, but if +I let a man "make" me I mean for this to be an affair of fairly +long duration and I'm fond of the man. But there has to be a first +time for it; and I'm not sure when that's coming and maybe I won't +get an opportunity to protect myself. Girls in an excited emotional +state aren't noted for using their heads." + + "And another thing," she continued. "My generation may sound +hard-boiled and as if we knew what it was all about. But most of my +girl friends are pretty dumb about sex. We think we're smart +because we keep a few college boys from "making" us. And we joke +about the trade names of contraceptives, but you'd be surprised how +little practical knowledge most young girls have. A girl told me +the other day that she'd die of shame before she'd go to a doctor +and ask him about feminine hygiene. I told her that she might die +of shame if she didn't. There are a lot of jokes about how a girl +can't be raped, but if she's a little tight she hasn't got much +resistance. And most girls get panicky when they find themselves in +a difficult situation." + + The answer to all this of course would be that a girl who +can't take care of herself shouldn't take a drink and shouldn't go +out with men she can't trust. But at the same time it seems to me +that men would find it easier and better to use a little +discretion. Where do they expect the girls to get any knowledge of +birth Control? Their mothers certainly aren't going to tell them -- +not if they're nice girls. The girls are afraid to ask a doctor. +The other girls they know are just as dumb. They can't believe the +advertisements they read -- if they do they'll probably get caught, +either because they don't follow the direction's or because the +stuff isn't any good. They may ruin themselves with too strong +douches or they may trust some preparation applied too long before +or too long after the sex act. + + Anyhow, the girl usually wants this whole business sentimental +and glamorous. She wants to be swept off her feet. Otherwise she +feels a little guilty about it. So she doesn't precede her moment +of grand passion with a questionnaire on hygiene. Furthermore, the +inexperienced girl has no way of knowing whether she can trust a +man. Usually she finds out that she can't when it's too late. + + A lot of the fault lies with young boys who got their first +sex experiences with older women who knew enough to guard +themselves, or with prostitutes. From the talk of youths who come +into my office, I've decided that they don't have sense enough to +take care of themselves let alone protect the girl. They're not + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +bothered by false modesty, but a lot of them think it's smart to +fool the girls, either by lying to them or using some cheap trick +to make their precautions useless. The older men have more sense, +but some of them are selfish and not much concerned with protecting +a girl, or they find it hard to believe that a young woman can be +ignorant of matters so vital to her. + + I haven't any answer to the problem. Gradually hygiene classes +are becoming more liberal, but they still fall far short of what is +necessary. Doctors do what they can, but we can't go from house to +house instructing girls and boys. Like lawyers, we're usually +called in when the damage has been done. I'd like to see all high +school students given compulsory sex education. + + One doctor I know says that there should be a stiff penalty +for spreading venereal disease. I asked him how he was going to get +witnesses to testify, and I said the medical profession had better +clean house first. I pointed out that doctors have been run out of +small towns for introducing disease-stricken, cheap prostitutes who +spread the disease and brought business to the physician. + + "It's just like blackmail," I said, "The ones who are really +hurt by diseases are the nice girls, and they'd never testify +against a man. The list of men I've had in for treatment would +sound like a Who's Who of the town. You can't regulate sex. We've +just got to do the beat we can. Even if there were a fool-proof +contraceptive, which there isn't, people would forget to use it or +they wouldn't know about it, or they wouldn't believe in it." + + The most cheering thing to me is that doctors are getting more +skillful in such matters and the present generation is becoming +wiser regarding the need for knowledge. Anne, who said she would +feel foolish interrupting an ardent love scene to arrange for her +contraceptive, did not allow that false modesty to keep her from +dashing down to my office immediately for a pregnancy test instead +of waiting and worrying for several weeks until time for her +menstruation. + + More and more women are making a practice of monthly visits to +the doctor to make sure that nothing has gone wrong and to get +early aid if anything has. + + In the last few years I have had fewer women patients who had +to be told that they had waited too late; that it was too dangerous +for them to have an abortion and they'd better arrange matters so +they could have the child and have it adopted. Fewer women spend +months of mental agony hoping that something will happen to cause +a miscarriage or trying dangerous home devices. The doctor's bill +may sound steep, but it's cheaper than risking an injury by home +use of sharp instruments or by violent blows in the abdomen. + + I get more women whose menstruation has merely been delayed by +natural causes but who know it is wise to go to a doctor as soon as +they are a week or 10 days overdue. A hot bath, a few drinks, a +strong purgative or a simple prescription saves them from a lot of +worry and from dangerous patent remedies. A woman who is +persistently irregular needs medical treatment, anyhow. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + While I admire these self-reliant young women, I see a danger +in their new attitude. I do not mean the risk of promiscuity that +moralists raise whenever the birth-control question comes up. +Promiscuity, I believe, is a matter of taste and character and not +knowledge. Too, a woman who takes the trouble to inform herself on +these matters and who spends money to protect herself is going to +be smart enough to use discrimination. She's not going to be as +casual as the dumb girl who doesn't know what she's getting into. + + Nor do I howl race-suicide and say that the country will go to +the dogs because all the big families are in the lower classes. The +lower classes have always had big families. Let them share in the +knowledge, too. Many of the women would be grateful for birth- +control data. + + But I will give you an example. Not long ago a young girl came +in to see me. She was about 29, attractive, intelligent, earning +her own living. She wanted an abortion. She had the money to pay +for it and she said she wanted the best one she could get. + + I always ask the history of these cases, but it happened that +I knew this girl. Her lover was a young businessman in the same +town, handsome, healthy and with a promising future. + + "Why don't you marry, Dorothy, and have this child?" I asked. +"I know that when you started this affair your lover was still +married, although he was separated from his wife and the divorce +was pending. But now there's no obstacle to marriage. You're both +earning good salaries. You could afford a child. It would be better +for you. It isn't natural for two adults such as you and Bruce to +continue living with your families and have a clandestine +relationship. It's hard on you. It's making you nervous." + + She shrugged her shoulders. "I know," she said. "But Bruce is +panicky about marriage. He had one, and it failed. And he hates +responsibility. I'm not sure that I'd be a good wife, either. I +don't want children and I hate domesticity." + + "You're spoiled," I told her. "And even if it weren't for the +child, you ought to marry. Marriage isn't such an outdated +institution as you young folks seem to believe. There are plenty of +reasons for it, especially from the woman's standpoint. You've got +too much to risk. Here you are sneaking into my office and jumping +whenever you hear a door slam. And if I do this, you'll have to +stay in hiding for about 10 days, I don't think there's any danger, +because you're a healthy young woman. But you'll have to keep it a +secret, of course, and that's going to be a strain." + + "I know all that, too," she replied. "But Bruce and I agreed +long ago that if anything happened I was to get an abortion and +we'd split the expenses. I can't go back on that now. I'm not going +to pull the weeping-woman stunt and sandbag him into marriage. I'll +admit I'd like to be married. I'm tired of this hole-in-the-corner +business. I'm as much to blame as Bruce is for what's happened and +I'm not going to have him suspect that I arranged this to trick him +into marriage." + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "You don't need to Sandbag him, as you phrase it," I +protested. "If you're in love with each other, surely you want +something more than this. You can't go on forever having just an +affair. You can be subtle about this and arouse his sense of +possession. A lot of the happiest marriages didn't start with +romantic proposals on the bended knee. People need to have a few +responsibilities. A little encouragement and he'd be proud of the +child and proud of his marriage. And a child would hold you +together." + + "Maybe," she said, with a touch of bitterness. "And maybe not. +He had a child by his first marriage, and his wife had an abortion +when she was pregnant the second time. Children didn't hold that +marriage together. Maybe he'd be proud of me; maybe not. But I'm +too proud to make the first move. I've bragged too much about how +I, can take care of myself and how I want to stand on my own feet." + + She smiled at me. "And don't say that Bruce isn't any good +either, doctor, I happen to love him. I'll admit that he has his +faults and he's selfish. Maybe that's the fault of his first wife. +Maybe it's my fault for spoiling him. She wanted too much and asked +for it and I ask for too little. Maybe sometime we will marry. But +I'm not going to play the helpless innocent to arrange it. I don't +blame him for not wanting to marry me. His family disapproves of me +because my reputation isn't exactly unspotted. His friends don't +like me. It would make trouble if he married me -- so why should +he? This way he can take sex as an adventure." + + "It's an unhealthy state for you," I said. "You're getting to +be an emotional, nervous type." + + "I know," she interrupted impatiently, "and wondering what's +going to happen all the time doesn't make me any more calm. But +then neither does having a series of casual dates and keeping +almost strangers from 'making' me. That or an affair are the two +choices I have until some man decides to make an honest woman of +me. And i'm too proud to use any of the old gags to get a proposal. +I'm used to working as a man and getting a man's salary and being +respected as an equal." + + "You're not an equal now," I told her. "Your lover is paying +half the expenses but you are the one who'll be away from work, +who'll suffer the pain, the fear of discovery. In sex, you'll never +be man's equal. You've got to turn your weaknesses into strength. +But it's your own business, of course." + + "Sure," she said, "and if you don't want to do this, doctor, +I'll go out of town to a strange physician and use a fake name and +a fake story." + + "I'll do it," I promised, "but I don't want you back again as +a customer." + + I didn't either. At first, as I said, I did abortions for the +money in them. Later I did them because I felt I was doing the +right thing. Maybe in this case I made a mistake. The girl got +along fine. But later on she told me that after it was all over, + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +her lover said that he wished she hadn't had to do it, "And then," +she added bitterly, "he said very quickly, 'but of course I knew +that it would be impossible for you to have the child.' And I +agreed that it would have been. You see, he didn't add that he +wanted to marry me." + + But if all doctors had refused to perform the illegal +operation, he probably would have married her. And they might have +been happy. On the other hand, she might have tried some home +method and inflicted an irreparable injury. + + That's one type of patient. There was another in which I had +no qualms at all. A young teacher with a promising future came to +me. She was about 32, and did not have a very attractive face, but +she had one of the most beautiful bodies I have ever seen. And +bodies are no novelty to a doctor. + + Furthermore, she was naturally a passionate woman. But because +of her position she had to be very discreet and lead a circumspect +life. She told me that she had had sexual intercourse only two or +three times in her entire life. + + That summer she had gone to a farm to spend a week. A cousin, +who was almost an idiot, was staying there. He came into her room +one night. The teacher had one of those sudden bursts of passion +that occasionally overcome women who are forced to live suppressed +lives. She had intercourse several times with her cousin. And, +unfortunately, she was caught. + + Even had the man been fit mentally to be a father, it would +have ruined the woman's career to give birth to the child. She +would have had to marry her cousin, and that would have forced her +resignation. + + "I hate him now," she told me. "I'd rather die than marry him. +I just went crazy, that's all. And disgrace of any sort would ruin +me in my profession. I couldn't go somewhere else and start all +over again. Teachers can't do that. The Slightest stain on my +character would prevent me from getting another job." + + "Stop worrying," I said. "Everything is going to be all +right." Later on she married a fellow teacher. She came to me +before the marriage. + + "I haven't told him about it," she explained. "He knows I'm +not a virgin and he can't expect me to be -- at my age. That +doesn't make any difference. But I wonder if I should tell him the +whole story." + + "Don't," I advised her. "You paid the penalty for it. There's +no reason why you can't have children. No one can prove that you +had an abortion. Forget the whole thing." + + + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + V. THEY AREN'T SO EASY + + But those sample cases were several years after my first +abortion. I'll admit I was a little panicky then. I was an +inexperienced doctor and such operations were more dangerous then. +The death rate among women with abortions was much higher than the +deaths in childbirth. If the girl died, I would go to prison and my +life would be ruined. But I needed the money. + + "I might as well go to prison as starve," I thought, and I +went ahead. + + This girl was far different from the poor teacher who had +killed herself. A married man had got her into trouble and was +paying for her operation. She didn't seem worried about it. In +fact, she seemed rather proud of her affair with a prominent man. + + "For God's sake, try to get it through her head that this is +serious business," the intermediary said. "I know that you'll keep +your month shut, but that fool girl hasn't any sense. Tell her +she'll go to jail. Tell her anything to keep her from talking." + + Her lover was married to a wealthy woman, and it was necessary +to keep the story from the wife. + + "She'd divorce him in a minute," the editor who brought me the +case said. "She's 'strait-laced. And to do X justice he isn't the +playboy type. He's got several children and he's crazy about them +and he loves and respects his wife. He went on a party with two or +three other businessmen. It started out as a stag drinking party +and someone suggested that they bring in some women. They did, and +this girl, Dot, was one of them. She was X's girl. Everybody got +drunk, and it wound up as a hotel party." + + I grained. "The usual story. Only this time. it was a man who. +got betrayed." + + "Exactly. X said that Dot, was a good sport. She isn't a +chippy or anything like that. She just went along for the party, +and it wasn't her idea to stay all night and she wasn't paid for +it. X is about 40 and he's always behaved himself pretty well. He +was flattered at a young girl liking him and he said that he wanted +to see her again. He forgot all about it, and then she telephoned +him. He felt that he owed her something for keeping quiet about the +party so he went out to see her, thinking that he'd take her a box +of candy and apologize again for the jam they'd been In. After +that, he saw a lot of her. He told me that he knew she was cheap +and ignorant but somehow that was what fascinated him. He'd seen +too much of over-civilized, inhibited women, and it was a relief to +find a girl who was pleased with whatever he did for her, who +enjoyed sex for itself alone and who gave him a good time. Pagan is +too lovely a word for it and animal sounds a little too vulgar. But +whatever she had, it went over with X." + + Dot, in her way, was one of the most unusual girts I've ever +met -- and in my business I've seen all kinds. I could see why she +had attracted a sedate, prominent businessman, and I could see why +she puzzled the editor. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Pagan was not the right word for her. That somehow implies +unspoiled naturalness. Dot used make-up far too liberally. She +curled her black hair tightly. She drank and she smoked. She was +not childish, she was not innocent and yet she was not vulgar. Her +idea when drinking was to keep on until she got soused. She took +her hangovers philosophically. She never seemed envious, never +blamed anyone, was always good-natured, enjoyed every treat with +fresh pleasure. + + I suppose she was mentally a little deficient, but sometimes +I've thought it would be a better world if we were all more like +Dot. Her happy-go-lucky attitude made her helpless and at the same +time provided a protection. People wanted to do things for her +because she did not clamor for her rights. + + She did not envy her lover his wealth or think that he had +hurt her. In fact, she seemed a little sorry for him. + + "He doesn't have much fun," she told me. "His wife is too +good. + + I do not like very good women." + + I smiled. "Why?" I asked. + + She looked a little astonished that I did not understand. +"Good women want to boss because they think they're always right. +They won't let people alone. When I was little, people were always +telling me to be good. Whatever I really wanted to do wasn't good +for me. And it was always bad people who did nice things for me. +And never asked anything in return." + + Oddly enough, though, it was by telling her that people would +think her lover was not a good man that I got her to promise +secrecy about the whole business. She realized that it was +important for him to appear "good." + + X came to me when it was all over and paid me. "I felt like a +cad not coming down with her," he said. "But Ben (Ben was the +editor) insisted that he'd arrange everything. And I guess he's +right when he says it's best for me not to see Dot again. I hate to +do it. It's like slapping a child. Dot's a sweet kid. A lot of +girls would be howling for money and making trouble and wanting +marriage. I've never seen anyone like her." + + "And you won't again." + + "I know," he hesitated again. "She does things that in any +other woman would disgust me. You know the sort of things I mean. +But they seem all right coming from her. She pulls tricks that I +know she must have learned from prostitutes. And with her they seem +an innocent desire to give as much pleasure as possible. I +sometimes think that if she wanted me to, I'd give up everything +and marry her." + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + But he wouldn't, of course. It was the fact that she made no +demands of any kind that made him feel guilty, and he got a feeling +of virtue from toying with the idea of what he'd do if she wanted +him to. He liked to think of giving up his prestige, his money, his +respectability, as a gallant gesture. But if it came to brass +tacks, he would have decided that she was just another gold-digger +and howled like the dickens. + + Since then, I've heard a lot of men make the same curtain +speeches. Sometimes I've wanted to say exactly what I thought about +them. Sometimes it's amusing. A man comes to me to arrange for an +illegal operation. He's sweating blood. Maybe he really loves the +girl and he's worried about her. He's worried about himself, too. +And he's in a hurry. He and the girl may have waited for a month, +waiting to see if she actually were pregnant. As soon as they find +out, they're in a hurry to get the abortion over, especially the +man, since he's afraid the girl will, change her mind. + + The man is in a panic-stricken state until I agree to do it. +For once he has to eat humble pie. No matter how well he pays me +he's asking me a favor and I let him know that. The law can't do +anything to his girl for the operation. But it can do something to +me. + + He worries until everything is over and the girl is all right. +Then the cold sweat dries off and there is a reaction. Probably the +girl cools off a little. Her, scare is over, too, but her nerves +have been shot to pieces and the usual effect is that she's +irritable and quarrelsome. What she wants is a lot of tenderness, +but the man in his relief tries to laugh the whole business off. So +the man begins to think that he hasn't cut a very impressive +figure, and he wants to justify himself. + + Usually he talks a lot about what he would have been willing +to do. He figures he's safe in doing that. I don't mean that he's +always a cad, because he isn't. Men are usually a little frightened +by pregnancy. It's one thing they can't quite understand, in spite +of the graphic descriptions of childbirth that have been written by +masculine authors. He's had his nervous ordeal, too, and he'd like +to forget it but a nagging feeling of being made to appear a coward +and a fool makes him talk about it, sometimes to the girl and often +to the doctor. + + Some of the men who send girls from other towns and have +friends make all the arrangements tell me that they'd have been +glad to see me personally beforehand but they couldn't get away +from business or they felt that it was too big a risk when secrecy +was necessary. And some of the men get a little sentimental abut +the unborn child and say that if circumstances had been different +they would have been glad to do the proper thing. + + Even when they foot the entire bill and make the arrangements, +they sometimes have a feeling that they haven't exactly done their +share in this and that makes them angry. And they feel that they've +lost caste. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I've seen a lot of couples who were genuinely fond of each +other quarrel bitterly after the worst apparently was over, simply +because neither of them knew enough to allow for the inevitable +aftermath of such an ordeal. In the first place the man usually +minimizes what the girl is going through. A pregnant married woman +gets a lot of attention. She complains about her health, she goes +regularly to the doctor, she is petted and pampered. She gets a +special diet. She isn't allowed to do any heavy work. She is +honored by stork showers. Her husband is supposed to be especially +gentle with her. And usually he keeps up a pose, at least, even if +he is having an affair with another woman while his wife is +pregnant. He knows if he doesn't, he'll get hell from his wife's +relatives and her friends; and while men are freer from the +domination of society than women, they're just as particular, if +not more so, about cutting a good figure in the eyes of the world. + + It makes me laugh sometimes when I read masculine authors who +say wives are too strict with their husbands, just to please their +vanity and to cut a good appearance in the eyes of their friends. +Those men ought to be in my trade for a while and see some of the +things that go on under the surface. + + The girl who has an abortion doesn't dare complain about her +nausea, or her pains, or her dizziness. She has to pretend to be +bright and happy for fear people will suspect what is wrong with +her. And she has to go through an operation that is a severe +nervous shock. An abortion is not the easy thing that people who +haven't had one seem to think it is. Married mothers talk loudly +enough about how they went through the valley of the shadow of +death for their children. + + But these women can go to a good hospital and have the best +doctors and can lie in bed for the proper time afterward. And +they've got the child after they're through. The girl who has an +abortion frequently goes back to work or to her daily life before +she's ready. She can't explain too much mysterious absence. Her +first reaction is one of relief. Then she wants to talk about it +and get sympathy. Usually the only person she can talk to is her +lover. Naturally, he isn't fond of listening to her go on for hours +about how sick and scared she was. It makes him sound like a cad +for getting her into this condition. And sometimes he worries a +little about the money and that makes her mad and sometimes he +tries to justify himself by making her share the blame. If he's any +sort of a man, he feels that he was a worm for getting the girl +pregnant. + + But the girl isn't in any mood for arguing about whose fault +it was. What she wants is to be told that she is an unsung heroine, +that her lover appreciates the gallant way she went through it, +that she was humiliated by being asked a lot of questions, by +having to admit that she was, to all outside appearances, a scarlet +woman having a criminal operation. She wants to be told that her +lover admires her for what she did and loves her all the more. +Above all else, she doesn't want to have flung at her what she +usually knows, that the affair is not serious enough and their love +not deep enough for her and her lover to throw everything overboard +and go away together, get respective divorces or eliminate any +other obstacles to marriage. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She realizes the situation and that's why she went through a +nasty, disagreeable business. But right at the moment she wants to +pretend that this is a grand passion and worth any amount of +suffering and humiliation. + + For despite what the moralists say, a lot of "nice" women have +abortions. When you consider that doctors estimate the abortion +rate in any city as being about five times the reported birth rate, +you must realize that all these cases cannot come from the dregs of +society such as gang molls and prostitutes. As a matter of fact, +few prostitutes have abortions. They are too smart, and frequently +they get so they cannot have children, even. Then they want them +Nature has made them sterile. + + Sometimes I think that these after-quarrels are the saddest +part of the whole business. Usually the couples are reconciled +because they are genuinely fond of each other. But sometimes they +aren't, and there is bitterness over what nature intended as a +means of bringing a man and woman closer together. + + Usually my clients try to bring me an iron-clad reason why I +should perform an abortion. Sometimes I know they're lying. +Sometimes it simply happens that an affair is drifting to a close. +And at the wrong psychological moment, an accident happens, love +has died or is dying and neither the man nor woman wants marriage. +Sometimes, as Dorothy frankly admitted, the man is not the marrying +kind. More and more young and eligible men seem to be panicky about +marriage. And it is in these cases that emotional disturbances +almost invariably follow the abortion. The man and woman resent an +accident disturbing the smooth course of their love affair. Their +love is not old enough and deep enough to stand much strain, and +when the emergency is over there is a quarrel. However, I do not +moralize about such affairs. I have seen many affairs that lasted +as long as most modern marriages. Some of the couples drifted into +marriage as they grew older. And I have about as much respect for +such liaisons as for a marriage. Frequently there is more honesty, +and more fidelity, and more genuine love than in the average legal +union. + + Not long ago, I heard a young girl say glibly, "Oh, abortions +are nothing. I know a girl who had one in the morning and played +bridge that night." She may have played bridge that night, but I'll +bet she was gritting her teeth under her smile. If she did it, she +was a fool. She should have been in bed. I'll bet that after her +guest's left she burst into nervous tears. And probably for weeks +before and after the abortion it seemed to her that the +conversation was filled with joking references to pregnant women. +The truth is very rarely evident in such matters. Naturally the +girl is not going to talk about what a hard time she had. That girl +obviously had had the knife used on her. She may have felt pretty +good at the time and then weeks or maybe months later suffered +pains and discovered that she had not escaped so easily. The knife, +I maintain even in the face of those who still use it, is +dangerous. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + VI. I HAVE A PROSTITUTE PATIENT + + After Dot, my next case was a country woman who already was in +a serious condition. Her husband, a hulking man with more +stinginess than sense, had given her a crude abortion with an +umbrella rib without even sterilizing it. Naturally the woman got +an infection. I brought her to the hospital and did what I could. +But she died. The man tried to save a small amount of money and +lost his wife. + + He tried to avoid paying me, saying that I had caused a +useless hospital bill and his wife had died anyway. But I +threatened him with complete exposure of the case and he came +across. I had no pity for him. He was the sort of man who refuses +to either restrain himself or use any sort of precaution. His wife +was a small, dainty red-haired woman, and he was a big man, too big +for her. They were mismated even if he had not been utterly callous +in his treatment of her. He could be punished only through his +purse. + + They had four small boys, the oldest only eight years old, and +his wife had rebelled against her fifth pregnancy. I gathered that +she had never really loved her husband, but he had been crazy about +her and had argued her into marriage. Later he treated with +contempt the very refinement and daintiness that had first +attracted him, boasting that there were many women who would be +glad to have him as a lover. He seemed to think it his wife's fault +that she had so many children. + + "She got pregnant when I just looked at her," he said. + + He married again a few months later but I never saw him again. + + I managed to save a neighbor of his who had given herself an +abortion and had a hemorrhage. I packed her and put her to bed. + + Some of the crude methods used are laugh-provoking; some are +tragic. I heard of a man who thrust a glass. tube into his wife's +uterus and pumped her full of air with a bicycle pump. But the +history of such cases is not completely written when the abortion +is over. The damage may not appear until the woman is pregnant +again. Women come into my office and complain of backaches, pains +in the side, general weakness. They say that they've been taking +patent medicines with no luck. Eventually I learn that they have +had miscarriages and I suspect that they were artificial. + + However, I've known of natural abortions that left no bad +aftereffects. They may have been caused by sudden shocks, by undue +exertion, by a jolt, by a nervous condition. + + It wasn't necessary for me to advertise that I was willing to +step over the line to help the fallen. Such things get about. A +pimp soon came in to arrange for an operation for his girl. + + One of the silliest objections to legalizing abortions that I +have ever heard is that it would spread vice. Crusaders have been +trying since the world began to stop vice, and the oldest +profession still flourishes. It will continue to do so. Personally, + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +I'm in favor of it, with strict medical supervision. I would rather +that my young son go to a bawdy house, where a smart girl would +wise him up to the use of contraceptives, than have him +experimenting with some dumb virgin or a pick-up. I think he run's +less risk of disease if he goes to a high-priced house. He is in +less danger of being yanked into an undesirable marriage or being +gold-dug or blackmailed. + + Not long ago a boy was brought to me with a bad case of +gonorrhea, His father was tremendously shocked. The boy had tried +to keep it a secret until he grew too ill to, disguise it. + + "I've warned him and warned him," the father said. + + "That's the trouble," I replied. "You warned him against the +wrong thing." + + The father was so goody-goody that he wouldn't face the facts. +He wouldn't admit that a boy of 17 has sexual desires and it is +natural for him to satisfy them. The boy had been warned against +prostitutes, and instead of going to a house he went to a "high +class girl" who was "giving away a million dollars worth of it +free." The girl was also giving away a lot of valuable medical +business. She didn't tell the boy, of course, that she had the +disease. Instead she let him buy her some cheap gin and they went +out for a ride in the country. + + He might have got a dose at a $3 house, but I doubt it. If the +girl saw that he was dumb she'd wise him up about prophylactics. +And there wouldn't have been so much risk of the boy's trying to +make some young girl in his own set while he was diseased, if he +went to such places when he wanted only physical relief. I'm not +advising young men to go to prostitutes, but sometimes they are the +lesser of two evils, + + The pimp made arrangements for the operation in a business- +like fashion and brought his girl down. She took it for granted as +one of the risks of her profession, although some girls in the +business raise hell if they're caught. I had no scruples about +performing the operation. I didn't feel then that I was spreading +vice and I don't feel that way now. It seems to me doubly important +that a house girl should not give birth to a child. Some of the +girls marry their pimps and get out of the profession when they +become pregnant. But if they don't marry, it seems to me a crime +against society to let the child be born. The girl may have a +disease that seems to be cured and the child may be born horribly +deformed. Its father may have been diseased and the girl did not +know it. + + There have been some romantic tales written -- and some of +them may have a foundation of fact -- about beautiful young girls +reared in convents on the wages of sin. There have been more +unsavory stories of such young girls being pressed into service +when they were young; of children who led miserable lives because +of their mothers' occupation. Naturally, the girls usually cannot + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +name the fathers of their children, so no help would come from that +source. For half a dozen reasons, I don't think a prostitute should +give birth to a child. And after she's pregnant, there is no time +for lecturing on why she shouldn't have allowed herself to get in +that condition. + + Fortunately, Violet had escaped disease, so there were no +complications from that source. She derived an ironic amusement +from her condition, but resented having to pay out hard-earned +money for the operation. + + "It's a helluva world," she said cheerfully. "I work all day +at this job and then for fun I get knocked up." + + She told me in private that her pimp was not the father, but +that she didn't want him to know it. + + "He's always bragging about how good he is to me in giving me +a rest when I get off work, and it would make him madder than hell +if he knew I stepped out on him," she said. + + The next girl I got from the same house wasn't nearly so calm. +She had a hot temper, and she was wanting to get virtually every +man in town to pay for the job. Violet brought her down and laughed +at her. + + "Fat chance you'd have proving anything," she jeered. "You'd +have to say, It's either Jones or Smith or Brown or Thompson if it +isn't some man I never saw before.' Just keep your mouth shut and +don't be so damned lazy." + + I got quite a lot of that trade thereafter. Later, I tried to +discourage as much of it as I could. The girls might be recognized +coming into my office. They couldn't pay much, and I was out after +higher class trade. It was bad business having them sit around in +the waiting room, although most of them were well-dressed, quiet- +looking girls. + + However, I will say that I didn't have to pamper along their +nerves and I didn't have to keep soothing them and impressing the +need for secrecy. Prostitutes have so many tough breaks that one +more didn't mean much to them. + + One day a dainty, petite little blonde came in. She was +tearful and indignant at the same time. She had such a short vagina +that douches did her no good. + + "I can't get to the bathroom quick enough," she said, "and +that fool of a husband I've got won't do anything." + + She had had one child and didn't want another one. Her husband +hated the use of contraceptives, and they were constantly +squabbling. + + "I tell him I'll leave him and I will," she said. "He doesn't +have to worry! The darned fool got me half-drunk or I wouldn't be +this way." + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She wanted a sterilization operation, but I refused to give it +to her. "You may want a child later on," I told her. "And then +You'll blame me." + + She told me about a friend of her's who was in somewhat the +same position. + + "She wants her husband to be made sterile," the woman told me. +"I've got sense enough not to ask that. But I think I'll get a +divorce. Jim is an ideal husband in other ways. But it isn't worth +it. I can't get any pleasure out of sex because I'm afraid of the +consequences. And I keep resenting Jim's attitude. He'll promise, +and then at the last minute he says that it's no fun if he has to +use anything." + + "Send him in to me," I said. + + I didn't bother him with any lectures on the mental strain he +was forcing on his wife. Instead I said, "Which would you rather +have, a frigid wife or a little less pleasure because you're +sensible and use precautions? If you're not careful, this abortion +will finish the job." + + He really loved his wife, and this warning frightened him. + + "I didn't know whether she really was telling the truth," he +said. "We had the first child because we wanted it. That's been +more than two years ago, and nothing has happened since. Part of +the time I've used contraceptives and part of the time I haven't. +I thought," he added, "that she was, just getting a lot of funny +notions from some of those cats she plays around with, and that I'd +better not humor her." + + "Better try humoring her," I told him. "It's a doctor's +prescription." + + "I will, doctor," he promised. "I didn't realize that she was +telling me the truth about the douches. She wouldn't let me go to +the doctor with her and I didn't know but what she was just panicky +or lazy. I have a friend whose wife is so sloppy that he has to +force her to go to the bathroom. Otherwise, she'll just lay there. +She wants him to do everything." + + He looked at me. "I don't suppose Anna told you. I'd been +married before?" + + "No," I answered, beginning to take an interest in Jim. It +looked as if there were another side to the story. I'd believed be +was merely thoughtless to what I deemed an almost criminal point. + + "I was divorced from my first wife," he said. "And the reason +I fell in love with Anna was because she seemed to be so gay and +wholesome about sex." + + "A man's idea of a wholesome attitude toward sex frequently +means that the girl is either dumb or too trusting," I interrupted. +"A woman who runs the risk of unwelcome pregnancy rather than + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +insist that a man use artificial methods to prevent conception is +going to become nervous and irritable sooner or later. A wholesome +attitude is one where you can discuss this matter and arrive at a +decision agreeable to you both." + + He shrugged his shoulders. "I don't mean that. I'll explain. +When my first wife, Audrey, and I were on our honeymoon, we went to +a quaint inn up in the mountains. We had a big room with a +fireplace and a bearskin rug in front of it. I wanted to make love +to her on the rug. She objected; said it made her feel like a dog. +Later I wanted to make love to her in a meadow filled with flowers. +She thought it was beastly. When we went to visit her people or my +people, she refused to have anything to do with me because they +might hear us. And she was always afraid the servants might hear +something." + + "It began to give me inhibitions," he said frankly. "I'd been +brought up in a fairly strict household myself. Audrey's attitude +ruined our marriage and my love for her. Her idea of the proper +approach to sex took away most of my pleasure. Finally we got a +divorce. I was gun-shy of marriage until I met Anna. She Seemed so +free from complexes that I guess I went to extremes the other way. + + I remembered Dot who had been so "natural" according to her +lover. I found myself telling Jim about her. He stared at me. + + "I knew her slightly," he said. "You mean Dow' and he gave her +real name. + + It was my turn to be a little startled. "Yes, but I didn't +mean to violate a confidence. I hope you'll keep this a secret. I +didn't suppose you'd ever heard of the girl." + + He smiled a little grimly. "You're not violating any +confidence. Or at least you're not spilling any beans. I knew all +about it. X's wife is my sister. But didn't you know Dot is dead?" + + "Good God, no," I exclaimed. "What was the matter? The +operation was a success. I'm positive of that." + + "Oh, the operation was all right. And X, like a good boy, went +back to his wife and was the model husband. He gave Dot some money, +but since he became the virtuous spouse he didn't feel that he +should keep on paying money to a woman he no longer saw. And Dot +was too good looking and too carefree to hold a job long. So she +drifted from one man to another, and finally one of them strangled +her with her own silk stocking. He caught her being unfaithful with +another man." + + "I don't remember seeing anything about it in the newspapers," +I said. + + "Oh, it wasn't in this town," Jim told me. "But she'd kept a +card of my brother-in-law's all these years. So they notified him +of her death. He was in a funk. He was afraid they'd learn of the +old affair. So he sent me to keep him out of it, arrange for the + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +funeral and send her some flowers, anonymously. I told the +officials that he'd helped to get her a job once. And I managed to +get her a quiet funeral and send her some flowers without mixing +him up in it." + + He was more impressed by my connecting Dot with his wishes +regarding his wife than by any lecture I could have given him. I +saw his wife later and she seemed perfectly happy. She told me that +her married life was now perfect. + + I had not lied when I told Jim that abortions sometimes made +women frigid. The same thing often happens with childbirth. Memory +of the pain soon fades, but there is a vague emotional hangover, +especially if the woman feels she has been unfairly treated. Women +who are naturally a little under-sexed may have their emotions +drained by the experience. + + On the other hand, sometimes it makes women more passionate. +They feel that they know the worst that can happen to them. And +usually they have acquired better knowledge of birth-control +measures, either from the doctor or from realization that previous +carelessness must be stopped. + + I talked to a woman recently who had been having an affair for +several years. Her nerves were shaky. She asked me several discreet +but leading questions about abortion's. + + "Do you need one?" I asked bluntly. + + She shook her head. "I don't think so, but this is one of my +worrying days. I worry constantly for about the last half of my +period. I feel safe during menstruation and for some reason feel +quite safe for the first week or so thereafter. I suppose it's +relief from having passed another period without danger. But along +about this time I get nervous and wonder if something could have +gone wrong and figure out what I'd do if anything happened. +Sometimes I think I'd feel better if I were caught and had to go +through an operation. Then Id know that there is no fool-proof +method of contraception. I'd know what to do in case anything went +wrong again and just what it would be like. And I could decide once +and for all whether to go on with this affair." + + "I don't see how women stand it," I said frankly. "Of course, +we doctors have our worries, too. But we've got a good stock alibi +ready if anything slips and we get paid well for our worrying. It's +bad enough for married women. However, most of them plan to have +children when they marry. But girls like you --." + + "Some of us don't stand it." She gave me a wry smile. "I could +give you a list of some who haven't borne up under it too well. The +thing that saves the majority of modern mistresses from nervous +breakdowns is that the affairs don't last more than a year or so, +and then the couple either marries or they break up and the girl is +so sick of uncertainty that she marries the first man who comes +along with a proposal in his hand." + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I grinned. "And by then, I suppose they're so tired of +worrying that it's almost a relief when they get pregnant and stay +that way." + + She nodded. "That's why you see a lot of attractive young +businesswomen -- girls in their late 20's and early 30's -- who +have been going around with equally attractive men suddenly marry +sappy-looking eggs who can offer them a home and security but no +romance. The ones who don't -- well, a friend of mine is in a +hospital now recovering from a nervous collapse. Other girls drink +too much. I know one who has taken to drugs." + + I never have become calloused to hearing stories like that. Of +course, I took them much more seriously when I first started to +practice. For a while it seemed to me that I was peculiarly lucky +in being first too poor and then too busy to have much to do with +sex except in a professional way. + + + VII. MY OWN ROMANCE CRASHES + + After I had launched myself into the illegal side of my +profession I began to take it for granted. Of course, I solemnly +warned my sub-resa patients of the danger of talking. But my name +was mentioned because many of my later patients came to me on the +recommendation of friends who said that I was discreet, efficient +and reasonable in price. + + I didn't object, because such advice was given in confidence +to persons who were not likely to broadcast the information in the +wrong quarters. + + However, it was not until I met Rose that I saw how the change +in my professional attitude might effect my private life. + + I had more money now, and could afford to have more +recreation. I had a bank account, and I was slowly paying my father +back the loan he had made me. I felt that I was entitled to a +little fun. So I looked up a friend of college days and he invited +me to a party. Rose was there. + + It was a case of immediate mutual attraction. I was girl- +starved and I was still idealistic as far as my personal life was +concerned. That was in the days of the short skirts. Rose wore a +frivolous blue taffeta frock coming just to her knees. Above it her +blond curls, blue eyes and rosebud mouth looked like those of a big +doll. Nowadays I probably would dismiss her as insipid. Then I +thought she was the prettiest girl I had ever seen. + + I had just acquired a car and was very proud of it. I took +Rose home. I think she was thrilled by her conquest. Women like to +display their power, a trait that frequently gets them into +trouble. They will encourage a man just to flatter their vanity and +then try to retreat when he gets serious. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I gave Rose a big rush. My intentions were honorable, as the +old-fashioned phrase has it. I thought it was a good idea for a +doctor to be married and I thought Rose would make me a perfect +wife. I see now how foolish that was and how lucky I was to escape +her, but at the time I was youthful enough to consider beauty all- +sufficient. + + I met her father, a pompous businessman, and her mother, a +minor society woman. The whole thing seemed ideal. I would get a +young and pretty wife. I would be allied with a respectable family, +and that would help me in my profession. A few women like a good- +looking young doctor, but the majority of the patients want a +middle-aged or elderly man with a lot of dignity. The young doctor +may be a better physician, but patients believe that the older man +can be relied upon more because of his experience. However, +marriage lends an Aura of respectability. + + Mothers feel better when their children are being examined by +a gray-haired man with the manner of a priest at confession. And +with men there is it jealousy of a young doctor. I think they would +prefer the old Chinese custom of having eunuchs to wait upon their +women. I have had women tell me that their husbands and lovers were +jealous because "strange doctors" give them examinations. I know of +such cases in my own practice, when men reluctantly gave permission +to have their wives or sweethearts examined, or treated, or even +submit to an abortion. They seemed to feel that in some fashion I +have ravished them or had a sexual experience that they had been +denied. + + But to go back to my romance. I paid court in the traditional +fashion. I sent Rose flowers and candy. I took her to the theater +and to parties. I restricted myself to a few kisses and embraces. +I intended my marriage to be free from any emotional hangover. I +wanted a virgin bride, and I wanted an aroma of orange blossoms +around everything. + + I had been going with Rose for about six weeks when she +telephoned that her mother wanted to see me. Rose let me in the +house and avoided my hasty kiss. She looked pale and somehow +indignant. + + "Aha," I thought, "the old lady's been inquiring about my +intentions and Rose is peeved because I haven't popped the +question. I'll soon put that right." + + I felt a little irritated as I smiled in an encouraging +fashion at Rose. The Garners seemed to be rushing things a little. +I wanted to propose and receive her acceptance in the best 19th +Century romantic style -- my literature was old-fashioned -- and +then go to her father to ask for her hand. I was in favor of +marrying as soon as possible, but I wanted to arrange the whole +business in my own way. + + Mrs. Garner rose from her chair when I came into the room. She +didn't invite me to sit down. + + "I'm sorry to have to say this to you, Martin," she began. "I +understand from Rose that you have always treated her with respect +--" + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Of course," I said hurriedly. "I want to marry Rose, Mrs. +Garner. Perhaps I should have declared my intentions sooner, but I +was not sure Rose returned my affection. I can support a wife. I +haven't much money now, but my practice is growing. If she's +willing to start humbly --" + + Her face hardened. "Don't add insult to injury, Dr. Avery. I +know all about your profession. I didn't want to have to drag that +in. Fortunately, you hadn't mentioned it to Rose. I have not told +her the details. As for her affections, she will get over this +foolish infatuation quickly enough. I have, caught it in time, +thank heavens!" + + I was stunned. "What's the matter with my profession?" I +demanded. "I'm a doctor. I'm not a very good one yet, but I'm +making a living. It's an honorable calling." + + "You," she was almost stuttering with cold rage. "You're a +child murderer! My husband told me all about it. And you want to +drag our daughter into the filth and slime of your work! You who +help the hardened creatures of the world with their sins -- only +you are worse than they are. If it were not for people like you, +they might reform." + + "It isn't murder," I retorted angrily, forgetting that I had +once very nearly shared her view. "It isn't murder any more than it +was murder when you and your husband decided not to have any more. +children after Rose was born." + + "Get out," she shouted furiously. "I won't bandy words with +you. Get out, and stay away from my daughter!" + + I got out. I was mad enough not to try to see Rose, either. +I'd wanted me drama in my romance and I got it. And in my anger I'd +hit the sorest point in the armor of the righteous. + + There are very few women who want their children, and there +are fewer yet who want an unlimited number. I've met a few young +wives who wanted children immediately, but most of them don't want +to be tied down. They want to arrange their children. That's +reasonable and natural. And the crusaders usually don't have many +children. If they did, they wouldn't have time to run other +people's business. A lot of them are equally indignant about the +large, families among the poor. They're not so much against big +families as they are against the parents having any fun. + + I used to marvel at the twisted, perverted forms that sex +took. Nowadays I marvel that there is as much naturalness connected +With sex a's there is. + + Mrs. Garner hated me because I helped girls out of their +mistakes. She wanted them to suffer because she hadn't enjoyed +herself. Probably she was one of those unfortunate women who spend +the early part of their lives dreading pregnancy so that they never +enjoy the sex act, the sort of woman who thinks it somehow cheap to +be caught on her wedding night. Then with her menopause, she +probably found out that she'd waited too late for sex enjoyment. +Either her passion had died a natural death or her husband was +impotent. + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Since the time when Mrs. Garner arbitrarily decided that I was +not a fit companion for her daughter because I faced the facts +about sex, I have seen a lot of peculiar things and developed more +tolerance. Then I was furious at her. Oddly enough I probably +treated-her daughter with more respect than most other men would +have, partly because I was still young and idealistic and partly as +a reaction from the sordid part of my business. + + I would have made Rose a much cleaner and more romantic +husband than some man who had not seen the results of sexual +abnormalities and irregularities and flouting of conventions. + + Eventually, Mrs. Garner married Rose to a small-time +businessman who made a household drudge out of her. Rose grew fat, +peevish and complaining. She came to me several times with minor +ailments. She didn't have good health. She virtually ruined herself +by taking too strong medicines and using too harsh disinfectants. +I could have saved her all that. But her mother was a good woman! +Afterward, I was thankful that I'd escaped Rose. She and her mother +drove her husband half mad complaining because he didn't make +enough money. Finally he became a habitual drunkard. He was weak +and so was Rose; and Mrs. Garngr ruined their lives by prying and +dictating. Rose felt that she committed a crime when she became +pregnant and felt equally guilty when she tried to prevent +conception. + + But that day, of course, I didn't know anything about that. I +went on a binge and wound up in a house of prostitution. + + And there, ironically enough, I found myself in a room with +Violet, the first house girl I'd had for a patient. + + "What the hell are you doing here, doc?" she demanded. "I'm a +cash customer," I laughed. "What do you think I'm doing, picking +daisies?" + + "You're drunk," she told me. + + "Of course," I agreed amiably. "My girl's mother told me to +get the hell out of there. She thinks I live in the gutter with +girls like you. So here I am." + + Violet sniffed. "Probably her old man comes here, too, for +half and half. That's what good women do to men." I sobered up and +went back to work the next day and knocked a lot more silly, +romantic ideas out of my head. At lunch I met a doctor friend of +mine, one who sent me some business occasionally. I hear you're +going to marry," he said. + + Eventually," I told him, "but I've no prospects in sight just +now. + + "What's happened to the big romance?" he asked. "I saw you +beaming at the Garner girl like a love-sick calf the other night." + + "The love-sick calf has had a good dose of salts and is +cured," I told him. "Mamma and papa disapprove of the way I +practice my great profession." + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + He grinned. "You've got a clean job compared to some +psychoanalysts I know. They really get the sex dirt dished out to +them. I've just been talking to one. A woman came to me and asked +to be examined, said she wasn't getting any kick out of her married +life." + + "Tell her to be glad she's a good woman," I grunted. + + "I told her she had nothing organically wrong with her," my +friend went on. "Then I asked her the usual questions. Everything +seemed all right to me. She said the sex act was completed, she +loved her husband, nothing is wrong with him, no trace of +perversion. From her description, it sounded like a perfectly +normal coition. But she wasn't satisfied. She thought she was being +cheated out of something. So she went to the psychiatrist. And you +ought to hear the pay-off." + + "Go on," I said. "I'm listening." + + "That was her trouble, too. She'd been listening to a gal in +the same apartment house, a divorcee. The other woman got a divorce +because she couldn't or wouldn't sleep with her husband. She +doesn't have much to do with men nowadays, and when she doe's, +she's a teaser. Gets a big kick out of the preliminaries, but won't +go any farther. However, she's been driving two or three of her +married women friends crazy with descriptions of how thrilling the +sex act should be. As a matter of fact, she's never got any kick +out of it at all, not even the normal kind. And she's not a pervert +or a practicing one at least." + + "Nice woman," I muttered. + + "Very," said my friend. "The psychiatrist had a hard time +convincing my patient that she was getting everything there was out +of sex and that she should pay no attention to her neighbor. +Advised her to move, in fact. I'd rather have an out-and-out +pervert try to Convert my wife than have one of those dirty-minded +wenches around. They're worse than the so-called good women who try +to tell a woman that enjoyment of sex is sinful. It's pretty hard +to convince a woman that it's wrong for her to have a good time. +But when someone tells her that she ought to be having a better +time, she's liable to start trying out other men." + + "The whole business is crazy," I said. "Seems to me that we'd +be more sensible if we had rutting period's as the animals do and +got it all over with in a few days." + + He grinned. "We're the higher order. We can think! We can +reason!" + + I went back to the office pretty well soured on the whole +thing. A woman came in and tried to convince me she was pregnant. +Most women fight against the idea and keep hoping that even the +doctor may be wrong, But once in a while there's a nut who's so +full of symptom's, both genuine and imaginary that she wears a path + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +to the doctor's office. This woman didn't want a child, but the +fear of pregnancy obsessed her. If she gained a pound and it showed +as it usually does, on her breasts and hip's, she decided that She +was caught and rushed right down to see me. + + I got rid of her and settled down with a magazine. Then two +well-dressed, pretty young women came in. One of them looked as if +she had been crying. Both were nervous. I recognized the symptoms. + + The prettiest girl introduced herself and her companion. She +was tall and slender without being either skinny or curved in the +wrong places. Even in the awkward knee-length dresses of that +period she looked graceful. She had intelligent-looking gray eyes, +dark brown hair, combed simply and lips with a tendency to curve +upward. Her companion was sweet-looking rather than beautiful and +she didn't have the competent air of her friend. + + Norma, the prettier of the two, did the talking for herself +and for Pearl. She came right to the point. She said she understood +that sometimes I helped girls out of trouble. + + I was cautious. Neither girl wore a wedding ring. They didn't +look like street-walker's, but I had to be careful. I told them to +tell me the whole story, adding that it would be in strict secrecy. + + "It's a simple story," Norma said. "Pearl is in a jam. She +isn't married, and so it's important that she get rid of the child +and do it as quickly as possible. I've heard that she can register- +in at a hospital and say she's married and have the operation as +essential to her health. But I don't know how to go about it." + + "Better not try it," I advised. "It's too risky. In the first +place, in this State three physicians must certify that the +operation is essential to her health, And the case would be +investigated. A good doctor isn't going to risk putting his name on +record in such a case." + + "Then what do you advise?" Norma asked. + + "Where's the father of the child?" I asked. I always want the +men in the case to appear. In the first place, the men usually foot +the bills. In the second, I want to have a clear understanding +among all concerned before I risk my career for an operation. A +hysterical woman may -- and sometimes does -- rush into my office +and want something done right away. Later She may discover that the +man would have married her and she blames me. Or the man may have +scruples against such operations or the family may raise hell. +Sometimes wives try to get abortions when their husbands are +absent. The husband may stir up a devil of a mess when he finds it +out, and the woman may not be able to pay and there may be charges +that the doctor induced the woman to undergo the operation. If +something happens to the woman in such a case, the doctor may as +well buy his railroad ticket and leave before he finds himself +behind bars. + + "He's on a business trip," Pearl said, "and it's important +that I don't bring him back for this." + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + That sounded fishy and I said so in as tactful a fashion as I +could manage. I told her that his presence was important. Then the +story came out. The man was married to an insane woman now in an +institution. The wife was a Catholic and so were all her people. +The husband made her regular visits, and he was on one now. He +occupied a position in a firm largely controlled by his wife's +relatives. He couldn't divorce his wife, and so they we're waiting, +patiently hoping that her failing health would end her life. + + The man's job took him away from our city much of the time. He +had been gone for about six weeks and it would be several weeks +before he returned. Pearl wanted to get the whole business over +before he came back. + + "I'll tell him, of course," she said. "But it's almost +impossible for him to return now and it would do no good. I've +plenty of money and Norma will look after me. He's got troubles +enough without my adding to them. If I let him know now he'd +probably dash back here and the whole story might come out. We've +gone through too much to risk endangering everything because of +this unfortunate happening. + + I believed her. She was in a bad spot. + + "All right," I said. "I'll help you." + + "We'll pay you in advance," Norma told me eagerly. "Then +you'll know we're all right." + + Of course, it is customary in all these cases to get payment +in advance. No abortionist is going to take the risk without being +paid, and paid well, in advance. Once the abortion is over, the +doctor has no hold over the woman. It is the surgeon who commits +the crime, not the girl. + + No girl needs to be blackmailed by a quack abortionist if she +will keep that in mind. He may threaten to expose the whole thing; +may produce documents from his files. But if she pays him in cash, +pays him in advance, and then bluffs, she'll be all right. He won't +dare say anything about it. He'll not only let himself in for a +prison sentence but he'll also kill his practice at once. Once he +has come out in the open about one abortion, no one else will trust +him. + + But that day I forgot my strict rules. "No hurry about that," +I told them "You can take your time." + + They looked a little relieved. I learned afterward that they +had brought every cent they had in the world and were prepared to +offer it to me. My charges then were not so high as they are at +present, when I never accept anything less than $125, and sometimes +my fees are as high as $500. + + The girl had arranged to take a short vacation. She moved into +a small apartment with Norma. It may be that I called there oftener +than professional purposes required. But the appreciation expressed +by the two girl's helped to soothe my vanity, wounded by Mrs. +Garner's outburst. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "It's ridiculous," Norma exclaimed, "that we have to hide in +here in order to prevent a tragedy. Oh, I know we have to do it," +she added quickly. "But here is Pearl, trying to get a little +happiness. Here you are, trying to do some good. Here I am, just +standing by. And all three of us would be disgraced if this got +out. If someone wrote a play about the situation and a beautiful +woman did it on the stage, she'd be a heroine. But in real life the +fiction Situations don't work out so well." + + "I know," I said. "Camille is a figure of romance and all the +women in the audience weep when she dies. But if Camille were +working hard to earn her living and trying to have a little +pleasure in the evening and got caught and went to an abortionist, +she'd be that 'wild little French girl' and the good ladies would +sniff and say it only went to show that foreigners couldn't be +trusted and they've been thinking that their husbands should fire +that dark-haired, dark-eyed girl in the office. She's too pretty to +be a really efficient typist." + + I told Norma about my brief fling with Rose Garner. + + "Even my love affair aborted," I Said grimly. + + But Norma was laughing. She choked and waved her hands. "I +don't mean to laugh at you. It's just that I remembered what Mr. +Garner does." + + "He's a druggist. He's something in a wholesale company." + + "And he's also a big stockholder in a company that +manufactures hot water bottles and syringes," Norma replied. "It's +all right to buy a douche bag. And you can buy all the salves and +jellies and everything else for 'feminine hygiene' that you want. +A lot of them may be dangerous; a lot of them may be worthless. But +nothing is done about that. The ounce of prevention is perfectly +legal, and if the prevention isn't any good, the manufacturers are +safe. Mr. Garner sells plenty of disinfectant that is less powerful +than soap and water and some that's so harsh the solution ruins +your hands. But when people actually need help, he's moralizing +somewhere." + + "Well," I said, "no statues are being erected to me. And a lot +of the time I don't get any thanks for what I've done." + + Of course, no doctor expects thanks. He's supposed to do his +best even if he feels the patient isn't worth saving. He's supposed +to work when he feels that he isn't going to get paid. But he isn't +risking his future and a damned disagreeable prison sentence for +it. + + A lot of my patients come in virtually on their knees. They +continue to be abject until the operation is a success. Then they +may hear about a quack who would have done the same thing for $10 +or $15. Why shouldn't he be cheap? He hasn't had any expensive +medical training. He hasn't got half as much to lose as I have. He + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +may be good. There are men who can perform abortions skillfully and +can't do anything else. Some of them are doctors who have already +lost their licenses to practice; Some are premedical student's who +dropped out. And there are old women with an uncanny skill at the +business. + + So when it's all over and the money has been paid in advance, +a patient, or more often the man who footed the bills, may get to +thinking that that was a lot of money for what little was done. And +he feels wronged. An abortion has no permanent effect like the +removal of an appendix or tonsil's. The man wants to blame somebody +for this business just to get rid of surplus irritation that he +hasn't dared to take out on the girl. So he treats me as a quack +and a sharper and a few other disagreeable things. + + It reminds me of a man I knew who went on periodical drunks. + + "I stay sober for weeks and nobody says that it's fine I'm +restraining myself," he told me once, "but as soon as I go on a +toot, everybody says, 'Look, he's drunk again." + + I told the story to Norma. She didn't laugh. "It's funny, I +know. But look at us. I mean, Pearl and myself. Outwardly we're +good girls, nicely mannered, hard working. Nobody brags on us +because we are behaving ourselves. That"s natural. We're all +supposed to behave ourselves. But let us, make one slip and we're +marked for life. Oh, I know, people don't talk about scandal +constantly as some girls seem to think. And lots of girls who have +been naughty become nice. But always there's someone who's going to +say, 'I remember when she got into a jam and they say there was a +hush hush operation.' Probably that person doesn't mean anything by +it. It's just casual gossip. But did you ever notice the peculiar +glint women get in their eyes when the subject of pregnancy is +introduced. They invariably count the months if the woman is +married. And if she's not, they lower their voices and start +discussing the possible fathers." + + I grinned. Norma and I were good friends by now. I enjoyed +blowing off steam to her and she talked with amazing frankness to +me. I told her how I'd started doing abortions. + + "I suppose vanity was one reason why I hated it," I remarked. +"Any starving doctor could look down upon me for violating the +ethics of the profession. Same way any physician rather looks down +on a dentist. The dentist may be making a lot more money but he +never has ranked quite so high." + + "I know," Norma said. "I knew a girl who fell in love at first +sight with a man. But when she found out he was a dentist, she was +humiliated and refused to see him again." + + She looked at me. "I'm not noted for any piety," but I believe +that your credits and debits will balance on Judgment Day." + + It was about this time that I turned down my first case. I had +always told myself that I meant to use discrimination in this +business and the only way I could maintain my self respect was to +take only such case's as I felt worthwhile. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + A very pretty, richly-dressed young woman came into my office, +accompanied by her mother and her sister. This was unusual. It had +so happened that my previous clandestine patients before had +consisted of girls anxious to keep news of the operations from +their families. It is an indictment of family life and the much- +touted mother love that girls will tell their troubles to friends +before they will confide in their parents. + + Of course, there are several other reasons for that. Sometimes +it is merely a desire to spare pain and worry. The girls are not in +a mood to listen to maternal anxiety. It is the same thing that +causes many girls to want their lovers or husbands away when they +are going through an abortion. They sometimes prefer the more +impersonal kindliness of a nurse or a close friend. They know that +they are going to be in a great deal of pain, that they are not +going to be at their best and vanity keeps them from wanting anyone +really close to them around. + + But I was pleased at the sight of the mother. I felt somehow +that she lent more respectability to the visit. This thought +disappeared in a few moments. The girl, I learned, was the wife of +a wealthy young man in a nearby city. + + She was annoyed and petulant over her pregnancy. She was just +starting to have a good time as a young wife in a smart young +married set, and she hated to have her fun interrupted by +motherhood. + + "I know just how Frances feels," her mother told me. "She has +all those lovely new clothes and the season is just beginning. And +she has such a beautiful figure. It would never be the same again. +Men are so selfish about such things." + + "Then her husband doesn't approve of the operation?" I asked. + + Both mother and daughter burst into tirades against the +general selfishness of mankind. Finally I managed to extract the +information that the young husband did not even know his wife was +pregnant. + + "And he isn't going to," Frances said firmly. "He'd probably +raise the dickens and insist on my going through with it. Men are +foolish about children, They don't have to get all ugly and clumsy +and ridiculous-looking. Of course, I did tell Jack that I wanted +children. But I don't want them right away. Later on, I'd like a +boy and a girl, right together so they'll be cute to dress." + + She paused, apparently admiring herself as an attractive young +mother. + + "Later on it may be harder for you to have children," I +remarked. + + She dismissed that. She was the type who regards everything +beyond tomorrow as being vaguely in the far distant future and not +to be taken into consideration. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Both women annoyed me. They irritated me further by saying +that they would pay any price "so long as it's reasonable." They +seemed to regard the whole business in the light of pulling a +disfiguring tooth. There also was the attitude that they were +really doing me a favor by bringing the job to me. + + "I can't do anything about it," I told them. "If your husband +should find out about it he could send me to prison. Even with his +consent, it would still be too dangerous. Later, you'll want a +child, and if you can't have one you'll blame me. You're young and +healthy and you have plenty of money. Your husband will love you +even more if you have the child. So go home and forget about it." + + They burst into torrents of rage then, but I shooed them +firmly out of my office and gasped with relief. They were the worst +type of patient. In the first place, they would have made trouble +all through the case, complaining about any pain and having to be +pampered. + + "I usually try to send the mother home," a doctor told me +later. "She'll raise hell all the time she isn't telling you what +to do and how she had her children. Mothers make the worst possible +nurses because they want to do whatever the patient asks instead of +what is good for her. They'll feed the girl the wrong things, +refuse to make her exercise and spread the news around at the tops +of their voices." + + Another danger is that patients of this type are babblers. +Secure in their moneyed and social positions, they don't give a +damn what happens to the doctors. Afterward they are likely to +regard all abortion in the light of an interesting tea-table +conversation subject, along with nervous breakdowns and trips to +Europe. They tell the whole thing, including the doctor's name and +address. + + Such frivolous women may manage to keep the abortions secret +from their husbands for a while, but when it's all over they get +careless. And when they can't have children, the husbands blame the +doctor and think he probably performed a sterilization operation in +secret or did a bad job. There is something mysterious about an +abortion to the lay mind, anyhow. I've heard people inquire if I +actually cut out some of the organs. An abortion is simply what the +name implies, a premature birth, before the woman is more than +three months pregnant. After that it is more dangerous and comes +under the term of miscarriage. But I have had girls come to my +office and expect to go under ether and have ugly abdominal sears. + + A successful abortion does not prevent a woman from having +children later on. But some women are not very fertile and one +pregnancy exhausts them. Or society women, such as Frances, may +keep their vitality at low ebb by reducing diets or by high nervous +strain and be unable to bear a child. Or they may ruin themselves +by use of too strong contraceptives. And in all such cases the +abortionist is blamed. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + In Frances' case, the fault lay in the lack of understanding +between husband and wife. It may take some of the roses and +moonlight and glamour out of young married life to discuss such +things cold-bloodedly, and one woman told me that she grew to hate +her. husband because he insisted on analyzing their emotions before +and after the sex act, but there would be fewer husbands and wives +drifting apart if they talked things over. + + Frances probably lacked the courage to tell her fiance that +she didn't want children for several years. She may have been +afraid that he would not marry her if he knew her true views. I +don't think she wanted children at all, but there are other wives +who actually desire a family but want the first year or two of +their marital companionship without the complications of a child. + + A man came to me once for examination. "I want to know if +there's anything the matter with me," he said. "I've been married +two years, and we haven't had any children. If I'm sterile, I +should know it because it isn't fair to my wife. She wants +children." + + I suppressed a laugh. I knew that his wife used contraceptives +regularly because she had come to me about them. + + "Is she in a hurry for a child?" I asked. + + "No. She's very nice about the matter. But when we were +married we both agreed that we wanted children. Of course, nothing +definite was said about when, I thought we'd just let nature take +its course." + + I told him there was nothing wrong with him and advised him to +talk it over with his wife. I also told him to send her to me. She +came in a few days later. + + I didn't bother about giving her an examination. She was a +friend of mine, and I simply told her what her husband had said. +She sighed. + + "I didn't know he was in a hurry about having a child. Of +course I'm willing. I want children and I told Leslie so. But he +never said anything definite about the matter and didn't appear +very eater to be a father, So I thought I'd enjoy being carefree as +long as possible." + + "You see," she went on, "I know husbands who talk about how +fond they are of children, but then when their wives become +pregnant, they are peeved because she doesn't feel well and she +can't be gay and a good sport. And when the child comes, It's the +woman's responsibility Even if the man is a good father, it's the +woman who has to take care of the child all day. I'm not going to +be one of those women who complain about being tied down by a +child. Leslie is tied down to a desk all day supporting me, and I +ought to do my share." + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She grinned a little impishly. "I don't take that too +seriously, either," she added. "Leslie was tied down to that desk +before he met me. The only difference is now he has more +responsibilities. But I didn't see any point in adding to those +responsibilities unless I thought he wanted them." + + I smiled at her. "You're a smart woman, Jane. But be careful +of being too smart and figuring things out too closely. There's as +much danger in making a slip in too close calculations based on +human nature as there is in being too careless." + + "You're telling me," she replied. "I thought I was being smart +in saving Leslie from the results of his vagueness, and here he is +dashing around to doctors to find out if anything is wrong with +him. But you see, Martin, when we were going together, Leslie was +cursed by a desire to evade being definite about anything. He was +the sort of man who telephoned and said he might call me later that +night if he could get away. That kept me at home all evening +waiting for his call, because I'd rather take a chance of being +with him than go somewhere else and disappoint him if he did call. +Or he'd say that he'd call me about the middle of the week and I'd +stay at home Wednesday and Thursday nights. And he'd say, 'I'll +come by between seven-thirty and eight-thirty,' leaving me +twiddling my fingers for an hour." + + I nodded. Such things often seem unimportant to the man who is +busy until the time he goes to see a girl, but they may make or +break the romance. I knew a girl who broke off a love affair +because of such treatment. + + "If he can't make up his mind when he wants to see me when +he's courting me, what will he be like after we're married when he +feels that he can take me for granted?" She, had said. + + But Jane was still talking. "And he had a beautiful habit of +just dropping by in the morning to see me. He'd be out and around +town on business. He'd find me looking like hell and busy. But he +thought it nice to surprise me. Same way, sometimes he'd drive by +at night or call at an hour when I had either decided to stay at +home or had made other arrangements. I was so much in love that +this seemed petty. But I decided that after marriage I would take +things into my own hands a little more. So I did. Leslie was just +as vague about having children." + + Shocking as it might seem to their mothers, who preferred to +Vail the whole thing in reticence and look upon pregnancy either as +an act of God or a cross to bear, most modern young women prefer to +plan their romances, their marriages and their children. It's only +natural. Everything else about their lives is planned. This is +especially true of businesswomen who marry. They want a certain +number of children at a time when they can afford them and at a +time when the birth does interfere with other important things. + + VIII. I CONTRIBUTE TO THE ARTS + + Shortly after I turned down the case of the society bride, I +did perform an abortion on a married woman. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + A young couple came into the office. They were shabbily +dressed but there was something clean and vital about them. They +held hands shamelessly and came into my private office together. + + The girl was slight with a mop of rumpled curl's and big dark +eyes. She was not really pretty but she had a vivid charm. The +youth had a freshly-washed, boyish look that appealed to me. + + They both started to talk at once, then looked at each other +and were silent. Finally the boy acted as spokesman. + + "I'm an artist," he announced, "and my wife here is a writer. +We've just been married about six months and we're poor as church +mice. We've got what are known as futures but very little present." + + I guessed immediately what they wanted but I let them go on. +The boy, he was just that, introduced them. The girl's name was +vaguely familiar to me. She had sold some free-lance material to +newspapers and to a few cheap magazines. I had read one of the +stories. It was not smoothly written but it had life in it. The boy +had painted pictures that were hung in good exhibits but thus far +neither had had any financial success. But they were still hopeful. +And now they had the chance of a life-time. A magazine had offered +to sponsor them on a boat trip along several scenic rivers. The +girl was to write the articles and the boy was to illustrate them. +They had expended most of their capital on a boat, supplies and +painting materials. + + "It might be made into a book afterward," the girl's eyes were +glowing. "But since we're unknowns, we can't get much of an +advance. We got a little and spent that on the boat and our camping +outfit. And then," she flung out her hands, "then I had to go and +get pregnant." + + "Can't you go ahead with the tour?" I asked. + + She gave me a sickly grin. "With me already having nausea in +the mornings?" she asked. "I'm going to be the type that takes it +hard. I'm so darned little in the first place and so excitable. +We'd meant to go ahead and have the child and starve in a garret. +And then along comes this opportunity. We'd written to the magazine +about it and sent along sample sketches. And they've accepted and +want us to start. It would all coincide neatly with baby's arrival. +I can't bounce over mountain river rapids and sleep in a pup tent +and eat when and what I can and work when I'm this way. And It's +our big chance. If we back out now, we'll get a black eye with the +magazine, especially since we've spent their advance. We've got +about two weeks, but if we postpone it any longer, there'll be +another author available. To be frank, we're about third choice +with the editor, but we were selected because we were footloose at +the right time." + + Here was a case where by a little lying I could have got the +girl into a hospital and said that the abortion was necessary. As +she said, she was in too delicate health to endure any hardships +while pregnant. She needed the best of care. And they could not +afford the best of care. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + But hospitalization would also have been beyond their means. +They told me frankly just how much money they could pay me. + + "It isn't what we can afford but what we have," the man told +me. "I don't much like the idea of an abortion. But I don't like +the idea of taking Sally on a trip when she isn't up to it nor do +I like the idea of watching her work and suffer in a cheap lodging +house because I can't afford to buy her the proper food and take +her somewhere where she could rest and have sunlight. Later on, +when we can afford it, I'm all for having a lot of children." + + Sally was one of the most gallant patients I've ever had. She +joked about the matter and made it into an adventure. + + "I want children," she told me in a more serious moment. "And +I thought about this a lot before I came down here. I haven't any +scruples against abortions. Kent and I were just careless. I see +nothing any worse about what I'm doing than in what we did the +nights when I wasn't caught. If we had even a little money, I'd +never let poverty stop me from having this child. But it isn't fair +to either of us to let this happen now; not fair to me nor to Kent +nor to the child. If we missed this job, it might be that we'd +never have another one like it, although I think that sooner or +later we'd crash into money because we work hard and we've got a +little ability. But we'd always hold it against the child that we +lost a big job because of it. And I couldn't bear to have Kent +think that I held him back when he got his first chance and he'd +feel guilty about me. We're young and we've got plenty of time for +more children." + + The articles caught on immediately. I read every one of them. +Sally had a blithe style of writing and Kent's pictures were good. +As they predicted, the articles were put into book form and had a +good sale. Eighteen months later, Kent and Sally came into my +office. At first I didn't recognize them. They were deeply tanned, +healthy looking and were well dressed, They no longer appeared +hungry and haunted by poverty. + + Sally handed me a book, autographed by both of them. It is one +of my treasured possessions now. + + "We intended to send it to you," she said. "We were in the +East when it came out. But we meant to come back here after a while +and Kent said we'd bring it." + + Kent wanted to pay me some more money. I grinned. + + "That's the first time anyone has ever come back to make me +another payment," I told him. "Usually the return visits are to +make complaints." + + "You cut your price for us," he said. "I knew about what your +lowest charge was when we came here. I was so thankful then that +you left us a little grub-stake that I didn't say anything." + + "That's all right," I told them. "A lot of doctors charge by +the income of their patients." + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Yeah," he grinned. "But they usually charge more than $10 and +a picture. The picture may be worth Something sometime, but you +didn't know it when you took it. Anyhow, our income is bigger now +and I want to make it right." + + "I'll just keep the picture and watch it increase in value," +I remarked. + + As a matter of fact, later I was offered enough money for the +picture to more than make up the difference between my usual price +and what I had charged for the abortion. But I turned it down. + + "In that case," Sally said, "I want to engage you as my +physician. I'm pregnant again." Her eyes twinkled up at me. "It +seems incurable in me. But this time I'm going through with it." + + I knew that they didn't have much money even then. But they +had the start they wanted. I felt pretty good about it. I'll admit +I was a little relieved when I learned that Sally meant to have a +child. Irresponsibility can become a habit. There is an old saying +that when a woman has one abortion she will have two more. And +there's a reason for it. If the first operation is comparatively +painless and inexpensive, the woman may grow careless. Always in +the back of her mind is the thought that she can afford to take a +risk. There's an easy way out for her. That is the type of patient +I try to discourage. + + Pearl had long ago recovered from her operation. She moved to +another city, but Norma remained behind, and I continued to see +her. Pearl's lover had had his headquarters. transferred, and she +could be with him more. Two or three months after her departure, +Norma telephoned. + + "Come over and Say goodbye to me," she said. + + I was shocked. I'd gotten into the habit of dropping in to see +Norma two or three nights a week. "What's the matter?" I asked. + + Pearl has arranged a better job for me in her city." + + I hurried right over. + + "I had a job here I was hoping that you'd take," I told her as +soon as I got in the door. "I know a doctor who needs an able +assistant." + + She stared at me. "But I don't know anything about medicine." +"You know a lot about this doctor," I said. "It might mean a cut in +pay, but I wish you'd stay and marry me." She smiled. "You've hired +a wife." Later she told me that she had planned to jolt me into a +proposal. "If it didn't work, I'd have gone, of course," she told +me frankly. "Because I didn't want to stay here any longer if I +wasn't married to you. But I hoped you'd take the hint." + + She looked at me anxiously "Are you sure this isn't just a +rebound from Rose?" She asked. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "No. Rose was a rebound from life. She was my calf-love affair +and my revolt against the realities, all rolled into one. This is +the real thing. I had to get over my rose-tinted spectacles stage. +It may be unfair to you. This hasn't been a glamorous courtship, by +any means." + + She laughed. "We're spared that re-adjustment, at least." + + And we were. We started with no illusions about each other. +She knew all about my profession. I knew that she had had to face +some harsh things. Our love was based on the solid foundation of +friendship. We had simply become necessary to each other. + + I'm not against glamour and romance. Every girl feels that she +has a right to a romantic courtship. But glamour is also frequently +a trick of nature to lure a girl into fulfilling her biological +duties, and sometimes it backfires. + + A Young girl came into my office late one afternoon. + + "What's the matter with you?" I asked. + + "Too much moonlight and light fiction," she replied. + + She was about 18, but she looked older and more sophisticated. +Nowadays young girls dress and act as if they knew everything, and +men are not always to be blamed if they take them at their face +value. + + Patricia, as I shall call her, told me her story with a sort +of ironical amusement, the attitude of the newly-made cynic. + + "I'd feel better if I'd been soused to the gills, Then I could +have waved my hands and said that the cad took advantage of me when +I was too drunk to know what I was doing." + + But she had been intoxicated on something headier and more +dangerous than whiskey. She'd been drunk on the idea of glamour. + + She was a debutante in a small city, Popular with boys she'd +known since childhood. Pretty and clever in a superficial way, she +imitated the mannerisms of her favorite movie stars and mouthed +risque flippancies with only a vague idea what they meant. + + Boys had tried to "paw" her, and she was a little intoxicated +with her power over them. She easily evaded their advances, +although she said she'd done a good deal of wrestling. + + "Sometimes I wanted to go ahead," she told me frankly. "But I +was always glad I hadn't when I got home." + + With three other girls, Patricia went to a resort to spend a +week. They had a cabin and no chaperon. Chaperons are out-dated +today. Anyhow, the girls were all grown and parents had become +careless. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + All the girls had vague hopes of meeting someone "really +exciting" at the resort. They were tired, they said, of the youths +they had been going with. There was no thrill in dating boys they'd +known from childhood, boys with only a little pocket money and +their fathers' cars. + + Unfortunately for Patricia, she met an "exciting new man" at +a hotel dance. The girls' cabin was close to a resort, and they +went over without escorts. + + It was fun, Patricia thought, to dance with a stranger. She'd +been rushed by strange youths at college dances, although the man +introduced himself or was brought up by a friend. This man only +gave his first name and preserved a glamorous mystery about +himself. He was well dressed, handsome and danced well. Patricia +fell for him at once. + + Girls of that age have an unfortunate tendency to exaggerate +all their emotions. Patricia decided she had a violent crush on the +man. She went driving with him and he kissed her. + + "I'd been kissed before," she,related. "But never like that. +The boys I'd been going around with were pretty amateurish. I +didn't have sense enough to know that this was just good technique. +I thought that it was the real thing." She laughed a little. "Don't +think I'm so dumb. Men are mighty egotistical about the way they +kiss or hug a girl, but a lot of them have the idea that the thing +to do is break a girl's neck or crush her ribs and then aim in the +general direction of her mouth, This man was different. I wasn't +such an idiot as I sound in falling for him." + + She talked a good deal about it. I let her ramble on. It was +for her nerves and I want to have all the details I can before I do +anything about these cases. Success as an abortionist depends on a +lot of things, and skillful handling of the patient is necessary to +save my own neck. I must learn everything I can before I commit +myself. + + "When I was little," Patricia went on, twisting her hands +nervously, "I used to worry a lot about how I'd feel when I was +converted to the Church. I thought there'd be a great blinding +light of some kind. I thought falling in love would be about the +same thing. Well, I saw the light all right. Or rather I felt as if +I'd been shocked by a big volt of electricity. + + She sat there, a pert, lipsticked young girl with frightened +eyes. Her hair was smoothly coiffed. She was expensively dressed. +But her manicured fingers twisted constantly with a handkerchief, +wadding it and then unfolding it. The red lips trembled as she +talked. + + The money expended on her personal appearance, exclusive of +the casual jewelry she wore, must have been at least a hundred +dollars. Her parents had provided her with a good home. They spent +money lavishly on her. Yet they had neglected to prepare her for +life. Sex to her meant dates, dancing, light flirtation's and +finally marriage to the "right man" to be picked by heaven-sent + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +inspiration. No one had ever told her to beware of passion, no one +had ever told her that her own emotions were unreliable, that she +carried within her enough dynamite to ruin her life. The thing that +constantly amazes me about such gals is not that they get into +trouble but that they do not get into more trouble. + + "It seemed just like something in a story," the girl went on. +"Meeting a good-looking stranger and falling in love right away. I +thought about how I'd gloat over the girls. It was just like a +movie." + + She had been unresisting in the hands of an experienced man. +The sex act had been disappointing. She was a little frightened and +yet a little thrilled at the emotion of the man. She was so sure +before that this was love that she was almost incredibly reckless. +He didn't even tell her his entire name until after her seduction. +He simply touched a match to all the stored-up longing for romance +and passion in her 18-year old body. I never laugh at jokes about +girls who don't find out the real names of their lovers beforehand. + + Patricia had agreed to go to a little cabin he said he had. It +all seemed thrilling. She had visions of herself, a gingham apron +tied over her evening dress, cooking his breakfast. It was in line +with all the silly 'stories she'd read or seen portrayed on the +screen in which the 'heroine takes refuge in the hero's cabin and +he nobly surrenders his bed and sleeps on the couch. + + This, she thought, was adventure, romance. This was heaven. + + She spent a week end with him. It was a puzzling week end, but +her faith in her lover persisted until he dumped her back at the +resort and said he hoped that he'd see her again sometime. Then the +whole thing burst upon her full force. She'd deliberately avoided +asking about several things that seemed strange and had reassured +herself by thinking of his love-making. + + In a daze, she murmured some sort of excuse, telling her +friends that she had been swept off to a house party and there'd +been no telephone or telegraph facilities. Fortunately they hadn't +notified her parents of her absence. She had meant to surprise them +with news of her whirlwind courtship and romantic marriage. + + She went home and tried to conceal her feelings. She was badly +hit. She had fallen in love head over heels, and the +disillusionment was bitter. + + She felt that she had somehow been lacking; that if she had +been prettier or more interesting or more passionate she would have +held the stranger and he would have married her. She was especially +worried about her lack of passion. + + "He kept telling me that I was a sweet child and lovable," she +said. "But I didn't want to be a sweet child. I wanted to be a +woman." + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Then one day she picked up a paper and saw the picture of her +lover. He was a notorious gangster. He had been hiding out at the +resort. Most criminal's are careful about the women they pick up. +They've known of too many comrades betrayed, either intentionally +or unconsciously, by a girl outside the racket. Their women have to +be in the know. They must be able to keep their mouths shut when +questioned by the police; they must know who is safe and who isn't. +But some of them forget -- as newspaper headlines and pictures of +"the woman in the case" show. + + Patricia's hero, however, was notorious for similar episodes. +He could not resist a pretty face, and he preferred "nice girls." +He had left a trail of brief romances all through the Middle West. +He was handsome, usually had plenty of money, was a liberal spender +and appeared to be a wealthy young businessman on vacation. + + He was, of course, a scoundrel, and his sexual crimes were +worse than his robberies. But then a lot of factors contributed to +Patricia's private tragedy. One is that conventions have relaxed so +that introductions are no longer necessary and young girls know +little or nothing about the men they meet at parties and dances. +Another is that while mother's may warn their daughters vaguely +against strangers, there has grown up a romantic tradition of the +fascinating stranger. He is encountered in parks, taxis, at the +theater, at parties, in lonely mountain cabins, on yachts, and, he +is always at the scene of any accident. In fiction, he is +invariably chivalrous and proposes after the first kiss, In real +life, he's a risky subject. + + Patricia had not told her mother when she missed menstruation +and decided she was pregnant. + + "I can't," she said. "I'll do anything before I'll tell her. +She thinks I'm such a nice, sweet girl, and it would break her +heart. If I can keep her from finding this out, I will be a nice +girl. I've learned my lesson. But she'd never get over it. She'd +tell me that she'd rather see me dread. And she'd blame herself for +letting me go on an unchaperoned house party. She'd always be +suspicious of me afterward, She'd want to keep me under lock and +key, and she'd be asking questions all the time about my friend's. +Father would have to be told and he'd say that I've brought +disgrace on the family." + + She was crying now. I remembered the young girl who'd come to +me when I first started to practice and how she'd killed herself. +Here was my chance to wipe out that old feeling of guilt. + + "There, there," I said soothingly. "It's all right. Your +parents won't need to know anything about it." "I've got money," +she sobbed. "I've got $200. It's my Christmas and birthday money. +And I can sell my pearls." + + "You won't need much money," I soothed her. "But you'll have +to manage to be away from home for a few days. Can you do that?" + + She nodded. Then she began to cry again. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "I'm all right. I'm just relieved. It's been so awful, not +daring to say anything. I worried all the time even before I knew +I was overdue. And then I'd dream I was all right and wake up +believing it." + + "I know," I told her. Such dreams are common to pregnant +women, just as women who are worried about themselves may dream of +pregnancy. + + I've heard women going into orgies of self-pity over their +tragic lives when there's been sickness in the family, financial +distress and even death. And I always think of that gallant, tragic +army of young women who march into my office on leaden feet. +There's a vast difference between trouble that can be shared, and +trouble that must be kept secret. + + The real tragedies are the young Patricias, who must pretend +to be gay and guard carefully against any betrayal of their +worries. Patricia had to stand alone. She had not even dared to go +to her family doctor. She had got my name by accidentally hearing +a conversation in which a girl said that I'd arranged an abortion +for a friend " + + She had been afraid that her doctor would tell her parents. Of +course, he would have kept the secret. But it is usually less +embarrassing to go to strangers with humiliating confessions. Every +time she saw her doctor thereafter, she would be reminded of her +sordid episode. + + It would have been safer for me had I insisted that Patricia +tell the story to her parents and obtain their permission for the +abortion. Her father was prominent in the town. If anything +happened to Patricia, he would raise hell and might charge me with +anything from murder to being the father of the unborn child. +Patricia's story, sounded a little fishy, which made me trust her. +Stories that are too pat probably have been framed. The unexpected +usually happens in sex. + + Patricia was sure that her parents would object to an +abortion. + + "They wouldn't do anything but make my life miserable," she +explained. "They'd call me a murderer and they'd make me have the +child and then put it in an orphanage. An abortion doesn't seem any +worse than that. And they wouldn't believe my story. They'd think +I was shielding someone, and they'd talk day and night trying to +get me to name the man. They're old. They don't understand how I +wanted excitement and how tired I got of the nice boys who brought +me home at 10 o'clock. But believe me, I'll appreciate the nice +boys from now on." + + I didn't tell her what her parents would do to me if they +found out. She was going to keep her mouth shut. And it would have +frightened her needlessly. However, I've seen some "helping hands" +get slapped. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + A friend of mine helped his niece by marriage to get an +abortion. She was an adopted child, and the family was puritanical. +So the girl went to him, and he gave her the money and brought her +to me. Her lover was a worthless scamp who went away at the first +news of trouble. + + Several years later she died. In her possession, were papers +that revealed the story, but fortunately, not my name. However, her +uncle's connection was shown. + + There was a great uproar. The abortion had nothing to do with +the girl's death. But her relatives professed to believe that it +had "ruined" her. Furthermore, they declared the uncle must have +been the man in the case. Otherwise, why did the girl go to him +instead of her parents and why did he help her in secrecy? + + He told his story, but they did not believe him. He had no +right, they said, to take so much responsibility. His wife left +him. The name of the poor, dead girl was bandied about by the +people who had talked so loudly of their love for her. + + "Everything I ever did with or for her was raked up wrong +interpretation given it," he told me. "I loaned her my car +occasionally. She used it for dates. She may have told her folks +that she was out with me. I don't know. She was of age and I +figured she knew what she was doing. She would have gone ahead with +her affairs anyhow. And now, because she came to me when she was in +trouble, they're trying to make me out an absolute scoundrel." + + "I'd give her a drink once in a while," he went on. "She +couldn't drink at home. And I gave her cigarettes. That's dragged +out now to show that I had a tremendous affair with this girl. I +gave her the money for the abortion because she didn't have any and +she needed it at once and she couldn't think of anyone else to go +to. She knew that I had a good income and could get it for her +without much trouble. And she knew I'd keep my mouth shut about it. +She said she'd pay me back but she never got enough money together, +and she knew I didn't need it badly." + + "Calm down," I told him. "I could tell the way you behaved +when you brought her to me that you weren't responsible for it. You +were worried about the girl and you were fond of her, but I could +see that you weren't guilty, and you never tried to defend yourself +then." + + I thought of this case and what happened to my friend when I +agreed that it was best that Patricia not tell her parents. I'm not +saying that it was best. As it happened, it did turn out all right. +Patricia arranged a "trip," and instead went to a discreet +apartment hotel where she could have seclusion and be treated for +colitis. + + Naturally she was nervous as the dickens and I let her blow +off to me. She had a nurse, but she liked to talk to me. While she +was firm in her decision not to tell her mother, she fretted about +it and conducted debates with herself. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Mother is fine," she said, "but she worries me so with +questions about little things. Usually it's something I don't mind +telling her. But she tries to worm it out of me in a tactful +fashion and I can see through her little tricks and that annoys me. +She'll try to find out what time I came home. Instead of asking me +a direct question, she beats around the bush. She doesn't know I've +ever had a cocktail and she disapproves of my smoking. And she +talks about my boy friends in such a silly, areh way that it keeps +me from being honest about my dates." + + "I know," I said. "All mothers and daughters -- or most of +them -- go through the same stage. The mother can't become adjusted +to the idea that her daughter has a right to private thoughts and +a private life." + + Sometimes I've thought it would be a good thing if mothers +could hear some of the things their daughter's tell me -- and I get +the cases where the mothers apparently have made a failure of their +job. I told Patricia that. + + "I don't think it would do any good," she replied, "It might +change mother in the long run. But she'd be hurt at first because +I didn't talk to her instead of a doctor. I can't treat mother like +a human being. She's always reminding me that she's my mother, and +so I must give everything she says special consideration. For +instance, if I do something silly, just a little harmless thing, I +can't tell mother about it and laugh. She will give me a lecture +from a sense of duty. Even if I know I made a fool of myself and +admit it, she's still got to go motherly on me." + + If mother's could only learn to graduate their supervision +through the teens and concentrate on the bigger things, I'd lose a +lot of my business but I'd be thankful to do it. But they are so +accustomed to commanding their children's lives, from what time +they go to bed and get up to what they eat and wear and think, that +they can't get used to the idea that their children now have minds +of their own and that these minds must be respected. + + Patricia's mother was fairly typical of a certain class of +well-to-do women. Of course, Patricia's case was unusual in that +she met an utter rotter. But she might have received virtually the +same treatment at the hands of a jaded businessman on vacation at +a resort and a little plastered. Or she might have been knocked up +by a reckless school boy who would be too frightened to be of any +help. Such lads get panicky, try to evade the blame and in so doing +spread the story and do the girl more harm. They rush to their +parents, deny everything and the story is circulated that way. + + Patricia's mother lost her daughter's confidence because she +failed to give the girl the same friendliness and tolerance that +she would give some one not a relative. She expected perfection +from her daughter, and even the most modest mothers seem to think +that this perfection can be attained by implicit obedience. +Maternal orders usually are so vague or so contradictory that the +daughter finally ignores them altogether and begins a series of +minor deceptions which can never be ended because confession of one +of them would cause the mothers to become suspicious or to discover +the others. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Mother is always telling me to be like Mary Warren, and she's +a pill." Patricia said. "She never gets to go anywhere. Or she +tells me to be like some girl who plays up to the chaperons and +gets away with murder on the sly. She never gives me any practical +advice. She just tells me to be a nice girl and to associate only +with nice boys and girls and gives me a lot of platitudes. She told +me once that I shouldn't let boys kiss me. But all the girls pet a +little, and if I didn't I wouldn't go anywhere." + + "She never told me anything about --" Patricia stopped rather +than use any words for sexual intercourse. "She always says that +she'll tell me more about thing's at the proper time. I suppose she +means when I marry. She just says for me not to do anything bad. +But this didn't seem bad when I did it. I couldn't help It. Or I +thought I couldn't. I got all dizzy when Darrell started kissing +me, and then I was weak and burning all over." + + It sounds almost unbelievable that there could be girls as +innocent as Patricia in the world today. But there are. Some of the +girls who tell risque jokes so glibly are almost as ignorant of the +volcanic properties of sex. + + Patricia went home a sadder and wiser girl. As far as I know, +she never told her mother about her experience. Later she married +a young bank clerk whose chief characteristic seemed to be +placidity. She had lost her taste for excitement and wanted the +prosaic. + + A mother I consider far above the average in intelligence told +me that she had been criticized by her neighbors for bringing the +confessions magazines home and allowing her daughter's to read +them. + +"The literary standard may not be high and the stories may be +written by staff members," she remarked. "I don't mind that. We +have plenty of good books in the house to offset any lowering of +literary standards. I told my girls the facts of life as early as +I thought they would understand them. I was criticized for that, +too, because the neighboring mothers were still favoring the stork +theory and the doctor's black bag, and they were peeved because my +children explained the processes of nature to their youngsters. But +I never saw any reason for lying to children if I could keep from +it. + + "I've had mothers say they didn't wish their children to read +the newspapers because they were so full of scandal. It's my +experience that adolescents don't read the newspapers enough. I +encourage that. I may be robbing my children of the bloom of +innocence, but when my oldest boy has a hangover he tell's me so +with a sheepish look and I fix him a pick-up and he doesn't need a +lecture. I know he's going to do a little drinking and I want to +know what he drinks and see that he doesn't make too big a fool of +himself. I won't find out if I try the heavy mother act. I let him +give beer parties at the house and I don't sit around telling the +boys how nice it is that they come and how I want to know all +Jimmy's little friends. That went out after his 10th birthday. I +tell them that the house is theirs, but not to break any furniture. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +I encouraged Jimmy to start dating when he was young because I +figured he'd be safer with a nice girl than he would be hanging +around pool halls or running the streets with a gang of sensation- +hunting boys. I had his father give him a lecture on diseases and +dangers of picking-up girls, too, with no mincing of words about +it. + + "I told my girls the same thing. I don't want them to think +that sex is a sordid matter, but I do want them to be able to +distinguish between cheap thrills and genuine affection when it +comes. I don't want my girls to be manhandled and overkissed. But +I want them to do enough kissing that they won't be swept off their +feet the first time anyone puts any enthusiasm in the embrace. I +gossip with them, too, for that's an easy way of putting in my +opinions without a formal lecture on the style of 'Now mother wants +to tell her little girls something.' It's just as foolish to let a +teen-age girl remain ignorant of the dangers of sex as it is to let +her go motoring without warning her of the dangers of drunken +driving." + + "How is it working out?" I asked. + + "Fine," she said. "I have to catch myself from relating to +neighbor mothers some facts about their dear, pure daughters that +my girls have told me. They're still trying to keep that virgin +bloom on the theory that the girls will be more attractive brides +in the marriage market. But if my prospective sons-in-law are going +to be frightened away because my daughters know the detail's of +their anatomy and the difference between a marriage proposal and a +proposition, they can remain away. They'll find out all the facts +sooner or later and I'd prefer that they find out from me. That +way, I know they'll learn the truth and not a distorted version +from some girl friend. It's easier for them to hear it from me, and +they won't be afraid of shocking me with confidences. I want them +to talk easily to me. If ever any of them need your services, +doctor," she concluded with a smile, "I'll be right along. But I +don't think they will." + + And they haven't either. If more mothers were like Mrs. X, the +world would be a better place for everyone except abortionists. +Some of the young girls who come to me have been warned +sufficiently about the dangers of sex but in such garbled fashion +that they received no practical information and sex held a morbid +fascination for them. Some of them were frightened to death after +they had their first sex experience. But when nothing happened, +they recovered from their scare. They were excited over their +initiation into womanhood and they went to extremes. Their mothers +had tried to control them by fright rather than reason. When fright +left, there was no longer any deterrent. + + "I try to make chastity something besides just a word to my +daughters," Mrs. X said. "There are so many jokes about chastity +and the scarcity of virgins that the mere terms are not enough to +do any good. Common sense and good taste must be added. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "I tell them that they're pretty girls and a lot of men are +going to want them. But they must have a yardstick to measure the +men and they must think of the future. You can't expect girls to do +much reasoning when a man is making love to them. But if you can +get them to ask themselves if they would want to marry this man, +you have a foundation for good behavior. If he's attractive enough +to be considered seriously as a husband, then the girl should not +risk losing marriage by an affair. If he's not husband-material, +he's not good enough to be taken as a casual lover. My girls must +learn to make their own decisions, but they must have something on +which to base their judgment. Just telling them to go around with +nice men and to behave isn't enough." + + She is right. Some of the mothers who come weeping into my +office wondering why their daughters failed to follow their advice +were always careful to tell their girls to be "nice." + + Even when confronted with evidence of their failures, many +such mothers resent any insinuation that they did not follow the +wisest course. They have the excuse of the weakling, "I did the +best I could." The favorite alibi is, "My children won't listen to +me any more," These mothers never pause to wonder why their +children won't listen to them. + + Patricia's mother undoubtedly would have wrung her hands and +justified herself by saying, "But how could I know that Pat would +meet a horrible gangster?" + + How could she know Pat wouldn't meet a gangster? She knew +there were such things. Pat might have received worse treatment. At +least, she didn't get a disease. How could she know her glamour- +seeking daughter might not meet a blackmailer who would drug her +and photograph her nude in an obscene pose? Girls of some of the +best families have been treated in such fashion. How could she know +that her daughter wouldn't meet some diseased and reckless youth +who thought it smart to give a girl a dose or to knock her up! How +could she know that Pat might not meet some man with emotions so +jaded that his ardor could only be aroused by fresh young purity or +a pervert seeking new converts? How could she be so blindly +optimistic as to think that a young girl guided only by platitudes +would reach the altar without a single misstep along the way? + + IX. SOME TRAGEDY AND COMEDY + + All my cases do not have happy endings. A young country girl +was brought to me by her father. She was a rather attractive girl, +but sensitive about her "country" look. She had gone to a town +high-school and had been embarrassed by her sunburned skin, her +work-roughened hands, her faded and old-fashioned dresses. She had +no mother, and she had to work hard. Her father was a prosperous +farmer, but it never occurred to him to hire a girl to do the +housework while his daughter went to school. + + As a consequence, his daughter was always a little harassed by +the conflict between her housework, her studying and her school +days. She had little time to devote to her personal appearance, +even if she had possessed money and taste to buy clothes. I tell +this because it was important from the standpoint of what happened +to her. + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Small town's are more snobbish than cities, because lines are +more sharply visible. The daughters of the town's leading families +sneered at Kate. And most of the other girls toadied to them. So +she was deprived of the normal girl companionship of high-school. +She had no chum with whom to discuss her crushes, and, anyhow, she +had no time for walking arm in arm around the town after school, +going to basketball and football games, having sodas in the drug +store. + + This lack of time would seem to prevent her from getting into +trouble. But, instead, it had the opposite effect. She was So +hungry for any sort of companionship that she proved a "pushover" +for the small-town toughs. The high-school boys did not think it +necessary to treat a "green country girl" with any respect or to +ask her on regular dates and parties. One of the boys took her home +one night from a play and "made" her. She was flattered because he +came from a "good" family, and she was too dumb to realize that he +was treating her like an unpaid prostitute. He had several similar +"dates" with her, usually leaving her immediately after -- +sometimes making her walk home. Presently she learned that she was +pregnant. + + Her father found her weeping one day and forced her to tell +him the story. She concealed the name of the boy from him and she +refused to tell me. I gathered, however, from talking to her that +she had been with several boys. I think she knew which one of them +was to blame, but he had apparently threatened her with something, +and so she protected him. Probably he used the old trick of telling +her that he would deny everything and that he would prove she had +gone with other boys. + + She maintained a sullen, frightened silence most of the time +she was in my office. Her father wanted me to get the man's name +from her so that he could either horsewhip him or force him to +marry Kate. + + "He won't marry me, papa," the girl said. "I told you that. +Ain't no use trying." + + The girl was diseased, too, and I refused to risk an abortion. + + "I can cure the disease," I told her father. "Then perhaps you +can send her away somewhere to have the child." + + He grunted, and they left. Several days later I heard that the +girl had hanged herself from a rafter in the barn loft. Maybe it +was for the best. Life would have been a pretty dismal business if +she had had to remain in the same community. Fundamentally she was +a decent girl. She had simply been the victim of cheap small-town +toughs and a social system. Probably she was wise in not telling +her father the names of her lovers -- although that is a strange +word to use in such a case. The boy to blame might have been +frightened into a shotgun marriage. But if he were under age, the +marriage could be annulled by his parents. There would be an ugly +quarrel in which the girl's name would be drugged deeper into the +filth and the whole incident made unforgettable. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I saw that happen in another small-town case. The boy, a son +of the local banker, was called "wild," but I have a more blunt +term for youths of his type. He was spoiled by too much money, too +much prestige. For several years there were rumors of how he had +tried to assault various girls, but they were kept quiet for fear +of parental wrath. The banker could make things financially +embarrassing for a great many people. The boy behaved himself +fairly well around girls of his own set. + + Then he seduced the daughter of a widow. "Seduced" is the +proper term, for I believe he led her to believe that he meant to +marry her. Perhaps he didn't say so in so many words, but he told +her that he loved her, and to her 16-year-old mind that meant +marriage. + + He bragged to all the town youth of his conquest of a virgin. +Some of the other boys tried to follow in his footsteps, but had no +luck. Then the girl became Pregnant. She went to the boy and asked +that their marriage be hurried. He took the refuge of such sexual +cowards. He said that he was not to blame, refused to believe that +she had been faithful to him and even that she had been a virgin. + + She was a delicate little thing with an Irish beauty, smoky +gray eyes, black curls and a fair skin with a few freckles +scattered over her nose. Ordinarily she was shy, but desperation +lent her new courage. She tried to see the boy's mother. She +failed, but the boy heard of it and got the wind up, He went to his +father and told him that the girl was trying to force him into +marriage. He painted the girl as a fortune hunter, knowing this the +most powerful appeal to his money-mad parent. + + The banker was enthusiastic about his Son's plan of getting +other boys to swear that they, too, had intercourse with the girl, +Bessie, and that she had not been a virgin at the time. Then the +father went to Bessie's mother and accused her of trying to marry +her daughter to his son. This was the first the amazed woman had +beard of the whole thing. She knew Bessie had been dating the +banker's son, but she thought it just a boy and girl friendship. + + For once, a mother remained loyal. Usually it seems to me that +those whose love and faith should be bulwarks for our younger +generation are the first to believe any rumors about their beloved +offspring. I've had girls fell me that their mothers accused them +of immorality if they stayed out late at night, and refused to +believe their explanation of tardiness. Some of these girls +eventually decided that they might as well play the game if they +were to get the blame. + + But Bessie's mother, Mrs. G, refused to believe the banker's +lurid tale of how Bessie had been playing fast and loose with the +town boys and was now trying to fasten the blame on his innocent +son. Part of her loyalty may have sprung from the banker's misstep +in including her in the accusation. He blamed her for plotting the +whole business and using her daughter as a willing tool. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Mrs. G. also refused to believe that her daughter had been +intimate with any boy other than the banker's son. Bessie told her +the whole thing, and she upheld her daughter. The town was in an +uproar. The widow and her daughter were requested to leave. A +friend of Mrs. G's brought her to me. + + "I wouldn't want my daughter to marry a boy like that, even if +he were willing," she said. "What kind of a life could she lead +with him after this? And I certainly don't want her to have a child +by him. He isn't fit to be a father. I don't want any of his money, +and I don't want my daughter to have a child that would be +supported by such horrible people. I'm going to leave the town and +I want to get rid of the child. But X isn't going to get off by +paying me a little money." + + In the general uproar, some of the boys revealed -- in +youthful boasts -- how they had lied about Bessie and how young X +had bragged that Bessie was a virgin. The banker soon saw that he +had stirred up a hornet's nest. The whole story came out, and was +whispered throughout the community. The banker's enemies took +delight in spreading it. Finally he tried to buy off the widow. She +refused any of his money, even enough to pay for the abortion. The +banker's son was shipped off to a military academy. + + The girl got her abortion. I saw to that. There was no time +for arguing over who was to pay for it and who wasn't. I admired +the widow's spunk in refusing the money that, according to any +code, her daughter was entitled to. It was her best way of refuting +charges that she was trying to gold-dig or blackmail the banker. +She had to leave the town, of course, for the girl's sake. But she +was not entirely unavenged. + + I don't mean to paint all small towns as dens of iniquity +where a poor girl is never safe. If I exaggerate, it is simply that +I hear few tales of sweetness and light in my office. + + Shortly after the case of Mrs. G, I got exactly the opposite. +A designing mother accused the son of a prominent man of seducing +her daughter. The son denied it, and the father believed him. They +forced the girl to have an examination, which proved that she was +a virgin. + + In my business, you soon learn that truth about sex is +stranger than fiction. A prosecuting attorney told me of a 10-year- +old girl who came into his office with her mother. The child's +parents were divorced and she divided her time between them. + + The father lived on a farm. The girl didn't like it, and she +wrote her mother making accusations of incest against her father. +The mother rushed to her, and then went to the prosecutor to file +charges against her former husband and to obtain complete custody +of the child. + + "The kid acted mighty funny," the attorney told me. "I could +see that she didn't like to live in the country. She was used to +town, where she could go to movies and have plenty of playmates. So +I had the county physician examine her. Sure enough, he found no + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 59 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +signs that she'd been ravished. The kid then admitted that she'd +made the whole story up so that she could go back to her mother. I +told the mother that she'd better drop the charges and work out +some friendly agreement with her ex-husband. + + He sighed. "Attorneys and doctors hear some queer things" he +said philosophically. + + He was right. When people ask the secret of my marital +happiness I say that I see enough tragedy in my office and I +learned my lessons without any experiments at home. + + A colleague of mine told me about a prominent woman who was +trying to divorce her husband. She told all her friends he was +impotent. Just as they succeeded in agreeing on a friendly charge, +she became pregnant. + + I don't know how she managed her divorce, but it probably was +an embarrassing situation. My colleague laughed heartily. I didn't. +For a somewhat similar case was brought to me. + + "I'm planning to divorce my husband," the woman, whom I shall +call Janet said. "I'm going to marry another man. And now to throw +a monkey wrench into the works, I am pregnant." + + "Well," I told her, "if you're planning to marry the man, go +ahead and have the child. You can get the divorce in Reno in plenty +of time. It may be a bit embarrassing, but that's one of the risks +you took. You and your lover will just have to face the music." + + "You don't understand," she said. "My husband is the father of +the child." + + With difficulty I restrained a grin. "That does make it a +problem." + + "I can't go through with it," she explained desperately. "You +see, it's like this. I'm divorcing my husband because of +infidelity. We've been married about five years and I see there's +no hope of changing his ways. He's fond of me but he can't resist +women -- and they can't resist him. I don't think these affairs +mean much to him -- but they mean a lot to me." + + Janet paused for a few moments, searching for words. I waited. +You can't just walk into a doctor's office -- unless he's an out- +and-out quack -- and demand an abortion. All these confessions may +sound a bit queer, but if a doctor has any standing at all, he has +to be convinced that for the sake of humanity this case is worth +taking a risk. + + "I stood it as long as I could," she said. "Finally I was +forced to realize that such a marriage would drive me crazy. I like +security. I want to be respectable. Don made me feel casual, +unimportant. I was his wife, but there was nothing that we had that +he didn't share with any woman of uneasy virtue. It was killing my +love and my self respect. I was tormented by jealousy at first, and +then I found myself becoming a little resigned. But I never knew + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 60 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +when he'd meet some woman who'd make a fuss. One or two of his +flames did come to me and demand that I give Don up to them. Don +was horrified at that. He liked being married to me -- because it +gave him plenty of freedom. But I hate scenes." + + "And then," Janet went on. "I met Andy. I admit I poured it on +a little about being the misunderstood wife. Andy was sympathetic, +and we fell in love with each other. With Andy I could have +everything I want, security, comfort. I could be an actual wife. He +is steady-going and he has high ideals. If I lose Andy, I'll +probably try the dismal experiment of becoming a philandering wife. +I'm not cut out for that sort of thing and I'd make a mess of it." + + "I know," I told her. I'd 'seen plenty of women driven to +extramarital affairs by unfaithful husbands. Frequently it wrecks +their marriages because the husbands never feel that anything they +have done justifies the same action in their wives. + + "Andy and I agreed that I should get a divorce," Janet +continued. "I put off telling Don about it. I know Andy won't +understand that. He's a matter-of-fact person who makes a decision +and sticks to it. And he couldn't understand how I could still be +fond of Don and hate to hurt him, even if he has hurt me a lot in +the past. Finally I just left the traditional note on the pin +cushion and departed." + + "And then?" I asked. + + "And then I discover I'm pregnant." She shrugged her +shoulders. "I've got to do something about it, and I didn't want to +try any crude things that might keep me from bearing Andy's +children. It's so early that it should be simple. But you can see +my position. I could never make Andy understand that after I had +agreed to a divorce I would take my husband as a lover. I've +thought of all the possible reasons and none of them would be +credible to Andy. He'd feel that I didn't really love him -- and I +do. He'd think it my duty to stay with Don if I loved him enough to +go to bed with him, and he'd think me utterly a hussy if I told him +I didn't want to live with Don any more." + + "And why did you do it?" I asked. + + "I don't know." Janet flung her hands up. "Why do we do +anything? Why did I marry Don when I knew pretty well what he was +then? I did it because he was so attractive to me that I felt I'd +rather risk a little unhappiness than lose him entirely. And oddly +enough I'm still a little fond of him. We've lived together five +years. It's hard to wipe all of that out. To be honest," she turned +and faced me, "I think it was more or less force of habit. He came +into my room late at night when I was asleep, and the next thing I +knew he was making love to me. That was always Don's way of +starting a reconciliation after he'd been unfaithful. And I had +submitted to him before when I was angry or sad, and, anyhow, there +wasn't time to think. I suppose I could have made a scene and told +Don I meant to divorce him. But the fact remains that I didn't. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 61 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Maybe there was a little sentimentalism about it, too. A +desire to have one pleasant night with Don before our life was +closed entirely. Anyhow, he stayed the rest of the night with me, +and I didn't use any preventives. And, of all the nights, it had to +be that one on which I was caught. I once wanted a child thinking +it would help me hold Don. Later, I decided it would be bad because +Don didn't care for children; he would assuredly be unfaithful +while I was pregnant and I would hate that and the child would make +me even more helpless. Now, just as I had put an end to the whole +dismal mess, this had to happen." + + "Don't you think you ought to tell Andy the truth?" I asked. + + "What is the truth?" Janet asked. "That I, being still a wife +in name, did not refuse my husband? I can't ask Andy to marry me +when I'm carrying Don's child. It would be an impossible situation. +If the child already were born, it would be different. He might not +object to a two or three-year-old child, although Andy is great on +doing his duty and there would be difficulty about the custody of +the child. But I couldn't go to him like this. There would be jokes +-- he'd be suspected of being the father, of course. It might +seriously hurt, his business career if there was scandal." + + "Can't you blame it on Andy?" I asked. + + She shook her head. "He's too honorable. We haven't been +lovers, and he won't take me until we're married. I know; I've +offered myself to him. + + "He isn't as much of a prig as I've made him out to be. Just +as I suppose I've given Don a little too much of the worst of it in +talking to Andy. A woman probably would understand how I +automatically let my husband make passionate love to me when I was +half-asleep. And she could understand how, even when I had decided +it was impossible for me to live with Don any longer, I could have +a sort of affection for him, a remembrance of our honeymoon days +and early married life and the fun we have had together, that would +make it pleasant, even more pleasant when I thought that it would +be our last time together." + + "I know," I said. "Over-compensation. You find it in men and +women who are being unfaithful or have decided to separate. The +guilty person feels that he or she has taken something important +away from the other mate and by way of compensation lavishes +tenderness on them." + + She nodded. "But Andy's never been married, and I'm afraid +he's never had any really passionate love affairs. I say I'm +afraid, because I'll probably make a lot of little slips, such as +calling him Don or talking about Don without rancor. But he's what +I want, and he's what I need. I'm not going to let Don or Don's +unexpected child cheat me out of it." + + Here was a neat problem. She could have gone back to Don. She +had not committed adultery, and she said Don would take her back, +although he did not seem greatly upset over. her desertion. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 62 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "He fancies I'll come back of my own free will if he lets me +alone," she said. "And he's too lazy to exert himself. Out of sight +is out of mind with Don. If he happened to meet me he'd probably +make an eloquent little speech urging me to return and saying he is +broken-hearted. But if he doesn't see me, he'll let the whole thing +slide and besides he might take the attitude that the child is +Andy's and I've been jilted by Andy. He couldn't understand Andy's +attitude in not making passionate love to me. Anyhow, as I said, I +don't want to go back to Don." + + Perhaps she should have told Andy. After all, the child was +not illegitimate. She was not disgraced. She had made Andy no +promises. Janet was not a loose woman. But, as she said, a bachelor +of Andy's type could not realize how after several years of +marriage sex becomes more or less automatic. Don, of course, was +innocent of blame in that particular instance. He did not know that +Janet was planning a friendly divorce. The interlude did not change +Janet's mind. She merely regarded it as the close of her sex life +with Don, and she felt that it was really no more of an infidelity +to Andy than any similar experience she had had with Don since she +had met Andy. + + On the surface, it looked as if she should take it on the chin +and go through what would simply be an embarrassing situation; +perhaps wait until after the child was born before she got her +divorce. She was still fond of Don and perhaps she should take up +her married life again. That probably would be the viewpoint of the +moralists, + + But Janet was not stupid about herself or her condition. + + "My pregnancy is an accident occurring at the worst time," she +said. "I'm not dumb enough to think that it was an act of God at a +dramatic moment to keep Don and me together. Don doesn't want +children. I want them, but I don't want Don's. If I stayed with +him, I should hate the child, hate myself for being a darned fool +and hate Don for getting me into this fix, although it really isn't +his fault. I'd think that his selfish desire to have me when he +wanted me ruined my life. I'd reached the limit of endurance in my +present existence. If I felt that sex had cheated me out of my +chance for happiness, I'd fling my cap over the windmill for good +and try to outdo Don. Then things would be in a mess." + + So she got her abortion. Then she obtained a quiet divorce and +married Andy. They seem very happy. She has never told him of the +incident. I think she is wise. She understands him as well as one +person can understand another. And so she knows there are certain +things that he could never understand. + + A second husband or wife is always vaguely jealous of the +first. A second wife was pregnant, and came to me -- not for an +abortion -- but for other medical advice. As it happened, she had +had an abortion before marriage. + + "I've never told David about it and I won't," she said. "He +talks to me a good deal about his first wife and that's bad enough +without my chiming in with tales of my past lovers. If he were +jealous, it would be bad, and if he weren't, it would be worse. I + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 63 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +tried asking David not to talk about Alice, his first wife, but he +looked surprised and hurt and said one of the nicest things about +me was that he could talk about such things freely. He doesn't see +any danger in it, because he knows that it is all over. But I am +forced to realize that he must once have been very fond of Alice +and wonder if his affection for me will dwindle just as quickly. +Also, I can't keep from feeling somehow that his first wife had the +best of it. She had him when he was youthful and idealistic and +more romantic than he is now. Of course, I know that my marriage is +safer because my husband wasn't romantic and impulsive when he +selected me. All the same, I wince, when he talks of some youthful +and quixotic thing he did with her." + + The more I see of the mistakes made in sex, the less I think +of the noble idea of a man and woman telling everything in their +pasts before marriage. Of course, if there is something that the +husband is sure to find out, such as a previous marriage or a +scandal that will be immediately resurrected, then the woman had +better beat the gossips to it. + + "When I became engaged, my husband began asking a lot of +question's, in a joking way," a woman once told me. "He smiled, but +he was serious behind his light manner. I hadn't given him an +opening by asking him about his past. I didn't want to know about +it. I knew he was virile and he was not diseased. I liked him for +himself, not for any record as a Casanova or a monk. So after I had +answered or evaded several questions, I said, Look, John, if you +want virginal innocence in a bride you have asked the wrong woman +to marry you. I'm not a virgin and you'd be sorry if, at my age, I +were. I have done a few things in my life that I regret and very +few that I'm ashamed of. Probably I've been a fool at times, as who +hasn't? But I've a sense of loyalty to the men who've been in my +past and I'm not going to talk about them. I took my affairs +seriously then or I wouldn't have gone through with them and they +deserve some reticence now.'" + + "What did he say?" I asked. + + "He was a little offended at first," she replied. "I told him +that I hadn't asked him any questions because I thought that a man +I loved would naturally be all right. I thought I deserved the same +faith. I was 30 years old when I married. It would have been odd if +there had been no men in my life. Some of the men had asked me to +marry them. One of my former lovers still lived in my town. Had I +told John all about my past, it would have risen to haunt me from +time to time. John would have looked at my former men friends with +jealous and prejudiced eyes. He would have suspected me of +lingering affection for my former lover. Or he might have thought +that I was regretting not having married some more prosperous man. +Then he would never understand the accidents." + + "Accidents?" I asked. + + She nodded. "Yes, accidents. He'd think they were planned or +I was weak or something was wrong, although he probably has had the +same type of experiences. I mean things like going somewhere and +having the car or the motorboat break down and staying the night. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 64 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +Maybe you just sleep. Maybe you sleep together. I'll give you an +example. A man and I went on an all-day picnic to a cabin omened by +some mutual friends. The whole thing, I warn you, sounds like a +plot for a romance except for the ending. We went in a car. when we +started the man said, 'Now remind me to get some gasoline.' I +agreed. Well, it was one of those trips when you whiz past a +filling station and the driver says, 'I should have stopped there,' +and by that time you're a mile on down the road and you wait for +the next one. Finally we ran out of stations because we were in a +wooded country and off the highway. Jack thought we had enough +gasoline to get us there and back to civilization. There wasn't +anything. deliberate about it. We were just careless." + + I grinned. "So you ran out of gas." + + She nodded again. "We didn't discover it until we got ready to +go home. We'd spent a perfectly congenial day, had our picnic, +walked around, admired the views and it was dark when we started to +go back. The car wouldn't start. I was dead tired. So was Jack. +Something had gone wrong with the gasoline gauge. It showed about +two gallons. Jack looked at me and laughed and we decided to stay +there. The next morning Jack could hunt around for a farmhouse. It +seemed utterly silly to go barging around in the dark when there +was a snug cabin stocked with wood and groceries. + + "Plausible enough," I agreed. + + "Yes. But here comes the part that is hard to explain to a man +you're about to marry. I'd met Jack about three years before had +been attracted to him. But he was going with someone else then and +so was I, and nothing came of it. About a week or so before the +picnic, I'd met Jack again. He was just back from a long trip, and +he gave me a rush. I wasn't going with anyone in particular. We'd +done a little petting, nothing else. + + "Jack hadn't been with a woman for months. The inevitable +happened. I liked and respected Jack. He was very attractive +physically. But I wasn't in love with him and he wasn't in love +with me and we didn't pretend to be. I like to look back on the +episode as being an adventure. The next morning, we found a tin of +gasoline in the back of a woodshed. If we'd rummaged around a +little more or had a flashlight we'd probably have found it the +night before. We laughed, but both of us said that we were glad we +hadn't discovered it." + + "And you don't intend to tell your husband about it?" I asked. + + "No," she replied. "You see Jack and I had a couple more dates +and then his business took him away, probably forever. If he'd +stayed, we might have had a long love affair; we might even have +been married by now. I don't know. I've heard men say that when two +nice people meet and have a powerful physical attraction the thing +to do is, well, to do something about it. But I once ruined a +beginning love affair by telling this story to the man. He had told +me of experiences which seemed much more casual to me. But it +ruined his idealistic view of me, and he couldn't bear that." + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 65 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "So I learned my lesson," she concluded briskly. "I've thought +a lot about that since. I was going to be frank and straightforward +with that man. I was being idealistic when I told him about Jack. +I thought the man was so fine and understanding that he deserved +nothing less than the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the +truth. I thought he'd appreciate my frankness and my confidence. I +should have known better. He was extremely jealous, and in his +jealousy he said things that hurt. Afterward he felt that he'd made +a fool of himself and he tried to salve his vanity by convincing +himself I was not what he had thought. This is getting a little +complicated. But it was a matter of his egotism. He took it calmly +when I first told him, and afterward he started thinking of it and +began to get more jealous; and he exploded and insisted I had done +an awful thing, so he could excuse his own spasm." + + "I agree with you," I said. "There are only a few things any +woman needs to tell her husband. I think she should say whether she +had been married before or that she doesn't really love him and +loves someone that she can't marry for some reason. Then she should +tell him if she can't have children, if she doesn't like children +or if she has a child already. I mean, of course, an illegitimate +child whose existence is being concealed. Chances are, he'll find +out about the child later and then it will be worse. And she should +tell him if there is anything wrong with her physically so that she +can't do her share in the sex partnership. That seems to me all the +information any woman needs to or should give her husband and all +any husband needs to give his wife. I include abortions in the list +of things she doesn't need to tell him, unless there is a big +chance that he may find out about it or unless the job has been +bungled so that she can't have children." + + There has always seemed something grisly and morbid to me +about raking over the past just as a marriage is about to begin. It +is unhealthy emotionally. Why drag out the dead on the eve of a +wedding? It turns it into a wake. An emotional woman probing into +the past may become upset and wonder if she's doing the right thing +or start thinking of what might have been. Likewise, tiny doubts of +the other person must creep in after detailed reminiscences of the +past. + + A young girl came to me for a physical examination before her +marriage. + + "I'm going to have a clean bill of health for my husband at +any rate," she told me. "If I'm pronounced sound of wind and limb +and technically a good girl I think that's enough. I'm not going to +drag out the love letters. I burn them as soon as I get them, +anyhow. And any girl past her middle 20's is a fool if she +confesses her life and loves; If she's been at all popular it's +going to sound pretty over-whelming to the gentleman in love with +her, and if she hadn't been popular, she doesn't want him to know +it." + + She smiled at me. "Some girls get too modern. But it isn't +modern to know when to keep your mouth shut. Our grandmothers knew +plenty about maidenly reticence. The trouble with the modern girl +is not so much what she does but her habit of talking about it at +the top of her voice." + + Which seemed words of wisdom to a man in my profession. + + 66 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + X. MY WIFE LENDS A HAND + + Ordinarily, as I have said, I tried to keep Norma separate +from my professional life. Of course, I talked over my cases with +her and frequently I relied upon her decisions. + + When we were first married, she wanted to act as my office +girl. + + "It would save you money," she insisted. "Then you'd need only +a nurse for operations. I could keep books and answer the telephone +and sterilize instruments as well as a nurse could." + + I shook my head. "No. I've found out by now that most of the +old platitudes are true. One of them is that you can't touch pitch +without being defiled. I don't want you to come in daily contact +with the most sordid side of sex. One of the nicest things about +our marriage is that I can look forward to coming home at night and +finding you serene and lovely. I can talk over anything that +bothers me, but you haven't been upset by seeing these people and +hearing their stories." + + She laughed. "Darling, don't think I don't hear about sex just +because I keep away from your office. When two women get together, +the conversation goes from clothes and diet to its logical end of +sex." + + I grinned. "I didn't know. I know that women talk to me mostly +of sex, but in a strictly professional way." + + "I went to a bridge luncheon today," Norma said. "And we got +to talking about abortions and miscarriages. Don't look shocked. +These were all nice women. It just happened that one of them had +had an operation. She said it was a curettage to stop a hemorrhage, +but we were all a little suspicious, I think. Anyway the +conversation turned to Women Who Do Things. And such a lot of +gossip as you wouldn't hear in days, I heard that Doctor B does +abortions, too. I didn't know that before." + + "I don't know it yet," I answered. "Doctor B might do one for +a close friend, but I rather doubt it. He'd probably send the +friend to me or to another doctor here who has some shady practice. +Don't believe all you hear about such matters. A lot of women who +come to me thought that they could persuade their family physicians +to help them out of jams, but they were mistaken when it came to a +showdown." + + "I know," she said. "Women will say something as rumor and +when it's next repeated it's a fact and next time it's doubled. For +instance, some one told me that Mrs. G had had three abortions." + + I grinned again. "Mrs, G had an operation several years ago +that would prevent her having any children. She had a tumor, and +she didn't menstruate for some time. What happened was that the +tumor made her abdomen enlarged and there were rumor's that she was +pregnant. Since she didn't have any children, a lot of gossip- +minded women supposed that she was doing something about it." + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 67 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "That's what I suspected. But you know I hadn't been around +married women much before I married. I am still a little amazed at +the way the wives all seize a chance to talk about sex. I suppose +they feel that this is one of the privileges of wifehood, to drop +all reticence in such matters, and they make the most of it. +Before, they had to be careful, for nice, unmarried girls aren't +supposed to know about such things." + + "That's why my practice grows," I remarked flippantly. "But a +lot of married women don't know very much about sex, and that +causes trouble when they go to dishing out advice. A woman who has +escaped having more than one or two children, chiefly through luck, +isn't in a position to give much advice to a woman who doesn't want +them." + + "I'm very popular," Norma said, "because they know I'm a +doctor's wife and they all figure they can get some free +information as well as a lot of gossip from me. I just tell them +that my husband never discusses his cases with me. But I was +surprised at how much talk, true or otherwise, there is floating +around about women. If a woman has a bad time at menstruation, half +her friends jump to the conclusion that she's had a miscarriage. +And if she has an abdominal operation, everyone wants to know if +she had her ovaries removed. If she did, a lot of women think she +probably was diseased or she didn't want children. And how they +dwell on the detail's of their menopauses." + + I grinned. "Maybe you'd better come to the office, where the +air is pure and clean and disinfected." + + "I Almost burst out laughing at one fat woman," Norma told me. +"She has two children, and she said that when she knew she was +pregnant the second time she was so irritated. I got so mad at +Frank that I just went out and jumped off the porch two or three +times, she said. 'But it didn't do any good. Of course, I don't +think it's right to do anything about such things.'" + + "What she meant," I interrupted, "was that she didn't think it +right to go to a doctor for such things because that would cost +money and she'd probably have to tell her husband and it might get +out. So she's willing to risk her health by some such silly trick. +A fall might have caused her to abort and on the other hand it +might just have injured the child or broken her leg. Probably she +braced herself for the jump so she landed lightly." + + "Another woman said that she got nervous and so she took +something," Norma went on. "It just made her awfully sick and about +a week later she had a normal menstruation. She said she was +ashamed of herself and never told her husband." + + "Of course not. She wouldn't tell her husband, but she +probably was irritable and nervous and raised hell about something +else and he wondered what was the matter with her and why she +didn't seem to want anything to do with him sexually; and he +decided that she was tired of him. And it may be that at that +psychological moment he met an attractive woman who didn't seem to +have many scruples, and the next thing he knew he was having an +affair. That's the way those things usually go. Then the wife talks + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 68 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +about how she was dishonored and betrayed and men are only animals +after all. She say's that she's always been faithful and she's +suffered agonies of anxiety on his behalf and that is the way he +treats her. But she never let him know about her worrying." + + "I don't know," Norma mused thoughtfully. "You'd think that +two people who are married could talk anything over and reach an +understanding. But sometimes it seems to me that love causes +misunderstanding. At first the wife hates to do anything that would +spoil the romantic attitude of the honeymoon. Later she's afraid of +discussion that will cause her husband to be less ardent." + + She smiled at me. "We started with less disadvantages than +most couples, because we had talked over so much of this before +marriage and understood each other. But I can see how wives would +hate to bring up such things. You, being a doctor, ask me personal +questions that an ordinary husband probably wouldn't think about. +For instance, you check my periods, and if I'm delayed you do +something about it. But no average husband would think of that. And +if he comes home worried, the wife hates to add to his worries. If +the husband seems gay, she feels that she doesn't want to Spoil his +mood by dragging up a disagreeable subject. So she just lets it go, +waiting for the perfect opportunity. And the opportunity never +comes." + + "I know," I agreed. "And oddly enough, some women resent their +husbands asking them questions. I've had women say that their sex +life was marred because their husbands asked them how they felt and +how they enjoyed intercourse. The men were merely trying to make +Sure the wives were satisfied. They were unusually thoughtful and +knew that some women are slower than the man. But the wives got +self-conscious about it." + + I used to be constantly amazed at the many mental quirks women +have regarding sexual matters. But most of them are easily traced +to a desire to calm their consciences and to the idea that anything +that isn't found out is all right. + + For instance, a woman will excuse home attempts to abort +herself. Going to a doctor seems to definitely ally herself with +the wrong kind of woman and forces her to come out in the open and +admit that she doesn't want a child and is willing to enlist +assistance to get rid of the fetus. + + She will risk injury to herself by several such attempts, and +then go ahead and have the child if she fails, rather than go to a +doctor and do the thing scientifically and safely. Then she may +preen herself later because she didn't do anything, forgetting that +it was because of ignorance that she didn't succeed in aborting +herself. + + Likewise, many women feel that it is all right to have +abortions up to about two months, explaining that the fetus is +"nothing much but a germ." Of course, the danger increases as time +passes, but five days after conception there is life. What these +women really mean is that if they wait until they are far along +people will notice the change in their bodies and suspect something +if there is an abortion. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 69 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Similarly, women, especially religious women, feel that +withdrawal on the part of the man or continence during dangerous +periods is all right, while use of artificial devices to prevent +contraception is sinful. Here again the fear of being found out +enters into it. Most women hate to purchase any type of +contraceptive. Likewise, they hate to ask other women for definite +advice. + + Some of them might be shocked out of this false modesty if +they knew the freedom with which men, both married and single, +discuss such matters. Men have far less hesitancy about going to a +doctor for an examination or information and they buy +contraceptives calmly at a drug store. + + One woman almost broke up her marriage because she refused to +go to the doctor. She had a physical defect which made intercourse +painful. Yet she delayed a visit to the doctor. Finally her husband +forced her to go. Even then she sulked about it. She even tried the +argument that her husband should be willing to abandon sex life. + + On the other hand, there was another young bride who was a +virgin before marriage. For several weeks she had intercourse every +night. Then came a night when her husband was tired and did not +make love to her. She seemed a trifle upset but he paid little +attention to that. He thought that she surely knew that there were +limits to the man's physical powers. + + The next day she hastened down to my office, greatly +disturbed. She had been filled with the usual mass of +misinformation that seems to be dished out to virgins by their +feminine relatives and friends and she thought that her sex life +was over just because she had missed one night I assured her that +her husband's love hadn't cooled, and that he hadn't suddenly +become impotent. She went home a wiser wife. + + I told Norma about it, but she didn't laugh. + + "That isn't so uncommon," she said. "And on the other hand, +there are girls who have been told that once a week is the limit +and they are afraid their husbands are over-sexed if they want +intercourse more often. This girl's case was no joke. A friend of +mine divorced her husband because she wanted intercourse every +night and he couldn't stand it." + + Such women are usually dismissed lightly as over-sexed, but in +many cases that isn't true. The man may be too hasty, and the woman +therefore does not get satisfaction. The partly-completed act on +her part leaves her restless, nervous and irritable and desiring +intercourse again as soon as possible, Some men cannot tell when +their wives have had an orgasm, and if the woman doesn't tell them +they may postpone the second act. Too, some types of contraceptive +devices prevent the normal culmination of the sex act. + + As I said, I tried to keep my home life separated from my +practice, although I discussed things freely, with Norma. After the +birth of our first child, of course, she was too busy at home to +want to work in my office. But from time to time she did bring + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 70 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +cases to me. I objected, because I didn't want her placed in the +position of a go-between for an abortionist. She laughed when I +told her that. + + "Don't you remember how we first met?" she asked. + + The first case she called to my attention went smoothly. A +friend came to her and said that another woman, whom I shall call +Gladys, was pregnant and wanted to do something about it. + + Gladys was married, but she already had four children, and she +and her husband could not afford any more. She was not in good +health and she hated her present condition. + + She had told her friend, Anna, about it and Anna had gone to +her own doctor. The doctor refused to take the case. It was another +example of how a woman optimistically declares that her doctor will +perform an illegal operation and then is turned down. The doctor, +I gathered, had been a little indignant and had asked if Anna had +used his name in any way. Fortunately Anna had not -- or at least +she said she had not. + + The next time she tried a more round-about way, by approaching +Noma. Anna said that Gladys had tried the more common home methods, +without success. She was desperate, and was in a continual nervous +state. She had been warned at the birth of her last child that it +would be better for her to wait several years until she had another +one. + + "She's one of these helpless women who don't know how to +manage anything," Anna said with a shrug of her shoulders. "You +know the kind. She means well, but somehow she always manages to +muddle things. She didn't have sense enough to insist that her +husband be more careful, and now she's with child again." + + Norma saw Gladys and was upset at her weeping. So she, came to +me. + + "She'll keep on doing things until she gets herself in such a +condition that she'll either die in childbirth or she'll kill the +child beforehand," she told me. "She's in that hysterical state +where she's willing to try anything. And, you know, old women can +offer more methods of abortion than they can for curing colds. +She'll keep it a secret, and Anna has promised to see that you will +get your money." + + I told them to bring Gladys in. She was what I call the "faded +petunia" type of woman. She worked so hard fixing things for her +husband and her children and keeping her house clean that she never +had any time left for herself. Her skin was wrinkled and her hair +lacked luster. She was not the "good manager" type, and it showed +in her last year's clothes and her bedraggled hair and work- +roughened hands. Of course, her husband did not make much money. +But some women seem to be able to keep themselves up in spite of +being pinched for funds. She was the sort of woman who will make a +martyr of herself and then wonder dumbly why she isn't appreciated, +why her husband doesn't stay home and why her children, when they +grow up, seem to lack respect for her but give her, instead, a sort +of pitying affection. + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 71 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I told her I would help her out. Her husband didn't object, +although he was the sort of man who didn't exactly approve of +abortions, just as he liked to pretend that he didn't use +contraceptives because he "disapproved" of such things. He was +willing, it seemed, as long as he did not have to do much about it. +There was nothing to do but give Gladys temporary help by aborting +her and then try to frighten her into being a little more firm with +her husband. + + "Isn't there a way that you could fix it so Gladys wouldn't +have any more children?" Anna asked. + + I looked my most professional. "She could, of course, have her +ovaries removed. But they are in good condition and I would refuse +to perform such an operation or to advise it." + + Anna hesitated a moment. "I've heard that operations can be +performed on men so that they can't become fathers but they still +have their normal sexual feelings." + + "Don't believe all you hear," I evaded. "I wouldn't attempt +such a thing. If that's what you mean. In the first place, you'd +never get the man to agree to it. In the second place, the woman +might regret it later. These people want some children. The +children they have might die, and then they couldn't have any more. +I'll give temporary help, but I won't perform sterilization +operations. And don't let anyone fool you with these theories about +hypodermic injections that will make the man sterile for a few +months. Most of the talk about magic and simple operations, is +quackery, along with sure-fire cheap abortions and positive +contraceptives." + + Anna, who had gone to school with her, brought me the money +beforehand. Gladys got along as well as could be expected. When she +was well, I sent for Anna. + + "I know you've impressed the need for secrecy on her," I said. +"But for some reason I'm upset about the woman. I can't help +feeling sorry for her. For the love of Mike, try to get her to +understand that unselfishness is not always a virtue. Too much +unselfishness makes other people uncomfortable. As long as she has +that air of hang-dog devotion, she'll be run over. She's made a +mild rebellion in having an abortion. See if you can keep up the +good work." + + I don't know what Anna told her. Probably she hinted that if +Gladys didn't pay more attention to herself, her husband would +start straying. There were plenty of examples she could point to. +Later I saw Gladys and she looked amazingly better. Her children +were no longer dressed in the most expensive coats and hats and the +daintiest of handmade frocks and I doubt if she still slaved hours +over a pet dish of her husband's. I remarked about it to Anna. Anna +looked vague and mysterious. + + "Her husband took his stenographer out to lunch and dinner +while she was "sick," she said. Then she grinned. "But he doesn't +do it now," she added. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 72 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Which reminds me of a young bride who came to me for +information about birth control. + + "I thought I heard you say once that you wanted children," I +said. "You came in here before marriage for a physical examination +and said you wanted to be sure that you could bear healthy children +without much pain. What's made you change your mind?" + + "Just before I was married, I saw something that gave me a +decided shock," she replied. "One of my best friends has only been +married about a year and she's pregnant. She's the sort who takes +it hard. She had a lovely figure, and she hates to go around now +that she's big and clumsy. Besides, she's ill, nausea in the +morning, headaches, general listlessness and all that. Betty was +the sort who was always the life of the party, and she won't go +anywhere feeling bad. So she stays at home." + + "Yes," I told her, "but the chances are you'd got by pretty +easy if you took care of yourself" + + "Oh, I'm going to have children. But in my own good time. I +hadn't finished my story. Betty's husband, Jim, married her because +they had so much fun together. He likes to dance and get around. +They decided after marriage that it would be more fun to just +forget precautions and let nature take its course. Jim fancied that +it would be fan to have a toddler around the house. And they said +they wanted to be young enough that they could grow up with the +children." + + "Yes," I responded, "I've heard that. It has its points. But +one of the disadvantages is that children need a civilized adult +for a parent and not a happy-go-lucky playmate." + + "Well," she said, "I saw Jim lunching with an attractive girl +the other day, and then I saw him dining with another girl. I know +it's no fun for him to go home and find Betty moaning on the couch +or to learn that she's at her mother's and have her mother looking +reproachfully at him for what he's done to her darling girl. But at +the same time, Jim is doing considerable partying and in the +company of a good-looking divorcee who always had her eye on him. +I don't know how far the affair has gone, and I didn't tell Betty, +because I'm not the sort of girl who rushes to her friends and says +'I think you ought to know.' Betty isn't in any condition to have +to face too many facts." + + "Anyhow," I suggested, "her husband probably will repent +sooner or later and rush back to her." + + "Maybe. But I'll admit I didn't like to see this on the eve of +my own marriage. For Jim and Betty were one of the good examples +that caused me to take the leap. But I'm no babe-in-the-woods. I +realize that it's fairly common for a man to do some playing around +while his wife is pregnant. I know that a lot of men feel that it's +unfair for them to be denied sex life for three or four months. +Personally I feel that's a selfish viewpoint. But I believe in +facing facts. I thought it over and decided that my husband was a +normal male, and that, being so, the wedding ceremony was no +insurance that he really was going to cherish me forever and be +blind to all other women." + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 73 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "Yes," I agreed. I like to encourage these girls to talk to me +because I may be able to pass some of their good advice on later. + + "So I decided that since I loved the man and had gone this far +with the engagement, there was no point in being a coward. But +there was no point either in making things too hard for myself. +What I want is to have as much fun with my husband as I can for a +year or two. We can't keep the rose-colored spectacles on forever. +But I want to have a little care-free youth together first." + + "And," I said, "You want your husband to get into the habit of +thinking of you as his permanent partner in fun so that you'll be +more certain if he does stray a little he'll come back to you." + + "Certainly," she agreed. "And I don't believe that six or +seven. months is enough time for that. I want our marriage to be +well established before I take on any risks. If after two years of +married companionship I get pregnant, I can more easily condone any +lack of attention from my husband. I'll remember that we've had a +lot of fun and maybe a slight marital vacation wouldn't hurt either +of us. Furthermore, Bill would be used to regarding himself as a +married man. He'd have got in the habit of making small adjustments +and sacrifices for our mutual welfare. And people would be +accustomed to regarding him as a married man, which is important. + + "I don't want to wait too long. For if I do, I may wait until +our marriage is beginning to pall a little on Bill and my pregnancy +would be the one thing needed to cause him to seek diversion +elsewhere. It's all very well," and she grinned at me, "to talk +about baby hands bringing people together and husbands rushing back +to their wives when they find them sewing tiny garments. But while +the husband may be pleased, he may also be annoyed. And he isn't +going to enjoy having a wife who is just a human incubator for +several months." + + "Well," I told her, "I'm thankful that you're thinking of this +before and not after you're pregnant. I don't think you'll have any +trouble with Bill. Just remember that it's important not to go to +thinking you're too smart and let the iron hand come out of the +velvet glove. Don't ever let your husband know that you're managing +him. You can be too modern in this sex game. + + And you can. Which brings me back to my wife again. I came +home one knight to find her laughing. + + "I think I've got other case for you," she announced. "I +demand, of course, that you split your fee." + + "Split fees are unethical," I said sternly, and then kissed +her, "Who's been bothering you now?" + + "It's really funny and yet it isn't. Kitty was over here +today." + + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 74 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I knew Kitty and I grimaced. The last time I saw her she was +playing her usual good Samaritan role. She married a wealthy man +and the marriage turned a little sour. So she finds her pleasure in +doing as much good as she can with her social prestige and her +money. I like Kitty, but she usually finds good works for her +friends to do. + + "She hasn't found another old woman trying to trick a young +man into marriage, has she?" I asked. + + Kitty had once brought me a middle-aged widow who urgently +wanted to marry. She'd started an affair with a young man, taking +him as her protege. The man was a young artist; and she bought some +pictures from him and also got some of her friends to help. + + Then she'd used her help to get the man to become her lover. +it was a disagreeable story. The woman appeared very pleasant and +cultured, but she really was an unscrupulous hell-cat. The artist +was a handsome young idiot, and, like many creative workers, he had +little common sense about finances or about his social life. It was +simply that most of his intelligence went into his work. He drifted +into the affair, and the woman persuaded him that she was using +contraceptives. Then she told him that she was pregnant and they +must marry. I gathered that she had used other wiles without +success. Part of the time the boy simply did not know what she was +getting at. He really thought she was interested in his work and in +himself only as an artist. He became her lover because he thought +that would make her happier. He never dreamed of marriage until she +came out flat-footed with the demand. + + He went to Kitty in horror. She felt responsible, for she'd +bought some pictures from him and had introduced him to the other +woman. Kitty came to me. + + "The old hag has her hooks on him and she won't let him go," +she said with brutal frankness. "And he's still got enough ideals +and chivalry to think that he must marry her if she wants him to. +He knows that it's her fault, but he feels that if she loved him +enough to do a thing like this he ought to marry her and give her +what happiness he can. Then he feels indebted to her. + + "Understand," she went on. "He isn't the gigolo type. He +really has talent, if not genius, but he had a lot of hard luck. +And this old dame looked like a god-send to him. She's clever and +she arranged it so that he wasn't suspicious of what she wanted +until too late. I should have guessed what she was up to, but I +didn't think that he was so dumb, and I thought she merely wanted +an affair." + + "Well," I asked, "why doesn't he marry her, and play her own +game. He can wait until after the child is born and then sue her +for divorce." + + "You don't get it," she responded. "I told you he wasn't the +gigolo type. Probably she'd soon tire of him, but I don't know. +She's the sort who would feed on youth. But even if she'd let him +get a divorce soon, she'd absolutely ruin him first. Alone, he +might get to be a great artist, but he won't if he marries her." + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 75 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I talked to the boy, and I saw some of his work. He hadn't +fallen yet for his patroness talk about an easy road to fame and +fortune. He was bewildered at her failure to understand that he had +to have rest and solitude to do any work. He was already in a bad +physical condition from too much drink, late hours, rich food and +hectic gaiety. + + "You see," Kitty told me, "the boy's not spoiled yet. But it +isn't good for young artists to have too much money. He's got to +work hard. What he needs, if he marries, is a woman who will +sacrifice herself to his art, see that he eats, sleeps and has +plenty of time to work. Mrs. D will ruin him forever in a year. And +he's good. I know about such things." + + He did have a picture of a young alums madonna that haunted +me. But Mrs. D wanted him to paint pretty women, society ladies. He +didn't want to. He said there was no truth, no art, in that. + + So I agreed to help Kitty. She brought Mrs. D to me, and I +examined her. She was pregnant, all right. Then I told her vaguely +that she was going to have a bad time. I gave her some medicine +which increased rather than helped her nausea. Kitty laid it on +pretty thick about how she'd lose her figure -- she was one of +those women who dieted and massaged in order to keep slim. And she +was afraid of pain. Her idea seemed to be that with enough +specialists she could somehow slide through, but I really believe +she had never intended to go through with childbirth. She probably +meant to have an abortion as soon as the marriage was performed. + + But she had an abortion first. I performed it. She wanted it +kept secret and this fitted in fine with Kitty's plans. The +engagement hadn't been announced, and I pretended ignorance of the +whole business. I was simply a doctor who had been called in. As +soon as the abortion was completed, Kitty got the boy away. Mrs. D +suspected some underhanded work, but she had no comeback. She'd +asked for the abortion, and she got it. She certainly wasn't going +to picture herself as a jilted woman. And when the young idealist +learned that his fiancee had had an abortion rather than lose her +figure, he forgot everything she'd said about the sacredness of +their perfect love and its culmination in the birth of their child. + + Naturally, however, I was wary of any more of Kitty's plans +for saving humanity. My role is not persuading women to have +abortions. + + "What did Kitty want this time?" I inquired bluntly. + +"It's a little complicated," Norma explained. + +"All Kitty's stories are complicated. And I don't like your being +mixed up in them. You can get burned putting out a fire as well as +playing with one. But go ahead." + + Kitty, it seemed, had a friend, a small town girl who had run +away from home, come to the city and drifted in with a Bohemian +set. Like most girls of this type, she went to extremes, or wanted +to. She got a good job and she had a couple of love affairs broken + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 76 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +off before they really got started. That gave her a sort of phobia. +She felt that she must have a really modern liaison. She talked the +usual hooey about liberating herself and being utterly free. + + Her set did a lot of preaching about free love and the +advantages of illegitimate children. Most of them practiced free +love all right, but they confined their love children to writing +pamphlets about them and long discussions in cigarette-smoke filled +garrets and tea rooms. + + Then the girl, Clara, met a middle-aged man who was married +and had three children. He was satisfied with his marriage, but he +was still handsome and since he worked in town and his home was in +the country, he took advantage of "business conferences" to have a +series of love affairs. + + Blair usually pictured his wife as a dull housewife whose sole +thoughts were about the children. He was whimsical about his own +"dreary" existence, and he kept a flat in town where he entertained +his lady-loves in the best romantic fashion. + + He met Clara, and in an exceedingly short time took her for +his mistress. She was filled with ideas about the beauty of free +love and she thought it romantic to have an affair with an older +and a married man. Blair, on the other hand, had just been given +his dismissal by a married woman who preferred not to risk losing +her husband, and it soothed his vanity to immediately take a young +and good looking girl. + + Kitty said that he was a romantic lover, having his meetings +in a flat decked out like an Oriental harem and going in for +poetical thoughts and tenderness. Clara immediately fell deeply in +love with him, so much so that he began to get worried, for she +wanted to go away on week ends with him and finally asked him to +desert his wife. This didn't suit him. Like most men of that age +and type, be, wanted adventure, but wanted it adjusted to a +comfortable routine, one that did not interfere with his business +or his family. + + Clara suspected that he was tiring of her a little, and she +conceived the idea of having a child by him: Then, she thought, he +would remain her lover forever, she could move into his flat or +perhaps have a little place in the country. The latter idea seemed +more romantic; he could go out there for week ends and nights and +they could be closer than ever. It would keep him from having to go +to parties, which, he said, bored him, and save him from too much +time with his wife. Eventually she thought they might be married, +but that was not important. + + She didn't tell Blair this until she actually got with child. +As soon as she had missed her period she informed him of it and +waited for his gratitude for what she had done. It didn't come, +Blair was tiring of her and of her demands. It had been fun to +initiate this girl into sex life and watch her respond and her +passion grow. But she was becoming too demanding, and he was no +longer as young as he used to be. He was about ready to break it +off. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 77 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + He was horrified when she told him. He urged her to do +something immediately, and offered to make all the arrangements or +to give her the money. She refused, and he then jumped at something +she'd said and broke up the affair. + + Since then, she'd tried to see him but failed. And she +couldn't decide what to do. + + "Tell Kitty to let her make up her mind," I growled irritably. +"You know, Norma, that I lean over backward in this business rather +than have any insinuations that I try to build up my practice by +urging abortions or even consenting to do them without A very good +reason." + + "Anyhow," I added. "the girl sounds like a fool." + + "She isn't a fool. She's just got some silly radical notions. +Kitty said that Blair is an utter cad, and he will deny all blame. +And Blair's wife is a fine woman. She knows about Blair, but she +takes it rather than break up the home and ruin her children's +lives. Clara just needs a little time to settle down." + + "I'll talk to Kitty," I promised. + + Kitty had about persuaded Clara that giving birth to a free- +love child was not the noble thing she'd thought it would be. She'd +lose her job and it would be hard to find another one when she was +burdened with the child. She was thoroughly disillusioned now about +Blair, and there was no point in having a child as a souvenir of +the affair. + + "Clara had a pretty hard time when she first came to town and +I hate to see her make a fool of herself," Kitty told me. "But I'm +really thinking more about Blair' wife. If Clara has this child, +it's going to be pretty hard to keep Dorothy from finding out about +it. Clara had some haywire ideas about going to Dorothy and asking +her to give up Blair. But Blair knocked that out of her head." + + "I can't see it, Kitty,", I said. "It's too risky. I'm not +going to be put into a position of persuading this girl to abet me +in a crime. If she's the fool she sounds, she'll spread it all over +town as evidence of her emancipation." + + "You trusted my judgment once before," Kitty reminded me. "I +think this will teach Clara a lesson. But to be frank, I'm afraid +that she'll later go to Blair's wife and demand help in taking care +of the child. Dorothy has had enough punishment. I'm willing to pay +the fee to spare her constant humiliation, either directly or +indirectly, from Clara." + + I hesitated. "You talk to the girl again," I urged. + + She did, and Clara agreed to the abortion. I was nervous about +it. I figured it was a case in which we were meddling too much. And +I was right. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 78 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + But I never suspected what would happen. Clara went through +the abortion all right, although she had orgies of self-pity. She +did have some intelligence, but she was so filled with silly ideas +and so self-centered that she was doomed for trouble. I've seen +many people like that. They are so absorbed in themselves that they +utterly disregard other people until too late. + + To please Kitty, I was pleasant to her. And I stressed that +this was a favor I was doing her and was not my usual practice. +That was, of course, just a line that I used on most patients to +keep them from spreading the news indiscriminately that I was an +abortionist. + + But Clara took the whole affair the wrong way. She'd been +badly upset by her affair with Blair, and sympathy went to her +bead. So she fell for me on the rebound. + + It was the first time this had happened to me, to my +knowledge, at least. A great many of my patients became my friends. +But the very nature of the work kept sentiment out of it. + + Clara, however, was so filled with the idea that she must be +ultra-modern that she felt it dramatic for there to be some +physical-bond between us. She exaggerated everything I said to her. +She kept coming back to my office when there was no need. She +twisted what I said to mean that I considered myself her guardian. +She invited me to lunches, to dinners. She would call for me to +come to her apartment. + + I was irritated, but I didn't take it seriously. I knew other +doctors who had to be diplomatic about calls that were obviously +subterfuges. I kept myself impersonal and was as polite. to her as +I could be. + + Then she went to Norma and made a scene. She told my wife that +the needed my perfect understanding and sympathy; that Norma had +had several years of marriage with me, had a child by me and should +share me with her. She was positive that it was only Norma's mid- +Victorian scruples and selfishness that kept me from having an +affair. And she wanted Norma to consent to it. She said that she +had made a mistake before in not going to the wife, but she wanted +this to be open and aboveboard. + + Norma kept her head and, thank God, had sense enough not to +lose her temper or to take it too seriously. But she was upset +about it and told me. + + "I'm telling you this, darling, because I trust you," she said +to me when I came home. "I know that you're not having an affair +with Clara because you have more sense. I'm egotistical enough, +too, to think you have better taste. But I don't want Clara +broadcasting that I'm interfering with your life." + + She grinned at me. "Darling, if you ever do have an affair, +for God's sake pick out a woman who is so charming and so beautiful +that I can see she's superior to me and you couldn't possibly +resist her. Otherwise, it will ruin my self-respect. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 79 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I was furious. I called Kitty and told her the whole Story. + + "Quit pampering that fool," I demanded, "and shut her up +somehow. Make her understand that I don't want to see her. I'll go +with you to do it. She's had too much done for her. I thought this +was a mistake." + + And for once I didn't use any tact. I took Kitty along, for I +didn't want Clara to have any excuse to misinterpret that visit. +And I told Clara frankly why I had helped her and what I thought of +her. She started to act, but Kitty put an end to that by telling +her not to be a fool; that she'd done enough emoting off the stage +to last the rest of her life. + + I never saw Clara again. Kitty was deeply apologetic. I heard +afterward that Clara went out to the country, got good and sick of +the rural peace she'd wanted, came back to town and got a job. She +kept her mouth shut about the affair. and that was all I wanted. + + XI. DANGER SIGNALS AHEAD + + At first I had been constantly amazed at my lack of trouble. +I had feared in my first case that the sheriff would come in any +moment. + + Gradually I began to take it all as a matter of course and to +think myself a pretty clever fellow. I grew more prosperous. Norma +and I moved into a nice little house in the better part of town. We +felt that we could afford children. + + I took as many precautions as I could in my business. My +apparent immunity was also due to the fact that any girl who goes +to a doctor instead of a quack or a midwife in such cases usually +is intelligent enough to keep her mouth shut. + + Then I had a whole series of lucky breaks. Not in my actual +work. I was constantly improving my technique and I never lost a +patient. But in other ways I was lucky. + + My home life continued serene. Norma and I started out with +few illusions, and we followed the French idea of a marriage for +happiness rather than pleasure. I was teased a great deal when we +had our first child. + + "So you don't let your practice interfere with your home +work," a colleague told me. + + Once a woman asked Norma if she wasn't jealous of my many +women patients. She had come to me professionally and noticed that +there were several unusually pretty girls in the waiting room each +time. + + "Most women who come to see my husband are not feeling +flirtatious," Norma said calmly. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 80 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Not long after that, she did have a disagreeable experience. +An acquaintance of ours came to me for an abortion. She was a +married woman, she could afford the child and I saw no reason why +she should have the abortion, especially as she was very anxious to +keep it a secret from her husband. I declined to have anything to +do With it. The woman was healthy, and I told her that she +exaggerated her fears of childbirth and that if her husband had any +objections he'd forget them after the birth of the child. + + I had a feeling that Mrs. C was lying to me. It usually is +easy for a doctor to tell when a woman is keeping something back. +Sooner or later, the patient makes a slip. The "friend" for whom +they are making these embarrassing inquiries becomes a pronoun in +the first person. + + Mrs. C made her slip when she said that she and her husband +were not getting along well. + + I remembered the case when a woman was planning to divorce her +husband and became with child by him. + + "Do you intend to divorce him?" I asked. + + "Oh, heavens, no," she said hastily. + + Her husband had a good deal of money and I thought that any +temporary fuss probably would be settled soon. Anyhow, I refused to +take the case. + + Then she went to my wife and threw a hysterical scene, begging +Norma to interfere and get me to perform the abortion. As a final +argument, she told Norma that I was the father of the child. Norma +merely laughed. + + "I said it was your business," she told me afterward, "and +that if It were your child you'd undoubtedly perform the abortion +or divorce me and marry her. That frightened her. I regret to say, +darling, that she didn't seem to desire your private attention's -- +only your professional services." + + I heard the whole story afterward. Mrs. C and her husband were +not getting along well, and Mrs. C had taken a lover. Since +marriage, she had let her husband take care of contraceptives and +she expected her lover to do the same. He was careful in the early +stages of their affair. Then the mutual ardor cooled. Mrs. C was +afraid her husband would hear of the romance, and the man soon +tired of her. I can't believe that he was deliberately responsible, +but, anyhow, she was caught. + + Mrs. C and her husband had not lived together as man and wife +for several months. They were amiable enough, and Mrs. C hoped for +a reconciliation. Like a great many philandering wives, she was +much more cowardly about paying for her fun than the unmarried +woman. She wanted to have her cake and eat it, too. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 81 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She finally went to a quack, he bungled the job, and she +almost died. Probably it was the best solution she could have +arranged, for her husband was so anxious about her health that he +took the blame for everything and there was no divorce. I think she +may have told him that she tried to commit suicide and that caused +a miscarriage. Faking or threatening suicide to force a +reconciliation with a husband is a fairly common trick of the +neurotic. + + It may sound as if I were quibbling in this case when I had +performed abortions on married women. But Mrs. C was a thoroughly +selfish person, and there was no question of wrecking a subsequent +marriage as in Janet's triangle. C had not been unfaithful. Mrs. C +had merely tired of him and sought thrills elsewhere. + + I draw a distinction between a married woman who has affairs +with single men and a single girl who has affairs with married men. +The married woman usually allows her husband to support her while +she's being unfaithful. She takes his money to make herself +attractive to her lover, and frequently uses his home for her +assignations. She usually has her affair with some man who shirks +the responsibility of matrimony. She is secretly taking away from +her husband what she has publicly promised him. Sometimes she is +endangering the future of her children. + + The bachelor girl who has an affair with a married man may be +almost forced into it for social reasons. Most such girls hold jobs +which are not good enough to give them much money and prestige. +They usually come from families having little social standing. They +are unable to get single men who attract them. They come in contact +with intelligent, attractive and married businessmen. They know +better than to have such affairs but when the alternative is to sit +alone in a tiny apartment or bedroom or go to the movies with a +girl friend. I don't blame them overmuch for succumbing to the +overtures of the man and their own natural desire. Women cannot get +physical relief from prostitutes. Frequently the single men they +meet treat them with less respect and consideration than the +married men. So they drift into liaisons with an attractive and +moneyed husband. + + Fortunately, Norma did not believe Mrs. C's wild accusations, +but it did start a time of trouble for both of us. I am not +superstitious, but I do believe that every person gets a few good +breaks that are due as much to chance as to hard work, and I think +we all get some bad breaks we don't deserve. + + Immediately after Mrs. C's outburst, I began getting mine! + + Police found the body of a once-beautiful young blonde girl in +the river. She had apparently died as the result of an illegal +operation. Detectives took her photograph to all the doctors to see +if we could identify her. She had not come to me and I said so, but +the police asked me to go to the morgue and look at her. + + Eventually she was identified as an out-of-town school +teacher. Her mother saw her picture in an old newspaper and claimed +the body. If the detail's of the crime were discovered, they were + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 82 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +never published. But there was a howl about quack doctors preying +on young girls, editorials in the newspapers and one minister +preached a sermon on abortionists. + + It was comparatively easy to guess what had happened. The girl +had gone to a quack and had died as the result of his ignorance and +carelessness. Then either her lover or the quack had become +frightened at the responsibility and had dumped her body into the +river. I don't believe she was physically able to kill herself. Nor +could she have destroyed all the clues to her identity and effaced +her trail so skillfully alone. + + I didn't like detectives snooping around, and I got the wind +up. My legitimate practice was growing and I couldn't afford to +jeopardize it as much as when almost all my livelihood came from +illegal work. + + It was while the investigation into the girl's death was still +going on that the head of a vice combination came to me with a +proposition. + + He beat around the bush for quite a while, but the general +gist of his offer was that I should devote all my time to his +combination which included a variety of rackets. + + I was amazed at the information he had about me. He knew the +exact state of my finances, that I was paying for a new house, that +I had a wife and a child and was expecting another. He also knew +that I had performed many abortions. He made me a flattering offer +as far as money was concerned. But I declined it. + + Although he'd been purposefully, vague, I knew what my duties +would be. I'd treat diseased prostitutes, perform abortions, +extract bullets and probably have to do a little facial surgery. + + A year or so before I'd pulled a few wires attempting to get +a job as city inspector of houses in my town. He knew that. He +pointed out that this would be about the same thing, only on the +wrong side of the law. I am in favor of strict supervision of +houses and I'm in favor of preventing childbirth among women who +are still in the profession. But I did not intend to become a +gangster physician. Such doctors have a way of disappearing +mysteriously. + + "Better think this over again," the vice lord told me. "That's +a lot of money, and people who go against us have a way of being +sorry." + + "You mean you'll take me for a ride?" I asked. "Don't be +foolish. I'm certainly not going to go to the police and report +your visit. For you to kill me would be a pointless murder and +dangerous. I could leave a message to be opened in case of my +death. You don't wait a doctor who is against your organization and +would betray you if promised protection from the police. And if you +mean to rake up a scandal about me, try to do it! You may have some +vague rumors but no proof and you're not likely to go to the police +or the medical association just to satisfy a small grudge." + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 83 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + He grinned at this, said that he was only bluffing, but that +I was a smart man and if I ever changed my mind to insert a +personal advertisement in a newspaper in another city and leave it +in for a week. + + "No hard feelings," he said, and sauntered out. + + But he left me with some hard feelings. I smelled danger. I +didn't like to be in a position where detectives called on me when +bodies were found. Of course, their excuse was that the girl might +have come to me for an examination or to ask me to perform the +operation. I didn't like to be in a position where gangsters felt +that they could approach me. I couldn't express too much righteous +indignation. To the criminal mind, I was outside the law and the +gangster was outside the law and why didn't we get together? My +fine shading of gray between the black of crime and the white of +law would be lost on my caller, + + There was a chance that he had proof from some patient of mine +and could make me serious trouble. I resolved to temper my sail's +to the wind and turn down all such cases for a time. + + And the very next day, I had a chance to try my new +resolution. A man and woman came into my office. They were not +recommended, that is, no other doctor had sent them to me, +notifying me by telephone beforehand and sending a letter of +introduction with the patient. Those were the cases I liked best +because another doctor shared the responsibility and the patients +were hand-picked. Such persons were responsible citizens who went +about an illegal business as discreetly and efficiently as +possible. + + the situation. He was married, he said, and the man explained +while he and his wife did not live together, she would not divorce +him and he had no cause for divorce against her. She was willing to +live with him, and had never been unfaithful. He meant to keep away +from her until eventually she decided it would be simpler to +divorce him. + + In the meantime, he had met this girl and they had drifted +into an affair. He meant to marry her if he ever got the divorce. +But now she was with child and he was willing to pay for an +abortion for her. + + I didn't like either the man or the woman. And when all is +said about questions and promises, I must trust a great deal to +personal judgment of patients. The average doctor may not like his +patients, but it really isn't going to hurt him if they blab all +over town that his medicine did them no good. + + The girl sat in sullen silence. She was unattractive, thick- +browed, with small gray eyes, too big a mouth and thick, bushy +hair. She had a chunky, peasant's figure. She stared at the floor, +her lower lip protruding. The man was glib and talkative; a little +too talkative. He was nervous, and said too much about how be was +"Willing" to pay for the abortion. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 84 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + He was rather flashily dressed, and wore a big diamond ring on +his little finger. I stared at that ring and wondered if this were +a frame-up job designed to force me into the vice combination. But +I doubted that. The girl looked too dumb and inexperienced to be +associated with a vice syndicate. + + The girl didn't seem to be taking any interest in the +conversation, and I didn't like that. Unless she were anxious to +have an abortion, she might be a trouble-maker. Nothing was said +about whether she was a virgin when she met this man. That's +usually important. A girl who's had several lovers regarded +pregnancy as one of the risks of the game, and isn't so likely to, +try to force marriage. She's probably had to worry about an +abortion before, and she takes it more or less for granted. Her +feeling usually is that she's been lucky to escape one so far, and +it's up to her to stick her chin out and take her punishment. + + If the man was so anxious to brag about how he was "willing" +to foot the bills, he'd probably be the sort to quibble over the +price. Besides, as I said, I had the wind up. So I told them curtly +that there was nothing doing. I offered to examine the girl to make +sure that she was pregnant but I told them they had been +misinformed if they thought I took such cases. + + The man was nervously apologetic, and I went on stressing the +enormity of the act he was asking of me. + + "Do you know of any other doctors who would do it?" he asked. +"I'd pay anything." + + I shook my head. "No registered doctor would do it," I said. +"You might find a man whose license has been taken away from him +but who still does some hole-in-the-wall practice. However, I don't +know of any." + + They went away, then, the girl still sullen, the man trying to +placate her. I felt sorry for him. It didn't look to me as if that +girl had been seduced. I couldn't imagine her believing anything +but an affidavit. I could see that he was afraid of her. + + He had good reason to be frightened. Two days later the news +papers were full of the story. She had shot and killed him. She +surrendered meekly to the police and told her story. She worked at +a cheap lodging house where the man stayed. She claimed that he +promised to marry her, but I've always doubted that she was seduced +in the literal meaning of the word. Also, I didn't believe her +statement that she was a virgin when she met him. + + At any rate, when she became with child she demanded immediate +marriage. Then, she said, he told her that he was already married. +Police discovered that his story of his separation was false. His +wife had divorced him several years before. However, I can't blame +him for trying to evade marriage with the sullen, black-browed +girl. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 85 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + The girl did not want an abortion, She was the animal type, +insensitive to everything except pain and passion. She was afraid +of an abortion and she wanted to hang on to her man and had sense +enough to see that if she got rid of the child she'd probably lose +him. So she proposed that they go away and live as man and wife and +have the child. He refused, saying that it would cost him his job. +She found him packing his clothes, and killed him. + + I heaved a sigh of relief that I'd followed my intuition. The +man already was tired of the affair, and he would have fled as soon +as be arranged an abortion. The girl would have raised hell and +either followed him or gone to the police. Then the story would +have come out and I would have been implicated in a much more +dangerous fashion. + + As it was, the police came to me and I had a straight story +for them. I simply said that the man brought the girl to me, wanted +an abortion and I refused to take the case. My Story tallied with +that of the girl. + + "He promised to marry me and then he wouldn't do that," the +girl told the police. "Then he said it would be easy to fix me up, +and the first doctor we went to said that he wouldn't do it for +anything, that no good doctor would and that it would be dangerous +to go to a bad doctor." + + So unwittingly my warning against abortions had sent a man to +his death. Everything I had said about quacks was true of course, +but it had been the one touch needed to set aflame the shouldering +wrath of the girl. I had made her lover a liar on all counts. + + I can't say that I felt sorry. The man was no loss to +humanity. He would have left me holding the bag if I had done what +he wished. And I would have been in a damned awkward position if +the girl had killed him after I'd performed an abortion and perhaps +had shot herself, too. + + All the same, it gave me a bad scare. The defense brought me +into court. It didn't do me any good to appear as a witness for the +defense in a sordid sex murder and have it broadcast that the +murdered man brought his mistress to me for an illegal operation. + + I talked it over with Norma after the trial closed, with the +woman receiving a light sentence. Her counsel had pleaded emotional +insanity. + + "Maybe it would be better for me to stick to straight practice +now," I argued. "After all, a lot of young doctor's do this stuff +just to get started. I've paid my debt to my father and we've got +a little money ahead." + + "I don't know," she said slowly. "Remember how we met?" + + Of course, I did. She had come in with a friend who wanted an +abortion. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 86 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "You seemed to us an angel in disguise. Pearl had expected +some rather nasty man who'd treat her as if she were a prostitute. +You were so gentle and considerate that you made the whole thing a +lot easier." + + "So," I grinned, "that's why you fell in love with me." + + She took it seriously. "Partly," she admitted. "I could see +that it wasn't entirely for money that you were breaking the law. +You actually wanted to help people in trouble. And you did it with +gentleness and consideration and courtesy -- all admirable +qualities in a husband. It looked to me as if you had tolerance and +a breadth of vision." + + She looked at me. "I'm feminine enough to hope that other +women who come to your office won't think so much of the same +things. But at the same time it doesn't seem to me that because +none of my friends happen to be in trouble now, I should urge you +to quit that part of your practice and force girls to go to other +doctors who are in need of money and aren't good enough to get a +legitimate practice." + + "I was quitting chiefly for you," I said. "I didn't want you +to have to tell the children that their papa is in prison." + + "You haven't been in any serious trouble yet," she reminded +me. + + I knew that, but I still had the feeling that trouble was in +the air. I'm not superstitious, and there had been three times I +had skated on thin ice, the girl in the river, Mrs. C's hysterical +visit, and the trial. I have heard people say that suicides go by +threes, explaining that there usually are several persons thinking +about suicide. The publicity given the first one to take the leap +serves as an impetus for the others. + + However, I began taking abortion cases again. A prominent +businessman brought his daughter to me. His story was one that was +all-too-familiar to me, although I heard it from the girl more +frequently than from the parent. + + The girl was a high-school student, who had got mixed up with +a set of sensation-hunters. They were all sons and daughters of +well-to-do families and had liberal allowances. There were two or +three leaders who, had they come from less wealthy families, would +have been the moving spirits of juvenile gangs. Some of them were +children of divorce, given cars and too much spending money in lieu +of parents. + + They started going to dances too soon, drinking too much, +driving too fast for a thrill. Then they took up marijuana. It was +considered a great joke to give a girl a marijuana cigarette +instead of the regular variety. + + Jane Alice had received bids to all the Christmas dances given +by high-school fraternities and sororities. I have always felt that +these high-school organizations are a mistake. Their members + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 87 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +attempt to imitate the college Greek-letter 'Societies' but do not +have strict supervision by national authorities, nor are the +members old enough to know how to take care of themselves. + + The Christmas dances in my city were marked by a lot of +drinking, usually bad liquor, since the Christmas expenses put such +a drain on the purse of a high-school boy that good liquor could +not be included. A lot of the girls drank because they were afraid +if they were not "good sports" their escorts simply would not call +to get them or they would be wallflowers at the dance. This "good +sport" fallacy causes more trouble than any one other thing in +modern youth. The idea that popularity must be had at all costs is +another road to heartbreak. + + "Her mother and I knew there were chaperons at the dance's," +Mr. B told me. "And we were slightly acquainted with most of the +other youngsters who went. We knew that Jane Alice came home pretty +late, but then the dances lasted until 2 o'clock. Most of the kids +usually went somewhere for coffee and sandwiches after the dance.. +We didn't want to keep Jane Alice from being popular by making her +punch a time-clock." + + Jane Alice was one of those "average" girls who must work hard +for popularity. So she had weakly submitted to a high-school boy, +drunk and amorous. He had given her a brief rush and she felt that +she must pay with her body. + + Fortunately for the girl, she was a weakling and accustomed to +going to her mother with all her complaints, her need for a new +dress, her desire for a party, for a new permanent, for an increase +in her allowance. She didn't have the courage or self-reliance to +keep her secret. The boy had dropped her after he found her "easy." +so she went to her mother and told the whole story. + + The mother was shocked, but luckily she had sense enough to +keep the matter quiet and consult with her husband. They decided +that Jane Alice was far too young to marry, even if the boy were +willing, which was doubtful. Besides, Jane Alice now had a nervous, +hysterical hatred of the youth. There is a superstition that a girl +always has a special tenderness for her first lover. But this is +not always true. Jane Alice now regarded the experience as virtual +rape. + + The affair had seared her back into a desire for normal +girlhood. She had a glimpse of what it meant to be a woman, and she +was thoroughly frightened and disgusted. She hadn't got any +pleasure out of her sexual experience. And the boy, who had +appeared glamorous when she was tight, now seemed only a pimply- +faced, callow high-school youth. + + I have seen the same thing happen after a hasty elopement. The +girl, who was all for being an adult, wants to hurry back to the +warm protection of her family and her care-free adolescence. + + So the B's decided not to tell the youth or his parents. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 88 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "He isn't old enough to be married," Mr. B said, "and even if +Jane Alice did act the fool, he isn't good enough for her. His +parents might stir up trouble by believing the boy if he denied the +charge. We figured that the less said about the whole thing the +better." + + I agreed. There was no point in letting the boy know the +results of his carelessness. It might have frightened him into +being more careful thereafter, and then again it might have made +him think that he needn't take any precaution's because if the girl +were caught her parents would take care of everything. Too, he +might have started boasting about what a man he was and how he had +knocked up the daughter of one of the town's leading citizens. The +much-vaunted chivalry of man usually comes only when he has +acquired enough sense to see the value of silence -- not only to +protect the girl but for his own benefit. + + The abortion was a success. Afterward Jane Alice wanted to go +away to a girl's school, but I advised against it. + + "You're asking me and I'm telling you," I said frankly to Mr. +B "Jane Alice is just a kid, but she's woman enough to get herself +into a mess of this type, and so she ought to be adult enough to +face some of the less disagreeable of the consequences." + + "I know," he agreed. "That's what I told my wife. Sooner or +later Jane Alice must learn to take things on the chin. She's got +to learn that she can't run away from everything. She may not spend +her life in this town, but on the other hand she may live here for +several years. The only way she can get over the idea that she +can't face her friends is to force herself to do it. She wanted to +resign from her sorority, but I told her that would cause talk. I +think that she'll be able to avoid any wild parties and that she's +learned her lesson. I've promised her that if she finishes this +year here, she can go away to a girls' boarding-school." + + I nodded. "But there's still another reason. I don't agree +with people who say that all boarding-schools are hotbeds of +perversion. But I do think that it is unhealthy to bottle up girls +who have had dates and a few sex thrills just at their most +dangerous adolescent period. It's natural for a young girl to be +restless and to seek excitement. And if she's subjected to too +strict discipline and her normal contact with boys is taken away, +she may find the wrong outlet for her energy. + + "And that is particularly true in Jane Alice's case. She is +slightly over-sexed. Right now, she feels a natural aversion to men +and to sex. She feels that she got a dirty deal. That might recoil +into Lesbianism. I've seen young girls turn pervert from being +jilted, the death of their fiances or through unpopularity at a +sensitive period. Too, Jane Alice doesn't want to forget this too +easily for fear she may decide that the whole business wasn't so +bad. She needs a normal life, but she also needs the supervision of +people who know what she's done." + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 89 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Mr. B was a sensible man, as I have said. "I see what you +mean," he agreed. "I've given this matter a lot of thought, because +Jane Alice is an only child and it looks as though two fairly +intelligent persons ought to make a success of one child." + + He sighed. "I've tried not to be the sort of father who +forgets all about his youth and does a lot of aimless preaching. +That's why I gave Jane Alice as much freedom as possible and didn't +blame her over-much for what happened. And I'm relieved that Jane +Alice isn't posing as a sort of young Madame X, betrayed before she +was of age and being very dramatic in the best motion picture form. +She admits it was partly her fault. I'm under no illusion about my +child. She isn't overloaded with brains. She's too docile, and I +should have realized that and instead of trying to develop +initiative I should have relied more on obedience. But it's hard +for a man to judge his own child, and it's hard to remember the +damn-fool things I did when I was young. I never got any girls in +trouble," he added, "but it's a wonder I didn't." + + "Sometimes," he went on, "I think the savages handle these +things better. They pay more attention to puberty. They make a +ceremony of it and the girls have their womanhood more forcibly +impressed on them. Here we pass by puberty with a little bygienic +lecture and continue to regard the girls as children until they're +16 or 18, forgetting that from the ages of 12 to 14 they are, +physically, women." + + "I know," I told him. "Parents hate to see their children grow +up. It's worse in the mothers. They feel they've gone through more +for the children and they resent their sons' and daughters' leaving +home as soon as they're able to take care of themselves. A mother +bird will push her fledglings out of the nest. But the human mother +is more possessive. The children usually are ready to leave about +the time the mother's own sex life is going or gone. And somehow +that makes it harder for the mothers. So we get a mother who wants +her big son to escort her around and tries to behave like his +sister. And we get the type of mother who keeps her daughter at +home, preaching duty to her, and begging her not to marry until +after the mother's death. What she usually means is that she can't +bear the sight of her daughter having a happy sex life when she is +lonely and her own life is virtually ended as far as personal +pleasure is concerned." + + Mr. B went out after thanking me again. I heard afterward that +Jane Alice stayed in school and went in for athletics, hiking and +all sorts of outdoor sports which used up her dangerous energy. I +have never believed in the creed that children should be seen and +not heard, and I wince when a nervous mother urges her daughters to +sit in the corner and be quiet. The girls should be taught to be +well-mannered, of course, but they should have some outlet for that +well of restless energy. Otherwise they may come to me. + + + + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 90 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + XII. STRANGER THAN FICTION + + About a week later I got a case that admirably illustrated Mr. +C's sympathy for the daughters of neurotic mothers. + + A very pretty young girl, with a defiant look in her soft dark +eyes, came in to see me. She had refused to give the office girl +her name, and I suspected immediately what she wanted. + + "You're going to say that my story sounds exactly like the +hokum in cheap magazines," she began. + + I smiled. "That doesn't mean it isn't true. Nor that the +stories in magazines aren't true to life. I know a writer who gets +all his material from the correspondence of a 'lovelorn' editor. +He's accused of being unreal and melodramatic, but he told me that +almost invariably he had to tone down the facts." + + "I'm in one of the usual triangles," she said. "And I'm in the +usual jam." + + "Tell me about it," I invited. + + "I want to begin way back. Because," she paused and gave me a +teary smile. "You see, I know something about you and I was told to +tell you the entire story because if I didn't you'd turn me down. +So I'll start with my very beginning. I was an unwanted child. My +mother had been a belle, and she made a good marriage. And then +right away I came along to spoil the fun -- and my mother's figure, +as I've had dinned into my ear's since childhood." + + It was a pathetic story she told, but I don't believe it was +exaggerated. She had been paraded around as a baby and her mother +had posed as a martyr to motherhood. But when she outgrew the cute +roly-poly stage and began to have long legs and arms and be a big +girl, she was shunted off to school in winter and camp in summer +rather than spoil her mother's lies about her age. + + "Mother has always claimed that she was a mere child when she +married," Dorothy said bitterly, "As a matter of fact, she wa's 24, +and getting pretty nervous about being an old maid. I was kept in +short socks as long as possible. Finally father died and left me +some money, but in mother's care, and I wasn't to get it until I am +21. I'm 20 now, but I'm still mother's little girl. I'd started in +school so early and had it so concentrated that at 18 there wasn't +any place except college she could send me. And mother was afraid +of college. I don't know exactly why. She had the old-fashioned +idea that college made blue stockings out of women and I'd never +marry. She is vain enough not to want an old maid for a daughter, +although at the same time she doesn't want me to marry because then +she'd be a mother-in-law and perhaps a grandmother. She was afraid, +too, that college would make me strong-willed. Too, when I was away +at boarding-school it sounded as if I were about 12. She never had +any pictures made of me after I was 10. But a girl at college +sounds grown-up. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 91 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She smiled again, a smile with no mirth. "That sounds awfully +bitter, but you never had it drilled into you that it was a crime +for you to grow up normally. Mother is always talking about what a +pretty child I was and sighing. And she worries for fear I'll be as +pretty as she was. I won't. I look more like father. Well, I came +home and I started dating a little in spite of anything mother +could do. I went away to visit some school friends and I met a +young engineer. I fell for him -- hard. He loved me, wanted to +marry me. But he wanted to do everything in the traditional +fashion. He wanted to ask my mother for my hand. I was against +that. After all, I'm 20. And, I forgot to tell you, if I marry +after I'm 18, I get full control of my money without waiting until +I'm 21. Sometimes I think father put that clause in to encourage me +to marry and escape from mother." + + I nodded. "Go on," I told her. I knew the girl either had to +tell her story or go into hysterics. She'd been bottling it up too +long. + + "I fought against telling mother," Dorothy went on. "I knew +she'd do something to spoil it. Sandy couldn't understand. He +wanted me to meet his mother, who is also a widow. He thought it +would be nice for our mothers to get to be good friends. His mother +is a dear, old-fashioned but sweet. I knew mother wouldn't like her +and would make fun of her and I couldn't bear that. Sandy had a job +offered him with an engineering firm here and he wanted to take it +so that we could live close to our relatives. He'd been wandering +over the world, but he said it was no way for a woman to live. +Anyhow, he wanted children." + + "I knew it wouldn't work," she said, almost hysterically. +"Mother would fight it. She couldn't bear to have me living in the +same town and raising a family. She'd break up our marriage, if we +were allowed to be married. I wanted to elope and go to South +America where Sandy could work. But he was tired of living there." + + She smiled ironically. "Finally, I did get him to go away with +me for a week-end or so. I told him that I was modern and believed +people should find out if they are sexually mated before they were +married. He was a little shocked at first, but he wanted me, too. +After that, he insisted that we must be married right away just in +case anything happened. And he was more determined to meet mother. +So he came here. I thought that I could tell mother that we had +been lovers and shock her into letting us marry. But she beat me to +it." + + She shuddered. "Oh, it's too horrible to talk about!" "I can +guess," I said. "You mother is shrewd and she saw what sort of a +man your lover was. So she told him you weren't a good girl." + + "Worse than that. She first told him that I was under 18 and +couldn't marry without her consent. But he knew better than that +because I'd told him about all the schools I'd gone to and pretty +well outlined my life. But I'd never told him the truth about +mother. His own mother was so different, you know, and I hate to +play the mistreated daughter. I thought he'd think less of me and +might wonder if I weren't like her, or if I were exaggerating. +Anyhow, I am well dressed and well fed and fairly well educated. I +don't look mistreated." + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 92 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "And you were too happy to want to spoil it by talking about +your past sorrows," I suggested. + + She nodded. "They seemed somehow unimportant if I could escape +them with Sandy. But when mother saw that the under-age gag +wouldn't work, she went on. She got panicky and she didn't really +mean to say as much as she did. She's apologized since. But she +told him that I didn't want children and that I was over-sexed and +she'd had to send me to girls' schools to keep me out of trouble. +That wasn't true, of course, although," she hesitated for a moment, +"I'd done some rather indiscreet things in rebellion, such as +getting drunk with the wrong people, and going on wild parties. I +hadn't been a plaster saint, but I'd never had any sex experience +before. Mother is charming, she's, a good actress, and of course +Sandy believed her. It all fitted in neatly with my frantic desire +that we have each other before marriage. Mother even told him that +doctors had talked of giving me a sterilization operation but she +had refused, thinking I'd outgrow my indiscretions." + + The tears were rolling down her cheeks. She cried naturally. +like a child, not bothering to wipe away the drops. "I suppose I +behaved in a peculiar fashion, too, and that made things worse. I +knew mother was lying to him, but I didn't know what about and I +made some silly explanations designed to cover virtually everything +or anything. The next thing I knew, he told me that perhaps I was +right in saying it was all a mistake -- I told him that when I saw +him regarding me oddly. Now he's gone to South America. And," she +spread out. her hands, "here I am." + + "Have you told your mother you're pregnant?" I asked. + + "For God's sake, no. She'd use it as a lever over me all my +life or she'd ship me off to South America. As soon as she found +out that Sandy had gone away to work, she was sorry for what she'd +done. she'd thought, of course, that we'd live here. Then she told +me part of what she'd said and I guessed the rest and made her +admit It. Of course, it was partly, my fault. I was nervous, and +when Sandy began acting strangely I flared up instead of telling +him the truth. I was so upset I didn't know what I was doing." + + "Look," I said. "You came here for an abortion, but you don't +really want one, and so I'm not going to give it to you." + + She stared at me hopelessly. "You must. I thought at first I'd +have Sandy's child and salvage that much of him. But it's +impossible. I won't have any freedom until I'm 21. Oh, I've got a +little money, and I can pawn some things and pay your fee. But I +haven't enough to support me somewhere and take me through all the +trouble mother would make for me. She'd ruin it somehow." + + "I don't mean that," I told her. "You're going to follow your +man. You still love him or you wouldn't want his child. The trouble +with you is that all your life you've been afraid of your mother. +You were scared, or you would have saved yourself a lot of misery, +told Sandy the truth and gone with him to interview your mother. +You were a coward then. You went away and hid while he talked to +her. So now you've got to do something more courageous. You must go +to South America and find him." + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 93 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "I couldn't. I've got only the vaguest idea where he is. And +I don't want to force him into marrying me because I'm pregnant." + + I shrugged my shoulders impatiently. "And how do you think he +would feel if he ever heard the real story and knew that because of +false pride and cowardice you cheated both of you out of happiness? +You come home with me and my wife will talk to you." + + The upshot of it was that Norma went with her to Sandy's +mother. + + "She'll be horrified," Dorothy protested, "She's one of those +sweet, old-fashioned women." + + "Old-fashioned women know a lot about life," Norma told her. + + And Norma was right. She told me about it on her return. + + "I almost lost my nerve when we got there," Norma related. +"The set-up was too mid-Victorian for words. And there was Mrs. S, +a grandmotherly woman with white hair and an apple-blossom akin. +Dorothy got cold feet and I had to tell the story. I meant to skip +about Dorothy's wanting an abortion, but she blurted it out. The +old lady just clucked her tongue and kissed Dorothy. + + "Then she said it reminded her so much of an old woman who +wanted her daughter to look after her and so she told the poor +girl's beau that Maisie wasn't a nice girl. She wound up by saying, +'But poor Maisie didn't have your courage, my dear, or your money +and so there was nothing she could do about it.' She wasn't shocked +that Dorothy was pregnant. She just said, 'Such things happen to +the young, dear, and we who are old should be ready to help. That's +why we are here after our child-bearing duties are over.'" + + Mrs. S took things into her own delicate hands, and when Norma +left she was busy getting passports for them. She had introduced +Dorothy everywhere as her daughter-in-law and she had cabled her +son that she was coming to see him and bringing along her new +daughter. + + "I just told him that I'd explain later," she said. "I don't +think it best to surprise him. Sandy knows and trusts me, and he +probably has had time to think things over by now and realize his +mistake. But he's a wee bit stubborn, like all the Scotch." + + I like to think of Dorothy and her happiness. She and Sandy +were married upon her arrival, with Mrs. S beaming on them. It +helps Whenever I hear abortionists described as monsters who fatten +on child murder. I have never performed an abortion unless I felt +that it was best for humanity. And I have prevented many of them, +especially in the last few years. + + As methods have improved and women are wiser in birth-control +methods, more and more young women have lost their horror of the +whispered, "She got rid of the baby somehow." They come into my +office seeking an easy way out of their difficulties. But a lot of +them have gone out convinced that the hardest way might be the best + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 94 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +after all. To many of them I said, "Bring your man in here and let +me talk to him. This is his business, too. Don't get too modern. +You're not modern enough to escape the oldest of all biological +traps." + + There is something about a doctor's office that make's people +more humble, more ready to listen. I think it must be that each +sick, hopeless or hopeful patient leaves something of his patience +or his despair or his resignation in the atmosphere. People will +listen to things from a doctor that they will not take from anyone +else. Possibly it is because few doctors ever preach, and the +patient realizes that the doctor knows what he is talking about. + + When marriage to possible, I refuse to perform an abortion +merely to cover up carelessness. The patient may regret it later. +I am not in favor of shotgun marriages, but I have had literally +dozens of cases where abortions were refused and the marriages were +normally happy. Sometimes there is a difference in social position +and moneyed prestige. A society girl has an affair with a +workingman and is caught. She hates to face the disapproval of her +family, the possible ridicule of having married beneath her. If it +was purely momentary passion, I am not in favor of forcing a union +and allowing a child to be born when a divorce is inevitable and +the child will always be under a handicap. + + But if the affair has been going on for several months -- and +despite all the stories of conception after one sex act, it is a +rare thing -- then it seems to me that there is no reason why +marriage shouldn't follow, and I say so. And when two young working +people are selfishly intent on leading their own lives and want an +abortion for the girl because they are afraid the child and +marriage might interfere with freedom, I refuse to act. + + There has grown up in recent years a group of modern +mistresses, workingwomen who are afraid that marriage might +interfere with their jobs, who want to artificially prolong their +youth by not having children or other responsibilities. They say +that they intend to have sex anyhow, and they indulge in affairs of +long duration. Sometimes these women actually would make poor +mothers, and in that case an abortion is advisable. At other times, +I try to exert the slight pressure that is necessary to overcome +the idea that marriage would interfere too much with the designs of +their living. + + I have tried in this casebook to present a random selection of +patients. I have made mistakes. I have had women come in and blame +me for their sterility. They do not believe me when I tell them +that they have undoubtedly done something since the abortion to +cause their barren state. + + Likewise, I have had wives blame me for urging them into +marriages which proved unhappy. It did no good to point out that +there are many divorces not caused by the handicap of premature +childbirth. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 95 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I played God a little in the case of Dorothy and Sandy because +I thought it worth the risk. If she had stayed with her mother, she +might have become promiscuous out of sheer rebellion. She admitted +having gone on wild parties as an emotional relief after a quarrel +with her mother. I wanted to avoid what happened in one case that +came to me. + + June's mother had been a pretty, spoiled village girl. She had +married a city man and lived happily for a while. But eventually +June's father was unfaithful to her mother. The mother discovered +it, and they were estranged. Denied his wife, the man went in for +a series of affairs. The wife had expected to find her husband at +her feet, begging for forgiveness, and became bitter when he was +not abject. + + She eventually separated from her husband and he gave her a +handsome settlement. The mother now exacted the utmost in slavery +from the daughter. June in rebellion took the obvious course. She +began a clandestine affair with an utter cad. She knew what sort of +a man he was, that is, she knew that he was reputed to be "wild." +But that lent more glamour to the affair. She went farther than she +intended, and found herself in a jam. So she came to me. + + "I didn't really love the man," she explained, "and I knew I +Was cutting off my nose to spite my face, but somehow I just went +on and on. If I tell mother, she'll say I'm my father's, daughter +and all the rest of my life she'll talk about how I ruined myself +and broke her heart." + + "When you get out of this mess, get a job and a little more +independence," I told her. "You're too old to be so childish. I can +understand how your mother drives you to do wild things. But you +don't want to spend your life playing the fool just because you +feel you're getting even with her. You can't be happy that way." + + "I know," she answered meekly. "I know i've made a darned fool +of myself. And I don't understand why I picked out this way of +trying to get even with mother. I just did. It seemed the worst +thing I could do to her." + + I didn't find that extraordinary. Sex is used frequently as a +weapon by the woman. The young girl, angry at her mother, thinks +"I'll run away" and adds as a postscript, that she'll run away with +some boy her mother dislikes. The angry wife withholds her caresses +and looks around for someone to whom she can give her body as +additional punishment to her husband. + + A young woman who frankly admits to 30 was talking to me the +other day about woman's use of sex, + + "People talk of feminine wiles and age-old tricks," she +remarked scornfully. "They talk about women not being +straightforward about sex. How can they? You've seen what happened +to girls who tried to meet man on his own ground." + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 96 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + She paused a moment. "Probably I'm malicious. But I've got so +sick of men who want my body for a night or a few nights and expect +me to be delighted because they say so and because they admit that +they like me and are attracted by me. They feel that the mere fact +that they want me should cause me to submit immediately. They never +bother to inquire whether I feel the same way or whether I object +to being shopworn. But I'm going to have my fun some of these days. +There are two or three men I'm watching and I mean to have some +quiet laughs at their expense in about 10 years." + + "What do you mean?" I asked. + + "I know about half a dozen attractive men in their late 20's +and early 30's. They're all earning enough to support a wife but +they don't want one. They say that they want sex as an adventure. +They usually want one girl as a self-supporting mistress and then +perfect freedom to date any other girls they are attracted to. The +women don't like the idea; it robs them even of the security of a +steady boy friend. They can't even count upon an escort whenever +they want one; they have to find out whether their lovers have +other plans, and it keeps them from getting a matrimonial-minded +man. I know a couple of these gay dogs who are past 40. One already +has lost his manhood and another is losing his. Now they're +beginning to see the woman's viewpoint. They have to stand by and +watch younger men get the women they want. The women their own age +don't appeal to them, and they're having the novel experience of +being a little abject, of pleading to see women, of asking small +favors." + + I grinned. "I know what you mean. I've seen some of those +birds who claim they're prematurely impotent. Some of them are, of +course. But you'd be surprised to know how many men in their middle +40's, men who haven't taken any care of themselves and are in +generally poor physical condition, are hollering their heads off in +the privacy of a doctor's office." + + "Sure," she agreed. "I know one man who wasn't willing to make +any sacrifices to insure a lasting companionship. He didn't see any +women worth marrying or worth giving up his freedom for. Now he's +consumed with self-pity. He sees old age approaching and not much +more fun. So he wants some attractive woman to fall in love with +him and spend her life taking care of him. There are still women +who would marry him, but he doesn't want them. He's used to the +best. And he can't adjust himself to the idea that he's no longer +in a position to take what he wants. he's like a woman now. He has +to take what he can get. + + "A man told me the other day that he'd always been fair to +women; he'd never promised to marry any of them; they knew what +they were getting into when he had a sex affair with them. And he +never got them into any jams. Now he's full of self-pity because he +wants a woman and can't get her. She has never promised to marry +him, either. It never occurred to him that some of these women who +gave him pleasure may have fallen in love with him -- he was a +handsome devil -- and concealed it from pride. If a man tells a +woman he loves her, she usually feels that sometime he may get + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 97 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +around to proposing. And a man has no compunction about asking the +girl if she loves him. That puts the whole affair on a higher +plane. And if she doesn't have hysterics or shoot him, he feels +that this is all right with her." + + "I know," I said. "A man cane to me the anther day and asked +if I could predict how much longer he could have an active sex +life. He was beginning to weaken. I told him it was impossible for +me to tell. He was about 50, and wasn't in very good physical +condition. He said that he wanted to marry a girl of about 25. He +would do it if he thought he could have sexual relations with her +for four or five years. He said that if he became immediately +impotent, he would not feel right about marrying her, but he +thought that after four or five years of married life he could +expect her to be faithful. + + "He was an old friend of mine, and I told him that he was just +laying up misery for himself. I asked him if he expected a girl of +30 to be faithful to a man of 55. He hemmed and hawed and said that +he knew she must have a sex life -- he thought in terms of sex +still rather than love -- and he wouldn't object as long as he +didn't know about it. He was willing to condemn the girl to +clandestine' affairs, to being the unfaithful wife of an old man, +in order to have four or five years of happiness. And, of course, +he would be jealous and suspicious. Most of these old men with +young wives are." + + "Naturally," the woman said. "He'd tell her that he understood +her need for sex, but he'd see that she felt guilty, and he'd +torment her by trying to find out about it and telling her that all +her men friends were scoundrels." + + I chuckled. "You've got him right. He then told me that he'd +let her divorce him if she wanted to -- but I didn't take that too +seriously, either. Men in that condition will promise virtually +anything. Then he said that she'd be left a moneyed widow when she +was a little past 30, and she could have plenty of time to have her +fun." + + "It would serve him right if he married her and she was +flagrantly unfaithful and let him know she was waiting for him to +carry out his promise to die and leave her his money," the woman +exclaimed. "I told you I was a little soured on this sex business. +In the past 10 years, I've had several affairs. Some of them have +left pleasant memories and some not so nice. But when I try to +count the men of all ages, descriptions and previous, condition of +servitude who have made me proposition's, and men who have let me +get into trouble through their carelessness and expected me to get +out by myself, well, it doesn't seem very pleasant." + + She looked at me and grinned. "I don't mean the time I came to +you, either. Larry was all right then. He did his duty. But I must +say that he was content to sit back and furnish his share of the +money and let me make the arrangements. Which is one reason why I +didn't use any of the much-vaunted feminine wiles to try to trick +him into marriage. Of course, I know it was in character for Larry +to be quiet and easy-going. But I admit that I would have admired +him more if he hadn't stood back so meekly and let me handle it." + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 98 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I laughed. "You modern girls yell for equal rights, and when +you get them you're peeved because men don't try to dominate you +and don't do everything for you." + + "Well put," she agreed. "But there's another viewpoint, +Martin, in my world, where sex frequently is a casual matter -- to +judge from some of the propositions made me -- there are only a few +ways of knowing when a man really cares for a woman. I'm always +skeptical of the word, love. There are so many varieties, ranging +from momentary passion and infatuation or friendly fondness to the +honest to gosh till-death-do-us-part kind. And this womanly +intuition business has been greatly overrated. I've heard men say +that a woman always knows somehow when a man really loves her. +That's bosh. Women have a keener eye for deception in people they +don't love; and frequently they try to kid themselves and others +when they really know better. + + "When it all boils down, there are only three or four ways in +which a woman can be reassured that a man loves her. And those +don't always work. One is when he offers her a wedding ring. Larry, +for instance, told me that he loved me as much as if we were +married, I always thought when he said that, 'Well, why don't you +ask me to marry you, then?' He got angry once when I said I +couldn't believe in him, and asked me whether a wedding ring were +the only way I could be sure of him. He pointed out that there +wasn't anything sure about marriage. I knew that, of course, but +what he didn't realize was that to a woman a proposal doesn't +merely meat that the man is signifying his willingness to be +branded as the woman's property, but that he is anxious that the +woman be known as his wife.. No woman like's to be told merely that +she can be sure of the man. She wants the man to want to be sure of +her. Otherwise, she has a feeling that he's a little +condescending." + + "Male egotism," I explained. "So that's why you didn't want to +marry larry?" + + "Partly," she admitted. "And he wasn't jealous enough. I had +no way of knowing whether this was perfect faith or utter +indifference, and sometimes I needed assurance that it wasn't +indifference. As it was, at times I got the idea that he didn't +really give a damn what I did so long as it didn't interfere with +his having me when he wanted me, or reflect on his reputation, or +keep him from his other social pleasures." + + "Marriage and jealousy then," I ticked them off on my fingers. +"What are the other things a woman needs as proof of love?" + + "illustrated again by Larry," she replied. "Now Larry said +later he would have been glad to arrange all the disagreeable +preliminaries for my abortion. But the point is, he didn't rush up +with the offer at the time and he didn't insist. God knows how many +times I've heard men say -- after I've expressed the suggestion -- +'If I had known you wanted to go, I'd have been delighted to fix +it.' They may have been sincere, but it sounds like lip-courtesy, +especially since they didn't do anything more about it. Now I will +ask favors of men who mean little to me -- or who perhaps are good +friends of mine. But I want my lover to make offers of service + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 99 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +because he wants to, not because I suggested it. And once in a +while I want him to override my wishes if he thinks it is best for +me. Now you are a friend of mine. But if I told you I was going to +get drunk, you'd shrug your shoulders and think it was my business. +As a matter of fact, you wouldn't care enough to find out who I'd +be drinking with. I don't expect more from you. But from a lover, +I'd want a little more interest in my welfare." + + "You want perfection," I told her. + + "No," she protested, "I don't mean that I should always be the +passive member of the couple. But I'd want some assurance that he +thought of me without my having to call his attention to me. +Otherwise, I'd never know whether he was genuinely anxious to be +with me." + + She grinned. "We sound so smart we ought to write a book about +clandestine sex." + + "I am," I told her. "I've kept a sort of casebook and I'm +compiling an informal record of them. I thought it might show some +of my stuffed shirt friends there's more to sex than the birth and +wedding notices," + + "How are you going to end it." she asked. + + "I don't know. I've been lucky so far. I'm happily married, +with two children. Sometimes I think that the reason I am happily +married is because other people make my mistakes for me. And so far +I've been pretty lucky. Of course by the time the book comes out I +may be in prison." + + "Let me finish it," she asked eagerly. "I like to come over +here and talk to you, knowing that you'll regard it as a +confessional. I can't talk about these things to the men and women +I know. It might do me some good to get it off my chest, and it +might do others some good to hear the woman's side of the case. + + "All right," I agreed. + + "You can present the sex situation from an impersonal +viewpoint," she explained with an ironic grin, "and I'll give the +story of the fallen woman, 20th Century style." + + "So be it," I said. "I am never satisfied with endings, +anyhow. The happy ending's make me feel that if I look on the front +page tomorrow I'll see a divorce suit being filed. And when I see +tragic endings I know that presently the characters will begin to +feel that life isn't so bad after all and a good meal or a stiff +drink is in order." + + And so my book ends, appropriately enough, with the first +person story of one of my patients. Its writer will remain +anonymous, without even the cloak of a fictitious first name. A +week after our talk my patient brought it to me, neatly typed. I +found it an absorbing human document. She told me that she had kept +a diary at the time. I present it in her own words. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 100 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + XIII. ONE GIRL'S STORY + + When you mention the word "abortion," most people either laugh +or look avidly interested, depending on whether you are being +general or personal in the discussion. + + The discussion won't be in the first person, singular, because +an abortion is one strictly feminine operation women don't talk +about. That sounds like a joke. It isn't to one who has gone +through the hush-hush business of having one. + + Married women have bored we by dwelling on the details of +their sacrifice and pain in childbirth. But the unmarried girl is +silent about the torture, mental and physical, she endured to +prevent an unwelcome child entering a hostile world. Her silence is +part of her punishment. And no small part. Not for her the sympathy +lavished on the ill or the bereaved. She has to smile before, +during, and after her premature accouchement. + + By my code of ethic, an abortion was the only possible curse. +My lover and I had not wished to marry, before I became pregnant. +There was no reason why accidental conception should force us into +a repugnant marriage. I had no moral scruple's against ridding +myself of the "mistake." I could see no difference between an +abortion and use of contraceptives. + + At times, I felt that I would like to have a child. I even +speculated regarding its probable traits and appearance. Even now, +I sometimes find myself wondering what the child would have looked +like, figuring out how old it would be and speculating regarding +any change it would have made in my life. But thus far I'm glad +that I did not have it. + + I did not want to bring an illegitimate child into the world. +I had decided ideas upon what a child's upbringing should be. It +would not be fair to myself to jeopardize my reputation and my +possible career, and the same thing was true regarding my lover. I +did not want the responsibility; neither did the father. It would +be impossible for me to even support the child decently. I had no +right to bring a child into the world under such circumstances. + + I was, I believe, exceptionally lucky. I obtained, easily a +small amount of ready money. I was able to spend a short time away +from my home without suspicion attaching to my sudden departure. My +lover shared the expenses, and we were able to keep the affair +secret. At times during that dreary period when my family doctor +thought it best to wait and see if my menstruation had not simply +been delayed, I wanted to talk about my fears, to argue aloud. in +order to convince myself that I was being foolish. Again, I wanted +to try to forget the whole business. I even thought about remaining +drunk or at giddy parties the remainder of the time I must wait, I +resent my constant worry. I sought easy physical tasks which would +occupy my hands and mind and shut out thought. It was a strain to +carry on a normal conversation. I'd forget for a few minutes. and +then back would come the nagging worry. + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 101 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + The doctor had thought I might have just skipped a +menstruation period, because there had been a tiny flow. As time +approached for the deciding period, I was obsessed with a desire to +get it over with. I was optimistic with the doctor. But I was +secretly convinced that I was pregnant. Time dragged and then +spurted. I had the usual wish-fulfillment dreams in which I fancied +that I was menstruating normally. They caused me unpleasant +awakenings and a dread of going to sleep. I acquired an unhealthy +curiosity about my anatomy. Was my indigestion nausea? Was a chance +abdominal pain the stirring of menstruation? I feared to complain +about any petty ailment, thinking it might be recognized as a tell- +tale symptom. Any chance joke about pregnancy made me grow cold. + + Since childhood I had suffered from nervousness. Now I feared +that the additional mental strain might cause me to become +hysterical and blurt out the truth or might cause a nervous +breakdown which would make more difficult the coming ordeal. + + I was in a state of complete jitters during the all-important +few days when I should have been menstruating. Then I bolstered +courage for a decisive visit to my doctor. + + An hour's wait in the outer office gave ample time for +phrasing and rephrasing the essential questions. I eyed the other +patients and envied them their ailments. They didn't have to hide +their symptoms or worry about a listening nurse. + + I told the doctor that nothing had happened. Afterward it was +odd to think this was the worst of many visits to doctors. Later it +became a matter of course, the way was smoothed before me, doctors +were more adroit about relieving nervous strain. + + This doctor wasted no time in being tactful. He put his +fingers together and looked thoughtful. "You'd better have an +examination," he advised. + + I kept up a running flow of chatter which deceived neither of +us into thinking that I was taking the matter lightly. All the time +my mind was repeating, "This can't happen to me. Not to me. This is +the sort of thing that happens to stupid girls." + + The doctor probed. It hurt. I winced. + + "You're pregnant all right," he said. "Two months." I felt a +little numb, a little relieved. At least I knew. But I wanted to +get out of there quickly. + + "So that's that," I remarked. "I'm a fallen woman. How much do +I owe you?" + + "Two dollars." He helped me with my coat and gave me a +friendly slap on the back. "I'm sorry," he observed. "It's just a +bad break." + + I went out into the waiting-room. I said something funny to +the girl attendant. I met some old friends on the street. They were +genial. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 102 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "How are you getting along?" asked a man who had once had a +romantic attachment for me. + + "Just fine," I smiled. It was funny, I thought, how many +people must be saying "just fine" when they felt like the devil. + + I flattered myself that I was taking all this very well. I +hoped that I could maintain my composure when I got into a +sympathetic atmosphere. I went into the hotel room where my lover +was waiting for me. I tried to keep my smile from sliding. I was +afraid my eye's were filling with childish tears. I told myself +that I must behave like an adult, facing a problem that had been +met by thousands of persons. + + "I want a drink," I told him. I held the highball in my hand +and sipped it while I gave the doctor's verdict. I lit a cigarette. +I thought that it certainly helped along my appearance as a fallen +woman to sit in a hotel room with a cigarette and a highball while +I listened to what, in my hyper-sensitive condition, seemed an +interminable discussion of plans and the necessity for secrecy. + + God knows that I didn't want to broadcast the news. But I felt +so ungodly tired. I wanted bed and rest and the friendly +unawareness of my family. I knew these arrangements had to be made. +But it seemed to me that the same things were being said over and +over again. I suppose they were. My lover probably was nervous, +too, although he didn't show it. His very calm irritated me. + + I wonder now if I had to do it over again whether I would try +to be so gay and gallant. Probably it looked as if I were frivolous +and didn't take it very seriously. Maybe if I hadn't tried to act +so brave and efficient, Larry wouldn't have seemed so far away. +Perhaps I should have gone feminine and helpless. I don't know. + + Anyhow, it was decided that I should go to a nearby city where +a friend of mine would arrange things. I live there now. I made a +suitable excuse and drove away. Ordinarily I like going anywhere +and part of the day I managed to enjoy the trip. But there was the +strain of explaining things to the friend, getting his assistance. +I had told him during my waiting period that I might require his +help. I knew that he was a friend of several doctors and would be +in a position to help. + + I told my friend, and I tried to tell myself that the reason +Larry did not go along was because it was difficult for him to get +away from work, it would be doubly expensive for us both and it +would increase the danger of being found out if we were both away +from home at the same time. + + I realized that there was no real need for him to go with me. +X could handle this business with more efficiency and more secrecy, +but at the same time I wished Larry had wanted to go or had asked +to come up and bring me back. That trip home was beastly lonely as +I remember It. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 103 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I checked in at the hotel and went to see X. He was +sympathetic but a little brusque about my foolishness in getting +into a jam. He asked why I didn't marry the man. I tried making +explanations, and they all sounded foolish, so at last I said +bluntly that I didn't want to and that was that. He agreed to help, +and I went back to my hotel. Books I had brought failed to hold my +attention. The room seemed first too hot and then too cold. My +dozing was nightmarish. + + There were moments that first night when the whole thing +seemed to be only a trifling incident; others when it loomed up as +a calamity and I broke out in cold sweat, remembering my cowardice +about physical pain, my utter ignorance of the whole procedure. I +had to trust blindly to X. + + I told myself that it was foolish that I should be so upset. +The morning dragged while I waited for a telephone message from my +friend. On the radio a laconic female voice chanted, "Everything's +been done before. I just want to do what's been done before." The +telephone rang. "Everything is O.K.," X said. + + I rushed over for a conference. A medical friend had agreed to +arrange it. But he refused to take my doctor's finger examination +verdict. There must be a laboratory verification. So I bought a +rabbit. + + The rabbit cost me $15 and 36 hours of waiting. + + Oddly enough this period of waiting, while nerve-wracking, did +bring a strange relief from other worries. My fate for the next few +days was in the hands of impersonal scientists. I hoped, of course, +that the test would be negative. But this was one decision I did +not have to make. And suddenly it seemed to me that I was +unutterably weary of making decisions. People had said that I was +gay and carefree, with 'nothing to worry about' They little knew of +the complications of my private life, my worrying over whether I +had made a mistake in turning down a man who loved me and wanted to +marry me in order to pursue a futile affair with a man who did not; +the constant speculation over, whether I hadn't better leave the +hole thing behind and go somewhere else, start life over again. + + Finally the 36 hours were over. I went back to the doctor's +office. + + "We can kill it any time now," he reported cheerfully. "Come +on into the laboratory. A magnificent rabbit, must weigh four +pounds. We'll have it for supper tonight, in a stew." + + The thought of the doctor's family dining with pleasure on my +rabbit amused and yet slightly irritated me. After all, I had paid +$15 for that rabbit, and spent 36 hours worrying over its health. +I Wondered if medical etiquette required my presence while. it was +being eaten. Apparently not; and I was a little relieved, for it +would have seemed like cannibalism to me. + + The doctor killed the rabbit by injecting air into its +arteries. Then he opened it, and fished out two tiny pink objects +with purple spots on them. They Were the ovaries. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 104 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "There you are, my dear," he said genially. "Very positive +reaction. Those purple spots are hemorrhages on the ovary. It's the +only positive test. You're pregnant. No doubt about it." + + He carefully put the pink objects away on a piece of paper. +Then he cleaned the rabbit in the sink and wrapped it in a section +of brown paper before putting it in a refrigerator, crammed with +specimens of one kind and another. + + "I'll save these ovaries," he observed. "Some of the younger +doctors are interested in these tests, and may want to know what +they look like." + + So, indirectly, I was making my contribution to science. + + He telephoned the surgeon, and they amiably discussed their +respective healths and when I should appear on the scene. It seemed +that the surgeon was ready to leave his office, so I should come +the next day. This meant an extra day's waiting, of course, but +time and tide in such things mean little to the doctor. + + "Now cautioned the doctor. "You must remember not to breathe +a word of this to anyone." + + "Of course," I agreed. + + "The surgeon is not doing this for financial reasons," he went +on. "He is no quack. But he and I feel that there are times when it +is better for humanity that some children should not be born. I +understand that in your situation it would mess up the child's life +as well as your own and that of your lover. It is a racial waste, +for your child probably would be a fine, healthy one. But I believe +we are justified in aborting you for sociological reasons." + + My friend, I think, had exaggerated things Slightly in +explaining to the doctor why I could not marry. But I did not feel +it best to say anything Just then. So I went back to the hotel, +which was beginning to pall on me. I didn't think it best to spend +too much time with my friend. I realized that at the moment I was +far from an agreeable companion. I read until my eyelids would +close in defiance of my will, and my mind would refuse to +concentrate on the contents of the printed page. + + The next day I went to the surgeon's office. The first doctor +had given me a note of introduction. Life seemed to be a succession +of appointments and introductions and doctors' offices. + + Doctor A was a likeable middle-aged man with a friendly +manner. He frightened me at first by telling me briskly that I +would need a nurse and probably would have to stay in the city for +at least another week and possibly 10 days. It would be best for me +to get a little apartment. + + Obediently I checked out of my hotel and registered in the +apartment hotel he suggested. Then I returned to his office and +waited while the reception room slowly cleared of patients. There +were magazines that I tried to read without much success, The +office attendant telephoned for my nurse. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 105 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + "You won't need her until tomorrow," she explained casually. +"You'll get along all right tonight. Then tomorrow, about 11, you +can come down here and meet her." + + "Here?" I asked incredulously. I fully expected to be borne +away from the doctor's office in an ambulance. The next day I +supposed I would be moaning and tossing in my bed, yelping for +morphine." + + "Sure," said the nurse. "You'll be able to walk a few blocks +tomorrow, all right. Walking's good for you, anyway." + + Doctor A stood in the doorway. + + "You're the next victim," he grinned. "I'll give you a little +treatment and send you on your way rejoicing." + + I didn't answer. With all the joyous sensations of a condemned +man -- there wasn't even a hearty breakfast to cheer me up, for I'd +been too nervous to eat -- I walked into the office. The low tones +of the nurse and the doctor, the whispered consultations, had been +entirely too reminiscent of the death room. + + "Better take off your coat and hat," he suggested, + + I obeyed, and began unfastening my dress, looking around for +the traditional white nightgown buttoned down the back. + + "No need to take off your dress," he explained cheerfully. + + I sat down on a white table, of a type that was becoming all +too familiar, and hooked my feet in the stirrup-like circles. The +doctor squeezed some white salve out of a tube, and then I felt him +probing. "Don't I take an anesthetic?" I asked, although nothing +very painful had been done to me so far. + + "Of course not," he replied, and launched into a discussion of +the jitters he'd had when his tonsils were cut out. + + He was probing with some instrument now, and I winced a +little. + + "I don't see how you girls stand this," commented the doctor +cheerfully. "It hurts me just to do it." + + "Oh, it isn't so bad," I hastened to assure him. + + He turned away and washed his hands. + + "You can sit up now," he said. "That's all." + + I sat up. I stared. + + "You mean," I paused for emphasis. "You mean that this is all +you do?" + + "That's all the first treatment," he answered. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 106 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I felt like laughing. I felt like crying. There was such a +sudden let-down in all the courage I'd bolstered for a painful +operation. I didn't feel any different. I didn't feel as if I'd had +an abortion. It wasn't any more painful than the examinations I'd +had before. + + "Sit down and get your breath," the surgeon suggested. + + "But I thought you had to cut something out, and then stuff me +full of medicated gauze," I protested. This abortion business +seemed too good to be true. + + "Oh, that's the old French method. That's a barbarous +business, and dangerous. I never do that any more. Nowadays I just +loosen the membranes, and let nature expel the thing in the +natural way." + + He told me the name of this new method, but the word meant +nothing to me. It seemed to have something to do with heat. + + "I've had thousands of cases, and never a failure yet. High +school girls, girls your age, older women -- all ages. You're +healthy and fit -- you won't have any trouble. Keep on your feet, +eat and drink anything you want, except alcohol, but don't smoke +too much. Take these two pills tonight, and your nurse will tell +you what to do tomorrow. You'll run a temperature tonight, and +perhaps have a chill, but don't worry. You'll be all right." + + I was all right. I went jubilantly back to the apartment, too +jubilantly I learned later. I felt like toe-dancing. Instead, I ate +five sandwiches, drank a bottle of beer and literally quarts of +water and felt very good indeed. The high temperature came in due +time, I took the pills, which were shiny, black, deadly-looking +things. I learned later that they were merely laxatives. Then I +settled down to await developments. + + Developments arrived promptly the next morning. First came the +original doctor, with the cheering news of the price, which was $50 +more than I had been led to expect. I was to pay $125. But before +I had much time to worry about that, there came a peremptory +telephone call, urging, me to hurry down to the surgeon's office to +meet my nurse. + + "Better get a rubber sheet," urged the first doctor genially. +"Be sure to get it right away, before you expel this thing, because +it won't do you any good afterward. And your worst is yet to come," +be added. "You won't get off this easy." + + The "worst" began within 15 minutes. I perceived now why the +surgeon had said "your first treatment" on the preceding day. +Treatment Number Two hurt more. I began to feel less gratitude +toward the surgeon. He was no longer one of the Lord's anointed +tome. He was, I thought bitterly, getting plenty for what little +he'd done. I remembered the first doctor's admonition to keep quiet +about this matter. It gave me some pleasure to feel that Doctor A +was partially in my power. I could hurt him, too. I could send him +to jail. I toyed with the idea. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 107 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + My thoughts were interrupted by the entrance of a tall gray +haired woman. She was wearing rubbers, and carried an umbrella. She +was the nurse. + + "This is Miss K," said the surgeon. "She'll tell you what to +do." + + She certainly did tell me what to do, and I obeyed meekly. She +began immediately by commanding me to walk back to my apartment +hotel where she ordered some groceries and hurried the maid around +with a great air of authority. Everybody around the hotel seemed to +know her. Evidently she had had numerous patients at the same +place. + + The first part, and apparently the most important part, of my +program was to get plenty of exercise. My God! I'd thought that for +once in my life I'd be coddled. It seemed to me that I'd done a +God's plenty of walking. Now I felt I should lie in bed and be +waited on by this scrawny female. Was I paying this homely woman $6 +a day just to make me walk and boss me around? + + We walked downtown and Miss K ate a hearty lunch at my +expense. Then we shopped. We bought a pink rubber sheet for 29 +cents -- the clerk said that pink was best for babies. A huge +package containing four dozen sanitary napkins of a popular brand +cost me 62 cents, a package of safety pins was 10 cents. Then we +added a 25-cent bottle of a well-known disinfectant, two shiny pie +pans at a nickel apiece and two wash cloths ditto. After that we +walked back. The nurse went to bed. + + I bought two dollars' worth of groceries to feed her, and 30 +cents; worth of newspapers for her to read. The newspapers would +come in handy later, anyway, she said. They did. For days I had to +lie on newspapers atop a crib sheet. A smooth sheet felt utterly +luxurious to me after hot rubber, rough towels and crackling +newspapers. + + Miss K lay comfortably on the davenport while I walked the +floor, according to her instructions. Occasionally she would +inquire how I was feeling. I gathered from the conversation with +one of the maids that I was supposed to be taking treatment for +hemorrhoids at a nearby clinic. The maid had hemorrhoids, too, and +I had to listen to a long dissertation on her symptoms. + + My friend purchased a small bottle of whisky the nurse ordered +for me. She thought that he was my lover, and called him "your +friend" with tactful emphasis. This amused me considerably. She was +always suggesting that I go to the movies or something with him, +and, I had to tactfully decline and stay at home with her. I surely +was taking good care of that nurse. + + I escorted her downtown again at night to fill her to the brim +with expensive grub. She had a mania for cafeterias, where shed +displayed an uncanny knack at picking out the most costly dishes. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 108 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Accustomed to walking, I took a malicious delight in leading +Miss K at a rapid pace. She had corns, I learned early in the day. +Thereafter, I was hell on exercise, except in domestic duties +around the apartment. She stopped in front of every fur shop to +gaze in admiration at the mink wraps. I reflected bitterly that I +could have decked myself in splendor on the costs of my present +pleasure-excursion. It was getting pretty monotonous, this +patrolling the city and waiting for The Pains, which were always +capitalized by Miss, K's slow voice. I vented my irritation in +malicious thoughts about, my nurse, who wasn't a bad sort at all. + + Promptly at 9:30, I was sent to bed. Miss K was horrified at +my suggestion that we leave the light on for a while, so that I +could read myself to sleep. I lay there in the dark, feeling +aggrieved. I am accustomed to reading before I go to sleep. It +helps me to relax. The more I thought of it the more militant I +felt. I rolled; I tossed. By God, if I couldn't read, she shouldn't +sleep. I was beginning to have aches and pains, too. I felt very +bad. + + I had to lie there in the dark and suffer in silence, because +this old dame didn't read anything but the newspapers. Naturally +she had no sympathy with night consumption of great literature. I +began thinking of all the nasty things I could say about her. +Greatly pleased with these fancies, I drifted off into a series of +hellish nightmares and chill's. My nurse had appropriated two- +thirds of the blankets. In the morning I was delighted to learn +that she had slept badly and that her head hurt. My head hurt, too. +I, hurt all over. + + She cooked my breakfast and washed the dishes. Meanwhile, she +informed me that the doctor almost had pneumonia. I was overjoyed. +She forced me to walk to the doctor's office. I grew sick to my +stomach sitting in the close, hot room. My pains were worse but as +yet I knew I had not had The Pains. + + I viewed with interest the entrance of a pretty young girl I +had noticed with an elderly couple at my first visit. I had thought +it odd the way they had entered the doctor's office, first papa, +then mama and daughter while papa came out. Then mama and daughter +stood in the hall while papa went back in. Daughter hadn't looked +very happy. + + Today she whispered something to mama and remained standing. +I glanced downwards. By their feet ye shall know them! Her trim +pumps had been replaced by scuffed oxfords suitable for walking. + + She looked worried. She glanced at me curiously. I resisted an +impulse to say, "Walking certainly is fun in this damned cold, +rainy weather, but if you get tired of it you can climb stairs or +get some lovely jolting on street cars. Come over to my place. +We've got a roof garden and we can walk together." + + The doctor treated with glee the news that I felt terrible. He +gave me another treatment. I was getting along beautifully he +observed. A doctor doesn't believe beauty is only skin deep. When +be wants to flatter you, he talks about your healthy liver and +kidneys, A doctor's courtship ought to be a novel experience. + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 109 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + We walked, Miss K ate a delicious lunch at my expense. I was +getting it in the neck for all the times I'd been entertained at +lunch. I couldn't remember ever having paid the cheek for any woman +before and I sure wouldn't pick out this half-deaf woman for a boon +companion. I brought her home and put her to bed. I was sick to my +stomach and couldn't sleep. It was no hardship to keep from +smoking. I couldn't even consume the three cigarettes a day I was +allowed. + + "That's fine," the doctor exclaimed, clapping me on the back +next day. "We want you to be sick to your stomach. Are you holding +your meals?" + +"Yes." + + "That's fine," he commented. "You must eat to keep up your +strength. But we want you to be sick to your stomach. And ache. You +must ache. You're doing fine." + + I wasn't really sick to my stomach, anyhow, he added. It was +my uterus being disturbed. I didn't know anything about cause, but +I knew how I felt. + + Nausea returned three-fold that night. I refused to go to a +restaurant, and my nurse allowed me to purchase half a grocery- +store. She had told me previously that she had lived for years with +her mother. Mama must have done the marketing, for Miss K, who was +quite at home in a cafeteria, was nonplussed by the absence of +price signs in the grocery. She couldn't pick out the most +expensive items. It seemed to me that in my nervous condition I +should not be required to struggle with menus and marketing, along +with The Pains. + + I won my fight to read in bed and I went to sleep like a baby, +after my reading, while Miss K tossed restlessly all night. She won +her bacon for breakfast, but I absolutely refused the cooked +cereals. Abortions are bad enough, without oatmeal. + + The next day was Sunday, and the nausea became much worse. +About noon, we went to the surgeon's office again, and he gave me +another treatment -- like the others but much more painful this +time. During the process I burst into tears. Doctor A patted me +comfortingly on the back. + + Then came the long street-car ride which the doctor +prescribed, the idea being that the jolting movement was good for +what ailed me. After that I strolled through a zoo, where I peered +at a hippopotamus in a tank of water, and watched some kangaroo's +scratching themselves. That's what their small front legs are for, +I was told: to convey food to their mouths, to scratch themselves, +and to clasp the mate. + + I began to feel like hell on the way home. My nurse chattily +decided which of the town's most exclusive restaurants. would be +best, and we got off the car. Miss K lost interest in my jolting as +soon as her stomach began to feel empty., Once off the car, I +became so ill that I could hardly stand. I burst into tears again, + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 110 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +and I felt a cold, deadly fury against the nurse. Was I paying her +$6 a day to drag me about to expensive restaurants, when all I +wanted was to lie quietly in bed? She suggested that I sit down on +the cold, concrete curb and relax, but it didn't appeal to me. +Finally she hailed a taxi, and I wept quietly all the way back to +the apartment. + + Once in my flat, I gave Miss K a dollar and invited her to go +out for her own lunch. As soon as she was out of the room, I +defiantly ate some cheese out of the refrigerator, and began to +feel a little better. Her starched smock, the general air of +neatness and what she called genteel conversation was getting on my +nerves. + + That night The Pains began. There was no difficulty in +recognizing them. They began slowly around the back and side, and +worked up to a grand climax in front. Miss K gave me a few lessons +in the ancient art of "bearing down." All the positions she +recommended seemed rather silly to me. I should stand up and put my +hands on the edge of the bed and "work!" + + Early in the evening "the Water burst." This seemed to please +the nurse. I hoped that everything would come to pass immediately, +but I wasn't to be a lucky patient. I had to "work" for what I got +and hard work, too. I spent a night of feverish agony and finally +went to sleep in the wee hours. I awakened very early, deathly sick +and having more pains than ever. + + "That's fine," said the nurse. She always hailed any symptom +of excruciating agony with pleasure. "I hope you vomit now," she +added. But I didn't. Just gagged and moaned loudly. + + "You mustn't make so much noise," she told be, when I wanted +to read the newspapers while I was "bearing down." "The people next +door will hear you." + + I felt like saying "To hell with the people next door," but I +didn't. You don't talk back to the nurse. But in my torment it +seemed a small matter whether the people next door heard me moaning +or rattling papers. + + Then she made me walk. When my whole body ached horribly, I +had to pace up and down the room until I collapsed on the bed with +a chill. The apartment seemed frigid, but Miss X was a fresh-air +fiend. She cheerfully invited me to breakfast. + + "Eat heartily," she urged. "It'll be good for you. You must +keep up your strength." + + But the thought of food nauseated me. I lay limp on the bed. +It seemed to me that Heaven could be no more than a bed and sleep. +"If you haven't done anything by 11 o'clock, you'll have to dress +and walk to the doctor's," the nurse threatened. I chilled again at +the thought. + + She gave me some quinine, but I was unable to swallow the +first capsule. It floated around in my mouth until it melted and I +got the full benefit of the flavor. But I managed to down the +second one. + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 111 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + The Pains went lower now. I was put to bed and a towel tied to +the end of the bed was given me to pull. I sat over one of the +shiny pie pans. I pulled. I grew red in the face. But I triumphed. +There was a sudden gurgle just as I thought I would explode -- and +the thing came. + + A wave of relief overwhelmed me. I felt a tremendous sense of +personal triumph. But the pain's were not over yet. Nor the +working. "Don't stop," the nurse warned. "If you have another pain, +work just as hard. We've got to get the afterbirth." + + I worked hard, but without success. Miss K sent me to bed. + + "Keep off your feet," she ordered. "We don't want to risk a +hemorrhage. Don't move any more than necessary." + + Her words were needless. I never wanted to stir again. I +rested. blessed rest, until the doctor came an hour later. But he +blasted my peace. + + "What are you doing in bed," he demanded. + + "The nurse put me here. She said to keep off my feet. The most +blessed words of tongue or pen. And I'm obeying orders implicitly." + + "Get back on your feet," he said. "There's some membrane yet +I want to see. Get up and move around." + + Wearily I shook the crumbs of toast from my bed-clothes. I +crawled out of bed, the bed I wanted to remain in the rest of my +life. I walked. Not much, but I walked. The whole discouraging +process had to be gone through again. + + There is a gap in the diary I kept then. I didn't feel like +writing. I didn't feel like walking either. But I had to walk. Each +day I had to walk to the doctor's office. He inquired if I were +flowing. I said I was. Then he told me to go home and walk some +more. He said I was getting along fine. I felt terrible. I was no +longer so horribly nauseated, but I was sore in every part of my +body. I alternately perspired until the sheets were drenched or +chilled all night long. Sleep was an unknown quantity. So was even +rest. The nurse had asked me whether I fainted easily. I said I did +not know; I had never fainted. But I felt if I got in crowds, I +would soon acquire the art of swooning. + + I could not eat in restaurant's. I simply groaned and looked +at the food. Finally Miss K allowed me to eat in the apartment. I +walked in the roof garden. I refused point-blank to go out except +to the doctor's office. I didn't want to faint on the streets or be +overcome by hysterical weeping in a restaurant. I didn't want to +see healthy, happy people. + + It is impossible, writing this later, to recapture the spirit +of dull, weary resignation, alternating with periods of frantic +worry about whether the afterbirth ever would come. I blindly +followed the nurse's orders. I even tried to be gay about it. She +said one patient had an easy time because she did the laundry. So + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 112 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + +dizzily I stood in the bathroom and washed out hose and lingerie. +I even laughed. I marveled at myself. I wisecracked. The nurse +enjoyed it. She made me repeat it all to the doctor. He enjoyed it, +too. He called me "darling" and said I was a star patient. + + The nurse said that I would have fun doing anything. It +required little effort for me to think of things I would enjoy +more. But I was determined to be gallant, so I kept up my hectic +gaiety. It helped. It kept me from weeping. + + Days lost meaning. I went in the morning or early afternoon to +the doctor's office. But he gave me no treatments. Then came +another night of sickening pain. My nerves were shattered. If I +dozed off uneasily, I had horrible nightmares. I spent a morning +pacing the floor and groaning. Part of the afterbirth came with +what seemed to me terrible straining. I took another capsule. The +doctor came to see me. Again the monotonous repetition of "Stay on +your feet. It has to come and it will. But it's being stubborn. +It'll take it's own sweet time. You can't tell from one patient to +another. It's really better to be slow. There's less danger of +hemorrhage." + + Then, unaccountably, I quit worrying. I ceased straining at +every pain. + + I knew that there were two things the doctor could do if I +didn't get results soon. He could give me a hypodermic which would +cause my muscles to move of their own accord and relieve me of some +of the pain and perspiration-evoking effort of "bearing down." Or +he could pack me, and that would bring the afterbirth immediately. +The last would be painful, but I was past caring about pain. I was +deadened by pain. + + Suddenly I felt care-free. They wanted me to walk, didn't +they? Well, I'd walk. I'd try the doctor's latest position. But I +was through worrying. Let them worry for a change. + + I slept better that night than I had for a week. The next day +I walked in the roof garden with the radio turned, on. I laughed. +I even danced a few steps. I felt better. I came downstairs and sat +up all morning. When the nurse asked me if I wanted to lie down, I +refused. I was tired of lying down. I ate some breakfast. + + I prepared to go to the doctor's office. But suddenly the +after-birth came. "I don't have to go to the doctor," I said as +calmly as possible. + + My battle was won. I submitted to going to bed, although I +felt fine. I wanted to go parading up and down the halls shouting +that the whole business was over. I wanted to go down to the +doctor's office and laugh in his face about this bearing down +business. + + But I went to bed. The nurse telephoned the doctor discreetly. +She smiled. The doctor came to see me and drank up the remainder of +the whisky I had not needed. I felt somehow proud that I had got +through it without drinking any whisky. I told the doctor I felt +fine. The nurse went out to eat. I lay in bed and read. But I no +longer wanted to stay quiet and rest. I wanted to get up. + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 113 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Miss K soaked my breasts in camphor and tied me up tightly +with muslin, like a mummy. I looked thin-chested, The whole +business amused me. It was to prevent my breasts filling with +fluid. Some patients have a great deal of trouble with that, I was +told, and even had high fever. But I didn't. I lay in bed and read +and asked when I might get up. After all my desperate craving to +stay in bid for weeks, I now wanted to be up and going. + + There was one big pain when my uterus contracted. Then there +was peace. My nurse gave me sponge-baths and washed me with +disinfectant. I smelled like rotten eggs. But I felt fine. She gave +me castor oil. I didn't even mind that. I told the nurse it was a +conspiracy to keep me in the bathroom constantly, on one excuse or +another. + + I stayed in bed all that night and the next day. The next +night I was allowed to get up for a few minutes. I felt shaky and +weak and I broke out in perspiration when I moved. But there were +no pains. I had no hemorrhage. I was getting by fine. + + Next morning the doctor came to see me. + + "When can I go home?" I demanded. "I feel great. I don't want +to stay in this bed. My breasts aren't filling. Miss K took off the +bandage this morning. I'm all right." + + "Go home now if you want to," he told me. + + He shook hand's with me and departed. That afternoon I paid +the nurse. Sixty dollars -- but it, too, was virtually painless. I +felt a slight regret at seeing her go. Suddenly she seemed pitiful +to me. Poor Miss K with her life filled with patients and her +dreary home existence. I asked if she wanted the afternoon off. She +hadn't had any time off or much sleep. + +But to my surprise, she wanted to spend the afternoon with me. She +had another patient moving in that night. She said I had been +pleasant. We exchanged polite statements about how nice every thing +had been. She said I got along fine and told me the troubles some +of her patients had. She didn't even mention the ones who paid her +$10 a day. + + I was still weak. When I washed the dishes, I went to lie down +twice. But I was restless. I couldn't remain quiet. I wanted to go +home. Now with the ordeal over, and the danger past, I worried +about trifles. Would I be able to stand the trip? Would I be able +to carry my luggage into the house? Would my alibi for the trip. +stand up? + + Miss K moved out. I read in bed until late. But it seemed odd +without her lying on the davenport. It seemed so quiet without her +asking me if I hadn't read long enough. I missed her slow voice +interrupting my reading with what at the time seemed tedious +anecdotes. + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 114 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + My world had been composed of a doctor, a nurse, and a few +visits from my friend for two weeks. Now that world had +disintegrated. I felt lonely. I thought about telephoning a few +persons I knew in the city. But that would be foolhardy. I was +registered under a false name. I didn't feel like entertaining or +giving any sort of story. I felt like getting tight. But I didn't +want to drink alone. Anyhow, I was still on a diet, no milk, no +cream soups, not much to drink in the way of alcoholic liquors. + + It was amazing how quickly the ordeal began to fade. It took +an effort to recall how the pains slowly surged forward, beginning +at my back and going all over my abdomen and increasing until they +were almost unbearable and then slowly going away. They had been +difficult to describe. Miss K would ask if they were worse than the +day before, but I could not tell. The day before had passed into +blankness. + + I cooked a leisurely breakfast. Then I took my crib sheet, my +pans, the remainder of the castor oil, the muslin I hadn't needed, +the disinfectant and the groceries I had left, in to the girl next +door. I felt it would be somehow fitting to make a gift to my +successor. + + She was a slim, pajama-clad girl with huge dark eyes and +jaunty dark curls piled atop her head. She moved restlessly around +her tiny apartment and smoked incessantly. + + "You'll have to cut down on cigarette's," I warned her. + + She gave me a startled look. "They hadn't told me," and she +crushed out her cigarette. + + "I'd forgotten," Miss K said. "But you have been smoking too +much." + + She looked in bewilderment at the pie pans. Miss K had washed +and disinfected them. + + "What are they for?" she asked. + + "You'll find out," I laughed. + + Miss K had asked me to tell her to relax. But I knew it would +be useless. You can't relax just because someone tells you to, You +can't be calm because someone say's that it's better for you. So I +told her. "It isn't so bad." + + "I'm not dreading it," she replied. I knew she was lying. + + "But she says she'll be home in two or three days," Miss K +chuckled. We were old-timers together. + +"That's what I said," I remarked with a grin. "Are you nervous?" +Miss K gave me a warning glance. She didn't want me to make the new +patient fretful. + + "No. I'm not the nervous type. All that worries me is that I +wish it would hurry up and happen and they won't tell me when it +will." + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 115 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + I laughed. It was remarkably easy to laugh that morning. I was +going home that afternoon. + + "That's all that worries anyone. But you can't hurry it. just +walk and forget about time." + + "My feet are sore now," she complained. "They walked my legs +off yesterday. But I'm going home by Thanksgiving. I've got to get +home by Thanksgiving." + + It's a long time until Thanksgiving," the nurse soothed her. + + "You'll be home then," I said. + + She thanked me for the stuff . I'll pay you for it," she +offered. I shook my head. "You'll be paying for plenty of things." +She reached for a cigarette and then drew her hand back and glanced +at the nurse. Then she put her arms over her head. + + "Don't do that," I cautioned. "You've', got to keep your arms +down." + + "I didn't know." She meekly folded her hands in her lap. + + I felt sorry for her, and I wished I could make things easier +for her. But I couldn't. She looked at me curiously and I knew that +she hated my leaving her alone with the nurse. There was a strange +kinship between us. I was introduced to her, but I didn't catch the +name nor did I ask for it to be repeated. We were part of an army +of nameless women. I rather wished that she'd been there when was +and we could have walked together and exchanged complaints. But I +went away. We both smiled. And that was that. + + I thought that would be the end of my story, But it wasn't. I +went home. Everything went smoothly. My parents accepted my story +of an extended visit with friends. There was not much pain -- a +little, but nothing serious. But the nervous shock lingered on. +weak, irritable. I quarreled with my lover. He felt that I blamed +him. I felt that he blamed me. I wanted to be coddled and he wanted +to forget it. + + We had several serious quarrels about it and finally made up. +I felt that it would make me out a damn fool to go through that +ordeal for his sake and then quit going with him immediately. And +he may have felt the same way. But I fancied myself neglected. I +was sarcastic. My nerves gave way, and I had tantrums, not because +I wanted to but as a reaction from what I had gone through. I tried +to stop fussing, but it was a physical and mental condition beyond +control. + + I tried to explain this to him, and for a while we drifted on. +But looking back now at the wreck of our affair, I wonder just how +much effect it had on our breaking up. I believe a great deal. +Subconsciously I always felt that he should do something to make up +to me what I had suffered. I know, of course, that there was no +reason why he should. Certainly he regretted it and the whole +affair was an accident. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 116 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + But from time to time whenever I felt that I was being +neglected I would find myself thinking, "After all I've gone +through for that man." And if he took another girl out on a casual +date I resented it. I'd think bitterly, "And what has she endured +for him?" + + Before we had boasted that ours was a free and easy +companionship. Now I rather resented that term. I had refused to +assert my claims at the logical time but somehow I felt that my +ordeal should give me some privilege and I was exasperated when +treated as just the "girl friend." I felt like flaring up and +saying, "Oh, no, there's nothing really between us. He was just the +father of my unborn child." But I didn't. And eventually I went +away. He was a little bewildered and a little angry. But I had been +bewildered and angry too long. + + I know that the episode had one lasting effect. It made me +take sex more seriously. It gave me a horror of "free and easy" +companionship. + + One of the first people I looked up when I moved to the city +was the doctor. One reason was that it gave me mental relief to +talk over the case. I got rid of a lot of bitterness by dragging it +out of the past and learning that other girls had quarreled with +their lovers and that my nervousness and resentment were natural. + + The doctor says that as long as he continues in his profession +there can be no logical ending for his "confessions." Likewise +there can be no real ending for my story, for there always will be +a tiny mental sear. + + But now that I have come nearly to the close, there are a few +things that I would like to say to other girl's. Don't confide your +own story even to your closest friends unless you have used them +for alibis. Then better make up some other story if you can. There +will be a slight coolness or you may imagine there is, which is +just as bad. You'll be greeted with, "But how did you happen to get +into such a fix? + + It's useless to make any explanation other than that accident. +will happen in the best of families. And it's better to keep +yourself in a position where no explanations are necessary. + + Think it over pretty carefully before you tell your future +husband about it. He might think you didn't want children at all. +He might believe you had been pretty wild in your youth. It's +terribly easy to misunderstand these things and sometimes words +make them worse. + + When you go home, ask your doctor about birth-control +information and stick to what he says. Don't change around because +some woman dishes out a lot of "absolutely safe methods." Usually +the more positive the woman, the more inaccurate her information. +I know one woman who discovered a new and pleasant system and +rushed around telling all her friends. She neglected to say that +this system depended on the woman being regular in her periods, and +that it had to be adjusted to her cycle. + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 117 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + Likewise, what works with one woman may not work with another. +I know girls who get along all right with certain douches and +others who can't risk them. Before any woman convinces you, ask a +doctor. + + I know that you will be irritated when you hear people talking +as if any girl who got into a jam was a fool. But realize that it +is futile for one girl to crusade against the campaign of secrecy, +scandal and disapproval waged by society. If you really feel deeply +about this matter, join an organization for that purpose. I am +annoyed when I hear women say that abortions are cheap and simple +affairs and they are confident that their doctors will help them +out if they need help. But I find it wisest to remain silent. + + Similarly if you really want to give advice adopt a very +impersonal, "several friends of mine," instead of the thin "a +friend of mine" with a mass of details. Be very careful before you +recommend your doctor to anyone. Never give letters of introduction +to him. If you really want to help, make the doctor a personal +visit before you mention his name to the girl. + + If you haven't become one of the initiated, let me give you a +few words of advice. Don't wait and worry if you're overdue. Go +immediately to the doctor, your family doctor. If you are caught, +ask his advice. He may help you, and thus you'll be saved a lot of +additional expense. + + Don't let false modesty keep you from telling your lover about +it and asking his help. Unless he's an absolute rotter, he'll +arrange things. If he is a cad, you want to find it out. And if you +intend to marry him and have children, now is the time to do it. + + I made a mistake in trying to protect my lover, and so I was +accused of being bossy. Don't repeat my error. Let him take as much +responsibility as he is willing to. That will prevent a lot of +resentment later on. Go to him first, before you go to a friend. +Then he'll feel that you trust him and later on you won't quarrel +about that. Furthermore, there's a danger if you go to a man friend +that your lover will feel that perhaps he isn't the father of the +unborn child. + + This sounds pretty disagreeable but it's better than +bitterness and squabbling afterward. If your lover wants to pay all +the expenses, lot him do it. You'll have the suffering to do. But +don't let yourself get to feeling that you are a martyr, that all +men are selfish, and sex is an ugly trap. When you begin to feel +that, look around at some of your friends and remember that you are +only one of thousands of girls with secrets in their eyes and +smiles on their lips. + + Don't degenerate into a whiner because you had one bad break. +But on the other hand, don't make any mistake and try to be too +brave and too gallant. If you do, your lover may think that you +don't take this very seriously and he will dismiss it lightly. Let +him know that you're scared, you are suffering and that you need +gentleness and consideration. Don't be too modern. + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 118 + + CONFESSIONS OF AN ABORTIONIST + + And another thing. This is not the time to skimp on expenses. +Go to the best doctor you can, even if you have to borrow the +money. But don't hesitate to let the doctor know if you're hard up. +If you are staying at a good hotel, are well dressed and don't +mention money, he may charge you more than his minimum price, send +you to an expensive place to stay and give you a more expensive +nurse. Most good doctors charge according to the estimated income +of the patient. + + When you're ready to leave, ask the doctor about any possible +danger from going back to work, when you can have intercourse again +and what to do if something happens. Chances are there will be a +slight flow for perhaps a month. But if you are in pain, rush right +down to a doctor; don't wait and worry. + + Your mind is going to be filled with the subject. So be +careful about drinking. You're not supposed to do much anyhow. +Remember that there is no subject on which there are so many +violent opinions. The woman who talks tolerantly of birth control +and abortions may speak in an entirely different way regarding some +friend or relative. + + + + + **** **** + + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books please contact +us, we need to give them back to America. + + + **** **** + + + + + + + + + + BANK of WISDOM + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 119 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/abt_blck.txt b/politicalTextFiles/abt_blck.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e3bb7e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/abt_blck.txt @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +The following article is from the Spring/Summer 1988 issue +of CIVIL LIBERTIES, a newspaper published by the American +Civil Liberties Union. It is presented for the purpose of +editorial critique. The opinions of the authors are not +necessarily those of this presenter. + + BOYFRIENDS AND HUSBANDS USE COURTS + TO BLOCK WOMEN'S ABORTIONS + + By Dawn Johnsen and Lynn Paltrow + (Staff Attorneys, "ACLU Reproductive Freedom Project") + +During the last several months, the anti-abortion forces +have implemented a new strategy in their systematic campaign +to deprive women of their reproductive freedom. In cases in +Indiana, Utah, and Pennsylvania, individual men, represented +by anti-choice lawyers, have sought and obtained temporary +restraining orders ("TROs") from state courts enjoining +women from exercising their right to choose to have an +abortion. Three cases were recently brought by men who +claimed to be the women's "boyfriends" and two were brought +by the women's husbands. + +These cases, usually orchestrated by anti-choice activists, +only arise where there is a problem in the marriage or the +relationship. They frequently reflect not a concern for the +woman or the baby that might be, but rather a hurt or +spurned lover's desire to continue or control the +relationship. Husbands and boyfriends, of course, have +every right to express their views on pregnancy from the +beginning of the relationship and to seek a different +relationship if the couple's views on childbearing do not +coincide. Partners who disagree about terminating a +pregnancy should seek help from a professional counselor not +a court order from a judge. + +Thus far, these cases have been concentrated in Indiana, +where courts have issued three TROs in the last two months. +This strategy was devised by Indiana attorney James Bopp, +Jr., who is general counsel to the National Right to Life +Committee. Bopp has stated that his ultimate goal is to +bring one of these cases to the U.S. Supreme Court as a +device to have Roe vs. Wade, and the many subsequent cases +recognizing a woman's right to choose to have an abortion, +overturned. Bopp has made available at no cost, and is +advertising nationwide, what he calls a "Father's Rights +Litigation Kit." It contains all of the legal documents +necessary to bring a case seeking to enjoin a woman from +having an abortion. In addition to the Indiana cases, this +litigation kit has already been used by a "boyfriend" to +obtain a TRO against a pregnant woman in Philadelphia. +Anti-choice lawyers have issued ominous warnings of more +cases to come. + + WITHOUT A HUSBAND'S CONSENT + +Although the pregnant women in the five current (and any +future) cases are almost certain to prevail in the end, +these women have and will suffer devastating constitutional +deprivations prior to their ultimate victory. Ordering a +woman not to end an unwanted pregnancy directly conflicts +with a long line of U.S. Supreme Court decisions recognizing +the constitutional right of every individual to decide +whether and when to have a child. The Court specifically +held in 1976 that a woman has the right to have an abortion +without her husband's consent. And every lower federal +court to address the issue has ruled that requiring spousal +consent or notification is unconstitutional; spousal consent +laws are ultimately just a mechanism for harming pregnant +women through delay and/or harassment. + +The harms to pregnant women are clear from the experiences +of the women in the first two Indiana cases. On April 4, +1988, a court in Vigo County, Indiana, issued a TRO +prohibiting a young unmarried woman from obtaining an +abortion. Clinics and physicians were also ordered not to +perform an abortion on her. The woman, identified as Jane +Doe, had no prior notice and no opportunity to oppose the +court order which was requested by an man identified as John +Smith, allegedly Jane's boyfriend. + +Three days later, the court held a hearing to determine +whether it would permanently order Jane not to have an +abortion. The court permitted John to testify about the +most intimate details of Jane's life, with the judge +personally evaluating her sexual relationships, her use of +birth control, and the degree to which Jane and her +boyfriend allegedly loved each other. The court also +permitted three other people to testify on John's behalf. +Jane herself refused to be subjected to the embarrassment of +testifying and being cross-examined, properly maintaining +that her reasons for wanting an abortion were highly +personal and the court was acting unlawfully in seeking to +examine those reasons. + + BOYFRIEND OF THREE MONTHS + +The Vigo court ignored the Constitution and controlling +Supreme Court precedent and issued a permanent injunction +ordering Jane to bear a child. Forcing nine months of +pregnancy, labor, childbirth, and unwanted motherhood on +anyone is an awesome and intolerable burden. Moreover, Jane +was only 18 years old, John claimed to have been her +boyfriend for only three months, and his responsibility for +the pregnancy was challenged. + +Based solely on the testimony of John and his three +witnesses, the court found that Jane's reasons (never +articulated by her) for wanting an abortion were not good +enough. The court trivialized the abortion decision by +focusing on, for example, John's claim that Jane simply +"wishes to look nice in a bathing suit this summer," +ignoring the many obvious reasons such as age, length of +relationship, life plans, and health which undoubtedly +influenced Jane's decision to have an abortion. By the time +of the court order, her abortion had been delayed at least +five days and though abortion is safer than childbirth at +all stages, each week of delay increases by 50 percent the +physical risks to a woman's life and by 30 percent the risks +to her health. + +On April 13, Jane notified the Indiana Supreme Court that +she had terminated her pregnancy despite the court order; +like the millions of women who sought and obtained illegal +abortions before Roe vs. Wade, Jane would not tolerate the +unconstitutional invasion of her rights and the risks to her +physical and emotional health that the court order imposed. +The issue, however, is not over. + +As briefs were being filed in Jane's case, yet another +Indiana court issued a TRO ordering a woman not to have an +abortion, again at the request of an alleged "boyfriend." +Although the court ultimately dismissed the court order, +properly finding that the woman had a clearly established +constitutional right to make the decision to choose to have +an abortion, the boyfriend immediately requested a further +court order from the Indiana Court of Appeals, then from the +Indiana Supreme Court, and then from two U.S. Supreme Court +Justices, all of whom denied his request. This case, which +took a total of sixteen days before the woman was no longer +under a court order not to have an abortion, exemplifies the +extreme tenacity of the opponents of reproductive freedom. + + THE BURDEN OF PREGNANCY + +The so-called right-to-lifers' attempts to justify their +harassment of these women as a desire to simply balance +legitimate rights of the men involved is unconvincing. +There is not way to balance the burden of pregnancy; it is +not possible for the woman to carry the fetus for four-and - +a-half months and then give it to the man to carry for four- +and-a-half months. As the Supreme Court has recognized, as +long as the fetus is inside the woman's body, she must be +the one to decide. Moreover, it is clear that Bopp and +others taking these cases seek to prohibit ALL abortions +whether the husbands and boyfriends agree or not. + +Certainly every individual has the constitutional right to +decide, free from government interference, whether or not to +have a child. This right, however, clearly does not give a +man the right to force a particular woman to have his child. +To the contrary, the Constitution guarantees that the power +of the government will not be used to compel anyone, male or +female, to be an unwilling participant in procreation. If +men can force women to continue pregnancies, then men could +just as easily get court orders to force women to have +abortions, and women could force men to produce sperm or +undergo vasectomies. + +The ACLU's Reproductive Freedom Project is working with the +Indiana Civil Liberties Union to represent the women in the +first two Indiana cases. Bopp is representing the men. The +ACLU also has alerted its affiliates to watch for further +such attempts to deprive pregnant women of their +constitutional rights and has distributed a model brief to +help defeat this latest attack on the right of ALL people to +reproductive freedom. + +(Dawn Johnsen and Lynn Paltrow are staff attorneys for the +ACLU's Reproductive Freedom Project.) + Jane's boyfriend. + +Thr + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/access1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/access1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98d3d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/access1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ + TOWARD EQUAL ACCESS: PROVIDING INFORMATION + ACCESS SERVICES TO BLIND + AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS + UNDER THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (ADA) + +THE INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT FOR BLIND INDIVIDUALS +NATIONAL INFORMATION ACCESS CENTER +NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLIND +1800 JOHNSON STREET +BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21230 +(410) 659-9314 + +A Project of the National Federation of the Blind +with financial support from the U.S. Department of Justice + + The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) provides new legal +protection to millions of persons not previously covered by a civil +rights law. The Act, which was signed by President Bush on July 26, +1990, has established "a clear and comprehensive national mandate +for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with +disabilities." Specific provisions of the ADA apply to employment, +activities conducted by units of state and local government, +transportation services, public accommodations, and to +telecommunications services. With financial support from the United +States Department of Justice, the National Federation of the Blind +has established The National Information Access Center to assist +these entities and blind persons in meeting the ADA's information +access requirements. The Center is part of a nationwide information +access project primarily designed to assist units of state and +local government and places of public accommodation in meeting +their respective obligations under titles II and III of the ADA. + Forms of prohibited discrimination include using disability as +the grounds for failing to hire or promote persons in employment; +excluding persons with disabilities from covered programs or +services that are commonly available to others; failing to give +persons with disabilities the benefits, privileges, and advantages +provided to others by any covered program, service, or activity; +and failing to provide persons with disabilities with auxiliary +aids and services or other reasonable modifications needed by such +persons to have equal access to covered opportunities, aids, +benefits, services, and programs. + As with other civil rights laws, the ADA seeks equal access +for the persons covered. Equal access in the case of persons with +disabilities will often mean providing opportunities for +participation by anyone who is otherwise eligible without regard to +disability. There are circumstances, however, when active planning +and steps to remove barriers to access will have to be done. +Barriers to access exist when full enjoyment of an opportunity, +aid, benefit, or service is limited by any particular disabling +condition. + Most entities covered by the ADA produce information of +various kinds to describe their services and programs. The +information may include general descriptions, detailed +instructions, reports, directories, regulatory documents, and so +forth. These materials are produced in the normal course of +business and are readily available in ink print form. For the most +part they are not readily available in alternative non-visual +media. Failure to consider the information access needs of blind +and visually impaired persons in covered activities would violate +the ADA. + Reasonable means do exist to provide written information in +ink print and in alternative non-visual forms as well, but most +entities covered by the ADA are not well informed about both their +obligations to provide accessible materials and the methods +available for doing so. This brochure will explain the ADA's +information access requirements and suggest existing alternatives +for meeting them. + +WHO MUST PROVIDE INFORMATION IN ALTERNATIVE NON-VISUAL MEDIA? + + Requirements for providing accessible information in +alternative non-visual media are an integral part of the ADA's +nondiscrimination policy. The policy applies generally to all +covered activities, including both the employment practices and +non-employment-related services of ADA-covered entities. Covered +activities include the services, programs, and activities of units +of state and local governments, providers of public transportation +services, and places of public accommodation, and the employment +practices of most employers. The ADA's requirements with respect to +employment practices generally become effective on July 26, 1992 +for employers with twenty-five or more employees and two years +later for employers with fifteen or more employees. Services +provided by places of public accommodation, and by public entities +(units of state and local government) must comply with the +nondiscrimination requirements on January 26, 1992. + Places of public accommodation include entities in twelve +specific categories, which include the following: lodging places, +inns and hotels; restaurants, bars, or other establishments serving +food and drink; motion picture houses, theaters, concert halls, +stadiums, or other places of entertainment; auditoriums, convention +centers, lecture halls, or other place of public gathering; +bakeries, grocery stores, clothing stores, hardware stores, +shopping centers, or other sales or rental establishments, +laundromats, dry-cleaners, banks, barber shops, beauty shops, +travel services, shoe repair services, funeral parlors, gas +stations, offices used for professional services; transportation +terminals or depots; museums and galleries; places of recreation +and education; and social service agencies. + +WHAT COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS APPLY + + The general nondiscrimination policy of the ADA is restated in +each of its major titles. The policy is designed to afford persons +with disabilities an equal opportunity to obtain the same +opportunities, aids, benefits, services, and programs (including +employment opportunities) that any covered entity provides to +persons without disabilities. Equal outcomes resulting from +opportunities are not required, but equal access to opportunities +must be assured. + The existence of a disabling condition may not cause or result +in the denial of aids, benefits, services, and programs. To further +that goal the ADA requires employers to make reasonable +accommodations necessary for persons with disabilities to perform +the essential functions of a job. Covered entities are also +expected to make reasonable modifications in the provision of their +aids, benefits, or services so that persons with disabilities will +be afforded equal access. Auxiliary aids and services are +specifically required, as a part of this obligation. + The provision of information in alternative non-visual media +is both a form of reasonable accommodation and an auxiliary aid or +service. Covered entities must analyze their methods of +communicating with employees or patrons and take steps to provide +information in alternative non-visual media. Information which is +provided solely in ink print is not accessible to most blind +people. The media chosen to be accessible must be appropriate to +the needs of blind or visually impaired persons and must respond to +individual needs for accessible communications. The law encourages +flexible approaches to achieve the goal of equal access for each +individual. + The ADA's standard of "reasonableness" must be emphasized. The +provision of information in media accessible to the blind should +not pose unreasonable burdens in most instances. However, demands +for accessible information that exceed the reasonable capabilities +of a covered entity would not be required. Instead, a covered +entity would be required to provide accessible information to the +extent that reasonable alternatives for doing so are available. +Reasonable accommodations or alternatives are those which would not +pose an undue hardship or an undue burden for the covered entity. +Budget, size, and programmatic factors are considered in balancing +off the competing standards of reasonable accommodation and undue +burden. + +FORMS OF ALTERNATIVE NON-VISUAL MEDIA + + Alternative forms of accessible media may include sound +recordings, Braille, raised line drawings, enlarged print, and +digital text in computer readable formats. Acquisition or +modification of equipment may be necessary in some instances to +provide blind and visually impaired persons with equal access to +printed information. For example, a place of public accommodation, +such as a hotel, that provides printed information to its sighted +guests may provide the same information in sound recorded form for +blind guests. In that event, the hotel should also have a device +capable of playing the sound recording, which may be used by a +blind guest upon request. + Advancements in computer technology make reproduction of +documents by computer in full-word speech and in Braille both +affordable and feasible. Moreover, computers capable of running +programs for synthetic speech as well as print-to-Braille +translation programs are now widely available and used by most +covered entities. Synthetic speech output devices can be purchased +for as low as $600.00. High quality Braille translation programs +are also available for as low as $250.00. Special devices to +provide hard-copy Braille output can be purchased at prices +approximately the same as a high quality laser printer. + Selection of alternative non-visual media must be made to meet +individual needs and in response to individual requests and +circumstances. The provision of auxiliary aids and services on a +case-by-case basis may mean that a sighted person will read aloud +the printed text or material to a blind person. For instance, the +ADA does not require that all restaurants have Brailled editions of +their menus available. It does require that the server or another +employee read the menu if that form of assistance is requested. +Although Braille is highly useful in many circumstances, not all +blind persons have been trained adequately to use it efficiently. +Therefore, the provision of information in media accessible to the +blind must necessarily be handled with flexibility. There are some +circumstances in which the use of a sighted reader may be the most +reasonable and efficient alternative available. In other +situations, such as in the case of documents containing lengthy +instructions or guidelines to be used as a reference, Brailled, +recorded, large print, and computer readable versions may all be +necessary. + +FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: +THE INFORMATION ACCESS PROJECT FOR BLIND INDIVIDUALS +NATIONAL INFORMATION ACCESS CENTER +NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLIND +1800 JOHNSON STREET +BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21230 +(410) 659-9314 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/adlchek.txt b/politicalTextFiles/adlchek.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee3ec92 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/adlchek.txt @@ -0,0 +1,437 @@ + History of Information Sharing With Israel + + Bullock's attorney turned over to investigators an FBI +intelligence report on the Nation of Islam whose disappearance +had caused alarm at the bureau. The search of ADL offices in San +Francisco and Los Angeles turned up more FBI materials, including +a three-volume report on a Middle East terrorist group. Moreover, +Bullock's written reports to the ADL, which he said were +channeled across the country, contained legally confidential +material that he attributed to "official friends," the ADL's +euphemism for law enforcement officers. + While denying that the ADL spies on individuals, Foxman testily +argued in an interview that the organization has a right to do +whatever it must within the law to combat antisemitism. "What are +they [the FBI volumes] doing in our files?" Foxman said. "Because +they belong in our files. ... because somebody shared it with +us." + Since news of the investigation broke, a group of Arab +Americans listed in the ADL's files has charged in a civil +lawsuit that the ADL invaded the Arab Americans' privacy with its +"massive spying operation" and forwarded confidential information +to the governments of Israel and South Africa. + Evidence of the ADL's information sharing with the Israeli +government is largely historical. In 1961, former ADL national +director Benjamin R. Epstein wrote to a B'nai B'rith official +that the ADL was following Arab diplomats and activists in +America and sharing its information with the governments of +Israel and the United States. + In his 1988 autobiography, ADL general counsel Arnold Forster, +who oversaw the fact-finding operation, described how "fact- +finding and counteraction became the heart of the organization." +He also wrote that he was often a "source" for the Mossad, +Israel's CIA, in tracking down suspected war criminals. + "ADL does not act as an agent of Israel," said Foxman, +bristling at the charge. He called such questions about ADL's +conduct "antisemitism. ... I'm sorry if it offends some people. +This is far reaching. We see a conspiracy. I see a conspiracy. +It's out there ... it's proved itself every day." + Underlying the San Francisco case is a gradual evolution in the +ADL's mission. Soon after the organization was founded, the 1915 +lynching of Leo Frank, a leader of the Atlanta chapter of the +Jewish fraternal organization B'nai B'rith, caused the group to +focus much of its energy on protecting the physical safety of +Jews by publicly exposing bigotry and forcing officials to act. + Organized intelligence gathering was a natural outgrowth. In +the 1930s, the ADL "undertook a massive research operation which +uncovered the interlocking directorates of hate groups, their +links to Hitler's Germany and other centers of Nazi propaganda," +according to an ADL account. In the civil rights era, it worked +in concert with the FBI to combat the Ku Klux Klan. + In 1975, the ADL issued a report entitled "Target U.S.A.: The +Arab Propaganda Offensive" that described how mainstream Arab- +American groups were allied with non-Arab "apologists" such as +"some church people, clergy and lay, a number of university-based +intellectuals and scholars, plus elements in the liberal +community ... some groups formerly active in the antiwar movement +during the U.S. involvement in Vietnam, plus the extreme Left, +Old and New, segments of the political Far Right, and the +traditional anti-Jewish hate fringe . . . and a small number of +anti-Israel, anti-Zionist Jews." + Once this broad rationale took hold, the civil rights watchdog +increasingly devoted its investigative apparatus to +"counteracting" what it calls "anti-Israel" sentiment or "the new +antisemitism" in the United States. + In practice, this means the ADL keeps track of politically +active Americans or groups that repeatedly criticize Israel or +lobby for Palestinian rights. The ADL argues that any threat to +Israel's "image" in America endangers the $3 billion annual +package of U.S. military and economic aid to Israel and thereby +jeopardizes the long-term fate of all Jews. + "I understand that it's difficult for other people to +understand," said Foxman, but a "viable, safe, secure haven" in +Israel is "part and parcel of the safety and security and +survival of the Jewish people." + Bullock's work as described in the lengthy transcripts of his +interviews with police and in FBI summaries of his +statements tracks the shift in the ADL's emphasis. In the 1960s +and 1970s, he focused primarily on tradtional organized +antisemitic extremist organizations. But during the 1980s, +Bullock said he increasingly focused on groups critical of +Israeli policies, such as anti-apartheid groups, but not overtly +antisemitic. + + Bullock's computer database grew to include more than 10,000 +names of individuals and hundreds of political, social and +business groups, including some that had worked closely with the +ADL. But his primary concentration was on groups he labeled +"Right," "Arabs," "Pinkos," and "Skins." He acknowledged sharing +his information with law enforcement, a fact investigators +confirmed when they searched Gerard's police department files and +found duplicates of Bullock's files. Bullock told police that ADL +officials knew about his database. + Bullock said he got "checks regular once-a-week" from the ADL +that were paid through Los Angeles attorney Bruce Hochman. +Hochman said in an interview that he paid Bullock at the ADL's +request to protect the undercover role. + Bullock told police that he met Gerard at a meeting at the San +Francisco ADL office and that executive director Richard +Hirschhaut was aware that Gerard was a key source. + The ADL dispatched Bullock on special assignments to Chicago +and Germany. For a particularly sensitive operation he said he +got the approval of Irwin Suall, national director of fact +finding. Both officials have come under scrutiny in the +investigation. Suall and Hirschhaut declined comment. + Bullock told police he was the ADL's "resident expert" on +antisemitism in San Francisco and maintained the ADL office +files. He said he was the only "fact finder, spy, whatever you +want to call me, on the West Coast." + Bullock monitored several of the groups profiled in the ADL's +published reports, occasional exposes that are a blend of +advocacy journalism and intelligence briefings. In 1987, Bullock +volunteered to work on a march of the Mobilization for Jobs, +Peace and Justice, a coalition of liberal groups that included +the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), according +to director Carl Finamore. + "He [Bullock] just showed up at our office one day to help. He +comes in, he's friendly, insinuates himself, asserts himself, +tells a little bit about his personal background to get you +interested in him as a human being, makes suggestions," Finamore +said. + + Some `Material Is Clearly Contraband' + + The ADL wanted information on the ADC, a group that challenges +defamatory Arab stereotypes, because it considered the +organization a "highly active pro-PLO propaganda group." An ADL +report said the ADC's members favor "political support for +suspected PLO terrorists residing in the U.S." + Bullock also volunteered at the ADC's San Francisco Bay Area +chapter, where he carried banners, helped with crowd control +during demonstrations and took photographs, according to Osama +Doumani, who at the time served as the ADC's regional director. +"He would come to my office and he would hug me in a comradely +fashion and volunteer for work. He wanted to have a presence +whenever we had something important," he said. + The ADL has labored to draw a distinction between Bullock's +more controversial activities and work he was authorized to do +for ADL, leaving investigators largely unconvinced. + In a court affidavit, San Francisco Police Inspector Ronald +Roth said that based on a comparison of Bullock's database with +the seized ADL records, "It is believed that Bullock's databases +are in fact the ADL databases." + Assistant District Attorney Thomas Dwyer argued in court that +"some of that [ADL] material is clearly contraband." The ADL, he +said, does not "have the right to rap sheet photographs; they do +not have the right to people's fingerprint cards." + But Foxman and other ADL officials say its fact finders +basically employ the methods of investigative journalists, taking +notes at public meetings, culling published material for facts, +and cultivating law enforcement sources, in order to publish +important exposes about bigotry and prejudice. + "It's a First Amendment right," Foxman said. "We have a right +to gather information and to disseminate it. ... We look at +pieces. We look at individuals. We look at ideologies." + + [end] + + + + The Washington Post + October 19, 1993 + page A13 + + EVOLUTION OF THE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE + + FULL NAME: Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. + + MISSION: "The immediate object of the league is to stop, by + appeals to reason and conscience, and if necessary, by + appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people and + to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens + alike." (ADL founding charter, 1913) + + ORGANIZATION: National director Abraham H. Foxman oversees 200 + staff members who work in New York, Washington, and 30 + regional offices in major cities. About 15,000 ADL + supporters donate time, money and advice. + + BUDGET: $31 million in 1992, chiefly raised through donations to + the ADL, which is a tax exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit + foundation established for educational purposes. + + BRIEF HISTORY: + + 1913 A group of Jewish attorneys in Chicago forms the ADL, + using a grant from B'nai B'rith, an international + fraternal organization. + + 1915 Lynching of Atlanta B'nai B'rith leader Leo Frank + galvanizes the ADL to work toward protecting the physical + safety of Jews. + + 1930s The ADL leads the U.S. fight against pro-Fascist groups + and "America First" isolationists, establishing a pattern + in which ADL research was shared with federal agencies. + + 1940s The ADL emphasizes involvement in civil rights + litigation, contesting harsh immigration policies and + opposing restrictive covenants that prevented Jews from + moving into desirable neighborhoods. + + 1950s The ADL supplies federal agencies with information on + alleged subversives, but also challenges Sen. Joseph R. + McCarthy (R-Wis.) and works quietly to clear those + wrongly accused of being communists or their + sympathizers. + + 1960s The ADL works closely with law enforcement authorities + on various types of civil rights litigation. It forms + department of Middle Eastern affairs after the Six Day + War in 1967 underscores Israel's vulnerability. + + 1970s The ADL increasingly focuses on the threat to Israel of + pro-Arab or anti-Israel advocates in the United States, + especially their efforts to persuade the United States to + end its military assistance to Israel. + + 1980s The ADL emerges as a vigorous member of the pro-Israel + lobby, even as it continues to investigate left- and + right-wing extremist groups. It develops a model for hate + crimes legislation, which recently was upheld by the U.S. + Supreme Court. + +Recent ADL reports: In addition to its annual audits of antisemitic +incidents, the ADL has published reports that discussed the views of +such diverse figures as Patrick J. Buchanan, David Duke, Lyndon H. +LaRouche, Jr., and Louis Farrakhan. It has issued studies on +antisemitic sentiment among black nationalist and left-wing radicals; +the continuing activities of Ku Klux Klan leaders, the pursuit of +Nazi war criminals, the phenomenon of Skinheads and several reports +on what it calls the "anti-Israel Lobby" or pro-Arab propaganda +groups in the United States. + + + Compiled by Barbara J. Saffir from news services and ADL. + + [end] + +The Washington Post +October 19, 1993 +page A12 + + Case of the Critical Librarians + + Research on Bibliographer Used to Counter Vote on Israeli Censorship + +by Jim McGee + + Reference librarian David L. Williams says he learned firsthand how +the ADL's fact-finding operation uses information to counteract +critics of Israel. + Williams, who works at the Chicago Public Library, was listed in +ADL fact finder Roy H. Bullock's files as an "Arab" activist. +Involved in liberal causes since the Vietnam War, Williams in 1977 +joined the Palestine Human Rights Campaign (PHRC), a Chicago-based +group that published a newsletter about what it considered human +rights abuses by Israel. The ADL has described the PHRC as an "anti- +Israeli propaganda group." + The Chicago ADL office built up a file on Williams, according to +Barry Morrison, who headed the city's ADL office at the time. Bullock +told the FBI that he was sent to Chicago on special assignment +specifically to investigate the PHRC. Williams's name was listed in +the database that Bullock shared with a San Francisco police +intelligence officer, Thomas Gerard. + Williams's interest in the rights of Palestinians dovetailed with +his duties at the Chicago Public Library, where he was assigned to +order books on the Middle East. In 1989, Williams prepared an in- +house bibliography for the Chicago library system on the Palestinian- +Israeli conflict. + The ADL thought the bibliography was weighted in favor of the pro- +Palestinian authors and went to Williams's superiors with its +information on his political activities. + Williams also was a member of the American Library Association +(ALA), which for years has approved resolutions condemning censorship +in other countries. In 1992, Williams and other ALA members persuaded +the association to adopt a resolution criticizing Israeli censorship +in the occupied territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. + Morrison met privately with ALA officials to argue that a +resolution singling out Israel was unfair and laid out the ADL's +information on Williams. ALA President Marilyn Miller said she told +the ADL officials that "we don't censor our own members." + "Obviously I felt strongly that ALA should take a stand on this or +I wouldn't have gone to them with this," Williams said. "... They +[the ADL] equate that with antisemitism." + In February, the ADL issued a news release condemning the ALA for +its failure to retract what the ADL called a "false and biased anti- +Israel resolution." The release noted that the ADL "fights +antisemitism and all forms of bigotry." + "When we ultimately found that despite numerous efforts that we had +failed, then we chose to condemn and attack the ALA," Morrison said. +"Ultimately their officials are responsible for the image, reputation +and stature of their organization." + "I think they [the ALA] were made to feel that they were in danger +of being condemned for being antisemitic for voicing any kind of +criticism of Israel," said Mark Rosenweig, a Jewish librarian from +New York who supported the ALA's censorship resolution. + The ADL began working at the "grass-roots level," according to +Morrison, encouraging Jewish librarians in the library association to +push for retraction of the measure. An ALA group called the Jewish +Librarians Committee took the lead; a fact sheet prepared by the ADL +was distributed to ALA members. In June, at its annual convention in +New Orleans, the ALA revoked the Israeli censorship resolution. + "ADL did not engage in any form of pressure or intimidation ...," +said Kenneth Jacobson, the ADL's director of international affairs. +"We recognize and respect the First Amendment rights of Israel's +critics in this country and fully exercise our own free speech +rights. There is nothing illegal, improper, or clandestine about our +efforts and nothing merits our apology." + + [end] + + +The Washington Times +October 19, 1993 +page A13 + + Loudoun Investigator's Mission: An Expenses-Paid Trip to Israel + +by Robert O'Harrow, Jr. + + For much of his career, Donald Moore was an investigator with +the Loudoun County sheriff's department. He loved undercover +surveillance, and sometimes went through trash dumpsters in a +furtive search for clues. + For eight days in May 1991, More became a police emissary of +sorts on an all-expenses paid "mission" to Israel sponsored by +the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) of B'nai B'rith. He and 11 other +American officers, including some from the District and +Montgomery County, received a military briefing and shared ideas +with national police leaders. + Two years later, the trip and other ADL-sponsored missions came +under scrutiny by the San Francisco District Attorney's office, +which has been examining whether the ADL granted favors to peace +officers to encourage them to share confidential police +information with the organization. + One officer who went along on Moore's trip, former San +Francisco inspector Thomas Gerard, has pleaded not guilty to +felony charges that he passed along police information to +longtime ADL operative Roy H. Bullock. + Authorities say Moore and the other officers on the May 1991 +trip are not targets of the investigation; at least three of the +officers have been interviewed by the FBI or police authorities +in California. + Bullock has said the ADL had "numerous peace officers" +supplying confidential criminal records and other information, +court records show. Some civil rights groups and privacy rights +experts say they fear the ADL, and possibly other private groups, +quietly have supplemented police intelligence-gathering by doing +investigative work off limits to police. + "That is a real question that we have, not only in San +Francisco, but also in other communities," said John Crew, an +American Civil Liberties Union attorney. + ADL officials acknowledge they have worked closely with law +enforcement on investigating bias crimes, police training, and +drafting hate crimes legislation. But they say such cooperation +is part of the organization's civic duty and deny knowingly +accepting illegal information. "There's nothing that we do that +is sinister and there's nothing that we do that is against the +law," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL's national director. + Moore and other officers say they often have turned to the ADL +for help, but not to the point of sharing restricted information. +Moore was fired last year in an unrelated incident after +sheriff's officials said he was found going through private phone +messages. He was acquitted last year of charges that he helped +plan an abduction of Lewis du Pont Smith, an heir to the du Pont +fortune and a longtime follower of political extremist Lyndon H. +LaRouche Jr. + It was his investigation of LaRouche that brought Moore into +close contact with the ADL. In 1986, he was assigned to +investigate LaRouche followers after the group moved its +headquarters to Leesburg in Loudoun County. + Working as a local point man in an investigation that +eventually involved federal agents in several cities, Moore set +up a computer database in Leesburg listing LaRouche associates +and cultivated local residents to help track their movements. + Moore began working with ADL fact finder Mira Boland, who +joined the ADL in 1982 and was assigned to cultivate law +enforcement sources. Boland is now widely known among police as a +source of reliable tips, sometimes from "snitches" who infiltrate +hate groups. Boland declined repeated requests to be interviewed, +saying ADL leaders denied her permission. + Beginning in 1986, court records show, Boland said she began +sharing information on LaRouche with Moore and other Loudoun +sheriff's deputies. The two regularly exchanged details about +LaRouche, including clips from his groups' publications and +county gun permit records. + When LaRouche was convicted of conspiracy and mail fraud in +1988 in Alexandria, the ADL celebrated with prosecutors, Moore +and others involved in the case. Boland has a photo of the +celebration in her office. + + Transcripts of a recent federal wiretap of Moore's telephone on +an unrelated case describe his relationship with the ADL. "I need +to find a guy the ADL had a little old woman knocking on his +apartment in New York two hours after I had asked," Moore said on +the recording, court papers show. "I told the feds exactly where, +when and how to get him. And he was got." + Moore said in an interview that he has never passed along +restricted records to the ADL. "Did I share any information with +them? Nothing that wasn't public information," he said. + Despite questions raised by investigators about ADL's tactics, +Washington area police agencies praise the group. They say +Boland's fact-finding office in the District and the publications +it produces are helpful in researching extremist groups. + In Maryland, the District and Virginia, for instance, police +are not allowed to create files on individuals or groups solely +because of their political or racial views. The ADL has no such +restraints, police say. ADL officials say fact finders such as +Boland work in the same ways as journalists. + "In one way, it's like another law enforcement agency," said +Lt. Tim Boyle, of the Maryland-National Capital Park Police in +Montgomery, who went on the 1991 ADL trip to Israel. "They can +tell you who the leaders are, when they started, that type of +thing. They have no restrictions on them." + Boyle turned to the ADL in 1989 when a teenager of Asian +descent was taunted as a "gook" and attacked with steel-toed +boots by a gang of Skinheads. + When one of the gang leaders disappeared, the ADL offered to +use its sources to help find him, Boyle said. Eventually, using a +young undercover operative, the ADL infiltrated the Skinheads and +found the suspect, who was arrested in Pittsburgh. + Much of the ADL's work with law enforcement goes beyond +investigations. In New Jersey, the ADL helped the state attorney +general's office produce a hate-crime training video, now +circulated to some 700 police agencies across the country. The +ADL also helps police draft legislation to curb hate crimes. + The ADL views its special police missions to Israel as another +intensive training activity, giving officers a chance to meet +with top Israeli police, intelligence officers and political +leaders. + "They have been our unofficial consultant," said James +Mulvihill, a New Jersey assistant attorney general who speaks +with ADL officials on an almost weekly basis. "I regard them as +the premier prejudice fighting organization. + + [end] + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/age0int.txt b/politicalTextFiles/age0int.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56cdcac --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/age0int.txt @@ -0,0 +1,846 @@ + 13 page printout + + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + + + WITH SOME RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCHES. + + IN the opening year, 1793, when revolutionary France had +beheaded its king, the wrath turned next upon the King of kings, by +whose grace every tyrant claimed to reign. But eventualities had +brought among them a great English and American heart -- Thomas +Paine. He had pleaded for Louis Caper -- "Kill the king but spare +the man." Now he pleaded, -- "Disbelieve in the King of kings, but +do not confuse with that idol the Father of Mankind!" + + In Paine's Preface to the Second Part of "The Age of Reason" +he describes himself as writing the First Part near the close of +the year 1793. "I had not finished it more than six hours, in the +state it has since appeared, before a guard came about three in the +morning, with an order signed by the two Committees of Public +Safety and Surety General, for putting me in arrestation." This was +on the morning of December 28. But it is necessary to weigh the +words just quoted -- "in the state it has since appeared." For on +August 5, 1794, Francois Lanthenas, in an appeal for Paine's +liberation, wrote as follows: "I deliver to Merlin de Thionville a +copy of the last work of T. Payne [The Age of Reason], formerly our +colleague, and in custody since the decree excluding foreigners +from the national representation. This book was written by the +author in the beginning of the year '93 (old style). I undertook +its translation before the revolution against priests, and it was +published in French about the same time. Couthon, to whom I sent +it, seemed offended with me for having translated this work." + + Under the frown of Couthon, one of the most atrocious +colleagues of Robespierre, this early publication seems to have +been so effectually suppressed that no copy bearing that date, +1793, can be found in France or elsewhere. In Paine's letter to +Samuel Adams, printed in the present volume, he says that he had it +translated into French, to stay the progress of atheism, and that +he endangered his life "by opposing atheism." The time indicated by +Lanthenas as that in which he submitted the work to Couthon would +appear to be the latter part of March, 1793, the fury against the +priesthood having reached its climax in the decrees against them of +March 19 and 26. If the moral deformity of Couthon, even greater +than that of his body, be remembered, and the readiness with which +death was inflicted for the most theoretical opinion not approved +by the "Mountain," it will appear probable that the offence given +Couthon by Paine's book involved danger to him and his translator. +On May 31, when the Girondins were accused, the name of Lanthenas +was included, and he barely escaped; and on the same day Danton +persuaded Paine not to appear in the Convention, as his life might +be in danger. Whether this was because of the "Age of Reason," with +its fling at the "Goddess Nature" or not, the statements of author +and translator are harmonized by the fact that Paine prepared the +manuscript, with considerable additions and changes, for +publication in English, as he has stated in the Preface to Part II. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + + A comparison of the French and English versions, sentence by +sentence, proved to me that the translation sent by Lanthenas to +Merlin de Thionville in 1794 is the same as that he sent to Couthon +in 1793. This discovery was the means of recovering several +interesting sentences of the original work. I have given as +footnotes translations of such clauses and phrases of the French +work as appeared to be important. Those familiar with the +translations of Lanthenas need not be reminded that he was too much +of a literalist to depart from the manuscript before him, and +indeed he did not even venture to alter it in an instance +(presently considered) where it was obviously needed. Nor would +Lanthenas have omitted any of the paragraphs lacking in his +translation. This original work was divided into seventeen +chapters, and these I have restored, translating their headings +into English. The "Age of Reason" is thus for the first time given +to the world with nearly its original completeness. + + It should be remembered that Paine could not have read the +proof of his "Age of Reason" (Part I.) which went through the press +while he was in prison. To this must be ascribed the permanence of +some sentences as abbreviated in the haste he has described. A +notable instance is the dropping out of his estimate of Jesus the +words rendered by Lanthenas "trop peu imite, trop oublie, trop +meconnu." The addition of these words to Paine's tribute makes it +the more notable that almost the only recognition of the human +character and life of Jesus by any theological writer of that +generation came from one long branded as an infidel. + + To the inability of the prisoner to give his work any revision +must be attributed the preservation in it of the singular error +already alluded to, as one that Lanthenas, but for his extreme +fidelity, would have corrected. This is Paine's repeated mention of +six planets, and enumeration of them, twelve years after the +discovery of Uranus. Paine was a devoted student of astronomy, and +it cannot for a moment be supposed that he had not participated in +the universal welcome of Herschel's discovery. The omission of any +allusion to it convinces me that the astronomical episode was +printed from a manuscript written before 1781, when Uranus was +discovered. Unfamiliar with French in 1793, Paine might not have +discovered the erratum in Lanthenas' translation, and, having no +time for copying, he would naturally use as much as possible of the +same manuscript in preparing his work for English readers. But he +had no opportunity of revision, and there remains an erratum which, +if my conjecture be correct, casts a significant light on the +paragraphs in which he alludes to the preparation of the work. He +states that soon after his publication of "Common Sense" (1776), he +"saw the exceeding probability that a revolution in the system of +government would be followed by a revolution in the system of +religion," and that "man would return to the pure, unmixed, and +unadulterated belief of one God and no more." He tells Samuel Adams +that it had long been his intention to publish his thoughts upon +religion, and he had made a similar remark to John Adams in 1776. +Like the Quakers among whom he was reared Paine could then readily +use the phrase "word of God" for anything in the Bible which +approved itself to his "inner light," and as he had drawn from the +first Book of Samuel a divine condemnation of monarchy, John Adams, +a Unitarian, asked him if he believed in the inspiration of the Old + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +Testament. Paine replied that he did not, and at a later period +meant to publish his views on the subject. There is little doubt +that he wrote from time to time on religious points, during the +American war, without publishing his thoughts, just as he worked on +the problem of steam navigation, in which he had invented a +practicable method (ten years before John Fitch made his discovery) +without publishing it. At any rate it appears to me certain that +the part of "The Age of Reason" connected with Paine's favorite +science, astronomy, was written before 1781, when Uranus was +discovered. + + Paine's theism, however invested with biblical and Christian +phraseology, was a birthright. It appears clear from several +allusions in "The Age of Reason" to the Quakers that in his early +life, or before the middle of the eighteenth century, the people so +called were substantially Deists. An interesting confirmation of +Paine's statements concerning them appears as I write in an account +sent by Count Leo Tolstoi to the London 'Times' of the Russian sect +called Dukhobortsy (The Times, October 23, 1895). This sect sprang +up in the last century, and the narrative says: + + "The first seeds of the teaching called afterwards +'Dukhoborcheskaya' were sown by a foreigner, a Quaker, who came to +Russia. The fundamental idea of his Quaker teaching was that in the +soul of man dwells God himself, and that He himself guides man by +His inner word. God lives in nature physically and in man's soul +spiritually. To Christ, as to an historical personage, the +Dukhobortsy do not ascribe great importance ... Christ was God's +son, but only in the sense in which we call, ourselves 'sons of +God.' The purpose of Christ's sufferings was no other than to show +us an example of suffering for truth. The Quakers who, in 1818, +visited the Dukhobortsy, could not agree with them upon these +religious subjects; and when they heard from them their opinion +about Jesus Christ (that he was a man), exclaimed 'Darkness!' From +the Old and New Testaments,' they say, 'we take only what is +useful,' mostly the moral teaching. ... The moral ideas of the +Dukhobortsy are the following: -- All men are, by nature, equal; +external distinctions, whatsoever they may be, are worth nothing. +This idea of men's equality the Dukhoborts have directed further, +against the State authority. ... Amongst themselves they hold +subordination, and much more, a monarchical Government, to be +contrary to their ideas." + + Here is an early Hicksite Quakerism carried to Russia long +before the birth of Elias Hicks, who recovered it from Paine, to +whom the American Quakers refused burial among them. Although Paine +arraigned the union of Church and State, his ideal Republic was +religious; it was based on a conception of equality based on the +divine son-ship of every man. This faith underlay equally his +burden against claims to divine partiality by a "Chosen People," a +Priesthood, a Monarch "by the grace of God," or an Aristocracy. +Paine's "Reason" is only an expansion of the Quaker's "inner +light"; and the greater impression, as compared with previous +republican and deistic writings made by his "Rights of Man" and +"Age of Reason" (really volumes of one work), is partly explained +by the apostolic fervor which made him a spiritual, successor of +George Fox. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + + Paine's mind was by no means skeptical, it was eminently +instructive. That he should have waited until his fifty-seventh +year before publishing his religious convictions was due to a +desire to work out some positive and practicable system to take the +place of that which he believed was crumbling. The English engineer +Hall, who assisted Paine in making the model of his iron bridge, +wrote to his friends in England, in 1786: "My employer has Common +Sense enough to disbelieve most of the common systematic theories +of Divinity, but does not seem to establish any for himself." But +five years later Paine was able to lay the corner-stone of his +temple: "With respect to religion itself, without regard to names, +and as directing itself from the universal family of mankind to the +'Divine object of all adoration, it is man bringing to his Maker +the fruits of his heart; and though those fruits may differ from +each other like the fruits of the earth, the grateful tribute of +every one, is accepted." ("Rights of Man." See my edition of +Paine's Writings, ii., p. 326.) Here we have a reappearance of +George Fox confuting the doctor in America who "denied the light +and Spirit of God to be in every one; and affirmed that it was not +in the Indians. Whereupon I called an Indian to us, and asked him +'whether or not, when he lied, or did wrong to anyone, there was +not something in him that reproved him for it?' He said, 'There was +such a thing in him that did so reprove him; and he was ashamed +when he had done wrong, or spoken wrong.' So we shamed the doctor +before the governor and the people." (Journal of George Fox, +September 1672.) + + Paine, who coined the phrase "Religion of Humanity (The +Crisis, vii., 1778), did but logically defend it in "The Age of +Reason," by denying a special revelation to any particular tribe, +or divine authority in any particular creed of church; and the +centenary of this much-abused publication has been celebrated by a +great conservative champion of Church and State, Mr. Balfour, who, +in his "Foundations of Belief," affirms that "inspiration" cannot +be denied to the great Oriental teachers, unless grapes may be +gathered from thorns. + + The centenary of the complete publication of "The Age of +Reason," (October 25, 1795), was also celebrated at the Church +Congress, Norwich, on October 10, 1895, when Professor Bonney, +F.R.S., Canon of Manchester, read a paper in which he said: "I +cannot deny that the increase of scientific knowledge has deprived +parts of the earlier books of the Bible of the historical value +which was generally attributed to them by our forefathers. The +story of Creation in the Book of Genesis, unless we play fast and +loose either with words or with science, cannot be brought into +harmony with what we have learnt from geology. Its ethnological +statements are imperfect, if not sometimes inaccurate. The stories +of the Fall, of the Flood, and of the Tower of Babel, are +incredible in their present form. Some historical element may +underlie many of the traditions in the first eleven chapters in +that book, but this we cannot hope to recover." Canon Bonney +proceeded to say of the New Testament also, that the Gospels are +not so far as we know, strictly contemporaneous records, so we must +admit the possibility of variations and even inaccuracies in +details being introduced by oral tradition." The Canon thinks the +interval too short for these importations to be serious, but that + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +any question of this kind is left open proves the Age of Reason +fully upon us. Reason alone can determine how many texts are as +spurious as the three heavenly witnesses (i John v. 7), and like it +"serious" enough to have cost good men their lives, and persecutors +their charities. When men interpolate, it is because they believe +their interpolation seriously needed. It will be seen by a note in +Part II. of the work, that Paine calls attention to an +interpolation introduced into the first American edition without +indication of its being an editorial footnote. This footnote was: +"The book of Luke was carried by a majority of one only. Vide +Moshelm's Ecc. History." Dr. Priestley, then in America, answered +Paine's work, and in quoting less than a page from the "Age of +Reason" he made three alterations, -- one of which changed "church +mythologists" into "Christian mythologists," -- and also raised the +editorial footnote into the text, omitting the reference to +Mosheim. Having done this, Priestley writes: "As to the gospel of +Luke being carried by a majority of one only, it is a legend, if +not of Mr. Paine's own invention, of no better authority whatever." +And so on with further castigation of the author for what he never +wrote, and which he himself (Priestley) was the unconscious means +of introducing into the text within the year of Paine's +publication. + + If this could be done, unintentionally by a conscientious and +exact man, and one not unfriendly to Paine, if such a writer as +Priestley could make four mistakes in citing half a page, it will +appear not very wonderful when I state that in a modern popular +edition of "The Age of Reason," including both parts, I have noted +about five hundred deviations from the original. These were mainly +the accumulated efforts of friendly editors to improve Paine's +grammar or spelling; some were misprints, or developed out of such; +and some resulted from the sale in London of a copy of Part Second +surreptitiously made from the manuscript. These facts add +significance to Paine's footnote (itself altered in some +editions!), in which he says: "If this has happened within such a +short space of time, notwithstanding the aid of printing, which +prevents the alteration of copies individually; what may not have +happened in a much greater length of time, when there was no +printing, and when any man who could write, could make a written +copy, and call it an original, by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John. + + Nothing appears to me more striking, as an illustration of the +far-reaching effects of traditional prejudice, than the errors into +which some of our ablest contemporary scholars have fallen by +reason of their not having studied Paine. Professor Huxley, for +instance, speaking of the freethinkers of the eighteenth century, +admires the acuteness, common sense, wit, and the broad humanity of +the best of them, but says "there is rarely much to be said for +their work as an example of the adequate treatment of a grave and +difficult investigation," and that they shared with their +adversaries "to the full the fatal weakness of a priori +philosophizing." [NOTE: Science and Christian Tradition, p. 18 +(Lon. ed., 1894).] Professor Huxley does not name Paine, evidently +because he knows nothing about him. Yet Paine represents the +turning-point of the historical freethinking movement; he renounced +the 'a priori' method, refused to pronounce anything impossible +outside pure mathematics, rested everything on evidence, and really + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +founded the Huxleyan school. He plagiarized by anticipation many +things from the rationalistic leaders of our time, from Strauss and +Baur (being the first to expatiate on "Christian Mythology"), from +Renan (being the first to attempt recovery of the human Jesus), and +notably from Huxley, who has repeated Paine's arguments on the +untrustworthiness of the biblical manuscripts and canon, on the +inconsistencies of the narratives of Christ's resurrection, and +various other points. None can be more loyal to the memory of +Huxley than the present writer, and it is even because of my sense +of his grand leadership that he is here mentioned as a typical +instance of the extent to which the very elect of free-thought may +be unconsciously victimized by the phantasm with which they are +contending. He says that Butler overthrew freethinkers of the +eighteenth century type, but Paine was of the nineteenth century +type; and it was precisely because of his critical method that he +excited more animosity than his deistical predecessors. He +compelled the apologists to defend the biblical narratives in +detail, and thus implicitly acknowledge the tribunal of reason and +knowledge to which they were summoned. The ultimate answer by +police was a confession of judgment. A hundred years ago England +was suppressing Paine's works, and many an honest Englishman has +gone to prison for printing and circulating his "Age of Reason." +The same views are now freely expressed; they are heard in the +seats of learning, and even in the Church Congress; but the +suppression of Paine, begun by bigotry and ignorance, is continued +in the long indifference of the representatives of our Age of +Reason to their pioneer and founder. It is a grievous loss to them +and to their cause. It is impossible to understand the religious +history of England, and of America, without studying the phases of +their evolution represented in the writings of Thomas Paine, in the +controversies that grew out of them with such practical +accompaniments as the foundation of the Theophilanthropist Church +in Paris and New York, and of the great rationalist wing of +Quakerism in America. + + Whatever may be the case with scholars in our time, those of +Paine's time took the "Age of Reason" very seriously indeed. +Beginning with the learned Dr. Richard Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, +a large number of learned men replied to Paine's work, and it +became a signal for the commencement of those concessions, on the +part of theology, which have continued to our time; and indeed the +so-called "Broad Church" is to some extent an outcome of "The Age +of Reason." It would too much enlarge this Introduction to cite +here the replies made to Paine (thirty-six are catalogued in the +British Museum), but it may be remarked that they were notably +free, as a rule, from the personalities that raged in the pulpits. +I must venture to quote one passage from his very learned +antagonist, the Rev. Gilbert Wakefield, B.A., "late Fellow of Jesus +College, Cambridge." Wakefield, who had resided in London during +all the Paine panic, and was well acquainted with the slanders +uttered against the author of "Rights of Man," indirectly brands +them in answering Paine's argument that the original and +traditional unbelief of the Jews, among whom the alleged miracles +were wrought, is an important evidence against them. The learned +divine writes: + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + + "But the subject before us admits of further illustration from +the example of Mr. Paine himself. In this country, where his +opposition to the corruptions of government has raised him so many +adversaries, and such a swarm of unprincipled hirelings have +exerted themselves in blackening his character and in +misrepresenting all the transactions and incidents of his life, +will it not be a most difficult, nay an impossible task, for +posterity, after a lapse of 1700 years, if such a wreck of modern +literature as that of the ancient, should intervene, to identify +the real circumstances, moral and civil, of the man? And will a +true historian, such as the Evangelists, be credited at that future +period against such a predominant incredulity, without large and +mighty accessions of collateral attestation? And how transcendently +extraordinary, I had almost said miraculous, will it be estimated +by candid and reasonable minds, that a writer whose object was a +melioration of condition to the common people, and their +deliverance from oppression, poverty, wretchedness, to the +numberless blessings of upright and equal government, should be +reviled, persecuted, and burned in effigy, with every circumstance +of insult and execration, by these very objects of his benevolent +intentions, in every corner of the kingdom?" + + After the execution of Louis XVI., for whose life Paine +pleaded so earnestly, -- while in England he was denounced as an +accomplice in the deed, -- he devoted himself to the preparation of +a Constitution, and also to gathering up his religious compositions +and adding to them. This manuscript I suppose to have been prepared +in what was variously known as White's Hotel or Philadelphia House, +in Paris, No. 7 Passage des Petits Peres. This compilation of early +and fresh manuscripts (if my theory be correct) was labelled, "The +Age of Reason," and given for translation to Francois Lanthenas in +March 1793. It is entered, in Qudrard (La France Literaire) under +the year 1793, but with the title "L'Age de la Raison" instead of +that which it bore in 1794, "Le Siecle de la Raison." The latter, +printed "Au Burcau de l'imprimerie, rue du Theatre-Francais, No. +4," is said to be by "Thomas Paine, Citoyen et cultivateur de +I'Amerique septentrionale, secretaire du Congres du departement des +affaires etrangeres pendant la guerre d'Amerique, et auteur des +ouvrages intitules: LA SENS COMMUN et LES DROITS DE L'HOMME." + + When the Revolution was advancing to increasing terrors, +Paine, unwilling to participate in the decrees of a Convention +whose sole legal function was to frame a Constitution, retired to +an old mansion and garden in the Faubourg St. Denis, No. 63. Mr. +J.G. Alger, whose researches in personal details connected with the +Revolution are original and useful, recently showed me in the +National Archives at Paris, some papers connected with the trial of +Georgeit, Paine's landlord, by which it appears that the present +No. 63 is not, as I had supposed, the house in which Paine resided. +Mr. Alger accompanied me to the neighborhood, but we were not able +to identify the house. The arrest of Georgeit is mentioned by Paine +in his essay on "Forgetfulness" (Writings, iii., 319). When his +trial came on one of the charges was that he had kept in his house +"Paine and other Englishmen," -- Paine being then in prison, -- but +he (Georgeit) was acquitted of the paltry accusations brought +against him by his Section, the "Faubourg du Nord." This Section + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +took in the whole east side of the Faubourg St. Denis, whereas the +present No. 63 is on the west side. After Georgeit (or Georger) had +been arrested, Paine was left alone in the large mansion (said by +Rickman to have been once the hotel of Madame de Pompadour), and it +would appear, by his account, that it was after the execution +(October 31, 1793) Of his friends the Girondins, and political +comrades, that he felt his end at hand, and set about his last +literary bequest to the world, -- "The Age of Reason," -- in the +state in which it has since appeared, as he is careful to say. +There was every probability, during the months in which he wrote +(November and December 1793) that he would be executed. His +religious testament was prepared with the blade of the guillotine +suspended over him, -- a fact which did not deter pious +mythologists from portraying his death-bed remorse for having +written the book. + + In editing Part I. of "The Age of Reason," I follow closely +the first edition, which was printed by Barrois in Paris from the +manuscript, no doubt under the superintendence of Joel Barlow, to +whom Paine, on his way to the Luxembourg, had confided it. Barlow +was an American ex-clergyman, a speculator on whose career French +archives cast an unfavorable light, and one cannot be certain that +no liberties were taken with Paine's proofs. + + I may repeat here what I have stated in the outset of my +editorial work on Paine that my rule is to correct obvious +misprints, and also any punctuation which seems to render the sense +less clear. And to that I will now add that in following Paine's +quotations from the Bible I have adopted the Plan now generally +used in place of his occasionally too extended writing out of book, +chapter, and verse. + + Paine was imprisoned in the Luxembourg on December 28, 1793, +and released on November 4, 1794. His liberation was secured by his +old friend, James Monroe (afterwards President), who had succeeded +his (Paine's) relentless enemy, Gouvemeur Morris, as American +Minister in Paris. He was found by Monroe more dead than alive from +semi-starvation, cold, and an abscess contracted in prison, and +taken to the Minister's own residence. It was not supposed that he +could survive, and he owed his life to the tender care of Mr. and +Mrs. Monroe. It was while thus a prisoner in his room, with death +still hovering over him, that Paine wrote Part Second of "The Age +of Reason." + + The work was published in London by H.D. Symonds on October +25, 1795, and claimed to be "from the Author's manuscript." It is +marked as "Entered at Stationers Hall," and prefaced by an +apologetic note of "The Bookseller to the Public," whose +commonplaces about avoiding both prejudice and partiality, and +considering "both sides," need not be quoted. While his volume was +going through the press in Paris, Paine heard of the publication in +London, which drew from him the following hurried note to a London +publisher, no doubt Daniel Isaacs Eaton: + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + + "SIR, -- I have seen advertised in the London papers the +second Edition [part] of the Age of Reason, printed, the +advertisement says, from the Author's Manuscript, and entered at +Stationers Hall. I have never sent any manuscript to any person. It +is therefore a forgery to say it is printed from the author's +manuscript; and I suppose is done to give the Publisher a pretence +of Copy Right, which he has no title to. + + "I send you a printed copy, which is the only one I have sent +to London. I wish you to make a cheap edition of it. I know not by +what means any copy has got over to London. If any person has made +a manuscript copy I have no doubt but it is full of errors. I wish +you would talk to Mr. ----- upon this subject as I wish to know by +what means this trick has been played, and from whom the publisher +has got possession of any copy. + + T. PAINE. + "PARIS, December 4, 1795," + + Eaton's cheap edition appeared January 1, 1796, with the above +letter on the reverse of the title. The blank in the note was +probably "Symonds" in the original, and possibly that publisher was +imposed upon. Eaton, already in trouble for printing one of Paine's +political pamphlets, fled to America, and an edition of the "Age of +Reason" was issued under a new title; no publisher appears; it is +said to be "printed for, and sold by all the Booksellers in Great +Britain and Ireland." It is also said to be "By Thomas Paine, +author of several remarkable performances." I have never found any +copy of this anonymous edition except the one in my possession. It +is evidently the edition which was suppressed by the prosecution of +Williams for selling a copy of it. + + A comparison with Paine's revised edition reveals a good many +clerical and verbal errors in Symonds, though few that affect the +sense. The worst are in the preface, where, instead of "1793," the +misleading date "1790" is given as the year at whose close Paine +completed Part First, -- an error that spread far and wide and was +fastened on by his calumnious American "biographer," Cheetham, to +prove his inconsistency. The editors have been fairly demoralized +by, and have altered in different ways, the following sentence of +the preface in Symonds: "The intolerant spirit of religious +persecution had transferred itself into politics; the tribunals, +styled Revolutionary, supplied the place of the Inquisition; and +the Guillotine of the State outdid the Fire and Faggot of the +Church." The rogue who copied this little knew the care with which +Paine weighed words, and that he would never call persecution +"religious," nor connect the guillotine with the "State," nor +concede that with all its horrors it had outdone the history of +fire and faggot. What Paine wrote was: "The intolerant spirit of +church persecution had transferred itself into politics; the +tribunals, styled Revolutionary, supplied the place of an +Inquisition and the Guillotine, of the Stake." + + An original letter of Paine, in the possession of Joseph +Cowen, ex-M.P., which that gentleman permits me to bring to light, +besides being one of general interest makes clear the circumstances +of the original publication. Although the name of the correspondent + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +does not appear on the letter, it was certainly written to Col. +John Fellows of New York, who copyrighted Part I. of the "Age of +Reason." He published the pamphlets of Joel Barlow, to whom Paine +confided his manuscript on his way to prison. Fellows was +afterwards Paine's intimate friend in New York, and it was chiefly +due to him that some portions of the author's writings, left in +manuscript to Madame Bonneville while she was a freethinker were +rescued from her devout destructiveness after her return to +Catholicism. The letter which Mr. Cowen sends me, is dated at +Paris, January 20, 1797. + + "SIR, -- Your friend Mr. Caritat being on the point of his +departure for America, I make it the opportunity of writing to you. +I received two letters from you with some pamphlets a considerable +time past, in which you inform me of your entering a copyright of +the first part of the Age of Reason: when I return to America we +will settle for that matter. + + "As Doctor Franklin has been my intimate friend for thirty +years past you will naturally see the reason of my continuing the +connection with his grandson. I printed here (Paris) about fifteen +thousand of the second part of the Age of Reason, which I sent to +Mr. F[ranklin] Bache. I gave him notice of it in September 1795 and +the copy-right by my own direction was entered by him. The books +did not arrive till April following, but he had advertised it long +before. + + "I sent to him in August last a manuscript letter of about 70 +pages, from me to Mr. Washington to be printed in a pamphlet. Mr. +Barnes of Philadelphia carried the letter from me over to London to +be forwarded to America. It went by the ship Hope, Cap: Harley, who +since his return from America told me that he put it into the post +office at New York for Bache. I have yet no certain account of its +publication. I mention this that the letter may be enquired after, +in case it has not been published or has not arrived to Mr. Bache. +Barnes wrote to me, from London 29 August informing me that he was +offered three hundred pounds sterling for the manuscript. The offer +was refused because it was my intention it should not appear till +it appeared in America, as that, and not England was the place for +its operation. + + "You ask me by your letter to Mr. Caritat for a list of my +several works, in order to publish a collection of them. This is an +undertaking I have always reserved for myself. It not only belongs +to me of right, but nobody but myself can do it; and as every +author is accountable (at least in reputation) for his works, he +only is the person to do it. If he neglects it in his life-time the +case is altered. It is my intention to return to America in the +course of the present year. I shall then [do] it by subscription, +with historical notes. As this work will employ many persons in +different parts of the Union, I will confer with you upon the +subject, and such part of it as will suit you to undertake, will be +at your choice. I have sustained so much loss, by disinterestedness +and inattention to money matters, and by accidents, that I am +obliged to look closer to my affairs than I have done. The printer + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +(an Englishman) whom I employed here to print the second part of +'the Age of Reason' made a manuscript copy of the work while he was +printing it, which he sent to London and sold. It was by this means +that an edition of it came out in London. + + "We are waiting here for news from America of the state of the +federal elections. You will have heard long before this reaches you +that the French government has refused to receive Mr. Pinckney as +minister. While Mr. Monroe was minister he had the opportunity of +softening matters with this government, for he was in good credit +with them tho' they were in high indignation at the infidelity of +the Washington Administration. It is time that Mr. Washington +retire, for he has played off so much prudent hypocrisy between +France and England that neither government believes anything he +says. + + "Your friend, etc., + + "THOMAS PAINE." + + It would appear that Symonds' stolen edition must have got +ahead of that sent by Paine to Franklin Bache, for some of its +errors continue in all modern American editions to the present day, +as well as in those of England. For in England it was only the +shilling edition -- that revised by Paine -- which was suppressed. +Symonds, who ministered to the half-crown folk, and who was also +publisher of replies to Paine, was left undisturbed about his +pirated edition, and the new Society for the suppression of Vice +and Immorality fastened on one Thomas Williams, who sold pious +tracts but was also convicted (June 24, 1797) of having sold one +copy of the "Age of Reason." Erskine, who had defended Paine at his +trial for the "Rights of Man," conducted the prosecution of +Williams. He gained the victory from a packed jury, but was not +much elated by it, especially after a certain adventure on his way +to Lincoln's Inn. He felt his coat clutched and beheld at his feet +a woman bathed in tears. She led him into the small book-shop of +Thomas Williams, not yet called up for judgment, and there he +beheld his victim stitching tracts in a wretched little room, where +there were three children, two suffering with Smallpox. He saw that +it would be ruin and even a sort of murder to take away to prison +the husband, who was not a freethinker, and lamented his +publication of the book, and a meeting of the Society which had +retained him was summoned. There was a full meeting, the Bishop of +London (Porteus) in the chair. Erskine reminded them that Williams +was yet to be brought up for sentence, described the scene he had +witnessed, and Williams' penitence, and, as the book was now +suppressed, asked permission to move for a nominal sentence. Mercy, +he urged, was a part of the Christianity they were defending. Not +one of the Society took his side, -- not even "philanthropic" +Wilberforce -- and Erskine threw up his brief. This action of +Erskine led the Judge to give Williams only a year in prison +instead of the three he said had been intended. + + While Williams was in prison the orthodox colporteurs were +circulating Erskine's speech on Christianity, but also an anonymous +sermon "On the Existence and Attributes of the Deity," all of which +was from Paine's "Age of Reason," except a brief "Address to the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +Deity" appended. This picturesque anomaly was repeated in the +circulation of Paine's "Discourse to the Theophilanthropists" +(their and the author's names removed) under the title of "Atheism +Refuted." Both of these pamphlets are now before me, and beside +them a London tract of one page just sent for my spiritual benefit. +This is headed "A Word of Caution." It begins by mentioning the +"pernicious doctrines of Paine," the first being "that there is No +GOD" (sic,) then proceeds to adduce evidences of divine existence +taken from Paine's works. It should be added that this one dingy +page is the only "survival" of the ancient Paine effigy in the +tract form which I have been able to find in recent years, and to +this no Society or Publisher's name is attached. + + The imprisonment of Williams was the beginning of a thirty +years' war for religious liberty in England, in the course of which +occurred many notable events, such as Eaton receiving homage in his +pillory at Choring Cross, and the whole Carlile family imprisoned, +-- its head imprisoned more than nine years for publishing the "Age +of Reason." This last victory of persecution was suicidal. +Gentlemen of wealth, not adherents of Paine, helped in setting +Carlile up in business in Fleet Street, where free-thinking +publications have since been sold without interruption. But though +Liberty triumphed in one sense, the "Age of Reason." remained to +some extent suppressed among those whose attention it especially +merited. Its original prosecution by a Society for the Suppression +of Vice (a device to, relieve the Crown) amounted to a libel upon +a morally clean book, restricting its perusal in families; and the +fact that the shilling book sold by and among humble people was +alone prosecuted, diffused among the educated an equally false +notion that the "Age of Reason" was vulgar and illiterate. The +theologians, as we have seen, estimated more justly the ability of +their antagonist, the collaborator of Franklin, Rittenhouse, and +Clymer, on whom the University of Pennsylvania had conferred the +degree of Master of Arts, -- but the gentry confused Paine with the +class described by Burke as "the swinish multitude." Skepticism, or +its free utterance, was temporarily driven out of polite circles by +its complication with the out-lawed vindicator of the "Rights of +Man." But that long combat has now passed away. Time has reduced +the "Age of Reason" from a flag of popular radicalism to a +comparatively conservative treatise, so far as its negations are +concerned. An old friend tells me that in his youth he heard a +sermon in which the preacher declared that "Tom Paine was so wicked +that he could not be buried; his bones were thrown into a box which +was bandied about the world till it came to a button-manufacturer; +"and now Paine is travelling round the world in the form of +buttons!" This variant of the Wandering Jew myth may now be +regarded as unconscious homage to the author whose metaphorical +bones may be recognized in buttons now fashionable, and some even +found useful in holding clerical vestments together. + + But the careful reader will find in Paine's "Age of Reason" +something beyond negations, and in conclusion I will especially +call attention to the new departure in Theism indicated in a +passage corresponding to a famous aphorism of Kant, indicated by a +note in Part II. The discovery already mentioned, that Part I. was +written at least fourteen years before Part II., led me to compare +the two; and it is plain that while the earlier work is an + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + THE AGE OF REASON. + EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION. + +amplification of Newtonian Deism, based on the phenomena of +planetary motion, the work of 1795 bases belief in God on "the +universal display of himself in the works of the creation and by +that repugnance we feel in ourselves to bad actions, and +disposition to do good ones." This exaltation of the moral nature +of man to be the foundation of theistic religion, though now +familiar, was a hundred years ago a new affirmation; it has led on +a conception of deity subversive of last-century deism, it has +steadily humanized religion, and its ultimate philosophical and +ethical results have not yet been reached. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books please contact +us, we need to give them back to America. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/agee-cia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/agee-cia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9088ad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/agee-cia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,849 @@ + +The following is the text of a speach about the Gulf War not given by +former CIA agent Phil Agee. The reason Agee wasn't able to give the +speech is because Bush and his CIA buddies have deemed that what Agee +has to say is too dangerous for the American public to know about. + +The text of Agee's speech, taken from Z magazine and posted recently +by Bill Mills is included below so that anyone who wishes to know what +this former CIA-agent has to say can do so, in accordance with the +right of Freedom of Speech in the Constitution so revered, we are +told, by those who would burn it rather than respect it, and who would +censor "dangerous" speech such as that below. Whether you read it, all +of it, is, now, a matter of free choice. + +[Errors corrected since prev. post listed at end] + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +PRODUCING THE PROPER CRISIS a speech by Philip Agee, formerly of the CIA. +From Z magazine, Oct. 1990 + +On the eve of Philip Agee's 20-city tour to campuses and community +groups throughout the U.S. the Nicaraguan foreign ministry revoked his +Nicaraguan passport preventing him from traveling freely. Jean Caiani +of Speak Out!, who organized his tour, is helping coordinate a +national campaign to regain his original passport which was revoked in +1979 on the grounds that Agee's writings and speaking pose "a serious +threat to the national security of the United States." Following is +the speech that Agee planned to give at his scheduled engagements. + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +Sooner or later it had to happen: the fundamental transformation of +U.S. military forces was really only a matter of time. Transformation, +in this sense, from a national defense force to an international +mercenary army for hire. With a U.S national debt of $3 trillion, some +$800 billion owned by foreigners, The United States sooner or later +would have to find, or produce, the proper crisis - one that would +enable the president to hire out the armed forces, like a national +export, in order to avoid conversion of the economy from military to +civilian purposes. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, encouraged, it seems, by +the Bush administration, is the necessary crisis. + +Not long after the invasion, I watched on Spanish television Bush's +call to arms, when he said "our way of life" is at stake. For days +afterwards I kept watching and reading for news of the tens of +millions of people in this country, who would take to the streets in +joy, in celebration that their days of poverty, homelessness, +illiteracy and uncared-for illness might soon end. What I saw instead, +like most of you, was the Bush "way of life" - fishing, boating, and +golfing on the coast of Maine like any respectable member of the +Eastern elite. Bush's military machismo of recent weeks reminded me of +what General Noriega said about Bush a couple of years ago, before +Bush decided to smash Panamanian nationalism for the foreseeable +future. You remember? Noriega told his deputy in the Panamanian +Defense Forces, who later made it public, he said, "I've got George +Bush - by the balls." + +When I read that, I thought, how interesting - one of those rare +statements that contain two revelations. Back in the 1970s, when he +was director of the CIA, Bush tried to get a criminal indictment +against me for revelations I was making about CIA operations and +personnel. But he couldn't get it, I discovered later in documents I +received under the Freedom of Information Act. The reason was that in +the early 1970s the CIA had committed crimes against me while I was in +Europe writing my first book. If they indicted and prosecuted me, I +would learn the details of those crimes, whatever they were: +conspiracy to assassination, kidnapping, a drug plant. So they couldn't +indict because the CIA under Bush, and before him under William Colby, +said the details had to stay secret. So what did Bush do? He prevailed +on President Ford to send Henry Kissinger, then Secretary of State, to +Britain where I was living, to get them to take action. A few weeks +after Kissinger's secret trip a Cambridge policeman arrived at my door +with a deportation notice. After living in Britain nearly five years, +I had suddenly become a threat to the security of the realm. During +the next two years I was not only expelled from Britain, but also from +France, Holland, West Germany, and Italy - all under U.S. pressure. +For two years I didn't know where I was living, and my two sons, then +teenagers, attended four different schools in four different +countries. + +The latest is the government's attempt to prevent me from speaking in +the U.S now. Where this will end, we still don't know. + +How many of you have friends or relatives right now in Saudi Arabia or +the Persian Gulf area? I wonder how they feel, so close to giving +their lives to protect a feudal kingdom where women are stoned to +death for adultery, where a thief is punished by having his hand +amputated, where women can't drive cars or swim in the same pool as +men? Where bibles are forbidden and no religion save Islam is allowed? +Where Amnesty International reports that torture is routine, and that +last year 111 people were executed, 16 of them political prisoners, +all but one by public beheading. And not by clean cut, with a +guillotine, but with that long curved sword that witnesses say +requires various chops. Not that Saudi Arabia, or Kuwait before the +invasion, are any different in terms of political repression than any +number of U.S.-supported allies. But to give your life for those +corrupt, cruel, family dictatorships? Bush says we're "stopping +aggression." If that were true, the first thing U.S. forces would have +done after landing, they would have dethroned the Gulf emirs, sheiks, +and kings, who every day are carrying out the worst aggression against +their own people, especially women. Mainstream media haven't quite +said it yet, as far as I know, but the evidence is mounting that +George Bush and his entourage wanted the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, +encouraged it, and then refused to prevent it when they could have. +I'll get back to Bush later, but first, a quick review of what brought +on this crisis. Does the name Cox bring anything special to mind? Sir +Percy Cox? + +In a historical sense this is the man responsible for today's Gulf +crisis. Sir Percy Cox was the British High Commissioner in Baghdad +after World War I who in 1922 drew the lines in the sand establishing +for the first time national borders between Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, and +Saudi Arabia. And in each of these new states the British helped set +up and consolidate ruling monarchies through which British banks, +commercial firms, and petroleum companies could obtain monopolies. +Kuwait, however, had for centuries belonged to the Basra province of +the Ottoman Empire. Iraq and the Iraqis never recognized Sir Percy's +borders. He had drawn those lines, as historians have confirmed, in +order deliberately to deprive Iraq of a viable seaport on the Persian +Gulf. The British wanted no threat from Iraq to their dominance in the +Gulf where they had converted no less than ten sheikdoms, including +Kuwait, into colonies. The divide and rule principle, so +well-practiced in this country since the beginning. In 1958 the +British-installed monarchy in Iraq was overthrown in a military coup. +Three years later, in 1961, Britain granted independence to Kuwait, +and the Iraqi military government massed troops on the Kuwaiti border +threatening to take the territory by force. Immediately the British +dispatched troops, and Iraq backed down, still refusing to recognize +the border. Similar Iraqi threats occurred in 1973 and 1976. + +This history, Saddam Hussein's justification for annexing Kuwait, is +in the books for anyone to see. But weeks went by as I waited and +wondered why the International Herald Tribune, which publishes major +articles from the Washington Post, New York Times and wire services, +failed to carry the background. Finally, a month after the invasion, +the Herald Tribune carried a Washington Post article on the historical +context written by Glenn Frankel. I've yet to find this history in +Time or Newsweek. Time, in fact, went so far as to say that Iraq's +claims to Kuwait were "without any historical basis." Hardly +surprising, since giving exposure to the Iraqi side might weaken the +campaign to Hitlerize Saddam Hussein. Also absent from current accounts +is the CIA's role in the early 1970s to foment and support armed +Kurdish rebellion in Iraq. The Agency, in league with the Shah of +Iran, provided $16 million in arms and other supplies to the Kurds, +leading to Iraqi capitulation to the Shah in 1975 over control of the +Shat al Arab. This is the estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates, that +separates the two countries inland from the Gulf and is Iraq's only +access to Basra, its upriver port. Five years later, in 1980, Iraq +invaded Iran to redress the CIA-assisted humiliation of 1975, and to +regain control of the estuary, beginning the eight year war that cost +a million lives. + +Apart from Iraq's historical claims on Kuwait and its need for access +to the sea, two related disputes came to a head just before the +invasion. First was the price of oil. OPEC had set the price at $18 +per barrel in 1986, together with production quotas to maintain that +price. But Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had long exceeded their +quotas, driving the price down to around $13 in June. Iraq, saddled +with a $70 billion debt from the war with Iran, was losing billions of +dollars in oil revenues which normally account for 95 precent of its +exports. Meanwhile, industrialized oil consumers like the United +States were enjoying the best price in 40 years, in inflation-adjusted +dollars. Iraq's other claim against Kuwait was theft. While Iraq was +occupied with Iran during the war, Kuwait began pumping from Iraq's +vast Rumaila field that dips into the disputed border area. Iraq +demanded payment for oil taken from this field as well as forgiveness +of Kuwaiti loans to Iraq during the war with Iran. Then in July, Iraq +massed troops on the Kuwaiti border while OPEC ministers met in +Geneva. That pressure brought Kuwait and the Emirates to agree to +honor quotas and OPEC set a new target price of $21, although Iraq had +insisted on $25 per barrel. After that Hussein increased his troops on +the border from 30,000 to 100,000. On August 1, Kuwaiti and Iraqi +negotiators, meeting in Saudi Arabia, failed to reach agreement over +the loans, oil thefts, and access to the sea for Iraq. The next night +Iraq invaded. Revelations since then, together with a review of events +prior to the invasion, strongly suggest that U.S. policy was to +encourage Hussein to invade and, when invasion was imminent, to do +nothing to discourage him. Consider the following. + +During the Iraq-Iran war in the 1980s, the U.S. sided with Iraq and +continued this policy right up to August 2, the day of the invasion. +In April, the Assistant Secretary of State for the Middle East, John +Kelly, testified before Congress that the United States had no +commitment to defend Kuwait. On July 25, with Iraqi troops massed on +the Kuwait border, the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, met +with Hussein. Minutes of the meeting were given by the Iraqis to the +Washington Post in mid-August. + +According to these minutes, which have not been disputed by the State +Department, the Ambassador told Hussein that Secretary of State James +Baker had instructed her to emphasize to Hussein that the U.S. has "no +opinion" on Iraqi-Kuwait border disputes. She then asked him, in light +of Iraqi troop movements, what his intentions were with respect to +Kuwait. Hussein replied that Kuwait's actions amounted to "an economic +war" and "military action against us." He said he hoped for a peaceful +solution, but if not, he said, "it will be natural that Iraq will not +accept death..." A clearer statement of his intentions would be hard +to imagine, and hardly a promise not to invade. The Ambassador gave no +warning from Baker or Bush that the U.S. would oppose an Iraqi +takeover of Kuwait. On the contrary she said, "I have a direct +instruction from the President to seek better relations with Iraq." On +the same day Assistant Secretary of State Kelly killed a planned Voice +of America broadcast that would have warned Iraq that the U.S. was +"strongly committed" to the defense of its friends in the Gulf, which +included, of course, Kuwait. During the week between the Ambassador's +meeting with Hussein and the invasion, the Bush administration forbade +any warning to Hussein against invasion, or to the thousands of people +who might become hostages. The Ambassador returned to Washington as +previously scheduled for consultations. Assistant Secretary Kelly, two +days before the invasion, again testified publicly before Congress to +the effect that the U.S. had no commitment to defend Kuwait. And, +according to press reports and Senator Boren, who heads the Senate +Intelligence Committee, the CIA had predicted the invasion some four +days before it happened. + +Put these events together, and add the total absence of any public or +private warning by Bush to Hussein not to invade, together with no +U.S. effort to create international opposition while there was time. +Assuming the U.S. was not indifferent to an invasion, one has to ask +whether Bush administration policy was in effect to encourage Hussein +to create a world crisis. After all, Iraq had chemical weapons and had +already used them against Iran and against Kurds inside Iraq. He was +know to be within two to five years of possessing nuclear weapons. He +had completely upset the power balance in the Middle East by creating +an army one million strong. He aspired to leadership of the Arab world +against Israel, and he threatened all the so-called moderate, i.e., +feudal regimes, not just Kuwait. And with Kuwait's oil he would +control 20 percent of the world's reserves, a concentration in radical +nationalist hands that would be equal, perhaps to the Soviet Union, +Iraq's main arms supplier. Saddam Hussein, then, was the perfect +subject to allow enough rein to create a crisis, and he was even more +perfect for post-invasion media demonization, a la Qaddafi, Ortega, +and Noriega. + +Why would Bush seek a world crisis? The first suggestion came, for me +at least, when he uttered those words about "our way of life" being at +stake. They brought to mind Harry Truman's speech in 1950 that broke +Congressional resistance to Cold War militarism and began 40 years of +Pentagon dominance of the U.S. economy. It's worth recalling Truman's +speech because Bush is trying to use the Gulf crisis, as Truman used +the Korean War, to justify what some call military Keynesianism as a +solution for U.S. economic prqoblems. This is, using enormous military +expenditures to prevent or rectify economic slumps and depressions, +while reducing as much as possible spending on civilian and social +programs. Exactly what Reagan and Bush did, for example, in the early +and mid-1980s. + +In 1950 the Truman administration adopted a program to vastly expand +the U.S and West European military services under a National Security +Council document called NSC-68. This document was Top Secret for 25 +years and, by error, it was released in 1975 and published. The +purpose of military expansion under NSC-68 was to reverse the economic +slide that began with the end of World War II wherein during five +years the U.S. GNP had declined 20 percent and unemployment had risen +from 700,000 to 4.7 million. U.S. exports, despite the subsidy program +known as the Marshall Plan, were inadequate to sustain the economy, +and remilitarization of Western Europe would allow transfer of +dollars, under so-called defense support grants, that would in turn +generate European imports from the U.S. As NSC-68 put the situation in +early 1950: "the United States and other free nations will within a +period of a few years at most experience a decline in economic +activity of serious proportions unless more positive governmental +programs are developed..." + +The solution adopted was expansion of the military. But support in +Congress and the public at large was lacking for a variety of reasons, +not least the increased taxes the programs would require. So Truman's +State Department, under Dean Acheson, set out to sell the so-called +Communist Threat as justification, through a fear campaign in the +media that would create a permanent war atmosphere. But a domestic +media campaign was not enough. A real crisis was needed, and it came +in Korea. Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, in their history of the 1945-55 +period, "The Limits of Power", show that the Truman administration +manipulated this crisis to overcome resistance to military build-up +and a review of those events show striking parallels to the Persian +Gulf crisis of 1990. Korea at the end of World War II had been divided +north-south along the 38th parallel by the U.S. and the Soviets. Five +years of on-again, off-again conflict continued: first between +revolutionary forces in the south and U.S. occupation forces, then +between the respective states established first between the U.S. in +the south, then by the Soviets in the north. Both states threatened to +reunify the country by force, and border incursions with heavy +fighting by military forces were common. In June 1950, communist North +Korean military forces moved across the border toward Seoul, the South +Korean capital. At the time, the North Korean move was called "naked +aggression", but I.F. Stone made a convincing case, in his "Hidden +History of the Korean War", that the invasion was provoked by South +Korea and Taiwan, another U.S. client regime. + +For a month South Korean forces retreated, practically without +fighting, in effect inviting the North Koreans to follow them south. +Meanwhile Truman rushed in U.S. military forces under a United Nations +command, and he made a dramatic appeal to Congress to for an +additional $10 billion, beyond requirements for Korea, for U.S. and +European military expansion. Congress refused. Truman then made a +fateful decision. In September 1950, about three months after the +conflict began, U.S., South Korean, and token forces from other +countries, under the United Nations banner, began to push back the +North Koreans. Within three weeks the North Koreans had been pushed +north to the border, the 38th parallel, in defeat. That would have +been the end of the matter, at least the military action, if the U.S. +had accepted a Soviet UN resolution for a cease-fire and UN-supervised +country-wide elections. Truman, however, needed to prolong the crisis +in order to overcome congressional and public resistance to his plans +for U.S. and European rearmament. Although the UN resolution under +which U.S. forces were fighting called only for "repelling" aggression +from the north, Truman had another plan. In early October U.S. and +South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel heading north, and +rapidly advanced toward the Yalu River, North Korea's border with +China where only the year before the communists had defeated the +U.S.-backed Kuomintang regime. The Chinese communist government +threatened to intervene, but Truman had decided to overthrow the +communist government in North Korea and unite the country under the +anti-communist South Korean dictatorship. As predicted, the Chinese +entered the war in November and forced the U.S. and its allies to +retreat once again southward. The following month, with the media full +of stories and pictures of American soldiers retreating through snow +and ice before hordes of advancing Chinese troops, Truman went on +national radio, declared a state of national emergency, and said what +Bush's remarks about "our way of life" at stake recalled. Truman +mustered all the hype and emotion he could, and said: "Our homes, our +nation, all the things that we believe in, are in great danger. This +danger has been created by the rulers of the Soviet Union." He also +called again for massive increases in military spending for U.S. and +European forces, apart from needs in Korea. + +Of course, there was no threat of war with the Soviet Union at all. +Truman attributed the Korean situation to the Russians in order to +create emotional hysteria, a false threat, and to get the leverage +over Congress needed for approval of the huge amounts of money that +Congress had refused. As we know, Truman's deceit worked. Congress +went along in its so-called bi-partisan spirit, like the sheep in the +same offices today. The U.S. military budget more than tripled from +$13 billion in 1950 to $44 billion in 1952, while U.S. military forces +doubled to 3.6 million. The Korean War continued for three more years, +after it could have ended, with the final casualty count in the +millions, including 34,000 U.S. dead and more than 100,000 wounded. +But in the United States, Korea made the permanent war economy a +reality, and we have lived with it for 40 years. + +What are the parallels with the current Gulf crisis? First, Korea in +June 1950 was already a crisis of borders and unification demands +simply waiting for escalation. Second, less than six months before the +war began Secretary of State Dean Acheson publicly placed South Korea +outside the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia, just as Assistant +Secretary Kelly denied any U.S. defense commitment to Kuwait. Third, +the U.S. obtained quick UN justification for a massive military +intervention, but only for repelling the North Koreans, not for +conquest of that country. Similarly, the UN resolutions call for +defense of Saudi Arabia, not for military conquest of Iraq - contrary +to the war mongers who daily suggest that the U.S. may be "forced" to +attack Iraq, presumably without UN sanction or declaration of war by +Congress. Fourth, both crises came at a time of U.S. economic weakness +with a recession or even worse downturn threatening ahead. Fifth, and +we will probably see this with the Gulf, the Korean crisis was +deliberately prolonged in order to establish military expenditures as +the motor of the U.S. economy. Proceeding in the same manner now would +be an adjustment to allow continuation of what began in 1950. NSC-68 +required a significant expansion of CIA operations around the world in +order to fight the secret political Cold War - a war against socialist +economic programs, against communist parties, against left social +democrats, against neutralism, against disarmament, against relaxation +of tensions, and against the peace offensive then being waged by the +Soviet Union. + +In Western Europe, through a vast network of political action and +propaganda operations, the CIA was called upon to create in the +public mind the specter of imminent Soviet invasion combined with the +intention of the European left to enslave the population under Soviet +dominion. By 1953, as a result of NSC-68, the CIA had major covert +action programs underway in 48 countries, consisting of propaganda, +paramilitary, and political action operations - such as buying +elections and subsidizing political parties. The bureaucracy grew +accordingly: in mid-1949 the covert action arm of the CIA had about +300 employees and seven overseas field stations. Three years later +there were 2,800 employees and 47 field stations. In the same period +the covert action budget grew from $4.7 million to $82 million. + +By the mid-1950s the name for the "enemy" was no longer just the +Soviet Union. The wider concept of "International Communism" better +expressed the global view of secret conspiracies run from Moscow to +undermine the U.S. and its allies. One previously secret document from +1955 outlines the CIA's tasks: "Create and exploit problems for +International Communism. Discredit International Communism and reduce +the strength of its parties and organization. Reduce international +Communist control over any area of the world... specifically such +operations shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda, +political action, economic warfare, preventive direct action, +including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, escape and invasion and +evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states or groups, +including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas +and refugee liberation groups, support of indigenous and +anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world; +deception plans and all compatible activities necessary to accomplish +the foregoing." + +Another document on CIA operations from the same period said, in +extracts: "Hitherto accepted norms of human conduct do not apply... +long-standing American concepts of fair play must be reconsidered... +we must learn to subvert, sabotage, and destroy our enemies by more +clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used +against us. It may become necessary that the American people be made +acquainted with, understand, and support this fundamentally repugnant +philosophy." And so, from the late 1940s until the mid-1950s, the CIA +organized sabotage and propaganda operations against every country of +Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union. They tried to foment +rebellion and to hinder those countries' effort to rebuild from the +devastation of World War II. Though unsuccessful against the Soviet +Union, these operations had some successes in other countries, notably +East Germany. This was the easiest target because, as one former CIA +officer wrote, before the wall went up in 1961 all an infiltrator +needed was good documents and a railway ticket. + +From about 1949, the CIA organized sabotage operations against targets +in East Germany in order to slow reconstruction and economic recovery. +The purpose was to create a high contrast between West Germany, then +receiving billions of U.S. dollars for reconstruction, and the "other +Germany" under Soviet control. William Blum, in his excellent history +of the CIA, lists an astonishing range of destruction: "through +explosives, arson, short circuiting, and other methods, they damaged +power stations, shipyards, a dam, canals, docks, public buildings, +petrol stations, shops, outdoor stands, a radio station, public +transformation... derailed freight trains... blew up road and railway +bridges used special acid to damage vital factory machinery... killed +7,000 cows... added soap to powdered milk destined for East German +schools," and much, much more. These activities were worldwide, and +not only directed against Soviet-supported governments. + +During 40 years, as the east-west military standoff stabilized, the +CIA was a principle weapon in waging the north-south dimension of the +Cold War. It did so through operations intended to destroy +nationalist, reformist, and liberation movements of the so-called +Third World, through political repression (torture and death squads), +and by the overthrow of democratically elected civilian governments, +replacing them with military dictatorships. The Agency also organized +paramilitary forces to overthrow governments, with the contra +operation in Nicaragua only a recent example. This north-south +dimension of the Cold War was over control of natural resources, +labor, and markets and it continues today, as always. Anyone who +thinks the Cold War ended should think again: the east-west dimension +may have ended with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, but +the north-south dimension, which is where the fighting really took +place, as in Vietnam, is still on. The current Persian Gulf crisis is +the latest episode, and it provides the Bush administration with the +pretext to institutionalize the north-south dimension under the +euphemism of a "new international order," as he calls it. The means +will be a continuation of U.S. militarism within the context, if they +are successful, of a new multi-lateral, international framework. +Already James Baker has been testing the winds with proposals for a +NATO-style alliance in the Gulf, an idea that William Safire aptly +dubbed GULFO. + +The goal in seeking and obtaining the current stops short, I believe, +of a shooting war. After all, a war with Iraq will not be a matter of +days or even weeks. Public opinion in the U.S. will turn against Bush +if young Americans in large numbers start coming back in body bags. +And Gulf petroleum facilities are likely to be destroyed in the +process of saving them, a catastrophe for the world economy. +Nevertheless, press accounts describe how the CIA and U.S. special +forces are organizing and arming guerrillas, said to be Kuwaitis, for +attacking Iraqi forces. These operations provide the capability for +just the right provocation, an act that would cause Hussein to order +defensive action that would then justify an all-out attack. + +Such provocations have been staged in the past. In 1964, CIA +paramilitary forces working in tandem with the U.S. Navy provoked the +Tonkin Gulf incidents, according to historians who now question +whether the incidents, said to be North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. +ships, even happened. But Lyndon Johnson used the events as a pretext +to begin bombing North Vietnam and to get a blank check resolution +from Congress to send combat troops and escalate the war. + +I think the purpose is not a shooting war but a crisis that can be +maintained as long as possible, far after the Iraqi-Kuwait problem is +resolved. This will prolong the international threat - remember Truman +in 1950 - and allow Bush to prevent cuts in the military budget, to +avoid any peace dividend, and prevent conversion of the economy to +peaceful, human-oriented purposes. After all, when you count all U.S. +defense-related expenses, they add up to more than double the official +figure of 26 percent of the national budget for defense - some experts +say two-thirds of the budget goes for defense in one way or another. + +The so-called national security state of the past 40 years has meant +enormous riches, and power, for those who are in the game. It has also +meant population control - control of the people of this and many +other countries. Bush and his team, and those they represent, will do +whatever is necessary to keep the game going. Elitist control of the +U.S. rests on this game. If anyone doubts this, recall that from the +very beginning of this crisis, projections were coming out on costs, +implying that Desert Shield would last for more than a year, perhaps +that large U.S. forces would stay permanently in the Gulf. Just +imagine the joy this crisis has brought to U.S. military industries +that only months ago were quaking over their survival in a post-Cold +War world. Not six weeks passed after the Iraqi invasion before the +Pentagon proposed the largest arms sale in history: $21 billion worth +of hardware for defense of the Saudi Arabian throne. Very clever when +you do the sums. With an increase in price of $15 per barrel, which +had already happened, Saudi Arabia stands to earn more than $40 +billion extra dollars during the 14 months from the invasion to the +end of the next U.S. fiscal year. Pentagon calculations of Desert +Shield costs come to $18 billion for the same 14 months. Even if the +Saudis paid all that, which they won't because of other contributors, +they would have more than $20 billion in windfall income left over. +O.K., bring that money to the States through weapon sales. That, I +suppose, is why the Saudi Arms sale instantly became known as the +Defense Industry Relief Act of 1990. + +As for the price of oil, everyone knows that when it gets above $25-30 +a barrel it becomes counter-productive for the Saudis and the Husseins +and other producers. Alternative energy sources become attractive and +conservation again becomes fashionable. Saddam Hussein accepted $21 in +July, and even if, with control of Kuwait, he had been able to get the +price up to $25, that would have been manageable for the United States +and other industrial economies. Instead, because of this crisis, it's +gone over $35 a barrel and even up to $40, threatening now to provoke +a world depression. With talk of peaceful solutions, like Bush's +speech to the UN General Assembly, they will coax the price down, but +not before Bush and others in the oil industry increase their already +considerable fortunes. + +Ah, but the issue, we're told, is not the price of oil, or +preservation of the feudal Gulf regimes. It's principle. Naked +aggression cannot be allowed, and no one can profit from it. This is +why young American lives may be sacrificed. Same as Truman said in +1950, to justify dying for what was then, and for many tears +afterwards, one of the world's nastiest police states. When I read +that Bush was putting out that line, I nearly choked. + +When George Bush attacks Saddam Hussein for "naked aggression", he +must think the world has no knowledge of United States history - no +memory at all. One thing we should never forget is that a nation's +foreign policy is a product of its domestic system. We should look to +our domestic system for the reasons why Bush and his entourage need +this crisis to prevent dismantling the national security state. + +First, we know that the domestic system in this country is in crisis, +and that throughout history foreign crises have been manufactured, +provoked, and used to divert attention from domestic troubles - a way +of rallying people around the flag in support of the government of the +day. How convenient now for deflecting attention from the S&L scandal, +for example, to be paid not by the crooks but by ordinary, honest +people. + +Second, we know that the system is not fair, that about one in three +people are economically deprived, either in absolute poverty or so +close that they have no relief from want. We also know that one in +three Americans are illiterate, either totally or to the degree that +they cannot function in a society based on the written word. We also +know that one in three Americans does not register to vote, and of +those who register 20 percent don't vote. This means we elect a +president with about 25 percent or slightly less of the potential +votes. The reasons why people don't vote are complex, but not the least +of them is that people know their vote doesn't count. + +Third, we know that during the past ten years these domestic problems +have gotten even worse thanks to the Reagan-Bush policy of +transferring wealth from the middle and poor classes to the wealthy, +while cutting back on social programs. Add to this the usual litany of +crises: education, health care, environment, racism, women's rights, +homophobia, the infrastructure, productivity, research, and inability +to compete in the international marketplace, and you get a nation not +only in crisis, but in decline as well. In certain senses that might +not be so bad, if it stimulates, as in the Soviet Union, public debate +on the reasons. But the picture suggests that continuation of foreign +threats and crises is a good way to avoid fundamental reappraisal of +the domestic system, starting where such a debate ought to start, with +the rules of the game as laid down in the constitution. + +What can we do? Lots. On the Gulf crisis, it's getting out the +information on what's behind it, and organizing people to act against +this intervention and possible war. Through many existing +organizations, such as Pledge of Resistance, there must be a way to +develop opposition that will make itself heard and seen on the streets +of cities across the country. We should pressure Congress and the +media for answers to the old question: During that week between +Ambassador Glaspie's meeting with Hussein, "What did George know, when +did he know it, and why didn't he act publicly and privately to stop +the invasion before it happened?" In getting the answer to that +question, we should show how the mainstream media, in failing to do +so, have performed their usual cheerleading role as the government's +information ministry. + +The point on the information side is to show the truth, reject the +hypocrisy, and raise the domestic political cost to Bush and every +political robot who has gone along with him. At every point along the +way we must not be intimidated by those voices that will surely say: +"You are helping that brute Saddam Hussein." We are not helping +Hussein, although some may be. Rather we are against a senseless +destructive war based on greed and racism. We are for a peaceful, +negotiated, diplomatic solution that could include resolution of other +territorial disputes in the region. + +We are against militarist intervention and against a crisis that will +allow continuing militarism in the United States. We are for +conversion of the U.S. and indeed the world economy to peaceful, +people-oriented purposes. In the long run, we reject one-party elitist +government, and we demand a new constitution, real democracy, with +popular participation in decision-making. In short, we want our own +glasnost and restructuring here in the United States. If popular +movements can bring it to the Soviet Union, that monolithic tyranny, +why can't we here in the United States? + +------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Corrections I made from last post: + +-- "Assuming the U.S. was not indifferent to an invasion, one has to act" +Was changed to "..one has to ask" + +-- The two paragraphs starting with "Why would Bush seek a world crisis?" +needed to be "filled", i.e., new-lines inserted. + +-- "Truman attributed the Korean situation to the RUssians in order to +create emotinal hysteria, a false, threat, and to get the leverage..." +The comma after "false" was deleted. + +-- "In Western Europe, through a vast network of political action and +propaganda operations, the CIA was called upon the create in the +public mind, the specter of imminent Soviet invasion combined with the +intention of the European left to enslave the population under +Soviet..." Was changed to "..CIA was called upon to create..." and the +comma after "mind" was deleted. + + + +Please join the campaign to help Phil Agee regain his passport; don't +let Bush decide for us what's too "dangerous" for us to hear (namely +dirty deeds committed by the CIA, as only a former agent can reveal) +-Harel +------------------------------------------------------------------ + Speak Out! +Dear Friends: San Francisco, CA + +Speak Out! is organizing a national campaign on behalf of Philip Agee, +former CIA officer and internationally recognized author, lecturer, and +foreign policy critic. + +On September 22, the Chamorro government revoked Philip Agee's +Nicaraguan passport. The impetus for this action in all likelihood came +from the U.S. State Department. The revocation came on the eve of his +trip to the U.S. to begin a 20-city speaking tour. + +This is merely the latest in an on-going effort to silence Agee and to +prevent him from traveling freely to and from the U.S. + +We are appealing to Philip's supporters to help us circulate this +information as widely as possible. The government must not be allowed +to limit U.S. citizens' right to travel and speak freely. If they +succeed in this campaign against Philip Agee there will be ramifications +for all of us. + +We invite you to join Noam Chomsky, Margaret Randall, Ramsey Clark, +Michael Parenti, Holly Sklar and many others in sending a brief +statement of protest to: + +Secretary of State James Baker +U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT +Washington, DC 20520 + +and + +Judge Gerhard Gesell +U.S. COURT HOUSE +Third and Constitution NW +Washington, DC 20001 + +Please also send a copy to us at: + +Speak Out! 2215-R Market Street, #520, +San Francisco, CA 94114 +(415) 864-4451 + +Agee and Speak Out! staff thank you in advance for any +assistance you can provide in spreading the word. + +In solidarity, + +Jean Caiani +Speak Out! Coordinator + +################################################################## + Statement from Agee +################################################################## + +Following is an excerpted statement from Philip Agee in Madrid, Spain. +It is from a speech he intended to give during his U.S. speaking tour. + + +GREETINGS TO ALL OF YOU: + +I'm very sorry I'm not able to be with you tonight. I am not with you +because the U.S. government, including the Federal Courts, has once +again taken measures to prevent exercise of a citizen's First Amendment +rights. Not that this is so unusual in a national security state. For +me it's familiar, the latest such action in nearly 20 years of efforts +to prevent my speaking, above all to people in the United States. + +Two weeks ago I heard indirectly that my Nicaraguan passport, with which +I have travelled for years, was revoked by the Chamorro government. I +checked with friends in Managua, who confirmed the action. + +Without a passport I am unable to travel to the United States because I +could not return to my wife and work in Spain where a valid passport is +required for entry. For almost four years I have been trying +unsuccessfully to get a U.S. passport but the State Department, at the +CIA's urging, has refused. + +In June my lawyers filed suit in the District Court in Washington +demanding a court order requiring the State Department either to issue a +passport or to re-open a hearing that in its first phase, three years +ago, was conducted in clear and open violation of the Department's own +regulations. + +Those regulations give me the right to "confrontation and +cross-examination" of William Webster, the CIA Director and only witness +against me. The State Department refused to produce Webster despite a +ruling by its Board of Appellate Review that it do so. Ultimate +resolution, perhaps in the Supreme Court, is no doubt years away. By +such delay the government wins its case de facto, without any legal +decision. + +After revocation of my Nicaraguan passport, my lawyers asked Judge +Gerhard Gesell, who is presiding my case, for an emergency order +requiring issuance of a passport so that I could fulfill agreements to +speak in the U.S. during October and November, to attend hearings on my +case in his court, to participate in any re-opened State Department +passport hearing, and to visit my family. He refused, knowing full well +that without the passport I could not return to Spain. + +Gesell refuses me the possibility to attend sessions on my case in his +court, or any re-opened State Department passport hearing that he might +order, let alone speaking at this meeting tonight. For this and his +past prejudice in a suit I brought under the FOIA ten years ago, I call +on him to disqualify himself from my case. And I ask you to support me +by demanding also that he either reconsider, and issue the order for the +passport, or quit the case. + +The object of this exercise is education: to show how the federal court +system is the most undemocratic institution we have. Nobody elects +those judges, who are political appointees for life, and they answer to +no one. The result finds judges masking political decisions in pompous +legalese with total immunity from public reaction. But we should not +take such hypocrisy quietly. + +However serious my problems are, they are certainly mild compared with +others. I urge you to support political prisoners like Leonard Peltier +of the American Indian Movement, and the many others deprived of +constitutional rights thanks to the racism and prejudice in what passes +for U.S. justice. + +I regret that I cannot be with you. I thank you for whatever support +you can give to help me regain my right to come and go from the United +States, and to be with you on another occasion. + + Best Wishes, + + Philip Agee + +################################################################## + +PHILIP AGEE DEFENSE CAMPAIGN + +On October 1, Speakout! launched a national campaign on behalf of one of +our speakers, Philip Agee. Agee was the first CIA officer to go public +in protest of the Agency's policies and remains its most controversial +critic since its founding in 1947. For fifteen years Agee has been a +leading American activist against CIA support of torture, political +assassinations, death squads, and destabilization of democratic +governments around the world. His bestselling book Inside the Company: +CIA Diary, was the first uncensored expose of CIA activities written by +one of its own. So that American citizens might know what crimes their +government is committing in their name, Agee has paid and is still +paying a high price: his freedom to travel and speak freely. + +In 1979, Agee's U.S. passport was revoked for "national security" +reasons. He applied for the return of his passport in 1987. His +application was denied six months later by Secretary of State George +Shultz, alleging that Agee's activities (writing and speaking), "are +continuing to cause serious damage to the national security and foreign +policy of the United States." No evidence has ever been presented to +substantiate this charge however, and the US government has never +charged Agee with any crime. + +Despite on-going efforts to stop him, Agee has traveled freely on an +honorary Nicaraguan passport he received in 1983. Twice a year he has +been touring the United States, speaking about CIA activity to overflow +crowds on hundreds of college campuses. In addition to his talks, he +always meets with students and community organizers to listen to and +advise them, explaining how to become involved in the CIA-Off Campus +Movement and linking them with other activists in the area. + +He travels with dozens of books, journals, periodicals, and pamphlets, +encouraging and guiding his audiences to read and to think critically. +As a result of his most recent tour, book sales in the spring of 1990 +totalled $10,000. His visits have been so successful that dozens of +CIA-Off Campus committees now exist and a national student newspaper +(Campus Watch) to monitor CIA activities on campuses enjoys a wide +circulation. As a result of his exposes, CIA recruitment has been +banned from many campuses. As Christine Kelley of Student Action Union +(national student organization) says, "If you want to get the CIA off +your campus, bring Phil Agee on." + +On September 22, 1990, the eve of a Agee's 20-city US tour organized by +Speakout!, the Chamorro government revoked Agee's Nicaraguan passport, +evidently in response to pressure from the US State Department. This is +just the latest action in nearly 20 years of harassment and efforts to +silence him. State Department pressure has also prevented him from +obtaining a passport from any other country. + +After revocation of his passport, Agee's lawyers asked Judge Gerhart +Gesell, who is presiding his case, for an emergency order requiring +issuance of a passport so that he could fulfill agreements to speak at +meetings scheduled in October and November, attend hearings on his case +in court, and visit his family. Judge Gesell refused, knowing full well +that without a passport Agee would be unable to return to his wife and +work in Spain. + +Speakout! protests this violation of Philip Agee's first amendment +rights and believes that as an American citizen, he is entitled to +travel freely and to express dissent. It is unconstitutional for the US +government to suboordinate the rights of its citizens to some undefined +national security concern. Speakout! will work to ensure that Philip +Agee's voice continues to be heard in the United States. + +Following the successful campaigns to stop the deportation of South +African exile Dennis Brutus and feminist Margaret Randall under the +Reagan Administration, Speakout! has launched a campaign to Agee regain +his passport. We are already receiving some radio and newspaper +coverage, and have mailed support packets to individuals and +organizations encouraging them to write protest letters to Judge Gesell. + +------------------------------------------------------------------ +Subject: video on Agee speech +To: Multiple recipients of list ACTIV-L +/** pn.publiceye: 18.6 **/ +** Written 7:23 pm Jan 29, 1991 by nlgclc in cdp:pn.publiceye ** +------------------------------------------------------------------ + +To order a videotape of Philip Agee speaking on the Middle East and +the Gulf Crisis, send $10 (US) to: + Jean Caiani + SPEAK OUT + 2215-R Market Street, #520 + San Francisco, CA 94114 + + (415) 864-4561 + +Make checks payable to: Philip Agee Defense Campaign + +** End of text from cdp:pn.publiceye ** + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/agric.txt b/politicalTextFiles/agric.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbc89d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/agric.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +##### updated format + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON AGRICULTURE + + + +As farm state natives, Bill Clinton and Al Gore +appreciate how much American farmers have done for +their country. The commitment and sacrifice of +those who feed the United States and much of the +world must not go unnoticed. A Clinton/Gore +Administration will create an agriculture policy +that both recognizes the small-family producers who +have done so much to make America great and treats +consumers and taxpayers fairly. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore understand that +guaranteeing an adequate quality food supply is an +important strategic goal of the United States. Our +current farm programs, properly managed, can +achieve reasonable prices for producers and +guarantee a safe and stable food and fiber supply +for consumers. Bill Clinton and Al Gore believe +that American farmers are the most competitive and +efficient farmers in the world. A Clinton/Gore +Administration will help them stay that way. + + + + THE CLINTON/GORE PLAN + + Trade + + Protecting our environment + + Expand food aid + + Research, development and new ideas + + A department for agriculture + + + +Trade + +* Work hard to open new markets for American + agricultural products, particularly in Eastern + Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent + States. + +* Support full use of federal export tools like + the Export Enhancement Program (EEP) to expand + trade and enter new markets. + +* Act swiftly to level the playing field in + international trade when foreign competitors + use export subsidies to gain an unfair + advantage over American farmers -- instead of + sitting idly by as the Bush Administration has + done. + +* Remove unfair trade barriers through tough + negotiation with our trading partners to pry + open closed markets, including the support of + reciprocal retaliation against the European + Community unless the E.C. removes its ban on + U.S. pork. + +Protecting our environment + +* Include farmers in the national debate on + environmental policy -- because farmers and + ranchers are among the best stewards of the + land; they pay taxes and bank notes on their + land and they ought to have a say in what is + done with it. + +* Ensure that environmental decisions are based + on sound scientific data, not politics, and + that Americas farmers do not carry the costs + of environmental protection alone. + +Expand food aid + +* Expand food aid overseas to assist emerging + democracies and developing nations. + +* Increase funding for the Food for Peace + program. + +Research, development, and new ideas + +* Provide American leadership in world + agriculture through modernization and + development of current farm programs, and + expansion of agriculture research and + development. + +* Bring existing farm programs into the + communications age by equipping federal + agriculture offices with the most modern + communications and computer equipment + available. + +* Consolidate forms and processes to cut down on + wasted time and delays. + +* Utilize federal research funds to improve + cooperation among farmers and between states + in the same region. + +A department for agriculture + +* Give American farmers a friend and advocate at + the USDA by appointing a Secretary of + Agriculture who is respected by American + farmers and who will work tirelessly on their + behalf. The USDA must be a department for + agriculture, not an annex to the Office of + Management and Budget or the State Department. + + +THE RECORD + + +* Bill Clinton made numerous trade missions to + Europe and Japan to negotiate open markets for + Arkansas products. + +* Created the Division of Agriculture + Development to work closely with farmers and + relay their concerns to the Governors office. + +* Developed the Farm Mediation Program to assist + farmers and lenders in finding solutions to + debt payment problems. + +* Created the Arkansas Linked Deposit Program, + which provides a new source of agricultural + and small business loans by allowing up to $50 + million of state funds in lending institutions + to be loaned at lower-than-market rates. + +* Aggressively addressed brucellosis, resulting + in a reduction by herd count of over 92% from + 1983 to 1991, moving Arkansas from Class C to + Class A. + +* Established the Small Business Revolving Loan + Fund to provide loans to small and minority + businesses primarily in rural areas. + +* Established the Revolving Loan Fund for + Expansion of Fruit and Vegetable Cooperatives + to provide loans in rural areas to assist + agricultural co-ops in marketing their + produce. + +* Implemented the Beginning Farmer Loan Program, + a tax-exempt bond program that assists farmers + in acquiring agricultural land at low interest + rates by enabling lending institutions, + individuals, partnerships and corporations to + receive tax-exempt interest for direct loans + or contract sales made to new farmers. + +* Led a bipartisan effort to strengthen farm + finance through measures designed to refinance + the debts of productive farms as a meber of + the National Governors Association (NGA) + Agriculture Committee. + +* Served on the NGA Task Force on Rural + Development, which issued strong, practical + recommendations to revitalize rural + communities. + +* Senator Gore grew up on a farm in Carthage, + Tennessee, and now owns a farm in Carthage. + +* Consistently supported the family farmer and + helped protect basic farm income. + +* Fought for an Agriculture program that helps + agriculture producers move toward a profitable + and sustainable production system. + +* Fought to provide adequate funding for + conservation programs requiring the nation's + farmers to meet numerous standards for + protection of soil and water resources. + +* Cosponsored a 1987 act to reform and improve + the Farm Credit System. + +* Led efforts to provide disaster relief to + farmers suffering from drought and flooding. + +* Aggressively insisted that U.S. negotiators + focus on trade fairness and opening new + markets for American agricultural products. + +* Coauthored legislation to reduce access + charges for residential and small business + telephone rate payers and increase support for + rural companies. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/aids.txt b/politicalTextFiles/aids.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3ce423 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/aids.txt @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +***** Reformated. Please distribute. + + + CLINTON GORE ON AIDS + + + +Fighting the AIDS epidemic will be a top priority of a Clinton/Gore +Administration. If we fail to commitour hearts and resources now to +fighting AIDS, we will pay a far greater price in the future, both in +deaths and in dollars. We need leaders who will focus national +attention on AIDS, to encourage compassion and understanding, to +promote education and to speak out against intolerance. + +We can't afford another four years without a plan to declare war on +AIDS. We can't afford to have yet another President who remains +silent about AIDS or who puts the issue on the back burner. + + +THE CLINTON/GORE PLAN + + +Increase funding for desperately needed new initiatives in research, +prevention and treatment. + +Appoint an AIDS policy director to coordinate federal AIDS policies, +cut through bureaucratic red tape and implement recommendations +made by the National Commission on AIDS. + +Speed up the drug approval process and commit increased resources +to research and development of AIDS-related treatments and +vaccines, and ensure that women and people of color are included in +research and drug trials. + +Fully fund the Ryan White CARE Act. Work closely with individuals +and communities that are affected by HIV to create a partnership +between the federal government and those with knowledge and +experience in fighting HIV. + +Promote a national AIDS education and prevention initiative that +disseminates frank and accurate information to reduce the spread of +the disease, and educates our children about the nature and threat of +AIDS. + +Provide quality health coverage to all Americans with HIV as part of +a broader national health care program; work vigorously to improve +access to promising experimental therapies for people with +life-threatening illnesses; and improve preventive and long-term care. + +Combat AIDS-related discrimination and oppose needless mandatory +HIV testing in federal organizations such as the Peace Corps, Job +Corps and the Foreign Service; stop the cynical politicization of +immigration policies by directing the Justice Department to follow +the Department of Health and Human Services' recommendation +that HIV be removed from the immigration restrictions list; promote +legislation based on sound scientific and public health principles, not +on panic, politics and prejudice. + +Prevention and education + + Launch a strong and effective AIDS education campaign. + +Reevaluate the AIDS prevention budget at the U.S. Centers for +Disease Control to ensure that education is a top priority. + +Ensure that increased funding for prevention and services goes +directly to community based organizations that are on the frontline +of the battle against the HIV virus. + +Promote AIDS education in American schools. + +Provide drug treatment on demand to stop the spread of HIV by +intravenous drug users. + +Increase funding for behavior and social science research so that we +can better understand the behaviors that put people at risk for HIV. + +Support local efforts to make condoms available in schools. + + +Treatment and care + + +Provide health care for all Americans, including those with HIV, +through coverage they obtain either on the job or through +government-mandated programs, which will include: + + - Comprehensive inpatient and outpatient services, including +frequent diagnostic monitoring, early intervention therapies, and +psychological care. + + - Prescription drugs and improved access to experimental therapies. +Because treatments are not accessible unless they are affordable, a +Clinton/Gore Administration will support legislation that denies tax +breaks to companies that raise the cost of drugs faster than +Americans' ability to pay for them. + + - Adequate options for long-term home and community-based care +that minimize unnecessary and wasteful hospitalizations. + + - Voluntary, confidential, or anonymous testing and counseling for +AIDS and HIV for every American who wants it. + +Encourage the Centers for Disease Control to review periodically +their definition of AIDS to ensure that symptoms and infections that +occur among women, people of color and drug users are included in +the federal definition, and promptly made eligible for all federal +benefit programs for people with AIDS. + +Develop programs with the Department of Health and Human +Service to ensure that America's health care professional are kept fully +and regularly informed aobut diagnosing and treating HIV. + +Have the National Institutes of Health (NIH) develop a formalized +mechanism to make sure that state-of-the-art informations is broadly +and rapidly disseminated to health professional and people with HIV +disease. + + +Treatment and drug development + + Work vigorously to develop a vaccine against AIDS and to find +therapies that will destroy HIV, repair the immune system and +prevent and treat AIDS-related infections. + +Increase funding for both AIDS-specific and general biomedical +research. + +Expand clinical and community based trials for treatments and +vaccines, and raise the level of participation of under-represented +populations. + +Reorganize the NIH infrastructure to streamline AIDS research +efforts and improve planning efficiency and communication. + +Promote a more rapid review by the NIH of research grant +applications and a speedier distribution of funding for approved +studies. + +Facilitate greater access to drugs and work to speed up the drug +approval process. + +Ensure that the FDA has the resources to assist in the efficient design +of AIDS-related drug trials and to review their results rapidly. The +FDA will also make possible greater access to promising experimental +therapies without compromising patient safety. + +Discrimination + +Fight all AIDS-related discrimination and discrimination based on +race, gender and sexual orientation. + +Fully implement the Americans with Disabilities Act and resist any +efforts to weaken its provisions. + +The Department of Justice and the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights +must make it a high priority to monitor the occurrence of +AIDS-related discrimination and the enforcement of the ADA with +respect to HIV-related complaints. + +Forbid health insurance companies form denying coverage to +HIV-positive applicants. + +Prhohibit all health plans from adopting discriminatory caps or +exclusions that provide lower coverage for AIDS than for any other +life-threatening illnesses. No American will be denied health coverage +because he or she loses a job or has a pre-existing condition. + +Oppose mandatory testing in federal organizations like the Peace +Corps and Foreign Service. + +Lift the current ban on travel and immigration to the U.S. by +foreign nationals with HIV. + + +The Record + +As chairman of the National Governors' Association, Governor +Clinton formed the first working group of governors to develop an +AIDS policy. Clinton was a moving force in the creation of an AIDS +action plan adopted by the Governors' Association which called for +education and prevention efforts at the local, state and federal levels. + +Governor Clinton supported teacher training for AIDS education and +a detailed study of the availability of HIV education at the local +level. + +Since 1990, AIDS education has been required in all Arkansas +schools, and there has been a 40% increase in HIV counseling and +voluntary testing in Arkansas. + +The Arkansas AIDS Advisory Committee was established in 1987. +This committee makes recommendations on HIV policy and +program services. HIV services in the state currently include +anonymous testing at two centers and confidential testing and +counseling at public health clinics in all 75 Arkansas counties. + + +Senator Al Gore voted to ban discrimination against people with +AIDS or HIV. + +Voted for legislation to remove HIV from the immigration +restrictions list. + +Supported funding for the Ryan White AIDS Act. + +Voted to provide emergency relief to metropolitan areas hardest hit +by AIDS, to health care facilities serving many low-income +individuals and families with HIV and to states to assist in improving +the quality of treatment and support services for people with HIV. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/al_gore.txt b/politicalTextFiles/al_gore.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2147f1e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/al_gore.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + Why I Totally Oppose Al Gore as Candidate for + Vice-President of United States of America + +1.) Term Limits for Congress: + May 22, 1991, voted against an amendment to limit Senators to two + consecutive terms if they fund their campaigns with tax dollars. + +2.) Using Taxes To Promote Abortion: + July 16, 1991, voted against a bill to prohibit tax-funded family- + planning clinics from promoting abortion. + +3.) Abstinence-Based Sex Education: + September 12, 1991, voted against an amendment to transfer $10 million + from surveys on adult sexual behavior to the abstinence-based Adolescent + Family Life Program, thus voting against abstinence-based sex education. + +4.) Taxpayer Funding of Pornography: + September 19, 1991, voted against an amendment prohibiting the National + Endowment for the Arts from spending taxpayers funds on pornographic art. + Fortunately, amendment passed 68-28. + +5.) School Prayer: + January 23, 1992, voted against amendment to state the sense for the + Senate that the Supreme Court should reverse its decisions prohibiting + voluntary prayer and Bible reading in public schools. + +6.) Freedom of Choice In Education: + January 23, 1992, voted against an amendment to provide low-income parents + with money to enroll their children at the public or private school of + their choice, including religious schools, thus giving parents a choice + as to where to send their children to school. + +7.) Line--Item Veto: + February 27, 1992, voted against an amendment which would give the + President line-item veto authority. With this ability, the President + could veto such items as pay raises, ridiculous regulations designed + to increase budget spending, and other items that get tacked on at + the end of a bill. Incidentally 47 of our 50 states now have such + authority. + +8.) Taxes: + March 13, 1992, Gore voted for an amendment which had it passed, would + have been a motion to permit consideration to require 3/5 vote of the + Senate to raise taxes but to let a simple majority cut taxes. Motion + was fortunately rejected 37-58. + +9.) Balanced Budget Amendment: + April 9, 1992, he voted against a motion to state the sense of the + Senate that it should adopt by June 5 a joint resolution proposing + a Balanced Budget Amendment to the Constitution. Motion passed 63-32. + +10.) Environment Issues (what's termed as his speciality): + Al Gore has pushed environment issues to the point of absurdity, fraud, + and deceit. He states and makes claims which lack proof, are based on + accusations of findings, misinterpretations, and glory reporting. For + every issue that you find he stands by with "firm" conviction stating + that he speaks and knows "the facts to be...", you can also find an equal + or greater source which contradicts his entire scope and basis for argument. + I do not think any one man can be so sure of an issue(s) which clearly has + so many unanswered questions, variables, and contradictions. + + In fact, NASA has come forth recently stating that their findings + concerning ozone depletion (from which ALL current information concerning + ozone levels was derived from a report released by NASA), was taken out + of context, claiming the media misunderstood and/or misinterpreted the + reports. This recent information brought forth by NASA stating the need + for the public to know and understand the truth came about following an + article released by Time magazine which, according to NASA, was the point + at which they knew they must inform the public correctly. NASA reported + that what we refer to as ozone "depletion" is not depletion at all... + rather ozone has been found to act seasonally. The NASA reports released + were misinterpreted suggesting that depletion was occuring. NASA stated + that it did not correct these misinterpretations immediately because they + offered no threat, only a misunderstanding brought on by the medias own + ignorance and perceived as dangerous by the media. However, with all the + press on doom and gloom, they felt compelled to come forth and try to + straighten out the situation following the release of the Time issue which + featured a cover depicting an ozone hole on fire. (Their rebuke can be + found in Insight Magazine). How then, according to Al Gore, can there + positively be a hole in the ozone over Kenney Bunkport, Maine (funny how + coincidental that this is where George Bush's retreat is) when in fact it + was after these statements and the release of Al Gore's book, that NASA + came forth to confirm otherwise, that there is no depletion, and that their + findings only show ozone to be seasonal. + + For more information on how ecology and environment deceit plays a role + in political platforms, I suggest you read Al Gore's book, then compare + it to Dixie Lee Ray's book entitled "Trashing The Planet". (Ray is former + governor of Washington, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, assistant + secretary of state in the U.S. Bureau of Oceans, and long-time member of + the Zoology faculty of the University of Washington.) The comparison will + be interesting even if you don't agree with me. ...but you will. + + I present this evidence to show that Al Gore is not change, but rather + damaging to the beliefs of the majority of Americans, the needs for our + country, and the rights of individuals to hold on to the freedoms we so + dearly cherish, and to further give evidence that this election, although + construde by many as a chance for change, is really about much more. We + must find a way to inform the people so that we can return to the type of + government we now must envision. As Ross Perot said simply, "Our choices + should be Heads you win, or Tails you win". Unfortunately, I find myself + defending a candidate I too am unhappy with, but trying to point out the + absolute absurdity in thinking we have an opportunity for change. We don't! + So please consider the issues, and vote not about change, but for what is + best. Change is not always good. It is my hope that this may serve as a + prime example. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/alembic1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/alembic1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..963ebda --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/alembic1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ + The ALEMBIC + first edition / Spring 1989 + a magazine for those who "think too much" and have a "bad attitude" + + *The Power of Negative Thinking + *Language for Social Control + *The Coming Food Crisis + *Feminism as Fascism + *Religion as Rabies + ...and more! + + WARNING! Contains controversial material. + Parental discretion should be exorcised. + + + ______________________________________________________________________________ + Editorial: The Naming of Names + + When I embarked upon the search for a worthy name for this new magazine, I recalled an experience I had in the early 1980's when I attended a meeting of liberals, left-wingers, artists and musicians who were trying to start a counter-culture magazine. One of the first questions we grappled with was what to call the thing, and I suggested "kaleidoscope." I got my first taste of liberals' hypocrisy when the ones present at that meeting said the poor working masses wouldn't know what a kaleidoscope is, and anyway it sounded too much like "collide" and therefore wasn't mellow enough. I immediately withdrew from that project and swore that someday I'd start a magazine with a really obscure word as its name, a magazine that wouldn't be crippled by compromise, committee thinking, or fear of controversy. And so, after many years of dicking around with various media experiments, I've finally gotten around to fulfilling this promise to myself. + An "alembic" is a type of mediaeval distillation apparatus used by alchemists and others interested in the refinement and purification of substances and ideas. An apt slogan might be, if you can't stand the heat, stay out of The Alembic. -RKH + + +______________________________________________________________________________ +The ALEMBIC is published sporadically. No copyright. To receive the next four editions, send five dollars (cash currency please) to The Alembic, Box 547014, Orlando FL 32854 USA. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ +Editor's Note: Choosing an appropriate lead-off article to set the tone for the rest of The Alembic's existence was a difficult task requiring months of reading and careful thought. I selected this essay by the most radical philosopher currently living on the earth, a man who finds most anarchists to be too conservative for his taste. Bob wrote the following article several years ago inspired by incidents in which fanatical feminists fire-bombed pornography dealerships in hopes of drawing attention to porn and getting the legal system to clamp down on the dealers. Although these "actions" were supported by some firmly-entrenched anarchist 'zines, notably the hideous Open Road and Kick it Over, Bob was one of the few writers in the anti-authoritarian world with the courage to point out that such actions and motivations have nothing to do with the quest for freedom. For exposing irrationalities and contradictions in spite of the social consequences, we award Mr. Black the lead-off position in our batting order. + + + Feminism as Fascism + by Bob Black + + + As the title of a childhood classic points out, Pigs Is Pigs - and this is regardless of the shape of their genitals. Ilse Koch was a Nazi, not a "sister." Love is not hate, war is not peace, freedom is not slavery, and book-burning is not liberatory. Anti-authoritarians who would be revolutionaries confront many difficult questions. First, though, they should answer the easy ones correctly. + All hyperbole and metaphor aside, what passes for "radical feminism" is fascism. It promotes chauvinism, censorship, maternalism, pseudo-anthropology, scapegoating, mystical identification with nature, apartheid, tricked-up pseudo-pagan religiosity, and enforced uniformity of thought and even appearance (in some quarters, Hera help the ectomorphic or "feminine" feminist!). Here is all of the theory and too much of the practice we should all be able to recognize by now. + An ominous tactical continuity with classical fascism, also, is the complementarity between private-vigilantist and statist methods of repression. Thus Open Road, the Rolling Stone of anarchism, applauded some anti-porn actions in Vancouver, not as direct action, hence understandable even if misdirected, but rather because they encouraged lethargic prosecutors to persecute. In post World War 1 Italy, fascist gangs attacked socialist and trade-union organizations with the tacit approval of the police, who never intervened except against the left. (The suppression of the IWW in America followed a similar pattern.) As I once wonderingly asked, "How come these women won't get in bed with any man except the DA?" + Not that I could care less about the porn-for-profit industry, for its "rights" of free speech or property. That is beside the point, which is: why single out this species of business? To target porn bespeaks planning and priorities, not elemental anti-capitalist spontaneity. Those who carry out a calculated policy can't complain if their reasons are asked for, and questioned. + Fascist ideology always incongruously asserts to its audience, its chosen people, that they really are at one and the same time oppressed and superior. The Germans didn't really lose the First World War (how could they? ex hypothesi they are superior) therefore, they were stabbed in the back. (But how could a superior race let such a situation arise in the first place?) Men alone, we are told in a feminist Anti-Pornography Movement diatribe in Toronto's Kick It Over, "have created the nature-destroying and woman-hating culture." If so, then either women have contributed absolutely nothing to culture, or there is something more or something else to this culture than destroying nature and hating women. + For their own purposes (some of which are as mundane as sexual rivalry with straight men for the women they both desire), self-styled radical feminists actually reduce women to nothing but helpless, cringing near-vegetables, passive victims of male contempt and coercion. This profoundly insults women in a way which the worst patriarchal ideologies - the Jewish notion of woman as a source of pollution, for instance, or the Christian nightmare of woman as temptress and uncontrollable sexual nature-force - fell short of. They defamed woman as evil but could hardly regard her as powerless. The new woman-as-victim stereotype is directly traceable to 19th century Victorian patriarchal attitudes reducing (bourgeois) women to inert ornaments. By denying to women the creative power inherent in everyone, it places women's demands on a par with those advanced for, say, baby seals. + Suppose instead what only the most demented feminists and misogynists deny, that things aren't quite that bad, that women have been subjects as well as objects of history. Then how can women - or any other subordinated group: workers, blacks, indigenous peoples - be entirely acquitted of all complicity in the arrangements which condemn them to domination? There are reasons for these accomodations. There is no excuse for denying their existence. + (Just a quick comment on a striking imbecility in the quoted comment which passed unquestioned in Kick It Over. It is generally supposed, and not only by the When God Was a Woman crowd, that women probably invented agriculture. Among the consequences of this discovery were - to say nothing of the state, class society, property, etc. - the destruction of most of the ecosystems which previously flourished. Agriculture has annihilated much of the diversity of the biosphere already, creating deserts and extinguishing the habitats not only of countless plants and animals but also of the last remaining stateless, classless human societies. What then of woman's innate affinity with nature? "When God was a woman" it was already necessary to abolish her.) + This isn't sour grapes. It has never bothered me that some women dislike men, even to the point of having nothing to do with them. I don't like most men myself, especially the archetypal "masculine" ones. I can't help but notice, though, that the vast majority of women feel otherwise. The radical feminists have noticed it too and it drives them to distraction. I would be the first to agree that vast majorities can be wrong. But then I criticize majorities, I don't pretend to speak for them. Radical feminists, in contrast, are vanguardists. As such they need to rationalize their animosities, and so they have, making a dick-determinist demonology out of their prejudices. As man-haters they can't help but be woman-haters also. + To equate pornography with rape - beneath the rancorous rhetorical froth, this seems to be the core APM axiom - is presumably intended to make porn seem more serious. And yet, if men call the shots and the system's built-in tendency is (as we're told) to denature oppositional initiatives of which the feminists' is the most revolutionary, then the likely result is rather to make rape seem more trivial. It's the old story of the womyn who cried wolf. + According to feminoid epistemology, men understand nothing of the real nature of women. One might logically suppose that the estrangement of the sexes resulting from disparate r les and discrimination would work both ways, and so most of us attending to our actual experience reluctantly conclude. But no: men don't understand women, but women (at least their radical feminist vanguard) understand men. Women - feminist experts, anyway - understand pornography and its meaning for men much better than the men who write and read it - and lesbian-separatists, who avoid men and decline to have sex with them, appreciate these verities best of all. The more remote your experience is from the real life of actual men, the better you understand them. Turning this around, isn't the Pope, as he claims, the ultimate authority on women and sexuality? + The asserted connection of porn with rape is allegorical, not empirical. As a correlation it compares with the recently revived "reefer madness" marijuana-to-heroin Rake's Progress line in its absurdity and in its suitability for the state's purposes. If feminism didn't exist, conservative politicians would have had to invent it. (Why, pray tell, did all-male legislatures ever criminalize "obscenity" in the first place? And why do all-male courts arbitrarily exclude it from constitutional protection?) APM harpies, should they ever deal with people instead of their own fevered projections, would discover that porn is of no interest to the majority of post-pubescent males - not because they are politically correct but because most males find porn gross, sleazy, and above all, inferior to the real thing. + The feminist book-burners are cowardly opportunists. If what they object to is the subliminal socialization of women into subservient r les vis-a-vis men (curiously, adopting the same r les vis-a-vis butch lesbians is harmless fun), their primary, near-pre mptive preoccupation would have to be Cosmopolitan, Barbara Courtland romances, and the vast cryptopornographic pop literature written for and snapped up by women. After all, the gore and violence are derivative: only victims can be victimized in any way. Fifteen years ago, the original women's liberationists (subsequently switched like changelings with today's priestesses, lawyers and upscale bureaucrettes) at least lashed out at influential enemies like Hugh Hefner and Andy Warhol. Nowadays they terrorize teenage punk anarchists whose collages insinuate, for instance, that Margaret Thatcher is a ruler, the "mother of a thousand dead," not a "sister." Such is the logic of this bizarre biological determinism: any animal equipped with a vagina is one of Us, any prick-privileged person is one of Them. One can only echo The Firesign Theatre: "Who am us, anyway?" + Male leftists are easy and often willing yes-men to feminist aggrandizement. They combine guilt at past improprieties (by and large, those who feel guilty - toward women, blacks, foreigners, whatever - usually are) with a present ambition to get into the leftist-feminists' pants. Thus Berkeley, California, where I used to live, is crawling with male "feminists" who converted, the easier to get laid. Much the same scam seems to be happening in Toronto and, doubtless, many other places. These ulterior ambitions don't in themselves discredit the ideologies to which they are appended - one can come to the right conclusion for the worst of reasons. But insofar as the opinions at issue certainly seem to be idiotic to anyone without an extraneous interest in embracing them, otherwise inexplicable paroxysms by (male) intellectuals seem to be most plausibly explainable as self-interested insincere rationalizations. + Possibly the ideology I've excoriated is something that some people had to work through in order to free themselves to the extent necessary to venture upon a project of collective liberation. Already a few alumnae of feminism have moved on to the common quest for freedom, and some are the better for what they've been through. We all have our antecedent embarrassments (Marxism, libertarianism, syndicalism, Objectivism, etc.) to put behind us. Had we not thought in ideological terms it's hard to believe we'd ever get to the point where we could think for ourselves. To be a Trotskyist or a Jesuit is, in itself, to be a believer, that is to say a chump. And yet a rigorous romp through any system might show the way out of the Master-System itself. + Not likely, however, when women critics are ostracized as renegades while male critics are ignored or defamed as a matter of principle. (A precisely parallel mechanism for maintaining a conspiracy of silence is worked by Zionists: Gentile critics are "anti-Semites," Jewish critics can only be consumed by "Jewish self-hatred.") Separatism may be absurd as a social program and riddled with inconsistencies (scarcely any separatists separate from patriarchal society to anything like the extent that, say, survivalists do - and nobody intervenes more to mind other people's business than separatists). But semi-isolation makes it easier to indoctrinate neophytes and shut out adverse evidence and argument, an insight radical feminists share with Moonies, Hare Krishna, and other cultists. It's fortunate that their doctrines and subculture as initially encountered are so unappetizing. Indeed, I've noticed a graying of radical feminism - as Sixties politics and culture continue to gutter out, less and less women have had the proper pre-soak preparing them for feminist brainwashing. Radical feminists (so-called) in their early twenties are rare, and getting scarcer. + Radical feminism (no point disputing title to the phrase with its present owners), then, is a ludicrous, hate-filled, authoritarian, sexist dogmatic construct which revolutionaries accord an unmerited legitimacy by taking seriously at all. It is time to stop matronizing these terrorists of the trivial and hold them responsible for preaching genocidal jive and practicing the very evil (even, if the truth be told, rape!) they insist has been inflicted on them. (Or, rather, as it usually turns out, some other suppositious "sister": the typical radical feminist has had it pretty good.) How to thwart femino-fascism? That's easy: just take feminists at face value and treat them as equals... then hear them howl! The Empress has no clothes...and that's what I call obscene. + +Our thanks to the author for providing the current version of the above. A book of his collected essays is available for $6 postpaid: Bob Black, P.O. Box 2159, Albany NY 12220. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Non-Voters Defeat Politicians + by Rick Harrison + + The news media have been very quiet about the fact that half the population didn't vote on November 8th. They have also tried to avoid reporting that 29% of American adults refused to register this year in defiance of the increasingly shrill and emotional shrieking of newscasters, commentators and other clowns in the media circus. Once again the band of looters known as politicians have suffered a defeat at the hands of the non-voters. The growing number of abstainers are calling into question the phony form of democracy foisted off as "free and open elections" in this country. The false nature of elections and their irrelevance to our everyday lives are becoming so obvious that even ordinary people are starting to notice. + In Marxist nations' phony elections, the voter is given a ballot with the name of the Communist Party's candidate, a box labelled "yes" and a box labelled "no." The majority of voters mark the "yes" box because a "no" vote would be futile; the Party candidate would take office anyway. + In the United States, the voter is presented with an equally bleak choice: Republican or Democrat. And, thanks to the antics of pollsters and newscasters, the outcome of the election is equally pre-determined. The difference between the two "choices" is increasingly small. It is almost impossible for other political parties to get on the ballot, and even if they succeed in doing so, they cannot get serious media attention, and cynical commentators tell people that voting for a third party is like "throwing your vote away" - as if voting for the Republi-crats were any less futile. + In this year's Presidential race - and it is a 'race,' similar to a horse race - the "choice" was so distasteful that over four hundred newspapers across the country refused to endorse either candidate! The Democrats and Republicans are really just two branches of the same scurrilous party, the political mafia, which funnels tax dollars extorted by force from productive citizens into the pockets of defense contractors and other profiteering pirates. + Large advertising budgets and negative, selfishness-inducing TV commercials are what win elections. The candidate's personality, if any, is hidden behind a carefully built media image. Voters dutifully march off to the polls and select their favorite illusions. The apparent importance of the ceremony is propped up by the media who try to make themselves look important by rushing around to cover the masochistic farce. The true "bias" of the media - a leaning toward shallowness and conformity - is shown by their support of the electoral spectacle. It is widely conceded that only wealthy and influential persons can successfully run for a national political office. This situation bears no resemblance to true democracy, to say nothing of true liberty. + This year the non-voters have, once again, outnumbered the supporters of any political party. A significant number of people are moving toward real freedom by shrugging off the government-sponsored, duty-polluted ritual of voting. We frighten the establishment; this is obvious in the hysterical tones of their pro-voting advertisements. How long can they pretend to be running a legitimate government? These vermin should be ashamed to take office. What if they had an election and nobody came? With any luck, we'll find out pretty soon! + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Flush the Family! + by Carlos Eagle Smythe + + Politicians and religion-pushers place great value on "the family" and use it as a basis for many of their absurd claims. They're in a frenzy to create a police state to "save our children from drugs;" we have to sacrifice our right to privacy and submit to searches and urine tests, they say, because "drugs are destroying our families." They want to reward promiscuous heterosexuals with tax credits for their irresponsible, uncontrolled production of noisy, repulsive babies because "the family is the foundation of our society." During campaign season - the most depressing aspect of autumn - flabby white men wearing suits parade their pale, ugly, beardless, wimpy faces in front of us and claim that we should vote for them because they're "family men." If authoritarians and moral tyrants are so bloody enthusiastic about "the family," it obviously must be one of the delusions from which their illegitimate power is derived. + The fantasy of the ideal family has been explored in TV shows like The Waltons and Leave it to Beaver. The hideous reality has been hinted at in movies like "Texas Chain Saw Massacre" and "Who's Afraid of Virginia Wolf." The dichotomy between the typical destructive family and the imaginary supportive family is a source of stress and distraction for many individuals leading dissipated lives. Phone-in talk shows, office gossip sessions and psychiatrists' couches are full of people wondering why their parents don't approve of them, why their children aren't obedient, or why they can't quite force themselves to love the more repugnant members of their families. Instead of trying in vain to realize the untenable ideal of "normal family life," these tormented souls should gleefully cast off that yoke of unfounded obligations and endeavor to become free individuals. The "family bond" is a noose! + Being part of a family is like having a job or being in prison - it forces you to associate with people you would never voluntarily go near. The idea that one should tolerate a tyrannical parent or an irritating sibling just because that person is related to you, through an accident of birth over which you had no control, is ludicrous. But today's apologists for authority support the family precisely because it is based on involuntary servitude. The obligatory nature of the traditional family puts it in direct opposition to the anti-authoritarian ideal of voluntary, face-to-face co-operation among agreeable individuals. Of course, if you have a relative to whom you feel favorably disposed, I'm not suggesting that you should tell him/her to take a flying leap. On the other hand, if any of your kinfolk are trying to obligate, coerce or manipulate you in some way, consider the liberatory possibilities of telling them to take a long walk on a short pier. + In those households where it's still intact enough to be recognizable, the family is the primary training ground for blind obedience and delayed (i.e. denied) gratification. The catch-phrases used by familial dictators include: + "Because I said so, that's why!" (brilliant example of authoritarian logic); + "As long as you live under my roof, you'll live by my rules!" (as if children have any choice about where they live); + and, who could forget, the barbarian's stand-by, "Do you want to get spanked?!" Authority is also maintained by various punishment-and-reward schemes which remind me of the way people train puppies not to crap on the carpet. It seems strange - not to mention morally questionable - that the average ignoramus who happens to have children uses methods of discipline that would be more suitable for dealing with pets. The traditional techniques of child-rearing, like sausages, are easy to swallow as long as you don't examine them too closely. + More often than not, families only succeed in passing on their worst characteristics to successive generations. Victims of child abuse frequently become child abusers. Likewise, alcoholism, ignorance, religion, military careers, vulgar accents, various physical diseases and other hideous traits are the repulsive legacies which many parents leave to their offspring. + The nuclear family has been so effectively merchandised that we may have difficulty imagining more ethical ways to deal with those little rascals known as children. For starters, maybe kids shouldn't be considered prisoners who always have to be in the custody of some parent, teacher, day-care drone or other self-appointed dictator. Sending children to school every morning prepares them to waste their lives going to work every day to perform tasks they consider meaningless, so the abolition of school is a top priority, and the high drop-out rate may be a hopeful sign that millions of untrained, uncontrollable people are entering the population. They are likely to be morons but at least they will have escaped a considerable amount of brainwashing. + As human beings, we have a duty to ourselves to consider the ways in which the irrational institution of the family has interfered with our freedom, and to formulate alternative ways of living. For starters, we can wipe our disagreeable relatives off our buttocks, drop them into the commode, and flush the family! + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + The Power of Negative Thinking + anonymous + + A particular form of social submission is very popular these days. Known as positive attitude, positive energy or positive thinking, this style of rolling over and playing dead is widely endorsed by bosses, psychologists, religious leaders and others who have an interest in controlling people. I am not suggesting that there's anything wrong with optimism if it fits the circumstances and your personality. However, the current promoters of positivity have taken phony optimism to an extreme and transformed it into a tool for dominating others. + I've experienced several workplaces where the people in charge considered a willingness to smile and hug more important than having the talent or intelligence to do one's job. One place went down the toilet financially because its customers and directors were more interested in exchanging "warm fuzzies" than in doing the things necessary to make a business survive. This particular case, the demise of the local health food co-op in 1986, serves as a vivid example of how pre-occupation with attitude and atmosphere can eclipse more significant concerns. Although the co-op financially self destructed by bending over backwards to project an aura of mellowness, for example by failing to sue or prosecute a former manager who allowed hundreds of dollars to "disappear," its collapse paradoxically created a lot of hard feelings when the members realized they would not be able to recover their "membership investments." There's no way you can win when you play the attitude game. + In most social circles, this positive stupidity is used bluntly to squash any opposition to the establishment. In certain "liberal" and even "anarchist" groups and publications, anyone who points out factual errors, flawed logic or questionable tactics is brushed off as "just being negative" or "engaging in a personal vendetta." The reactions of innumerable "radical" magazines to Bob Black's criticisms of their flaws serve as a glaring example of this tactic. On the local scene, professional activist Bruce Gagnon returns mail unopened when it comes from anarchists who've had the nerve to point out the silliness of his collaborating with earth-destroying corporations, the miserable masochism of his groups' choreographed marches and spectacular arrests, and other conspicuous contradictions. The anarchists are too negative and fanatical, he would say, which means they threaten his livelihood by revealing that he is a steam valve which protects the repressive machinery he pretends to resist. + In any organization, whenever someone points out the leadership's blunders, the affected bureaucrats throw up a smoke screen by wailing about negativity, bad attitude, sour grapes, personal attacks, etc. They try to divert attention away from their error by making it look like there's something wrong with the person who pointed it out. However, in most cases, the person accused of having a "bad attitude" is merely saying what everybody else is thinking. + I have a friend who works in a corporate environment where people are advanced or demoted mainly on the basis of their attitude. The people who run this company are something less than geniuses. Their letters and memos are full of spelling errors and flawed grammar; their speech reveals an inability to deal with complex thoughts or logical reasoning. It's amazing that other companies are willing to deal with an enterprise which so openly displays the subnormal intelligence of those who control it. On second thought, maybe it's not so amazing; maybe the clients hope to take advantage of these businessmen's stupidity. + Anyway, my friend was doing pretty well at this company; his hours and responsibilities were steadily increasing, and he was looking forward to a promotion to full-time status. Then, one Friday morning, the corporate brass suddenly asked him to work the next night, but he declined because he had long ago made plans to take his girlfriend to a party that evening. + Later, this friend of mine was discussing an upcoming event with one of his supervisors, a woman who leaves a trail of confusion and inaccuracy everywhere she goes but who manages to cling to her job by hugging and smiling a lot. Three times during the meeting, this spacey supervisor said that a certain event would occur at one location, and my friend pointed out that it was actually planned for a completely different location. The third time this happened, she glared at him and said through clenched teeth, "DON'T PUSH IT!" + Oops, her mask came off! For a moment the phony facade, the vacuous corporate smile, slipped away and revealed the insecure, confused, power-grasping bureaucrat that lies beneath the hugging and grinning disguise! + It is generally known throughout the corporation that, as a result of these two incidents, my friend is no longer considered to have a 100% positive attitude, and his chances of getting official full-time status with benefits are nil, even though he works six days a week! But this is typical of business shrouded in the fog of phony positivity; they'll smile at you, shake your hand or hug you while simultaneously passing judgement on you, exploiting you, violating contracts and union regulations and labor laws and anything else that might impede their profits. And, maybe even worse, they'll continue to make mistakes and stupid decisions that make your life harder, and then they'll fire or demote you if you lose control of yourself and blurt out the truth about their imbecility! + Those of us who are boldly negative (toward bureaucrats' lies) are feared and despised in every organization precisely because our bluntness has the potential to depose every nasty little authoritarian who relies on social sleight of hand to maintain power over others. + It should come as no surprise that every organization, company and +movement depends on dirty tricks to keep itself glued together. This is precisely why practitioners (as opposed to professors) of philosophy rarely if ever belong to any organizations. As one compulsive truth-teller observed, "Every organization has more in common with every other organization than it has with any of the unorganized." + If someone accuses you of being negative or having a bad attitude, what they really mean is you've given them an unwanted dose of reality, a shocking glimpse of truth which threatens to dislodge the makeshift mental structures with which they've propped themselves in an untenable position. + Being opposed to stupidity or negative toward irrationality is nothing to be ashamed of. Don't let the lying bureaucrats of the world get away with referring to honesty as negativity. When they offer you a chance to support their illusions, JUST SAY NO. + +Post Scriptum. The friend mentioned above finally did get full-time status, but if he ever divides his salary by the number of hours he's working, I don't think he'll be too thrilled. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + The Coming Food Crisis in America + by Lawrence Livermore +excerpted from Lookout!, a sporadic leftwing magazine available for $1 per issue from Lookout!, P. O. Box 1000, Laytonville CA 95454. + + Probably you don't give a whole lot of thought to where food comes from; it's one of those things like water or electricity or television that you can pretty much count on always being there, provided, of course, that you have the money to pay for it. + That's the way it's been as long as most of us can remember. In fact, for much of the 20th century, the industrialized countries of the world have been producing more food than they could possibly use. True, millions of people have starved to death during that time, not because of a shortage of food, but because a certain amount of hunger is deemed necessary to keep the food business profitable. In theory, if the world's harvest were distributed more or less equally, no one would lack adequate nutrition. + That may have been true up until now, but that same lack of enlightened leadership has produced a potentially disastrous situation. The United States has squandered its agricultural resources so badly that we may be forced in our lifetimes to deal with severe shortages of food, perhaps even outright famine. + Already the quality if not the quantity of what we eat is in doubt. A person from the 19th century set loose in a modern supermarket might well wonder where the food is kept. Except for one aisle of produce and one of meat, the rest of the store would present a bewildering array of cans and boxes with lists of ingredients that read more like a chemistry experiment than the components of a nutritious diet. + And it is an experiment, the results of which remain to be seen. Consider that throughout all of human existence, the things that people ate remained remarkably unchanged, being limited to what they could catch or what grew up out of the ground. Processed and refined foods are almost completely a development of the past century. Omnivorous man would appear to have adapted well to the many strange and bizarre foodstuffs that have emerged out of the lab and the factory, but perhaps it is still too soon to tell. Life expectancies are greater than at any time in recorded history, but so is the occurrence of diet-related illnesses like cancer and heart disease. + But regardless of whether we eat our food fresh from the ground or only after it has been packaged and sanitized, we can produce nothing without the basic raw materials. In the case offood, the raw materials are so simple that the temptation to take them for granted is overwhelming. Earth and water: two of the most common things in the world. And sunlight, of course, something of which we have a free and never-ending supply. + But with the earth's protective ozone layer being rapidly stripped away by pollution, even the sun threatens to become the destroyer rather than the giver of life. And soil and water are disappearing at a rate that should constitute a national, actually a global crisis. But there is a general sense of complacency, even among those actually engaged in agriculture, let alone those who know little or nothing about its workings. Technology has increased the efficiency and yield of the modern farm dramatically; why should we not assume that it can deal with any new problems that might emerge? + Part of the problem is that, as poet (and farmer) Wendell Berry points out, we have lost much of our sense of "culture" involved in agriculture: " the economy of money has infiltrated and subverted the economies of nature, energy, and the human spirit." In the same way that city dwellers have largely lost touch with the nature of the earth that sustains them, many farmers have, strange as it may seem, become alienated from the land that they cultivate. + Though there are other factors involved, by far the biggest one +is economics. As much of a disaster as collective farming has been in the Soviet Union, so has capitalism been in the United States, albeit +in a completely different way. + There is enormous pressure on the individual American farmer to continually expand at any cost. The average size of farms has grown while the number of individuals involved in farming has drastically shrunk. This is especially true in the western United States, where the costs of irrigating and fertilizing marginal land make it almost inevitable that the corporate farm will become dominant. + In traditional farming, a family might have had as little as 10 or 20 acres that would be passed down from generation to generation, and which would be that family's sole source of sustenance. It would obviously be in the farmer's interest to know that land as well as he knew his own children, and to take equally good care of it. He would not be inclined to casually experiment with some potion offered him by a city slicker with the promise that it would produce twice the crops in half the time. + But what is such a farmer to do when a large company buys up the adjacent 5000 acres, spikes the soil with potent fertilizers, plows out all the windbreaks and protective contours, and sinks deep wells that suck out ground water twice as fast as it can be replenished? In the long run such techniques will lead todisaster, but in the meantime they will produce large yields that will drive prices down, and if the smaller farmer doesn't adopt similar techniques to keep up with the competition, he's out of business. + At this point some sort of food crisis is nearly inevitable; even if we start today to make all the necessary changes in our agricultural practices (something which is really not likely to happen until some sort of obvious calamity shocks people into action), we are not going to be able to continue producing and consuming food so profligately. Those who stand to suffer the most are the ones who assume that they will always be able just to stroll into Safeway and pick up whatever they need, and those farmers who have mortgaged their futures to agricultural techniques that are rapidly becoming obsolete and self-defeating. + One absolute essential is that we reduce our agriculture to a manageable scale, not just back to the old-fashioned family farm, though that would be a step in the right direction, but to the point where back yards and vacant lots all over our cities begin producing things more useful than ornamental (and extremely wasteful) lawns and shrubberies. Our present system of mass-producing food in one location and then trucking it all over the place is insane; not only is the amount of energy thus squandered unconscionable, but it leaves us dangerously dependent on a system of transportation that could be rendered useless by even a brief interruption in our oil supply. + On a society-wide basis, we need to make major changes; there's no denying that. Among them are the elimination of all toxic herbicides and pesticides, a ban or a severe limitation on the production of non-biodegradable materials, mandatory recycling of all waste products, sustained yield management of our water resources, and the end of all subsidies to massive corporate-run farms. We also need to increase people's consciousness about what they put into their bodies and to help them realize that fresh, whole foods are better both for them and for society as a whole. + If we wait for the rest of the country to institute these changes, we're going to be in deep trouble. The best thing we can do is to begin learning how to provide for ourselves in a healthy, ecologically balanced manner, and in the process demonstrate to others how much better things work that way. But it's important that we get started now. Otherwise, things could get pretty hungry around here. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Superceding Situationism + +The following item appeared as a letter to the editor in SNARL, formerly known as SMILE (available for $1 plus postage from Box 3502, Madison WI 53704). Whether situationism is a valid form of political analysis or just a particularly oblique and obfuscatory style of writing is still a matter for debate, in our opinion... + + I noticed that SMILE is very much influenced by the Situationist writings. Since they have been a major influence in the development of my own analysis and practice, I won t tell you that you are making a mistake, but be aware that Situationist thought is not beyond criticism. Its proponents seemed to try to make it appear so, as did the proponents of its predecessors Marxism and Hegelianism. + The failings of Situationist thought are as follows: + 1) An inadequate investigation of the natures of technology and of organization, and of their relationships to work and to domination. + 2) A continued, unadmitted adherence to humanism. + 3) An inadequate analysis of the nature of use value and its place in the suppression of free play. + 4) An inadequate analysis of self-management; non-recognition that it may, in fact, be the most efficient form of capitalism. + 5) An inability to see the need to eroticize the world, not just the human race. + 6) A continued willingness to suppress the immediacy of desire as shown by their attachment to high-tech fantasies which would require production. + 7) From which follows, an inadequate analysis of the nature of production and economy. + -Feral Fawn + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Methods as Message, or, Religion as Rabies + by X. Rayburn + + + People who have political or religious beliefs usually try to convince others to share their beliefs, and their methods of persuasion can say a lot about the validity of their concepts. Factions which publish their ideas or share them face-to-face with others are contributing to the evolution of mankind's understanding of the universe. Factions which engage in bully tactics such as bombings, threats, hostage-taking, or having their opponents jailed or executed, are simply wrong. Their ideas are wrong and they instinctively know it, but they've become addicted to the adrenalin rush of fanaticism, so they cling to their beliefs and practically try to force others to adopt them. + Consider the religious conversion of Duffey Strode, a North Carolina schoolboy who has been suspended several times for disrupting school activities by shouting hateful, abusive, religious comments at people. A recent Washington Post article reveals how this boy was introduced to his inhumane faith. + His father David Strode came home from work one day when the boy was five years old and described the horrors of "hell" in graphic, terrifying terms. He then told his son, "You are a sinner and you are going to hell." {The Strodes' religion teaches that god is going to punish people for the imperfections which god himself created. The fact that this makes no sense at all never seems to dawn on them.} + David Strode describes the subsequent conversion of his son in these terms: "Man, those tears begun to run and he looked at me and he said, 'Daddy, I don't want to go to hell.' I said, 'I know somebody who will get you out of hell and his name is Jesus Christ.'" The young boy who had been scared out of his wits said, "Daddy, I want to be saved." + He needs to be saved, for sure - not from the imaginary deep fat fryer of "hell" but from his father, and the howling hobgoblins of dark-ages superstition. + Barry Weaver, another Carolina street preacher, similarly told his daughter that she was going to burn in "hell" when she was five years old. Weaver, in the hick dialect of English frequently used by such morons, brags, "I let my daughter lay and cry herself to sleep for a week straight about the flames of hell. I could have ran right in there and gave her the gospel and she could have made a profession of salvation, but I let it get deep into her memory...that there is a hell. And that will affect her whole life. That's why she's an obedient child." + Thanks, Mr. Weaver, for showing us the links between the inhumane institutions of religion, authority, and the traditional family. If there were a hell, it would be reserved for sadistic bastards like you who make themselves feel powerful by mentally torturing their own helpless offspring. + The fact that these whackos have to terrorize young children to get converts says something about their religion. These fanatics, who are hated by hundreds of their townspeople, cannot persuade adults through rational conversation and logical argument; instead, they shout about "hell," as if increased volume of voice could turn fantasy into fact, and they scare infants into submission. + As their methods of conversion show, their whole religion is based on fear, hence the phrase "god-fearing people." The fear in question is probably a fear of the unknown, and in the case of these rabid lunatics who terrorize children, "the unknown" includes practically everything. + Remember, this is the same religion that used to imprison, torture, hang and burn individuals who dared to be non-believers. The followers of this faith would do the same today if given the chance, but their power has been diluted somewhat by the forces of science, philosophy, and an increasing number of people who resist the moralistic meddling of wretched religionists. We must never cease to defend ourselves against the fanatically faithful. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Language and Liberty + by Alfredo Bonanno + +from the book From Riot to Insurrection, translated by Jean Weir, published by and available from Elephant Editions, B.M. Elephant, London WC1N 3XX, England. Bonanno points out that robots and automated devices are replacing workers at a rapid pace, creating a huge and permanent underclass of under-employed and un-employed persons whom he calls "the excluded." He asserts that the potentially dangerous hordes of the excluded will be pacified and controlled through, among other things, language + + So what will the privileged try to do? They will try to cut the excluded off from the included. Cut off in what way? By cutting off communication. This is the central concept of the repression of the future, a concept which, in my opinion, should be examined as deeply as possible. To cut off communication means two things. To construct a reduced language that is modest and has an absolutely elementary code to supply to the excluded so that they can use the computer terminals. Something extremely simple that will keep them quiet. And to provide the included, on the other hand, with a language of "the included," so that their world will go towards that utopia of privilege and capital that is sought more or less everywhere. That will be the real wall: the lack of a common language. This will be the real prison wall, one that is not easily scaled. + This problem presents various interesting aspects. Above all there is the situation of the included themselves. Let us not forget that in this world of privilege, there will be people who in the past have had a wide revolutionary-ideological experience, and they may not enjoy their situation of privilege tomorow, feeling themselves asphyxiated inside the Teutonic castle. These will be the first thorn in the side of the capitalist project. The class homecomers, that is, those who abandon their class. Who were the homecomers of the class of yesterday? I, myself, once belonged to the class of the privileged. I abandoned it to become "a comrade among comrades," from privileged of yesterday to revolutionary of today. But what have I brought with me? I have brought my Humanist culture, my ideological culture. But the homecomer of tomorrow, the revolutionary who abandons tomorrow's privileged class, will bring technology with him, because one of the characteristics of tomorrow's capitalist project and one of the essential conditions for it to remain standing, will be a distribution of knowledge that is no longer pyramidal but horizontal. Capital will need to distribute knowledge in a more reasonable and equal way - but always within the class of the included. Therefore the deserters of tomorrow will bring with them a considerable number of usable elements from a revolutionary point of view. + And the excluded? Will they continue to keep quiet? In fact, what will they be able to ask for once communication has been cut off? To ask for something, it is necessary to know what to ask for. I cannot have an idea based on suffering and the lack of something of whose existence I know nothing, which means absolutely nothing to me and which does not stimulate my desires. The severing of a common language will make the reformism of yesterday - the piecemeal demand for better conditions and the reduction of repression and exploitation - completely outdated. Reformism was based on the common language that existed between exploited and exploiter. If the languages are different, nothing more can be asked for. Nothing interests me about something I do not understand, which I know nothing about. So, the realisation of the capitalist project of the future - of this post-industrial project as it is commonly imagined - will essentially be based on keeping the exploited quiet. It will give them a code of behavior based on very simple elements so as to allow them to use the telephone, television, computer terminals, and all the other objects that will satisfy the basic, primary, tertiary and other needs of the excluded and at the same time ensure that they are kept under control. This will be a painless rather than a bloody procedure. Torture will come to an end. No more bloodstains on the wall. That will stop - up to a certain point, of course. There will be situations where it will continue. But, in general, a cloak of silence will fall over the excluded. + However, there is one flaw in all this. Rebellion in man is not tied to need alone, to being aware of the lack of something and struggling against it. If you think about it, this is a purely illuminist concept which was later developed by English philosophical ideology - Bentham and co. - who spoke from a Utilitarian perspective. For the past 150 years our ideological propaganda has been based on these rational foundations, asking why it is that we lack something, and why it is right that we should have something because we are all equal; but, comrades, what they are going to cut along with language is the concept of equality, humanity, fraternity. The included of tomorrow will not feel himself humanly and fraternally similar to the excluded, but will see him as something other. The excluded of tomorrow will be outside the Teutonic castle and will not see the included as his possible post-revolutionary brother of tomorrow. They will be two different things. In the same way that today I consider my dog "different" because it does not "speak" to me but barks. Of course I love my dog, I like him, he is useful to me, he guards me, is friendly, wags his tail; but I cannot imagine struggling for equality between the human and the canine races. All that is far beyond my imagination, is other. Tragically, this separation of languages could also be possible in the future. And indeed, what will be supplied to excluded, what will make up that limited code, if not what is already becoming visible: sounds, images, colours. Nothing of that traditional code that was based on the word, on analysis and common language. Bear in mind that this traditional code was the foundation on which the illuminist and progressive analysis of the transformation of reality was made, an analysis which still today constitutes the basis of revolutionary ideology, whether authoritarian or anarchist (there is no difference as far as the point of departure is concerned). + We anarchists are still tied to the progressive concept of being +able to bring about change with words. But if capital cuts out the word, things will be very different. + We all have experience of the fact that many young people today do not read at all. They can be reached through music and images (television, cinema, comics). But these techniques, as those more competent than myself could explain, have one notable possibility - in the hands of power - which is to reach the irrational feelings that exist inside all of us. In other words, the value of rationality as a means of persusasion and in developing self-awareness that could lead us to attack the class enemy will decline, I don't say completely, but significantly. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Announcing Lojban + excerpted with the permission of the Logical Language Group + + Lojban is a constructed language: the culmination of a project first described in the article "Loglan" in Scientific American, June, 1960. The language has been built over three decades by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters. There are many artificial languages, but Lojban has been engineered to make it unique in several ways. + Lojban was originally designed for the purpose of supporting research on a concept known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Simply expressed, this hypothesis states that the structure of a language constrains the thinking of people using that language. Lojban allows the full expressive capability of a natural language, but differs in structure from other languages in major ways. This allows its use as a test vehicle for scientists studying the relationships between language, thought, and culture. Since it was intended for scientific research, several constraints were imposed on the Lojban design that are not found in other languages. + Like computer languages, Lojban can be parsed by automated algorithms. Unlike natural languages, Loglan has no syntactic ambiguity. Yet, unlike computer languages, Lojban can be spoken naturally by people in everyday communication. Examples of this type of ambiguity in English include the phrase "pretty little girls school." There are no English rules that dictate the grouping of modifiers in the phrase. Lojban has unique ways of expressing each of the twenty logical interpretations of this phrase. + Lojban's grammar is simpler than any natural language. Most of the syntax was tested on a CP/M-based personal computer. (Computers played a vital role in developing and testing the language. Tools used to design computer languages were used to prove that the syntax is unambiguous.) Lojban has none of the standard parts of speech with which you may be familiar. Lojban's predicates (gismu and their compounds) are all of the same part of speech. Each can serve as the equivalent of a noun, verb, adjective or adverb, simultaneously and interchangeably. + Lojban developers have emphasized the early development of computer-aided teaching tools to further enhance learning of the language. You can learn Lojban at home with the help of your personal computer. The orientation in the Lojban community towards computer-based instruction is unique among constructed languages, and solves the problem of how to rapidly spread the language from a small initial base of speakers. + The perceptions of those who have worked on Lojban are that it has already changed our thinking in significant ways. Even those who have never successfully learned other languages have found that we see new meanings in everyday speech, new ways of expressing ideas, and new ideas to express. When the Sapir-Whorf experiment is finally conducted, we have no doubt that Lojban will verify the hypothesis. + Lojban has been developed almost totally by volunteer labor and small donations of money. Like science fiction conventions and computer software development, Lojban attracts people who are willing to devote a lot of time to seeing their dreams become reality. You can register to receive Lojban newsletters and materials by contacting: The Logical Language Group, Bob LeChevalier, 2904 Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031, phone (703) 385-0273. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Alembic trigram #1: College + + "How has your college education helped you? Can't you make a cup of tea without understanding osmosis, brownian motion, capillary action, the meniscus, the laws of thermodynamics and the principles of fluidics? You'd probably make better tea, better in flavor and spiritually more honest, if you'd never studied those academic abstractions." + + -Eric Fahrender in conversation, 1979 + + + "I can only say that for my own part I've come to the conclusion that almost every single moment I spent in authoritarian educational systems was wasted, and I wish now that I'd managed to get myself kicked out when I was 15 instead of 25. Education and learning are good things, but not the way they're conducted at present... Learn whatever you want to learn by reading books and magazines, and thus educate yourself without becoming a mental slave." + + -Fred Woodworth in The Match!, 1988 + + + "If I wished a boy to know something about the arts and sciences, for instance, I would not pursue the common course, which is merely to send him into the neighborhood of some professor, where anything is professed and practiced but the art of life; - to survey the world through a telescope or a microscope, and never with his natural eye; to study chemistry, and not know how his bread is made, or mechanics, and not learn how it is earned; to discover new satellites to Neptune, and not detect the motes in his eyes, or to what vagabond he is a satellite himself; or to be devoured by the monsters that swarm all around him, while contemplating the monsters in a drop of vinegar." + + -Henry David Thoreau in Walden, chapter one + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Connections + by the Alembic staff + + This column is a compendium and encapsulation of recent receptions. + "Mormonoids from the Deep" is a highly unusual adventure game for the Macintosh computer. The player has to navigate through the surreal town of Mormonville, Utah without being killed, converted, or sobering up. On two diskettes for $10 from Robert Carr, c/o Smurfs in Hell, 2210 North 9th Street, Boise ID 83702. + Possessed is a quarterly magazine of poetry, collage, and radical commentary; sample for $1 from P. O. Box 20545, Seattle WA 98102. + Chalcedon Report is a magazine of Christian commentary. A recent edition celebrates a British law mandating that state-sponsored schools have a Christian slant and suggests that Nature itself and human-kind's natural condition are basically devilish and desparately in need of salvation. Bizarre and erroneous. Available for a donation from Box 158, Vallecito CA 95251. + Homocore is a magazine of poems, comics, photos and snide comments for gay punk rockers and other "social mutants." $1 from P.O. Box 77731, San Francisco CA 94107. + "Radio Free America," not be confused with the RFA being done in California or the RFA that transmitted from a ship in the Atlantic, is an audible anarchist magazine on cassette tape assembled by your humble editor. $5 from Rick Harrison, Box 7014, Orlando FL 32854. + Sound Choice is 96 pages of reviews and ads for independently published musical recordings, $3 from Audio Evolution Network, Box 1251, Ojai CA 93023. Indispensible for those who produce or consume unusual musical commodities. + Dream World by Kent Winslow is the autobiography of a contemporary anarchist, detailing his hassles with cops, run-ins with bullies, landlords, religious nuts, and other elements of a world that doesn't appreciate his attempts to improve it. $8 from Fred Woodworth, Box 3488, Tuscon AZ 85722. + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Coming up in future editions of The Alembic: merciless attacks on automobiles, New Ageism, copyright laws, television, and everything else that the average ignoramus takes for granted. Relevant contributions are welcome. Letters to the editor will also be published, providing they are sufficiently concise, controversial and somehow related to past or future articles in this magazine. + + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + Footnote to the Electronic Edition + by Rick Harrison + + At one point in history, the development of paper made the use of clay tablets seem ridiculous. We're entering a time when the development of electronic data transfer is likely to make the use of paper and ink seem equally clumsy and absurd. + Computers make it possible to electronically transmit text and graphics over ordinary phone lines almost instantly; to store an amount of text equal to 12 hardcopy editions (240 pages) of The Alembic on one small diskette; and to encrypt text so that it can only be read by the desired audience. Computers can read text aloud to visually handicapped readers, can display text in your choice of type style and size, and make it easy to correct mistakes or otherwise re-work written material. + Electronic data transfer can accomplish all this and more without requiring the slaughter of oxygen-producing trees; without requiring anyone to work around noisy, sometimes dangerous printing presses that have to be cleaned with toxic, volatile chemicals; and without providing print shop owners and post office cretins an opportunity to suppress or mangle material they don't approve of. + Paper-and-ink publishing is a dinosaur. High quality printing may continue to exist as a fine art, as calligraphy has, but periodical publishers and audiences who cling to hardcopy too long will eventually come to be regarded as selfish, backward, tree-murdering neanderthals. + That's why I have taken advantage of Mike Gunderloy's bold offer of an opportunity to leave this magazine on the Factsheet Five electronic bulletin board. This form of distribution makes The Alembic freely available to everyone who has the wits and good taste to download it, at no cost other than the long distance phone line (and of course the cost of the computer equipment, but many people can get free access to computers from friends or at their workplaces). This completely solves many of the problems that I faced as an ultra-small-press publisher, problems like: how to pay for the postage, how to find potentially appreciative readers, how to physically mail various sizes of magazine without having them get chewed up by the postal service. I was never able to afford to advertise, purchase mailing lists and/or mail many free samples of my hardcopy publications to people, so it was impossible for me to build up a readership of financially self-sustaining size; here in the ethereal world of electronic data transfer, I can make a magazine available to a potentially infinite number of readers for the cost of one upload. + Since all of my print-media publications have operated at a financial loss, as is usually the case with the very small press, I'm not going to bother trying to extract money from the audience. If you feel that reading The Alembic was worthwhile, you could send me a small financial donation to help me recover the long distance charges I incurred while uploading it, but I would just as soon have you leave a written response on this BBS or on CompuServe's E-mail service, which has the embarrassingly silly name of "Easyplex" (my user ID there is 72537,1203). Audience feedback is the main reward sought by small-press publishers, and I am no exception. + Until we meet again, thank your for your attention. Have a good time. + +______________________________________________________________________________ + + The Alembic is a Tangerine Network production. [EOF] + + + + + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron 415-935-5845 + Just Say Yes 415-922-2008 + Rat Head 415-524-3649 + Cheez Whiz 408-363-9766 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + + +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/all11.txt b/politicalTextFiles/all11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46b90ad --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/all11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1730 @@ + +The Declaration of Independence of The United States of America + + +When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for +one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected +them with another, and to assume, among the Powers of the earth, +the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and +of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions +of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which +impel them to the separation. + +We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, +that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, +that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. +That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, +deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, +That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, +it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute +new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing +its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect +their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments +long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; +and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed +to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing +the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and +usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce +them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw +off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. +--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now +the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. +The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated +injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment +of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts +be submitted to a candid world. + +He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary +for the public good. + +He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate +and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation +till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, +he has utterly neglected to attend to them. + +He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of +large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish +the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right +inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. + +He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, +uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their +Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them +into compliance with his measures. + +He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing +with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. + +He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, +to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, +incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large +for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed +to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. + +He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; +for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; +refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, +and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. + +He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent +to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. + +He has made judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure +of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. + +He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of +Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance. + +He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies +without the Consent of our legislatures. + +He has affected to render the Military independent of +and superior to the Civil Power. + +He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction +foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; +giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended legislation: + +For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: + +For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders +which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: + +For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: + +For imposing taxes on us without our Consent: + +For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: + +For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: + +For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring +Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, +and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once +an example and fit instrument for introducing the same +absolute rule into these Colonies: + +For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, +and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: + +For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves +invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. + +He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection +and waging War against us. + +He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, +and destroyed the lives of our people. + +He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries +to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun +with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the +most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy of the Head of a civilized nation. + +He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas +to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of +their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. + +He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has +endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, +the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, +is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. + +In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress +in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered +only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked +by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler +of a free People. + +Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. +We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their +legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. +We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and +settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice +and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our +common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably +interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been +deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, +acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, +as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. + +We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, +in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of +the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, +and by the Authority of the good People of these Colonies, +solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, +and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; +that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, +and that all political connection between them and the State +of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; +and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to +levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, +and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may +of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm +reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge +to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. + + + +December, 1972 [Etext #2] + + +****The Project Gutenberg Etext of The U. S. Bill of Rights**** + + + +The United States Bill of Rights. + +The Ten Original Amendments to the Constitution of the United States +Passed by Congress September 25, 1789 +Ratified December 15, 1791 + + + +I + +Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, +or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, +or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, +and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. + + +II + +A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, +the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. + + +III +No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, +without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, +but in a manner to be prescribed by law. + + +IV + +The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, +and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, +and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath +or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, +and the persons or things to be seized. + + +V + +No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, +unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising +in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service +in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for +the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; +nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, +nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; +nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. + + +VI + +In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a +speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district +wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have +been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature +and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; +to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, +and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. + + +VII + +In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed +twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, +and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court +of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. + + +VIII + +Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, +nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + + +IX + +The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, +shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. + +X + +The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, +nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, +or to the people. + + + + +[Etext #3] November 22, 1973, 10th Anniversary of Assassination +[Officially rereleased for November 22, 1993, 30th Anniversary] + + + +**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Kennedy's Inaugural Address** + + +This is a retranscription of one of the first Project +Gutenberg Etexts, offically dated November 22, 1973-- +and now officially re-released on November 22, 1993-- +on the 30th anniversary of his assassination. + + + +***The Project Gutenberg Etext of Kennedy's Inaugural Address** + +JFK's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961, 12:11 EST + + +We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom. . . +symbolizing an end as well as a beginning. . .signifying renewal +as well as change for I have sworn before you and Almighty God +the same solemn oath our forbears prescribed nearly a century +and three-quarters ago. + +The world is very different now, for man holds in his mortal hands +the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. +And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forbears fought +are still at issue around the globe. . .the belief that the rights of man +come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God. +We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. + +Let the word go forth from this time and place. . .to friend and foe alike. . . +that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans. . . +born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, +proud of our ancient heritage. . .and unwilling to witness or permit the slow +undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, +and to which we are committed today. . .at home and around the world. + +Let every nation know. . .whether it wishes us well or ill. . . +that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, +support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and +the success of liberty. This much we pledge. . .and more. + +To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share: +we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United. . .there is +little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. +Divided. . .there is little we can do. . .for we dare not meet +a powerful challenge, at odds, and split asunder. +To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free: +we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not +have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. +We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. +But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their +own freedom. . .and to remember that. . .in the past. . .those who +foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. +To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe +struggling to break the bonds of mass misery: we pledge our best +efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period +is required. . .not because the Communists may be doing it, +not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. +If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, +it cannot save the few who are rich. + +To our sister republics south of our border: we offer a special pledge. . . +to convert our good words into good deeds. . .in a new alliance for progress +. . .to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of +poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of +hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them +to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. . .and let +every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master +of its own house. + +To that world assembly of sovereign states: the United Nations. . . +our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war +have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge +of support. . .to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for +invective. . .to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak. . . +and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run. + +Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversaries, +we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew +the quest for peace; before the dark powers of destruction unleashed +by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction. +We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient +beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. +But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from +our present course. . .both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, +both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing +to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of Mankind's +final war. + +So let us begin anew. . .remembering on both sides that civility +is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. +Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. +Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring +those problems which divide us. Let both sides, for the first time, +formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and +control of arms. . .and bring the absolute power to destroy +other nations under the absolute control of all nations. +Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead +of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the +deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage +the arts and commerce. Let both sides unite to heed in all corners +of the earth the command of Isaiah. . .to "undo the heavy burdens. . . +let the oppressed go free." + +And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion. . . +let both sides join in creating not a new balance of power. . . +but a new world of law. . .where the strong are just. . . +and the weak secure. . .and the peace preserved. . . . + +All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. +Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days. . . +nor in the life of this administration, nor even perhaps +in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin. + +In your hands, my fellow citizens. . .more than mine. . .will rest the +final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, +each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony +to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered +the call to service surround the globe. Now the trumpet summons us again. . . +not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need. . .not as a call to battle. . . +though embattled we are. . .but a call to bear the burden of a long +twilight struggle. . .year in and year out, rejoicing in hope, +patient in tribulation. . .a struggle against the common enemies of man: +tyranny. . .poverty. . .disease. . .and war itself. Can we forge against +these enemies a grand and global alliance. . .North and South. . . +East and West. . .that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? +Will you join in that historic effort? + +In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted +the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger; I do not shrink +from this responsibility. . .I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us +would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. +The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor +will light our country and all who serve it. . .and the glow from +that fire can truly light the world. + +And so, my fellow Americans. . .ask not what your country can +do for you. . .ask what you can do for your country. My fellow +citizens of the world. . .ask not what America will do for you, +but what together we can do for the Freedom of Man. + +Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, +ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice +which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, +with history the final judge of our deeds; let us go forth to lead +the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that +here on earth God's work must truly be our own. + + + +December, 1974 [Etext #4] + + +**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address** + + +This is a retranscription of one of the first Project +Gutenberg Etexts, offically dated December 31, 1974-- +and now officially re-released on November 19, 1993-- +130 years after it was spoken. We will rerelease the +Inaugural Address of President Kennedy, officially on +November 22, 1993, on the day of the 30th anniversary +of his assassination. + + + +Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, given November 19, 1863 +on the battlefield near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA + + +Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth +upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and +dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. + +Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether +that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . +can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. + +We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place +for those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. +It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. + +But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we cannot consecrate. . . +we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, +who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power +to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, +what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. + +It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished +work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. +It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining +before us. . .that from these honored dead we take increased devotion +to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. . . +that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . . +that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . . +and that government of the people. . .by the people. . .for the people. . . +shall not perish from this earth. + + + + +December, 1975 [Etext #5] + + +*****The Project Gutenberg Etext of The U. S. Constitution***** + +The following edition of The Consitution of the United States of America +has been based on many hours of study of a variety of editions, and will +include certain variant spellings, punctuation, and captialization as we +have been able to reasonable ascertain belonged to the orginal. In case +of internal discrepancies in these matters, most or all have been left. + +In our orginal editions the letters were all CAPITALS, and we did not do +anything about capitalization, consistent or otherwise, nor with most of +the punctuation, since we had limited punctionation in those days. + +This document does NOT include the amendments, as the Bill of Rights was +one of our earlier Project Gutenberg Etexts, and the others will be sent +in a separate posting. + +*** + +We would ask that any Consitutional scholars would please take a minute, +or longer, to send us a note concerning possible corrections. + +*** + + + +THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1787 + + + +We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, +establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, +promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves +and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the +United States of America. + + +Article 1 + +Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a +Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and +House of Representatives. + +Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members +chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, +and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite +for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. + +No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the +Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a citizen of the United States, +and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which +he shall be chosen. + +Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among +the several States which may be included within this Union, +according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined +by adding to the whole number of free Persons, including those +bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, +three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made +within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the +United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, +in such Manner as they shall by law Direct. The number of +Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, +but each State shall have at least one Representative; +and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire +shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island +and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, +New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, +Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. + +When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive +Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. + +The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; +and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. + +Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of +two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, +for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. + +Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, +they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of +the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the expiration of the +second Year, of the second Class at the expiration of the fourth Year, +and of the third Class at the expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third +may be chosen every second Year; and if vacancies happen by Resignation, +or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, +the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the +next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. + +No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of +thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, +and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State +for which he shall be chosen. + +The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, +but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. + +The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President +pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall +exercise the Office of President of the United States. + +The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. +When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. +When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice +shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence +of two thirds of the Members present. + +Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal +from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, +Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall +nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and +Punishment, according to Law. + +Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and +Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; +but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, +except as to the Places of chusing Senators. + +The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, +and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, +unless they shall by law appoint a different Day. + + +Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, +Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a +Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; +but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, +and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, +in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. + +Each house may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, +punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the +Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Member. + +Each house shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, +and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may +in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the +Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of +one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. + +Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the +Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to +any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. + +Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation +for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury +of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and +Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance +at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning +from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, +they shall not be questioned in any other Place. + +No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, +be appointed to any civil Office under the authority of the United States, +which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been +increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the +United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance +in Office. + +Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the +House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with +Amendments as on other Bills. + +Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and +the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the +President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, +but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House +in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections +at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. +If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that house +shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, +together with the Objections, to the other House, by which +it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds +of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such Cases +the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, +and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be +entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill +shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) +after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, +in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their +Adjournment prevent its Return, in which case it shall not be a Law. + +Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate +and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question +of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; +and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, +or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of +the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules +and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. + +Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, +Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence +and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises +shall be uniform throughout the United States; + +To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; + +To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, +and with the Indian Tribes; + +To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws +on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; + +To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, +and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; + +To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities +and current Coin of the United States; + +To establish Post Offices and Post Roads; + +To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing +for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right +to their respective Writings and Discoveries; + +To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; + +To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, +and Offenses against the Law of Nations; + +To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, +and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; + +To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use +shall be for a longer term than two Years; + +To provide and maintain a Navy; + +To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; + +To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, +suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; + +To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for +governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the +United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment +of the Officers, and the Authority of training the militia according +to the discipline prescribed by Congress; + +To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, +over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, +by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, +become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to +exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent +of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, +for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dockyards, +and other needful Buildings;--And + +To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying +into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested +by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, +or in any Department or Officer thereof. + +Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any +of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not +be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight +hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation, +not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. + +The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless +when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. + +No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. + +No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion +to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. + +No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. + +No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue +to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, +or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. + +No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence +of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account +of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be +published from time to time. + +No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States; +and no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, +without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, +Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, +or foreign State. + +Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or +Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; +emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender +in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, +or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. + +No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties +on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing +it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, +laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury +of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision +and Controul of the Congress. + + +No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of +Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any +Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or +engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger +as will not admit of delay. + +ARTICLE 2 + +Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President +of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during +the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President +chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows: + +Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, +a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives +to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or +Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under +the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. + +The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot +for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not lie an Inhabitant of +the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of +all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; +which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to +the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the +President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, +in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, +open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. +The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, +if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; +and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal +Number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately +chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have +a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House +shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, +the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State +having one Vote; a Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member +or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the +States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice +of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of +the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain +two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them +by Ballot the Vice President. + +The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, +and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day +shall be the same throughout the United States. + +No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, +at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to +the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that +Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, +and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. + +In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, +Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the +said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the +Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation +or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what +Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, +until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. + +The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, +a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during +the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive +within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. + +Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the +following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that +I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, +and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the +Constitution of the United States." + +Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army +and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, +when called into the actual Service of the United States; +he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer +in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to +the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power +to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, +except in Cases of impeachment. + +He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the +Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators +present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice +and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public +Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other +Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein +otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: +but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, +as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, +or in the Heads of Departments. + +The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen +during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall +expire at the End of their next session. + +Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress +Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their +Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; +he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either +of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to +the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall +think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; +he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall +Commission all the Officers of the United States. + +Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the +United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, +and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. + +ARTICLE THREE + +Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested +in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may +from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme +and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good behavior, +and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, +which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. + +Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, +arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties +made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting +Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty +and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States +shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;--between a +State and Citizens of another State;--between Citizens of different States; +--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of +different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, +and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. + +In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, +and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have +original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the +supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, +with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. + +The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; +and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall +have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial +shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. + +Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in +levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them +Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on +the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession +in open Court. + +The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of Treason, +but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, +or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. + + +ARTICLE FOUR + +Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the +public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. +And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, +Records, and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. + + +Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all +Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. + +A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, +who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, +shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from +which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having +Jurisdiction of the Crime. + +No person held to Service or Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof, +escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, +be discharged from such Service or Labor, But shall be delivered up on Claim +of the Party to whom such Service or Labor may be due. + + +Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; +but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction +of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two +or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the +Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. + +The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules +and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging +to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so +construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, +or of any particular State. + +Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union +a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against +Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive +(when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. + + +ARTICLE FIVE + +The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, +shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of +the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention +for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents +and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures +of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths +thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by +the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the +Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect +the first and fourth Clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; +and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it's +equal Suffrage in the Senate. + +ARTICLE SIX + +All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption +of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States +under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. + +This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made +in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, +under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme +Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, +any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary +notwithstanding. + +The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the +several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, +both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound +by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious +Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust +under the United States + +ARTICLE SEVEN + +The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the +Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. + +Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present +the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one +thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the +United States of America the Twelfth In Witness whereof We have +hereunto subscribed our Names, + +Go. WASHINGTON-- +Presid. and deputy from Virginia + +New Hampshire + +John Langdon +Nicholas Gilman + +Massachusetts + +Nathaniel Gorham +Rufus King + +Connecticut + +Wm. Saml. Johnson +Roger herman + +New York + +Alexander Hamilton + +New Jersey + +Wil: Livingston +David Brearley +Wm. Paterson +Jona: Dayton + +Pennsylvania + +B Franklin +Thomas Mifflin +Robt Morris +Geo. Clymer +Thos FitzSimons +Jared Ingersoll +James Wilson +Gouv Morris + +Delaware + +Geo: Read +Gunning Bedford jun +John Dickinson +Richard Bassett +Jaco: Broom + +Maryland + +James Mchenry +Dan of St Thos. Jenifer +Danl Carroll + +Virginia + +John Blair-- +James Madison Jr. + +North Carolina + +Wm. Blount +Rich'd Dobbs Spaight +Hu Williamson + +South Carolina + +J. Rutledge +Charles Cotesworth Pinckney +Charles Pinckney +Pierce Butler + +Georgia + +William Few +Abr Baldwin + + +Attest: +William Jackson, Secretary + + + + +December, 1975 [Etext #6] + + +The Project Gutenberg Etext of Give Me LIberty Or Give Me Death + +Officially released in December 1975, unofficially released for +the 200th anniversary of the speech by Patrick Henry before the +"House" as he referred to it. [Which was the Virgina Provincial +Convention, March 23, 1775] + + +Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death + + +Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775. + + +No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, +of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different +men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it +will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do +opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my +sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. +The questing before the House is one of awful moment to this country. +For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of +freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject +ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that +we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility +which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions +at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should consider myself +as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an act of disloyalty +toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings. + +Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. +We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the +song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part +of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? +Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, +and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their +temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, +I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for it. + +I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of +experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. +And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct +of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with +which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House. +Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? +Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves +to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our +petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and +darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and +reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that +force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, +sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to +which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if +its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other +possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of +the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, +she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. +They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British +ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? +Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. +Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the +subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. +Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we +find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, +deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert +the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; +we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have +implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and +Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced +additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; +and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne! +In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and +reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free-- +if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which +we have been so long contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble +struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged +ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest +shall be obtained--we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! +An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us! + +They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable +an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, +or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British +guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength but +irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance +by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until +our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make +a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. +The millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a +country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy +can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. +There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will +raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the +strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, +we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late +to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! +Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! +The war is inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. + +It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace-- +but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps +from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! +Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? +What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, +or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? +Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; +but as for me, give me liberty or give me death! + + + + +Officially released December 31, 1977 [Etext #7] +Officially re-released November 25, 1993 +In honor of Thanksgiving + +******The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Mayflower Compact***** + + + +The Mayflower Compact + +November 11, 1620 [This was November 21, old style calendar] + +In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, +the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, +by the Grace of God, of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, +King, Defender of the Faith, &c. + +Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of +the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, +a Voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne Parts +of Virginia; doe, by these Presents, solemnly and mutually +in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and +combine ourselves together into a civill Body Politick, +for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance +of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof do enact, +constitute, and frame, such just and equall Laws, Ordinances, +Acts, Constitutions, and Offices, from time to time, +as shall be thought most meete and convenient for the +Generall Good of the Colonie; unto which we promise +all due Submission and Obedience. + +In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names +at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Raigne of our +Sovereigne Lord, King James of England, France, and Ireland, +the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the fiftie-fourth, +Anno. Domini, 1620. + +Mr. John Carver Mr. Stephen Hopkins +Mr. William Bradford Digery Priest +Mr. Edward Winslow Thomas Williams +Mr. William Brewster Gilbert Winslow +Isaac Allerton Edmund Margesson +Miles Standish Peter Brown +John Alden Richard Bitteridge +John Turner George Soule +Francis Eaton Edward Tilly +James Chilton John Tilly +John Craxton Francis Cooke +John Billington Thomas Rogers +Joses Fletcher Thomas Tinker +John Goodman John Ridgate +Mr. Samuel Fuller Edward Fuller +Mr. Christopher Martin Richard Clark +Mr. William Mullins Richard Gardiner +Mr. William White Mr. John Allerton +Mr. Richard Warren Thomas English +John Howland Edward Doten +Edward Liester + + + +December, 1978 [Etext #8] + +**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address** + + + + +Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address +March 4, 1865 + + + +Fellow countrymen: At this second appearing to take the oath +of the presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended +address than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat +in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. +Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations +have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great +contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies +of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress +of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known +to the public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory +and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction +in regard to it is ventured. + +On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts +were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it-- +all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered +from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, +insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war-- +seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide effects, by negotiation. +Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather +than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather +than let it perish. And the war came. + +One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed +generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. +These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew +that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, +perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the +insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the government claimed +no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. + +Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration +which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause +of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself +should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less +fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray +to the same God; and each invokes his aid against the other. +It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's +assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; +but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both +could not be answered--that of neither has been answered fully. + +The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because +of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe +to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose +that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the +providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued +through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he +gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due +to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any +departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a +living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope--fervently +do we pray--that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. +Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by +the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil +shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn by the lash +shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said +three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, "The +judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." + +With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in +the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on +to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; +to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, +and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just +and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. + + + + +December, 1978 [Etext #9] + +The Project Gutenberg Etext of Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address + + + +Lincoln's First Inaugural Address +March 4, 1861 + + + +Fellow citizens of the United States: in compliance with a custom as old +as the government itself, I appear before you to address you briefly +and to take, in your presence, the oath prescribed by the Constitution +of the United States, to be taken by the President "before he enters +on the execution of his office." + +I do not consider it necessary, at present, for me to discuss those matters +of administration about which there is no special anxiety, or excitement. + +Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States +that by the accession of a Republican administration their property +and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. +There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. +Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while +existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in +nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. +I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that +"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with +the institution of slavery where it exists. I believe I have +no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." +Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge +that I had made this and many similar declarations, and had +never recanted them. And, more than this, they placed in the +platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves and to me, +the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read: + +"Resolved: that the maintenance inviolate +of the rights of the States, and especially +the right of each State to order and control +its own domestic institutions according to +its own judgment exclusively, is essential +to that balance of power on which the perfection +and endurance of our political fabric depend, +and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed +force of the soil of any State or Territory, +no matter under what pretext, +as among the gravest of crimes." + +I now reiterate these sentiments; and, in doing so, I only press upon +the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case +is susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of no section +are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming administration. +I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the +Constitution and the laws, can be given, will be cheerfully given +to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause-- +as cheerfully to one section as to another. + +There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives +from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly +written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions: + +"No person held to service or labor in one State, +under the laws thereof, escaping into another, +shall in consequence of any law or regulation +therein be discharged from such service or labor, +but shall be delivered up on claim of the party +to whom such service or labor may be due." + +It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those +who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; +and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. All members +of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution-- +to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, +then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause +"shall be delivered up", their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they +would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly +equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good +that unanimous oath? + +There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should +be enforced by national or by State authority; but surely that +difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be +surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others +by which authority it is done. And should any one in any case be +content that his oath shall go unkept on a merely unsubstantial +controversy as to HOW it shall be kept? + +Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not all the safeguards of +liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, +so that a free man be not, in any case, surrendered as a slave? +And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the +enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that +"the citizen of each State shall be entitled to all privileged and +immunities of citizens in the several States?" + +I take the official oath today with no mental reservations, +and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by +any hypercritical rules. And while I do not choose now to specify +particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest +that it will be much safer for all, both in official and private stations, +to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, +than to violate any of them, trusting to find impunity in having +them held to be unConstitutional. + +It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President +under our national Constitution. During that period fifteen different +and greatly distinguished citizens have, in succession, administered +the executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through +many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope +of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief Constitutional +term of four years under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruption of +the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted. + +I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, +the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, +if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. +It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision +in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all +the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will +endure forever--it being impossible to destroy it except by some action +not provided for in the instrument itself. + +Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but an association +of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, +be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? +One party to a contract may violate it--break it, so to speak; +but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it? + +Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition +that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual confirmed by +the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than +the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of +Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the +Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, +and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted +and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation +in 1778. And, finally, in 1787 one of the declared objects for ordaining +and establishing the Constitution was "TO FORM A MORE PERFECT UNION." + +But if the destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States +be lawfully possible, the Union is LESS perfect than before the Constitution, +having lost the vital element of perpetuity. + +It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion +can lawfully get out of the Union; that Resolves and Ordinances +to that effect are legally void; and that acts of violence, +within any State or States, against the authority of the United States, +are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. + +I therefore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, +the Union is unbroken; and to the extent of my ability I shall take care, +as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the +laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States. +Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part; +and I shall perform it so far as practicable, unless my +rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the +requisite means, or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary. +I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the +declared purpose of the Union that it WILL Constitutionally +defend and maintain itself. + +In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence; and there +shall be none, unless it be forced upon the national authority. +The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess +the property and places belonging to the government, and to collect +the duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, +there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people +anywhere. Where hostility to the United States, in any interior locality, +shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident citizens +from holding the Federal offices, there will be no attempt to force +obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. While the strict +legal right may exist in the government to enforce the exercise of +these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating, +and so nearly impracticable withal, that I deem it better +to forego for the time the uses of such offices. + +The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts +of the Union. So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that +sense of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought +and reflection. The course here indicated will be followed unless current +events and experience shall show a modification or change to be proper, +and in every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised +according to circumstances actually existing, and with a view and +a hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles and the +restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections. + +That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy +the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will +neither affirm nor deny; but if there be such, I need address no word +to them. To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? + +Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our +national fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, +would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? +Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility +that any portion of the ills you fly from have no real existence? +Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all +the real ones you fly from--will you risk the commission of so +fearful a mistake? + +All profess to be content in the Union if all Constitutional rights +can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right, plainly written +in the Constitution, has been denied? I think not. Happily the human +mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. +Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision +of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a +majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written Constitutional right, +it might, in a moral point of view, justify revolution--certainly would if such +a right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of +minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirmations +and negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Constitution, that +controversies never arise concerning them. But no organic law can ever be +framed with a provision specifically applicable to every question which may +occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate, +nor any document of reasonable length contain, express provisions +for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered +by national or State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. +May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not +expressly say. MUST Congress protect slavery in the Territories? +The Constitution does not expressly say. + +From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, +and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the minority +will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the government must cease. +There is no other alternative; for continuing the government is +acquiescence on one side or the other. + +If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, +they make a precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them; +for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever +a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. +For instance, why may not any portion of a new +confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, +precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede from it? +All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the +exact temper of doing this. + +Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States +to compose a new Union, as to produce harmony only, +and prevent renewed secession? + +Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. +A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, +and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular +opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. +Whoever rejects it does, of necessity, fly to anarchy or to despotism. +Unanimity is impossible; the rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, +is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, +anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left. + +I do not forget the position, assumed by some, that Constitutional +questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court; nor do I deny +that such decisions must be binding, in any case, upon the parties +to a suit, as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled +to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other +departments of the government. And while it is obviously possible that +such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect +following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance that +it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, +can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice. +At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy +of the government, upon vital questions affecting the whole people, +is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, +the instant they are made, in ordinary litigation between parties +in personal actions, the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, +having to that extent practically resigned their government into the hands +of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon +the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink +to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of +theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes. + +One section of our country believes slavery is RIGHT, and ought +to be extended, while the other believes it is WRONG, and ought +not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. +The fugitive-slave clause of the Constitution, and the law for the +suppression of the foreign slave-trade, are each as well enforced, +perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral +sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. +The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation +in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, +cannot be perfectly cured; and it would be worse in both cases +AFTER the separation of the sections than BEFORE. The foreign +slave-trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived, +without restriction, in one section, while fugitive slaves, +now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered +at all by the other. + +Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our +respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall +between them. A husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of +the presence and beyond the reach of each other; but the different +parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot but remain +face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, +must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make +that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after +separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than +friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced +between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, +you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides, +an no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions +as to terms of intercourse are again upon you. + +This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. +Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise +their CONSTITUTIONAL right of amending it, or their REVOLUTIONARY right +to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact +that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the +national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of +amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people +over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed +in the instrument itself; and I should, under existing circumstances, +favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people +to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention mode +seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with +the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or +reject propositions originated by others not especially chosen +for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would +wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment +to the Constitution--which amendment, however, I have not seen--has +passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall +never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, +including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction +of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular +amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be +implied Constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express +and irrevocable. + +The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, +and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the +separation of the states. The people themselves can do this +also if they choose; but the executive, as such, has nothing to +do with it. His duty is to administer the present government, +as it came to his hands, and to transmit it, unimpaired by him, +to his successor. + +Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice +of the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world? +In our present differences is either party without faith of being +in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of Nations, with his eternal +truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on yours +of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail, +by the judgment of this great tribunal, the American people. + +By the frame of the government under which we live, this same people +have wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief; +and have, with equal wisdom, provided for the return of that little +to their own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain +their virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any extreme of +wickedness or folly, can very seriously injure the government +in the short space of four years. + +My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and WELL upon this +whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. +If there be an object to HURRY any of you in hot haste to a step +which you would never take DELIBERATELY, that object will be +frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be frustrated +by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied, still have the +old Constitution unimpaired, and, on the sensitive point, +the laws of your own framing under it; while the new administration +will have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. +If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the +right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason +for precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, +and a firm reliance on him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, +are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty. + +In YOUR hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in MINE, +is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail YOU. +You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. +YOU have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while _I_ +shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." + +I am loathe to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not +be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break +our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from +every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone +all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union +when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/amendmen.txt b/politicalTextFiles/amendmen.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4baf740 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/amendmen.txt @@ -0,0 +1,430 @@ +AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES + + +Amendment I (1791) + +Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or +abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the +right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition +the government for a redress of grievances. + +Amendment II (1791) + +A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security +of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear +arms, shall not be infringed. + +Amendment III (1791) + +No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, +without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but +in a manner to be prescribed by law. + +Amendment IV (1791) + +The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, +papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, +shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon +probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and +particularly describing the place to be searched, and the +persons or things to be seized. + +Amendment V (1791) + +No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise +infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand +jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, +or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war +or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the +same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; +nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness +against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, +without due process of law; nor shall private property be +taken for public use, without just compensation. + +Amendment VI (1791) + +In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right +to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state +and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which +district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and +to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; +to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have +compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, +and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. + +Amendment VII (1791) + +In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall +exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be +preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise +reexamined in any court of the United States, than according +to the rules of the common law. + +Amendment VIII (1791) + +Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines +imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + +Amendment IX (1791) + +The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall +not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. + +Amendment X (1791) + +The powers not delegated to the United States by the +Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are +reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. + +Amendment XI (1798) + +The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed +to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted +against one of the United States by citizens of another state, +or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. + +Amendment XII (1804) + +The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote +by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at +least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with +themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person +voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person +voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct +lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons +voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for +each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit +sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, +directed to the President of the Senate;--The President of +the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of +Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall +then be counted;--the person having the greatest number of +votes for President, shall be the President, if such number +be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and +if no person have such majority, then from the persons having +the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those +voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall +choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing +the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the +representation from each state having one vote; a quorum +for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from +two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states +shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of +Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the +right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day +of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act +as President, as in the case of the death or other +constitutional disability of the President. The person +having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall +be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the +whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a +majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the +Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the +purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of +Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary +to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the +office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President +of the United States. + +Amendment XIII (1865) + +Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except +as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been +duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any +place subject to their jurisdiction. + +Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XIV (1868) + +Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, +and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the +United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state +shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges +or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any +state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without +due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction +the equal protection of the laws. + +Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several +states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole +number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But +when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors +for President and Vice President of the United States, +Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers +of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied +to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one +years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way +abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, +the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the +proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear +to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age +in such state. + +Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in +Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold +any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under +any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member +of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a +member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial +officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United +States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against +the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But +Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove +such disability. + +Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, +authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of +pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection +or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United +States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation +incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United +States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; +but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held +illegal and void. + +Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by +appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. + +Amendment XV (1870) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote +shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any +state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XVI (1913) + +The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on +incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment +among the several states, and without regard to any census +of enumeration. + +Amendment XVII (1913) + +The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two +Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for +six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors +in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for +electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. + +When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the +Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs +of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the +legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof +to make temporary appointments until the people fill the +vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. + +This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the +election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes +valid as part of the Constitution. + +Amendment XVIII (1919) + +Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this +article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating +liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation +thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the +jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. + +Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent +power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. + +Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, +within seven years from the date of the submission hereof +to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XIX (1920) + +The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not +be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on +account of sex. + +Congress shall have power to enforce this article by +appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XX (1933) + +Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall +end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of +Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, +of the years in which such terms would have ended if this +article had not been ratified; and the terms of their +successors shall then begin. + +Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every +year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of +January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. + +Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term +of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice +President elect shall become President. If a President shall not +have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his +term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, +then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a +President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law +provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a +Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall +then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act +shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until +a President or Vice President shall have qualified. + +Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the +death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives +may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have +devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the +persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever +the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. + +Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day +of October following the ratification of this article. + +Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within +seven years from the date of its submission. + +Amendment XXI (1933) + +Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the +Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. + +Section 2. The transportation or importation into any state, +territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or +use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws +thereof, is hereby prohibited. + +Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by +conventions in the several states, as provided in the +Constitution, within seven years from the date of the +submission hereof to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XXII (1951) + +Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the +President more than twice, and no person who has held the +office of President, or acted as President, for more than two +years of a term to which some other person was elected President +shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. +But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office +of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, +and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office +of President, or acting as President, during the term within +which this article becomes operative from holding the office of +President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. + +Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven +years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XXIII (1961) + +Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government +of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the +Congress may direct: + +A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to +the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to +which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in +no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in +addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be +considered, for the purposes of the election of President and +Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they +shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided +by the twelfth article of amendment. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XXIV (1964) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote +in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, +for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or +Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by +the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any +poll tax or other tax. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XXV (1967) + +Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office +or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall +become President. + +Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the +Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President +who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of +both Houses of Congress. + +Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President +pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of +Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to +discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he +transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, +such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice +President as Acting President. + +Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of +either the principal officers of the executive departments +or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, +transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the +Speaker of the House of Representatives their written +declaration that the President is unable to discharge the +powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall +immediately assume the powers and duties of the office +as Acting President. + +Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro +tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of +Representatives his written declaration that no inability +exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office +unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal +officers of the executive department or of such other body as +Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the +President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the +House of Representatives their written declaration that the +President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his +office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling +within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. +If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the +latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, +within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, +determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President +is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, +the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as +Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the +powers and duties of his office. + +Amendment XXVI (1971) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who +are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or +abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/america.txt b/politicalTextFiles/america.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e7ca09 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/america.txt @@ -0,0 +1,711 @@ +The following message was delivered at Grace Community Church in Panorama +City, California, by John MacArthur Jr. It was transcribed from the tape, GC +80-112, titled "What's Wrong with America." A copy of the tape can be +obtained by writing, Word of Grace, P.O. Box 4000, Panorama City, CA 91412 or +by dialing toll free 1-800-55-GRACE. + +I have made every effort to ensure that an accurate transcription of the +original tape was made. Please note that at times sentence structure may +appear to vary from accepted English conventions. This is due primarily to +the techniques involved in preaching and the obvious choices I had to make in +placing the correct punctuation in the article. + +It is my intent and prayer that the Holy Spirit will use this transcription +to strengthen and encourage the true Church of Jesus Christ. + + Tony Capoccia + + + + What's Wrong with America + (Romans 1:18-32) + by + John MacArthur + + +Tonight we are going to be considering a subject that I think is on all of +our hearts. I want, as I always would want to do--to take you to the Word of +God and not just give you some kind of political, or theological, +philosophical speech. I want to address the subject of, "What's Wrong with +America." In order to do that I find myself drawn to Romans, chapter one, +and I would like to read for you, starting at verse 24 and reading down +through verse 32, + + Therefore God gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to + impurity, that their bodies might be dishonored among them. For + they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and + served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed + forever. Amen. + + For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for + their women exchanged the natural function for that which is + unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned the + natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward + one another, men with men committing indecent acts and receiving + in their own persons the due penalty of their error. + + And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God any longer, + God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do those things which + are not proper, being filled with all unrighteousness, + wickedness, greed, evil; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, + malice; they are gossips, slanderers, haters of God, insolent, + arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, + without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful; and + although they know the ordinance of God, that those who practice + such things are worthy of death, they not only do the same, but + also give hearty approval to those who practice them. + +Three times in those verses you have the statement "God gave them over:" +verse 24, verse 26, and verse 28. Another way that phrase would be, +[translated is] "Abandoned by God." + +One of the most tragic scenes on the pages of Scripture involves the +strongest man who ever lived--the mighty man Samson: the original and +legitimate, and real, genuine "Superman." In Judges 16, verses 18-20, this +is what we read, + + When Delilah saw that he had told her all that was in his heart, + she sent and called the lords of the Philistines, saying, "Come + up once more, for he has told me all that is in his heart." + Then the lords of the Philistines came up to her, and brought + the money in their hands. + + And she made him sleep on her knees, and called for a man and + had him shave off the seven locks of his hair. Then she began + to afflict him, and his strength left him. And she said, "The + Philistines are upon you, Samson!" And he awoke from his sleep + and said, "I will go out as at other times and shake myself + free." (Then this line) But he did not know that the Lord had + departed from him. + + Then the Philistines seized him and gouged out his eyes; and + they brought him down to Gaza and bound him with bronze chains, + and he was a grinder in the prison. + +He didn't know that the Lord had departed from him; abandoned by God because +of his sins--what a tragedy. + +To the Sons of Israel God said in Judges 10, "You have forsaken Me and served +other gods: therefore I will deliver you no more. Go and cry out to the +gods which you have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your +distress." Not only was Samson abandoned by God, but so was Israel. + +Proverbs, chapter 1, verses 24 to 31, records similar sentiment, + + Because I called, and you refused; I stretched out my hand, and + no one paid attention; and you neglected all my counsel, and did + not want my reproof; I will even laugh at your calamity; I will + mock when your dread comes, when your dread comes like a storm, + and your calamity comes on like a whirlwind, when distress and + anguish come on you. + + Then they will call on me, but I will not answer; they will seek + me diligently, but they shall not find me, because they hated + knowledge, and did not chose the fear of the Lord. + + They would not accept my counsel, they spurned all my reproof. + So they shall eat of the fruit of their own way, and be satiated + with their own devices. + +To all, not only Samson, not only Israel, but to all who turn their back on +the wisdom of God, they are left abandoned by God to eat the fruit of their +own ways. In Hosea, chapter 4, and verse 17, it is recorded that God said +this frighting sentence, "Ephraim is joined to idols; let him alone." +Abandoned by God was Ephraim. Ephraim made its choice--God said let him go. + +In the New Testament, I think of all the things that Jesus ever said about +the Pharisees, this was the most frighting, He said to His disciples (in +Matthew 15:14) this, "Let them alone; they are blind guides of the blind. And +when the blind lead the blind, everybody falls into the pit." "Let them +alone!" + +There comes a point in God's dealing with men and nations, groups of people, +when He abandons them. The consequence of that abandonment is: they will eat +the fruit of their own choices. If I were to simply answer the question, +"What's wrong with America?" I would say, "God has abandoned America, and +America is now feeding on its own choices." + +Chosen to sin--they have; chosen to turn their back on God--they have; chosen +to reject the gospel--they have; chosen to reject a Biblical morality--they +have; chosen to disobey the clear commandment of God--they have; and God +says, "Let them alone." This isn't anything new for nations. In Acts 14:16, +listen to these words: Paul said, "In the generations gone by God permitted +all the nations to go their own way." To go their own way. + +C. S. Lewis, writing in his book, "The Problem of Pain," wrote, "The lost +'enjoy' forever the horrible freedom they have demanded and are therefore +self-enslaved." But when you consider all of the Scriptures that talk about +being abandoned by God, none of them is as dramatic as the one I just read +you. Here is the most graphic and comprehensive discussion of being +abandoned by God anywhere in Scripture. And it is this concept of being +abandoned by God that best explains the moral chaos and the moral confusion +that we are experiencing in America. I will go a step further and say, we +are not waiting for God's wrath--we are now experiencing it. God's wrath in +its initial form is simply to allow men to live with the result of their own +choices, to take the restraint off, the protection. That's what's happening +right before you in Romans 1. + +Three times, as I told you, in verses 24 to 32, you have the phrase, "God +gave them over." Now that word can have a judicial sense, that is, making a +judgment on a criminal and handing him over for execution or punishment, and +I think that is its intention here, because the whole scene here is "Man +found guilty before God, and God's wrath released (back in verse 18) against +guilty man." The wrath of God then acts judicially to sentence sinners, and +the first phase of that sentence is to just let the restraints go, and let +them go the way of their own choices, turning them over to the uninterrupted +course and its effect that their sinful choices will produce. To put it +another way, they are deprived of "restraining grace." + +Sin is so rampant in our country, it is so widespread, it is so tolerated by +people in leadership and even people in the church, it is so widely tolerated +it is pandemic: it is endemic; that is, it is in the very fabric of our life +that I believe God has just taken away the restraining grace that might +preserve our nation, and has let our nation run to its own doom. + +Sin is both the cause and the effect. Sin and more sin, and more sin, and +more sin, results in more sin, and more sin, and more sin. Sin causes it: +sin is the result of it. Wrath means that sinning people are allowed the +freedom to sin more blatantly as restraining grace is taken away. + +Now lets look more closely; the first statement is in verse 24, and you will +see a progression, "Therefore God gave them over in the lusts of their +hearts to impurity, that their bodies might be dishonored among them." The +first thing God does in expressing wrath on a sinning society is to just let +them go to their lusts. The first evidence of the wrath of God is not +earthquakes, tidal waves, mass executions, it is just letting people go to +operate in the lusts of their hearts to impurity. Moral perversion, sexual +deviation, pornographic desire allowed not only to exist but becoming +popular, tolerated, being serviced by the society itself. Here what you have +is pornographic hearts, lustful hearts. Man now abandoned by God operates +only out of the passions of his impure heart. It doesn't stop there (verse +24 says), it goes to the body. The heart in its impurity and its driving +lusts will ultimately end up in the dishonoring of the body. It can't stop +on the inside, it has got to show up on the outside--the heart is wicked and +the heart is unrestrained, and the body follows, because as Jesus said, "What +comes out of the heart of man is what defiles him." + +Alan Johnson wrote, "In their freedom from God's truth they turn to +perversion. In the end their humanism, or man-centeredness results in +dehumanization of each other." We have already seen that: sex, alcohol, +drugs, abuse, abortion, euthanasia, a low view of everyone else's life that +leads to killings and murders, knifings, shootings, no sense of man being +created in the image of God. No sense of humility, just egos gone wild to +fulfill uncontrolled and unrestrained passion that leads to dishonoring +bodies in every direction. + +Look at the second statement in verse 26, "For this reason God gave them over +to degrading passions." Now we go a little deeper into the level this +corruption reaches, "For their women exchanged the natural function for that +which is unnatural." First, there is sort of this general category of +unrestrained vice, and we know that's a part of our culture. Right? That is +the driving force of our culture. That is the dominating force of our +culture. You hate to admit it, but the great cities of America are populated +by men and women who live for nothing but the fulfillment of their lusts. + +The second level is the degrading passion. He shows you how far it goes: +vile desires, gross affections so perverted, so degenerate, and so +unrestrained is the heart, that it takes over the body and uses the body to +do an unthinkable thing at the very depth of sin, and that thing is called +homosexuality. Isn't it interesting that it starts with women here, who +really are the minority in homosexuality. A very small percentage of women +are lesbians compared to how many men are Sodomites, or homosexuals. But he +starts with the women. Why? Because, he wants you to see how deep the +plunge is. You see, usually the last to be affected in the decline of the +culture are the women, and that's his point--proof that absolutely all virtue +is gone, that the women have come to this base level. + +In verse 27, he adds, "In the same way also the men abandoned the natural +function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another, men +with men committing indecent acts (and listen to this) and receiving in +their own persons the due penalty of their error." Can you see AIDS there? +Of course you can--among other things. See, that base inversion of God's +created order (there is that principle again) abandons them to the +consequence of their own iniquity. That's what it does: they are abandoned +by God. God pulls back all restraining grace. There will be no mitigation +of the consequence of their sin, and their lives are destroyed morally, +mentally, emotionally, medically, and ultimately physically, and eternally. + +Look at the third level that this abandoning by God plunges men towards, +verse 28, "And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God any longer, +(here's the third time this phrase is used) God gave them over to a +depraved (or reprobate) mind, to do those things which are not proper." What +is a depraved mind? A mind tested and found (are you ready for this?) +useless! In other words, a mind that is disqualified for its intended +purpose. In other words, they are so wicked and they are so base that their +reasoning factually is so corrupt it must be rejected. Their intellectual +faculty, their conscience, is so destroyed that they do those things which +are not, a better word than proper, moral, which are not fitting for men to +do. The point is that the depth of their sin has reached the point where it +has rendered their brains useless. They are not rational; they are not +reasonable; they don't think straight. + +When Phil Manley, who is the chaplain at the County USC Medical Center, goes +over there and sees that AIDS ward he has to be startled by what he sees +there. There must be many shocking things to see; none more shocking than +when I was told that one of the problems they have in the ward is keeping the +homosexual males nurses out of the beds of the AIDS patients. All +rationality is gone at that point, and all ability to reason about life and +choices and morality is gone; those are the kind of people in our culture who +are fast rising into positions of leadership, and the Bible says that they +have a mind that is useless. + +What comes out of this when it stretches across our culture, and it isn't +just homosexuality, look how broad it goes--verse 29, "They are filled with +unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, evil, envy, murder, strife, deceit, +malice, gossip, slander, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, +inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, without understanding, +untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful." That sounds like a description of South +Central Los Angeles or any other city. You could take the time to go through +all of that: unrighteous, wicked, greedy, envious, murderous, fighting, +deceitful, filled with hate, an intention to do evil to people, and so forth. +That's how you define our culture. + +The epitome in verse 32, "And they know the ordinance of God." They know +that. How do they know that? Because, "The law of God is written. . . ." +Where? "In their hearts." They know the ordinance of God; they know what's +right, "That those who practice such things are worthy of death, but they +not only do the same, but they give hearty approval to those who practice +them." They have no conscience; they have no fear; they are without reason; +they are without understanding; they are like beasts--mindless. There is the +lowest point of human descent. + +That's all the way from the people living on drugs, and living for "sex in +the street," and the homosexuals, to the sophisticated yuppies who sit on the +Phil Donahue Show and laugh at sexual deviation and moral perversion. You +see, abandonment by God leads to all of this, and I believe what we +experiencing in our country is nothing more than God just letting us go the +way the nation has chosen to go. They chose their leadership, a man who +advocates sin of this proportion: murder and homosexuality. They get what +they ask for. This I see for the time, God taking off His restraint and +saying, "You want it--you got it!" + +Why is it that God abandons a society? Couldn't we say, "Well, all societies +are like this?" I mean, "You've got to expect this; this is the way people +are. Why would God abandon us in this situation when we need Him most?" The +answer comes in verses 18 to 23, listen to this, "For the wrath of God is +revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who +suppress the truth in unrighteousness." Verse 19, "Because that which is +known about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them." You +see, that's the problem. The problem is they had the knowledge of God and +they rejected it. + +I have to conclude that the wrath of God is already at work in our society, +and I would suppose that I would have to say that there is no surer, no +clearer token of a society under the wrath of God then when that society +refuses to define and hate sin, and on the other hand, when it tolerates sin +and sinners completely. Listen, when a society reaches the point where it +will not define sin, where it will not hate sin, where it will tolerate sin +and tolerate sinners, but will not tolerate anger towards sin--that's a +society under God's wrath. And that's the society we live in. + +It isn't new; Schiller wrote, "The history of the world is the judgment of +the world." Great statement: "The history of the world is the judgment of +the world." What does he mean? Nations rise and fall, they come and go, and +that is the chronicle of God's operative wrath. The plunge into unrestrained +iniquity is especially offensive to God because verse 18 says, "They suppress +the truth." Literally it says, "Who are constantly attempting to suppress +the truth by their ungodliness." + +There is God: God is, God exists, and God has divinely authored a spiritual, +moral, and ethical standard that must be obeyed or there will be wrath in the +future (we all know about that wrath, we are learning it in +Revelation--aren't we?), but also in the present. In the future, spiritually +and eternally, and in the present--temporarily. But look at our society: we +assault that standard, we ignore that standard, we reject that standard, we +mock that standard, we do everything to suppress that standard, whether it's +in the legislative branch, or the judicial branch, or the executive branch. +They now have joined the movement, haven't they, to suppress God's standard, +God's truth. + +We want to tell every man that he is free to do anything he wants to do. The +only morality we have is egalitarianism and that is the right for everybody +to do what everybody wants to do. That's the one moral value that our world +would define. Paul says the problem with this is it is a blatant rejection +of the law of God given to man. It is not man in his ignorance--it is man in +his rejection that brings the wrath of God. Expanding on that reality then +in verse 18, Paul lays out four specific reasons for God's wrath, and I will +just give them to you. I think that you will find them absolutely +fascinating. + +Four specific reasons for God's wrath: + +1. REVELATION + +Reason number one is revelation. In verse 19 it says, "That which is known +about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them." In other +words, God (listen to this) has inlaid the evidence of spiritual and moral +truth what is right and what is wrong, in the very nature of man's being. He +has inlaid also in the nature of man's being the awareness that there must be +a God, and that God must be powerful, and wise, and good, and just. Man is +not without the witness of divine reality and divine morality. Men can't +plead ignorance because entirely apart from Scripture which is "Special +Revelation," God has through "General Revelation" made Himself known. Notice +the phrase there in verse 19, "That which may be known of God," that simply +means "What is knowable." + +What is knowable about God, what we can know about Him is made available to +us. Where is this knowledge available? Within them: in the mind; in the +soul; in the reason; in the conscience. You see, the very fabric of +reasoning and understanding is made from the strands of the revelation of +God. That's what Paul means over in chapter two of Romans, in verse 14, when +he says, "The Gentiles who don't have the written Law do instinctively the +things of the Law, because though they are not having the Law they are a law +to themselves." Why? They show (verse 15) "the work of the Law written in +their hearts, their conscience bearing witness, and their thoughts alternately +accusing or else defending them." Conscience, guilt, reason, a rational mind, +those are faculties by which the proper conclusion is: there is right and +there is wrong and there is God. + +It is not obscure to believe in God, it's innate; it's readily apparent. +It's not obscure to believe in right and wrong, it's innate; and just like +when you wound your body you feel pain, when you wound that moral, rational +soul you feel guilt. It's normal to believe in God; it's common sense. The +mind dictates there must be a God and this is what He must be like. + +Over in the Book of Acts, and verse 15 of chapter 14, just a very important +word there: Acts 14:15, Paul and Barnabas, having an interesting time +preaching in Lystra, "Men, why are you doing these things? (they say when +these people want to come and grab them and make them gods) We are also men +of the same nature as you, and we preach the gospel to you in order that you +should turn from these vain things to a living God, who made the heaven and +the earth and the sea, and all that is in them." Now listen to this: "And in +the generations gone by He permitted all the nations to go their own ways; +and yet He did not leave Himself without. . . ." What? "Witness, in that He +did good and He gave you rains from heaven and fruitful seasons, satisfying +your hearts with food and gladness." + +I mean, reason would tell you that there is: + + Somebody sending the rain + + Somebody painting the sunsets + + Somebody making the flowers grow + + Somebody providing this plethora of foods + + Somebody making life happy + + Somebody bringing a precious, sweet, soft, tender, little baby + into the world + + Somebody inventing those immense and overwhelming palpitations + of love from a man to a woman + + Somebody bringing the joy of music + +The mind and the reason, the very fabric of the soul says there is a God, and +He is a Creator, and He is powerful, and He is good, and He is beautiful, and +He is wise. I mean, that's just woven into the very fabric of reason. + +In Acts 17, verse 23, we find Paul on Mars Hill talking to some philosophers +and he follows the same path, he says, "You got this altar here inscribed 'TO +AN UNKNOWN GOD', well, (he camps on that and says) let me tell you who He +is, (verse 24) the God who made the world and all things in it, since He is +the Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands." You +see, he assumes something, he is going to evangelize a bunch of pagan +philosophers, but he assumes one thing: their rational minds must require a +creator--that's his assumption; that's where he starts. He knows that they +believe that somebody made everything because not to believe that is +irrational. Nobody times nothing equals everything is the equation of a +moron! + +So the assumption is that they believe that the effect has a cause, and so he +assumes that and he starts with the God who made everything: "Look at the +effect--let me tell you about the One who made it." He says, "He isn't +served with human hands (verse 25), as though He needed anything, since He +Himself gives to all life and breath and all things; and He made from one, +every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth. He designed +the world and created everything in it; sorted out the nations as to where +they are to be, and their boundaries and their times, in order that they +should seek Him." In other words, the very existence of a universe and an +earth, and boundaries and nations, creation, should drive people to seek Who +it is. "If they would grope for Him and find Him though He is not far from +each one of us. For in Him we live and move and exist. As even some of your +own pagan poets have said, 'We are also His offspring.'" + +See, even pagan theology said, "Somebody made us!" That points out again the +idiocy of evolution that "nobody made us!" That's his point, "Being then +(verse 29) the offspring of God we ought not to think the Divine Nature is +like gold or silver or stone, an image formed by the art and thought of +man." Now think about it gentlemen, he's saying to these philosophers, you +look at this entire universe and are you assuming that rock over there with a +face on it made this? You chiseled it! Are you assuming that wooden statue +over there made it? You formed it! You must assume that whoever made it is +greater that it! Pretty powerful stuff. That's just reason. + +He approaches those pagans on a rational basis, because in the fabric of +human reason is the obvious reality that this world demands a creator and it +reflects something of His person in the creation. That is why (go back to +Romans 1) Paul says at the end of verse 20, "That men are without excuse." +Because verse 20 says, "Since the creation of the world (since the very +beginning when creation was first done, way back then--since the very start) +the invisible attributes of God: His eternal power, something about His +divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been +made." In other words, it's the creation that tells the reason there is a +Creator, so that men are absolutely without excuse. + +Do you realize that this is in ancient times even before the microscope and +the telescope? Men weren't even able to comprehend the macrocosm and the +microcosm like we are today. That is what is so blatant about evolution. It +is "flat-out" blatant rejection of God. It has nothing to do with science. +It defies the single greatest scientific principle, cause and effect, and it +reflects an evil intent to pursue sin without responsibility. Even in those +days they could look at the stars; they could look at the incredible +arrangement of the petals on a flower; they could look at leaves on a stem; +they could look at the cycle of water; they could see the mystery of human +birth; the mystery of growth; they could see the glory of a sunrise and the +glory of a sunset; they could understand the roaring and the rolling of the +seas; they could understand the rush of the rivers and the trickle of a +brook; the flight of a bird; they could understand that incredible +transformation of a worm, a caterpillar into a butterfly. Even then the +heavens were declaring the glory of God and the firmament was showing them +His handiwork. Even then the beasts of the field were giving Him glory. + +But, today it is even more potent isn't it? I mean, think about it. We now +know that birds navigate by the stars while they migrate. Birds with this +little tiny brain. Birds raised from eggs inside a building where they have +never seen the sky can be released to flight and instantly orient themselves +towards home. They can even be shown an artificial sky representing a place +their species has never been and orient themselves to it in flight. Archer +fish shoot drops of water with great accuracy at insects for no other reason +than the fun of it. They get their food like all the rest of the fish and +nobody has yet figured out why God had them doing that just for the fun of +it. + +Do you know that mites occupy only one ear in a moth? Because if they +occupied both ears the moth couldn't fly. How do the mites know if somebody +is over in the other one? I love the Bombardier Beetles. They produce +chemicals which mix perfectly and at the right moment explode in the face of +their enemy, but the explosion never occurs prematurely to blow the beetle +up. Think about water. Water is lifted against gravity thousands of feet +into the air, suspended until carried inland where it is needed. It's +incredible; no earthly agency can lift water like that. God equipped the Sun +to do it; it's the Sun that does it through the process of evaporation and +the Sun is 93,000,000 miles away! And so it goes. + +The very essence of a Creator and something of His character is absolutely +everywhere, and for human reason to reject that goes against the grain of +everything, and must be the blatant act of willful sin, and because of that +God gives them over. The mind they refused to use becomes the mind that is +useless--that is judgment. I believe that we are experiencing that kind of +movement in our culture. Men have experienced God, they have experienced His +wisdom, His power, His goodness in every moment of their existence, and He +says they rejected Him. They suppressed the truth. + +Look at the second of these four reasons why God's wrath falls: + +2. REJECTION + +Men had the truth, men turned from the truth: verse 21, "For even though they +knew God, they didn't honor Him as God, or give thanks; but they became futile +in their speculations and their foolish heart was darkened." There it is +again: they didn't use their minds right and instead of thinking wisely, +profoundly, sensibly, their thoughts became futile or empty and useless, and +their foolish heart became black--the light went out! + +Man finds God in creation, he finds God in reason, he suppresses it, he +rejects God, he loves darkness, he plunges into darkness and the light goes +out. Donald Grey Barnhouse wrote this, + + Will God give man brains to see these things, and will man then + fail to exercise his will towards that God? The sorrowful + answer is that both of these things are true. God will give a + man brains to smelt iron and to make a hammerhead and nails. + And God will grow a tree and give man strength to cut it down + and brains to fashion a hammer handle from its wood. And when + man has the hammer and the nails, God will put out His hand and + let man drive those nails through it and place Him on a cross in + the supreme demonstration that men are without excuse. + +"They," Paul says, "did not honor Him as God or give thanks." Man's problem +is not that he can't recognize God, it is that he won't recognize God! For +all the joy of life and all the beauty of life, and all the life, laughter, +all the pain of life, all the tears of life, all the thrills, the pleasures, +the talent, sexual fulfillment, all the children, all the families--for all +the things that God fills life with He gets no thanks and "they become futile +in their speculation." They get nothing but empty human ideas, and they are +running wild in our culture. Aren't they? Isaiah said in Isaiah 47:10, "You +felt secure in your wickedness and said 'No one sees me.' Your wisdom and +your knowledge, they have deluded you, for you have said in your heart, 'I am +and there is no one besides me'" (boy, does that sound familiar). + +I am the center of my world, no one sits in judgment on me--that's how stupid +men have become. Because they would not allow their rational mind, where God +had planted the knowledge of Himself and the knowledge of good and evil in +their conscience, they would not allow themselves to follow that path; they +rejected that, they have now become foolish in their speculations. They are +empty, useless, self-gods, and they have been sucked into the vacuum of their +own emptiness and nothing is there but darkness. Their foolish heart was +darkened. Now they can't know God because the light went out. + +Wrath, because men received revelation; they had the opportunity. Wrath, +because they rejected it. Thirdly, + +3. RATIONALIZATION + +This is the third cause--rationalization: men insist they are doing fine. +Verse 22, "They profess to be. . . ." What? "Wise." They don't say, "Oh, +woe is me, I'm in a pit. I've become an idiot. I've lost my sense. I can't +find my way." No, they have convinced themselves that they are erudite. The +major rationalizations today are egalitarianism, freedom, and psychology. +You know they think they are wise. It reminds me of the guy lying in the +hospital bed (he was in the mental ward) and he kept saying "I'm Napoleon, +I'm Napoleon!" And the guy in the next bed, after about three days of this +said, "Who told you you're Napoleon?" And he said, "God did." And the guy +said, "Oh no I didn't." It reminds me of the lady who walked into the +psychiatrist's office with a duck on a string, and said, "You've got to help +my husband, he thinks he's a duck!" What they assume they perceive isn't +remotely related to reality. + +When he says (verse 22), "Professing to be wise they became fools," he uses +the word "moraino" (Greek), moron we get from it. That's what it means, they +think they are wise and they are morons. + +There is a fourth cause, in spite of the fact that man rejects revelation, +and fully rejects the God and the truth revealed because he wants no +compunctions in his life. And in spite of the fact that he rationalizes that +he is really very wise and everything is fine, he still will inevitably +invent something that becomes the fourth cause: + +4. RELIGION + +He can't exists without some sense of religion. He has got to believe in +something or someone. He has got to have some shrine he bows to, so he +creates his own God to accommodate his useless mind. Voltaire says, "God +made man in His own image and man returned the favor." Verse 23, "They +exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for (here's their religion) an +image in the form of corruptible man and birds and four-footed animals and +crawling creatures." Look at verse 25, same statement, "they exchanged the +truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the +Creator, who is God blessed forever. Amen." Look at verse 28, "And just as +they didn't see fit to acknowledge God any longer." + +So, all of those say they wanted to get rid of the true God, the +incorruptible God, the real God and the truth of God, and in the place of +God they wanted to make their own religion full of lies. They wanted to +worship the creature rather than the Creator. They did not see fit to +acknowledge God. You see, what you have to understand is, man does not rise, +he does not ascend from the muck of paganism and ignorance to the truth of +God. He falls from the truth of God into the slime of religion. Religion is +not man at his highest; religion is man at his lowest. He is down at the +bottom when his willful rejection of the true God is allowed to invent false +gods to accommodate his own life. + +In Second Kings 17, verse 14, it says, "The people didn't listen, they +stiffened their neck like their fathers, who didn't believe in the Lord their +God. And they rejected His statutes and His covenant which He made with their +fathers, and His warnings which He warned them. They followed vanity (or +emptiness) and became vain and went after the nations which surrounded them, +concerning which the Lord commanded them not to do like them. And they +forsook all the commandments of the Lord their God and made for themselves +molten images." + +That's exactly what happens, you start at the truth of God and you descend +into the muck of religion. Religion is man at the pits. It is the ultimate +insanity. Religion is the ultimate insanity. It is the wickedness of man +rejecting God and creating non-gods. They may be unsophisticated idols; they +may be the Gods of our culture: humanistic gods, materialistic gods, +evolutionary gods. Maybe the gods of self and sex. It maybe the goddess of +"mother nature," or the new religion "Ecofeminism" (sp.). Everything from +the Roman Eagle in ancient time to the spotted owl; from the golden bulls of +Egypt to the whale and dolphin gods of today; from the worship of a stick to +the worship of the earth, from aboriginals to environmentalists; pantheistic +worship to some little tiny god that a man holds in his hand; from +Ecofeminism (sp.) to Islam. + +So, is it any wonder that as a society we are struggling with an ethical +moral system? How can we have an ethical moral system when there is only one +in the universe and we have abandoned it? And when you abandoned it as verse +18 to 23 describe, then verses 24 to 32 tells you. "If you abandon +God. . . ." What? "He'll abandon you," and just take off restraining grace. + +You say, "Is there any hope for America?" Well, the hope for America would +be the same as the hope for any people. First of all, a return to God as +Creator, God as Creator and Law giver. And if this nation does not return to +God as Creator and Law giver--the wrath will continue. + +I want to close with a text of Scripture and then an illustration. The text +is in Psalm 81, verse 11, "But My people didn't listen to My voice and Israel +did not obey Me. So I gave them over to the stubbornness of their heart to +walk in their own devices." That's it isn't it? They wanted it and they got +it. But then this, verse 13, "Oh that My people would listen to Me, that +Israel would walk in My ways! I would quickly subdue their enemies, and turn +My hand against their adversaries. Those who hate the Lord would pretend +obedience to Him." In other words it would become so popular that people +would fake being spiritual. Then verse 16, "But I would feed you with the +finest of the wheat; and with honey from the rock I would satisfy you." +There's a promise, isn't that? God says, "I let you go, but I could come +back if you'll turn to me." The first point of turning is to turn to God as +Creator and Law giver, and once you affirm that then His law becomes your +standard. + +One of the fascinating things that I saw in Africa, when I visited there, was +huge ant colonies. When I say huge, I mean you can't believe how big these +anthills are. You think of an anthill as a little deal like this; I'm +talking 15 yards long, 20 feet high! Huge, all over everywhere, massive +things. There is a species of ant that lives in some parts of Africa that +lives in these subterranean tunnels and they go way down into the earth and +they go way up. They usually pile them up around some kind of a tree. Down +in the subterranean part of these things I understand is where they put the +young ants, and that's where they shelter them there, and that's where the +queen is housed. The queen is in charge of this massive millions of little +insects. They tell us that the workers go on their way and they have to +forage for food, and they go out to distant places and they come back with +all the stuff the whole colony needs to eat. + +It is said that if when the workers are away the queen is molested, the +workers, even though they are far away from the nest become immediately +nervous and uncoordinated because there is some kind of connection between +them and the queen. If she is killed it says they would become frantic and +rush around aimlessly and die out in the field somewhere. What they have +concluded is that there is some kind of radar device that works between this +one queen and everyone of these ants. If she is killed they are instantly +disoriented and a frenzy takes place that ends in death. + +Frankly, I can't think of a better parallel to what we have seen in Romans 1. +When man believes there is no God, all sense of orientation is lost and he is +in a mad frenzy that ultimately will end in death. There's hope. You have +to pray for that. If our nation will turn back to the Creator and the Law +giver who is the true God and submit to His Word He will bless us. If not +the wrath will continue to unfold. + +Father, we are so grieved as we look around us at this time in our history. +We can think back, it must have been so different in the early days of the +founding fathers who wanted so much to make sure that everyone knew there was +a God and that God had given a Law, and His Law alone could govern man. And +here we are something over 200 years later and the whole nation is plunging +into an abyss of blackness with minds that are absolutely useless, trying to +solve massive far reaching problems of iniquity without a standard, and +really being given the curse of their own sin: more sin, and more sin, and +more sin, unrestrained. + +We see Your wrath and all we can do is plead with You that You would be +gracious to Your people and that You would open their hearts to saving truth. +That You would save our leaders. That you would save them from their sins +and bring them to the foot of the cross. That they would bow the knee to +Jesus Christ. And that the Word of God could again become the authority in +this land as it reflects the Word of the Creator, for Father, unless that +happens many shall continue the plunge into the darkness from which they +cannot recover. + +We remember what you said to the society before the flood, "My Spirit will +not always strive with man." There comes a time when grace runs out. Lord, +before that happens in this land, we can only ask that in Your mercy You +would call out a remnant of such proportion and devotion that they might +begin to bring a new sense of direction by turning the hearts of this people +towards God, towards You. + +We pray tonight Lord for any one in this congregation who is in that death +frenzy and disorientation because they are alienated from You, that You +would turn them; that they would look and see You the Creator, the Law giver, +the Redeemer, who in Christ has purchased their life for time and eternity. +We ask this only that You may be glorified in Your Son's Name. Amen. + +Transcribed by Tony Capoccia of + +BIBLE BULLETIN BOARD MODEM (318)-949-1456 +BOX 130 300/1200/2400/9600/14400 DS HST +SHREVEPORT, LA 71110 + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/amorality.txt b/politicalTextFiles/amorality.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c71e49 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/amorality.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2786 @@ +Anarchist Morality + +by Peter Kropotkin + + + + Note For "Anarchist Morality" + + + + This study of the origin and function of what we + +call "morality" was written for pamphlet publication as a + +result of an amusing situation. An anarchist who ran a + +store in England found that his comrades in the + +movement regarded it as perfectly right to take his goods + +without paying for them. "To each according to his need" + +seemed to them to justify letting those who were best able + +foot the bills. Kropotkin was appealed to, with the result + +that he not only condemned such doctrine, but was + +moved to write the comrades this sermon. + + Its conception of morality is based on the ideas set + +forth in _Mutual Aid_ and later developed in his + +_Ethics_. Here they are given special application to "right + +and wrong" in the business of social living. The job is + +done with fine feeling and with acute shafts at the shams + +of current morality. + + Kropotkin sees the source of all so-called moral + +ideas in primitive superstitions. The real moral sense + +which guides our social behavior is instinctive, based on + +the sympathy and unity inherent in group life. Mutual + +aid is the condition of successful social living. The moral + +base is therefore the good old golden rule "Do to others as + +you would have others do to you in the same + +circumstances," --which disposed of the ethics of the + +shopkeeper's anarchist customers. + + This natural moral sense was perverted, Kropotkin + +says, by the superstitions surrounding law, religion and + +authority, deliberately cultivated by conquerors, + +exploiters and priests for their own benefit. Morality has + +therefore become the instrument of ruling classes to + +protect their privileges. + + He defends the morality of killing for the benefit of + +mankind --as in the assassination of tyrants--- but never + +for self. Love and hate he regards as greater social forces + +for controlling wrong-doing than punishment, which he + +rejects as useless and evil. Account-book morality --doing + +right only to receive a benefit-- he scores roundly, urging + +instead the satisfactions and joy of "sowing life around + +you" by giving yourself to the uttermost to your fellow- + +men. Not of course to do them good, in the spirit of + +philanthropy, but to be one with them, equal and sharing. + + + + ANARCHIST MORALITY + + by P. Kropotkin + + + +I + + + + The history of human thought recalls the swinging + +of a pendulum which takes centuries to swing. After a + +long period of slumber comes a moment of awakening. + +Then thought frees herself from the chains with which + +those interested --rulers, lawyers, clerics-- have carefully + +enwound her. + + She shatters the chains. She subjects to severe + +criticism all that has been taught her, and lays bare the + +emptiness of the religious political, legal, and social + +prejudices amid which she has vegetated. She starts + +research in new paths, enriches our knowledge with new + +discoveries, creates new sciences. + + But the inveterate enemies of thought --the + +government, the lawgiver, and the priest-- soon recover + +from their defeat. By degrees they gather together their + +scattered forces, and remodel their faith and their code of + +laws to adapt them to the new needs. Then, profiting by + +the servility of thought and of character, which they + +themselves have so effectually cultivated; profiting, too, + +by the momentary disorganization of society, taking + +advantage of the laziness of some, the greed of others, the + +best hopes of many, they softly creep back to their work + +by first of all taking possession of childhood through + +education. + + A child's spirit is weak. It is so easy to coerce it by + +fear. This they do. They make the child timid, and then + +they talk to him of the torments of hell. They conjure up + +before him the sufferings of the condemned, the + +vengeance of an implacable god. The next minute they + +will be chattering of the horrors of revolution, and using + +some excess of the revolutionists to make the child "a + +friend of order." The priest accustoms the child to the + +idea of law, to make it obey better what he calls the + +"divine law," and the lawyer prates of divine law, that the + +civil law may be the better obeyed. + + And by that habit of submission, with which we are + +only too familiar, the thought of the next generation + +retains this religious twist, which is at once servile and + +authoritative, for authority and servility walk ever hand in + +hand. + + During these slumbrous interludes, morals are rarely dis- + +cussed. Religious practices and judicial hypocrisy take + +their place. People do not criticize, they let themselves be + +drawn by habit, or indifference.They do not put + +themselves out for or against the established morality. + +They do their best to make their actions appear to accord + +with their professions. + + All that was good, great, generous or independent + +in man, little by little becomes moss-grown; rusts like a + +disused knife. A lie becomes a virtue, a platitude a duty. + +To enrich oneself, to seize one's opportunities, to exhaust + +one's intelligence, zeal and energy, no matter how, + +become the watchwords of the comfortable classes, as + +well as of the crowd of poor folk whose ideal is to appear + +bourgeois. Then the degradation of the ruler and of the + +judge, of the clergy and of the more or less comfortable + +classes becomes so revolting that the pendulum begins to + +swing the other way. + + Little by little, youth frees itself. It flings overboard + +its prejudices, and it begins to criticize. Thought + +reawakens, at first among the few; but insensibly the + +awakening reaches the majority. The impulse is given, the + +revolution follows. + + And each time the question of morality comes up again. + +"Why should I follow the principles of this hypocritical + +morality?" asks the brain, released from religious terrors. + +Why should any morality be obligatory?" + + Then people try to account for the moral sentiment + +that they meet at every turn without having explained it + +to themselves. And they will never explain it so long as + +they believe it a privilege of human nature, so long as + +they do not descend to animals, plants and rocks to + +understand it. They seek the answer, however, in the + +science of the hour. + + And, if we may venture to say so, the more the basis + +of conventional morality, or rather of the hypocrisy that + +fills its place is sapped, the more the moral plane of + +society is raised. It is above all at such times precisely + +when folks are criticizing and denying it, that moral + +sentiment makes the most progress. It is then that it grows, + +that it is raised and refined. + + Years ago the youth of Russia were passionately + +agitated by this very question. "I will be immoral!" a + +young nihilist came and said to his friend, thus + +translating into action the thoughts that gave him no rest. + +"I will be immoral, and why should I not? Because the + +Bible wills it? But the Bible is only a collection of + +Babylonian and Hebrew traditions, traditions collected + +and put together like the Homeric poems, or as is being + +done still with Basque poems and Mongolian legends. + +Must I then go back to the state of mind of the half- + +civilized peoples of the East? + + "Must I be moral because Kant tells me of a + +categoric imperative, of a mysterious command which + +comes to me from the depths of my own being and bids + +me be moral? But why should this 'categoric imperative' + +exercise a greater authority over my actions than that + +other imperative, which at times may command me to get + +drunk. A word, nothing but a word, like the words + +'Providence,' or 'Destiny,' invented to conceal our + +ignorance. + + "Or perhaps I am to be moral to oblige Bentham, + +who wants me to believe that I shall be happier if I drown + +to save a passerby who has fallen into the river than if I + +watched him drown? + + "Or perhaps because such has been my education? + +Because my mother taught me morality? Shall I then go + +and kneel down in a church, honor the Queen, bow before + +the judge I know for a scoundrel, simply because our + +mothers, our good ignorant mothers, have taught us such + +a pack of nonsense ? + + "I am prejudiced, --like everyone else. I will try to rid + +myself of prejudice! Even though immorality be distaste- + +ful, I will yet force myself to be immoral, as when I was a + +boy I forced myself to give up fearing the dark, the church- + +yard, ghosts and dead people --all of which I had been + +taught to fear. + + "It will be immoral to snap a weapon abused by + +religion; I will do it, were it only to protect against the + +hypocrisy imposed on us in the name of a word to which + +the name morality has been given!" + + Such was the way in which the youth of Russia + +reasoned when they broke with old-world prejudices, + +and unfurled this banner of nihilist or rather of anarchist + +philosophy: to bend the knee to no authority whatsoever, + +however respected; to accept no principle so long as it is + +unestablished by reason. + + Need we add, that after pitching into the waste- + +paper basket the teachings of their fathers, and burning all + +systems of morality, the nihilist youth developed in their + +midst a nucleus of moral customs, infinitely superior to + +anything that their fathers had practiced under the + +control of the "Gospel," of the "Conscience," of the + +"Categoric Imperative," or of the "Recognized + +Advantage" of the utilitarian. But before answering the + +question, "Why am I to be moral ?" let us see if the + +question is well put; let us analyze the motives of human + +action. + + + +II + + + + When our ancestors wished to account for what led + +men to act in one way or another, they did so in a very + +simple fashion. Down to the present day, certain catholic + +images may be seen that represent this explanation. A man + +is going on his way, and without being in the least aware + +of it, carries a devil on his left shoulder and an angel on + +his right. The devil prompts him to do evil, the angel tries + +to keep him back. And if the angel gets the best of it and + +the man remains virtuous, three other angels catch him up + +and carry him to heaven. In this way everything is explained + +wondrously well. + + Old Russian nurses full of such lore will tell you never + +to put a child to bed without unbuttoning the collar of its + +shirt. A warm spot at the bottom of the neck should be left + +bare, where the guardian angel may nestle. Otherwise the + +devil will worry the child even in its sleep. + + These artless conceptions are passing away. But + +though the old words disappear, the essential idea + +remains the same. + + Well brought up folks no longer believe in the devil, but + +as their ideas are no more rational than those of our + +nurses, they do but disguise devil and angel under a + +pedantic wordiness honored with the name of philosophy. + +They do not say "devil" nowadays, but "the flesh," or "the + +passions." The"angel" is replaced by the words + +"conscience" or "soul," by "reflection of the thought of a + +divine creator" or "the Great Architect," as the Free- + +Masons say. But man's action is still represented as the + +result of a struggle between two hostile elements. And a + +man is always considered virtuous just in the degree to + +which one of these two elements --the soul or + +conscience-- is victorious over the other --the flesh or + +passions. + + It is easy to understand the astonishment of our + +great-grandfathers when the English philosophers, and + +later the Encyclopedists, began to affirm in opposition to + +these primitive ideas that the devil and the angel had + +nothing to do with human action, but that all acts of man, + +good or bad, useful or baneful, arise from a single motive: + +the lust for pleasure. + + The whole religious confraternity, and, above all, + +the numerous sects of the pharisees shouted "immorality." + +They covered the thinkers with insult, they + +excommunicated them. And when later on in the course + +of the century the same ideas were again taken up by + +Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Tchernischevsky, and a host of + +others, and when these thinkers began to affirm and prove + +that egoism, or the lust for pleasure, is the true motive of + +all our actions, the maledictions redoubled. The books + +were banned by a conspiracy of silence; the authors were + +treated as dunces. + + And yet what can be more true than the assertion + +they made? + + Here is a man who snatches its last mouthful of + +bread from a child. Every one agrees in saying that he is a + +horrible egoist, that he is guided solely by self-love. + + But now here is another man, whom every one + +agrees to recognize as virtuous. He shares his last bit of + +bread with the hungry, and strips off his coat to clothe the + +naked. And the moralists, sticking to their religious + +jargon, hasten to say that this man carries the love of his + +neighbor to the point of self-abnegation, that he obeys a + +wholly different passion from that of the egoist. And yet + +with a little reflection we soon discover that however + +great the difference between the two actions in their result + +for humanity, the motive has still been the same. It is the + +quest of pleasure. + + If the man who gives away his last shirt found no + +pleasure in doing so, he would not do it. If he found + +pleasure in taking bread from a child, he would do that + +but this is distasteful to him. He finds pleasure in giving, + +and so he gives. If it were not inconvenient to cause + +confusion by employing in a new sense words that have a + +recognized meaning, it might be said that in both cases + +the men acted under the impulse of their egoism. Some + +have actually said this, to give prominence to the thought + +and precision to the idea by presenting it in a form that + +strikes the imagination, and at the same time to destroy + +the myth which asserts that these two acts have two + +different motives. They have the same motive, the quest of + +pleasure, or the avoidance of pain, which comes to the + +same thing. + + Take for example the worst of scoundrels: a Thiers, + +who massacres thirty-five thousand Parisians, or an + +assassin who butchers a whole family in order that he may + +wallow in debauchery. They do it because for the moment + +the desire of glory or of money gains in their minds the + +upper hand of every other desire. Even pity and + +compassion are extinguished for the moment by this other + +desire, this other thirst. They act almost automatically to + +satisfy a craving of their nature. Or again, putting aside + +the stronger passions, take the petty man who deceives his + +friends, who lies at every step to get out of somebody the + +price of a pot of beer, or from sheer love of brag, or from + +cunning. Take the employer who cheats his workmen to + +buy jewels for his wife or his mistress. Take any petty + +scoundrel you like. He again only obeys an impulse. He + +seeks the satisfaction of a craving, or he seeks to escape + +what would give him trouble. + + We are almost ashamed to compare such petty + +scoundrels with one who sacrifices his whole existence to + +free the oppressed, and like a Russian nihilist mounts the + +scaffold. So vastly different for humanity are the results of + +these two lives; so much do we feel ourselves drawn + +towards the one and repelled by the other. + + And yet were you to talk to such a martyr, to the + +woman who is about to be hanged, even just as she nears + +the gallows, she would tell you that she would not + +exchange either her life or her death for the life of the + +petty scoundrel who lives on the money stolen from his + +work-people. In her life, in the struggle against monstrous + +might, she finds her highest joys. Everything else outside + +the struggle, all the little joys of the bourgeois and his + +little troubles seem to her so contemptible, so tiresome, so + +pitiable! "You do not live, you vegetate," she would + +reply; "I have lived." + + We are speaking of course of the deliberate, + +conscious acts of men, reserving for the present what we + +have to say about that immense series of unconscious, all + +but mechanical acts, which occupy so large a portion of + +our life. In his deliberate, conscious acts man always seeks + +what will give him pleasure. + + One man gets drunk, and every day lowers himself + +to the condition of a brute because he seeks in liquor the + +nervous excitement that he cannot obtain from his own + +nervous system. Another does not get drunk; he takes no + +liquor, even though he finds it pleasant, because he wants + +to keep the freshness of his thoughts and the plentitude of + +his powers, that he may be able to taste other pleasures + +which he prefers to drink. But how does he act if not like + +the judge of good living who, after glancing at the menu + +of an elaborate dinner rejects one dish that he likes very + +well to eat his fill of another that he likes better. + + When a woman deprives herself of her last piece of + +bread to give it to the first comer, when she takes off her + +own scanty rags to cover another woman who is cold, + +while she herself shivers on the deck of a vessel, she does + +so because she would suffer infinitely more in seeing a + +hungry man, or a woman starved with cold, than in + +shivering or feeling hungry herself. She escapes a pain of + +which only those who have felt it know the intensity. + + When the Australian, quoted by Guyau, wasted + +away beneath the idea that he has not yet revenged his + +kinsman's death; when he grows thin and pale, a prey to + +the consciousness of his cowardice, and does not return to + +life till he has done the deed of vengeance, he performs + +this action, a heroic one sometimes, to free himself of a + +feeling which possesses him, to regain that inward peace + +which is the highest of pleasures. + + When a troupe of monkeys has seen one of its + +members fall in consequence of a hunter's shot, and + +comes to besiege his tent and claim the body despite the + +threatening gun; when at length the Elder of the band + +goes right in, first threatens the hunter, then implores him, + +and finally by his lamentations induces him to give up the + +corpse, which the groaning troupe carry off into the + +forest, these monkeys obey a feeling of compassion + +stronger than all considerations of personal security. This + +feeling in them exceeds all others. Life itself loses its + +attraction for them while they are not sure whether they + +can restore life to their comrade or not. This feeling + +becomes so oppressive that the poor brutes do everything + +to get rid of it. + + When the ants rush by thousands into the flames of + +the burning ant-hill, which that evil beast, man, has set on + +fire, and perish by hundreds to rescue their larvae, they + +again obey a craving to save their offspring. They risk + +everything for the sake of bringing away the larvae that + +they have brought up with more care than many women + +bestow on their children. + + To seek pleasure, to avoid pain, is the general line + +of action (some would say law) of the organic world. + + Without this quest of the agreeable, life itself + +would be impossible. Organisms would disintegrate, life + +cease. + + Thus whatever a man's actions and line of conduct + +may be, he does what he does in obedience to a craving of + +his nature. The most repulsive actions, no less than + +actions which are indifferent or most attractive, are all + +equally dictated by a need of the individual who + +performs them. Let him act as he may, the individual acts + +as he does because he finds a pleasure in it, or avoids, or + +thinks he avoids, a pain. + + Here we have a well-established fact. Here we have + +the essence of what has been called the egoistic theory. + + Very well, are we any better off for having reached + +this general conclusion? + + Yes, certainly we are. We have conquered a truth + +and destroyed a prejudice which lies at the root of all + +prejudices. All materialist philosophy in its relation to + +man is implied in this conclusion. But does it follow that + +all the actions of the individual are indifferent, as some + +have hastened to conclude? This is what we have now to + +see. + + + +III + + + + We have seen that men's actions (their deliberate + +and conscious actions, for we will speak afterwards of + +unconscious habits) all have the same origin. Those that + +are called virtuous and those that are designated as + +vicious, great devotions and petty knaveries, acts that + +attract and acts that repel, all spring from a common + +source. All are performed in answer to some need of the + +individual's nature. all have for their end the quest of + +pleasure, the desire to avoid pain. + + We have seen this in the last section, which is but a + +very succinct summary of a mass of facts that might be + +brought forward in support of this view. + + It is easy to understand how this explanation makes those + +still imbued with religious principles cry out. It leaves no + +room for the supernatural. It throws over the idea of an + +immortal soul. If man only acts in obedience to the needs + +of his nature, if he is, so to say, but a "conscious + +automaton," what becomes of the immortal soul? What of + +immortality, that last refuge of those who have known too + +few pleasures and too many sufferings, and who dream of + +finding some compensation in another world? + + It is easy to understand how people who have + +grown up in prejudice and with but little confidence in + +science, which has so often deceived them, people who + +are led by feeling rather than thought, reject an + +explanation which takes from them their last hope. + + + +IV + + + + Mosaic, Buddhist, Christian and Mussulman theologians + +have had recourse to divine inspiration to distinguish + +between good and evil. They have seen that man, be he + +savage or civilized, ignorant or learned, perverse or + +kindly and honest, always knows if he is acting well or ill, + +especially always knows if he is acting ill. And as they + +have found no explanation of this general fact, they have + +put it down to divine inspiration. Metaphysical + +philosophers, on their side, have told us of conscience, of + +a mystic "imperative," and, after all, have changed nothing + +but the phrases. + + But neither have known how to estimate the very + +simple and very striking fact that animals living in + +societies are also able to distinguish between good and + +evil, just as man does. Moreover, their conceptions of + +good and evil are of the same nature as those of man. + +Among the best developed representatives of each + +separate class, --fish, insects, birds, mammals,-- they are + +even identical. + + Forel, that inimitable observer of ants, has shown by + +a mass of observations and facts that when an ant who has + +her crop well filled with honey meets other ants with + +empty stomachs, the latter immediately ask her for food. + +And amongst these little insects it is the duty of the + +satisfied ant to disgorge the honey that her hungry friends + +may also be satisfied. Ask the ants if it would be right to + +refuse food to other ants of the same anthill when one has + +had oneUs share. They will answer, by actions impossible + +to mistake, that it would be extremely wrong. So selfish + +an ant would be more harshly treated than enemies of + +another species. If such a thing happens during a battle + +between two different species, the ants would stop + +fighting to fall upon their selfish comrade. This fact has + +been proved by experiments which exclude all doubt. + + Or again, ask the sparrows living in your garden if + +it is right not to give notice to all the little society when + +some crumbs are thrown out, so that all may come and + +share in the meal. Ask them if that hedge sparrow has + +done right in stealing from his neighbor's nest those + +straws he had picked up, straws which the thief was too + +lazy to go and collect himself. The sparrows will answer + +that he is very wrong, by flying at the robber and pecking + +him. + + Or ask the marmots if it is right for one to refuse + +access to his underground storehouse to other marmots of + +the same colony. they will answer that it is very wrong, by + +quarrelling in all sorts of ways with the miser. + + Finally, ask primitive man if it is right to take food + +in the tent of a member of the tribe during his absence. He + +will answer that, if the man could get his food for himself, + +it was very wrong. On the other hand, if he was weary or + +in want, he ought to take food where he finds it; but in + +such a case, he will do well to leave his cap or his knife, or + +even a bit of knotted string, so that the absent hunter may + +know on his return that a friend has been there, not a + +robber. Such a precaution will save him the anxiety + +caused by the possible presence of a marauder near his + +tent. + + Thousands of similar facts might be quoted, whole + +books might be written, to show how identical are the + +conceptions of good and evil amongst men and the other + +animals. + +The ant, the bird, the marmot, the savage have read neither + +Kant nor the fathers of the Church nor even Moses. And + +yet all have the same idea of good and evil. And if you re- + +flect for a moment on what lies at the bottom of this idea, + +you will see directly that what is considered good among + +ants, marmots, and Christian or atheist moralists is that + +which is useful for the preservation of the race; and that + +which is considered evil is that which is hurtful for race + +preservation. Not for the individual, as Bentham and Mill + +put it, but fair and good for the whole race. + + The idea of good and evil has thus nothing to do + +with religion or a mystic conscience. It is a natural need of + +animal races. And when founders of religions, + +philosophers, and moralists tell us of divine or + +metaphysical entities, they are only recasting what each + +ant, each sparrow practices in its little society. + + Is this useful to society? Then it is good. Is this + +hurtful? Then it is bad. + + This idea may be extremely restricted among + +inferior animals, it may be enlarged among the more + +advanced animals; but its essence always remains the + +same. + + Among ants it does not extend beyond the anthill. + +All sociable customs, all rules of good behavior are + +applicable only to the individuals in that one anthill, not + +to any others. One anthill will not consider another as + +belonging to the same family, unless under some + +exceptional circumstances, such as a common distress + +falling upon both. In the same way the sparrows in the + +Luxembourg Gardens in Paris, though they will mutually + +aid one another in a striking manner, will fight to the + +death with another sparrow from the Monge Square who + +may dare to venture into the Luxembourg. And the + +savage will look upon a savage of another tribe as a person + +to whom the usages of his own tribe do not apply. It is + +even allowable to sell to him, and to sell is always to rob + +the buyer more or less; buyer or seller, one or other is + +always "sold." A Tchoutche would think it a crime to sell + +to the members of his tribe: to them he gives without any + +reckoning. And civilized man, when at last he + +understands the relations between himself Ind the + +simplest Papuan, close relations, though imperceptible at + +the first glance, will extend his principles of solidarity to + +the whole human race, and even to the animals. The idea + +enlarges, but its foundation remains the same. + + On the other hand, the conception of good or evil + +varies according to the degree of intelligence or of + +knowledge acquired. There is nothing unchangeable + +about it. + + Primitive man may have thought it very right --that is, + +useful to the race-- to eat his aged parents when they + +became a charge upon the community-- a very heavy + +charge in the main. He may have also thought it useful to + +the community to kill his new-born children, and only + +keep two or three in each family, so that the mother could + +suckle them until they were three years old and lavish + +more of her tenderness upon them. + + In our days ideas have changed, but the means of + +subsistence are no longer what they were in the Stone Age. + +Civilized man is not in the position of the savage family + +who have to choose between two evils: either to eat the + +aged parents or else all to get insufficient nourishment + +and soon find themselves unable to feed both the aged + +parents and the young children. We must transport + +ourselves into those ages, which we can scarcely call up + +in our mind, before we can understand that in the + +circumstances then existing, half-savage man may have + +reasoned rightly enough. + + Ways of thinking may change. The estimate of what + +is useful or hurtful to the race changes, but the + +foundation remains the same. And if we wished to sum + +up the whole philosophy of the animal kingdom in a + +single phrase, we should see that ants, birds, marmots, + +and men are agreed on one point. + + The morality which emerges from the observation + +of the whole animal kingdom may be summed up in the + +words: "Do to others what you would have them do to + +you in the same circumstances. + + And it adds: "Take note that this is merely a piece + +of advice; but this advice is the fruit of the long experience + +of animals in society. And among the great mass of social + +animals, man included, it has become habitual to act on + +this principle. Indeed without this no society could exist, + +no race could have vanquished the natural obstacles + +against which it must struggle." + + Is it really this very simple principle which + +emerges from the observation of social animals and + +human societies? Is it applicable? And how does this + +principle pass into a habit and continually develop? This + +is what we are now going to see. + + + +V + + + + The idea of good and evil exists within humanity + +itself. Man, whatever degree of intellectual development + +he may have attained, however his ideas may be obscured + +by prejudices and personal interest in general, considers + +as good that which is useful to the society wherein he + +lives, and as evil that which is hurtful to it. + + But whence comes this conception, often so vague + +that it can scarcely be distinguished from a feeling? There + +are millions and millions of human beings who have + +never reflected about the human race. They know for the + +most part only the clan or family, rarely the nation, still + +more rarely mankind. How can it be that they should + +consider what is useful for the human race as good, or + +even attain a feeling of solidarity with their clan, in spite + +of all their narrow, selfish interests? + + This fact has greatly occupied thinkers at all times, + +and it continues to occupy them still. We are going in our + +turn to give our view of the matter. But let us remark in + +passing that though the explanations of the fact may vary, + +the fact itself remains none the less incontestable. And + +should our explanation not be the true one, or should it + +be incomplete, the fact with its consequences to humanity + +will still remain. We may not be able fully to explain the + +origin of the planets revolving round the sun, but the + +planets revolve none the less, and one of them carries us + +with it in space. + + We have already spoken of the religious + +explanation. If man distinguishes between good and evil, + +say theologians, it is God who has inspired him with this + +idea. Useful or hurtful is not for him to inquire; he must + +merely obey the fiat of his creator. We will not stop at this + +explanation, fruit of the ignorance and terrors of the + +savage. We pass on. + + Others have tried to explain the fact by law. It must + +have been law that developed in man the sense of just and + +unjust, right and wrong. Our readers may judge of this + +explanation for themselves. They know that law has + +merely utilized the social feelings of man, to slip in, + +among the moral precepts he accepts, various mandates + +useful to an exploiting minority, to which his nature + +refuses obedience. Law has perverted the feeling of + +justice instead of developing it. Again let us pass on. + + Neither let us pause at the explanation of the + +Utilitarians. They will have it that man acts morally from + +self-interest, and they forget his feelings of solidarity with + +the whole race, which exist, whatever be their origin. + +There is some truth in the Utilitarian explanation. But it is + +not the whole truth. Therefore, let us go further. + + It is again to the thinkers of the eighteenth century + +that we are indebted for having guessed, in part at all + +events, the origin of the moral sentiment. + + In a fine work, The Theory of Moral Sentiment, left + +to slumber in silence by religious prejudice, and indeed + +but little known even among anti-religious thinkers, + +Adam Smith has laid his finger on the true origin of the + +moral sentiment. He does not seek it in mystic religious + +feelings; he finds it simply in the feeling of sympathy. + + You see a man beat a child. You know that the + +beaten child suffers. Your imagination causes you + +yourself to suffer the pain inflicted upon the child; or + +perhaps its tears, its little suffering face tell you. And if + +you are not a coward, you rush at the brute who is + +beating it and rescue it from him. + + This example by itself explains almost all the moral + +sentiments. The more powerful your imagination, the + +better you can picture to yourself what any being feels + +when it is made to suffer, and the more intense and + +delicate will your moral sense be. The more you are + +drawn to put yourself in the place of the other person, the + +more you feel the pain inflicted upon him, the insult + +offered him, the injustice of which he is a victim, the more + +will you be urged to act so that you may prevent the pain, + +insult, or injustice. And the more you are accustomed by + +circumstances, by those surrounding you, or by the + +intensity of your own thought and your own imagination, + +to act as your thought and imagination urge, the more will + +the moral sentiment grow in you, the more will it become + +habitual. + + This is what Adam Smith develops with a wealth of + +examples. He was young when he wrote this book which is + +far superior to the work of his old age upon political econ- + +omy. Free from religious prejudice, he sought the + +explanation of morality in a physical fact of human nature, + +and this is why official and non-official theological + +prejudice has put the treatise on the Black List for a + +century. + + Adam Smith's only mistake was not to have + +understood that this same feeling of sympathy in its + +habitual stage exists among animals as well as among + +men. + + The feeling of solidarity is the leading + +characteristic of all animals living in society. The eagle + +devours the sparrow, the wolf devours the marmot. But + +the eagles and the wolves respectively aid each other in + +hunting, the sparrow and the marmot unite among + +themselves against the beasts and birds of prey so + +effectually that only the very clumsy ones are caught. In + +all animal societies solidarity is a natural law of far greater + +importance than that struggle for existence, the virtue of + +which is sung by the ruling classes in every strain that may + +best serve to stultify us. + + When we study the animal world and try to explain + +to ourselves that struggle for existence maintained by + +each living being against adverse circumstances and + +against its enemies, we realize that the more the principles + +of solidarity and equality are developed in an animal + +society and have become habitual to it, the more chance + +has it of surviving and coming triumphantly out of the + +struggle against hardships and foes. The more thoroughly + +each member of the society feels his solidarity with each + +other member of the society, the more completely are + +developed in all of them those two qualities which are the + +main factors of all progress: courage on the one hand, md + +on the other, free individual initiative. And on the + +contrary, the more any animal society or little group of + +animals loses this feeling of solidarity --which may chance + +as the result of exceptional scarcity or else of exceptional + +plenty-- the more do the two other factors of progress + +courage and individual initiative, diminish. In the end + +they disappear, and the society falls into decay and sinks + +before its foes. Without mutual confidence no struggle is + +possible; there is no courage, no initiative, no solidarity-- + +and no victory! Defeat is certain. + + We can prove with a wealth of examples how in the + +animal and human worlds the law of mutual aid is the + +law of progress, and how mutual aid with the courage + +and individual initiative which follow from it secures + +victory to the species most capable of practicing it. + + Now let us imagine this feeling of solidarity acting dur- + +ing the millions of ages which have succeeded one another + +since the first beginnings of animal life appeared upon the + +globe. Let us imagine how this feeling little by little + +became a habit, and was transmitted by heredity from the + +simplest microscopic organism to its descendants -- + +insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, man-- and we shall + +comprehend the origin of the moral sentiment, which is a + +necessity to the animal like food or the organ for + +digesting it. + + Without going further back and speaking of + +complex animals springing from colonies of extremely + +simple little beings, here is the origin of the moral + +sentiment. We have been obliged to be extremely brief in + +order to compress this great question within the limits of + +a few pages, but enough has already been said to show + +that there is nothing mysterious or sentimental about it. + +Without this solidarity of the individual with the species, + +the animal kingdom would never have developed or + +reached its present perfection. The most advanced being + +upon the earth would still be one of those tiny specks + +swimming in the water and scarcely perceptible under a + +microscope. Would even this exist? For are not the + +earliest aggregations of cellules themselves an instance of + +association in the struggle? + + + + VI + + + + Thus by an unprejudiced observation of the animal + +kingdom, we reach the conclusion that wherever society + +exists at all, this principle may be found: Treat others as + +you would like them to treat you under similar + +circumstances. + + And when we study closely the evolution of the + +animal world, we discover that the aforesaid principle, + +translated by the one word Solidarity, has played an + +infinitely larger part in the development of the animal + +kingdom than all the adaptations that have resulted from + +a struggle between individuals to acquire personal + +advantages. + + It is evident that in human societies a still greater + +degree of solidarity is to be met with. Even the societies of + +monkeys highest in the animal scale offer a striking + +example of practical solidarity, and man has taken a step + +further in the same direction. This and this alone has + +enabled him to preserve his puny race amid the obstacles + +cast by nature in his way, and to develop his intelligence. + + A careful observation of those primitive societies + +still remaining at the level of the Stone Age shows to what + +a great extent the members of the same community + +practice solidarity among themselves. + + This is the reason why practical solidarity never + +ceases; not even during the worst periods of history. Even + +when temporary circumstances of domination, servitude, + +exploitation cause the principle to be disowned, it still + +lives deep in the thoughts of the many, ready to bring + +about a strong recoil against evil institutions, a + +revolution. If it were otherwise society would perish. + + For the vast majority of animals and men this feeling re- + +mains, and must remain an acquired habit, a principle + +always present to the mind even when it is continually + +ignored in action. + + It is the whole evolution of the animal kingdom + +speaking in us. And this evolution has lasted long, very + +long. It counts by hundreds of millions of years. + + Even if we wished to get rid of it we could not. It + +would be easier for a man to accustom himself to walk on + +fours than to get rid of the moral sentiment. It is anterior + +in-- animal evolution to the upright posture of man. + + The moral sense is a natural faculty in us like the + +sense of smell or of touch. + + As for law and religion, which also have preached + +this principle, they have simply filched it to cloak their + +own wares, their injunctions for the benefit of the + +conqueror, the exploiter, the priest. Without this principle + +of solidarity, the justice of which is so generally + +recognized, how could they have laid hold on men's + +minds? + + Each of them covered themselves with it as with a garment; + +like authority which made good its position by posing as the + +protector of the weak against the strong. + + By flinging overboard law, religion and authority, mankind + +can regain possession of the moral principle which + +has been taken from them. Regain that they may criticize + +it, and purge it from the adulterations wherewith priest, + +judge and ruler have poisoned it and are poisoning it yet. + + Besides this principle of treating others as one + +wishes to be treated oneself, what is it but the very same + +principle as equality, the fundamental principle of + +anarchism? And how can any one manage to believe + +himself an anarchist unless he practices it? + + We do not wish to be ruled. And by this very fact, + +do we not declare that we ourselves wish to rule nobody? + +We do not wish to be deceived, we wish always to be told + +nothing but the truth. And by this very fact, do we not de- + +clare that we ourselves do not wish to deceive anybody, + +that we promise to always tell the truth, nothing but the + +truth, the whole truth? We do not wish to have the fruits + +of our labor stolen from us. And by that very fact, do we + +not declare that we respect the fruits of others' labor? + + By what right indeed can we demand that we + +should be treated in one fashion, reserving it to ourselves + +to treat others in a fashion entirely different? Our sense of + +equality revolts at such an idea. + + Equality in mutual relations with the solidarity + +arising from it, this is the most powerful weapon of the + +animal world in the struggle for existence. And equality + +is equity. + +By proclaiming ourselves anarchists, we proclaim before- + +hand that we disavow any way of treating others in which + +we should not like them to treat us; that we will no longer + +tolerate the inequality that has allowed some among us to + +use their strength, their cunning or their ability after a + +fashion in which it would annoy us to have such qualities + +used against ourselves. Equality in all things, the + +synonym of equity, this is anarchism in very deed. It is not + +only against the abstract trinity of law, religion, and + +authority that we declare war. By becoming anarchists we + +declare war against all this wave of deceit, cunning, + +exploitation, depravity, vice --in a word, inequality-- + +which they have poured into all our hearts. We declare + +war against their way of acting, against their way of + +thinking. The governed, the deceived, the exploited, the + +prostitute, wound above all else our sense of equality. It + +is in the name of equality that we are determined to have + +no more prostituted, exploited, deceived and governed + +men and women. + + Perhaps it may be said --it has been said sometimes + +"But if you think that you must always treat others as you + +would be treated yourself, what right have you to use + +force under any circumstances whatever? What right have + +you to level a cannon at any barbarous or civilized + +invaders of your country? What right have you to + +dispossess the exploiter? What right to kill not only a + +tyrant but a mere viper?" + + What right? What do you mean by that singular + +word, borrowed from the law? Do you wish to know if I + +shall feel conscious of having acted well in doing this ? If + +those I esteem will think I have done well? Is this what you + +ask? If so the answer is simple. + + Yes, certainly! Because we ourselves should ask to + +be killed like venomous beasts if we went to invade + +Burmese or Zulus who have done us no harm. We should + +say to our son or our friend: "Kill me, if I ever take part in + +the invasion!" + + Yes, certainly! Because we ourselves should ask to + +be dispossessed, if giving the lie to our principles, we + +seized upon an inheritance, did it fall from on high, to use + +it for the exploitation of others. + + Yes, certainly! Because any man with a heart asks be- + +forehand that he may be slain if ever he becomes + +venomous; that a dagger may be plunged into his heart if + +ever he should take the place of a dethroned tyrant. + + Ninety-nine men out of a hundred who have a wife + +and children would try to commit suicide for fear they + +should do harm to those they love, if they felt themselves + +going mad. Whenever a good-hearted man feels himself + +becoming dangerous to those he loves, he wishes to die + +before he is so. + + Perovskaya and her comrades killed the Russian + +Czar. And all mankind, despite the repugnance to the + +spilling of blood, despite the sympathy for one who had + +allowed the serfs to be liberated, recognized their right to + +do as they did. Why? Not because the act was generally + +recognized as useful; two out of three still doubt if it were + +so. But because it was felt that not for all the gold in the + +world would Perovskaya and her comrades have + +consented to become tyrants themselves. Even those who + +know nothing of the drama are certain that it was no + +youthful bravado, no palace conspiracy, no attempt to + +gain power. It was hatred of tyranny, even to the scorn of + +self, even to the death. + + "These men and women," it was said, "had + +conquered the right to kill"; as it was said of Louise + +Michel, "She had the right to rob." Or again, "They have + +the right to steal," in speaking of those terrorists who + +lived on dry bread, and stole a million or two of the + +Kishineff treasure. + + Mankind has never refused the right to use force on + +those who have conquered that right, be it exercised upon + +the barricades or in the shadow of a cross-way. But if such + +an act is to produce a deep impression upon men's + +minds, the right must be conquered. Without this, such an + +act whether useful or not will remain merely a brutal fact, + +of no importance in the progress of ideas. People will see + +in it nothing but a displacement of force, simply the + +substitution of one exploiter for another. + + + +VII + + + + We have hitherto been speaking of the conscious, + +deliberate actions of man, those performed intentionally. + +But side by side with our conscious life we have an + +unconscious life which is very much wider. Yet we have + +only to notice how we dress in the morning, trying to + +fasten a button that we know we lost last night, or + +stretching out our hand to take something that we + +ourselves have moved away, to obtain an idea of this + +unconscious life and realize the enormous part it plays in + +our existence. + + It makes up three-fourths of our relations with + +others. Our ways of speaking, smiling, frowning, getting + +heated or keeping cool in a discussion, are unintentional, + +the result of habits, inherited from our human or pre- + +human ancestors (only notice the likeness in expression + +between an angry man and an angry beast), or else + +consciously or unconsciously acquired. + + Our manner of acting towards others thus tends to + +become habitual. To treat others as he would wish to be + +treated himself becomes with man and all sociable + +animals, simply a habit. So much so that a person does + +not generally even ask himself how he must act under + +such and such circumstances. It is only when the + +circumstances are exceptional, in some complex case or + +under the impulse of strong passion that he hesitates, and + +a struggle takes place between the various portions of his + +brain --for the brain is a very complex organ, the various + +portions of which act to a certain degree independently. + +When this happens, the man substitutes himself in + +imagination for the person opposed to him; he asks + +himself if he would like to be treated in such a way, and + +the better he has identified himself with the person whose + +dignity or interests he has been on the point of injuring, + +the more moral will his decision be. Or maybe a friend + +steps in and says to him: "Fancy yourself in his place; + +should you have suffered from being treated by him as he + +has been treated by you? And this is enough. + + Thus we only appeal to the principle of equality in + +moments of hesitation, and in ninety-nine cases out of a + +hundred act morally from habit. + + It must have been obvious that in all we have hitherto + +said, we have not attempted to enjoin anything,we have + +only set forth the manner in which things happen in the + +animal world and amongst mankind. + + Formerly the church threatened men with hell to + +moralize them, and she succeeded in demoralizing them + +instead. The judge threatens with imprisonment, flogging, + +the gallows, in the name of those social principles he has + +filched from society; and he demoralizes them. And yet + +the very idea that the judge may disappear from the earth + +at the same time as the priest causes authoritarians of + +every shade to cry out about peril to society. + + But we are not afraid to forego judges and their + +sentences. We forego sanctions of all kinds, even + +obligations to morality. We are not afraid to say: "Do what + +you will; act as you will"; because we are persuaded that + +the great majority of mankind, in proportion to their + +degree of enlightenment and the completeness with which + +they free themselves from existing fetters will behave and + +act always in a direction useful to society just as we are + +persuaded beforehand that a child will one day walk on + +its two feet and not on all fours simply because it is born + +of parents belonging to the genus Homo. + + All we can do is to give advice. And again while + +giving it we add: "This advice will be valueless if your + +own experience and observation do not lead you to + +recognize that it is worth following." + + When we see a youth stooping and so contracting his + +chest and lungs we advise him to straighten himself, hold + +up his head and open his chest. We advise him to fill his + +lungs and take long breaths, because this will be his best + +safeguard against consumption. But at the same time we + +teach him physiology that he may understand the + +functions of his lungs, and himself choose the posture he + +knows to be the best. + + And this is all we can do in the case of morals. And + +this is all we can do in the case of morals. We have only a + +right to give advice, to which we add: "Follow it if it + +seems good to you." + + But while leaving to each the right to act as he + +thinks best; while utterly denying the right of society to + +punish one in any way for any anti-social act he may have + +committed, we do not forego our own capacity to love + +what seems to us good and to hate what seems to us bad. + +Love and hate; for only those who know how to hate + +know how to love. We keep this capacity; and as this + +alone serves to maintain and develop the moral + +sentiments in every animal society, so much the more will + +it be enough for the human race. + + We only ask one thing, to eliminate all that + +impedes the free development of these two feelings in the + +present society, all that perverts our judgment: --the + +State, the church, exploitation; judges, priests, + +governments, exploiters. + + Today when we see a Jack the Ripper murder one + +after another some of the poorest and most miserable of + +women, our first feeling is one of hatred. + + If we had met him the day when he murdered that + +woman who asked him to pay her for her slum lodging, + +we should have put a bullet through his head, without + +reflecting that the bullet might have been better bestowed + +in the brain of the owner of that wretched den. + + But when we recall to mind all the infamies which + +have brought him to this; when we think of the darkness + +in which he prowls haunted by images drawn from + +indecent books or thoughts suggested by stupid books, + +our feeling is divided. And if some day we hear that Jack + +is in the hands of some judge who has slain in cold blood + +a far greater number of men, women and children than all + +the Jacks together; if we see him in the hands of one of + +those deliberate maniacs then all our hatred of Jack the + +Ripper will vanish. It will be transformed into hatred of a + +cowardly and hypocritical society and its recognized + +representatives. All the infamies of a Ripper disappear + +before that long series of infamies committed in the name + +of law. It is these we hate. + + At the present day our feelings are continually thus + +divided. We feel that all of us are more or less, + +voluntarily or involuntarily, abettors of this society. We + +do not dare to hate. Do we even dare to love? In a society + +based on exploitation and servitude human nature is + +degraded. + + But as servitude disappears we shall regain our + +rights. We shall feel within ourselves strength to hate and + +to love, even in such complicated cases as that we have + +just cited. + + In our daily life we do already give free scope to + +our feelings of sympathy or antipathy; we are doing so + +every moment. We all love moral strength we all despise + +moral weakness and cowardice. Every moment our + +words, looks, smiles express our joy in seeing actions + +useful to the human race, those which we think good. + +Every moment our looks and words show the repugnance + +we feel towards cowardice, deceit, intrigue, want of + +moral courage. We betray our disgust, even when under + +the influence of a worldly education we try to hide our + +contempt beneath those lying appearances which will + +vanish as equal relations are established among us. + + This alone is enough to keep the conception of + +good and ill at a certain level and to communicate it one + +to another. + + It will be still more efficient when there is no longer + +judge or priest in society, when moral principles have + +lost their obligatory character and are considered merely + +as relations between equals. + + Moreover, in proportion to the establishment of + +these relations, a loftier moral conception will arise in + +society. It is this conception which we are about to + +analyze. + + + +VIII + + + + Thus far our analysis has only set forth the simple + +principles of equality. We have revolted and invited + +others to revolt against those who assume the right to treat + +their fellows otherwise than they would be treated + +themselves; against those who, not themselves wishing to + +be deceived, exploited, prostituted or ill-used, yet behave + +thus to others. Lying, and brutality are repulsive, we have + +said, not because they are disapproved by codes of + +morality, but because such conduct revolts the sense of + +equality in everyone to whom equality is not an empty + +word. And above all does it revolt him who is a true + +anarchist in his way of thinking and acting. + + If nothing but this simple, natural, obvious + +principle were generally applied in life, a very lofty + +morality would be the result; a morality comprising all + +that moralists have taught. + + The principle of equality sums up the teachings of + +moralists. But it also contains something more. This + +something more is respect for the individual. By + +proclaiming our morality of equality, or anarchism, we + +refuse to assume a right which moralists have always + +taken upon themselves to claim, that of mutilating the + +individual in the name of some ideal. We do not + +recognize this right at all, for ourselves or anyone else. + + We recognize the full and complete liberty of the + +individual; we desire for him plentitude of existence, the + +free development of all his faculties. We wish to impose + +nothing upon him; thus returning to the principle which + +Fourier placed in opposition to religious morality when + +he said: + + "Leave men absolutely free. Do not mutilate them + +as religions have done enough and to spare. Do not fear + +even their passions. In a free society these are not + +dangerous." + + Provided that you yourself do not abdicate your + +freedom, provided that you yourself do not allow others + +to enslave you; and provided that to the violent and anti- + +social passions of this or that person you oppose your + +equally vigorous social passions, you have nothing to + +fear from liberty. + + We renounce the idea of mutilating the individual + +in the name of any ideal whatsoever. All we reserve to + +ourselves is the frank expression of our sympathies and + +antipathies towards what seems to us good or bad. A man + +deceives his friends. It is his bent, his character to do so. + +Very well, it is our character, our bent to despise liars. + +And as this is our character, let us be frank. Do not let us + +rush and press him to our bosom or cordially shake + +hands with him, as is sometimes done today. Let us + +vigorously oppose our active passion to his. + + This is all we have the right to do, this is all the + +duty we have to perform to keep up the principle of + +equality in society. It is the principle of equality in + +practice. + + But what of the murderer, the man who debauches chil- + +dren? The murderer who kills from sheer thirst for blood + +is excessively rare. He is a madman to be cured or + +avoided. As for the debauchee, let us first of all look to it + +that society does not pervert our children's feelings, then + +we shall have little to fear from rakes. + +All this it must be understood is not completely + +applicable until the great sources of moral depravity-- + +capitalism, religion, justice, government--shall have + +ceased to exist. But the greater part of it may be put in + +practice from this day forth. It is in practice already. + + And yet if societies knew only this principle of + +equality; if each man practiced merely the equity of a + +trader, taking care all day long not to give others anything + +more than he was receiving from them, society would die + +of it. The very principle of equality itself would + +disappear from our relations. For, if it is to be maintained, + +something grander, more lovely, more vigorous than + +mere equity must perpetually find a place in life. + + And this greater than justice is here. + + Until now humanity has never been without large + +natures overflowing with tenderness, with intelligence, + +with goodwill, and using their feeling, their intellect, their + +active force in the service of the human race without + +asking anything in return. + + This fertility of mind, of feeling or of goodwill + +takes all possible forms. It is in the passionate seeker after + +truth, who renounces all other pleasures to throw his + +energy into the search for what he believes true and right + +contrary to the affirmations of the ignoramuses around + +him. It is in the inventor who lives from day to day + +forgetting even his food, scarcely touching the bread with + +which perhaps some woman devoted to him feeds him + +like a child, while he follows out the intention he thinks + +destined to change the face of the world. It is in the ardent + +revolutionist to whom the joys of art, of science, even of + +family life, seem bitter, so long as they cannot be shared + +by all, and who works despite misery and persecution for + +the regeneration of the world. It is in the youth who, + +hearing of the atrocities of invasion, and taking literally + +the heroic legends of patriotism, inscribes himself in a + +volunteer corps and marches bravely through snow and + +hunger until he falls beneath the bullets. It was in the + +Paris street arab, with his quick intelligence and bright + +choice of aversions and sympathies, who ran to the + +ramparts with his little brother, stood steady amid the rain + +of shells, and died murmuring: "Long live the Commune!" + +It is in the man who is revolted at the sight of a wrong + +without waiting to ask what will be its result to himself, + +and when all backs are bent stands up to unmask the + +iniquity and brand the exploiter, the petty despot of a + +factory or great tyrant of an empire. Finally it is in all + +those numberless acts of devotion less striking and + +therefore unknown and almost always misprized, which + +may be continually observed, especially among women, + +if we will take the trouble to open our eyes and notice + +what lies at the very foundation of human life, and + +enables it to enfold itself one way or another in spite of + +the exploitation and oppression it undergoes. + + Such men and women as these, some in obscurity, + +some within a larger arena, creates the progress of + +mankind. And mankind is aware of it. This is why it + +encompasses such lives with reverence, with myths. It + +adorns them, makes them the subject of its stories, songs, + +romances. It adores in them the courage, goodness, love + +and devotion which are lacking in most of us. It transmits + +their memory to the young. It recalls even those who have + +acted only in the narrow circle of home and friends, and + +reveres their memory in family tradition. + + Such men and women as these make true morality, + +the only morality worthy the name. All the rest is merely + +equality in relations. Without their courage, their + +devotion, humanity would remain besotted in the mire of + +petty calculations. It is such men and women as these who + +prepare the morality of the future, that which will come + +when our children have ceased to reckon, and have + +grown up to the idea that the best use for all energy, + +courage and love is to expend it where the need of such a + +force is most strongly felt. + + Such courage, such devotion has existed in every + +age. It is to be met with among sociable animals. It is to be + +found among men, even during the most degraded + +epochs. + + And religions have always sought to appropriate + +it, to turn it into current coin for their own benefit. In fact + +if religions are still alive, it is because--ignorance apart-- + +they have always appealed to this very devotion and + +courage. And it is to this that revolutionists appeal. + + The moral sentiment of duty which each man has + +felt in his life, and which it has been attempted to explain + +by every sort of mysticism, the unconsciously anarchist + +Guyau says, "is nothing but a superabundance of life, + +which demands to be exercised, to give itself; at the same + +time, it is the consciousness of a power." + + All accumulated force creates a pressure upon the + +obstacles placed before it. Power to act is duty to act. And + +moral "obligation" of which so much has been said or + +written is reduced to the conception: the condition of the + +maintenance of life is its expansion. + + "The plant cannot prevent itself from flowering. + +Sometimes to flower means to die. Never mind, the sap + +mounts the same," concludes the young anarchist + +philosopher. + + It is the same with the human being when he is full + +of force and energy. Force accumulates in him. He + +expands his life. He gives without calculation, otherwise + +he could not live. If he must die like the flower when it + +blooms, never mind. The sap rises, if sap there be. + + Be strong. Overflow with emotional and + +intellectual energy, and you will spread your intelligence, + +your love, your energy of action broadcast among others! + +This is what all moral teaching comes to. + + + +IX + + + + That which mankind admires in a truly moral man + +is his energy, the exuberance of life which urges him to + +give his intelligence, his feeling, his action, asking nothing + +in return. + + The strong thinker, the man overflowing with + +intellectual life, naturally seeks to diffuse his ideas. There + +is no pleasure in thinking unless the thought is + +communicated to others. It is only the mentally poverty- + +stricken man, who after he has painfully hunted up some + +idea, carefully hides it that later on he may label it with his + +own name. The man of powerful intellect runs over with + +ideas; he scatters them by the handful. He is wretched if + +he cannot share them with others, cannot scatter them to + +the four winds, for in this is his life. + + The same with regard to feeling. "We are not + +enough for ourselves: we have more tears than our own + +sufferings claim, more capacity for joy than our own + +existence can justify," says Guyau, thus summing up the + +whole question of morality in a few admirable lines, + +caught from nature. The solitary being is wretched, + +restless, because he cannot share his thoughts and feelings + +with others. When we feel some great pleasure, we wish to + +let others know that we exist, we feel, we love, we live, we + +struggle, we fight. + + At the same time, we feel the need to exercise our + +will, our active energy. To act, to work has become a need + +for the vast majority of mankind. So much so that when + +absurd conditions divorce a man or woman from useful + +work, they invent something to do, some futile and + +senseless obligations whereby to open out a field for their + +active energy. They invent a theory, a religion, a "social + +duty"-- to persuade themselves that they are doing + +something useful. When they dance, it is for a charity. + +When they ruin themselves with expensive dresses, it is to + +keep up the position of the aristocracy. When they do + +nothing, it is on principle. + + "We need to help our fellows, to lend a hand to the + +coach laboriously dragged along by humanity; in any + +case, we buzz round it," says Guyau. This need of lending + +a hand is so great that it is found among all sociable + +animals, however low in the scale. What is all the + +enormous amount of activity spent uselessly in politics + +every day but an expression of the need to lend a hand to + +the coach of humanity, or at least to buzz around it . + + Of course this "fecundity of will," this thirst for + +action, when accompanied by poverty of feeling and an + +intellect incapable of creation, will produce nothing but a + +Napoleon I or a Bismarck, wiseacres who try to force the + +world to progress backwards. While on the other hand, + +mental fertility destitute of well developed sensibility + +will bring forth such barren fruits as literary and scientific + +pedants who only hinder the advance of knowledge. + +Finally, sensibility unguided by large intelligence will + +produce such persons as the woman ready to sacrifice + +everything for some brute of a man, upon whom she + +pours forth all her love. + + If life to be really fruitful, it must be so at once in + +intelligence, in feeling and in will. This fertility in every + +direction is life; the only thing worthy the name. For one + +moment of this life, those who have obtained a glimpse of + +it give years of vegetative existence. Without this + +overflowing life, a man is old before his time, an impotent + +being, a plant that withers before it has ever flowered. + + "Let us leave to latter-day corruption this life that + +is no life," cries youth, the true youth full of sap that longs + +to live and scatter life around. Every time a society falls + +into decay, a thrust from such youth as this shatters + +ancient economic, and political and moral forms to make + +room for the up-springing of a new life. What matter if + +one or another fall in the struggle! Still the sap rises. For + +youth to live is to blossom whatever the consequences! It + +does not regret them. + + But without speaking of the heroic periods of + +mankind, taking every-day existence, is it life to live in + +disagreement with one's ideal ? + + Now-a-days it is often said that men scoff at the + +ideal. And it is easy to understand why. The word has so + +often been used to cheat the simple-hearted that a + +reaction is inevitable and healthy. We too should like to + +replace the word "ideal," so often blotted and stained, by + +a new word more in conformity with new ideas. + + But whatever the word, the fact remains; every human + +being has his ideal. Bismarck had his--however strange--; + +a government of blood and iron. Even every philistine has + +his ideal, however low. + + But besides these, there is the human being who has con- + +ceived a loftier ideal. The life of a beast cannot satisfy him. + +Servility, lying, bad faith, intrigue, inequality in human + +relations fill him with loathing. How can he in his turn + +become servile, be a liar, and intriguer, lord it over + +others? He catches a glimpse of how lovely life might be + +if better relations existed among men; he feels in himself + +the power to succeed in establishing these better relations + +with those he may meet on his way. He conceives what is + +called an ideal. + +Whence comes this ideal? How is it fashioned by heredity + +on one side and the impressions of life on the other? We + +know not. At most we could tell the story of it more or + +less truly in our own biographies. But it is an actual fact -- + +variable, progressive, open to outside influences but + +always living. It is a largely unconscious feeling of what + +would give the greatest amount of vitality, of the joy of + +life. + + Life is vigorous, fertile. rich in sensation only on + +condition of answering to this feeling of the ideal. Act + +against this feeling, and you feel your life bent back on + +itself. It is no longer at one, it loses its vigor. Be untrue + +often to your ideal and you will end by paralyzing your + +will, your active energy. Soon you will no longer regain + +the vigor, the spontaneity of decision you formerly knew. + +You are a broken man. + + Nothing mysterious in all this, once you look upon + +a human being as a compound of nervous and cerebral + +centers acting independently. Waver between the various + +feelings striving within you, and you will soon end by + +breaking the harmony of the organism; you will be a sick + +person without will. The intensity of your life will + +decrease. In vain will you seek for compromises. Never + +more will you be the complete, strong, vigorous being + +you were when your acts were in accordance with the + +ideal conceptions of your brain. + + There are epochs in which the moral conception + +changes entirely. A man perceives that what he had + +considered moral is the deepest immorality. In some + +instances it is a custom, a venerated tradition, that is + +fundamentally immoral. In others we find a moral system + +framed in the interests of a single class. We cast them + +overboard and raise the cry "Down with morality!" It + +becomes a duty to act "immorally." + + Let us welcome such epochs for they are epochs of + +criticism. They are an infallible sign that thought is + +working in society. A higher morality has begun to be + +wrought out. + + What this morality will be we have sought to + +formulate, taking as our basis the study of man and + +animal. + + We have seen the kind of morality which is even + +now shaping itself in the ideas of the masses and of the + +thinkers. This morality will issue no commands. It will + +refuse once and for all to model individuals according to + +an abstract idea, as it will refuse to mutilate them by + +religion, law or government. It will leave to the + +individual man full and perfect liberty. It will be but a + +simple record of facts, a science. And this science will say + +to man: "If you are not conscious of strength within you, if + +your energies are only just sufficient to maintain a + +colorless, monotonous life, without strong impressions, + +without deep joys, but also without deep sorrows, well + +then, keep to the simple principles of a just equality. In + +relations of equality you will find probably the maximum + +of happiness possible to your feeble energies. + + "But if you feel within you the strength of youth, if + +you wish to live, if you wish to enjoy a perfect, full and + +overflowing life --that is, know the highest pleasure which + +a living being can desire-- be strong, be great, be vigorous + +in all you do. + + "Sow life around you. Take heed that if you + +deceive, lie, intrigue, cheat, you thereby demean yourself. + +belittle yourself, confess your own weakness beforehand, + +play the part of the slave of the harem who feels himself + +the inferior of his master. Do this if it so pleases you, but + +know that humanity will regard you as petty, + +contemptible and feeble, and treat you as such. Having no + +evidence of your strength, it will act towards you as one + +worthy of pity-- and pity only. Do not blame humanity if + +of your own accord you thus paralyze your energies. Be + +strong on the other hand, and once you have seen + +unrighteousness and recognized it as such --inequity in + +life, a lie in science, or suffering inflicted by another-- rise + +in revolt against the iniquity, the lie or the injustice. + + "Struggle! To struggle is to live, and the fiercer the + +struggle the intenser the life. Then you will have lived; + +and a few hours of such life are worth years spent + +vegetating. + + "Struggle so that all may live this rich, overflowing + +life. And be sure that in this struggle you will find a joy + +greater than anything else can give." + + This is all that the science of morality can tell you. + +Yours is the choice. + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/annapoli.txt b/politicalTextFiles/annapoli.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b206df --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/annapoli.txt @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +THE ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION: + + +Proceedings of the Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the +Federal Government, Annapolis in the State of Maryland. + September 14, 1786 + +To the Honorable, The Legislatures of Virginia, Delaware, +Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York - + +The Commissioners from the said States, respectively +assembled at Annapolis, humbly beg leave to report. + +That, pursuant to their several appointments, they met, at +Annapolis in the State of Maryland on the eleventh day of +September Instant, and having proceeded to a Communication +of their Powers; they found that the States of New York, +Pennsylvania, and Virginia, had, in substance, and nearly +in the same terms, authorized their respective Commissions +"to meet such other Commissioners as were, or might be, +appointed by the other States in the Union, at such time and +place as should be agreed upon by the said Commissions to take +into consideration the trade and commerce of the United States, +to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial +intercourse and regulations might be necessary to their common +interest and permanent harmony, and to report to the several +States such an Act, relative to this great object, as when +unanimously by them would enable the United States in +Congress assembled effectually to proved for the same."... + +That the State of New Jersey had enlarged the object of their +appointment, empowering their Commissioners, "to consider how +far a uniform system in their commercial regulations and other +important matters, mighty be necessary to the common interest +and permanent harmony of the several States," and to report such +an Act on the subject, as when ratified by them, "would enable +the United States in Congress assembled, effectually to provide +for the exigencies of the Union." + +That appointments of Commissioners have also been made by the +States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North +Carolina, none of whom, however, have attended; but that no +information has been received by your Commissioners, of any +appointment having been made by the States of Connecticut, +Maryland, South Carolina or Georgia. + +That the express terms of the powers of your Commissioners +supposing a deputation from all the States, and having for +object the Trade and Commerce of the United States, Your +Commissioners did not conceive it advisable to proceed on +the business of their mission, under the Circumstances of +so partial and defective a representation. + +Deeply impressed, however, with the magnitude and importance +of the object confided to them on this occasion, your +Commissioners cannot forbear to indulge an expression of +their earnest and unanimous wish, that speedy measures be +taken, to effect a general meeting, of the States, in a +future Convention, for the same, and such other purposes, +as the situation of public affairs may be found to require. + +If in expressing this wish, or in intimating any other +sentiment, your Commissioners should seem to exceed the strict +bounds of their appointment, they entertain a full confidence, +that a conduct, dictated by an anxiety for the welfare of the +United States, will not fail to receive an indulgent construction. + +In this persuasion, your Commissioners submit an opinion, that +the Idea of extending the powers of their Deputies, to other +objects, than those of Commerce, which has been adopted by the +State of New Jersey, was an improvement on the original plan, +and will deserve to be incorporated into that of a future +Convention; they are the more naturally led to this conclusion, +as in the course of their reflections on the subject, they have +been induced to think, that the power of regulating trade is +of such comprehensive extent, and will enter so far into the +general System of the federal government, that to give it +efficacy, and to obviate questions and doubts concerning its +precise nature and limits, may require a correspondent +adjustment of other parts of the Federal System. + +That there are important defects in the system of the Federal +Government is acknowledged by the Acts of all those States, +which have concurred in the present Meeting; That the defects, +upon a closer examination, may be found greater and more +numerous, than even these acts imply, is at least so far +probably, from the embarrassments which characterize the +present State of our national affairs, foreign and domestic, +as may reasonably be supposed to merit a deliberate and candid +discussion, in some mode, which will unite the Sentiments and +Councils of all the States. In the choice of the mode, your +Commissioners are of opinion, that a Convention of Deputies +from the different States, for the special and sole purpose +of entering into this investigation, and digesting a plan for +supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be +entitled to a preference from considerations, which will occur +without being particularized. + +Your Commissioners decline an enumeration of those national +circumstances on which their opinion respecting the propriety +of a future Convention, with more enlarged powers, is founded; +as it would be a useless intrusion of facts and observations, +most of which have been frequently the subject of public +discussion, and none of which can have escaped the penetration +of those to whom they would in this instance be addressed. +They are, however, of a nature so serious, as, in the view +of your Commissioners, to render the situation of the United +States delicate and critical, calling for an exertion of the +untied virtue and wisdom of all the members of the Confederacy. + +Under this impression, Your Commissioners, with the most +respectful deference, beg leave to suggest their unanimous +conviction that it may essentially tend to advance the interests +of the union if the States, by whom they have been respectively +delegated, would themselves concur, and use their endeavors +to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the +appointment of Commissioners, to meet at Philadelphia on the +second Monday in May next, to take into consideration the +situation of the United States, to devise such further +provisions as shall appear to them necessary to render the +constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the +exigencies of the Union; and to report such an Act for that +purpose to the United States in Congress assembled, as when +agreed to, by them, and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures +of every State, will effectually provide for the same. + +Though your Commissioners could not with propriety address +these observations and sentiments to any but the States they +have the honor to represent, they have nevertheless concluded +from motives of respect, to transmit copies of the Report to +the United States in Congress assembled, and to the executives +of the other States. + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/antigvt1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/antigvt1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c7a83b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/antigvt1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ + Antistatism: An Eye For An Eye . . . + +Clarification: + + All "words inside quotation marks" mean that those words were used "for +lack of a better word." + +Summary Of Political Ideology (Autonomy): + +Decision Making: + +- No government exists to make decisions for the Antistate (as a single + entity) or the people within it. +- Territorial, professional, and trade resolutions are made through free + agreements between individuals or groups of individuals out of + necessity. +- Every individual or group of individuals in the Antistate can make + free contracts (agreements) with any other individual or group of + individuals anywhere. This is not an "ensured right," but a + necessary means of survival. +- The "free agreements" or "contracts" are open-ended arrangements (not + written binding deals). They provide services or produce + (material items) in return for services or produce between + individuals or groups of individuals. +- Example of a contract: Farmer Joe will give one third of his crop to + Doctor Bob if Doctor Bob takes care of all Farmer Joe's medical + concerns. +- The contracts can be created, altered, or ended at any time. + + Political Rights: + +- There are no restrictions (no law, government, police, prisons, etc.) + regulating what an individual can or cannot do in the Antistate. + The individual has complete and total freedom. +- This absolute liberty creates a balance that reacts with, and + counteracts every action in the Antistate. +- Example of balance of action: Farmer Joe breaks both his legs. Doctor + Bob takes half Farmer Joe's crop and refuses to set Farmer Joe's + broken legs. Farmer Joe either dies (unable to do anything) or + makes contracts with Butch Thug and Orthopedic Surgeon Mary for + protection and care. +- Anyone can believe anything and say anything they please in the + Antistate, but nobody has to listen. +- Anyone can leave or enter the Antistate. +- Political dissent is useless, an individual may try to implement a + "true" political system, but with few followers this is futile. + +Minority Rights: + +- Once an individual is within the Antistate they have the complete + freedom to do anything despite who the individual is. + - It is impossible to "be a citizen" of the Antistate, this requires the + recognition of an absent government. + +Leaders & Government Involvement In Society: + +- To clarify: The government is nonexistent, therefore it cannot have + any leaders and cannot involve itself with anything. +- If any social leaders (religious, etc.) arise (such as Ghandi) the + extent of their "power" is limited to the number of individuals + that choose to follow them. + +Education And Professionals: + +- As previously said, services are a commodity for barter, the more rare + the service, the more desired it becomes. +- Education is a valuable service; those people being taught are trading + other items and services to the person who is educating them. +- Services (medical, construction, just about anything, etc.) are given + in exchange for items or other services. +- The more educated one becomes in a trade (skill), the more they can + rely on their knowledge to provide goods and services for them. +- Education is a key tool in teaching people to survive independently. + +Defence Of Political Ideology: + +Major Advantages Of Antistatism (Autonomy): + + Equality: Every person in the Antistate has equal opportunity. Since +individual rights are absolute and unconditional in the Antistate, anybody can +do anything. The same opportunities are available to everybody, and the +ultimate goal of society is constant, survival. + + Autonomy: It may seem that in our "democracy" we have almost complete +freedom, this is not true. In Canada, there is a modest document (Bill of +Rights) that attempts to "guarantee" the Canadian public a certain set of +rights and freedoms. There is another document (the written law) that +contains thousands upon thousands of restrictions and regulations placed on +Canadian citizens. In short, there are more things we cannot do than things +that we can do. Not only are we restricted in what we can do, we can also +have our remaining rights involuntary removed (arrests and imprisonment, +minors have few rights, questionable mental faculties, etc.). Finally, we pay +(taxes) for the privilege of having our rights taken away. It's not a big +secret that police, lawyers, and politicians cost money. These problems are +avoided in the Antistate where the legal system, government, and law +enforcement are forsaken. + + Individualism & Collectivism: In the world today there are few who could +survive completely independent of others. This is a basic principle of +Antistatism. Within the Antistate an individual is free to be just that, an +individual. The individual is bound by no laws other than necessity to merge +with others. If an individual is forced to join others for any reason, the +person loses their identity as an individual and becomes a group entity. The +loss of individual identity and merger into a group entity forces unnecessary +restrictions on the person, hindering progress. Necessity draws the individuals together (collects the individuals) and drives them to work for +the good of each other, themselves included. From these mutual junctions of +distinct individuals in an immense collection, progress is spawned. There is +no other society, but the Antistate, in which an individual can work +progressively with others and not lose their distinct identity. + +Attacks On Antistatism: + + Attack #1: "Wouldn't the stronger people take advantage of the weaker +people? How can this be justified?" + + Defence #1: Yes, the stronger, faster, and smarter people would take +advantage of the weaker people. There is nothing wrong with this. Those +people most capable of survival will live and develop and have children with +the same characteristics of survival. The weak will be weeded out, sometimes +by the strong and sometimes by the environment, and the weak characteristics +that they possess will disappear from mankind. In this way, human beings will +progress naturally as organisms, and socially as more hardy beings capable of +independent survival. It is only within the last hundred years that human +beings have become the only organisms to deviate from this natural state of +things. + + Attack #2: "What would stop another country from invading the Antistate +and claiming all the territory?" + + Defence #2: As was stated before, very few people are capable of +independent survival. Therefore the individuals make contracts out of +necessity for various things such as nourishment, shelter, and protection. +One of the most common contracts that would arise among the people would be +those of defence. In return for some commodity or service, protection would +be given to the providing individual. Enough of these contracts would give +way to a huge, self-governing army protecting each other, benefiting +everybody. + + Attack #3: "If the Antistate isn't really a state, how can it have +political borders?" + + Defence #3: If the Antistate can keep other countries from claiming it's +territory, then the borders of the Antistate are defined as any territory +unclaimed by any country. + +Summary Of Economic Ideology (Private Enterprise): + +Position On Economic Spectrum: + +- The economic system in the Antistate is similar to extreme capitalism. +- State enterprise, state involvement in the economy, and taxation is + impossible without a state and therefore absent in the Antistate. +- There is no currency; there is no state to produce it, and no need to + represent large amounts of items. + +Production: + + - Everyone produces (for themselves) what is needed for survival and any + "luxury items" desired. +- Anything needed or desired by an individual (which the individual + cannot produce) is taken from or traded for with goods or services + with other individuals. +- It is foolish to produce excess amounts (more than is needed for + comfortable survival) of goods unless they are to be used for + trade. +- "Disposable income" (meaning excess "luxury items") depends on how + hard the individual in question works to produce or trade for it. + +Classless Society: + +- Everyone has the same job, to get what is needed for survival (there + are many means of doing this). +- Without currency it is difficult to determine who is rich and who + isn't (a monetary value cannot be given). +- The "winners" (in an economic sense) are those who get what they need + to survive and get the "luxury items" they want. +- The "average" person gets what they need to survive plus a few "luxury + items." +- The "loser" dies, unable to get what is needed for survival. +- Education is essential to maintain a "profitable" lifestyle. + +Social Problems (If the Antistate is installed somewhere in the modern world): + +- Poverty would run rampant until all those who could not learn to + survive independently quickly enough are dead. +- Crime would become commonplace until it becomes unprofitable (why + murder the only doctor in town, etc.). +- An extreme drop would occur in the economy for a long period until the + above points are resolved. + +Defence Of Economic Ideology: + +Major Advantages Of Private Enterprise: + + Liberty: Within a system of complete private enterprise, a person has +the greatest possible amount of freedom to produce anything they want to (or +nothing). Also, they can trade for (or take) any items they choose. An +individual has the independence to pursue any activity they prefer (no working +nine to five). You can take a vacation, give yourself a raise, or take that +BMW anytime! + + No Taxes, No Welfare: Who can argue with such a fine idea? No taxes, no +welfare. No welfare means those who cannot or will not produce die. The +people who need welfare die, the problem is erased. Great idea! + + No Excess: The greatest amount of items being produced are those that +people need. Producing these items requires time, effort and materials. +Therefore, nothing is being produced and not used. The system becomes +tailored to the needs of society, those who produce what everyone needs will +be successful. + + Attacks On Private Enterprise: + + Attack #1: "You claimed earlier that all people in the Antistate would +be equal. How can this be so when some people are bound to be better at +producing things that everybody needs?" + + Defence #1: What was claimed earlier was that all people in the +Antistate have equal opportunities. Yes, some people will be "more +successful" than others by producing things that everyone needs. There is a +healthy balance created in private enterprise where the "winners" end up +producing necessary things and get what they need while the "losers" produce +plastic cows or fuzzy dice and end up with nothing. If everyone ends up +producing the same vital, but now abundant item, it is only logical that some +of them will get "business" while others won't. The others who aren't getting +any "business" either find new items to produce or become "losers." + + Attack #2: "How can you possibly leave those people who cannot produce +without any assistance? It's inhumane to let them just die." + + Defence #2: If you want to take care of them, you can do it, but to +force me to do it is equally inhumane. Those people who cannot survive should +die. They carry genetic traits (blindness for instance) that will pass on if +they reproduce. I am in no way advocating that we should go out and destroy +these people (nature does that just fine), I'm just saying to go out of our +way and do the surviving for them is unnatural. This is another self- +correcting problem that will take care of itself if left alone in a natural +state. + + Attack #3: "How do I stop Butch Thug or Sid Crook from stealing my BMW?" + + Defence #3: Either let your BMW get stolen, or get a big gun and defend +it. An eye for an eye. Why do we need cops when we can do the job better? + +Rationale Behind Political/Economic Combination: + + The ideology of Antistatism is the combination of three distinct +political ideologies and two economic ideologies: democracy, anacro-communism, +autonomy, private enterprise and capitalism. These ideologies express freedom +for the people. Their merger into one system provides freedom in a plausible +form. + + Antistatism is the best possible 21st century ideology. Marx and Lenin +have both claimed that final stage in a perfectly evolved society is autonomy. +That is what the Antistate is, a perfectly evolved society. Within it is +found independent, autonomous individuals who are producing and progressing to +the benefit of everyone. The self-governing people are completely free to +persue their personal goals and ideals within the confines of their survival. +Without a government, there are no problems arising from powerful leaders, +apathetic politicians and of course, no taxes. Let the people control +themselves and the people will be content. + + If government exists to serve the people, and it doesn't do this, then +it doesn't work. When something doesn't work, you either fix it, or rid +yourself of it for good. + +Bibliography: + +Alinsky, Saul D. 1972. Rules For Radicals. Vintage Books (Random House Inc.) +Cohen, Carl, ed. 1972. Communism, Fascism, And Democracy: The Theoretical + Foundations. Random House Inc. +Dalton, George. 1974. Economic Systems & Society. Penguin Books Ltd. +Jacker, Corinne. 1968. The Black Flag Of Anarchy. Charles Scribner's Sons. +Laski, Harold J. 1955. "Anarchism." Encyclopedia Britannica. Ed. Walter Yust. + vol. 1. William Benton. pp. 873-878. +Lehning, Arthur. 1968. "Anarchism." Dictionary Of The History Of Ideas: + Studies Of Selected Pivotal Ideas. vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. + pp. 70-76. +Lenin, Vladimir. 1916. Imperialism, The Highest Stage Of Capitalism. Progress + Publishers +Lenin, Vladimir. "State And Revolution." Essential Works Of Marxism. Ed. + Arthur P. Mendel. Bantam Books, Inc. pp. 103-198. +Stalin, Joseph. "The Foundations Of Leninism." Essential Works Of Marxism. Ed. + Arthur P. Mendel. Bantam Books, Inc. pp. 209-296. +Ward, Colin. 1973. Anarchy In Action. Harper & Row, Publishers. + + By Q&A + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/aots.txt b/politicalTextFiles/aots.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08ca3e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/aots.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ + 1645 + + ANOTHER ON THE SAME + + by John Milton + + + + + + + + + + + +ANOTHER_ON_THE_SAME + Another on the Same +- + Here lieth one who did most truly prove, + That he could never die while he could move, + So hung his destiny never to rot + While he might still jogg on, and keep his trot, + Made of sphear-metal, never to decay + Untill his revolution was at stay. + Time numbers motion, yet (without a crime + 'Gainst old truth) motion number'd out his time: + And like an Engin mov'd with wheel and waight, + His principles being ceast, he ended strait. + Rest that gives all men life, gave him his death, + And too much breathing put him out of breath; + Nor were it contradiction to affirm + Too long vacation hastned on his term. + Meerly to drive the time away he sickn'd, + Fainted, and died, nor would with Ale be quickn'd; + Nay, quoth he, on his swooning bed out-stretch'd, + If I may not carry, sure Ile ne're be fetch'd, + But vow though the cross Doctors all stood hearers, + For one Carrier put down to make six bearers. + Ease was his chief disease, and to judge right, + He di'd for heavines that his Cart went light, + His leasure told him that his time was com, + And lack of load, made his life burdensom, + That even to his last breath (ther be that say't) + As he were prest to death, he cry'd more waight; + But had his doings lasted as they were, + He had bin an immortall Carrier. + Obedient to the Moon he spent his date + In cours reciprocal, and had his fate + Linkt to the mutual flowing of the Seas, + Yet (strange to think) his wain was his increase: + His Letters are deliver'd all and gon, + Onely remains this superscription. +- + -THE END- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/apf-char.txt b/politicalTextFiles/apf-char.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5df9c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/apf-char.txt @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ + THE AMERICAN PRIVACY FOUNDATION + + +Charter: WHEREAS millions of American citizens are presently having + their privacy violated through electronic, chemical, and + physical techniques, and, + + WHEREAS many groups with authority, such as business and + government, are increasingly utilizing these techniques + in the continuing invasion of privacy, and, + + WHEREAS these groups are increasingly coercing citizens to + be subjected to these invasions, be denying employment, + loans, benefits, or other required monetary incomes to + those individuals who refuse to be monitored, tested, or + investigated, and, + + WHEREAS technological innovations are continuously making + such violations more prevalent, less expensive, and easier + to perform, + + WITNESS THAT The American Privacy Foundation is hereby + formed to counter the trends of increasing privacy + violations in the United States of America. + + The American Privacy Foundation is opposed to: + + 1) Collection, by any organization, of information showing + what a citizen purchases on a day-to-day basis. + 2) Genetic testing for purposes of determining if a citizen + possesses 'defective' or undesirable genes, and the + subsequent distribution of this information to various + organizations. + 3) Drug testing or monitoring by any of the following + techniques; urine, blood, or hair follicle analysis; + skin patches; or electronic devices meant to monitor + legal or illegal substance useage of an individual. + 4) Sharing of information between the business community and + government. + 5) Compilation of 'medical profiles' by data collection from + various sources, for submission to business or insurance + companies. + 6) Any electronic device which is used for tracking the + location of a given individual on a continuous basis. + 7) Imbedded electronic devices intended to monitor and enforce + legislation. + 8) Any attempt by the government to ban or eliminate cash + currency, or to impose further controls or monitoring of + currency. + + 1) DAY-TO-DAY TRANSACTION COLLECTION: + a) Concern: A large amount amount of information about + the lifestyle, eating habits, and medical conditions + can be inferred from these records. + b) Example: Several businesses, most notably high- + technology grocery stores, have begun collecting + day-to-day transaction information on individuals. + This is accomplished by enticing a customer into using + a 'Shopping Club'-type card, which indicates the + identity of the purchaser as well as demographic + information. The purchases are recorded against the + customers' name, and a log of purchases can be + compiled. + c) Exceptions: The A.P.F. recognizes the necessity of + business to keep records about credit and payment + history, in order to determine eligibility for the + privilidge of credit. + + 2) GENETIC TESTING: + a) Concern: In a few short years, many human genes will be + identified. If a person is discriminated against due to + genetic abberations, this person is 'prosecuted before + the fact'. + b) Example: If you are found to have a gene predisposing you + to alcoholism, you could be denied a job, loan, or + insurance, even if you have never touched a drink in your + entire life. + c) Exceptions: A person might request genetic testing for his + own knowledge or for overwhelming medical necessity. If the + test is requested and desired by the person, and if the + information is specifically prohibited from being shared + with any other group, the APF has no objection to this + practice. + 3) DRUG TESTING: + a) This patently offensive practice presupposes guilt, + and violates the 5th Amendment to the Constitution by + requiring a person to undertake an action that may be + self-incriminating. A person should be judged on their + performance at work, only. If the person performs well, + then they should be rewarded. If they perform poorly, + they should be removed. What intoxicants are ingested + by a person in their own time is in no way the business + of any company or any government entity. + b) Example: A patch has been developed that would be worn + for up to one month, that is capable of detecting every + drink, every cigarette, every substance ingested during + that period. + c) Exceptions: The APF does not object to standard drug + tests for individuals in certain jobs that put other + individuals at serious physical risk (e.g., jobs in + the transportation industry or in nuclear power plants). + Additionally, if a test is someday developed that tests + present levels of intoxication, much like a Breathalyser + does now, the APF has no objection to use of this test in + any and all employment situations. (An employer, when he + pays for your hours, has the right to expect you to be + sober during those paid hours.) + 4) BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT SHARING OF DATA: + The government has an strong need to possess certain + information on individuals (for administration of income + taxes and social security benfits, as an example). + Because of this, they possess powerful informational + tool. If this information is leaked to companies or + individuals, a serious breach of privacy occurs. + Additionally, your geographic location and lifestyle + can be inferred by the records collected by business. + If this information is shared with the government, the + stage is set for serious abuses, all the way up to + Bosnian-style 'Ethnic Cleansing'. + + 5) COMPILATION OF MEDICAL PROFILES: + A group known as the Medical Information Bureau, from + Boston, Massachusettes, is rapidly becoming the 'TRW' + of the medical community. They draw information from + every source possible, including some that have been + legally challenged as unethical. + There is a legitimate need for credit-reporting companies, + since they provide information allowing a lender to make + intelligent decisions on the granting of something that + is clearly a privilege (the granting of credit). + There is not nearly as much reasonable rational as + credit histories, since this is not an area in which + special privileges are granted. All people have the right + to work SOMEwhere. All people have the right to be granted + medical care. With MIB records, these rights may soon + be denied. + 6) LOCATION MONITORING: + There is absolutely no reason why an employer or a + government agency has the right to keep tabs on a + persons' location on a continuous basis (excepting + those individuals on probation or parole). + There is a few businesses who have started using POSILOCK, + a system in which an employee wears a badge that enables the + employer to determine and track physical location of + an employee in its' building throughout the day. + 7) ELECTRONIC LAW ENFORCEMENT: + In a few short years, electronic microchips may be imbedded + in a variety of common objects. In fact, recent developments + will allow toll-road users to speed through toll-booths + while an electronic device monitors their travel, and + the tollsystem would automatically deduct amounts from + a 'toll account' paid for by the traveller. In short + order, software could be programmed to note your entry + point, your exit point, and your average speed. If your + average speed exceeded the speed limit, you could ALSO + automatically receive a speeding ticket for your + 'transgression'. This concept can be carried to an + extreme - with every object monitoring your every move, + and issuing citations for any transgressions. + 8) THE CASHLESS SOCIETY: + The government would truely love to make cash disappear + entirely. If all transactions were electronic, many + wonderous things would occur: Taxes could be collected on + EVERY transaction you make, automatically deducted. + And EVERY monetary transaction could be monitored, and + the government would then know every little thing there + is to know about us. This is perhaps the most insiduous and + most dangerous of the potential dangers, but it is also the + least likely to occur any time soon. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/app-abde.txt b/politicalTextFiles/app-abde.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10a8eb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/app-abde.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@ +Appendix A: + + The United Nations System + + The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate +agencies and bodies as follows: + +1) Secretariat + +2) General Assembly: + UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) + UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development + UNDP United Nations Development Program + UNEP United Nations Environment Program + UNFPA United Nations Population Fund + UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees + UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund + UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research + UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine + Refugees in the Near East + UNSF United Nations Special Fund + UNU United Nations University + WFC World Food Council + WFP World Food Program + +3) Security Council: + UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission + UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force + UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus + UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon + UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group + UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and + Pakistan + UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization + +4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): + Specialized agencies + FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations + IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization + IDA International Development Association + IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development + IFC International Finance Corporation + ILO International Labor Organization + IMF International Monetary Fund + IMO International Maritime Organization + ITU International Telecommunication Union + UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization + UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization + UPU Universal Postal Union + WHO World Health Organization + WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization + WMO World Meteorological Organization + Related organizations + GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade + IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency + Regional commissions + ECA Economic Commission for Africa + ECE Economic Commission for Europe + ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean + ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific + ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + Functional commissions + Commission on Human Rights + Commission on Narcotic Drugs + Commission for Social Development + Commission on the Status of Women + Population Commission + Statistical Commission + +5) Trusteeship Council + +6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +Appendix B + +Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups + +ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa +ACC Arab Cooperation Council +ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation +ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries +AfDB African Development Bank +AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development +AG Andean Group +AL Arab League +ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin + American Integration Association (LAIA) +AMF Arab Monetary Fund +AMU Arab Maghreb Union +ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty +APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation +AsDB Asian Development Bank +ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations + +BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; + see African Development Bank (AfDB) +BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; + see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) +BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central + American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) +BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) +Benelux Benelux Economic Union +BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American + Development Bank (IADB) +BIS Bank for International Settlements +BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African + Development Bank (WADB) + +C Commonwealth +CACM Central American Common Market +CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity +CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market +CCC Customs Cooperation Council +CDB Caribbean Development Bank +CE Council of Europe +CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West + African Economic Community (CEAO) +CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) +CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or + Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 +CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic + Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) +CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European + Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) +CG Contadora Group +CIS Commonwealth of Independent States +CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as + Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 +COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls +Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as + CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 +CP Colombo Plan +CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe + +DC developed country + +EADB East African Development Bank +EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development +EC European Community +ECA Economic Commission for Africa +ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and + Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) +ECE Economic Commission for Europe +ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission + for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) +ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean +ECOSOC Economic and Social Council +ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States +ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social + Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) +EFTA European Free Trade Association +EIB European Investment Bank +Entente Council of the Entente +ESA European Space Agency +ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific +ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + +FAO Food and Agriculture Organization +FLS Front Line States +FZ Franc Zone + +G-2 Group of 2 +G-3 Group of 3 +G-5 Group of 5 +G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) +G-7 Group of 7 +G-8 Group of 8 +G-9 Group of 9 +G-10 Group of 10 +G-11 Group of 11 +G-15 Group of 15 +G-19 Group of 19 +G-24 Group of 24 +G-30 Group of 30 +G-33 Group of 33 +G-77 Group of 77 +GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade +GCC Gulf Cooperation Council + +Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) +HG Hexagonal Group + +IADB Inter-American Development Bank +IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency +IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation +IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development +ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization +ICC International Chamber of Commerce +ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see + International Organization for Migration (IOM) +ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions +ICJ International Court of Justice +ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see + International Organization for Migration (IOM) +ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross +IDA International Development Association +IDB Islamic Development Bank +IEA International Energy Agency +IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development +IFC International Finance Corporation +IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development +IIB International Investment Bank +ILO International Labor Organization +IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see + International Maritime Organization (IMO) +IMF International Monetary Fund +IMO International Maritime Organization +INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization +INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization +IOC International Olympic Committee +IOM International Organization for Migration +ISO International Organization for Standardization +ITU International Telecommunication Union + +LAES Latin American Economic System +LAIA Latin American Integration Association +LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) +LDC less developed country +LLDC least developed country +LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies + +MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market +MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime + +NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council +NAM Nonaligned Movement +NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization +NC Nordic Council +NEA Nuclear Energy Agency +NIB Nordic Investment Bank +NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing + economy (NIE) +NIE newly industrializing economy +NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group + +OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries +OAS Organization of American States +OAU Organization of African Unity +OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development +OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States +OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference +OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America + and the Caribbean +OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries + +PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration + +RG Rio Group + +SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation +SACU Southern African Customs Union +SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference +SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic + System (LAES) +SPC South Pacific Commission +SPF South Pacific Forum + +UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) +UN United Nations +UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission +UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also + known as Habitat) +UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development +UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force +UNDP United Nations Development Program +UNEP United Nations Environment Program +UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization +UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus +UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population + Fund (UNFPA) +UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees +UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see + United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) +UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization +UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon +UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group +UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan +UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees + in the Near East +UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization +UPU Universal Postal Union +USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe + +WADB West African Development Bank +WCL World Confederation of Labor +WEU Western European Union +WFC World Food Council +WFP World Food Program +WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions +WHO World Health Organization +WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization +WMO World Meteorological Organization +WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) +WTO World Tourism Organization + +ZC Zangger Committee + +note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations + + + Appendix D: Weights and Measures +Mathematical Notation +Mathematical Power Name +10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion +10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion +10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion +10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion +10^6 or 1,000,000 one million +10^3 or 1,000 one thousand +10^2 or 100 one hundred +10^1 or 10 ten +10^0 or 1 one +10^-1 or 0.1 one tenth +10^-2 or 0.01 one hundredth +10^-3 or 0.001 one thousandth +10^-6 or 0.000 001 one millionth +10^-9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth +10^-12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth +10^-15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth +10^-18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth +Metric Interrelationships +Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, +liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from +kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 +meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 +meters equals 9.26 kilometers) +Prefix Symbol Length, Area Volume + weight, + capacity +exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54 +peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 +tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 +giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 +mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 +hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 +myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 +kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 +hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 +basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 + 1 gram, + 1 liter +deci d 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3 +centi c 10^-2 10^-4 10^-6 +milli m 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9 +decimilli dm 10^-4 10^-8 10^-12 +centimilli cm 10^-5 10^-10 10^-15 +micro u 10^-6 10^-12 10^-18 +nano n 10^-9 10^-18 10^-27 +pico p 10^-12 10^-24 10^-36 +femto f 10^-15 10^-30 10^-45 +atto a 10^-18 10^-36 10^-54 + +Equivalents + +Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent +acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 +acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 +acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, + kilometers^2 statute +are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 +barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons +barrel (proof spirits, 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons +US) +barrel (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons +bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks +cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms +chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet +cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 +cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) +degrees, celsius (water boils at 100. multiply by 1.8 and add + degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F +degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by (water boils at 212 .F, + 1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F) +dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois +dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy +dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid +fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet +foot 30.48 centimeters +foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards +foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, + statute +foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 +foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 +foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons +foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 +furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards +gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid +gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid +grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, + advp. +gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, + advp. +hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches +hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres +hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois +hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois +inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet +inch2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 +inch3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid +kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, + avoirdupois +kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, + statute +kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres +kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, + statute +knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour +mi/hr) +league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical +league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute +link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches +liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 +liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry +liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid +meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards +meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 +meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 +micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches +mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch +mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, + statute +mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute +mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs +mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section +mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical +minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, + liquid +ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains +ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid +ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains +pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches +peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry +pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains +pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry +pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid +point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches +pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois +pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy +quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry +quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid +quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. +rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards +scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains +section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile2, statute or 640 + acres +span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches +stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards^3 +tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons +teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons +ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois +deadweight + +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, + avoirdupois +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy +ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 +ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois +township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute +yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet +yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 +yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 +yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons + + +********** + +Appendix E + +Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + + This list indicates where various names including all United States +Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or +geographical portions of larger entities can be found in The World +Factbook. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United +States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in +parentheses; additional information is included in brackets. + +Name Entry in The World Factbook + +Abidjan [US Embassy] Ivory Coast +Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates +Acapulco [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Accra [US Embassy] Ghana +Adana [US Consulate] Turkey +Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia +Adelaide [US Consular Agency] Australia +Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica + [claimed by France] +Aden Yemen +Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea +Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Aegean Islands Greece +Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Afars and Issas, French Djibouti + Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) +Agalega Islands Mauritius +Aland Islands Finland +Alaska United States +Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Aldabra Islands Seychelles +Alderney Guernsey +Aleutian Islands United States +Alexander Island Antarctica +Alexandria [US Consulate General] Egypt +Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria +Alhucemas, Penon de Spain +Alma-Ata Kazakhstan +Alphonse Island Seychelles +Amami Strait Pacific Ocean +Amindivi Islands India +Amirante Isles Seychelles +Amman [US Embassy] Jordan +Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands +Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean +Amur China; Russia +Andaman Islands India +Andaman Sea Indian Ocean +Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean +Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan +Anjouan Comoros +Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey +Annobon Equatorial Guinea +Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar +Antipodes Islands New Zealand +Antwerp [US Consulate General] Belgium +Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] Chad +Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Arabian Sea Indian Ocean +Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean +Argun China; Russia +Ascension Island Saint Helena +Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Turkmenistan +Ashkhabad [Interim Chancery] Turkmenistan +Assumption Island Seychelles +Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay +Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands +Atacama Chile +Athens [US Embassy] Greece +Attu United States +Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand +Auckland Islands New Zealand +Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Axel Heiberg Island Canada +Azores Portugal +Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean + +Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean +Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean +Babuyan Islands Philippines +Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean +Baffin Island Canada +Baghdad Iraq +Baku Azerbaijan +Baky (Baku) Azerbaijan +Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean +Balearic Islands Spain +Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean +Bali [US Consular Agency] Indonesia +Bali Sea Indian Ocean +Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean +Balintang Islands Philippines +Balleny Islands Antarctica +Balochistan Pakistan +Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Bamako [US Embassy] Mali +Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati +Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei +Banda Sea Pacific Ocean +Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand +Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic +Banjul [US Embassy] Gambia, The +Banks Island Canada +Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu +Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain +Barents Sea Arctic Ocean +Barranquilla [US Consulate] Colombia +Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean +Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean +Bass Strait Indian Ocean +Batan Islands Philippines +Bavaria (Bayern) Germany +Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean +Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard +Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean +Bechuanaland Botswana +Beijing [US Embassy] China +Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon +Belau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the + (Palau) +Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia +Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom +Belgian Congo Zaire +Belgrade [US Embassy] Yugoslavia +Belize City [US Embassy] Belize +Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean +Belmopan Belize +Belorussia Belarus +Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean +Bering Sea Pacific Ocean +Bering Strait Pacific Ocean +Berkner Island Antarctica +Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany +Berlin, East Germany +Berlin, West Germany +Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland +Bessarabia Romania; Moldova +Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau +Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands +Bilbao [US Consulate] Spain +Bioko Equatorial Guinea +Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Bishbek [Interim Chancery] Kyrgyzstan +Bishop Rock United Kingdom +Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean +Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau +Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard +Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Black Sea Atlantic Ocean +Boa Vista Cape Verde +Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia +Bombay [US Consulate General] India +Bonaire Netherlands Antilles +Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bonin Islands Japan +Bonn [US Embassy] Germany +Bophuthatswana South Africa +Bora-Bora French Polynesia +Bordeaux [US Consulate General] France +Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Bornholm Denmark +Bosporus Atlantic Ocean +Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea +Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean +Bounty Islands New Zealand +Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil +Brazzaville [US Embassy] Congo +Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados +Brisbane [US Consulate] Australia +British East Africa Kenya +British Guiana Guyana +British Honduras Belize +British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands +British Somaliland Somalia +Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission Belgium + to European Communities, US + Mission to the North Atlantic + Treaty Organization (USNATO)] +Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania +Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary +Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina +Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi +Byelorussia Belarus + +Cabinda Angola +Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean +Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands +Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt +Calcutta [US Consulate General] India +Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada +California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Campbell Island New Zealand +Canal Zone Panama +Canary Islands Spain +Canberra [US Embassy] Australia +Cancun [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Canton (Guangzhou) China +Canton Island Kiribati +Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa +Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela +Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius +Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of; + Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco +Cato Island Australia +Cebu [US Consulate] Philippines +Celebes Indonesia +Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean +Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Central African Empire Central African Republic +Ceuta Spain +Ceylon Sri Lanka +Chafarinas, Islas Spain +Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory +Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey +Chatham Islands New Zealand +Cheju-do Korea, South +Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean +Chengdu [US Consulate General] China +Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia + (Iles Chesterfield) +Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand +Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean +China, People's Republic of China +China, Republic of Taiwan +Choiseul Solomon Islands +Christchurch [US Consular Agency] New Zealand +Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia +Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati + (Kiritimati) +Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean +Ciskei South Africa +Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate Mexico + General] +Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] Bolivia +Coco, Isla del Costa Rica +Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka +Colon [US Consular Agency] Panama +Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador + (Galapagos Islands) +Commander Islands Russia + (Komandorskiye Ostrova) +Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea +Congo (Brazzaville) Congo +Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire +Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire +Con Son Islands Vietnam +Cook Strait Pacific Ocean +Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark +Coral Sea Pacific Ocean +Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua +Corsica France +Cosmoledo Group Seychelles +Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast +Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin +Crete Greece +Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles +Cusco [US Consular Agency] Peru + +Dahomey Benin +Daito Islands Japan +Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal +Daman (Damao) India +Damascus [US Embassy] Syria +Danger Atoll Cook Islands +Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Danzig (Gdansk) Poland +Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam +Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean +Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania +Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean +Deception Island Antarctica +Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean +D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea +Devon Island Canada +Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia +Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh +Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory +Diego Ramirez Chile +Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede]; United States + [Little Diomede] +Diu India +Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti +Dodecanese Greece +Doha [US Embassy] Qatar +Douala [US Consulate General] Cameroon +Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean +Dubai [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates +Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland +Durango [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa +Dushanbe Tajikistan +Dusseldorf [US Consulate General] Germany +Dutch East Indies Indonesia +Dutch Guiana Suriname + +East China Sea Pacific Ocean +Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile +Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean + Strait or Tsushima Strait) +East Germany (German Democratic Germany + Republic) +East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean + Channel or Tsushima Strait) +East Pakistan Bangladesh +East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean +East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia +Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom +Elba Italy +Ellef Ringnes Island Canada +Ellesmere Island Canada +Ellice Islands Tuvalu +Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea +Enderbury Island Kiribati +Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands +England United Kingdom +English Channel Atlantic Ocean +Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands +Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece +Eritrea Ethiopia +Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana +Etorofu Russia[de facto] + +Farquhar Group Seychelles +Fernando de Noronha Brazil +Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea +Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Florence [US Consulate General] Italy +Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean +Formosa Taiwan +Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean +Fort-de-France Martinique + [US Consulate General] +Frankfurt am Main Germany + [US Consulate General] +Franz Josef Land Russia +Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone +French Cameroon Cameroon +French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +French Guinea Guinea +French Sudan Mali +French Territory of the Afars Djibouti + and Issas (F.T.A.I.) +French Togo Togo +Friendly Islands Tonga +Frunze (Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan +Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan +Funchal [US Consular Agency] Portugal +Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna + +Gaborone [US Embassy] Botswana +Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador + de Colon) +Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean +Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia +Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean +Geneva [Branch Office of the US Switzerland + Embassy, US Mission to European + Office of the UN and Other + International Organizations] +Genoa [US Consulate General] Italy +George Town [US Consular Agency] Cayman Islands +Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana +German Democratic Republic Germany + (East Germany) +German Federal Republic of Germany + (West Germany) +Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Gilbert Islands Kiribati +Goa India +Gold Coast Ghana +Golan Heights Syria +Good Hope, Cape of South Africa +Goteborg [US Consulate General] Sweden +Gotland Sweden +Gough Island Saint Helena +Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean +Grand Cayman Cayman Islands +Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] Turks and Caicos Islands +Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean +Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean +Great Britain United Kingdom +Great Channel Indian Ocean +Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Green Islands Papua New Guinea +Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean +Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Grenadines, Southern Grenada +Guadalajara Mexico + [US Consulate General] +Guadalcanal Solomon Islands +Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico +Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China +Guantanamo [US Naval Base] Cuba +Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala +Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean +Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador + +Ha'apai Group Tonga +Habomai Islands Russia[de facto] +Hague,The [US Embassy] Netherlands +Haifa [US Consular Agency] Israel +Hainan Dao China +Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada +Halmahera Indonesia +Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany +Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda +Hanoi Vietnam +Harare [US Embassy] Zimbabwe +Hatay Turkey +Havana [US post not maintained, Cuba + representation by US Interests + Section (USINT) of the Swiss + Embassy] +Hawaii United States +Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Helsinki [US Embassy] Finland +Hermosillo [US Consulate] Mexico +Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti +Hokkaido Japan +Holy See, The Vatican City +Hong Kong [US Consulate General] Hong Kong +Honiara [US Consulate] Solomon Islands +Honshu Japan +Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean +Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile +Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna +Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia +Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean +Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean + +Inaccessible Island Saint Helena +Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China +Ionian Islands Greece +Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Irian Jaya Indonesia +Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean +Islamabad [US Embassy] Pakistan +Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Istanbul [US Consulate General] Turkey +Italian Somaliland Somalia +Iwo Jima Japan +Izmir [US Consulate General] Turkey + +Jakarta [US Embassy] Indonesia +Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Java Indonesia +Java Sea Indian Ocean +Jeddah [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia +Jerusalem [US Consulate General] Israel; West Bank +Johannesburg South Africa + [US Consulate General] +Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean +Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile +Juventud, Isla de la Cuba + (Isle of Youth) + +Kabul [US Embassy now closed] Afghanistan +Kaduna [US Consulate General] Nigeria +Kalimantan Indonesia +Kamchatka Peninsula Russia + (Poluostrov Kamchatka) +Kampala [US Embassy] Uganda +Kampuchea Cambodia +Karachi [US Consulate General] Pakistan +Kara Sea Arctic Ocean +Karimata Strait Indian Ocean +Kathmandu [US Embassy] Nepal +Kattegat Atlantic Ocean +Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean +Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Kermadec Islands New Zealand +Khabarovsk Russia +Khartoum [US Embassy] Sudan +Khmer Republic Cambodia +Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman + (Kuria Muria Islands) +Khyber Pass Pakistan +Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean +Kiev [Chancery] Ukraine +Kigali [US Embassy] Rwanda +Kingston [US Embassy] Jamaica +Kinshasa [US Embassy] Zaire +Kirghiziya Kyrgyzstan +Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati +Kishinev (Chicsinau) Moldova +Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean +Kodiak Island United States +Kola Peninsula Russia + (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) +Kolonia [US Special Office] Micronesia, Federated States of +Korea Bay Pacific Ocean +Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North + Republic of +Korea, Republic of Korea, South +Korea Strait Pacific Ocean +Koror [US Special Office] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of +Kosovo Yugoslavia +Kowloon Hong Kong +Krakow [US Consulate] Poland +Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] Malaysia +Kunashiri (Kunashir) Russia [de facto] +Kuril Islands Russia [de facto] +Kuwait [US Embassy] Kuwait +Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands +Kyushu Japan +Kyyiv (Kiev) Ukraine + +Labrador Canada +Laccadive Islands India +Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean +La Coruna [US Consular Agency] Spain +Lagos [US Embassy] Nigeria +Lahore [US Consulate General] Pakistan +Lakshadweep India +La Paz [US Embassy] Bolivia +La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean +Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean +Las Palmas [US Consular Agency] Spain +Lau Group Fiji +Leningrad see Saint Petersburg Russia + [US Consulate General] +Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia +Leyte Philippines +Liancourt Rocks Korea, South + [claimed by Japan] +Libreville [US Embassy] Gabon +Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Lilongwe [US Embassy] Malawi +Lima [US Embassy] Peru +Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean +Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll +Lisbon [US Embassy] Portugal +Lombok Strait Indian Ocean +Lome [US Embassy] Togo +London [US Embassy] United Kingdom +Lord Howe Island Australia +Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) New Caledonia +Lubumbashi [US Consulate General] Zaire +Lusaka [US Embassy] Zambia +Luxembourg [US Embassy] Luxembourg +Luzon Philippines +Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean +Lyon [US Consulate General] France + +Macao Macau +Macedonia Bulgaria +Macquarie Island Australia +Madeira Islands Portugal +Madras [US Consulate General] India +Madrid [US Embassy] Spain +Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, + Tunisia +Mahe Island Seychelles +Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua +Majorca (Mallorca) Spain +Majuro [US Special Office] Marshall Islands +Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean +Malabo [US Embassy] Equatorial Guinea +Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean +Malaga [US Consular Agency] Spain +Malagasy Republic Madagascar +Male [US post not maintained, Maldives + representation from Colombo, + Sri Lanka] +Mallorca (Majorca) Spain +Malpelo, Isla de Colombia +Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean +Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Managua [US Embassy] Nicaragua +Manama [US Embassy] Bahrain +Manaus [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Manchukuo China +Manchuria China +Manila [US Embassy] Philippines +Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean +Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Manua Islands American Samoa +Maputo [US Embassy] Mozambique +Maracaibo [US Consulate] Venezuela +Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan +Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands +Marion Island South Africa +Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean +Marquesas Islands French Polynesia + (Iles Marquises) +Marseille [US Consulate General] France +Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil +Mas a Tierra Chile + (Robinson Crusoe Island) +Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion +Maseru [US Embassy] Lesotho +Matamoros [US Consulate] Mexico +Mazatlan [US Consulate] Mexico +Mbabane [US Embassy] Swaziland +McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Medan [US Consulate] Indonesia +Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Melbourne [US Consulate General] Australia +Melilla Spain +Mensk (Minsk) Belarus +Merida [US Consulate] Mexico +Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Mexico [US Embassy] Mexico +Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Milan [US Consulate General] Italy +Minami-tori-shima Japan +Mindanao Philippines +Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean +Minicoy Island India +Minsk Byelarus +Mogadishu [US Embassy] Somalia +Moldovia Moldova +Mombasa [US Consulate] Kenya +Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean +Monrovia [US Embassy] Liberia +Montego Bay [US Consular Agency] Jamaica +Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro +Monterrey [US Consulate General] Mexico +Montevideo [US Embassy] Uruguay +Montreal [US Consulate General, Canada + US Mission to the International + Civil Aviation Organization + (ICAO)] +Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia +Moroni [US Embassy] Comoros +Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Moscow [US Embassy] Russia +Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean +Mulege [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Munich [US Consulate General] Germany +Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates +Muscat [US Embassy] Oman +Muscat and Oman Oman +Myanma, Myanmar Burma + +Naha [US Consulate General] Japan +Nairobi [US Embassy] Kenya +Nampo-shoto Japan +Naples [US Consulate General] Italy +Nassau [US Embassy] Bahamas, The +Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia +N'Djamena [US Embassy] Chad +Netherlands East Indies Indonesia +Netherlands Guiana Suriname +Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis +New Delhi [US Embassy] India +Newfoundland Canada +New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea +New Hebrides Vanuatu +New Siberian Islands Russia +New Territories Hong Kong +New York, New York [US Mission United States + to the United Nations (USUN)] +Niamey [US Embassy] Niger +Nice [US Consular Agency] France +Nicobar Islands India +Nicosia [US Embassy] Cyprus +Nightingale Island Saint Helena +North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +North Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northern Epirus Albania; Greece +Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Northern Ireland United Kingdom +Northern Rhodesia Zambia +North Island New Zealand +North Korea Korea, North +North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +North Sea Atlantic Ocean +North Vietnam Vietnam +Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean +North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) Yemen +Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Nouakchott [US Embassy] Mauritania +Novaya Zemlya Russia +Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] Mexico +Nyasaland Malawi + +Oahu United States +Oaxaca [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati +Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States +Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia +Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory +Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Okinawa Japan +Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean +Oporto [US Consulate] Portugal +Oran [US Consulate] Algeria +Oresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean +Orkney Islands United Kingdom +Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] Japan +Oslo [US Embassy] Norway +Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Ottawa [US Embassy] Canada +Ouagadougou [US Embassy] Burkina +Outer Mongolia Mongolia + +Pagan Northern Mariana Islands +Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Palawan Philippines +Palermo [US Consulate General] Italy +Palk Strait Indian Ocean +Palma de Mallorca Spain + [US Consular Agency] +Pamirs China; Tajikistan +Panama [US Embassy] Panama +Panama Canal Panama +Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Paramaribo [US Embassy] Suriname +Parece Vela Japan +Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to France + the Organization for Economic + Cooperation and Development + (OECD), US Observer Mission at + the UN Educational, Scientific, + and Cultural Organization + (UNESCO)] +Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile +Passion, Ile de la Clipperton Island +Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan +Peking (Beijing) China +Pemba Island Tanzania +Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean +Perim Yemen +Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean +Persian Gulf Indian Ocean +Perth [US Consulate] Australia +Pescadores Taiwan +Peshawar [US Consulate] Pakistan +Peter I Island Antarctica +Philip Island Norfolk Island +Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean +Phoenix Islands Kiribati +Pines, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Piura [US Consular Agency] Peru +Pleasant Island Nauru +Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia +Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] Portugal +Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] Haiti +Port Louis [US Embassy] Mauritius +Port Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New Guinea +Porto Alegre [US Consulate] Brazil +Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and Tobago +Port Said [US Consular Agency] Egypt +Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau +Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia +Poznan [US Consulate] Poland +Prague [US Embassy] Czechoslovakia +Praia [US Embassy] Cape Verde +Pretoria [US Embassy] South Africa +Pribilof Islands United States +Prince Edward Island Canada +Prince Edward Islands South Africa +Prince Patrick Island Canada +Principe Sao Tome and Principe +Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency] Dominican Republic +Puerto Vallarta Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +Pusan [US Consulate] South Korea +P'yongyang Korea, North + +Quebec [US Consulate General] Canada +Queen Charlotte Islands Canada +Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada +Queen Maud Land Antarctica + [claimed by Norway] +Quito [US Embassy] Ecuador + +Rabat [US Embassy] Morocco +Ralik Chain Marshall Islands +Rangoon [US Embassy] Burma +Ratak Chain Marshall Islands +Recife [US Consulate] Brazil +Redonda Antigua and Barbuda +Red Sea Indian Ocean +Revillagigedo Island United States +Revillagigedo Islands Mexico +Reykjavik [US Embassy] Iceland +Rhodes Greece +Rhodesia Zimbabwe +Rhodesia, Northern Zambia +Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe +Riga [Interim Chancery] Latvia +Rio de Janeiro Brazil + [US Consulate General] +Rio de Oro Western Sahara +Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea +Riyadh [US Embassy] Saudi Arabia +Robinson Crusoe Island Chile + (Mas a Tierra) +Rocas, Atol das Brazil +Rockall [disputed] United Kingdom +Rodrigues Mauritius +Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to Italy + the UN Agencies for Food and + Agriculture (FODAG)] +Roncador Cay Colombia +Roosevelt Island Antarctica +Ross Dependency Antarctica + [claimed by New Zealand] +Ross Island Antarctica +Ross Sea Antarctica +Rota Northern Mariana Islands +Rotuma Fiji +Ryukyu Islands Japan + +Saba Netherlands Antilles +Sabah Malaysia +Sable Island Canada +Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia; + Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; + Niger; Senegal +Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam +Saint Brandon Mauritius +Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis +Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada +Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean +Saint John's [US Embassy] Antigua and Barbuda +Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Saint Lawrence Island United States +Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean +Saint Martin Guadeloupe +Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles +Saint Paul Island Canada +Saint Paul Island United States +Saint Paul Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands + (Ile Saint-Paul) +Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks Brazil + (Penedos de Sao Pedro e + Sao Paulo) +Saint Petersburg Russia + [US Consulate General] +Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean +Saipan Northern Mariana Islands +Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia +Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile +Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe +Salvador de Bahia Brazil + [US Consular Agency] +Salzburg [US Consulate General] Austria +Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen +San Ambrosio Chile +San Andres y Providencia, Colombia + Archipielago +San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean +San Felix, Isla Chile +San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica +San Luis Potosi Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +San Miguel Allende Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador +Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency] Bolivia +Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands +Santiago [US Embassy] Chile +Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic +Sao Luis [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil +Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil + Penedos de +Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan +Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean +Sarawak Malaysia +Sardinia Italy +Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean +Sark Guernsey +Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean +Scotland United Kingdom +Scott Island Antarctica +Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Seoul [US Embassy] Korea, South +Serbia Serbia and Montenegro +Serrana Bank Colombia +Serranilla Bank Colombia +Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Russia +Seville [US Consular Agency] Spain +Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Shanghai [US Consulate General] China +Shenyang [US Consulate General] China +Shetland Islands United Kingdom +Shikoku Japan +Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan +Siam Thailand +Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean +Sicily Italy +Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Sikkim India +Sinai Egypt +Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore +Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean +Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China +Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles +Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) Netherlands Antilles +Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean +Slovakia Czechoslovakia +Society Islands French Polynesia + (Iles de la Societe) +Socotra Yemen +Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria +Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea +Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands +Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean +Songkhla [US Consulate] Thailand +Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean +South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +South China Sea Pacific Ocean +Southern Grenadines Grenada +Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe +South Georgia South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Island New Zealand +South Korea Korea, South +South Orkney Islands Antarctica +South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Shetland Islands Antarctica +South Tyrol Italy +South Vietnam Vietnam +South-West Africa Namibia +South Yemen (People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen) +Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea +Spanish Sahara Western Sahara +Spitsbergen Svalbard +Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden +Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France +Stuttgart [US Consulate General] Germany +Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Sulu Archipelago Philippines +Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean +Sumatra Indonesia +Sumba Indonesia +Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia +Sunda Strait Indian Ocean +Surabaya [US Consulate] Indonesia +Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean +Surinam Suriname +Suva [US Embassy] Fiji +Swains Island American Samoa +Swan Islands Honduras +Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia + +Tahiti French Polynesia +Taipei Taiwan +Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean +Tallin [Interim Chancery] Estonia +Tampico [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Tanganyika Tanzania +Tangier [US Consulate General] Morocco +Tarawa Kiribati +Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean +Tashkent [Interim Chancery] Uzbekistan +Tasmania Australia +Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean +Taymyr Peninsula Russia + (Poluostrov Taymyra) +Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras +Tehran [US post not maintained, Iran + representation by Swiss Embassy] +Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel +Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica + [claimed by France] +Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Thessaloniki Greece + [US Consulate General] +Thurston Island Antarctica +Tibet (Xizang) China +Tbilisi Georgia +Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile +Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico +Timor Indonesia +Timor Sea Indian Ocean +Tinian Northern Mariana Islands +Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean +Tobago Trinidad and Tobago +Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan +Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada +Torres Strait Pacific Ocean +Toshkent (Tashkent) Uzbekistan +Trans-Jordan Jordan +Transkei South Africa +Transylvania Romania +Trieste [US Consular Agency] Italy +Trindade, Ilha de Brazil +Tripoli [US post not maintained, Libya + representation by Belgian + Embassy] +Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena +Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea +Trucial States United Arab Emirates +Truk Islands Micronesia +Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean +Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia +Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia +Turin [US Consulate] Italy +Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Turkmeniya Turkmenistan +Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Tyrol, South Italy +Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean + +Udorn [US Consulate] Thailand +Ulaanbaatar Mongolia +Ullung-do Korea, South +Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean +Union of Soviet Socialist Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Republics Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria +Upper Volta Burkina +USSR Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +Vaduz [US post not maintained, Liechtenstein + representation from Zurich, + Switzerland] +Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) Afghanistan +Valencia [US Consular Agency] Spain +Valletta [US Embassy] Malta +Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada +Vancouver Island Canada +Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean +Vatican City [US Embassy] Vatican City +Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain +Venda South Africa +Veracruz [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean +Victoria [US Embassy] Seychelles +Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission Austria + to International Organizations + in Vienna (UNVIE)] +Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos +Vilnius [Interim Chancery] Lithuania +Volcano Islands Japan +Vostok Island Kiribati +Vrangelya, Ostrov Russia + (Wrangel Island) + +Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan + (now Vakhan Corridor) +Wales United Kingdom +Walvis Bay South Africa +Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland +Washington, DC [The Permanent United States + Mission of the USA to the + Organization of American + States (OAS)] +Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean +Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand +Western Channel Pacific Ocean + (West Korea Strait) +West Germany (Federal Republic Germany + of Germany) +West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean + (Western Channel) +West Pakistan Pakistan +Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean +White Sea Arctic Ocean +Windhoek Namibia +Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean +Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] Canada +Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia [de facto] + +Yaounde [US Embassy] Cameroon +Yap Islands Micronesia +Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean +Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen] +Yemen Arab Republic Yemen +Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Yemen + Republic] +Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Yemen + Republic] +Yemen, People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of +Yemen, South [People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen] +Yerevan Armenia +Youth, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean +Yugoslavia Bosnia and Hercegovina; Croatia; + Macedonia; Serbia and Montenegro; + Slovenia + +Zagreb [US Consulate General] Yugoslavia +Zanzibar Tanzania +Zurich [US Consulate General] Switzerland + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/arabs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/arabs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c2022f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/arabs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,364 @@ + + A HISTORY OF THE ARAB PEOPLES OF THE MIDEAST + +ARABS + +The term Arabs refers to the people who speak Arabic as their +native language. A Semitic people like the Jews (see SEMITES), +Arabs form the bulk of the population of Algeria, Bahrain, +Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab +Emirates, Yemen (Aden), and Yemen (Sana). In addition, there +are about 1.7 million Palestinian Arabs living under Israeli +rule in the WEST BANK and GAZA STRIP, territories occupied by +Israel during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War (see ARAB-ISRAELI +WARS), and more than 700,000 Arab citizens of Israel. +Estimates of the total Arab population of the countries above +range from 175 to 200 million. The great majority of Arabs are +Muslims, but there are significant numbers of Christian Arabs +in Egypt (see COPTIC CHURCH), Lebanon, and Syria and among +Palestinians. In geographical terms the Arab world includes +North Africa and most of the Middle East (excluding Turkey, +Israel, and Iran), a region that has been a center of +civilization and crossroads of trade since prehistoric times. + +ARAB HISTORY + +References to Arabs as nomads and camel herders of northern +ARABIA appear in Assyrian inscriptions of the 9th century BC. +The name was subsequently applied to all inhabitants of the +Arabian peninsula. From time to time Arab kingdoms arose +across on the fringes of the desert, including the Nabataeans +at PETRA in southern Jordan in the 2d century BC and PALMYRA in +central Syria in the 3d century AD, but no great Arab empire +emerged until ISLAM appeared in the 7th century AD and provided a +basis for Arab tribal unity. + +Although a majority of Muslims today are not Arabs, the +religion was born in the Arabian peninsula and Arabic is its +mother tongue. MECCA, a place of religious pilgrimage for +tribes of western Arabia and a trading center on the route +between southern Arabia and the urban civilizations of the +eastern Mediterranean and Iraq, was the birthplace of the +prophet of Islam, MUHAMMAD Ibn Abdullah (c.570-632 AD); the +Muslim calendar begins with his flight to MEDINA in 622 because +it marked the founding of a separate Muslim community. By the +time of Muhammad's death, Mecca and nearly all the tribes of +the peninsula had accepted Islam. A century later the lands of +Islam, under Arab leadership, stretched from Spain in the west +across North Africa and most of the modern Middle East into +Central Asia and northern India. + +There were tow great Islamic dynasties of Arab origin, the +UMAYYADS (661-750), centered in Damascus, and the ABBASIDS +(750-1258), whose capital was Baghdad. Most Umayyad rulers +insisted on Arab primacy over non-Arab converts to Islam, while +the Abbasid caliphs (see CALIPHATE) accepted the principle of +Arab and non-Arab equality as Muslims. At its height in the +8th and 9th centuries, the Abbasid caliphate was +extraordinarily wealthy, dominating trade routes between Asia +and Europe. Islamic civilization flourished during the Abbasid +period (see ARABIC LITERATURE; ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE) +even though the political unity of the caliphate often +shattered into rival dynasties. Greek philosophy was +translated into Arabic and contributed to the expansion of +Arab-Persian Islamic scholarship. Islamic treatises on +medicine, philosophy, and science, including Arabic translation +of Plato and Aristotle, greatly influenced Christian thinkers +in Europe in the 12th century by way of Muslim Spain. The +power of the Arab Abbasid family declined from the 10th century +onward due to internal political and religious rivalries and +victories by Christian European Crusaders (see CRUSADES; +MIDDLE EAST, HISTORY OF THE) seeking to recapture territory +lost to Islam. The Mongol invasion of the 13th century +(see MONGOLS) led to the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in +1258 and opened the way for the eventual rise of a great +Turkish Muslim empire known as the OTTOMAN EMPIRE. The +Ottomans took Constantinople (Istanbul) from the Byzantines in +1453 and had taken control of the Arab Middle East and most of +North Africa by the end of the 16th century. Arabs remained +subjects of the Ottoman Turks for over 300 years. +The Arab world of today is the product of Ottoman decline, +European colonialism, and Arab demands for freedom from +European occupation. At the beginning of World War I all of +North Africa was under French (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco), +Italian (Libya), or British (Egypt) domination. After World +War I the League of Nations divided the Arab lands that had +remained Ottoman during the war between Britain and France with +the understanding that each power would encourage the +development of the peoples of the region toward self-rule. +Iraq and PALESTINE (including what is now Jordan) went to +Britain, and Syria and Lebanon to France. Britain had +suggested to Arab leaders during the war that Palestine would +be included in areas to be given Arab self-determination, but +British officials then promised the region to the Zionist +movement, which called for a Jewish state there (see ZIONISM). +The Arab lands gained their independence in stages after World +War II, sometimes, as in Algeria, after long and bitter +struggles. Much of Palestine became the state of Israel in May +1948, setting the stage for the Arab-Israeli conflict, in which +five wars have occurred (1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982), +and contributing to the rise of the PALESTINE LIBERATION +ORGANIZATION (PLO), which gained prominence after the +humiliating Arab losses in the 1967 war. + +PEOPLE AND ECONOMY + +Arabs have traditionally been considered nomads, epitomized by +the BEDOUIN of Arabia. Stereotypical portrayals of Arabs today +use the image of the nomad or tribal sheik, usually with +prejudicial intent. In fact, it is difficult to generalize +about Arabs in terms of appearance or way of life. Bedouins +are less than 10 percent of the total Arab population. Most +Arab societies are heavily urbanized, particularly the oil-rich +states of the Arabian Peninsula. This reversal of the +stereotype of the desert Arab owes much to the fact that there +is little if any agriculture in such societies. Major peasant +populations are found in countries such as Egypt (see +FELLAHIN), Syria, Algeria, and Iraq, where there is water for +irrigation, but even there generalizations are difficult. All +these nations have heavy urban concentrations; Cairo, for +example, has a population of 14 million and is still expanding. +As a whole, then, Arab society today is more heavily urban than +rural, as a result of major political, economic, and social +changes that have occurred in the last century. In addition, +there are important variations in political and religious +outlooks among Arabs. + +In the midst of such diversity the two basic elements uniting +most Arabs are the Arabic language and Islam. Though spoken +Arabic differs from country to country, the written language +forms a cultural basis for all Arabs. Islam does the same for +many, with Arabic being the language of the KORAN, the revealed +word of God delivered through the prophet Muhammad. Most Arabs +are Sunni Muslims (see SUNNITES). A minority are SHIITES. The +division of Islam into two main branches is the result of a +dispute over succession to the caliphate that goes back to the +7th century and has led to certain doctrinal differences +between the two branches. The major Shiite country is non-Arab +Iran, but there are large numbers of Shiites in Iraq (where +they form a majority) and in Lebanon (where Shiites are now the +biggest single religious group). Shiite tensions are due +partly to Iranian efforts to promote Shiite Islam in the +aftermath of the 1979 revolution that brought Ayatollah +Ruhollah KHOMEINI to power and partly to the fact that Shiites, +who form the economic underclass in many Arab nations, feel +that they have been discriminated against by the Sunnite +majority. + +Although traditional tribal life has nearly disappeared, tribal +values and identity retain some importance, especially when +linked to Islam. Descent from the clan of the prophet Muhammad +or from one of the first Arab tribes to accept Islam still +carries great prestige. Many villages and towns contain +prominent families with common links to tribal ancestors. +Blood ties contribute to the formation of political factions. +These types of relationships are less prevalent in cities; +even there, however, leading families may seek to intermarry +their children to preserve traditional bonds, and many urban +families retain patronage ties to their villages. + +Nevertheless, the importance of kinship has been weakened by +the rapid expansion of urban society, by modern educational +systems, and by the creation of centralized governments whose +bureaucracies are often the major source of employment for +university graduates. Many educated young people choose +spouses from among fellow classmates, a development that +reflects especially the expansion of educational and +professional opportunities for women. It is not uncommon for +young people to become engaged and then wait a year or two to +marry because they cannot find or afford suitable housing +immediately. In the past the bride would have become part of +the husband's family household, a custom still followed in many +villages. + +This rapid pace of urbanization and social change has been +encouraged by economic constraints found in many Arab +societies. Except for oil, there are few natural resources to +be exploited for industrial development. Agricultural +productivity is generally high in Arab countries, but +productive land is scarce in some regions because of the lack +of water, and droughts and rising demand have increased the +possibility of conflicts over water resources shared by +neighboring countries. Fewer opportunities in agriculture, +coupled with social modernization, have caused young people to +flock to major cities seeking education and employment. This +has placed serious strains on governmental abilities to respond +to social needs. + +This process has been exacerbated by another factor--the rapid +rate of population growth in many Arab countries. Most have a +rate of increase near 3% annually, as compared to rates of +growth in Western Europe of under 1%. These growth rates +reflect the impact of modern medicine and social services that +have lessened infant mortality. The tendency to smaller +families found in Western urban societies has not occurred +because of the prevalence of traditional attitudes favoring +large families, particularly among the poor and in areas where +tribal values prevail. The United Arab Emirates has a growth +rate approaching 9%, and even a rate of 2.7% for Egypt means +that a million Egyptians are born every 9 months in a country +where agricultural land comprises only 12% of the total land +area, forcing further urban congestion and the need to import +more food to maintain subsistence levels. This inability to +feed one's population from indigenous resources leads to +increased indebtedness and a diversion of funds needed for +development. +One final element in this equation is the large number of young +people in these expanding populations. For example, 6% of all +Tunisians are under 20 years of age, a not unrepresentative +statistic suggesting that future problems of unemployment and +food shortages will be greater than they are now. These +population indices suggest great potential for social unrest, +and the failure of many secular Arab regimes to fulfill their +promises of economic prosperity and national strength have +contributed to the increasing adherence to Islam by young +people in some Arab countries. Among the young, in particular, +Arab inability to regain the territories lost in the 1967 war +with Israel led to questioning of the secular ideologies that +had dominated regional politics during the post-World War II +era, while a growing gap between rich and poor and the spread +of education increased demands for greater participation in +largely undemocratic political systems. + +MODERN POLITICS AND SOCIAL ISSUES + +The men who led the Arab independence movements after World War I +were usually secularists. Although many of them, such as +Egypt's Gamal Abdul NASSER, were Pan-Arab nationalists who +advocated the creation of a single Arab nation, they believed +it essential that their countries adopt many aspects of Western +civilization, such as secular laws, parliamentary government, +and the like. These views challenged the primacy of Islam in +everyday life. Islamic law (see SHARIA) makes no distinction +between religious and temporal power. Muslims believe that all +law derives from the Koran, and that God's word must therefore +apply to all aspects of life. The gradual relegation of Islam +to the realm of personal status, a process that began during +the period of Western dominance, continued as Arab nations +gained independence under nationalist leaders who believed that +Islam lacked answers to the problems confronting modern society +and national development. + +Many devout Arab Muslims disagreed. The Muslim Brotherhood, +for example, was formed in Egypt as early as 1929 to meet the +needs of Egyptians uprooted by modern economic and cultural +inroads into traditional Egyptian life. A central tenet of all +such Muslim groups is the belief that Western economic and +social values cannot restore past Arab greatness, and that +Muslim societies must be based on principles derived from their +own roots. Beyond this, such groups often differ on the type +of society they envisage and how to achieve it. Some +organizations advocate overthrow of existing regimes, others +the spread of their views by peaceful means. The call to Islam +has special appeal to those who are unemployed and have little +hope of a secure future, people who are the victims rather than +the beneficiaries of modernization. Many others who have +rejected membership in such groups have returned to the private +religious duties of Islam, such as praying five times daily, +fasting during the holy month of RAMADAN, and making a +pilgrimage to Mecca. + +Muslim organizations see the West as the real threat to Islamic +stability. Most see Israel as an agent of the West in the +Middle East, depriving Palestinian Arabs of their rightful +homeland. Even secular Arabs who admire the West and fear +reintroduction of a Muslim theocracy nevertheless often feel +angered at what they perceive as Western and especially +American ignorance of and unconcern for Arab concerns. The +Palestinian uprising (intifada) launched in December 1988 has +created new awareness of the problem. + +On the other hand, anti-Israel pronouncements have often served +to create a false impression of unity when real agreement was +lacking. The ARAB LEAGUE, formed in 1945, has been more a +forum for Arab infighting than a framework for cooperation. +Arabs genuinely feel common bonds based on language and a +shared historical and cultural legacy, but they also identify +themselves as Egyptians, Iraqis, and so on. Their ideological +differences reflect the wide range of governing systems in the +Arab world, from socialist regimes to oil-rich monarchies. + +Complicating factors for the region have been the GULF WAR +(1980-88) between Iran and Iraq and increased tensions between +Iran and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. These conflicts +focused attention on the major oil-producing region of the +world. As of 1987, more than 69% of the proved oil reserves of +the globe could be found in the Middle East, particularly in +Saudi Arabia, which contains nearly half of the world's +reserves. Oil has been exported from the Arab world since the +1930s, but only with the creation of the ORGANIZATION OF +PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) in 1960 and the Libyan +revolution of 1969 did these countries begin to determine oil +prices themselves. Although only eight Arab nations are +substantial oil producers and OPEC has several non-Arab +members, the organization is usually associated with Arab oil; +the oil shortages of 1973-74 resulted from Saudi anger at U. +S. policy during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Overproduction +drove down prices in the 1980s, weakening OPEC's clout and the +ability of the oil-producing Arab states to provide aid and +jobs for the poorer Arab nations. Oil experts believe, +however, that the Arab world will remain the strategically +significant center of world oil production well into the 21st +century, a fact that has contributed to the involvement of +foreign powers in the region. + +FUTURE PROSPECTS + +The Arab world holds potential for both growth and conflict. A +solution to the Palestinian problem would defuse the likelihood +of another Arab-Israeli war and permit allocation of resources +to domestic sectors rather than to military outlays. Arab +states, however, need to settle their own differences as well. +Some efforts to promote more unified approaches to problems of +common interest have been made in recent years, including the +formation of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Saudi Arabia, +Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates) in 1981 and +the Arab Maghrib Union (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and +Tunisia) and the Arab Cooperation Council (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, +and Yemen [Sana]) in 1989. The major inter-Arab rivalry is +that between Syria and Iraq, the principal internal problem +that of Lebanon, where communal strife has involved its +neighbors and destabilized the region. The impact of +population growth on economic development and the appeal of +Islamic revolutionary factions to the disaffected will remain +crucial to Arab prospects into the next century. CHARLES D. +SMITH + +MEMBERS OF THE ARAB LEAGUE + +--------------------------------------------------------------- +COUNTRY AREA POPULATION PER CAPITA INFANT PERCENT + (km sq.) (1989 EST.) INCOME MORTALITY URBAN + (1986) (per 1,000 + live births) +--------------------------------------------------------------- +Algeria * 13,600 24,900,000 2,570 81 43 +Bahrain 678 500,000 8,530 26 81 +Djibouti 23,200 400,000 1,067 127 74 +Egypt 1,001,449 54,800,000 760 93 45 +Iraq * 458,317 18,100,000 2,400 69 68 +Jordan 97,740 4,000,000 1,550 54 69 +Kuwait* 17,818 2,100,000 13,890 16 94 +Lebanon 16,000 3,300,000 1,000 50 80 +Libya * 1,759,540 4,100,000 7,170 74 76 +Mauritania 1,030,700 2,000,000 440 132 35 +Morocco 446,550 25,600,000 590 90 43 +Oman 212,457 1,400,000 4,990 100 9 +Qatar * 11,000 400,000 12,520 31 88 +Saudi 2,149,690 14,700,000 6,930 71 73 +Arabia +Somalia 637,457 8,200,000 280 137 33 +Sudan 2,505,813 24,500,000 320 113 20 +Syria 185,180 12,100,000 1,560 48 50 +Tunisia 163,610 7,900,000 1,140 77 53 +United Arab 83,600 1,700,000 14,410 32 81 +Emirates* +Yemen 332,968 2,500,000 480 132 20 +(Aden) +Yemen 195,290 6,900,000 950 113 40 +(Sana) +----------------------------------------------------------------- + * Member of OPEC + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/arafat.txt b/politicalTextFiles/arafat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..946cfbd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/arafat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ + Arafat's Speech in Johannesburg + May 10, 1994 + + +The following is the complete text of PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat's +address to a Islamic gathering in a mosque in Johannesburg on May 10, +as broadcast by Israel Radio, Kol Yisrael: + + + +Brothers, I have to thank you to give me this opportunity to come here +to pray together, and Insh'Allah, we will pray together very soon in +Jerusalem, the first shrine of Islam. + +Excuse me for my poor language in English, but I try to do my best. + +My brothers, after the signing of the agreement, and we have to +understand that after the gulf war, the real conspiracy is to demolish +completely the Palestinian issue from the agenda of the international +new order. This is where the main conspiracy and it was not easy, +because our people as you know had paid the price of this gulf war. As +you know our community in Kuwait which was the biggest and richest +community in Kuwait had been kicked out of Kuwait. + +Not only that, after that we had been placed by this initiative +declared by President Bush for Madrid Conference. And it wasn't easy, +how we had accept to go to Madrid Conference. Why? Not to give them +the reason and an excuse to exclude the cause of Jerusalem, the cause +of Palestine. This has to be understood. And long after this agreement +which is the first step and not more than that, believe me. There are +a lot to be done. + +The Jihad will continue and Jersualem is not for the Palestinian +People. It is for all the Muslim Uma, all the Muslim Uma. You are +responsible for Palestine and for Jerusalem before me. + +(Verse from the Koran in Arabic) And we saved him (Abraham) and Lot, +and we brought him to the land which is blessed for ever. + +This blessing, to Abraham, for the land which had been blessed for the +whole world. While after this agreement, you have to understand, our +main battle is not to get how much we can achieve from them here or +there. Our main battle is Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the first shrine of +the Muslims. + +This has to be understood for everybody and for this I was insisting +before signing to have a letter from them, from the Israelis, that +Jerusalem is one of the items which has to be under discussion. And +no, the permanent state of Israel- no! It is the permanent state of +Palestine. Yes, it is the permanent state of Palestine.And in this +letter it is very important for everybody to know, I insist to mention +and they have written it and I have this letter. I didn't declare - I +didn't publish it till now. In this letter we are responsible for all +the Christian and Muslim and the Islamic holy sacred places, and I had +insisted to mention the Christian holy sacred place before the Islamic +holy sacred place because I had to be faithful to the agreement +between the Calipha Omar and the Patriarch Saphrona. + +You remember this agreement between the Calipha Omar and the Patriarch +Saphrona. For this I was insisting to mention in this letter the +Christian holy places beside the Islamic holy places. + +And here we are, I came and I have to speak frankly. I can't do it +alone, without the support of the Islamic Uma, I can't do it alone. +And what to say like the Jews, go and you will have to fight alone. +No! You have to come, and to fight and to start the Jihad to liberate +Jerusalem your first shrine. + +And this is very important. And for this, in the agreement, I insist +with my colleagues, with my brothers to mention that not exceeding the +beginning of the third year and directly after signing the Cairo +agreement to start discussions for the future of Jerusalem. The future +of Jerusalem. + +And you saw me on TV while I was hesitating...you remember the +picture? Becuase I was insisting to mention Jerusalem. And I said OK, +I don't want only from Rabin this promise. No! I want this promise +from the co-sponsors, Christopher and Kosyrev, and as a witness, +President Mubarak. And this has been done, which is very important for +everbody to know. + +Now, here we are. And everybody has to understand that there is a +continuous conspiracy against Jerusalem. During the next two years, +which have been mentioned, not exceeding the beginning of the third +year, they will try to demolish and to change the demographics of +Jerusalem. It is very important, unless we have to be very cautious +and to put it in our priority as nothing worth to be priority than +Jerusalem. To put it in our first priority not only as Palestinians, +not only as Arabs, but as Muslims and as Christians too. I have +mentioned this to the Pope and to the Patriarch of Istanbul and the +Archbishop of Canterbury. To those I told them, if you want to make +your holy sepulchre, your holy, sacred Christian places. OK. Carry on +with the Israelis, with the Jews. + +We are not against the Jews. We have to remember what has been +mentioned in our Koran, (quotation in Arabic from the Koran) And in +English, that among the nations of Musa there is a nation, or a part +of the nation, which they believe in just, and by just they control. +And for your information, there are two Jewish sects, in Palestine. +Samaritans in Nablus and Natorei Karta in Jersualem. They are refusing +to recognize the state of israel and they are considering themselves +as Palestinians. I'm saying this to give you proof that what they are +saying that it is their Capital - no! It is not their capital, it is +our capital, it is your capital. It is the first Shrine of the Islam +and the Muslims. + +But we are in need of your support. Everywhere. This is a message for +the people, of Palestine from our populations in Jerusalem. Calling to +you, everybody here, not only here, everywhere, and I'm sure sooner or +later, we'll pray in Jerusalem.Together. + +This agreement I am not considering it more than the agreement which +had been signed between our prophet Muhhamud and Quraysh. And you +remember, Caliph Omar had refused this agreement and considering the +agreement of the very low class. But Muhammud had accepted it and we +are accepting now this peace accord. + +But to continue our way to Jerusalem, to the first shrine, together +and not alone. And we have to say clearly and honestly, that there is +a very, very, very difficult circumstances that face us. I'll give one +quote - one example. You remember after the massacre took place in the +Mosque in Hebron? You remember? Twenty two days the security council +was hesitating to accept the resolution to condemn this massacre. You +remember? Twenty two days. Do you know why? For one way I was +insisting to put in this resolution "throughout the occupied +Palestinian land and territories, including Jerusalem." They were +trying to bargain with me, to cancel Jerusalem. I refused. And I got +it in the end, and you remember. + +Again, I have to thank you, I have to thank you from my heart, from my +heart, and I am telling you frankly from brother to brother, we are in +need of you, we are in need of you as Muslims, as Mujadin. + +And on this occasion, I have to tell my old friend, my old brother, +Nelson Mandela, to thank him for give me this invitation to come, to +visit South Africa for the first time as a part of your struggle, I am +here. And I am telling again by your names and by the name of the +Islamic Uma that we will be beside him and we are sure that you will +continue to be beside us. + +(Verses from the Koran in Arabic) We will enter the Mosque (El Aksa), +like we entered the first time.. God doesn't break his promise. .And +together, shoulder to shoulder, until victory, until victory, till +Jerusalem, to Jerusalem, to Jerusalem. + +They will help us more than they ever did before. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/armscont.txt b/politicalTextFiles/armscont.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3666518 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/armscont.txt @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON ARMS CONTROL + + +The end of the Cold War leaves two great tasks for +American arms control policy: to halt the spread +of nuclear, chemical, biological and missile +technologies to countries that do not have them; +and to turn the legacy of the Cold War into +effective strategy for the post-Cold War era. + + +The Clinton/Gore Plan + +Stop nuclear proliferation + +* Bolster the International Atomic Energy + Agency's capacity to inspect suspect + facilities through surprise inspections in + member countries. + +* Lead a strong international effort to impose + sanctions against companies or countries that + spread dangerous weapons. + +* Demand that other nations tighten their export + laws and strengthen enforcement of policies + regarding nuclear weapons. + +* Never again subsidize the nuclear ambitions of + a Saddam Hussein. + +* Ensure that agricultural and other non- + military loans to foreign governments are used + as intended. + +* Strengthen safeguards to ensure that key + nuclear technology and equipment are kept out + of dictators' grasp. + +* Ratify the START Treaty and the follow-on + agreement of June, 1992. + +Pursue and strengthen international agreements + +* Make non-proliferation the highest priority of + our intelligence agencies. + +* Press more nations to sigh and abide by the + Missile Technology Control Regime. + +* Conclude a chemical weapons convention banning + the production, stockpiling, or use of + chemical weapons. + +* Lead the effort to achieve a Comprehensive + Test Ban Treaty through a phased approach. + +Nuclear weapons plans for the 21st century + +* Maintain a survivable nuclear deterrent, + consistent with our needs in the post-Cold War + era. + +* Develop effective defenses to protect our + troops from short and medium range missiles. + +* Support research on limited missile defense + systems to protect the U.S. against new long- + range missile threats. + +* Conduct all such activities in strict + compliance with the Anti-Ballistic Missile + (ABM) Treaty. + +The Record + +* Al Gore has gained an international reputation + as an innovative and hard working expert on + arms control issues. + +* Advocated sharp reductions in weapons and + shift from destabilizing land-based multiple- + warhead missiles to single warhead missiles - + now core objectives of the American + negotiating position. + +* Wrote legislation to stop proliferation of + ballistic missiles capable of delivering + nuclear weapons, and is advocating new + legislation to block the spread of chemical, + biological and nuclear weapons to Iraq. + +* Resisted weakening of the ABM treaty and + worked to keep SDI form violating from U.S. + obligations. + +* Fought efforts to scrap SALT II limits and + preserved them as the foundations for START. + +* Favored a ban on short-time of flight or + depresses trajectory missiles - a year before + US negotiators adopted the position. + +* Advocated special treatment for nuclear armed + sea-launched cruise missiles because of their + unusual nature. + +* Monitored Geneva arms control talks as one of + ten Senate observers. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/art20.txt b/politicalTextFiles/art20.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..855984a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/art20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ + Abraham Lincoln And Abortion + + + +In November 1781, Lucy Hanks was a young beautiful servant girl +employed by a wealthy plantation owner. Her employer was a +bachelor who was educated in England at Oxford. When he migrated +to America he brought with him his favorite books. + +Like many young poor people during the 18th century, Lucy Hanks was +illiterate. One day, as she was doing her housekeeping, her employer +caught her looking at the pictures in one of his books. He could tell +she was fascinated, so he read the captions of each picture to her. +From that time on, after hours of work, he privately tutored her and +successfully taught her to read and write. + +They became romantically involved and she became very pregnant. +During those days, when a girl got into trouble, she was treated like +a dog. The bachelor employer wouldn't marry her, so he gave her some +money and sent her away. + +Abortion wasn't a choice in 1782, so Lucy Hanks gave birth to a +daughter whom she named Nancy Hanks. Nancy Hanks grew up and married +a drifter named Thomas Lincoln, and in 1809 Abraham Lincoln was +born. + +By today's standards Nancy Hanks could have easily been swept away by +abortion, along with one of the greatest presidents of all time. + +A million and a half babies are robbed every year of being an Abe +Lincoln, Sister Theresa or a Joe Montana, but more importantly they +are being robbed of just being. + +From Visalia Times Delta 1/29/90 by Duane Phelps +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/artcle90.txt b/politicalTextFiles/artcle90.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4869ea --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/artcle90.txt @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +From: sean@dranet.dra.com (Sean Donelan) +Subject: Year 1990: computer users rights and the popular press +Date: Sun, 30 Dec 90 22:19:53 EST + +The year 1990 in review. Here is a list of some of the articles that have +appeared in the "popular" press in the last year. There were some 800+ +articles on computer crime, "hackers" (in the negative sense), and viruses. +For comparison there were about equal number of articles on those topics +in each of the preceeding four years. However in the preceeding four years +I couldn't find a single article in 1300+ periodicals that mentioned +protecting rights of people who use computers. Note the slight difference +from the rights of people in a computerized society (lots of articles on +privacy, computer (mis)matching, and various computer snafu's). + +Perhaps the EFF should have hired a advertising firm before a lawyer? :-) + +Actually for only six months it is a pretty impressive showing. + +------------- + + 1 High-tech witch-hunting vs. First Amendment. (Electronic Frontier + Foundation protecting legal rights of computer users) (editorial), PC + Week, Oct 8, 1990 v7 n40 p87(1) + Article No. 09485051 *** Full-text article (2566 characters) *** + + 2 Can invaders be stopped but civil liberties upheld?; Industry executives + have joined to stimulate debate over computer users' rights. (computer + hackers, The Executive Computer), The New York Times, Sept 9, 1990 v139 + pF12(N) pF12(L) 21 col in + Article No. 08822456 + + 3 EFF: bringing Bill of Rights into the computer age. (Electronic Frontier + Foundation), Byte, Sept 1990 v15 n9 p28(2) + Article No. 08819820 + + 4 Slow push to judgement. (computer hackers)(Viewpoint) (column), + Computerworld, August 27, 1990 v24 n35 p21(1) + Article No. 08791012 + + 5 Group to address computer users' rights. (Computer Professionals for + Social Responsibility) (Business) (company profile), PC Week, August 13, + 1990 v7 n32 p117(1) + Article No. 08748606 *** Full-text article (2745 characters) *** + + 6 Fighting back against Fed's BBS crackdown. (heavy-handed approach of + federal government toward operators of computer bulletin boards) (The + Wide View) (column), PC Week, July 23, 1990 v7 n29 p53(1) + Article No. 08670228 *** Full-text article (5156 characters) *** + + 7 Crackdown on hackers 'may violate civil rights.' (computer hackers), New + Scientist, July 21, 1990 v127 n1726 p22(1) + Article No. 09300107 + + 8 Rights Advocate. (Mitchell Kapor; Newsmaker) (column), + CommunicationsWeek, July 16, 1990 n309 p2(1) + Article No. 08638928 + + 9 Kapor group lines up for rights fight. (entrepreneur Mitch Kapor's + Electronic Frontier Foundation) (includes related article on three + hackers pleading guilty to documentation theft), Computerworld, July 16, + 1990 v24 n29 p6(1) + Article No. 08639188 + + 10 Group to defend civil rights of hackers founded by computer industry + pioneer. (Mitchell Kapor), The Wall Street Journal, July 11, 1990 pB4 + pB4 16 col in + Article No. 08619396 + + 11 High-tech crime fighting: the threat to civil liberties., The Futurist, + July-August 1990 v24 n4 p20(6) + Article No. 09177465 *** Full-text article (22737 characters) *** + + 12 Hacker raids stir up battle over constitutional rights., Computerworld, + June 25, 1990 v24 n26 p1(2) + Article No. 08583448 + + 13 Drive to counter computer crime aims at invaders; legitimate users voice + worries over rights., The New York Times, June 3, 1990 v139 p1(N) p1(L) + 36 col in + Article No. 08498074 + +True, I'm not working on the clock, and it is sunday night, so this isn't as +complete as professional research should be, but you get what you pay for... +-- +Sean Donelan, Data Research Associates, Inc, St. Louis, MO 63132-1806 +Domain: sean@dranet.dra.com, Voice: (Work) +1 314-432-1100 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/arts.txt b/politicalTextFiles/arts.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..776224b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/arts.txt @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON THE ARTS + + + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore believe that the arts +should play an essential role in educating and +enriching all Americans. The White House should +help the arts become an integral part of education +in every community, helping broaden the horizons of +our children and preserve our valuable cultural +heritage. A Clinton/Gore Administration will +ensure that all of our citizens have access to the +arts for all of our citizens. + +As President and Vice President, Bill Clinton and +Al Gore will defend freedom of speech and artistic +expression by opposing censorship or "content +restrictions" on grants made by the National +Endowment for the Arts. They will continue federal +funding for the arts and promote the full diversity +of American culture recognizing the importance of +providing all Americans with access to the arts. + + +The Record + +* Governor Bill Clinton initiated sweeping + educational reforms in the 1980s. The new + standards which the state adopted in 1983 + include art and music in the curriculum for + all K-12 students and require one-half unit of + fine arts instruction for high school + graduation. As a result: + + ! Arkansas is among only a few states that + have included the arts in the basic, + required high school curriculum. + + ! Student participation in arts programs + has increased 30 percent and funding for + positions for music and art teachers has + increased 35 percent since 1983. + + ! A "Survey of Fine Arts" course at the + high school level, with curriculum + guidelines for art and instrumental and + vocal music classes in elementary and + secondary schools. + +* Governor Clinton has enthusiastically + supported the state's commitment to programs + for the general public. In 1991-92, in the + face of shifting priorities and declining + grant awards from the National Endowment for + the Arts, Governor Clinton strongly sustained + the state's support for touring programs and + local arts agencies. + + ! While many states' arts agency budgets + dropped as much as 40 percent, Governor + Clinton's budget for the Arkansas Arts + Council increased funding for arts + programs. In 1992, grants from the + Arkansas state Arts Council supported 393 + performances, exhibitions and arts + classes in 138 cities and communities in + Arkansas. + + ! Arkansas has a strong folk arts tradition + and is home to a regional repertory + theater, the nationally recognized + Children's Theater, the Arkansas Symphony + Orchestra, Ballet Arkansas, and numerous + local theater and performing arts + programs. + +* Senator Gore has supported funding to bring + operas, symphony orchestras, playhouses, and + educational arts programs to all of America. + +* Opposed measures which would cut funding for + the National Endowment for the Arts and place + content restrictions on federally funded + artists. + +* Led the fight to preserve funding for public + television programs like Sesame Street that + enrich the lives of million of American + families. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/asa_faq.txt b/politicalTextFiles/asa_faq.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86d8f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/asa_faq.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2362 @@ +ALT.SOCIETY.ANARCHY FAQ + +Version .1 + + + +It's time to get the damn ball rolling, so I am just going to post this + +as-is. This is the OFFICIAL FAQ for alt.society.anarchy (and if you believe + +that, I have a bridge to sell you). Please note: + + + +1. I didn't say any of this. + +2. You aren't reading any of this. + +3. This is not an FAQ + +4. You are probably asleep. + + + +Furthermore: + + + +1. If you don't like anything that is attributed to you, email me and it's cut. + +2. If you don't like anything that someone else said, tough shit. Send me your + + rebuttal and I will include it. + +3. This is much more incomplete than I would like. Of course it's your + + responsibility to fix that, not mine. + +4. If you have saved old alt.society.anarchy postings, I want them. + + + +Please do not expect me to be fair. I have my own opinions as well. + +Your only guarantee is that concise rebuttals to statements in the FAQ will + +be included in future releases. I am editing things to shorten them in some + +cases. + + + +My fiat is based on my initiative; so is yours. + + + +It should be self-evident, but I DO NOT AGREE WITH EVERYTHING IN THIS FAQ. + +TO BE SAFE, YOU SHOULD ASSUME I AGREE WITH NONE OF IT. + + + +I provide archival services for electronic texts. Much of what is referred + +to below comes from the archives, and some from usenet postings (which I do not + +archive). The archives are stored on an internet ftp fileserver, and the + +address is red.css.itd.umich.edu. The archives are not exclusively for + +anarchist materials (in fact anarchist materials do not constitute the + +majority of political documents on the site). + + + +pauls@umich.edu + + + +March 5, 1993 + + + +----- + + + +ORGANIZATION OF THE FAQ: + + + +1. DEFINITIONS -- What is anarchism? Who are anarchists? What is not + + anarchism? What types of anarchism are there? + + + +2. SNIPPETS OF INTERESTING DISCUSSIONS -- I guarantee that these snippets + + were interesting to me. If you fall asleep, then you can assume that they + + were not interesting to you. + + + +3. CONTACTS FOR ANARCHISTS ON THE NET + + + +4. SUGGESTED READINGS + + + +----- + + + +S E C T I O N O N E : D E F I N I T I O N S + + + +It seems like a massive number of repeat-questions circulate around the + +definitions of anarchism, anarchy, anarchists. This issue is confused + +by the fact that there is rampant sectarianism (across very broad + +ideological territory) among those who consider themselves anarchists. + +This section of the FAQ needs more opinions from people who can illucidate + +their working definitions of anarchy. + + + + + +a. from an anarchist libertarian + + + +From: eagle@carr3.acpub.duke.edu (Carter Butts) + +Date: 1 Mar 93 05:27:19 GMT + + + + A number of individuals here seem to enjoy attacking anarchy, + +libertarianism, and the free market in general, but few that I have seen thus far + +seem to have a great deal of information on any of the above. In defense of a + +few of these concepts, then, I feel compelled to say a few things. + + + +What anarchy is, and is not: + + Anarchy is a class of social interaction systems without a centralized + +coercive control. Anarchy does NOT mean no rules, it means no ruler. Anarchy is + +not one particular system of social interaction; there are as many types of + +anarchy as there are types of governments. Likewise, anarchy is not of necessity + +a utopian ideal (one would do just as well to say that government per se is a + +utopian ideal). Before you attempt to attack anarchy, you would do well to know + +what you are attacking. + + + +Libertarianism: + + Libertarianism, as it is generally defined by Libertarians (not + +necessarily those in the political party which bears the "Libertarian" name), is + +a system of ethics (rules for social interaction) based on the premise that it is + +wrong to initiate force or fraud. Keep in mind that, if one is attacked, one is, + +under the Libertarian ethic, free to respond with force or fraud as the situation + +warrants. + + + +Objectivism: + + (Here I'm using it in the Randian sense.) This is an egoist philosophy + +which holds that one should both attempt to maintain an understanding of + +objective reality (it assumes that there is such an animal) and act so as to + +maximize one's long-term benefits within it. + + + +The Market: + + In the New Libertarian Manifesto (forgive me, I forget the author's + +name), the market, or agora, is defined to be all non-coerced interactions. This + +covers a LOT of territory. Most Libertarians use the Market as a fairly generic + +term, and when they talk about the benefits of the market, they usually mean the + +benefits of uncoerced behavior. (For those who don't see the connection between + +the normal definition and Libertarian definition of market, read the Manifesto. + +There are very good reasons for it, but they are far too long to repeat here.) + + + + Someone earlier made the rather ridiculous statement that anarchy and + +Libertarianism were incompatible. I say rather that the two cannot be seperated. + + ALL government (government being defined as a monopolist of law who weilds a + +coercive force in order to maintain its monopoly power witin a given region) + +represents an initiation of force (governments that deny this are initiating + +fraud as well). If this is so, then no true Libertarian can be anything other + +than an anarchist! As for Objectivism, there is some tension between it and + +Libertarianism. If one is an Objectivist Libertarian, one is so because one + +believes Libertarian ideals to be in one's best interests. Libertarianism in no + +way implies Randian Objectivism, so one cannot discount the former by attacking + +the latter. + + This post in and of itself does not constitute a true defense of any of + +the above terms. It does, however, contain definitions which are important for + +any rational discussion of anarchy or Libertarianism. + + + + + +b. regarding anarchist sectarianism + + + +From: "Svein Olav G. Nyberg" + +Date: Mon, 1 Mar 1993 19:08:37 GMT + + + +There has been complaints about both the socialists who + +call themselves anarchists, and the capitalists who do + +call themselves anarchists. + + + +I have the unfortunate impression that for both categories, + +it is not the anarchist part of X-anarchist that is the + +real motivating force behind their thought and argument, + +but the X. + + + +Not that anything is inherently wrong with being an Xist + +instead of an anarchist, but it sounds rather shallow when + +the sides are trying to denounce one another as not being + +the true breed of anarchist. + + + +Besides, anarchism can itself become very dogmatic. If + +freedom becomes a dogma, it becomes impossible to answer + +the question of whether one is allowed to submit to any + +kind of dominion. + + + +So, you should appreciate each others' "impurities" and + +perhaps even _learn_ from each others' thinking. Am I + +asking the impossible? + + + + + +c. regarding stirner's egoist philosophy + + + +From: solan@math.uio.no + + + + "Non serviam!" - "I will not serve", is known from literature as + +Satan's declaration of his rebellion against God. We wish to follow + +up on this tradition of insurrection. + + In modern times, the philosophy of the individual's assertion of + +himself against gods, ideals and human oppressors has been most + +eloquently expressed by Max Stirner in his book "Der Einzige und + +Sein Eigentum"[1]. + + Stirner, whose real name was Johann Kaspar Schmidt [1806-56], + +lived in a time dominated by German Idealism, with Hegel as its + +prominent figure. It is against this background of fixation of ideas + +that Stirner makes his rebellion. Stirner takes down these ideas + +from their fixed points in the starry sky of Spirit, and declares + +all ideas to be the ideas of an Ego[2], and the realm of spirits and + +ideas to be the mind of the thinker himself. His heaven-storming is + +total. Even the idealist tool - dialectic, and the supreme ghost of + +Idealism, [Absolute] Spirit - are stripped of their status of + +intrinsic existence, and are taken back into the Ego himself. This + +is most clearly seen in Stirner's main triad: Materialist - + +Idealist - Egoist. And the triad stops at its last link. Any further + +progress cannot negate Egoism, for - progress has been taken back + +into the individual, as his - property. + + For Stirner, the solution to the "alienation", or + +"self-alienation" of Idealism, is in self-expression, or - + +ownership. What cannot be one's own cause, the cause that is not + +one's own, is not worth pursuing. As Stirner says "Away then, with + +every cause that is not altogether my cause!" + + + +[1] English title: "The Ego and Its Own". + +[2] Einziger - single individual. + + + + + +----- + + + +S E C T I O N T W O : S N I P P E T S + + + +Please fill my mailbox with things like what's below -- clarifications and + +summaries of some of the interesting debates. It should go without saying + +that these debates are not finished, and may never be. + + + + + +a. regarding the nature of man + + + +From: wlee@muskwa.ucs.ualberta.ca (Porcupine) + +Date: Sun, 21 Feb 1993 02:48:31 GMT + + + +If you think "pure communism" (whatever that is!) has ignored human + +psychology you are obviously ignorant of the volumes and volumes of writing + +done by Marxists, post Marxists, Existentialist Marxists, Anarchists, and + +what not on this subject. The very driving _force_ behind communism has + +been its desire and logic for a world without man preying on another man + +simply for the sake of material goods. MAN IS NOT NATURALLY GREEDY; Man is + +naturally self-interested. There is a difference. + + + +As to "communism can't work" -- grow up. I would expect that kind of logic + +from a grade 6 student. You don't plug in Communism like a toaster or a + +VCR. It's not a bloody appliance -- it's a way of life that evolves + +over hundreds, if not thousands, of years, to meet the needs of human + +beings. If you want to see what happens when you try to "plug in" a + +"system" look at the USSR both old and "new" where the people are suffering + +from an elite ruling class that has existed since the dark ages, and still + +continues to rule. + + + +b. regarding voting + + + +From: bbrigade@world.std.com + + + +[snippet from BAD Brigade's Broadside #8] + + + + The primary reason why anti-statists should not vote, and in fact + + should oppose voting, is that the very act of voting is an attempt on + + the part of voters to delegate to another a power that they could not + + justly possess themselves. Government is based on coercion. While + + states of various sorts provide some services and benefits to + + residents of their jurisdictions, the institution of government also + + utilizes cops, courts, the military, the IRS, etc, to coercively + + interfere in the lives of its subjects. Anarchists argue that no one, + + whether in or out of government should have such power. If this is + + true, anarchists, who oppose political power and coercion of any + + sort, cannot consistently advocate voting. Individuals should not have + + the authority to coerce others, and therefore they should not put + + themselves in a position to delegate such authority to third parties, + + which is the essence of voting. While some argue that they vote only + + in self-defense, the consequence of their voting is that their + + candidate coerces others who choose not to participate in the process, + + and therefore this method of self-defense should be unacceptable to + + anarchists. + + + + Besides being unethical for an anti-authoritarian in and of + + itself, participation in electoral politics serves to legitimize the + + whole political process and the existence of government. If people did + + not vote, the democratic theory of government would lose its + + legitimacy and politicians would have to justify their rule on the + + basis of something other than the alleged consent of the governed. + + This, hopefully, would make the true nature of the state more obvious + + to the governed. And such a revelation would have the potential to + + motivate people to challenge, evade, or ignore government interference + + and coercion. + + + + Even if anarchists could ethically participate in voting, there is + + one major reason to boycott the process: any candidate anarchists help + + elect will implement interventionist policies and initiate coercive + + actions, the results of which will be incompatible with anarchist + + goals. While voting for a Democrat may arguably make intervention in + + cuba or nicaragua less likely, it could make matters worse in + + israel/palestine or south africa. (Neither the ANC nor the PLO will + + take a position on the united states presidential election, basically + + because they support Bush, but are embarrassed to admit this + + publicly.) Voters claim that a Republican will make things worse + + economically for working and/or poor people in the united states; + + however increased taxes, which will certainly be enacted by a + + Democratic president, will further impoverish the working people from + + whom they are extorted. Additionally, while people fear a supreme + + court with a Republican-appointed majority, individual justices are + + unpredictable (like Sandra Day O'Connor), and Democratic judges are as + + willing to coercively interfere in our lives as are Republicans. + + + + Besides not yielding the desired results, voting by anarchists + + entails another weakness. Even if every anarchist in the united states + + voted in the presidential election, it would not influence the + + outcome. There are few enough anarchists about that their individual + + votes are meaningless, since elections are decided by millions of + + votes. If voting anarchists seriously believe that voting can + + ethically be done, even by anarchists, then they should consider + + entering the political process fully and campaigning for presidential + + candidates. If it's acceptable for them to vote, it's acceptable for + + their candidates to hold power in a coercive government, and it's + + acceptable for them to encourage others to vote. I have not seen any + + anarchists argue for active involvement in the Democratic party, but + + this is a logical outcome of anarchist arguments for voting. If these + + people aren't comfortable urging others to vote for their candidates, + + they should rethink the justifications for their own voting. + + + + Non-voting on the part of anarchists is not a sign of apathy. On + + the contrary, it is a sign of rejection of the political, i.e., + + coercive, means of dealing with problems and living our lives. If, as + + anarchists, we are serious about finding new ways of living and + + interacting, it would behoove us to stay out of the swamp of electoral + + politics and maintain our traditional opposition to involvement with + + electoral politics in any form. + + + + + +c. why anarchism today? + + + +From: x551_003@ccvax.ucd.ie + +Date: 14 Dec 92 11:40:16 GMT + + + +This is a copy of an article originally printed in the Irish + +anarchist magazine Workers Solidarity (34). Workers + +Solidarity can be contacted at WSM, PO Box 1528, Dublin 8, + +Ireland. + + + +[...] + + + +It is becoming clear that the bulk of what has been referred to as + +socialism up to now is in fact nothing of the sort. The vast bulk + +of the theory and practise of the last 70 years needs to be thrown + +in the bin. Unfortunately most of the Leninist groups are avoiding + +such an exercise preparing instead to do a botched plastering job + +over the appearing cracks. They have chosen to follow the same + +paths as the Communist parties did and will probably suffer a + +similar fate. + + + +The vast bulk of those leaving the Leninist and labour parties are + +just disappearing from any form of politics or activism. The few + +who are trying to continue the anti-capitalist fight in a new way + +are making old mistakes. For the most part rather then seeing their + +version of socialism as flawed they have come to see capitalism as + +triumphant. There is a tradition however which refused to see + +socialism as something being imposed by a minority wielding state + +power on behalf of a majority. The tradition of anarchism always + +rejected both the crude authoritarianism of Leninism and the + +reformism of the labour parties. + + + +It is for this reason that we call ourselves anarchists. Anarchism + +as a tradition is no doubt flawed, at times even badly flawed but it + +has always been better than any of the alternatives on offer. + +What's more, it has been capable of the sort of fierce self- + +criticism needed to continually develop. Throughout the last 120 + +years it has always been the anarchist (or a sub-group of + +anarchists) that has developed the best position on the events of + +the day. Most importantly anarchism unlike reformism, Leninism and + +Trotskyism has never imposed dictatorship and massacre on the + +working class. + + + + + +d. the growth of sym + + + +From: william@syacus.acus.oz.au + +Date: Thu, 21 Jan 93 1:09:29 EST + + + +A way, a case, an option. I feel that perhaps the comics and poets of + +this existence are where to begin (c.f. Bateson). Nevertheless; what + +I might say intellectually will be long winded, drawn-out, and "sound + +like I come from Neptune" [Chomsky]. "True comics" and poets have + +the capability to express thought at a highter bandwidth. It is rare, + +in my experience, that prose is ample to such a challenging task. + + + +I submit that the lenght of this preamble is witness to the hypothesis + +I am positing. :-) + + + +Real question -- did you catch the oration from the commedians ? + + + +Importantly; as follows ... + + + + The Growth of Sym + + ================== + + + + Now, Sym was a Glug; and 'tis mentioned so + + That the tale reads perfectly plain as we go. + + In his veins ran blood of that stupid race + + Of docile folk, who inhabit the place + + Called Gosh, sad Gosh, where the tall trees sigh + + With a strange, significant sort of cry + + When the gloaming creeps and the wind is high. + + + + When Sym was born there was much to-do, + + And his parents thought him a joy to view; + + But folk not prejudiced saw the Glug, + + As his nurse remarked, "In the cut of his mug". + + For he had their hair, and he had their eyes, + + And the Glug expression of pained suprised, + + And their predilection for pumpkin pies. + + + + And his parents' claims were a deal denied + + By his maiden aunt on his mother's side. + + A tall Glug lady of fifty-two + + With a slight moustache of auburn hue. + + "Parental blither !" she said quite flat. + + "He's an average Glug; and he's red and fat ! + + And exceedingly fat and red at that !" + + + + But the father, Joi, when he gazed on Sym, + + Dreamed great and wonderful things for him. + + Said he, "If the mind of a Glug could wake ! + + Then, Oh, what a wonderful Glug he'd make ! + + We shall teach this laddie to play life's game + + With a different mind and definite aim: + + A Glug in appearance, yet not the same." + + + + But the practical aunt said, "Fudge ! You fool ! + + We'll pack up his dinner and send him to school. + + He shall learn about two-times and parsing and capes, + + And how to make money with inches on tapes. + + We'll apprentice him then to the drapery trade, + + Where, I've heard it reported, large profits are made; + + Besides, he can sell us cheap buttons and braid." + + + + So poor young Sym, he was sent to school, + + Where the first thing taught is the Golden Rule. + + "Do unto others", the teacher said ... + + Then suddenly stopped and scratched his head. + + "You may look up the rest in a book", said he. + + "At present it doesn't occur to me; + + But do it, whatever it happens to be." + + + + And now", said the teacher, "the day's task brings + + Consideration of practical things. + + If a man makes a profit of fifteen pounds + + On one week's takings from two milk rounds, + + How many ... ?" And Sym went dreaming away + + To the sunlit lands where the field-mice play, + + And wrens hold revel the livelong day. + + + + He walked in the welcoming fields alone, + + While far, far away came the pedagogue's drone: + + "If a man makes ... Multiply ... Abstract nouns ... + + From B take ... Population of towns ... + + Rods, poles or perches ... Derived from Greek ... " + + Oh, hawthorn buds came out this week, + + And robins are nesting down by the creek. + + + + So Sym was head of his class not once; + + And his aunt repeatedly dubbed him "Dunce !" + + But, "Give him a chance," said his father, Joi, + + "His head is abnormally large for a boy." + + But his aunt said, "Piffle ! It's crammed with bosh ! + + Why, he don't know the rivers and the mountains of Gosh + + Nor the names of the nephews of good King Splosh !" + + + + So th argument ran; but one bright Spring day + + Sym settled it all in his own way. + + "'Tis a tramp," he announced, "I've decided to be; + + And I start next Monday at twenty to three ... " + + When the aunt recovered she screamed, "A tramp ? + + A low-lived, pilfering, idle scamp, + + Who steals people's washing, and sleeps in the damp ?" + + + + So Sym went off, and a year ran by, + + And the father said, with a smile-masked sigh, + + "It is meet that the young should leave the nest." + + Said the aunt, "Don't spill that soup on your vest ! + + Nor mention his name ! He's our one discrace ! + + And he's probably sneaking around some place + + With fuzzy black whiskers all over his face." + + + + But, under a hedge, by a flowering peach, + + A youth with a little blue wren held speech. + + With his back to a tree and his feet in the grass, + + He watched the thistledown drift and pass, + + And the cloud-puffs, borne on a lazy breeze, + + Move by on their errand, above the trees, + + Into the vault of mysteries. + + + + "Now teach me, little blue wren," said he. + + "'Tis you can unravel this riddle for me. + + I am 'mazed by the gifts of this kindly earth -- + + Which of them all has the greatest worth ? + + He flirted his tail as he answered, then, + + He bobbed and he bowed to his coy little hen: + + "Why, sunlight and worms !" said the little blue wren. + + + + -- C.J. (Den) Dennis + + + + + +e. regarding your boss... + + + +From: ee@lever.com (Edward Elhauge) + +Subject: The Boss + +Date: 5 Feb 93 18:57:38 GMT + + + +This story was passed on to me at work. + + + + The Boss + + + + When the body was first made, all the parts wanted to be boss. + +The brain said, "Since I control everything and do all the thinking, + +I should be boss." The feet said, "Since I carry man where he wants + +to go and get him in position to do what the brain wants, I should + +be boss." The eyes said, "Since I must look out for all of you and + +tell you all where danger lurks, I should be boss" + + + + And so it went with the heart, the ears, the lungs, and finally + +the ass hole spoke up and demanded that he be made boss. All the + +other parts laughed and laughed, astounded at the idea of an ass + +hole being boss. The brain thought this idea of an ass hole being + +boss was absurd and said so. + + + + The ass hole was so angry that he locked himself off and refused + +to function. The brain became feverish, the eyes became crossed and + +ached, the feet were too weak to walk, the hands hung limply at the + +sides, the heart and lungs struggled to keep going. All the parts + +pleaded with the brain to relant and let the ass hole be the boss + +and so it happened. All the other parts did all the work and the ass + +hole just bossed and passed out a lot of shit. + + + +THE MORAAL ------ You don't have to be a brain to be boss. + + Just An Ass Hole. + + + + + +----- + + + +S E C T I O N T H R E E : N E T W O R K I N G A N D C O N T A C T S + + + + + +a. usenet news groups of interest + + + + alt.society.anarchy + + alt.politics.radical-left + + alt.society.revolution + + alt.philosophy.objectivism + + talk.politics.theory + + talk.philosophy.misc + + talk.environment + + alt.society.civil-liberties | I don't read these two; one of them may + + alt.society.civil-liberty | be bogus. + + alt.politics.libertarian + + alt.postmodern + + alt.music.hardcore + + alt.zines + + alt.feminism + + soc.feminism + + alt.amateur-comp + + + +b. electronic mailing lists and getting stuff by mail + + + +Since I live on usenet and get my files mostly via ftp, I am probably not + +the best person to talk about mailing lists. Anyway, please inform me of + +corrections and additions to this area. + + + + + + Anarchy List + + [hmm, for some reason I can't locate the address. I think + + cardell@lysator.liu.se can probably help...] + + + + Spunk Press Distribution List (Anarchist Literature) + + spunk-list-request@lysator.liu.se + + + + Autonome Forum + + aforum@moose.uvm.edu + + [this is not a mailing list but they'll send you stuff if you're not + + an asshole. they do "Arm the Spirit" and distribute communiques from + + a number of european groups, as well as the PKK in turkey and the + + Prison News Service. you can regularly find their materials on + + alt.politics.radical-left on usenet.] + + + + Practical Anarchy Online + + [it sez to send mail to the editors, and they are: + + cmunson@macc.wisc.edu + + cardell@lysator.liu.se + + plus I imagine if you get on the Spunk list you'll get P@-online also] + + + + 1-Union Mailing List (Syndicalist) + + Organizer: mlepore@mcimail.com + + [can't remember the Listserv address, someone help me out please] + + + + pnews Mailing List + + odin@world.std.com puts this out. mostly socialist materials, some + + syndicalist stuff. basically non-sectarian, with representation from + + many groups and individuals. + + the address for the whole list is pnews@world.std.com, so don't be an + + idiot and send "subscribe pnews user@host.domain" messages to the list. + + + + + +c. anonymous ftp sites + + + + + + well i don't want to pat myself on the back, but i don't know of many + + ftp sites with radical literature on them other than mine. so, take + + a look at red.css.itd.umich.edu in /pub/Politics and /pub/Zines. Other + + places to look at are ftp.msen.com and quartz.rutgers.edu, though + + they generally do not have much explicitly anarchist theoretical material. + + if you're into the hacker-anarchist stuff (which is mostly of the vulgar + + "let's blow 'em up" variety) you can look on ftp.eff.org in /pub/cud + + or on the eff mirror archives on my site. + + + + if you find text files (or postscript) on anarchist or radical political + + topics, or if you produce them yourself, you can upload them to + + the directory "incoming" on red.css.itd.umich.edu or email them to me + + (pauls@umich.edu) and i will archive them. + + + + + +----- + + + +S E C T I O N F O U R : R E A D I N G S + + + + + +a. on spain + + + +From: evonraut@MtHolyoke.edu (J. Erika von Rautenfeld) + +Subject: Re: Student run @ course at HSU + +Date: 3 Mar 1993 14:00:39 -0500 + + + +Also check out _Free Women of Spain_ by Martha Ackelsberg about the + +Mujeres Libres, an anarcha-feminist organization in Spain in the 30s. + +Very good oral history and theory of anarchism/ana-fem. Provides an + +inroad into contemporary problems & you can do theory and history at the + +same time. + +Good for such student run groups is _The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous + +Utopia_, Ursula K. LeGuin's science fiction novel about two worlds. It + +presents interesting questions about what an anarchist society would be + +like (for those who are interested in the utopia thing). Particularly + +interesting for me is the issue of continuous revolution and the tendency + +for power to become institutionalized even within a self-conscious + +community. + +Have you checked out any of the stuff coming from Autonomedia/Semiotext? + +Much of it is tons 'o fun if nothing else. + + + + + +From: cardell@lysator.liu.se (Mikael Cardell) + +Subject: Re: Student run @ course at HSU + +Date: Mon, 1 Mar 1993 13:20:18 GMT + + + +How about looking into the experiments in anarchistic economy as they + +were carried out by millions during the spanish civil war? Check out: + + + + Thomas, Hugh: The Spanish Civil War + + + + Lorenzo: (The Swedish title translates into...) Syndicalism In Power + + (I forget the French original title) + + + + + +b. spunk press reading list + + + + + +General: + + + +'Anarchism Today', David E. Apter and James Joll, MacMillan (ISBN 333 12041 + +8), has chapters on various movements and a bibliography of Anarchism in + +print. George Woodcock's Anarchist Reader and Anarchism also have useful + +bibliographies. Daniel Guerin's 'Anarchism' (Monthly Review Press, + +ISBN 85345-175-3) takes an anarchosyndicalist point of view (and has + +a bibliography). + + + +'Classics': + + + +'The ABC of Anarchism' - Alexander Berkman + +'Civil Disobedience' - Thoreau + +'Anarchy' - Malatesta + +Anything by Kropotkin, Bakunin, Proudhon. + +'Enquiry Concerning Political Justice' - William Godwin. + + + +On individualism: Max Stirner's 'The Ego And His Own' + + + +On the situationists: + + + +BAMN:By Any Means Necessary, Penguin (out of print, cannot remember the + +author - I'd like to get hold of a copy of this). + + + +Raoul Vaneigem's 'The Revolution of Everyday Life' + +Guy Debord's 'The Society of the Spectacle' + + + +Also, 'The Situationist Anthology' (editor??) + + + +On the squatters' movement: + + + +'The Squatters' by Ron Bailey. + + + +- Visions of utopia: + + + +'Journey to Utopia' by Marie Bernelli (an anthology) + +'News from Nowhere' by William Morris + +'The Dispossessed' - Ursula Le Guin + + + +Anarchosyndicalism: + + + +IWW: + + + +'The Living Spirit of the Wobblies' by Len de Caux, International + +Publishers, 381 Park Avenue South, New York 10016, ISBN. This has + +an extensive bibliography on the IWW. + + + +Also, 'The Case of Joe Hill', Philip S.Foner, same publisher. + + + + + +Spain: + + + +Books published outside the anarchist press on the Spanish revolution + +are in the above bibliographies. George Orwell's 'Homage to Catalonia' + +is a good introduction to the Civil War. + + + +The definitive work is 'Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution' Jose + +Peirats, Freedom Press (ISBN 0 900 384 53 0), also see 'Collectives in the + +Spanish Revolution', Gaston Leval, Freedom Press (ISBN 0 900384 11 5), + +'Anarchist Organisation:the History of the F.A.I', by Juan Gomez Casas, + +Black Rose Books (Quebec), (ISBN 0-920057-38-1), plus others by + +Freedom Press and Black Rose Books, e.g. + +'Spain 1936-1939:Social Revolution-Counter Revolution', Freedom Press + +(ISBN 0 900384 54-9) + + + +[ NB Freedom Press titles are nice and cheap, and only 10% for + +overseas postage; they're at 84B Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7QX + +(Tel 081-247-9249) ] + + + +Latin America: + + + +'Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class 1860-1931', John M. Hart, + +Univ. of Texas press (ISBN 0 292 70400 3). + + + +Chapter on Argentina and Uruguay in 'Anarchism Today' (above) + + + +'The Cuban Revolution' by Sam Dolgoff + + + +Britain: + + + +'The Slow Burning Fuse' by John Quail (also see bibliography in the + +Anarchist Reader) + + + +Russian: + + + +I don't know which of these are anarchosyndicalist, there are a number + +listed in the above bibliographies, esp. Voline's 'The Unknown Revolution' + +Paul Avrich's 'The Russian Anarchists' and Peter Arshinov's 'History + +of the Makhnovist movement'. Emma Goldman wrote a fair bit, in + +'Living My Life', volume 2, 'My Disillusionment with Russia', etc. + + + + + +c. part of chuck munson's bibliography for anarchists. i have nuked everything + + except the titles, so this is the abridged version. get the full release + + from cmunson@macc.wisc.edu. + + + +FICTION + + + +Le Guin, Ursula K. + + The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia. + +New York: Avon Books, 1974. + + + +Piercy, Marge. + +Woman on the Edge of Time. + + New York: Ballantine, 1976. + + + +Orwell, George. + + Animal Farm. + +New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c.1946. + + + + + +NONFICTION + + + +CLASSICAL ANARCHISM (??--1939) + + + +Avrich, Paul. + +The Haymarket Tragedy. + +New Jersey: Princeton University Press, + + 1984. + + + +Berkman, Alexander. + +A.B.C. of Anarchism. + + London: Freedom Press, 1977, + + (originally + + published in 1929). + + + +Goldman, Emma. + +Anarchism and Other Essays. + +New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1969 + +(originally published in 1917). + + + + + +ANARCHISM TODAY (1940-- ) + + + +Beck, Julian. + +Life of the Theater: the relation of the artist to the + +struggle + + of the people. + + New York: Limelight Editions: Distributed by Harper + + & Row, 1986, c.1972. + + + +Bookchin, Murray. + +Toward an Ecological Society. + +Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980. + + + +Clark, John. + +The Anarchist Moment: Reflections on Culture, + +Nature and + + Power. + + Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1984. + + + +DeLeon, David. + + The American as Anarchist: Reflections on + +Indigenous Radicalism. + + Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1978. + + + +Devall, Bill and George Sessions. + + Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered. + + Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1985. + + + +Free. + + Revolution for the Hell Of It. + + New York: The Dial Press, Inc. 1968. + + + +Illich, Ivan. + +Tools for Conviviality. + +New York: Harper and Row, 1973. + + + +Negrin, Su. + +Begin at Start: Some Thoughts on Personal Liberation + +and World Change. + +Washington, NJ: Times Change Press, 1972. + + + +Read, Herbert. + +Anarchy and Order: Essays in Politics. + +Boston: Beacon Press, 1954. + + + +Roszak, Theodore. + +Person/Planet: The Creative Disintegration of Industrial + + Society. + +New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1977. + + + + + +BIOGRAPHY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY + + + +Avrich, Paul. + +An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltarine De Cleyre. + + New Jersey: + +Princeton University Press, 1978. + + + +Goldman, Emma. + +Living My Life. + +New York: Da Capo Press, 1970, c.1931. + + (Two volumes). + + + +Winslow, Kent. + +Dreamworld.. + +Tucson: The Match!, 1988. + + + + + +ANTHOLOGIES + + + +Ehrlich, Howard. & others. + +Reinventing Anarchy. + +London: Routledge & + + Kegan Paul Ltd., 1979. + + + +Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I. ed. + +The Anarchist Papers. + +Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1986. + + + + + + Anthology of anarchist and libertarian socialists + +writing on a variety of anarchist issues. A sample of + +some of the essays: + + "Theses on Libertarian + +Municipalism," by Murray Bookchin. + + "The Greens: + +Nationalism or Anti-Nationalism," by Chris Southcott + + and Jorgen Pedersen. + + "Culture and Coercion," by + + J. Frank Harrison. + + "The Manufacture of consent," + +by Noam Chomsky. + + "Emma Goldman and Woman," + +by Alice Wexler. + + "Emma Goldman: The case for + +Anarcho-Feminism," by Marsha Hewitt. + + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHIES + + + +Deleon, David. in The American as Anarchist. + + Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1984, + +p. 196-235. + + + +Goehlert, Robert & Claire Herczeg. Anarchism: A + +Bibliography. Public + + Administration Series: + +Bibliography: P-902. Feb. 1982. Monticello, IL: + +Vance Bibliographies, 1982, 122 p. + + + + + +INDEXES + + + +Alternative Press Index. + +Baltimore, MD: Alternative Press Center, 1969-date. + + + + + +MAGAZINES, JOURNALS, AND NEWSPAPERS + + + +Anarchy: A journal of Desire Armed: + +Published bimonthly by C.A.L. (Columbia Anarchist + +League). + + PO Box 1446, Columbia, MO 65205-1446. + + Subscription rate: $6.00/six issues. + + + +Fifth Estate: + +Published quarterly. + + 4632 Second Ave., Detroit, MI 48201. + +Subscription rate: $5.00/year. + + + +Social Anarchism: A Journal of Practice and Theory: + + Published semiannually by the Atlantic Center for + +Research and Education. + +2743 Maryland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21218. + +Subscription rate: $10/four issues. + + + +Practical Anarchy. + +Published quarterly. + +PO Box 173, Madison, WI 53701-0173. + +SASE (52 cents) or $5/4 issues. + +Editor: Chuck Munson. + +[also available in e-version -- ed] + + + +BOOKSTORES & VENDORS + + + +A Distribution + +396 7th St., #2 + +Jersey City, NJ 07302 + + + +Bound Together Books + +1369 Haight St + +San Francisco, CA 94133 + + + +Fifth Estate Bookstore + +4632 Second Ave. + +Detroit, MI 48201 + + + +Wooden Shoe Books + +112 S 20th St. + +Philadelphia, PA 19103 + + + +Left Bank Distribution + +4241 Brooklyn NE, #201 + +Seattle, WA 98105 + + + + + +d. some electronic text on anarchism (and other militant anti-state writings of + + interest) available via ftp on red.css.itd.umich.edu. These are all in + + the directory /pub/Politics + + + +Autonome Forum + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Autonome.Forum + +total 8 + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Feb 27 15:43 Misc + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Feb 7 19:58 PKK + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Feb 8 11:15 Prison.News.Service + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Jan 31 05:31 RAF + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 351 Feb 8 03:25 README.AF + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1380 Feb 5 11:22 README.aforum + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Jan 31 05:31 RZ + + + +Autonome.Forum/Misc: + +total 163 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 5874 Aug 25 1992 biotech + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 29616 Aug 18 1992 open.borders + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 23764 Jan 7 18:41 taylor.interview + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 84928 Feb 5 11:23 viehmann.essay + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 20525 Nov 28 15:47 why-antia.pamphlet + + + +Autonome.Forum/PKK: + +total 78 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 5790 Nov 2 00:22 PKK.background + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 20576 Feb 5 11:23 PKK.update.920512 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 19490 Nov 2 00:23 PKK.update.920921 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 15106 Nov 28 15:49 PKK.update.921111 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 16083 Feb 5 11:23 PKK.women + + + +Autonome.Forum/Prison.News.Service: + +total 52 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 49244 Feb 5 11:23 pns-37 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1866 Feb 5 11:23 pns-37.index + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 962 Feb 8 11:15 pns-38.index + + + +Autonome.Forum/RAF: + +total 96 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 85 Aug 27 1992 _red.army.fraction + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 12738 Aug 27 1992 counter.power + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 8505 Oct 11 19:17 iraq + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 14444 Aug 27 1992 raf.history + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 30814 Aug 27 1992 raf.prisoners + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 14348 Oct 11 19:18 sevillano + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 12264 Aug 27 1992 world.econ.summit + + + +Autonome.Forum/RZ: + +total 38 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 262 Aug 28 1992 _revolutionary.cells + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 37563 Sep 1 1992 gerd.albartus + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Arm.the.Spirit + +total 690 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 1647 Aug 14 1992 README.ATS + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 147715 Aug 14 1992 ats-12 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 190324 Sep 4 1992 ats-13 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 324382 Mar 5 08:34 ats-14-15 + + + + + +Boston Anarchist Drinking Brigade + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR BAD.brigade + +total 112 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 5362 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#1 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 5641 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#2 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 8474 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#3 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 6482 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#4 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 11673 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#5 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 7589 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#6 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 10312 Nov 9 21:24 BAD-Broadside-#7 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 6490 Nov 9 21:25 BAD-Broadside-#8 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 40969 Nov 25 09:58 BAD-Pamphlet-AIDS + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 4985 Nov 9 22:55 BAD.pamphlets + + + + + +Essays: Anarchy + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Essays/Anarchy + +total 81 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 41643 Sep 21 10:51 abolishWork + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 17212 Jan 7 22:36 anarchism.today + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 14800 Jan 7 18:40 carse + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 7736 Feb 5 11:22 growth.of.sym + + + + + +Essays: Chomsky + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Essays/Chomsky + +total 299 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 9996 Nov 18 03:34 3rd.world.at.home + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 17954 Sep 16 20:02 chomsky.loot + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 6712 Sep 16 20:02 chomsky.on.economics + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 74470 Sep 16 20:02 chomsky.vain_hopes + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 47470 Sep 16 20:01 notes.on.anarchism + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 131539 Feb 2 11:09 notes.on.anarchism.ps + + + + + +European Counter-Notes + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR ECN + +total 48 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3638 Feb 2 08:46 anti-british.protest + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2111 Jan 7 18:51 antiracist.news + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1049 Jan 7 18:51 bad.attitude + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1510 Jan 7 18:51 belfast.shooting + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1188 Jan 7 18:51 burnsalls.strike + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 6909 Feb 2 08:46 child.support.act + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 9725 Feb 2 08:46 domestic.violence + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 7159 Jan 7 18:51 ecn.uk + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 930 Jan 7 18:52 highpoint.revolt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3360 Jan 7 18:52 hospital.closures + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2417 Feb 2 08:46 parcel.bomb + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2394 Jan 7 18:52 women.march + + + + + +Industrial Workers of the World (syndicalist) + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR IWW + +total 16 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 9464 Oct 20 12:23 about.the.iww + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 1414 Oct 20 12:24 bay.area.iww + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 3430 Dec 10 03:47 iww.preamble + + + + + +Love and Rage + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Love.and.Rage + +total 5 + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Feb 17 16:01 LR-1 + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Mar 4 12:00 LR-1.espanol + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2512 Feb 17 16:01 README.lr + + + +Love.and.Rage/LR-1: + +total 203 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2512 Feb 17 16:01 README.lr1 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1719 Feb 17 16:00 abclist2.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2454 Feb 17 16:00 acoli.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1802 Feb 17 16:00 actup.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3999 Feb 17 16:00 afa.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 5329 Feb 17 16:00 alf.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4193 Feb 17 16:00 alist.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2349 Feb 17 16:00 annonce.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 9655 Feb 17 16:00 antifare.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 450 Feb 17 16:00 ayfblurb.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1296 Feb 17 16:00 ayfbulg.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 322 Feb 17 16:00 burning.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2362 Feb 17 16:00 calnews.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 9558 Feb 17 16:00 changes.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1481 Feb 17 16:00 columbia.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 11198 Feb 17 16:00 copklan.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4290 Feb 17 16:00 directac.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 425 Feb 17 16:00 discobul.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3950 Feb 17 16:00 fascnote.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1837 Feb 17 16:00 ferre.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2124 Feb 17 16:00 grjury.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1759 Feb 17 16:00 intercal.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1242 Feb 17 16:00 italyout.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1169 Feb 17 16:00 killtv.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 25028 Feb 17 16:01 letfeb.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 5129 Feb 17 16:01 march.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4459 Feb 17 16:01 masthead.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4166 Feb 17 16:01 mexcolon.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 7490 Feb 17 16:01 mumia.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2620 Feb 17 16:01 mxcronol.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2636 Feb 17 16:01 mxfemeng.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2612 Feb 17 16:01 n20spain.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1254 Feb 17 16:01 natoffen.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4298 Feb 17 16:01 ogb.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 6614 Feb 17 16:01 pamove.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1159 Feb 17 16:01 patterso.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1301 Feb 17 16:01 politics.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1730 Feb 17 16:01 serbshot.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2114 Feb 17 16:01 serbwome.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2159 Feb 17 16:01 sidebar.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 9743 Feb 17 16:01 skin.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 16014 Feb 17 16:01 somalia.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3242 Feb 17 16:01 spain.txt + + + +Love.and.Rage/LR-1.espanol: + +total 70 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1535 Feb 27 13:34 abclist.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4401 Feb 27 13:42 andres.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1304 Feb 27 13:58 casapaz.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1670 Feb 28 18:57 dom.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3529 Feb 28 18:58 ezcronol.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 6422 Feb 28 19:01 facnot.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 2282 Feb 28 19:02 madrid.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3445 Feb 28 19:03 mexoct.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3198 Feb 28 19:05 mxfems.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 1881 Feb 28 19:06 nigerisp.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 6338 Feb 28 19:07 presoper.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3006 Feb 28 19:10 spantifa.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 8716 Feb 28 19:13 sppolst.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 568 Feb 28 18:49 subsp.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 3430 Feb 28 19:16 suppgrps.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 5469 Feb 28 19:17 univerp2.txt + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 4407 Feb 28 19:20 vcentmex.txt + + + + + +Organized Thoughts (syndicalist) + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Organized.Thoughts + +total 135 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 27170 Oct 30 22:27 ot.1 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 41047 Oct 30 22:27 ot.2 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 28427 Oct 30 22:27 ot.3 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 39215 Oct 30 22:28 ot.4 + + + + + +Spunk Press (Practical Anarchy Online, plus essays) + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Spunk + +total 888 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 1317 Sep 16 12:10 README.practical.anarchy + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 57418 Feb 8 11:20 civil-disobedience + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 2401 Nov 20 11:43 durruti.interview + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 45211 Nov 25 09:49 pa-1.1 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 29776 Sep 16 12:12 pa-1.2 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 54321 Nov 24 13:34 pa-1.3 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 57609 Jan 19 11:37 pa-2.1 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 338712 Feb 8 11:25 probchild + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 24142 Jan 7 23:19 reading.list + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 262690 Feb 15 03:02 taz.doc + + + + + +Stirner and Egoism + + + +uglymouse% ls -lR Non.Serviam + +total 29 + +drwxr-xr-x 2 pauls 1024 Jan 31 05:31 Stirner + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 5978 Dec 8 08:10 non.serviam-00 + +-rw-r--r-- 1 pauls 22507 Jan 21 10:52 non.serviam-01 + + + +Non.Serviam/Stirner: + +total 553 + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 659 Dec 1 14:17 README.Stirner + +-r--r--r-- 1 pauls 555492 Dec 1 14:10 der.einzige.sea.hqx + + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + +That's all kids. Some day there might be an update to this document. + +On the other hand if you don't get off your ass and send me some update + +material, I won't bother. + + + +pauls@umich.edu + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/askacop.txt b/politicalTextFiles/askacop.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89b07dc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/askacop.txt @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +Monday January 31, 1994 + +YOU WANNA KNOW HOW TO HANDLE CRIME? ASK A COP + +By MIKE ROYKO + +THEY'RE ALL over TV and the papers talking about crime: the president of the +United States, his aides, members of Congress, lawyers, professors. They are +promising this and that and vowing to do such and such. + +But I've noticed the absence of one group that might be expected to have some +opinion on crime and what, if anything, can be done to reduce it. + +Cops. + +Oh, once in a while you might get a high-ranking police official, a chief of +some big city department. But police brass sound like the politicians, since +they deal with budgets, manpower charts and other administrative matters. + +By cops, I mean the men and women who go out on the street every day and try to +solve crimes and arrest criminals. + +In all the blather coming out of Washington about crime, and what the +big-spenders will do about it, the invisible man is the street cop. + +So the morning after President Clinton blew hot air at the nation, I called a +friend who has been a cop for many years. He's worked on homicides, robberies, +rapes, just about every form of foul behavior. + +Because he aspires to higher rank, and clout still means something in the +Chicago Police Department, it wouldn't help his career to be known as my +friend. So his name can't be used. + +But he's real. And when I asked him what his reaction was to the current +anti-crime frenzy in the White House and Congress, he said: ''It's a lot of +bull----.'' + +He elaborated. ''There's nothing we haven't heard before. Three strikes and +you're out. We already send up three-time losers in Illinois. Hasn't done +anything to the crime rate. Build more prisons. We can't build enough prisons +to hold all the bad guys. Tougher gun laws. Look, the only people the gun laws +affect are honest people. Frankly, I wish every decent family in America had a +gun and knew how to use it. + +''Besides, federal crime laws don't mean a damn thing to me because about 95 +percent of the crimes in this country are local, not federal. The feds aren't +dealing with shootings in saloons or guys going nuts and killing their wives +and kids or the neighbors. Most of their busts are white-collar. So federal +laws don't mean squat when it comes to everyday crime. + +''Now, I'm in a minority, but a lot of cops agree with me on this. And that's +the drug laws. We're wasting our time trying to control that crap. We're +wasting billions of dollars and throwing people in jail who are just +self-destructive goofs. + +''We'd be better off doing what we do with liquor and cigarettes. Tax them and +license the sale. Sure, people abuse booze and they smoke. But smoking is way +down because most people know it's bad for them. The same thing with booze. +More white wine and light beer and fewer boilermakers. + +''It's the same thing with drugs. Right now, most people don't use drugs. If +you legalize it, most people still won't use drugs. + +''But you take away the illegal profit motive, there go the drug peddlers, the +gangs and the other serious crime. And most of the police and political +corruption. + +''Then you wouldn't have thousands of cops wasting their time trying to bust +some small-time dealer. You wouldn't have them clogging up the courts and +filling up cells that somebody dangerous should be in. + +''But you don't hear the politicians say that because they're afraid of the +people who say: 'I don't want my kids buying drugs.' Hey, lady, if your kid +wants to buy drugs right now, he can do it. And maybe he already is. + +''Look back 20 years. Anybody who said we ought to legalize gambling in +Illinois was treated like a nut. The Mafia will take it over. Where there's a +casino there will be murder and prostitution, and families are going to fall +apart because the old man is blowing his paycheck at the blackjack table. + +''Now we got gambling boats all over Illinois. We're going to have them in +Chicago and the suburbs. And it's no big deal. The sky isn't falling. + +''Same thing with drugs. What, somebody is going to smoke some marijuana at +home, listen to music, then go out and shoot everybody he sees? No, he's going +to fall asleep and get up the next morning with less of a hangover than if he +drank three boilermakers. + +''Now, if you legalize the stuff, and tax it, you save billions of dollars that +we're wasting now, and you bring in a lot of extra money from the taxes. + +''Then you take that money and use some of it for rehabbing the junkies. + +''But you also find ways to invest it in places like the West Side, in public +works projects or to help start private businesses that will create jobs. +Because that's where it all started, the craziness and the higher crime rate. +When the low-skill jobs disappeared, the husbands were out of work and they +disappeared. And that's why we have all these one-parent or no-parent families +that turn out the street criminals. + +''Hey, but what do I know? I only go out there and arrest them, fill out the +paperwork and go to court. + +''It's not like I'm some expert in Washington and get on C-Span.'' diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/asset.txt b/politicalTextFiles/asset.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..862c049 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/asset.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1060 @@ +[1] Forfeiture Info from BJA, IA +Keywords: Bureau of Justice Assistance, Forfeiture +Date: Thu May 06 20:05:24 MDT 1993 +Organization: Apple Computer Inc. +Lines: 1009 + + +ASSET FORFEITURE + +Civil Forfeiture: Tracing the Proceeds of Narcotics Trafficing + +Prepared by: +Police Executive Research Forum +Michael Goldsmith + +November 1988 +Addendum Added January 1992 + +U.S. Department of Justice +Office of Justice Programs + + Bureau of Justice Assistance + +U.S. Department of Justice +William P. Barr.........................Attorney General + +Office of Justice Programs +Jimmy Gurule............................Assistant Attorney General + +Bureau of Justice Assistance +Gerald (Jerry) P. Regier................Acting Director + +Elliott A. Brown........................Deputy Director + +James C. Swain..........................Director, Policy Development + and Management Division + +Curtis H. Straub, II....................Director, State and Local + Assistance Division + +Pamela Swain............................Director, Discretionary Grant + Programs Division + +William F. Powers Director..............Special Programs + + Division + +Bureau of Justice Assistance +633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20531 +(202) 514 6278 + +The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, coordinates +the activities of the following program Offices and Bureaus: Bureau of +Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of +Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the +Office for Victims of Crime. + + + U.S. Department of Justice + Office of Justice Programs + Bureau of Justice Assistance + +Office of the Director Washington DC 25031 + +Dear Colleague: + +Illicit drug traffic continues to flourish in every part of the country. +The cash received by the traffickers is often converted to assets that + + can be used by drug dealers in ways that suit their individual tastes. +Since 1981, federal authorities have increased their attack on these +assets through both criminal and civil forfeiture proceedings with +remarkable success. The recent passage and use of state asset forfeiture +laws offers an excellent means for state and local jurisdictions to +emulate the federal success. + +The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), in the Office of Justice +Programs, has funded a nationally focused technical assistance and +training program to help state and local jurisdictions facilitate +broader use of such laws. BJA selected the Police Executive Research +Forum to develop and administer this program because of its history of +involvement in practical problem-oriented research to improve police +operations and the Forum's central role in developing training materials +for use by police agencies and chief executives. + +As part of this project, the Forum has contracted with experts in the +area of asset forfeiture and financial investigations to prepare a +series of short manuals dealing with different concerns in the area of +asset forfeiture. We hope these manuals help meet the rapidly unfolding +needs of the law enforcement community as more and more agencies apply +their own forfeiture laws and strive to learn from the successes and +problems of their peers. + + +I welcome hearing your comments about this program. We have this project +so that most requests for information or assistance can be handled +through the Forum staff in Washington, D.C., by calling 202/466-7820. + + Sincerely yours, + + Gerald (Jerry) P Regier + Acting Director + + +Table of Contents + +Civil Forfeiture: Tracing the Proceeds of Narcotics Trafficking +The Advantages of Civil Forfeiture +Standard and Procedures +Common Evidentiary Factors +Close Proximity +Means of Support +Concealment Efforts and Commingled Funds +Pre-Trial Statements +Narcotics Records +Evasive Trial Testimony + + Net Worth Analysis +Basic Net Worth Analysis +Tax and Forfeiture Proceedings Distinguished +Net Worth Forfeiture Cases +Conclusion +Endnotes + +1991 Addendum + +Proceeds Broadly Defined +The Government's Burden of Proof +General Evidentiary Principles +Common Factors of Circumstantial Proof +Conclusion +Addendum Endnotes + + +Civil Forfeiture: Tracing The Proceeds Of Narcotics Trafficking + +Asset forfeiture has recently become an important weapon in the fight +against narcotics trafficking. This development was initially spurred by +enactment of the RICO and CCE statutes statute in 1970.(1) Through this +law, Congress sought to provide law enforcement with a way to disgorge + + criminal enterprises of their profits.(2) Significantly, by authorizing +forfeiture as a criminal sanction applied directly against the +perpetrator, RICO went well beyond traditional forfeiture statutes that +merely allowed civil proceedings against contraband or property used +during the commission of a crime.(3) + +In 1978, further expansion was achieved when Congress authorized civil +forfeiture of any proceeds derived from narcotics trafficking in +violation of federal law. By expanding the type of property subject to +seizure, 21 U.S.C. Section 881(6) gave prosecutors their first effective +civil mechanism for striking at the profits of narcotics trafficking.(4) +State enactment of comparable provisions soon followed.(5) However, +though federal officials have pursued this remedy aggressively,(6) its +potential has not yet been realized by the states. Three factors may +explain this phenomenon. First, federal forfeiture law is more favorable +to prosecutors than most state statutes. Second, federal resources +exceed state levels. Third, there is the perception that forfeiture of +profits is often impractical because, absent a monetary seizure +contemporaneous with a narcotics transaction, the targeted asset must be +traced to narcotics trafficking.(7) Tracing is a complex process +requiring adequate resources and legislative tools, as well as +investigative creativity and diligence. + + + Despite these limitations, however, tracing an asset to narcotics +trafficking is not an insurmountable task. Federal courts have +identified a number of factors that may be sufficient to achieve the +required linkage. Though federal law is admittedly highly favorable, the +factors themselves transcend federal grounds. They are equally +applicable to state litigation. Moreover, relying upon analyses +comparable to "net worth" proof used in tax litigation, imaginative +investigators may be able to develop new avenues for attacking this +problem. This paper will provide an overview of the legal principles +that must be considered in achieving successful proceeds forfeitures. It +consists of four sections. Section I will review the advantages of civil +forfeiture in a tracing context. Section II will review federal +standards and procedures, and contrast them with selected state +statutes. Section III will set forth common evidentiary factors in +tracing litigation. Finally, Section IV will summarize pertinent +considerations derived from net worth litigation. + +The Advantages of Civil Forfeiture + +Although tracing is a complex process, prospects for successful +forfeiture are eased considerably by the procedural benefits of civil +process. The most obvious feature is the lower burden of proof +confronting enforcement officials: proof by a preponderance of the + + evidence rather than beyond a reasonable doubt.(8) Furthermore, under +federal law and some state legislation, the burden of proof is placed on +the claimant rather than the government.(9) Thus, enforcement officials +need not achieve certainty in their tracing efforts. They need only +satisfy a relaxed standard of proof This is an advantage of enormous +consequence, as many cases turn on the burden of proof. Moreover, even +if criminal prosecution was precluded by operation of the exclusionary +rule, civil forfeiture may still be possible. Although the exclusionary +rule applies to forfeiture proceedings, tainted evidence may still be +sufficient to meet the lower burden of proof.(10) Indeed, civil +forfeiture may be a viable option despite an acquittal on criminal +charges.(11) + +The civil context provides other advantages as well. For example, +prosecutors may resort to the discovery process to obtain information +pertinent to tracing.(12) The claimant may be deposed and disclosure of +his records compelled. Perjury and contempt sanctions are potentially +available against untruthful or recalcitrant witnesses. And, while the +Fifth Amendment may still be asserted, a civil claimant risks an adverse +factual finding by doing so.(13) This possibility places the claimant in +a particular bind if criminal charges against him are still pending. +Asserting the Fifth Amendment may result in an adverse factual +determination, while answering questions may have incriminating + + consequences in the criminal proceedings.(14) And, regardless of whether +criminal charges are pending, discovery is likely to provide useful +information for impeachment if the claimant testifies at the forfeiture +proceeding. Such testimony will often be necessary because, once the +government's evidentiary burden has been sustained, failure to provide +responsive proof will result in an adverse judgment.(15) Often times, +however, such testimony proves counterproductive because it is presented +in an evasive or inconsistent manner. + +A civil claimant is also required to establish his standing to contest +the forfeiture. Frequently, legal title to property will be in someone's +name other than the real party at interest. Most courts will not permit +forfeitures to be contested by such so-called straw men. Thus, before +the prosecution must present its proof, the claimant must establish his +standing. Normally, this requires proof of dominion and control beyond +mere legal title.(16) Federal law and some state statutes require that +this be initially accomplished by filing a verified claim.(17) In +addition, some United States Attorneys offices routinely make standing a +central discovery issue.(18) Thus, civil claimants are by no means +assured automatic access to the courtroom. + +For these reasons, the civil claimant is in a very difficult position +relative to his posture in a criminal trial. Indeed, notwithstanding + + tracing obstacles confronting the government, many cases are uncontested +by potential claimants or otherwise lost on standing grounds.(19) This +means that, even when tracing obstacles exist, forfeiture proceedings +should be considered since the government may never be put to its proof. + +Standards and Procedures + +Federal standards and procedures are designed to facilitate the civil +forfeiture of proceeds. 21 U.S.C. Section 881(a)(6) authorizes the +forfeiture of "all moneys, negotiable instruments, securities, or other +things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in +exchange for a controlled substance... [and] all proceeds traceable to +such an exchange..."(20) The term proceeds extends to interest, +dividends, income, or property derived from the original trafficking +profits. This broad scope is a consequence of the relation back theory: + +When a statute provides for civil forfeiture, the forfeiture takes place +at the moment the property is used or generated illegally, unless the +statute provides otherwise. At that moment, all rights and legal title +to the property vest in the government and any subsequent transfer is of +no effect. In the eyes of the law, the subsequent judicial proceedings +merely confirm or perfect a forfeiture that has, in theory, already +taken place. This is known [sic] as the "relation back" doctrine and it + + is one of the peculiar legal rules that makes civil forfeiture such an +effective weapon against crime. Because the government's right to +proceeds relates back to the time they are generated, it is legally +entitled to all the gain thereafter accruing from the proceeds. + +Once the action has been brought, the government's burden is merely to +establish probable cause to forfeit the property at issue.(22) Hearsay +evidence may be used to meet this burden.(23) Moreover, the probable +cause standard does not require any showing by a preponderance of the +evidence. Instead, probable cause is flexibly defined as a "reasonable +ground for belief...[that the property constitutes proceeds of narcotics +trafficking], supported by less than prima facie proof, but more than +mere suspicion."(24) There is no need to trace the proceeds to a +particular narcotics transaction; it is enough if the proceeds can be +linked to narcotics trafficking generally.(25) Once this initial burden +has been satisfied, the burden shifts to the claimant who must establish +his case by a preponderance of the evidence.(26) Should the claimant +fail to present any evidence, the property will be forfeited.(27) + +Given this favorable climate, civil forfeitures have flourished +federally. Two recent cases demonstrate this point. In the United States +v. $33,000 United States Currency,(28) probable cause for forfeiture was +satisfied by the following evidence: l) claimant's guilty plea to + + conspiracy to distribute marijuana and to evade taxes; 2) the seizure of +$33,000 located in a brown paper bag in claimant's home; 3) the presence +of drugs on the premises; and 4) claimant's lack of legitimate +employment. Although claimant presented evidence that he had received +$21,915.92 from the recent sale of a horse, the court fownd that his +burden of proof had not been met because of his failure to explain his +cash transactions at a time when he had no apparent source of +income.(29) + +In United States v. Brock,(30) the government sought forfeiture of +jewelry, valued at $120,000, which was found in a bag in claimant's +attic. Despite the absence of any direct evidence connecting the jewelry +with claimant's narcotics activity, the Court of Appeals concluded +probable cause was present: + +The circumstances were sufficient to warrant a conclusion that there was +no other way Brock could have acquired the jewelry than... by proceeds +of the alleged narcotics violation. The jewelry was found secreted in +the same house as the narcotics and paraphernalia for distribution of +narcotics. In addition, a large quantity of cash and a loaded revolver, +further suggestive of ongoing narcotics activity, were seized at the +house. These circumstances fairly lead to an inference that the jewelry +was the proceeds of narcotics activity... Circumstantial evidence and + + inferences therefrom are good grounds for a finding of probable cause in +a forfeiture proceeding. + +The conclusion to forfeit the property was justified... [especially] +given the evidence that the claimant had no source of legitimate income +for several years preceding the seizure.(31) + +From these examples, it is apparent that forfeiture of proceeds is +relatively easy to accomplish under federal law. Though state laws are +usually not as prosecution oriented, they are still adequate. Three +generalizations may be drawn from statutes in selected states.(32) +First, some states have adopted the federal approach to civil +forfeiture. In Arizona, for example, the law requires prosecutors to +establish probable cause for forfeiture; once this standard has been +met, the claimant has the burden of proof.(33) Similar rules may apply +in Florida, though principally because of judicial interpretation rather +than explicit statutory mandate.(34) Moreover, even in jurisdictions not +adopting the federal model, federal cases are still valuable persuasive +authority. + +Second, although the federal probable cause standard is especially +attractive to prosecutors, the traditional preponderance of the evidence +burden is not substantially more difficult to meet. Fortunately, state + + courts have not raised the civil forfeiture standard to proof beyond a +reasonable doubt.(35) In addition, most state laws place the burden of +proof on the claimant to establish any available statutory +exemptions.(36) Such exemptions, however, rarely raise tracing issues. + +Third, many state statutes estab,ish presumptions providing that money +or negotiable instruments found in "close proximity" to contro,led +substances are presumed to be forfeitable.(37) Though rebuttable, this +presumption places the burden of proof on the claimant. Thus, in close +proximity cases, state practice does not deviate significantly from +federal practice. Predictably, most state civil forfeitures of proceeds +have involved close proximity seizures. Though there have been numerous +successes,(38) few reported state decisions have involved complex +tracing efforts.(39) This suggests that state authorities are not +attempting more difficult forfeitures. If this record is to improve, +states must develop legally sufficient techniques for tracing proceeds +in non-proximity situations. Fortunately, common evidentiary factors may +be gleaned from well established federal jurisprudence. + +Common Evidentiary Factors + +The common perception is that tracing proceeds to narcotics trafficking +necessarily involves a complex paper trail. On occasion, of course, that + + is exactly what is required. If so, investigators must be prepared to +subpoena and analyze documents from a wide variety of institutions. In +re Maria Familienstiftung v. United States,(40) for example, narcotics +proceeds used to purchase real estate were traced through various +domestic and foreign banks. This process involved subpoenaing documents +from the banks and obtaining testimony from both bank employees and +couriers used by the narcotics trafficker. In addition, the veil of +various nominee corporations had to be pierced. Ultimately, the +forfeiture was successful.(41) Similarly, in United States v. Banco +Cafetero Panama,(42) extensive bank record analysis was necessary to +track the flow of $3 million in narcotics proceeds through five bank +accounts. Moreover, once traced, proceeds co-mingled with legitimate +funds had to be distinguished.(43) Fortunately, the appellate court +allowed the government the benefit of a favorable accounting procedure +to facilitate this task.(44) + +The majority of reported proceeds decisions, however, have not required +complex documents analysis. In large part, this may be explained by the +judiciary's willingness to allow assets to be traced to narcotics +trafficking generally rather than to a particular narcotics +transaction.(45) A review of the cases establishes that tracing usually +involves a few relatively simple factors. Although these factors are +usually present in varying combinations, they are best examined in + + isolation. Accordingly, they are set forth separately below: + +Close Proximity + +Cases in which the targeted proceeds are found in close proximity to +narcotics provide the easiest forfeiture setting. The Brock and $33, 000 +United States Currency decisions, supra, illustrate this point.(46) + +Means of Support + +Most cases involve an obvious discrepancy between the claimant's life- +style and his apparent means of support. This category actually consists +of a number of factors: a) strong evidence of narcotics trafficking; b) +high expenditures, often in cash; and c) little or no legitimate source +of income. Thus, for example, it is quite common for courts to stress +that claimant's cash expenditwes far exceed his available income from +legitimate employment. For example, in United States v. One 1990 +Chevrolet Blazer,(47) these factors plus evidence of efforts to conceal +the purchase were sufficient to establish probable cause.(48) In United +States v. Young(49) and United States v. Murillo,(50) evidence of +defendants' narcotics trafficking, combined with tax returns, was +sufficient for forfeiture of substantial assets in a criminal +proceeding. Therefore, discrepant life-style factors are surely + + pertinent in any civil forfeiture proceeding. Cash expenditures, in +particular, have proven to be extremely probative.(51) Furthermore, the +claimant is in an obvious bind when he is unable to provide proof of +legitimate employment. Note, however, that there must be evidence of +narcotics trafficking. It obviously is not enough that the claimant was +involved in criminality generally. + +Concealment Efforts and Commingled Funds + +A few courts have suggested that efforts to conceal ownership may be +pertinent to forfeiture. This makes sense, since any person investing +narcotics proceeds has a strong incentive to conceal their source. For +example, in United States v. A Single Family Residence,(52) a probable +cause factor cited by the Court was the trafficker's acknowledgment of +having formed fictitious corporations to hide assets.(53) Similarly, +concealment efforts were also mentioned by the court in Chevrolet +Blazer, supra.(52) On occasion, concealment is accomplished by +commingling narcotics proceeds with legitimate funds. Under such +circumstances, forfeiture may be on a percentage basis.(55) When bank +accounts are involved, at least one court has applied a different +analysis. Banco Cafetero Panama, supra, permitted the government to +maximize the proceeds subject to forfeiture by giving prosecutors the +option of two accounting procedures: "drugs-in, last out" or "drugs-in, + + first-out."(56) The former may be preferred when the government seeks +funds remaining in the account, while the latter may be preferred when +the government seeks to forfeit an asset purchased with funds from the +account. + +Pre-Trial Statements + +Many forfeiture decisions place heavy reliance on statements made by the +claimant before trial. Generally, these are statements made to +associates or to undercover agents during the investigative stage of the +case. For example, in United States v. A Single Family Residence,(57) +testimony from several co-conspirators established that the trafficker +had told them narcotics proceeds had been used to buy the property.(58) +Similar statement in United States v. Premises Known as 2639 +Meetinghouse established that narcotics proceeds had been invested in +several bars.(59) And in United States v. All Funds,(60) the claimant +confided to an undercover agent, posing as a bank officer, that 60 to 70 +percent of certain corporate deposits were narcotics proceeds. Such +statements have also been obtained through nonconsensual electronic +surveillance.(61) Finally, even evasive answers to questions concerning +ownership of property have been cited as a factor in meeting the +government's evidentiary burden.(62) + + + Narcotics Records + +Although narcotics records are rarely located, they have provided a +useful way to establish a trafficker's profits. For example, in United +States v. Lewis, entries in a drug ledger were persuasively correlated +with currency deposits and expenditures on various homes.(63) Such +records are also a valuable source of potential impeachment material. + +Evasive Trial Testimony + +A major factor in many forfeiture trials has been the weak testimony +presented by the claimant. As previously stated, burden of proof +considerations effectively compel claimants to present some proof.(64) +When they do so, however, the result is often detrimental to their +interests. Technically, evasive or inconsistent testimony merely serves +to undercut the defendant's case, but its real impact implicitly +strengthens the government's position. For example, in United States v. +Yukon Delta Houseboat,(65) claimant testified that a loan was the source +of funds used to purchase property. The Court of Appeals, however, +doubted his credibility because his testimony at trial regarding the +details of that purported loan were in some respects inconsistent with +his prior deposition testimony. "Furthermore,... he never listed any... +Ioan... as a liability on [various credit] application."(66) Similarly, + + in United States v. One Parcel of Real Property, the Court clearly +regarded claimant's testimony concerning the source of funds for payment +as a pure fable.(67) + +Net Worth Analysis + +The cases discussed in Section III demonstrate that forfeiture may be +accomplished without resort to complex financial analyses. Even so, +although many of those cases involved substantial proceeds, greater +success may require more sophisticated approaches. The logical next step +is a net worth analysis borrowed from criminal tax litigation. In +essence, this procedure seeks to establish that, an individual's +reported income from legitimate sources is inconsistent with either his +expenditures or his increased net worth during a designated time +period.(68) In criminal tax cases, this contrast establishes nonpayment +of income taxes. In narcotics cases, this procedure, combined with +evidence of narcotics trafficking, may be used to establish that assets +were acquired with trafficking proceeds. To appreciate the impact of +this analysis, three factors should be considered: l) the basics of net +worth analysis; 2) significant differences between tax and forfeiture +cases; and 3) the experience with net worth forfeiture cases. + +Basic Net Worth Analysis + + +The complexities of net worth analysis are beyond the scope of this +paper. In essence, however, the procedure may be summarized as follows: + +The Government makes out a prima facie case... if it establishes the +defendant's opening net worth... with reasonable certainty and then +shows increases in his net worth for each year in question which, added +to his nondeductible expenditures and excluding his known nontaxable +receipts for the year, exceed his reported taxable income by a +substantial amount.... The jury may infer that the defendant's excess +net worth increases represent unreported taxable income if the +Government either shows a likely source,... or negates all possible +nontaxable sources.(69) + +The Supreme Court has legitimized this practice, provided that three +requirements are met: a) the opening net worth must be established with +reasonable certainty; b) reasonable explanations by the taxpayer +inconsistent with guilt must be negated; and c) the net worth increase +must be attributable to currently taxable income.(70) These requirements +cause substantial burdens for the government. For example, to establish +a defendant's opening net worth, an exhaustive investigation of +documents and witnesses must be undertaken.(71) In particular, the +investigation must be sufficiently thorough to negate the possibility of + + a cash hoard defense in which the taxpayer maintains that substantial +cash reserves account for the appearance of increased net worth. This is +said to be the "most frequent challenge to the government's +computations..."(72) Thus, it is not uncommon for investigations to +consume many agents' time over several years.(73) As a result, this +procedure is saved for complex tax cases in which direct proof of guilt +is unavailable. + +Tax and Forfeiture Proceedings Distinguished + +Tax and forfeiture proceedings are similar in one critical respect. Each +requires the government to identify an asset or source of income. +Frequently, this item has been concealed in some manner. Fundamental +differences, however, make net worth procedure easier to apply in civil +forfeitures. The principal distinction is the civil nature of the +forfeiture proceeding. Because forfeitures are civil, the burden of +proof is not the "beyond a reasonable doubt standard."(74) This means +that opening net worth may be established with less certainty than in +criminal prosecutions. It also means that not every hypothesis +inconsistent with guilt need be negated. Ironically, since civil +discovery is available in forfeitures, it is also easier to meet the +requirements of a net worth case. The claimant, for example, may be +deposed and asked to state his net worth at particular time periods. He + + may be compelled to produce supporting documentation. He may be asked to +account for any cash hoards, and to explain all sources of income. +Despite these obvious advantages, however, net worth theory has rarely +been applied to forfeitures. + +Net Worth Forfeiture Cases + +A review of federal and state decisions reveals only two cases that +explicitly apply to the net worth theory in this context. Other +decisions, however, have relied on informal variations of this doctrine +emphasizing the discrepancy between a claimant's life-style and his +apparent means of legitimate support. Examples of this approach have +already been supplied.(75) Another illustration, which comes a step +closer to using net worth analysis, is United States v. Four Parcels of +Real Estate.(76) Civil forfeiture was effected through the following +evidence: a) extensive evidence of claimant's cash expenditures on his +home; b) a tax return showing gross income in 1980 of $35,650; and c) +two financial statements, found during a search incident to arrest, +showing a net worth of $239,000 in 1981 and of $1,079,000 in 1983. +Apparently, no effort was made to comply with formal net worth +requirements, but probable cause was still found. + +Given the government's probable cause burden in federal cases, it is + + unlikely that complex net worth analysis will have to be used in that +context. Two criminal forfeiture cases, however, have used this method +successfully. In United States v. Harvey,(77) the government conducted +an in-depth analysis of defendant's records. The investigation included +records from his corporations, banks, real estate holdings, and tax +returns. Critical statements by the defendant were obtained through +nonconsensual electronic surveillance.(78) Based on this evidence, +prosecutors established at trial that the defendant had a zero net worth +in 1976, earned approximately $120,000 from legitimate sources between +1976 to 1982, and accumulated a net worth of $4.5 million during that +time period. This evidence was considered sufficient for a restraining +order holding the assets for trial. In reaching this decision, the judge +cited the government's use of net worth analysis which had been approved +in tax cases.(79) Because defendant Harvey never went to trial, however, +the net worth analysis was not tested again. + +At this writing, United States v. Lewis(80) is the only reported +decision explicitly addressing the net worth doctrine in a forfeiture +setting. Although it stands alone, Lewis is very significant because it +was a criminal forfeiture. Since the government was able to use net +worth analysis successfully under the reasonable doubt standard, the +doctrine holds great potential for civil forfeitures operating under the +preponderance standard and liberal discovery rules. Moreover, Lewis is + + significant because the court applied the net worth doctrine despite the +government's failure to establish the defendant's opening net worth. The +Court held that "where the government shows an accumulation of income +far beyond the defendant's legitimate means, an opening net worth figure +is not essential."(81) + +Although this holding was limited to the "unique facts" involved,(82) +Lewis is potentially broadly applicable because its circumstances, in +fact, were hardly unique. Rather, the court stressed factors typical of +many narcotics investigations. First, consensually recorded tapes +revealed the defendant's statement refuting "the possibility of a +preexisting legitimate source for his remarkably high net worth."(83) +Second, the decision observed that "the government proved the existence +of a lucrative drug distribution enterprise over several years."(84) +Third, "the government's financial evidence was thorough; for the period +in question, the evidence [appeared] to foreclose all leads which might +have suggested other legitimate sources of income."(85) Accordingly, +Lewis provides an appropriate benchmark for considering future net worth +applications.(86) + +Conclusion + +Asset forfeiture continues to hold great potential for attacking large + + scale narcotics trafficking. Using the benefits of civil discovery and a +lower burden of proof, law enforcement has an important opportunity to +strike at the profits generated by such criminality. Thus far, most +civil forfeitures have been accomplished by federal authorities. +Although federal law is admittedly preferable to most state statutes, +the states do have adequate legal tools to achieve comparable success. +Existing case law demonstrates that forfeitures can be accomplished +through modes of proof that are relatively straightforward. Beyond that, +net worth analysis may offer new means for reaching the proceeds of +complex narcotics enterprises. + +Endnotes + +1. 18 U.S.C. Section 1961 et seq. (1976); 21 U.S.C. Section 848 (1983). + +2. See, e.g., Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 27-28 (1983); S. +Rep. No. 617, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. 78 (1969). + +For a historical overview of criminal and civil forfeiture doctrine see +Clark, Civil and Criminal Penalties and Forfeitures: A Framework for +Constitutional Analysis, 60 Minn. L. Rev. 379 (1976); Maxeiner, Bane of +American Forfeiture Law Q Banished At Last?. 62 Cornell L. Rev. 768 +(1977). + + +4. Smith, Prosecution And Defense Of Forfeiture Cases 4-2 (1986) +[hereinafter cited as Smith, Forfeiture]. + +5. Citations to some pertinent state statutes are set forth infra notes +33, 36-37. + +6. As recently as 1981, however, federal enforcement efforts were +severely criticized. See Asset Forfeiture Q a Seldom Used Tool In +Combatting Drug Trafficking (GAO April 1981). + +7. See generally The National Governors' Association, Et Al., State Laws +And Procedures Affecting Drug Trafficking Control:A National Overview +73-77 + +8. See, e.g., United States v. Regan, 232 U.S. 37, 50(1914). + +9. See infra notes 22-24, 33-35 and accompanying text. + +10. See, e.g., United States v. $31,828,760 F.2d 228, 230 (8th Cir. +1985); United States v. Monkey, 725 F.2d 1007,1012 (5th Cir. 1984). + +11. See United States v. One Assortment of 89 Firearms, 465 U.S. 354, + + 360 (1983); United States v. Fifty Thousand Dollars, 757 F.2d 103,104 +(6th Cir. 1985); United States v. Premises Known as 2639 Meetinghouse, +633 F. Supp. 979, 983 (E.D. Pa. 1986) (one of forfeiture claimants had +never been prosecuted). + +12. SMITH, Forfeiture, supra note 4, at 10-3. + +13. See Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976). In United States +v. A Single Family Residence, 803 F.2d 625, 629 n.4 (11th Cir. 1986), +Baxter was cited as permitting an adverse inference when a witness +asserted the Fifth Amendment in a civil deposition. + +14. For this reason, claimants customarily request that civil +proceedings be stayed pending resolution of the criminal case. This +issue is discussed in Smith, Forfeiture, supra note 4, at 10-2. + +15. See, e.g., United States v. A Single Family Residence, 803 F.2d 625, +629-30 (11th Cir. 1986). + +16. See id., at 630; re Maria Familienstiftung v. United States, 643 F. +Supp. 139, 145 (S.D. Fla. 1986) (citing other authority). + +17. See, e.g., Smith, Forfeiture, supra note 4, at 9-62; N.J. STAT. ANN. + + Section 2C:64-3(d) (West 1982). + +18. Smith, Forfeiture, supra note 4, at 9-54.2. A further benefit of +civil forfeiture is the government's right to appeal. See id., at 11-26. + +19. This is especially so when couriers have been intercepted. Under +such circumstances, the courier may not have the necessary legal +interest in the proceeds, and his employer is rarely inclined to risk +discovery by contesting the forfeiture. Id., at 420. In many instances, +all concerned deny ownership. Id., at 4-23. Consequently, default +judgments are quite common. Id., at 4-28. + +20. The full text of section 881 is set forth in the appendix. + +21. Smith, Forfeiture, supra note 4, at 434 to 4-35. + +22. See, e.g., Unites States v. $41,305 in Currency, 802 F.2d 1339,1343 +n.6 (11th Cir. 1986); Unites States v. $5,644,540 in Currency, 799 F.2d +1357,1362 (9th Cir. 1986). + +23. See, e.g., United States v. One 56 Foot Motor Yacht, 702 F.2d +1276,1282 (9th Cir. 1983); United States v. One 1964 Beechcraft, 691 +F.2d 725, 728 (5th Cir. 1982). + + +24. United States v. $250,000 in Currency, 808 F.2d 895, 897 (1st Cir. +1987); United States v. A Single Family Residence, 803 F.2d 625, 628 +(11th Cir. 1986). + +25. See, e.g., United States v. $4,255,625.39 in Currency, 762 F.2d 895, +904 (11th Cir. 1985); Unites States v. $13,000 in Currency, 733 F.2d +581, 585 (8th Cir. 1984). + +26. See, e.g., United States v. Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d +1154,1160 (2d Cir. 1986); United States v. $4,265,000 in Currency, 762 +F.2d 895, 904 (11th Cir. 1985) (citing extensive authority). + +27. See, e.g., United States v. $250, 000 in Currency, 808 F.2d 895, 900 +(1st Cir. 1987); United States v. A Single Family Residence, 803 F.2d +625, 629-30 (11th Cir. 1986). + +28. 640 F. Supp. 899-900 (D. Md. 1986). + +29. Id., at 900. + +30. 747 F.2d 761, 762-63 (D.C. Cir. 1984). + + + 31. Id. + +32. This project involved a survey of cases and statutes in the +following states: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, +Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania. In addition, every +state was surveyed for cases involving net worth analysis or explicit +analysis focusing on the tracing concept. No traditional net worth case +was located. Pertinent state decisions are cited in the footnotes below. + +33. ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. Section 13-4305, 4311(H)(Supp. 1986). + +34. In re Forfeiture of Approximately $48,900, 432 So. 2d 1382,1385 +(Fla, Dist. Ct. App. 1983)(noting legislative intent to conform to +federal law). This decision is potentially very important because +prosecutors won a favorable interpretation despite statutory language +which did not reflect the federal model. See also People v. Lot 23,Q +Colo.QP.2dQ(April 13,1987)(forfeiture under public nuisance statute; +holding that once the government establishes a prima facie case, burden +shifts to claimant and that claimant's failure to present evidence +mandates forfeiture). + +35. See People v. Lot 23, 735 P.2d 184,188 (Colo. 1987); Commonwealth v. +$15,836.85QCash, 511 A.2d 871, 873 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1986); ILL. ANN. STAT + + ch. 56 v2 para. 1655(3)(b)(Smith-Hurd, Supp. 1986). + +36. See FLA. STAT. ANN. Section 893.10 (West 1976, Supp. 1987); GA. CODE +ANN. Section 16-13-50 (Supp. 1986); MICH. STAT. ANN. Section 14.15(7531) +(1987 Supp.). + +37. See ILL. STAT. ANN. ch. 561/2 para. 1505(5) (Smith-Hurd, Supp. +1986); MICH STAT. ANN. Section 14.15(7521)(f)(Supp. 1987); PA. STAT. +ANN. tit. 35, Section 780-128(1)(iii)(Supp. 1986). + +38. See, e.g., People v. Lot 23, 735 P.2d 184,189-91 (Colo. 1987) +(judicial inference). See also People v. Strong, 502 N.E.2d 744, 748-49 +(Ill. App. 3rd Dist. 1986); Commonwealth v. $15,836.85QCash, 511 A.2d +871 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1986). + +39. Two Pennsylvania decisions stand out as significant in this respect. +See Lappas v. Brown, 483 A.2d 979, 983-84 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984) (some +evaluation of bank records and claimant's reported source of legitimate +income); MI Grossman v. Commissioner of Police, 465 A.2d 1007,1009 (Pa. +Super. Ct. 1983) (detailed analysis of marijuana sales operation; issue +not addressed on appeal). + +40. 643 F. Supp. 139 (S.D. Fla. 1986). + + +41. Id., at 142-48. + +42. 797 F.2d 1154 (2d Cir. 1986). + +43. Id., at 1157-59. + +44. Id., at 1159-62. + +45. See supra note 25 and accompanying text. + +46. See supra notes 28-31, and 37-38 and accompanying text. + +47. 572 F. Supp. 994 (E.D.N.Y. 1983). + +48. Id., at 995-96. + +49. 745 F.2d 733, 745-46, 762-63 (2d Cir. 1984). + +50. 709 F.2d 1298,1298-99 (9th Cir. 1983). + +51. See generally United States v. Four Parcels of Real Estate, 647 F. +Supp. 1440 (N.D. Ala. 1986); United States v. One Plymouth Colt Vista, + + 644 F. Supp. 1546, 1549-50 (N.D. Ill. 1986); United States v. One Chevy +Blazer, 572 F. Supp. 994, 995 (E.D.N.Y. 1983). + +52. 803 F.2d 625 (11th Cir. 1986). + +53. Id., at 629. + +54. 572 F. Supp. at 996. See also United States v. One 1980 Red Ferrari, +827 F.2d 477 (9th Cir. 1987) (fictitious name). + +55. See United States v. Premises Known as 2639 Meetinghouse, 633 F. +Supp. g79, 990 (E.D. Pa. 1986). + +56. 797 F.2d at 1159. + +57. 803 F.2d 625 (11th Cir. 1986). + +58. Id., at 629. + +59. 633 F. Supp. 979, 983-85 (E.D. PA. 1986). + +60. QF. Supp.Q (S.D.N.Y. 1986) (Lexis Genfed Library). +61. See United States v. Harvey, 560 F. Supp. 1040,1090-91 (S.D. Fla. + + 1983). + +62. See United States v. Certain Real Property, 568 F. Supp. 434, 436 +(W.D. Ark. 1983). + +63. 759 F.2d 1316,1330 (8th Cir. 1985). + +64. See supra note 15 and accompanying text. + +65. 774 F.2d 1432 (9th Cir. 1985). + +66. Id., at 1435. + +67. 648 F. Supp. 436, 437-38 (D. Mass. 1986). + +68. For an excellent review of net worth analysis, see U.S. Department +of Justice, Criminal Tax Manual Section 31 et seq. (1985) [hereinafter +cited as Criminal Tax Manual]. + +69. United States v. Sorentino, 726 F.2d 876, 879-80 (1st Cir. 1984). + +70. Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121,132-37 (1954). + + + 71. Criminal Tax Manual, supra note 68, at 31-17. + +72. Id., at 31-26. + +73. Id., at 31-19 et seq. (citing numerous examples). + +74. See supra note 8 and accompanying text. + +75. See supra notes 47-51 and accompanying text. In addition, a +substantial number of criminal casesQnot involving forfeitureQhave used +this method to corroborate criminality. See Nossen, "One-on one" +Uncorroborated Testimony: the Dilemma of Prosecutors, Defense Attorneys +and the Courts in Fraud, Waste, and Abuse, Cases, 58 NOTRE DAME L. REV. +1019 (1983) (containing numerous citations); R. Nossen, The Detection, +Investigation And Prosecution Of Financial Crimes (1982). + +76. 647 F. Supp. 1440 (N.D. Ala. 1986); see also In re Coastal Seafood +Enterprises, 648 F. Supp 79 (D.S.C), aff'd without opinion, 823 F.2d 546 +(4th Cir. 1987) (emphasizing discrepant expenditures); United States v. +Miscellaneous Jewelry, 667 F. Supp. 232 (D. Md. 1987) (same); Lappas v. +Brown, 483 A.2d 979, 984 (Pa. Super, Ct. 1984). + +77. 560 F. Supp. 1040,1090 (S.D. Fla. 1983). + + +78. Id., at 1090-91. + +79. Id. + +80. 759 F.2d 1316 (8th Cir. 1985). + +81. Id., at 1327-28. + +82. Id. + +83. Id. + +84. Id., at 1328. + +85. Id. + +86. Lewis also contains a useful review of the admissibility of +financial records to rebut net worth defenses. Id., at 1328-30. + +ADDENDUM + +Addendum Contents + + +I. Proceeds Broadly Defined +II. The Government's Burden of Proof +III. General Evidentiary Principles +IV. Common Factors of Circumstantial Proof +"Close Proximity" +Cash Hordes +Concealment Efforts and Commingled Funds +Extensive Cash Expenditures +Informal Net-Worth Analysis +Formal Net-Worth Analysis +Failure to Account for Income; Inherently Incredible Testimony and +Affirmative Misrepresentations +Proof of Narcotics Trafficking +Statements by Informants +Expert Opinions +Conclusion +Endnotes + +Civil Forfeiture: Tracing the Proceeds of Narcotics Trafficking + +In 1987, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) commissioned the Police +Executive Research Forum to prepare a monograph on an important aspect + + of asset forfeiture: establishing the evidentiary link between narcotics +trafficking and the illicit proceeds generated by such activity. +Although Congress had authorized civil forfeiture of narcotics proceeds +almost a decade earlier, 21 U.S.C. $881(6) (1978), relatively few court +decisions had addressed the process by which the evidentiary connection +between narcotics trafficking and forfeitable proceeds could be +established. Nevertheless, the few available cases did suggest certain +principles as possible guidelines for law enforcement. The original +version of this monograph, published in 1988, set forth those guiding +principles.(1) +Since 1988, both federal and state authorities have intensified their +efforts to combat narcotics trafficking through civil forfeiture. As a +result, the case law on this subject has increased substantially. Recent +decisions have both confirmed the evidentiary principles identified in +the original monograph and articulated in more detail the standards for +tracing narcotics proceeds. Accordingly, it is appropriate to supplement +the original monograph with updated authority. +Because this monograph is designed as a supplement, it does not provide +general background on civil forfeiture. Instead, it summarizes the most +pertinent background materials. The reader is directed to the original +monograph for the remainder. +This monograph is organized in four sections. Section I addresses the +concept of "proceeds" within the meaning of the federal narcotics law on + + civil forfeiture. Section II explains the operation and significance of +the burden of proof under the federal statute. Section III sets forth +general evidentiary principles, and section IV addresses common +evidentiary factors of circumstantial proof. Although the monograph +focuses on federal law, both the "proceeds" concept and the evidentiary +principles discussed readily apply to state forfeiture actions as well. + +I. Proceeds Broadly Defined + +21 U.S.C. $881(6) authorizes forfeiture of "all moneys, negotiable +instruments, securities, or other things of value furnished or intended +to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance . . +. [and] all proceeds traceable to such an exchange . . ." [emphasis +added] Under the "relation back" doctrine, the government's interest in +these proceeds vests at the time of the illegal act; the forfeiture +proceeding merely perfects this interest. Consequently, courts interpret +the term "proceeds" to include derivative proceeds, such as interest, +dividends, income, or property derived from the original trafficking +activity.(2) +For example, in United States v. One Parcel of Real Estate,(3) narcotics +violators initially used their profits to buy property in North +Carolina. Later, they sold the property and used the proceeds to buy +real estate in Florida. The government obtained forfeiture of the + + Florida property as derivative proceeds, thereby benefiting from +appreciation of the original investment.(4) Other decisions have +likewise taken an expansive view of the term "proceeds."(5) Moreover, +adding insult to injury, the Fifth Circuit has ruled that unsuccessful +claimants (property owners) may not deduct forfeiture losses on their +income tax returns.(6) + +II. The Government's Burden of Proof + +In $881 forfeiture cases, the government faces a minimal burden of +proof. It need establish only probable cause that the targeted property +is subject to forfeiture. Moreover, probable cause is defined flexibly +in this context; the evidence need furnish only a "reasonable ground for +belief . . . [that the property constitutes narcotics proceeds], +supported by less than prima facie proof, but more than mere +suspicion."(7) This burden may be met with hearsay evidence.(8) In +addition, the proceeds need not be linked to a particular narcotics +transaction, but only to narcotics trafficking generally.(9) +Once the government meets its burden of proof and goes forward, the +burden shifts to the claimant, who must establish his or her case by a +preponderance of the evidence.(10) Failure by the claimant to make out a +prima facie case will result in summary judgment for the government (at +the pretrial motion stage) or in a directed verdict (at the trial + + stage). Most cases are decided by summary judgment because most +claimants are unable to present enough evidence even to raise a serious +factual issue. Thus, "a showing of probable cause alone will support a +judgment of forfeiture."(11) + +III. General Evidentiary Principles + +In general, the courts have allowed law enforcement considerable leeway +in making the connection between narcotics trafficking and illicit +proceeds. Perhaps the most significant factor in decisions granting +forfeiture has been the judiciary's repeated emphasis that +circumstantial evidence may provide an adequate basis for finding that +targeted assets represent narcotics proceeds. Thus, a "direct connection +between the property subject to seizure and the illegal activity that +renders the items forfeitable need not be shown in order to establish +probable cause.''(12) Given some prosecutors' initial reluctance to +apply forfeiture statutes aggressivelyQbecause of concern that illicit +assets could not be accurately identifiedQthe judiciary should be given +credit for applying evidentiary principles that do not make the tracing +process unduly rigid. +Recently, the courts have also stressed that determination of probable +cause should be made under a "totality of the circumstances" standard. +For example, in United States v. Thomas,(13) the Fourth Circuit reversed + + a district court which, in denying forfeiture, had "consider[ed] . . +[the] evidence piecemeal rather than as parts of a total picture."(14) +For this reason, the Fourth Circuit observed: The government fairly +complains that the court engaged in a "divide and conquer" approach to +its case, one that required each item of evidence to establish probable +cause independently or be altogether disregarded. Parsing evidence in +isolation for a fatal flaw threatens to transform the standard of +"probable cause" into a steep threshold requirement that would impede +the operation of the forfeiture statutes.(15) + +Similarly, in United States v. Parcels of Land (Laliberte),(16) the +First Circuit stated that "all that is required is that a court be able +to look at the 'aggregate' of the facts and find reasonable grounds to +believe that the property probably was derived from drug +transactions."(17) +In addition to indicating that evidence should be evaluated under a +"totality of the circumstances" test, the judiciary has identified +certain types of circumstantial evidence as especially probative in +forfeiture cases. The most convincing evidence generally reflects the +following factors: l) "close proximity" between asset and drugs; 2) +"cash hordes"; 3) concealment efforts and commingled funds; 4) extensive +cash expenditures; 5) informal net worth analysis; 6) formal net worth +analysis; 7) the claimant's failure to account for income; 8) proof of + + narcotics trafficking 9) informant statements; and 10) expert opinions. +This evidence, which may appear in a wide variety of combinations +depending on the facts of the case, provides a viable basis for +establishing that targeted assets constitute narcotics proceeds. The +evidentiary factors are discussed in the next section. +End of article 19 (of 37)--what next? [npq] + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/asset2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/asset2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d5b638 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/asset2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,453 @@ +Asset Forfeiture: Civil Forfeiture + +- Part 2 - + +IV. Common Factors of Circumstantial Proof + +''Close Proximity'' +Despite recent decreased emphasis on seizures of cash and/or cars that +occur during the arrest of drug violators, such seizures nevertheless +continue to account for many civil forfeitures. The courts recognize +that the location of assets in "close proximity" to narcotics is a +relevant factor. Such evidence helps establish that the property +constitutes drug proceeds or was intended to be exchanged in a narcotics +transaction.(18) In each case, of course, the courts also examine the +circumstances of the seizure for evidence of narcotics trafficking. + +Cash Hordes + +Courts often regard cash hordes as strongly indicative of narcotics +trafficking. As one court has noted, "[a] large sum of cash, in and of +itself, is evidence of its use for the purpose of an illegal drug +transaction."(19) + + In situations involving a cash horde, the government ordinarily seeks to +forfeit the horde as money obtained directly in exchange for narcotics. +By itself, the presence of cash will not justify forfeiture. However, +the attendant circumstances frequently provide additional proof linking +the horde to narcotics trafficking. For example, as stated above, the +money may have been found in close proximity to narcotics. In addition, +as one court recently observed: Of particular significance is the nature +of the currency itselfQthe way it was packaged, the mixed denominations +of the bills, and the sheer amount of currency consisting of a large +number of small billsQ which in this court's own experience . . . +appears to be a common thread running through cases involving controlled +substances and the proceeds therefrom.(20) + +Thus, the circumstances of each cash horde should be carefully analyzed +for indications of drug dealing. + +Concealment Efforts and Commingled Funds + +Efforts to conceal the true ownership of property or to disguise the +manner in which it was purchased constitute significant evidentiary +factors. For example, in United States v. Parcels of Land +(Laliberte),(21) the court noted: Laliberte attempted to shield this +money from the attention of the government, which is a further + + indication of drug trafficking . . . Laliberte instructed [his partner] +not to make deposits of . . . money in amounts greater than $10,000 in +order to avoid scrutiny by the Internal Revenue Service. Laliberte also +told his accountant not to itemize his personal investments . . . +despite the tax benefits he could have realized from doing so.(22) + +Likewise, in United States v. Haro,(23) the court based its decision to +allow a criminal forfeiture of a defendant's property, in part, on his +efforts to conceal the property's true ownership.(24) The defendant, an +attorney, undertook extensive measures to conceal narcotics proceeds in +order to buy real estate. Such proof, albeit circumstantial, obviously +serves to link assets to narcotics activity.(25) +Commingled funds pose special difficulties for the government. Although +commingling may be evidence of narcotics activity, the government's +recovery is limited to the percentage of the property proven to be +tainted.(26) Courts will carefully scrutinize allegedly commingled +funds, however, to ensure that they are partially derived from +legitimate sources.(27) + +Extensive Cash Expenditures + +Another factor often cited by the courts is the tendency of drug +traffickers to engage in numerous large cash transactions. This pattern + + is so well recognized that the Fourth Circuit recently reversed a +district court decision that failed to give such evidence proper weight: +The district court found that during a nine-month stretch . . . [the +claimant] made cash expenditures totaling $137,000.... The court failed +to note the significance of this evidence, namely that the possession of +unusually large amounts of cash . . . or the making of uncommonly large +cash purchases . . . may be circumstantial evidence of drug +trafficking.(28) + +Likewise, the Second Circuit, after recounting a claimant's various cash +expenditures, recently concluded that "[t]he district court could +reasonably infer that it was unusual to pay for expensive property such +as real estate and heavy construction equipment with cash it could also +find even more unusual [the claimant's] payments for some of the +purchases with five, ten, and twenty dollar bills."(29) + +Informal Net-Worth Analysis + +The tendency of drug traffickers to engage in large cash transactions is +frequently accompanied by the absence of legitimate means of employment +capable of supporting such large expenditures. Accordingly, courts often +consider an apparent discrepancy between an individual's lifestyle and +his or her employment income as indicative of narcotics trafficking and + + its proceeds. +In most cases, courts note this conflict without conducting the type of +formal "net worth" analysis typical of tax prosecutions. For example, +one leading commentator has observed: In the typical proceeds case, the +government shows that a drug trafficker has acquired substantial assets, +often purchased with cash, but has no legitimate or declared source of +income that could account for more than a fraction of his wealth. +Frequently, he has filed no tax returns for several years, and, of +course, there is always the strong evidence of a "likely source from +which [the trier of fact] could reasonably find that the net worth +increases sprang." Such evidence is usually enough to show probable +cause to believe that all of the trafficker's more valuable property is +subject to forfeiture....(30) + +Thus, after quoting the above excerpt, one district court stated: +Under a net worth theory, the government could survive a motion to +dismiss by alleging, with sufficient particularity, that [the claimant] +is a drug trafficker, that he has no other known source of income, and +that he has accumulated substantial assets during the period in which he +had no known source of income.(31) + +Accordingly, even an informal net worth analysis provides a strong +evidentiary basis for finding that targeted assets constitute narcotics + + proceeds. + +Formal Net-Worth Analysis + +On occasion, the government has resorted to a more formal presentation +of "net worth" proof. This process involves establishing an individual +target's income during a designated period and comparing this figure +with his expenditures or increased net worth during the same period. +Given proof of substantial narcotics trafficking, the difference between +these amounts suggests that the proceeds are illicit. + +Before 1988, the government rarely relied on this method of proof in +forfeiture cases. Since then, however, law enforcement has learned that +this highly effective method of tracing proceeds can be accomplished +relatively easily and without the complexities of a tax prosecution. As +a result, net-worth proof has become more common in civil forfeiture +cases. More important, numerous appellate courts have relied on this +mode of proof to sustain forfeitures. +For example, in United States v. Parcels of Land (Laliberte)(32) the +First Circuit initially noted that the claimant's average annual +adjusted gross income was $27,690, and then set forth his numerous +expenditures during this period. Based on a comparison of these figures, +the court stated: The sheer magnitude of Laliberte's expenditures + + supports an inference that his property acquisitions were funded with +the proceeds of drug trafficking. Laliberte's millions of dollars in +purchases far exceeded his reported average annual income, . . . and +there was no other apparent legitimate source of money to account for +the magnitude of the expenditures.(33) + +Similarly, in United States v. Thomas,(34) the Fourth Circuit observed: +Here the undisputed cash expenditures vastly exceeded Thomas' legitimate +income. During this period, Thomas' only source of income was his +business .... Records ... show that Thomas reported only $13,964 in +gross income on his business license applications for the years 1983 +through 1986 .... Thomas' tax returns ... report an income of +approximately $11,000 in 1985 and $1,300 in 1986. According to testimony +of his wife, Thomas also had significant obligations during this period: +two separate households with a woman and five children in each. Evidence +that cash expenditures by ThomasQa suspected drug traffickerQhugely +exceeded any verifiable income suggest that the money was derived +illegally.(35) + +Given the persuasive effect of net-worth analysis, this methodology has +been repeatedly endorsed by federal appellate courts.(36) For this +reason, although forfeiture can generally be achieved without such +proof, net-worth analysis should be considered in major civil forfeiture + + actions aimed at narcotics proceeds. + +Failure to Account for Income; Inherently Incredible Testimony and +Affirmative Misrepresentations + +Another circumstantial factor applied by the courts focuses on an +individual's inability to account for the targeted asset and/or an +individual's tendency to misrepresent how the property was obtained. The +special nature of civil forfeiture proceedings provides the government +with unique opportunities to develop this line of evidence. +Because forfeiture actions under $881 are civil proceedings, +individual's cannot take complete refuge under the privilege against +self incrimination. The privilege does apply to civil proceedings, of +course, but within that context judges may draw an adverse inference +about individuals asserting the privilege.(37) As a result, owners of +seized property are potentially exposed to scrutiny either through +pretrial discovery or by cross-examination at trial. This exposure +places pressure on those owners to explain how they obtained their money +or other property. +Accordingly, when property owners have failed to provide a satisfactory +explanation, courts have cited this failure as indicative of a +connection between narcotics trafficking and the asset(s) in question. +For example, in United States v. 228 Acres of Land,(38) the Second + + Circuit based its probable cause finding, in part, on the following +analysis: [The Claimant] failed to account adequately for his possession +of such large sums of cash. He made no claim of prior gifts or of +earlier investments. Instead, he claimed that the funds were after-tax +profits from his jewelry business, but he failed to offer any bills, +receipts or other records to prove that his . . . businesses were +actually capable of generating such large sums of cash.(39) + +Most claimants resort to asserting that the money in question +constitutes gambling winnings or cash that had been stored at home. This +position has been almost universally rejected. For example: In trying to +prove that the large sum of money in question is not subject to +forfeiture, claimant asserts that he won the majority of the money +gambling . . . He is unclear, however, as to the amounts he won and when +he won the money. Also, for the years he claimed he won the money, his +tax returns do not show any gambling winnings.... Claimant testified +that he kept the money in a large wooden box in the utility room +attached to his house; however, his wife testified . . . that she never +recalled seeing a large wooden box .... The court also finds it highly +unlikely that a person would keep such a large sum . . . in a box in a +utility room accessible only from the outside . . . of the house.(40) + +Similarly, in other cases, courts have found the testimony of the owner + + in question to be contradictory, non-credible, or outright false. Such +evidence, therefore, is considered indicative of a connection between an +asset and narcotics trafficking.(41) + +Proof of Narcotics Trafficking + +A threshold requirement in this general context is proof of narcotics +trafficking during a specified time period. Absent such proof, none of +the factors set forth above would warrant forfeiture. In addition, +however, courts are more likely to find that assets constitute narcotics +proceeds when the government proves extensive narcotics activity. In +other words, the more evidence of drug dealing, the more likely the +assets will be deemed narcotics proceeds. +Proof of trafficking is regarded indicative of illicit proceeds because +judges recognize that the drug trade typically generates large profits. +Thus, extensive proof of trafficking increases the likelihood of tainted +assets. Such proof may consist of prior convictions and arrests for drug +dealing as well as evidence that did not result in prosecution.(42) In +addition, courts may consider the purity of the drugs in question as +suggestive of both the claimant's role in the distribution chain and of +the length of time he has been in the trade.(43) Thus, when the purity +of the drugs is high, the violator is probably both high up in the +distribution chain and likely to have been dealing drugs for a + + substantial period.(44) + +Statements by Informants + +In federal prosecutions, courts also have recognized the potential value +of informant statements set forth in affidavits. Though generally not a +major part of the government's case, such evidence is viewed as +suggestive. For example, such evidence recently was used to help +establish an individual's involvement in drug trafficking and to +identify his illicit proceeds.(45) Therefore, its potential value ought +to be kept in mind. + +Expert Opinions + +The significance of circumstantial evidence presented by the +government's case may be explained to the court by an expert witness. +For example, in United States v. 228 Acres of Land,(46) the court +allowed a DEA agent to give an expert opinion on several matters, +including the proposition that the purity of the claimant's heroin was +indicative of both his role in the narcotics enterprise and his +connection to the supply source.(47) Because an expert witness can +explain the importance of facts that otherwise may appear innocuous or +insignificant, such testimony can make a crucial difference in close + + cases. Moreover, because expert opinion affords the government a key +opportunity to explain and summarize its case, expert testimony should +be used whenever a forfeiture case is based on circumstantial evidence. + +Conclusion + +Asset forfeiture continues to be a critical weapon in the war on +narcotics trafficking. Fortunately for law enforcement, the case law has +developed in a manner that both interprets the term "proceeds" broadly +and facilitates the tracing of such proceeds to narcotics trafficking. +Thus, law enforcement need not rely only on direct evidence, which is +rarely available, to establish a strong forfeiture case. Circumstantial +evidence is often sufficient. To maximize the potential afforded by +asset forfeiture, however, prosecutors and investigators must make every +effort to present in court the array of circumstantial proof outlined in +this monograph. + +Endnotes + +1. See M. Goldsmith, Asset ForfeitureQCivil Forfeiture: Tracing the +Proceeds of Narcotics Trafficking (BJA 1988). + +2. D. Smith, The Prosecution and Defense of Forfeiture Cases, $4.03[4] + + (1990 Supp.) [hereinafter Smith, Forfeiture]. + +3. 675 F. Supp. 645 (D. Fla. 1987). + +4. Id. at 645-46; see United States v. One 1980 Rolls Royce, 905 F.2d +89, 91 (5th Cir. 1990). + +5. See, e.g., United States v. Monkey, 725 F.2d 1007, 1012 (5th Cir. +1984). An expansive view of proceeds was addressed in the dicta, the +issue itself was not brought up on appeal. + +6. Wood v. United States, 863 F.2d 417, 419 (5th Cir. 1989). + +7. United States v. $4,250,000 in Currency, 808 F.2d 895, 897 (5th Cir. +1987); United States v. A Single Family Residence, 803 F.2d 625, 628 +(11th Cir. 1986). + +8. United States v. One 56 Foot Motor Yacht, 702 F.2d 1276, 1282 (9th +Cir. 1987), United States v. One 1964 Beechcraft, 691 F.2d 725, 728 (5th +Cir. 1982). + +9. United States v. $4,255,625.39 in Currency, 762 F.2d 895, 904 (11th +Cir. 1985); United States v. $13,000 in Currency, 733 F.2d 581, 585 (8th + + Cir. 1984). + +10. United States v. Banco Cafetero Panama, 797 F.2d 1154, 1160 (2d Cir. +1986); United States v. $4,265,000 in Currency, 762 F.2d 895, 904 (11th +Cir. 1985). + +11. United States v. One 1980 Red Ferrari, 875 F.2d 186, 188 (8th Cir. +1989); see also United States v. Thomas, 913 F.2d 1111, 1114 (4th Cir. +1990). + +12. United States v. Edwards, 885 F.2d 377, 390 (7th Cir. 1989), see +also United States v. Thomas, 913 F.2d 1111, 1114 (4th Cir. 1990). + +13. 913 F.2d 1111 (4th Cir. 1990). + +14. Id. at 1115. + +15. Id. at 1117. + +16. 903 F.2d 36 (1st Cir. 1990). + +17. Id. at 38-39 (emphasis added). + + + 18. See, e.g., United States v. Pace, 898 F.2d 1218, 1235-36 (7th Cir. +1990); United States v. $91,960, 897 F.2d 1457, 1462 (8th Cir. 1990) + +19. United States v. One Lot of $99,870, 1988 Dist. Lexis 15415 (D. +Mass.) (noting, however, that such proof alone does not necessarily +constitute probable cause). + +20. United States v. $103,025, 741 F. Supp. 903, 905 (M.D. Ga. 1990). + +21. 903 F.2d 36 (1st Cir. 1990). + +22. Id. at 40. + +23. 685 F. Supp. 1468 (E.D. Wisc. 1988), aff'd. sub. nom. United States +v. Herrero, 893 F.2d 1512, 1543 (7th Cir. 1990). + +24. Id. at 1470-71 & 1475. + +25. See also United States v. 228 Acres of Land and Dwelling, 916 F.2d +808, 813 (2nd Cir. 1990) (effort to conceal income a factor in probable +cause determination), United States v. 1.678 Acres of Land, 684 F. Supp. +426, 427 (W.D. N.C. 1988) (payments for property made in the name of +third parties; violator deeded property to third party shortly after + + seizure of drugs and currency). + +26. See, e.g., United States v. One Rolls Royce, 905 F.2d 89, 90-91 (5th +Cir. 1990) (citing other authority); United States v. Certain Real +Property at 2323 Charms Rd., 726 F. Supp. 164, 169 (E.D. Mich. 1989). +Once this percentage has been determined, however, the government will +likely benefit from a favorable accounting procedure to maximize the +amount subject to forfeiture. United States v. Banco Cafetero Panama, +797 F.2d 1154, 1159 (2d Cir. 1986). + +27. United States v. One Rolls Royce, 905 F.2d 89, 91 (5th Cir. 1990). + +28. United States v. Thomas, 913 F.2d 1111,1115 (4th Cir. 1990). + +29. United States v. 228 Acres of Land, 916 F.2d 808, 813 (2nd Cir. +1990); see also United States v. Parcels of Land (Laliberte), 903 F.2d +36, 40 (1st Cir. 1990); United States v. $215,300 United States +Currency, 882 F.2d 417, 419 (9th Cir. 1989). + +30. Smith, Forfeiture, supra note 2, $4.03, at 450 (1990 Supp.). This +observation, however, is qualified by the following appropriate +commentary: + A problem of proof, however, arises where the government makes the + + mistake of trying to forfeit literally everything owned by the drug +trafficker, including a great many items of small value. If the +trafficker can show any non-drug income, fairness dictates that he ought +to at least be able to keep a portion of his total assets corresponding +to the proportion his non-drug income bears to his drug derived income. +Id. at 451, cited with approval in United States v. Property at 2323 +Charms Rd., 726 F. Supp. 164, 169 (E.D. Mich 1989) + +31. United States v. Property at 2323 Charms Rd., 726 F. Supp. 164, 169 +(E.D. Mich. 1989); see also United States v. Miscellaneous Property, 667 +F. Supp. 232, 239-41 (D. Md. 1987). + +32. 903 F.2d 36 (2d Cir. 1990). + +33. Id. at 39-40. + +34. 913 F.2d 1111 (4th Cir. 1990). + +35. Id. at 1115 (citing other authority). + +36. See United States v. One 1987 Mercedes 560 SEL, 919 F.2d 327, 331-32 +(5th Cir. 1990); United States v. 228 Acres of Land, 916 F.2d 808, 813 +(2nd Cir. 1990); United States v. Edwards, 885 F.2d 377, 390 (7th Cir. + + 1989), United States v. Nelson, 851 F.2d 976, 980 (7th Cir. 1988). + +37. See, e.g., United States v. Thomas 913 F.2d 1111, 1115 (4th Cir. +1990) (citing Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308 318 (1976)). + +38. 916 F.2d 808 (2nd Cir. 1990). + +39. Id. at 813. + +40. United States v. $103,025 in U.S. Currency, 741 F. Supp. 903, 906 +(M.D. Ga. 1990); see also United States v. Thomas, 913 F.2d 1111, 1118 +(4th Cir. 1990). + +41. United States v. 228 Parcels of Land, 916 F.2d 808, 813 (2nd Cir. +1990) (false statements); United States v. Haro, 685 F. Supp. 1468, +1470-71 & 1475 (E.D. Wisc. 1988) (testimony incredible and perjurious), +aff'd. sub. nom. United States v. Herrero, 893 F.2d 1512, 1543 (7th Cir. +1990); United States v. One Lot of $99,870 in U.S. Currency, 1988 U.S. +Dist. Lexis 15415 (D. Mass.) (contradictory testimony); United States v. +11348 Wyoming, 705 F. Supp. 352, 355-56 (E.D. Mich. 1989); cf. United +States v. One 1987 Mercedes SEL, 919 F.2d 327 332 (5th Cir. 1990) +(claimant unable to meet burden of proof); United States v. Parcels of +Land (Laliberte), 903 F.2d 36 41-42 (1st Cir. 1990) (same). + + +42. See, e.g., United States v. Thomas 913 F.2d 1111, 1116 (4th Cir. +1990); United States v. One Lot of $99,870 in U.S . Currency, 1988 U.S. +Dist. Lexis 15415 (D. Mass.) (arrest resulting in nolle prosequi still a +probative factor). + +43. United States v. 228 Acres of Land and Dwelling, 916 F.2d 808, 812 +(2d Cir. 1990). + +44. Id. + +45. See id. at 41; United States v. Thomas, 913 F.2d 1111, 1117 (4th +Cir. 1990). + +46. 916 F.2d 808 (2d Cir. 1990). + +47. Id. at 812 and 814 (2d Cir. 1990) +End of article 20 (of 37)--what next? [npq] alt.society.resistance #21 (8 more) [1] +From: kiddyr@gallant.apple.com (Ray Kiddy) + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/asset3.txt b/politicalTextFiles/asset3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c325183 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/asset3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1659 @@ +[1] Forfeiture Info from BJA, II +Keywords: Bureau of Justice Assistance, Forfeiture +Date: Thu May 06 20:12:03 MDT 1993 +Organization: Apple Computer Inc. +Lines: 1124 + +BTW, for more info send mail to publish@ganymede.apple.com + +body of msg: + +help +send /publish/Index + +i have some GAO reports (not many :-<) and am putting on this series +of 14 pamphlets on Forfeiture for police. + +ps: i am not selling anything, this is all free info. + +======================================================================= + +ASSET FORFEITURE + + +Public Record and Other Information on Hidden Assets + +Prepared by: +Police Executive Research Forum +Frank R Booth + +November 1988 +Reprinted January 1992 + +U.S. Department of Justice +Office of Justice Programs +Bureau of Justice Assistance + +U.S. Department of Justice +William P. Barr.........................Attorney General + +Office of Justice Programs +Jimmy Gurule............................Assistant Attorney General + +Bureau of Justice Assistance +Gerald (Jerry) P. Regier................Acting Director + + + Elliott A. Brown........................Deputy Director + +James C. Swain..........................Director, Policy Development + and Management Division + +Curtis H. Straub, II....................Director, State and Local + Assistance Division + +Pamela Swain............................Director, Discretionary Grant + Programs Division + +William F. Powers Director..............Special Programs + Division + +Bureau of Justice Assistance +633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20531 +(202) 514 6278 + +The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, coordinates +the activities of the following program Offices and Bureaus: Bureau of +Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of +Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the +Office for Victims of Crime. + + + + U.S. Department of Justice + Office of Justice Programs + Bureau of Justice Assistance + +Office of the Director Washington DC 25031 + +Dear Colleague: + +Illicit drug traffic continues to flourish in every part of the country. +The cash received by the traffickers is often converted to assets that +can be used by drug dealers in ways that suit their individual tastes. +Since 1981, federal authorities have increased their attack on these +assets through both criminal and civil forfeiture proceedings with +remarkable success. The recent passage and use of state asset forfeiture +laws offers an excellent means for state and local jurisdictions to +emulate the federal success. + +The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), in the Office of Justice +Programs, has funded a nationally focused technical assistance and +training program to help state and local jurisdictions facilitate +broader use of such laws. BJA selected the Police Executive Research + + Forum to develop and administer this program because of its history of +involvement in practical problem-oriented research to improve police +operations and the Forum's central role in developing training materials +for use by police agencies and chief executives. + +As part of this project, the Forum has contracted with experts in the +area of asset forfeiture and financial investigations to prepare a +series of short manuals dealing with different concerns in the area of +asset forfeiture. We hope these manuals help meet the rapidly unfolding +needs of the law enforcement community as more and more agencies apply +their own forfeiture laws and strive to learn from the successes and +problems of their peers. + +I welcome hearing your comments about this program. We have this project +so that most requests for information or assistance can be handled +through the Forum staff in Washington, D.C., by calling 202/466-7820. + + Sincerely yours, + + Gerald (Jerry) P Regier + Acting Director + + + + Table of Contents + +Introduction +The Initial Lead +Intelligence +Sources Of InformationQGovernment Records + County Records + Recorder of Deeds + Liens Office/Clerk of Courts + Health Departments + Weights and Measures Department + County Taxing Authority + Sheriff/County Prosecutor + State Records + Corporation Bureau + Labor and Industry + Department of Revenue + State Police/Fire Marshals + Licensing Boards/Regulatory Bodies + Federal and Local Records +Sources Of InformationQAffiliated Businesses + The Former Property Owner/Lessor + The Realtor + + The Title Company + The Bank Account + The Accountant + Vendors + Tenants/Former Employees +Conclusion +Endnotes +Selected References And Writings + +Introduction + +In 1970, the federal Organized Crime Control Act was enacted. Part of +this Act included the Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organizations +statute (RICO), which allowed for both the civil and criminal +prosecution of individuals investing moneys derived from illegal sources +into legitimate enterprises. This legislation also allowed for civil and +criminal seizure of identified properties or assets that had been +purchased with these illicit funds. + +In the last ten years many states have enacted asset forfeiture and +seizure laws, modeled to varying degrees after the 1970 federal statute, +to target the great profits in crime that help sustain and further +promote criminal enterprises. Some states also permit the prosecutor or + + law enforcement agency to convert seized assets to real dollars for +agencies use in future investigations. For example, the seizure of a +boat valued at six figures that was purchased as a result of illegal +narcotics profiteering can certainly ease the strain of tight government +budgets and increase the availability of "buy" or "flash" money. + +Federal and state laws regarding ill-gotten assets have several +important meanings to the law-enforcement community and the general +public: + +- The statutes provide another legal tool for prosecuting major +offenders. + +- The laws allow for a comprehensive crippling assault on major +offenders allowing their illicit investment assets to be seized and +removed as supplemental sources of "legitimate" income. + +- Seizing and eliminating the illicit business assets of major offenders +also strengthens the legitimate business community. The major +offender/"businessman" will certainly inject his criminal tactics into +the business community and secure for himself an unfair competitive +edge. Elimination of the illicit assets can help eliminate this edge. + + + - And, as noted above, asset forfeiture can be a financial benefit to +all levels of government if the illicit assets are converted to funds +that benefit the law-enforcement community. + +The major offender with cash ready for investment is usually surrounded +by a cadre of professionalsQattorneys, accountants, investment +counselors, bankers and realtors. These professionals are supplemented +by a ready supply of individuals and corporate "straws" and "fronts." +These associates may range from criminal cronies to the attorney's +secretary, from trusted relatives to legitimate businessmen seeking new +partners or lucrative, quick turn around investments. + +As major offenders use these professionals and associates to oversee +their investments, law enforcement agencies face major barriers in +detecting and identifying the real ownership and sources of investment. +There are, however, methods and sources of information available to the +investigator which, if applied diligently and explored fully, can reveal +these assets and investments and at least partially remove the veil of +secrecy that surrounds these transactions. + +The purpose of this paper is to explore these unveiling methods and +share these sources of information. Some are obvious and have been +mentioned in many publications; others are less so. Many are + + interrelated, with the result that one source of information leads to +the necessity of pursuing another source of information. Some may +require special investigative tools, such as subpoenas, writs or search +warrants; others simply require instinct, diligence, hard work and +attention to detail. + +For the purpose of this paper we will limit the nature of the hidden +asset to those of real estate investment and investment in a business +enterprise. + +The reader will note that references to various state, county and local +government sources of information have a "Pennsylvania flavor." This +reflects the author's experiences with sources of information and laws +in that state. The sources in your jurisdiction may be known by other +names, but the same information is sure to be available regardless of +the jurisdiction. + +The Initial Lead + +The initial information or lead that generates hidden asset +investigations may result either as a "spin-off" or developed lead from +another investigation, or as a result of a "proactive" investigation +specifically targeting a major offender. + + +The spin-off lead results from an investigation not directly relating to +revealing hidden assets. It most often arises from a more traditional +criminal investigation, such as that of a major narcotics trafficker, or +as a result of intelligence gathering. This type of initial information +may also surface indirectly when debriefing a criminal informant, +conversing with a legitimate businessman, or conducting surveillance. +For example: + +- A meeting observed between a recognized major organized-crime figure +and the president of a local meat cutters' union in southeast +Pennsylvania was the catalyst that generated an investigation into the +relationship between a health benefit provider and a union employee +group. The result was a significant prosecution of an organized crime +figure in this industry.(1) + +- A major numbers banker visiting a work crew at a small multiple-unit +dwelling led to a major recovery of hidden investments of ill-gotten +gambling monies in various businesses in Chester, Pennsylvania.(2) + +The spin-off lead also may be generated through analyzing telephone toll +records, bank records or business records in an unrelated investigation. +The payment of a utility bill or real estate taxes on a property + + unrelated or previously unconnected to the offender by investigators can +be the single item leading to a major hidden-asset investigation. + +In addition to the spin-off lead or the lead developed from another +investigation, leads to hidden-asset investigations can be developed in +a proactive manner. If the investigator allows, as his initial premise, +that a major offender has generated capital for investment and that this +capital may have been invested, then initial investigative procedures +can be taken to determine the validity of this premise. + +If proper legal process and cause can be developed, both mail covers and +telephone toll analysis, in combination with the use of a Dial Number +Recorder (DNR), are valuable tools in this proactive approach to initial +leads. Telephone or mail contacts between the targeted offender and +professionals and businesses involved in real estate investments or +financing can prove to be critical leads. If patterns of contacts are +observed, the likelihood of an investment transaction increasesQas does +eventual success in detection. + +The types of contacts by mail or telephone that indicate asset +investment include communications with realtors and real estate +businesses; banks and savings and loan institutions (particularly those +not previously identified); and attorneys known as investment or real + + estate specialists. Others include contacts with accounting firms, +insurance companies, utility companies, taxing authorities, commercial +trash haulers, construction companies, home improvement and repair +businesses, title companies, telephone companies and business consulting +firms. These contacts are major indicators of asset investment, as well +as your "lead sheet OQnot only to documenting the asset ownership, but +to identifying knowledgeable sources of information and potential +witnesses for prosecution. + +In addition to the analysis of mail and telephone records as proactive +tools, the legal pick-up and careful analysis of your target's trash, at +either their residences or known businesses, should never be overlooked +as a potentially important proactive source of intelligence. It must be +stressed, however, that this must be accomplished in a totally legal +manner to avoid tainting the evidence. + +If you are legally able to secure your target's trash, you may well +obtain leads and information generated by the group of businesses and +individuals identified above. In addition, you may find notes written by +your target regarding his involvement in some previously undisclosed +business or investment. Or you could discover hand-carried invoices or +bills from a supplier to the hidden-asset business. Many businesses do +this as a matter of practice. Others may be requested to hand deliver + + the material to avoid detection and to avoid the mails. Many +sophisticated criminals today are wary of potential mail fraud charges +and take extreme measures to avoid use of the mails. + +If you have identified a particular professional involved in investment +who has been determined to have extensive contact with your target, a +"targeted surveillance" could be initiated on this professional. This +could prove very productive if your target and this professional meet +and are observed visiting a business site, or if they are involved in a +business meeting with some previously unknown associates. The potential +for additional initial leads from this scenario are vast. Depending upon +your available resourcesQboth time and staffQthis approach should be +considered carefully. However, a surveillance of this nature can be +quite time consuming, costly and of limited productivity unless specific +prior knowledge of a meeting is known. + +Both the "spin offS lead and the "proactive" effort, if properly +pursued, can generate that initial lead so vital to an asset-disclosure +investigation. However, as important as proper pursuit is, of equal +importance is the need for investigator awareness and education. The +investigator in a major narcotics case must realize the great potential +for asset disclosure in these matters and be alert to asking that extra +question or two that could provide that initial detail or lead to asset + + disclosure. The investigator also must be aware of the need for +attention to detail and the potential significance of a seemingly minor +item. For instance, the discovery of a utility bill of less that $10 +paid by the major narcotics trafficker on a property previously +unrelated to him can be that vital initial lead to a major asset +disclosure investigation. + +Intelligence + +The value of intelligence to the hidden asset investigation is directly +related to the quality, quantity and source of the intelligence +information. In conducting a traditional narcotics related investigation +over a lengthy period, great quantities of information can be developed +from a multitude of sources. Sometimes information is maintained in a +well-organized, retrievable and manageable manner, however, often it is +not. This information is not considered true intelligence if it has not +been maintained in a manageable manner and is not retrievable. It also +is not considered intelligence unless some effort has been made to +determine its validity, its source's reliability, or to confirm it +through other investigative efforts. + +If the criminal intelligence relating to your investigation target has +been managed properly, it is a primary source of leads and information + + for your investigation. Information that should be extracted from this +organized intelligence should include at least the following: + +- Names and identifying data of all participants, major and minor, in +the criminal structure. + +- The participants' past and present occupations, places of employment +and their businesses. + +- Female participants in the criminal structure, and wives and +girlfriends of participants in the criminal structure, should be +identified by all previously known names. + +- All non-criminal associates and friends of members of the criminal +organization should be identified, along with their businesses and +occupations. + +- Past and current business partners of all members of the criminal +structure should be identified. + +- All known associates in the financial community should be identified. +Included should be those associated with real estate, banking, the law +and accounting. + + +Information in these categories is important as raw material to connect +with intelligence developed later in the investigation which may reveal +the "front" or "front organization." + +Previously used criminal informants who have knowledge of your target +may prove helpful. Were these sources who had knowledge of the target's +narcotics operation ever questioned concerning his investments? If not, +they should be located immediately and be debriefed in this area. Also, +leads may be generated from others who have previously investigated your +target. Investigators and prosecutors do not commit to paper all of +their knowledge regarding an investigation. That initial lead, so +important to success in an asset probe, could be gained from them as a +result of a simple telephone call. + +All other information in law-enforcement files relating to your target +that has not been organized properly should be thoroughly examined, and +pertinent information in the above categories and any other data should +be consolidated into a new, comprehensive intelligence system that +allows ready retrieval.(3) + +Having extracted, organized and consolidated all available intelligence +from the traditional criminal files and intelligence, there likely will + + be significant gaps in the information needed to pursue your asset +investigation. + +Now you must fill those information and intelligence voids. Much of the +balance of this paper will explore the sources of information that will +assist you, not only filling these voids, but in providing additional +information and potential witnesses and informants for success in a +difficult investigative undertaking. + +Sources Of InformationQGovernment Records + +Government records are probably the most accessible records, with the +most broad applications, available to assist in the hidden-asset +investigation as it relates to real estate purchases or investments in a +business enterprise. Of particular value are the records maintained at +the county and state level. + +County Records + +Recorder of Deeds. + +This office is responsible for recording all deeds in the county +regarding real estate transactions. The recorded deed contains the names + + of both the buyer and seller, in addition to a description of the +property, and in most cases, the recorded selling price. + +In addition, the deed may reveal the addresses of the buyer and the +seller (known respectively as the grantor and the grantee) and the +identification of the attorney or other representative of either the +buyer or seller. The identification of the seller of the property or his +representative is, of course, an immediate lead possibility for the +hidden asset investigation. + +In addition to maintaining deeds, the Recorder of Deeds also maintains +and records all mortgages relating to real estate or property +transactions. This document is the source of a number of vital pieces of +information. One obvious piece of information is the source of a loan +(mortgage) to purchase the property. The mortgage document identifies a +lending institution that has agreed to finance the purchase of the +property. This leads the investigation to possible sources of +documentation and witnesses who may know and have done business with the +target of the investigation. + +The mortgage, and sometimes the deed, also may provide another +potentially vital lead to true ownership and the unveiling of the hidden +assetQ the title company. If a title company was involved in the sale, + + that company will hold such important information as the settlement +sheet, which reveals the distribution of monies to the buyer and seller +resulting from the sale. In + +addition, the title company may retain copies of the financial +instruments, such as checks, used to consummate the transaction. + +Title companies may not be readily identifiable on a deed or mortgage. +They may only be identifiable as a code stamped or handwritten on the +public document. For example, you may observe the following: CT 12345Q +03. In this example, the letters "CT" identify Commonwealth Title +Company and the number "03" identifies Commonwealth Title's #3 office at +a certain location. The number "12345" identifies their file number. + +Liens Office/Clerk of Courts. + +Locating a supplier or vendor to whom the subject of the investigation +or his "front" or "front corporation" is indebted can be a valuable +lead. Because the indebtedness may have been involuntary, this can lead +the investigator to a target's antagonist, who may have reason to +cooperate. Liens or judgments filed by businesses or individuals against +other businesses can be located in county offices of various names. In +Pennsylvania, this office is known as the Office of the Prothonotary. + + These files should be reviewed carefully. The filing of a lien does not +always indicate that a true debt has been established. For instance, a +mechanic's lien is filed by a subcontractor against the property owner +to secure the subcontractor against the possible future contractor's +failure to compensate for work completed. + +If liens or judgments are located, the next step in developing lead +material is checking with the Office of the Clerk of Courts. This office +maintains records of all civil and criminal actions in the county. A +thorough review of these records should be made relevant to each +judgment or lien. If civil litigation has been initiated, it can produce +additional leads and information valuable to the hidden-asset case. Of +primary significance in these files are sworn depositions and +interrogatories, possibly used by both sides. These documents can be +particularly revealing. + +Health Departments. + +Most county health departments have an inspection division that is +responsible for routine sanitary or health inspections of various +businesses within the jurisdiction. These inspectors are potential +sources of information because of their on-site presence and their +routine contacts with business employees and owners. In this capacity, + + they can identify former employees as possible future sources or they +may provide insight into the true ownership of the business. + +Weights and Measures Departments. + +Like the county health department, the county weights and measures +department (in most counties) has an inspection division. In this +capacity the inspectors have access to the employees and the owners of +the inspected business, and thus have information potentially valuable +to the investigation. They may have leads, for example, to former +employees or dissatisfied vendors. + +Also, because of the weights and measures department's enforcement +responsibility, an adversarial situation may exist, thereby bringing the +true ownership closer to the surface or providing other insight into the +true ownership. + +County Taxing Authority. + +The county taxing authority can be the source of several types of +valuable information. Identification of who pays the taxes on a property +and where the billing notice is mailed are often of interest. If the +billing notice is mailed to a practitioner associated with the hidden + + owner, rather than the owner of record, a key lead has just been +developed. The taxing authority also will have a record of payment of +taxes that may lead to a previously unknown bank account, which could in +turn be traced to the true owner. A tax dispute can lead to some +connection to true ownership, either directly or through professional +representation. + +Sheriff/County Prosecutor. + +Beyond general criminal intelligence, the sheriff and county prosecutor +may maintain a general incident file related to businesses within the +county, in addition to maintaining an emergency telephone contact +number. + +The incident file can lead to non-criminal reports or contacts with the +managers or owners of a business, or identification of individuals +involved in a non-criminal incident reported and investigated by county +officials. This may develop further lead material or even connect the +subject of the investigation to the business or property. + +If an emergency telephone contact number is provided, it should be +checked to determine if its subscriber is consistent with the recorded +ownership. + + +State Records + +Corporation Bureau. + +If initial leads in the investigation disclose corporate entities as +possibly holding these assets, the first investigative source should be +the state's Corporation Bureau or Office of Corporate Registry. + +The quality and substance of information maintained by this office +varies from state to state. However, certain data appears common to most +jurisdictions. That information includes the following: + +- Name of Corporation + +- Purpose of Corporation + +- Corporate Officers + +- Corporate Directors + +- Stock Distribution + + + - Date of Incorporation + +- Registered Agent (if any) + +Some states require additional data and periodic updates of changes in +any of the above areas. Enforcement of these changes varies widely from +state to state; some enforce aggressively, others less so. Certain +states also require the periodic filing of financial statements that can +be an asset to the investigator. + +Those states with aggressive enforcement programs may seek to revoke +corporate charters if certain filing requirements are not met. By +forcing the corporation structure to file information or face charter +revocation, states can help generate additional investigative leads. + +In reality, the sophisticated major offender normally will not file +information that will aid the investigation effort. But all avenues must +be thoroughly examined in seeking even the slightest opening in the +corporate veil. For example, if filed information can be shown to be +false, the investigation could use the Corporation Bureau's regulatory +authority to revoke the charter of the front corporation. If this action +is fought by the corporation counsel or other representative, the +resulting conflict could further remove the veil of secrecy. + + +Labor and Industry. + +Many states, under their labor departments, require the filing of +periodic lists of employees, revealing their names, social security +numbers and salaries. In Pennsylvania, this is accomplished on a +quarterly basis through the Department of Labor and Industry. + +This provides a relatively updated listing of employees, their salaries +and social security numbers. In addition, it gives the investigator the +opportunity to identify former employees by comparing old quarterly +reports with recent ones. As mentioned, former employees can be +excellent inside sources of information. + +The Labor Department in your state may also have a Labor Relations +Board, a Bureau of Mediation or both. If the alleged hidden asset +business employs a unionized work force, these offices may well provide +leads, particularly if a labor dispute has arisen. + +Department of Revenue. + +Although state revenue departments, like the U.S. Internal Revenue +Service, are statutorily prohibited from disclosing much tax + + information, they can be sources of certain vital information of a +public record nature. + +Some revenue departments license businesses. The department may issue +sales tax licenses. Generally, these licenses and the applications for +them are considered public information. If so, they will contain +potentially useful elements of information. However, of even greater +potential value is the local or regional state tax collector who has +been assigned to a targeted business' delinquent collection. The revenue +investigator may be able to provide inside information regarding the +business, its true ownership, who represents the business and other +"inside" information. A contact with a revenue investigator, however, +must be conducted carefully to avoid improper receipt or disclosure of +confidential tax information. + +In some states and under specified conditions, law enforcement and +prosecutors can obtain access to corporate, business and personal income +tax information. + +If you are able to access either corporate or personal state income tax +returns in your jurisdiction, you have access to an invaluable source of +information. Several leads to possible sources of hidden investments can +be derived from personal and corporate tax returns. + + +Loans to and from stockholders, and loans to and from corporate +officers, can be questionable and should be pursued. Also, mortgages, +notes and bonds shown as liabilities on a corporate return must be +closely investigated. + +Another key item on both corporate and personal returns that should be +analyzed carefully are interest payments. Interest income may have been +derived from a source, often a bank, that was previously unknown to the +investigator. This may lead to bank accounts controlled by the subject +of the investigation that have been used for an illicit investment +financed with illegally earned funds. + +Tax returns also may disclose the identity of the accountant preparing +the return. This provides the identity and location of a person +intimately familiar with either the corporation or the target. In +addition, the investigator now has potential access to additional +important recordsQthe accountant's work papers. These will be discussed +in more detail later. + +State Police/Fire Marshals. + +Any record of a fire related to the subject business or property should + + be thoroughly pursued. Fire often relates to insurance. The +identification of a previously unknown insurance company can be an +important lead. Who pays the premium? Who are the beneficiaries? And the +agent assigned or responsible for the policy can be an important lead +because of his first-hand knowledge of the business. + +When arson is investigated, additional witness interviews of employees, +owners or other witnesses could prove useful. + +Licensing Boards/Regulatory Bodies. + +Like other types of state and local authority, the licensing and +regulation of businesses and occupations varies from state to state and +from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. + +In a hidden-asset investigation, the various boards, agencies and bodies +that license, regulate and inspect must be considered primary sources of +information. And in most jurisdictions, the files and records of these +agencies are considered public information and are readily accessible. + +In Pennsylvania, a myriad of occupations and businesses are licensed, +regulated and inspected. The Department of State alone licenses twenty- +six separate areas, including accountants and real estate agents that + + can be significant to the hidden-asset investigation. State licensing +ranges from architects to auctioneers, cosmetologists to chiropractors, +and podiatrists to psychologists. In addition, licensing and inspection +or audit occurs in banking, insurance, environmental resources, fish and +game, liquor, milk marketing, public utilities, securities and +transportation. + +Obviously, the range of oversight is great, and the degree of useful +information available from these various agencies ranges from a simple +application that is approved routinely and without follow-up, to an +application requiring in-depth financial statements, bonding and +thorough background investigation before approval is allowed. + +Whatever information the licensing board or regulatory agency requires, +investigators should search for the following types of information: + +- An application with basic information provided by the applicant that +may be used to develop leads, + +- Sources of financing often are required, which can be traced in an +attempt to identify the hidden owner, + +- Bonding and insurance sources may be identified which, when pursued, + + may lead to hidden ownership, + +- Employment and occupation histories may be required that can aid +investigations, + +- Leads to accountants, attorneys and lending institutions can be found +and lead to valuable information, and + +- Inspection or audit divisions within the licensing and regulatory +bodies provide on-site sources that may lead to quality informants or +witnesses. + +It must also be pointed out that the regulatory or licensing authority +may do more than license; it also may exercise the authority to suspend, +fine or even revoke the license necessary for the business to operateQa +powerful legal weapon. Effective use of state regulatory agencies is a +largely untapped investigative tool. + +Federal and Local Records. + +In pursuing the hidden-asset investigation, state and county records are +of predominant importance, but federal and local records sources also +must be combed. In many instances, similar categories of information + + will be developed from these sources. Both conduct regulatory and +inspection operations, in that data, as categorized above, will be +developed which could be useful. Federal and local data falls into two +broad categories: (1) applications and documents as required by the +agency, and (2) documents that will lead to potential informants or +witnesses who can link the hidden owner to the hidden asset. + +Because it would be repetitious in many cases, no further discussion +will be given to the local and federal sources of information. Suffice +it to say that at the local level, licensing boards and agencies, health +inspectors, zoning boards and taxing authorities can be prime sources, +in addition to such sources as local law enforcement and prosecutors. At +the federal level, the same licensing and inspection authorities, in +addition to the various federal law enforcement and investigation +agencies, are key sources. + +Sources Of Information - Affiliated Businesses + +In addition to using previously collected information and intelligence +and government records as sources of information and leads, information +must be gathered on businesses affiliated with the business or real +estate investment being investigated. There are two categories. The +first category is the business that supplies services necessary for day- + + to-day basic business operations. This includes suppliers of raw +materials, vendors and trash collectors. The second category is the +provider of professional servicesQfor instance, the accountant, banker +and realtor. + +Before probing these two categories of affiliated businesses, the +investigation should have accomplished the following: + +- Identified, analyzed and consolidated all available intelligence into +a retrievable, understandable intelligence system. + +- Completely identified all participants in the criminal organization +and developed background information on their businesses and +occupations. + +- Completely identified all noncriminal associates of your criminal +target who have relations to the business community or the professional +community. + +- Established one or more initial leads to an undisclosed investment in +real estate or a business enterprise. + +- Searched all potential public records available regarding these + + initial leads and incorporated these findings into the intelligence +system. + +Up to this point, most of the sources of information discussed would be +considered part of the public domain and readily accessible. Information +required from these affiliated businesses, however, in most cases, will +require legal proceeding to fully secure them. + +Also, your investigation has now moved from its confidential phase to an +overt stage where your attorney (whom you will need) most likely will be +required to engage in enforcement litigation with attorneys opposing +your access to records. Hidden asset investigations cannot succeed +without the combined efforts and talents of the investigator and the +attorney, working as a team. + +The Former Property Owner/Lessor. + +The investigation likely will turn up, at some point, a physical +property. It may simply be a piece of land, or it could be a small +building, an apartment house or a restaurant. This physical property may +have been purchased, it could be leased, or it may be used on a +lease/purchase arrangement. Regardless of the nature of the relationship +of the hidden owner to the property, there are several common + + denominators. + +In each interview or contact with anyone associated with the hidden +asset investigation, the investigator must obtain the two necessary +ingredients for successQdocumentation and potential witnesses. + +An initial interview with either the owner (if the property is leased) +or the former owner (if the property has been purchased) should be +conducted. The interview should cover the following: + +- Why did you sell or lease the business? + +- How did you advertise that the business was for sale or lease? + +- Identify all individuals who expressed any interest whatsoever in the +purchase or lease of the business. + +- What were the terms of the sale or lease agreement? + +- Where was the agreement of sale or lease consummated? Who was present? + +- How were (are) you compensated for the purchase or lease of the +business? + + +- What changes in vendors or employees have occurred since your sale or +lease? + +- What documents do you have concerning the purchase or lease? + +Responses to these inquiries may identify the subject as having +personally shown an interest in the property at some time; it may +identify a title company involved; it will surely identify Realtors +involved; it may identify associates of the target as expressing +interest, or as serving as new employees, vendors or financial sources; +it will identify banks or payment and lending institutions; it will +identify former employees and former vendors as potential sources; and +it may identify the target's accountant or attorney. + +Contact with these affiliated businesses will provide varying degrees of +cooperation. The recalcitrant interviewee should be made aware of the +possibility of legal processes and that he is not a target of the +investigation, if this is so. If he continues to be uncooperative, legal +proceedings should be used. + +In these contacts, the investigator also must remain attentive to the +smallest item that can seem unimportant but that could lead to a major + + breakthrough. For instance, a single call from a Realtor to the seller +expressing interest in the business, but with no follow-up, can develop +a lead to other property investments or a key future witness. + +The Realtor. + +Having made that contact with the owner/lessor and having established +involvement by a Realtor, the Realtor is the next logical contact. + +The Realtor can be the source of a variety of information, and the +Realtor's role can range from full knowledge of hidden ownership to +merely servicing an account. The Realtor's cooperation will vary in +proportion to his role and his knowledge; if deeply involved, he likely +will be uncooperative. + +The Realtor could have been contacted by the hidden owner who, after +expressing interest in the asset, replaced himself with a front or front +corporation, or a close criminal associate of the subject could have +assumed the same role. + +In addition the Realtor may have executed the Agreement of Sale and +established escrow accounts for the deposit of down payment monies. +These documents may be retained by the Realtor and are vital leads. A + + new bank account with a record of deposits for asset purchase purposes +may lead to or connect to the subject of the investigation. + +The Realtor may also have a management role in the asset, depending on +the nature of the business. He could, for example, be responsible for +collecting rent, maintaining the property or paying utility bills. If +so, this allows for new avenues of inquiry. Exercising a management role +means a Realtor has a more intimate knowledge of the hidden asset than +the Realtor merely providing servicing. The management Realtor should be +questioned regarding former and current tenants, vendors and employees +of the hidden asset. + +The Title Company. + +Most transactions between buyer and seller involve title insurance. The +purpose of title insurance is to assure the buyer that the asset is free +from any unknown encumbrances or debts. This protection is provided by a +title company. In many cases, the title company is the location where +the asset actually changes ownership. For this reason, title companies +can be excellent sources of information. Unfortunately, most title +companies require a subpoena or some other legal process before +relinquishing their records. + + + Not only does the title company maintain documents important to the +investigation, but the company officer assigned the transaction may have +first-hand knowledge of the asset's ownership because title insurance is +buyer generated. As with the Realtor, the title company officer must be +questioned thoroughly in all aspects of the transaction, from initial +contact by the buyer to consummation of the sale. + +The records maintained by the title company will include the settlement +sheet, which will show the distribution of monies between buyer and +seller. Also, the title company should retain copies of any financial +instruments used in the transaction. These instruments could be checks, +money orders or other financial instruments. If cash was involved, a +record of that is also available from the title company. In addition, +like the Realtor, the title-company escrow account may have been used as +a repository for down payments or other transactions involving the asset +purchase. + +The Bank Account. + +The financial transaction may relate to a bank, or it could relate to +another category of financial institution: a savings and loan +association, a brokerage account, a credit union, a pension fund, or any +combination of these institutions. Or it could be a pure cash + + transaction. + +At all financial institutions two functions occur: money flows in and +money flows out. In a hidden-asset investigation, the money flowing from +the account may be the investment in the hidden asset. The money flowing +into the account may be even more important. + +When an account has been identified as the source (or possible source) +of an illicit investment, you must secure that account in its entirety. +That account can only be secured by proper legal process to the bank or +other institution, or directly to the subject business. + +Often it is preferable to secure the financial records directly from the +subject business or the suspected front, for a number of reasons. You +will be securing the original document, which is, of course, the best +evidence. Also, you may obtain the records even faster and you will +eliminate the possibility of poor quality documents so often associated +with financial institution duplication. + +This method is suggested but must be tailored to your investigation. If +your effort is overt at this phase of the investigation, the bank or +financial institution can be used as a backup source for documents not +received from the subject business or suspected front. + + +Upon receipt of financial records, tracing of investments begins. +Assuming that the investigation has revealed an investment of a specific +amount from a front's corporate account, the following should be +analyzed at once: + +- All opening account deposits should be obtained and examined. + +- All major deposits shortly before and shortly after the date of +investment in the illicit enterprise should be obtained. + +- All cash deposits during the same period as (2) should be noted. + +- Establish a dollar threshold based on the magnitude of the account and +record all deposits greater than that threshold. + +- Complete (4) for all withdrawals of funds. + +- Pay special attention to even-dollar disbursements. + +- Identify and investigate all regular payments for potential leads. + +- Note all wire transfers and credit and debit memos for follow-up + + investigation. + +Pursuit of the above items should be the initial steps in the analysis +of bank or financial accounts. The purpose is to identify funds of major +proportion flowing in and out of the account to the subject of the +investigation or his accounts. It may also generate new lead material. + +In the analysis of bank accounts, it is crucial that attention be given +to detail and items small in size. Although you may want to focus +initial investigation on the major items in the account as suggested +above, do not overlook the balance of the records. They could be +critical. + +There are an array of banking records that could prove valuable, +including certificates of deposit, credit card advances and currency +transaction reports. Loan records deserve special attention. + +If a deposit analyzed in the financial records was generated as a result +of a loan, it should be pursued diligently. Several questions should be +addressed. Who applied for the loan? How were the proceeds deposited to +the account of interest to the investigation? And perhaps most +important, how was it secured or collateralized? + + + Answers to these questions regarding the loan could tie your target to +the business, especially the security or collateral for the loan. + +Along with bank records, consider the banker. The banker could be the +liaison between the loan for the investment in the illicit asset and the +subject of your investigation. He may also have intimate knowledge of +the business and may even be an informal advisor. Include the banker in +your investigation as a possible valuable source of "inside" information +concerning the ownership and operation of the illicit enterprise. + +The Accountant. + +In the hidden-asset investigation, the accountant for the targeted +business enterprise can be an important source, not only for documents +but also as an "insider" and possible witness. Like the Realtor and the +banker, the accountant's degree of cooperation will be directly +proportional to his personal and professional involvement with the +subject of the investigation and the investments. + +The documents held by the accountant most vital to a hidden-asset +investigation are known simply as the accountant's work papers. These +work papers will identify expenditures made by the enterprise; sources +of business income; loans obtained by the business; loans made by the + + business; and other financial records. Generally, the accountant's work +papers are not only an excellent supplement to the bank records, but +also may serve as a primary source of new information or records. + +Of particular interest in the work papers are notes or memos made by the +accountant during the preparation of tax returns, m conversation with +those operating the hidden-asset business, or both. For example, if a +business loan had been made to a corporate officer, there may be a note +indicating the purpose of the loan. This note also could identify who +approved the loan, and this could lead to your target. + +The accountant's work papers may also include copies of tax returns +prepared by the accountant for the hidden-asset business. If you do not +have access to state or local tax returns, these work papers may provide +you with access. These papers also may provide possible new sources of +information, such as former accountants, vendors, real estate or asset +investments by your target, and employee records. + +In addition to his function as accountant and preparer of tax returns, +the accountant may serve as a business advisor or investment consultant +to the business or your target. His activity m this role may shed +further light on the case. + + + Vendors. + +As mentioned earlier, the identification of vendors, particularly former +vendors, can be critical to a hidden-asset investigation. The vendor has +access to the day-to-day operation of the business and often has +critical insight into the business management and financial workings. +The vendor may have direct contact with the true ownership, particularly +m the early stages of the vendor/business relationship. + +Vendors can range from renovation contractors and insurance providers to +trash collectors and vending-machine managers. The more substantial the +vendor's dollar role in the hidden-asset business, the more likely a +direct contact between the vendor and your target has occurred. + +For example, as evidenced in a past investigation, a vending company +supplied a variety of vending machines to a bar/restaurant owned by a +major criminal figure but fronted by an associate. The vending company +offered an interest-free loan to the business for using their vending +machines, with the loan being paid on a monthly basis from 50 percent of +the vending machine receipts. The loan was substantial and of major +concern to the hidden owner. As a result, he negotiated the loan +repayment agreement and his name and a record of his involvement +appeared in the vending company records. This was not conclusive + + evidence on its own, but served as a critical element that subsequently +was combined with other investigative evidence in a successful hidden- +asset investigation. + +Former or current vendors who have been identified as experiencing +financial problems with the suspect business may be primary leads +because their adversarial relationship makes these vendors more likely +than others to cooperate. + +The vendor's own records may prove helpful. The investigation should +check samples of payment sources relating to the vendor; review any +contractual agreements between vendor and target business; and identify +all vendor employees involved with supplying goods and services to the +target enterprise. + +Tenants/Former Employees. + +If the hidden-asset business leases space or apartments to tenants, the +tenants may give valuable information. The tenants and former tenants +share a business relationship with the hidden asset and, as such, should +be questioned regarding payments of rent, identification of collectors, +identification of vendors, and who responds to complaints. + + + One of the best sources of information regarding any business is the +former employee. His usefulness to the investigation centers on his role +in the business, how long he functioned m that role and why his +employment was ended. + +A former employee involved m the hidden-asset business from its +inception is most valuable because of his knowledge of the hidden +owner's initial involvement. Also, a former employee who had a role in +the financial aspect of the business is invaluable. As mentioned +earlier, analysis of state Labor and Industry reports can be valuable m +locating former employees prior to obtaining bank or business records +from other sources. + +Conclusion + +The hidden-assets investigation is difficult, time-consuming and costly. +But, it is critical and must be pursued to prevent the corruption and +disruption of the legitimate business community and to deter the illegal +marketplace from meshing successfully with the legitimate marketplace. +Success in the hidden-asset investigation also discourages other major +narcotics financiers or dealers and their corrupt business and +professional associates from future investment. + + + To succeed in the hidden-asset investigation requires sincere commitment +and total dedication by the attorney/investigator team. In most cases, +it requires a proactive effort, rather than the traditional reactive +investigation. And it requires dogged attention to detail, logic in your +methods, organization of effort, and patience. But it can be successful. + +Endnotes + +1. Health Care Fraud: A Rising Threat; Pennsylvania Crime Commission, +1981. + +2. Chester City Racketeer; Pennsylvania Crime Commission, 1978. + +3. Use of a mini or personal computer, if available, and legal in your +jurisdiction is an excellent tool for managing this kind of data. + +4. May be identified elsewhere as County Court, Circuit Court, Court of +Quarter Sessions or some other designation. + +Selected Reference And Writings + +The Detection, Investigation and Prosecution of Financial Crimes, +Richard A. Nossen (1982). + + +The Cash Connection: Organized Crime, Financial Institutions and Money +Laundering, President's Commission on Organized Crime (1984). + +RICO Investigations: A Case Study, Gregory T. Magarity, American +Criminal Law Review (1980). + +A Chester City Racketeer: Hidden Interests Revealed, Pennsylvania Crime +Commission (1978). + +Health Care Fraud: A Rising Threat, Pennsylvania Crime Commission +(1981). + +Sources of Information for Criminal Investigators, ANACAPA Sciences, +Inc. + +Penetration of Legitimate Business by Organized Crime, National +Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (1970). + +Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Statute, US Department of +Justice, Criminal Division, 4th Edition. + +Techniques in the Investigation and Prosecution of Organized Crime, + + Materials on RICO, G. Robert Blakey (Editor), January 1980. + +The First National Seminar on Asset Seizure and Forfeiture, National +Institute on Economic Crime, and Washington Crime News Service, April +1985. +End of article 21 (of 37)--what next? [npq] alt.society.resistance #22 (7 more) [1] +From: kiddyr@gallant.apple.com (Ray Kiddy) + + + [1] Forfeiture Info from BJA, III +Keywords: Bureau of Justice Assitance, Forfeiture +Date: Thu May 06 20:13:13 MDT 1993 +Organization: Apple Computer Inc. +Lines: 451 + +BTW, for more info send mail to publish@ganymede.apple.com + +body of msg: + +help +send /publish/Index + +i have some GAO reports (not many :-<) and am putting on this series +of 14 pamphlets on Forfeiture for police. + +ps: i am not selling anything, this is all free info. + +======================================================================= + +ASSET FORFEITURE + + +The Management and Disposition of Seized Assets + +Prepared by: +Police Executive Research Forum +G Patrick Gallagher + +November 1988 +Reprinted January 1992 + +U.S. Department of Justice +Office of Justice Programs +Bureau of Justice Assistance + +U.S. Department of Justice +William P. Barr.........................Attorney General + +Office of Justice Programs +Jimmy Gurule............................Assistant Attorney General + +Bureau of Justice Assistance +Gerald (Jerry) P. Regier................Acting Director + + + Elliott A. Brown........................Deputy Director + +James C. Swain..........................Director, Policy Development + and Management Division + +Curtis H. Straub, II....................Director, State and Local + Assistance Division + +Pamela Swain............................Director, Discretionary Grant + Programs Division + +William F. Powers Director..............Special Programs + Division + +Bureau of Justice Assistance +633 Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20531 +(202) 514 6278 + +The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, coordinates +the activities of the following program Offices and Bureaus: Bureau of +Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of +Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the +Office for Victims of Crime. + + + + U.S. Department of Justice + Office of Justice Programs + Bureau of Justice Assistance + +Office of the Director Washington DC 25031 + +Dear Colleague: + +Illicit drug traffic continues to flourish in every part of the country. +The cash received by the traffickers is often converted to assets that +can be used by drug dealers in ways that suit their individual tastes. +Since 1981, federal authorities have increased their attack on these +assets through both criminal and civil forfeiture proceedings with +remarkable success. The recent passage and use of state asset forfeiture +laws offers an excellent means for state and local jurisdictions to +emulate the federal success. + +The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), in the Office of Justice +Programs, has funded a nationally focused technical assistance and +training program to help state and local jurisdictions facilitate +broader use of such laws. BJA selected the Police Executive Research + + Forum to develop and administer this program because of its history of +involvement in practical problem-oriented research to improve police +operations and the Forum's central role in developing training materials +for use by police agencies and chief executives. + +As part of this project, the Forum has contracted with experts in the +area of asset forfeiture and financial investigations to prepare a +series of short manuals dealing with different concerns in the area of +asset forfeiture. We hope these manuals help meet the rapidly unfolding +needs of the law enforcement community as more and more agencies apply +their own forfeiture laws and strive to learn from the successes and +problems of their peers. + +I welcome hearing your comments about this program. We have this project +so that most requests for information or assistance can be handled +through the Forum staff in Washington, D.C., by calling 202/466-7820. + + Sincerely yours, + + Gerald (Jerry) P Regier + Acting Director + +Table of Contents + + +Introduction +Background on Seized Assets +Major Issues in the Management of Seized Assets +Disposition Issues +Methods for Handling Common Problems +Liability Issues +Resource Directory: Roster of Persons Interviewed + +Introduction + +From March to May, 1987, the Police Executive Research Forum (the +Forum), surveyed seven law enforcement agencies on how they manage and +dispose of seized assets, and the liability issues involved in asset +seizure and forfeiture. + +The agencies covered in the study are the U.S. Marshals Service; the +U.S. Customs Service; the Florida Department of Law Enforcement; the +Broward County, Florida SheriffUs Department; the Metro-Dade, Florida +Police Department; the Fort Lauderdale, Florida Po,ice Department; and +the Detroit, Michigan Police Department. These agencies were chosen +because they have been dealing with large volumes of seized assets over +an extended period and the non-federal agencies, in particular, have + + acquired a reputation for sophisticated management of those assets. + +The July, 1985, National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief +entitled "Use of Forfeiture Sanctions in Drug Cases, " provides an +overview of the forfeiture provisions on a state-by-state basis. +Regarding the disposition of forfeited property, that brief notes that: + +more than half the states provide that confiscated property goes to the +State or local treasury, or part to each. In some States, however, law +enforcement agencies may keep the property for official use. If the +property is sold or if it is cash, then the money goes to the State or +local treasury. In eight States, law enforcement agencies can keep all +property, cash, and sales proceeds (p. 5). + +Some federal agencies have been actively involved in managing seized +assets. The state of Florida, pushed by its proximity, and in response +to substantial, drug traffic, has responded to the point that many of +the state's law enforcement agencies have developed smoothly operating +forfeiture processes under the State forfeiture statute, and high- +quality management procedures for handling and disposing of seized +assets. While this should be the response of any advanced and +professional agency, in Florida the agencies' expertise has developed +out of necessity. Innovative procedures must be used to take the + + offensive against the drug trade. Moreover, the agencies literally would +be inundated with seized assets if they had not learned to process them +expeditiously, and turn the newly acquired properties into valuable +resources in the fight against drug trafficking. + +Background On Seized Assets + +When asked what were the most commonly seized assets, the seven +agencies' responses were remarkably similar: the two top assets were +cash and cars, followed by boats, planes, jewelry and weapons. Those +items made up 95 percent of all seized assets. Local agencies rarely +become involved in seizing businesses or real property (although this +seems to be changing as more and more state forfeiture laws are used to +seize so-called derivative assets). State and federal agencies, in +contrast, conduct such seizures frequently. + +One reason local agencies usually did not target real property for +seizure is because they recognize the attendant difficulties in managing +them (Detroit made this very clear: " . . . if at all possible do not +get involved in seizing property"). Under the Florida Contraband +Forfeiture Act, authorities can seize only that property that is an +instrumentality of the crime--that is, cars, cash, and the Rolex watch +mentioned below. Property seizable under federal law and special + + provisions of the Florida statutes are property and assets acquired by +using financial resources accruing (derived) from illegal activities. +Therefore, under Florida Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations +(RICO) statutes, law enforcement agencies may be aggressive in seizing +real estate acquired with drug or other racketeering proceeds. + +The U.S. Marshals Service generally does not seize assets, except for +judicial seizures conducted pursuant to a federal court order. However, +the marshals do manage assets seized by other federal agencies, such as +the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Immigration and +Naturalization Service, and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), +with DEA accounting for 90 percent of seized items. + +Among the more unusual items seized or turned over to the Marshals from +other agencies are a bank, a horse ranch, a golf course, gas stations, +flower shops, a drug store, a recording studio and a brass foundry. The +U.S. Customs Service lists elephants and kangaroos among the noteworthy +items seized, while local agencies reported gymnastic equipment, +Kruggerands, pill machines for making quaaludes, and even a Rolex watch +(noted earlier) used to set the time for a drug deal. + +Most of the survey respondents, as local agencies, operate independently +of the U.S. Marshals Service, although Detroit currently is trying to + + establish a working relationship with the Service. The Broward County +SheriffUs Department has probably the closest arrangement with the +Service, for their county's personnel are named special U.S. Deputy +Marshals for enforcement purposes, and they operate under their legal +umbrellaQtraveling cross country to serve subpoenas, gaining access to +selected Service intelligence, and receiving information on federal +investigations in their area. In short, this cooperative arrangement +provides a major boost to furthering the Broward County Sheriff's +Department's objectives. + +In pursuing forfeiture action against such property, local agencies have +not been deterred by the need to track assets to other states: The +Broward County Sheriff's Department, for example, seized sixty-four +Arabian horses and autos + +on a farm in Michigan where marijuana was being grown. The Detroit +Police Department went far afield to seize a farm in Tennessee. + +Major Issues In The Management Of Seized Assets + +When Detroit personnel were asked about how they maintain and preserve +the value of such assets as cars, real estate, farms, and businesses, +their answer was precise: "prompt disposal." The issues of maintenance + + and preservation were of major concern to all seven agencies, or they +remained sensitive to the requirement to responsibly manage the asset +while it was in their possession. + +In Florida, local departmental use of the most frequently seized +property, cars, requires approval from local courts. Then, the agency +can use the autos in investigations or hold them for auction with the +proceeds going to the asset forfeiture Law Enforcement Trust Fund +(LETF). This type of account can be set up in Florida jurisdictions to +hold seized proceeds, pending approval of city or county commissions for +its expenditureQexclusively for additional investigative activity. + +After seizure, an item should be appraised in order to document its +value at the time of seizure, and to identify encumbrances and liens +(especially those affecting autos and real estate parcels) that might +make an item a financial liability to the seizing agency. Detroit even +has second appraisal done if they must go to court, so that they have a +record that the property did not decrease in value while in their +possession. + +Some agencies (e.g., the U.S. Marshals Service and the Florida +Department of Law Enforcement) report that they try to determine if an +item will be a financial liability prior to deciding whether to seize + + it. In fact, the Marshals Service participates with the local U.S. +AttorneyUs Office and the investigating federal agency in a "pre-seizure +planning" process to avoid having to assume responsibility for high +financial liability items. + +Storing conveyances (including planes, boats and automobiles) often +requires an enclosed space to preserve the items in optimum condition. +This requires either owning or renting storage space. Often the dollar +value of the conveyance will determine how it is held in storageQfor +example, a Rolls Royce in good condition warrants an enclosed storage +facility, while an old model automobile in poor condition could be +stored in an open-fenced area. Broward County processes older and less +valuable cars (with book values of $500 to $1000) by allowing owners to +repossess them for a fee of $250 to cover the agencyUs legal costs. Ft. +Lauderdale places a $250 service charge on seized rental cars, or those +with legitimate liens. + +In addition to storage, mechanical maintenance must be provided, and +that requires either using staff skills within the agency or hiring +qualified contractors. If a conveyance such as a boat or plane is +expected to be stored for an extended period, experienced mechanics must +be hired to specially prepare ("pickle") the engine and other mechanical +parts for long-term storage. + + +Autos are comparatively simple to maintain, and some agencies use their +own people (in many cases sworn personnel) to handle servicing. In other +agencies, civilians assigned to city or county maintenance yards care +for cars. Planes and boats present a more difficult task, for their +maintenance requires much more technical knowledge and skill. Most +agencies that deal with planes and boats use contracted maintenance +servicesQexcept for Broward, which assigns the boats permanently to the +Marine Interdiction Unit of the Organized Crime Bureau. The planes are +assigned to their own Aviation Section. + +Usually, the boats and planes are first stripped of valuable electronic +equipment. This is either used by the agency (for, in many cases, the +hardware is better and more sophisticated than the agencies current +equipment) or, in Florida, sold with the proceeds going into a Law +Enforcement Trust Fund (LETF). Every agency commented on the +extraordinary expense of maintaining boats and planes. + +Seized cash is immediately placed in interest bearing accounts. In +Florida, upon receiving court approval through the receipt of title, the +account with the cash is transferred to the appropriate LETFQlocal or +state, depending upon the seizing agency. Ft. Lauderdale's arrangement +with a local bank and the state's attorney allows the bank to use its + + machines to count and simultaneously photograph every bill, and then +deposit the funds in the agencyUs account. + +Florida's Law Enforcement Trust Fund (LETF) program merits special +mention. Seized money and the proceeds from sales and auctions are +placed in such accounts, subject to certain state statutory provisions. +A local department must apply to the locally maintained Fund to use the +money; a state agency applies to the state fund. A request from a +particular division or bureau in a locality is passed through the chain +of command to the chiefs office and, if approved, is forwarded to the +respective city or county council for consideration. Ft. Lauderdale has +to submit monthly reports on all seizures and trust fund activity to the +city manager, and along with other Florida agencies, another complete +list to FDLE. + +As an example of concrete activity in Florida's trust fund program, +Metro-Dade recently requested and received funds to rent a large airport +hangar as an enclosed space for a large number of seized vehicles +managed by the department. Previously, the vehicles were housed in an +open-fenced lot. In addition, Ft. Lauderdale funds five staff positions +out of this fund: an attorney, three forfeiture specialists, and a +secretaryQall of whom work directly on forfeiture legal proceedings and +the preservation and maintenance of seized assets. + + +Most agencies use a combination of in-house expertise, such as sworn +personnel who are pilots or auto mechanics, and hired consultants, +including aircraft mechanics and marina staff, to manage the various +types of conveyances seized. Following a competitive bidding process, +the U.S. Customs Service hired a general management consultant who is +responsible for all custody, management and disposition of seized +conveyances. The general contractor is responsible for hiring +subcontractors to deal with specific mechanical and storage requirements +of seized assets. + +When businesses are seized, it must be determined whether to continue +operating the business or close down its activity. Experiences among +agencies has varied. Obviously, Broward County did not choose to +continue to operate a seized porno theatre, on the rare occasion when it +seized a business. If it is projected to be cost-effective to continue +operation of a seized business, the U.S. Marshals will employ a business +manager to oversee the business. The Florida Department of Law +Enforcement has never had occasion to continue operating any business +seized, and the U.S. Customs Service and local agencies usually avoid +seizing businesses. + +When hiring consultants to appraise the value of a conveyance or a + + business, provide mechanical maintenance, store items or actually manage +a business, the seven agencies reported using a variety of methods to +locate reputable contractors. Typically, local trade associations and +professional groups are contacted for referrals, advertisements are +placed in appropriate trade journals and newspapers, and other law +enforcement agencies may be contacted for assistance. Metro-Dade uses +the countyUs current list of approved vendors. References are requested +and checked to assure that the contractors are competent and reputable. +The U.S. Marshals Service maintains a list of vendors in each of its +thirteen regional offices, while the other agencies surveyed stated that +they do not maintain approved lists but can easily retrieve the names of +reputable contractors with whom they have dealt in the past. + +Disposition Issues + +All agencies stated that they are allowed to convert seized equipment to +departmental use. Although a state or federal agency may on its own +decide to use a vehicle which has been seizedQusually in a district or +region outside the one where it was seizedQa local agency is more likely +to sell the seized vehicle. In Florida, an agency may in turn request +money from the Law Enforcement Trust Fund to purchase another needed +vehicle. By selling assets, a local agency avoids any appearance of +seizing an item specifically for agency use. Broward County has even + + "traded" one piece of seized equipment for another. On one occasion, +because its regular radios did not have enough channels, the + +and those of its membership to address law enforcement groups and to +make sure that those groups are familiar with all of the requirements of +the pertinent statutes. All agencies reported that, if at all possible, +each asset is evaluated before seizure to be sure that it actually +belongs to the suspect. + +The Marshals use a system of "pre-seizure planning," in which targeted +assets are evaluated to ascertain ownership and the existence of any +encumbrances or liens. The Marshals stated that they have had difficulty +with mortgage lenders and title insurance companies recognizing the +Marshal's title to a piece of seized real estate. Such companies are +concerned that owners may claim their constitutional rights have been +violated, and that the property is still theirs. For example, has a +fugitive received the notification required by law regarding the pending +disposition of his property? + +The Marshals Service has never been sued directly, but they reported a +suit has been brought challenging the constitutionality of a particular +seizure. The Marshals also noted that they would hesitate to seize an +asset deemed a financial liability because of encumbrances or liens that + + summed to an amount greater than the propertyUs assessed value. + +Asset seizure and forfeiture lawsuits have focused almost exclusively on +the perceived slowness of the process for returning a seized asset to +the rightful owner. However, on the bright side, when jurisdictions have +been sued, their actions have been upheld in every case (such as Ft. +Lauderdale and Detroit). + +With the reasonable burden of proof and the preponderance of the +evidence burden in civil cases, the above agencies reported few +reservations about pursuing a case or deciding to attempt the seizure. +After seizure, however, other troublesome situations may arise. Broward +wrestled with the problem of what to do with a load of maple wood that +was surrounded by a load of hashish. Could they donate it to a shelter +facility? They eventually destroyed it, feeling that they could not +justify returning it, or giving it away. + +Resource Directory: + +Roster Of Persons Interviewed + +1. U.S. Marshals Service + + + Joseph Enders, Chief +Operations Support +(703) 285-1271 + +2. U.S. Customs Service + +Gary George +Seized Property Officer +(202) 566-5435 + +3. Metro-Dade Police Department + +Major Art Nehrbass +Executive Officer +Special Investigations Division +(305) 592-7323 + +George Aylesworth, Esq. +Supervisor +Police Legal Unit +(305) 547-7404 + +4. Ft. Lauderdale Police Department + + +Robert Wennerholm, Esq. +Legal Advisor +(305) 761-5626 + +5. Broward County SheriffUs Department + +Captain Carl Parrott +Assistant Commander +Organized Crime Unit + +Commander William Dunman +Director +Organized Crime Centre +(305) 492-1810 + +6. Detroit Police Department + +Inspector Terry Ford, Esq. +Director +Forfeiture Unit +(313) 224-4490 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/assetnew.txt b/politicalTextFiles/assetnew.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0e82b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/assetnew.txt @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +ASSET FORFEITURE TAKES A BIG HIT IN CALIFORNIA! + +Thank you, folks, for helping in this endevor: + + +LAWMAKERS REVOKE COPS' ASSET-SEIZING POWERS + + WIDESPREAD ABUSE LEADS LEGISLATURE TO LET THE LAW REVERT TO 1988 RULES, +WHICH REQUIRE A CONVICTION. + +By GARY WEBB +Mercury News Sacramento Bureau + +SACRAMENTO -- Stung by evidence of widespread abuse, the California +Legislature decided Friday night to kill the state's asset-forfeiture law, +which for four years has allowed police to take money and property from people +who were merely suspected of dealing drugs. + +Starting next year, police will be required to obtain drug-trafficking +convictions in most cases before they can keep seized property. + +``The way the asset forfeiture law was being applied was an assault on +individual property rights and not necessarily on drug dealers,'' said +Assemblyman John Burton, D-San Francisco, who led the fight to reform the +forfeiture law. ``I think we have solved a significant problem here.'' + +With the repeal, California becomes only the second state in the nation to +revoke the vast seizure powers police agencies were granted in the 1980s when +the ``war on drugs'' was at its height. Missouri lawmakers scaled back their +forfeiture laws this spring after evidence of police abuses surfaced. + +The outcome was a stunning defeat for California law enforcement agencies, who +until a few weeks ago were almost assured of getting the controversial law +made permanent. Last year, police said keeping the law -- which has produced +at least $180 million for police and prosecutors since 1989 -- was their No. 1 +political priority. + +But lobbyists and lawmakers said a recent Mercury News series on forfeiture +abuses changed everything. + +``I think the accuracy and the detail of the series outlining the abuses was +the turning point in the negotiations,'' said Margaret Pena, a lobbyist for +the American Civil Liberties Union, which has been pressing for reform of the +forfeiture statutes for several years. ``For once the Legislature has put the +concerns of innocent people who have been abused by the police above the +interests of law enforcement.'' + +Some lawmakers complained their telephone lines were tied up for hours by +callers urging forfeiture reforms. + +Attorney General Dan Lungren, in a news conference early Friday, accused the +press of being duped by drug lawyers. He described lawmakers who supported +forfeiture reforms as advocating a ``cease-fire'' in the drug war. + +REPORTS CALLED `DISTORTED' + +``Unfortunately, the white powder bar has done a great job of getting this +issue represented in the press in very distorted fashion to suggest that +somehow there are wide-scale problems with this law,'' Lungren said. ``That +is, in fact, inaccurate. That has not been true since the law took effect.'' + +Lungren, who favors expanding the forfeiture laws, said there were few +``troublesome'' cases among the 16,000 forfeiture actions filed by state +prosecutors in the last four years -- less than one-thousandth of 1 percent, +he said. + +The Mercury News investigation, which examined more than 250 court cases in +five counties, found dozens of instances in which property was taken from +people who had never been convicted of drug trafficking or who had their cases +dropped. The law was intended to take profits away from major drug dealers, +but records show property seizures were often aimed at the poor, casual drug +users and people who speak no English. + +Burton, chairman of the Assembly Rules Committee, attempted to change the law +to allow forfeiture claimants access to up to $10,000 of their own funds to +hire a lawyer. Since forfeiture is a civil, not criminal, proceeding, +claimants have no right to have a court-appointed lawyer. The Mercury News +found that many people whose assets were seized were forced to represent +themselves. + +Burton's bill, AB 114, also would have prohibited police from seizing items +worth less than $1,500 and required law enforcement to file criminal charges +before assets could be seized. + +Law enforcement agencies objected strongly to allowing forfeiture claimants +access to money to hire lawyers, saying it would give ``millions of dollars to +drug lawyers'' and allow drug dealers to keep $40 million a year. + +By early this morning, Burton's bill, backed by an unusual coalition of +conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats, had not come up for a vote. +Because no new forfeiture bill was approved, the current law expires Dec. 31, +and forfeitures will then be governed by a 1988 law that requires criminal +convictions in most cases. + +``I tried to work with (law enforcement) on it, but they kept saying they'd +rather let the (current law) die,'' Burton said. After reading the 1988 law +that will govern asset forfeitures if the current law isn't renewed, Burton +said he was happy to oblige. + +``The '88 law doesn't have some of the protections that mine does, but at +least they've got to get a criminal conviction before they can take +anything,'' Burton said. ``I couldn't get my bill out of committee with a +conviction requirement in it.'' + +Only cases involving the seizure of more than $25,000 in cash will not require +convictions. But in those cases, prosecutors must provide clear and convincing +evidence that the cash is drug-tainted -- a much higher level of proof than +what is currently required. + +Negotiations between Burton and law enforcement broke down Wednesday after +anonymous leaflets written by prosecutors began circulating through the halls +of the statehouse, depicting Burton as a friend of drug dealers. Burton +stormed out and told reporters he wouldn't continue the talks until he got a +public apology. + +`OVERZEALOUS COPS' BLAMED + +Assemblyman Richard Katz, the Los Angeles Democrat who wrote the 1989 bill +that gave rise to many of the abuses, acknowledged the law had caused some +unintended problems, which he blamed on ``overzealous cops.'' + +Katz said the 1992 killing of Donald Scott, a Ventura County millionaire who +was gunned down by police during an asset forfeiture raid that found no drugs, +was ``a prime example'' of law enforcement gone awry. + +``But I think generally asset forfeiture has been one of the most successful +weapons in the war on drugs,'' Katz said. ``Rather than lose the law, I think +the problems could have been worked out.'' + +Sen. Ken Maddy, R-Fresno, one of the Legislature's staunchest supporters of +asset forfeiture, said Friday that he would try again next year -- an election +year -- to get the forfeiture law reinstated. + +But Burton said that as long as he runs the Assembly Rules Committee, which +decides the fate of thousands of bills every year, that is unlikely to happen. + +``They're not going to get anything else on this for as long as I'm here,'' +Burton vowed. + +San Jose Mercury News diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/auction.txt b/politicalTextFiles/auction.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3701469 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/auction.txt @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ + + + + + + + + GOVERNMENT SURPLUS AUCTIONS 1994 +GOVERNMENT SURPLUS AUCTIONS + +MISCELLANEOUS + + August 9 -------------------- Hereford + August 17 ------------------- Southampton + August 24 ------------------ Carlisle/Catterick + September 7 ----------------- Telford + September 12 ---------------- Banbury + September 13 ---------------- Banbury + October 20 ------------------ Stirling + November 8 ------------------ Hereford + November 16 ----------------- Southampton + November 21 ----------------- Banbury + November 22 ----------------- Banbury + November 30 ----------------- Carlisle/Catterick + December 7 ------------------ Telford + + + + Auctions Auctioneers + + STIRLING Harrison & Hetherington Ltd + The King Robert Hotel Borderway Mart + Bannockburn Rosehill + Stirling Carlisle + Scotland CA1 2RS + Tel:0228 26292 + + BANBURY Midland Marts Ltd + The Pedigree Centre PO Box 10 + Banbury Stockyard The Stockyard + Oxon Banbury + Oxon + OX16 8EP + Tel:0295 250501 + + SOUTHAMPTON Austin & Wyatt + The Post House Hotel The Squiare + Herbert Walker Avenue Bishops Waltham + Southampton Hants + Hants SO3 1GG + Tel:0489 893466 + + HEREFORD Russel Baldwin & Bright + Hereford Moat House The Mews + Belmont House King Street + Hereford Hereford + HR4 9DB + Tel:0432 355441 + + CARLISLE/CATTERICK Harrison & + Hetherington Ltd + "The Auctioneer" Borderway Mart + Borderway Mart Rosehill + Rosehill Carlisle + Carlisle CA1 2RS + Tel:0228 26292 + + TELFORD Harrison & + Hetherington Ltd + Telford Racqet Centre Borderway Mart + Telford Rosehill + Shropshire Carlisle + CA1 2RS + Tel:0228 26292 + + + + + VEHICLE AUCTIONEERS + + MEASHAM - HGV and Plant ADT + Tamworth Road + Measham + Burton on Trent + DE12 7DY + + LEEDS - All Types Motor Auction Leeds + Hillidge Road + Leeds + LS10 1DE + Tel:0532 772644 + + PETERBOROUGH - Cars and Light ADT + Commercials Boongate + Peterborough + Cambridgeshire + PE11 5AH + Tel:0733 68881 + + KINROSS - All Types Kinross Motor Auctions + Bridgend + Kinross + KY13 7RN + Tel:0577 62564 + + ASTON DOWN - All Types ADT + MOD PE + Aston Down + Stroud + Glos + GL8 8HT + Tel:061 2239179 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/awpp.txt b/politicalTextFiles/awpp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19c0858 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/awpp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ + At What Price Peace + + An Editorial by Robert Hoffman, Editor + The Bear Valley Voice + Big Bear Lake, CA USA + February 23, 1994 + + (c) 1994 - Posted with Permission + + + On Singapore TV last night, the Muppets sang a song urging + toleration among the various types of monsters, a lesson in + which kids here don't need much instruction. This tiny + island, floating in the South China Sea and blown by hot, + wet winds off the Straights of Jahore, is home to 2.5 + million natives and another 3 million foreign workers. + + There are Malays, Tamils, Chinese, Indians, Europeans and + a few other ethnic groups here who live in peace (mostly) + under the watchful eye of a paternalistic government. + Toleration --- of religious, cultural and linguistic + differences --- is not merely a consumation devoutly to + be wished. It is a necessity of life. + + One is struck by this, and by the almost total lack of + violent crime. And one is tempted to wish that America + could be run this well. Until, of course, a deeper look + reveals the cost of peace and relative safety. + + It is illegal in Singapore to chew gum, smoke indoors, spit + anywhere and to fail to flush the toilet. Infractions can + cost you a hefty fine, although we have yet to see any police + patrolling the men's rooms. The penalty for trafficking in + drugs is the ultimate one --- the gallows. Two years ago, a + couple of Australians found out the government was not + kidding about this. + + Those unwise enough to commit crimes are subjected to another + punishment that most Americans would also find cruel and + unusual --- caning. A man who killed a prostitute, rather + inadvertently, got five years --- and 12 strokes. + + If a newspaper publishes something the government takes + exception to, the authorities simply ban it from the stands. + + And the system works. There is no gum on the sidewalk, no + foul smell of smoke in the restaurants, and so far all the + toilets appear to be duly flushed. There are not homeless + beggars squatting on the sidewalks, and if drug addiction + exists, it does so behind tightly closed doors. Newspapers + tow the line. + + The price? An almost tangible lack of jay -- not content- + ment or security, but happiness. These folks are somber + and businesslike. They are dutiful, responsible, frugal, + obedient, compliant, polite --- and humorless. And even + in this sultry tropical setting, the people of Singapore are + as buttoned up and as frightfully modern as a businessman + from Phoenix or a computer nerd from Silicon Valley. + + This may have come from Singapore's history as a Crown + colony --- 150 years under rule from London. The Japanese + arrived one morning on bicycles and rousted the British + garrison (which was, unaccountably, waiting for the invasion + on the wrong sde of the island), and the Singaporeans were + visited with one of the most brutal occupations in history. + In the early '60s, they became their own masters --- flirting + with communism, dallying with Malaysia and Indonesia, and + finally striking out on their own under the heavy-handed but + avuncular leadership of Oxford-educated former prime minister + Lee Kwan Yew. + + The result is a country steeped in Western ways (English is + the dominant language and will be probably forever) with an + Asian soul. Individual freedom is not an Oriental virtue, + and the average Singaporean is amused that Americans are + aghast at the control the government has over the people's + lives. They point to their low crime rate and their clean + streets and wonder how we can put personal freedoms over such + blessings. + + We don't bother to explain. + + + + Dennis R. Hilton diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/b-i-c.txt b/politicalTextFiles/b-i-c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a7bad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/b-i-c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ + Danielle Crittenden - Wall Street Journal - March 31, 1994 +(Ms. Crittenden recently moved back to her native Toronto) + ---------------------------------------------------------- + +Recently I spoke to a friend who had given birth to her second +child a week after I did in November. My child's birth was +covered by private insurance in New York; my friend gave birth +here, under Canada's much-lauded, state-funded, universal health +care plan. + +"Did you have an epidural?" she asked suspiciously, referring to +the local anesthetic injected into the lower spine, a common +painkiller for childbirth. + +"Of course," I said (neither of us romanticize the pain of +"natural" labor). "It was wonderful. My husband and I played +Scrabble in the birthing room right up until I had to push. I +won," I added. + +A cold silence. + +"How did yours go?" I asked. + +"It was awful," she said bitterly. "When I got to the hospital, I +asked for an epidural. The nurse said I had to wait - there were +three people ahead of me. Soon, I was feeling sick with pain. The +nurse told me to take a hot shower. I couldn't stand it anymore, +and begged for the anesthetic. It still wasn't my turn. I was +rocking back and forth in agony. Then the doctor arrived and said +the baby was coming out and it was too late for anything. +Afterward he apologized o me - he said I looked in terrible pain +and it was horrible to watch." + +It seemed astonishing to me, listening to my friend's story, that +in late 20th century North America a woman would have to give +birth the old-fashioned way - in pain. It's true incidents like +this do sometimes occur in the U.S., yet in Ontario - Canada's +richest and most populous province - government control of +medicine has made the exceptional the norm. + +My friend, who is an editor at a national magazine and married to +a partner in a major law firm, give birth at St. Michael's, a +bustling central Toronto hospital. The hospital's head of +anesthesia confirms that from 4 P.M. to 8 A.M., as well as on +weekends and holidays, there is only one anesthetist on duty for +the entire hospital; for traffic-accident and burn victims, +everyone. If he's busy, tough luck. + +St. Michael's isn't unique, either. I checked with other large +hospitals in the city. Few had more than a single anesthetist on +duty off-hours. At North York General, in the midst of Toronto's +most affluent suburbs, 3,500 babies are born a year, 60% of them +to women who request epidurals - and there is still only one +anesthetist on duty off-hours. + +Outside of Toronto, the situation is even worse. Ontario's +socialist government, desperately seeking to control its runaway +health budget, has announced that epidurals will no longer be +available to women in Thunder Bay, a community of 125,000 in the +northwest of the province. Thunder Bay women needn't feel picked +on. According to Richard Johnston, a spokesman for the Ontario +Medical Association, the availability of epidurals is sporadic +everywhere outside Toronto, because few small hospitals have the +budget for anesthetists trained to give epidurals, especially +during off-hours. Many women end up going to their general +practitioners for delivery and doing it "naturally," whether they +like it or not. + +Apologists for the Canadian health system blame greedy doctors +for its chronic shortages and queues. But an Ontario doctor +receives only US$100 to administer an epidural. His U.S. +counterpart usually collects about US$1,000 (a figure that, +unlike the Canadian, takes into account overhead and equipment). +Epidurals are vanishing from Ontario, not because doctors are +overpaid but because hospitals' fees per birth are capped at very +low rates by a debt-burdened government. And, as many argue would +happen under the Clinton health plan, it is illegal for either +the doctor or the hospital to charge even willing patients more +than the state-prescribed fee. + +The result? As Dr. Johnston says: "In the case of an anesthetist +trained to give epidurals, it is not lucrative for him to offer +his services all night. Why bother staying up, if you don't get +paid extra for it?" + +Some American women have already gotten a whiff of the cruelties +of Canadian medicine. In California, the Midwest, and Florida, +according to Nancy Oriol, director of obstetric anesthesia at +Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, some large HMOs refuse to pay for +epidurals unless a patient has a medical condition thought to +warrant it, such as a history of heart disease. And of course it +is the intention of the Clinton health plan to drive ever large +numbers of Americans into HMOs. + +My friend did have one choice that the users of HMOs do not - the +freedom to choose her own doctor. But her choice was an empty +one. For while she might pick an obstetrician, she had no way to +be sure that he would in the end deliver her baby. Most Canadian +obstetricians now work in groups, and a patient gets whichever of +them happens to be on call at the time she goes into labor, or +the intern on duty at the hospital (again, why bother to work +late ...). Further, few Canadian doctors can afford to have +ultrasound machines or other sophisticated machinery in their +offices. Those tests have to be booked weeks in advance. + +My New York doctor, on the other hand, was there for me at any +hour, even for a false labor at 2 A.M., because he is an +old-style fee-for-service man. He also had an ultrasound in his +examining room. In the end, my friend's baby was delivered by her +family GP, because he promised to be present. + +Pregnant women, of course, are not the only Canadians suffering +as provinces across the country seek to hold down health care +costs. Americans are by now familiar with tales of Canadians +queuing for heart bypasses and chemotherapy, or crossing the +border for surgery. But what my friend's nasty experience reveals +is that the system can no longer cope with an event as +straightforward as birth. It is as if medical practice in Canada +is reeling backward in time; in the case of birth, as much as a +century. + +As part of this drive toward ever more primitive medicine, the +Ontario government has set up three free-standing "birth +centers," staffed by midwives. It is hoped that these centers, so +much less costly to run than high-tech maternity wards, will +attract "low-risk" pregnant women away from hospitals. Midwifery +became a licensed profession in Ontario last year. These +graduates of a three-year community college program will earn, on +average, as much as $300 more per birth than obstetricians (who +are paid $250 per delivery, and $18 per pre- and post-natal +visit). The government has committed $8 million to the program. + +The ministry of health claims that its sudden munificence toward +midwives is all the in the spirit of promoting "choice" for +women. But given the difficulty women who do not want to suffer +pain in childbirth face in exercising their right of choice, the +gesture smacks of cynicism. It is health bureaucrats who are +making the real choices. They have decided that epidurals are an +"elective," even an extravagance, and that women who anticipate +normal labors should have their babies without anesthesia, and +better still, in someplace other than a costly hospital ward. + +You might expect that Ontario's anti-anesthetic policy would face +charges of sexism. No one is suggesting, for instance, that men +have hernia surgery without painkillers, under the knife of a +"caring professional" who did not graduate from med school. When +the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists last year +found out that some U.S. insurers were refusing to pay for +epidurals, they issued a report pointing out "there is no other +circumstance where it is considered acceptable for a person to +experience severe pain amenable to safe intervention while under +a physician's care." + +But in Canada, the very feminist groups who ought to be outraged +by the policy have, in fact, lobbied for it. These organizations +have long complained about the male-dominated medical profession, +its insistence on delivering babies in sterile hospital +facilities, it enthusiasm for technology. One of the most +important local advocacy groups is even proposing that five +maternity wards in Toronto be shut down once the midwife program +is up and running. + +A free-market health system, including one with HMOs, might not +include insured epidurals; but it might create a relatively +undistorted market in which people are to purchase this procedure +themselves. A health system that is run by politicians is, +however, subject to political pressure. This is especially true +when a group's ideologic agenda coincides with the government's +need to save money. In this instance, it actually puts women and +their babies in the sort of danger and pain they have not known +since their great-grandmother's day. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/badcheck.txt b/politicalTextFiles/badcheck.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9984d49 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/badcheck.txt @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ + + + Bank 3/20* <---+----- Original: by Unnkown Author ---* + *--- Reformatted: by James P. Leonard ----> 7/10/92 + + Representativess Knew of Overdrafts + + If the major media has been full of the developing scandal of an + imperial Congress abusing its own bank for Members' private benefit, + it has also been full of the excuses these members have made to + whitewash their malfeasance. + + Prime among these are various versions of blaming the bank for bad + record keeping and notification procedures. + + However, according to the Report of the Committee on Standards of + Official Conduct of the House of Representatives, released March 10, + (Report # 102-452), every member who wrote a check which overdrew + his account by more than the amount of his next month's salary was + notified of the fact by telephone and asked to cover the overdraft. + + So for most of the offenders, this excuse simply will not wash. + + + According to the report, "The daily accumulation of Member overdrafts + was so routine that one Bank employee spent much of her time tele- + phoning Members..." + + Ms. Klemp, a Bank employee testifying before the Committee is quoted + by the report as follows: + + Mr. McHugh (Chairman of the Committee): "...did you tell them that + they had to make their checks good but at the very least they had to + bring them below the next month's salary?" + + Ms. Klemp: "That is basically what I said_you have x number amount + of overdrafts. You are over your next month's salary, and I + would always give their salary figure and ask them to please make a + deposit. + + "I didn't always say make the exact deposit, but I said please, make + a deposit. In a lot of cases, the Member would clear up the whole + amount. In other cases, they would just drop themselves back below + the next month's salary." + + + + Mr. McHugh: "In terms of what you communicated to them...should they + have known that their overdrafts should never exceed their next + month's salary?" + + Ms. Klemp: "Yes, I did make that very clear. In fact, when I would + call and again often talk to a staff person I would say at that time, + if I started to see a lot of overdrafts coming in all of a sudden, + sometimes a lot came in, sometimes it was a trickle all month, if a + lot came in and I could see there was going to be a problem, I would + always say, you are not to exceed your next month's salary or checks + will start to be returned." + + But, according to the Report, they seldom, if ever were returned. + + So many Members were allowed to write checks while vastly exceeding + their monthly salaries. In addition to the telephone calls alerting + members to their overdrafts, the Report quotes a 1928 letter + from the then Sergeant-at-Arms boasting, that the House Bank was + one of the first in Washington "to install up-to-date methods of + returning monthly statements to its depositors." + + + + While the Report makes no mention of whether that practice still + obtains, there is every reason to expect that it would, and that + Members would demand no less, although some of their statements + raise the question of whether or not it does. + + Furthermore, the practice of allowing members to write overdraft + checks for the amount of their next month's wages, was in itself, + not officially sanctioned, other than, by custom. + + But the Report states that the General Accounting Office, the + investigative branch of Congress, expressed misgivings about the + overdrafts. It at first, beginning in the 1950s, repeatedly + requested the Sergeant-at-Arms to rectify the situation and either + not allow overdrafts or to establish hard and fast guidelines. + + The practice ultimately became sanctioned by custom, however, when + the succeeding Sergeants-at-Arms defended the practice as being an + allowable draft against the next month's salary, rather than as + an overdraft. Thus, by a semantic game, did the Members and + their employee, the Sergeants-at-Arms, extend their privilege. + + + + Criticism of the practice by the GAO, apparently ended in the 1970s, + when the GAO audits were made public. But it did make lists of + suggested regulations which were never adopted, and it did note + with horror that in a ten year period ending in 1968, the number + of unpaid checks had tripled. + + It did not mention the matter again until the two reports that + triggered the closure of the House Bank and the disclosure of those + who had abused their privileges, covering the two fiscal years from + July 1, 1988 to June 30, 1990. + + The Committee had some difficulty in defining what constituted + "abuse of banking privileges." Its assigned task was to consider + whether Members had "routinely and repeatedly" written overdraft + checks in a "significant" amount. + + It decided that any amount up to one month's advance was not + "significant," and ultimately settled on defining "significant" + as being overdrawn in excess of one month's salary. + + + + + It acknowledged that anyone unfamiliar with the House Bank "will + find this definition of 'significant amount' generous." It then + went on to say that "In common parlance, the term 'repeated' means + more than once, and 'routine' suggests a pattern of conduct." + + But the Committee decided that "repeated" and "routine" meant that + the conduct was engaged in for more than 20 percent of the + 39 months under review. So the Committee of Members was still in + fact trying to protect its prerogatives. + + But the Minority Report, or that of Republican members of the + Committee challenged this by stating, "we find it impossible to + defend a definition of 'abuse' that is so narrow that it excludes + an individual who wrote over 850 NSF checks totaling over $150,000 + with seven separate months of negative balance exceeding next + month's salary deposit." + + A late breaking report in The Washington Times, which has been the + first to break and keep on the story, said that finally the Justice + Department is investigating the scandal to determine whether Income + Tax regulations and campaign finance regulations had been violated + with an eye to criminal proceedings. _ADR diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bakunin.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bakunin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ef9d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bakunin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ + + +The Immorality of the State + +by Mikhail Bakunin [1814-1876] + +Transcribed by The Dak + +Holiday Inn, Cambodia BBS 209/456-8584 + +======================================= + + + The existence of a single limited State necessarily presupposed the + +existence, and if necessary provokes the formation of several States, it + +being quite natural that the individuals who find themselves outside of this + +State and who are menaced by it in their existence and liberty, should in + +turn league themselves against it. Here we have humanity broken up into an + +indefinite number of States which are foreign, hostile, and menacing toward + +one another. + + + There is no common right, and no social contract among them, for if such a + +contract and right existed, the various States would cease to be absolutely + +independent of one another, becoming federated members of one great State. + +Unless this great State embraces humanity as a whole, it will necessarily + +have against it the hostility of other great States, federated internally. + +Thus war would always be supreme law and the inherent necessity of the very + +existence of humanity. + + + Every State, whether it is of a federative or a non-federative character, + +must seek, under the penalty of utter ruin, to become the most powerful of + +States. It has to devour others in order not to be devoured in turn, to + +conquer in order not to be conquered, to enslave in order not to be enslaved + +- for two similar and at the same time alien powers, cannot co-exist without + +destroying each other. + + + THE STATE THEN IS THE MOST FLAGRANT NEGATION, THE MOST CYNICAL AND + +COMPLETE NEGATION OF HUMANITY. It rends apart the universal solidarity of + +all men upon earth, and it unites some of them only in order to destroy, + +conquer, and enslave all the rest. It takes under its protection only its + +own citizens, and it recognizes human right, humanity, and civilization only + +within the confines of its own boundries. And since it does not recognize + +any right outside of its own confines, it quite logically arrogated to itself + +the right to treat with the most ferocious inhumanity all the foreign + +populations whom it can pillage, exterminate, or subordinate to its will. + + + Since international law does not exist, and since it never can exist in a + +serious and real manner without undermining the very foundations of the + +principle of absolute State sovereignty, the State cannot have any duties + +toward foreign populations. If then it treats humanely a conquered people, + +if it does not go to the full length in pillaging and exterminating it, and + +does not reduce it to the last degree of slavery, it does so perhaps because + +of considerations of political expediency and prudence, or even because of + +pure magnanimity, but never because of duty - for it has an absolute right to + +dispose of them in any way it deems fit. + + + This flagrant negation of humanity, which constitutes the very essence of + +the State, is from the point of view of the latter the supreme duty and the + +greatest virtue: it is called PATRIOTISM and it constitutes the TRANSCENDENT + +MORALITY of the State. We call it the transcendent morality because + +ordinarily it transcends the level of human morality and justice, whether + +private or common, and thereby it often sets itself in shard contradiction to + +them. Thus, for instance, to offend, oppress, rob, plunder, assassinate, or + +enslave one's fellowman is, to the ordinary morality of man, to commit a + +serious crime. + + + In public life, on the contrary, from the point of view of patriotism, + +when it is done for the greater glory of the State in order to conserve or to + +enlarge its power, all that becomes a duty and a virtue. And this duty, this + +virtue, are obligatory upon every patriotic citizen. Everyone is expected to + +discharge those duties not only in respect to strangers but in respect to his + +fellow-citizens, members and subjects of the same State, whenever the welfare + +of the State demands it from him. + + + The supreme law of the State is self-preservation at any cost. And since + +all States, ever since they came to exist upon the earth, have been condemned + +to perpetual struggle - a struggle against their own populations, whom they + +oppress and ruin, a struggle against all foreign States, every one of which + +can be strong only if the others are weak - and since the States cannot hold + +their own in this struggle unless they constantly keep on augmenting their + +power against their own subjects as well as against the neighborhood States - + +- it follows that the supreme law of the State is the augmentation of its + +power to the detriment of internal liberty and external justice. + + + Such is in its stark reality the sole morality, the sole aim of the State. + +It worships God himself only because he is its own exclusive God, the + +sanction of its power and of that which it calls its right, that is, the + +right to exist at any cost and always to expand at the cost of other States. + +Whatever serves to promote this end is worthwhile, legitimate, and virtuous. + +Whatever harms it is criminal. The morality of the State then is the + +reversal of human justice and human morality. + + + The State has to recognize in its own hypocritical manner the powerful + +sentiment of humanity. In the face of this fainful alternative there remains + +only one way out: and that it hypocrisy. The States pay their outward + +respects to this idea of humanity; they speak and apparently act only in the + +name of it, but they violate it every day. This, however, should not be held + +against the States. They cannot act otherwise, their position having become + +such that they can hold their own only by lying. Diplomacy has no other + +mission. + + + Therefore what do we see? Every time a State wants to declare war upon + +another State, it starts off by launching a manifesto addressed not only to + +its own subjects but to the whole world. In this manifesto it declares that + +right and justice are on its side, and it endeavors to prove that it is + +actuated only by love of peace and humanity and that, imbued with generous + +and peaceful sentiments, it suffered for a long time in silence until the + +mounting iniquity of its enemy forced it to bare its sword. At the same time + +it vows that, disdainful of all material conquest and not seeking any + +increase in territory, it will put and end to this war as soon as justice is + +reestablished. And its antagonist answers with a similar manifesto, in which + +naturally right, justice, humanity, and all the generous sentiments are to be + +found respectively on its side. + + + Those mutually opposed manifestos are written with the same eloquence, + +they breathe the same virtuous indignation, and one is just as sincere as the + +other; that is to say both of them are equally brazen in their lies, and it + +is only fools who are deceived by them. Sensible persons, all those who have + +had some political experience, do not even take the trouble of reading such + +manifestoes. On the contrary, they seek ways to uncover the interests + +driving both adversaries into this war, and to weigh the respective power of + +each of them in order to guess the outcome of the struggle. Which only goes + +to prove that moral issues are not at stake in such wars. + + + Perpetual war is the price of the State's existence. The rights of + +peoples, as well as the treaties regulating the relations of the States, lack + +any moral sanction. In every definite historic epoch they are the material + +expression of the equilibrium resulting from the mutual antagonism of States. + +So long as States exist, there will be no peace. There will be only more or + +less prolonged respites, armistices concluded by the perpetually belligerent + +States; but as soon as the State feels sufficiently strong to destroy this + +equilibrium to its advantage, it will never fail to do so. The history of + +humanity fully bears out this point. + + + Crimes are the moral climate of the States. This explains to us why ever + +since history began, that is, ever since States came inmto existence, the + +political world has always been and still continues to be the stage for high + +knavery and unsurpassed brigandage - brigandage and knavery which are held in + +high honor, since they are ordained by patriotism, transcendent morality, and + +by the supreme interest of the State. This explains to us why all the + +history of ancient and modern States is nothing more than a series of + +revolting crimes; why present and past kings and ministers of all times and + +of all countries - statesmen, diplomats, bureaucrats, and warriors - if + +judged from the point of view of simple morality and human justice, deserve a + +thousand times the gallows of penal servitude. + + + For there is no terror, cruelty, sacrilege, perjury, imposture, infamous + +transaction, cynical theft, brazen robbery or foul treason which has not been + +committed and all are still being committed daily by representatives of the + +State, with no other excuse than this elastic, at times so convenient and + +terrible phrase REASON OF STATE. + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/batf-not.txt b/politicalTextFiles/batf-not.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de1fb09 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/batf-not.txt @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +From _American Firearms Industry_, September 1993 + + BATF and the Night of Terror + +by Bob Lesmeister + + Bold face: "What are you doing in my house? Get out of my house!" + + This is what Janice Hart screamed as she witnessed agents of the Bureau +of Alcohol, Tobacco, & Firearms (BATF) literally tearing her home apart. +What had Janice Hart done to have her house destroyed? NOTHING. BATF had the +wrong house and the wrong suspect. In what has become the rule instead of +the exception, BATF agents blatantly and knowingly violated Hart's 1st, 2nd, +3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Amendment rights. In addition, agents once again +forcefully abused children in the "pursuit of their duties." + + As related by Margie Boule in the Washington OREGONIAN, in the evening of +February 5th Janet [sic] Hart had just returned home to her house outside of +Portland, Oregon, from the grocery store with her two young daughters when +she noticed law enforcement agents swarming in and out of her home. Little +did she realize that they had literally torn the inside of her house apart +in the search for guns that didn't exist. When she stormed up to the side +door (it had been torn off its hinges and then nailed back on) demanding an +answer a BATF agent yanked her inside telling her she was going to jail. In +typical BATF fashion, Hart was not informed of the charges against her, she +was not read her rights, nor was she allowed to see after her children. + + The children were terrified. Both daughters heard the BATF agent say Mrs. +Hart was headed for jail and they became horrified. As Hart's daughter told +THE OREGONIAN, "I was crying. They (BATF agents) say, 'Shut up and get back +in the car.' So, I put up my knee like to get out, and he shut the door on +my knee." BATF may call this act of child abuse an "accident" or something +that happened in "the heat of confrontation" but the truth is, agents have +been engaging in this sort of behavior since the inception of the BATF as a +bureau. The most blatant case being the storming of the Branch Davidian +compound with automatic weapons, knowing full well that children would be +caught in the crossfire. Another incident was the case of Del and Melisa +Knudson. During a raid on the Knudson home (no illegal firearms were found), +Mrs. Knudson was handcuffed and forced to leave her 21-month old daughter +unattended in a bathtub. Luckily, the baby didn't drown. Evidently, the +agents were not concerned with the baby's welfare nor that of the parents. + + As the daughters were being held outside the home, Hart was forced +inside. In what must have seemed like a scene from a Gestapo raid in Nazi +Germany, Janice Hart witnessed the destruction of her personal property by +the "secret police." As she related to THE OREGONIAN, "I'm screaming, 'Oh my +God, what are you doing to my house?' They told me to shut up. They said I +could talk later. And they kept saying, 'You're going to prison, Janice.' +The whole house was totally destroyed." + + BATF agents in the kitchen were throwing plates and dishes on the floor. +In the bedroom agents were ripping clothes off hangers and dumping them on +the floor. Dresser drawers were overturned and strewn all about. Hart's life +was terrorized, her children were abused, her house destroyed, and her +personal belongings ravaged. During the Gestapo-style raid, while Mrs. Hart +was in custody, BATF agents did not bother to insure that Hart was indeed +the subject of their warrant. They simply didn't bother to check. And what's +worse, when it was obvious the had the wrong person, they continued to +terrorize Hart and her family. + + In a complete violation of Hart's civil and constitutional rights, BATF +agents herded her into the basement of the house and interrogated her. Like +a scene from some cheap detective move, agents gave her the "third degree." + + "There's about eight of them down there," she told the OREGONIAN, "and +they're asking my over and over my name, my Social Security number, my +birthdate. On and on, over and over. And I'm saying, 'What did I do?'" + + Hart was forced to answer questions for over an hour before she was read +her rights and then agents refused to allow her to call an attorney, both +serious violations of Hart's Constitutional rights knowingly violated by +BATF. George Kim, main investigator, should have known better. The person +cited in the warrant was Janice Marie Harrell, who had used "Hart" as an +alias, but that's where the similarity ends. The Janice the BATF was in +search of had a scar on her face. Janice Hart did not. Harrell was a street +woman, while Hart was a working-class homeowner with two children. Hart's +eyes were a different color than Harrell's, her hair was different and she +was heavier than the real suspect. There was nothing in Hart's background or +physical appearance that matched Janice Marie Harrell. + + "They pulled up my sleeves, looking for scars," said Hart. Of course, +they weren't there. "I say, 'How do I remove scars? Scars don't disappear.' +That's when he (Kim) started getting this expression on his face like 'I +think I messed up.' But of course, they don't admit that to you." + + So, when it's obvious that Agent Kim and his bumbling agents have the +wrong person, do they release Hart? No, they arrest her. They read Hart her +rights and take her to the Portland slammer. It was at the Portland police +station when things finally turned around. The Portland police, professional +and conscientious, treated Hart as a person, without intimidation and +threats. Immediately upon being fingerprinted, they released her because it +was obvious that Kim and his Keystone Cops had arrested the wrong person. It +took Portland police 30 seconds to recognize that Janice Hart was not Janice +Harrell and they released her, while Kim and his agents were standing nearby +scratching their heads. + + OREGONIAN reporter, Margie Boule recounted Hart's story for local +Portland BATF resident agent in charge, Pete McLouth and he basically said +that his agents did indeed pick up the wrong person. He couldn't deny it +because Harrell was picked up shortly after the terrorist raid on Hart's +home. That's about all he said, however, because McLouth took the standard +BATF line of "I can't talk about it because it's an ongoing investigation." + + The search warrants used by the BATF in the Hart case were much like the +ones used in the Branch Davidian case. Someone, with hearsay knowledge, +tipped BATF off. There was no evidence that Janice Hart was Janice Harrell +and absolutely no evidence or even the slightest indication that Hart was +illegally dealing firearms. + + The raid was conducted simply because of one person's gossip. Even though +Janice Hart no longer faces criminal charges, she is still feeling the +harassment of BATF. She now suffers both sleep and eating disorders. She and +her older daughter visit a psychiatrist to deal with the stress and her +4-year-old daughter has had related problems in school. Added to that, +Hart's neighbors are no longer the friendly sort. To them, Hart is still a +criminal subject of a police raid. + + What is evident once again from this raid is the fact that BATF agents +did not feel that violent behavior, destruction of property, violation of +rights and child abuse would be challenged. It shows once again that silence +from the top, read that to mean BATF Director Stephen Higgins' office, is +taken as a green light to commit atrocities in the name of the law. Director +Higgins is well aware that violations are being committed on a daily basis +by his agents, yet he has done nothing and continues to do nothing about it. +He once again has proved himself to be an eneffectual and incompetent law +enforcement officer. Over the past year it has been shown that sexual +harrassment and intimidation even within the ranks of the BATF has gone +unabated and violent terrorist raids on innocent citizens continue at an +alarming rate. This continues because the Director allows it. One word or +one directive from Higgins could prevent future Constitutional and civil +rights violations by BATF agents, but so far, he denies there is a problem. +Unless citizens get involved and pressure the White House to appoint a +professional person with integrity and respect for the Bill of Rights to +head BATF, the abuses will continue. + + Tom Cloyd, writing an editorial to THE OREGONIAN in response to the raid, +sums it up best. "But the horror and violence go even beyond this, for child +abuse was apparently involved in this case. Three children, ages 12, 9 and 4 +were in the car when Hart arrived home to find it being trashed by federal +agents. The children had to watch this act of incomprehensible violence and +the 12-year-old was physically abused when and agent closed a door on her +leg to keep her from getting out of the car. I hope others will join with me +in demanding that federal law enforcement agents of all sorts be briefed on +the Bill of Rights, be held accountable to the public for their actions and +be prosecuted when they take our society's legitimate and law-driven pursuit +of justice into their own hands." + + Unfortunately, it seems that Director Higgins is unconcerned with the +Bill of Rights as he permits his agents to violate the law time and again +without censure or reprimand. I try hard not to draw parallels to the +Gestapo of the 1930's and 40's and Stalin's ruthless NKVD, but breaking down +of doors, the destruction of property, illegal interrogations etc. of +innocent people by BATF are so close to "secret police" tactics that they +could be right out of the KGB manual. Russia's first secret police was +formed by Ivan the Terrible in 1565 and they were every bit as cruel as +their descendants in the Cheka and the KGB. French biographer and historian +Henri Troyat describes some of Ivan's secret police tactics: "Husbands were +tortured in front of wives, mothers in front of children." I'm sure +12-year-old Nina Hart and 4-year-old Randi Hart know the feeling. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bbs-olt.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bbs-olt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9574aa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bbs-olt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ + +Reprinted from: Compuserve's Online Today + +FEDERAL PRIVACY SUIT AGAINST BBS OPERATOR (March 26) + + An electronic bulletin board system user has filed a $112,000 lawsuit +against a BBS and its system operator claiming that the sysop did not properly +safeguard private electronic mail. The lawsuit could prove to be a landmark +since a court ruling would be the first one handed down under the federal +Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986. The ECPA mandates privacy +protection of electronic communications, including the electronic mail found +on commercial services and bulletin board systems. + Linda Thompson filed a pro se complaint in the US District Court for the +Southern District of Indiana. The civil action alleges that Bob Predaina, +doing business as the Professional's Choice Bulletin Board, violated federal +or Indiana state law on 10 counts. + According to the complaint obtained by Online Today, during December of 1987, +Predaina allowed others to access and view the contents of all electronic +communications in a private message portion of the subscription BBS. +Previously deleted private messages were also restored so that others could +read them. Apparently, Thompson`s private e-mail was among the messages made +available to others. + Again, in January, 1988, the sysop "intentionally or recklessly intercepted +and restored to the public portion of the board," a private message of +Thompson's that she had previously deleted. In subsequent action, the sysop +denied Thompson access to the board even though she had paid one year +subscription to the BBS. When Thompson requested that the sysop refrain from +actions that "were contrary to the law," Predaina refused. + The last two counts of the complaint could be the most damaging and state +that on January 6, the sysop "intentionally, maliciously or with reckless +disregard for the truth, made statements which on their face are damaging to +the professional and personal reputation of [Thompson] in public and to another +person, subjecting the Petitioner to humiliation, personal anguish and +ridicule." In the suit, Predaina is charged with making similar statements in +the form of publicly posted BBS messages. + Predaina did not respond to phone calls from Online Today for a reaction to +the lawsuit. However, callers to Predaina's BBS are greeted with a public +apology to Thompson. + "Generally sysops are good at policing themselves and their boards," Thompson +told Online Today. "The reason for the lawsuit was that there apparently was +going to be no resolution between [Predaina and myself]. I think that if you +have a board that has a facility for private mail, you have a right to expect +that private mail stays private and is not spread all over." + + --James Moran + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bbsefct.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bbsefct.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9dffef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bbsefct.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +This file contains a short article on the impact one Bulletin Board +system (BBS) can have in the local enviroment. Be sure to read if you +are a SYSOP or travel the bulletin boards. +THE IMPACT BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEMS AND LOCAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE +SYSTEMS CAN HAVE ON THE POLITICAL PROCESS. +The following message was left by Fred McCamic on the RECYCLENET Bulletin +board in New Jersey, Jan 85. +Do you wonder what difference a computer bulletin board could make? Beg, +borrow or steal the March 1985 issue of "Whole Earth Review", turn to +page 89, and read "The Neighborhood ROM": Computer Aided Local Politics". +It's an interview of Dave Hughes, a retired U.S. Army Colonel who runs a +bulletin board in Colorado Springs. +Two years ago, it seems, Hughes spotted a small legal notice regarding +an ordinance that would have regulated working at home. He attended the +planning commission meeting, and was alone in speaking against the ordinance. +The commission agreed to table the ordinance for 30 days, during which time +he posted the text on his BBS, and wrote just two letters to editors +suggesting that people could dial his BBS. In the next 10 days, over 250 +people called the board. +Some 175 aroused citizens attended the next city council meeting. At least +one person submitted revised ordinance text to the BBS. The planning board +made four successive revisions of the ordinance; each one was posted on the +BBS. When the final version came up for a vote, no one had anything to say +-it had already been said on the BBS. +ed on the +BBS. When the final version came up for a vote, no one had anything to say +-it had already been \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bbsvslaw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bbsvslaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99234ef --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bbsvslaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +| +| From: MIKE SWARTZBECK Refer#: NONE +| To: ALL Recvd: NO +| Subj: Rodney King beaten AGAIN! Conf: (160) ANEWS +| from Computer Underground Digest, 12.03.92: +| Date: 02 Dec 92 11:49:08 EST +| From: David Lehrer <71756.2116@COMPUSERVE.COM> +| Subject: File 8--Akron BBS trial update! +| +| Akron BBS trial update: Dangerous precedents in sysop prosecution +| +| You may already know about the BBS 'sting' six months ago in Munroe +| Falls, OH for "disseminating matter harmful to juveniles." Those +| charges were dropped for lack of evidence. Now a trial date of 1/4/93 +| has been set after new felony charges were filed, although the +| pretrial hearing revealed no proof that *any* illegal content ever +| went out over the BBS, nor was *any* found on it. +| +| For those unfamiliar with the case, here's a brief summary to date. +| In May 1992 someone told Munroe Falls police they *thought* minors +| could have been getting access to adult materials over the AKRON +| ANOMALY BBS. Police began a 2-month investigation. They found a small +| number of adult files in the non-adult area. +| +| The sysop says he made a clerical error, causing those files to be +| overlooked. Normally adult files were moved to a limited-access area +| with proof of age required (i.e. photostat of a drivers license). +| +| Police had no proof that any minor had actually accessed those files +| so police logged onto the BBS using a fictitious account, started a +| download, and borrowed a 15-year old boy just long enough to press the +| return key. The boy had no knowledge of what was going on. +| +| Police then obtained a search warrant and seized Lehrer's BBS system. +| Eleven days later police arrested and charged sysop Mark Lehrer with +| "disseminating matter harmful to juveniles," a misdemeanor usually +| used on bookstore owners who sell the wrong book to a minor. However, +| since the case involved a computer, police added a *felony* charge of +| "possession of criminal tools" (i.e. "one computer system"). +| +| Note that "criminal tool" statutes were originally intended for +| specialized tools such as burglar's tools or hacking paraphenalia used +| by criminal 'specialists'. The word "tool" implies deliberate use to +| commit a crime, whereas the evidence shows (at most) an oversight. +| This raises the Constitutional issue of equal protection under the law +| (14'th Amendment). Why should a computer hobbyist be charged with a +| felony when anyone else would be charged with a misdemeanor? +| +| At the pretrial hearing, the judge warned the prosecutor that they'd +| need "a lot more evidence than this" to convict. However the judge +| allowed the case to be referred to a Summit County grand jury, though +| there was no proof the sysop had actually "disseminated", or even +| intended to disseminate any adult material "recklessly, with knowledge +| of its character or content", as the statute requires. Indeed, the +| sysop had a long history of *removing* such content from the non-adult +| area whenever he became aware of it. This came out at the hearing. +| +| The prosecution then went on a fishing expedition. According to the +| Cleveland Plain Dealer (7/21/92) +| +| "[Police chief] Stahl said computer experts with the Ohio Bureau +| of Criminal Identification and Investigation are reviewing the +| hundreds of computer files seized from Lehrer's home. Stahl said it's +| possible that some of the games and movies are being accessed in +| violation of copyright laws." +| +| Obviously the police believe they have carte blanche to search +| unrelated personal files, simply by lumping all the floppies and files +| in with the computer as a "criminal tool." That raises Constitutional +| issues of whether the search and seizure was legal. That's a +| precedent which, if not challenged, has far-reaching implications for +| *every* computer owner. +| +| Also, BBS access was *not* sold for money, as the Cleveland Plain +| Dealer reports. The BBS wasn't a business, but rather a free community +| service, running on Lehrer's own computer, although extra time on the +| system could be had for a donation to help offset some of the +| operating costs. 98% of data on the BBS consists of shareware +| programs, utilities, E-mail, etc. +| +| The police chief also stated: +| +| "I'm not saying it's obscene because I'm not getting into that +| battle, but it's certainly not appropriate for kids, especially +| without parental permission," Stahl said. +| +| Note the police chief's admission that obscenity wasn't an issue at +| the time the warrant was issued. +| +| Here the case *radically* changes direction. The charges above were +| dropped. However, while searching the 600 floppy disks seized along +| with the BBS, police found five picture files they think *could* be +| depictions of borderline underage women; although poor picture quality +| makes it difficult to tell. +| +| The sysop had *removed* these unsolicited files from the BBS hard +| drive after a user uploaded them. However the sysop didn't think to +| destroy the floppy disk backup, which was tossed into a cardboard box +| with hundreds of others. This backup was made before he erased the +| files off the hard drive. +| +| The prosecution, lacking any other charges that would stick, is using +| these several floppy disks to charge the sysop with two new second-degree +| felonies, "Pandering Obscenity Involving A Minor", and +| "Pandering Sexually Oriented Matter Involving A Minor" (i.e. kiddie +| porn, prison sentence of up to 25 years). +| +| The prosecution produced no evidence the files were ever "pandered". +| There's no solid expert testimony that the pictures depict minors. All +| they've got is the opinion of a local pediatrician. All five pictures +| have such poor resolution that there's no way to tell for sure to what +| extent makeup or retouching was used. A digitized image doesn't have +| the fine shadings or dot density of a photograph, which means there's +| very little detail on which to base an expert opinion. The +| digitization process also modifies and distorts the image during +| compression. +| +| The prosecutor has offered to plea-bargain these charges down to +| "possession" of child porn, a 4th degree felony sex crime punishable +| by one year in prison. The sysop refuses to plead guilty to a sex +| crime. Mark Lehrer had discarded the images for which the City of +| Munroe Falls adamantly demands a felony conviction. This means the +| first "pandering" case involving a BBS is going to trial in *one* +| month, Jan 4th. +| +| The child porn statutes named in the charges contain a special +| exemption for libraries, as does the original "dissemination to +| juveniles" statute (ORC # 2907.321 & 2). The exemption presumably +| includes public and privately owned libraries available to the public, +| and their disk collections. This protects library owners when an adult +| item is misplaced or loaned to a minor. (i.e. 8 year olds can rent +| R-rated movies from a public library). +| +| Yet although this sysop was running a file library larger than a small +| public library, he did not receive equal protection under the law, as +| guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. Neither will any other BBS, if this +| becomes precedent. The 'library defense' was allowed for large +| systems in Cubby versus CompuServe, based on a previous obscenity case +| (Smith vs. California), in which the Supreme Court ruled it generally +| unconstitutional to hold bookstore owners liable for content, because +| that would place an undue burden on bookstores to review every book +| they carry, thereby 'chilling' the distribution of books and +| infringing the First Amendment. +| +| If the sysop beats the bogus "pandering" charge, there's still +| "possession", even though he was *totally unaware* of what was on an +| old backup floppy, unsolicited in the first place, found unused in a +| cardboard box. "Possession" does not require knowledge that the person +| depicted is underage. The law presumes anyone in possession of such +| files must be a pedophile. The framers of the law never anticipated +| sysops, or that a sysop would routinely be receiving over 10,000 files +| from over 1,000 users. +| _______________________ +| +| One comment: If a computer is a 'criminal tool' my local +| public library and most of the schools in this area are in -BIG- +| trouble... diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/betrayed.txt b/politicalTextFiles/betrayed.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bf5b66 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/betrayed.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1640 @@ +The following is a transcript of the video, "A NATION BETRAYED". It +documents alleged CIA involvement in covert drug running activities and +how they supposedly interfered with the nation's attempts to recover +POW/MIAs. It is very long (around 75K bytes) so you may wish to save +it and download it from your network site for offline reading. It is a +document I promised I'd upload to the net. You may find it +unbelievable. You may not be surprised at what it says. I have +several comments which I will append to end of the document. Sufficed +to say that information of this type is its own shocking kind of +pornography. As far as I can see Gritz's arguments are more or less +sound. The evidence from three separate sources is even more +compelling. As I watched this video I felt thoroughly violated. It is +not enjoyable reading, but it may well be true. + +Be careful when you seek the truth. Upon finding it you may be forced +to change your view of the world. + +(apologies to the original quote) + +(Transcriber's note: The following is a transcription of spoken +english and as such can be difficult to read, much less transcribe. I +have tried to preserve exactly as was spoken except for a few places +where I have organized the language used to clarify meaning. I am not +an English major so don' slam me for not using perfect english +punctuation in the sometimes rather strange usages.) + +---------------------------CUT HERE---------------------------------- + +Colonel Bo Gritz Addressing the American Liberty Lunch Club: + +What I want to tell you very quickly is something that I feel is more +heinous than the Bataan death march. Certainly it is of more concern to +you as Americans than the Watergate. What I'm talking about is +something we found out in Burma - May 1987. We found it out from a man +named Khun Sa. He is the recognized overlord of heroin in the world. +Last year he sent 900 tons of opiates and heroin into the free world. +This year it will be 1200 tons. + +(video showing discussion at Khun Sa's headquarters -- some translation +of Burmese to English going on..Bo Gritz still talking to Lunch club in +the foreground) + +On video tape he said to us something that was most astounding: that US +government officials have been and are now his biggest customers, and +have been for the last twenty years. I wouldn't believe him. We +fought a war in Laos and Cambodia even as we fought whatever it was in +Vietnam. The point is that there are as many bomb holes in those two +other countries as there are in Vietnam. Five hundred and fifty plus +Americans were lost in Laos. Not one of them ever came home. We heard +a president say, "The war is over, we are out with honor - all of the +prisoners are home." and a few other lies. Now we got rid of that +president, but we didn't get rid of the problem. We ran the war in +Laos and Cambodia through drugs. The money that would not be +appropriated by a liberal congress, was appropriated. And you know who +we used for distribution? Santos Trafficante, old friend of the CIA +and mobster out of Cuba and Florida. We lost the war! +Fifty-eight-thousand Americans were killed. Seventy-thousand became +drug casualties. In the sixties and seventies you saw an infusion of +drugs into America like never was before. Where do you think the Mafia +takes the heroin and opiates that it gets through its arrangement with +the US government? It doesn't distribute them in Africa or Europe. +This is the big money bag here. We're Daddy Warbucks for them. So I +submit to you that the CIA has been pressed for solutions. Each time +they have gone to the sewer to find it. And you cant smell like a rose +when you've been playing in the cesspool. We've been embracing +organized crime. Now you've all looked and heard about Ollie North, +about the Contras, about nobody knowing anything. + +(cut to part of Iran Contra hearings with Ollie North explaining the +flow of funds from Iran to the Contras) + +North: + +And Mr. Gorbanifar suggested several incentives to make that February +transaction work. And the attractive incentive for me was the one he +made that residuals could flow to support the Nicaraguan resistance. + + +Legislator: + +Even Gorbanifar knew that you were supporting the Contras. + +North: + +Yes he did. Isvestia knew it. The name had been in the papers in +Moscow. It had been all over Danny Ortega's newscasts. Radio Havana +was broadcasting it. It had been in every newspaper in the land. + +Legislator: + +All our enemies knew it and you wanted to keep it from the United +States Congress. + +North: + +We wanted to be able to deny a covert operation. + + +(back to Bo at the Luncheon Club) + + +We have a constitution that says that the laws will be made by the +Congress, enforced by the executive branch, interpreted by the judicial +branch. But in reality we have an executive branch that has for more +than a twenty years operated in what what Ollie North called a parallel +government. When the Congress says no, it makes no difference. +They're gonna do it anyway. And it is special intelligence - top +secret. Why? Not because the communists don't know what were doing, +its to keep it a secret from you. You're not capable of making those +kinds of decisions according to those in parallel government. The +reason I know ... I was there. I've been a product of parallel +government myself. + +(Narrator) + +Lieutenant Colonel James 'Bo' Gritz is the most decorated Green Beret +commander of the Vietnam Era. General William Westmoreland, in writing +his memoirs, singled out Bo Gritz as the "American Soldier" for his +exemplary courage in combat and outstanding ingenuity in recovering a +highly secret black-box the Viet-Cong had taken from a crashed U2 spy +plane. The feature films "Rambo", "Uncommon Valor" and "Missing in +Action" were based in part upon his real-life military experiences. + +(Back to Bo) + +Dick Secord, General, United States Air Force, a man I know well, said +it best. Before the senate investigating committee Dick Secord was +asked - if we were supporting the Contras, why were we selling them +arms bought from a communist block nation at exorbitant profit rates. + +(skip to scene from hearings) + + +Senator: + +If the purpose of the enterprise was to help the contras, why did you +charge Colero a mark-up? + +Secord: + +We were in business to make a living, Senator. We had to make a +living. I didn't see anything wrong with it at the time. It was a +commercial enterprise. + +Senator: + +Oh..I thought the purpose of the enterprise was to aid Colero's cause. + +Secord: + +Can't I have two purposes? I did. + +Senator: + +Oh..allright. + +(back to Bo) + +And then Dick Secord said in his playboy interview: "I think I deserve +the eight million that we made from the Iran arms sale for all the hard +work I did." If you've got to pay a patriot, you've got the wrong guy. + +(applause from audience) + +These are patriots for profit. There has been a guise of patriotism +that a lot of people have been hiding behind. War is their business. +Business has been good. + + +(fade to shots of the Vietnam 'conflict' - Narrator takes over again) + +Bo Gritz risked his life a thousand times in combat in Vietnam before +he was sent by a national security council staffer Tom Harvey in the +White House to Burma in November of 1986 in search of American +prisoners of war. He discovered instead a heroin highway and a nation +betrayed by high level American officials involved in narcotics +trafficking. Tom Harvey and his superiors in the White House were not +pleased with Bo's report. + +(fade to scene of Bo - now with beard in a field obviously somewhere in +Southeast Asia - palm trees and oxen indigenous to the area abound - I +assume its in either Burma or Thailand) + +The thing that I was most concerned about was - and I thought was +fantastic - was the general's offer to stop the flow of opium and +heroin into the free world. When I asked him (assume he's talking +about a conversation with Tom Harvey now) he said "that's fantastic". +There was a pause, then he said, "Bo, there's no one here that supports +that." And I said, "What?! Vice-President Bush has been appointed by +president Reagan as the Number One policeman to control drug entry into +the United States. How can you say there's no interest and no support +when we bring back a video tape with a direct interview with a man who +puts 900 tons of opium and heroin across into the free world every year +and is willing to stop it?" And he said, "Bo, what can I tell you? +All I can tell you is there is no interest in doing that here." + +Well that made me wonder. Thats because it doesn't sound American and +it doesn't sound right. Thats when we began to do our own +investigation because for about three years people had told me, both in +Washington DC and, interestingly enough, in Oklahoma city that the +whole POW situation was being undermined by US government officials +involved in drug trafficking. I wouldn't believe it. I said, "You +guys aren't playing with a full deck... you've got yourselves strung +out too thin." And they said, "Bo, you better listen, because for +three years we've had prisoners literally within our grasp and +something has happened at the last minute." (I said), "Each time I've +made every effort to cooperate with government officials. I can't +believe that people in the US government would actually, either overtly +or covertly, do anything to undermine a rescue operation. " + +Well, we're still without Prisoners of War and there is no interest, +we're told at the White House, in stopping the flow of drugs coming in +from the Golden Triangle into the free world. + +(fade to front-page articles about Bo Gritz in Parade magazine and +Soldier of Fortune...narrator picks up here) + +Lieutenant Colonel Bo Gritz is no stranger to controversy. In thirty +years of devoted service to the US Army and to the recovery of American +prisoners of war, he has encountered plenty. The making of this +American warrior began early. He was five years old when his father, a +B-17 pilot, was shot down over Europe during World War II. His mother, +a pilot with the women's Air Force, would later marry a master sergeant +and remain with the occupation forces in Germany after the war. Raised +by his maternal grandparents in Oklahoma, young Bo Gritz began training +at Fort Union Military Academy in Virginia. He was named Corps +Commander in his senior year when he chanced upon a recruiting poster +that changed his life. In short order, Gritz won his green beret in +the Army Special forces by passing all courses in the unconventional +warfare training. After graduating from officer's candidate school, the +newly-commissioned second lieutenant then insisted on Ranger training. + +Assigned to the command of the first mobile South Vietnamese gorilla +forces to be organized, Gritz also operated secretly in Cambodia and +Laos with his force of Cambodian mercenaries, or "Bos", as he called +them. By official body-count, over 450 of the enemy died as a result + of Gritz's actions. His wartime records are replete with examples of +Bo's concern for keeping Americans alive in a war gone mad. + +As recon chief of the supersecret delta-force, Bo was cited for Valor +in saving the lives of 30 US Infantrymen from the BigRed-One division. +More often than not, his valor was in placing himself between the +enemy and his men. According to an official military report dated 31 +July 1967 submitted on then Major Gritz, "His personal bravery is +legendary exemplified by the fact that he has been awarded five silver +stars and numerous other decorations for valor." In all Bo Gritz was +awarded 62 citations for valor, five silver stars, eight bronze stars, +two purple hearts and a presidential citation. + +Bo was ready to sign up for a fifth tour of duty when he had a talk +with General Fred Weiyan (sp?), the "daddy-rabbit" in Vietnam. As +Gritz described it, "I was a major and special operations chief. I'll +never forget that day. I stood there and heard that man say. Bo, your +not going to win the war and neither am I." That was the most +disillusioning moment of my life. It meant that every man who had ever +lost his finger or his life had lost it for nothing. I decided, on the +spot, to leave Vietnam. I would not kill another enemy or risk another +comrade's life." + +(back to Bo at the luncheon) + +I've had the opportunity to do a lot of things that other officers have +not. I was the first recon chief and intelligence officer for +delta-force. Commanded the first gorilla forces that went behind enemy +lines. When I commanded special forces in Latin America, we did It +exactly right. And we did exactly what men in camoflage are supposed +to do. It was very natural that Harold R. Aaron (sp?) would single me +out because, besides having a sixth-degree black belt in karate, I have +established an ability to operate on my own. And I think when Aaron +said, "Bo, we want you to do this", he understood that I'm also hard +headed enough that I wouldn't cave in. He said, "I want you to +consider retiring. I would only be temporary. We have overwhealming +evidence now that people are still there, being held in communist +prisons." Mr. H. Ross Perot had been asked by Eugene Tighe, director +of the Defense Intelligence Agency, to back a private mission that +would look into the POW situation. Perot said, "Bo, I want you to go +there. I want you to do everything you have to do. You come and tell +me there aren't any prisoners of war left alive." + +(narrator) + +Bo returned from IndoChina with extensive evidence that there were +indeed American prisoners of war in captivity, including a solid report +of 47 at one particular camp. Perot turned the project back over to +General Tighe who wrote to Secretary of Defense, Harold Brown asking +that the source, a Nguyen Dok Jong (sp?) be brought to the United +States for a polygraph test. Brown repeated the request to Secretary +of State Cyrus Vance. One month later, Vance finally responded that +the commissioner of immigration would not permit Jong into the United +States for further questioning. As Bo puts it, "Think about it. One +man, not a thousand and the defense intelligence agency chief and +secretary of state can't get him into the country. That was a pretty +clear signal that the military was politically handcuffed on the +prisoner of war issue." + +For eight years Gritz sought to find and free American POW's. He +crossed five times behind enemy lines into communist Laos and Vietnam. +Three times he was within moments of embracing those American heroes +our government had declared dead. Each time something unexplained +caused Gritz and his Operation Lazarus team to fall short with freedom +and victory in sight for the POWs. + +There has never been a shortage of criticism from any number of +armchair generals such as Robert K. Brown of "Soldier of Fortune" +magazine who devoted an entire issue to condemning Gritz's efforts. +Even to the extent of publishing documents stolen from Bo while he was +on the mission in Laos. They have even belittled his prayer before +crossing enemy lines. (Gritz is a devout Mormon...Ed) His critics said +he should have looked more like the Rambo in the movies, who actually +avoided the draft in an all-girls school in Switzerland. + +More debilitating than the hundreds of miles on foot within enemy +territory has been the disinformation propagated by those within our +government who have covered up the plight of our prisoners of war. +Gritz has been accused of being a media hound. He insists he has never +sought the spotlight, but when confronted has always been a positive +voice for our prisoners of war and will continue to be until they are +home to speak for themselves. + +Working as an agent for the Intelligence Support Activity (ISA) in the +CIA, it was fine for Gritz to travel at great peril using false +documents, as Ollie North and Bud McFarland did when they traveled to +Iran on phony Irish passports. On one occasion he was stopped by US +customs at Seattle-Tacoma airport with four separate passports. He was +quickly released when his intelligence contact in Washington confirmed +his mission. It was quite acceptable with the US government for Bo +Gritz to travel at such great peril until he returned from Burma's +infamous Golden Triangle on December of 1986 with information +concerning with involvement of high-level US officials involved in +large-scale drug trafficking in Southeast Asia. His tremendous courage +in refusing to back down to their threats has lead to his current +indictment for misuse of a passport in order to keep him from getting +this information to the American public. + +(back to Bo at the luncheon) + +There a book out now called Secret Warriors, I think. Its about an +organization called the ISA. Congress never knew about and everybody +gives me credit for exposing it, but that's not true. When I was +called before congress in 1983, they said, "Bo, are you working as an +official agent for the US government?" And I said, "Yes". And they +said, "For what organization?" And I said, "I will not identify that +organization, other than to call it the activity." This is because +even the initials I-S-A were top secret. Because it wasn't an +oversight. It was created by Carter. Can you imagine that? He did +one good thing that I know of. (laughter) But it was parallel +government. He created a secret organization to do things that the CIA +could not do and he didn't dare let congress know about it. + +Now ISA got Dosier back, the general that was captured by terrorists in +Italy. And ISA did a lot of other things. You can read about them now +because its in this book by some guy who write for the Wall Street +Journal. The point is that Jerry King was the head of ISA. Jerry King +called me on the telephone and said, "Bo, we have been ordered to put +operation Grand Eagle...", which was the governments name for the +prisoner of war rescue mission. It certainly wasn't grand and it sure +wasn't an eagle 'cause it never got off the ground. But he said, +"We've been ordered to put operation Grand Eagle on the shelf as if it +never existed." Hand before God he said, "there are still too many +bureaucrats that don't want to see American prisoners of war come back +alive." Now I didn't know what Jerry King meant then. I thought he +was angry because there was a bureaucratic tug-of-war going on between +ISA, the CIA and defense intelligence and maybe he was losing. But +remember Jerry King's words, 'cause they'll tie in here. I'm wondering +why that the Vietnamese intercept Colonel Richard Walsh (a POW..Ed) +moments before the turnover and capture not only him, but the General +also (unclear who the General is here ... Ed.) And I knew that we +still had him, because in the newspapers it appeared that, "The +Vietnamese and Lao delegations of the United Nations confirm that they +are holding an American citizen in custody." And I said, "By golly, we +in our state department are going to press for an identity." Because +doesn't it say that the president is required to safegaurd American +citizens in hostile hands. And I knew when when we pressed what would +happen? Richard Walsh would be identified. Who is he? A prisoner of +war. Hooray! Now the log jam is broken. And who can Walsh testify +to? The other men he was with. And they can testify. Were going to +get them all out now, even though its going to cost us something. Did +you ever see Richard Walsh's name identified? I didn't. + +Mrs. Walsh showed me a newspaper article that said where a Air Force +casualty officer came to her at this time and said, "Your husband is +alive. He's a prisoner of war. We have high hopes he'll be coming +home soon." They put it in the newspaper there in Minneapolis. She +was told that Air Force Two was spooling up...who's that belong +to?..George Bush...to go get her husband. That's what she told me, but +it never happened and I thought again, "What rotten luck and what a +bunch of wimps in the state department for not going and demanding that +they identify that citizen." They probably did. They found out who he +was and they said, "lets forget it." Because when I walked into the +state department shortly thereafter, a friend of mine said, "Bo, we +thought that you'd been captured. Your passport turned up in a very +unlikely place." And I said, "Yeah, I know all about it." (not sure +what he's referring to here ... Ed.) + +Do you think that all of this has just been rotten luck. Well, when +you wear the uniform of the United States you have this faith ... hope +that the system will do it. Just like General Aaron said, "Let the +system do the rest." Now comes truth... + +We were training Afghan freedom fighters in the deserts of South Nevada +near where I live and I was proud to do so. In cooperation with the US +State Department Office For Security Assistance. We finished that +mission. A man by the name of Tom Harvey who is National Security +Council Ollie North look-alike. Ollie comes from Annapolis, Harvey +comes from West Point. Tom Harvey called me and said, "We have +information ...", and here is a copy of the letter that's why I brought +all these documents. I hope some of you challenge them. I hope the +White House, the Pentagon would challenge them. Because if they would +publicly that would have to admit to the truth. This letter was sent +to Vice-President Bush by an American citizen by the name of Aurthur +Soucheck, it is dated 29 August 1986. It says that General Khun Sa has +American prisoners of war. It says that Khun Sa tried to rescue four +of them. It says his forces escorted the four to the Mekong river. +While attempting to cross the rain-swollen river, the four US +personnel, three of Khun Sa's soldiers and two horses were swept away +by the raging water and all drowned. It goes on to say that Khun Sa +has repeated intelligence reports of location of US prisoners being +kept in Laos ... that he says that has seventy prisoners of war. Tom +Harvey said, "This is getting TOP priority." + +Now in G. Gordon Liddy's book, "Will", he says, "no American has ever +come out of the Golden Triangle alive." But that's what we were being +asked to do. Tom Harvey said, "Bo, do you think you would be able to +infiltrate into Khun Sa's inner sanctum and determine if this report is +true or not?" Do you think maybe somebody is trying to get me bumped +off? (laughter) It didn't make any difference. Brothers and sisters, +you and I are small compared to this nation and the risk that we take +if there is one American there is worth it. God's will they'll be home +while they're still alive. I told Harvey, "We didn't fight a war in +Burma, why should there be prisoners of war there?" But you know a guy +like Khun Sa has got connections all over. And I said, "We'll try." + +I speak Chinese. Khun Sa speaks Chinese. He's right along the +southern China border. Surrounded by communists, he's fighting the +communists. He has a forty-thousand man army. About eight-million +Shan people that make up the minority Shan state. Burma is communist. +Every one of his weapons are M16s and M60 machine guns. All the latest +stuff that we have. I found out why later. Too make a long story +short, we got in to see Khun Sa and he didn't have any prisoners of +war. And let me caveat it by saying this. We traveled three days +going and three days coming by horse over mountains that were literally +vertical up and down. I made the comment at that time to Scott Weekly +(sp?) who was Ollie North's classmate at Annapolis and went with me. +I said, "I would hate to be an engineer that had to build a highway +through these mountains because they're virgin teak forests ... rain +forests .. tremendously beautiful." + +Six days coming and going. Khun Sa didn't have any prisoners of war. +We gave Khun Sa the letter from the White House that I had. Thats the +only thing that let me get in there. You don't walk in because the CIA +has a seven digit figure on Khun Sa's head and they haven't been able +to collect. You think they're gonna let somebody like me in there. +Say, "Hi! I wanna go visit Khun Sa!" Doesn't work! But I guess they +thought this guy is crazy enough because I gave this letter ... I told +Harvey, "We got to have a credential, guy." He said, "We can't do +that, Bo. We never do that." I said, "Harvey, has anyone ever gone to +the Golden Triangle and come out alive? I need something that will +convince Khun Sa were not there to kill him, we're there for +humanitarian purposes." So Harvey said, "Well, this will be the +language. 'You are operating in cooperation with the White House .. +etc .. etc.'" It worked! Khun Sa didn't have one single prisoner of +war, didn't know anything about prisoners of war. + + +(switch to a scene with Bo and Khun Sa talking at Khun Sa's camp with +Khun Sa's troops doing practice drills in the background. Bo is +discussing the letter from Soucheck with Khun Sa. It is nearly +impossible to decipher what is specifically being discussed because +Khun Sa's troops are incredibly loud and drown out the conversation, so +I will proceed to the next scene. Don't worry...there are more Khun Sa +meetings to come. The long and short of it is Khun Sa says he will +decrease or stop the drug shipments and Gritz gets it on videotape. Now +back to Bo at the luncheon.) + + +Now with Nancy Reagan saying no to drugs and Judge Ginsberg not allowed +to sit on the supreme court because he smoked marijuana .. and you're +an accessory to murder if you ever smoke marijuana, according to Nancy +Reagan. I figured we'd get an 'attaboy'. We didn't have prisoners, +but we had three video tapes showing Khun Sa himself. And I thought, +"Boy, is George Bush gonna be thrilled about this!" (much laughter) +We delivered those tapes to Tom Harvey just before Christmas. You try +to call Tom Harvey now, because some news people did, and he doesn't +return your calls. We delivered those tapes just before Christmas, Tom +Harvey called me back and said, "Bo, Fantastic! You guys actually got +in to see Khun Sa. The CIA said he had been assasinated." Somebody +needed some pocket change. "And there he is talking." And I said, +"That's right, Tom. Harvey, what about the 900 tons?" I figured they +were just bubbling over. They were all right, they were dripping in +their knickers. But it wasn't from joy. Harvey said, "Bo..", these +are quotes ... hand on the square .. he said, "Bo, there's no interest +here in that." You be on the other end of the phone. You've just come +out of Burma. You've brought what you consider to be a way to stop 900 +tons of heroin, not marijuana and get rid of the cancer that has +infected the bureaucracy and there's "no interest." I challenged +Harvey because I'm pretty hard-headed. I said, "Tom, didn't President +Reagan appoint George Bush the number one cop to stop drugs before they +come into the United States?" I wanted to remind him of these little +things. And he said, "Bo, what can I tell you? There is NO INTEREST +here in doing that." Now that is White-House-ese for saying, "Get of +this subject, leave us alone." I knew that we had trod upon some very +sensitive toes. I still didn't have a clue to what was going on, but I +knew that we were getting close to finding out and I took off and went +to Burma again. + +Now I want to show you some things when I got back to Burma. (he shows +some newspaper headlines) The United States government wanted Khun Sa +killed quick and here's how they did it: + + US CALLS FOR NO MERCY IN DRUG WAR + +These are over-there newspapers... + + AIRSTRIKES AGAINST KHUN SA's HEADQUARTERS + BURMESE AND THAI TROOPS MOVE ON KHUN SA + +Finally it says, and there is a picture of Burmese and Thai troops +standing on top of a high mountain top: + + KHUN SA'S STRONGHOLD SEIZED + +Now many of you are soldiers, airmen, marines, sailors. You know that +airstrikes, troops mean war. There's hair, eyes and teeth everywhere. +When I went back into Burma in May I took two other Americans with me. +It was the most peaceful area. It was exactly like we left it except +for one big change. Remember I told you it took us three days to ride +by horse to get there in November and come out in December. Well, when +we went in May, we went by pickup truck. Straight from the Thai border +all the way right to the General's front door. And on the other way +coming back there were Thai military 10 ton trucks covered and loaded. +There's only one thing that comes out of the Golden Triangle and that's +heroin. + +When we got there General Khun Sa said, "What took you so long?" I +said, "General, I was waiting for the war to die down. I didn't want +to get caught in all of this 26,000 troops and airstrikes", and he just +laughed. He said, "That was a newspaper war!" I said, "What do you +mean newspaper war?" He said, "The Thai and Burmese came to me and +said that if they don't make it look like there doing something, they +stand to lose tens of millions of dollars this year in drug supression +funds from American taxpayers." So Kuhn Sa said, "Make it look like +anything you want to, but I want a rode built here." They used the +newspapers and I want to show you something. This one here says, "US +PROVIDES ANOTHER 1.8 MILLION TO FIGHT DRUGS" So it worked! And this +guy is really smiling. This is a Thai receiving a check from the US +Ambassador. + +Khun Sa got what he wanted. Now he began to assemble his officers. It +took him a week to get them all together because he brought them from +all over the place. And now I understand why. I thought I was just +going to talk to him, but he said no and put me off for a week. He +assembled officers from the entire Shan territory from all over the +Golden Triangle. They came in. He sat everybody down. He brought his +secretary out. He had his secretary read from their log. + +(Scene switches to Khun Sa's headquarters. All of Khun Sa' officers +are here along with Khun Sa. I'd say around twenty in all. Bo and his +companions are sitting with them. This is where it gets VERY +interesting. The following conversation was in broken english from +Khun Sa's end so some of the syntax may be a bit wierd.) + +Bo: + +I cannot ask the General to cut your throat by revealing any contact +that would hurt your economy at this moment. But I pray that he will +reveal any connections from the older time or that will not hurt you +now. That if they are still in power, we might be free of them. + +Khun Sa: + +Some of the connections I can expose to you. Some were in Burma, some +were in Thailand, some were in America. But I don't remember all of +their names and my secretary remembers them so he will give you the +information. + +Secretary: + +In 1965 to 1975 there is one CIA in Laos, his name was Shakley. He was +involved the narcotics business. And we know that Shakley used one +civilian to organize trafficking. His civilian name was Santos +Trafficante. He was the organizer of trafficking for Shakley. This +was financed by Richard Armitage who stayed in Vietnam. After the +Vietnam war Richard Armitage was a prominent trafficker in Bangkok. +This was between 1975 to 1979 he was a very active trafficker in +Bangkok. He was one of the embassy employees. Then after that in 1979 +he quit from embassy and then he established a company name the Far +East Trading company. Then he used the name of his company under the +table for drug trafficking. He then used the drug money to support the +Lao anti-communist troops. + +Bo: + +So he used it in arms and munitions. + +Secretary: + +Yes. This Richard Armitage has a lot of friends in Laos and Thailand. +There is a lot of CIA personnel in Laos. One of the CIA agents is +named Daniel Arnold. This Arnold was a munitions trafficker. There is +another one Jerry Daniels who organized trafficking for Richard +Armitage. + + +(Now back at the luncheon with Bo) + + +One of the men named by Khun Sa, this is not me naming him. This is +Khun Sa, the drug overlord reading from his records, named Richard +Armitage as being a chief drug trafficker from 1965 through 1979. You +know where Richard Armitage went in 1979? He went to Dole's staff, +then he Reagan's campaign staff and now he is the Assistant Secretary +of Defense right underneath Mr. Carlucci. Richard Armitage has been +responsible for recovery of US prisoners of war way back before we +actually got involved with H. Ross Perot. He is still responsible for +them. What I'm trying to do is find you Khun Sa's letter because it +will say it best. Here it is. Letter from Khun Sa written to the US +Justice department dated 28 Jun 1987. I just want to read you a couple +sentences. "During the period 1965 to 1975, CIA chief in Laos Theodore +Shakley, was in the Drug Business." Now Theodore Shakley would have +been director of intelligence of the CIA if George Bush had not been +appointed to that post. Theodore Shakley was then posted as the deputy +director for covert operations. It said, "Santo Trafficante acted as +his buying and transporting agent while Richard Armitage handled the +financial section with banks in Australia." + +All of a sudden the words from Jerry King came back, "Too many +bureaucrats don't want to see American prisoners returned alive." Why? + Couldn't figure it out. Gunboat at midnight in the middle of the +Mekong with Voice of America saying were there to abort our attack. +Walsh and the General recaptured before turnover. Why? Now I'll tell +you why. If this is true it means Richard Armitage and a lot of other +people that are named here are the least men in the world that want to +see Americans come home. Because when American prisoners of war do +come home, whether we bring them home or they drag themselves across +that Mekong river somehow, and report to the US Embassy and aren't +destroyed there. When they do come home, because they will, there will +be one hell of an investigation as to what took the greatest nation in +the world so long to bring home heroes that have been waiting for more +than fifteen years. When that investigation is conducted it will show +as Khun Sa says that these men, these bureaucrats, appointed not +elected, appointed, have broken the faith with you and this country and +its law. Have used their office as a cover to run drugs and arms to +promote covert operations that the United States Congress did not +approve of. Its the parallel government. Now that may be allright, +but I'll tell you something. It's not allright to leave hundreds of +Americans to die alone in the hands of the enemy to a bunch of wimps +that were never there. + +When I came back here, I thought I was a lone ranger. I said, "Boy, +I've got this information. Somehow we've got to get it to the proper +authorities and I'm all alone. Well, not so. Guess who shows up in +Time Magazine? H. Ross Perot ... and he's on page 18, May 4th and it +says, "Perot's Private Probes." H. Ross Perot was not in Burma with +me, but I know now where he got his info. Four billion dollars opens a +lot of doors for you. It didn't open a couple of doors, however, as +I'll let you in on this story. H. Ross Perot had gained US agent +investigation reports of Richard Armitage. Perot didn't know I was +over in Burma. He was doing this on his own. This article said he +pinned Richard Armitage. Armitage is a fat broad. Literally. This is +a giant of a man. And demanded that Armitage resign because it says +that H. Ross Perot accused him of being an a drug smuggler and an arms +dealer. That takes pretty big cajones. (laughter) It says that Perot +then went to his friend, George Bush. It says that he gave evidence of +wrong doing by Armitage. I'm quoting. Bush told Perot to go to the +proper authorities. (sounds of shock and dismay by audience) I'm still +reading now. So the billionaire called on William Webster. He's now +head of the CIA. It says that Perot made at least one visit to the +White House carrying a pile of documents, yet he has received no +support from the Reagan administration. In fact Frank Carlucci... +Who's he? He's the secretary of defense. And who was he before? +Deputy directory of Central Intelligence. Frank Carlucci called him in +to ask him to stop persueing Armitage. Talk about insulation! And +when four billion dollars cant even get your foot in the door even +though the man is a good Texan from Houston. Tell me there's no +cover-up here. + +Now H. Ross was working on his own. He didn't know what Khun Sa had +told us. Khun Sa doesn't have a television or a telephone. He doesn't +know who Richard Armitage is. He doesn't give a damn. All he knows is +the people who are on his records that he's dealt with. This affadavit +though by a man by the name of Daniel Sheehan ... and you'll recognize +Sheehan's name if you don't know him already by the Silkwood case. He +jumped on Kerr-Magee (sp?). Kerr-Magee is pretty powerful. But they +won the Silkwood case there in Oklahoma and have done a few other +things. + +(switch to a talk-show interview with Daniel Sheehan) + +Sheehan: + +There's little doubt at all that President Reagan was involved in a +conspiracy to violate the Neutrality Act. He's been directly ordered +by the United States Congress not to mount this military operation +against Nicaragua. They've cut off all funds for him to do so, but he +went to Saudi Arabia and various private citizens to raise the money in +total violation of the Federal Neutrality Act. They're engaged in +violations of the arms-export control act. They're engaged in +violations of the Federal Racketeering Act. There is a whole federal +racketeering syndicate that they like to refer to as The Enterprise. +Richard Secord referred to it as. But what it is in fact, Jim, is the +off-the-shelf, stand-alone, self-financing, covert operations capacity +that Oliver North talked about Bill Casey wanting to set up. Fact is, +that it has been set up. Its been operating for many years now. Out +from under the control of any president. Out from under the control of +the director of central intelligence. Out from under the supervision +of any intelligence committee. Its run by Theodore Shakley, the former +director of covert operations worldwide by the CIA under George Bush +when George Bush was the director of the Central Intelligence Agency in +1976. And this crowd has set up the off-the-shelf operation and is +carrying out not only a partnership with the drug dealers from Central +America and from Southeast Asia, but also carrying out a major +political assasination program which was participated in by William +Buckley who was the Beirut section chief for the CIA who was kidnapped +in March of 1984 and who was the subject of all the real negotiations +for the sale of the TOW missiles to Iran. It was not a sale to open +any openings to the moderates in Iran, nor was it in fact a negotiation +to negotiate for the general release of hostages. It was initiated +solely and exclusively to obtain the release of William Buckley because +he knew about the whereabouts of the off-the-shelf operation. It was a +criminal enterprise and they feared that if the American people found +out about that there would be a huge constitutional scandal and the +President of the United States would be impeached. + +You have to remember that the head of the Justice Department, Edwin +Meese, used to be the chief of staff at the White House that ran all +these meetings where they were setting up these plans. This was no +great surprise to Edwin Meese who came before us on November 25th, 1986 +and said, "Oh my gosh, look at this. There seems to be some sale of +TOW missiles to Iran going on here." He knew perfectly well what was +going on here. And there is a very technical phrase in the law that +refers to what they're doing. It's called a Big Fat Lie. + +(poor edit here going back to Bo at luncheon) + +Bo: + +(referring to The Christic Institue, I presume) + +If they're telling the truth in this case, then we should look at the +evidence they have. I've been told by my friends in the Central +Intelligence that they are, "funded by the KGB." Well, when they tell +me that and it's because Christic is talking bad about the government, +it makes me think that maybe somebody higher up has told them, "hey.. +go tell 'em that they're being funded by the KGB." I don't know too +much more than that, but I do know ironically enough, can H. Ross +Perot, General Khun Sa and the Christic, three different totally +separate entities come up with the same information if its not true? + +This affadavit though by Daniel Sheehan ... there's his signatures +swearing that it is the truth. He has uncovered information ... I just +want to read you a couple of sentences. Its says here that, "One of +the officers in the US embassy in Thailand, one Mort Abromowitz (he was +the Ambassador as a matter of fact), came to know of Armitage's +involvement in the secret handling of opium funds and called there to +be initiated a internal state department heroin smuggling investigation +directed against Richard Armitage." It says, "Armitage was a target of +embassy personnel complaints to the effect that he was utterly failing +to perform his duties on behalf of American MIA's." And Armitage +reluctantly resigned as DOD special consultant on MIA's at the end of +1977. It says, "From 1977 to 1979 Armitage remained in Bangkok opening +and operating a business named the Far East Trading Company." It says +that, "This company was in-fact merely a front for secret operations +conducting opium money out of Southeast Asia to Tehran, Iran and the +Nugen-Hand Bank." It goes on ... + +There's three fingers now. One, twelve-thousand miles from here from +an infamous warlord who doesn't even know Armitage, other than for the +fact that he is the bagman. H. Ross Perot gaining it from government +testimony of agents investigating. But have you ever seen Armitage +indicted? But if you look at these reports the agents have been farmed +out. Anyone who comes up with a report of investigation against +Armitage gets reassigned or retired. You'll recognize some of this. +This is back to Khun Sa's letter: + + "After 1979 Richard Armitage resigned from the US embassy's posting + and set up the Far East Trading Company as a front for his continuation + in the drug trade. Soon after Daniel Arnold was made to handle the + drug business as well as the transportation of arms sales. (Daniel + Arnold was a CIA station chief). Jerry Daniels then took over the drug + trade from Richard Armitage." + +Jerry Daniels was a CIA member. Jerry Daniels died mysteriously in +Bangkok, Thailand. I wonder why. + +(cut to segment from Iran-Contra hearings) +(end of part 1) +-- +------------------------------------------------------------------- +It's the man in the White House, the man under the steeple +Passing out drugs to the American people +I don't believe in anything, nothing is free +They're feeding our people that Government Cheese + +------------------------------------------------------------------ +(this is part 2 of 2 in a series on alleged cia involvement in drug +trafficking and pow/mia problems) + + +Narrator: + +The Christic Institute's charges against The Enterprise were featured +briefly in the Iran-Contra hearings during Jack Brooks' questioning of +Richard Secord. + +Brooks: + +... vast array of alleged illegal and corrupt practices beginning as +far back as the 1960's. Did you know about that? + +Secord: (somewhat nervously) + +Of course I know about it. + +Brooks: + +Well, the allegations include the organization of assasination programs +funded by the drug king-pin in Laos and laundering of millions of +dollars skimmed from the sale of military weapons to the Shah of Iran, +and the provision of military services to Somosa, and laundering +Colombian drug money, but anyhow ... + +Narrator: + +Secord's response was prophetic. Nearly a year later the cased would +be dismissed in a blatantly political move by Judge Lawrence King. + +Brooks: + +Describe your involvement and transactions with them ... + +Secord: (nervously and contemptously) + +Can I comment on the suit? The suit, which was filed in May of last +year, is the most outrageous fairy tale anybody has ever read. Nobody, +including the Justice Department, credits it at all. It's being dealt +with. I can only fight on so many fronts at once. I regard that one +as a rather minor threat that will be tossed out of ... + +Narrator: + +The congressional committees carefully side-stepped these charges as +well as the issue of massive cocaine smuggling by the Contras. But the +media was quick to notice the striking parallels between the liberal +Christic Institute's allegations and conservative Bo Gritz's +discoveries in Burma. Sharing a commitment to the truth, both Sheehan +and Gritz have been outspoken in their charges that The Enterprise has +engaged in assasinations, drug dealing and illegal weapons shipments. + +Their activities have well been documented in the mainstream press. +The case of Edwin Wilson is a powerful example of The Enterprise's +blatant disregard for law and congressional restraints. Sentenced to +52 years in prison for providing weapons and explosives to Libya, the +former CIA agent has pointed out that his more-than-willing partners in +those transactions and others were none other than Richard Secord and +Theodore Shakley. According to Wilson, "If I'm guilty, they're guilty. +If I got 52 years for what I shipped, Ollie North ought to get 300 +years." + +(cut to video clip from BBS NEWSNIGHT. Interview with Edwin Wilson in +prison.) + +Wilson: + +I would like to have the story get out, which is the truth. There has +been such as massive cover-up on this whole group. The group that now +is running the war for the Contras that I felt that the only way I +could somewhat justify my own actions was to have the truth come out. + +Interviewer: + +Are you saying that Iran-Contra is just the tip of the iceberg? + +Wilson: + +... just the tip of the iceberg. + +(cut back to Gritz at luncheon) + +I swore to defend this constitution. As a soldier I was brainwashed. +And I wasn't a dumb soldier either. I've got advanced degrees in +college, honors graduating from the Command and General Staff College +of the United States Army, given the high command, served in the +highest level staff positions in the Pentagon. And yet I thought that +as a soldier I was to be apolitical. I was to never question what our +executive branch civilians told us to do. Just do or die. What an +education I got. + +Back in 1975-76 I commanded special forces in Latin America. Same time +George Bush was head of the CIA. We knew that Noriega was not only a +drug smuggler then but we knew that he was a communist besides. He was +the intelligence officer under Omar Terrijos (sp?). We, the United +States, payed Noriega three times what we pay our President to be our +friend. I recommended more than ten years ago that we dump him. We +didn't and now were seeing the result of it. My point is George Bush +knew what was going on then. He was head of Central Intelligence. It +was his OK that said pay Noriega hundreds of thousands of dollars every +year. He knew what the intelligence reports were. That Noriega is a +brother to Fidel Castro. Don't ever let him tell you he didn't know. +I think a lot of the truth would come out if we tried General Noriega +because he knows what happened and would be willing to tell what +happened, but there is nobody in the administration that wants to hear +what happened. We know were not going to try him. Thats just a ruse. +Read the newspapers about three months before we indicted him. I saw +where Armitage went down to Panama to warn Noriega, that if he didn't +get under control that we were going to eliminate him. Well, Noriega +has bigger cajones than any bureaucrat that you'll ever meet. He's a +little guy like H. Ross Perot, but he is tougher than Texas cowhide and +he will pull the plug on the Panama Canal if we try to force him out. +I think Noriega is going to come out the winner (I guess not... ed.) + +And by the way, can you imagine what Armitage did? See, Tom Harvey and +Armitage are best friends. They lift weights everyday in the Pentagon +athletic club. I know when we got back from Burma that Harvey rubbed +his hands together and said, "Hey Dick, come on over to the White +House. Bo Gritz just got back from Golden Triangle with information on +POW's from Khun Sa." Can you imagine what happened when Khun Sa said, +"...and I will disclose every government official I've dealt with for +20 years.."? I bet you Dick Armitage involuntarily urinated right +there! (much laughter) And all of a sudden US declares no mercy. Its +a war of words. No president thats ever declared a war on drugs has +ever fought one and I see 'em being fought today. But there's a way to +do it and end-running the Constitution is not the way. But here's what +we've done. You saw Ollie North stand up and become an acclaimed hero. + Now Ollie North is a Marine that I believe has done everything he +thought was right to stem the rising tide of communism. But I want to +give you some facts and you decide for yourself. I think Ollie North +had good intentions but he was manipulated and used. + +Have we won the war in Nicaragua? Has the end justified the means +because the planes carrying arms to the Contras came back loaded with +drugs. I submit to you that we have lost. Did we ever intend to win? + +(cut to a scene with female reporter interviewing Mike Tulliver (sp?), +a former pilot who flew drug runs.) + +Reporter: + +The government decided to get into the drug business in order to pay +for the Contras? The American government? + +Mike Tulliver: + +As incredulous as it may sound, I believe that they not only decided to +get into it I think that they orchestrated the whole thing. + +Reporter (narrating): + +Mike Tulliver is a pilot who's principle occupation has been smuggling +drugs. He's currently serving a three and one half year sentence in a +federal prison in Miami for a conviction unrelated to the secret +flights he made for the Contras. He says he was approached in 1985 by +long-time CIA operatives to run what they called "supplies." + +Tulliver: + +You could bring back their cargo without ever having to worry about +interception, arrest, anything like this. Everything was taken care of. + +Reporter: + +What kind of cargo are you talking about? + +Tulliver: + +Drugs. + +Reporter: + +And the same people who you believe set you up with the arms also set +you up with 25,000 pounds of pot? + +Tulliver: + +Sure... oh yes ... sure .. in change. + +Reporter: + +So what do you do with that 25,000 pounds of pot? + +Tulliver: + +We take off out of Honduras and we leave. + +Reporter: + +To? + +Tulliver: + +South Florida. + +Reporter: + +Where in South Florida? + +Tulliver: + +We landed at Homestead. + +Reporter: + +Homestead? + +Tulliver: + +Air Force Base. + +Reporter: + +With whose clearance? + +Tulliver: + +I was given a discreet transponder code to squawk about two hours south +of Miami. I received my instructions from the ground for traffic +separation and told them what my destination was. + +Reporter: + +What did you say? + +Tulliver: + +I told them we were a non-scheduled military flight into Homestead Air +Force Base. + +Reporter: + +What happened when you landed? + +Tulliver: + +We landed about 1:30 - 2:00 in the morning I guess. A little blue +truck came out and met us and it had a little white sign that said, +"FOLLOW ME." + +Reporter: + +And you did... + +Tulliver: + +And we followed it. + +Reporter: + +To where? + +Tulliver: + +Some area of the field. I have no idea ... I've never been there +before or since. + +Reporter: + +Where you surprised that you were going to land all of this pot at an +Air Force base? + +Tulliver: + +Yeah... I was a little taken aback to be honest with you. I was +somewhat concerned about it. I figured it was a setup or it was a DEA +bust or a sting or something like that. + +Reporter: + +And instead nothing happened to you? + +Tulliver: + +No. A little guy in the pickup truck takes us out and I get in a taxi +cab. + +Reporter: + +Did you get payed for the flight? + +Tulliver: + +75,000 dollars. + +Reporter narrating with video clip of cargo plane at Homestead: + +Tulliver identifies this as the plane he flew. The plane traces to a +company that was hired by the government to fly humanitarian supplies +to the Contras at the same time Tulliver made his flights. + +(cut to clip with George Morales) +Reporter: + +Why would the CIA allow drug planes to come into the United States +loaded with coke from (undecipherable). + +Morales: + +Money. + +Reporter Narrating: + +George Morales is a world champion boat racer. He is also a world +reknowned cocaine trafficker whose empire extended from Colombia to +Miami. Morales was indicted for running cocaine in 1984. He says the +CIA used his indictment to pressure him into providing planes, pilots +and three million dollars in cash to the Contras. He too is in federal +prison awaiting sentencing on the '84 charge. + +Reporter: + +So you're saying that drug planes were allowed into the states as long +as somebody was kicking money into the Contra coffer. + +Morales: + +Definitely. + +Reporter: + +Is this like just a one-time occurrence? Somebody snuck in? + +Morales: + +No. + +Reporter: + +Frequent? + +Morales: + +Yes. + +Reporter: + +Routine? + +Morales: + +Yes. + +(back to Tulliver) + +Believe it or not, the entire business is compartmentalized. I'm like +a Teamster. I'm in transportation. You've got people who are in +loading. You've got people who are in offloading. You've got people +who are in distribution. You've got people who are in sales. It's +like an IBM situation. + +Reporter narrating again: + +Gary Betzner was one of George Morale's top pilots. He too is in +federal prison in Miami on an unrelated drug conviction. His sentence +is 15 years. Like Morales and Tulliver he has little to gain from +talking about these drug flights. + +Betzner: + +I took two loads, small aircraft loads of weapons to John Hull's ranch +in Costa Rica and returned back to Florida with approximately 1000 kilos +of cocaine. + +Reporter: + +What exactly was in the plane that you flew from Fort Lauderdale? + +Betzner: + +Oh there was some C4 explosives, M60 machine guns. It was stacked all +the way to the ceiling. + +Reporter: + +How many pounds of weaponry? + +Betzner: + +I would estimated around 2500 pounds. I understood right away that it +wasn't the private guns that went down that were that important. It +was what was coming back that could buy much larger and better and more +sophisticated weapons. It was unaccounted for cash. + +Reporter narrating: + +... near heavy security Ramone Rodriguez was brought to capitol hill. +Ocean Hunter, it appears, is just the beginning (?). Under oath, he +told Senators that the drug connection is much larger. That he'd +handled a direct 10 million dollars in cash contributions from the +Colombian cocaine cartels to the Contras. + +Rodriguez: + +Outside the United States drug dealers are very powerful people. They +have cash. The CIA deals primarily with items outside of the US. If +they're going to deal in foreign country's policies and politics +they're going to run up against or run with the drug dealers. It +cannot be done any other way. + +Reporter: + +Do you have any evidence, any proof, any ideas of whether the large +sums of cash you had delivered to the Contras, whether it actually made +it to the Contras? + +Rodriguez: + +There is no way to trace cash. My guess it that not all of it got +there, but I'm a cynic. + +Reporter: + +Where would it have ended up? + +Rodriguez: + +I would say that you're gonna find a lot of it in nest eggs, foreign +accounts, waiting for the day when the Contra issue is no longer +popular, when Congress votes it out of existance and they have to do +something else for a living. + +(back to Bo at the luncheon) + +Point is there are three sources now all saying one little bureaucrat. +Look how bureaucrats fall! You break wind wrong, you're out of here in +an election year. Why hasn't Mr. Armitage been investigated? When we +came back I was told by telephone in Bangkok, "Bo, if you don't erase +and forget everything that you have done, you're going to get hurt." I +was told, "Everybody loves you. Nobody wants to hurt you. No one +wants to put a war hero in jail, but if you don't cooperate you're +going to hurt the government." And I said, "Joe, whose government am I +gonna hurt?" (lots of applause) + +I am sick and tired of watching the result of poor politics sending our +soldiers overseas to do something that they were not meant to do. I'm +a fighter, but when we fight we ought to fight to win. And when we +send people we ought to be willing to bring them back again. (much +applause) + +We did go before congress. You know who runs the drug task force in +the house of representatives? Lawrence Smith. He is a democrat from +"Miami Vice" Florida and his staff told me before I came up, "Bo, you +better be well-heeled-for-bear because the people who keep the chairman +in office are more prone to promote drugs than they are to fight them." + When I got up there Lawrence Smith would not allow any members of the +task force to view the video tapes that we brought from Khun Sa in +Burma. He asked me, "Colonel, how could a man of your intelligence put +any stock at all in what a drug warlord would say?" I said, "Mr. +Chairman, aren't we dealing with Michael Gorbochev and he's a +communist. But we talk to him because he has the missiles and we want +to reduce them. Khun Sa has all the heroin and if we want to stop it +he's the guy we ought to see." And he says, "What's this business +about a heroin highway? How do we know the Thai's didn't build that +road to attack Khun Sa?" And I said, "Well Chairman, if they did, they +did a heck of a good job because it goes right straight to his +headquarters and nobody is attacking and he his own little customs +houses all along the road where the little bar comes down." He ended +the hearing by saying, "I don't think there is any substantive evidence +here that would indicate any further investigation need be made." He +never called H. Ross Perot. He never called the Christic Institute. +He never allowed the tapes or the letter that Khun Sa wrote because I +found out that video tapes aren't enough. They said, "Well, he didn't +write anything." Then we had a letter with his signature on it under the +Shan seal. + +Point is Ladies and Gentlemen, there is a parallel government this day +that lives within the United States government. It is a parasite! +Personally, I think we may have lost the Executive Branch. + +(cut to clip from Iran-Contra hearings with Jack Brooks questioning +Ollie North about executive order rescinding the constitution) + +I was particularly concerned Mr. Chairman, because I read in Miami +papers and several others that there had been a plan developed by that +same agency, a contingency plan in the event of an emergency that would +suspend the American constitution and I was deeply concerned about it. +I'm wondering if that was the area in which he had worked. + +I believe that he was, but I wanted to get his confirmation. (Brooks +tries to continue here and is interrupted by Daniel Inouye, chairman of +the proceeding and senator from Hawaii) + +Inouye: + +May I most respectfully that that matter not be touched upon at this +stage. If we wish to get into this I'm certain arrangements can be +made during executive session. + +(cut to Jack Brook's summary) + +... involving the US government in military activity in direct +contradiction of the law, diverting public funds into private pockets +in secret unofficial activities, selling access to the President for +thousand of dollars, dispensing cash and foreign money orders out of a +White House safe, accepting gifts and falsifying papers to cover it up, +altering and shredding national security documents, lying to Congress. +Now I believe that the American people understand that democracy cannot +survive that kind of abuse. + +(back to Bo at luncheon) + +I don't think it makes a hoot who you vote for for President. The same +people are gonna run this country. I stand before you today. You +gotta know who I am. I'm an indicted felon because part of that phone +call in Thailand said, "Bo, if you don't erase and forget, if you don't +come to the apartment (that was a safehouse in Washington, DC), you're +gonna be charged with 15 years and your going to serve as a felon and +we're going to bring up aggravated charges and hostile witnesses." +That's not my kind of language. I said, "Friend, that's an insult to +you, me and two hundred years of constitutional government." He said, +"Bo, don't give me that. Bring everything you've got to the +apartment." I said, "Who's going to be there, Joe?" And he said, "You +know me better than that, Bo. It will just be me and Tom Harvey." I +said, "OK, I'll bring this stuff dear citizen. I'll show it to you +then you tell me to erase and forget." When I got to LA with the tapes +he said, "Bo, don't come." He was that much of a friend. He said, +"Don't come. Hide those tapes. Everybody's laying for you." He said, +"But please destroy and forget. That's all the state department wants +you to do because otherwise you're going to jail as a felon." You know +what they charged me with? They did charge me. Misuse of a passport. +Now that is a weeny charge for somebody thats been in clandestine +warfare for more than 30 years. That throws me in league with Jane +Fonda. She was cavorting with the enemy and misusing her passport. +Ollie North and Robert McValium went to Iran on Irish passports so they +could do an illegal arms deal, but nobody has charged them. Thats +because they're cooperating. + +Well, I'm not worried about that. The US attorney doesn't know how +hard to take it because I said, "I don't deny I misused a passport. I +misused it many times. Every time in pursuit of US prisoners of war." +You dear citizen, see if you would erase and go back to sleep and +forget. I don't think that you will. In my defense I got a lawyer, +he's the former US attorney for Nevada. He took my case for free other +than all the expenses it cost to bring in witnesses. Were going to use +this court as a forum for prisoners of war and for government in drug +dealing because you know you can't sue the government, but when the +government jumps on you now you can turn it around on them. Thats +exactly what were doing. I got a plea the other day saying, "Bo, just +go ahead and cop a plea it'll be a misdemeanor." No way Jose, were +going all the way with this one. + +(Narrator) + +The American Warrior has traveled a long road from the jungles of +Vietnam to the Pentagon to a hostile federal courtroom in Las Vegas, +but the commitment to God, country, honor and decency have never +wavered. It would be far easier to walk away from this battle, but to +do so would be impossible for this soldier. + +Interestingly enough, the US attorney prosecuting this case against a +respected dissenting war hero is himself the former road manager for a +well-known 1960's antiwar rock group. The irony is not lost on Las +Vegans, but the issues behind the trial demand nationwide attention. + +One can only wonder what the charges will be against Oliver North. + +The Christic Institue, on the other hand, is facing an uphill battle in +their current appeal of Judge King's dismissal of their racketeering +lawsuit against The Enterprise last June in Miami. As Father Bill +Davis, their chief investigator explains: + +(cut to Fr. Bill Davis from The Christic Institute) + +This is by far the most important case we've ever done. I think for +the kinds of forces that were up against, as well as for the broader +public policy implications. If this crowd can get away with what they +have been getting away with: the arms dealing, the drug dealing, the +assasination programs and sell it under the guise of some kind of blind +anti-communism, having had the revelations that we've had: the +Hasenfuss flight, the Iran arms deal. If they still get away with it +then I think democracy, at least in this country, is in very very +serious condition. I don't think it will survive. Were either going +to win against these forces, this time or I am not optimistic about the +survival of democracy in this country. I think it's that serious. + +(Narrator) + +The seriousness of Gritz's discoveries during his first mission to the +Golden Triangle, however was brought home immediately after his return. +Scott Weekly, his Operation Lazarus team member and veteran of several +POW recovery missions, was arrested and charged with a federal +violation resulting from the Afghan training program he helped Gritz +conduct. Weekly was a classmate of Oliver North's at Annapolis and has +a PhD in physics. After numerous forays into hostile enemy territory +neither he nor Gritz were prepared for the treachery that awaited them +at home. + +(Bo filmed in Thailand or thereabouts) + +The ambassador level person for the US government in charge of +narcotics control made a statement immediately following the release of +this tape to the White House that the United States would never a agree +to talk with General Khun Sa about drug control because he was such a +black-hearted criminal. I believe that we can show through facts that +have already been established by the US Justice Department and on-going +investigations that there are people currently who saw that tape in the +US government that all that they could to stop this interview right +here for fear they would be exposed. Even to the point where they +arrested Scott Weekly for a minor technicality of transporting +explosives illegally on a commercial airliner. + +Very briefly we were training a couple of Afghan freedom fighters +through the knowledge and request of the US state department and other +official agencies. The explosives were procurred for us from Fort +Sill, Oklahoma and were naturally transported, because we were using +them at a remote desert base, by aircraft. There was no danger to the +civilian aircraft. The explosives were C4, plastic, frontline safe. +You could shoot them with a machine gun and they wouldn't go off. +There were no detonating devices with us. Federal agents told Scott +when he was taken into custody that it wasn't a technicality and that +the real target was me. They were under pressure by the US attorney's +office to find out whether or not I was in kahoots with North and +Poindexter since I had traveled to Latin America and to the Middle East +in pursuit of various government associated projects. The fact is and +the truth is that I've had nothing to do with North and Poindexter or +any illegal activities either in South America or the Middle East. Now +the truth is that I believe that elements in the US government are +afraid that they will be exposed for their illegal activities and drug +trafficking. Through that exposure that this will cease and they will +loose their power. If they had tried to put pressure by causing Scott +Weekly even to be ajudged guilty ... because he was told if he would +plead guilty that there would be no problem... that he would be given +probation... that there would be no more pursuit... that it would be +unsupervised probation which would allow him to continue to travel +overseas. In truth, he was sentenced. The fact is that Scott was told +that if he would plead guilty that there would be no further +investigation and that all would go well for him and that if he did not +plead guilty there would be a tether put on all of us so that we would +not be able to travel and at that time we were very very close to +negotiating the release of American prisoners of war. The only reason +that Scott plead guilty was so that other members of the Operation +Lazarus team, myself included, would be free to continue the mission of +liberating US prisoners of war, which is ongoing now. + +(Narrator Discussing Weekly's case) + +Scott Weekly was made to serve fourteen months of a five year sentence +before it was demonstrated that the agents had removed sensitive +documents from his pre-sentencing file which would have exonerated him. +The sentence was simply dismissed. + +Lance Trimmer, a former Green Beret communications specialist with the +Lazarus team, accompanied Gritz to Burma in Weekly's place in May, 1987 +where he witnessed Khun Sa naming the US officials involved in drug +trafficking. As a professional private investigator, since returning +he has spearheaded the effort to document and publicize the team's +findings and was instrumental in obtaining Scott Weekly's release from +LongPoke Federal Prison. In the process he has been unjustifiably +arrested and detained three times by the police and federal +authorities. + +(Narrator introducing Barry Flinn) + +Barry Flinn is the Bangkok station chief for Operation Lazarus. In May +of 1987 he served as the cameraman with Colonel Gritz on his second +trip to visit Khun Sa. Also during this time he has made other trips +into ShanLand. On one occasion he accompanied a journalist from +Australia who filmed the proceedings and made this the subject of a +news program in Australia. Barry himself was arrested immediatly upon +his return to Bangkok from ShanLand on the first trip and has been +several times since then as has been Khun Sa. + +(Khun Sa in interview with Australian journalist .. either he himself or +a translator is speaking... it sounds like Khun Sa himself) + +... even if they kill me the opium will still be there. They only use +me as a money tree. Every time they want money, they come and shake +the tree just like a Christmas tree. + +Journalist: + +...spraying the opium crop with the poison 24-D (or somesuch...Ed.) + +(Narrator Again) + +One of the problems that Khun Sa pointed out in the news program in +Australia is the extensive use of toxic herbicide spraying over his +territory not to kill the opium plants, but to kill the food crops +which is very very destructive of the culture and the people and +creating a very serious refugee problem. + +(Khun Sa again...) + +We have 300 families in the hills now who have no food. The world body +is doing something against humanity in the Shan state and nobody knows +about it. + +(Bo talks about Khun Sa's offer) + +General Khun Sa has extended an offer in writing to turn over to the +United States Government on March 15, 1988 one ton of refined Asian +heroin, that sells for $250,000 per pound to distributors, as a show of +good faith that he would stop 1200 tons of heroin from entering the +free world in 1988. The response of the State Department was, "no +interest." + +(Bo talking in Southeast Asian Field) + +There are personalities within the United States Government who have, +as early as the early 1960's, trafficked in opium and heroin to finance +assasination programs initially approved by the Central Intelligence +Agency, which didn't work then and aren't working now. If these +assasinations programs spread from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand +to Iran, to Nicaragua, to Libya and have the potential of continuing to +spread unless some exposure is finally done to eliminate these high +officials. + +H. Ross Perot has said as a result of his investigation he has found a, +"snake pit without a bottom." He says that the people involved will do +anything to keep their wrongdoings covered up. He even says that a man +that was responsible for the Phoenix assasination program is now on the +personal staff of George Bush. + +(Cut to Barry Flinn in Bangkok discussing his trip with Bo.) + +My name is Barry Flinn and I live in Bangkok, Thailand. I have been in +Bangkok now for two years. I am a member of Operation Lazarus and I am +the station chief here in Bangkok. My function for Operation Lazarus +is to collect information from my agents in Laos and in Vietnam on +locating live Americans held captive in these two countries. This last +trip Colonel Gritz had asked me to go into ShanLand, a territory of +Burma, to be a witness and a cameraman to record the conversation with +him and General Khun Sa. I agreed to go and I did witness, I did +record the meeting with Lt. Colonel James 'Bo' Gritz and General Khun +Sa. Another member of Operation Lazarus by the name of Lance Trimmer +also accompanied us. In Shanland I did record the meeting and the +facts are as follows: General Khun Sa's people, the secretaries read +from a document written in the Shan language about American officials +dealing in heroin from 1965 to the present. Some of the names he had +given us were a man by the name of Shakley, a man by the name of +Armitage and other American officials involved in drugs. Now my job is +strictly locating POWS. I am not involved with the DEA or any other US +Government agency. I am a private citizen. It makes you angry when +you hear of the drug problems in America. Children taking heroin at +twelve and high officials supplying them the heroin and all the +cover-ups they did in the past, the present and probably in the future. + Now as a witness I definitely believe these men were involved in the +drug trade. General Khun Sa did say that, after giving us the names, +he wouldn't be surprised if B52 bombers started flying over Shanland to +destroy him and to kill him so that he wouldn't testify to the other +Americans involved in the drug trade. + +I am staying in Bangkok, Thailand to locate POWs and if people are +interested in more information about the interview with Khun Sa and Lt. +Colonel James 'Bo' Gritz they know were to find me. The American +embassy knows were to locate me. Lt. Colonel James 'Bo' Gritz knows +were to locate me and I'm sure the people involved in the drug trade +know where to locate me. + +Allright. One more thing. I did here about the Americans Shakley, +Armitage and other Americans being named it sent a chill up my spine +and down my back. It made me angry. It made me shocked. I couldn't +believe it, but it was there: names, files of old papers that the Lao +agents and the Shan people have on our Americans. Somebody has to do +something. It will probably all be covered up. I don't know. It's +not my business. I was only a witness and it will stay with me for the +rest of my life about the people in our government dealing drugs. It's +nice to know, isn't it? It's really nice to know... + +(Bo gives summary) + +In summary, the reason that American prisoners of war are not at home +as we speak, if what Khun Sa, the Christic Institute, and H. Ross Perot +are saying is true, is because Richard Armitage, the one man +responsible for their recovery is a heroin smuggler and an arms dealer. + He has misused his office in order to promote covert operations +through the sale of heroin and trading in arms that bypasses the US +Congress. When prisoners come home he will be investigated. His +wrongdoings and misuse of office will be uncovered and exposed and he +and the others will fall like a house of cards. + +As an American citizen it is our responsibility to wake up to the +internal threat, the treachery that threatens literally the life of +this nation. + +(Bo back at luncheon asks people to swear to do something) + +It's time that we just became Americans. Here is what I would ask you +to do, because you can't just go back to sleep on this thing like we +did on 007, the Korean airline. One is, I would ask that in your mind, +if not physically here today be willing to raise you hand to the square +(?) and swear again before God and witnesses your allegiance to this +heavenly banner (points to flag) and to the constitution of the United +States because it will die hermetically sealed in the National Archives +if we don't breath some life back into it. It is hanging by a thread. +The righteous people of this country, doesn't mean Democrat, +Republican, right, left, conservative, liberal, the righteous people of +this country need now to stand up and put a shoulder to it to keep it +stable. I want you to commit to yourself that you're going to do +something about it. Demand that an investigation be made. + +(Bo narrating here...) + +Demand a thorough and true investigation of Richard Armitage. Insist +that The Christic Institute's charges go to trial and be heard by a +jury of Americans. That those in our government that represent sewage, +that clog the bureaucracy today might be cleaned out. That the +American way might continue. That our children might grow up in +liberty and freedom with same opportunities that we have had. + +(Gritz apparently is willing to run for Congress on the Republican +ticket. Back to the luncheon) + +In the legislature you need to seek out, identify and draft people that +have the guts to stand up, because if you get the legislature up there +it can be through the people. It can be pulled back from the brink. I +think thats our saving grace. I think that through the legislature we +can do what no one else would have done to Nixon. We can wash him +away, we can wash away, hopefully, it's going to be a hard fight, this +cancer. I stand before you and give you an order. You have got to do +something about this thing. We fought the enemy foreign. Can't we +fight the enemy domestic? + +(much applause) + +(Ed: If you wish to order the video tape, you can write Bo Gritz at the +address below. I'm not sure how current it is. I highly recommend +that you do order it somehow. Reading about it is one thing, but it's +another thing entirely to see Khun Sa and his men dictating the names +of top US officials to video tape. Many documents that are on the +video are not in my transcription here. They would be too numerous to +transcribe) + +(Transcribers disclaimer: The views expressed in this document do not +necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the transcriber. I am only +the messenger. Don't shoot me. Many people know I typed this and if I +were to disappear there would be some serious investigations because +several of my family are good friends with powerful people in the +Media. Doing me harm would only serve to substantiate the validity of +Gritz's claims. Jeez, this sounds paranoid, but if it's true certain +cautions are warranted.) + +Lt. Colonel James 'Bo' Gritz +Box 472-HCR31 +Sandy Valley, NV. 89019 + +------------------------------------------------------------------ +It's the man in the White House, the man under the steeple +Passing out drugs to the American people +I don't believe in anything, nothing is free +They're feeding our people that Government Cheese + +------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/beverley.txt b/politicalTextFiles/beverley.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ce7265 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/beverley.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1950 @@ + THE IDEOLOGY OF POSTMODERN MUSIC AND LEFT POLITICS + + by + + JOHN BEVERLEY + + University of Pittsburgh + Copyright (c) 1989 by _Critical Quarterly_, all rights + reserved. Reprinted by permission. + + ------------------------------------------------------ + This article appeared initially in the British journal + _Critical Quarterly_ 31.1 (Spring, 1989). I'm grateful + to its editors for permission to reproduce it here, and + in particular to Colin MacCabe for suggesting the idea + in the first place. I've added a few minor corrections + and updates. + ------------------------------------------------------ + + + for Rudy Van Gelder, friend of ears + + +[1] Adorno directed some of his most acid remarks on + + musical sociology to the category of the "fan." For + + example: + + What is common to the jazz enthusiast of all + + countries, however, is the moment of compliance, + + in parodistic exaggeration. In this respect their + + play recalls the brutal seriousness of the masses + + of followers in totalitarian states, even though + + the difference between play and seriousness + + amounts to that between life and death (...) + + While the leaders in the European dictatorships of + + both shades raged against the decadence of jazz, + + the youth of the other countries has long since + + allowed itself to be electrified, as with marches, + + by the syncopated dance-steps, with bands which do + + not by accident stem from military music.^1^ + + One of the most important contributions of + + postmodernism has been its defense of an aesthetics of + + the _consumer_, rather than as in the case of + + romanticism and modernism an aesthetics of the + + producer, in turn linked to an individualist and + + phallocentric ego ideal. I should first of all make it + + clear then that I am writing here from the perspective + + of the "fan," the person who buys records and goes to + + concerts, not like Adorno from the perspective of the + + trained musician or composer. What I will be arguing, + + in part with Adorno, in part against him, is that music + + is coming to represent for the Left something like a + + "key sector." + + + * * * * * * * * * + + +[2] For Adorno, the development of modern music is a + + reflection of the decline of the bourgeoisie, whose + + most characteristic cultural medium on the other hand + + music is.^2^ Christa Burger recalls the essential + + image of the cultural in Adorno: that of Ulysses, who, + + tied to the mast of his ship, can listen to the song + + of the sirens while the slaves underneath work at the + + oars, cut off from the aesthetic experience which is + + reserved only for those in power.^3^ What is implied + + and critiqued at the same time in the image is the + + stance of the traditional intellectual or aesthete in + + the face of the processes of transformation of culture + + into a commodity--mass culture--and the consequent + + collapse of the distinction between high and low + + culture, a collapse which precisely defines the + + postmodern and which postmodernist ideology celebrates. + + In the postmodern mode, not only are Ulysses and his + + crew both listening to the siren song, they are singing + + along with it as in "Sing Along with Mitch" and perhaps + + marking the beat with their oars--one-two, one-two, + + one-two-three-four. + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[3] One variant of the ideology of postmodern music + + may be illustrated by the following remarks from an + + interview John Cage gave about his composition for + + electronic tape _Fontana Mix_ (1958): + + Q.--I feel that there is a sense of logic and + + cohesion in your indeterminate music. + + A.--This logic was not put there by me, but was + + the result of chance operations. The thought that + + it is logical grows up in you... I think that all + + those things that we associate with logic and our + + observance of relationships, those aspects of our + + mind are extremely simple in relation to what + + actually happens, so that when we use our + + perception of logic we minimize the actual nature + + of the thing we are experiencing. + + Q.--Your conception (of indeterminacy) leads you + + into a universe nobody has attempted to charter + + before. Do you find yourself in it as a lawmaker? + + A.--I am certainly not at the point of making + + laws. I am more like a hunter, or an inventor, + + than a lawmaker. + + Q.--Are you satisfied with the way your music is + + made public--that is, by the music publishers, + + record companies, radio stations, etc.? Do you + + have complaints? + + A.--I consider my music, once it has left my desk, + + to be what in Buddhism would be called a non- + + sentient being... If someone kicked me--not my + + music, but me--then I might complain. But if they + + kicked my music, or cut it out, or don't play it + + enough, or too much, or something like that, then + + who am I to complain?^4^ + + We might contrast this with one of the great epiphanies + + of literary modernism, the moment of the jazz song in + + Sartre's _Nausea_: + + (...)there is no melody, only notes, a myriad of + + tiny jolts. They know no rest, an inflexible + + order gives birth to them and destroys them + + without even giving them time to recuperate and + + exist for themselves. They race, they press + + forward, they strike me a sharp blow in passing + + and are obliterated. I would like to hold them + + back, but I know if I succeeded in stopping one it + + would remain between my fingers only as a raffish + + languishing sound. I must accept their death; I + + must even _will_ it: I know few impressions + + stronger or more harsh. + + I grow warm, I begin to feel happy. There is + + nothing extraordinary in this, it is a small + + happiness of Nausea: it spreads at the bottom of + + the viscous puddle, at the bottom of _our_ time-- + + the time of purple suspenders and broken chair + + seats; it is made of wide, soft instants, + + spreading at the edge, like an oil stain. No + + sooner than born, it is already old, it seems as + + though I have known it for twenty years (...) + + The last chord has died away. In the brief + + silence which follows I feel strongly that there + + it is, that _something has happened_. + + Silence. + + _Some of these days + + You'll miss me honey_ + + What has just happened is that the Nausea has + + disappeared. When the voice was heard in the + + silence, I felt my body harden and the Nausea + + vanish. Suddenly: it was almost unbearable to + + become so hard, so brilliant. At the same time + + the music was drawn out, dilated, swelled like a + + waterspout. It filled the room with its metallic + + transparency, crushing our miserable time against + + the walls. I am _in_ the music. Globes of fire + + turn in the mirrors; encircled by rings of smoke, + + veiling and unveiling the hard smile of light. My + + glass of beer has shrunk, it seems heaped up on + + the table, it looks dense and indispensable. I + + want to pick it up and feel the weight of it, I + + stretch out my hand... God! That is what has + + changed, my gestures. This movement of my arm has + + developed like a majestic theme, it has glided + + along the jazz song; I seemed to be dancing.^5^ + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[4] The passage from _Nausea_ illustrates Adorno's + + dictum that music is "the promise of reconciliation." + + This is what betrays its origins in those moments of + + ritual sacrifice and celebration in which the members + + of a human community are bonded or rebonded to their + + places within it. In _Nausea_ the jazz song prefigures + + Roquentin's eventual reconciliation with his own self + + and his decision to write what is in effect his + + dissertation, a drama of choice that will not be + + unfamiliar to readers of this journal. Even for an + + avant-gardist like Cage music is still--in the allusion + + to Buddhism--in some sense the sensuous form or "lived + + experience" of the religious.^6^ + +[5] Was it not the function of music in relation to + + the great feudal ideologies--Islam, Christianity, + + Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto, Confucianism--to produce + + the sensation of the sublime and the eternal so as to + + constitute the image of the reward which awaited the + + faithful and obedient: the reward for submitting to + + exploitation or the reward for accepting the burden of + + exploiting? I am remembering as I write this + + Monteverdi's beautiful echo duet _Due Seraphim_--two + + angels--for the _Vespers of the Virgin Mary_ of 1610, + + whose especially intense sweetness is perhaps related + + to the fact that it was written in a moment of crisis + + of both feudalism and Catholicism. + +[6] Just before Monteverdi, the Italian Mannerists had + + proclaimed the formal autonomy of the art work from + + religious dogma. But if the increasing secularization + + of music in the European late Baroque and 18th century + + led on the one hand to the Jacobin utopianism of the + + _Ninth Symphony_, it produced on the other something + + like Kant's aesthetics of the sublime, that is a + + mysticism of the bourgeois ego. As Adorno was aware, + + we are still in modern music in a domain where, as in + + the relation of music and feudalism, aesthetic + + experience, repression and sublimation, and class + + privilege and self-legitimation converge.^7^ + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[7] Genovese has pointed out in the Afro-American + + slave spiritual something like a contrary articulation + + of the relation of music and the religious to the one I + + have been suggesting: the sense in which both the music + + and the words of the song keep alive culturally the + + image of an imminent redemption from slavery and + + oppression, a redemption which lies within human time + + and a "real" geography of slave and free states ("The + + river Jordan is muddy and wide / Gotta get across to + + the other side").^8^ Of the so-called Free Jazz + + movement of the 60s--Cecil Taylor, Ornette Coleman, + + Albert Ayler, late Coltrane, Archie Shepp, Sun Ra, + + etc.--the French critic Pierre Lere remarked in a + + passage quoted centrally by Herbert Marcuse in one + + of the key statements of 60s aesthetic radicalism: + + (...)the liberty of the musical form is only the + + aesthetic translation of the will to social + + liberation. Transcending the tonal framework of + + the theme, the musician finds himself in a + + position of freedom(...) The melodic line becomes + + the medium of communication between an initial + + order which is rejected and a final order which is + + hoped for. The frustrating possession of the one, + + joined with the liberating attainment of the + + other, establishes a rupture in between the Weft + + of harmony which gives way to an aesthetic of the + + cry (_esthetique du cri_). This cry, the + + characteristic resonant (_sonore_) element of + + "free music," born in an exasperated tension, + + announces the violent rupture with the established + + white order and translates the advancing + + (_promotrice_) violence of a new black order.^9^ + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[8] Music itself as ideology, as an ideological + + practice? What I have in mind is not at all the + + problem, common both to a Saussurian and a vulgar + + marxist musicology, of "how music expresses ideas." + + Jacques Attali has correctly observed that while music + + can be defined as noise given form according to a code, + + nevertheless it cannot be equated with a language. + + Music, though it has a precise operationality, never + + has stable reference to a semantic code of the + + linguistic type. It is a sort of language without + + meaning.^10^ + +[9] Could we think of music then as outside of + + ideology to the extent that it is non-verbal? (This, + + some will recall, was Della Volpe's move in his + + _Critique of Taste_.) One problem with + + poststructuralism in general and deconstruction in + + particular has been their tendency to see ideology as + + essentially bound up with language--the "Symbolic"-- + + rather than organized states of feeling in general.^11^ + + But we certainly inhabit a cultural tradition where it + + is a common-sense proposition that people listen to + + music precisely to escape from ideology, from the + + terrors of ideology and the dimension of practical + + reason. Adorno, in what I take to be the + + quintessential modernist dictum, writes: "Beauty is + + like an exodus from the world of means and ends, the + + same world to which beauty however owes its objective + + existence."^12^ + +[10] Adorno and the Frankfurt School make of the + + Kantian notion of the aesthetic as a purposiveness + + without purpose precisely the locus of the radicalizing + + and redemptive power of art, the sense in which by + + alienating practical aims it sides with the repressed + + and challenges domination and exploitation, + + particularly the rationality of capitalist + + institutions. By contrast, there is Lenin's famous + + remark--it's in Gorki's _Reminiscences_--that he had + + to give up listening to Beethoven's _Appasionata_ + + sonata: he enjoyed it too much, it made him feel soft, + + happy, at one with all humanity. His point would seem + + to be the need to resist a narcotic and pacifying + + aesthetic gratification in the name of the very + + difficult struggle--and the corresponding ideological + + rigor--necessary to at least setting in motion the + + process of building a classless society. But one + + senses in Lenin too the displacement or sublation of an + + aesthetic sensibility onto the field of revolutionary + + activism. And in both Adorno and Lenin there is a + + sense that music is somehow in excess of ideology. + +[11] Not only the Frankfurt School, but most major + + tendencies in "Western Marxism" (a key exception is + + Gramsci) maintain some form or other of the + + art/ideology distinction, with a characteristic + + ethical-epistemological privileging of the aesthetic + + _over_ the ideological. In Althusser's early essays-- + + "A Letter on Art to Andre Daspre," for example--art was + + said to occupy an intermediate position between science + + and ideology, since it involved ideology (as, so to + + speak, its raw material), but in such a way as to + + provoke an "internal distancing" from ideology, + + somewhat as in Brecht's notion of an "alienation + + effect" which obliges the spectator to scrutinize and + + question the assumptions on which the spectacle has + + been proceeding. In the section on interpellation in + + Althusser's later essay on ideology, this "modernist" + + and formalist concern with estrangement and + + defamiliarization has been displaced by what is in + + effect a postmodernist concern with fascination and + + fixation. If ideology, in Althusser's central thesis, + + is what constitutes the subject in relation to the + + real, then the domain of ideology is not a world-view + + or set of (verbal) ideas, but rather the ensemble of + + signifying practices in societies: that is, the + + cultural. In interpellation, the issue is not + + _whether_ ideology is happening in the space of + + something like aesthetic experience, or whether "good" + + or "great" art transcends the merely ideological + + (whereas "bad" art doesn't), but rather _what_ or + + _whose_ ideology, because the art work is precisely + + (one of the places) where ideology happens, though of + + course this need not be the dominant ideology or even + + any particular ideology. + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[12] If the aesthetic effect consists in a certain + + satisfaction of desire--a "pleasure" (in the + + formalists, the recuperation or production of + + sensation)--, and if the aesthetic effect is an + + ideological effect, then the question becomes not the + + separation of music and ideology but rather their + + relation. + +[13] Music would seem to have in this sense a special + + relation to the pre-verbal, and thus to the Imaginary + + or more exactly to something like Kristeva's notion of + + the semiotic.^13^ In the sort of potted lacanianism we + + employ these days in cultural studies, we take it that + + objects of imaginary identification function in the + + psyche--in a manner Lacan designated as "orthopedic"-- + + as metonyms of an object of desire which has been + + repressed or forgotten, a desire which can never be + + satisfied and which consequently inscribes in the + + subject a sense of insufficiency or fading. In + + narcissism, this desire takes the form of a libidinal + + identification of the ego with an image or sensation of + + itself as (to recall Freud's demarcation of the + + alternatives in his 1916 essay on narcissism) it is, + + was or should be. From the third of these + + possibilities--images or experiences of the ego as it + + should be--Freud argued that there arises as a + + consequence of the displacement of primary narcissism + + the images of an ideal ego or ego ideal, internalized + + as the conscience or super ego. Such images, he added, + + are not only of self but also involve the social ideals + + of the parent, the family, the tribe, the nation, the + + race, etc. Consequently, those sentiments which are + + the very stuff of ideology in the narrow sense of + + political "isms" and loyalties--belonging to a party, + + being an "american," defending the family "honor," + + fighting in a national liberation movement, etc.--are + + basically transformations of homoerotic libidinal + + narcissism. + +[14] It follows then that the aesthetic effect--even + + the sort of non-semantic effect produced by the + + organization of sound (in music) or color and line (in + + painting or sculpture)--always implies a kind of social + + Imaginary, a way of being with and/or for others. + + Although they are literature-centered, we may recall in + + this context Jameson's remarks at the end of _The + + Political Unconscious_ (in the section titled "The + + Dialectic of Utopia and Ideology") to the effect that + + "all class consciousness--that is all ideology in the + + strict sense--, as much the exclusive forms of + + consciousness of the ruling classes as the opposing + + ones of the oppressed classes, are in their very nature + + utopian." From this Jameson claims--this is his + + appropriation of Frankfurt aesthetics--that the + + aesthetic value of a given work of art can never be + + limited to its moment of genesis, when it functioned + + willy-nilly to legitimize some form or other of + + domination. For if its utopian quality as "art"--its + + "eternal charm," to recall Marx's (eurocentric, petty + + bourgeois) comment on Greek epic poetry--is precisely + + that it expresses pleasurably the imaginary unity of a + + social collectivity, then "it is utopian not as a thing + + in itself, but rather to the extent that such + + collectivities are themselves ciphers for the final + + concretion of collective life, that is the achieved + + utopia of a classless society."^14^ + +[15] What this implies, although I'm not sure whether + + Jameson himself makes this point as such, is that the + + political unconscious of the aesthetic is (small c) + + communism. (One would need to also work through here + + the relation between music--Wagner, Richard Strauss + + --and fascism.) + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[16] I want to introduce at this point an issue which + + was particularly crucial to the way in which I + + experienced and think about music, which is the + + relation of music and drugs. It is said the passage + + from _Nausea_ I used before derived from Sartre's + + experiments in the 30s with mescaline. Many of you + + will have your own versions of essential psychedelic + + experiences of the 60s, but here--since I'm not likely + + to be nominated in the near future for the Supreme + + Court--is one of mine. It is 1963, late at night. I'm + + a senior in college and I've taken peyote for the first + + time. I'm lying face down on a couch with a red + + velour cover. Mozart is playing, something like the + + adagio of a piano concerto. As my nausea fades--peyote + + induces in the first half hour or so a really intense + + nausea--I begin to notice the music which seems to + + become increasingly clear and beautiful. I feel my + + breath making my body move against the couch and I feel + + the couch respond to me as if it were a living + + organism, very soft and very gentle, as if it were the + + body of my mother. I remember or seem to remember + + being close to my mother in very early childhood. I am + + overwhelmed with nostalgia. The room fills with light. + + I enter a timeless, paradisiacal state, beyond good and + + evil. The music goes on and on. + +[17] There was of course also the freak-out or bad + + trip: the drug exacerbated sensation that the music is + + incredibly banal and stupid, that the needle of the + + record player is covered with fuzz, that the sound is + + thick and ugly like mucus; Charlie Manson hearing + + secret apocalyptic messages in "Helter Skelter" on the + + Beatles's _White Album_; the Stones at Altamont. + + Modernism in music, say the infinitely compressed + + fragments of late Webern, is the perception in the + + midst of the bad trip, of dissonance, of a momentary + + cohesion and radiance, whose power is all the greater + + because it shines out of chaos and evil. In Frankfurt + + aesthetics, dissonance is the voice of the oppressed in + + music. Thus for Adorno it is only in dissonance, which + + destroys the illusion of reconciliation represented by + + harmony, that the power of seduction of the inspiring + + character of music survives.^15^ + + + * * * * * * * * + + + Consider what moderation is required to express + + oneself so briefly... You can stretch every + + glance out into a poem, every sigh into a novel. + + But to express a novel in a single gesture, a joy + + in a breath--such concentration can only be + + present in proposition to the absence of self- + + pity. + + --Schoenberg on Webern^16^ + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[18] Cage's _4'33"_--which is a piece where the + + performer sits at a piano without playing anything for + + four minutes and thirty-three seconds--is a + + postmodernist homage to modernist aesthetics, to + + serialism and private language music. What it implies + + is that the listening subject is to compose from the + + very absence of music the music, the performance from + + the frustration of the expected performance. As in + + the parallel cases of Duchamp's ready-mades or + + Rauschenberg's white paintings, such a situation gives + + rise to an appropriately "modernist" anxiety (which + + might be allegorized in Klee's twittering birds whose + + noise emanates from the very miniaturization, + + compression and silent tension of the pictorial space) + + to create an aesthetic experience out of the given, + + whatever it is. + +[19] Postmodernism per se in music, on the other hand, + + is where the anxiety of the listener to "make sense of" + + the piece is either perpetually frustrated by pure + + randomness--Cage's music of chance--or assuaged and + + dissipated by a bland, "easy-listening" surface with + + changes happening only in a Californian _longue duree_, + + as in the musics of La Monte Young, Philip Glass, Terry + + Riley, or Steve Reich. The intention of such musics, + + we might say, is to transgress both the Imaginary and + + Symbolic: they are a sort of brainwashing into the + + Real. + + + * * * * * * * * + + + I [heart] ADORNO + + --bumper sticker (thanks to Hilary Radner) + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[20] One form of capitalist utopia which is portended + + in contemporary music--we could call it the Chicago + + School or neoliberal form--is the utopia of the record + + store, with its incredible proliferation and variety of + + musical commodities, its promise of "different strokes + + for different folks," as Sly Stone would have it: + + Michael Jackson--or Prince--, Liberace, Bach on + + original instruments or _a la _ Cadillac by the + + Philadelphia Orchestra, Heavy Metal--or Springsteen--, + + Country (what kind of Country: Zydeco, Appalachian, + + Bluegrass, Dolly Parton, trucker, New Folk, etc.?), + + jazz, blues, spirituals, soul, rap, hip hop, fusion, + + college rock (Grateful Dead, REM, Talking Heads), SST + + rock (Meat Puppets etc.), Holly Near, _Hymnen_, + + _salsa_, reggae, World Beat, _norteno_ music, + + _cumbias_, Laurie Anderson, 46 different recorded + + versions of _Bolero_, John Adams, and so on and on, + + with the inevitable "crossovers" and new "new waves." + + By contrast, even the best stocked record outlets in + + socialist countries were spartan. + +[21] But this is also "Brazil" (as in the song/film): + + the dystopia of behaviorly tailored, industrially + + manufactured, packaged and standardized music--Muzak--, + + where it is expected that everyone except owners and + + managers of capital will be at the same time a fast + + food chain worker and consumer. Muzak is to music + + what, say, McDonalds is to food; and since its purpose + + is to generate an environment conducive to both + + commodity production and consumption, it is more often + + than not to be heard in places like McDonalds (or, so + + we are told in prison testimonies, in that Latin + + American concomitant of Chicago School economics which + + are torture chambers, with the volume turned up to the + + point of distortion). + +[22] In Russell Berman's perhaps overly anxious image, + + Muzak implies a fundamental mutation of the public + + sphere, "the beautiful illusion of a collective, + + singing along in dictatorial unanimity." Its ubiquity, + + as in the parallel cases of advertising and packaging + + and design, refers to a situation where there is no + + longer, Berman writes, "an outside to art (...) There + + is no pre-aesthetic dimension to social activity, since + + the social order itself has become dependent on + + aesthetic organization."^17^ + +[23] Berman's concern here I take to be in the + + spirit of the general critique Habermas--and in this + + country Christopher Lasch--have made of postmodern + + commodity culture, a critique which as many people have + + noted coincides paradoxically (since its main + + assumption is that postmodernism is a reactionary + + phenomenon) with the cultural politics of the new + + Right, for example Alan Bloom's clinically paranoid + + remarks on rock in _The Closing of the American + + Mind_.^18^ + +[24] Is the loss of autonomy of the aesthetic + + however a bad thing--something akin to Marcuse's notion + + of a "repressive desublimation" which entails the loss + + of art's critical potential--, or does it indicate a + + new vulnerability of capitalist societies--a need to + + legitimize themselves through aestheticization--and + + therefore both a _new possibility_ for the left and a + + new centrality for cultural and aesthetic matters in + + left practice? For, as Berman is aware, the + + aestheticization of everyday life was also the goal of + + the historical avant garde in its attack on the + + institution of the autonomy of the aesthetic in + + bourgeois culture, which made it at least potentially a + + form of anti-capitalist practice. The loss of aura or + + desublimation of the art work may be a form of + + commodification but it is also, as Walter Benjamin + + pointed out, a form of democratization of culture.^19^ + +[25] Cage writes suggestively, for example, of "a + + music which is like furniture--a music, that is, which + + will be part of the noises of the environment, will + + take them into consideration. I think of it as a + + melodious softening the noises of the knives and forks, + + not dominating them, not imposing itself. It would + + fill up those heavy silences that sometimes fall + + between friends dining together."^20^ In some of the + + work of La Monte Young or Brian Eno, music becomes + + consciously an aspect of interior decorating. What + + this takes us back to is not Muzak but the admirable + + baroque tradition of _Tafel Musik_: "table" or dinner + + music. Mozart still wrote at the time of the French + + Revolution comfortably and well _divertimentii_ meant + + to accompany social gatherings, including meetings of + + his Masonic lodge. After Mozart, this utilitarian or + + "background" function is repressed in bourgeois art + + music, which will now require the deepest concentration + + and emotional and intellectual involvement on the part + + of the listening subject. + +[26] The problem with Muzak is not its ubiquity or the + + idea of environmental music per se, but rather its + + insistently kitsch and conservative melodic-harmonic + + content. What is clear, on the other hand, is that + + the intense and informed concentration on the art work + + which is assumed in Frankfurt aesthetics depends on an + + essentially Romantic, formalist and individualist + + conception of both music and the listening subject, + + which is not unrelated to the actual processes of + + commodification "classical" music was undergoing in the + + late 18th and 19th centuries. + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[27] The antidote to Muzak would seem to be something + + like Punk. By way of a preface to a discussion of Punk + + and extending the considerations above on the relation + + between music and commodification, I want to refer + + first to Jackson Pollock's great painting _Autumn + + Rhythm_ in the Met, a picture that--like Pollock's work + + in general--is particularly admired by Free Jazz + + musicians. It's a vast painting with splotches of + + black, brown and rust against the raw tan of unprimed + + canvas, with an incredible dancing, swirling, + + clustering, dispersing energy. As you look at it, you + + become aware that while the ambition of the painting + + seems to be to explode or expand the pictorial space of + + the canvas altogether, it is finally only the limits of + + the canvas which make the painting possible as an art + + object. The limit of the canvas is its aesthetic + + autonomy, its separation from the life world, but also + + its commodity status as something that can be bought, + + traded, exhibited. The commodity is implicated in the + + very form of the "piece;" as in the jazz record in + + _Nausea_, "The music ends." (The 78 RPM record--the + + commodity form of recorded music in the 20s and 30s-- + + imposed a three minute limit per side on performances + + and this in turn shaped the way songs were arranged in + + jazz or pop recording: cf. the 45 and the idea today of + + the "single.") + +[28] Such a situation might indicate one limit of + + Jameson's cultural hermeneutic. If the strategy in + + Jameson is to uncover the emancipatory utopian- + + communist potential locked up in the artifacts of the + + cultural heritage, this is also in a sense to leave + + everything as it is, as in Wittgenstein's analytic + + (because that which is desired is already there; it + + only has to be "seen" correctly), whereas the problem + + of the relation of art and social liberation is also + + clearly the need to _transgress_ the limits imposed by + + existing artistic forms and practices and to produce + + new ones. To the extent, however, such transgressions + + can be recontained within the sphere of the aesthetic-- + + in a new series of "works" which may also be available + + as commodities--, they will produce paradoxically an + + affirmation of bourgeois culture: in a certain sense + + they _are _ bourgeois high culture. + +[29] A representation of this paradox in terms of 60s + + leftism is the great scene in Antonioni's film + + _Zabriskie Point_ where the (modernist) desert home of + + the capitalist pig is (in the young woman's + + imagination) blown up, and we see in ultra slow motion, + + in beautiful Technicolor, accompanied by a spacy and + + sinister Pink Floyd music track, the whole commodity + + universe of late capitalism--cars, tools, supermarket + + food, radios, TVs, clothes, furniture, records, books, + + decorations, utensils--float by. What is not clear is + + who could have placed the bomb, so that Jameson might + + ask in reply a question the film itself also leaves + + unanswered: is this an image of the destruction of + + capitalism or of its fission into a new and "higher" + + stage where it fills all space and time, where there is + + no longer something--nature, the Third World, the + + unconscious--outside it? And this question suggests + + another one: to what extent was the cultural radicalism + + of the 60s, nominally directed against the rationality + + of capitalist society and its legitimating discourses, + + itself a form of modernization of capitalism, a + + prerequisite of its "expanded" reproduction in the new + + international division of labor and the proliferation + + of electronic technologies--with corresponding "mind- + + sets"--which emerge in the 70s?^21^ + + + * * * * * * * * + + + From Punk manifestos: + + + Real life stinks. + + + What has been shown is that you and I can do + + anything in any area without training and with + + little cash. + + + We're demanding that real life keep up with + + advertising, the speed of advertising on TV... We + + are living at the speed of advertising. We demand + + to be entertained all the time, we get bored very + + quickly. When we're on stage, things happen a + + thousand times faster, everything we do is totally + + compressed and intense on stage, and that's our + + version of life as we feel and see it. + + In the future T.V. will be so good that the + + printed word will function as an artform only. In + + the future we will not have time for leisure + + activities. In the future we will "work" one day + + a week. In the future there will be machines + + which will produce a religious experience in the + + user. In the future there will be so much going + + on that no one will be able to keep track of it. + + (David Byrne)^22^ + + +[30] The emergence and brief hegemony of Punk--from, + + say, 1975 to 1982--was related to the very high levels + + of structural unemployment or subemployment which + + appear in First World capitalist centers in the 70s as + + a consequence of the winding down of the post-World War + + II economic long cycle, and which imply especially for + + lower middle class and working class youth a consequent + + displacement of the work ethic towards a kind of on the + + dole bohemianism or dandyism. Punk aimed at a sort of + + rock or Gesamtkunstwerk (Simon Frith has noted its + + connections with Situationist ideology^23^) which + + would combine music, fashion, dance, speech forms, + + mime, graphics, criticism, new "on the street" forms + + of appropriation of urban space, and in which in + + principle everybody was both a performer and a + + spectator. Its key musical form was three-chord garage + + power rock, because its intention was to contest art + + rock and superstar rock, to break down the distance + + between fan and performer. Punk was loud, aggressive, + + eclectic, anarchic, amateur, self-consciously anti- + + commercial and anti-hippie at the same time. + +[31] As it was the peculiar genius of the Sex Pistol's + + manager, Malcolm McClaren, to understand, both the + + conditions of possibility and the limits of Punk were + + those of a still expanding capitalist consumer culture + + --a culture which, in one sense, was intended as a + + _compensation_ for the decline in working-class + + standards of living. Initially, Punk had to create its + + own forms of record production and distribution, + + independent of the "majors" and of commercial music + + institutions in general. The moment that to be + + recognized as Punk is to conform to an established + + image of consumer desire, to be different say than + + New Wave, is the moment Punk becomes the new commodity. + + It is the moment of the Sex Pistols' US tour depicted + + in _Sid and Nancy_, where on the basis of the + + realization that they are becoming a commercial success + + on the American market--_the_ new band--they auto- + + destruct. But the collapse of Punk--and its undoubted + + flirtation with nihilism--should not obscure the fact + + that it was for a while--most consciously in the work + + of British groups like the Clash or the Gang of Four + + and also in collective projects like Rock Against + + Racism--a very powerful form of Left mass culture, + + perhaps--if we are attentive to Lenin's dictum that + + ideas acquire a material force when they reach the + + millions--one of the most powerful forms we have seen + + in recent years in Western Europe and the United + + States. Some of Punk's heritage lives on in the + + popularity of U2 or Tracy Chapman today and or in the + + recent upsurge of Heavy Metal (which, it should be + + recalled, has one of its roots in the Detroit 60s + + movement band, MC5). + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[32] The notion of postmodernism initially comes into + + play to designate a crisis in the dominant canons of + + American architecture. Hegel posited architecture over + + music as the world historical form of Romantic art, + + because in architecture the reconciliation of spirit + + and matter, reason and history, represented ultimately + + by the state was more completely realized. Hence, for + + example, Jameson's privileging of architecture in his + + various discussions of postmodernism. I think that + + today, however, particularly if we are thinking about + + how to develop a left practice on the terrain of the + + postmodern, we have to be for music as against + + architecture, because it is in architecture that the + + power and self-representation of capital and the + + imperialist state reside, whereas music--like sports-- + + is always and everywhere a power of cultural production + + which is in the hands of the people. Capital can + + master and exploit music--and modern musics like rock + + are certainly forms of capitalist culture--, but it can + + never seize hold of and monopolize its means of + + production, as it can say with literature. The + + cultural presence of the Third World in and against the + + dominant of imperialism is among other things, to + + borrow Jacques Attali's concept, "noise"--the intrusion + + of new forms of language and music which imply new + + forms of community and pleasure: Bob Marley's reggae; + + Run-DMC on MTV with "Walk This Way" (a crossover of rap + + with white Heavy Metal); "We Shall Overcome" sung at a + + sit-in for Salvadoran refugees; the beautiful South + + African choral music Paul Simon used on _Graceland_ + + sung at a township funeral; _La Bamba_; Public Enemy's + + "Fight the Power"; Ruben Blades' _Crossover Dreams_. + +[33] The debate over _Graceland_ some years ago + + indicates that the simple presence of Third World + + music in a First World context implies immediately a + + series of ideological effects, which doesn't mean that + + I think there was a "correct line" on _Graceland_, e.g. + + that it was a case of Third World suffering and + + creative labor sublimated into an item of First World + + white middle-class consumption.^24^ Whatever the + + problems with the concept of the Third World, it can no + + longer mark an "other" that is radically outside of and + + different than contemporary American or British + + society. By the year 2000, one out of four inhabitants + + of the United States will be non-european (black, + + hispanic of latin american origin, asian or native + + american); even today we are the fourth or fifth + + largest hispanic country in the world (out of twenty). + + In this sense, the Third World is also _inside_ the + + First, "en las entranas del monstruo" (in the entrails + + of the monster) as Jose Marti would have said, and for + + a number of reasons music has been and is perhaps the + + hegemonic cultural form of this insertion. What would + + American musical culture be like for example without + + the contribution of Afro-American musics? + +[34] Turning this argument on its head, assume + + something like the following: a young guerrilla fighter + + of the FMLN in El Salvador wearing a Madonna T-shirt. + + A traditional kind of Left cultural analysis would have + + talked about cultural imperialism and how the young man + + or woman in question had become a revolutionary _in + + spite of_ Madonna and American pop culture. I don't + + want to discount entirely the notion of cultural + + imperialism, which seems to me real and pernicious + + enough, but I think we might also begin to consider how + + being a fan of Madonna might in some sense _contribute + + to_ becoming a guerrilla or political activist in El + + Salvador. (And how wearing a Madonna T-shirt might be + + a form of revolutionary cultural politics: it + + certainly defines--correctly--a community of interest + + between young people in El Salvador and young people in + + the United States who like Madonna.) + + + * * * * * * * * + + +[35] Simon Frith has summarized succinctly the critique + + of the limitations of Frankfurt school aesthetic theory + + that has been implicit here: + + The Frankfurt scholars argued that the + + transformation of art into commodity inevitably + + sapped imagination and withered hope--now all that + + could be imagined was what was. But the artistic + + impulse is not destroyed by capital; it is + + transformed by it. As utopianism is mediated + + through the new processes of cultural production + + and consumption, new sorts of struggles over + + community and leisure begin.^25^ + + More and more--the point has been made by Karl Offe + + among others--the survival of capitalism has become + + contingent on non-capitalist forms of culture, + + including those of the Third World. What is really + + utopian in the present context is not so much the + + sublation of art into life under the auspices of + + advanced consumer capitalism, but rather the + + current capitalist project of reabsorbing the entire + + life energy of world society into labor markets and + + industrial or service production. One of the places + + where the conflict between forces and relations of + + production is most acutely evident is in the current + + tensions--the FBI warning at the start of your evening + + video, for example--around the commercialization of VCR + + and digital sound technologies. Cassettes and CDs are + + the latest hot commodities, but by the same token they + + portend the possibility of a virtual decommodification + + of music and film material, since its reproduction via + + these technologies can no longer be easily contained + + within the "normal" boundaries of capitalist property + + rights. + +[36] As opposed to both Frankfurt school style _Angst_ + + about commodification and a neopopulism which can't + + imagine anything finer than Bruce Springsteen (I have + + in mind Jesse Lemisch's polemic against Popular Front + + style "folk" music in _The Nation_)^26^, I think we + + have to reject the notion that certain kinds of music + + are _a priori_ ethically and politically OK and others + + not (which doesn't mean that there is not ideological + + struggle in music and choice of music). Old Left + + versions of this, some will recall, ranged from + + jazz=good, classical=bad (American CP), to jazz=bad, + + classical=good (Soviet CP). The position of the Left + + today--understanding this in the broadest possible + + sense, as in the idea of the Rainbow--should be in + + favor of the broadest possible variety and + + proliferation of musics and related technologies of + + pleasure, on the understanding--or hope--that in the + + long run this will be deconstructive of capitalist + + hegemony. This is a postmodernist position, but it + + also involves challenging a certain smugness in + + postmodernist theory and practice about just how far + + elite/popular, high culture/mass culture distinctions + + have broken down. Too much of postmodernism seems + + simply a renovated form of bourgeois "art" culture. To + + my mind, the problem is not how much but rather how + + little commodification of culture has introduced a + + universal aestheticization of everyday life. The Left + + needs to defend the pleasure principle ("fun") involved + + in commodity aesthetics at the same time that it needs + + to develop effective images of _post-commodity_ + + gratification linked--as transitional demands--to an + + expansion of leisure time and a consequent + + transformation of the welfare state from the realm of + + economic maintenance--the famous "safety net"--to that + + of the provision of forms of pleasure and personal + + development outside the parameters of commodity + + production. While it is good and necessary to remind + + ourselves that we are a long way away from the + + particular cultural forms championed by the Popular + + Front--that these are now the stuff of_our_ nostalgia + + mode--, we also need to think about the ways in which + + the Popular Fronts in their day were able to hegemonize + + both mass and elite culture. The creation--as in a + + tentative way in this paper--of an _ideologeme_ which + + articulates the political project of ending or + + attenuating capitalist domination with both the + + production _and_ consumption of contemporary music + + seems to me one of the most important tasks in cultural + + work the Left should have on its present agenda. + +[37] Of course, what we anticipate in taking up this + + task is also the moment--or moments--when architecture + + becomes the form of expression of the people, because + + that would be the moment when power had really begun to + + change hands. What would this architecture be like? + _______________________________________________________ + + + NOTES + + + 1. Theodor Adorno, "Perennial Fashion--Jazz," in + _Prisms_, trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber (London: + Neville Spearman, 1967), 128-29. + + 2. On this point, see Adorno's remarks in _The + Philosophy of Modern Music_, trans. Anne Mitchell and + Wesley Blomster (New York: Seabury, 1980), 129-33. + + 3. Christa Burger, "The Disappearance of Art: The + Postmodernism Debate in the U.S.," _Telos_, 68 (Summer + 1986), 93-106. + + 4. Ilhan Mimaroglu, extracts from interview with + John Cage in record album notes for Berio, Cage, + Mimaroglu, _Electronic Music_ (Turnabout TV34046S). + + 5. Jean-Paul Sartre, _Nausea_, trans. Lloyd + Alexander (New York: New Directions, 1959), 33-36. + + 6. Cf. the following remarks by the minimalist + composer La Monte Young: + Around 1960 I became interested in yoga, in which + the emphasis is on concentration and focus on the + sounds inside your head. Zen meditation allows + ideas to come and go as they will, which + corresponds to Cage's music; he and I are like + opposites which help define each other (...) In + singing, when the tone becomes perfectly in tune + with a drone, it takes so much concentration to + keep it in tune that it drives out all other + thoughts. You become one with the drone and one + with the Creator. + Cited in Kyle Gann, "La Monte Young: Maximal Spirit," + _Village Voice_, June 9, 1987, 70. (Gann's column in + the _Voice_ is a good place to track developments in + contemporary modernist and postmodernist music in the + NY scene.) + + 7. "Beethoven's symphonies in their most arcane + chemistry are part of the bourgeois process of + production and express the perennial disaster brought + on by capitalism. But they also take a stance of + tragic affirmation towards reality as a social fact; + they seem to say that the status quo is the best of all + possible worlds. Beethoven's music is as much a part + of the revolutionary emancipation of the bourgeoisie as + it anticipates the latter's apologia. The more + profoundly you decode works of art, the less absolute + is their contrast to praxis." Adorno, _Aesthetic + Theory_, trans. C. Lenhardt (New York: Routledge & + Kegan Paul, 1986), 342. + + 8. Eugene Genovese, _Roll, Jordan, Roll. The + World the Slaves Made_ (New York: Vintage, 1976), 159- + 280. + + 9. Pierre Lere, "_Free Jazz_: Evolution ou + Revolution," _Revue d'esth tique_, 3-4, 1970, 320-21, + translated and cited in Herbert Marcuse, + _Counterrevolution and Revolt_ (Boston: Beacon, 1972), + 114. + + 10. See Attali's, _Noise: The Political Economy of + Music_, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: Univ. of + Minnesota Press, 1985). + + 11. Barthes is perhaps an exception, and Derrida + has written on pictures and painting. John Mowitt at + the University of Minnesota has been doing the most + interesting work on music from a poststructuralist + perspective that I have seen. He suggests as a primer + on poststructuralist music theory I. Stoianova, _Geste, + Texte, Musique_ (Paris: 10/18, 1985). + + 12. _Aesthetic Theory_, 402. + + 13. The semiotic for Kristeva is a sort of babble + out of which language arises--something between + glossolalia and the pre-oedipal awareness of the sounds + of the mother's body--and which undermines the subject's + submission to the Symbolic. "Kristeva makes the case + that the semiotic is the effect of bodily drives which + are incompletely repressed when the paternal order has + intervened in the mother/child dyad, and it is + therefore 'attached' psychically to the mother's body." + Paul Smith, _Discerning the Subject_ (Minneapolis: + Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1988), 121. + + 14. Fredric Jameson, _The Political Unconscious. + Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act_ (Ithaca: + Cornell, 1981), 288-91. + + 15. _Aesthetic Theory_, 21-22. + + 16. I've lost the reference for this quote. + + 17. Russell Berman, "Modern Art and + Desublimation," _Telos_, 62 (Winter 1984-85): 48. + + 18. Andreas Huyssen notes perceptively that "Given + the aesthetic field-force of the term postmodernism, no + neo-conservative today would dream of identifying the + neo-conservative project as postmodern." "Mapping the + Postmodern," in his _After the Great Divide: Modernism, + Mass Culture, Postmodernism_ (Bloomington: Indiana UP, + 1986), 204. I became aware of Huyssen's work only as I + was finishing this paper, but it's obvious that I share + here his problematic and many of his sympathies + (including an ambivalence about McDonalds). + + 19. See in particular Susan Buck-Morss, + "Benjamin's _Passagen-Werk_: Redeeming Mass Culture for + the Revolution." _New German Critique_, 29 (Spring- + Summer 1983), 211-240; and in general the work of + Stuart Hall and the Birmingham Center for Cultural + Studies. Peter Burger's summary of recent work on the + autonomy of art in bourgeois society is useful here: + _Theory of the Avant-Garde_, trans. Michael Shaw + (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota, 1984), 35-54. In a + way Frankfurt theory didn't anticipate, it has seemed + paradoxically necessary for capitalist merchandising to + preserve or inject some semblance of aura in the + commodity--hence kitsch: the Golden Arches--, whereas + communist or socialized production should in principle + have no problem with loss of aura, since it is not + implicated in the commodity status of a use value or + good. Postmodernist pastiche or _mode retro_--where a + signifier of aura is alluded to or incorporated, but in + an ironic and playful way--seems an intermediate + position, in the sense that it can function both to + endow the commodity with an "arty" quality or to detach + aspects of commodity aesthetics from commodity + production and circulation per se, as in Warhol. + + 20. John Cage, "Erik Satie," in _Silence_ + (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966), p.76. + + 21. "Yet this sense of freedom and possibility-- + which is for the course of the 60s a momentarily + objective reality, as well as (from the hindsight of + the 80s) a historical illusion--may perhaps best be + explained in terms of the superstructural movement and + play enabled by the transition from one infrastructural + or systemic stage of capitalism to another." Fredric + Jameson, "Periodizing the 60s," in Sohnya Sayres ed., + _The 60s Without Apology_ (Minneapolis: _Social + Text_/Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1984), 208. + + 22. From Isabelle Anscombe and Dike Blair eds., + _Punk!_ (New York: Urizen, 1978). + + 23. Simon Frith, _Sound Effects. Youth, Leisure + and the Politics of Rock 'n' Roll_ (New York: Pantheon, + 1981), 264-268. + + 24. On this point, see Andrew Goodwin and Joe Gore + "World Beat and the Cultural Imperialism Debate," + _Socialist Review_ 20.3 (Jul.-Sep., 1990): 63-80. + + 25. _Sound Effects_, 268. Cf. Huyssen: "The + growing sense that we are not bound to _complete_ the + project of modernity (Habermas' phrase) and still do + not necessarily have to lapse into irrationality or + into apocalyptic frenzy, the sense that art is not + exclusively pursuing some telos of abstraction, non- + representation, and sublimity--all of this has opened + up a host of possibilities for creative endeavors + today." _After the Great Divide_, 217. + + 26. "I Dreamed I Saw MTV Last Night," _The Nation_ + (October 18, 1986), 361, 374-376; and Lemisch's reply + to the debate which ensued, "The Politics of Left + Culture," _The Nation_ (December 20, 1986), 700 ff. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bigjoke.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bigjoke.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a62b349 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bigjoke.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2611 @@ + + +There was a white man, a black, and a Jew riding in a car when it was involved +in an accident and everyone was killed. The rescue folks were cleaning up the +mess when suddenly the white man got up and brushed himself off. One of the +EMT's asked, "What happened?!" The white man explained, "Well, when we met +saint Peter, he says, 'Due to the lack of money up here right now, you can go +back for $1000.', so I gave him the money and came back." The EMT asked "Well, +were's the other two?" The white man again explained "Well, when I left, the +black guy was looking for a co-signer and the Jew was trying to get saint Peter +down to $750".... + + + +"Moosehead". A great beer...and a new experience for the moose! + + + +One day, little Johnny was sitting on a corner, stirring a bucket of shit. +The milkman walked up and said, "Whatcha got there, Johnny?" +To which Johnny replied (deep, slow voice is best) "Bucket o' shit." +"Whatcha making?" +"A Milkman." +"Hrummph!" said the Milkman and walked across the street. Next, the Mailman +came and said "Whatcha got there Johnny?" "Bucket o' shit." +"Whatcha making?" "A Mailman." "Hrummph!" The Mailman walked across the +street and began talking to the Milkman. Shortly after, a policeman walked +up and had a conversation with the two aggrieved men. He then walked over +to Johnny and said, "What do you have there, Johnny?" "Bucket o' shit." "I +bet you're making a Policeman." + "Nope, ain't got enough shit." + + + +One day, Johnny was sitting in the library, calmly flicking small ball bearings +around the room. Of course, one of the balls hit the librarian square in the +forehead. She stood up and glared around the room and said, "Who has the steel +balls," to which Johnny gleefully replied "Superman!" + + + +It was a month before Christmas, and just for a stunt +Santa had his face buried in Mrs. Clauses' cunt +There was a loud noise and Santa Jumped with a start +It seemed Mrs. Claus had cut loose with one hell of a fart +All Santa could do was gag and to spit +His face and his beard were all plastered with shit +Mrs. Claus was still on the bed, panting and groaning +Hollering for Santa to try and get his bone in +Santa started laughing and shouting, and with a loud cheer +Said I know what to do, I'll screw one of the deer +They're cleaner and neater, and don't you suppose +I'll be just the right height if I stand on my toes +Santa ran from the barn Shaking his head at the noise +Saying Jesus Christ, how'd I know they were all boys +It was getting about time to head for the south +Santa hoping he could get rid of the taste in his mouth +As the reindeer proceeded to line up in fours +Santa hollered "Merry Christmas Mrs. Claus this vibrator is yours!" +As Santa and his sleigh streaked into the sky +He said you may not be able to fuck yourself, but why don't you try +While Santa rode in the night, his ass frozen to the sled +He started thinking of Mrs. Claus at home in her warm bed +Santa spun in midair and headed back to the pole +They say he never go t farther from that hairy old hole +The moral of this story will end with this bit +Any job that you do, you just have to take shit. + + + +Little Johnny was twelve years old and like other boys of his age, rather +curious. He has bben hearing quite a bit about "courting" from older boys, and +he wondered what it was and how it was done. One day he took his questions to +his mother, who became rather flustered. Instead of explaining things to him, +she told him to hide behind the curtain one night and watch his older sister +and her boy friend. This he did. The following morning he described +everything to his mother. + + "Sis and her boy friend sat and talked for awhile, then he turned off most of +the lights, and he started kissing and hugging her. I figured sis must be +getting sick because she started looking funny. He must have thought so too +because he put his hand under her blouse to feel her heart just like a doctor +would, except hes not as smart as the doctor because he seemed to have trouble +finding the heart.. + +I guess he was getting sick too, because pretty soon both of them started +panting and getting all out of breath. His other hand must have been cold, +because he put it under her skirt. Aboout this time, sis got worse, and began +to moan and squirm around. They slid down to the end of the couch. This was +when the fever started. I know it was a fever, because sis told him she felt +really hot.. + +Finally, i found out what was making them so sick: A big eel had gotten inside +his pants somehow.. It just jumped out of his pants and stood there, about ten +inches long. Honest. Anyway, he grabbed it in one hand to keep it from getting +away. + +When sis saw it she got really scared, her eyes got big and her mouth fell +open. She started calling out to god and stuff like that. She said it was the +biggest one she had ever seen. I should tell her about the ones down at the +lake.. + +Anywa, sis got brave and tried to kill the eel by biting its head off. All of a +sudden she made a noise and let the eel go... I guess it bit her back, then she +grabbed it with both hands and held it tight while he took a muzzle out of his +pants pocket and slipped it over the eels head to keep it from biting again. + +Sis laid back and spread her legs so she could get a scissor lock on it, and he +helped by laying on top of the eel. The eel put up a hell of a fight. Sis +started graning and squealing and her boyfriend almost upset the couch. I +guess they wanted to kill the eel by squashing it between them.. + +After a while, they both got up and gave a great sigh, her boyfriend got up and +sure enough, they had killed the eel. i know it was dead, because it just hung +ther, limp and some of its insides were hanging out.. + +Sis and her boyfreind were a little tired from the battle, but they went to +courting anyway. He started hugging and kissing again. By Golly, the eel +wasn't dead. It jumped straight-up and started to fight again. i guess eels +are like cats... they have nine lives... + +This time sis jumped up and tried to kill the eel by sitting on it.. After +fifty-five minutes of struggle, they finally killed the eel. I know it was +this time because i saw sis's boyfriend peel its skin off and flush it down the +toilet.. + +Johnny's mother fainted. + + + + Now there are three guys, a white guy, a black guy, and + a Polock. They all have to live on the desert for a + day and they're allowed to pick ONE thing to take. + Each is asked what they want to take. + + First the white guy is asked what he wants to take. He + says, "I'd like to take a glass of water." + + "Why a glass of water?" he is asked. + + "So I can have something to drink when + I get thirsty." + + Next the black guy is asked what he wants to take. He + says, "I'd like to take an ice cube." + + "Why an ice cube?" he is asked. + + "So I can have something to suck on + when it gets hot." + + Finally the Polock is asked what he wants to take. He + says, "I'd like to take a car door." + + "Why a CAR DOOR?" he is asked. + + "So I can roll down the window when + it gets hot!" + + + + Q. What do you call oral sex at a national park??? + + A. Old Facefull!!!! + + + +Q. What did the masochistic girl say to her date??? + +A. "Slap...or I'll stop you!" + + + +At the last Georgia vs Auburn confrontation that took place in Georgia, an +enterprising Athens businessman put up a sign in his parking lot that said +"Auburn Fans Park Your Tractors Here". + +What's the best use for a degree from the University of Georgia? + +You tape it to your back bumper so you can park in the handicapped spaces. + + +Why are they laying down artificial turf in Jordan-Hare(Auburn) Stadium? + +To stop the cheerleaders from grazing. + + +What do they say when the Georgia cheerleaders take the field? + +How 'bout them dawgs. + + +An Auburn student enters a store and orders an RC and a moon pie. The +waiter says, "You go to Aubrun don't you?" + "If I came in here and ordered Sphgetti would you say I'm Italian?" + "No.", The waiter replied. + "If I ordered a Taco would you say that I'm Mexican?" + "No," the waiter says again. + "Then how come I order an RC and a moon pie and you say I'm from +Auburn?" + "Because this is a hardware store." + + + + What do you get when you drop a piano down a mine shaft? + + A flat miner! + + + +Woman walks into her doctors office and says "You son of a bitch, those +hormones you gave me are just a little too strong. I've got hair growing all +over my titties". The doctor said, "Jeez, how far down does the hair go". +Lady - "All the way down to my dick. And that's another thing... + + + +This guy gets into a horrible auto accident and part of the damage form the +accident was that his dick was amputated. So, this dude is at the doctor and is +desperate. He pleads with the doctor to do something for him, so the doctor +tells him that there is a little baby elephant over at the zoo that just died. +The doctor says that they can use the elephant's trunk in place of this guy's +schlong. The guy is getting all excited and tells the doctor to do it. A few +years later the guy is with this incredible babe and they are out for dinner. +All of a sudden, she sees this thing come up from under the table and grab a +dinner roll and then dissappear back under the table. She screams and asks what +the hell it was. He tells her that he has to level with her. A few years ago I +had an accident, and my dick was cut off, so the doctor replaced it with the +trunk from a baby elephant. She thought that it was amazing and she asked if he +could do it again. He hesitatnly said `Yeah, I can do it again, but I don't +know if my ass can take another roll!' + + + +Did you hear the one about the optical lens manufacturer? + +He accidently fell into his lens grinder and made a spectacle of himself!!! + + + +This musician finally finished a new song, but no one would buy it. He was +telling another musician about it, and the other guy said "Let me hear it". +The first guy went to the piano and played a wonderful tune. When he finished, +the second guy said "That's a wonderful tune! I don't see why no one will buy +it. What do you call it?". The first man says "I love you so goddam much I +gotta shit" + + + +I understand that there is a mayor in California who is not only in favor of +the legalization of marijuana, but who also claims that smoking pot allows one +to focus one's conciousness better when driving and the like. He has gone as +far as encouraging citizens to smoke marijuana while driving by posting traffic +signs reading "no left turn unstoned". + + + +Q. Why, in the traditional wedding picture, is the groom in a chair and the +bride standing???? + +A. Because he's too tired to get up and she's too sore to sit down!!!! + + + +Q. What do you get if you eat Uranium??? + +A. You get Atomic ache!!!!! + + + +There was this polish kid one day who wanted a bike REALLY badly so he goes +to his father and says, Dad, can I have a bike, PLEASE! + +His father says to his son, is your dick long enough to touch the ground +yet? The son replies, no, so the father says NO BIKE. + +A few years later the son asks the father again and again his father wants +to know his dick size. Again, it isn't big enuf so he says no. + +Finally a few years later the son goes to his father and says, Dad, can I have +a bike, to which the father replies, is your dick be enuf toreach the ground. +The son happily says yes thinking finally he will get a bike. + +The father replies, GOOD, now go fuck yourself! + + + +There was this Englishman, Frenchman, a Mexican, and a Texan. They were all in +a plane. The pilot says "The plane has to lose some weight or we'll never make +it!" So, the Englishman says "God Save The Queen," and jumps out, the +Frenchman says "Vive La France!" and jumps out. Then the Texan says "Remember +The Alamo!" and pushes the Mexican out. + + + +One day a preacher came into town and started preaching that he could heal all +kinds of ailments. Well, as he was preaching, a man on crutches happened to +walk by. The preacher stoped him and said, "Brother, what is your ailment?" He +replied, "Well preacher, I have a deformed leg, and have never walked without +crutches." The preacher said, "What's your name, Brother?" "My name's John." +said the crippled man. "Well brother John, you step back behind this curtain." +and he did. About a minute later, another man happened to walk by and was also +stopped by the preacher. "What's your name brother" said the preacher. "Mu-mu- +ma names Ba-Ba-BOB!" was the reply. "Well brother Bob, what is your ailment?" +"Well, P-P-Preacher, I ha-ha-have a stu-stu-stu- problem talking." So the +preacher ushered him behind the curtian also and then started dancing and +preaching and yelling and praying and all kinds of stuff. After about 5 minutes +of this, he said, "Brother John, throw down your crutches, Brother Bob, speak +to me in a normal voice "About 30 seconds later, a voice came from behind the +curtian. "P-P Preacher, Br-Bra-Brother John Je-Jes-just fell on hi-hi-his ass!" + + + +My teenage daughter proudly wears a button that says: "If I had wanted to +hear from an asshole I would have farted." + + + +Three women are in a car crash and are all killed but fortunatly go to +heaven. Where they are met at the gates by St. Peter. + +SP says to the first woman: How did you die. And she says "The Big H" +SP says, Heart Attack, how terrible, come on in. + +SP says to the second woman how did you die? + And she says "I got the big C" + And Saint Peter says, Cancer that's terrible, you come in too. + +SP turns to the third woman and says, How did you die? + +She replys: "The big G" + +SP says, The Big G I don't know the big G? +What's that? + +She says Gonneria! + +SP says, You can't die from Gonerria! + +And the third woman replys: "If you give it to Leroy you can..." + + + +A woman wearing a hat was crossing the street in Chicago when a great wind +blew her skirt up over her head. she had no panties on, but she grabbed +for her hat instead of trying to hold her skirt down. + +A young man walking by asked her why should would grab the hat first +instead of her skirt, especially since she was wearing no underwear. + +"Young man," she replied, "what's under that skirt is 50 years old. + This hat is brand new!" + + + +DO YOU KNOW WHY A DOG LICKS HIS BALLS ? +BECAUSE HE CAN ! + + + +Q. What did the Indian say when he saw the mushroom cloud from the A-bomb test? + +A. "Wishum I had said that"! + + + +A new lumberjack has just finished his first month in the wilds of Alaska, +where there are no women for miles. He couldn't take it anymore, so he asks +his foreman what the men do to relieve themselves sexually. The foreman says, +"Try the hole in the barrel outside the shower, the men swear by it." The +lumberjack tried it out and had the experience of his life. "Wow, thats +fantastic," the lumberjack says, "I'm going to use it every day." "Everyday +except Wednesday," says the foreman. "Why?" says the lumberjack. "Wednesday's +your day in the barrell." + + + +Heard about the new Indian lottery? +Rub off the dot on the card, and if it matches the one on your forehead, +you're a winner! + + + +A man comes home one day with four brand new snow tires--I mean beautiful, +white wall, top-of-the line models. His wife says to him, "Why'd you buy snow +tires you don't even have a car?" +The man says: "Yeah but you buy bras don't you?" + + + +How do you tell the difference between snowmen and snowwomen? + +Snow-Balls + + + +"Before you hump her, + Cover your thumper!" + + + +"Is that Hortense?" +"She looks relaxed to me...." + + + +These jokes are about as funny as a helicoptor with an ejector seat! + + + +A schoolteacher told her class to come to school the next day dressed as a +mood. She said grades would be awarded on the basis of originality. The next +day she had the children stand up and tell what mood they were personifying. +The first child, Johnny, was all dressed in blue. He said, "I'm depression." +He got a C. The second child, Billy, was wearing green. "I'm jealousy and +envy." he said. Billy got a B. The next child, Darnell, stood up, wearing his +normal clothes, but with a pear stuck on his dick. The teacher said, "What in +heaven's name kind of mood are you? +Darnell replied, "Why, I's fuckin dis peah!" + + + +Q. Whats a prophylactic? + +A. A planned parent hood! + + + +Hear about the little black boy with the runs? + +He thought he was melting. + + + +Whats the difference between a mother-in-law and a vulture? + +The vulture at least waits till your dead to eat out your heart! + + + +Q> How do you starve a Puerto Rican? + +A> Hide his food stamps under his work shoes... + + + + +Well, we knew that it would happen before too long. Yesterday, Oral +Roberts was filmed standing on the Berlin Wall. He wants to raise +1 million marks by the end of the year, or he claims that the good Lord +will close the wall forever! + + + +Q. When cows laugh, does milk come out of there noses too? + + + + + +"I was working as an usher in the movie theatre, when I noticed a couple +in the back row making out in the dark. I suppose that I should have +stopped them, but I figured that they'd never notice another hand." + + + + + + There was a young lady of Erskine, + Who had a remarkably fair skin. + When I said to her, "Mabel, + You look, nice in your sable," + She replied, "I look best in my bare skin". + + + + + +Well, this guy was out driving around in his Caddy, and he sees a +hitchhiker, a pretty gal who looks a real sexy. He picks her +up, and within a few minutes they are chatting about homes, jobs, +friends, etc. Turns out, she claims to be a witch, with real magic +powers. He scoffs, and she says, 'no, it's true.' And if he doesn't +believe her, she will turn him into something to prove it. "Ha", +he says again, "you can't do it!! + +Well, she leans over his way -he's now a little nervous- and says a +few words into his ear, and sure enough, he turns into a motel +parking lot. + + + + + + +A man came home and his wife came running up and said "Honey my +sewing machine broke can ya fix it?" + +He replied "Who do I look like Mr Singer!!!" + +The next day he came home and his wife met him at the door and +said "Honey, my Vac Cleaner broke can you fix it ?" + +he replied "Who do I look like Mr Hoover!!" + +The next day the man came home and his wife said "Honey a nice +man cam buy and fixed the Vac and the sewing machine....He said I +could either bake him a cake or sleep with him" + +The man replied "what kind of cake did you bake?" + +She replied "Who do I look like BETTY CROCKER!!" + + + +Q: Why do the driver's education classes in West Virginia only use the + car on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays? + +A: Because on Tuesday and Thursday the sex ed class has it. + + + +The rabbit and the snake bumped into each other on the trail, and the snake +says "Sorry... but you see, I am blind!". The rabbit replies "Hey, I'm sorry +too, but I'm also blind...I've been blind all my life. +As a matter of fact, I dont even know what I am!". + +The snake says "Really? I dont what I am either! Say, maybe we can help +each other out... +I'll feel around on you and tell you what are, and then +you can do the same for me... Whatdya say?" + +Rabbit replies "ok". So, the snake coils up around the Rabbit and says... +"Okay...you are fuzzy all over, you got long front legs and short back legs, +long ears, and a fuzzy little tail... + Why... Little fella, you are a rabbit!" + +Well, the rabbit is overjoyed at this profound revelation, and replies +in like kind by feeling around on the snake and says... + +"Umm...Well, you are cold, slimy all over, and it appears that you crawl +on the ground on your belly all the time, and you dont have any balls!... +I'm pretty sure you're a lawyer!" + + + + +Two women were hurrying through the Christmas crowds on Main Street, +when one happens to hear a strange, little voice, down below her knees. + +"Hey!" it yells at her. "Look down here!" + +What should she see but a small, frightened green frog, stuck in a +showbank. Rush hour trucks and taxis are missing this little guy by +just inches. + +"Pick me up!" the frog begs. + +The wonan reaches down with a gloved hand, scoops the critter from the +snow and holds him delicately at arm's length. + +"Thank you!" he cries. "Now kiss me! I swear if you kiss me, I'll turn +into a hotshot Wall Street stockbroker!" + +The woman says nothing, and instead tucks the frog in her pocket. + +A few minutes later, her walking companion can't stand the suspense. + +"Aren't you going to kiss the frog?" she asks. + +"Are you kidding?" laughs the rescuer. "You can make more money with a +talking frog than you can with a hotshot Wall Street stockbroker." + + + + + +For as long as they could remember, four men had gotten together early +each December for a sauna and pre-Christmas lunch. + +"I won't be able to make the sauna this year, but I'll meet you at the +deli after," Chuck told his pals. + +Tom, Dick and Harry gather as usual at the sauna to play catch-up on the +events of the year. + +"So how is your son?" Tom asks Dick. + +"Excellent. Couldn't be better. He's in business for himself now, +making tailor made suits. Things are going so well for him that only +yesterday, he gave one of his friends a free suit." + +"A free suit?" + +"Absolutely," says Dick. + +"And how is your son, Tom?" + +Tom beams. + +"My son is selling cars. He's very successful. He's the top salesman +at his dealership. He's doing so well that only last week he gave a +friend a car." + +"Gave a friend a car?" + +"Free. For nothing." + +Tom and Dick shake their heads, delighted at their kids' success. + +"How about your son, Harry?" asks Tom. + +"Don't ask," says Harry. "My son is in real estate. My son is selling +condos as if there were no tomorrow. My son has sold so many condos +that only last week, he gave one of his friends a free condo." + +"No!" + +"Yes! Gave away a condo!" + +The three men agree they're blessed to have such successful, generous +sons. + +They get dressed and head over to the deli to meet their fourth pal for +lunch. + +Chuck is sitting at the table holding his head in his hands. + +"Old friend!" Tom, Dick and Harry cry, "Why so sad?" + +Chuck sighs. + +"It's about my son," he says. "I don't know how to tell you this, guys. + My son only told me last night at dinner. He's gay." + +"No!" + +"Yes, and I don't mind admitting, I'm having some real difficulty coping +with this as a man. Is it my fault? Should I have done something +differently?" + +"Don't torture yourself," advises Tom. + +"Don't dwell on it," comforts Dick. + +"Whatever will be, will be," adds Harry. + +Chuck shakes his head. + +"You're right. It's his life. I've got to accept it. I should look on +the bright side. He's making lots of new friends, I guess. Why just +last week, these new friends gave him a new suit, a new car, and a new +condo." + + + +The Indian chief had to leave the resovation for a year, so he left his +son in charge. +When he returned, he asked is son how things had gone for the year. +"Well, I've got some good news, and some bad news" he said. +"What's the bad news?" the chief asked. +"Since you've been away, 20,000 white men have moved onto the +reservation, and have built houses on our best hunting grounds" he +replied. +"But that's disasterous" the chief replied, "So what's the good news?" +"Well, they taste like buffalo" + + + + + Little Johnny came home from school one day and kicked a chicken. (He +lives on a farm) His mother saw it and said "Johnny, I saw you kick that +chicken and we're having chicken for dinner. As punishment you get no +dinner tonight." + Little Johnny then went out to the barn and kicked a cow in his anger. +His mother called him to the house and said "Johnny, I saw you kick that +cow. You get no milk before bedtime tonight." + Even more upset, he went and sat on the porch. A while later his father +came home and kicked the cat that was sleeping on the sidewalk. Johnny +walking into the house and said to his mother, "Are YOU going to tell +him or am I?" + + + + + A divorce case was going on, and the parents were trying to decide who +would get custody of their only child, Melissa. The Judge asked Melissa, "Do +you want to live with your Mommy?", and Melissa said "No, because she beats +me". The Judge scowled at the mother. Then the Judge asked, "Do you want to +live with your Daddy?", and Melissa replied "No, he beats me too.". The +Judge scowled at both the parents, then turned to Melissa and asked, "Then +who do you want to live with?", to which Melissa replied "The Dallas +Cowboys. They can't beat anyone." + + + + + + + ** LOST DOG ** + + 3 legs, + Blind in left eye, + Missing right ear, + Tail broken, + Recently castrated... + Answers to the name of + "LUCKY" + + + + + +You know it's a bad day when: + +1. You wake up face down on the pavement. +2. You put your bra on backwards, and it fits better. +3. You You call Suicide Prevention and they put you on HOLD. +4. You see the "60 minutes" news team waiting for you in your office. +5. Your birthday cake collapses from the weight of the candles. +6. You want to put on the clothes you wore home from the party but there + aren't any. +7. You put on the news and they're displaying emergency routes out of the + city. +8. The woman you've been seeing on the side begins to look like your wife. +9. Your twin sister forgets your birthday. +10. You wake up to discover that your water bed broke and then you realize + that you don't have a water bed. +11. Your horn goes off accidentally, and remains stuck, as you follow a + group of Hell's Angels on the freeway. +12. The timer on your coffee maker is set to brew at 8:00 a.m. and you + forgot to put the coffee pot in the dispenser. +13. Your auburn hair color turns purple overnight. + + + +How to get along at the office: + +If it rings, put it on hold; +If it clanks, call a repairman; +If it whistles, ignore it; +If it's a friend, take a break; +If it talks, take notes; +If it's handwritten, type it; +If it's copied, file it; +If it's Friday, forget it! + + + + + +How to succeed without talent: + +1. Study to look tremendously important. +2. Speak with great assurance. Stick to generally accepted facts. +3. Avoid arguments; if challenged, fire an irrelevant question at your + antagonist and intently polish your glasses while he tries to answer. + As an alternative, hum under your breath while examining your + fingernails. +4. Contrive to mingle with important people. +5. Before talking with a man you wish to impress, ferret out his remedies + or current problems, then advocate them strongly. +6. Listen while others wrangle. Pluck out a platitude and defend it + righteously. +7. When asked a question by a subordinate, give him a "have you lost your + mind" stare until he glances down, then paraphrase the question back at + him. +8. Acquire a capable stooge, but keep him in the backround. +9. In offering to perform a service, imply your complete familiarity. +10. Arrange to be the clearinghouse for all complaints--it encourages the + thought that you are in control. +11. Never acknowledge thanks for your attention; this will implant + subconscious obligation in the mind of your victim. +12. Carry yourself in the grand manner. Refer to your associates as + "some of the boys in our office." Discourage light conversation that + might bridge the gap between boss and man. +13. Walk swiftly from place to place as if engrossed in affairs of great + moment. Keep your office door closed. Interview by appointment only + and give orders by memoranda. Remember, you are a big shot and you + don't give a damn who knows it. + + + +Before you ask me for the day off, consider the following statistics: + +There are 365 days in the year, you sleep eight hours a day making 122 days, +which subtracted from 365 days makes 243 days. You also have 8 hours of +recreation every day, making another 122 days and leaves a balance of 121 +days. There are 52 Sundays that you do not work at all, leaving 69 days. +You get Saturday afternoon off. This gives 52 half-days, or 26 more days +that you do not work. This leaves a balance of 43 days. You get an hour +off for lunch, which when totaled makes 16 days, leaving 27 days of the +year. You get at least 21 days leave every year, so that leaves 6 days. +You get 5 legal holidays during the year, which leaves only 1 day, + + AND YOU WANT ME TO GIVE + YOU THAT ONE DAY OFF!!! + + + + + Safety Tips for the Post-Nuclear Existence + +1. Never use an elevator in a building that has been hit by a nuclear + bomb; use the stairs. + +2. When you're flying through the air, remember to roll when you hit + the gorund. + +3. If you're on fire, avoid gasoline and other flammable materials. + +4. Don't attempt communications with dead people; it will only lead to + psychological problems. + +5. Food will scarce; you will have to scavenge. Learn to recognize + foods that will be available after the bomb: mashed potatoes, shredded + wheat, tossed salad, ground beef, etc. + +6. Put your hand over your mouth when you sneeze; internal organs will + be scarce in the post-nuclear age. + +7. Try to be neat; fall only in designated piles. + +8. Drive carefully in 'Heavy Fallout' areas; people could be staggering + illegally. + +9. Nutritionaly, hundred dollar bills are equal to ones, but more + sanitary due to limited circulation. + +10. Accumulate mannequins now; spare parts will be in short supply on + D-DAY. + + + + + Safety Tips for the Post-Nuclear Existence + +1. Never use an elevator in a building that has been hit by a nuclear + bomb; use the stairs. + +2. When you're flying through the air, remember to roll when you hit + the gorund. + +3. If you're on fire, avoid gasoline and other flammable materials. + +4. Don't attempt communications with dead people; it will only lead to + psychological problems. + +5. Food will scarce; you will have to scavenge. Learn to recognize + foods that will be available after the bomb: mashed potatoes, shredded + wheat, tossed salad, ground beef, etc. + +6. Put your hand over your mouth when you sneeze; internal organs will + be scarce in the post-nuclear age. + +7. Try to be neat; fall only in designated piles. + +8. Drive carefully in 'Heavy Fallout' areas; people could be staggering + illegally. + +9. Nutritionaly, hundred dollar bills are equal to ones, but more + sanitary due to limited circulation. + +10. Accumulate mannequins now; spare parts will be in short supply on + D-DAY. + + + + + +Hear the one 'bout the ax murderer and his two half-brothers. + + + +Two dogs are waiting in a Vet's office, a Pit Bull and a Great Dane. The +Great dane says to the Pit Bull, "So why are you here?" Well says the Pit +Bull, " I was sitting in my yard when this pretty young girl walked by. I +couldn't control myself and I bit her, so they're going to put me to sleep. +" "Oh" says the Great Dane. "So why are you here?" asks the Pit Bull. "Well" +says the Great Dane, "I was in the powder room with my mistres when se bent +over to pick her towel up." "Needless to say I couldn't controll myself and +I mounted her." "Owwww" says the Pit Bull "Thats to bad , so their going to +put you to sleep to huh..." "No" says the Great Dane "I'm only here to have +my nails clipped!" + + + + What does a shoplifter take for diarrhea? + + - Klepto-Bismol! + + + + What do you get when you spray a box of condoms with laughing gas? + + - Glad bags! + + + + The Night Before Christmas + + Twas the night before Christmas, and all through the house, + everyone felt shitty, even the mouse! + + Dad at the whore house, Mom smoking grass, + and I just settled down for a nice piece of ass. + + Then out on the lawn there rose such a clatter, + I sprang from my piece to see what was the matter. + + He came down the chimney like a bat out of hell, + I knew right away that fat fucker fell. + + He filled all the stockings with pretzels and beer, + and a big rubber dick for my brother the queer. + + He rose up the chimney with one hell of a fart, + that son-of-a-bitch blew my chimney apart. + + He swore and he cursed as he flew out of sight, + "Piss on you all and have one hell of a night." + + + +A pig goes into a bar and asks for six beers and drinks them all and +asks the bartender where the bathroom is and is told by the bartender +that is down the hall. A little while latter the pig leaves. Then another +pig comes in and asks for twelve beers and then asks where the bathroom +is and is told that is down the hall. A little while latter the pig +leaves. Then a third pig enters and orders and drinks twenty-four beers +and is just about to leave when the bartender asks "hey, aren't you going +to ask where the bathroom is?" and the pig says "No, I'm the pig that +goes wee-wee all the way home." + + + +(Q) So, what is the East German nation gonna put on their new flag?? +(A) ...... A suitcase. + + +(Q) How can you tell if you're in a gay church? +(A) Every other person is kneeling + + + +Down in cajun country, a deputy sheriff went to the house of the old man whose +wife was missing, and said to him "I have some good news and some bad news for +you. Which would you like to hear first?" + +The old man replied "Give me the bad news first" + +"Well," said the deputy, "we just found your wife in the river, drowned." + +The old man broke down and, crying hysterically, walked away from the deputy to +grieve. A few minutes later he hobbled back to the deputy and asked "If that +was the bad news, what's the good news?" + +"Well" said the deputy, "when we fished her out of the water, there were ten, +maybe twelve, big blue crabs on her... so we're sending her back down in the +morning" + + + + + (__) (__) (__) (__) + (oo) (oo) (oo) (oo) + /-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ + / | || / | || / | || / | || +* ||----|| * ||W---|| * ||w---|| * ||V---|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + Cow Cow laden Same cow Nancy Reagan-type + with milk after milking cow with milk + + + (___) (___) * (___) (___) + (o o) (o o) \ (o o) (o o) + /-------\ / /-------\ / \-------\ / /-------\ / + / | ||O / | ||O | ||O / | ~#>-+|O +* ||,---|| * ||#\--|| ||,---|| * ||,----| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ + Bull Same bull after Rotc bull after Red-blooded American Bull + seeing above cow seeing other bull shooting the Rotc bull + + + (__) (__) (__) (__) + (oo) (oo) (oo) (oo) + /-------\/-* /-------\/ /-------\/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + / | || \ )*)(\/* / * / | || +* ||----|| * \ |||/)|/()( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +\/|(/)(/\/(,,/ \)|(/\/|)(/\ + Cow munching Grass munching Cow in water Cow in trouble + on grass on cow + + (__) (__) * (__) * (__) + (oo) (oo) \ (oo) | (oo) + /--------\/ /-oooooo-\/ \-------\/ \-------\/ + * o| || * ooooooooo o o| || / || + ||----|| ooooooooooooo ||----||>==/-----|| + ooo^^ ^^ ooooooooooooooooo ^^ ^^ ^^ + Cow taking Cow in deep Cow getting the shit + a shit shit kicked out of her + + + (__) + (oo) U + /-------\/ /---V + / | || * |--| . +* ||----|| + ^^ ^^ + +Cow at 1 meter. Cow at 100 meters. Cow at 10,000 meters. + + + (__) )__( vv vv + (oo) (oo) ||----|| * + /-------\/ *-------\/ || | / + / | || / | || /\-------/ +* ||----|| / ||----|| (oo) + ^^ ^^ vv vv (~~) + +American Cow Polish Cow Australian Cow + + + (__) (__) (__) + (oo) ____ (oo) _---_(oo) + /-------\/ /- --\/ /- -\/ + / | || / | || /| || +* ||----|| * ||___-|| * ||___-|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + +Freshman Cow at Freshman Cow Freshman Cow +start of school After the "Freshman 15" After the "Freshman 20" + + + (__) (__) (__) + (OO) (##) (xx) + /-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ + / | || / | || / | || +* ||----|| * ||----|| * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + +Cow who drank Jolt Cow who ate Cow who used Jolt to wash + psychadelic mushrooms down psychadelic mushrooms + + + /\ __ + / \ || + (__) (__) \ / (_||_) + SooS (oo) \/ (oo) + /------S\/S /-------\/ /S /-------\/ + / | || / | || / S / | || + * ||----|| * ||----||___/ S * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + This cow belonged Ben Franklin owned Abe Lincoln's + to George Washington this cow cow + + + (__) + * (__) (oo) + \ (oo) /------\/ + \-------\/ /| |/ | + | ==$ || / | [) || + ||----|| * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + Old "One Arm" belonged This cow was given to + to Ceasar's Palace Hugh Hefner for his Birthday + + + (___) (__) (__) + ( O ) (oo) (oo) + /-------\ / \/--------\/ + / | ||V | | + * ||----|| ||------|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + The cyclops that Jason and This cow lived with +the Argonauts met had this cow Dr. Doolittle + + + (__) (__) + [##] (#o) + /-------\/ /-------\/ /------- (__) + / | || / | || / | || (oo) + * ||----|| * ||----|| * ||----|---\/ + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ + This cow belonged This cow lived with This cow belonged to + to Flash Gordon the Little Rascals the Headless Horseman + + + (____) (____) (____) + (oo ) (o o) ( O O) + /-----------\ / /-----\ /---- /-----------\ / + / || | \/ / | | \/ | / || | \/ + / || |||| \ | | | | | / || |||| + * ||||-----|||| *| | |-----| | | * ||||-----|||| + /\/\ /\/\ /\ /\ /\ /\ ^^^^ ^^^^ + This cow belonged This was Salvatore No one was sure whether + to Pablo Picasso Dali's favorite cow M.C. Escher's cow had four + legs or eight + + + O__O \_|_/ + (oo) (oo) + /-------\/ /-------\/ + / | || / | || + * ||----|| * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + Cow at Disneyland Cow visiting the Statue of Liberty + + + (__) (__) + ^^ (oo) (--) + ^^^^ /-------\/ /-\/-\ + ^^^^^ / | || /| |\ + ^^^^^ * ||----|| ^ | | ^ + ^^^^^^^^ ====^^====^^==== | | +^^^^^^^^^^^^^/ /----\ +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ / \ \ +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ * ^ + Cow Hanging Ten at Malibu Cow sunning at Fort Lauderdale + (What a bod, huh guys?) + + + )\ (__) + / \ (oo) + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Cow swimming at Amityville +(Where Jaws was filmed, for those less educated) + + + * (__) + \ (DD) + \ /-------\/ + |\ / | ||_\_/ + \ | \ (__) * ||----| + \\|| \(oo) ^^ ^ + \||\ \\/ Cow chugging brews and staring at + ^^ \|| sunbathers at Fort Lauderdale + \\ || + \\|| + \|| + ^^ / / / / / / / / / / / + \\_ / / / / / / / / / / / / + \_ / / / / / _______ / / + Cow skiing a Black Diamond at Aspen / / / / | \ / / + / / / (__)| / / + / / / (oo)| / / + ( ### ) /-------\/ | + ( ## ) (------------) / | ||^_| + ## (__) ( *>COUGH<* ) * ||----| + ## (oo) . . . ( *>COUGH<* ) ^^ ^ + /--UU--\/ (____________) + / | || Cow sheltering from English Weather + * ||---|| + (New) Jersey Cow + + + O O O O + \ \ / / + \ \ (__) / + (__) \ \ (xx)/ + (DD) \ +--------+\// + /-------\/ \| | / + / | || +--------+ + * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ +Cow fantasizing about "Riding the Mechanical Bull" + at Gillies in Texas + + + o o + |__| (__) (__) + (oo) (oo) =(oo)= oo + /-------\/ /-------vv /-------\/ + / | || / | || / | || +* ||----|| * ||----|| * ||----|| + ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ + bill bixby bela lugosi boris karloff claude rains + male relative cow cow cow + cow + + + x + xxxx|xxxx + xxxxxxx|xxxxxxx + | + // + (__) // (__) (__) + (oo)// (oo)===(oo) + /-------\// /-------\/ \/-------\ + / | |// / | || || | \ + * ||----| * ||----|| ||----|| * + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + Julie Andrews Cow Siamese cows + + + o o (__) ^ + \ / (oo) / + \ / _____\/___/ + (__) \__/ / /\ / / + (oo) _______(oo) ^ / * / + /---------\/ /| ___ \/ / ___/ + / | x=a(b)|| / | { }|| *----/\ + * ||------|| * ||{___}|| / \ + ^^ ^^ ||-----|| / / + ^^ ^^ ^ ^ + + Mathematical Television This cow does Disco + Cow Cow (That's what comes of + (developer of (Cow-thode snorting cow-caine) + cow-culus) Ray Tube) + + + o + | [---] + | | + | | |------========| + /----|---|\ | **** |=======| + /___/___\___\ o | **** |=======| + | | ___| |==============| + | | ___ {(__)} |==============| + \-----------/ []( )={(oo)} |==============| + \ \ / / /---===--{ \/ } | + ----------------- / | NASA |==== | + | | * ||------||-----^ + ----------------- || | | + / / \ \ ^^ ^ | + / ---- \ + ^^ ^^ This cow jumped over the Moon + + + (__) + ([][]) "I have this recurring dream + __\/_--U about golden arches.".. (__) + /\ \__ ^ :..("") + /\\\ / / //\ ____\_____\/ // + /----^/__/\ /\ // \\/ \___ / // + \\\____/--\-- // /-/__________/ // + /====== \/ =======/==============// + *_/ / \ /^ // / \\ + / \ ^ // \\ + + Psycowlogist and patient + + + (___) + \^^^^^^^^\ (__) (o o) + \^^^^^^^^\\ (oo) \ / + *-----\_______\/\/ \--O--/ + ^_______/ --- \______^ // -----\ + ^--------\ \S/ /\_____^ \\/_^{} /==V===[] + \______/ \_____\\// + \__/ + It's a bird... //\\ The Boss + It's a plane... // \\ (Bruce Holstien) + // // + ^^ ^^ + + + ================== + _____________________________ H H + | |-------------| H (__) H + | | ________ | H (oo) H __ + | COWNTY | | (|__|) | | H / \/ \ H / \ + | JAIL | | |oo| | | H | | | | H | STOP | + | | |__|\/|__| | H D===b=----- H \ __ / + | | o | H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H || + | | ^ | H H || + | | ] | H H || + | | | H H || + |_____________|_____________| H H || + ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ + Some cows get in trouble... Cattle Guard + + + ( ( ) + ( ( ) ) + ( ( ) + ( / ) + ( ( \\ ) + ( | // ) + | | (__) + | | (oo) (__) + | | ----\/ ______(oo)_____ + | | || ( _)_______(__) ) + **| | ---|| \ __________/ + ``'---------^^ + Cow Hide Cow Pie + + + \ | / ___________ + ____________ \ \_# / | ___ | _________ + | | \ #/ | | | | | = = = = | + | | | | | \\# | |`v'| | | | + | | \# // | --- ___ | | | || | | + | | | | | #_// | | | | | | + | | \\ #_/_______ | | | | | | || | | + | | | | | \\# /_____/ \ | --- | | | + | | \# |+ ++| | | |^^^^^^| | | | || | | + | | \# |+ ++| | | |^^^^^^| | | | || | | +^^^| (^^^^^) |^^^^^#^| H |_ |^| | |||| | |^^^^^^| | + | ( ||| ) | # ^^^^^^ | | |||| | | | ||||||| | + ^^^^^^^^^^^^^________/ /_____ | | |||| | | | ||||||| | + `v'- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | ||||||| | + || |`. (__) (__) ( ) + (oo) (oo) /---V + /-------\/ \/ --------\ * | | + / | || ||_______| \ + * ||W---|| || || * + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + + "Cow Town" + + + \ (__) (__) + \\(oo) (\/) + /-----\\\/ /-------\/ + / | (##) / | || + * ||----||" * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ ~~ ~~ + This cow plays bagpipes. Cow from Beijing + + + (__) (__) (__) + (\/) ($$) (**) + /-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ + / | 666 || / |=====|| / | || +* ||----|| * ||----|| * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + +Satanic cow This cow is a Yuppie Cow in love + + + (__) (__) + (oo) (oo) + /-'''''-\/ /-------------------\/ + / |'''''|| / | || +* ||''''|| * ||----------------|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + Cow in Argyle Stretch Cow + * + ** ** + * ** * * * ** + * / / \ * * + \ \ / \ / / (__) + * / / \ \ (__) \ \ /--------(00) + / (00) / / / | |( ) + \ /-------\/ \ \ * ||---- ||() + / / | || / / || || + \ \ * ||----|| \ \ ^^ ^^ + / / ^^ ^^ / / Cow Chewing Marbles + Cow in Heat + + + (___) + (o o) + /------\ / (__) (__) + / ____O (oo) (oo) + | / /----\----\/ /-------\/ + /\oo===| / || / | || + | || *||^-----|| * OO----OO + * ^^ ^^ ^^ + Cowt in the Act low rider cow + + + (__) \__\ (__) + (oo) o (oo) (oo) + /-------\/ ____\___\/ *+-------\/ + / | || / | || ||______|| +* ||----|| * ||----|| ||----|| + OO OO OO OO OO OO +Detroit cow Mustang cow pickup cow + + + (__) (__) \_||_~ + (oo) (oo) (*||*) + /---------------\/ /----\/ /-------\||/ + / | || / || / | || +* ||------------|| *-||----|| * ||----|| + OO OO OO OO OO }{ + li-moo-cow fastback cow teenager's cow + + + ____ + (____) + .xxxx. + (__) '(oo)` + (oo) /-----'-\/ ` + /-------\/ / | |============> + / | || * ||----| (~) +* ||----|| ~~ ~ + ~~ ~~ Moo-ammar Cowdafi + holy cow armed and dangerous + + + (___) (___) + (o o) (o o) + /-------\ / /-------\ / + / | ||O / | O~ ||O +* ||,---|| * ||,---|| + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + A Bull A-bomb-in-a-bull No-bull + + + (---) + ( ) + /-----\ (___) + | | (o o) + | | | (-----) \ / + | | | / / \ O + | * | * | O | + ^^ ^^ ----- + Coward Phone Bull + + + | | | | * + | | (__) | | \ (__) + | | (oo) | | \ (oo) + | | /-------\/ | | -----------\/-- + | | / | || | | ----| |--- + | | * ||----|| | | -------- + | \______^^____^^___ | \_________________ + | _________________ | _________________ + | / | / + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | + | | | | +/ \ / \ + +Cow perched on a tree. Cow attempting to fly off tree. + + + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | \_________________ + | _________________ + | / + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | (__) + | | *---------(..) +/ \ ^^----^^\/ + +Cow that has failed miserably in the attempt. + + + . /\ . . : (__) + . / \ . . : (xx) + / \ . . * : __------\/ + / \ * : * ||____|| + | (__) | . . ** : / | |\ + . /| (oo) |\ ** : + / | /\/\ | \ . . * : Hamburger + . / |=|==|=| \ . * : + . / | | | | \ . : + / USA | ^||^ |NASA \ . : * (__) + |______| ^^ |______| . : \ (oo) + . (__||__) . . : \-------\/ + . /_\ /_\ . . . : 8-| || + !!! !!! : ||----|| + : ^^ ^^ + The cow that jumped over the moon. : Flying Cow + + + ...---... + ../ / | \ \.. + ./ / / | \ \ \. + / / / | \ \ \ + / / / | \ \ \ + ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | / + \ | /(__) + \|/ (oo) + /---++--\/ + / | || || + * || \|/ (oo) + /---++--\/ + / | || || + * ||-++-|| + ^^ ^^ + + Cow surviving attack by Red Baron + + + ..---.. (__) + / \ (oo) + | RIP | /-------\/ + | | / | || + | | * ||----|| + | | ^^ ^^ + | | +\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\///////////////// + + Elvis's Cow... ...Or is it alive and living in tax exile??? + + + (__) + (oo) + /---+ +--\/ + / | | | || + * ||-+ +-|| + ^^ ^^ * + + David Copperfield's Cow David Copperfield's other Cow + + + (__) + (oo) + /-------\/ + / | || + * ||----|| + ^^ ^^ + (__) (__) + (oo) (oo) + /-------\/ \/-------\ + / | || -^^- || | \ + * ||---- -^^- || * + ^^ ^^ + (__) (__) + (oo) (oo) + /-------\/ \/-------\ + / | || || | \ + * ||----|| ||----|| * + ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + Barnum's Troupe of performing cows + + + + (__) _--------_ + (oo) |__________| BIG + /-------\/ XXXXXXXXXX MAC + / | 007 || __________ + * ||----|| |_ _| + ^^ ^^ -------- + Cow licenced to kill Enemy Cow after having met previous cow + + + (__) + (oo) + /'^^^-m + (__) / '' ` ) + (oo) o /| /|/|_ | /| + / \/ / / _ / | | | | + / _\===^ ___\_____/___ |_____|_| + ___|__/ |/\ (___________(_) //|| || + * ^ ^ * ww ww + + Mrs. O'Leary's Cow Cow'nt Dracula + + + ____ ____ |+++++| +|++++| ___ |++++| ____ |+++++| +|++++| |++ ______________________ |++++| |+++++| +|++++| |++/ /( )\ \ |++++| |+++++| __ +| | |+| |-oo- | \______ |++++| |+++++| |++| +-----(__)--| \__\/ _(__)_ \ ---------------------------------- + o ( oo /_______________________| (oo) \ | __ + | _/\_| | M O O - B U S T E R S|__\/\ /| | /oo| - Bleaurgh! + |-| \\____ ------ )_ /| /\ + -|_ \_|-_|^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 0 _| * \/ * + \ | __________________________________/ + | W| \ \_/ /----------------- \ \_/ / + / /\ \ \___/ \___/ + / / \ \ + ^^^ ^^^ Who you gonna call...? + + + (__) (__) (__) (----------) + (00) (-o) (--) . . . ( *>YAWN<* ) + /------\/ /------\/ /------\/ (----------) + /| || /| || /| || +* ||----|| * ||----|| * ||----|| + +Cow w/ Glasses Flirtatious cow (winking) Cow after pulling an all-nighter + + +* (__) (__) (__) (__) + \ (oo) (oo) (oo) (oo) + \-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ /-------\/ + /| |\ / / \ / \ / / \ \ + //||----||\\ * //------\\ * \\--// * \\----\\ + ^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ +Cow walking Cow jogging Same cow Cow breaking + + + (__) + (oo) (__) o * (__) + \/ (oo)/ " | (oo) + ____| \____ /-------\/(__ o=o=o=|------\/ + ---/ --** / | / | | + *____/ |___// * ||----|| ||----|| + //--------/ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ + //__ Cow Cow pooing + Cow marching standing + + + Side Front Side back (___) Where's all the bulls! + (__) (__) (__) (__) (O O)/ + ( oo (oo) oo ) ( ) ^ _/\ /\_ ^ + /\_| /\/\ |_/\ / \ \\/ O \// + + + +I have to sadly announce that Willie Nelson was killed today... + +He was playing "On the road Again" + + + + STRESS + + That confusion created + when one's mind + overrides the body's + basic desire to + choke the living shit + out of some asshole who + desperately needs it. + + + + ARMY + + JOIN THE ARMY + Travel to exotic, distant lands. + Meet exciting, unusual people + and kill them + + + +Here it is! The Hillbilly's book of medical terminology for the layman. + +ARTERY The study of fine paintings +BARIUM What you do when CPR fails +CESARIAN SECTION A district in Rome +COLIC A sheep dog +COMA A punctuation mark +CONGENITAL Friendly +DILATE To live long +FESTER Quicker +G.I. SERIES Baseball games between teams of soldiers +GRIPPE A suitcase +HANGNAIL A coathook +MEDICAL STAFF A doctor's cane +MINOR OPERATION Coal digging +MORBID A higher offer +NITRATE Lower than day rate +ORGANIC Church musician +OUTPATIENT Person who has fainted +POST-OPERATIVE A letter carrier +PROTEIN In favor of young people +SECRETION Hiding anything +SEROLOGY Study of English knighthood +TABLET A small table +TUMOR An extra pair +URINE Opposite of you're out +VARICOSE VEINS Veins which are very close together +BENIGN What you are after you be eight + + + +A Texan came Down Under for a holiday, and was being shown around one of the +cattle stations in the Northern Territory. As they were driving along, the +Texan pointed at a cow and asked what it was. The station owner said, "That's +one of my prize Hereford heiffers." The Texan said, "Shoot! That one wouldn't +even be weaned yet back in Texas!" A little while later, the Texan pointed at +a ram and asked what it was. The station owner said, "That's one of my stud +Merino rams." The Texan said, "Sheeoot! That ram is smaller than one of my +new born lambs back in Texas!" By this time the station owner was pretty +pissed off, and when the Texan saw a mob of kangaroos and asked what they were, +the station owner replied, Grasshoppers...Incredibly LARGE grasshoppers... + + + +Q) What's the difference between an ambush and a 69 + +A) At least with a 69, you can see the cunt coming..... + + + +This eighty year old was getting a physical and the doctor said, "You've +got the vitality of a thirty year old, how old was your dad when he died?" +"He's still alive, working construction." the man replied. "What about your +grandfather?" the doc asked. "He just turned a hundred and thirteen +yesterday and he's getting married to a fifteen year old girl next weekend +" said the man. +"Why on earth would a hundred and thirteen year old man want to marry a +fifteen year old girl??" +"Who said he wants to get married?" + + + +There was a postion open for an accountant at this one large firm. They +got the applicants down to 3 people. The president was going to interview +each one seperately. He asked the first applicant in. +"I'm going to ask you just one question." says the president, "What's 2+2?" +Applicant #1 promptly answers "Four." +"Thank you, we will get back to you" Replied the president. +The second applicant comes in, same question "What's 2+2?" +Applicant #2 thinks this must be a trick question, thinks a little bit and +says "Five." +The president replies "Well, that's obviously wrong, don't call us, we'll +call you." +The third applicant comes in, same question "What's 2+2?" +The third applicant looks around as if he's looking for someone else in the +room and replies "What would you like it to be?" +The president excaims "YOU'RE MY MAN!" + + + +What do you call 1 white guy surrounded by 3 black men? +Victim. + +What do you call 1 white guy surrounded by 5 blacks? +Coach. + +What do you call 1 white guy surrounded by 20 blacks? +Quarterback. + +What do you call 1 white guy surrounded by 200 blacks? +Warden. + +What do you call it when a white guy gets wings? +Angel.. + +And what do you call it when a black guy gets wings? +Bat! + + + +Three traveling salesmen, an American, a Polack and a Black mam, were +driving down a dirt road when there car just up and died. Well, they had +seen a farm house about a mile back up the road. They all took off jogging +and got there about sun set. They knocked at the door, and a nice, elderly +farmer opened the door. They used the phone to call the local garages, but +they were all closed. Not knowing what else to do, they asked permission to +stay the night at the farmers house. They farmer said that if they wanted +to, they were welcome to stay in the barn. He showed them out to the barn, +and showed them where to stay. He then warned them to stay outta the tree +in the back yard. His daughter was getting ready to marry Billy Joe Jim +John Jake Franks, and he didn't want any peeping toms. They all easily +agreed, and went in to the barn. After about an hour of talking, they are +all very curious as to what this daughter looks like. They finally decide +to climb the tree, but quietly. When they get to the top of the tree, the +look in the window, and see this very beautiful, naked, young lady standing +in front of a mirror. They are all getting an eyefull of this big breasted, +tight assed, big bushed lady, when the farmed walkes out side, having heard +them, and yells, "Who's in that tree?". The three freeze. The American gets +an idea and, very carefully, "Meow. Meow.". The Black man, having cought on +says, "Tweet, tweet." The polack, having realized what is going on says, +"Moo! Moo! Moo!" + + + +Now that the metric system is in wide use world wide (except here in the +US), it is time to change a few common phrases. + +. A miss is as good as 1.6 kilometers + +. Put your best .3 of a meter forward + +. Spare the 5.03 meters and spoil the child + +. Twenty-eight grams of prevention is worth 453 grams of cure. + +. Give a man 2.5 centimeters and he'll take 1.6 kilometers. + +. Peter Piper picked 8.8 liters of pickled peppers. + + + +In the woods there's this clearing away from where all the animals live +where all the animals of the forest go to take a crap. One day this +little white fuzzy bunny rabbit was hunched over a log when this large +brown bear sits down next to him to take a shit. After a couple of +minutes this large brown bear looks down at this little white fuzzy +bunny rabbit and says "Hey, do you ever have problems with shit +sticking to your fur?" The little white fuzzy bunny rabbit looks up at +the big brown bear and replies "Uh, no I don't." So the bear picks up +the rabbit and wipes his ass with him. + + + +Getting even with the answering machine + Lesson 48 + +Hi. I'm calling to make sure you received in the mail your free sample of +the new chocolate candy made in San Francisco by transvestites - it's +called a "He-She" Bar. + +CLICK + + + +One night, my friend was home in Santa Cruz, working on his computer +Lightning struck the satellite dish on the roof of the house. He was +rendered unconcious, and when he awoke, the Keyboard Prayer was on the +screen : + +Our program, who art in memory, HELLO by thy name, +Forgive us our I/O errors as we forgive those whose logic circuits are +faulty. +Lead us not into frustration,and deliver us from power surges. +For thine is the algorithm, the application and the solution, +looping forever and ever. RETURN.'" + +On this incident, he was given the name St. $ilicon. The Giver of Data +instructed him to form the church of Heuristic Information Processing,the +first user-friendly religion. +This was in 1984; since then, the fourth-quarter prophet and strict +fun-damentalist has been ministering to the D-based and D-filed. +He usually wears a white suit with a button that asks: 'Has your data been +saved?' + +His act includes the 'Sermon on the Monitor': 'Dearly C-loved, we are +assembled here together because PCing is believing. We're here to console +you, +ASCII and ye shall receive. We say there is a life worth debugging. Data, +data, everywhere and not a thought to think, that's the problem... Friend, +perhaps you know someone out there with a terminal illness -- some poor +hacker +with bloodshot eyes in data distress -- who's been attacked by the evil one, +Glitch, and his wicked helper, Missingstuffinfiles.Even if your data has +been +blown all to HAL there's not a thing we can do to bring it back, but we can +solace you in your hour of need. + +From the Binary Bible,which St. $ilicon translated from the ancient Greek, +the +first book SYSGEN I:i 'In the beginning the Giver of Data generated +silicon +and carbon and the system was without architecture, and uninitialized, and +randomness was upon the arrangement of the matrix.' +Announcements: +- For cathode-lics - a new high school (Our Lady of Perpetual + Upgrades - we don't have nuns, we have nulls) and a new junior high + ( PCjr - the immaculate deception). +- Also performs curcuit-cisions and bar-code mitzvahs. +- The Binary Bible includes commandments + * Thou shalt not pirate programs + * the 23rd PROM "Yea, though I commute to the valley each day, + I fear no evil, for my Mazda is running. + You prepare a desk for me in the office of my competitors." +- For Bootists, a mantra: Ohms EPROM RAM ROM. +- For CMOSlems, readings from the CORE-RAM. +- Hymn number 1101101 +- "Amazing space, how sweet it is, To have a disk like thee, + My files were lost but now they're found, There's room on my PC." + +The end of his pitch promises Nerdvana, and words that restoreth the scroll: +"There's no need to abandon hope, all ye who press ENTER; + in the END everything will be right-justified." + + + +The difference between a cowboy from texas and a cowboy from +Oklahoma is that the cowboy from Oklahoma has the shit on the Outside of +his boots. + + + +You know those little silver balls you put on cakes and cookies? +Well... + There was this family of three boys and a mom and they were all making +christmas cookies when they accidentally spilled them all over the table. +They decided that since they couldn't put them on the cake that they would +eat them all up. + Later that night the first boy wakes up and goes to mommie and says, +"Mommie, mommie I pead a bebe." + Mommie said, "Go back to bed." + Later on in the night the second kid woke up and went to mommie and +said, "Mommie, mommie, I pead a bebe." + Mommie said, "Go back to bed." + The third boy woke up and went to mommie. + Mommie said, "I suppose you pead a bebe to right?" + The boy said, "No mommie. I was jacking off when I shot the dog!" + + + +You know how to tell the Polish secretary(sub stitute any ethnisism) in the +office pool? +She's the one with the white-out on her monitor screen. + + +What's the new venereal disease that only affects foot fetishists? +Athlete's tongue. + + +Why is a boss like a diaper? +Always on your ass and full of shit. + + + +Subject: Insurance claims + +I hit his car because he got to close. + +I let him try out my motorcycle. He was climbing a hill and didn't know the +hill went down the other side and crashed. + +I slipped on a string bean in the supermarket. My right leg was bruised and +it's hard to walk on my lower back. + +I drove my truck under a bridge and it didn't fit. + +I knocked over a man. He admitted it was his fault as he'd been run over +before. + +Coming home I drove into the wrong house and collided with a tree I don't +have. + +The reason I have water damage is because I mistook the left side of the +bridge to be the right side. + +The pedestrian didn't have any idea of which way to go, so I ran over him. + +A huge tree ran out into the street and I couldn't stop in time! + + + +A man died and was taken to his place of eternal torment by the devil. +As he passed sulfurous pits and shrieking sinners, he saw a man he +recognized as a layer snuggling up to a beautiful woman. +"That's unfair!" he cried. "I have to roast for all eternity, and +that lawyer gets to spend it with a beautiful woman." +"Shut up," barked the devil, jabbing him with his pitchfork. "who +are you to question that woman's punishment?" + + + +Two lawyers were walking along negotiating a case. "Look," said one to the +other, "let's be honest with each other." Okay, you first," + replied the other. That was the end of the discussion. + + + + +The devil visited a young lawyer's office and made him an offer. "I can +arrange some things for you," the devil said. "I'll increase your income +five-fold. Your partners will love you; your clients will respect you; +you'll have four months of vacation each year and live to be a hundred. +All I require in return is that your wife's soul, your children's souls and +their children's souls must rot in hell for eternity." + +The lawyer thought for a moment and said, "What's the catch?" + + + +A minister and a lawyer were chatting at a party. "What do you do if you +make a mistake on a case?" the minister asked. "Try to fix it if it's big; +ignore it if it's insignificant," replied the lawyer. + "What do you do?" The minister replied, "Oh, more or less the same. + Let me give you an example. The other day I meant to say 'the devil +is the father of liars,' but I said instead 'the devil is the father of +lawyers,' so I let it go." + + + +What do lawyers use for birth control? + +Their personalities. + + + +Why don't you ever see lawyers at the beach? + +The cats keep covering them up with sand. + + + +The only good thing that the Internal revenue has not taxed is your pecker. +This is due to the fact that 40% of the time it is hanging around +unemployed, +30% of the time it is pissed off, 20% of the time it is hard-up, and 10% of +the time it is employed but it operates in a hole. +However, it has two dependents and they are both nuts. Accordingly, after +September 1, 1988 your pecker will be taxed on its size, using the 'pecker +checker' scale below. Determine your category and insert the additional tax +under "other taxes" page 2 part V, line c-1 of your standard income tax +return +(form 1040) + + PECKER CECKER SCALE + +10" - 12" Luxury Tax $30.00 +8" - 9" Hole Tax $25.00 +6" - 7" Privilege Tax $15.00 +4" - 5" Nuisance Tax $00.00 + +NOTE: anyone under 4" is eligible for a refund. do not apply for an +extension +Males with peckers in excess of 12" should file under "capital gains" + + + + True or False: + +1. A clitoris is a type of flower. +2. A pubic hair is wild rabbit. +3. Spread eagle is a wild bird. +4. Vagina is the medical term to describe heart trouble. +5. A menstraul cycle has 3 wheels. +6. A G-string is part of a violin. +7. Semen is a term for sailors. +8. Anus is the Latin word for "yearly". +9. Testicles are found on an octopus. +10. Asphalt describles rectal troubles. +11. KOTEX is a radio station in College Station, TX. +12. Masterbate is used to catch large fish. +13. Coitus is a musical instrument. +14. Fetus is a character on "Gunsmoke". +15. An umbilical cord is part of a parachute. +16. A condom is a large apartment complex. +17. An orgasm is the person who accompanies the choir in church. +18. A diaphram is a drawing in pencil +19. A dildo is a variety of sweet pickle. +20. A lesbian is a person from the Middle East. +21. Sodomy is a special kind of fast-growing grass. +22. Pornography is the business of making records. +23. Genitals are people of non-Jewish origin. +24. Douche is the French word for "twelve". +25. An enema is someone who is not your friend. +26. Ovaries are a French egg dish made with cheese. +27. Scrotum is a small planet next to Uranus. +28. A vulva is a car from Sweden. +29. A fallopian tube is part of a tv set. +30. It is dangerous to have a wet dream under an electric blanket. +31. McDonald's golden arches is a phallic symbol. +32. Fellatio is an Italian dagger. +33. Cunnilingus is a person who can speak four languages. + + + +What are the six most important men in a women's life? + +1. Doctor-because he wants you to take off your cloths.... +2. Dentist-because he wants you to open wide... +3. Milkman-because he wants to know if you want it in the front or the rear. +4. Interior Decorator-because he says "when it's up you'll love it!" +5. Hairdresser-because he will say "Do you want it blown or teased?" +6. The last is your BANKER- he will advise you if you withdraw it too soon + you will lose interest. + + + + TO ALL EMPLOYEES + + SUBJECT: SPECIAL INTENSITY TRAINING + + In order to assure that we continue to produce the highest quality work +possible it will be our policy to keep all employees well trained through +our +program of Special High Intensity Training (S.H.I.T.). We are giving our +employees more S.H.I.T. than any other company in town. + + If you feel you do not receive your share of S.H.I.T. on the job please see +your supervisor. You will be placed on the top of the S.H.I.T. list for +special +attention. + + All of our supervisors are paticularly qualified to see that you get all +the +S.H.I.T. you can handle at your oun speed. + + If you consider yourself to be trained enough already you may be interested +in helping us to train others. We can add you to our Basic Understanding +Lecture List Special High Intensity Training (B.U.L.L.S.H.I.T.). + + If you have further questions please address them to our Head of Training +High Intensity Training (H.O.T.S.H.I.T.) + + Thank You + + Boss in General Special High Intensity Training (B.I.G.S.H.I.T.) + + P.S. With the personality some of you display around here you could +easily become the Director of Intensity Training. Special High +Intensity Training (DS). + + + +A boy goes up to his father and says "Dad,how do you spell clitoris ?" +His father answers,"Gee son,I don't know but I had it on the tip of +my tongue just a moment ago." + + + +WHY DON'T BLIND PEOPLE SKYDIVE? +IT SCARES THE SHIT OUT OF THEIR DOGS! + +WHY DO WOMEN SKYDIVERS WEAR TAMPONS? +SO THEY DON'T WHISTLE ON THE WAY DOWN + + + + Did ya hear the one about the tugboat who was so down + hearted when she learned that her mother was a tramp and + her father was a ferry? + + + + +How about the little tree who tried to determine his parentage. He asked the +wise old oak what kind of tree he was. "I don't know," the oak said, "if +you're a son of a beech or a son of a birch, but I do know your mother was the +greatest piece of ash in this forest." + + + + There were these two old men, Sol and Abe, who REALLY loved +baseball. They went to every game played in town; they subscribed to +Sports Illustrated and The Sporting News - they lived, ate, and breathed +baseball. + One day, Abe passed away. His friend, Sol, was desolute, but he kept +up with the baseball. Months went by, and Sol was lonely without his +good friend Abe. And, one day, as Sol was walking down the street, he +heard a strange, yet familiar, voice from around him. + "Solly...can you hear me...? I'm heeeeeere, Sol..." Well, Sol was +confused and shaken, but he had the presence of mind to answer back: +"Who's there? Who are you?" + "Sooollll, it's your old friend, AAAAAbe... I'm talking to you from +Heeeeeeaven...." + "ABE! Is that YOU? Really? H-h-how are you doing? What's Heaven +LIKE?", sputtered Sol. + "Soolllllll, it's greeeaaat! I love it! You will, toooooo... +But...I've good news and bad news for you, Soolllly..." + "Yeah? Wow! Well, tell me the good news, Abe!" + "Sollll, the good news is that there's BASEball here in +Heavvvven..." + "Great, Abe!...So, what's the bad news???" + "Soollll, the bad news is...you're batting 'cleanup' tomorrow...." + + + +And why do we park on driveways and drive on parkways? + + + +A good-looking woman passed by this Indian and he raised his right hand and +said, "Chance." The woman stopped for a moment, then said, "Wait a minute. +I've read about Indians before, you're supposed to say 'How'." To which the +indian replied, "I already know HOW lady, I just want a chance!" + + + +There was this Newfoundland priest hearing confessions when he had a sudden +urge to take a piss. He didn't want to close down the confessionals so he +decides to find someone to fill on for a couple of minutes while he +relieves himself. He looks outside and there is a janitor standing there. +The priest asks him if he will fill in for a few minutes. The janitor is +reluctant because he doesn't know much about the job. The priest explains +that people come in and confess, and you just read the chart on the wall, +and give the appropriate pennance. The janitor agrees and the priest +hurries off to the washroom. A guy comes in and confesses to the janitor +that he has committed oral sex. The janitor looks at the chart, but the +penalty for oral sex isn't on the list. He didn't know what to do, so he +decided to ask someone. He looks outside and there is a choir boy standing +there. The janitor says "What does the Father usually give for oral sex?". +The choir boy replies "Usually just a bag of chips and a can of Coke." + + + +Two young boys see a female playmate crying. One ask her why, and she +tells him that she is mentrating for the first time and shows him her pad. +He goes back to the other boy. "Well, why was she crying?" + +" You'd cry too if somebody cut off your balls." + + + +Q: What were Christ's last words to the Mexicans before he died? + +A: "Don't do anything until I come back..." + + + + According to a recent survey, the Three Biggest Lies are: + +1. "The check's in the mail." + +2. "I won't come in your mouth." + +3. "I'm Black, and proud of it!" + + And, the Two Biggest Polish Lies are: + +1. "The check's in your mouth." + +2. "I won't come in the mail." + + + +A MAN WON A MILLION DOLLARS IN THE STATE LOTTERY +HE GAVE $1000.00 TO EACH OF HIS THREE GIRLFRIENDS +ONE SPENT ALL OF IT ON HERSELF +ONE SPENT HALF ON HIM & HALF ON HERSELF +THE LAST ONE INVESTED THE $1000.00 AND MADE $20000.00, SHE SPENT $1000.00 +ON HERSELF, PAID BACK THE $1000.00 TO THE BOYFRIEND. +WHICH ONE DID HE MARRY? +THE ONE WITH THE BIG TITS!! + + + +"Don't Drive and Park! Accidents Cause People !" + + + +Twelve Days of Christmas + +1st.DAY +My dearest Darling John, +I went to the door today and the postman delivered a partridge +in a pear tree! What a truly delightful gift. Thank you 'Darling' +for the lovely thought. + With deep love & affection + Your everloving Agnes! + +2nd DAY +My Dearest John, +Today the postman brought your very sweet gift ---- +Two Turtle Doves, I am Delighted. They are adorable! + All my love, + Your everloving Agnes! + +3rd DAY +Dearest John, +Oh! How extravagent you are! I really must protest! I dont deserve +such generosity! Three french hens I insist....you are too kind + Your loving Agnes! + +4th DAY +Dearest John, +The four calling birds that I received today are lovely, and +should be good company for the hens, doves and partridges! +I really must consider getting an aviary! + Kind regards, Agnes! + +5th DAY +Dear John, +What a surprise ... today the postman delivered Five Gold Rings!- +One for every finger. You are really impossible, but I love you. +Frankly though, all the birds are beginning to sqwark and get +on my nerves! + Regards Agnes! + +6th DAY +Dear Johnathon!, +When I open the door this morning there were actually six bloody +great geese laying eggs ALL over the porch! What in hell do +you expect me to do with all of them?? The neighbors are beginning +to complain and I can't sleep! PLEASE STOP!!!! + Cordially Yours Agnes! + +7th DAY +JOHN! +What is it with you and these rotten birds??? Now I get SEVEN +SWANS ARE SWIMMING!!!!!!!!!! IS THIS SOME SORT OF A GODDAMMED +JOKE????? The house is full of BIRD SHIT and IT IS NOT FUNNY ANY +MORE!!! Stop sending these bloody Birds!!!!! + Yours Agnes! + +8th DAY +O.K. BUSTER, +I THINK I PREFER THE GODAMMED BIRDS.... WHAT THE HELL AM I GOING +TO DO WITH EIGHT BLOODY MAIDS-A-MILKING?????? AS IF IT WASNT +ENOUGH WITH ALL THE F..KING BIRDS!! NOW I HAVE EIGHT COWS TO +SHIT ALL OVER THE PLACE AND MOO ALL NIGHT....... + AGNES! + +9th DAY +LOOK DICKHEAD! +WHAT ARE YOU???? SOME KIND OF NUT???? NOW YOU SEND ME NINE PIPERS +PLAYING AND THEY NEVER F..KING WELL STOP!!! WHEN THEY ARE NOT PLAYING +THEIR BLOODY PIPES THEY KEEP CHASING THE MAIDS THROUGH THE COW SHIT. +THE COWS KEEP MOOING AND TREADING ALL OVER THE BIRDS. THE NEIGHBORS ARE NOW +THREATENING TO HAVE ME EVICTED...GET KNOTTED! + AGNES! + +10th DAY +YOU ROTTEN BASTARD! +NOW I HAVE TEN LADIES DANCING....HOW ON EARTH ANY ONE CAN CALL +THE WHORES, "LADIES", IS BEYOND ME!! THEY SPEND ALL NIGHT PULLING +THE BLOODY PIPERS!!! THE COWS HAVE DIARRHOEA AND CAN'T SLEEP. +MY LIVING ROOM IS A SEA OF SHIT. THE LANDLORD HAS JUST DECLARED +THE BUILDING UNFIT FOR HABITATION..MINE OR THE ANIMALS'!!! +PISS OFF.... AGNES! + +11th DAY +LISTEN SHITFACE, +WITH ELEVEN LORDS A-LEAPING ALL OVER THE MAIDS A-MILKING, WELL, WE +SHALL NEVER WALK AGAIN!!!! THE PIPERS ARE FIGHTING THE LORDS FOR A BIT +OF TIT AND COMITTING SODOMY WITH THE COWS!!! THE BIRDS HAVE ALL BEEN +TRAMPLED TO DEATH AND ARE ROTTING IN THE SHIT HAVING BEEN TRAMPLED +IN THE ORGY!! I HOPE YOU ARE SATISFIED ...YOU BASTARD!!!! + YOUR SWORN ENEMY AGNES! + +12th DAY +YOU STINKING LOUSY P...K! +THE TWELVE DRUMMERS DRUMMING HAVE TEAMED UP WITH THE ELEVEN LORDS +A-LEAPING IN MAKING ONE HELL OF A RACKET. BOTH LOTS HAVE BEEN +BUGGERING THE PIPERS AS WELL AS THE COWS.... AND WHO KNOWS WHAT +HAPPENED TO THE MAIDS. THEY HAVE PROBABLY DROWNED IN THE COW +SHIT BY NOW!!!! THE ONLY WAY I HAVE SAVED MYSELF IS TO LOCK +MYSELF IN THE BATHROOM AND TO HIDE IN THE PEARTREE WHICH HAS NOW +GROWN THROUGH THE ROOF! THEY GOT ME BEFORE I COULD GET THE DOOR LOCKED! I'M +PREGNANT!!! YOU ROTTEN BASTARD! THANK GOD IT IS FINALLY CHRISTMAS..... +AGNES! + + + +Q: Why couldn't the computer teacher have sex? + +A: Becuase he had a floppy dick! + + + +"I would like to have a tattoo made" said the customer to the +owner of the tattoo shop. "Can you draw a $100.00 bill?" + +"Sure!" said the owner. "Just tell me where you want it; is it +going to be in your left arm, right arm, chest, or where?" + +"I would like you to draw it on my pecker." + +"Are you sure?" said the owner. "It is going to hurt like @#$%^!!" + +"Yeap! That's where I want it." + +"Why?" asked the owner. + + "Three reasons. First, I like to fondle large bills." + +"Allright, what's the second? + +"Second, I like to watch my money grow." + +"OK and what's the third." + + "You won't believe it, but my wife can blow one hundred bucks in a + matter of seconds! + + + +A protestant moved into a completly Catholic comunity. Being good Catholics +they welcomed him to their comunity. But, also because they were good +Catholics they did not eat red meat on Fridays. So, when their neighbor, +receiving his paycheck on Fridays, began barbequuing some juicy steak, they +began to squirm. They were so annoyed that they went to talk to him about it. +After much talk they conviced him to become Catholic. The next Sunday he went +to the priest and the priest sprinkled holy water on him and said : + + You were born Protestant - + You were raised Protestant - + But now you are Catholic. + +And so, the next Friday, the neighbors sat down to eat fish and were +disturbed by the smell of roast beef from the neighboring house. They went over +to talk to the new Catholic because he new he was not supposed to eat beef on +Fridays. When they saw him, he was sprinlking catchup on the beef saying : + + You were born a cow - + You were raised a cow - + But now you are fish. + + + +This depressed looking chap walks into a inner city bar of the cheap strong +drink sort, sits at the bar and orders a pint of bitter. While the bartender +is getting the man his beer the man sort of casually takes out a tiny piano, an +itty bitty piano bench and a teeny weeny man in a black tux to match the lot. +The little man sits at the bench and begins to play melodiously and +magnificently on the microscopic minute piano. The bartender sees this and his +eyes pop out of his head, his jaw bounces off the floor and this croaking noise +sort of eminates from his throat as he exclaims, "Wow! That's amazing! I +thought I'd seen it all... Where did you find that guy?" The depressed man +sighed and replied, "Well to make a long, sad story short... I was walking +along the beach one day and I came across an old bottle encrusted in sea +growth. I sort of scraped away some of the sea growth and polished it a bit, +when suddenly to my utter astonishment a menacing genie appeared and said in a +thunderous voice, 'Thank you, oh pitiful mortal for freeing me from that +bottle. I shall grant you three wishes. Speak up! What will it be?' I was +scared to death! But I managed to get out that I would like a million bucks, +and what do you know? A check for a million bucks appeared, just like that in +my hand! Then I ordered a limo and driver. It was there as soon as the words +left my mouth! As far as the third wish goes, you can see the depressing +results right there...", and the man pointed sadly toward the mini-man who was +hammering out some heavy jazz on the ivories. The bar tender shook his head +and said, "That's an amazing story pal, but one thing confuses me. What's so +depressing about it all?" The man took a deep breath as if trying not to cry +and answered, "Well, what I really wanted was a ten inch penis..." + + + +Q->Did you hear about the polock that broke his leg at the golf course? + +A->He fell off the ball washer. + + + +A few days after Christmas a mother was working in the kitchen, listening to +her son playing with his new electric train in the living room. She heard the +train stop and her son said, "All of you sons of bithches who want off, get the +hell off now 'cause this is the last stop! And all of you sons of bitches who +are getting on, get your asses in the train 'cause we're leaving!" + +The mother went in and told her son, "We don't use that kind of language in +this house. Now I want you to go to your room for two hours. When you come +out, you may play with your train, but I want you to use nice language. + +Two hours later, son comes out of the bedroom and resumes playing with his +train. Soon the train stopped and the mother, who is still in the kitchen, +heard her son say, "All passengers who are disembarking the train, please +remember to take all of your belongings with you. We thank you for riding with +us today and hope your trip was a pleasant one. We hope you will ride with us +again soon.! "For those of you who are just boarding, we ask you to stow all +of your hand luggage under your seat. Remember there is no smoking except in +the club car. We hope you will have a pleasant and relaxing journey with us +today. For those of you who are pissed off about the two hour delay, please +see the Bitch in the kitchen." + + + + NEW COMPANY POLICY + ================== + + The personnel department of this organization will apply a new + program to all employees starting immediately. + + The program is designed to phase out many jobs of this organization + although no prior official announcement will be made, and will + be called R.A.P.E. (Retire All Personnel Early). + + All employees who are "RAPEd" will have an opportunity to seek + other employment and will be able to request a review of their + records before discharge. This phase of the cut-back is dubbed + S.C.R.E.W. (Survey of Capabilities of Retired Early Workers). + + One last chance is promised by this organization to employees who + have been SCREWed or RAPEd. They may appeal for a final review + called S.H.A.F.T. (Study by Higher Authority Following Termination). + + Employees who are RAPEd may be allowed only one additional SCREWing + but may request the SHAFT as many times as they desire. + + -the Management + + + +A black family went to the zoo and the cage with the elephant. The young son +asked his mother "Mama, what's that thing hangin' off dat elephant?" + "That's his tail, son." + "No, mama, dat other thing!" + "Oh, that's his trunk, son." + "No, mama, dat other thing between his legs!" + "Uh, that's nothin'", replies the mother. +Undaunted, the boy asks his father. "Daddy, daddy, what's dat thing hangin' off +dat elephant?" + "That's his tail, son." + "No, daddy, dat other thing!" + "That's his trunk, son." + "No daddy, dat other thing between his legs!" + "Oh, that's his penis, son." + "Well, I asked mama and she said it was nothin'!" + "Son," replied the father, "I spoiled that woman!" + + + +Q. Whats a platonic relationship??? + +A. A relationship between a guy who *WANTS* to have sex and a girl who DOESNT! + + + +Q. Whats red and white and falls down the chimmney??? + +A. Santa Klutz!!!! + + + +And girls, do you know what to do if your Kotex catches fire? + +Throw it on the ground and tampon it! + + + + Dashing through the mall... + On a late December day, + Through the $tores we go + Charging all the way... + (Ching... + Ching... + Ching....) + Bell$ on register$ ring + Making checkbook$ light, + Oh, what fun it is to buy up + Everything in $ight!! + (Ching... + Ching... + Ching...) + + ..happy holidaze... + + + +Two men go into the doctor's office and sit beside each other.. After a while +they are talking up a storm, and 1 guy says, "I'm in here cuz I have a red ring +around my dick and I don't know what it is!" "Well, I'm in here because I have +a green ring around my dick! What a coincedence" the second exclaimed. So the +1st guy goes into the office, and 15 minutes later he comes out and says to the +second man, "It's fine! Nothing to worry about!" Relieved, the second guy +goes in, and comes back out crying. + "What happened in there?" the first guy asks + "Well, there's a big difference between Lipstick and Gangreen!" + + + +Three guy die and goto hell because of their perverse actions when they +were alive. They meet with the devil and he strikes them a deal,"I'll let +you go to heaven if you can walk 100 stories of stairs without getting a +hard-on." These guys think it's a breeze. The only problem is that on +every landing is a naked lady. So the fist guy takes his shot and doesn't +even make it past the first stair and already pops a rod. The Devil asks +"Well, what did your father do for a living?" The man replied "He was a +Carpenter" so the devil takes a saw and saws his dick off. The next guy +goes and makes it to the 49th floor, but can take it any more and up she +goes. The devil asks" Well, what did YOUR father do fo a living?" The +man replies "He was a butcher" so out comes the clever and he has +no more dick. The third guy gives it a shot but at the 59th floor he can't +hold out anymore. He starts laughing and the devil asks why. He says "my dad +was a lolipop maker and you have to suck my dick off!" + + + + JINGO BELLS + ~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Jingo Bells! Gringo Bells! +Jingo all the way! +Oh, what fun it is to ride +with Teddy's boys today! +Hey! + +Jingo Bells! Lob those shells! +We're down here to stay! +It's Yankee Law in Panama - +C'mon and make My Day! + +Dashing all our foes, in a plot marked "C.I.A." +Overthrowing those, Who don't see things our way. +A Price on Manuel's Head, Playing to the right, +What fun it is to Laugh and Sing and +Bomb them out of sight! +OHHHHH - + +Jingo Bells! Gringo Bells! +Jingo all the way! +Oh, what fun it is to run +The Latins like we say! +Hey! + +Jingo Bells! Profit Swells! +Make the peasants PAY! +Protect the RICH! Take back the Ditch! +It's the ALL-AMER'CUN WAY!!!! + + + +A young black lady walks into the drugstore one day and asks for tampons The +druggist asks if she wants mini or maxi pads. Puzzled, she asks "What's the +difference?" + + "Well, what's your flow like?" + + "Linoleum." + + + +One man told his wife: "I feel ten years younger after I shave in the morning." + +Did you ever think of shaving before going to bed?" she responded. + + + +Mrs. Van Horn inherited Penrod, a parrot that swore. After several +embarrassing experiences (which will not be featured on this board), she told +her minister about the problem. "I have a female parrot who is a saint," he +said. "She sits on her perch and prays all day. Bring your parrot over. +Mine'll be a good influence." + +The woman brought Penrod to the minister's home. When the cages were placed +together, Penrod cried, "Hi baby! Hows about a little lovin'?" "Great!" replied +the female parrot. "Thats just what I've been prayin' for!." + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/biosurvy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/biosurvy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cde21b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/biosurvy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ +COUNTING ANIMALS, ONE BY ONE +Will Babbitt's Bio Survey Violate Property Rights? +By Charles Oliver +In Los Angeles +Investor's Business Daily +October 22, 1993, Page 1 + +======================================================================== +"Essentially, what they are proposing is that the government permanently +keep track of almost every living thing in the United State. That isn't +physically possible." +Robert Gordon, Executive Director of the National Wildlife Institute. +======================================================================== + +Have you every wondered how many living things ther are in the U.S.? +How many plants and animals -- trees, squirrels, cockroaches, etc. -- +share our homeland? + +There are perhaps 500,000 species in the U.S., and there are easily +billions of living creatures. No one knows for sure how many. + +But if Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt has his way, we may one day +know. Not soon, certainly, but eventually. + +Later this year, after Congress approves its final budget, the Interior +Department will begin the National Biological Survey, an ambitious, some +say impossible, attempt to catalog every nonhuman living organism in the +U.S. The plan excludes only bacteria and other microorganisms. + +That mammoth undertaking has already generated quite a bit of +controversy. + +Babbitt claims that the survey will both enrich our stock of knowledge +of the natural world and make application of the nation's environmental +laws more efficient. + +But critics of the survey worry about that second point. They fear +that, in order to conduct the survey, government researchers may invade +the privacy of private citizens. + +And they also are concerned that the data generated by the survey will +make it easier for the federal goverment to take away the property +rights of landowners under the guise of environmental protection. + +The National Biological Survey has sometimes been referred to as +an enviromental census. + +But that label may not be quite right. + +The survey will not be a singular event or even a recurring count taking +place evey 10 years like the census that counts the number of persons in +the U.S. + +Rather, the more correct analogy would be to the National Geological +Survey. Just as the geological survey is an ongoing effort to provide +ever more acurate maps of the nation's natural resources, the biological +survey will, its backers hope, be a perpetual effort to map the nation's +ecosystems. + +Hope is the key word. The survey will be funded as an administrative +effort of the Interior Department, operating at the discretion of the +secretary. + +A bill that would make the survey a permanent federal agency with a +presidentially appointed head was approved by the House of +Representatives earlier this month. But the Senate is unlikely to act +on the proposal until next year. + +Babbitt has indicated that he considers the survey possibly to be the +most important program that he will initiate. + +Some in the environmental community agree. + +"Everyone stands to benefit from a more coordinated, more complete +database," said David Wilcove, senior ecologist at the Environmental +Defense Fund. + +"We will get a much better picture of which species are in decline and +which are not," he said. + +"We'll be more able to devote resourses to those that are endangered and +we can do so at an earlier stage when we have more options." + +The survey will begin with a budget of about $170 million and 1,700 +employees. The bulk of its funding and most of its employees will come +from absorbing existing research projects from various Interior +Department agencies. + +The first stage of the survey will involve compling and analyzing the +data already collected by the federal government, state governments, +universities and other private researchers and preparing a preliminary +inventory of living things in the U.S. + +But eventually, the project will expand to count every organism on all +U.S. public and private lands. + +With only one researcher for every 300 species, survey officials say +they will have to rely upon outside sources -- universities, state +agencies and various other think tanks -- for much of the actual +legwork. + +Still, the task remains daunting. + +"We can't begin to overestimate the enormity of this project," said +Robert Gordon, executive director of the National Wilderness Institute. + +Gordon contends that whatever data are gathered will be snapshots of +particular moments in time -- not a comprehensive, good-for-all-time +census. + +"The number of a given species in a given area is constantly changing. +It's influenced by so many different things -- the weather, the presence +of species that feed upon it or that it feeds upon. Point data are +meaningless; what counts is direction," said Gordon. + +ONGOING EFFORT +But that, say the survey's supporters, is exactly why it should be an +ongoing effort, not a one-time count. + +"Essentially, what they are proposing is that the government permanently +keep track of almost every living thing in the United States. That +isn't physically possible," Gordon said. + +The EDF's Wilcove concedes that it will be "a long, long time before we +have an accurate inventory of every plant and animal." + +"But we'll be learning more and more about more and more species as we +go along, and that will be enormously helpful. Information can be +significant, even when it isn't complete," Wilcove said. + +Opponents of the survey worry about what that information will be used +for. + +"A lot of people are concerned that the survey will be used as a cover +for national land-use planning," said Ike Sugg, an environmental analyst +at the Competitive Enterprise Institute. + +Not so, said Trudy Harlow, a spokesperson for the Interior Department. + +"The survey is nonadvocacy and nonregulatory. All it will do is collect +information.," she said. + + +REGUALTION NIGHTMARE? +But even something as benign as information is generated within a +context, says Robert Gordon. + +"And the context of the national Biological Survey is a vast array of +federal environmental rules -- the Endangered Species Act, wetlands +regulations, the national Natural Landmark Program and other rules. The +survey is obviously intended to strengthen the enforcement of such +regualtions," Gordon said. + +"Ignorance isn't a tool," countered David Wilcove. "The survey is +taking a lot of heat from people upset with the nation's environmental +laws. But if those laws are their real concern, they should address +those laws and try to change what they think is wrong with them, not +attack information gathering." + +In any event, Babbitt and the survey's supporters say, there's no reason +to suppose that the survey will lead to greater environmental regulation +until the data are collected. + +In fact, they say, the data could lead to a relaxation of environmental +rules in some cases. + +"It's certainly possible that we could learn that more species are +endangered than we thought and that they need protection, but it's also +possible that we could learn that some species aren't in as much trouble +as we thought," Wilcove said. + + +COUNTERING CRITICS' SUSPICIONS +But the suspicions of the survey's opponents were strengthed by two +suggestions made by Interior Secretary Babbitt. + +The first was that the survey be exempt from the Freedom of Information +Act. The second was that those collecting data for the survey not have +to get written permission from private property owners before venturing +onto their lands. + +Interior's Harlow says Babbitt's intent isn't secrecy at all costs. + +"We want an exemption from the Freedom of Information Act simply because +it's difficult to protect a very limited species if people know where it +is," Harlow said. + +"For example, if we announced that the last few members of, say, a given +species of cactus could be found in a certain location, someone would +try to dig them up. We wanted to prevent those kinds of situations," +harlow said. + +And the survey has no plans to violate anyone's property rights, she +contends. + +"We would abide by the same requirements that other researchers must, +and that's oral permission of landowners," Harlow said. + +TRACKING SPECIES +"Tracking some species can involve crossing numerous parcels of land. I +know of one case in which researchers tracking a parrot species had to +cross 1,500 (individual private) parcels," she said. + +"If you tell people what you want, they'll usually give you permission +and the work can be done quickly," she added. "But having to get +written persmission fromeach and every property owner would slow things +down too much." + +Earlier this month, a bill that would make the National Biological +Survey a permanent federal agency came to the floor of the House, where +members succeeded in adding several amendments addressing landowners' +fears. + +One amendment requires the survey to catalog all federal lands before +looking at private property. + +Another requires researchers to get written permission from landowners +before surveying private property. + +And a third amenment forbids the survey from using volunteers to collect +field data on private lands. + +While these amendments made the bill more palatable to those concerned +about protecting property rights -- enough so that it passed in teh +House -- they don't completely allay their fears. + +Critics of the survey point out that they still have no idea what the +Senate version of the bill -- or more important the final law -- will +look like. It may not incorporate the protections placed in the House +bill. + +Moreover, their central concern -- that the data gathered by the +National Biological Survey will be used as the basis for further +restrictions on private property -- cannot be remedied by anything short +of defunding the survey. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/biowar.txt b/politicalTextFiles/biowar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..afd9792 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/biowar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + PENTAGON BIOWARFARE RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES + + Overshadowed by Star Wars and overlooked by the media, the push + toward biowarfare has been one of the Reagan administration's best + kept secrets. The research budget for infectious diseases and toxins + has increased tenfold since fiscal '81 and most of the '86 budget of + $42 million went to 24 U.S. university campuses where the world's most + deadly organisms are being cultured in campus labs. + The amount of military money available for biotechnology research + is a powerful attraction for scientists whose civilian funding + resources dried up. Scientists formerly working on widespread killers + like cancer now use their talents developing strains of such rare + pathogens as anthrax, dengue, Rift Valley fever, Japanes encephalitis, + tularemia, shigella, botulin, Q fever, and mycotoxins. + Many members of the academic community find the trend alarming, + but when MIT's biology department voted to refuse Pentagon funds for + biotech research, the administration forced it to reverse its + decision. And, in 1987, the University of Wisconsin hired Philip + Sobocinski, a retired Army colonel, to help professors tailor their + research to attract Pentagon-funded biowarfare research to the school. + Richard Jannaccio, a former science writer at UW, was dismissed from + his job on August 25, 1987, the day after the student newspaper, THE + DAILY CARDINAL, published his story disclosing the details of Colonel + Sobicinski's mission at the University. + Since the U.S. is a signatory to the 1972 Biological and Toxic + Weapons Convention which bans "development, production, stockpiling + and use of microbes or their poisonous products except in amounts + necessary for protective and peaceful research," the university-based + work is being pursued under the guise of defensive projects aimed at + developing vaccines and protective gear. Scientists who oppose the + program insist that germ-warfare defense is clearly impractical; every + person would have to be vaccinated for every known harmful biological + agent. Since vaccinating the entire population would be virtually + impossible, the only application of a defensive development is in + conjunction with offensive use. Troops could be effectively vaccinated + for a single agent prior to launching an attack with that agent. + Colonel David Huxsoll, commander of the U.S. Army Medical Research + Institute of Infectious Diseases admits that offensive research is + indistinguishable from defensive research even for those doing it. + Each of the sources for this synopsis raised ethical questions + about the perversion of academia by military money and about the U.S. + engaging in a biological arms race that could rival the nuclear + threat, yet none mentioned the safety or the security of the labs + involved. The failure to investigate this aspect of the issue is a + striking omission. Release of pathogens, either by accident or + design, would prove tragic at any of the following schools: Brigham + Young, California Institute of Technology, Colorado State University, + Emory, Illinois Institute of Technology, Iowa University, M.I.T., + Purdue, State University of N.Y. at Albany, Texas A&M, and the + Universities of California, California at Davis, Cincinnati, + Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, + Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. + + SOURCES: ISTHMUS, 10/9/87, "Biowarfare and the UW," by Richard + Jannaccio, pp 1, 9, 10; THE PROGRESSIVE, 11/16/87, "Poisons from the + Pentagon," by Seth Shulman, pp 16-20; WALL STREET JOURNAL, 9/17/86, + "Military Science," by Bill Richards and Tim Carrington, pp 1, 23. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bjrtext.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bjrtext.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91ea01d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bjrtext.txt @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ + + THE BILL OF JURY RIGHTS + + The following six points were approved for inclusion in the +Bill of Jury Rights by voting delegates at the St. Louis "BJR" +Conference. Time ran out before several other items proposed for +the Bill could be debated and voted upon. + + Conference participants were subsequently asked to send us +their signatures if they wanted us to attach them to the six +points that were approved, for publication in this issue of the +FIJActivist. The "signed" Bill, then, is to date as follows: + + 1. The inherent right of jurors to be informed of their duty +to judge the law as well as the facts in all cases shall not be +infringed. + + 2. In all criminal trials, a jury of at least twelve persons +must be seated unless declined by the defendant. + + 3. The jury must be told that unanimity is not required, but +if not achieved, a retrial is possible. + + 4. A guilty or innocent verdict must be established +unanimously by the jury. + + 5. Jurors must be randomly selected from the widest +possible base. + + 6. Jurors may not be disqualified from service except by +reason of conflict of interest. + + + + Signatures of those who've signed to date will be reproduced +in the next FIJActivist. So far, we've received signatures from: + + David S. Curland, NH; Toni L. Black, SC; Frank Nugent, MO; +Red Beckman, MT; Honey Lanham Dodge, TX; Ken Bush, MO; Godfrey D. +Lehman, CA; Sasha D. Kennison, SC; Marjorie C. Davies, OH; +Richard B. Boddie, CA; Dick Sunderman, WY; Norma D. Segal, NY; +Dave Dawson, WY; Paul Carroll, AZ; Eon Marshall, CA; Barbara +Anderson, NH; Bro. Jim Lorenz, CA; Dennis Kurk, MN; Beatrice +Kurk, MN; Walter A. Murray, Jr. WY; Richard Tompkins, AZ; Darlene +Span, AZ; Jerry Span, AZ; Larry Dodge, MT; Don Doig, MT. + + + BJR Conferees and Speakers note: If you haven't done so +already, you can still "sign" the Bill of Jury Rights, as +presented above. Just send us your signature. We'll cut it out +and paste it up with the others. We'll send you a master copy of +the signed document, and print it in the next FIJActivist! + + + + + + + "DRAFTERMATH" + + Since the St. Louis conference, Texans for FIJA met to draft +a "Texas version", which proposes item 1 of the Bill of Jury +Rights as an amendment to the section of that state's +constitution dealing with trial by jury, and includes BJR items +2-5 as part of a list of proposed statutes by which to implement +and supplement that section, as amended. + + The Texas version also divided the statutes into those which +would apply to all trials, and those which would apply only to +criminal trials. After discussing the Texas version with FIJA +activists in Colorado and Wyoming, collecting from them still +more suggestions, Larry Dodge brought the accumulated commentary +to FIJA HQ in Montana, where he and Don Doig added still a third +battery of statutes, applicable only to civil cases, and rewrote +the entire document, using as many suggestions as possible. + + After some debate over whether some of the items in the list +should be separated out as "rights of the defendant", as opposed +to "jury rights" (resolved by deciding that all rights of the +jury are derivative of the right of defendants to trial by jury, +so that it makes no sense to separate them), a more-or-less +comprehensive Bill of Jury Rights was developed: + + Proposed Constitutional Amendment, (either by legislative +referendum or citizen initiative) to the state constitutional +section on Trial by Jury: + + "The inherent right of jurors to be informed of their duty +to judge the law as well as the facts in all cases shall not be +infringed." + + Proposed statutes to implement the above amendment, and to +supplement state constitutional sections dealing with Trial by +Jury or with Rights of the Accused: + + 1. In all trials: + + a. a jury of at least twelve persons must be seated +unless declined by the defendant. + + b. jurors must be selected randomly, from the widest +possible base. + + c. jurors may not be disqualified from service except +by reason of conflict of interest. + + d. no evidence which either side wishes to present to +the jury may be withheld, provided it was lawfully obtained. + + e. jurors may take notes in the courtroom, have +questions posed to witnesses, and take reference materials into +the jury room. + + f. during selection, jurors may refuse to answer +questions which they believe violate their right of privacy, +without prejudice. + + + 2. In all criminal trials: + + a. the court must inform the jury of its right to judge +both law and fact in reaching a verdict, and failure to so inform +the jury is grounds for mistrial. The jurors must acknowledge by +oath that they understand this right, no party to the trial may +be prevented from encouraging them to exercise it, and no +potential juror may be disqualified from serving on a jury +because he expresses a willingness to judge the law or its +application, or to vote according to conscience. + + b. the jury must be told that it is not required to +reach a unanimous verdict, but that failure to do so will produce +a hung jury, and a retrial will be possible. + + c. A unanimous vote of the jury is required in order +for it to render a verdict of guilty or innocent. + + d. the jury must be informed of the range of +punishments which can be administered if the defendant is found +guilty, and what, if any, exceptions to that range may be +available to the convict. + + e. the court may grant no motions which limit the +individual rights of the defendant, most particularly his right +to have the jury hear whatever justifications for his actions the +defense may wish to present. + + + 3. In all civil trials: + + a. civil trial jurors also retain the traditional power +to judge the law, and must be so told by the court whenever the +government or any agent of the government is a party to the +trial, and where the amount in dispute exceeds $20. + + b. agreement by three-quarters of the jury constitutes +a verdict. + + c. no judge may overturn the verdict of the jury. +Appeals may be made only to another jury, and if these juries +disagree, the case shall be decided by a third jury. + + + + + "PLUS THREE" + + The St. Louis conference produced three independent +proposals for wording which we would like to reproduce here as +additional food for thought. + + FORMER JUSTICE JOHN I. PURTLE'S PROPOSAL + + Trial juries shall be composed of 12 or more citizens chosen +at random from a pool consisting of all persons in the judicial +district over the age of 18 years. In criminal cases the verdict +must be unanimous and in civil cases, 75% must agree on the +verdict. Jurors shall be allowed to take notes during the trial +and may take the notes and all evidence into the deliberation +room. + + Grand juries shall consist of 16 or more members selected +from the same pool and an indictment must be signed by 75% of the +panel. The grand jury shall have the right to select independent +counsel. + + The inherent rights of jurors to be informed of their duty +to judge the law and the facts in all cases shall not be +infringed. + + GODFREY DAVIDSBURG LEHMAN'S PROPOSAL + + The inherent right of jurors to be informed of their duty +to judge the law and facts by general or special verdicts at +their discretion in all cases shall not be infringed. + + Trial juries shall be composed of 12 or more citizens +selected at random from the widest possible community base in the +judicial district without peremptory challenge; challenges for +cause shall be limited only to cases of direct partisan interest. + + Verdicts in all criminal trials shall be unanimous and in +civil trial shall be by 75%. Jurors shall be informed of their +options to select the third verdict of "Not Proven" when they are +dissatisfied with the limitations by either an outright acquittal +or conviction. + + The court shall not withhold from the jury any evidence +which any of the litigants wish to bring before the jury, except +for evidence illegally obtained. In the case of evidence +obtained under questionable circumstances, the court shall +explain to the jury how the evidence was obtained without +revealing the evidence itself and the judge may express his +opinion as to proper admissibility. + + But the evidence shall be allowed only if one-third (?) or +more of the jury so desire provided that a ruling of illegality +by the jury shall constitute an automatic indictment of the +persons who obtained such evidence, and who shall be tried +immediately under the criminal statutes of this state concurrent +with the originating trial. + + Should defendants be acquitted in said trial, the suppressed +evidence shall be made immediately available to the jury in the +originating trial; but if said trial be already completed, the +freed evidence shall constitute grounds for a new trial upon the +request of either party. + + The Seventh Amendment's proscription that "no fact tried by +a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United +States, than by the rules of the common law," shall be understood +that no appellate court in any case may evaluate the jury verdict +neither to overrule nor uphold, being limited only to determine +if the trial was conducted fairly per Constitutional mandate. + + If a question appears to the court or in the case of new +evidence, the court shall send the case back to the trial court +for a new trial before a second jury, equal in sovereign rank to +the first jury, which can deliver a new verdict or uphold the +first verdict. If the second jury overrules the first, a third +trial may be held, the final determination being the two agreeing +juries. + + FRANK NUGENT'S PROPOSAL + + ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE 1. It being the natural right and +ability of each and every citizen of this state to judge for +himself or herself as to the relevance of evidence, and it being +the natural right and ability of each and every citizen to resist +pre-judging any issue, no evidence shall be declared inadmissible +or otherwise kept from the jury on the grounds of relevance or +irrelevancy, nor on the ground that such evidence would be +prejudicial. + + 2. Should any judge rule that any evidence being submitted +was obtained illegally, the question of admissibility of such +evidence shall be turned over to arbitration consisting of the +following persons: prosecuting attorney, defense attorney or the +pro se defendant, and three jurors from the general jury pool. +If the arbiters decide by an 80% vote that such evidence was +obtained legally, then such evidence shall be placed before the +jury. A less than 80% vote shall constitute a finding that the +evidence was obtained illegally, and then it shall not be +admitted nor revealed to the jury; provided however, that such a +ruling of illegality shall constitute an automatic indictment of +the persons who obtained such evidence, and who shall be tried +immediately under the criminal statutes of this state concurrent +with the originating trial. Should defendants be acquitted in +said trial, the suppressed evidence shall be made immediately +available to the jury in the originating trial; but if said trial +be already completed, the freed evidence shall constitute grounds +for a new trial upon the prayer of either party. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bkrsfld.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bkrsfld.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1987c29 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bkrsfld.txt @@ -0,0 +1,391 @@ + 1/9/8 +1841696 + In California, a Question of Abuse; An Excess of Child Molestation +Cases Brings Kern County's Investigative Methods Under Fire. + The Washington Post, May 31, 1989, FINAL Edition + BY: Jay Mathews, Washington Post Staff Writer + SECTION: Style, p. d01 + STORY TYPE: News National + LINE COUNT: 314 WORD COUNT: 3456 + + BAKERSFIELD, Calif. - Only two of the children at the trial could even +identify Gina Miller. She was Colleen Forsythe's friend, the only +nonrelative in Bakersfield's infamous Pitts family child molestation and +pornography ring. + + Identified or not, the jury found her guilty with the others in 1985 and +sent the soft-spoken, auburn-haired fast-food worker to prison for 405 +years, forcing her to end abruptly the breast-feeding of her fourth child, +10-month-old Tammra. + + After hearing the lurid allegations made during the seven-month trial, +the 12 jurors from this San Joaquin Valley city of oil wells and fruit +trees may have felt even the most severe punishment was insufficient. +Children testified that several adult members of the Pitts family gathered +regularly to sodomize and molest their own sons, daughters, nephews or +nieces, often after forcing drugs or alcohol on them. Children said they +saw cameras apparently filming the sexual acts. + + There had never been anything like it here, and in a city full of +families from Oklahoma and the South who prided themselves on their +Christian values and adherence to law and order, the reaction was horror +and outrage. Children could not make up such stories, prosecutors +repeatedly reminded the jurors and the public. "I can't conceive of a +reason for something like this," said Superior Court Judge Gary T. Friedman +as he pronounced sentences. "I doubt if our friends in the animal kingdom +would treat their young in such a fashion." + + A few defense attorneys raised objections to the extraordinary prison +terms. The total of 2,619 years for the seven defendants set a child abuse +case record for California and probably the whole country. Defense +attorneys noted that no adults had testified to witnessing the crimes, that +there was no sign of the alleged pornographic films or videotapes and that +the medical evidence was controversial. But such objections were buried in +an outpouring of disgust at the trial testimony and a growing concern about +mass child abuse cases materializing in many other parts of the country. + Then, as months went by, a few Bakersfield residents began to wonder +about the Pitts case and several other sexual abuse investigations that had +been carried out for several years by a number of very active officials in +the Kern County district attorney's and sheriff's offices. One analysis +showed that in 1982 the county's rate of arrests for child molesting was +twice the state average. Investigations that initially focused on just one +or two children seemed to grow to include many more. + + Finally, a county investigation of an alleged satanic cult, a group that +made the Pitts defendants appear kindly by comparison, careened irrevocably +out of control. Child witnesses who had been repeatedly interviewed, much +like the witnesses in the Pitts and several other cases, told investigators +that the cult had not only molested children but conducted blood rites and +even killed babies. Frantic efforts to discover the bodies proved +fruitless, and then three young witnesses went one crucial step further. +They identified as members of the satanic ring a sheriff's deputy, a social +worker and a deputy district attorney--persons with impeccable reputations +who could not possibly have been where the children said they saw them. + + This was the turning point. The credibility of both witnesses and +investigators in the series of molestation cases began to come into serious +question. Gina Miller, obsessed with thoughts of her children, said she +felt her spirits lifting for the first time. Perhaps she had a chance to +get out soon. + + Within months a special investigative team from the state attorney +general's office had descended on Bakersfield and produced one of the most +damning reports one California agency had ever written about another. The +80-page document concluded that a county child sexual abuse coordinator and +sheriff's deputies overinterviewed and pressured child witnesses, gave them +opportunities to share accounts of the case, and assumed anything a child +said was true. The report said this prompted investigators "to accept the +children's statements without question, to neglect to verify those +statements through additional questions of the victim and others close to +the victim, and to fail to seek additional corroborative evidence to +support the children's claims." + + The county's investigation, the report concluded, "foundered in a sea of +unproven allegations, insufficient corroborative evidence, and bizarre +allegations that in some instances were proven to be false and raised +serious questions about the victims' credibility." + + The state's highest law enforcement officials had decided that, in +Bakersfield at least, horribly detailed stories of abuse and molestation +told by innocent children might not always be true. Not only did the report +challenge an article of faith in the conviction of the Pitts family and +other defendants here, but it was directly critical of methods used by +investigators who had participated, at least in part, in gathering +testimony used against the Pitts family and many others. + + The resulting furor has not drawn much attention outside California's +San Joaquin Valley. Notable molestation cases like the McMartin Preschool +trial in Los Angeles have preempted most national media attention. But the +attorney general's report on Bakersfield paints a picture of what has to be +considered one of the clumsiest and most destructive child abuse +investigations in American history. The report leaves unanswered many +questions about how to deal with such tragedies, and what to do about many +other Kern County residents left in prison whose cases have not attracted a +full-scale second look. + + For the attorney general's report said nothing directly about the Pitts +defendants. Miller said she experienced a sinking feeling that the state's +exposure of investigative clumsiness might not help them after all, and +others raised the same concerns. + + Glenn Cole, a retired accountant who led the county grand jury from 1983 +to 1985, said he believes "innocent people are in jail right today" because +children were "questioned to the point where they could not tell truth from +fiction." He said he thinks the initial investigators were not properly +trained and the attorney general's office should have done more to right +the wrongs. "I try to put it out of my mind," Cole said, "but I get very +emotional about it." + + Some attorneys, particularly those defending the Pittses, are beginning +to compare many of the Bakersfield child abuse investigations to the Salem +witch trials. They say they fear that instinctive loathing over unusually +egregious accounts of child molestation has subverted the rule of law and +due process and unnecessarily shattered dozens of lives, including those of +several children. + + In some minds the parallels across three centuries are very close. +Michael Snedeker, a San Francisco attorney representing one of the Pitts +defendants, said the Salem trials began in 1692 with two children who, +after repeated questioning, identified many local people as witches. "The +Salem witchcraft fever did not break until the children made absolutely +unbelievable accusations, pointing their damning fingers at the governor's +wife," he said. "They also accused those most eager in the prosecution of +witches. Once disbelieved in a few particulars, they lost the power to +condemn they undoubtedly never sought." + + Bitter arguments have broken out here over the guilt or innocence of the +Pitts defendants and several others jailed after investigations similar to +the discredited satanic case. At the very least, the turmoil shows how +damaging a misstep in a child abuse case can be, and how it may take years +to erase the effects of overzealous interviewing and an unshakable belief +in the veracity of children, even those under severe emotional pressure. + + In the last several months two of the alleged child victims in the Pitts +case have recanted, saying nothing at all happened in the green house on +Sycamore Street where the molestations were supposed to have occurred. + + The sudden shift in the cases sparked unusual tensions between many +leading Bakersfield citizens. Andrew Gindes, a former prosecutor who +handled the Pitts case, has sued Alfred T. Fritts, former +co-publisher/editor of the Bakersfield Californian, for libel after the +newspaper printed a story about one witness's recantation. Gindes' +complaint alleged that Fritts was hostile toward him because Fritts feared +his "own activities would be disclosed if a vigorous policy was pursued by +law enforcement against child molesters." Dennis Kinnaird, an attorney +representing Fritts and other defendants in the case, called the allegation +"totally incorrect" and said, "We don't think it has any basis in fact." + + Gindes, in an interview, expressed outrage that the results of a lengthy +jury trial were now being questioned, and accused attorneys for the Pitts +defendants of organizing a "media hype." "I don't think the media should be +used to conduct a public relations campaign to attempt to prejudice the +judicial system," he said. + + Investigators and prosecutors here who handled most of the cases say +that their evidence stands up, and bitterly denounce the decision to drop +the satanic cult case. Kern County District Attorney Edward R. Jagels, who +refused to prosecute the satanic case, still defends the investigative +methods and lengthy prison sentences in the Pitts and other cases. +Arguments against them, he said, "just don't hang together." + + Although some attorneys with the state attorney general's office +privately express doubts about the evidence in the Pitts and other cases +brought during the widespread molestation investigations of 1982 to 1985, +they say they can do nothing to overturn jury verdicts. Deputy Attorney +General Thomas Gede, who was assigned to the Pitts case on appeal, said +that after reading all 14,000 pages of trial transcript he is convinced of +the guilt of all seven defendants. + While those verdicts are being appealed, the Pitts defendants and many +others remain in prison with multiple life sentences, wondering if they +will ever leave prison and, if they do, ever restore a semblance of their +previous lives. + + Colleen Forsythe, sentenced to 373 years in the Pitts case, said her +13-year-old daughter Windy, one of the two witnesses who have recently +recanted, has been through several foster homes and returned more than once +to the custody of juvenile authorities. + + During trial, Forsythe, now 30, insisted on her innocence. "There was no +way I was going to say that I did something like that when I didn't," she +said during an interview at the California Institution for Women in +Frontera. + + Miller rejected an early offer of a lighter sentence in exchange for +testifying against the others. "People think I was crazy for not taking +that deal, but how could I take responsibility for all these people?" she +said. + + Bakersfield tree surgeon Roy Nokes, who spent $50,000 in a successful +fight to clear his son and daughter-in-law of molestation charges in +another case, said he thinks some innocent people who lacked the necessary +financial resources accepted shorter jail terms after seeing the huge jury +verdicts against those in the Pitts case and others. His son, +daughter-in-law and others are suing a prosecutor and an investigator for +the alleged harm done them and their families. + + "They should be hit hard enough that they never do anything like this +again," he said. + + The Pitts case began in 1984 when Ricky Lynn Pitts, now 36 and a former +truck driver and bartender, and his wife Marcella were accused of molesting +Marcella's three sons by a previous marriage. The new wife of Marcella's +ex-husband told authorities the boys had reported being molested during +weekend visits to the Pittses' house on Sycamore Street. + + Marcella Pitts, 34, serving a 373-year sentence in the case, said the +wife of her ex-husband made false charges because "she knew I was going to +fight for custody of those kids and she knew I'd win." But the boys' +account led authorities to take custody of them as well as eight other +children and, after weeks of interviews with the 11 children, to file +molestation charges against the Pittses, Forsythe, Forsythe's husband Wayne +(they have since divorced), Forsythe's mother Grace Dill, 55, Dill's son +Wayne Dill Jr., 33, and Miller. + + At the trial, some children said they were injected with drugs, forced +to drink urine and alcohol and to engage in sex acts with adults and other +children while as many as three cameras recorded the scene. In some cases, +Ricky Pitts was accused of threatening children with being tied to a board +hanging on the wall. + + The seven defendants all insisted on their innocence, and four took and +passed lie detector tests. But the prosecution produced testimony from a +physician, Bruce Woodling, that there were signs of molestation in two +children. The prosecution said it produced medical testimony on only these +two because they were the only ones who denied being molested. + + Many child witnesses were interviewed repeatedly by Carol Darling, the +district attorney's child sexual abuse coordinator, before telling stories +of abuse and agreeing to testify. Darling, who declined to comment on the +case, retired on a disability pension last year for excessive mental and +emotional stress. + + Andrew Rubin, an attorney who represented Ricky Pitts, said he saw many +inconsistencies in the children's testimony and thought it sounded as if it +came from an outside source, but the jury seemed impressed by the medical +testimony and one moment of courtroom drama. + + A 6-year-old girl witness, whom Pitts said he had disciplined in the +past, began screaming hysterically, "Don't let him get me! Don't let him +kill me!" when she was asked to identify him at the defendants' table. +Uncontrollable, she ran into the arms of Judge Friedman, who said after the +trial he felt "she was definitely traumatized, as were the other children." + + At that point in the trial, Rubin said, "I realized I was in serious +trouble in this case." + + The defendants began serving their sentences in the summer of 1985. +Their continued protestations of innocence were largely ignored until +Christina Hayes, now 14, Ricky Pitts' niece and the eldest of the child +witnesses, had a conversation with her guardian's wife during the 1986 +Christmas season. + + The wife, Mary Isabell, said she was concerned about the girl's hostile +attitude and poor study habits. After a visit by Christina's grandfather, +who firmly believed in the innocence of the Pitts defendants, Isabell +invited Christina into her bedroom to discuss the trial. + "I said, 'We have to talk about it,'" Isabell said in a taped interview +with private investigator Denver Dunn, which is now part of the court +record. "I told her, 'You have to tell me the truth. Good God, if it +happened a little bit, not at all, a whole bunch, whatever happened, I need +to know so that I can help you.'" + + After thinking about it for a moment, Christina changed her story and +said that nothing had happened. In the course of several days of talk with +Robert Hayes, the guardian she refers to as her father, and with Isabell, +she said her trial testimony had emerged from hours of interviews with +social worker Carol Darling and other investigators, in which she was told +accounts of what other children were saying. She said Darling told her some +potentially violent friends of the Pitts family were out to do her harm. + + "They told me that if I didn't cooperate they would take me away from my +dad (Hayes) and put me in a foster home," Christina said in an interview +conducted during a walk in her Bakersfield neighborhood with no other +adults present. Her natural mother, Clovette Pitts, disappeared when the +others were arrested. + + Hayes said he believes Christina is now telling the truth and noted that +her grades and general attitude have improved. But Jagels, the county +district attorney, and other county investigators said her new story is +false, perhaps concocted to relieve tension in the family. They emphasized +her lengthy, detailed testimony on the stand, which defense attorneys point +out consisted mostly of short, affirmative answers to detailed prosecution +questions. Jagels said he thought it significant that she could not specify +precisely where and when she heard the details of the molestations she +testified to. Jagels also noted her recantation came shortly after she +learned her grandmother, Grace Dill, had broken her leg in prison. + + Three weeks after Christina Hayes changed her story, district attorney's +investigator Tam Hodgson interviewed Windy Betterton, Forsythe's daughter, +producing a transcript that is now in the court record: + + Hodgson: "Okay. Those things that you testified to, are all of them +true, some of them true, none of them true?" + + Betterton: "None of them are true." + + Her cousin, Sherril Boyd, told Hodgson that she had informed the girl of +Christina Hayes' recantation and cautioned Windy to be sure she was telling +the truth. Boyd said the girl began to cry, and then said "the people at +the DA's office had kept asking, or saying over and over and over that they +knew she had been molested. She had finally just made up something to keep +them from questioning her anymore." + + In the satanic cases, the attorney general's report criticized Kern +County investigators for interviewing "victims repeatedly, covering old +ground, reiterating other victims' statements, failing to question the +children's statements, and urging them to name additional suspects and +victims." Despite state guidelines against multiple interviews, one child +in the satanic case "was interviewed 24 times by sheriff's deputies and a +total of 35 times in the investigation," the report said. + + Critics of the Kern County investigations, citing the attorney general's +report, have focused on several other cases investigated about the same +time by some of the same Kern County officials or by other officials using +similar methods: + + Scott and Brenda Kniffen and Alvin and Deborah McCuan, two couples with +two small children each, were given prison terms of 240 to 268 years for +molesting their children, despite evidence that some of the children had +falsely accused other adults and had come under the influence of a mentally +disturbed relative who resented some of the defendants. Prosecutors used +testimony from Woodling that was challenged by David Paul, an +internationally recognized child abuse expert. + + David A. Duncan, a 39-year-old former oil field worker, was sent to +prison for 60 years in 1984 on a molestation charge. Duncan was accused by +child witnesses discovered during a sweep of a neighborhood in another +investigation. The children were repeatedly interviewed before they +testified, and testimony by a jail-house informant was also used against +Duncan. He was released in late January after an appeals court reversed his +conviction and the prosecutor dropped the charges. + + Howard L. Weimer, a 65-year-old former automobile repair shop owner, has +been in prison for a year after a woman he and his wife cared for as foster +parents years before accused him of molesting her. Eventually sheriff's +deputies, in part through lengthy interviews, found four other former +foster children of the couple who made similar accusations. The trial judge +imposed a 42-year sentence. + + John A. Stoll, a 45-year-old former gas plant foreman, received a +40-year sentence after being convicted of molestation on testimony from his +son and some other children, including some who later recanted. + + Many investigators and attorneys who handled Bakersfield child abuse +cases in the early 1980s vigorously defend their actions and ridicule the +attorney general's report. "It was just junk," former deputy district +attorney Gindes said in an interview. He said he still believed the satanic +cult accusations might have merit. + + In a follow-up interview, Gindes denied criticizing the attorney +general's attack on the satanic case investigation or saying he thought the +satanic case might still have merit. He declined to say what his attitude +toward the case was. + + Carol Darling's husband Brad, a lieutenant in the Kern County sheriff's +office, has continued to speak to church groups about his belief in some of +the satanic charges. He told one group, according to a transcript, that his +witnesses "described things that I can't fathom a child knowing about or +learning on television." The Darlings declined to be interviewed. + + Snedeker said an expert witness, University of California Irvine +gynecologist R. David Miller, has concluded that the medical evidence used +at the trial was meaningless. But appeals and new trials take time. Despite +the widespread doubt about many of the Bakersfield molestation cases, the +people sent to prison expect to be there for some time. + Gina Miller said she is certain she will be free some day and thinks she +can start a new life with her children in another state. Her friend Colleen +Forsythe is less hopeful. When she is freed, she said, she may not try to +retrieve her children from their new homes. + + "I'm scared of kids. I'm scared to death of kids," she said. "I'm glad I +can't have any more." + + CAPTIONS: Gina Miller, of the defendants in the Bakersfield trial. + Grace Dill, Marcella Pitts and Colleen Forsythe in prison. + Christina Hayes, eldest of the child witnesses, has since recanted her +testimony. LV witnesses, has since recanted her testimony. LV + + NAMED PERSONS: MILLER, GINA; FORSYTHE, COLLEEN; PITTS, RICKY LYNN; + PITTS, MARCELLA + DESCRIPTORS: Child molestation; Trials; California ;^ \ PMODEM FON ^   ABALON TXT   9* FORCE TXT +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/blakquot.txt b/politicalTextFiles/blakquot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e574514 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/blakquot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +The following is a collection of quotes by BLACK Americans: + +ROBERT C. MAYNARD (black, syndicated columnist) + +"The underclass is a lawless, illiterate minority with zero +regard for the common decencies of those more fortunate than +they. (It is categorized by) masses of illiterate, untrained +youth on the streets with abundant access to drugs and guns. +(This is) our nation's future. Unless we begin to re-channel +the energies and reshape the values of the youth of that +underclass, none of us is safe. The burgeoning underclass is +the social dynamite that threatens the stability of the entire +society." + +... + +WILLIAM HOUGH (black, retired Army sergeant) + +"We have been accusing whites of the very same offense for years. +No there is no other ethnic group in America that seems more +prejudiced than us blacks. And it is virtually destroying us as +a race. The black media, the black leaders and our parents must +share in the blame for this. What started out as black pride +eventually turned into black racism. How can we see racism and +prejudice in other races but fail to recognize it among ourselves? + +We are constantly bombarded with negativism by our black press. For +instance, we are fed depressing information about this wicked, one- +sided society that we live in and that our chance of making it is +almost nil. + +We hear this same kind of negativism from family, friends, and +neighbors. No wonder so many young blacks are turned off. We end +up with an embittered and confused individual. + +Black Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, when he was chairman +of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, charged that black +leaders 'are sitting there watching the destruction of our race +while they bitch, bitch, bitch about Ronald Reagan. Ronald Reagan +isn't the problem. Jimmy Carter was not the problem. The lack of +black leadership is the problem." + +... + +WALTER WILLIAMS (black professor at George Mason University) + +"Civil rights organizations, once part of a proud struggle, have +now squandered their moral authority. They are little more than +race hustlers championing a racial spoils system. They no longer +seek fair play and a color blind society. Their agenda is one of +rights, where quota is king and colorblindness is viewed with +contempt. Today's civil rights organizations differ only in degree +,but not in kind, from white racist organizations past and present." + +... + +SHELBY STEELE (a black professor) + +"A generation after the Watts riot and the passage of the Civil +Rights Act of 1964, it is time for blacks to drop the crutch of +racial victimization and rely on their own efforts to gain access +to the American mainstream." + +"The opportunities are there. Blacks have only to stop hiding +behind racism and take advantage of them. While racism still exists, +it is not what is holding back America's black people. Instead, the +specter of racism has become a crippling fixation of blacks, a way +not just to excuse failure but to avoid dealing with real problems. +Victimization views white people as omnipotent. It is as though +white people are in charge of our fate rather than ourselves. The +sense of victimization has led blacks to rely on programs like +affirmative action that both stem from and perpetuate their sense +of being victims." + +"The insistence on black victimization and white guilt sets in motion +a never-ending and ultimately futile, inter-racial battle . . . that +leaves us with an identity (as a victim) that is at war with our best +interests, that magnifies our oppression and diminishes our sense of +possibility." + +"It did blacks no good to ignore their real fears and blame racism +for all their failings. Blacks have tremendous possibilities, but +if you think you're up against a white racism and your just a total +victim of it, then you can't do anything except be mad." diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bookban.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bookban.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8093e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bookban.txt @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ + + Censored Books + +Responding to the Meese commission's official approval of pressure-group +censorship, Waldenbooks staged a promotion featuring 52 volumes that had been +"challenged, burned or banned somewhere in the United States in the last 15 +years." The titles and the reasons for outrage against these books are so +astounding that we decided to publish the complete list. + +THE BASTARD, by John Jakes. + Removed from Montour (Pennsylvania) High School library, 1976. + +BLOODLINE, by Sidney Sheldon. + Challenged in Abingdon, Virginia, 1980; + Elizabethton, Tennessee, 1981. + +BRAVE NEW WORLD, by Aldous Huxley. + Removed from classroom, Miller, Missouri, 1980. + Challenged frequently throughout the U.S. + +CARRIE, by Stephen King. +Considered "trash" that is especially harmful for "younger girls." + Challenged by Clark High School library, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1975. + Placed on special closed shelf in Union High School library, Vergennes, + Vermont, 1978. + +THE CATCHER IN THE RYE, by J.D. Salinger. +Considered "dangerous" because of vulgarity, occultism, violence and sexual +content. + Banned in Freeport High School, DeFuniak Springs, Florida, 1985. + Removed from + Issaquah, Washington, optional high school reading list, 1978; + required reading list, Middleville, Michingan, 1979.; + Jackson-Milton school libraries, North Jackson, Ohio, 1980; + Anniston, Alabama, high school libraries, 1982. + Challenged by Libby (Montana) High School, 1983. + +CATCH-22, by Joseph Heller. +Considered "dangerous" because of objectionable language. + Banned in Strongsville, Ohio, 1972 (overturned in 1976). + Challenged by Dallas, Texas, Independent School District high school + libraries, 1974, + Snoqualmie, Washington, 1979. + +THE CLAN OF THE CAVE BEAR, by Jean M. Auel. +Challenged by numerous public libraries. + +A CLOCKWORK ORANGE, by Anthony Burgess. +"Objectionable" language. + Removed from + Westport, Rhode Island, high school classrooms, 1977; + Aurora, Colorado, high school classrooms, 1976; + Anniston, Alabama, high school libraries, 1982. + +THE COLOR PURPLE, by Alice Walker. +Considered inappropriate because of its "troubling ideas about race relations, +man's relationship to God, African history and human sexuality." + Challenged by Oakland, California, high school honors class, 1984; + rejected for purchase by Hayward, California, school trustees. + +THE CRUCIBLE, by Arthur Miller. +Considered dangerous because it contains "sick words from the mouths of +demon-possessed people." + Challenged by Cumberland Valley High School, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, + 1982. + +CUJO, by Stephen King. +Profanity and strong sexual content cited as reasons for opposition. + Banned by Washington County, Alabama, Board of Education, 1985; + challenged by Rankin County, Mississippi, School District, 1984; + removed from Bradford, New York, school library, 1985; + rejected for purchase by Hayward, California, school trustees, 1985. + +DEATH OF A SALESMAN, by Arthur Miller. +Cited for profanity. + Banned by Spring Valley Community High School, French Lick, Indiana, + 1981; + challenged by Dallas, Texas, Independent School District high school + libraries, 1974. + +THE DEVIL'S ALTERNATE, by Frederick Forsyth. + Removed by Evergreen School District, Vancouver, Washington, 1983. + +THE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL, by Anne Frank. +Objections to sexually offensive passages. + Challenged by Wise County, Virginia, 1982; + Alabama State Book Committee, 1983. + +EAST OF EDEN, by John Steinbeck. +Considered "ungodly and obscene." + Removed from Anniston, Alabama, high school libraries, 1982; + Morris, Manitoba, school libraries, 1982. + +A FAREWELL TO ARMS, by Ernest Hemingway. +Labeled as a "sex novel." + Challenged by Dallas, Texas, Independent School District high school + libraries, 1974; + Vernon-Verona-Sherill, New York, School District, 1980. + +FIRESTARTER, by Stephen King. +Cited for "graphic descriptions of sexual acts, vulgar language and violence." + Challenged by Campbell County, Wyoming, school system, 1983-1984. + +FLOWERS FOR ALGERNON, by Daniel Keyes. +Explicit, distasteful love scenes cited among reasons for opposition. + Banned by Plant City, Florida, 1976; + Emporium, Pennsylvania, 1977; + Glen Rose (Arkansas) High School library, 1981. + Challenged by Oberlin (Ohio) High School, 1983; + Glenrock (Wyoming) High School, 1984. + +FLOWERS IN THE ATTIC, by V.C. Andrews. +Considered "dangerous" because it contains "offensive passages concerning +incest and sexual intercourse." + Challenged by Richmond (Rhode Island) High School, 1983. + +FOREVER, by Judy Blume. +Detractors cite its "four-letter words and [talk] about masturbation, birth +control and disobedience to parents." + Challenged by Midvalley Junior-Senior High School library, Scranton, + Pennsylvania, 1982; + Orlando, Florida, schools, 1982; + Akron, Ohio, School District libraries, 1983; + Howard-Suamico (Wisconsin) High School, 1983; + Holdredge, Nebraska, Public Library, 1984; + Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Public Library, 1984; + Patrick County, Virginia, School Board, 1986; + Park Hill (Missouri) South Junior High School library, + 1982. + +THE GRAPES OF WRATH, by John Steinbeck. +Considered "dangerous" because of obscene language and the unfavorable +depiction of a former minister. + Banned in Kanawha, Iowa, 1980; Morris, Manitoba, 1982. + Challenged by Vernon-Verona-Sherill, New York, School District, 1980; + Richford, Vermonth, 1991.(?) + +HARRIET THE SPY, by Louise Fitzhugh. +Considered "dangerous" because it "teaches children to lie, spy, back-talk +and curse." + Challenged by Xenia, Ohio, school libraries, 1983. + +HUCKLEBERRY FINN, by Mark Twain. +Considered "dangerous" because of objectionable language and "racist" terms +and content. + Challenged by Winnetka, Illinois, 1976; + Warrington, Pennsylvania, 1981; + Davenport, Iowa, 1981; + Fairfax County, Virginia, 1982; + Houston, Texas, 1982; + State College, Pennsylvania, area school district + 1983; + Springfield, Illinois, 1983 + Waukegan, Illinois, 1984. + +I KNOW WHY THE CAGED BIRD SINGS, by Maya Angelou. +Considered "dangerous" because it preaches "bitterness and hatred against +whites." + Challenged by Alabama State Textbook Committee, 1983. + +GGIE'S HOUSE, by Judy Blume. + Challenged by Caspar, Wyoming, school libraries, 1984. + +IT'S OKAY IF YOU DON'T LOVE ME, by Norma Klein. +Considered "dangerous" because it portrays "sex as the only thing on your +people's minds." + Banned in Haywood County, California, 1981. + Removed by Widefield (Colorado) High School, 1983; + Vancouver, Washington, School District, 1984. + +THE LIVING BIBLE, by William C. Bower. +Considered "dangerous" because it is "a perverted commentary on the King James +Version." + Burned in Gastonia, North Carolina, 1986. + +LORD OF THE FLIES, by William Golding. +Considered "demoralizing inasmuch as it implies that man is little more than +an animal." + Challenged by Dallas, Texas, Independent School District high school + libraries, 1974; + Sully Buttes (South Dakota) High School, 1981; + Owen (North Carolina) High School, 1981; + Marana (Arizona) High School, 1983; + Olney, Texas, Independent School District, 1984. + +LOVE IS ONE OF THE CHOICES, by Norma Klein. + Removed from Evergreen School District, Vancouver, Washington, 1983. + +THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES, by Ray Bradbury. +Profanity and the use of God's name in vain sparked opposition to this novel. + Challenged by Haines City (Florida) High School, 1982. + +MATARESE CIRCLE, by Robert Ludlum. +"Unnecessarily rough language and sexual descriptions" caused opposition to +this novel. + Restricted (to students with parental consent) by Pierce (Nebraska) + High School, 1983. + +THE MERCHANT OF VENICE, by William Shakespeare. +Objections to purported anti-Semitism. + Banned by Midland, Michigan, classrooms, 1980. + +NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR, by George Orwell. Objections to pro- Communist material +and explicit sexual matter. + Challenged by Jackson County, Florida, 1981. + +OF MICE AND MEN, by John Steinbeck. +Considered "dangerous" because of its profanity and "vulgar language." + Banned in Syracuse, Indiana, 1974; + Oil City, Pennsylvania, 1977; + Grand Blanc, Michigan, 1979; + Continental, Ohio, 1980l + Skyline High School, Scottsboro, Alabama, 1983. + Challenged by Greenville, South Carolina, 1977; + Vernon-Verona- Sherill, New York, School District, 1980; + St. David, Arizona, 1981; + Telly City, Indiana, 1982; + Knoxville, Tennessee, School Board, 1984. + +ONE DAY IN THE LIFE OF IVAN DENISOVICH, by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. +Objectionable language. + Removed by Milton (New Hampshire) High School library, 1976. + Challenged by Mahwah, New Jersey, 1976; + Omak, Washington, 1979; + Mohawk Trail Regional High School, Buckland, Mass, 1981. + +ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST, by Ken Kesey. + Removed from required reading list by Westport, Massachusetts, 1977. + Banned by Freemont High School, St. Anthony, Idaho. (Instructor was + fired.) + Challenged by Merrimack (New Hampshire) High School, 1982. + +ORDINARY PEOPLE, bu Judith Guest. +Called "obscene" and "depressing." + Banned (temporarily) by Merrimack (New Hampshire) High School, 1982. + +OTHERWISE KNOWN AS SHEILA THE GREAT, by Judy Blume. + Challenged by Caspar, Whyoming, school libraries, 1984. + +THE PIGMAN, by Paul Zindel. +Considered "dangerous" because it features "liars, cheaters and stealers." + Challenged by Hillsboro, Missouri, School District, 1985. + +THE RED PONY, by John Steinbeck. +Called a "filthy, trashy sex novel." + Challenged by Vernon-Verona-Sherill, New York, School District, 1980. + +THE SEDUCTION OF PETER S., by Lawrence Sanders. +Called "blatantly graphic, pornographic and wholly unacceptable for a high +school library." + Burned by Stroudsburg (Pennsylvania) High School library, 1985. + +A SEPARATE PEACE, by John Knowles. +Detractors cite offensive language and sex as dangerous elements in this novel. + Challenged by Vernon-Verona-Sherill, New York, School District, 1980; + Fannett-Metal High School, Shippensburg, Pa, 1985. + +THE SHINING, by Stephen King. +Considered dangerous because it "contains violence and demonic possession and +ridicules the Christian religion." + Challenged by Campbell County, Wyoming, school system, 1983. + Banned by Washington County, Alabama, Board of Education, 1985. + +SILAS MARNER, by George Eliot. + Banned by Union High School, Anaheim, California, 1978. + +SLAUGHTERHOUSE-FIVE, by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. +Considered "dangerous" because of violent, irreverent, profane and sexually +explicit content. + Burned in Drake, North Carolina, 1973; + Rochester, Michigan, 1972; + Levittown, New York, 1975; + North Jackson, Ohio, 1979; + Lakeland, Florida, 1982. + Barred from purchase by Washington Park High School, Racine, Wi, 1984. + Challenged by Owensboro (Kentucky) High School library, 1985. + +SUPERFUDGE, by Judy Blume. Disapproval based on "profane, immoral and +offensive" content. + Challenged by Caspar, Wyoming, school libraries, 1984; + Bozeman, Montana, school libraries, 1985. + +THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW, by S.E. Hinton. +Objections to "graphic language, subject matter, immoral tone and lack of +literary quality." + Challenged by Pagosa Springs, Colorado, 1983. + +TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, by Harper Lee. +Considered "dangerous" because of profanity and undermining of race relations. + Challenged (temporaily banned) in Eden Valley, Minnesota, 1977; + Vernon-Verona-Sherill, New York, School District, 1980; + Warren, Indiana, township schools, 1981; + Waukegan, Illinois, School District, 1984; + Kansas City, Missouri, junior high schools, 1985; + Park Hill (Missouri) Junior High School, 1985. + Protested by black parents and NAACP in Casa Grande (Arizona) + Elementary School District, 1985. + +ULYSSES, by James Joyce. +"Given its long history of censorship, ULYSSES has rarely been selected for +high school libraries." -- Judith Krug, director, Office for Intellectual +Freedom, American Library Association, 1986. + +UNCLE TOM'S CABIN, by Harriet B. Stowe. +Use of the word nigger caused opposition. + Challenged by Waukegan, Illinois, School District, 1984. + +WHERE THE SIDEWALK ENDS, by Shel Silverstein. +Considered by opponents to undermine parental, school and religious authority. + Pulled from shelves for review by Minot, North Dakota, public school + libraries, 1986. + Challenged by Xenia, Ohio, school libraries, 1983.. + +Sources for all of the above information: American Library Association +RESOURCE BOOK FOR BANNED BOOK WEEK 1986 and the NEWSLETTER ON INTELLECTUAL +FREEDOM, published by the Office for Intellectual Freedom. Complete +documentation is available from the American Library Association. +---------------------------- +-BB@VI/\617/527.0091/\14.4k- +---------------------------- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bor-stat.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bor-stat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20aec7a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bor-stat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,588 @@ + Feel free to copy this article far and wide, but please + keep my name and this sentence on it. + + + The Bill of Rights, a Status Report + by Eric Postpischil + + 4 September 1990 + + 6 Hamlett Drive, Apt. 17 + Nashua, NH 03062 + + edp@jareth.enet.dec.com + + + How many rights do you have? You should check, because it + might not be as many today as it was a few years ago, or + even a few months ago. Some people I talk to are not + concerned that police will execute a search warrant without + knocking or that they set up roadblocks and stop and + interrogate innocent citizens. They do not regard these as + great infringements on their rights. But when you put + current events together, there is information that may be + surprising to people who have not yet been concerned: The + amount of the Bill of Rights that is under attack is + alarming. + + Let's take a look at the Bill of Rights and see which + aspects are being pushed on or threatened. The point here + is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or + wrongness, but the sheer number of rights that are under + attack. + + + Amendment I + + Congress shall make no law respecting an + establishment of religion, or prohibiting the + free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom + of speech, or of the press; or the right of the + people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the + Government for a redress of grievances. + + ESTABLISHING RELIGION: While campaigning for his first + term, George Bush said "I don't know that atheists should + be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered + patriots." Bush has not retracted, commented on, or + clarified this statement, in spite of requests to do so. + According to Bush, this is one nation under God. And + apparently if you are not within Bush's religious beliefs, + you are not a citizen. Federal, state, and local + governments also promote a particular religion (or, + occasionally, religions) by spending public money on + religious displays. + + FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION: Robert Newmeyer and Glenn + Braunstein were jailed in 1988 for refusing to stand in + respect for a judge. Braunstein says the tradition of + rising in court started decades ago when judges entered + carrying Bibles. Since judges no longer carry Bibles, + Braunstein says there is no reason to stand -- and his + Bible tells him to honor no other God. For this religious + practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were jailed and are now + suing. + + + FREE SPEECH: We find that technology has given the + government an excuse to interfere with free speech. + Claiming that radio frequencies are a limited resource, the + government tells broadcasters what to say (such as news and + public and local service programming) and what not to say + (obscenity, as defined by the Federal Communications + Commission [FCC]). The FCC is investigating Boston PBS + station WGBH-TV for broadcasting photographs from the + Mapplethorpe exhibit. + + FREE SPEECH: There are also laws to limit political + statements and contributions to political activities. In + 1985, the Michigan Chamber of Commerce wanted to take out + an advertisement supporting a candidate in the state house + of representatives. But a 1976 Michigan law prohibits a + corporation from using its general treasury funds to make + independent expenditures in a political campaign. In + March, the Supreme Court upheld that law. According to + dissenting Justice Kennedy, it is now a felony in Michigan + for the Sierra Club, the American Civil Liberties Union, or + the Chamber of Commerce to advise the public how a + candidate voted on issues of urgent concern to their + members. + + FREE PRESS: As in speech, technology has provided another + excuse for government intrusion in the press. If you + distribute a magazine electronically and do not print + copies, the government doesn't consider you a press and + does not give you the same protections courts have extended + to printed news. The equipment used to publish Phrack, a + worldwide electronic magazine about phones and hacking, was + confiscated after publishing a document copied from a Bell + South computer entitled "A Bell South Standard Practice + (BSP) 660-225-104SV Control Office Administration of + Enhanced 911 Services for Special Services and Major + Account Centers, March, 1988." All of the information in + this document was publicly available from Bell South in + other documents. The government has not alleged that the + publisher of Phrack, Craig Neidorf, was involved with or + participated in the copying of the document. Also, the + person who copied this document from telephone company + computers placed a copy on a bulletin board run by Rich + Andrews. Andrews forwarded a copy to AT&T officials and + cooperated with authorities fully. In return, the Secret + Service (SS) confiscated Andrews' computer along with all + the mail and data that were on it. Andrews was not charged + with any crime. + + FREE PRESS: In another incident that would be comical if + it were not true, on March 1 the SS ransacked the offices + of Steve Jackson Games (SJG); irreparably damaged property; + and confiscated three computers, two laser printers, + several hard disks, and many boxes of paper and floppy + disks. The target of the SS operation was to seize all + copies of a game of fiction called GURPS Cyberpunk. The + Cyberpunk game contains fictitious break-ins in a + futuristic world, with no technical information of actual + use with real computers, nor is it played on computers. + The SS never filed any charges against SJG but still + refused to return confiscated property. + + PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY: The right to assemble peaceably is no + longer free -- you have to get a permit. Even that is not + enough; some officials have to be sued before they realize + their reasons for denying a permit are not Constitutional. + + PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY: In Alexandria, Virginia, there is a + law that prohibits people from loitering for more than + seven minutes and exchanging small objects. Punishment is + two years in jail. Consider the scene in jail: "What'd + you do?" "I was waiting at a bus stop and gave a guy a + cigarette." This is not an impossible occurrence: In + Pittsburgh, Eugene Tyler, 15, has been ordered away from + bus stops by police officers. Sherman Jones, also 15, was + accosted with a police officer's hands around his neck + after putting the last bit of pizza crust into his mouth. + The police suspected him of hiding drugs. + + PETITION FOR REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES: Rounding out the + attacks on the first amendment, there is a sword hanging + over the right to petition for redress of grievances. + House Resolution 4079, the National Drug and Crime + Emergency Act, tries to "modify" the right to habeas + corpus. It sets time limits on the right of people in + custody to petition for redress and also limits the courts + in which such an appeal may be heard. + + + Amendment II + + A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the + security of a free State, the right of the people + to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. + + RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS: This amendment is so commonly + challenged that the movement has its own name: gun + control. Legislation banning various types of weapons is + supported with the claim that the weapons are not for + "legitimate" sporting purposes. This is a perversion of + the right to bear arms for two reasons. First, the basis + of freedom is not that permission to do legitimate things + is granted to the people, but rather that the government is + empowered to do a limited number of legitimate things -- + everything else people are free to do; they do not need to + justify their choices. Second, should the need for defense + arise, it will not be hordes of deer that the security of a + free state needs to be defended from. Defense would be + needed against humans, whether external invaders or + internal oppressors. It is an unfortunate fact of life + that the guns that would be needed to defend the security + of a state are guns to attack people, not guns for sporting + purposes. + + Firearms regulations also empower local officials, such as + police chiefs, to grant or deny permits. This results in + towns where only friends of people in the right places are + granted permits, or towns where women are generally denied + the right to carry a weapon for self-defense. + + + Amendment III + + No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered + in any house, without the consent of the Owner, + nor in time of war, but in a manner to be + prescribed by law. + + QUARTERING SOLDIERS: This amendment is fairly clean so + far, but it is not entirely safe. Recently, 200 troops in + camouflage dress with M-16s and helicopters swept through + Kings Ridge National Forest in Humboldt County, California. + In the process of searching for marijuana plants for four + days, soldiers assaulted people on private land with M-16s + and barred them from their own property. This might not be + a direct hit on the third amendment, but the disregard for + private property is uncomfortably close. + + + Amendment IV + + The right of the people to be secure in their + persons, houses, papers and effects, against + unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be + violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon + probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, + and particularly describing the place to be + searched, and the persons or things to be seized. + + RIGHT TO BE SECURE IN PERSONS, HOUSES, PAPERS AND EFFECTS + AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES: The RICO law + is making a mockery of the right to be secure from seizure. + Entire stores of books or videotapes have been confiscated + based upon the presence of some sexually explicit items. + Bars, restaurants, or houses are taken from the owners + because employees or tenants sold drugs. In Volusia + County, Florida, Sheriff Robert Vogel and his officers stop + automobiles for contrived violations. If large amounts of + cash are found, the police confiscate it on the PRESUMPTION + that it is drug money -- even if there is no other evidence + and no charges are filed against the car's occupants. The + victims can get their money back only if they prove the + money was obtained legally. One couple got their money + back by proving it was an insurance settlement. Two other + men who tried to get their two thousand dollars back were + denied by the Florida courts. + + RIGHT TO BE SECURE IN PERSONS, HOUSES, PAPERS AND EFFECTS + AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES: A new law goes + into effect in Oklahoma on January 1, 1991. All property, + real and personal, is taxable, and citizens are required to + list all their personal property for tax assessors, + including household furniture, gold and silver plate, + musical instruments, watches, jewelry, and personal, + private, or professional libraries. If a citizen refuses + to list their property or is suspected of not listing + something, the law directs the assessor to visit and enter + the premises, getting a search warrant if necessary. Being + required to tell the state everything you own is not being + secure in one's home and effects. + + NO WARRANTS SHALL ISSUE, BUT UPON PROBABLE CAUSE, SUPPORTED + BY OATH OR AFFIRMATION: As a supporting oath or + affirmation, reports of anonymous informants are accepted. + This practice has been condoned by the Supreme Court. + + PARTICULARLY DESCRIBING THE PLACE TO BE SEARCHED AND + PERSONS OR THINGS TO BE SEIZED: Today's warrants do not + particularly describe the things to be seized -- they list + things that might be present. For example, if police are + making a drug raid, they will list weapons as things to be + searched for and seized. This is done not because the + police know of any weapons and can particularly describe + them, but because they allege people with drugs often have + weapons. + + Both of the above apply to the warrant the Hudson, New + Hampshire, police used when they broke down Bruce Lavoie's + door at 5 a.m. with guns drawn and shot and killed him. + The warrant claimed information from an anonymous + informant, and it said, among other things, that guns were + to be seized. The mention of guns in the warrant was used + as reason to enter with guns drawn. Bruce Lavoie had no + guns. Bruce Lavoie was not secure from unreasonable search + and seizure -- nor is anybody else. + + Other infringements on the fourth amendment include + roadblocks and the Boston Police detention of people based + on colors they are wearing (supposedly indicating gang + membership). And in Pittsburgh again, Eugene Tyler was + once searched because he was wearing sweat pants and a + plaid shirt -- police told him they heard many drug dealers + at that time were wearing sweat pants and plaid shirts. + + + Amendment V + + No person shall be held to answer for a capital, + or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a + presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except + in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or + in the Militia, when in actual service in time of + War or public danger; nor shall any person be + subject to the same offence to be twice put in + jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled + in any criminal case to be a witness against + himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or + property, without due process of law; nor shall + private property be taken for public use without + just compensation. + + INDICTMENT OF A GRAND JURY: Kevin Bjornson has been + proprietor of Hydro-Tech for nearly a decade and is a + leading authority on hydroponic technology and cultivation. + On October 26, 1989, both locations of Hydro-Tech were + raided by the Drug Enforcement Administration. National + Drug Control Policy Director William Bennett has declared + that some indoor lighting and hydroponic equipment is + purchased by marijuana growers, so retailers and + wholesalers of such equipment are drug profiteers and + co-conspirators. Bjornson was not charged with any crime, + nor subpoenaed, issued a warrant, or arrested. No illegal + substances were found on his premises. Federal officials + were unable to convince grand juries to indict Bjornson. + By February, they had called scores of witnesses and + recalled many two or three times, but none of the grand + juries they convened decided there was reason to criminally + prosecute Bjornson. In spite of that, as of March, his + bank accounts were still frozen and none of the inventories + or records had been returned. Grand juries refused to + indict Bjornson, but the government is still penalizing + him. + + TWICE PUT IN JEOPARDY OF LIFE OR LIMB: Members of the + McMartin family in California have been tried two or three + times for child abuse. Anthony Barnaby was tried for + murder (without evidence linking him to the crime) three + times before New Hampshire let him go. + + COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: Oliver North + was forced to testify against himself. Congress granted + him immunity from having anything he said to them being + used as evidence against him, and then they required him to + talk. After he did so, what he said was used to find other + evidence which was used against him. The courts also play + games where you can be required to testify against yourself + if you testify at all. + + COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: In the New York + Central Park assault case, three people were found guilty + of assault. But there was no physical evidence linking + them to the crime; semen did not match any of the + defendants. The only evidence the state had was + confessions. To obtain these confessions, the police + questioned a 15-year old without a parent present -- which + is illegal under New York state law. Police also refused + to let the subject's Big Brother, an attorney for the + Federal government, see him during questioning. Police + screamed "You better tell us what we want to hear and + cooperate or you are going to jail," at 14-year-old Antron + McCray, according to Bobby McCray, his father. Antron + McCray "confessed" after his father told him to, so that + police would release him. These people were coerced into + bearing witness against themselves, and those confessions + were used to convict them. + + COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: Your answers to + Census questions are required by law, with a $100 penalty + for each question not answered. But people have been + evicted for giving honest Census answers. According to the + General Accounting Office, one of the most frequent ways + city governments use census information is to detect + illegal two-family dwellings. This has happened in + Montgomery County, Maryland; Pullman, Washington; and Long + Island, New York. The August 8, 1989, Wall Street Journal + reports this and other ways Census answers have been used + against the answerers. + + COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF: Drug tests are + being required from more and more people, even when there + is no probable cause, no accident, and no suspicion of drug + use. Requiring people to take drug tests compels them to + provide evidence against themselves. + + DEPRIVED OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY WITHOUT DUE PROCESS + OF LAW: This clause is violated on each of the items life, + liberty, and property. Incidents including such violations + are described elsewhere in this article. Here are two + more: On March 26, 1987, in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, + Jeffrey Miles was killed by police officer John Rucker, who + was looking for a suspected drug dealer. Rucker had been + sent to the wrong house; Miles was not wanted by police. + He received no due process. In Detroit, $4,834 was seized + from a grocery store after dogs detected traces of cocaine + on three one-dollar bills in a cash register. + + PRIVATE PROPERTY TAKEN FOR PUBLIC USE WITHOUT JUST + COMPENSATION: RICO is shredding this aspect of the Bill of + Rights. The money confiscated by Sheriff Vogel goes + directly into Vogel's budget; it is not regulated by the + legislature. Federal and local governments seize and + auction boats, buildings, and other property. Under RICO, + the government is seizing property without due process. + The victims are required to prove not only that they are + not guilty of a crime, but that they are entitled to their + property. Otherwise, the government auctions off the + property and keeps the proceeds. + + + Amendment VI + + In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall + enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by + an impartial jury of the State and district + wherein the crime shall have been committed, + which district shall have been previously + ascertained by law, and to be informed of the + nature and cause of the accusation; to be + confronted with the witnesses against him; to + have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses + in his favor, and to have the assistance of + counsel for his defence. + + THE RIGHT TO A SPEEDY AND PUBLIC TRIAL: Surprisingly, the + right to a public trial is under attack. When Marion Barry + was being tried, the prosecution attempted to bar Louis + Farrakhan and George Stallings from the gallery. This + request was based on an allegation that they would send + silent and "impermissible messages" to the jurors. The + judge initially granted this request. One might argue that + the whole point of a public trial is to send a message to + all the participants: The message is that the public is + watching; the trial had better be fair. + + BY AN IMPARTIAL JURY: The government does not even honor + the right to trial by an impartial jury. US District Judge + Edward Rafeedie is investigating improper influence on + jurors by US marshals in the Enrique Camarena case. US + marshals apparently illegally communicated with jurors + during deliberations. + + OF THE STATE AND DISTRICT WHEREIN THE CRIME SHALL HAVE BEEN + COMMITTED: This is incredible, but Manuel Noriega is being + tried so far away from the place where he is alleged to + have committed crimes that the United States had to invade + another country and overturn a government to get him. Nor + is this a unique occurrence; in a matter separate from the + Camarena case, Judge Rafeedie was asked to dismiss charges + against Mexican gynecologist Dr. Humberto Alvarez Machain + on the grounds that the doctor was illegally abducted from + his Guadalajara office in April and turned over to US + authorities. + + TO BE INFORMED OF THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF THE ACCUSATION: + Steve Jackson Games, nearly put out of business by the raid + described previously, has been stonewalled by the SS. "For + the past month or so these guys have been insisting the + book wasn't the target of the raid, but they don't say what + the target was, or why they were critical of the book, or + why they won't give it back," Steve Jackson says. "They + have repeatedly denied we're targets but don't explain why + we've been made victims." Attorneys for SJG tried to find + out the basis for the search warrant that led to the raid + on SJG. But the application for that warrant was sealed by + order of the court and remained sealed at last report, in + July. Not only has the SS taken property and nearly + destroyed a publisher, it will not even explain the nature + and cause of the accusations that led to the raid. + + TO BE CONFRONTED WITH THE WITNESSES AGAINST HIM: The courts + are beginning to play fast and loose with the right to + confront witnesses. Watch out for anonymous witnesses and + videotaped testimony. + + TO HAVE COMPULSORY PROCESS FOR OBTAINING WITNESSES: Ronald + Reagan resisted submitting to subpoena and answering + questions about Irangate, claiming matters of national + security and executive privilege. A judge had to dismiss + some charges against Irangate participants because the + government refused to provide information subpoenaed by the + defendants. And one wonders if the government would go + to the same lengths to obtain witnesses for Manuel Noriega + as it did to capture him. + + TO HAVE THE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL: The right to assistance + of counsel took a hit recently. Connecticut Judge Joseph + Sylvester is refusing to assign public defenders to people + ACCUSED of drug-related crimes, including drunk driving. + + TO HAVE THE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL: RICO is also affecting + the right to have the assistance of counsel. The + government confiscates the money of an accused person, + which leaves them unable to hire attorneys. The IRS has + served summonses nationwide to defense attorneys, demanding + the names of clients who paid cash for fees exceeding + $10,000. + + + Amendment VII + + In Suits at common law, where the value in + controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the + right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no + fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise + reexamined in any Court of the United States, + than according to the rules of common law. + + RIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY IN SUITS AT COMMON LAW: This is a + simple right; so far the government has not felt threatened + by it and has not made attacks on it that I am aware of. + This is our only remaining safe haven in the Bill of Rights. + + + Amendment VIII + + Excessive bail shall not be required, nor + excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual + punishments inflicted. + + EXCESSIVE BAIL AND FINES: Tallahatchie County in + Mississippi charges ten dollars a day to each person who + spends time in the jail, regardless of the length of stay + or the outcome of their trial. This means innocent people + are forced to pay. Marvin Willis was stuck in jail for 90 + days trying to raise $2,500 bail on an assault charge. But + after he made that bail, he was kept imprisoned because he + could not pay the $900 rent Tallahatchie demanded. Nine + former inmates are suing the county for this practice. + + CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS: House Resolution 4079 + sticks its nose in here too: "... a Federal court shall + not hold prison or jail crowding unconstitutional under the + eighth amendment except to the extent that an individual + plaintiff inmate proves that the crowding causes the + infliction of cruel and unusual punishment of that + inmate." + + CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS: A life sentence for selling + a quarter of a gram of cocaine for $20 -- that is what + Ricky Isom was sentenced to in February in Cobb County, + Georgia. It was Isom's second conviction in two years, and + state law imposes a mandatory sentence. Even the judge + pronouncing the sentence thinks it is cruel; Judge Tom + Cauthorn expressed grave reservations before sentencing + Isom and Douglas Rucks (convicted of selling 3.5 grams of + cocaine in a separate but similar case). Judge Cauthorn + called the sentences "Draconian." + + + Amendment IX + + The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain + rights, shall not be construed to deny or + disparage others retained by the people. + + OTHER RIGHTS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE: This amendment is so + weak today that I will ask not what infringements there are + on it but rather what exercise of it exists at all? What + law can you appeal to a court to find you not guilty of + violating because the law denies a right retained by you? + + + Amendment X + + The powers not delegated to the United States by + the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the + States, are reserved to the States respectively, + or to the people. + + POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES OR THE PEOPLE: This + amendment is also weak, although it is not so nonexistent + as the ninth amendment. But few states set their own speed + limits or drinking age limits. Today, we mostly think of + this country as the -- singular -- United States, rather + than a collection of states. This concentration of power + detaches laws from the desires of people -- and even of + states. House Resolution 4079 crops up again here -- it + uses financial incentives to get states to set specific + penalties for certain crimes. Making their own laws + certainly must be considered a right of the states, and + this right is being infringed upon. + + + Out of ten amendments, nine are under attack, most of them + under multiple attacks of different natures, and some of + them under a barrage. If this much of the Bill of Rights + is threatened, how can you be sure your rights are safe? A + right has to be there when you need it. Like insurance, + you cannot afford to wait until you need it and then set + about procuring it or ensuring it is available. Assurance + must be made in advance. + + The bottom line here is that your rights are not safe. You + do not know when one of your rights will be violated. A + number of rights protect accused persons, and you may think + it is not important to protect the rights of criminals. + But if a right is not there for people accused of crimes, + it will not be there when you need it. With the Bill of + Rights in the sad condition described above, nobody can be + confident they will be able to exercise the rights to which + they are justly entitled. To preserve our rights for + ourselves in the future, we must defend them for everybody + today. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/breakaway_02.txt b/politicalTextFiles/breakaway_02.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..108f365 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/breakaway_02.txt @@ -0,0 +1,814 @@ + + Voila. Une miracle formidable! ;))) + + Issue number two of Breakaway is here! + + And this time, my Internet account won't make any trouble, 'cause +I've got a brand new account. So be sure to test it by submitting to + ;-) + + By the way, a notice about the trouble with my account went out +to about half of the subscribers. To those who didn't receive it: + + - If you have asked me questions, and didn't get any replies, + please mail me again. + + - If you still haven't received issue #1, notify me. + +Vidar Hokstad +Editor + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +BEGIN BREAKAWAY.002 + + + + + + + B R E A K A W A Y + + Debates on modern marxism + + + -+*+- + + + Issue no. 2, volume no. 1 + + + June/July 1994 + + + + + +======================================================================= +CONTENTS +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +(00) EDITORIAL + +(01) column: WHAT'S UP? + Some informal notes on issues we want to tell you about + +(02) FIRST VICTIM OF THE REVOLUTION + Another poem... + +(03) AUGUST MEETING + Red Forum needs a platform. + +(04) column: A SEARCHLIGHT ON INTERNET + Revolutionary resources on the information highway + +(05) column: READERS COMMENTS + got anything to say? do it here. + +(06) series: FOR A NEW BEGINNING (1 of 2) + a critique of secterianism + +(07) GENERAL INFORMATION + How and what to submit, how to contact us, etc. + + + + +======================================================================= +(00) EDITORIAL +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Finally. Summer's coming. At least it gets hotter in the air here +up north. + + So. Time to liven up. But where are we heading? How will we work +to get a step or two closer towards our goals the last half of 1994? + + For we can't just sit back and dream. Revolution won't grow on +dreams. + + Submissions might be one way to do something. Because unity can +only be achieved if we know what other people think; if we know what +we think ourselves. + + By submissions, I'm naturally fishing for articles for Breakaway, +but not only that. In general: Write, submit, make noise. If you write +well, even bourgeois papers might occasionally print. And when they +don't: Complain, call the editor, resubmit your piece to another, +more progressive newspaper and tell them who didn't want to print it, +and what excuse they gave. + + It's worth a try. Even if the only result is that *one* reader +takes the trouble of learning more about socialism. + + It's up to you. Overflow your local newspaper with articles and +comments. And if they don't publish, maybe we will... + + Keep writing! + + +Vidar Hokstad +Editor + + +BTW: I may not have made this clear enough before, so I make sure +I do this time. The contents of this zine need not reflect the policy +of Red Forum, even when I it's written by me. Unless an expressivly +say so, the views presented are those of the author. + + + +======================================================================= +(01) column: WHAT'S UP? +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +- Thursday 20th May, a meeting in the executive committee of the + Norwegian Communist Party's (NKP) section in Oslo and Akershus + declared to be in favor of supporting a computer project suggested + by Red Forum / IC economically. + + Suggested investments went up to 50.000 NOK (7500 USD), with + RF/IC paying an additional 4000 USD over a 5 year period, + allowing RF / IC to start it's own BBS with UUCP connection to + USENET, in addition to using the system for DTP. + + Unfortunately, on a meeting the 15th of June, the final decision + were postponed until August. However, it is clear that RFIC will + probably set up a UUCP site whatever the NCP decides. + + On the meeting on the 15th, critique against the project was + mainly directed towards the emphasis on information gathering + through electronic media, and the role of RFIC. An important + argument for the project is that the NCP will be unable to + provide the same facilities for producing it's party news- + paper without cooperation with RFIC. + + +- Breakaway #1 was advertized in three rounds in a series of USENET + conferences, and by June 28th, it had been distributed to + subscribers from USA, Canada, UK, Norway, Australia, France, + Spain, South-Africa, Ireland and Germany. I continued getting + responses to one of the posts for more than 6 weeks after it + was posted. + + +- Bourgeois censorship? The postal strike[1] in northern Germany + throughout this month was barely mentioned in Norwegian media. It + was if the whole thing wasn't happening, and our only source for + updated info turned out to be GermNews (news + from Germany in German, edited by some guy in Berlin). + + But really, we should've expected this. Telling people about + the suggested "Postreform II", which in essence is the bourgeois + forces in the Bundestags attempt at selling the entire German + postal service to the highest-bidder, would certainly not + increase the popularity of the European Union which our social- + democratic government continues to insist is the best way to + secure social-democratic values (Notice that they stopped saying + "socialist values" about 15 years ago...). + + Breakaway welcomes your comments on this and similar matters. + Do you find news on the net or elsewhere which is ignored by + bourgeoise newspapers and TV-stations? Tell us about it. + + +- Norwegians: In a short time, if everything turn out the way we + want to, we will be able to distribute selected articles from + "Friheten" through e-mail. Mail me if you want to subscribe. + This is meant to be the first step in providing material from + leftist newspapers through e-mail, and in a few weeks several + other revolutionary newspapers in Norway will receive the + same offer. + + Be sure to specify whether you only want to receive the index + (to request selected articles later), or the full text. + + We also welcome initiative from our subscribers when it + comes to providing material from newspapers outside Norway. + + +- Information about membership in Red Forum / IC can now + be obtained from me. Request the file info/Membership. + + +- Request submission guidelines by asking for the file + info/Submissions + +---- +[1] The German "postal" service includes the divisions "Postbank" and + "Telecom" in addition to mail delivery, and have about 670.000 + employees. + + + + +======================================================================= +(02) FIRST VICTIM OF THE REVOLUTION +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + I saw a glimpse + of our future tonight. + + Misery were thrown toward my eyes, + opression like today, + but most of all a spark + of hope. + + In each and every + socalled "home" + man discussed his future. + + + Misery forced him + + into action. + + + And as days went by in pain, + there were each and every day + another one + that whispered in the dark + a little, + long forgotten, + word. + + But fear + it brought + when someone + + in broad daylight + + stood up straight and + dared to scream + + - Revolution + + and was shot. + + + + +======================================================================= +(03) AUGUST MEETING +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + It is quite some time since Red Forum was formed, and it was +decided to prepare a basic platform. Not much have been done, and now +summer's threatening :-) Meetings close to summer vacation have to +many times proved _impossible_... So, final decision concerning our +platform have been postponed until August. + + But that does not mean that we won't do any work before that. +Presented here are some of the results of what have been done, with +explanations of the circumstances under which it has been done. + + We hereby invite all RF / IC members, as well as Breakaway readers, +and others, to send us comments, alternative platforms (or just the +platform of _your_ favorite organization), criticism etc. We promise +that any input will be discussed at our meeting (unless we are drowning +in documents...), and at least an extensive summary of what we receive +will be published in Breakaway. + + Since we plan to include as much as possible in Breakaway, and +to make as much of what we can't include in Breakaway publicly +accessibly by other means (from this autumn hopefully a series of +listserv / mailserver services), to as wide a public as possible, +we would prefer to receive documents in English, but if a) you have +printed documents you think would be of interest, or b) you feel +unable to express your ideas clear enough in English, we will at least +read, and quite possibly also translate, documents received in French, +German, Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. + +Vidar Hokstad +Red Forum / Internationalists Committee + + +PS: Unfortunately, it has during my work on issue #2 of Breakaway +become clear that the person that were supposed to provide us with a +draft for discussion haven't been able to do so in time. The +mauscript, or another draft, will therefore make it to Breakaway at +earliest in time for Breakaway #3. + + Because of this, this section may seems a litle strange. It was +meant to include the draft, in addition to two or three other short +pieces with comments, which all have been left out. + + + + +VIDAR HOKSTAD: On the "Oslo meeting" in February +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + It was still winter, and cold. Colder than the last years. The +streets were filled with snow, and walking out of the train station, I +think we all wished we'd lived somewhere warmer. + + We were fewer than expected as we reached the offices of the +Norwegian Communist Party, where our meeting were to be held. Still +the meeting was attended by members from a broad range of +organisations. + + The agenda of the meeting was nothing less than to form a new +revolutionary organisation. It wasn't a new party we wanted to build, +but an organisation that could try to unify through open debate, and +to spread information about marxism to new people, outside our +movement, and especially youth. + + As in many other industrialized countries, the revolutionary left +have since long been dying in Norway. After the maoist movement stopped +attracting new youth in the middle of the seventies, almost no more +members came, and the old ones literally started dying. + + However, with Gorbachev, new hopes strated growing. Even though +many of us, looking back, believe that Gorbachev was a lousy leader, +he should still be admired for freeing the revolutionary movement of +the curse which the Soviet union, and the "socialist" countries in +eastern Europe have been. + + Finally it was possible for us to talk freely about the sacred +dogmas, the fanatical love directed towards the October revolution +1917, the admiration of Stalin because of his warfare against Hitler +(how could he not fight Hitler, a man who treatened his reign, a +competitor for the "crown"?), without being insulted; being called +petty-bourgeois, traitor, or "worse": Trotskyite.[1] + + The main part of our meeting consisted of avoiding "difficult" +matters. Red Forum was never meant to be an organisation with views +about everything - the different parties and groups have thos views. +Too many of them. We wanted an organisation open to everyone, +everywhere, that accepts a basic platform, that consider themselves +marxists and revolutionaries, that are consequent internationalists. + + The firm programme, the strong party line, is not something that +can be voted on by a small group. The revolutionary party, in my +opinion an international party, can only be formed by uniting the +existing movement, by bringing at least the majority of existing +groups and tendencies together. + + It will take years, but continuous debates internally in the +movement will sooner or later bring the unity that is neccesary; +an unity that will be forced upon us as the threat from capitalist +regimes in crisis, scared capitalists, grow stronger. + + One of the results of these principles were that we decided to +wait before creating a thorough program. We agreed that instead, +for a few months, giving us time to discuss, and to bring more +people into the forum, the following would do: + +- Red Forum is a forum for the discussion of Marxist theory and +politics based on a revolutionary, internationlist foundation. + + This is the foundation on which we invite new people to join +Red Forum / IC (so let me se some new members now ;), and which +provide a minimal basis for the work we have started doing. It is +not a foundation that can give us easy solutions to the daily +political struggle, but for this we have our respective parties. + + It is a foundation which we hope will bring together, at first, +a small, geographically and politically, widespread group of people +to discuss new ways for the Marxist movement to escape from the +secterianism that have polluted the left for decades. + + Applications for membership are encouraged. No fees are charged +at present, but expect this to change after the August meeting. + +V.H. + +---- +[1] But secteric organisations still claim to be a guiding light for us +all here too. It's less than a month ago a member of "the ML group +Revolution" published an article covering an entire A3 page in the NCP +party newspaper, trying to insult me by calling me a "pettybourgeois +trotskyite" after I had criticized Stalin in the same newspaper on the +1st of May. + + + +======================================================================= +(04) column: A SEARCHLIGHT ON INTERNET +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +* Pathfinder Press + +GOPHER: ftp.std.com in '/Book Sellers' + + Pathfinder Press specializes in publishing revolutionary and +working-class leaders in their own words, including Malcolm X, Nelson +Mandela, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. + + It should be noted that Pathfinder is closely related to Militant +if I'm not mistaken... + + +* Book Stacks Unlimited Inc. + +TELNET: books.com + + Even though they're certainly not "progressive", it is possible +to find quite a lot of books by leftist writers among their 270.000 +titles, even Marx. From my position, with the prices of books here +in Norway, it seemed cheap. + + +* Agora BBS + +TELNET: agora.stm.it + + BBS of the Italian Radical party, supporting 7 different languages. +(English, French, German, Italian, Esperanto, Russian and Spanish If +I remember correcly, It's a long time since I tested it). Even though +the interface is cumbersome, the system might contain some useful +information. + + + +======================================================================= +(05) READERS COMMENTS +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Notice that I will not usually reply to critique on political +issues in the same issue as the letter is published. Replies will be +published at _earliest_ the issue after the letter, however admin- +istrative questions and comments, as well as direct questions to me +will be answered at once. + + Also, when you write to me, please state clearly whether your +comment is a submission or not. If you don't, don't blame me if I +don't treat them as you intended. + +Ed. + + +---- +To: Vidar +From: Jack Hill + +Dear Vidar, + +I still haven't had time to work up any real thorough critique of the +first issue of Breakaway. However, I do have a few thoughts and +comments that I would like to share with you. + +Let me say first of all that roughly speaking I agree with your +analysis of what is the situation facing Marxist theory and those who +want to apply it to the current political and economic struggles. What +I mean is that we agree that Marxism is essential for the liberation of +the working class and all the oppressed; that it has been trampled on, +distorted, and mutilated by a wide variety of forces who claimed to be +communists; that we face a huge struggle to restore the good name of +communism. + +One place where I think we don't see completely eye to eye, is in how +to characterize the regimes in Russia, Eastern Europe, China and +elsewhere which abandoned Marxism (or in some cases, never followed +it). You seem to want to call all these bureaucratic regimes +"Stalinist". I'm not sure that is an adequate characterization. I do +think they were all state capitalist regimes, but they varied quite a +bit among themselves in terms of how they came to power, how they +maintained it, to what extent they had popular support. Maoism is a +revisionist theory but it is not the same as Stalinism. There are a +lot of varieties of revisionism in the world and we have to look at all +of them carefully. Another related point is that I think the evidence +is clear that the Chinese revolution in particular produced substantial +advances for the Chinese masses. In other words I think the Chinese +revolution was a genuine popular revolution although the party which +led it was not a proletarian Marxist-Leninist party. So that when we +denounce Maoism, we are not denouncing the epic revolutionary struggle +of the Chinese people. + +Anyway, there is a lot of theoretical sorting out to do get rid of the +mountains of historical garbage and re-establish a genuine, scientific +and revolutionary Marxist theory. The Marxist-Leninist Party, in my +opinion, did some very good historical research into some of these +questions, but there are a lot more questions yet to be cleared up. As +one example, comrades in Chicago did very extensive research into the +women's movement and the struggles for women's liberation in early +Soviet Russia. We will be publishing a book bringing together our +articles and research in the next couple of months. + +There is a lot more to be said on this but I don't have time right now. + +I have a couple other less political comments. Personally I didn't +care much for the poem you published. I prefer literature which more +directly attacks the "system" in one way or another. Have you heard of +Struggle magazine? I'll send you a copy in the mail. The editor and I +have been politically associated for over 25 years. + +The other point is not major and I'm not sure if I should ever mention +it but I will. I don't want to sound too harsh or overly critical, but +my point is that there were some spots in that first issue where the +English could have been improved. All your main points came through +clearly enough, so I don't want to make too big a deal out of this. +But for maximum clarity, it could probably use a little more work. + +So, good job! Hang in there. I'm looking forward to the next issue. + +While I'm at it I will send you a couple other things that I didn't +send you before. There is a May First leaflet we put out, an exchange +I had on PNEWS Conferences about the dissolution of the MLP, and the +editorial of Struggle magazine which I posted to PNEWS. + + Keep up the struggle, + Jack Hill + +---- +Editors comments: + +- When it comes to fiction, we'll probably annoy quite a few of you, +because a lot of what we publish will be experimental in a lot of ways, +and very much of it related to Cyberpunk. The reason? The taste of +the editor, and the people I relate to, and "steal" material from. +The only way to change this is by actually submitting... + + So: All of you that write fiction, submit. That's the only way of +increasing the diversity of this zine. + +- When it comes to improving grammar and style, please feel free to +comment. Especially help on which terms to use etc. will be +appreciated, as translating texts on politics in general, and marxism +in particular, demands quite a lot of terms that certainly can't be +translated directly, and were it often is little help in a dictionary. + + The problem is certainly not reduced by the fact that we have to +rely on translations done entirely by people with English as their +second language. + + If anyone feel they can contribute: I would be extremely grateful +if someone offers to read through material to check the language every +now and then, or, even better, volunteer to help translating when (if) +we get hold of material in languages you master. + + +Apart from that? Well, I _will_ give my views with regards to Jack's +other comments in the next issue, so watch out... ;) + + + +======================================================================= +(06) FOR A NEW BEGINNING (1 of 2) +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +I received the following article from Dave Hollis some time ago, and +even though the article is quite long, I decided to edit it only +slightly. The unedited text is available on request. To let Dave +himself tell you about the background (quoted from the message he +sent me): + + " The following article was written by myself for a conference of +people who came out of a trotskyist organisation. Over 1.5 years ago I +did so myself. The article is an attempt to elaborate experiences made +in German and the UK on the questions of sectarianism and democratic +centralism. " + + + + +FOR A NEW BEGINNING + +Written by Dave Hollis +Co-authored by Maggie McQuillan +Please contact the author before republishing the article. + + + + It is lamentable that he [Ted Grant] has allowed his political + authority to be used by people whose main concern is not to + clarify ideas but to cause the maximum damage to Militant. + One unfortunate feature of political life is the spiteful urge + of former activists to justify their defection by hurling + allegations of heinous political crimes at their former + comrades. + (Militant, 24/1/1992) + + The action to spread these lies outside the organisation, is a + despicable attempt to sabotage our work, which arises from + pure spite ... + (A Reply to PBy, RWe, JG) + + + + +The current developments in England come as no surprise to us. The +decision we took to leave over a year and a half ago was based on the +understanding that the new organisation was not fundamentally different +from the old one. We realised and said then that it was only a +question of time until a new split would take place. The formation of +the "Democratic Platform" days after the world conference was only an +harbinger of the events that were to follow. + +I have avoided commenting up to now on the events taking place in the +"Socialist Appeal". Although a pamphlet was dedicated to us and we +were used as a stick to beat the "Democratic Platform" with, I chose to +remain silent. It was not a case of being unable to answer the +accusations and the points made, it was quite simply that I, and +others, had put this sect behind us. + +Given that a discussion is now beginning to take place on how one +should go forward, I feel that the time is now appropriate to comment +on the current events, relate our experiences and put forward what I +consider has to be done. I recommend all Comrades to read the document +Bruno wrote shortly after we left, "How and what must be Discussed". +It contains a concise explanation of the state of thinking in Germany +at that time and what we considered to be the next steps. + +Before I go into details, I would like to put the question of Pat's +role in Germany straight. Despite what the leaders of sect number two +think or want to believe, there was no secret activity between the +"Democratic Platform" and the German group. There was no one pulling +our strings. In addition, anyone with a degree of political +understanding could have seen that there were (and most probably are) a +number of political disagreements between us. + +An author is often betrayed by the language used when writing or +speaking. This is very much case in the article "answering" Pat, +Julian and Roy. For instance, why does the second sect talk about a +"conspiracy"? Why do comrades act "in spite", and so on? It is +necessary to look into the reasons why people react in such a way. For +instance, why do members of such an organisation view those who leave +as "betrayers" who, to add insult to injury, are also considered to be +acting "in spite"? + +The answer to these questions lies in understanding that we are dealing +here with a typical behaviour of a sect. + + + +SECTS + +One thing that strikes me when thinking back to the definition of a +sect in the Militant and Socialist Appeal, is the fact that a sect is +defined by its inability to build a mass base. At best, this +definition is only half the truth and at worse, it is totally false. + +What characterises a sect is not its inability to build but its +internal workings - how the members relate to each other, how they +react to "outsiders", etc. A sect is a group of people who follow a +particular teaching and consider every other teaching to be wrong and +dangerous. To put it another way: a sect is the belief of a group of +people that their "model" of how society is to be interpreted is the +one and only truth. + +This definition does not quite capture the real nature of a sect. What +is also important is that psychological factors play the main role. A +sect is held together by beliefs. Either you accept them and you are a +member, otherwise you have no place within it. The loyalty to the +organisation is not based on a conscious understanding of its aims, it +is loyalty to the group. The members "function", they mostly do not +act consciously. The smaller the organisation the greater the part +played by psychological factors. It is no accident that such +organisations have their idols and "great leaders". It is also no +accident that the feeling of "us" and "them" was nurtured in Militant +and Socialist Appeal. The "family feeling" is a prerequisite for the +functioning of a sect. + +The Jehovah Witnesses have their bible, a Marxist organisation has the +works of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Trotsky or whoever. + +This way of thinking leads unavoidably its members to considering those +who disagree with their point of view to be "not loyal", "spiteful", +out to cause damage, etc. Those who become "dissidents" are countered +in the main by insults and not by arguments. For most of the members +of Militant it was only necessary to put us into a particular +compartment, accuse us of departing from Marxism and that was that - +and it worked! In both sects we experienced this, I don't think I have +to elaborate further. + +One particular analogy that springs to mind is that of looking at +membership of a sect as being like a marriage. To leave a sect is like +getting divorced. It is neither easy, nor is it without pain. + +As is the case with other subjects, there is still a lot that needs to +be written on this. In passing, I would just like to mention the +following aspects not discussed in this article: martyrdom, sacrifices +for the cause and assimilation. They are worth an article in +themselves. Unfortunately, time is pressing - I want to finish this +article before your conference and not afterwards. One of the most +painful but most interesting revelations for me was the discovery that +the workings of a political and a religious sect are more less +identical and that all "cadre" organisations I have met up to know +operate in the same way. + +At first I found it hard to believe this. Since leaving the second +sect, however, I have spoken with a number of people who were also +members of "cadre" organisations and have found out that the behaviour +experienced was always strikingly similar. + +I can imagine the howls of rage at such statements. I hope, however, +that no one was offended. Whoever feels offended should think over +very carefully why this is the case. + +There are many obvious behaviours that indicate the presence of a +political sect. A few examples: The inability to think for oneself, +the repetition of the "line", blind loyalty, the inability to question +a point of view, the "functioning" of the members, the inability to +understand someone else's point of view. + +Comrades who do not believe this should ask themselves a few questions: +Did not the old organisations talk about their faith in the working +class? What place does "faith" have for people who consider themselves +to be "Marxists"? Either we are talking about a science or we are +talking about a religion. It is necessary to decide which of the two +possibilities we want. Why does the resolution on the founding of the +new (old) International talk about being based on the first four +congresses of the Communist International? Is it not obvious to anyone +who claims to be a Marxist that resolutions passed over seventy years +ago are very unlikely to have any bearing on the economical and +political situation of today? The references to the writings of the +'great teachers' are just as bad. + +In passing, the attempt by such organisations to justify their program +and actions by reference to such things or people is religious activity +at its purest. + +As we only know too well (see the resolution on the founding of the +"International" passed at Tarrogona), an attempt is made to build a +line of tradition backwards to particular "gurus" or whatever. The +organisation stands at the front of this line as the natural +continuation of the best traditions of the past. However, it is +overseen that this is religion. Religion is re-ligio - a backwards +connection to a mystical beginning. + +Once a political organisation has laid claim to this "revolutionary +continuity", the question of a programme's content is also solved. +Either the timeless validity of programmes out of the past are insisted +upon or parts of various programmes are eclectically thrown together. + +I remember very clearly Ted not being happy with our idea in Germany of +writing a new political program, i.e. a manifesto. "What do you need +it for, you have the Transitional Programme" -as if the world had stood +still for the past fifty years! It is no wonder that in such +organisations practices characteristic of religious sects quickly +manifest themselves ... + + +...continued in Breakaway #3 + + +======================================================================= +(07) GENERAL INFORMATION +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + A reduced "General Information" column from now on, not to use +all the space repeating the same info... + + Breakaway will be published as often as we have enough material. +"Enough" is at present about 30kb of text, but this might increase +if we get enough submissions. Under any circumstances we'll limit +ourselves to 30kb until we reach one issue every two weeks. (Probably +won't happen in your lifetime ;-) + + The format is, as you can see, pure 7-bit ASCII. + + + Do you: + + - want to subscribe? + - have an idea? + - have a question? + - want to submit, and want to know how? + + + Just send us a message, preferably by e-mail, and we'll send you +appropriate information as soon as possible. To ensure that we can +reply, please include your e-mail address in the body of the message. + + + +SOME BRIEF NOTES ON SUBMISSIONS +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +* BREAKAWAY will accept articles from people belonging to all trends + or ideologies related to marxism, or from people who are simply + interested in marxist theory or practice. + +* You should limit yourself to articles between 100 and 300 lines if + possible (shorter pieces will naturally also be accepted). If you + find that difficult, try to divide your article into shorter + sections suitable for publishing over two to four issues. + +* We will publish most articles or news reports we receive concerning + marxist ideology, the actions of marxist organisations, or + information of importance to the average revolutionary. Also + fiction might be accepted (contact us for more info) + +* We accept anonymous submissions. However, if you choose to do so, + we would prefer if you give us a pseudonym to use as your + signature. + + + +How to contact Red Forum / Internationalists Committee: +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Editor : Vidar Hokstad +E-mail : +Snailmail : Boks 30, N-2001 Lillestroem, NORWAY +Tel. : +47 638 170 35 (5pm to 9pm GMT) + +======================================================================= + Proletarians of all countries, unite! +======================================================================= + +END BREAKAWAY.002 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/breakaway_03.txt b/politicalTextFiles/breakaway_03.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3abe253 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/breakaway_03.txt @@ -0,0 +1,909 @@ + + Again delayed... + + This time partly on purpose. Finally we've gotten a listserver to +take care of mailing out Breakaway, and I wanted to wait until it was all +set up, so that I didn't have to mail out hundreds of issues manually +again... + +Vidar Hokstad +Editor + +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +BEGIN BREAKAWAY.003 + + + + + + + B R E A K A W A Y + + Debates on modern marxism + + + -+*+- + + + Issue no. 3, volume no. 1 + + + August/September 1994 + + + + + +======================================================================= +CONTENTS +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +(00) EDITORIAL + +(01) column: WHAT'S UP? + Some informal notes on issues we want to tell you about + +(02) STATE CAPITALISM AND STALINISM + An attempt at a reply to Jack Hills letter in issue #2 + +(04) column: A SEARCHLIGHT ON INTERNET + Revolutionary resources on the information highway + +(05) column: ANNOUNCEMENTS + Red Orange ?!? What's that? + +(06) series: FOR A NEW BEGINNING (2 of 2) + a critique of secterianism + +(07) GENERAL INFORMATION + How and what to submit, how to contact us, etc. + + + + +======================================================================= +(00) EDITORIAL +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Thank you! + + The last two months my mailbox have been overflowing. Allthough +the number of submissions still is low, the amount of subscription +requests, interesting info, and positive feedback mailed to me have +been overwealming. + + It is certainly enough socialists out on the net to justify this +publication. + + The beauty of the net, is the lack of distribution-problems due to +geographical issues. For a truly international movement, the net is a +blessing of similar importance today, as the railroad was when Marx and +Engels wrote their famous _Manifesto_[1]. What before took years, can +today be done in weeks - the human factor being the last barrier... + + We are as users of the net witnessing capitalism create the +ultimate tool for the working class to use. The final weapon to turn +against them. An anarchic structure where the number of voices crying +out their opinions into cyberspace is finally more important than the +money of the bourgeoisie. + + Watch the drama unfold, as capitalist companies struggle to make +net access available to us all at low cost, so that we can turn it +against them even more easily, or wither away as loosers in an ever +hardening competition. + + Look around you, and see virtual worlds, empires, of information, +be created, live and die, in an accelerating cycle of "living +knowledge" - the net is a medium in which a creation will never be +finished, never will be finite, but always lies open for new +exploration and new enhancements. + + Enter the age of the virtual commune... + +Vidar Hokstad +Editor + + + +---- +[1] "And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, +with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern +proletarian, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years." + + +======================================================================= +(01) column: WHAT'S UP? +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +- After a few series of adverts on a series of USENET conferences + and mailing-lists the numbers of subscribers practically went + through the roof. On 1th of July, shortly after my first round of + advertising for issue #2, 15 subscription requests arrived + during my less than an hour online that day (and several more had + arrived before I logged on), and that was only the beginning... + + Breakaway is now distributed to subscribers in (sorted after + numbers of subscribers) USA, UK, Canada, France, Norway, Germany, + Ireland, Australia, South-Africa, Spain, Finland, New Zealand, + Sweden and South-Korea! + + Most of our subscribers (approx. 60%) comes from the US. Breakaway + has also been uploaded to a few local BBS's around the world. + + I would especially like to welcome our first subscriber in + South-Korea, who, in spite of the political oppression, still + takes the chance involved with subscribing to Breakaway. The + South-Korean government have, as naby of you will know, a + reputation for imprisoning revolutionaries, and I doubt they'd + like Breakaway very much... + +- Breakaway is now archived in the ftp archive at + etext.archive.umich.edu in the directory /pub/Zines/Breakaway. + Another archive is expected soon... + +- Red Forum have recently gotten it's own gopher archive at the + EDIN gopher. In addition to general information about Red Forum, + the archive also contains material from Breakaway, and a pointer + to the archive mentioned above. Try gopher to garnet.berkeley.edu, + port 1520, 1521 or 1522, and select "13. Political Movements and + Theory/", then "2. Socialist Political Groups/", and finally + "3. Non-US Socialist Organizations/" to find us. + +- I've adjusted the size of Breakaway up to approx. 40kb from this + issue. + +- The Red Forum meeting will be in late September or early October + instead of August. + +- Two mailing-lists have been set up. One for Breakaway, and another + one as a discussion list for Breakaway subscribers and RFIC + members. + + The address is "majordomo@powertech.no". Send a message with + "help" in the body to retrieve informations about the commands + at your disposal, or use "lists" to get a list of all the lists + administrated by Powertech (our service provider). + + The discussion list may possibly not be set up correctly when you + read this. I'll post a short notice to the Breakaway mailing list + as soon as it is working. You will *NOT* be automatically + subscribed to this list even if you subscribe to Breakaway. + +- Breakaway is now also available on WWW. Select the URL + "http://www.ifi.uio.no/~vidarh/" (my homepage) from Mosaic or Lynx, + or go directly to the Breakaway archive by adding "Breakaway/" to + the above URL. Starting with issue #4, most material will be + available on the web before it is being mailed out, since it + will be written in a custom SGML format, and converted to HTML + (for WWW), ASCII, and AmigaGuide. + + For more info about World Wide Web, send mail to info@cern.ch + (automatic mailer) + + The WWW editions will be _updated_ with current addresses, more + links etc. However, no new entries will be added. + + + +======================================================================= +(02) STATE CAPITALISM AND STALINISM +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +An attempt at a reply to Jack Hills letter in issue #2, and more... [1] + + I agree that naming all regimes "Stalinist" without a closer +examination, is to simple. But let me try to explain this +simplification. + + Jack stated, in my opinion correctly, that the Chinese revolution +originated as a popular revolution despite the degeneration that +followed it, and the party that led it. This is an assertion that +seems to provide us with a major difference between the development in +China and Russia, as there are differences between Stalinism, defined +strictly as _Stalins theory and practice_, contrary to using Stalinism +in a broad sense for denoting any state capitalist regime using +communist symbolism, and Maoism. + + And yes, Maoism is revisionistic where stalinism is reactionary. +While Stalinism were in effect, with it's bureaucratic system, trying to +reverse the process of building capitalism, Maoism was, at the time, +a force of liberation. + + Even the Russian revolution was a popular revolution, allthough the +_October revolution_ did not have the support of the majority. In the + same way as the great French revolution of 1789 didn't consist of just +one attack on the establishment, but a series of struggles, the Russian +revolution was a process that at least must be said to include the +overthrowing of the Czar regime in February 1917, and later the October +Revolution, but which could be extended in both directions: Towards +the uprisings in 1905, and throughout the end of of Lenins life. + + Or even further... + + Some would even claim that the Russian revolution didn't finish it's +task before the State-Capitalist regime was overthrown, and Russia +finally got to experience the curse of developed capitalism in a +"free market" environment. + + My opinion is that this is going too far. As always, history has +shown us some of it's innumerable variations, by providing us with a +series of "socialist" revolutions which all degenerated into state +capitalism. State capitalism has earned a position as an independent +stage in the development of our world at a place where we before only +knew the direct transition from feudalism to capitalism, as it had +happened in the developed countries. + + State capitalism has earned a position as an intermediate step on +the underdeveloped countries way to capitalism, as socialism[2] by most +communists are seen as an intermediate step on our way towards +communism. + + Again roughly simplified, Maoism played the role equivalent to the +role of Leninism in Russia. In the same way as Leninism, Maoism was an +adaption of Marxism to a severly underdeveloped, perhaps even non-existent +capitalism. It meant the inclusion of the poor peasants into the proletariat, +even though we have been able to witness how large parts of these peasants +didn't share the interests of the proletariat. + + There's a lot to criticize about both Lenin and Mao, but there's little +doubt about their intent. + + I don't feel I can say the same about Stalin. And it would be highly +unfair to call Mao China's Stalin. + + True, good intent is no excuse for oppression, but there _is_ a +difference between unwillingly causing death by starvation, and organized, +well planned, executions. There _is_ a difference between causing the +creation of an oppressive regime by not foreseeing the consequences of +what you do, and actually intentionally strenghtening oppression. + + Still the errors of Mao _and_ Lenin must be openly discussed, and +the crimes they _did_ commit condemned, as the actions of any revolutionary +must be constantly under attack by ourselves - we can't expect to win a war +against capitalism, if we don't dare to fight minor battles with our +comrades of fear that we might be wrong. + + But we must also we very aware about what we are doing, and be careful +not to throw away the experiences, and ideas, that actually are worth using, +and developing. + + What about state capitalism, then? + + Certainly there must be valuable experiences to be extracted from the +state capitalist regimes, and conclusions to be made? + + In opposition to some trends, I do not see state capitalism as a +highly developed capitalism, ready for the socialist revolution, but +as a backward regime created out of combining the political inheritance +from a feudalist past with the awakening capitalist economic structures. + + As such, the development in China, towards a market economy controlled +by a highly totalitarian government is no surprise. Similar tendencies +could be seen in Europe during the early years of capitalist economy. + + We just hadn't a good word for it until recently[3] + + History always repeats itself, but it has a bad memory. It never +replicates the exact same patters over and over again. Like the +Mandelbrot set of fractals: the further you move from your point of +origin, the larger the differences, but changes never appear suddenly - +the patterns seems to go through a slow metamorphosis. + + The revolutions of China and Russia have many differences. But +these are minor, cosmetic, differences. The main tendencies, the +radicalisation, and then degenerisation, of a bourgeoisie revolution, +are the same. + + This tendency we find in every bourgeoisie revolution, but only +in the underdeveloped countries the bourgeoisie is weak enough to let +this radicalisation continue to a point where it causes the seizure +of state power by a vanguardist minority _strong enough to keep it_. + + We remember from the French Revolution of 1789 a phase of +radicalisation. But this phase was ended by reactionary forces, +creating another dictature, and thus it isn't suitable for the +capitalists when they look for ways to fight communism. + + They find their weapons in the "socialist" revolutions - the +revolutions where the bourgeoisie finds regimes that looks like +their visions of communism. For can their reign be ended without +replacing it with _another_ oppressive force? And won't this force +be the _state_? This is the nightmare the capitalists envision. + + Their reign _will_ be replaced by new oppression. Not the state, +or rather not the state as in bourgeoisie terminology. It will by +neccessity be the dictatorship of the majority, of the proletariat. +But it will also be the democracy of the many instead of the few. + + Here lies the problems of the "socialist revolutions". Until +now, they have been seizure of power by an elite - a minority - that +haven't understood that the time had not yet come for socialism. + + To build socialism in countries that lack most fundamental goods, +that can't fulfill the basic needs of their populations, will +inevitably end in oppression: + + The vanguardist parties will always be haunted by people in search +of power, by people that want more than their share. In a country +where poverty rules, how can you escape poverty? By seizing power +for yourself, by becoming emperor... + + In a country with ONE party, or at least only one party with +power, which party do you turn to if power is what you want? + + +Vidar Hokstad + + +---- +[1] Please note that the inclusion of Jack's letter in issue #2 was an +error on my behalf - the letter was not meant to be published. However +I've chosen still to comment on the issues he mentioned, because I find +the problems he rises interesting. I would like to hear more opinions +on these questions. Submissions are especially welcome, but write even +if you don't want to submit (just make sure you state that clearly, +so I don't mess up again...). + +[2] That is, the political system, not the ideology or ideologies. + +[3] It should also be noted that while early western capitalism +certainly showed remarkable resemblances to state capitalism as the +term is used here, there were also distinct differences - again the +natural variations of history? Or are the differences more fundamental? +I won't go into that now. Any comments? + + + +======================================================================= +(04) column: A SEARCHLIGHT ON INTERNET +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +* CPUSA + +E-MAIL: communistpty@igc.apc.com, + pww@igc.apc.com (Peoples Weekly World) + timwheeler@igc.apc.com (PWW editor Tim Wheeler) + + Communist Party of USA. Publishes Peoples Weekly World, and the +theoretical journal Political Affairs. Their youth organization is +YCL - Young Communist League. + + + +* Marxism (mailing-list) + +E-MAIL: marxism-request@world.std.com (majordomo) + marxism-approval@world.std.com (the list moderator) + + The Marxism list have had a steady stream of messages, and have +established itself as one of the more high-volume leftist lists. +It's highly focused on academic questions, but should still provide +interesting reading for others - at least you'd probably have no +problems getting enough suggestions for what to read ;) + + + +* Marxist Leninist Bookstore + +E-MAIL: + + Jack Hill writes: + + " Actually, this is just an e-mail address that +the Chicago Workers' Voice (a small Marxist-Leninist political group +in Chicago, formerly the Chicago branch of the Marxist-Leninist Party +(USA) ) uses to exchange views and information on political issues. + + We publish two periodicals: an agitational newsletter _The Chicago +Workers' Voice_/_Voz Obrera_ in English and Spanish, and _The Chicago +Workers' Voice Theoretical Journal_. I would certainly be willing to +send anyone who requests it the text of our agitational articles. I +can also inform anyone who asks what are the contents of our +theoretical journal. Each issue runs about 240-250K so it would be hard +to sent out the whole journal by e-mail, but I might be able to send +individual articles if someone is really interested. Of course, if I +start getting hundreds of requests, I may have to reconsider this offer. + + M-L Books is an actual bookstore located in a storefront in the +Mexican community of Chicago. We have been in this community for 15 +years. We have a wide variety of titles of Marx, Engels, and Lenin in +English and Spanish. Our prices are generally low, since much of our +stock was acquired years ago at low prices. I don't have a complete +listing of our current stock with current prices, but if there is a +title you want, let me know. We can probably help you. + + Keep up the struggle. + Jack Hill " + + + +* Committees of Correspondence + +GOPHER: See the EDIN gopher below. +LIST: cocdiscuss@garnet.berkeley.edu (The CocDiscuss list) + newman@garnet.berkeley.edu (the list moderator) + + + +* EDIN gopher + +GOPHER: garnet.berkeley.edu (ports 1520/1521/1522) +E-MAIL: newman@garnet.berkeley.edu (Nathan Newman) + + The EDIN gopher is one of the main resources for revolutionary and +other progressive groups on the Net. Apart from pointers to a wide range +of leftist organization on the Internet, it contains massive information +about human rights organizations, economics etc., and pointers to tons +of other info. An absolute _must_. Red Forum can also be found here. + + The maintainer, Nathan Newman, is highly active on Usenet, and also +moderates the Committees of Correspondence discussion list - CocDiscuss. + + + +* Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus + +GOPHER: +USENET: cl.gruppen.pds +E-MAIL: PDS-BLV@IPN-B.comlink.de (PDS Landesvorstand Berlin) + + Notice that this entry is by no means complete. The PDS have an +extensive list of e-mail addresses to a long range of local sections and +members of their party. The few addresses mentioned here have been taken +from the newsgroup "cl.gruppen.pds". + + + +* Archiv fuer marxistische Theorie + +EMAIL: CHRONIK@LINK-S.cl.sub.de + + + +======================================================================= +(05) ANNOUNCEMENTS +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + RED ORANGE + + A Marxist Triquarterly of Theory, Politics, and the Everyday + + Robert A. Nowlan, Chief Editor + Robert J. Cymbala, Managing Editor + + + The inaugural issue of Red Orange will be published in the spring +of 1995. Red Orange will contribute to the positive development of +revolutionary Marxist knowledges of contemporary capitalist economics, +politics, society, and culture. Red Orange will include critical, +theoretical, and pedagogical articles of sustained length, as well as a +dossier of briefer writings which deal with developments in popular +consciousness and mass culture. Red Orange will produce work that is +engaged in systematic investigation and explanation, and which is +concerned with extending and developing revolutionary Marxist critical +theory of capitalist society and culture. Red Orange will argue for the +necessary theoretical and political priority of such concepts as class, +class conflict and struggle, class consciousness, history, materiality, +mode of production, forces and relations of production, labor, +proletariat, revolution, socialism, communism, dialectics, ideology, +theory, and critique. + + The first issue of Red Orange will begin to investigate the broad +topic of "Late Capitalism at the Fin-de-Siecle." This focus will +continue throughout the first year as the second and third issues of Red +Orange will (tentatively) focus upon the specific topics of market and +commodity culture (issue two) and globality, globalism, and global +post-ality (issue three) in fin-de-siecle late capitalism. We invite +submissions for this first and for the subsequent second and third +issues of Red Orange that focus on the development of revolutionary +Marxist critical theory of, and intellectual-pedagogical intervention +within, various institutions, discourses, practices, and social +relations of fin-de-siecle late capitalism. We invite submissions from +across the full range of traditional academic-intellectual +"disciplines." We are also particularly interested in articles which +will address the related question -- in the course of their +investigation of fin-de-siecle late capitalist economics, politics, +society, and culture -- of How and Why, on the Advent of the +Twenty-First Century, the Revolutionary Socialist Transformation of +Capitalism into Communism is -- Still -- Possible and -- Still -- +Necessary. + + Texts and inquiries should be addressed to Red Orange, Post Office +Box 1055, Tempe, AZ, 85280-1055, U.S.A. + + + +======================================================================= +(06) FOR A NEW BEGINNING (2 of 2) +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Written by Dave Hollis +Co-authored by Maggie McQuillan +Please contact the author before republishing the article. + + +... continued from Breakaway #2 + +Democratic Centralism + +Democratic centralism is usually justified by saying that it originates +out of the organisation the workers give themselves in struggle. +Leaving aside for a moment that its historical roots were completely +different, let me try and examine the concept as such. + +Instinctively, the idea of democratically deciding and then acting +together is very appealing - at least in the cases when one is fighting +the class enemy. For a revolutionary organisation, however, democratic +centralism has meant and means something else. + +Democratic centralism is usually defined as being "freedom of +discussion and unity of action". This definition, taken from Lenin +himself, doesn't tell the whole story. A democratic centralist +organisation is based on a separation of the task of leadership from +the task of carrying out the decisions. This separation takes the +form, in the best case, of a yearly election of a central or national +committee. + +Whatever name this committee may have, I think that no one will +contradict me in saying that it has the right to lead the organisation +and take decisions in its name which are then binding on the members. + +Before going into the ramifications of such powers, it is very +important to note that such a division of labour is nothing more than a +reproduction of the capitalist model of parliamentary democracy in a +workers' organisation. Instead of the majority leading the +organisation we have the majority drawing up the leaders. As is the +case with parliamentary elections when electing MPs, the rank and file +does not lead an organisation and the people do not lead parliament +because the leaders are elected at regular intervals. + +The effects of the separation described above are not at first glance +apparent. To understand them it is necessary to not only investigate +the practical consequences of democratic centralism on the workings of +a political organisation, but also to look into what effects it has on +the minds of the members. + +As experienced in the previous two sects, democratic centralism +required of the members that they put forward its programme and +policies when working within the movement. This makes it very +difficult for the members to question and develop differing ideas to +those internally agreed. + +One could of course counter by saying that one can discuss anything +with anyone. However it should be obvious that members will feel +"obliged" to put forward the "line" in public and not develop ones +ideas in a dialogue with the workers. A tendency can and will develop +that engenders conformity, something very unhealthy for a revolutionary +organisation. Furthermore, it is very easy for a feeling to develop of +"us" and "them" - something we have already had more than enough +experience of in the past. The underlying processes at work here are +by no means easy to depict. Attitudes are shaped by an organisation +but an organisation is also shaped by attitudes. Cause and effect will +change places more than once + +Ideas when taken up by people become a material force in their own +right. Separating the overwhelming majority of the members from the +decision making process has consequences that go a lot further than +depicted up to now. + +A tendency will develop, as is the case in almost any workers' +organisation, of loyalty and acceptance of the leaders. Those who +decide will also be those who appear to be competent in the eyes of the +members. If the organisation grows, i.e. it is successful, the +position of the leadership will be strengthened, a bureaucracy can then +develop. If the organisation declines, it is by no means said that the +leadership will be weakened [1]. How often in the history of the labour +movement have leaderships survived bad decisions because of the loyalty +of the members? Leaderships of Stalinist organisations, for example, +have often committed great crimes against their members and still +survived to tell the story! + +Looking through the documents of the factional struggle within +Militant, it immediately becomes apparent that the force of ideas were +by no means sufficient to break the loyalty built up in the leadership. +Loyalty to a leadership - be it blind or conscious - is poison for a +revolutionary organisation. This point has to be seen in context of +what I wrote above on sectarianism and the psychological background of +loyalty. + +The development of loyalties, the inability to question ideas, to +understand differing ideas shows that democratic checks, as important +as they undoubtedly are, are in now way sufficient to prevent an +organisation from degenerating. To put it another way, there is always +a need for democratic checks when the organisation in question has un- +democratic traits in it right from the word go! + +Bureaucratic centralism, or bureaucratism in general, begins with the +separation of the leaders from the rest, i.e. those who carry out the +decisions. As soon as no active control takes place - be it due to the +structure of the organisation or because the members do not want to - +bureaucratism will be the result. It must be the result. + +Up till now, I have looked into the effects of democratic centralism in +the organisation itself. I would like to now portray how democratic +centralism affects the political work in the movement. In passing, it +should be obvious that the criticisms of democratic centralism are, in +a slightly modified form, just as applicable and relevant to the +organisations of the labour movement, i.e. the trade unions and the +Labour Party. + +The discussion on the merits or otherwise of democratic centralism are +by no means new. Both Rosa Luxemburg and Leon Trotsky criticized in +detail, and independently of each other, Lenin's organisation concept. +Rosa Luxemburg's contribution appeared in English under the title +Organizational Question of Russian Social Democracy. Although the +translation is terrible, the translator managed to get the meaning more +or less across - the article is well worth a read. Trotsky's pamphlet, +Our Political Tasks, was published in 1904 in Russian and also +translated in 1970 into German. + +One of Trotsky's criticisms of Lenin's organisation concept concerned +the question of self-activity, i.e. the ability of the working class +to act by itself. In Lenin's concept this self-activity was given +narrow bounds. + +In contrast, Trotsky saw the main task of the Social Democracy as being +one of stimulating and fostering this self-activity. Trotsky saw in +Lenin's plans an obstacle for the development of political +consciousness of the proletariat. Moreover he saw the danger that the +party, due to its not legitimated claim to hegemony with regard to the +working class and the resulting strict separation from the proletariat, +taking up such a sectarian position that the proletariat could turn its +back on the party at the decisive moment. + +Lenin's formal centralism would not lead to its declared aim, the +strengthening of the party, but, instead, to the danger of the +separation of the working class from the party. Trotsky saw the +guarantee for the party's stability "in an active and self-active +participating proletariat and not in its organisational head". + +Trotsky counterposed to democratic centralism the concept of +democratic centralisation, i.e. a centralisation from below. In his +view, this centralisation can only be the majority will of the rank +and file organisations, which exercise a continuous control over their +delegates. To give a flavor and the direction of Trotsky's +criticisms, here are a few passages from his pamphlet: + + + + "The system of political substitution is, as is the system of + 'economistic' simplification, derived consciously or + unconsciously from a 'sophistic' understanding of the + relationship of the objective interests of the proletariat to its + consciousness. Marxism teaches that the interests of the + proletariat are determined by its objective conditions of + existence. These interests are so imperious that they in the end + cause the proletariat to transfer them into the area of its + consciousness, i.e. to reach its objective interests by its + subjective needs. Between both these factors - the objective + factor of its class interests and its subjective consciousness - + lies, in reality unavoidable, road of knocks and blows, mistakes + and disappointments, vicissitudes and defeats. For the tactical + wisdom of the party of the proletariat, the whole task lies + between these two planes, it consists in shortening and + facilitating the road from the one to another." + + + "... If the Economists do not lead in this way the proletariat + because it trots behind them, the 'politicians' also do not lead + the proletariat because they are themselves looking to perform + their duties. If the Economists shirk their colossal tasks by + devoting themselves to a modest role, to march at the tail of + history, the 'politicians' solve the question by making history + to its own tail..." + + + "We revolutionize the masses badly or well (mostly badly) by + waking in them their elementary political instincts. However, as + long as it is the question of the complex tasks of transforming + these instincts into the conscious efforts of a political working + class determined by the class itself, we resort to the short and + simplified methods of the thoughts of standing in for others and + substitution. + + In the internal politics of the party, these methods lead, as we + will see, to the party organisation replacing the party itself, + the CC replacing the party's organisation and finally a dictator + replacing the CC; furthermore, these methods lead to the + committees creating and abolishing the 'lines', while 'the people + remain silent'. In the external politics, these methods appear + in the attempts to exert pressure on other social organisations, + not by the real power of the proletarian conscious of its own + interests but by the abstract power of the class interests of the + proletariat." + + + "We are speaking of the absolute necessity of the creation of + party members, of conscious social democrats, not, however, of + simple skilled 'detail workers'- and one answers us: 'That goes + without saying'. What does that mean? For whom does 'that' go + without saying? Does 'that' go without saying in the context of + our party work, i.e. does the creation of political thinking + party comrades an absolute, integral part of it?" + + + "Every thought that promotes the technical principle of the + division of labour to the principle of social democratic + organisation, consciously or unconsciously acquires the final + unavoidable consequence: the separation of consciousness and + implementation, the separation of social democratic thought from + technical functions by means of which these thoughts must + necessarily be realised. The 'organisation of professional + revolutionaries', more precisely its head, appears as the centre + of social democratic consciousness and underneath this centre, + the disciplined executors of technical functions are to be + found." + + + +Originally, I planned at this point to look into the historical +background of democratic centralism in some detail. Due to lack of +time, I can only skirt over the subject. If enough interest is +present, I can into this subject in some detail. + +If one reads 'What is to be Done', Lenin states clearly that his +organisational model stems from a terrorist organisation, 'Land and +Freedom'. Moreover, his ideas were based on an amalgamation of the +Marxism of the 2. International (in particular the German Marxism of +Kautsky) with the traditions of the Russian revolutionary +intelligentsia. + +The idea taken directly from Kautsky that the proletariat is only +capable of developing a trade union consciousness and therefore the +bourgeois intelligentsia, collected in the Social Democracy, is +required to 'bring in' a socialist consciousness into the working +class, determined Lenin's organisational concept. + +Despite the fact that Lenin modified his views on this subject under +pressure from without, the organisational principles derived from this +false understanding of the question of socialist consciousness +remained. The idea that the ideas of socialism are not to be explained +by the material conditions but instead are to viewed as a question of +science, higher morals and a successful propaganda activity, have since +this time bedevilled the labour movement. + +The ideas of separating out the tasks of leadership, i.e. the +separation detailed above, also have their roots in this false +understanding of the question of socialist consciousness. Instead of +it being a question of the working class being able to free itself from +the chains of capitalism, this mentality leads to this question being +reduced to a technical problem that can only be solved by technicians. +Slowly, surely and unavoidably, the whole concept of socialism is +robbed of its human content: "We have the solution and you have to put +it into practice". Having experienced this way of thinking more than +once and over a long period of time, I think I can say that this way of +thinking was prevalent in the sects. + + + +Instead of a conclusion + +It is easy to criticize, it is easy to know better. I was tempted - +despite the shortness of time available to me - to pick up on a number +of points made in the documents for your national meeting. What struck +me on reading them however, is that it is very unclear as to what you +consider to be your tasks. + +The road to hell is paved with good intentions. What sort of +organisation is required and for what purpose? It is stated in the +document Establishing a new Tradition that there is a tremendous +political vacuum existing in the current world situation. +Unfortunately, it is much more than a vacuum. The ideas of socialism, +i.e. that the workers can take charge of society, have been +discredited and most probably for a whole historical period. The +rediscovery of these ideas can only take place over a long period of +time. As we have already said in Germany, it is not even clear whether +these new ideas will acquire the name "Socialism". + +What alternatives are there going to be, how they are going to look, +etc. will only result from a long period of discussion in and with the +labour movement and also by learning from experiences. One very +important part of these discussions will undoubtedly be a reappraisal +of the history of the labour movement and its ideas. This reappraisal +will require socialists having to leave no stone unturned and really +questioning things we have always taken for granted. + +From what I have said in the article as a whole, revolutionaries will +have to take more account of a number of things that it has never +really done to any great degree in the past. Life has changed a lot +since the "great teachers". Either one has to learn to come to terms +with this fact and draw the necessary conclusions otherwise how things +will end up will be clear right from the word go - sect No. 3! + +To hold comrades together just on the basis of ideas is not going to be +a simple task. Once the pressure is off, those comrades who have +missed out on life up to know will want to catch up. Some, or perhaps +many, will leave politics altogether. + +Life is no longer going to be rosy or easy. There are no simple +solutions and to call for the nationalization of the top 200 monopolies +at every appropriate and inappropriate occasion is not going to help +either. Only by understanding what went wrong in the past and why it +went wrong, is it possible to build for the future. The form and +content this will take are still very unclear - if we recognize this +fact, there is a chance that we can do it better. But only if we do +so! + Dave Hollis, 15.4.94 + + +P.S. This document was written in a hurry and under pressure from an +ongoing struggle against redundancies. It would have been impossible +to have written it without the help and critical comments of Maggie +McQuillan, who agrees with the main lines of argument and conclusions. +In this sense, the document should be considered to have been co- +authored by her. All grammatical mistakes, mis-spellings, etc. are, +of course my responsibility. + + +---- +[1] In fact, often the leadership have been _strengthened_, since it +generally is the opposition that leaves the organisation first, leaving +the sinking ship in an even worse condition than before. Editors remark + + + +======================================================================= +(07) GENERAL INFORMATION +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Breakaway will be published as often as we have enough material. +"Enough" is at present about 40kb of text, but this might increase +if we get enough submissions. Under any circumstances we'll try to +limit ourselves to 40kb until we reach one issue every two weeks. +(Probably won't happen in your lifetime ;-) + + The format is, as you can see, pure 7-bit ASCII. + + + Do you: + + - want to subscribe? + - have an idea? + - have a question? + - want to submit, and want to know how? + + + Just send us a message, preferably by e-mail, and we'll send you +appropriate information as soon as possible. To ensure that we can +reply, please include your e-mail address in the body of the message. + + + +SOME BRIEF NOTES ON SUBMISSIONS +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +* BREAKAWAY will accept articles from people belonging to all trends + or ideologies related to marxism, or from people who are simply + interested in marxist theory or practice. + +* You should limit yourself to articles between 100 and 300 lines if + possible (shorter pieces will naturally also be accepted). If you + find that difficult, try to divide your article into shorter + sections suitable for publishing over two to four issues. + +* We will publish most articles or news reports we receive concerning + marxist ideology, the actions of marxist organisations, or + information of importance to the average revolutionary. Also + fiction might be accepted (contact us for more info) + +* We accept anonymous submissions. However, if you choose to do so, + we would prefer if you give us a pseudonym to use as your + signature. + + + +How to contact Red Forum / Internationalists Committee: +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Editor : Vidar Hokstad +E-mail : +Snailmail : Boks 30, N-2001 Lillestroem, NORWAY +Tel. : +47 638 170 35 (5pm to 9pm GMT) + +======================================================================= + Proletarians of all countries, unite! +======================================================================= + +END BREAKAWAY.003 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/brnrec.txt b/politicalTextFiles/brnrec.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b481c40 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/brnrec.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ +Jerry Brown as Governor: +Highlights of Eight Years of Progress + +Brown on Agriculture and Farm Issues + + As Governor of California, Jerry Brown recognized the +tremendous importance of agriculture to the economic well-being +of the state. To promote California agriculture: + +o He created the Office of International Trade to promote the +export of California agricultural products, and to forecast +demands for agricultural products; + +o He expanded the Agricultural Export Information Program to +provide data vital to the competitive strength of California's +producers and exporters, + +o He established the Farm Products Trust Fund to protect farmers +from default by produce dealers and processors, + +o He encouraged the growth of direct marketing - dozens of +certified farmer's markets throughout the state sell thousands +of tons of produce direct to consumers; + +o He encouraged consumer participation on agriculture marketing +boards, + +o He suspended minimum retail price controls on milk and milk +products, revising the laws to assure fair and reasonable prices +to consumers; + +o He pioneered the development of integrated pest management +techniques and increased the amount of money spent on +alternative pest management programs, + +o He developed the most comprehensive pesticide regulatory +program in the country, + +o He established the Pest Response Task Force to review and +improve existing pest prevention systems, + +o He constructed a modern laboratory to inspect and analyze +chemicals in agricultural products and foodstuffs, + +o He opened a new veterinary laboratory in San Bernadino to +provide improved laboratory services for the livestock industry +in Southern California, + +o He oversaw eradication of the Meditereanean Fruit Fly +infestation, which posed a grave threat to California +agriculture; + +o He promoted the development of alternative sources of on-farm +energy, including ethanol production and the establishment of +biomass farming areas. + + +Brown on the Arts + + Jerry Brown believes that art is an important part of +society, and his record as Governor of California is a +testimonial to that fact. As Governor: + +o He created the California Arts Council, which awarded $38.2 +million in grants to artists; + +o He established a Summer School for the Arts and passed an +Exemplary Arts Education Act, to promote and fund art education; + +o He signed the Art in Public Buildings Act, which made it +possible to commission 47 artists to create works of art in 29 +public buildings; + +o He signed the California Art Preservation Act, which prevents +works of art from being intentionally damaged or destroyed; + +o He signed the California Live-Work Space Act, which allows +cities to change zoning laws so that artists can live and work +in the same space; + +o He supported the Resale Royalties Act, which provides a 5% +royalty on the price of their art work when it is sold; + +o He signed the Artist-Dealer Relations Act, which helped +artists to collect monies owed them by art dealers. + +Jerry Brown demonstrated that politics can help the arts, while +enhancing the quality of life for all of the people. + + + + +Brown on Campaign Financing + + As Secretary of State of the State of California, Brown +took the following measures: + +o Called for full enforcement of election laws, requiring +specific and accurate donor lists from candidates, + +o Argued in court for precise reporting of campaign +contributions, + +o Filed briefs with the FCC to try and ensure free air time for +candidates, reducing the need for enormous campaign "war chests" +of money for the media. + +Today, Jerry Brown will accept no campaign contribution greater +than $100.00, as opposed to the $1000.00 dollar limit imposed by +federal election regulations. + + + +Brown on Consumer Issues + + Jerry Brown's concern for people and willingness to +stand up for their rights is obvious in his record on consumer +issues. As Governor of California: + +o He pushed for and signed legislation ensuring a comprehensive +right to privacy for the citizens of California, + +o He enacted legislation prohibiting creditors and bill +collectors from engaging in harassment, + +o He signed legislation prohibiting sex or marital status from +being a factor in denial of credit to an individual, + +o He limited the amount of security deposit that a landlord +could charge a tenant, + +o He enacted reforms to make small claims court more accessible +to consumers, including adding evening and Saturday sessions and +raising the claim ceiling to $1500; + +o He established the nation's first "anti-redlining" measure, +prohibiting discrimination by lenders based on geographic +location or ethnic makeup of a neighborhood; + +o He established "life line" utility rates, allowing people on +modest incomes to qualify for reduced rates for basic services; + +o He ended industry domination of regulatory boards by drafting +legislation which placed a majority of public members on most +state boards, + +o He prohibited discrimination by occupational licensing boards, +and required licensing examinations to be job-related; + +o He established a Housing Advisory Service to assist people who +are rehabilitating or building their own homes, + +o He vetoed legislation which would have allowed variable-rate +mortgages to have no upper limit on their interest rate, + +o He allowed price advertising by doctors and dentists, + +o He required item pricing by all retail grocery outlets, +including those with computerized check-outs; + +o He allowed consumers to purchase "generic" brand prescription +drugs rather than the more expensive drugs prescribed by +tradenames, + +o He enacted a "lemon law", protecting the buyers of defective +new cars; + +o He set up a Marketing Hotline to provide consumers with +information about farmers and farmers' markets where they could +buy produce directly. + +These are just a few of the reasons why Jerry Brown's +administration was widely criticized by well-funded special +interests; because Governor Jerry Brown used his office to look +after the needs of the people rather than business' private +agendas. + + + +Brown on Criminal Justice + + As Governor of the State of California, Jerry Brown: + +o Required mandatory prison sentences for persons using a gun in +the commission of a major crime, + +o Required mandatory prison sentences for felons convicted of +repeat offenses, + +o Signed legislation eliminating early parole for most inmates, + +o Supported and signed legislation authorizing construction of +twelve new prisons, + +o Required mandatory prison sentences for persons committing +violent crimes against the elderly, blind, or severely +handicapped; + +o Signed into law the first Career Criminal Prosecution program +in the nation, to help take repeat offenders off the streets. +As a result, convictions in these cases increased by almost 50%, +sentences increased by almost 33%, and bail increased by 100%. + +o Signed legislation providing state funding to local sheriffs +and police for a similar program, the Career Criminal +Apprehension Program; + +o Created the Crime Resistance Task force, which funded the +establishment of local Neighborhood Watch programs; + +o Signed the Victim / Witness Assistance Program into law. +This program, paid for entirely by fines levied on criminals, +provided funding for 34 centers which help over 60,000 victims +and witnesses of crimes each year. + +o Signed legislation creating Rape Crisis Centers to assist +victims of sexual assault, + +o Reduced the penalty for possession of small amounts of +marijuana, but imposed mandatory prison sentences on heroin +pushers; + + +In 1982 alone, Governor Brown signed 150 new anti-crime bills +which resulted in more than 5,600 criminals per year going to +prison for new or longer terms. + + + + +Brown on the Economy + + While Jerry Brown was Governor of the State of +California: + +o More than 2 million new jobs were created in California, + +o He fought for and signed a $1 billion tax cut; at the same +time, California went from having the 4th highest taxes in the +U.S. to the 23rd highest. + +o He reduced the growth of government in California more than +his Republican predecessor, while delivering exceptional +services to citizens; + +o He vetoed nearly $2 billion in new appropriations, + +o He blocked efforts to increase sales, income, liquor, and +gasoline taxes; + +o He eliminated the oil depletion allowance for major oil +companies, + +o He revised the "preferential income policies" which allowed +wealthy people to dodge state income taxes, + +o The Western States Agricultural Commission was created to +promote trade in U.S. agricultural products, + +o Established the World Trade Commission to promote +international trade, investment, and tourism; + +o Exports from the state more than doubled, to account for 12.4% +of all U.S. exports, + +o He oversaw the creation of the Department of Economic and +Business Development, which generated $1.1 billion in new +investment and helped create more than 15,000 new jobs; + +o His administration saw venture capital rise to nearly three +times the amount of capital accumulated by any other state, + +o He authorized California Industrial Development Bonds to allow +local governments to issue bonds to permit modernization and +expansion of industry, + +o He created the Governor's Executive Fellows program to bring +private sector executives into state government to train +executives in State agencies, + +o He signed legislation creating the Housing Finance Agency, +providing loans for moderate and low-income housing +construction; + +o He created the Pension Investment Unit, which resulted in the +investment of more than $60 billion to create new jobs and new +state revenues. + + + +Governor Brown provided real tax reform to California's citizens +and businesses: + +o He eliminated the business inventory tax, + +o He indexed California's personal income tax, + +o He eliminated the capital gains tax on small business +investments, + +o He created solar and energy conservation tax credits, + +o He created tax credits for businesses hiring targeted +unemployed workers. + + +Above all, Jerry Brown used government to provide California's +businesses with an environment in which they could compete and +succeed. + + +Brown on Education + + Both as Governor of California and as a Trustee of the +Los Angeles Community College District, Jerry Brown has +demonstrated a solid commitment to education: + +K-12: + +o As Governor, he more than tripled the state's K-12 educational +budget, from $2.6 billion to $7.9 billion, + +o By working with the legislature, he ensured that by 1982, 96% +of the school population was spending, per student, within $100 +of each other; + +o He tightened requirements for graduation from high school, + +o He signed the California Worksite Education and Training Act, +which promotes educational programs directly linked to +employment; + +o He signed legislation which gives local school teachers and +administrators more control over the educational curriculum at +their schools, providing an educational approach which is best +suited to the locality; + +o He signed legislation establishing the California Mathematics +Project, to develop and support programs which enhance +mathematics education; + +o He placed nearly $10 million in the state budget to fund the +training of teachers in such areas as mathematics and computer +science, + +o At the same time, he provided tax deductions for computer +manufacturers to donate computers to schools, + +o He oversaw legislation which provided state funding for +training related to an employer's hiring needs; + +o He signed legislation providing special assistance to students +who are unable to speak English, + +o He signed legislation ensuring that at least one meal per day +would be provided for all underprivileged students from +kindergarten through the twelfth grade; + +o He increased support from $276 million to $726 million for +students with special educational needs. + + + +Colleges and Universities: + +o Under his administration, funding to state universities and +community colleges nearly doubled, and funding for equal +opportunity programs tripled; + +o He opposed charging tuition at the state's colleges and +universities, and tried to minimize increases in student fees, + +o He increased funding for student aid by more than $50 million, + +o He initiated special programs and "centers of excellence" +such as the California Space Institute, the Microelectronics +Research facility, and the Institute for Global Security and +Cooperation, among many others. + +Clearly, Jerry Brown understood that in order for our country to +remain competitive, education must be a priority. + + + +Brown on Energy Policy + + As Governor of California, Jerry Brown saw the worst +days of the Oil Embargo and our country's dependence on foreign +sources of fuel. He set about making California's energy policy +a model for the rest of the country. He focused on two +concepts: energy conservation and alternative sources of energy. +He made substantial progress in each. In the field of energy +conservation: + +o He instituted the nation's first mandatory energy efficiency +standards for buildings and appliances - saving consumers +hundreds of millions of dollars in energy costs each year; + +o He reduced the projected growth rate for energy consumption to +1.3% and allowed the state to delay construction of several +expensive power plants, + +o He signed legislation providing for a 40% tax credit for +installation of insulation and other conservation measures, + +o This credit, and other programs, were so successful that while +economic output of the state doubled, energy consumption +increased by only 10%; + +o He established a three-year, $360 million program to expand +and improve the state's mass transit facilities, + +o He encouraged the Public Utility Commission to use its +rate-making authority to promote a wide variety of energy +conservation and management techniques, + +o He sponsored and signed legislation appropriating $20 million +to finance energy conservation projects in schools, hospitals, +and community agencies. + +At the same time, Governor Brown was looking to the needs of the +future, and promoting alternative energy sources. Toward this +end: + +o He formed the State Energy Commission, which diversified the +supply of energy and developed alternative sources of energy. +Energy programs of this sort should save the people of +California over $100 billion by the year 2000. + +o He established the nation's first Nuclear Safeguard Laws, a +legislative package banning construction of new nuclear power +facilities until safety and waste storage problems are resolved; + +o He enacted a 55% solar energy tax credit, the nation's largest +and most flexible; + +o He enacted "solar rights" legislation which removed local +zoning and contractual restrictions on solar installations, + +o He established a Solar Business Office to promote rapid +commercialization of solar energy, + +o He granted solar housing a priority in spending state housing +funds, + +o He supported the installation of hydroelectric generation +facilities on existing flood control or water storage dams, + +o He expedited licensing procedures for geothermal projects, + +o He provided incentives for industry to develop cogeneration, + +o He enacted legislation to establish a wind energy information +center, to disseminate information about wind energy to +potential users; + +o He created the Alternative Transportation Fuels Program to +commercialize production and use of fuels such as ethanol and +methanol, + +o He appropriated over $20 million for alcohol and biomass fuel +development, + +o He required all new state buildings over 10,000 square feet to +install solar hot water heating systems. + +Jerry Brown has the foresight and conviction to enact a more +comprehensive and far- reaching set of energy programs than +exist in any other state. + + + +Brown on the Environment + + Jerry Brown may well be most fondly remembered as the +Governor of California who did the most to protect and preserve +the environment. In spite of opposition from special interest +groups, he managed to: + +o Impose a moratorium on nuclear power plants until safety and +waste storage problems are resolved, + +o Adopt the toughest anti-smog laws in the country, + +o Establish the nation's toughest programs for improving air +quality, with a result that pollution dropped by up to 50% even +though vehicle traffic increased by 20%; + +o Implement standards restricting the introduction of several +carcinogens into the air we breathe, + +o Implement a strong enforcement program to control hazardous +materials, + +o Develop the largest pesticide regulatory program in the +country, + +o Provide periodic checks on toxins in California's waterways, +through the Toxic Substances Monitoring Program; + +o Authorize ongoing state inspections of landfills, to prevent +public health hazards; + +o Ban the manufacture and sale of fluorocarbons for aerosol +propellants, + +o Establish the California Conservation Corps to put young +people to work in environmental and conservation projects, + +o Develop a statewide policy to protect California's remaining +wetlands, + +o Have major portions of five of California's wild rivers made +part of the Federal Wild and Scenic Rivers system, assuring +their preservation; + +o Implement special programs to improve the quality of +California's rivers, + +o Add more than 700,000 acres to the State Park system, + +o Have more than 500,000 acres of the State Park system +classified as "wilderness", marking it for preservation; + +o Acquire a total of 16,613 acres of land for the preservation +of rare and endangered species, and for critical wildlife +habitat; + +o Establish the Coastal Conservancy, an agency charged with +protecting the scenic and ecological values of the California +coast by managing and acquiring land; + +o Appropriate $2.5 million for the support of non-game and rare +and endangered wildlife programs, + +o Bar the Forest Service from developing roads in large portions +of the California wilderness (this would have made the land +accessible to loggers and others), + +o Establish an Energy Resources fund, + +o Introduce a comprehensive 20-year plan to channel money from +the state's oil, geothermal, and state forest revenues into +maintaining the productivity of renewable natural resources +through the Renewable Resources Investment Fund; + +o Create a state office to stimulate development of +environmentally-friendly technologies, + +o Use monies from the Energy Resources fund to reforest +timberlands, stock rivers with fish, preserve wetlands, promote +soil and water conservation, and develop recreation and open +space in urban areas; + +o Enact legislation creating a statewide emergency response +system for toxic chemical spills, + +o Put into place tough new civil and criminal penalties for +illegal toxic waste dumping, + +o Deliver a water conservation awareness kit to millions of +California households, saving vast amounts of water, and the +electricity used to pump it; + +o Implement state recycling programs for paper and motor oil, +reducing wastes and saving tens of millions of dollars; + +o Begin the process of converting the state vehicle fleet to +methanol and ethanol use, giving the state of California the +largest test vehicle fleet in the nation; + +o Form the State Energy Commission, which diversified the +supply of energy and developed alternative sources of energy. +Energy programs of this sort should save the people of +California over $100 billion by the year 2000. + +o Sign into law the 40% conservation tax credit - so effective +that while economic production doubled, energy use increased by +only 10%; + +Jerry Brown foresaw the energy problems which the United States +is facing, and has worked hard to secure a future in which we +can be less dependent on foreign energy supplies. + + + + +Brown on Equal Opportunity + + Jerry Brown has always believed in equal opportunity for +all people. His position as Governor of California allowed him +to put those beliefs into practice. His record on equal +opportunity is unmatched in the history of the state, and +possibly the history of the United States: + +o He strongly supported - and continues to support - a woman's +right to personal choice concerning her body and her +reproductive system, + +o He extended child care and unemployment disability benefits to +all working women, + +o He authorized the spending of $10 million to encourage the +development of innovative new child-care programs, + +o He prohibited the payment of differing wages for jobs +requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility that are +performed under similar working conditions; + +o He signed legislation requiring government social service +organizations to promote the training of women for job +classifications in which 70% of employees were men, + +o He signed legislation prohibiting sex or marital status from +being a factor in denial of credit to an individual, + +o He granted state employees one year of leave for purposes of +pregnancy, childbirth, and recovery; + +o He mandated that women who are pregnant not be discriminated +against in hiring based upon their pregnancy, + +o He designated sexual harassment as an unfair employment +practice, + +o He amended the Fair Housing Act to prohibit discrimination +based on sex or marital status, + +o He gave state District Attorneys greater power to enforce +court orders for child support payments, + +o He banned mandatory retirement for public and private +employees. + +o He amended the state discrimination laws to include age, +making it illegal to discriminate against senior citizens; + +o He prohibited the use of public funds to provide facilities +and programs for one sex only; + +o He appointed 287 Asians, 435 African-Americans, 549 Hispanics, +and 46 Native Americans to government positions (including the +first Hispanic and African American California State Supreme +Court Justices); + +o He named women to fill nearly one third of the appointed posts +in the state. These appointments included 131 judges, 5 Cabinet +Members, 22 Department Directors, and 10 Deputy Directors; + + + + +Brown on Health Care + + As Governor of the State of California, Jerry Brown made +health care for all citizens a priority. As a result: + +o He created the Governor's Council on Wellness and Physical +Fitness, to help prevent illness and disease, focusing on a +medical system oriented toward maintenance of health rather than +cure of disease; + +o He developed health programs emphasizing preventative health +care by increasing the number of family physicians, primary care +nurse practitioners, and physician's assistants; + +o He sponsored legislation allowing registered nurses to +practice as midwives and public health professionals, + +o He created a training program for nurses who are LVNs to +become RNs through an apprenticeship. This program was the +first of its kind in the country. + +o He established programs to identify and provide services such +as nutrition and health care to high-risk mothers and infants, + +o He greatly expanded family planning and prenatal health +programs, such as the ongoing Obstetrical Access Project, with +sites throughout the state to improve the health of mothers and +their infants; + +o He increased funding for the Rural Health Care Program, +providing services to areas which did not have access to them; + +o He created a Farm Workers Health Services Program, to increase +health care services to migrant farm workers and their families; + +o He signed legislation providing financial assistance to urban +and rural heath care programs for Native Americans, + +o He developed many health education programs, including dental +health programs for elementary school students and a +preventative health program for senior citizens; + +o He established a toxic waste "superfund" to compensate +workers suffering from the effects of toxic chemicals, + +o He created a state Department of Alcohol and Drug Abuse to +help free people from substance abuse, + +o He oversaw the establishment of a statewide education program +to stop drunk driving, + +o He developed programs to encourage the establishment of +community mental- health treatment centers, + +o His Department of Rehabilitation oversaw the creation of more +than 25 community-based living centers for disabled +Californians, + +o He gave protections to workers who needed special devices to +overcome a handicap, + +o He signed into law the Robinson Act, which provides for +negotiation between health care providers and consumers, +lowering expenditures; + +o He appointed a Special Committee on Health Care to develop +recommendations for health care cost containment. Many of their +ideas were written into law. + +o He broadened reimbursement policies to increase the +availability of chiropractic, acupuncture, and podiatry +services; + +o He instituted a $25,000 tax deduction for any taxpayer who +remodeled a home or business to make it accessible to +handicapped people. + +Clearly, Jerry Brown has a record of making health care +available to his constituents, especially those in most dire +need of these services. + + + +Brown on Investing in People + + Jerry Brown made the following statement in his January +7, 1982 State of the State address: + + "If we think clearly and act correctly, we can make the +tools to lift millions out of poverty and ignorance and we can +pioneer the new technologies that emphasize quality over +quantity." + + Working with the legislature and leaders in industry, labor, +and education, Jerry Brown initiated a series of programs +designed to lead California into the information age. Among +them: + +o The California Commission on Industrial Innovation, a +blue-ribbon panel of citizens chaired by Governor Brown, which +formulated an economic blueprint for California for the rest of +the century. The commission provided fifty specific proposals +for educational excellence, renewed productivity, and improved +competitiveness. + +o Calling for higher standards in high-school education, +including requiring at least three years of math and two years +of science for all high-school graduates, with even more +stringent requirements for college-bound students; + +o Acting on this decision, both the California State University +and University of California systems raised their entrance +requirements in mathematics. + +o In the 1982-83 budget, $9.7 million was allocated to upgrade +math and science education by doing the following: training 350 +new math teachers, opening 15 regional Teacher Education / +Computer centers, equipping several mobile vans to provide +in-service training in computer-aided instruction, setting up a +statewide clearinghouse to purchase, evaluate, and disseminate +educational software; + +o Funds were allocated to support projects such as the +Mathematics Engineering Science Achievement (MESA) program, +geared to motivate and support women and minority students and +help them complete college degrees in math, engineering, and the +sciences. + +o Through the California Worksite Education and Training Act , +tens of millions of dollars have been spent putting over tens of +thousands of people to work in skilled labor positions. More +than 2,500 employers have become involved in the program, which +is widely recognized as one of the most successful in the +nation. + +o More than $2 million has been invested in community colleges +to establish employment-based high technology training. 27 +campuses have implemented such programs, with priority given to +projects in new and emerging technologies. + +o A total of $9.5 million went to California universities, to +establish microelectronics research laboratories and purchase +equipment. + +o Workers displaced by new technologies have been assisted by +more than 20 Displaced Workers Reemployment Centers around the +state. These centers have attracted interest and support from +businesses and labor groups such as General Motors and the +United Auto Workers. + +o The Employment Preparation Program has been expanded to assist +welfare applicants in finding jobs as an alternative to +requiring welfare money; + +o Monies from the state Unemployment Insurance fund were +allocated to prepare Californians for jobs in growth industries. +The program focus is employer commitment to hire and upgrade +these trainees, rather than providing training for training's +sake. + +Jerry Brown has proven a commitment to advancing the welfare of +all citizens by education, job training, and government / +employer / labor cooperative relations. It is a common sense +approach that works. Brown on Senior Citizens' Rights + + Jerry Brown is a staunch supporter of equal rights for +all people, including the elderly. He has, as Governor of +California, worked to protect the rights of senior citizens by: + +o Banning mandatory retirement for public and private employees, + +o Creating a state funded program of preventive health services +for people over 60, + +o Allowing senior citizens to completely defer their property +taxes until home ownership changes hands, + +o Exempting all property transferred to a surviving spouse from +inheritance and gift taxes, + +o Providing tuition-free classes at California state +universities for persons over 60 years of age, for both credit +and audit purposes; + +o Creating the Multipurpose Senior Services Project pilot +programs to provide information on care and resources to allow +people to stay at home rather than be institutionalized, + +o Making discrimination on the basis of age illegal in all +state-funded programs or grants and any contract worth over +$100,000 involving state monies; + +o Establishing the Golden State Seniors Discount program, which +enables senior citizens to obtain discounts with participating +merchants throughout the state. + + +Brown on Social Services + + As Governor, Jerry Brown took action to improve the +administration of social services in California. For example: + +o He established the Cooperative Agency's Resources for +Education program, which assisted families in moving off welfare +to self-support. The program saves the state more than $70,000 +for each family, and is so successful that New York City +expressed interest in setting up a similar program; + +o He initiated the Employment Preparation Program to provide job +search assistance to welfare applicants, + +o He implemented Project Intercept which has collected literally +hundreds of millions of dollars in child support payments. + +o He initiated the Quality Control / Corrective Action program, +which helped to cut the number of errors in the Aid to Families +with Dependent Children offices in half; + +o His Department of Social Services, in cooperation with the +Urban League, made dramatic improvements in the placement of +minority-group children in adoptive homes; + +o He supported and signed legislation requiring that the agency +responsible for care of a child must have a written assessment +of a child's case, develop a case plan for the child, help to +reunify the child with his or her family, and insure that the +child receive an administrative review every 6 months and a +court review every 18 months; + +o He supported and signed legislation requiring that the +Adoptions Assistance program provide benefits to eligible +hard-to-place children who would not be adopted without this +assistance. + + + + +Brown on Transportation + + As Governor of the State of California, Jerry Brown +recognized the importance of transportation policy to future +development. He took steps to establish a transportation policy +that Californians could rely on to support the necessary +infrastructure in their growing state. As a result, while Jerry +Brown was Governor: + +o He oversaw the completion of approximately 1,500 lane miles +of new freeway, at a cost of $1.1 billion; + +o Overall mass transit ridership increased by more than 90%, to +1.2 billion passengers, + +o A van and car pooling was instituted which saved 79 million +gallons of gasoline and cut air pollution by 45,000 tons of +emissions, + +o He signed an Omnibus Mass Transportation Bill which provided +$368 million for mass transit facilities, + +o He increased funding for "intermodal" transportation +facilities (places where two or more different forms of +transportation come together), making it more convenient for the +public to use mass transit; + +o He signed legislation authorizing the construction of several +railway projects, including trains operating between San Diego +and Los Angeles, rail freight yards in San Ysidro, and the +rehabilitation of the McCloud River Railroad. + +Jerry Brown believes that transportation is central to economic +growth, and as Governor of California, took measures to insure +transportation infrastructure was not neglected. + + + + +Brown on Women's Issues + + Jerry Brown has a strong commitment to protecting +women's rights. As an ardent supporter of the Equal Rights +Amendment, he has taken the following actions as Governor of +California: + +o He strongly supported - and continues to support - a woman's +right to personal choice concerning her body and her +reproductive system, + +o He extended child care and unemployment disability benefits to +all working women, + +o He augmented child care programs by $12 million annually, + +o He authorized the spending of $10 million to encourage the +development of innovative new child-care programs, + +o He prohibited the payment of differing wages for jobs +requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility that are +performed under similar working conditions, requiring equal pay +for equal work; + +o He designated sexual harassment as an unfair employment +practice, + +o He signed legislation prohibiting sex or marital status from +being a factor in denial of credit to an individual, + +o He granted state employees one year of leave for purposes of +pregnancy, childbirth, and recovery; + +o He mandated that pregnant women not be discriminated against +in hiring based upon their pregnancy, + +o He amended the Fair Housing Act to prohibit discrimination +based on sex or marital status, + +o He enacted legislation requiring the Department of Health +Services to maintain a prenatal health program to address needs +of women with high risk pregnancies and their infants, + +o He signed legislation requiring government social service +organizations to promote the training of women for job +classifications in which 70% of employees were men, + +o He gave state District Attorneys greater power to enforce +court orders for child support payments, + +o He prohibited the use of public funds to provide facilities +and programs for one sex only, and required that as much as +possible, equal opportunities for male and female athletes be +provided by state colleges and universities; + +o He revised the circumstances under which a marriage may be +summarily dissolved by a judge, + +o He named women to fill nearly one third of the appointed posts +in the state. These appointments included 131 judges, 5 Cabinet +Members, 22 Department Directors, and 10 Deputy Directors. + +Jerry Brown has also strongly supported tougher penalties for +crimes against women. He has signed legislation which: + +o Provides on-call staff in county hospitals to examine victims +of rape or other sexual assault at all times, + +o Prohibits granting of probation in cases of rape by force or +violence, + +o Extends the statute of limitations for prosecution of sexual +assault cases from 3 to 6 years, + +o Creates a new statutory procedure allowing immediate +injunctive relief for victims of harassment, + +o Strengthens the rights of recipients of child support, + +o Allows courts to provide injunctive relief in order to prevent +acts of domestic violence, + +o Permits a spouse to be prosecuted for the offense of rape, + +o Establishes courtroom procedures to protect victims of rape +("rape shield" laws), + +o Establishes a one year minimum prison sentence for people +convicted of pimping or pandering. + +Jerry Brown is committed to establishing the rights of women and +seeing that those rights are protected. + + + + + + +Brown on Worker's Rights + + As Governor of California, Jerry Brown stood up for +working men and women , even when it cost him the support of +powerful special interests. While Governor, he set standards +for reforms which, if adopted nationally, would make life better +for millions of working men and women. For example: + +o He increased the maximum unemployment insurance benefits for +workers, allowing them to feed themselves and their families +while looking for work; + +o He drafted and implemented legislation allowing collective +bargaining and stronger legal remedies for California's farm +workers, + +o He extended collective bargaining to public school teachers +from kindergarten to the junior college level, + +o He broadened protections against unfair labor practices, + +o He funded a pioneering program to make workers and industrial +and government officials aware of the hazards of toxic chemicals +in the workplace; + +o He protected workers who complain about health and safety +hazards from retaliation by their employers, and extended +criminal sanctions to the occupational health field; + +o He supported and signed the Occupational Carcinogen Control +Act, which made California the first state to require the +registration of carcinogens; + +o He issued an executive order prohibiting state job +discrimination based on sexual preference, + +o He increased benefits for employees disabled on the job, and +provided that tips and gratuities be counted as wages for +computing benefits; + +o He curbed the use of temporary restraining orders and +injunctions in labor disputes, allowing workers with legitimate +grievances a chance to air them; + +o He oversaw the largest increase in temporary disability +benefits in the 63-year history of the workers' compensation +system; minimum and maximum compensation increased by more than +25%, and death benefits increased by 500%. + +o He gave the Labor Commissioner broad authority to penalize +firms which illegally failed to insure their employees against +job-related injuries, broke child-labor laws, or withheld wages; + +o He increased the minimum wage above the federal minimum, + +o He strengthened and vigorously enforced the state child labor +laws, + +o He set up a special program to make exploiting illegal aliens +an activity which was no longer profitable, + +o He set up an inter-agency task force to identify and prosecute +employers who "cashed out" workers, short-changed trust funds, +and evaded taxes; + +o He enacted legislation prohibiting the use of professional +"strike breakers." + +o He created the Department of Economic and Business Development +to stimulate job opportunities, + +o He initiated the nation's first "Work Sharing Unemployment +Insurance" program as an alternative to worker layoffs, + +o He prohibited the forced retirement of older workers, + +o He fought for and implemented a number of job training +programs; the program tripled in size in five years, and +included health and vocational apprenticeships. + +Despite the serious recession in the late 1970's, California - +under the leadership of Jerry Brown - saw its job market expand +faster than any other industrial state and 70% faster than the +rest of the nation. + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bugs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bugs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..273cc82 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bugs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,382 @@ +from the Amnet Civil Liberties BBS, Chicago +------------------------------------------- + + BUGS, TAPS AND INFILTRATORS: WHAT TO DO ABOUT POLITICAL SPYING + + by Linda Lotz + American Friends Service Committee + + +Organizations involved in controversial issues -- particularly those who +encourage or assist members to commit civil disobedience -- should be alert to +the possibility of surveillance and disruption by police or federal agencies. + +During the last three decades, many individuals and organizations were spied +upon, wiretapped, their personal lives dirupted in an effort to draw them away +from their political work, and their organizations infiltrated. Hundreds of +thousands of pages of evidence from agencies such as the FBI and CIA were +obtained by Congressional inquiries headed by Senator Frank Church and +Representative Otis Pike, others were obtained through use of the Freedom of +Information Act and as a result of lawsuits seeking damages for First +Amendment violations. + +Despite the public outcry to these revelations, the apparatus remains in place, +and federal agencies have been given increased powers by the Reagan +Administration. + +Good organizers should be acquainted with this sordid part of American history, +and with the signs that may indicate their group is the target of an +investigation. + +HOWEVER, DO NOT LET PARANOIA IMMOBILIZE YOU. The results of paranoia and +overreaction to evidence of surveillance can be just as disruptive to an +organization as an actual infiltrator or disruption campaign. + +This document is a brief outline of what to look for -- and what to do if you +think your group is the subject of an investigation. This is meant to suggest +possible actions, and is not intended to provide legal advice. + + + POSSIBLE EVIDENCE OF GOVERNMENT SPYING + +|| OBVIOUS SURVEILLANCE + +Look for: + + * Visits by police or federal agents to politically involved individuals, +landlords, employers, family members or business associates. These visits may +be to ask for information, to encourage or create possibility of eviction or +termination of employment, or to create pressure for the person to stop his or +her political involvement. + + * Uniformed or plainclothes officers taking pictures of people entering your +office or participating in your activities. Just before and during +demonstrations and other public events, check the area including windows and +rooftops for photographers. (Credentialling press can help to separate the +media from the spies.) + + * People who seem out of place. If they come to your office or attend your +events, greet them as potential members. Try to determine if they are really +interested in your issues -- or just your members! + + * People writing down license plate numbers of cars and other vehicles in +the vicinity of your meetings and rallies. + +Despite local legislation and several court orders limiting policy spying +activities, these investigatory practices have been generally found to be +legal unless significant "chilling" of constitutional rights can be proved. + + +|| TELEPHONE PROBLEMS: + +Electronic surveillance equipment is now so sophisticated that you should not +be able to tell if your telephone converstaions are being monitored. Clicks, +whirrs, and other noises probably indicate a problem in the telephone line or +other equipment. + +For example, the National Security Agency has the technology to monitor +microwave communications traffic, and to isolate all calls to or from a +particular line, or to listen for key words that activate a tape recording +device. Laser beams and "spike" microphones can detect sound waves hitting +walls and window panes, and then transmit those waves for recording. In these +cases, there is little chance that the subject would be able to find out about +the surveillance. + + Among the possible signs you may find are: + + * Hearing a tape recording of a conversation you, or someone else in your +home or office, have recently held. + + * Hearing people talking about your activities when you try to use the +telephone. + + * Losing service several days before major events. + +Government use of electronic surveillance is governed by two laws, the Omnibus +Crime Control and Safe Streets Act and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance +Act. Warrants for such surveillance can be obtained if there is evidence of a +federal crime, such as murder, drug trafficking, or crimes characteristic of +organized crime, or for the purpose of gathering foreign intelligence +information available within the U.S. In the latter case, an "agent of a +foreign power" can be defined as a representative of a foriegn government, +from a faction or opposition group, or foreign based political groups. + + +|| MAIL PROBLEMS: + +Because of traditional difficulties with the US Postal Service, some problems +with mail delivery will occur, such as a machine catching an end of an envelope +and tearing it, or a bag getting lost and delaying delivery. + +However, a pattern of problems may occur because of political intelligence +gathering: + + * Envelopes may have been opened prior to reaching their destination; +contents were removed and/or switched with other mail. Remember that the glue +on envelopes doesn't work as well when volume or bulk mailings are involved. + + * Mail may arrive late, on a regular basis different from others in your +neighborhood. + + * Mail may never arrive. + +There are currently two kinds of surveillance permitted with regards to mail: +the mail cover, and opening of mail. The simplest, and least intrusive form is +the "mail cover" in which postal employees simply list any information that can +be obtained from the envelope, or opening second, third or fourth class mail. +Opening of first class mail requires a warrant unless it is believed to hold +drugs .... More leeway is given for opening first class international mail. + + +|| BURGLARIES: + +A common practice during the FBI's Counter-Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO) +was the use of surreptitious entries or "black bag jobs." Bureau agents were +given special training in burglary, key reproduction, etc. for use in entering +homes and offices. In some cases, keys could be obtained from "loyal American" +landlords or building owners. + +Typical indicators are: + + * Files, including membership and financial reports, are rifled, copied or +stolen. + + * Items of obvious financial value are left untouched. + + * Equipment vital to the organization may be broken or stolen, such as +typewriters, printing machinery, and computers. + + * Signs of a political motive are left, such as putting a membership list or +a poster from an important event in an obvious place. + +Although warrantless domestic security searches are in violation of the Fourth +Amendment, and any evidence obtained this way cannot be used in criminal +proceedings, the Reagan Administration and most recent Presidents (excepting +Carter) have asserted the inherent authority to conduct searches against those +viewed as agents of a foreign power. + + +|| INFORMERS AND INFILTRATORS: + +Information about an organization or individual can also be obtined by placing +an informer or infiltrator. This person may be a police officer, employee of a +federal agency, someone who has been charged or convicted of criminal activity +and has agreed to "help" instead of serve time, or anyone from the public. + +Once someone joins an organization for the purposes of gathering information, +the line between data gathering and participation blurs. Two types of +infiltrators result -- those who are under "deep cover" and adapt to the +lifestyle of the people they are infiltrating, and agents provocateurs. +Deep-cover infiltrators may maintain their cover for many years, and an +organization may never know who these people are. Agents provocateurs are more +visible, because they will deliberately attempt to disrupt or lead the group +into illegal activites. They often become involved just as an event or crisis +is occurring, and leave town or drop out after the organizing slows down. + +An agent may: + + * Volunteer for tasks which provide access to important meetings and papers +such as financial records, membership lists, minutes and confidential files. + + * Not follow through or complete tasks, or else do them poorly despite an +obvious ability to do good work. + + * Cause problems for a group such as commiting it to activities or expenses +without following proper channels, or urge the group to plan activities that +divide group unity. + + * Seem to create or be in the middle of personal or political difference that +slow the work of the group. + + * Seek the public spotlight, in the name of your group, and then make +comments or present an image different from the rest of the group. + + * Urge the use of violence or breaking the law, and provide information and +resources to enable such ventures. + + * Have no obvious source of income over a period of time, or have more money +available than his or her job should pay. + + * Charge other people with being agents (a process called snitch-jackets), +thereby diverting attention from him or herself, and draining the group's +energy from other work. + +THESE ARE NOT THE ONLY SIGNS, NOR IS A PERSON WHO FITS SEVERAL OF THESE +CATEGORIES NECESSARILY AN AGENT. BE EXTREMELY CAUTIONS AND DO NOT CALL ANOTHER +PERSON AN AGENT WITHOUT HAVING SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. + +Courts have consistently found that an invividual who provides information, +even if it is incriminating, to an informer has not had his or her +Constitutional rights violated. This includes the use of tape recorders or +electronic transmitters as well. + +Lawsuits in Los Angeles, Chicago and elsewhere, alleging infiltration of lawful +political groups, have resulted in court orders limiting the use of police +informers and infiltrators. However, this does not affect activities of federal +agencies. + + +|| IF YOU FIND EVIDENCE OF SURVEILLANCE: + + * Hold a meeting to discuss spying and harassment + + * Determine if any of your members have experienced any harassment or noticed +any surveillance activities that appear to be directed at the organization's +activities. Carefully record all the details of these and see if any patterns +develop. + + * Review past suspicious activities or difficulties in your group. Have one +or several people been involved in many of these events? List other possible +"evidence" of infiltration. + + * Develop internal policy on how the group should respond to any possible +surveillance or suspicious actions. Decide who should be the contact person(s), +what information should be recorded, what process to follow during any event or +demonstration if disruption tactics are used. + + * Consider holding a public meeting to discuss spying in your community and +around the country. Schedule a speaker or film discussing political +surveillance. + + * Make sure to protect important documents or computer disks, by keeping a +second copy in a separate, secret location. Use fireproof, locked cabinets if +possible. + + * Implement a sign-in policy for your office and/or meetings. This is helpful +for your organizing, developing a mailing list, and can provide evidence that +an infiltrator or informer was at your meeting. Appoint a contact for spying +concerns. This contact person or committee should implement the policy +developed above and should be given authority to act, to get others to respond +should any problems occur. + +The contact should: + + * Seek someone familiar with surveillance history and law, such as the local +chapter of the National Lawyers Guild, the American Civil Liberties Union, the +National Conference of Black Lawyers or the American Friends Service Committee. +Brief them about your evidence and suspicions. They will be able to make +suggestions about actions to take, as well as organizing and legal contacts. + + * Maintain a file of all suspected or confirmed experiences of surveillance +and disruption. Include: date, place, time, who was present, a complete +description of everything that happened, and any comments explaining the +context of the event or showing what impact the event had on the individual or +organization. If this is put in deposition form and signed, it can be used as +evidence in court. + + * Under the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act, request any files +on the organization from federal agencies such as the FBI, CIA, Immigration and +Naturalization, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, etc. File similar +requests with local and state law enforcement agencies, if your state freedom +of information act applies. + +|| PREPARE FOR MAJOR DEMONSTRATIONS AND EVENTS: + + * Plan ahead; brief your legal workers on appropriate state and federal +statutes on police and federal officials spying. Discuss whether photographing +with still or video cameras is anticipated and decide if you want to challenge +it. + + * If you anticipate surveillance, brief reporters who are expected to cover +the event, and provide them with materials about past surveillance by your +city's police in the past, and/or against other activitists throughout the +country. + + * Tell the participants when surveillance is anticipated and discuss what +the group's response will be. Also, decide how to handle provocateurs, police +violence, etc. and incorporate this into any affinity group, marshall or other +training. + + +|| DURING THE EVENT: + + * Carefully monitor the crowd, looking for surveillance or possible +disruption tactics. Photograph any suspicious or questionable activities. + + * Approach police officer(s) seen engaging in questionable activities. +Consider having a legal worker and/or press person monitor their actions. + + +|| IF YOU SUSPECT SOMEONE IS AN INFILTRATOR: + + * Try to obtain information about his or her background: where s/he attended +high school and college; place of employment, and other pieces of history. +Attempt to verify this information. + + * Check public records which include employment; this can include voter +registation, mortgages or other debt filings, etc. + + * Check listings of police academy graduates, if available. + + +|| ONCE YOU OBTAIN EVIDENCE THAT SOMEONE IS AN INFILTRATOR: + + * Confront him or her in a protected setting, such as a small meeting with +several other key members of your group (and an attorney if available). +Present the evidence and ask for the person's response. + + * You should plan how to inform your members about the infiltration, +gathering information about what the person did while a part of the group and +determining any additional impact s/he may have had. + + * You should consider contacting the press with evidence of the infiltration. + + +|| IF YOU CAN ONLY GATHER CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, BUT ARE CONCERNED THAT THE +PERSON IS DISRUPTING THE GROUP: + + * Hold a strategy session with key leadership as to how to handle the +troublesome person. + + * Confront the troublemaker, and lay out why the person is disrupting the +organization. Set guidelines for further involvement and carefully monitor the +person's activities. If the problems continue, consider asking the person to +leave the organization. + + * If sufficient evidence is then gathered which indicates s/he is an +infiltrator, confront the person with the information in front of witnesses +and carefully watch reactions. + + * Request an investigation or make a formal complaint + + * Report telephone difficulties to your local and long distance carriers. +Ask for a check on the lines to assure that the equipment is working properly. +Ask them to do a sweep/check to see if any wiretap equipment is attached +(Sometimes repair staff can be very helpful in this way.) If you can afford it, +request a sweep of your phone and office or home from a private security firm. +Remember this will only be good at the time that the sweep is done. + + * File a formal complaint with the US Postal Service, specifying the problems +you have been experiencing, specific dates, and other details. If mail has +failed to arrive, ask the Post Office to trace the envelope or package. + + * Request a formal inquiry by the police, if you have been the subject of +surveillance or infiltration. Describe any offending actions by police +officers and ask a variety of questions. If an activity was photographed, ask +what will be done with the pictures. Set a time when you expect a reply from +the police chief. Inform members of the City Council and the press of your +request. + + * If you are not pleased with the results of the police chief's reply, file +a complaint with the Police Board or other administrative body. Demand a full +investigation. Work with investigators to insure that all witnesses are +contacted. Monitor the investigation and respond publicy to the conclusions. + + * Initiate a lawsuit if applicable federal or local statutes have been +violated. Before embarking on a lawsuit, remember that most suits take many +years to complete and require tremendous amounts of organizers' and legal +workers' energy and money. + + * Always notify the press when you have a good story; keep interested +reporters updated on any new developments. They may be aware of other police +abuses, or be able to obtain further evidence of police practices. Press +coverage of spying activities is very important, because publicity-conscious +politicians and police chiefs will be held accountable for questionable +practices. + +Prepared by: +Linda Lotz +American Friends Service Committee +980 North Fair Oaks Avenue +Pasadena, CA 91103 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/bush-add.txt b/politicalTextFiles/bush-add.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc3e362 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/bush-add.txt @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +------------------------------------------- +President Bush's Address to the Nation +Wednesday, January 16, 1991, 9:00 PM E.S.T. +------------------------------------------- + + +Just two hours ago, Allied Air forces began an attack on military +targets in Iraq and Kuwait. These attacks continue as I speak. +Ground forces are not engaged. + This conflict started August 2d, when the dictator of Iraq +invaded a small and helpless neighbor. Kuwait, a member of the +Arab league and a member of the United Nations, was crushed; its +people brutalized. Five months ago Saddam Hussein started this +cruel war against Kuwait. Tonight, the battle has been joined. + This military action, taken in accord with United Nations +resolutions, and with the consent of the United States Congrees, +follows months of constant and virtually endless diplomatic +activity on the part on the United Nations, the United States, +and many, many other countries. Arab leaders sought what became +known as an Arab solution only to conclude that Saddam Hussein +was unwilling to leave Kuwait. Others traveled to Baghdad, and a +variety of efforts to restore peace and justice. Our Secretary +of State, James Baker, held an historic meeting in Geneva, only +to be totally rebuffed. This past weekend, in a last ditch +effort, the Secretary General of the United Nations went to the +Middle East, with peace in his heart - his second such mission. +And he came back from Baghdad with no progress at all in getting +Saddam Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. Now, the 28 countries +with forces in the Gulf area, have exhausted all reasonable +efforts to reach a peaceful resolution, have no choice but to +drive Saddam from Kuwait by force. We will not fail. + As I report to you, air attacks are underway against +military targets in Iraq. We are determined to knock out Saddam +Hussein's nuclear bomb potential; we will also destroy his +chemical weapons facilities; much of Saddam's artillery and tanks +will be destroyed. Our operations are designed to best protect +the lives of all the coalition forces by targeting Saddam's vast +military arsenal. Initial reports from General Schwarzkopf are +that our operations are proceeding according to plan. Our +objectives are clear : Saddam Hussein's forces will leave Kuwait, +the legitimate government of Kuwait will be restored to its +rightful place, and Kuwait will once again be free. Iraq will +eventually comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions +and then, when peace is restored, it is our hope, that Iraq will +live as a peaceful and cooperative member of the family of +nations, thus enhancing the security and stability of the Gulf. + Some may ask, "Why act now, why not wait?" The answer is +clear : The world could wait no longer. Sanctions, though having +some effect, showed no signs of accomplishing their objective. +Sanctions were tried for well over five months, and we and our +allies concluded that sanctions alone would not force Saddam from +Kuwait. + While the world waited, Saddam Hussein systematically raped, +pillaged, and plundered a tiny nation no threat to his own. He +subjected the people of Kuwait to unspeakable atrocities. And +among those maimed and murdered - innocent children. While the +world waited, Saddam sought to add to the chemical weapons +arsenal he now possesses - an infinitely more dangerous weapon of +mass destruction - a nuclear weapon. And while the world waited, +while the world talked peace and withdraw, Saddam Hussein dug in +and moved massive forces into Kuwait. While the world waited, +while Saddam stalled, more damage was being done to the fragile +economies of the third world, emerging democracies of Eastern +Europe, to the entire world including to our own economy. The +United States, together with the United Nations, exhausted every +means at our disposal to bring this crisis to a peaceful end. +However, Saddam clearly felt, that by stalling and threatening +and defying the United Nations, he could weaken the forces +arrayed against him. While the world waited, Saddam Hussein met +every overture of peace with open contempt. While the world +prayed for peace, Saddam prepared for war. + I had hoped, that when the United States Congress, in +historic debate, took its resolute action, Saddam would realize +he could not prevail, and would move out of Kuwait in accord with +the United Nation resolutions. He did not do that. Instead, he +remained intransigent, certain that time was on his side. Saddam +was warned over and over again to comply with the will of the +United Nations - "Leave Kuwait or be driven out." Saddam has +arrogantly rejected all warnings. Instead he tried to make this +a dispute between Iraq and the United States of America. Well he +failed. + Tonight, 28 nations, countries from five continents : Europe +and Asia, Africa and the Arab league, have forces in the Gulf +area, standing shoulder to shoulder against Saddam Hussein. +These countries had hoped the use of force could be avoided. +Regrettably, we now believe that only force will make him leave. + Prior to ordering our forces into battle I instructed our +military commanders to take every necessary step to prevail as +quickly as possible. And with the greatest degree of protection +possible for American and Allied servicemen and women. I've told +the American people before, that this will not be another +Vietnam. And I repeat this here tonight, our troops will have +the best possible support in the entire world. And they will not +be asked to fight with one hand tied behind their back. I'm +hopeful that this fighting will not go on for long, and that +casualties will be held to an absolute minimum. + This is an historic moment. We have, in this past year, +made great progress in ending the long era of conflict and cold +war. We have before us the opportunity to forge for ourselves +and for future generations a new world order. A world where the +rule of law, not the law of the jungle, governs the conduct of +nations. When we are successful, and we will be, we have a real +chance at this new world order, an order in which a credible +United Nations can use its peace-keeping role to fulfill the +promise and vision of the U.N.'s founders. + We have no argument with the people of Iraq. Indeed, for +the innocents caught in this conflict, I pray for their safety. +Our goal is not the conquest of Iraq. It is the liberation of +Kuwait. It is my hope that somehow the Iraqi people can, even +now, convince their dictator that he must lay down his arms, +leave Kuwait, and let Iraq itself rejoin the family of peace +loving nations. Thomas Paine wrote, many years ago, "These are +the times that try mens' souls." Those well known words are so +very true today. But even as planes of the multi national forces +attack Iraq, I prefer to think of peace, not war. I'm convinced, +not only that we will prevail, but that out of the horror of +combat, will come the recognition that no nation can stand +against a world united. No nation will be permitted to brutally +assault its neighbor. + No president can easily commit our sons and daughters to +war. They are the nation's finest. Ours is an all volunteer +force, magnificently trained, highly motivated. The troops know +why they're there. And listen to what they say. For they've +said it better than any president or prime minister ever could. +Listen to Hollywood Huddleston, Marine Lance Corporal. He says, +"Let's free these people so we can go home and be free again." +And he's right. The terrible crimes and tortures committed by +Saddam's henchmen against the innocent people of Kuwait are an +affront to mankind and a challenge to the freedom of all. Listen +to one of our great officers out there. Marine Lieutenant +General Walter Boomer. He said, "There are things worth fighting +for. A world in which brutality and lawlessness are allowed to +go unchecked isn't the kind of world we're going to want to live +in." Listen to Master Sergeant J.P. Kendel of the 82nd Airborne. +"We're here for more than just the price of a gallon of gas. +What we're doing is going to chart the future of the world for +the next hundred years. Its better to deal with this guy now, +then five years from now." And finally, we should all sit up and +listen to Jackie Jones, an Army lieutenant, when she says, "If we +let him get away with this, who knows what's going to be next." +I've called upon Hollywood and Walter and J.P. and Jackie, and +all their courageous comrades in arms, to do what must be done. + Tonight, America and the world are deeply grateful to them, +and to their families. And let me say to everyone listening or +watching tonight, when the troops we've sent in finish their +work, I'm determined to bring them home as soon as possible. +Tonight, as our forces fight, they and their families are in our +prayers. May God bless each and every one of them, and the +coalition forces at our side in the Gulf, and may he continue to +bless our nation, the United States of America. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/buyusa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/buyusa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54eb79f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/buyusa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +The recent "Buy American" hysteria has raised the question of just +which common products are, in fact, made by American companies. +Here's a quiz: + + 1. The parent company of Braun household appliances is: + a) Swiss; b) German; c) American; d) Japanese + + 2. Bic pens are: + a) Japanese; b) Czech; c) American; d) French + + 3. The maker of Haagen-Dazs ice cream is based in: + a) France; b) Sweden; c) Britain; d) America + + 4. RCA televisions are made by a company based in: + a) Japan; b) America; c) France; d) Korea + + 5. The parent of Arrow shirts is: + a) Thai; b) Italian; c) American; d) French + + 6. Godiva chocolate is: + a) French; b) Belgian; c) Swiss; d) American + + 7. Vaseline's owner is: + a) American; b) French; c) Anglo-Dutch; d) German + + 8. Firestone tires are: + a) Japanese; b) American; c) German; d) French + + 9. Holiday Inns are owned by a company based in: + a) France; b) America; c) Britain; d) Saudi Arabia + + 10. Tropicana orange juice is owned by a company based in: + a) Brazil; b) Canada; c) Mexico; d) America + + 11. Jaguar cars are made by a company based in: + a) Germany; b) Britain; c) America; d) Japan + + 12. Atari video games are: + a) Korean; b) American; c) Japanese; d) Malaysian + + Answers: 1. (c) Braun is American (Gillette Co.) + 2. (d) Bic is French (Bic SA) + 3. (c) Haagen-Dasz is British (Grand Metropolitan PLC) + 4. (c) RCA is French (Thomson SA) + 5. (d) Arrow is French (Bidermann International) + 6. (d) Godiva is American (Campbell Soup Co.) + 7. (c) Vaseline is Anglo-Dutch (Unilever PLC) + 8. (a) Firestone is Japanese (Bridgestone Corp.) + 9. (c) Holiday Inns is British (Bass PLC) + 10. (b) Tropicana is Canadian (Seagram Co. Ltd.) + 11. (c) Jaguar is American (Ford Motor Co.) + 12. (b) Atari is American (Atari Corp.). +--- + * Origin: *PowerSurge!* (23:914/0) diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/c_a_m.txt b/politicalTextFiles/c_a_m.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d254455 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/c_a_m.txt @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto + +Timothy C. May +tcmay@netcom.com + + +A specter is haunting the modern world, the specter of crypto +anarchy. + +Computer technology is on the verge of providing the ability for +individuals and groups to communicate and interact with each other +in a totally anonymous manner. Two persons may exchange +messages, conduct business, and negotiate electronic contracts +without ever knowing the True Name, or legal identity, of the other. +Interactions over networks will be untraceable, via extensive re- +routing of encrypted packets and tamper-proof boxes which +implement cryptographic protocols with nearly perfect assurance +against any tampering. Reputations will be of central importance, far +more important in dealings than even the credit ratings of today. +These developments will alter completely the nature of government +regulation, the ability to tax and control economic interactions, the +ability to keep information secret, and will even alter the nature of +trust and reputation. + +The technology for this revolution--and it surely will be both a social +and economic revolution--has existed in theory for the past decade. +The methods are based upon public-key encryption, zero-knowledge +interactive proof systems, and various software protocols for +interaction, authentication, and verification. The focus has until now +been on academic conferences in Europe and the U.S., conferences +monitored closely by the National Security Agency. But only recently +have computer networks and personal computers attained sufficient +speed to make the ideas practically realizable. And the next ten +years will bring enough additional speed to make the ideas +economically feasible and essentially unstoppable. High-speed +networks, ISDN, tamper-proof boxes, smart cards, satellites, Ku-band +transmitters, multi-MIPS personal computers, and encryption chips +now under development will be some of the enabling technologies. + +The State will of course try to slow or halt the spread of this +technology, citing national security concerns, use of the technology +by drug dealers and tax evaders, and fears of societal disintegration. +Many of these concerns will be valid; crypto anarchy will allow +national secrets to be traded freely and will allow illicit and stolen +materials to be traded. An anonymous computerized market will +even make possible abhorrent markets for assassinations and +extortion. Various criminal and foreign elements will be active users +of CryptoNet. But this will not halt the spread of crypto anarchy. + +Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of +medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will +cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations +and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined +with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a +liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words +and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed +wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus +altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the +frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an +arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which +dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property. + +Arise, you have nothing to lose but your barbed wire fences! + +.......................................................................... +Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, +tcmay@netcom.com | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero +408-688-5409 | knowledge, reputations, information markets, +W.A.S.T.E.: Aptos, CA | black markets, collapse of governments. +Higher Power: 2^756839 | PGP Public Key: by arrangement. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/campfin.txt b/politicalTextFiles/campfin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eace48b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/campfin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM + + +American politics is held hostage by big money +interests. Members of Congress now collect more +than $2.5 million in campaign funds every week +while Political Action Committees, industry +lobbies, and cliques of $100,000 donors buy access +to Congress and the White House. + +George Bush recently vetoed the 1992 Campaign +Finance Reform Bill in order to protect the special +interest that support him. American pay for this +system in decreased environmental and worker safety +regulations, increased health care costs, and +weakened consumer regulations. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore believe it's long past +time to clean up Washington. As part of their plan +to fight the cynicism that is gripping the American +people, Bill Clinton and Al gore will support and +sign strong campaign finance reform legislation to +bring down the cost of campaigning and encourage +real competition. + +We can't go four more years without a plan to take +away power form the entrenched bureaucracies and +special interests that dominate Washington. + + +The Clinton/Gore Plan + +* Place voluntary spending caps on House and + Senate Races, depending on a state's + population. These caps will level the playing + field and encourage challengers to enter the + race. + +* Limit political action committee (PAC) + contributions to the $1000 legal limit for + individuals. + +* Reduce the cost to television air time to + promote real discussion and turn TV into an + instrument of education, not a weapon of + political assassination. + +* Eliminate tax deductions for special interest + lobbying expenses and the "lawyer' loophole," + which allows lawyer-lobbyists to disguise + lobbying activities on behalf of foreign + governments and powerful corporations. + +* Require lobbyists who appear before + Congressional committees to disclose the + campaign contributions they've made to members + of those committees. The public has a right + to know when moneyed interests are trying + influence elected officials in Washington. + +* End the unlimited "soft" money contributions + that are funneled through national, state, and + local parties to Presidential candidates. + + +The Record + +* In the face of legislative resistance and + powerful opposition form special interests, + Governor Clinton spearheaded a successful + citizen's initiative to adopt an Ethics and + Lobbyist Disclosure Act which requires + professional lobbyists to disclose the amount + of money they spend to influence public + officials, and public officials to disclose + information about their income and financial + holdings. + +* Senator Gore voted for the Senate Elections + Ethics Act which establishes spending limits + on Senate campaigns, prohibits Federal office + holders and candidates from raising "soft + money," eliminates "leadership PACs," and + encourages cleaner campaigns. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/case_234.txt b/politicalTextFiles/case_234.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7142aaf --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/case_234.txt @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +Author: Krishna Padmasola +e-mail: krishna@scri.fsu.edu +Credit: The idea for writing this story came after reading the 1992 Scientific +American special issue on Mind and Brain. + + + Case No. 234FA + + ``It was a diminutive winged creature, a little bird with +crimson headdress, its brown feathered body quivering with the +restless energy derived from the accelerated metabolic rate so +characteristic of its species. Displaying excellent navigational +skills, it would suddenly dive into the thicket to feast on some +insect which betrayed its own presence and relieve it of its burden of +existence, and emerge again from the world of inconstant shadows into +the brilliant sunlit garden. However, the feast is soon forgotten, and +the search for new source of food begins all over again; this time +perhaps it is a flower in bloom, its scent hinting at the presence of +nectar, advertising its need for pollination. It was fascinating to +watch the exquisite little bundle of life, and I could see every +detail of its feathered body, I could feel its heartbeat, I followed +the rythmic motion of its wings flapping in synchrony, its tail +serving to steer and balance at the same time. There was no message in +its existence, and as I realized the senselessness of the demand for +the meaning of life by ossified minds, I felt a strange kinship +towards my avian friend...'' + + Three days ago, a patient was admitted to the ward. Evidently +he was suffering from severe depression. He used to be a dancer in a +Broadway show, before he was fired six months ago for being rude and +giving unsolicited advice to the director. As is usually the case, the +onset of mania was quite sudden and apparently without any obvious +reason. At home he mistreated his wife, and made life difficult for +her with his tense and irritable demeanor. Then he left to live with +his father, who also suffered from similar symptoms, though not quite +that degree. There, however, his condition steadily deteriorated , and +finally he accepted hospitalization. Although he received a dose of +tranquilizer, he spent the night disrupting the ward, and in the +morning, signed out against medical advice. That was two days ago.... +Yesterday we learnt that he had committed suicide. Interestingly, the +cause of death was unknown. One would have thought that he had passed +away in his sleep had it not been for the note found in his clenched +hands, in which he stated that he was committing suicide of his own +free will. + + The description of the bird in the garden was one of the many +remarkable entries we found in his diary, each of them revealing an +intensity of perception and heightened awareness which a prejudiced +mind would have thought him incapable of possessing. It has been +observed that manic-depressives are talented or even endowed with +genius. Perhaps, as some suggest, the extreme swings of mood and the +accompanying changes of outlook may give rise to creativity. The same +emotional fluctuations often lead manic-depressives to exhibit +suicidal tendencies, and their spark of creativity is prematurely +extinguished , perhaps an indication of the inherent instability of +creativity itself. If I were allowed to speculate, I might say that +creativity is a local revolution against mental entropy; but that is +the philosopher's job, and henceforth I shall withhold myself from +trespassing into the realm of his investigations. + + How did he come by his death? That is an interesting question, +but his diary is mute upon that point, understandably so. Perhaps if +the fleeting images of his thoughts in the moments prior to his death +were captured by an invisible scribe , they might read like this... +`` I am on the shore of a mighty ocean, a silent observer, dwarfed by +its magnificence to an insignificant speck . The waves are rushing to +pounce upon the beach, then receding to muster all their strength and +prepare for a fresh assault with renewed determination. But deep below +the raging surface, there is an undercurrent, signifying confidence +and purpose. This, I recognize to be my mind, my conciousness +witnessing the various activities going on in it. I am now lying down, +with the suicide note in my hand, and have willed myself to death. The +waves are subsiding gradually , and now the surface is disturbed only +by tiny ripples. I feel my breath to be a tenuous thread connecting me +with life. Deep down, on the ocean floor, a dormant volcano is about +to wake up, and if it did, its tremors would create a tidal wave of +uncontrollable fury. This is my innermost survival instinct rebelling +against the sentence I have placed upon myself, but it vanished as +soon as I recognised its identity. Now the ocean is completely +stagnant, its surface mirroring the blue sky above. Suddenly, there +are clouds floating across the sky, their reflections skimming the +ocean surface. These are the images of various people, cherished, +forgotten or vanished memories , the faces, sights, sounds and smells +that I had hoarded in my unconcious. They are of no value to me +anymore. Of what use are dead memories to a dead man? My breath has +stopped and the heart has followed suit. Now there is just the calm +ocean, and a clear blue sky , both merging together in the horizon. +There is no more division between the mind and the conciousness; they +are one. Only I exist. '' + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ccbc-w.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ccbc-w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..677dc4c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ccbc-w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ + WIRED's Press Release Regarding the Ban - 3/23/94 +FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: + Taara Eden Hoffman +544 Second Street Director of Publicity +San Francisco, CA 94107 USA +1 (415) 904 0666 + taara@wired.com + + + +Cyberspace Cannot Be Censored +***************************** + +WIRED Responds to Canadian Ban of Its April Issue + +Wednesday, March 23, 1994, San Francisco + + +WIRED's April issue has been banned in Canada. WIRED's offense? Publication +of a story called "Paul and Karla Hit the Net," a 400-word article about +how Canadians are getting around a Canadian court decision to ban media +coverage of details in the Teale-Homolka murder case. + +This article does not reveal details of the case. Instead, the article + + WIRED's Press Release Regarding the Ban - 3/23/94 (23/24) +explains why the media ban has proven unenforceable and reports how +information on the case is readily available to Canadians. + +According to a survey conducted by the Ottawa Citizen newspaper, 26 percent +of those polled said they knew prohibited details of the trial, because +they are continuously leaked by Canadian court witnesses, police, and +others to the international media. Once this information is published, it +pours back into Canada via fax, videocassettes, magazines and photocopies +of articles, e-mail, Internet newsgroups, and other online services. In the +United States, People magazine, and the TV show, A Current Affair as well +as the New York Times and other publications and shows have covered the +story and the ban. + +As WIRED's story and the action of Canada's Attorney General make clear, +the ban is not only a waste of time and money,but has actually had the +opposite effect of what was intended. Rumors and sensationalized accounts +of the case abound, and the Teale-Homolka trial is one of the hottest +topics of discussion among Canadians. + +"Banning of publications is behavior we normally associate with Third World +dictatorships," said WIRED publisher Louis Rossetto. "This an ominous +indication that the violation of human rights is becoming Canadian policy." + + WIRED's Press Release Regarding the Ban - 3/23/94 (24/47) +According to Rossetto, the Canadian Government's recent seizure of gay and +lesbian periodicals under the guise of controlling "pornography" and its +behavior in the Teale-Homolka case have made Canada a leading violator of +free speech rights, and have set a scary precedent for other nations that +would like to control what its citizens read and think. + +"Information wants to be free," said Jane Metcalfe, WIRED's president. "At +the end of the 20th century, attempts to ban stories like this one are +condemned to be futile. That WIRED's criticism of the ban has itself been +banned is supremely ironic and utterly chilling." + +Since WIRED supports free speech, WIRED is making the text of its "banned" +story with details on how readers can get more information on the case +available on the Internet. Canadians and people around the world can +discover exactly what the Canadian government is trying to keep hidden. + +The banned article text can be obtained via the following WIRED Online +services: + + o WIRED Infobot e-mail server send e-mail to infobot@wired.com, + containing the words "get + homolka/banned.text" on a single + + WIRED's Press Release Regarding the Ban - 3/23/94 (24/69) + line inside the message body + + o WIRED Gopher gopher to gopher.wired.com + select "Teale-Homolka " + + o WIRED on World Wide Web http://www.wired.com + select "Teale-Homolka " + +The complete text of WIRED 2.04 will be available from the Infobot, Gopher, +and World Wide Web on April 19. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/century.txt b/politicalTextFiles/century.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9efc574 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/century.txt @@ -0,0 +1,605 @@ + [Speech: Massachusetts Libertarian Party: + 200th Birthday of the Bill of Rights, December 19, 1991.] + + + + The occasion of the two-hundredth anniversary of the Bill of +Rights reminds us to be very worried about the growth since World War Il +of a national-security oligarchy, a secret and invisible state within +the public state. + + The national-security state has come upon us not all at once but +bit by bit over a span of several decades. It is useful to review the +episodes -- the ones that are now known to us -- through which the current +situation evolved. + + 1. 1945: The Gehlen Deal + + Wild Bill Donovan of the wartime Office of Strategic Services, +the OSS, proposed to President Roosevelt before the war was over that +the United States should setup a permanent civilian intelligence agency, +but military foes of Donovan leaked his plan to a conservative +journalist, Walter Trohan, who exposed the idea in the Chicago _Tribune_ +and denounced it as an" American Gestapo." [1] + + But only a few weeks after this. after Roosevelt's death and the +inauguration of Harry Truman. In the utmost secrecy, the Army was taking +its own much more dangerous steps toward an American Gestapo. + + Days after the Nazi surrender in May 1945, a US Army command +center in southern Germany was approached by Nazi Brigadier General +Reinhard Gehlen. Gehlen was the chief of the Nazi intelligence apparatus +known as the FHO, Foreign Armies East. The FHO ran spy operations +throughout East Europe and the Soviet Union during the war, and it +remained intact during the late-war period when the rest of the +Wehrmacht was crumbling. In fact, the FHO was the one part of the +Naziwar machine that continued to recruit new members right through the +end of the war. SS men at risk of war crimes charges in particular were +told to join with Gehlen, go to ground, and await further orders. + + Gehlen presented himself for surrender to the American forces +with an arrogant, take-me-to-your-leader attitude and was for a few +weeks shunted aside by GIs who were unimpressed by his demand for +red-carpet treatment. But he had an interesting proposal to make and was +soon brought before high-level officers of the Army's G-2 intelligence +command. + + Gehlen's proposal in brief: Now that Germany has been defeated, +he told his captors, everyone knows that the pre-war antagonism between +the Soviet Union and the United States will reappear - Who emerges with +the upper hand in Europe may well depend on the quality of either side's +intelligence. The Soviets are well known to have many spies placed in +the United States and the American government, but the Americans have +almost no intelligence capability in East Europe and the Soviet Union. +Therefore, Gehlen proposes that the United States Army adopt the FHO in +its entirety, including its central staff, as well as its underground +intelligence units, several thousand men strong, throughout East Europe +and the U.S.S.R. Thus, the FHO will continue doing what it was doing for +Hitler that is, fighting Bolshevism - but will now do it for the United +States. + + The OSS was formally dismantled in the fall of 1945 at the very +moment at which General Gehlen and six of his top aides were settling +into comfortable quarters at the army's Fort Hunt in Virginia, not far +from the Pentagon. For the next several months, in highly secret +conversations, Gehlen and the U.S. Army hammered out the terms of their +agreement. By February 1946, Gehlen and his staff were back in Europe, +installed in a new village-sized compound in Pullach, from which they +set about the business of reactivating their wartime intelligence +network, estimated at between 6,000 and 20,000 men, all of them former +Nazis and SS members, many of them wanted for war crimes but now (like +the famous Klaus Barbie) protected through Gehlen's deal with the United +States both from the Nuremberg Tribunal and the de-Nazification +program. + + Thus it was that the superstructure of the United States' +post-war intelligence system was laid on the foundation of an international +Nazi spy ring that had come to be the last refuge of SS war criminals who +had no other means of escaping judgment. The Gehlen Org, as it came to be +called by the few Americans who knew about it (and needless to say, the United +States Congress knew nothing of the Gehlen deal, and the evidence is strong +that Truman knew very little, if anything at all, about it) continued to serve +the United States as its eyes and ears on Europe and the U.S.S.R. until 1955. +At that time, fulfilling one of the terms of the secret treaty of Fort Hunt in +1945, the entire Gehlen Org was transferred to the new West German government, +which gave it the name of the Federal Intelligence Service, or BND, and which +the descendants of General Gehlen serve to this day. The BND continued to serve +as the backbone of NATO intelligence and is said to have supplied well into the +1960s something in the order of seventy percent of the NATO intelligence take. + + This is the base upon which the U.S. intelligence system was +founded. The National Security Act of 1947 reorganized the military and +created the CIA, but the Gehlen Org was the base from which U.S. +intelligence developed throughout the decades of the Cold War. I am not +trying to imply here that Stalin was not a villain or that Soviet +communism was not a threat to Europe. I am saying rather that everything +American policymakers believed they knew about Europe and the U.S.S.R. +well into the 1960s was sent to them by an intelligence network made up +completely of Hitler's most dedicated Nazis. I believe this fact helps to +explain how the American national-security community evolved the +quasi-fascistic credo we can observe developing in the following incidents. + + 2. 1945: Operation Shamrock + + This program, set up by the Pentagon and turned over to the +National Security Agency after 1947, was discovered and shut down by +Congress in 1975. As a House committee explained in a 1979 report, +Shamrock intercepted "virtually all telegraphic traffic sent to, from, +or transitting the United States." Said the House report,'Operation +Shamrock was the largest government interception program affecting +Americans" ever carried out. In a suit brought by the ACLU in the 1978 +to declassify Shamrock files, the Defense Department claimed that either +admitting or denying that the Shamrock surveillance took place, never +mind revealing actual files, would disclose "state secrets." A judicial +panel decided in the Pentagon's favor despite the ACLU's argument that +to do so was 'dangerously close to an open ended warrant to intrude on +liberties guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment.' [2] + + 3. 1945: Project Paperclip + + This is perhaps the most famous of such programs but it is still +not well understood. The U.S. Army wanted German rocket scientists both +for its own interest in rocketry and to keep them out of the hands of +the Soviets, who had the same ambitions. United States law forbade these +scientists' entry into the U.S., however, because they were all Nazis +and members of the SS, including the prize among them, Dr. Werner von +Braun. The Army acted unilaterally, therefore, in bringing the rocket +scientists to the United States as prisoners of war and defining the +Redstone rocket laboratory in Huntsville as a POW compound. Later the +Paperclip scientists were de- Nazified by various bureaucratic means and +emplaced at the center of the military space program. What is not well +understood is that hundreds of additional Nazi SS members who had +nothing at all to contribute to a scientific program were also admitted. +This included the SS bureaucrat who oversaw the slave labor efforts in +digging the underground facilities at the Nazi rocket base on +Peenemunde. [3] + + 4. 1947: Project Chatter + + The U.S. Navy initiated this program to continue Nazi +experiments in extracting truth from unwilling subjects by chemical +means, especially mind-altering drugs such as Mescaline. This was at the +same time that U.S. investigative elements detailed to the Nuremberg +Tribunal were rounding up Nazis suspected of having experimented with +"truth serums" during World War II. Such experiments are banned by +international law. [4] + + 5. 1948: Election Theft + + New to the world and eager to learn, the CIA immediately began +spending secret money to influence election results in France and Italy. +Straight from the womb, it thus established a habit of intervention +which, despite being rationalized in terms of the Red menace abroad, +would ultimately find expression within the domestic interior. [5] + + 6. 1953: MK-Ultra + + The CIA picked up the Navy's Project Chatter and throughout the +1950s and '60s ran tests on involuntary and unwitting subjects using +truth drugs and electro-magnetic fields to see if it could indeed +control a subject's mind without the subject's being aware. This +research continued despite the fact that the United States signed the +Nuremberg Code in 1953 stipulating that subjects must be aware, must +volunteer, must have the aid of a supervising doctor, and must be +allowed to quit the experiment at any moment. + + 7. 1953: HT/Lingual + + The CIA began opening all mail traveling between United States +and the U.S.S.R. and China. HT/Lingual ran until 1973 before it was +stopped. We found out about it in 1975. [6] + + 8. 1953: Operation Ajax + + The CIA overthrew Premier Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran, +complaining of his neutralism in the Cold War, and installed in his +place General Fazlollah Zahedi, a wartime Nazi collaborator. Zahedi +showed his gratitude by giving 25-year leases on forty percent of Iran's +oil to three American firms. One of these firms, Gulf Oil, was fortunate +enough a few years later to hire as a vice president the CIA agent +Kermit Roosevelt, who had run Operation Ajax. Did this coup set the +clock ticking on the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-80? [7] + + 9. 1954: Operation Success + + The CIA spent $20 million to overthrow the democratically +elected Jacabo Arbenz in Guatemala for daring to introduce an agrarian +reform program that the United Fruit Company found threatening. General +Walter Bedell Smith, CIA director at the time, later joined the board of +United Fruit. [8] + + 10. 1954: News Control + + The CIA began a program of infiltration of domestic and foreign +institutions, concentrating on journalists and labor unions. Among the +targeted U.S. organizations was the National Student Association, which +the CIA secretly supported to the tune of some $200,000 a year. This +meddling with an American and thus presumably off-limits organization +remained secret until _Ramparts_ magazine exposed it in 1967. It was at +this point that mainstream media first became curious about the CIA and +began unearthing other cases involving corporations, research centers, +religious groups and universities. [9] + + 11. 1960-1961: Operation Zapata + + Castro warned that the United States was preparing an invasion +of Cuba, but this was 1960 and we all laughed. We knew in those days the +United States did not do such things. Then came the Bay of Pigs, and we +were left to wonder how such an impossible thing could happen. + + 12. 1960--63: Task Force W + + Only because someone still anonymous inside the CIA decided to +talk about it to the Senate Intelligence Committee in 1975, we +discovered that the CIA's operations directorate decided in September +1960: (a) that it would be good thing to murder Fidel Castro and other +Cuban leaders, (b) that it would be appropriate to hire the Mafia to +carry these assassinations out, and (c) that there would be no need to +tell the President that such an arrangement was being made. After all, +was killing not the Mafia's area of expertise? + + It hardly seemed to trouble the CIA that the Kennedy +administration was at the very same time trying to mount a war on +organized crime focusing on precisely the Mafia leaders that the CIA was +recruiting as hired assassins. + + 13. 1964: Brazil + + Two weeks after the Johnson administration announced the end of +the JFK Alliance for Progress with its commitment to the principle of +not aiding tyrants, the CIA staged and the U.S. Navy supported a coup +d'etat in Brazil over-throwing the democratically elected Joao Goulart. +Within twenty-four hours a new right-wing government was installed, +congratulated and recognized by the United States. + + 14. 1965: The DR + + An uprising in the Dominican Republic was put down with the help +of 20,000 U.S. Marines. Ellsworth Bunker, the U.S. ambassador, Abe +Fortas, a new Supreme Court justice and a crony of LBJ's presidential +advisors (Adolf Berle, Averill Harriman, and Joseph Farland) were all on +the payroll of organizations such as the National Sugar Refining +Company, the Sucrest Company, the National Sugar Company, and the South +Puerto Rico Sugar Company--all of which had holdings in the Dominican +Republic that were threatened by the revolution. + + 15. 1967: The Phoenix Program + + A terror and assassination program conceived by the CIA but +implemented by the military command targeted Viet Cong cadres by name +-- a crime of war, according to international law. At least twenty thousand +were killed, according to the CIA's own William Colby, of whom some 3,000 +were political assassinations. A CIA analyst later observed "They +killed a lot of the wrong damn people". [10] + + 16. August 1967: COINTELPRO + + Faced with mounting public protest against the Vietnam War, the +PBI formally inaugurated its so-called COINTELPRO operations, a +rationalized and extended form of operations under way for at least a +year. A House committee reported in 1979 that "the FBI Chicago Field +Office files in 1966 alone contained the identities of a small +army of 837 informers, all of whom reported on antiwar activists' political +activities, views or beliefs, and none of whom reported on any unlawful +activities by these activists." [11] + + 17. October 1967: MH/Chaos + + Two months after the PBI started up COINTELPRO, the CIA followed +suit with MH/Chaos, set up in the counterintelligence section run by a +certifiable paranoid named James Jesus Angleton. Even though the illegal +Chaos infiltration showed that there was no Soviet financing or +manipulation of the antiwar movement, Johnson refused to accept this, +and the operation continued in to the Nixon administration. By 1971, CIA +agents were operating everywhere there were students inside America, +infiltrating protest groups not only to spy on them but to provide +authentic cover stories they could use while traveling abroad and +joining foreign anti-war groups. Chaos was refocused on international +terrorism in 1972, but another operation, Project Resistance, conducted +out of the CIA Office of Security, continued surveillance of American +domestic dissent until it was ended in June 1973. + + 18. April 1968: The King Plot + + The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. led at once to +massive urban riots, the breakup of the nonviolent civil rights movement +and in ten years to a congressional investigation that found evidence of +conspiracy, despite the initial finding that, as in the JFK case, the +assassin was a lone nut. The conspiracy evidence included proof that the +FBI had directly threatened King and that, in the certain knowledge that +King was a target of violent hate groups, the Memphis Police Department +had withdrawn its protective surveillance and had let this fact be known +publically via newspaper, radio, and television broadcasts. + + 19. June 1968: The RFK Hit + + The assassination of Robert Kennedy came on the heels of his +victory in the California presidential primary. This victory had +virtually guaranteed his nomination as an antiwar presidential candidate +at the Democratic convention in August. The assassinations of King and +the second Kennedy were body blows to the civil rights and the antiwar +movements and drove nails in the coffins of those who were still +committed to the principles of democratic nonviolent struggle. + + From now on there would be virtually nothing left of the +organized movement except the Black Panthers and the Weathermen, both +committed to violence and thus both of them doomed. The official +verdict in Robert Kennedy's murder was, predictably enough, that it was +the work of another lone nut. This conclusion was reached by a +still-secret Los Angeles Police Department investigation, despite the +fact that L.A. coroner Thomas Noguchi found that most of RFK's wounds were +fired point blank behind him whereas the alleged assassin Sirhan Sirhan, by +unanimous testimony of many eyewitnesses, never got his pistol closer to +Kennedy than six feet and was always in front of him. It was true +nevertheless, that Sirhan fired. It was also true that he was, and +apparently remains, insane. Sirhan has claimed several times that he +was "programmed" to carry out the assassination by unnamed sources. Was Sirhan +the offspring of Project Chatter and/or MK-Ultra? + + 20. 1969: Operation Minaret + + This was a CIA program charted to intercept (according to a +House Report) "the international communications of selected American +citizens and groups on the basis of lists of names, 'watchlists,' +supplied by other government agencies...The Program applied not only to +alleged foreign influence on domestic dissent, but also to American +groups and individuals whose activities 'may result in civil +disturbances...'" [14] + + 21. April 1971: Helms protests + + In a rare public speech to the American Society of Newspaper +Editors, CIA Director Richard Helms asked the nation to "take it on +faith that we too are honorable men devoted to her service." He went on +to say, "We do not target on American citizens." [15] + + 22. 1972: Watergate + + As though to give body to Helms' touching promise, seven CIA +Operatives detailed to the Nixon White House played the same political +game the CIA learned abroad in all its clandestine manipulations from +France to Brazil, from Italy to Guatemala, but now in the context of +U.S. Presidential politics. Whether through sheer fluke or a subtle +counter-conspiracy, Nixon's CIA burglars were caught in the act, and two +years later Nixon was therefore forced to resign. For a moment, a +window opened into the heart of darkness. + + 23. 1973: Allende Murdered + + Frustrated in its 1970 efforts to control the Chilean election, +the CIA resorted to murder once again in the elimination of Salvador +Allende. Allende government official Orlando Letelier along with an +American supporter, Ronnie Moffit, were also killed, not far away in +Chile, but in Dupont Circle in our nation's capital. + + 24. Late 1970s: "Defenders of Democracy" + + As death squads raged through Latin America, FBI agents and U.S. +marshals in Puerto Rico secretly created, trained and armed a super-secret +police unit named "Defenders of Democracy" and dedicated to the assassination +of leaders of the Puerto Rican independence movement. [16] +This was in the Jimmy Carter period. Did Carter know? + + 25. 1980: October Surprise + + The facts in this strange first act of the Iran-Contra episode +are still in dispute, but the charge made by Barbara Honegger, activist +in the Reagan 1980 campaign, and by Carter national security aide Gary +Sick, is of megascandal dimensions. + + Honegger and Sick claim in outline that in 1980 William Casey, +long-time U.S. super-spy but at that point without the least portfolio, +led a secret Reagan campaign delegation to Europe to strike a secret +deal with Iran, a nation with which the United States was virtually at +war because of the 42 hostages Iran had seized from the U.S. embassy. + + In the alleged deal, Iran agreed not to release the hostages +until the U.S. presidential race was over, thus denying President Carter +the political benefit of getting the hostages back. Reagan agreed that, +if elected, he would help Iran acquire certain weapons. Well, for a few +bucks here and there, too, of course, and something for Israel, but the +basic deal was U.S. Arms for U.S. hostages held by Iran. + + The basic deal was also so deeply criminal as to go beyond all +statutes but those that deal with treason. + + 26. 1970s and 1980s: The Noreiga Connection + + The CIA was exposed time and again throughout these decades in +big-time international dope trafficking. This was not altogether new. +Already in the late '60s we had discovered that this was happening in +Southeast Asia, where the CIA's regional airline, Air America, was found +deeply involved in the opium trade being run out of the so called Golden +Triangle centered in Laos and involving Chinese drug lords associated +with the anti-Communist Kuomintang. [17] The ClA's support in moving +large amounts of opium was valuable, it seemed, in maintaining good +relations with our anti-Communist friends. In the 1970s and '80s, CIA +drug operations appeared in this hemisphere for a related but even +better reason: they were a convenient way to finance anti-Communist +operations that the Congress would not fund. + + The rash of drug cases around former Panamanian strongman Manuel +Noriega--once a darling of the CIA until he dared oppose U.S. policy in +Nicaragua--provides a glimpse into the true heart of the contemporary +CIA. Noriega received as much as $10 million a month from the Medellin +Cartel (whose profits were $3 million a day) plus $200,000 a year from +the CIA for the use of Panamanian runways in transhipment of cocaine to +the north. + + Noriega is only in trouble today because he turned against the +Reaganauts. The real attitude of Reagan and Bush toward drug trafficking +is indicated much less in Noriega's trial itself than in the kind of +deals the Justice Department is willing to make to convict him. +According to a recent _Boston Globe_ news story, federal prosecution +have paid at least $1.5 million in "fees" for testimony against Noriega. +In addition, some government witnesses have received freedom from life +sentences, recovery of stashed drug profits and confiscated property, +and permanent U.S. residency and work permits for themselves and family +members. + + The best deals go to the biggest offenders, such as Carlos +Lehder. Leader of the Medellin Cartel, Lehder was sentenced to 145 years +in prison, but is probably facing a real sentence of less than five +years on account of his collaboration against Noriega. He is said to +have made a $10-million contribution to the contra cause. + + The case of Floyd Carlton is also instructive. Carlton was a +drug pilot whose testimony led to Noriega's indictment in 1988. He was +allowed by Bush's prosecutors to transfer his cocaine profits into the +U.S.tax-free. Bush also promised not to seize his various homes and +ranches and agreed to pay $210,000 to support his wife, three children, +and a nanny and to furnish them with permanent residence in the U.S. and +work permits. [18] + + 27. October 1986: The Enterprise + + A contra supply plane was shot down in Nicaragua. A low-level +CIA agent named Eugene Hassenfus was captured alive. Hassenfus chose not +to make a martyr of himself, and thus was born the Iran-Contra scandal, +a continuation of the politics of the October Surprise but on a far +grander scale. The CIA and the NSC were learning how to operate beyond +the reach of American Law. With the "free-standing, off-the-books" +organization they called "the Enterprise," capable of financing it's +operations from drug profits and thus independent of the exchequer, The +likes of Oliver North and John Poindexter and Theodore Shackley and +Thomas Clines and Rafael Quintero and William Casey had it made. They +could form U.S. policy pretty much by themselves, especially since the +super-patriot Ronald Reagan seemed content to blink and doze. Who cared +what Congress might think or say? As Admiral Poindexter put it so +eloquently, "I never believed . . . that the Boland Amendment ever +applied to the -- National Security Council staff." [19] + + 28. 1991: BCCI + + The main difference between the CIA's early Cold War scandals +and the ones we are seeing today is that the more recent ones are +immeasurably more complex. This is sharply true of our last two +examples, one of which is that of the still emerging scandal around the +Bank of Credit and Commerce International. The BCCI scandal appears to +involve the CIA in a far-flung international financial network created +for the primary purpose of laundering vast amounts of drug money and +with the secondary purpose of ripping off the unsuspecting smaller banks +that BCCI acquired in pursuit of its primary objective. + +One fascinating aspect of the BCCI scandal is that it may at last supply +us with the final solution of one of the outstanding riddles of the last +decades--namely, why does the government insist on keeping drugs illegal +since the only evident result of this is to keep the price of drugs (in +both dollars and lives) high? Could this be because it is the secret +elements of the Government--The CIA, the NSC, the Enterprise--that is actually +selling them? + + 29. 1991: Casolaro + + Finally, consider just briefly another case of astounding +complexity, still not at all exposed, still writhing in the +twilight--the case of Inslaw, Inc., involving the George Bush Justice +Department and the death of Danny Casolaro, a free-lance investigative +journalist with whom I happen to identify most closely, even though I +never met him. + + The story in brief: Inslaw, Inc. in the early 1980s was an +enterprising computer software company whose most important product was +a software program called Promis. Promis' appeal lay in the fact that it +made it possible for Justice Department attorneys to keep track of an +extremely large number of cases. The Justice Department bought Promis +from Inslaw in 1982 and began installing it in its various offices. + + Inslaw had completed nineteen installations of Promis within a +year, and all seemed to be going well. But suddenly the Justice +Department began to complain about Promis and soon was refusing to pay +Inslaw, which therefore careened into bankruptcy. + + The fact, however, was that nothing at all was wrong with +Promis. Rather, the Justice Department--so it is alleged--had made a +deal with Dr. Earl Brian, California health secretary under Governor +Ronald Reagan. In this alleged deal--which Dr. Brian denies--the Justice +Department would simply steal Inslaw's Promis software and give it to +Dr. Brian, who--would then be in a position to sell it back to the +Justice Department for an estimated $250 million. + + Part of the reason the Justice Department was willing to do this +for Dr. Brian, as the allegation continues, is that Brian had helped +persuade Iranian leaders to cooperate with Reagan in the October +Surprise operation of 1980. + + But there's more to the allegation. The attempt to get Promis +out of Inslaw's hands and into Dr. Brian's had two other purposes, +according to Inslaw's attorney, Elliot L. Richardson. The first was "to +generate revenue for covert operations not authorized by Congress. The +second was to supply foreign intelligence agencies with a software +system that would make it easier for U.S. eavesdroppers to read +intercepted signals." That is, a back door access was built into the +Promis software. Anyone who bought Promise was buying a Trojan Horse. + + Danny Casolaro had talked to many of the informants in this +case. Telling friends he was on his way to contact an informant who +would put the last piece in the picture, he left his home in Washington +in August l99l to travel to Martinsburg, West Virginia, where he took a +hotel room and waited for the informant to contact him. Before leaving +he had told his friends not to believe it if he died in a car accident. + + He was found dead in his room, in the bathtub, with both arms +slashed a total of twelve times. The Martinsburg police quickly ruled +his death a suicide and allowed his body to be embalmed immediately, +even before notifying his family of his death. His hotel room was +cleaned of the least indication that he had been in it. His briefcase +and his notes were never found. In his _New York Times_ op-ed piece +about this last October, Elliot Richardson ended by reminding his +readers that he had called for a special prosecutor once before. + + Richardson was the nominated Attorney General in 1973 and +resigned in disagreement with Nixon, calling for a special prosecutor to +investigate Watergate. + + Now Richardson wants another special prosecutor to probe the +Inslaw case. He believes Casolaro was murdered and that evidence points +to "a widespread conspiracy implicating lesser government officials in +the theft of Inslaw's technology." These same officials, of course, +would also be involved in the apparent attempt to generate funding for +illegal covert operations and to sneak Trojan Horse software into the +systems by which other governments monitor their litigation caseloads. + + + + + + + We can be sure at least that the events we have briefly reviewed +here are not isolated and separate. In the painful story that begins +with General of the Third Reich Reinhard Gehlen and continues down to +the death of Danny Casolaro, we face a stream of systemically connected +corruption and abuses of power. + + A secret state has set itself up within the darkest corners of +the American government. It is what Nixon adviser John Dean called a +cancer on the presidency, but it has metastasized well beyond the White +House. It is not paranoia to call attention to this, but a simple act +of realism. + + + NOTES + +1. John Ranalegh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (New + York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 80. + +2. House Select Committee on Assassinations: Report, vol. Vlll, pp. + 506-08. + +3. Linda Hunt, Secret Agenda (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990). + +4. Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, Acid Dreams (New York: Grove + Press, 1985). + +5. Ranalegh, p. 131. + +6. Ibid., p. 270. + +7. Ibid., p. 261-64. + +8. Ibid., p. 268. + +9. Ibid., p. 246, p. 471. + +10. Ibid., p. 440, p. 553. + +11. HSCA, vol. VIII, p. 524. + +12. Ranalegh, p. 534. + +13. The HSCA Report. Findings and Recommendations (Washington: U.S. + Government Printing Office, 1979). See p. 407 re the FBI and p. + 418 re the MPD. + +14. HSCA, vol. VIII, p. 507. + +15. Ranalegh, p. 281. + +16. See Boston Globe and New York Times stories of January 29, 1992. + +17. See Alfred McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New + York: Harper Colophon, 1973). + +18. Boston Globe, Dec. 13, 1991. + +19. Iran-Contra Trading Cards #35. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cgw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cgw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd1752f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cgw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +Computer Gaming World (Golden Empire Publications) +June, 1990, Number 72, Page 8 +Editorial by Johnny L. Wilson + + It CAN Happen Here + + Although Nobel Prize-winning novelist Sinclair Lewis is probably best known +for 'Main Street', 'Babbitt', 'Elmer Gantry', and 'Arrowsmith', my personal +favorites are 'It Can't Happen Here' and 'Kingsblood Royal'. The latter is an +ironic narrative in which who suffers from racial prejudice toward the black +population discovers, through genealogical research, that he himself has black +ancestors. The protagonist experienced a life-challenging discovery that +enabled Lewis to preach a gospel of civil rights to his readership. + + The former is, perhaps, Lewis' most lengthy novel and it tells how a radio +evangelist was able to use the issues of morality and national security to form +a national mandate and create a fascist dictatorship in the United States. As +Lewis showed how patriotic symbolism could be distorted by power-hungry elite +and religious fervor channeled into a political movement, I was personally +shaken. As a highschool student, reading this novel, for the first time, I +suddenly realized what lewis intended for his readers to realize. "It" (a +dictatorship) really CAN happen here, There is an infinitesimally fine line +between protecting the interests of society and encumbering the freedoms of the +self-same society in the name of protection. + + Now it appears that the civil liberties of game designers and gamers +themselves are to be assaulted in the name of protecting society. In recent +months two unrelated events have taken place which must make us pause: the +raiding of Steve Jackson Games' offices by the United States Secret Service, +and the introduction of A.B. 3280 into the California State Assembly by +Assemblyperson Tanner. + + On March 1, 1990, Steve Jackson Games (a small pen and paper game company) +was raided by agents of the United States Secret Service. The raid was +allegedly part of an investigation into data piracy and was, apparently, +related to the latest supplement from SJG entitled, GURPS Cyberpunk (GURPS +stands for Generic Universal Role-Playing System). GURPS Cyberpunk features +rules for a game universe analogous to the dark futures of George Alec Effinger +('When Gravity Fails'), William Gibson ('Neuromancer'), Norman Spinrad ('Little +Heroes'), Bruce Sterling ('Islands in the Net'), and Walter Jon Williams +('Hardwired'). + + GURPS Cyberpunk features character related to breaking into networks and +phreaking (abusing the telephone system).Hence, certain federal agents are +reported to have made several disparaging remarks about the game rules being a +"handbook for computer crime". In the course of the raid (reported to have +been conducted under the authority of an unsigned photocopy of a warrant; at +least, such was the only warrant showed to the employees at SJG) significant +destruction allegedly occurred. A footlocker, as well as exterior storage +units and cartons, were deliberately forced open even though an employee with +appropriate keys was present and available to lend assistance. In addition, +the materials confiscated included: two computers, an HP Laserjet II printer, a +variety of computer cards and parts, and an assortment of commercial software. +In all, SJG estimates that approximately $10,000 worth of computer hardware and +software was confiscated. + + The amorphous nature of the raid is what is most frightening to me. Does +this raid indicate that those who operate bulletin board systems as individuals +are at risk for similar raids if someone posts "hacking" information on their +computer? Or does it indicate that games which involve "hacking" are subject +to searches and seizures by the federal government? Does it indicate that +writing about "hacking" exposes one to the risk of a raid? It seems that this +raid goes over the line of protecting society and has, instead, violated the +freedom of its citizenry. Further facts may indicate that this is not the +case, but the first impression strongly indicates an abuse of freedom. + + Then there is the case of California's A.B 3280 which would forbid the +depiction of any alcohol or tobacco package or container in any video game +intended primarily for use by minors. The bill makes no distinction between +positive or negative depiction of alcohol or tobacco, does not specify what +"primarily designed for" means, and defines 'video game' in such a way that +coin-ops, dedicated game machines, and computer games can all fit within the +category. + + Now the law is, admittedly, intended to help curb the use and abuse of +alcohol and tobacco among minors. Yet the broad stroke of the brush with which +it is written limits the dramatic license which can be used to make even +desirable points in computer games. For example, Chris Crawford's 'Balance of +the Planet' depicts a liquor bottle on a trash heap as part of a screen talking +about the garbage problem. Does this encourage alcohol abuse? In 'Wasteland', +one of the encounters involves two winos in an alley. Does their use of +homemade white lightening commend it to any minors that might be playing the +game? + + One of the problems with legislating art is that art is designed to both +reflect and cast new light and new perspectives on life. As such, depiction of +any aspect of life may be appropriate, in context. Unfortunately for those who +want to use the law as a means of enforcing morality, laws cannot be written to +cover every context. + + We urge our California readers to oppose A.B. 3280 and help defend our basic +freedoms. We urge all of our readers to be on the alert for any governmental +intervention that threatens our freedom of expression. "It" not only CAN +happen here, but "it" is very likely to if we are not careful. + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/charlott.txt b/politicalTextFiles/charlott.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67b8e36 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/charlott.txt @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ + + +THE CHARLOTTE TOWN RESOLVES: + + + RESOLVES ADOPTED IN CHARLOTTE TOWN, + MECKLENBURG COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, + MAY 31, 1775 + +Charlotte Town, Mecklenburg County, May 31. + +This Day the Committee met, and passed the following + + RESOLVES: + + Whereas by an Address presented to his Majesty by both +Houses of Parliament in February last, the American Colonies +are declared to be in a State of actual Rebelion, we conceive +that all Laws and Commissions confirmed by, or derived from the +Authority of the King or Parliament, are annulled and vacated, +and the former civil Constitution of these Colinies for the +present wholly suspended. To provide in some Degree for the +Exigencies of the County in the present alarming Period, we +deem it proper and necessary to pass the following Resolves, +viz. + + 1. That all Commissions, civil and military, heretofore +granted by the Crown, to be exercised in these Colonies, are +null and void, and the Constitution of each particular Colony +wholly suspended. + + 2. That the Provincial Congress of each Province, under +the Direction of the Great Continental Congress, is invested +with all legislative and executive Powers within their +respective Provinces; and that no other Legislative or +Executive does or can exist, at this time, in any of these +Colonies. + + 3. As all former Laws are now suspended in this Province, +and the Congress have not yet provided others, we judge it +necessary, for the better Preservation of good Order, to form +certain Rules and Regulations for the internal Government of +this County, until Laws shall be provided for us by the +Congress. + + 4. That the Inhabitants of this County do meet on a +certain Day appointed by this Committee, and having formed +themselves into nine Companies, to wit, eight for the County, +and one for the Town of Charlotte, do choose a Colonel and +other military Officers, who shall hold and exercise their +several Powers by Virtue of this Choice, and independent of +Great-Britain, and former Constitution of this Province. + + 5. That for the better Preservation of the Peace, and +Administration of Justice, each of these Companies do choose +from their own Body two discreet Freeholders, who shall be +impowered each by himself, and singly, to decide and determine +all Matters of Controversy arising within the said Company +under the Sum of Twenty Shillings, and jointly and together all +Controversies under the Sum of Forty Shillings, yet so as their +Decisions may admit of Appeals to the Convention of the Select +Men of the whole County; and also, that any one of these shall +have Power to examine, and commit to Confinement, Persons +accused of Petit Larceny. + + 6. That those two Select Men, thus chosen, do, jointly +and together, choose from the Body of their particular Company +two Persons, properly qualified to serve as Constables, who may +assist them in the Execution of their Office. + + 7. That upon the Complaint of any Person to either of +these Select Men, he do issue his Warrant, directed to the +Constable, commanding him to bring the Aggressor before him or +them to answer the said Complaint. + + 8. That these eighteen Select Men, thus appointed, do +meet every third Tuesday in January, April, July, and October, +at the Court-House, in Charlotte, to hear and determine all +Matters of Controversy for Sums exceeding Forty Shillings; +also Appeals: And in Cases of Felony, to commit the Person or +Persons convicted thereof to close Confinement, until the +Provincial Congress shall provide and establish Laws and Modes +of Proceeding in all such Cases. + + 9. That these Eighteen Select Men, thus convened, do +choose a Clerk to record the Transactions of said Convention; +and that the said Clerk, upon the Application of any Person or +Persons aggrieved, do issue his Warrant to one of the +Constables, to summon and warn said Offender to appear before +the Convention at their next sittinbg, to answer the aforesaid +Complaint. + + 10. That any Person making Complaint upon Oath to the +Clerk, or any Member of the Convention, that he has Reason to +suspect that any Person or Persons indebted to him in a Sum +above Forty Shillings, do intend clandestinely to withdraw from +the County without paying such Debt; the Clerk, or such Member, +shall issue his Warrant to the Constable, commanding him to +take the said Person or Persons into safe Custody, until the +next sitting of the Convention. + + 11. That when a Debtor for a Sum below Forty Shillings +shall abscond and leave the County, the Warrant granted as +aforesaid shall extend to any Goods or Chattels of the said +Debtor as may be found, and such Goods or Chattels be seized +and held in Custody by the Constable for the Space of Thirty +Days; in which Term if the Debtor fails to return and discharge +the Debt, the Constable shall return the Warrant to one of the +Select Men of the Company where the Goods and Chattels are +found, who shall issue Orders to the Constable to sell such a +Part of the said Goods as shall amount to the Sum due; that +when the Debt exceeds Forty Shillings, the Return shall be made +to the Convention, who shall issue the Orders for Sale. + + 12. That all Receivers and Collectors of Quitrents, Public +and County Taxes, do pay the same into the Hands of the +Chairman of this Committee, to be by them disbursed as the +public Exigencies may require. And that such Receivers and +Collectors proceed no farther in their Office until they be +approved of by, and have given to this Committee good and +sufficient Security for a faithful Return of such Monies when +collected. + + 13. That the Committee be accountable to the County for +the Application of all Monies received from such public +Officers. + + 14. That all these Officers hold their Commissions during +the Pleasure of their respective Constituents. + + 15. That this Commission will sustain all Damages that may +ever hereafter accrue to all or any of these Officers thus +appointed, and thus acting, on Account of their Obedience and +Conformity to these Resolves. + + 16. That whatever Person shall hereafter receive a +Commission from the Crown, or attempt to exercise any such +Commission heretofore received, shall be deemed an Enemy to +his Country; and upon Information being made to the Captain of +the Company where he resides, the said Captain shall cause him +to be apprehended, and conveyed before the two Select Men of +the said Company, who, upon Proof of the Fact, shall commit him +the said Offender, into safe Custody, until the next setting of +the Convention, who shall deal with him as Prudence may direct. + + 17. That any Person refusing to yield Obedience to the +above Resolves shall be deemed equally criminal, and liable to +the same Punishments as the Offenders above last mentioned. + + 18. That these Resolves be in full Force and Virtue, until +Instructions from the General Congress of this Province, +regulating the Jurisprudence of this Province, shall provide +otherwise, or the legislative Body of Great-Britain resign its +unjust and arbitrary Pretentions with Respect to America. + + 19. That the several Militia Companies in this county do +provide themselves with proper Arms and Accoutrements, and hold +themselves in Readiness to execute the commands and Directions +of the Provincial Congress, and of this committee. + + 20. That this committee do appoint Colonel Thomas Polk, and +Doctor Joseph Kennedy, to purchase 300 lb. of Powder, 600 lb. +of Lead, and 1000 Flints, and deposit the same in some safe +Place, hereafter to be appointed by the committee. + + Signed by Order of the Commitee. + + EPH. BREVARD, Clerk of the Committee + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/choice.txt b/politicalTextFiles/choice.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42a5b5c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/choice.txt @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ + GW> Ain't sayin' which side I'm on here, but relax a bit -- I noticed the + GW> phrase "anti-choice" enter the pro-choicers' vocabulary about the same + GW> time I first heard the term "pro-abortion" used by pro-lifers. The + GW> chicken or the egg, it doesn't matter, but in a battle for public + GW> sentiment, neither side will give up its code words unless the other + GW> one does first -- sounds like a stand-off to me. + + + CHOICESPEAK: + THE LANGUAGE TO ABORT THE CONSCIENCE + +From where Winston stood, it was just possible to read, picked +out on its face in elegant lettering, the three slogans of the +party: + WAR IS PEACE + FREEDOM IS SLAVERY + IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH + 1984, by George Orwell + + Language has always been used for deceitful and misleading + purposes. Misrepresentations, distortions and outright lying + have been employed for ulterior motives throughout all of + recorded history. And, as man has "progressed," his abuse of + language has reached new levels of sophistication and + treachery. + + The abuse of language for devious purposes has been given + several definitions over time. The term "doublespeak" (or + "doubletalk") refers to language which APPEARS to be + meaningful, but is actually a mixture of sense and nonsense. + George Orwell, in his famous novel *1984*, coined the word + "Newspeak," denoting a propagandistic language marked by + ambiguity and contradictions. Its stated purpose: to + "diminish the range of thought." + + Never has language-for-propaganda been more cleverly or + effectively used, however, than by our contemporary + pro-abortionists. To as great an extent as possible, abortion + advocates have conceptualized and debated abortion without + mention of, or attention to, the act itself. For the last + twenty years, they have strived to redefine child-killing as a + "choice." Sadly, their endeavor has met with great success. + One commonly hears, for instance: "Whose CHOICE is it, who + decides?" "This fight is for reproductive CHOICE." + "Pro-lifers are the anti-CHOICE minority." "Pro-CHOICE is not + pro-abortion." "The issue is not abortion, the issue is + CHOICE." And even in the "neutral" media: "Anti-abortion + demonstrators squared off with pro-CHOICE activists." + + Given the spread, like so many cancer cells, of such + pro-abortion euphemisms throughout our language, it is clear + that a new term is necessary to definitively characterize the + pro-abortionists' misleading use of words for propaganda + purposes. The term I propose to serve this purpose is + "Choicespeak," which I define as "propagandistic language + marked by ambiguity and contradictions DESIGNED TO INCREASE + ACCEPTANCE OF THE ANTI-LIFE MENTALITY." + + Specific examples of Choicespeak are not at all hard to find. + A preborn baby becomes, via Choicespeak, the "product of + conception." The scientific fact that a human being's + biological life begins at fertilization (conception) becomes, + via Choicespeak, a "religious view." The killing of a CHILD + becomes, via Choicespeak, the "termination of a PREGNANCY." + (In terms of intent and effect, abortion and childbirth should + be contrasted as follows: CHILDBIRTH is the termination of a + PREGNANCY; ABORTION is the "termination" of a CHILD.) And, + last but not least, abortion --- the killing of an innocent + preborn baby --- becomes, via Choicespeak, a valid "choice" + that a woman may consider. + + Words can be used as weapons so long as there is a target. In + abortion, the targets are easy prey. Simply put, the abortion + industry has wielded its powerfully deceptive words against + vulnerable mothers and the innocent children within their + wombs. Women are exploited; their babies destroyed; men are + alienated. And the family, the very foundation of society, is + assaulted at its core. + + Therefore, the Choicespeaking zealots must be exposed; their + NON-truths must be replaced by THE truth. To do this, one + must be alert when exposed to pro-abortion rhetoric and + anti-life logic. Probe beyond the surface and ascertain the + underlying principles; uncover the real meaning behind the + alluring message. Otherwise, the abortion seducing "Big + Brother" may very well distort YOUR perception and diminish + YOUR "range of thought," increasing your acceptance of and + tolerance for abortion -- a truly unthinkable crime. + + Woe to those who call evil good, + and good evil, + who change the darkness into light, + and light into darkness, + who change bitter into sweet, + and sweet into bitter! (Isaiah 5:20) + +--------------------------------------------------------------- +documentation provided by SCMIS + +David on the Beach in Arizona + + + +... To let live is to live yourself! +--- Blue Wave/TG v2.00 [NR] + * Origin: The Arizona Badlands BBS Casa Grande AZ 6028368336 (85:823/126.0) diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/chron.txt b/politicalTextFiles/chron.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9768b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/chron.txt @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ + +Via Greenlink II +================================================================= + + GREENPEACE WORLD PARK BASE + + ANTARCTIC DIARY 23 + Jan 11,1990 + + +Our Resupply ship the MV Gondwana has left Auckland, New Zealand +on the second leg of this years campaign to have this vast frozen +continent protected as a World Park. This last twelve months +living at Cape Evans has been a remarkable time for me both +personally and as a small part of the world wide movement for +environmental protection. When we left New Zealand on 22nd +December 1988 the challenge was to highlight Antarctica's place +in the mind's of people all around the world. From the many +contacts we have had from many countries and from hearing about +the growing influence of the Green political movement I feel sure +that we humans are collectively changing our awareness of the +natural world and in particular Antarctica's place in natural +order of things. + +It has long been a fear that oil exploration and exploitation was +the biggest and most imminent danger that the natural world faced +in Antarctica. 1989 seems to have been a year full of examples +of the damage that can be done in the polar regions when fuel +spills occur. In our own backyard we saw for ourselves that +where large quantities of fuel are handled the possiblities for +large spills seems to be almost inevitable. The US McMurdo +Station, 25Km to the south has had a series of large fuel spills +in the last eighteen months ( Over 450 000 Litres or nearly 118 +000 US Gals ) and none of these spills have been cleaned up to +date. While we were investigating the environmental impact of +one of these spills in early October we uncovered yet another +fuel spill which was later admitted to be in fact a number of +spills going back as far as 1983 and no records exist of these +periodic spills. This spill site was only 150 Metres from New +Zealand's Scott Base and was on an area of foreshore sea-ice that +thaws each summer thus releasing the contaminating fuel directly +into the sea. + +Both New Zealand and the US are major sponsors of the Minerals +Convention which is an agreement among the Antarctic Treaty +signatory nations. This Convention which is also know around the +world as the Wellington Convention, after the capital city of New +Zealand was negotiated behind closed doors, sets out the +conditions under which minerals can be extracted from Antarctica. + +There are a growing number of governments, now responding to +public opinion at home opposing the ratification of this Minerals +Convention. Australia, France, Italy and Belgium have rejected +the convention and along with a number of other countries are +actively pushing for a comprehensive Envronmental Protection +agreement for Antarctica in the form of a Wilderness Reserve. + +Oil hungry nations and their supporters remain in favour of this +Miners Convention stating that they wish to keep their options +open for future oil exploration of Antarctica while reluctantly +pursuing the more sensible path of energy conservation and the +development of alternative energy systems. + +Well, in my last diary written at World Park Base I found myself +with the treat of oil-exploration in my mind and I haven't +written about the Polar summer that is blazing around me. I +suspect that there are two factors involved in my preoccupation. +The news of the rusting hulk of the Kharg 5 tanker spilling its +contents uncontrollably into the Atlantic off the Morroccan coast +has brought back to me the 1989 events... the Bahia Paraiso - +Anvers Isand Antarctica, the Exxon Valdez - Prince Philips Sound +Alaska, the US South Pole Station, the US airfield McMurdo Sound +Antarctica... all sites of environmental disasters in Polar +regions. The other factor is that as a New Zealander I am +saddened by the fact that my government remains a major sponsor +of a Miners Convention for Antarctica. + +Outside my window the sea-ice is in full-melt and the stretches +of open water are growing before our eyes. In the Cape Evans +area more than twenty Weddell Seals are basking ashore and the +Skua chicks are growing. The amazing thaw that we have +experienced this year continues to feed the thousands of little +streams and dozens of miniature lakes that dot the area. We have +had about two week of settled weather, ideal for preparing the +base for the arrival of our resupply ship and our many old +friends. + +My kindest regards to all our supporters and friends as my time +here at World Park base comes rapidly to and end. + +Phil Doherty. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/chrstlie.txt b/politicalTextFiles/chrstlie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3a43bc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/chrstlie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ + "GIVING THE LIE TO THE CHRISTIAN RIGHTWING" + + Howdy, gang! It's time for another radical-subversive, smutty, +leftwing upload from that old electronic anarchist, Sax Allen, coming to you +very much alive from Free San Francisco! + + In recent weeks, the Reagan/Nixon stacked Supreme Court has +abandoned law and precedent in favor of extreme rightwing ideology and the +Heritage Foundation agenda. They've begun dismantling the progressive changes +for which we all fought so hard and long. They're sabotaging and undermining +important gains in civil rights, abortion, search and seizure, privacy and +separation of church and state. + + Because these rightwing noodle heads are so fond of making up +their own "factoids" and because they're currently pumping out a bunch of +malarkey about America supposedly being a "Christian" nation, and because as +proof of this they're making up religious lies about some of our most +intelligent presidents...for all these reasons I thought you'd enjoy hearing a +few hot words from our founding fathers themselves. Note in particular what +George Washington says! +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + The American Revolution of 1776 was to a large degree led by men +steeped in the rational humanism of the Enlightenment who considered all +established religion a form of barbaric superstition. Thus their insistence on +the separation of church and state, which was universally regarded as the MOST +RADICAL aspect of the American Revolution. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + THOMAS JEFFERSON: + + "Millions of innocent men, women and children, since the +introduction of Christianity, have been burnt, tortured, fined, imprisoned: +yet we have not advanced one inch towards uniformity. What has been the effect +of coercion? To make one half the world fools, and the other half hypocrites. +To suport roguery and error all over the earth." + -- "Notes on the State of Virginia" (1781-82) + + "...the priests indeed have heretofore thought proper to ascribe +to me religious, or rather anti-religious sentiments, of their own fabric, but +such as soothed their resentments against the act of Virginia for establishing +religious freedom. They wished him to be thought atheist, deist, or devil, who +could advocate freedom from their religious dictations. But I have ever +thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for +which we were accountable to him, and not to the priests." + -- Letter to Mrs. Harrison Smith (6 August 1816) + + + JOHN ADAMS: + + "Eight millions of Jews hope for a Messiah more powerful and +glorious than Moses, David, or Solomon; who is to make them as powerful as he +pleases. Some hundreds of millions of Mussulmans [Moslems] expect another +prophet more powerful than Mahomet [Mohammed], who is to spread Islamism over +the whole earth. Hundreds of millions of Christians expect and hope for a +millennium in which Jesus is to reign for a thousand years over the whole world +before it is burnt up. The Hindoos [Hindus] expect another and final +incarnation of Vishnu, who is to do great and wonderful things, I know not +what. All these hopes are founded on real or pretended revelation.... + You and I hope for splendid improvements in human society, and +vast amelioration in the condition of mankind. Our faith may be supposed by +more rational arguments than any of the former." + -- Letter to Thomas Jefferson (24 September 1821) +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + "The Bible is not my book, nor Christianity my profession." + -- Abraham Lincoln + + + "The government of the United States is in no sense founded on +the Christian religion." + -- George Washington + + + "Religion is excellent stuff for keeping common people quiet." + -- Napoleon + + + "When a man is freed of religion, he has a better chance to live +a normal and wholesome life." + -- Sigmund Freud +, he has a better chance to live +a + + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/church.txt b/politicalTextFiles/church.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f6a294 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/church.txt @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ + + + CHURCH AND STATE + + The school all recited in unison ". . .that one Nation, + indivisible, under God, shall not perish from this Earth." + "Now, let's give thanks to the Father for all the + blessings we have received in the pursuit of our studies. + Mr. Jones, will you lead us in the prayer?" + Mr. Jack Jones, the minister of our local Methodist + Church gives a short but inspiring prayer. The entire class + of students respond with a sincere 'Amen'. + They hold the opening ceremony each day in the audi- + torium. Following the prayer, the entire school sings a + song from the hymnal. They are accompanied by the church + organist. No student has ever complained that they didn't + enjoy these morning sessions. Students are excused and go + to their respective classrooms. + The school, sponsored by our church, gains its support + from members of the church who have children attending the + school. Parents became disenchanted with our public school + system. They finally agreed they should have input in + determining the teaching of their children. + In the lower grade public schools, rowdiness had become + an accepted fact of school life. The teachers had simply + lost control over the students. It had become obvious that + teaching was to accommodate slower students. Other students + with more and faster learning abilities were held back. + They were becoming bored and restive. + In junior and senior high schools, the same problems + existed and drug use is becoming evident. Physical violence + is becoming an everyday occurrence. These problems were all + on the minds of parents when they decided to form a school + under the sponsorship of the church. Throughout the history + of this country, churches were in the forefront of educa- + tion. Some of the oldest colleges in the east were started + in the same manner. + In his study and interpretation of the history of + education in the United States, Elwood P. Cubberly (1868- + 1941) demonstrated that in the United States the school + arose everywhere as a child of the church. James F. + Messenger (b. 1872), in his study of the history of + education, points out at time of the framing of the + Constitution of the United States, in 1787, education was + regarded as a matter of church control. (Encyclopedia + Americana) + Back to our school. Several parents had been teachers + in the past and they were hired for the new school. The man + hired as principal also coordinated the lesson plans for all + the classes. The student body had grown to 45 in the past + year alone. + Scholastically, our students scored appreciably higher + than students of the same grades in public schools of our + city. The students were proud of their achievements. The + teachers were proud of their students as were the parents. +  + Our school was gaining a reputation for good, solid educa- + tion. No frills, no pampering, no nonsense. + That our students scored much higher than students in + the public system obviously upset local and state education + authorities. Efforts were started to close the school. + First attack was on the teachers . . . they were not state + accredited. + The school answered that this was a private school and + of no concern to educational authorities. Nevertheless, it + was apparent these people had become concerned. Our + students were learning to become God-fearing, questioning + and upright citizens. They were not robots as were being + churned out in the state run system. + State authorities were not so easily dissuaded and + filed suit in a local court to have the school closed. Our + minister and principal ignored the court order and the + school continued. For a short while, anyway. The local + sheriff came by the church and school with an order for the + school to close down. However, the minister had received a + call from friends and the doors are locked barring their + entry. + Finally, in a show of police power, they forced their + way into the buildings. They actually arrested the minister + and principal for contempt of court. + What was that? They forced their way into the church + and school to arrest the minister and the principal? Is + this still America? Just where do these knotheads find the + authority to pull such a stunt? + Separation of church and state, is their argument. + Where do they find such a statement? They insist our + Constitution guarantees separation of church and state. + Religion belongs to the church and education is a state + function. + Cow paddies! Our Constitution says NO such thing. + These are words of demented idiots. These people are + parroting words which were taken completely out of their + context. This statement is attributed to Thomas Jefferson + and used by bleeding hearts out of it's intent and meaning + for many years. + Let's take a look at what our Constitution has to say + about church and state. + The First Amendment is part of our Bill of Rights. + This specifically prohibits the government from interfering + in special areas such as religion, press, free speech, etc. + + The introductory statement or preamble to the Bill of + Rights makes the intent crystal clear . . . + + "THE Convention of a number of the States, having + at the time of their adopting the Constitution, + expressed a desire, in order to prevent mis- + construction or abuse of its powers, that further + declaratory and restrictive clauses should be + added: And as extending the ground of public +  + confidence in the Government, will best ensure the + beneficent ends of its institution:" (Also from + Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the + Union) + + Not any question about the intent of the First Congress + when it submitted the first twelve amendments to the states + for their approval, is there? Further restraining and + confining clauses to prevent the misunderstanding or abuse + of its powers. This was the high fence around the powers. + They also confined the misuse of those powers by the federal + government. + Back to the First Amendment . . . separation of church + and state? Not a chance. Here is what it has to say about + our RIGHT to religious freedom, opening and operating + schools, etc: + + "Congress shall make no law respecting an es- + tablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free + exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of + speech, or of the press; or the right of the + people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the + Government for a redress of grievances." + + Can you read anything in there which allows them to + close a school or arrest a minister or principal? Of course + not. They would prefer you didn't know what our rights are + so they say we are guaranteed "separation of church and + state." + We are GUARANTEED the right to establish any religion + and to practice it freely as our hearts and consciences + dictate. Our Founding Fathers were religious and Christian + and believed religion was something between an individual + and his Maker. + In 1789, Congress passed an ordinance which declared + that: Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to + good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and + the means of education should ever be encouraged. (Encyclo- + pedia Americana) Religion most certainly not an issue in + which the government could stick its nose. This is one of + those restrictive clauses to prevent an abuse of power! + Is it possible that those who work for government don't + know what our Constitution says either? It is not only + possible but very definitely true. This even though we have + ordered ALL persons who work for a government entity, at any + level, to take an oath to support the document. + Being men of wisdom, the Founding Fathers specified + that no religious test be a qualification to office. (Art + VI, Sec 3) They were firm believers in religious freedom. + For the sake of illustration, let's say that you and + three or four friends get together. You all decide to + worship Isis or a stone or a jaguar, . . . . the idol is + unimportant. The fact remains our Constitution says you + have that RIGHT! And further you have the right to exercise +  + your religious belief freely. + Your friends may not agree with you or your belief and + I may not agree with you. Even government may also disagree + with that belief. Yet they cannot interfere with your + doctrine or the free exercise thereof. First Amendment + guarantees that. There are no changes further on in our + Constitution to say they can obstruct your belief. This is + why they want you to believe there is a guarantee of + separation of church and state. + Going back to our opening illustration, the right to + establish and practice a religious belief was violated. + Also the right to freedom of speech and of the people to + peacefully assemble. All First Amendment guarantees. + How do they get away with it? Because they feel power + and might makes right! And we are fast becoming illiterate + and ignorant concerning our Constitution. At the same time + we are becoming a nation of wimps. It's becoming apparent + as we look around there are no real men anymore. No one has + enough starch in their backbones to tell these people enough + is enough. What has happened to the "land of the free and + the home of the brave?" + These people are seizing and assuming powers which we + did not grant to government at any level. Can you imagine + this happening in this country let's say 200 or even 100 + years ago? People would have been up in arms. And rightly + so. + A quote from an encyclopedia might shed some light on + what our government has in mind for the United States . . . + "In Russia, education is a state monopoly. No + religious schools (apart from a few seminaries for the + special purpose of training priests) or private schools of + any kind are permitted to exist. (And we've seen what is + going on there. They have people who don't know how to wind + a watch.) + Teaching in the schools must emphasize scientific + materialism and exclude any consideration of the super- + natural." (Encyclopedia Americana) God is a no-no! + If you have a chance to see the original or true copy + of our Constitution, you will see WE THE PEOPLE on the first + line of the Preamble. We agreed to and established the + Constitution giving permission and authority for our + government. + This is a fixed and immutable document changeable only + by the ones who gave the authority for government . . . WE + THE PEOPLE. (Art V) There is nothing in the document which + gives the right to anyone in government to enlarge their + sphere of power or authority. + By our permission, they were given authority and + jurisdiction to govern. When they exceed granted powers, + they are breaking the law and violating the trust we imposed + in them. By such an act their jurisdiction ceases. Alex- + ander Hamilton pointed out in the Federalist Papers (No. 78) + that 'No legislative act, therefore, contrary to the Consti- + tution can be valid.'  + Let's take a look at how the federales are observing + this guaranteed right to free exercise of our religious + beliefs. Would it surprise you to hear that they don't + believe we have it? + The Internal Revenue Service, part of the executive + branch, have regulations which have a direct or implied + consent of the Congress. They can decide if a church + doesn't conform to what they term is a conventional + religious belief. By a simple letter they can then say you + are not a church and take away your tax exempt status. + Further restrictive clauses mentioned in the preamble + to the Bill of Rights has a hollow ring. I'll have to admit + it really generates confidence in our government, doesn't + it? + Looking a little further in our Bill of Rights, two + more amendments will make our point. The Ninth and Tenth + are clear to anyone that no power or authority not expressly + granted can be seized. These were included just in case + someone in government decided our Constitution and Bill of + Rights didn't mean what they say. Let's see what they say + and you will understand why governments really wish they + didn't exist. + + Article IX + The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain + rights, shall not be construed to deny or + disparage others retained by the people. + Article X + The powers not delegated to the United States + by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the + States, are reserved to the States respectively or + to the people. + + Not difficult to understand, are they? Then why were + the people arrested or the church and school closed? We + have to reassert ourselves and assume the power of directing + our governments to their intended roles. We have elected + people to Congress who break the law by violating constitu- + tional restrictions and the oath they took to support the + document. Throw them out of office! Drastic? Not at all. + Look at what they are doing to us. Those appointed deserve + to have civil suits filed in federal courts for violation of + our constitutional rights. + Relying on Supreme Court decisions as a guide to filing + suits in court is normally a false hope. First, the Supreme + Court has NO authority under our form of government to make + law. Their decisions are just that . . . decisions . . . + only opinions! The basis for federal suits are the + Constitution and what our Founding Fathers determined and + established for our new government. + Nevertheless, there are many older decisions which do + substantiate our stand. Intensive research will find those. + By staying strictly within constitutional authority, they + have no where to turn to disagree or argue against. +  + Petitions for Redress of Grievances can be effective. + Send them to all members of Congress together with anyone + else in the bureaucracy with a suggestion of power. This is + First Amendment right. Send any Petitions for Redress of + Grievances via certified mail. It wouldn't be the first + time bureaucrats have 'lost' mail when they haven't had to + sign for it. Phone calls and letters to members of Congress + are a must. Ask questions about assuming powers we did not + confer . . . about the oath they have taken to support the + document etc. + Before someone takes me to task for the statement that + the Founding Fathers were Christians, let me point out the + last page of the Constitution. When the delegates affixed + their signatures before it was sent to the Congress for its + submission to the states we find: + "DONE in Convention, by the Unanimous Consent of + the States present the Seventeenth Day of + September in the Year of Our Lord one thousand + seven hundred and Eighty seven . . . ." + The opening illustration was not hypothetical. + Incidents like this are occurring with frightening regular- + ity. Media reports show there are over 6000 cases now + pending between religious organizations and the federal + government. + To allow these people to destroy our country and form + of government, all good people need to do is nothing! What + will you tell your posterity? How will you justify it? Or + is it simply that you don't want to become involved . . . + let your children or grandchildren worry about it them- + selves? + There is a point where the exercise of their power + stops . . that's when we stand firm and say don't cross this + line. + Young minds are fertile ground. The state wants + control of education to mold these minds to their view. + They WANT robots. Let's deny them the power. + + + PLEASE SUPPORT SHAREWARE BY REGISTERING WITH THE AUTHOR.  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cia-doc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cia-doc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5e85a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cia-doc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2200 @@ + THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1990 + ELECTRONIC VERSION + + The World Factbook is produced annually by the Central Intelligence +Agency for the use of United States Government officials, and the style, +format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific +requirements. Comments and queries are welcome and may be addressed to: + + Central Intelligence Agency + Attn: Public Affairs + Washington, DC 20505 + (703) 351-2053 + +.pa + Table of Contents + +Text (249 nations, dependent areas, and other entities) + Afghanistan + Albania + Algeria + American Samoa + Andorra + Angola + Anguilla + Antarctica + Antigua and Barbuda + Arctic Ocean + Argentina + Aruba + Ashmore and Cartier Islands + Atlantic Ocean + Australia + Austria + + Bahamas, The + Bahrain + Baker Island + Bangladesh + Barbados + Bassas da India + Belgium + Belize + Benin + Bermuda + Bhutan + Bolivia + Botswana + Bouvet Island + Brazil + British Indian Ocean Territory + British Virgin Islands + Brunei + Bulgaria + Burkina + Burma + Burundi + + Cambodia + Cameroon + Canada + Cape Verde + Cayman Islands + Central African Republic + Chad + Chile + China (also see separate Taiwan entry) + Christmas Island + Clipperton Island + Cocos (Keeling) Islands + Colombia + Comoros + Congo + Cook Islands + Coral Sea Islands + Costa Rica + Cuba + Cyprus + Czechoslovakia + + Denmark + Djibouti + Dominica + Dominican Republic + + Ecuador + Egypt + El Salvador + Equatorial Guinea + Ethiopia + Europa Island + + Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) + Faroe Islands + Fiji + Finland + France + French Guiana + French Polynesia + French Southern and Antarctic Lands + + Gabon + Gambia, The + Gaza Strip + German Democratic Republic + (East Germany) + Germany, Federal Republic of + (West Germany) + Ghana + Gibraltar + Glorioso Islands + Greece + Greenland + Grenada + Guadeloupe + Guam + Guatemala + Guernsey + Guinea + Guinea-Bissau + Guyana + + Haiti + Heard Island and McDonald Islands + Honduras + Hong Kong + Howland Island + Hungary + + Iceland + India + Indian Ocean + Indonesia + Iran + Iraq + Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone + Ireland + Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) + Italy + Ivory Coast + + Jamaica + Jan Mayen + Japan + Jarvis Island + Jersey + Johnston Atoll + Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) + Juan de Nova Island + + Kenya + Kingman Reef + Kiribati + Korea, North + Korea, South + Kuwait + + Laos + Lebanon + Lesotho + Liberia + Libya + Liechtenstein + Luxembourg + + Macau + Madagascar + Malawi + Malaysia + Maldives + Mali + Malta + Man, Isle of + Marshall Islands + Martinique + Mauritania + Mauritius + Mayotte + Mexico + Micronesia, Federated States of + Midway Islands + Monaco + Mongolia + Montserrat + Morocco + Mozambique + + Namibia + Nauru + Navassa Island + Nepal + Netherlands + Netherlands Antilles + New Caledonia + New Zealand + Nicaragua + Niger + Nigeria + Niue + Norfolk Island + Northern Mariana Islands + Norway + + Oman + + Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the + (Palau) + Pacific Ocean + Pakistan + Palmyra Atoll + Panama + Papua New Guinea + Paracel Islands + Paraguay + Peru + Philippines + Pitcairn Islands + Poland + Portugal + Puerto Rico + + Qatar + + Reunion + Romania + Rwanda + + St. Helena + St. Kitts and Nevis + St. Lucia + St. Pierre and Miquelon + St. Vincent and the Grenadines + San Marino + Sao Tome and Principe + Saudi Arabia + Senegal + Seychelles + Sierra Leone + Singapore + Solomon Islands + Somalia + South Africa + South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands + Soviet Union + Spain + Spratly Islands + Sri Lanka + Sudan + Suriname + Svalbard + Swaziland + Sweden + Switzerland + Syria + + Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe + Tanzania + Thailand + Togo + Tokelau + Tonga + Trinidad and Tobago + Tromelin Island + Tunisia + Turkey + Turks and Caicos Islands + Tuvalu + + Uganda + United Arab Emirates + United Kingdom + United States + Uruguay + + Vanuatu + Vatican City + Venezuela + Vietnam + Virgin Islands + + Wake Island + Wallis and Futuna + West Bank + Western Sahara + Western Samoa + World + + Yemen Arab Republic + {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} + Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of + {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen} + Yugoslavia + + Zaire + Zambia + Zimbabwe + + Taiwan + +Appendix A: The United Nations System +Appendix B: International Organizations +Appendix C: Country Membership in International Organizations +Appendix D: Weights and Measures +Appendix E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + +Note: all maps will be available only in the printed version for the + foreseeable future +.pa + Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations + +There have been some significant changes in this edition. In the +Government section the former Branches entry has been replaced by +three entries--Executive branch, Legislative branch, and Judicial +branch. The Leaders entry now has subentries for Chief of State, +Head of Government, and their deputies. The Elections entry has +been completely redone with information for each branch of the +national government, including the date for the last election, the +date for the next election, results (percent of vote by candidate or +party), and current distribution of seats by party. In the Economy +section there is a new entry on Illicit drugs. + +Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations) + + avdp. avoirdupois + c.i.f. cost, insurance, and freight + CY calendar year + DWT deadweight ton + est. estimate + Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United States + f.o.b. free on board + FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) + FY fiscal year + GDP gross domestic product + GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany) + GNP gross national product + GRT gross register ton + km kilometer + km2 square kilometer + kW kilowatt + kWh kilowatt-hour + m meter + NA not available + NEGL negligible + nm nautical mile + NZ New Zealand + ODA official development assistance + OOF other official flows + PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen + (Aden) or South Yemen} + UAE United Arab Emirates + UK United Kingdom + US United States + USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) + YAR Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} + +Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and +first-order administrative divisions are generally those approved by the +United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) as of 5 April 1990. Changes +that have been reported but not yet acted upon by BGN are noted. + +Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited +by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the +aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or +coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). +Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents. Most entities +are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller +entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles2) or +The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, 0.23 miles2, 146 acres). + +Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year +per 1,000 population at midyear. Also known as crude birth rate. + +Contributors: Information was provided by the Bureau of the +Census (Department of Commerce), Central Intelligence Agency, +Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of +State, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Navy Operational +Intelligence Center and Maritime Administration (merchant marine data), +Office of Territorial and International Affairs (Department of the +Interior), United States Board on Geographic Names, United States +Coast Guard, and others. + +Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 +January 1990 was used in the preparation of this edition. Population +figures are estimates for 1 July 1990, with population growth rates +estimated for mid-1990 through mid-1991. Major political events have +been updated through 30 March 1990. Military age figures are average +annual estimates for 1990-94. + +Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year +per l,000 population at midyear. Also known as crude death rate. + +Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic +relations with 162 nations. There are only 144 US embassies, since some +nations have US ambassadors accredited to them, but no physical US +mission exists. The US has diplomatic relations with 149 of the 159 UN +members--the exceptions are Albania, Angola, Byelorussia (constituent +republic of the Soviet Union), Cambodia, Cuba, Iran, Vietnam, People's +Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}, Ukraine +(constituent republic of the Soviet Union) and, obviously, the US itself. +In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 13 nations that are not +in the UN--Andorra, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, +Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Korea, +Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Vatican City. North Korea is not in +the UN and the US does not have diplomatic relations with that nation. +The US has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and +Lithuania into the Soviet Union and continues to accredit the diplomatic +representatives of their last free governments. + +Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations +that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral +claims of one sort or another. Every international land boundary +dispute in the "Guide to International Boundaries," a map published +by the Department of State, is included. References to other situations +may also be included that are border- or frontier-relevant, such as +maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. +However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance +or recognition by the US Government. + +Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special +sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not +independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US +Government. Nation refers to a people politically organized into a +sovereign state with a definite territory. Dependent area refers to a +broad category of political entities that are associated in some way +with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually the short-form +names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. The +long-form name is included in the Government section and an entry +of "none" indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some +instances, no short-form name exists--then the long-form name must +serve for all usages. + +There are 249 entities in the Factbook that may be categorized as +follows: + +NATIONS +157 UN members (there are 159 members in the UN, but only 157 are + included in The World Factbook because Byelorussia and Ukraine are + constituent republics of the Soviet Union) + 15 nations that are not members of the UN--Andorra, Federated States of + Micronesia, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, + Namibia, Nauru, North Korea, San Marino, South Korea, Switzerland, + Tonga, Tuvalu, Vatican City + +OTHER + 1 Taiwan + +DEPENDENT AREAS + 6 Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, + Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and + McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island + 2 Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland + 16 France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, + French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic + Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, + Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, St. Pierre and + Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + 2 Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles + 3 New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau + 3 Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard + 1 Portugal--Macau + 16 United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, + British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, + Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, + Pitcairn Islands, St. Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich + Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands + 15 United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, + Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, + Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, + Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), + Virgin Islands, Wake Island + +MISCELLANEOUS + 7 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone, + Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara + +OTHER ENTITIES + 4 oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean + 1 World +=== +249 total + +Notes: The US Government has not recognized the incorporation of +Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union as constituent +republics during World War II. Those Baltic states are not members of the +UN and are not included in the list of nations. The US Government does +not recognize the four so-called "independent" homelands of +Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa. + +Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and +services produced domestically. + +Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and +services produced domestically, plus income earned abroad, minus +income earned by foreigners from domestic production. + +GNP/GDP methodology: GNP/GDP dollar estimates for the OECD +countries, the USSR, Eastern Europe, and a portion of the developing +countries, are derived from @m5purchasing power parity (PPP) +calculations rather than from conversions at official currency exchange +rates. The PPP methods involve the use of average price weights, +which lie between the weights of the domestic and foreign price systems; +using these weights, US $100 converted into German marks by a PPP +method will buy an equal amount of goods and services in both the US +and Germany. One caution: the proportion of, say, military expenditures +as a percent of GNP/GDP in local currency accounts may differ +substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP is expressed in PPP dollar +terms, as, for example, when an observer estimates the dollar level of +Soviet or Japanese military expenditures. Similarly, dollar figures for +exports and imports reflect the price patterns of international +markets rather than PPP price patterns. + +Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the +population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over +deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. +The rate may be positive or negative. + +Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit +drugs--narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, +and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and +prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold +outside medical channels. + + Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, provides +hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, +Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), +hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). + + Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush and the leaves contain the stimulant +cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa which comes from cacao +seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. + + Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. + + Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and +include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, +phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone +(Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, +Valmid). + + Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, +emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. + + Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that +results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an +individual. + + Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, +self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), +mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, +STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues +(PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). + + Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant +(Cannabis sativa). + + Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. + + Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant +(Cannabis sativa). + + Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to +opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics +include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), +codeine (Tylenol w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and +thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and +hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or +Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and +others (Darvon, Lomotil). + + Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the +opium poppy. + + Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and +semisynthetic narcotics. + + Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried +opium poppy. + + Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis +that is chewed or drunk as tea. + + Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and +activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, +Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and +others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). + +Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one +year of age in a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same +year. + +Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as +@m5arable land--land cultivated for crops that are replanted after +each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); @m5permanent crops--land +cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest +(citrus, coffee, rubber); @m5meadows and pastures--land permanently +used for herbaceous forage crops; @m5forest and woodland--land under +dense or open stands of trees; and @m5other--any land type not +specifically mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The +percentage figure for irrigated refers to the portion of the entire +amount of land area that is artificially supplied with water. + +Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country +who represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not +involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head +of government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day +activities of the government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief +of state and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US, +the President is both the chief of state and the head of government. + +Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived +by a group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each +age remains constant in the future. + +Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent +some national claims from being fully extended. + +Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All +commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which +excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc. Also, a +grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register. + + Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory, +possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships +owned in the parent country. Also referred to as an offshore register, +the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive +register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local +variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation +rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive +register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent +country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned +abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience +register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. + + Flag of convenience register--A national register offering +registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major +flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue +of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal +manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having +relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in the flag +state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a +given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority +of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an +open register. + + Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which +holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home +or abroad. Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine +how a ship is manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be +placed on the register. + + Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of +a national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national +flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of +maritime rules from those on the main national register. These +differences usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by +foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state +(when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International +Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most +notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental +in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and in +attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags. + + Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of +freight. Commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately +restricted to commercial vessels only. + + Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as +listed with the maritime authorities of a country. Also, the +compendium of such individual ships' registrations. Registration of +a ship provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws +of the country in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the +nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. + +Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars +unless otherwise indicated. + +Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons +entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons +(based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the +country is referred to as net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 +population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net +emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). + +Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census +based on statistics from population censuses, vital registration +systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on +assumptions about future trends. + +Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would +be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing +years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. + +Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless +indicated as fiscal year (FY). +.pa + Appendix A: The United Nations System + + The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate +agencies and bodies as follows: + +1) Secretariat: + UNDRO United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator's Office + +2) General Assembly: + INSTRAW International Research and Training Institute for the + Advancement of Women + UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) + UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development + UNDP United Nations Development Program + UNEP United Nations Environment Program + UNFPA United Nations Population Fund + UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees + UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund + UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research + UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research + UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development + UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine + Refugees in the Near East + UNSP United Nations Special Fund + UNU United Nations University + UP University for Peace + WFC World Food Council + WFP World Food Program + +3) Security Council: + UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission + UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force + UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus + UNGOMAP United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and + Pakistan + UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon + UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group + UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and + Pakistan + UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group + UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization + +4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): + Specialized agencies + FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations + IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization + IDA International Development Association + IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development + IFC International Finance Corporation + ILO International Labor Organization + IMF International Monetary Fund + IMO International Maritime Organization + ITU International Telecommunication Union + MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency + UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization + UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization + UPU Universal Postal Union + WHO World Health Organization + WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization + WMO World Meteorological Organization + Related organizations + GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade + IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency + Regional commissions + ECA Economic Commission for Africa + ECE Economic Commission for Europe + ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean + ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific + ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + Functional commissions + Commission on Human Rights + Commission on Narcotic Drugs + Commission for Social Development + Commission on the Status of Women + Population Commission + Statistical Commission + +5) Trusteeship Council + +6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) +.pa + Appendix B: International Organizations + +ACC Arab Cooperation Council +ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (assoc. with EC) +ADB Asian Development Bank +AfDB African Development Bank +AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development +AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries +AL Arab League or League of Arab States +AMF Arab Monetary Fund +AMU Arab Maghreb Union +--- Andean Pact +ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries +ANZUS ANZUS Council +AP Andean Pact +APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Association +ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations +ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council +ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association +--- Association of Tin Producing Countries + +BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa +BCIE Central American Bank for Economic Integration +Benelux Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union +BIS Bank for International Settlements +BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union +BOAD West African Development Bank + +C Commonwealth +CACM Central American Common Market +CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity +CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market +CCC Customs Cooperation Council +CDB Caribbean Development Bank +CE Council of Europe +CEAO West African Economic Community +CEEAC Economic Community of Central African States +CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (sometimes CMEA or + Comecon) +CENTO Central Treaty Organization +CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries +CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research +CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel +CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries +CMEA see CEMA +Comecon see CEMA +--- Conference of East and Central African States +CP Colombo Plan + +DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD) + +EADB East African Development Bank +EAMA African States associated with the EC +EC European Communities +ECA Economic Commission for Africa (UN) +ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN) +ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America (UN) +ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN) +ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN) +ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States +ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia (UN) +EFTA European Free Trade Association +EIB European Investment Bank +EMS European Monetary System +Entente Council of the Entente +ESA European Space Agency +ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN) +ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN) + +FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (UN) +FZ Franc Zone + +G-8 Group of Eight +G-10 Group of Ten +G-77 Group of 77 +GA General Assembly (UN) +GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (UN) +GCC Gulf Cooperation Council + +IADB Inter-American Development Bank +IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (UN) +IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers +IBA International Bauxite Association +IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation +IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or + World Bank (UN) +ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee +ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (UN) +ICC International Chamber of Commerce +ICCO International Cocoa Organization +ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration +ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration +ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions +ICJ International Court of Justice (UN) +ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration +ICO International Coffee Organization +ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross +IDA International Development Association (IBRD affiliate, UN) +IDB Inter-American Development Bank +IDB Islamic Development Bank +IEA International Energy Agency (associated with OECD) +IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development (UN) +IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD affiliate, UN) +IHO International Hydrographic Organization +IIB International Investment Bank +ILO International Labor Organization (UN) +ILZSG International Lead and Zinc Study Group +IMF International Monetary Fund (UN) +IMO International Maritime Organization (UN) +INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization +INRO International Natural Rubber Organization +INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization +IOC International Olympic Committee +IOOC International Olive Oil Council +IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union +IRC International Rice Council +ISO International Sugar Organization +ITC International Tin Council +ITU International Telecommunication Union (UN) +IWC International Whaling Commission +IWC International Wheat Council +LAES Latin American Economic System +LAIA Latin American Integration Association +--- Lake Chad Basin Commission +LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies +--- Mano River Commission +--- Mekong Committee +MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency + +NAM Nonaligned Movement +NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization +NC Nordic Council +NCC Nordic Council of Ministers +NEA Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD) +NIB Nordic Investment Bank +--- Niger River Commission +--- Nordic Council + +OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries +OAS Organization of American States +OAU Organization of African Unity +OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization +ODECA Organization of Central American States +OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development +OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States +OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference +OMVS Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley +OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America + and the Caribbean +OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries + +PAHO Pan American Health Organization +PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration + +SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation +SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference +SC Security Council (UN) +SELA Latin American Economic System +SPC South Pacific Commission +SPEC South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation +SPF South Pacific Forum + +TC Trusteeship Council (UN) +TDB Trade and Development Board (UN) + +UDEAC Central African Customs and Economic Union +UEAC Union of Central African States +UN United Nations +UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development +UNDP UN Development Program +UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization +UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees +UNICEF UN Children's Fund +UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization +UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries +UPU Universal Postal Union (UN) + +WCL World Confederation of Labor +WEU Western European Union +WFC World Food Council (UN) +WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions +WHO World Health Organization (UN) +WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization (UN) +WMO World Meteorological Organization (UN) +WP Warsaw Pact +WPC World Peace Council +WSG International Wool Study Group +WTO World Tourism Organization +.pa + Appendix C: Country Membership in International Organizations + + This information is currently available only as a table in the +printed version of The World Factbook 1990. For the 1991 edition a new +textual format will be adopted that will greatly expand the breadth and +depth of coverage to include many more organizations with complete name, +acronym or abbreviation, date established, aim, and list of members. +.pa + Appendix D: Weights and Measures + + Mathematical Notation + + Mathematical Power Name +10 +18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion +10 +15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion +10 +12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion +10 +9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion +10 +6 or 1,000,000 one million +10 +3 or 1,000 one thousand +10 +2 or 100 one hundred +10 +1 or 10 ten +10 +0 or 1 one +10 -1 or 0.1 one tenth +10 -2 or 0.01 one hundredth +10 -3 or 0.001 one thousandth +10 -6 or 0.000 001 one millionth +10 -9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth +10 -12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth +10 -15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth +10 -18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth + +Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, +liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from +kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) +or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals +9.26 kilometers) + Length, + weight, +Prefix Symbol capacity Area Volume +------ ------ -------- ------ ------- +exa E 10 +18 10 +36 10 +54 +peta P 10 +15 10 +30 10 +45 +tera T 10 +12 10 +24 10 +36 +giga G 10 +9 10 +18 10 +27 +mega M 10 +6 10 +12 10 +18 +hectokilo hk 10 +5 10 +10 10 +15 +myria ma 10 +4 10 +8 10 +12 +kilo k 10 +3 10 +6 10 +9 +hecto h 10 +2 10 +4 10 +6 +deka da 10 +1 10 +2 10 +3 +basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter2 1 meter3 + 1 gram, + 1 liter +deci d 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 +centi c 10 -2 10 -4 10 -6 +milli m 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 +decimilli dm 10 -4 10 -8 10 -12 +centimilli cm 10 -5 10 -10 10 -15 +micro u 10 -6 10 -12 10 -18 +nano n 10 -9 10 -18 10 -27 +pico p 10 -12 10 -24 10 -36 +femto f 10 -15 10 -30 10 -45 +atto a 10 -18 10 -36 10 -54 + +======================================================================== + + EQUIVALENTS + + The exponents 2 and 3 are used for square and cubic, respectively. +Name Metric Equivalents +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet2 +acre 4,046,856 4 meters2 4,840 yards2 +acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles2, + kilometers2 statute +are 100 meters2 119.599 yards2 +barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons + (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons + (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons +bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks +cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms +chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet +cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters3 128 feet3 +cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) +degrees, celsius (water boils at 100 multiply by 1.8 and add + degrees C, freezes at 32 to obtain degrees F + 0 degrees C) +degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide (water boils at 212 + by 1.8 to obtain degrees F, freezes at + degrees C 32 degrees F) +dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois +dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy +dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid +fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet +foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches +foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards +foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute +foot2 929.030 4 centimeters2 144 inches2 +foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters2 0.111 111 1 yards2 +foot3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons +foot3 0.028 316 847 meters3 1,728 inches3 +furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards +gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid +gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid +grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. +gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. +hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches +hectare 10,000 meters2 2.471 053 8 acres +hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois +hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois +inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet +inch2 6.451 6 centimeters2 0.006 944 44 feet2 +inch3 16.387 064 centimeters3 0.000 578 7 feet3 +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid +kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avoirdupois +kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute +kilometer2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres +kilometer2 1,000,000 meters2 0.386 102 16 miles2, statute +knot (1 nautical mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour +league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical +league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute +link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches +liter 0.001 meters3 61.023 74 inches3 +liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry +liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid +meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards +meter2 10,000 centimeters2 1.195 990 yards2 +meter3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards3 +micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches +mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch +mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute +mile2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers2 1.325 miles2, statute +mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs +mile2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section +mile2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers2 0.755 miles2, nautical +minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid +ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains +ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid +ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains +pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches +peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry +pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains +pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry +pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid +point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches +pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois +pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy +quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry +quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid +quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. +rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards +scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains +section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers2 1 mile2, statute or 640 acres +span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches +stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards3 +tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons +teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons +ton, long or deadweight 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avoirdupois +ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters3 100 feet3 +ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois +township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers2 36 miles2, statute +yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet +yard2 0.836 127 36 meters2 9 feet2 +yard3 0.764 554 86 meters3 27 feet3 +yard3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons +.pa + Appendix E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + + This list indicates where various names including all United States Foreign +Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or geographical +portions of larger entities can be found in The WORLD FACTBOOK +are not necessarily those approved by the United States Board on Geographic +Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses, additional +information is included in brackets. + +Name Entry in the WORLD FACTBOOK +------------------------------ --------------------------------------- +Abidjan (US Embassy) Ivory Coast +Abu Dhabi (US Embassy) United Arab Emirates +Acapulco (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Accra (US Embassy) Ghana +Adana (US Consulate) Turkey +Addis Ababa (US Embassy) Ethiopia +Adelaide (US Consular Agency) Australia +Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica + (claimed by France) +Aden (US post not maintained, Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of + representation by British + Embassy) +Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea +Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Aegean Islands Greece +Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Afars and Issas, French Djibouti + Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) +Agalega Islands Mauritius +Aland Islands Finland +Alaska United States +Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Aldabra Islands Seychelles +Alderney Guernsey +Aleutian Islands United States +Alexander Island Antarctica +Alexandria (US Consulate General) Egypt +Algiers (US Embassy) Algeria +Alhucemas, Penon de Spain +Alphonse Island Seychelles +Amami Strait Pacific Ocean +Amindivi Islands India +Amirante Isles Seychelles +Amman (US Embassy) Jordan +Amsterdam (US Consulate General) Netherlands +Amsterdam Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands + (Ile Amsterdam) +Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean +Amur China; Soviet Union +Andaman Islands India +Andaman Sea Indian Ocean +Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean +Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan +Anjouan Comoros +Ankara (US Embassy) Turkey +Annobon Equatorial Guinea +Antananarivo (US Embassy) Madagascar +Antipodes Islands New Zealand +Antwerp (US Consulate General) Belgium +Aozou Strip (claimed by Libya) Chad +Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Arabian Sea Indian Ocean +Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean +Argun China; Soviet Union +Ascension Island St. Helena +Assumption Island Seychelles +Asuncion (US Embassy) Paraguay +Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands +Atacama Chile +Athens (US Embassy) Greece +Attu United States +Auckland (US Consulate General) New Zealand +Auckland Islands New Zealand +Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Axel Heiberg Island Canada +Azores Portugal +Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean + +Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean +Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean +Babuyan Islands Philippines +Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean +Baffin Island Canada +Baghdad (US Embassy) Iraq +Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean +Balearic Islands Spain +Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean +Bali (US Consular Agency) Indonesia +Bali Sea Indian Ocean +Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean +Balintang Islands Philippines +Balleny Islands Antarctica +Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Baluchistan Afghanistan; Iran; Pakistan +Bamako (US Embassy) Mali +Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati +Bandar Seri Begawan (US Embassy) Brunei +Banda Sea Pacific Ocean +Bangkok (US Embassy) Thailand +Bangui (US Embassy) Central African Republic +Banjul (US Embassy) Gambia, The +Banks Island Canada +Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu +Barcelona (US Consulate General) Spain +Barents Sea Arctic Ocean +Barranquilla (US Consulate) Colombia +Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean +Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean +Bass Strait Indian Ocean +Batan Islands Philippines +Bavaria (Bayern) Germany, Federal Republic of +Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean +Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard +Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean +Bechuanaland Botswana +Beijing (US Embassy) China +Beirut (US Embassy) Lebanon +Belem (US Consular Agency) Brazil +Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia +Belfast (US Consulate General) United Kingdom +Belgian Congo Zaire +Belgrade (US Embassy) Yugoslavia +Belize City (US Embassy) Belize +Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean +Belmopan Belize +Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean +Bering Sea Pacific Ocean +Bering Strait Pacific Ocean +Berkner Island Antarctica +Berlin, East (US Embassy) German Democratic Republic +Berlin, West (US Mission) Germany, Federal Republic of +Bern (US Embassy) Switzerland +Bessarabia Romania; Soviet Union +Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau +Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands +Bilbao (US Consulate) Spain +Bioko Equatorial Guinea +Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Bishop Rock United Kingdom +Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean +Bissau (US Embassy) Guinea-Bissau +Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard +Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Black Sea Atlantic Ocean +Boa Vista Cape Verde +Bogota (US Embassy) Colombia +Bombay (US Consulate General) India +Bonaire Netherlands Antilles +Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bonin Islands Japan +Bonn (US Embassy) Federal Republic of Germany +Bophuthatswana South Africa +Bora-Bora French Polynesia +Bordeaux (US Consulate General) France +Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Bornholm Denmark +Bosporus Atlantic Ocean +Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea +Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean +Bounty Islands New Zealand +Brasilia (US Embassy) Brazil +Brazzaville (US Embassy) Congo +Bridgetown (US Embassy) Barbados +Brisbane (US Consulate) Australia +British East Africa Kenya +British Guiana Guyana +British Honduras Belize +British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands +British Somaliland Somalia +Brussels (US Embassy, US Mission Belgium + to European Communities, US + Mission to the North Atlantic + Treaty Organization or USNATO) +Bucharest (US Embassy) Romania +Budapest (US Embassy) Hungary +Buenos Aires (US Embassy) Argentina +Bujumbura (US Embassy) Burundi + +Cabinda Angola +Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean +Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands +Cairo (US Embassy) Egypt +Calcutta (US Consulate General) India +Calgary (US Consulate General) Canada +California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Campbell Island New Zealand +Canal Zone Panama +Canary Islands Spain +Canberra (US Embassy) Australia +Cancun (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Canton (Guangzhou) China +Canton Island Kiribati +Cape Town (US Consulate General) South Africa +Caracas (US Embassy) Venezuela +Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius +Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of; + Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Casablanca (US Consulate General) Morocco +Cato Island Australia +Cebu (US Consulate) Philippines +Celebes Indonesia +Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean +Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Central African Empire Central African Republic +Ceuta Spain +Ceylon Sri Lanka +Chafarinas, Islas Spain +Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory +Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey +Chatham Islands New Zealand +Cheju-do Korea, South +Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean +Chengdu (US Consulate General) China +Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia + (Iles Chesterfield) +Chiang Mai (US Consulate General) Thailand +Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean +China, People's Republic of China +China, Republic of Taiwan +Choiseul Solomon Islands +Christchurch (US Consular Agency) New Zealand +Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Australia +Christmas Island (Pacific Ocean) Kiribati + (Kiritimati) +Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean +Ciskei South Africa +Ciudad Juarez (US Consulate Mexico + General) +Cochabamba (US Consular Agency) Bolivia +Coco, Isla del Costa Rica +Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombo (US Embassy) Sri Lanka +Colon (US Consular Agency) Panama +Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador + (Galapagos Islands) +Commander Islands Soviet Union + (Komandorskiye Ostrova) +Conakry (US Embassy) Guinea +Congo (Brazzaville) Congo +Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire +Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire +Con Son Islands Vietnam +Cook Strait Pacific Ocean +Copenhagen (US Embassy) Denmark +Coral Sea Pacific Ocean +Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua +Corsica France +Cosmoledo Group Seychelles +Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast +Cotonou (US Embassy) Benin +Crete Greece +Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Curacao (US Consulate General) Netherlands Antilles +Cusco (US Consular Agency) Peru + +Dahomey Benin +Daito Islands Japan +Dakar (US Embassy) Senegal +Daman (Damao) India +Damascus (US Embassy) Syria +Danger Atoll Cook Islands +Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Danzig (Gdansk) Poland +Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam +Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean +Dar es Salaam (US Embassy) Tanzania +Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean +Deception Island Antarctica +Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean +D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea +Devon Island Canada +Dhahran (US Consulate General) Saudi Arabia +Dhaka (US Embassy) Bangladesh +Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory +Diego Ramirez Chile +Diomede Islands Soviet Union (Big Diomede); United States + (Little Diomede) +Diu India +Djibouti (US Embassy) Djibouti +Dodecanese Greece +Doha (US Embassy) Qatar +Douala (US Consulate General) Cameroon +Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean +Dubai (US Consulate General) United Arab Emirates +Dublin (US Embassy) Ireland +Durango (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Durban (US Consulate General) South Africa +Dusseldorf (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany +Dutch East Indies Indonesia +Dutch Guiana Suriname + +East China Sea Pacific Ocean +Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile +Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean + Strait or Tsushima Strait) +East Germany German Democratic Republic +East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean + Channel or Tsushima Strait) +East Pakistan Bangladesh +East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean +East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia +Edinburgh (US Consulate General) United Kingdom +Elba Italy +Ellef Ringnes Island Canada +Ellesmere Island Canada +Ellice Islands Tuvalu +Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea +Enderbury Island Kiribati +Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands +England United Kingdom +English Channel Atlantic Ocean +Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands +Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece +Eritrea Ethiopia +Essequibo (claimed by Venezuela) Guyana +Estonia Soviet Union (de facto) +Etorofu Soviet Union (de facto) + +Farquhar Group Seychelles +Fernando de Noronha Brazil +Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea +Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Florence (US Consulate General) Italy +Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean +Formosa Taiwan +Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean +Fort-de-France Martinique + (US Consulate General) +Frankfurt am Main Federal Republic of Germany + (US Consulate General) +Franz Josef Land Soviet Union +Freetown (US Embassy) Sierra Leone +French Cameroon Cameroon +French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +French Guinea Guinea +French Sudan Mali +French Territory of the Afars Djibouti + and Issas (F.T.A.I.) +French Togo Togo +Friendly Islands Tonga +Fukuoka (US Consulate) Japan +Funchal (US Consular Agency) Portugal +Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna + +Gaborone (US Embassy) Botswana +Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador + de Colon) +Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean +Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia +Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean +Geneva (Branch Office of the US Switzerland + Embassy, US Mission to European + Office of the UN and Other + International Organizations) +Genoa (US Consulate General) Italy +George Town (US Consular Agency) Cayman Islands +Georgetown (US Embassy) Guyana +Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Gilbert Islands Kiribati +Goa India +Gold Coast Ghana +Golan Heights Syria +Good Hope, Cape of South Africa +Goteborg (US Consulate General) Sweden +Gotland Sweden +Gough Island St. Helena +Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean +Grand Cayman Cayman Islands +Grand Turk (US Consular Agency) Turks and Caicos Islands +Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean +Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean +Great Britain United Kingdom +Great Channel Indian Ocean +Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Green Islands Papua New Guinea +Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean +Grenadines, Northern St. Vincent and the Grenadines +Grenadines, Southern Grenada +Guadalajara Mexico + (US Consulate General) +Guadalcanal Solomon Islands +Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico +Guangzhou (US Consulate General) China +Guantanamo (US Naval Base) Cuba +Guatemala (US Embassy) Guatemala +Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean +Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Guayaquil (US Consulate General) Ecuador + +Ha'apai Group Tonga +Habomai Islands Soviet Union (de facto) +Hague,The (US Embassy) Netherlands +Haifa (US Consular Agency) Israel +Hainan Dao China +Halifax (US Consulate General) Canada +Halmahera Indonesia +Hamburg (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany +Hamilton (US Consulate General) Bermuda +Hanoi Vietnam +Harare (US Embassy) Zimbabwe +Hatay Turkey +Havana (US post not maintained, Cuba + representation by US Interests + Section or USINT of the Swiss + Embassy) +Hawaii United States +Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Helsinki (US Embassy) Finland +Hermosillo (US Consulate) Mexico +Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti +Hokkaido Japan +Holy See, The Vatican City +Hong Kong (US Consulate General) Hong Kong +Honiara (US Consulate) Solomon Islands +Honshu Japan +Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean +Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile +Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna +Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia +Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean +Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean + +Inaccessible Island St. Helena +Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China +Ionian Islands Greece +Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Irian Jaya Indonesia +Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean +Islamabad (US Embassy) Pakistan +Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Istanbul (US Consulate General) Turkey +Italian Somaliland Somalia +Iwo Jima Japan +Izmir (US Consulate General) Turkey + +Jakarta (US Embassy) Indonesia +Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Java Indonesia +Java Sea Indian Ocean +Jeddah (US Consulate General) Saudi Arabia +Jerusalem (US Consulate General) Israel; West Bank +Johannesburg South Africa + (US Consulate General) +Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean +Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile +Juventud, Isla de la Cuba + (Isle of Youth) + +Kabul (US Embassy now closed) Afghanistan +Kaduna (US Consulate General) Nigeria +Kalimantan Indonesia +Kamchatka Peninsula Soviet Union + (Poluostrov Kamchatka) +Kampala (US Embassy) Uganda +Kampuchea Cambodia +Karachi (US Consulate General) Pakistan +Kara Sea Arctic Ocean +Karimata Strait Indian Ocean +Kathmandu (US Embassy) Nepal +Kattegat Atlantic Ocean +Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean +Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Kermadec Islands New Zealand +Khabarovsk Soviet Union +Khartoum (US Embassy) Sudan +Khmer Republic Cambodia +Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean +Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman + (Kuria Muria Islands) +Khyber Pass Pakistan +Kigali (US Embassy) Rwanda +Kingston (US Embassy) Jamaica +Kinshasa (US Embassy) Zaire +Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati +Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean +Kodiak Island United States +Kola Peninsula Soviet Union + (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) +Kolonia (US Special Office) Micronesia, Federated States of +Korea Bay Pacific Ocean +Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North + Republic of +Korea, Republic of Korea, South +Korea Strait Pacific Ocean +Koror (US Special Office) Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of +Kosovo Yugoslavia +Kowloon Hong Kong +Krakow (US Consulate) Poland +Kuala Lumpur (US Embassy) Malaysia +Kunashiri (Kunashir) Soviet Union (de facto) +Kuril Islands Soviet Union (de facto) +Kuwait (US Embassy) Kuwait +Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands +Kyushu Japan + +Labrador Canada +Laccadive Islands India +Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean +La Coruna (US Consular Agency) Spain +Lagos (US Embassy) Nigeria +Lahore (US Consulate General) Pakistan +Lakshadweep India +La Paz (US Embassy) Bolivia +La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean +Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean +Las Palmas (US Consular Agency) Spain +Latvia Soviet Union (de facto) +Lau Group Fiji +Leningrad (US Consulate General) Soviet Union +Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia +Leyte Philippines +Liancourt Rocks (claimed by Japan)Korea, South +Libreville (US Embassy) Gabon +Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Lilongwe (US Embassy) Malawi +Lima (US Embassy) Peru +Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean +Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll +Lisbon (US Embassy) Portugal +Lithuania Soviet Union (de facto) +Lombok Strait Indian Ocean +Lome (US Embassy) Togo +London (US Embassy) United Kingdom +Lord Howe Island Australia +Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Loyalty Islands New Caledonia + (Iles Loyaute) +Lubumbashi (US Consulate General) Zaire +Lusaka (US Embassy) Zambia +Luxembourg (US Embassy) Luxembourg +Luzon Philippines +Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean +Lyon (US Consulate General) France + +Macao Macau +Macedonia Bulgaria; Greece; Yugoslavia +Macquarie Island Australia +Madeira Islands Portugal +Madras (US Consulate General) India +Madrid (US Embassy) Spain +Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Mahe Island Seychelles +Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua +Majorca (Mallorca) Spain +Majuro (US Special Office) Marshall Islands +Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean +Malabo (US Embassy) Equatorial Guinea +Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean +Malaga (US Consular Agency) Spain +Malagasy Republic Madagascar +Male (US post not maintained, Maldives + representation from Colombo, + Sri Lanka) +Mallorca (Majorca) Spain +Malpelo, Isla de Colombia +Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean +Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Managua (US Embassy) Nicaragua +Manama (US Embassy) Bahrain +Manaus (US Consular Agency) Brazil +Manchukuo China +Manchuria China +Manila (US Embassy) Philippines +Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean +Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Manua Islands American Samoa +Maputo (US Embassy) Mozambique +Maracaibo (US Consulate) Venezuela +Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan +Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands +Marion Island South Africa +Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean +Marquesas Islands French Polynesia + (Iles Marquises) +Marseille (US Consulate General) France +Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil +Mas a Tierra Chile + (Robinson Crusoe Island) +Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion +Maseru (US Embassy) Lesotho +Matamoros (US Consulate) Mexico +Mazatlan (US Consulate) Mexico +Mbabane (US Embassy) Swaziland +McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Medan (US Consulate) Indonesia +Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Melbourne (US Consulate General) Australia +Melilla Spain +Merida (US Consulate) Mexico +Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Mexico (US Embassy) Mexico +Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Milan (US Consulate General) Italy +Minami-tori-shima Japan +Mindanao Philippines +Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean +Minicoy Island India +Mogadishu (US Embassy) Somalia +Mombasa (US Consulate) Kenya +Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean +Monrovia (US Embassy) Liberia +Montego Bay (US Consular Agency) Jamaica +Monterrey (US Consulate General) Mexico +Montevideo (US Embassy) Uruguay +Montreal (US Consulate General, Canada + US Mission to the International + Civil Aviation Organization + or ICAO) +Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia +Moroni (US Embassy) Comoros +Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Moscow (US Embassy) Soviet Union +Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean +Mulege (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Munich (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany +Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates +Muscat (US Embassy) Oman +Muscat and Oman Oman +Myanma, Myanmar Burma + +Naha (US Consulate General) Japan +Nairobi (US Embassy) Kenya +Nampo-shoto Japan +Naples (US Consulate General) Italy +Nassau (US Embassy) Bahamas, The +Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia +N'Djamena (US Embassy) Chad +Netherlands East Indies Indonesia +Netherlands Guiana Suriname +Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis +New Delhi (US Embassy) India +Newfoundland Canada +New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea +New Hebrides Vanuatu +New Siberian Islands Soviet Union +New Territories Hong Kong +New York, New York (US Mission United States + to the United Nations or USUN) +Niamey (US Embassy) Niger +Nice (US Consular Agency) France +Nicobar Islands India +Nicosia (US Embassy) Cyprus +Nightingale Island St. Helena +North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +North Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northern Epirus Albania; Greece +Northern Grenadines St. Vincent and the Grenadines +Northern Ireland United Kingdom +Northern Rhodesia Zambia +North Island New Zealand +North Korea Korea, North +North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +North Sea Atlantic Ocean +North Vietnam Vietnam +Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean +North Yemen Yemen Arab Republic +Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Nouakchott (US Embassy) Mauritania +Novaya Zemlya Soviet Union +Nuevo Laredo (US Consulate) Mexico +Nyasaland Malawi + +Oahu United States +Oaxaca (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati +Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States +Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia +Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory +Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Okinawa Japan +Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean +Oporto (US Consulate) Portugal +Oran (US Consulate) Algeria +oCresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean +Orkney Islands United Kingdom +Osaka-Kobe (US Consulate General) Japan +Oslo (US Embassy) Norway +Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Ottawa (US Embassy) Canada +Ouagadougou (US Embassy) Burkina +Outer Mongolia Mongolia + +Pagan Northern Mariana Islands +Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Palawan Philippines +Palermo (US Consulate General) Italy +Palk Strait Indian Ocean +Palma de Mallorca Spain + (US Consular Agency) +Pamirs China; Soviet Union +Panama (US Embassy) Panama +Panama Canal Panama +Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Paramaribo (US Embassy) Suriname +Parece Vela Japan +Paris (US Embassy, US Mission to France + the Organization for Economic + Cooperation and Development or + OECD, US Observer Mission at + the UN Educational, Scientific, + and Cultural Organization or + UNESCO) +Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile +Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan +Peking (Beijing) China +Pemba Island Tanzania +Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean +Perim Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of +Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean +Persian Gulf Indian Ocean +Perth (US Consulate) Australia +Pescadores Taiwan +Peshawar (US Consulate) Pakistan +Peter I Island Antarctica +Philip Island Norfolk Island +Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean +Phoenix Islands Kiribati +Pines, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Piura (US Consular Agency) Peru +Pleasant Island Nauru +Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia +Ponta Delgada (US Consulate) Portugal +Port-au-Prince (US Embassy) Haiti +Port Louis (US Embassy) Mauritius +Port Moresby (US Embassy) Papua New Guinea +Porto Alegre (US Consulate) Brazil +Port-of-Spain (US Embassy) Trinidad and Tobago +Port Said (US Consular Agency) Egypt +Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau +Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia +Poznan (US Consulate) Poland +Prague (US Embassy) Czechoslovakia +Praia (US Embassy) Cape Verde +Pretoria (US Embassy) South Africa +Pribilof Islands United States +Prince Edward Island Canada +Prince Edward Islands South Africa +Prince Patrick Island Canada +Principe Sao Tome and Principe +Puerto Plata (US Consular Agency) Dominican Republic +Puerto Vallarta Mexico + (US Consular Agency) +Pusan (US Consulate) South Korea +P'yongyang Korea, North + +Quebec (US Consulate General) Canada +Queen Charlotte Islands Canada +Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada +Queen Maud Land Antarctica + (claimed by Norway) +Quito (US Embassy) Ecuador + +Rabat (US Embassy) Morocco +Ralik Chain Marshall Islands +Rangoon (US Embassy) Burma +Ratak Chain Marshall Islands +Recife (US Consulate) Brazil +Redonda Antigua and Barbuda +Red Sea Indian Ocean +Revillagigedo Island United States +Revillagigedo Islands Mexico +Reykjavik (US Embassy) Iceland +Rhodes Greece +Rhodesia Zimbabwe +Rhodesia, Northern Zambia +Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe +Rio de Janeiro Brazil + (US Consulate General) +Rio de Oro Western Sahara +Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea +Riyadh (US Embassy) Saudi Arabia +Robinson Crusoe Island Chile + (Mas a Tierra) +Rocas, Atol das Brazil +Rockall (disputed) United Kingdom +Rodrigues Mauritius +Rome (US Embassy, US Mission to Italy + the UN Agencies for Food and + Agriculture or FODAG) +Roncador Cay Colombia +Roosevelt Island Antarctica +Ross Dependency Antarctica + (claimed by New Zealand) +Ross Island Antarctica +Ross Sea Antarctica +Rota Northern Mariana Islands +Rotuma Fiji +Ryukyu Islands Japan + +Saba Netherlands Antilles +Sabah Malaysia +Sable Island Canada +Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia; + Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; + Senegal +Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam +St. Brandon Mauritius +St. Christopher and Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis +St. George's (US Embassy) Grenada +St. George's Channel Atlantic Ocean +St. John's (US Embassy) Antigua and Barbuda +St. Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +St. Lawrence Island United States +St. Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean +St. Martin Guadeloupe +St. Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles +St. Paul Island Canada +St. Paul Island United States +St. Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks Brazil + (Penedos de Sao Pedro e + Sao Paulo) +St. Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean +Saipan Northern Mariana Islands +Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Soviet Union +Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile +Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe +Salvador de Bahia Brazil + (US Consular Agency) +Salzburg (US Consulate General) Austria +Sanaa (US Embassy) Yemen Arab Republic +San Ambrosio Chile +San Andres y Providencia, Colombia + Archipielago +San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean +San Felix, Isla Chile +San Jose (US Embassy) Costa Rica +San Luis Potosi Mexico + (US Consular Agency) +San Miguel Allende Mexico + (US Consular Agency) +San Salvador (US Embassy) El Salvador +Santa Cruz (US Consular Agency) Bolivia +Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands +Santiago (US Embassy) Chile +Santo Domingo (US Embassy) Dominican Republic +Sao Luis (US Consular Agency) Brazil +Sao Paulo (US Consulate General) Brazil +Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil + Penedos de +Sapporo (US Consulate General) Japan +Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean +Sarawak Malaysia +Sardinia Italy +Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean +Sark Guernsey +Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean +Scotland United Kingdom +Scott Island Antarctica +Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Seoul (US Embassy) Korea, South +Serrana Bank Colombia +Serranilla Bank Colombia +Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Soviet Union +Seville (US Consular Agency) Spain +Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Shanghai (US Consulate General) China +Shenyang (US Consulate General) China +Shetland Islands United Kingdom +Shikoku Japan +Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan +Siam Thailand +Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean +Sicily Italy +Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Sikkim India +Sinai Egypt +Singapore (US Embassy) Singapore +Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean +Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China +Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles +Sint Maarten (St. Martin) Netherlands Antilles +Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean +Slovakia Czechoslovakia +Society Islands French Polynesia + (Iles de la Societe) +Socotra Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of +Sofia (US Embassy) Bulgaria +Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea +Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands +Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean +Songkhla (US Consulate) Thailand +Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean +South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +South China Sea Pacific Ocean +Southern Grenadines Grenada +Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe +South Georgia South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Island New Zealand +South Korea Korea, South +South Orkney Islands Antarctica +South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Shetland Islands Antarctica +South Tyrol Italy +South Vietnam Vietnam +South-West Africa Namibia +South Yemen Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of +Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea +Spanish Sahara Western Sahara +Spitsbergen Svalbard +Stockholm (US Embassy) Sweden +Strasbourg (US Consulate General) France +Stuttgart (US Consulate General) Federal Republic of Germany +Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Sulu Archipelago Philippines +Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean +Sumatra Indonesia +Sumba Indonesia +Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia +Sunda Strait Indian Ocean +Surabaya (US Consulate) Indonesia +Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean +Surinam Suriname +Suva (US Embassy) Fiji +Swains Island American Samoa +Swan Islands Honduras +Sydney (US Consulate General) Australia + +Tahiti French Polynesia +Taipei Taiwan +Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean +Tampico (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Tanganyika Tanzania +Tangier (US Consulate General) Morocco +Tarawa Kiribati +Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean +Tasmania Australia +Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean +Taymyr Peninsula Soviet Union + (Poluostrov Taymyra) +Tegucigalpa (US Embassy) Honduras +Tehran (US post not maintained, Iran + representation by Swiss Embassy) +Tel Aviv (US Embassy) Israel +Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica + (claimed by France) +Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Thessaloniki Greece + (US Consulate General) +Thurston Island Antarctica +Tibet (Xizang) China +Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile +Tijuana (US Consulate General) Mexico +Timor Indonesia +Timor Sea Indian Ocean +Tinian Northern Mariana Islands +Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean +Tobago Trinidad and Tobago +Tokyo (US Embassy) Japan +Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Toronto (US Consulate General) Canada +Torres Strait Pacific Ocean +Trans-Jordan Jordan +Transkei South Africa +Transylvania Romania +Trieste (US Consular Agency) Italy +Trindade, Ilha de Brazil +Tripoli (US post not maintained, Libya + representation by Belgian + Embassy) +Tristan da Cunha Group St. Helena +Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea +Trucial States United Arab Emirates +Truk Islands Micronesia +Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean +Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia +Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Tunis (US Embassy) Tunisia +Turin (US Consulate) Italy +Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Tyrol, South Italy +Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean + +Udorn (US Consulate) Thailand +Ulaanbaatar Mongolia +Ullung-do Korea, South +Unimak Pass (strait) Pacific Ocean +United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria +Upper Volta Burkina + +Vaduz (US post not maintained, Liechtenstein + representation from Zurich, + Switzerland) +Vakhan Corridor Afghanistan + (Wakhan) +Valencia (US Consular Agency) Spain +Valletta (US Embassy) Malta +Vancouver (US Consulate General) Canada +Vancouver Island Canada +Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean +Vatican City (US Embassy) Vatican City +Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain +Venda South Africa +Veracruz (US Consular Agency) Mexico +Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean +Victoria (US Embassy) Seychelles +Vienna (US Embassy, US Mission Austria + to International Organizations + in Vienna or UNVIE) +Vientiane (US Embassy) Laos +Volcano Islands Japan +Vostok Island Kiribati +Vrangelya, Ostrov Soviet Union + (Wrangel Island) + +Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan + (now Vakhan Corridor) +Wales United Kingdom +Walvis Bay South Africa +Warsaw (US Embassy) Poland +Washington, DC (The Permanent United States + Mission of the USA to the + Organization of American + States or OAS) +Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean +Wellington (US Embassy) New Zealand +Western Channel Pacific Ocean + (West Korea Strait) +West Germany Germany, Federal Republic of +West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean + (Western Channel) +West Pakistan Pakistan +Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean +White Sea Arctic Ocean +Windhoek Namibia +Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean +Winnipeg (US Consular Agency) Canada +Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Soviet Union + +Yaounde (US Embassy) Cameroon +Yap Islands Micronesia +Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean +Yemen (Aden) Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of +Yemen, North Yemen Arab Republic +Yemen (Sanaa) Yemen Arab Republic +Yemen, South Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of +Youth, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean + +Zagreb (US Consulate General) Yugoslavia +Zanzibar Tanzania +Zurich (US Consulate General) Switzerland +.pa + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3a2abc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +***NOTE: EXTRACTED FROM THE ACADEMIC AMERICAN +ENCYCLOPEDIA*** + +TITLE(s): Central Intelligence Agency + The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States (CIA) is one of + several organizations responsible for gathering and evaluating foreign + intelligence information vital to the security of the United States. + + It is also charged with coordinating the work of other agencies in the + intelligence community--including the NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY and the + Defense Intelligence Agency. It was established by the National Security Act + of 1947, replacing the wartime Office of Strategic Services. Its first + director was Adm. Roscoe Hillenkoetter. + + The CIA's specific tasks include: advising the president and the NATIONAL + SECURITY COUNCIL on international developments; conducting research in + political, economic, scientific, technical, military, and other fields; + carrying on counterintelligence activities outside the United States; + monitoring foreign radio and television broadcasts; and engaging in more + direct forms of ESPIONAGE and INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS. + + Throughout its history the CIA has seldom been free from controversy. In + the 1950s, at the height of the cold war and under the direction of Allen + Welsh DULLES, its activities expanded to include many undercover operations. + It subsidized political leaders in other countries; secretly recruited the + services of trade-union, church, and youth leaders, along with + businesspeople, journalists, academics, and even underworld leaders; set up + radio stations and news services; and financed cultural organizations and + journals. + + After the failure of the CIA-sponsored BAY OF PIGS INVASION of Cuba in + 1961, the agency was reorganized. In the mid-1970s a Senate Select Committee + and a Presidential Commission headed by Nelson Rockefeller investigated + charges of illegal CIA activities. Among other things, they found that the + CIA had tried to assassinate several foreign leaders, including Fidel CASTRO + of Cuba. It had tried to prevent Salvador ALLENDE from winning the 1970 + elections in Chile and afterward had worked to topple him from power. + + Between 1950 and 1973 the CIA had also carried on extensive mind-control + experiments at universities, prisons, and hospitals. In 1977, President + Jimmy Carter directed that tighter restrictions be placed on CIA clandestine + operations. Controls were later also placed on the use of intrusive + surveillance methods, such as wiretapping and opening of mail, against U.S. + citizens and resident aliens. + + Late in the 1970s, however, fears arose that restraints on the CIA had + undermined national security. The agency's failure to foresee the revolution + in Iran (1979) gave new impetus to efforts at revitalization. President + Ronald Reagan and his CIA director, William J. CASEY, loosened many of the + restrictions, but such activities as the mining of Nicaraguan harbors in 1984 + as part of the covert campaign in support of the Contra rebels and the + still-unclear role of the CIA in the IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR focused renewed + public attention on the agency. + + Following Casey's death in 1987, Reagan appointed William WEBSTER, then + director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, to be Director of Central + Intelligence. His reputation for integrity helped to restore the agency's + image, but alleged intelligence failures during the PERSIAN GULF WAR (1991) + tarnished the record of his tenure. He was succeeded in 1991 by Robert M. + GATES. + + Bibliography: Ameringer, C. D., Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of + American History (1990); Breckinridge, S. A., The CIA and the U. S. + Intelligence System (1986); Colby, William, and Forbath, Peter, Honorable + Men: My Life in the CIA (1978); Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri, The CIA and + American Democracy (1989); Karalekas, Anne, History of the Central + Intelligence Agency (1977); Leary, W. M., ed., The Central Intelligence + Agency (1984); Lefever, Ernest W., and Godson, Roy, The CIA and the + American Ethic: An Unfinished Debate (1980); McGarvey, Patrick, CIA: The + Myth and the Madness (1972); Marchetti, Victor, and Marks, John D., The CIA + and the Cult of Intelligence (1975); Ranelagh, John, The Agency: The Rise + and Decline of the CIA (1986); Ransom, Harry H., The Intelligence + Establishment (1970); Snepp, Frank, Decent Interval (1977); + Turner, Stansfield, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (1985); + Woodward, Bob, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987 (1988). + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/circumnv.txt b/politicalTextFiles/circumnv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5459445 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/circumnv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,350 @@ + +_________________________________________________________________ + + + W I N N I N G B Y C I R C U M N A V I G A T I O N: + + Milwaukee's clinic defenders find legal recourse + on a detour around the District Attorney + + Copyright 1993, 1994 by Muriel Hogan + +_________________________________________________________________ + + +As the Milwaukee Clinic Protection Coalition (MCPC) steeled itself +for a second Wisconsin winter on the street, members celebrated +the anniversary of the permanent injunction signed December 10, +1992 by Circuit Court Judge Jeffrey Wagner. The injunction +limits certain kinds of protest activity outside Milwaukee's +abortion clinics. Clinic escorts and defenders, dreading their +winter vigil, are nonetheless cheered by indications that the +fundamentalist Christian onslaught is diminishing at last. + +Once-huge crowds of "Antis" have dwindled to a handful on +weekdays and 20 or 30 on Saturdays. At some clinics, there've +been no protesters at all, a condition the defenders call "NFA." +Away from the clinics, protest leaders can't recruit more that a +few hundred people to come to their public events. By contrast, +LifeChain, an annual pro-life demonstration in Milwaukee, +attracted 8,000 people last fall. The Milwaukee Journal quoted +one LifeChain participant who preferred to express his opinion +"without threatening anyone, without breaking any laws." + + +* Signs of decline + +Programming on the Christian broadcast station WVCY also reflects +the cooldown. At the height of Milwaukee's 1992 summer protests, +WVCY-FM aired two hours a day of live reports and exhortations, +while WVCY-TV showed 30 minutes a night of clinic protest +footage, often followed by an hour-long call-in show on the +subject. In 1993, most abortion-related programs were nostalgic +reruns of the Antis' 1992 glory days. + +WVCY's anti-abortion radio show, "Building the Foundations" has +cut back from 30 minutes to 15, inspiring its MCPC listeners to +call it "The Quarter-Hour of Power." Other WVCY shows have +switched to safer topics: school prayer, satanism in popular +music, and the dangers of troll dolls. Today, WVCY often ignores +news about abortion protesters who are facing fines and jail +terms under the permanent injunction. + + +* Attendance down, violence up + + +MCPC started in April, 1992, when anti-abortion activists +announced their eight-week "Short-Term Mission to the Pre-Born." +That summer, the Missionaries to the Preborn, Operation Rescue, +and Youth for America (YOFAM) orchestrated large demonstrations +and blockades. Missionary founders Rev. Joseph Foreman and Rev. +Matthew Trewhella stated their intention to close every abortion +clinic in Milwaukee. The Short-Term Mission resulted in over +1,000 arrests and $1 million in law enforcement costs. + +By contrast, 1993's summer protests were much smaller, with +police costs of $112,000. But the Milwaukee Fire Department +reported costs of $48,000 for the butyric acid attack on one +clinic in August, and $99,000 for two September "car rescues" in +which Antis chained themselves into junked automobiles to block +clinic doors. Figures are unavailable for protest-related court +costs and for the amount of protesters' unpaid fines. + +As the Antis' desperation has increased, so has their violence. +Since Dr. David Gunn's assassination last March, Milwaukee's +doctors have been the target of home blockades, stalking, and +death threats. One clinic has had bullets fired through its +windows four times in 1993. + + +* How the defenders attack + +On the street, MCPC's strategy is purely defensive, protecting +patients and holding clinic doors to prevent blockades. +Defenders practice the discipline of keeping their hands in their +pockets and avoiding verbal exchanges with the Antis. But in +court, the hands come out of the pockets. Using the permanent +injunction, the Coalition has launched a full-tilt legal +offensive against the Antis. + +The injunction orders protesters to stay 25 feet away from each +clinic and ten feet from each patient. Protesters must not +impede patients, touch them, photograph them, or record their +license plates. (See box.) If an Anti repeatedly breaks these +rules, MCPC serves them with the injunction and starts collecting +evidence of their violations. + + +* The legal lioness + +Attorney Joan Clark, one of MCPC's co-coordinators, has led the +legal attacks like a mama lion: watchful, tenacious, and coolly +aggressive. A self-described "housewife and mom," she plots +strategies with other pro-choice attorneys including her husband +Bill Guis, MCPC board members Katy Doyle and Katie Walsh, and +Walsh's husband Steve Glenn. No doubt, the presence of so many +female lawyers has inspired gland-shrivelling FemiNazi paranoia +in many Antis. + +Interviewed last week, Clark said MCPC began its legal work even +before the Short-Term Mission. "By the time the first big crowds +hit the streets," she said, "the Coalition had been successful in +getting a preliminary injunction into place." + +"That spring," Clark said, "Katie Walsh and Chris Korsmo (of +NARAL) convinced the Powers That Be that there was going to be +serious, serious trouble. And with no injunction, there'd be no +mechanism to handle it." + +The December permanent injunction, almost identical to the +preliminary, solidified what Clark calls the "completely +separate, parallel system of justice" that protects Milwaukee's +five abortion clinics. + +But even after the preliminary injunction was signed, its +benefits were hard to see and difficult to enforce. "It didn't +do us much tangible good until this year. But two significant +things happened. First, fully half of the named defendents +disappeared. In that respect, the injunction started helping +right away. And second, it gave us a great morale boost." + + +* A detour around what? + +But why was this roundabout route necessary? "You get an +injunction because there isn't an enforceable law on the books +that will that will prevent certain things from taking place," +Clark explained. "There's a hole and you need to fill it up." + +"We needed this injunction," she said, "because the Milwaukee +District Attorney, E. Michael McCann, is anti-choice and would +not charge people who were arrested day after day. The only way +to stop this activity was to set up a completely separate system +of justice," she said. + +"People don't realize that the Missionaries had already been +doing this for three years, long before the Short-Term Mission." +Clark said. "Every single day at Summit, when a patient would +approach, two people blocked the door. You call the cops, get +the paddy, spend an hour getting rid of them. The woman would +get in. And then when the next patient came -- two more people +would sit down." + +Clark said police officers have told her that "until the +Coalition started, the DA wouldn't talk to police or clinic +owners about anything, not even battery. Dr. Paul Seamars was +physically restrained by one Anti while another took his picture, +and the DA wouldn't do anything. It's a very, very, very +dishonest policy." + +"Anywhere else," said Clark, "if you receive ten municipal +disorderly conduct tickets for the same activity within a +relatively short period of time, you'll be charged with a crime, +because these muni tickets are not deterring you." + +"If we had had a District Attorney who'd do his job, the +Missionaries wouldn't be here. Except for two weeks in Buffalo +and four weeks in Wichita, we have the most chronic, terrible +problem in the country," she said. + + +* Have you been served? + +You'll frequently find Clark in court, sitting at the prosecution +table with counsel from the City Attorney or State Attorney +General. "I'm there unofficially as an evidence gatherer. I'm +more conversant with the facts than the city attorney, because +usually I was there when the incident happened," Clark said. "A +second function we serve is to tell the city when the people +they're looking for show up at clinics." + +Clark also serves injunctions for MCPC and keeps track of +which Antis have been served. She described her informal rule: +"We serve people whose names we know who violate the injunction. +Because down the road, if they do something bad, we want to be +able to bring a motion against them." + +She's very sensitive to the free speech issues the injunction +raises. "If you violate the injunction, the question is whether +you're acting in concert with a named defendant, and / or whether +we care," she said. + +"Take the Concrete Christian," she said, referring to a protester +who always stands motionless and silent. "He violates the +injunction every day, but I couldn't care less. I consider that +First Amendment activity, and I would never go after him," Clark +said. Although we might get a judge to say this guy is acting in +concert, it would be dishonest, because he's not." + +Clark urges people to come observe how "sidewalk counselling" +works. "Watch for half an hour," she said. "You'll see: it's +not someone expressing a view. It's very aggressive, very +physical -- and it's designed to scare the hell out of somebody +who's seeking medical attention." + +* Crime and punishment + +So far, MCPC's biggest catch is Brian Longworth, convicted in +November of criminal contempt and sentenced to two years for +twice blockading clinic doors. Longworth first attracted MCPC's +attention by leading "kiddie-hits," blockades that result in +dozens of arrests of children as young as eight years old. +"Longworth is definitely the worst," said Clark. "Longworth is +big because he's the leader of Youth for America, he felt he was +untouchable, and his name was not on the injunction." + +Clark stressed the importance of prosecuting defendants whose +names are not on the injunction: "The Antis tell everybody the +injunction's just a piece of paper. If your name isn't on there, +it doesn't apply to you. But this Longworth thing hit everybody +right in the face. All of a sudden, they can't deny it any +more," she said. + +Another un-named defendant, Rev. Joseph Foreman, was found in civil +contempt November 29. Foreman's a national figure among anti- +abortion activists, a former field operations director for +Operation Rescue. Since moving to Milwaukee in 1992, he's become +the most prominent leader on the local scene. Oddly, neither +WVCY nor the Missionaries to the Preborn has mentioned Foreman's +conviction. + +At his trial, Foreman complained that he felt singled out for +selective prosecution, and urged the city to first pursue +defendants who were named on the injunction. Joan Clark +dismissed Foreman's assertion, saying, "Joe knows why he's being +picked. A prosecutor with limited resources will go after the +people who are the most troublesome." + +Altogether, six Antis have been found in criminal contempt and 27 +in civil contempt. More than half of these people have come to +Milwaukee from other states to participate in protests here. + +A person found in civil contempt must forfeit $500, or swear to +obey the injunction, or serve 20 days. For a second violation, +penalties double. A third violation can become criminal +contempt, carrying $5,000 or a year in jail. The Milwaukee City +Attorney's office and the State Attorney General are continuing +to bring contempt motions against Antis who violate the +injunction. + + +* Approaching the endgame + +The permanent injunction, like many legal matters, has taken +effect with an almost geological slowness over the past year. +Now Clark and the Coalition can sense its increasing speed and +effectiveness. "This is absolutely going to mop up the problem," +she said. "Things will pop up now and again, but most Antis will +drop out after their first convictions. They're desperate! Why +are they talking about Waco, Texas all the time, and Halloween? +They can't even talk about this issue on the radio any more!" + +At the clinics, defenders feel that the remaining protesters have +become more frantic. As their legal woes multiply, previously +mild-mannered Antis have spun out of control. In recent weeks, +police have arrested middle-aged Christian homeowners for +kicking, slapping, and spitting at clinic defenders and escorts. + +With spring, MCPC hopes that the Freedom of Access to Clinic +Entrances (FACE) bill will solve the Anti problem for clinics +nationwide. FACE has passed both houses of Congress, but must +clear a conference committee before President Clinton can sign +it. Among hard-core protesters, a common practice is to blockade +in one city until the penalties become too severe, then move to +another city. Brian Longworth, for example, collected 16 +convictions in Georgia and California before he came to +Wisconsin. The new federal law will stop these itinerant +protestors much more effectively. + +FACE may make the local issue moot, but the pro-choice community +won't forget how their District Attorney made Milwaukee taxpayers +underwrite his personal religious beliefs. And dollars don't +cover the damage to patients' privacy and peace of mind. One +clinic escort said, "I wish I'd counted the tears. Every time +the Antis make a woman cry, I think of how the DA should make +reparations for all those tears." + +Clark said that one defender, Mike Salick, has found the perfect +analogy for MCPC's long struggle. "It's like a town in the Old +West," she said, "where the bad guys are preying on the +townspeople. And for some reason, the sheriff won't do anything. +Finally the townspeople say 'OK, we've had enough!' And they +rise up and they drive the bad guys out of town. That's just +what we've done!" + +_________________________________________________________________ + +* Clip and save! + +How to Exercise Your First Amendment Rights +Without Getting Arrested: + +A Handy Wallet Card for the Pro-Life Activist + + +1. Do not come any closer than 25 feet to any abortion clinic's +doorway, parking lot, or driveway. + +2. Do not come any closer than 10 feet to any person entering or +leaving the clinic. + +3. Do not physically abuse, grab, touch, push, shove, or crowd +any person entering or leaving the clinic. + +4. Do not photograph any person entering or leaving the clinic, +and do not record their car's license number. + +5. Clinic defenders focus their legal offensive on certain kinds +of protesters, those who: + +- Blockade clinic entrances. + +- Threaten or scare patients, doctors, or clinic staff. + +- Make physical contact with patients or defenders. + +- Lose their tempers, or are verbally abusive. + +You can speak, pray, sing, hold a sign, and counsel anyone who +voluntarily approaches you. People who follow these guidelines +have nothing to worry about. + +_________________________________________________________________ + +This article has appeared in: + +The Shepherd Express, Milwaukee, WI, December, 1993. +The Sojourner, Boston, MA, January, 1994, in a condensed version. +Off Our Backs, Washington, DC, February, 1994. +_________________________________________________________________ + + Copyright 1993, 1994 by Muriel Hogan + +Anyone may duplicate or distribute this article on BBSs, nets, +and echos. No one may reproduce this article in hardcopy for +sale or free distribution without my prior written permission. +For print permission, please contact me via Fido netmail. + +_________________________________________________________________ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/citveto.txt b/politicalTextFiles/citveto.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a30dd8c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/citveto.txt @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ + THE CITIZEN'S LINE ITEM VETO PROPOSITION + +"If voting could change anything, it would be illegal." -- Karl +Hess + +"If a law is disliked by as many as one-third is it not likely +that you would be better off without it?" -- The Moon is a Harsh +Mistress, Robert A. Heinlein + +Here's a proposition that, if passed, would convince me to +abandon two decades of abstinence from the political process, +register to vote, and vote early and often -- too often, I think, +for this proposition to stand any chance of being enacted, for it +would actually place real power in the hands of the average voter +in a way that the established Powers That Be would not permit. + +You are free to try proving me wrong by attempting to get it +passed: I assure you it will not be enacted into law without +being watered down so much as to be meaningless. But I offer it +as an exercise for the politically active, to demonstrate to them +the contempt in which the electorate is held by elected and +appointed officials, and how any real attempt to enfranchise +power in the hands of the people will be resisted tooth and nail. + +California has in place a method of amending the state +constitution through voters' initiatives called propositions. +Very well -- California is as good a place as any to test any +whacky new idea. If successful here, it will be imitated in +other states, and perhaps even federally. Therefore, herewith +proposed to be placed before the voters of the State of +California is + + + ***** + + THE CITIZEN'S LINE ITEM VETO PROPOSITION + +Summary: The State of California shall establish a statewide +voicemail telephone system whereby voters may exercise a line- +item veto over all legislation signed by the governor. A one- +third vote in favor of vetoing a line item shall prevent it from +becoming law, with no override available. + +The proposition: + +Within one year of the passage of this proposition: + +I. A. The State of California shall register any California voter +who wishes to enroll for Citizen's Line Item Veto participation. +Such enrollment shall identify these voters in a manner not +invasive to their personal privacy, but with a level of security +equivalent to that used by the commercial banking industry for +telephone banking transactions. + +B. The State of California shall establish a state-wide voice- +mail telephone system, operated by touch-tone telephones using an +(800) area code telephone number or other free-to-caller area +code. All California voters enrolled for Citizen's Line Item +Veto participation shall be entitled to vote on this system. + +C. Each line item in all legislation signed by the governor the +previous week shall be placed before the enrolled voters on this +voice mail system. Each voter on the system shall be given one +vote per line item of legislation signed by the governor, YES or +NO. + +D. A count shall be made each week of all votes on each line- +item. If a line-item gains one-third or more NO votes, it shall +fail to have been passed into law, and no appeal to any +legislative, executive, or judicial authority may override this +veto. + +II. The State of California shall provide a weekly line-item +summary of all legislation which has been signed into law by the +governor the previous week. Such summary shall be in a form +understandable to any resident of the State of California with a +high school diploma issued by a California public school, and +shall be made publicly available. + +III. To compensate voters in the Line Item Veto for the time and +effort of reading the legislation and registering their vote, all +voters enrolled in the Line Item Veto who vote on the system at +least eight times per year shall be exempt at point of sale on +all purchases from the California Sales Tax for the next year. + +IV. No line-item vetoed by the voters of the Line Item Veto may +be reintroduced into legislation for a period of three years. + +V. No tax or other method of public funding, including all usage +fees, shall pass into effect without being subject to the +Citizen's Line Item Veto, nor shall any tax or other method of +funding, including all usage fees, remain in effect two years +from the passage of this proposition unless it is placed before +the enrolled voters of the Citizen's Line Item Veto. + + + ***** + + + --J. Neil Schulman + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/citzndef.txt b/politicalTextFiles/citzndef.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d36389 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/citzndef.txt @@ -0,0 +1,402 @@ +Newsgroups: misc.legal +From: jim@irvine.com (James) +Subject: SSNs, taxes, legal jurisdictions, and citizenship +Organization: Irvine Compiler Corp., Irvine, California, USA +Date: Sat, 16 Jan 1993 02:03:16 GMT +Message-ID: +Lines: 394 + +I've come across claims that there is another class of citizenship in +these United States, and that members of that class do not have to +file taxes and hence do not have to obtain a Social Security Number +for any reason. + +I would very much like to obtain informed opinions and citings from +legal decisions in support for or against, as I don't yet have all the +facts. + +To kick off the discussion, I'll offer what I've learned so far. But, +please: I'm primarily interested in the legal aspects. Discussing the +philosophical or social implications would be fun, but only as asides +to the legal aspects. Also, I'm not especially interested in the +tax consequences so much as I'm interested in the overall issue of +individual Sovereignty and the loss thereof. + + * * * + +0. The Issue + +With respect to US citizenship and SSNs, there are two claims made: +1) that US citizens are required to file taxes and the IRS requires +taxpayers to obtain an SSN; and 2) that there is another class of +citizenship whose members do not have to file taxes and are not +subject to most federal regulations. + +The first claim is undeniably true. US citizens must definitely file +taxes and the IRS definitely requires taxpayers to obtain SSNs. + +A summary of the argument for the second claim follows. I am trying +to track down all supporting information---court decisions in +particular---to determine its veracity. + +Where I've wished to add supporting evidence or personal interjections, +I've placed references in square brackets [] to a Notes section. + + +1. The Argument In Favor of Claim 2 + +1.1. Classes of Citizenship + +There are two distinct and separate classes of citizenship: 1) State +Citizenship, which has existed since before and after the Union was +formed; and 2) US citizenship, which has existed only since the 14th +Amendment (which actually created the class of US citizenship). + +By Common Law birthright everyone who is born in a State is a +Sovereign Citizen of the State in which they were born. + + +1.2. Common Law + +Common Law is the basis of the U.S. Constitution and the various State +constitutions. Common Law derives from English law, and is largely +uncodified. Common Law is approached as axiomatic, and provides that +persons have inalienable (or "natural") rights that cannot be taken +away by governmental entities. [1] + + +1.3. The Nature of Sovereignty + +The term Sovereign has very special meaning in law. It is from Common +Law and derives from the body of law applicable to Kings (Sovereigns). +A Sovereign is not necessarily subject to any higher authority. +However, if one is not a Sovereign then one is subject to some higher +authority. + +There are three classes of Sovereigns in the United States: "We The +People", the State Governments, and the Federal Government. Hence, a +State Citizen is a Sovereign. + +Each Sovereign State Citizen, with respect to every other Sovereign +State Citizen, is a Sovereign. Each State, with respect to every +other State, is a Sovereign. The United States of America ("the US"), +as a country, is a Sovereign with respect to every other country in +the world. + +The Sovereign "We The People" created the States. The States are +subject to the Sovereign We The People that created them. The +Sovereign States created the US. The US is subject to the Sovereign +States that created it. + + +1.4. Classes of Constitutions + +Each State has two constitutions: 1) an original Common Law +constitution with which the State, as a Sovereign Country whose form +of government was required to be a Republic (not quite the same thing +as a Democracy), entered into the Union; and 2) a Corporate +constitution created sometime after the State entered into the Union +and had incorporated. + +California, for example, has two Constitutions: the original Common +Law constitution of 1849, and the statutory law ("Corporate") +constitution of 1879. Both constitutions are still in effect. The +Corporate constitution cites the original Common Law constitution and +is a substitute for it. The term substitute has special meaning in +law. It does not mean "to replace" or "to supersede". [2] + +The State Constitutions and the Federal Constitution are documents +specifically creating and delineating the powers and restrictions of +the created government. All other powers are to remain with the +People and all powers granted to the government are from the People. + +The Constitutions give a Sovereign Citizen no rights whatsoever, +because a Sovereign Citizen already possessed all rights possible: +the Citizen was and is the ultimate Sovereign in this country. +The Constitutions simply acknowledge and state the preexistence of +these "inalienable rights" and guarantee that the government will not +in any way infringe or take away these rights. + +Among other things, the various Constitutions state that any +government shall not infringe on the right of individuals to enter +into contracts. + + +1.5. The Nature of the District of Columbia + +Each State in the Union is a separate Country. This is stated by US +Supreme Court Cases and Congressional Record, most recently in 1968. + +Late in the 18th century, 13 separate countries agreed to form a Union +and to create a 14th separate country called the District Of Columbia. +The land for the Federal District of Columbia was taken from the +country of Maryland. [3] + +Washington D.C. and all States are separate countries with respect to +each other. Therefore, any entity, whether a person or a corporation, +while residing in another country, is a foreigner (an "alien"). + +The US Government (of the District of Columbia) is a foreign/alien +corporation with respect to each State. + + +1.6. Classes of Citizenship Revisited + +Sovereign State Citizenship is a Common Law birthright. That status +was not and is not created by the State or the United States; it is +axiomatic. + +US citizenship was created by the 14th amendment to the Constitution, +hence US citizens are subject to the US government. + +A Sovereign State Citizen (or briefly, a State Citizen) is not subject +to the US government in the same way that a US citizen is. A State +Citizen has the full protections of all of the restrictions on the US +Government that the US constitution provides. + +State Citizens are Citizens of exactly one State. The US Constitution +guarantees that every State shall treat Citizens of every other State +while within that State as if they were Citizens of their State. + +US citizens are citizens only of the District Of Columbia. They are +not State Citizens of the State in which they reside. They are +technically Franchises of the Corporation called the US Government. + +Any US citizen residing in one of the 50 states is considered to be a +resident alien of that state, and not a Citizen of that state---and, +as a special point in law, is "residing" in that State, as opposed to +being "domiciled" there. + +A State Citizen is subject to common law and the original state +constitution. The Common Law constitution can be invoked in court by +a State Citizen. The Corporate constitution does not apply to a State +Citizen. [4] + +The Corporate constitution of a State does apply to a resident/alien. +All modifications to the original Common Law constitution contained +in the Corporate constitution do apply to residents/aliens. + + +1.7. The Nature of Income Taxes + +Both the US Constitution and the State Constitutions do allow for +excise taxes. + +The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that +Congress may impose taxes on income. [5] + +The US Supreme Court has ruled that the income tax is an excise tax +because it is a tax on the earnings of corporate franchises (i.e. US +citizens) and hence is an excise tax. [6] + +Because a US citizen is a Franchise of a foreign corporation with +respect to the State, and is residing in the State, that citizen pays +some income taxes to a special state entity. In California, that +entity is the Franchise Tax Board and the tax is called the Resident +Income Tax. + +State Citizens are not subject to the Resident Income Tax since they +are not residents of the State and are not aliens with respect to the +State. [7] + +State Citizens are not citizens of the District Of Columbia and therefore +they are not subject to the District Of Columbia's income tax. + + +1.8. The Nature of the Social Security Tax + +Social Security was first implemented in 1935, originally not as a tax +per se. The Social Security Act of 1935 was repealed in 1938 and +reenacted as a direct tax on all US citizens. It is a direct tax +because the Social Security Act of 1938 states that the revenues can +be used for "any other purposes". [8] + +The Social Security tax today is a direct tax called FICA, and the +revenue collected from payees is directly given to recipients. +However, the revenue is considered part of the general tax revenues +(e.g. those collected from taxes on incomes and other sources), +and can be spent in any way specified by Congress. + +The courts have ruled that Social Security disbursements are "gifts" +from the government. However, the US Government is free to do with +the monies whatever it wishes. + +Social Security taxes are not refundable. + +Since State Citizens are not US citizens they are not subject to +social security tax. The social security tax is voluntary. + + +2. Notes. + +[1] I wanted to compare Common Law and Statutory Law, but my + understanding of the nature of Statutory Law needs improvement. + +[2] Each Sovereign State after entering into the Union eventually + incorporated. Each State has two flags: the Sovereign State flag + and the Corporate State flag. The Corporate constitution is the + constitution that is full of all of the Statutory "laws" that + apply to its residents. Anything the Corporate State creates is + subject to it. The US Government is also a Corporation. + The US also has two flags: the Sovereign United States flag and + the Federal Corporate flag which, with Gold fringe, is also a + military or martial law flag. + +[3] The District of Columbia cannot become a state, because the land + belongs to Maryland. + +[4] If one examines many of the "laws" on the books and the Corporate + Constitution of a State one will find that they are carefully written + so as not to apply to State Citizens. They are written to apply to all + the residents/foreigners/aliens/corporations (aka "Persons", i.e. + non-State Citizens) residing in the state. Of course, virtually + everyone in every state is a resident alien ("Person") since they + are all citizens of the US. (State Citizens are "Sovereigns," + and, under statutory law, not "Persons".) + +[5] The tax laws, as written by the US Congress, are not actually Laws + (with a capital L) at all but are codes (or contract laws). + The laws most certainly are valid for US citizens. Persons who + claim the tax laws are unconstitutional are also wrong: + there are US Supreme Court cases stating in clear and certain terms + that the "income tax" is actually an excise and hence is not + unconstitutional. In addition there are US Supreme Court cases + stating in clear and certain terms that the tax laws apply to US + citizens even if they earn all of their income outside of the US + with no direct or indirect economic involvement with US. + The mere fact that one is a US citizen empowers the IRS to determine + one's Federal income tax liability. The IRS usually forces + US citizens to "voluntarily" determine that liability themselves. + +[6] There are court rulings stating that the income tax as it now + stands has nothing to do with---and never has had anything to do + with---the 16th amendment. + +[7] Do Citizens of Thailand (a foreign country) pay their taxes to the US + Government? No. State Citizens are considered non-resident + aliens with respect to the District of Columbia. There is an IRS + form W-8, "non-resident alien declaration", that exempts one from + the Federal Income tax. If one files a W-8, the IRS will + eventually send one a letter stating that one is exempt from all + Federal tax liability. I have yet to actually see such a letter though. + +[8] Many persons today, especially older persons, still claim that the + Social Security tax is not a direct tax and is like an account into + which they have paid and from which they expect all of "their" invested + money back plus some. But that is only as it was originally + implemented and stated to the American People, and has not applied + since 1938. + + +3. Analysis + +3.1. Questions of Status and Jurisdiction + +The key legal issue seems to be one of Status. Is one's status under +law Sovereign or Subject? Status is critical to any legal proceeding +so that proper and legal jurisdiction can be determined. It is +beginning to look like the outcome of any given case, whether argued +before the US Supreme Court or some other court, is ultimately +affected by Status and Jurisdiction. Another key legal issue which +ultimately affects Status are the terms "domiciled in/living in" and +"resides in/residing in". According to law a citizen of his own +country is domiciled in or lives in his country. A foreigner/alien or +diplomat while "living in" a country not his own resides in or is +residing in that country. + +The question then in court is which constitution one can invoke. The +constitution that one can invoke is totally dependent upon one's +Status. + + +3.2. Contracts and Social Security + +A State Citizen or US citizen is entering into a contract by obtaining +a driver's license, a credit card, a bank account, a social security +card, by filing income tax returns, etc. Once one is party to a +contract the terms of that contract are in full effect and actually +are law for the parties of the contract and fully enforcible to the +full extent of the Law. + +The governments and courts must make sure the terms of the contract +are followed to the letter. This is what the Federal Government and +State Governments are supposed to do and are doing with great effect. +They enforce the terms of contracts voluntarily and non-fraudulently +entered into by two or more parties. + +A State Citizen, by obtaining a social security number, is signing a +contract. The terms of a contract can constrain or supersede any of +the rights the Sovereign previously held. And those terms are fully +enforcible by the courts. + +The social security contract binds the parties to the laws and +statutes regarding social security. + +The social security contract also makes one a US citizen and hence +makes one subject to the 14th amendment and to any other laws that +apply to US citizens. One is still a State Citizen, but all the +Federal laws, income tax laws, social security laws, etc., constrain +one's rights contractually. + + +3.3. Rights of US citizens vs. Rights of State Citizens + +All US citizens are subject to the US Government and have "civil +rights," but have neither "inalienable" rights nor rights guaranteed +by the Constitutions. The rights that US citizens hold are only those +granted to them by the US Government. + +Civil rights can be removed or changed at will by legislation. For +example, US citizens were given the right to a trial by jury only in +1968. Previously, US citizens might be given trials by jury but the +guaranteed right to a jury trial did not exist for them. In contrast, +State Citizens have had that right guaranteed by the State and US +Constitutions since their existence. + +A State Citizen has absolutely no need of civil rights. A State +Citizen already holds all rights as inalienable. + +No challenges regarding constitutionality may be mounted by +aliens/foreigners and US citizens since they did not create the US +constitution---instead they are created constructs of the US +constitution. Sovereign State Citizens can challenge the +constitutionality of laws, codes, or statutes. This is why US citizen +tax-protesters get slam-dunked when they stand before the US Supreme +Court (or the Tax Court for that matter) and claim that the income tax +is unconstitutional. They are wrong twice: they cannot legally even +present the challenge, and the income tax is an excise tax and is +constitutional. + + +4. Conclusions + +Some individuals now claim to be State Citizens by virtue of having +obtained letters from the states in which they are domiciled +acknowledging their Citizenships in those States. Also, to deny +Federal jurisdiction, these Citizens have attempted to break all +contractual ties with the US Government, by returning their Social +Security cards, by submitting IRS W-8 forms and by closing all +financial accounts with members of the Federal Reserve System (credit +cards, bank accounts, loans) etc. In addition, to deny Corporate +State jurisdiction, these Citizens have returned their driver's +licenses, vehicle registrations, and license plates. + +These Citizens claim that Federal Statutory laws, statutes, codes, +etc., and the state Corporate constitutions, do not apply to +them---and have never applied to them---and also that none of the +State Statutory laws, statutes, codes, etc., apply to them. + +In traffic and tax cases, the state courts are upholding these claims +so far, but not without a huge fight per individual case. I have yet +to actually sit in on a case to see this happen, but I have read some +of the decisions rendered on such cases. Most cases against State +Citizens are eventually dismissed, because the courts appear not to +want more legal precedents set. + +The above is a summary of most of the support that I have found so far +for claim 2. I have not verified all of this. This is what I am +trying to do right now. So: does anyone have informed opinions about +this matter? Can anyone point to solid legal work that secures or +refutes the correctness of claim 2? + +--James Zarbock diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/clinton.txt b/politicalTextFiles/clinton.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b138f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/clinton.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@ + +Technology for America's Economic Growth: +A New Direction to Build Economic Strength + + +A New Direction + + Investing in technology is investing in America's future: a +growing economy with more high-skill, high-wage jobs for American +workers; a cleaner environment where energy efficiency increases +profits and reduces pollution; a stronger, more competitive private +sector able to maintain U.S. leadership in critical world markets; +an educational system where every student is challenged; and an +inspired scientific and technological research community focused on +ensuring not just our national security but our very quality of +life. + + American technology must move in a new direction to build +economic strength and spur economic growth. The traditional federal +role in technology development has been limited to support of basic +science and mission-oriented research in the Defense Department, +NASA, and other agencies. This strategy was appropriate for a +previous generation but not for today's profound challenges. We +cannot rely on the serendipitous application of defense technology +to the private sector. We must aim directly at these new challenges +and focus our efforts on the new opportunities before us, +recognizing that government can play a key role helping private +firms develop and profit from innovations. + + We must move in a new direction: + + Strengthening America's industrial competitiveness and creating +jobs; + + Creating a business environment where technical innovation can +flourish and where investment is attracted to new ideas; + + Ensuring the coordinated management of technology all across the +government; + + Forging a closer working partnership among industry, federal and +state governments, workers, and universities; + + + Redirecting the focus of our national efforts toward +technologies crucial to today's businesses and a growing economy, +such as information and communication, flexible manufacturing, and +environmental technologies; and, + + Reaffirming our commitment to basic science, the foundation on +which all technical progress is ultimately built. + + + + +For the American People + + Our most important measure of success will be our ability to +make a difference in the lives of the American people, to harness +technology so that it improves the quality of their lives and the +economic strength of our nation. + + We are moving in a new direction that recognizes the critical +role technology must play in stimulating and sustaining the long- +term economic growth that creates high-quality jobs and protects our +environment. + + We are moving in a new direction to create an educational and +training system that challenges American workers to match their +skills to the demands of a fast-paced economy and challenges our +students to reach for resources beyond their classrooms. + + We are moving in a new direction to dramatically improve our +ability to transmit complicated information faster and further, to +improve our transportation systems, our health care, our research +efforts, and even the ability of our military to respond quickly and +decisively to any threat to our nation's security. + + In these times, technology matters as well to an efficient +farm, food processing, and food retailing industry that delivers a +variety of low-cost, wholesome foods; to a construction industry +that builds high-quality, affordable housing; and to an energy +sector that balances energy efficiency with clean, affordable and +efficient energy sources. + +New Criteria + + + We will hold ourselves to tough standards and clear vision. +The best technology policy unleashes the creative energies of +innovators throughout the economy by creating a market that rewards +invention and enterprise. We are moving to accelerate the +development of civilian technology with new criteria: + + Accelerating the development of technologies critical for +long-term economic growth but not receiving adequate support from +private firms, either because the returns are too distant or because +the level of funding required is too great for individual firms to +bear; + + Encouraging a pattern of business development that will +likely result in stable, rewarding jobs for large numbers of +workers; + + Accelerating the development of technologies that could +increase productivity while reducing the burden of economic activity +on the local, regional, or global environment; + + Improving the skills offered by American workers by +increasing the productivity and the accessibility of education and +training; + + Reflecting the real needs of American businesses as +demonstrated by their willingness to share the cost of research or +participate in the design of initiatives; + + Supporting communities or disadvantaged groups in the U.S. or +abroad who have not enjoyed the benefits of technology-based +economic growth; + + Contributing to U.S. access to foreign science and +technology, enhancing cooperation on global problems or U.S. +successes in technology-related foreign markets. + +Reaching Our Technology Goals + + The challenge we face demands that we set and keep focused on +our goals: + + LONG TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH THAT + CREATES JOBS AND PROTECTS THE + ENVIRONMENT + + + A GOVERNMENT THAT IS MORE + PRODUCTIVE AND MORE RESPONSIVE TO THE + NEEDS OF ITS CITIZENS + + WORLD LEADERSHIP IN BASIC + SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENGINEERING. + + We have the means to stimulate innovations that will bring +economic growth and help us reach our goals and other important +objectives. Foremost is a sound fiscal policy that reduces the +federal deficit and lowers interest rates. But that is not always +enough. We must also turn to: + + Research and experimentation tax credits and other fiscal +policies to create an environment conducive to innovation and +investment; + + A trade policy that encourages open but fair trade; + + A regulatory policy that encourages innovation and achieves +social objectives efficiently; + + Education and training programs to ensure continuous learning +opportunities for all Americans; + + Support for private research and development through research +partnerships and other mechanisms to accelerate technologies where +market mechanisms do not adequately reflect the nation's return on +the investment; + + + Support for contract R & D centers and manufacturing extension +centers that can give small businesses easy access to technical +innovations and know-how; + + Support for a national telecommunications infrastructure and +other information infrastructures critical for economic expansion; + + Department of Defense and other federal agency purchasing +policies designed to foster early markets for innovative products +and services that contribute to national goals; + + + Strong and sustained support for basic science to protect the +source of future innovations; + + International science and technology cooperative projects that +enhance U.S. access to foreign sources of science and technology, +contribute to the management of global problems, and provide the +basis for marketing U.S. goods and services; + + Dual-use Defense Department research and development programs; + + National user facilities that make sophisticated research tools, +such a synchrotron radiation and neutron beam tools, available to a +variety of research organizations. + +Managing Technology for Economic Growth + + Redirecting America's programs in science and technology will +require major changes in the way we manage our efforts. Tight +management is essential to ensure the highest possible return our +investments and to ensure that tax, regulatory and other efforts +reinforce instead of frustrate our work. + + We are making major changes: + + Working with Vice President Gore, a reinvigorated Office of +Science and Technology Policy will lead in the development of +science and technology policy and will use the Federal Coordinating +Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology, along with other +means, to coordinate the R & D programs of the federal agencies; + + The new National Economic Council will monitor the +implementation of new policies and provide a forum for coordinating +technology policy with the policies of the tax, trade, regulatory, +economic development, and other economic sectors. + + As we move from traditional, mission-oriented R & D to +investments designed specifically to strengthen America's industrial +competitiveness and create jobs, considerable care must be taken to +set priorities. In many cases, it will be essential to require +cost-sharing on the part of private partners. In all cases, it will +be essential for our government to work closely with business and +labor. + + Our initiative in advanced manufacturing, for example, will +not be successful without direct input from the private sector about +which technical areas are most important. We will conduct a review +of laws and regulations, such as the Federal Advisory Committee Act +and conflict-of-interest regulations to determine whether changes +are needed to increase government-industry communication and +cooperation. + + We also will work closely with Congress to prevent +'earmarking' of funds for science and technology. Peer review and +merit-based competition are critical to the success of any science +and technology policy. + + Effective management of technology policy also requires an +effective partnership between federal and state governments. The +states have pioneered many valuable programs to accelerate +technology development and commercialization. Our efforts should +build on these programs. + + And, every federal technology program, including those of +long-standing, will be regularly evaluated against pre-established +criteria to determine if they should remain part of a national +program. Major changes facing our nation's economy demand a +searching re-examination of technology programs, particularly now as +we move toward new efforts and a new emphasis in our technology for +America's economic growth. + +Building America's Economic Strength: New Initiatives + + The challenges we face -- from our competitors abroad and +from our people at home -- demand dramatic innovation and bold +action that will not just revive our economy now but also ensure our +economic growth well into the future. Building America's economic +strength through technology demands new initiatives that confront +these challenges effectively, efficiently, and creatively. + + PERMANENT EXTENSION OF THE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION TAX +CREDIT to sustain incentives for the R&E work so essential to new +developments; + + INVESTMENT IN A NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE and +establishment of a task force working with the private sector to +design a national communications policy + +that will ensure rapid introduction of new communication +technology; + + ACCELERATED INVESTMENT IN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES +that promote U.S. industrial competitiveness and that build on, +rather than minimize, worker skills; + + RE-ESTABLISHING TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP AND COMPETITIVENESS OF +THE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY through a major new program to help the +industry develop critical new technology that can all but eliminate +the environmental hazards of automobile use and operate from +domestically produced fuels and facilitate the development of a new +generation of automobiles; + + IMPROVE TECHNOLOGY FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING by supporting the +development and introduction of computer and communications +equipment and software that can increase the productivity of +learning in formal school settings, a variety of business training +facilities and in homes. + + INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY-EFFICIENT FEDERAL BUILDINGS to reduce +wasteful energy expenses and encourage the adoption of innovative, +energy-efficient technology. + + + + + + +Goal: LONG-TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH THAT CREATES JOBS AND PROTECTS THE +ENVIRONMENT + + Technology is the engine of economic growth. In the +United States, technological advance has been responsible for as +much as two-thirds of productivity growth since the Depression. +Breakthroughs such as the transistor, computers, recombinant DNA and +synthetic materials have created entire new industries and millions +of high-paying jobs. + + International competitiveness depends less and less on +traditional factors such as access to natural resources and cheap +labor. Instead, the new growth industries are knowledge based. + +They depend on the continuous generation of new technological +innovations and the rapid transformation of these innovations into +commercial products the world wants to buy. That requires a +talented and adaptive work force capable of using the latest +technologies and reaching ever-higher levels of productivity. + + Modern production systems also make much more efficient +use of energy and materials. Advances in technology can lead to +enormous reductions in the environmental emissions associated with +automobiles, buildings, and factories. And because pollution always +signals inefficiencies and, because wasteful energy costs raise the +price of doing business, these technology advances can also lead to +increased profits. + + We can promote technology as a catalyst for economic +growth by: + + directly supporting the development, commercialization, and +deployment of new technology; + fiscal and regulatory policies that indirectly promote these +activities; + investment in education and training; and, + support for critical transportation and communication +infrastructures. + +Technology Development, Commercialization and Use + + Since World War II, the federal government's de facto +technology policy has consisted of support for basic science and +mission-oriented R&D -- largely defense technology. Compared to +Japan and our other competitors, support for commercial technology +has been minimal in the U.S.. Instead, the U.S. government has +relied on its investments in defense and space to trickle down to +civilian industry. + + Although that approach to commercial technology may have +made sense in an earlier era, when U.S. firms dominated world +markets, it is no longer adequate. The nation urgently needs +improved strategies for government/industry cooperation in the +support of industrial technology. These new approaches need not +jeopardize agency missions: In many technology areas, missions of +the agencies coincide with commercial interests or can be +accomplished better through close cooperation with industry. + + + This Administration will modify the ways federal agencies +do business to encourage cooperative work with industry in areas of +mutual interest. President Eisenhower undertook a similar policy +change in 1954, when he issued an executive order directing federal +agencies to support basic research. This new policy will result in +significantly more federal R&D resources going to (pre-competitive) +projects of commercial relevance. It will also result in federal +programs that go beyond R&D, where appropriate, to promote the broad +application of new technology and know-how. + +R&D. At the level of technology development, the fundamental +mechanism for carrying out this new approach is the cost-shared R&D +partnership between government and industry. All federal R&D +agencies (including the nation's 726 federal laboratories) will be +encouraged to act as partners with industry wherever possible. In +this way, federal investments can be managed to benefit both +government's needs and the needs of U.S. businesses. + + This reorientation is particularly urgent for the +Department of Defense, which accounts for 56 percent of all federal +R&D. A significant portion of DoD's research and development +budget is already focused on dual-use projects --particularly +projects supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency +(DARPA). Since a growing number of defense needs can be met most +efficiently by commercial products and technology in the years +ahead, this fraction will increase. DoD is developing a strategy +to improve the integration of defense and commercial technology +development. + + All federal support for technology development is being +reviewed to ensure that research priorities are in line with +contemporary needs of industry and to ensure that strategies for +working with industry are consistent. + + To strengthen industry-government cooperation and to +provide more federal support for commercial R&D: + + The ratio of civilian and dual-use R&D to purely military +R&D is significantly higher in President Clinton's economic plan. +This is a first step toward balancing funding levels for these two +categories. In 1993, the civilian share of the total federal R&D +budget was approximately 41% . Under President Clinton's plan, the +civilian share will be more than 50% by 1998. Total spending + +for civilian R&D will rise from $27.9 billion to 36.6 billion during +this period. + + The Commerce Department's Advanced Technology Program is +expanded significantly. Established in 1990, the ATP shares the +costs of industry-defined and industry-led projects selected through +merit-based competitions. + + The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) will +be renamed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) -- as the +agency was known before 1972. The ARPA program in dual use will be +expanded in ways that increase the likelihood that defense research +can lead to civilian product opportunities. + + New Department of Energy programs designed to increase the +productivity of energy use in industry, transportation, and +buildings as well as renewable energy programs will ensure that the +goals of environmental protection are fully consistent with other +business objectives. DoE, working with other agencies, will +encourage industry R&D consortia in an effort directed at reducing +pollution and manufacturing waste. + + Manufacturing R&D will receive particular attention from ATP, +ARPA and other federal agencies. SEMATECH, an industry consortium +created to develop semiconductor manufacturing technology, will +receive continued matching funds from the Department of Defense in +FY94. This consortium can serve as a model for federal consortia +funded to advance other critical technologies. Programs will be +encouraged in the development of a new automobile, new construction +technologies, intelligent control and sensor technologies, rapid +prototyping, and environmentally-conscious manufacturing. + + All laboratories managed by the Department of Energy, NASA, +and the Department of Defense that can make a productive +contribution to the civilian economy will be reviewed with the aim +of devoting at least 10-20 percent of their budgets to R&D +partnerships with industry. + + Agencies will make it a priority to remove obstacles to +Cooperative R&D Agreements (CRADAs) and to facilitate industry-lab +cooperation through other means. + + + The Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, +and Technology (FCCSET) will be strengthened. Initiatives are +currently underway in the following six areas: improving our +understanding of the climate system, advanced supercomputers and +computer networks, math and science education, materials processing, +biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. + + Commercialization. Although U.S. firms remain relatively strong in +the invention of new technologies, foreign competitors are often +first to commercialize and bring new products to market. The +reorientation of federal R&D can play an important role. +Cooperative research is a powerful way to get technology and know- +how into the hands of businesses that are in a position to put them +quickly to work. The tax, regulatory, and other reforms described +later also play a key role by creating a favorable investment +environment for innovation. But in many cases additional programs +are needed, such as: + + Regional Technology Alliances explicitly designed to promote +the commercialization and application of critical technologies in +which there are regional clusters of strength to encourage firms and +research institutions within a particular region to exchange +information, share and develop technology, and develop new products +and markets. + + Agile Manufacturing programs expanded to allow temporary +networks of complementary firms to come together quickly to exploit +fast-changing market opportunities. These programs support the +development and dissemination of information technology and +technical standards to make such networks possible. + +Access and Use. In addition to support for the development and +adoption of new technologies, programs are needed to ensure that all +American businesses have easy access to existing technology and best +practices. The Agriculture Department has historically devoted half +of its R&D budget to the active dissemination of research results. +The extraordinary productivity gains in American farming throughout +this century owe a great deal to the close links between individual +farmers and county extension agents. + + American manufacturing also needs an effective system. +New manufacturing technologies and approaches are available that can +lead to dramatic improvements in product quality, cost, + +and time-to-market. But relatively few U.S. businesses have taken +advantage of these new technologies and best practices. The problem +is particularly acute among the 360,000 small and medium-sized +manufacturers, many of whom are still using 1950s technology. + + Workers should play a significant role in the use and +spread of manufacturing technology. Workplace experience makes +clear that new technologies are implemented most effectively when +the knowledge and concerns of workers are included in the process. + + To enhance the use of and access to technology, we will: + + Create a national network of manufacturing extension centers. +Existing state and federal manufacturing extension centers managed +through the Department of Commerce provide assistance to a small +number of businesses, but service must be greatly expanded to give +all businesses access to the technologies, testing facilities, and +training programs they need. Federal funds (to be matched by state +and local governments) will support and build on existing state, +local, and university programs, with the goal of creating a nation- +wide network of extension centers. + + Expand the Manufacturing Experts in the Classroom program to +support manufacturing specialists from industry and labor teaching +in technical and community colleges. The goal is to strengthen the +capacity of such institutions to serve regional manufacturing firms. + + Work through the Department of Labor to assist US firms in +implementing the principles of high performance work organization. +DOL will coordinate assistance in workforce literacy, technical +training, labor management relations, and the restructuring of +management and work processes. Implementation will occur in part +through the network of manufacturing extension centers. + + + + +A World-Class Business Environment For Innovation and Private Sector +Investment + + Increasing investment in civilian technologies is only one +element of a strategy to restore America's industrial and +technological leadership, and to create high-wage, high-skill jobs. +The United States must also ensure that its tax, trade, regulatory +and procurement policies encourage private sector investment and +innovation. In a global where capital and technology are +increasingly mobile, the United States must make sure that it has +the best environment for private sector investment and job creation. + + To improve the environment for private sector investment +and create jobs, we will: + +1. Make Permanent the Research and Experimentation (R&E) Tax +Credit: The need for additional U.S. investment in R&D is clear. +Currently, the United States invests 1.9 percent of GDP in non- +defense R&D, as compared to 3.0 percent in Japan and 2.7 percent in +West Germany. We will increase private R&E expenditures by making +the Research and Experimentation tax credit permanent. In the past, +the effectiveness of this credit has been undermined by a series of +six and nine-month temporary extensions. The credit cannot induce +additional R&E expenditures unless its future availability is known +when the businesses are planning R&E projects and projecting costs. +R&E activity, by its nature, is long term and businesses should be +able to plan their research activity knowing that the credit will be +available when the research is actually undertaken. Thus if the R&E +credit is to have the intended incentive effect, it should be +permanent. + +2. Create incentives for long-term investments in small +businesses: The Administration will send legislation to Congress +designed to provide incentives for those who make high-risk, long- +term venture capital investments in startups and other small +enterprises. These companies are the major source of job creation, +economic growth, and technological dynamism in our economy. + +3. Create incentives for investment in equipment: Currently, +America's chief economic competitors are investing twice as much in +plant and equipment (as a percentage of GDP) as the United States. +Furthermore, studies show a high correlation between investment in +new equipment and productivity -- since new technologies are often +embodied in capital equipment. To stimulate additional investment +in equipment, the + +Administration will propose a temporary incremental investment tax +credit for large businesses and a permanent credit for small +businesses. + +4. Reform antitrust laws to permit joint production ventures: +The Administration will forward legislation to Congress which would +extend the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 to cover joint +production ventures. Increasingly, the escalating cost of state-of- +the-art manufacturing facilities will require firms to share costs +and pool risks. + +5. Ensure that U.S. trade policy strengthens high technology +industries: To remain competitive, America's high-tech industries +need full access to overseas markets and effective protection of +intellectual property rights. The Administration is committed to +multilateral and bilateral negotiations, and enforcement of existing +agreements, that will accomplish these objectives. The trade policy +must also be consistent with a vigorous public research and +development program. + +6. Review proposals to increase the supply and availability of +patient capital: A number of proposals have been made to increase +the time-horizon of investments. For example, the National Academy +of Science has proposed creating a publicly-funded, privately run +Civilian Technology Corporation. The private-sector Council on +Competitiveness has proposed a sweeping set of reforms to improve +corporate governance and encourage long-term asset ownership. The +Administration will review these and other proposals in an effort to +improve the environment for long-term investments. + +7. Ensure that federal regulatory policy encourages investment +in innovation and technology development that achieve the purposes +of the regulation at the lowest possible cost: Regulatory policy +can have a significant impact on the rate of technology development +in energy, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, and +many other areas. The caliber of the regulatory agencies can +affect the international competitiveness of the industries they +oversee. At the same time, skillful support of new technologies can +help businesses reduce costs while complying with ambitious +environmental regulations. A well designed regulatory program can +stimulate rather than frustrate attractive directions for +innovation. We will review the nation's regulatory "infrastructure" +to ensure that unnecessary + +obstacles to technical innovation are removed and that priorities +are attached to programs introducing technology to help reduce the +cost of regulatory compliance. + +Education and Training + + Technology policy can play a key role in supporting our +commitment to improving the education and training opportunities for +all Americans. + + First, it is essential that priorities in research, +regulatory, and other policies designed to encourage innovation and +investment in the economy reflect the need to create high- +performance workplaces -- workplaces which offer all workers +skilled, rewarding jobs with opportunities for growth. These +priorities are reflected in the design of the initiatives described +earlier. Our plan ensures that economic growth works to the +advantage of all Americans in the workforce, not just an elite group +of well-educated workers who have easy access to training in new +skills. + + Secondly, it is essential that all Americans have access +to the education and training they need and that the teaching +enterprise itself become a high-performance workplace. Our +initiatives in education and training follow four central themes: +restructuring primary and secondary schooling, using youth +apprenticeships and other programs to facilitate the transition from +school to work for people who do not expect to go to college, making +training accessible and affordable to all workers who need to +upgrade their skills to keep pace with a rapidly changing economy, +and programs specifically targeted to help workers displaced by +declining defense budgets or increased international trade. + + Technology policy can and must support all of these +objectives. + +1. Public investment will be provided to support technology that +can increase the productivity of learning and teaching in formal +school settings, in industrial training, and even at home. New +information technologies can give teachers more power in the +classroom and create a new range of employment opportunities. +Schools can themselves become high-performance workplaces. + + +2. Public investment will also be increased for programs designed to +provide needed skills in mathematics, science, and engineering. +Programs will be supported in primary, secondary, college, post- +graduate schools and in a range of industrial training facilities. +Particular attention will be paid to increasing participation by +minorities and women. + +3. Defense capabilities in education and training represent an +important resource. New programs will accelerate transfer of this +experience to civilian institutions. The Department of Defense and +NASA have invested heavily both in the hardware and software needed +for advanced instructional systems, they have accumulated valuable +experience in how to use the new technologies in practical teaching +situations. The Navy Training Systems Center and the Army +Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command together spend +about $1 billion a year on training systems. There are over 150 +defense simulation and training companies serving these needs in +central Florida alone. + + Specific initiatives include the following: + +A. Access to the Internet and developing NREN will be +expanded to connect university campuses, community colleges, and K- +12 schools to a high-speed communications network providing a broad +range of information resources. Support will be provided for +equipment allowing local networks in these learning institutions +access to the network along with support for development of high- +performance software capable of taking advantage of the emerging +hardware capabilities. + +B. An interagency task force will be created from +appropriate federal agencies to (i) establish software and +communication standards for education and training, (ii) coordinate +the development of critical software elements, (iii) support +innovative software packages and curriculum design, and (iv) collect +information resources in a standardized format and make them +available to schools and teaching centers throughout the nation +through both conventional and advanced communication networks. This +task force will provide specific assistance to the interagency task +force on worker displacement. + +C. Programs in the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, +Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on Education and +Human Resources programs will be enhanced. + +These programs are designed to improve the teaching of science, +mathematics, and engineering at all levels. In K-12 schools, +primary emphasis will be placed on teacher preparation, +comprehensive organizational reform, and curriculum development. +Programs for undergraduate education emphasize faculty preparation +and organization and curriculum reforms but place heaviest emphasis +on student incentives. At the graduate level, most funding is +directed for fellowships. + +D. Proposals will be encouraged for an industry consortia or +regional alliance designed to develop new teaching systems (hardware +and software) and work with training organizations throughout the +nation to develop, install, and maintain state-of-the art systems. +Firms now providing similar services to defense training +organizations are likely to participate. + +E. Promote Manufacturing Engineering Education. Traditional +engineering education, with its focus on product design and +analysis, has seriously neglected the management and operation of +manufacturing activities. This program provides matching funds for +graduate or undergraduate programs in manufacturing engineering. + + + + + +" Information Superhighways" + +New Options offered by Information Technology +in Education and Training + +-- Computers can create an unprecedented opportunity for learning +complex ideas, creating an environment that can closely approximate +real work environments or experimental apparatus. +-- Interconnected systems can help students work together as parts +of a team even if the members of the team are separated +geographically. +-- Training can be embedded as a part of new equipment. Complex +machine tools or software packages can be purchased with tutorials +that bring new operators up to speed quickly, that provide quick +refreshers for unusual events, and that allow operators to build new +competencies during off-hours. + +-- Advanced systems permit instruction tailored to the learning +needs of individuals. This is particularly important for retraining +adults that reenter a training environment with a great variety of +learning needs and learning abilities. And it is important in +ensuring that minorities, women, people with disabilities, and +others that may be disadvantaged by traditional approaches to +instruction. +-- Communication technologies can bring a rich education and +training environment to people isolated because they live in remote +areas or because of the demands of work and family responsibilities. +-- Technology can reduce the burden of record-keeping and other +paperwork that consumes so much teacher time in today's classrooms. +It can also bring teachers and schools together in ways that +facilitate the exchange of ideas and build a sense of community. + + Efficient access to information is becoming critical for +all parts of the American economy. Banks, insurance companies, +manufacturing concerns, and many other business operations now +depend on high-speed communication links. Many more businesses can +take advantage of such systems if they are reliable, easy to use, +and inexpensive. Such systems would also be of enormous value to +schools, hospitals, and other public organizations. Even the most +remote school could be connected to state-of-the art information. +Hospitals could call in experts for consultation even if the expert +is far from the patient. + + Accelerating the introduction of an efficient, high-speed +communication system can have the same effect on US economic and +social development as public investment in the railroads had in the +19th century. It would provide a critical tool around which many +new business opportunities can develop. + + Specific new programs include : + +A. Implementation of the High-performance Computing and +Communications Program established by the High-Performance Computing +Act of 1991 introduced by Vice President Gore when he served in the +Senate. Research and development funded by this program is +creating (1) more powerful super computers, (2) faster computer +networks and the first national high speed network, and (3) more +sophisticated software. This network will be constructed by the +private sector but encouraged by federal policy + +and technology developments. In addition, it is providing +scientists and engineers with the tools and training they need to +solve "Grand Challenges", research problems--like modeling global +warming--that cannot be solved without the most powerful computers. + +B. Create a Task Force on Information Infrastructure. +Government telecommunication and information policy has not kept +pace with new developments in telecommunications and computer +technology. As a result, government regulations have tended to +inhibit competition and delay deployment of new technology. For +instance, without a consistent, stable regulatory environment, the +private sector will hesitate to make the investments necessary to +build the high-speed national telecommunications network that this +country needs to compete successfully in the 21st Century. To +address this problem and others, we will create a high-level inter- +agency task force within the National Economic Council which will +work with Congress and the private sector to find consensus on and +implement policy changes needed to accelerate deployment of a +national information infrastructure. + +C. Create an Information Infrastructure Technology Program to +assist industry in the development of the hardware and software +needed to fully apply advanced computing and networking technology +in manufacturing, in health care, in life-long learning, and in +libraries. + +D. Provide funding for networking pilot projects through the +National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of +the Department of Commerce. NTIA will provide matching grants to +states, school districts, libraries, and other non-profit entities +so that they can purchase the computers and networking connections +needed for distance learning and for hooking into computer networks +like the Internet. These pilot projects will demonstrate the +benefits of networking to the educational and library communities. + +E. Promote dissemination of Federal information. Every year, +the Federal government spends billions of dollars collecting and +processing information (e.g. economic data, environmental data, and +technical information). Unfortunately, while much of this +information is very valuable, many potential users either do not +know that it exists or do not know how to access it. We are + +committed to using new computer and networking technology to make +this information more available to the taxpayers who paid for it. +In addition, it will require consistent Federal information policies +designed to ensure that Federal information is made available at a +fair price to as many users as possible while encouraging growth of +the information industry. + +Transportation and other Infrastructure + + A competitive, growing economy requires a transportation +system that can move people, goods and services quickly and +efficiently. To meet this challenge, each transport sector must +work effectively both by itself and as part of a larger, +interconnected whole. With nearly one out of every six dollars of +GDP now spent in transportation related activities, technologies +that increase the speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of the +transportation sector will also increase the economy's +competitiveness and ability to create jobs. + + One of the greatest challenges we face is to rehabilitate +and properly maintain the huge stock of infrastructure facilities +already in place. With this in mind, the Administration will +consider establishing an integrated program of research designed to +enhance the performance and longevity of the existing +infrastructure. Among other things, this program would +systematically address issues of assessment technology and renewal +engineering. A strategic program to develop new technologies for +assessing the physical condition of the nation's infrastructure, +together with techniques to repair and rehabilitate those +structures, could lead to more cost-effective maintenance of the +infrastructure necessary to economic growth. + + Providing a world class transportation sector will require +the nation to meet the challenges posed both by increased congestion +in many parts of the transportation system, and by the need to +rebuild and maintain a public capital stock valued at more than $2.4 +trillion. To meet these challenges, the Administration's program +includes increased investment in a number of areas: + +A. Upgrading the nation's highways and transit systems by +providing additional funding authorized by the Intermodal Surface +Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Improve mass transit +services and facilities by investing an additional $600 + +million in 1994 and $1 billion each year from 1995 to 1998 in +transit capital projects. + +B. Investing in magnetic levitation (maglev) transportation +and high-speed rail by providing funds for a maglev prototype and +for start-up of private or state/local high-speed rail projects. + +C. Increasing research on new technologies that could lead to +the development of "smart highways". These efforts range from +technologies that provide in-route planning and traffic monitoring, +to those that would support a fully automated system. + +D. Increasing research on civil aviation technologies, +including an examination of the economic, market, safety, and noise +aspects of advanced aircraft. We will also support advanced in- +flight space and ground-based command, navigation, weather +prediction, and control systems. US aeronautical, research and +development facilities infrastructure such as wind tunnels will also +be revitalized. + +E. Increasing research on new materials that will allow the +construction of infrastructure facilities that are more durable, +minimizing the frequency of costly reconstruction with its attendant +disruption of traffic. + +F. Exploring new assessment technologies for more accurately +assessing the expected life of existing public infrastructure. A +number of new technologies from a variety of industries, including +electronic, medical, space, defense, and manufacturing sectors, +could be used to develop more-reliable, nondestructive methods for +evaluating the condition of existing structures. Since current +assessment techniques are so unreliable, engineering decisions must +include significant room for error and costly fail-safe features. +The data made available by nondestructive evaluation and monitoring +could be used to schedule better an ongoing program of cost- +effective maintenance and rehabilitation. + +G. Supporting renewal engineering programs which target +materials and construction methods that would lower the cost of +rehabilitating and repairing structures. + + + + +GOAL: MAKING GOVERNMENT MORE EFFICIENT AND MORE RESPONSIVE + + The federal government must use technology to improve the +efficiency of its own operations. Many private businesses have +used advanced communication systems to improve the efficiency of +their operations and to make their businesses more sensitive to the +needs of individual customers and clients. The federal government +must move actively to take advantage of these new opportunities. +Similarly, the federal government is one of the nation's largest +consumers of energy yet many of its buildings are far less efficient +than structures owned by private firms and taxpayers are paying the +bill. + + The enormous purchasing power of the federal government +can be used to stimulate markets for innovative products in many +areas. This power should be exercised in a way that is consistent +with overall national technology objectives. President Clinton is +committed to reinventing government, to make government work better, +harder, and smarter. Technology can help us achieve that goal. + +Information Technology + + Information technology will be used to dramatically +improve the way the Federal Government serves the people. +Government will become more cost-effective, efficient, and "user- +friendly." In particular, we will use technology to improve the +quality and timeliness of service, to provide new ways for the +public to communicate with their government, and to make government +information available to the public in a timely and equitable +manner. + + Fast communication makes it possible for teams to work +closely on a project even if the team members are physically distant +from each other. Information technology presents an opportunity to +flatten existing organizational structures, form effective cross- +disciplinary problem-solving groups, and expand the definition of +the workplace and workforce via telecommuting. But business +organizations in many sectors have found that automating existing +work processes based on a tradition of processing paper does not +always provide the greatest benefits from investment in automation. +Efficiency gains from the new technology often can only be captured +if changes are made in the + +structure of their organizations and the way they are managed. The +administration will undertake a careful review of government +management with a view to making the most efficient possible use of +new information technologies. + + Improved quality and timeliness of service. Information +technology will eliminate errors generated in routine paper +processes while reducing processing time. For example, the Internal +Revenue Service (IRS)'s electronic filing program is reducing error +rates on tax returns from 16 percent to less than 3 percent, while +speeding up the delivery of refunds by as much as four weeks. +Agencies are moving forward to convert many other paper processes to +electronic form. + + Information on paper is hard to retrieve. Automation is +allowing the Social Security Administration to provide beneficiaries +with "one-stop" service anywhere in the country from an 800 number. +Better connections among Federal offices, in a manner that +safeguards the privacy of individuals, will make it easier to get +answers from the government. + + New ways to communicate. In the past, citizens typically +had to go to a federal office during business hours to receive +benefits or services. A government that uses technology to expand +its hours of service and communicate with the public electronically +will deliver services and benefits where people need them, not where +the government provides them. We will make it possible for people +to communicate with a Federal agency using electronic as well as +conventional mail. Automated terminals may be placed in public +locations such as shopping centers or post offices that could +provide in-hours access to a variety of government services. + + Access to government information. Government information +is a public asset. Markets depend on sound and timely economic +decisions. Federal geographic and climatological information allows +farmers to apply fertilizer more efficiently, local governments to +formulate environmental policy, and public safety officials to +prepare for natural disasters. The government will promote the +timely and equitable access to government information via a diverse +array of sources, both public and private, including state and local +governments and libraries. The development of public networks such +as the Internet and the National Research and Educational Network +(NREN) will + +contribute significantly to this diversity, enabling government +information to be disseminated inexpensively to a broad range of +users. + + Policy and technology infrastructure. Many of the +government's policies in such areas as privacy, information +security, records management, information dissemination, and +procurement will be updated to take into account the rapid pace of +technological change. In addition, the government must apply the +economic principle of maximizing return on investment when acquiring +information technology, and be able to acquire commercial, off-the- +shelf technology quickly and easily. + + In addition, resources are needed to provide a technology +infrastructure to support these service delivery improvements. The +support for the IRS Tax System Modernization in the stimulus +package, along with requests elsewhere for resources to support +information technology, are examples of the government investing in +technology to put people first. + +Energy Efficiency + + The federal government is wasting tax dollars by operating +inefficient buildings. More than $2 billion could be invested in +energy retrofits in federal buildings with average payback times +less than 3-4 years. California, Texas, Iowa, and several other +states have successful programs which have profitably invested in +state buildings during the past several years. The programs have +both increased the efficiency of state structures and stimulated the +local construction industry. + + HUD spends approximately $3-4 billion a year subsidizing +the energy bills of about 5 million low income households. At least +$3 billion could be invested in energy retrofits with a payback less +than five years. + + We are introducing a multi-year program designed to +capture the economic benefits of energy retrofits, create new jobs +in the construction industry, and to foster innovation in efficient +building components and in the construction industry itself. + +Procurement Policy + + + The federal government, particularly the Department of +Defense and NASA, is a gigantic customer for high technology +products. Historically, it played an important role in helping +assure an early market for high-risk commercial technologies that +were extremely expensive to develop. For example, the defense-space +share of the U.S. computer hardware market was 100 percent in 1954, +and it exceeded 50 percent until 1962. Semiconductors, jet +aircraft, and pharmaceuticals also benefited from this government +investment. + + In recent years, DoD has ceased to be an influential +"first customer" for commercial technology. By and large, this is +not due to differing technical requirements: today's commercial +capabilities often equal or surpass DoD requirements. Rather the +problem is a growing morass of procurement laws and regulations. +Many commercial manufacturers refuse to do business with DoD +altogether, and those that do often wall off their defense +production. As a result, the military and commercial worlds have +grown increasingly segregated from one another. + + The cost of this segregation both to DoD and the nation is +high, as a 1991 report by the Center for Strategic and International +Studies plainly stated: + +"[It] results in higher prices to DoD (even when lower-cost +commercial alternatives exist for the same requirements), loss of a +broad domestic production base that could be available to defense +for peacetime and surge demands, and lack of access to commercial +state-of-the-art technologies. Additionally, the wall between +engineers and scientists engaged in commercial and military work +impedes the kind of shoulder-to-shoulder contact that is the essence +of technology transfer and that is basic to achieving greater job +stability and growth opportunities for the U.S. work force." + + The federal government will make it a priority to +thoroughly review and reform its procurement policy, particularly +(but not exclusively) defense procurement policy. It will begin by +reviewing the recommendations of the congressionally-mandated +"Section 800 Panel" (after Section 800 of the FY1991 Defense +Authorization Act), which recently completed a detailed study of DoD +procurement practices. + + + + + More specifically, the federal government will begin steps +necessary to achieve the following reforms: + + Government purchases or government-contracted development +should give priority to commercial specifications and products. + + Agencies should invest in and procure advanced technologies, +where it is economically feasible, in order to facilitate their +commercialization. + + Agencies should experiment with a portion of their +procurement budget to allow them to procure innovative products and +services incorporating leading-edge technologies. + + Agencies should evaluate bids based on their ability to +minimize life-cycle cost rather than acquisition cost, including +environmental, health and safety costs borne by the public. + + Agencies should obtain rights in technologies developed +under government contracts only to the extent necessary to meet the +agencies' needs, leaving contractors with the rights necessary to +encourage private sector investment in the development of commercial +applications. + + Agencies should use performance-based contracting strategies +that give contractors the design freedom and financial incentive to +be innovative and efficient. + + + + + + + + +GOAL: WORLD LEADERSHIP IN BASIC SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND +ENGINEERING. + + + It is essential to recognize that technical advances +depend on basic research in science, mathematics, and engineering. +Scientific advances are the wellspring of the + +technical innovations whose benefits are seen in economic growth, +improved health care, and many other areas. The federal government +has invested heavily in basic research since the Second World War +and this support has paid enormous dividends. Our research +universities are the best in the world; our national laboratories +and the research facilities they house attract scientists and +engineers from around the globe. In almost every field, United +States researchers lead their foreign colleagues in scientific +citations, in Nobel Prizes, and most other measures of scientific +excellence. + + This administration will both ensure that support for +basic science remains strong, and that stable funding is provided +for projects that require continuity. We will not allow short-term +fluctuations in funding levels to destroy critical research teams +that have taken years to assemble. + + But stable funding requires setting clear priorities. In +recent years, rather than canceling less important projects when +research budgets have been tight, Federal agencies have tended to +spread the pain, resulting in disruptive cuts and associated +schedule delays in hundreds of programs. We will improve +management of basic science to ensure that high-priority programs +receive sustained support. + + University Research. The National Science Foundation and +the National Institutes of Health provide the vast majority of +Federal funding for university research. Since universities play +dual roles of research and teaching, the long-term scientific and +technological vitality of the U.S. depends upon adequate and +sustained funding for university research grant programs at NSF, +NIH, and other research agencies. + + National Laboratories. In fields like high-energy +physics, biomedical science, nuclear physics, materials sciences, +and aeronautics, the national laboratories provide key facilities +used by researchers in academia, Federal labs, and industry. In +addition, in many fields, researchers at Federal labs are world +leaders. We will ensure that Federal laboratories continue their +key role in basic research and will encourage more cooperative +research between the laboratories and industry and universities. +And we will develop new missions for our federal labs to make full +use of the talented and experienced men and women working there in +today's post-cold war era. + + + Space Science and Exploration. The resources needed for +space exploration and research make government funding essential. +We will continue to work with foreign partners to design missions +needed to explore our solar system and the universe beyond. +Research on micro-gravity and life-sciences as applied to the human +in space program will also be supported. + + Environmental Research. In FY93, the Federal government +will invest in research to better understand global warming, ozone +depletion, and other phenomena important to local, regional, and +global environments. This research is essential if we are to fully +assess the damage mankind is doing to our planet and take effective +action to address it. Vital research on local and regional +environmental problems will also be strongly supported at EPA, NOAA, +NASA, DoD, DOL, USDA, and other agencies. + + + + + +BUILDING AMERICA'S ECONOMIC STRENGTH: NEW INITIATIVES + +Permanent Extension Of The Research And Experimentation Tax Credit + +Invest In A National Information Infrastructure + +Advanced Manufacturing Technology + +Facilitate Private Sector Development of a New Generation of +Automobiles + +Improve Technology For Education And Training + +Investments In Energy-Efficient Federal Buildings + + + + + + +PERMANENT EXTENSION OF THE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION TAX CREDIT + +Objectives + + The success of U.S. businesses depends on their ability to +compete both in the development of innovative products and +production processes and in their ability to bring new products to +the market quickly and efficiently. Unfortunately, the U.S. has +fallen behind many of its foreign competitors in civilian research. +Currently the U.S. invests 1.9 percent of GDP in non-defense R&D +compared to 3.0 percent in Japan and 2.7 percent in Germany. US +investment in research and experimentation can be increased through +a tax credit for R&E that can provide a stable basis for business +planning. + + Increasing investment in research is important to foster +economic growth and technological development and to improve +international competitiveness. But many of the benefits of research +cannot be captured by the businesses making the investments. +Instead, these benefits redound to competitors and to the public. +In the absence of an incentive for research, businesses simply might +not invest in research the way our economic goals demand. The +research and experimentation credit should be permanently extended +to foster economic growth and technological development, create +jobs, and improve international competitiveness. R&D activity, by +its nature, is long-term, and taxpayers should be able to plan their +research activity knowing that the credit will be available when the +research is actually undertaken. + +Actions + + The Administration will propose that the Research and +Experimentation Tax Credit be made permanent. The credit would +apply to qualified research expenditures by businesses and +businesses expenditures for university basic research paid or +incurred after June 30, 1992. The proposal also provides a basis +for start-up businesses to qualify for the credit. + + + + + + +INVEST IN AN INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE + +Objectives + + Today's "Information Age" demands skill, agility and speed in +moving information. Where once our economic strength was determined +solely by the depth of our ports or the condition of our roads, +today it is determined as well by our ability to move large +quantities of information quickly and accurately and by our ability +to use and understand this information. Just as the interstate +highway system marked a historical turning point in our commerce, +today "information superhighway" -- able to move ideas, data, and +images around the country and around the world -- are critical to +American competitiveness and economic strength. + + This information infrastructure -- computers, computer data +banks, fax machines, telephones, and video displays -- has as its +lifeline a high-speed fiber-optic network capable of transmitting +billions of bits of information in a second. Imagine being able to +transmit the entire Encyclopedia Brittanica in one second. + + The computing and networking technology that makes this +possible is improving at an unprecedented rate, expanding both our +imaginations for its use and its effectiveness. Through these +technologies, a doctor who needs a second opinion could transmit a +patient's entire medical record -- x-rays and ultrasound scans +included -- to a colleague thousands of miles away, in less time +than it takes to send a fax today. A school child in a small town +could come home and through a personal computer, reach into an +electronic Library of Congress -- thousands of books, records, +videos and photographs, all stored electronically. At home, viewers +could choose whenever they wanted from thousands of different +television programs or movies. + + Efficient access to information is becoming increasingly more +important for all parts of our economy. Banks, insurance companies, +manufacturing concerns, and many other businesses now depend on high +speed communication networks. These networks have become a critical +tool around which many new business opportunities are developing. + + And, by harnessing the power of supercomputers able to +transform enormous amounts of information to images or solve +incredible complex problems in record time, and share this power + +with an ever-expanding audience of scientists, businesses, +researchers, students, doctors and others, the potential for +innovation and progress multiplies rapidly. Supercomputers help us +develop new drugs, design new products, predict dangerous storms and +model climate changes. They help us design better cars, better +airplanes, more efficient manufacturing processes. Accelerating the +introduction of an efficient, high-speed communication network and +associated computer systems would have a dramatic impact on every +aspect of our lives. But this is possible only if we adopt forward- +looking policies that promote the development of new technologies +and if we invest in the information infrastructure needed for the +2lst Century. + + + +Actions + +A. Implementation of the High-performance Computing and +Communications Program established by the High-Performance Computing +Act of 1991 introduced by Vice President Gore when he served in the +Senate. Research and development funded by this program is +creating (1) more powerful super computers, (2) faster computer +networks and the first national high speed network, and (3) more +sophisticated software. This network will be constructed by the +private sector but encouraged by federal policy and technology +developments. In addition, it is providing scientists and +engineers with the tools and training they need to solve "Grand +Challenges", research problems--like modeling global warming--that +cannot be solved without the most powerful computers. + +B. Create a Task Force on Information Infrastructure. +Government telecommunication and information policy has not kept +pace with new developments in telecommunications and computer +technology. As a result, government regulations have tended to +inhibit competition and delay deployment of new technology. For +instance, without a consistent, stable regulatory environment, the +private sector will hesitate to make the investments necessary to +build the high-speed national telecommunications network that this +country needs to compete successfully in the 21st Century. To +address this problem and others, we will create a high-level inter- +agency task force within the National Economic Council which will +work with Congress and the private sector to find consensus on and +implement policy + +changes needed to accelerate deployment of a national information +infrastructure. + +C. Create an Information Infrastructure Technology Program to +assist industry in the development of the hardware and software +needed to fully apply advanced computing and networking technology +in manufacturing, in health care, in life-long learning, and in +libraries. + +D. Provide funding for networking pilot projects through the +National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of +the Department of Commerce. NTIA will provide matching grants to +states, school districts, libraries, and other non-profit entities +so that they can purchase the computers and networking connections +needed for distance learning and for hooking into computer networks +like the Internet. These pilot projects will demonstrate the +benefits of networking to the educational and library communities. + +E. Promote dissemination of Federal information. Every year, +the Federal government spends billions of dollars collecting and +processing information (e.g. economic data, environmental data, and +technical information). Unfortunately, while much of this +information is very valuable, many potential users either do not +know that it exists or do not know how to access it. We are +committed to using new computer and networking technology to make +this information more available to the taxpayers who paid for it. +In addition, it will require consistent Federal information policies +designed to ensure that Federal information is made available at a +fair price to as many users as possible while encouraging growth of +the information industry. + + + + + +PROMOTE ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY + +Objectives + + Manufacturing remains the foundation of the American +economy. Although the United States was the unchallenged world +leader in manufacturing for many years, our performance has slipped +badly in recent decades. American firms still excel at + +making breakthroughs, such as IBM's discovery of high-temperature +superconductivity, but foreign firms are often better at follow +through: namely, turning technology into new products and processes +both quickly and cheaply. + + Both American industry and government under-invest in +manufacturing. In contrast to their foreign competitors, U.S. firms +neglect process-related R&D within their overall R&D portfolio. And +the federal government allocated only two percent of its $70 billion +R&D budget to manufacturing R&D in FY92. + + We have also neglected the dissemination of existing +technology and know-how. New manufacturing technologies and +approaches are available that can lead to dramatic improvements in +product quality, cost, and time-to-market. Although a few U.S. +firms have begun to adopt these technologies and approaches, most +firms still lag. The problem is most acute among the 360,000 small +and medium-sized manufacturers, who employ 8 million workers, but +too often lack the resources or ability to gain access to the +technologies that will help them grow, increase their profits, and +create jobs. + + Finally, investments in manufacturing have not reflected +the concerns and the knowledge of factory employees. Firms should +use technology to build on rather than reduce worker skills. + +Actions: + +A. Provide increased funding for advanced manufacturing R&D. +SEMATECH, an industry consortium to develop semiconductor +manufacturing technology, will receive continued matching funds from +the Department of Defense in FY94. Industry consortia (including +universities and government laboratories, where appropriate) will be +the preferred performers of such R&D, to assure its commercial +relevance. Programs will be encouraged in the development of a +new automobile, new construction technologies, intelligent control +and sensor technologies, rapid prototyping, and environmentally- +conscious manufacturing. + + + + + +B. Support Agile Manufacturing. The new Agile Manufacturing +Program (also known as "Enterprise Integration") is designed to +capitalize on the emerging shift from mass production to flexible or +"agile" manufacturing. Agile manufacturing allows independently- +owned companies to form instantaneous partnerships with firms that +have complementary capabilities in order to exploit market +opportunities. These partnerships -- called "virtual enterprises" +or "virtual corporations" -- will leverage our nation's strengths in +information technology. This program supports both the development +and dissemination of such technology for enterprise integration. + +C. Create a national network of manufacturing extension centers. +Many small and medium-sized manufacturing firms in the U.S. have not +taken advantage of new technologies and best practices, either +because they are unaware of them or because they cannot afford them. +Existing state and federal manufacturing extension centers provide +assistance to a small number of firms, but service must be greatly +expanded to give all firms access to the technologies, testing +facilities, and training programs they need. Federal funds (to be +matched by state and local governments) will go to support and build +on existing state, local, and university programs, with the goal of +creating a nation-wide network of extension centers. + +D. Seed Regional Technology Alliances. Manufacturing industries +tend to cluster geographically, and the strength of these technology +clusters is fast becoming a key to international competitiveness. +This new program is designed to encourage firms and research +institutions in a particular region to exchange information, share +and develop technology, and develop new products and markets. +Federal funds (to be matched by alliance members) will go to support +applied R&D and a range of technology services oriented particularly +to smaller firms (test facilities for new products and prototypes, +design and management assistance, start-up incubators, education and +training, export promotion and market monitoring, and quality +testing and standards certification). + +E. Promote Manufacturing Engineering Education. Traditional +engineering education, with its focus on product design and +analysis, has seriously neglected the management and operation of +manufacturing activities. This program provides matching funds + +for graduate or undergraduate programs in manufacturing engineering. + +F. Promote Environmentally-Conscious Manufacturing. The +Departments of Commerce, Energy, Defense, and a number of other +federal organizations will incorporate environmental goals in +research and development consortia for manufacturing. In addition, +NIST, working with EPA, DoE, and state agencies, will undertake a +technical support program in energy and environmental waste +minimization for small and medium-sized firms. + + + + + +FACILITATE PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF +AUTOMOBILES + +Objectives: + + The automobile plays a central role in U.S. manufacturing +capabilities, in America's economy, and in the lives of most +Americans. If America's auto industry is to remain competitive and +strong in the 21st century, preserving jobs, sustaining economic +growth, and expanding its business, it must continue its exploration +of new technologies that encourage the industry's growth and protect +the environment. Increasingly stringent environmental concerns both +here and abroad make this effort increasingly more essential and the +need for innovation and new ideas even greater. + + New fuels and new propulsion systems developed during the +last decade offer promise as eventual replacements for the +combination of gasoline and the internal combustion engine that have +served so well for generations. Given adequate investment in +research and development, and adequate incentives for U.S. producers +to invest in these technologies, a new generation of vehicles could +be on the market -- preserving jobs, expanding growth -- that would +be safe and perform as well, if not better than existing +automobiles, cost no more to drive than today's automobiles, consume +only domestic fuels such as natural gas and renewables, and produce +little or no pollution. + + + While the basic technology needed to achieve this goal is +available, converting it to a practical vehicle represents an +historic challenge. The potential can only be captured under the +leadership of the U.S. business community and the industry itself. +Success must be defined by their ability to develop a vehicle that +can be built and sold successfully in private markets. They must +play a central role in designing an efficient government-industry +partnership in which the industry plays a leadership role in +establishing priorities. + + If U.S. producers lead the world in introducing such a +vehicle, the domestic industry would be able to meet expanding +domestic and international markets with a machine that significantly +reduces pollution and operates from domestic fuel sources. + + This initiative represents a bold and dramatic step toward a +more profitable, and more environmentally sound future for one of +America's most important industries. + + + +Actions + +A. Establish a "clean car" task force linking research efforts +of relevant agencies with those of U.S. auto manufacturers. This +task force will immediately establish an advisory group consisting +of technology leaders in the principle US automobile manufacturers, +their principal suppliers, and US fuel suppliers. It will oversee +the establishment of cooperative research ventures in (i) fuel-cells +and the control and other systems required for practical fuel-cell +hybrid vehicle designs, (ii) advanced batteries, ultra-capacitors, +advanced gas storage & delivery systems, and (iii) production of +methanol and hydrogen from natural gas, municipal waste and other +waste products, energy crops, and the electrolysis of water + +B. The task force will establish a special advisory group +consisting of key state officials and representatives of the +participating Departments to (i) design a program for using the +authority already present in the Clean Air Act revision of 1991 and +the National Energy Act of 1992 to encourage introduction of +prototype vehicles consistent with the objectives of this program, +(ii) coordinate state regulatory programs designed to require low or + +zero emission vehicles, and (iii) propose federal regulations needed +to supplement state efforts. It will also design programs for +managing federal vehicle procurement. + +C. Working with its private sector and state advisory groups, +the task force will prepare a list of development requirements and +conduct a systematic search for capabilities in national +laboratories and defense facilities. Capabilities identified will +be integrated rapidly into the research teams. + + + +IMPROVE TECHNOLOGY FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING + +Objectives + + This project will support the development and introduction +of computer and communications equipment and software that can +increase the productivity of learning in formal school settings, a +variety of business training facilities, and in homes. + +Actions + +A. Access to the Internet and developing high-speed National +Research and Educational Network (NREN) will be expanded to connect +university campuses, community colleges, and K-12 schools to a high- +speed communications network providing a broad range of information +resources. Support will be provided for equipment allowing local +networks in these learning institutions access to the network along +with support for development of high-performance software capable of +taking advantage of the emerging hardware capabilities. + +B. An interagency task force will be created from +appropriate federal agencies to (i) adopt software and +communication standards for education and training, (ii) coordinate +the development of critical software elements, (iii) support +innovative software packages and curriculum design, and (iv) collect +information resources in a standardized format and make them +available to schools and teaching centers throughout the nation +through both conventional and advanced communication networks. This +task force will provide specific assistance to the interagency task +force on worker displacement. + +C. Programs in the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, +Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Committee on Education and +Human Resources programs will be enhanced. These programs are +designed to improve the teaching of science, mathematics, and +engineering at all levels. In K-12 schools, primary emphasis will +be placed on teacher preparation, comprehensive organizational +reform, and curriculum development. Programs for undergraduate +education emphasize faculty preparation and organization and +curriculum reforms but place heaviest emphasis on student +incentives. At the graduate level, most funding is directed for +fellowships. + +D. Proposals will be encouraged for an industry consortia or +regional alliance designed to develop new teaching systems (hardware +and software) and work with training organizations throughout the +nation to develop, install, and maintain state-of-the art systems. +Firms now providing similar services to defense training +organizations are likely to participate. + +E. Promote Manufacturing Engineering Education. Traditional +engineering education, with its focus on product design and +analysis, has seriously neglected the management and operation of +manufacturing activities. This program provides matching funds for +graduate or undergraduate programs in manufacturing engineering. + + + +MAKE ENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTS IN FEDERAL BUILDINGS + +Objectives + + This project would increase the efficiency of government +by making cost-effective investments in buildings where the energy +bills are paid by the taxpayers. The project would create a +significant number of jobs in urban areas, create new businesses and +job skills, stimulate markets for innovative energy efficiency +equipment, and reduce the impact of the federal government on the +environment. + +Actions + + + In the case of federal building retrofits, funding will be +provided to the Department of Energy which will be responsible for +managing the program. + + In the case of funds for federally subsidized housing, +funds will be provided to HUD which will manage the fund with DoE +providing technical guidance. + +A. Create an advisory group of key officials from states with +successful state building retrofit programs, representative +building facility managers from federal buildings, and utility +managers of successful "demand-side management" programs. This +group will ensure that the federal program is designed with the +advantage of their experience and provide periodic evaluation and +guidance. + +B. The managers of the funds will provide funding for +preliminary "walk through" audits, following the experience in the +Texas program. Based on these preliminary studies, funding will be +provided for more extensive audits. Proposals made in these audits +will be funded using the following criteria: +-- technical merit of the proposal; +-- extent to which all cost-effective savings (i.e. justified on a +10% real discount rate) have been captured; +-- cost-sharing by the agency, utility, or other source of +financing; +-- in the case of federally subsidized housing, state and other +non- program cost-sharing will be considered, including use of Low- +Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) and other funds -- at +least a 1:1 match should be expected; and +-- the extent to which contractors invest in hiring and training +new workers. + + In each proposal, at least 6% of the program cost will be +set aside for monitoring and evaluation using regional centers that +follow an agreed protocol established by a lead center + + Up to 10% of the program funds should be spent to create +early markets for innovative technologies which represent a +significant advance over existing systems and have the potential for +large future applications. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/commanif.txt b/politicalTextFiles/commanif.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bcb50f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/commanif.txt @@ -0,0 +1,943 @@ + +[ The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Reprinted in +its entirety with the exception of part III, a short polemic against certain +political groups of their time (1847) with whom Marx and Engels disagreed. ] + + + Manifesto of the Communist Party + + + A specter is haunting Europe -- the specter of Communism. All the +powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this +specter: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German +police-spies. + + Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as +communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not +hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced +opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? + + Two things result from this fact: + + I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be +itself a power. + + II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the +whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this +nursery tale of the specter of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself. + + To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in +London, and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, +French, German, Italian, Flemish, and Danish languages. + + + + + I. Bourgeois and Proletarians + + + The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class +struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild- +master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant +opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open +fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution +of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. + + In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a +complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation +of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, +slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, +apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate +gradations. + + The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal +society, has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new +classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the +old ones. + + Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this +distinctive feature: It has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a +whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two +great classes directly facing each other -- bourgeoisie and proletariat. + + From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the +earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie +were developed. + + The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh +ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the +colonization of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of +exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to +industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary +element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development. + + The feudal system of industry, in which industrial production was +monopolized by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of +the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters +were pushed aside by the manufacturing middle class; division of labor between +the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in +each single workshop. + + Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. Even +manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized +industrial production. The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, +modern industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial +millionaires -- the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois. + + Modern industry has established the world market, for which the +discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense +development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This +development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in +proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same +proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into +the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages. + + We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a +long course of developement, of a series of revolutions in the modes of +production and of exchange. + + Each step in the development of the was accompanied by a corresponding +political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the +feudal nobility, it became an armed and self-governing association in the +medieval commune; here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), +there taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France); afterwards, in +the period of manufacture proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the +absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, the +corner-stone of the great monarchies in general -- the bourgeoisie has at +last, since the establishment of modern industry and of the world market, +conquered for itself, in the modern representative state, exclusive political +sway. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the +common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. + + The bourgeoisie has played a most revolutionary role in history. + + The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to +all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder +the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors," and has left +no other bond between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash +payment." It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervor, of +chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of +egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, +and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up +that single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade. In one word for +exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted +naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. + + The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto +honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, +the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage- +laborers. + + The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and +has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation. + + The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the brutal +display of vigor in the Middle Ages, which reactionaries so much admire, found +its fitting complement in the most slothful indolence. It has been the first +to show what man's activity can bring about. It has accomplished wonders far +surpassing Egyptian pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has +conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former migrations of nations +and crusades. + + The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the +instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and of +production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of +existence for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionizing of +production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting +uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier +ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and +venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become +antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that +is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses +his real conditions of life and his relations with his kind. + + The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the +bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, +settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere. + + The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a +cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. To the +great chagrin of reactionaries, it has drawn from under the feed of industry +the national ground on which it stood. All old-established national +industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are +dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death +question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up +indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; +industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter +of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the +country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of +distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion +and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter- +dependence of nations. And as in material, so also in intellectual +production. The intellectual creations of individual nations become common +property. National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more +impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures there arises +a world literature. + + The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of +production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all +nations, even the most barbarian, into civilization. The cheap prices of its +commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese +walls, with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of +foreigners to capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to +adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it +calls civilization into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In +a word, it creates a world after its own image. + + The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rules of the towns. It +has created the enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as +compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the +population from the idiocy of rural life. Just as it has made the country +dependent on the towns, so it has made the barbarian and semi-barbarian +countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of +bourgeois, the East on the West. + + More and more the bourgeoisie keeps doing away with the scattered state +of the population, of the means of production, and of property. It has +agglomerated population, centralized the means of production, and has +concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was +political centralization. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, +with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, became +lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one +national class interest, one frontier and one customs tariff. + + The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has +created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all +preceding generations together. Subjection of nature's forces to man, +machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam- +navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for +cultivation, canalization of rivers, while populations conjured out of the +ground -- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive +forces slumbered in the lap of social labor? + + We see then that the means of production and of exchange, which served +as the foundation for the growth of the bourgeoisie, were generated in feudal +society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production +and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and +exchanged, the feudal organization of agriculture and manufacturing industry, +in a word, the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with +the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They +had to burst asunder; they were burst asunder. + + Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and +political constitution adapted to it, and by the economic and political sway +of the bourgeois class. + + A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois +society with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a +society that hs conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, +is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether +world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past history of +industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive +forces against the modern conditions of production, against the property +relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and its +rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that by their periodical +return put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on trial, each time +more threateningly. In these crises a great part not only of the existing +products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are +periodically destroyed. In these crises there breaks out an epidemic that, in +all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over- +production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary +barbarism; it appears as if famine, a universal war of devastation had cut off +the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be +destroyed. And why? Because there is too much civilization, too much means +of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces +at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the +conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too +powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and no sooner do +they overcome these fetters than they bring disorder into the whole of +bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The +conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created +by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand +by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the +conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old +ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more +destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented. + + The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground +are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself. + + But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to +itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those +weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians. + + In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, in the +same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working class, developed -- a +class of laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find world +only so long as their labor increases capital. These laborers, who must sell +themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of commerce, +and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition, to all +the fluctuations of the market. + + Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labor, the +work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, +all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is +only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is +required of him. hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, +almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his +maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a +commodity, and therefore also of labor, is equal to its cost of production. +in proportion, therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage +decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and division of +labor increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, +whether by prolongation of the working hours, by increase of the work exacted +in a given time, or by increased speed of the machinery, etc. + + Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal +master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. masses of +laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. As privates +of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect +hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the +bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois state; they are daily and hourly +enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual +bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain +to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more +embittering it is. + + The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labor, in +other words, the more modern industry develops, the more is the labor of men +superseded by that of women. Differences of age and sex have no longer any +distinctive social validity for the working class. All are instruments of +labor, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex. + + No sooner has the laborer received his wages in cash, for the moment +escaping exploitation by the manufacturer, than he is set upon by the other +portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, +etc. + + The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, +shopkeepers, and retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and peasants +-- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly because their +diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale on which modern industry is +carried on, and is swamped in the competition with the large capitalists, +partly because their specialized skill is rendered worthless by new methods of +production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes of the +population. + + The proletariat goes through various stages of development. With the +birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At first the contest is +carried on by individual laborers, then by the work people of a factory, then +by the operatives of one trade, in one locality, against the individual +bourgeois who directly exploits them. They direct their attacks not against +the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of +production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their +labor, they smash machinery to pieces, they set factories ablaze, they seek to +restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages. + + At this stage the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over +the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition. If anywhere +they unite to form more compact bodies, this is not yet the consequence of +their own active union, but the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in +order to attain its own political ends, is compelled to set the whole +proletariat in motion, and is moreover still able to do so for a time. At +this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the +enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners, +the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty bourgeois. Thus the whole historical +movement is concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so +obtained is a victory for the bourgeoisie. + + But with the development of industry the proletariat not only increases +in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, its strength grows, and +it feels that strength more. The various interests and conditions of life +within the ranks of the proletariat are more and more equalized, in proportion +as machinery obliterates all distinctions of labor and nearly everywhere +reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition among the +bourgeois and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers +ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more +rapidly developing, make their livelihood more and more precarious; the +collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and +more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon the workers +begin to form combinations (trade unions) against the bourgeoisie; they club +together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent +associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional +revolts. Here and there the contest breaks out into riots. + + Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real +fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever +expanding union of the workers. This union is furthered by the improve means +of communication which are created by modern industry, and which place the +workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this +contact that was needed to centralize the numerous local struggles, all of the +same character, into one national struggle between classes. But every class +struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain which the +burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required +centuries, the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few +years. + + This organization of the proletarians into a class, and consequently +into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition +between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, +mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the +workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. +Thus the ten-hour bill in England was carried. + + Altogether, collisions between the classes of the old society further +the course of development of the proletariat in many ways. The bourgeoisie +finds itself involved in a constant battle. At first with the aristocracy; +later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself whose interests have +become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all times with the +bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles it sees itself +compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for its help, and thus, to drag +it into the political arena. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the +proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other +words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie. + + Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling classes +are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the proletariat, or are at +least threatened in their conditions of existence. These also supply the +proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress. + + Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour, the +process of dissolution going on within the ruling class, in fact within the +whole range of old society, assumes such a violent, glaring character, that a +small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the +revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, +therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the +bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised +themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement +as a whole. + + Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, +the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes +decay and finally disappear in the face of modern industry; the proletariat is +its special and essential product. + + The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the +artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the bourgeoisie, to save from +extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class. They are +therefore not revolutionary, but conservative. Nay more, they are +reactionary, for they try to roll back the wheel of history. If by chance +they are revolutionary, they are so only in view of their impending transfer +into the proletariat; they thus defend not their present, but their future +interests; they desert their own standpoint to adopt that of the proletariat. + + The "dangerous class," the social scum (Lumpenproletariat), that +passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of old society, may, +here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution; its +conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool +of reactionary intrigue. + + The social conditions of the old society no longer exist for the +proletariat. The proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife +and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family +relations; modern industrial labor, modern subjection to capital, the same in +England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him of every +trace of national character. Law, morality, religion, are to him so many +bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois +interests. + + All the preceding classes that got the upper hand, sought to fortify +their already acquired status by subjecting society at large to their +conditions of appropriation. The proletarians cannot become masters of the +productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of +appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. +They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to +destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property. + + All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in +the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, +independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense +majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot +stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of +official society being sprung up into the air. + + Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat +with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle. The proletariat of each +country must, of course, first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie. + + In depicting the most general phases of the development of the +proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within +existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open +revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the +foundation for the sway of the proletariat. + + Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, +on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. But in order to +oppress a class, certain conditions must be assured to it under which it can, +at least, continue its slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, +raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, +under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois. The +modern laborer, on the contrary, instead of rising with the progress of +industry, sinks deeper and deeper below the conditions of existence of his own +class. He becomes a pauper, and it becomes evident, that the bourgeoisie is +unfit any longer to be the ruling class in society, and to impose its +conditions of existence upon society as an over-riding law. It is unfit to +rule because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to +feed him, instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under the +bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with +society. + + The essential condition for the existence and sway of the bourgeois +class, is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital +is wage-labor. Wage-labor rests exclusively on competition between the +laborers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the +bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the laborers, due to competition, by +their revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of +modern industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on +which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the +bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its +fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. + + + + + II. Proletarians and Communists + + + In what relation do the Communists stand to the proletarians as a whole? + + The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to other working +class parties. + + They have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat +as a whole. + + They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, by which to +shape and mold the proletarian movement. + + The Communists are distinguished from the other working class parties by +this only: 1. in the national struggles of the proletarians of the different +countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of the +entire proletariat, independently of all nationality. 2. In the various +stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the +bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the +interests of the movement as a whole. + + The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, the most +advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country, +that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, +theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage +of clearly understanding the line of march, the conditions, and the ultimate +general results of the proletarian movement. + + The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all the other +proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of +bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat. + + The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on +ideas or principles that have been invented, or discovered, by this or that +would-be universal reformer. + + They merely express, in general terms, actual relations springing from +an existing class struggle, from a historical movement going on under our very +eyes. The abolition of existing property relations is not at all a +distinctive feature of Communism. + + All property relations in the past have continually been subject to +historical change consequent upon the change in historical conditions. + + The French Revolution, for example, abolished feudal property in favor +of bourgeois property. + + The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property +generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property. But modern bourgeois +private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of +producing and appropriating products that is based on class antagonisms, on +the exploitation of the many by the few. + + In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the +single sentence: Abolition of private property. + + We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing the +right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man's own labor, +which property is alleged to be the groundwork of all personal freedom, +activity and independence. + + Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property! Do you mean the property +of the petty artisan and of the small peasant, a form of property that +preceded the bourgeois form? There is no need to abolish that, the +development of industry has to a great extent already destroyed it, and is +still destroying it daily. + + Or do you mean modern bourgeois private property? + + But does wage-labor create any property for the laborer? Not a bit. It +creates capital, i.e., that kind of property which exploits wage-labor, and +which cannot increase except upon the condition of begetting a new supply of +wage-labor for fresh exploitation. property, in it present form, is based on +the antagonism of capital and wage-labor. let us examine both sides of this +antagonism. + + To be a capitalist, is to have not only a purely personal, but a social +status in production. Capital is a collective product, and only the united +action of many members, nay, in the last resort, only by the united action of +all members of society, can it be set in motion. + + Capital is therefore not personal, it is a social, power. + + When, therefore, capital is converted into common property, into the +property of all members of society, personal property is not thereby +transformed into social property. It is only the social character of the +property that is now changed. It loses its class character. + + Let us now take wage-labor. + + The average price of wage-labor is the minimum wage, i.e. that quantum +of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the laborer +in bare existence as a laborer. What, therefore, the wage-laborer +appropriates by means of his labor, merely suffices to prolong and reproduce a +bare existence. We by no means intend to abolish this personal appropriation +of the products of labor, an appropriation that is made for the maintenance +and reproduction of human life, and that leaves no surplus wherewith to +command the labor of others. All that we want to do away with is the +miserable character of this appropriation, under which the laborer lives +merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only insofar as the +interest of the ruling class requires it. + + In bourgeois society, living labor is but a means to increase +accumulated labor. In Communist society, accumulated labor is but a means to +widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer. + + In bourgeois society, therefore, the pas dominates the present; in +Communist society, the present dominates the past. In bourgeois society +capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is +dependent and has no individuality. + + And the abolition of this state of things is called by the bourgeoisie, +abolition of individuality and freedom! And rightly so. The abolition of +bourgeois individuallity, bourgeois independence, and bourgeois freedom is +undoubtedly aimed at. + + By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of +production, free trade, free selling and buying. + + But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying disappears +also. This talk about free selling and buying, and all the other "brave +words" of our bourgeoisie about freedom in general, have a meaning, if any, +only in contrast with restricted selling and buying, with the fettered traders +of the Middle Ages, but have no meaning when opposed to the Communist +abolition of buying and selling, of the bourgeois conditions of production, +and of the bourgeoisie itself. + + You are horrified at our intending to do away with private property. +But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for +nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its +non-existence in the hands of the nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, +with intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary condition for +whose existence is the non-existence of any property for the immense majority +of society. + + In a word, you reproach us with intending to do away with your property. +Precisely so; that is just what we intend. + + From the moment when labor can no longer be converted into capital, +money, or rent, into a social power capable of being monopolized, i.e., from +the moment when individual property can no longer be transformed into +bourgeois property, into capital, from that moment, you say, individuality +vanishes. + + You must, therefore, confess that by "individual" you mean no other +person than the bourgeois, than the middle class owner of property. This +person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and made impossible. + + Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of +society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the +labor of others by means of such appropriation. + + It has been objected, that upon the abolition of private property all +work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us. + + According to this, bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone to the +dogs through sheer idleness; for those of its members who work, acquire +noting, and those who acquire anything, do not work. The whole of this +objection is but another expression of the tautology: There can no longer be +any wage-labor when there is no longer any capital. + + All objections urged against the Communist mode of producing and +appropriating material products, have, in the same way, been urged against the +Communist modes of producing and appropriating intellectual products. Just +as, to the bourgeois, the disappearance of class property is the disappearance +of production itself, so the disappearance of class culture is to him +identical with the disappearance of all culture. + + That culture, the loss of which he laments is, for the enormous +majority, a mere training to act as a machine. + + But don't wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended +abolition of bourgeois property, the standard of your bourgeois notions of +freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the +conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your +jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will +whose essential character are determined by the economic conditions of +existence of your class. + + The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into eternal +laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your present +mode of production and form of property -- historical relations that rise and +disappear in the progress of production -- this misconception you share with +every ruling class that has preceded you. What you see clearly in the case of +ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal property, you are of +course forbidden to admit in the case of your own bourgeois form of property. + + Abolition of the family! Even the most radical flare up at this +infamous proposal of the Communists. + + On what foundation is the present family, the bourgeois family, based? +On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed form this family +exists only among the bourgeoisie. But this state of things finds its +complement in the practical absence of the family among the proletarians, and +in public prostitution. + + The bourgeois family will vanish as a matter of course when its +complement vanishes, and both will vanish with the vanishing of capital. + + Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of children by +their parents? To this crime we plead guilty. + + But, you will say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations, when we +replace home education by social. + + And your education! Is not that also social, and determined by the +social conditions under which you educate, by the intervention of society, +dire or indirect, by means of schools, etc.? The Communists have not invented +the intervention of society in education; they do but seek to alter the +character of that intervention, and to rescue education from the influence of +the ruling class. + + The bourgeois claptrap about the family and education, about the +hallowed co-relation of parent and child, becomes all the more disgusting, the +more, by the action of modern industry, all family ties among the proletarians +are torn asunder, and their children are transformed into simple articles of +commerce and instruments of labor. + + But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams the whole +of the bourgeoisie in chorus. + + The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production. He +hears that the instruments of production are to be exploited in common, and, +naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common +to all will likewise fall to the women. + + He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do away +with the status of women as mere instruments of production. + + For the rest, noting is more ridiculous than the virtuous indignation of +our bourgeois at the community of women which, they pretend, is to be openly +and officially established by the Communists. The Communists have no need to +introduce community of women; it has existed almost from time immemorial. + + Our bourgeois, not content with having the wives and daughters of their +proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common prostitutes, take the +greatest pleasure in seducing each other's wives. + + Bourgeois marriage is in reality a system of wives in common and thus, +at the most, what the Communists might possibly be reproached with is that +they desire to introduce, in substitution for a hypocritically concealed, an +openly legalized community of women. For the rest, it is self-evident, that +the abolition of the present system of production must bring with it the +abolition of the community of women springing from that system, i.e., of +prostitution in both public and private. + + The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish countries +and nationality. + + The workingmen have no country. We cannot take from them what they have +not got. Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, +must rise to be the leading class of the nation, must constitute itself the +nation, it is, so far, itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of +the word. + + National differences and antagonisms between peoples are vanishing +gradually from day to day, owing to the development of the bourgeoisie, to +freedom of commerce, to the world market, to uniformity in the mode of +production and in the conditions of life corresponding thereto. + + The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still faster. +united action, of the leading civilized countries at least, is one of the +first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat. + + In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another is put an +end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. +In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, +the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end. + + The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical, +and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious +examination. + + Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man's ideas, views, +and conceptions, in one word, man's consciousness, changes with every change +in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in +his social life? + + What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual +production changes its character in proportion as material production is +changed? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling +class. + + When people speak of ideas that revolutionize society, they do but +express the fact that within the old society the elements of a new one have +been created, and that the dissolution of the old ideas keeps even pace with +the dissolution of the old conditions of existence. + + When the ancient world was in its last throes, the ancient religions +were overcome by Christianity. When Christian ideas succumbed in the 18th +century to rationalist ideas, feudal society fought its death-battle with the +then revolutionary bourgeoisie. The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of +conscience, merely gave expression to the sway of free competition within the +domain of knowledge. + + "Undoubtedly," it will be said, "religion, moral, philosophical and +juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical development. +But religion, morality, philosophy, political science, and law, constantly +survived this change. + + "There are, besides, eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., +that are common to all states of society. But Communism abolishes eternal +truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality, instead of constituting +them on a new basis; it therefore acts in contradiction to all pas historical +experience." + + What does this accusation reduce itself to? The history of all past +society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms, antagonisms +that assumed different forms at different epochs. + + But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all past +ages, viz., the exploitation of one part of society by the other no wonder, +then, that the social consciousness of past ages, despite all the multiplicity +and variety it displays, moves with certain common forms, or general ideas, +which cannot completely vanish except with the total disappearance of class +antagonisms. + + The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional +property relations; no wonder that its development involves the most radical +rupture with traditional ideas. + + But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism. + + We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working +class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to +establish democracy. + + The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degrees, +all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralize all instruments of production +in the hands of the state, i.e. of the proletariat organized as the ruling +class; and to increase the total of productive forces as rapidly as possible. + + Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by means of +despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois +production; by means of measures, therefore, which appear economically +insufficient and untenable, but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip +themselves, necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are +unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionizing the mode of production. + + These measures will of course be different in different countries. + + Nevertheless in the most advanced countries, the following will be +pretty generally applicable. + + 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to + public purposes. + + 2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. + + 3. Abolition of all right of inheritance. + + 4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. + + 5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a + national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly. + + 6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands + of the state. + + 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state; + the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement of the + soil generally in accordance with a common plan. + + 8. Equal obligation of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, + especially for agriculture. + + 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual + abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable + distribution of population over the country. + + 10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of child + factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with + industrial production, etc. + + When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, +and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of +the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. +Political power, properly so called, is merely the organized power of one +class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the +bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organize itself as +a class; if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, +as such sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, +along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence +of class antagonisms, and of classes generally, and will thereby have +abolished its own supremacy as a class. + + In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class +antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of +each is the condition for the free development of all.... + + + + +[ Section III is omitted. ] + + + + + IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing +Opposition Parties + + + Section II has made clear the relations of the Communists to the +existing working class parties, such as the Chartists in England and the +Agrarian Reformers in America. + + The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, for the +enforcement of the momentary interests of the working class; but in the +movement of the present, they also represent and take care of the future of +that movement. In France the Communists ally themselves with the Social- +Democrats, against the conservative and radical bourgeoisie, reserving, +however, the right to take up a critical position in regard to phrases and +illusions traditionally handed down from the great Revolution. + + In Switzerland they support the Radicals, without losing sight of the +fact that this party consists of antagonistic elements, partly of Democratic +Socialists, in the French sense, partly of radical bourgeois. + + In Poland they support the party that insists on an agrarian revolution +as the prime condition for national emancipation, that party which fomented +the insurrection of Cracow in 1846. + + In Germany they fight with the bourgeoisie whenever it acts in a +revolutionary way, against the absolute monarchy, the feudal squirearchy, and +the petty bourgeoisie. + + But they never cease, for a single instant, to instill into the working +class the clearest possible recognition of the hostile antagonism between +bourgeoisie and proletariat, in order that the German workers may straightway +use, as so many weapons against the bourgeoisie, the social and political +conditions that the bourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along with its +supremacy, and in order that, after the fall of the reactionary classes in +Germany, the fight against the bourgeoisie itself may immediately begin. + + The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because that +country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is bound to be carried +out under more advanced conditions of European civilization and with a much +more developed proletariat than what existed in England in the 17th and in +France in the 18th century, and because the bourgeois revolution in Germany +will be but the prelude to an immediately following proletarian revolution. + + In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement +against the existing social and political order of things. + + In all these movements they bring to the front, as the leading question +in each case, the property question, no matter what its degree of development +at the time. + + Finally, they labor everywhere for the union and agreement of the +democratic parties of all countries. + + The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly +declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all +existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist +revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They +have a world to win. + + Workingmen of all countries, unite! + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/commnlaw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/commnlaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4a582e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/commnlaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,274 @@ +Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy +From: ajteel@dendrite.cs.Colorado.EDU (A.J. Teel) +Subject: Re: Enforcement of Early Common Law +Message-ID: <1993Mar17.024330.14586@colorado.edu> +Organization: Universtiy of Coloardo, Boulder +Date: Wed, 17 Mar 1993 02:43:30 GMT +Lines: 263 + +>So are you calling for a return to trial by ordeal? Why do you find +>millenium-old common law so desireable? + + Why do you find our "new" statutory law so desirable? So where +did you get the idea that Common-Law is "trial by ordeal"? Is small +claims court, "trial by ordeal"? This Common-Law was the ONLY LAW when +the Const. was created and it WAS ONLY CREATED TO LIMIT THE POWERS +OF GOVERNMENT. + + Compare the idea of "Common-Law" which is what the Constitution *for* +the United States of America is BASED UPON and the corrupt, politically +expedient "statutory" or "Vice-Admiralty" law that was never the intention +of the framers of the Const. + + Please, please place me in your kill file or read the items I am +posting, one or the other. Thanks. I do look forward to THOUGHTFUL +discussions with you in the future. + ++=============================================================================+ +| D I S C L A I M E R | ++------------------------------------oooOooo----------------------------------+ +| The sender of this message is not responsible for and does not necessarily | +| agree with the content or opinions contained herein. Mail will be forwarded | +| to the source identified, if any. This is for "information purposes only", | +| has not necessarily been verified or tested in any way, and "should not be | +| construed as legal advise". Your comments and responses are encouraged. | +| Please Email to "ajteel@dendrite.cs.colorado.EDU" instead of replying here. | +| With Explicit Reservation of All Rights, UCC 1-207, A. J. Teel, Sui Juris. | ++=============================================================================+ + +[START OF DOCUMENT: fl870402.txt.lis ] + + + How We Lost Our Common Law Heritage + + by Richard J. Maybury + + Two Kinds of Law + +As a public school teacher and economic textbook writer, I saw that +government control of the school system causes a "chilling" effect. +Teachers and textbook publishers are reluctant to teach anything that might +raise the eyebrows of the bureaucrats. + +Any serious criticism of government is omitted from the student's lessons. +Huge amounts of vitally important information about law and political power +are not passed on to the next generation. + +Because of this chilling effect, Americans are no longer taught that there +are two kinds of legal systems, political and scientific. + +Many of America's "Founding Fathers" in 1776 were lawyers, and they took +care to insure that their new country would be founded on the principles of +scientific law. But these principles have now been swept from the legal +system, and from the schools and colleges. What we are taught today is +political law. + +To understand the differences between a scientific legal system and a +political one, it is necessary to know how scientific law developed. + + Scientific Jurisprudence. + +Fifteen centuries ago the Roman Empire had collapsed. Barbarians had +overrun Europe and set up feudal governments. + +These feudal governments were bloodthirsty and brutal, but they had one +virtue: they were lazy. They had little interest in the day-to-day +affairs of the common people. as long as the commoners paid taxes and +fought wars, their new governments left them alone. + +This meant in many kingdoms there were no government court systems. +Whenever two individuals had a dispute, they had to work it out on their +own. We can imagine what happened. Disputes often led to brawls or worse. +After several bloody incidents, the commoners would begin looking for ways +to avoid violence. When two individuals had a dispute, their families and +friends would gather round and tell them to find some neutral third party +to listen to their stories and make a decision. + +Legal historians tell us the most highly respected and neutral third party +in the community was usually a clergyman. The disputants would be brought +before this clergyman and he would listen to both sides of the story. The +clergyman would then consult moral guidelines, and make a decision. This +decision would become a precedent for later decisions. + +As decades passed, the precedents were written down and kept in a safe +place. Persons who were not too clear about how to handle an unusual +business transaction or some other sticky matter could consult them to +better plan ahead and avoid problems. + +Eventually, some of the clergymen became so skilled at listening to cases +that they acquired considerable prestige. Demand for their services grew, +and they became full-time judges. The body of precedents they produced +became the law of common useage, the "common law". + +In its early years, common law was a private legal system completely +independent of government. This is important. Students are taught that +law and government are virtually the same thing, but this is quite wrong. +Law and government are two very different institutions and they do not +necessarily go together. Law is a service; government is force. + + Two Fundamental Laws + +A major problem a common law judge encountered was disputes between persons +from different communities or of different religions. Guidelines on which +cases were decided had to be those which all persons held in common. + +There are two fundamental laws on which all major religions and +philosophies agree: (1) do what you have agreed to do, and, (2) do not +encroach on others or their property. + +Common law was the body of definitions and procedures growing out of these +two laws: "Do what you have agreed to do" was the basis of contract law; +"do not encroach on others or their property" was the basis of criminal and +tort law. + +This is how common law became the source of all our basic laws against +theft, fraud, kidnapping, murder, etc. These acts were not made illegal by +Congress; they were prohibited by centuries-old common law principles. + + Legal Consistency + +A skilled common law judge would try to make all his decisions logically +consistent with the two fundamental laws. Common law was not only a +private legal system, it was a scientific one. Abraham Lincoln considered +`Euclid's Geometry' to be one of his most important law books; he studied +it to be sure the logic of his cases was airtight. + +One of the most important characteristics of common law was its certainty. +It had evolved very carefully over many centuries, changing little from one +decade to the next. The two fundamental laws remained always in place, a +stabilizing force. The community could expect their legal environment to +remain reasonably orderly. + +In fact, common law was so logical and sensible that the typical American +could study and understand it! It was regarded as a source of wisdom. + +The great British statesman Edmund Burke said of early America, "In no +country, perhaps, in the world, is law so general a study." He observed +that "all who read, and most do read, endeavor to obtain some smattering in +that science. I have been told by an eminent bookseller, that in no branch +of his business ... were so many books as those on law exported to the +colonies." + +A British general trying to govern America in the 1700s complained that +Americans were impossible to buffalo; they were all lawyers. + + Political Law + +Political law is the opposite of common law. Based on political power -- +brute force -- not on the two fundamental laws. It is crude and primitive. +It has no requirement for logic or morality. It changes whenever the +political wind changes. Fickle and tangled; no one can completely +understand it. + +Democracy or dictatorship, it doesn't matter; political law is arbitrary. +You do whatever the powerholders say, or else. Right or wrong. + +This is why majority rule is mob rule. The majority is as human as any +dictator. Like the dictator, they do not necessarily vote for what is +right; they vote for what they want. + +Their wants change constantly, so political power destroys businessmen's +ability to plan ahead. James Madison asked in the `Federalist Papers', +"What prudent merchant will hazard his fortunes in any new branch of +commerce when he knows not that his plans may be rendered unlawful before +they can be executed?" + +The American Revolution was fought over the difference between scientific +law and political law. Government officials had encroached into the +private business, lives, and property of the colonists, and the colonists +resented this. "All men are created equal". God has given no one special +permission to encroach on others, government included. + +The leaders of the American revolution believed common law was superior to +political law. After the revolution, they created the Bill of Rights and +other documents based on common law principles. The goal was to make the +superiority of these principles permanent, and to restrain government's +efforts efforts otherwise. + + Discovery vs. Enactment + +The founder's understanding of the scientific nature of common law can be +seen in this statement by Thomas Paine: "Man cannot make principles, he +can only discover them." + +Common law was a process of discovery: There were courts before there was +law. + +The premise of common law was that there is a Higher Law than political +law; the judges tried to discover and apply this Law. It was carefully, +logically, worked out, case after case, century after century, much like +the laws of physics or chemistry. + +Political law is an enactment process. Legislators -- lawmakers -- make +changes according to whatever political pressures they happen to be feeling +at the moment. Something that seems right today can be very wrong +tomorrow. In fact, under political law the frequent redefining of right +and wrong is considered necessary; during re-election lawmakers proudly +boast of the number of new laws they have enacted. + +In short, we now live in a world where it is assumed politicians have some +divine power to make law. In 1788, Patrick Henry realized this could +happen. During his struggle to prevent creation of a federal government he +warned that "Congress, from their general powers, may fully go into the +business of human legislation." Henry's warning was ignored, of course, +and today's burdensomely insane legal system is the consequence. + +`Business Week' says that each year in the U.S. there are more than 100,000 +new laws, rules and regulations enacted. This is a primary reason the +economy is a shambles. Tax rates, money supply, trade restrictions, +licensing laws, and thousands of other factors are stirred around in a +witch's brew of regulation. + +Much of this brew is lunacy. In `The Trenton Pickle Ordinance and Other +Bonehead Legislation', newsman Dick Hyman cites 600 examples of our +political law. In Massachusetts, says Hyman, it is illegal to put tomatoes +in clam chowder. [The FOUNDATION Editorial Staff agrees that some stern +measures are necessary in this instance.] A Texas law says that when two +trains meet at a railroad crossing, each shall come to a full stop and +neither shall proceed until the other has gone. The Arkansas legislature +once enacted a law forbidding the Arkansas River to rise higher than a +certain limit. + +Go back and reread Edmund Burke's remark about our forefather's study of +law. Notice Burke refers to law as a science. Would any sane person today +call our law a science? + +Observe Hong Cong. A magnet for Red China's impoverished victims of +socialism. This city is often cited as a model of free-market +effectiveness; it's one of the most prosperous cities in Asia, yet most in +Hong Kong know nothing of free-market economics. The city's legal system +just happens to be based on British common law principles. + +Common law was not perfect, but it was consciously aimed in a specific +direction; that of truth and justice. Political law has no aim at all, +other than to obtain and use political power for whatever purposes the +powerholders decide. Common law historically has had strong popular +support, indeed it was the principle upon which this country was founded. +It weathered continuous political assault until the politically +manufactured exigencies of the New Deal finally overwhelmed it. + + Liberty vs. Permission + +We free-market advocates should bear in mind that under political law +people have no genuine liberties; only permissions. We do not have freedom +of speech -- we have permission to speak. We do not have freedom to trade +-- we have licensed permission to trade. These permissions can be +restricted or revoked at the whim of the powerholders. Indeed, under +political law we really have no more political liberty than do the Soviets; +just more permissions at the moment. + +Under scientific law, the individual's fundamental rights to life, liberty, +and property were held to be gifts granted by the Creator; they could not +be infringed. Says Arthur R. Hogue in `Origins of the Common Law', "The +common law is marked by a doctrine of the supremacy of law ... All agencies +of government must act upon established principles ... The king, like his +subjects, was under the law." + +Our attempt to rescue civilization will fail if we continue living under +political law. Even if hundreds of reforms are enacted, the next group of +politicians can easily use political law to overturn them. + +[Edited from `Freedom League Newsletter', Apr/May 1987] + +[END OF DOCUMENT: fl870402.txt.lis ] + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/const.txt b/politicalTextFiles/const.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43d89c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/const.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ + +A NEW COVENANT* + +WE, THE UNDERSIGNED Witnesses to the Lesson of History - that no Form of +political Governance may be relied upon to secure the individual Rights +of Life, Liberty, or Property - now therefore establish and provide +certain fundamental Precepts measuring our Conduct toward one another, +and toward others: + +Individual Sovereignty + +FIRST, that we shall henceforward recognize each individual to be the +exclusive Proprietor of his or her own Existence and of all products of +that Existence, holding no Obligation binding among Individuals excepting +those to which they voluntarily and explicitly consent; + +Freedom from Coercion + +SECOND, that under no Circumstances shall we acknowledge any Liberty to +initiate Force against another Person, and shall instead defend the +inalienable Right of Individuals to resist Coercion employing whatever +Means prove necessary in their Judgement; + +Association and Secession + +THIRD, that we shall hold inviolable those Relationships among +Individuals which are totally voluntary, but conversely, any Relationship +not thus mutually agreeable shall be considered empty and invalid; + +Individuality of Rights + +FOURTH, that we shall regard Rights to be neither collective nor additive +in Character - two individuals shall have no more Rights than one, nor +shall two million nor two thousand million - nor shall any Group possess +Rights in Excess of those belonging to its individual members; + +Equality of Liberty + +FIFTH, that we shall maintain these Principles without Respect to any +person's Race, Nationality, Gender, sexual Preference, Age, or System of +Beliefs, and hold that any Entity or Association, however constituted, +acting to contravene them by initiation of Force - or Threat of same - +shall have forfeited its Right to exist; + +Supersedure + +UPON UNANIMOUS CONSENT of the Members or Inhabitants of any Association +or Territory, we further stipulate that this Agreement shall supercede +all existing governmental Documents or Usages then pertinent, that such +Constitutions, Charters, Acts, Laws, Statutes, Regulations, or Ordinances +contradictory or destructive to the Ends which it expresses shall be null +and void, and that this Covenant, being the Property of its Author and +Signatories, shall not be Subject to Interpretation excepting insofar as +it shall please them. + +SIGNATORY: WITNESS: + +_________________________________ _______________________________ +signature date signature date + +_________________________________ _______________________________ +name (please print) name (please print) + +SEND TO: 111 East Drake, Suite 7032, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525. PLEASE +ENCLOSE TWO DOLLARS to cover processing and archiving. Add SASE for +confirmation of receipt. + +*Exercepted from Chapter XVII of THE GALLATIN DIVERGENCE by L. Neil +Smith, Del Rey Books (a division of Random House), New York, 1985, as +amended by unanimous consent, October, 1986. + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/const11.txt b/politicalTextFiles/const11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e712c9c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/const11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,600 @@ + + + +THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1787 + + + +We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, +establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, +promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves +and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the +United States of America. + + +Article 1 + +Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a +Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and +House of Representatives. + +Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members +chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, +and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite +for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. + +No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the +Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a citizen of the United States, +and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which +he shall be chosen. + +Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among +the several States which may be included within this Union, +according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined +by adding to the whole number of free Persons, including those +bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, +three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made +within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the +United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, +in such Manner as they shall by law Direct. The number of +Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, +but each State shall have at least one Representative; +and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire +shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island +and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, +New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, +Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. + +When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive +Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. + +The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; +and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. + +Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of +two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, +for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. + +Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, +they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of +the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the expiration of the +second Year, of the second Class at the expiration of the fourth Year, +and of the third Class at the expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third +may be chosen every second Year; and if vacancies happen by Resignation, +or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, +the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the +next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. + +No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of +thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, +and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State +for which he shall be chosen. + +The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, +but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. + +The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President +pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall +exercise the Office of President of the United States. + +The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. +When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. +When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice +shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence +of two thirds of the Members present. + +Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal +from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, +Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall +nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and +Punishment, according to Law. + +Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and +Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; +but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, +except as to the Places of chusing Senators. + +The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, +and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, +unless they shall by law appoint a different Day. + + +Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, +Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a +Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; +but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, +and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, +in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. + +Each house may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, +punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the +Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Member. + +Each house shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, +and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may +in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the +Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of +one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. + +Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the +Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to +any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. + +Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation +for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury +of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and +Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance +at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning +from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, +they shall not be questioned in any other Place. + +No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, +be appointed to any civil Office under the authority of the United States, +which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been +increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the +United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance +in Office. + +Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the +House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with +Amendments as on other Bills. + +Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and +the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the +President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, +but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House +in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections +at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. +If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that house +shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, +together with the Objections, to the other House, by which +it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds +of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such Cases +the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, +and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be +entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill +shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) +after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, +in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their +Adjournment prevent its Return, in which case it shall not be a Law. + +Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate +and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question +of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; +and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, +or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of +the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules +and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. + +Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, +Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence +and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises +shall be uniform throughout the United States; + +To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; + +To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, +and with the Indian Tribes; + +To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws +on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; + +To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, +and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; + +To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities +and current Coin of the United States; + +To establish Post Offices and Post Roads; + +To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing +for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right +to their respective Writings and Discoveries; + +To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; + +To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, +and Offenses against the Law of Nations; + +To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, +and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; + +To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use +shall be for a longer term than two Years; + +To provide and maintain a Navy; + +To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; + +To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, +suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; + +To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for +governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the +United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment +of the Officers, and the Authority of training the militia according +to the discipline prescribed by Congress; + +To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, +over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, +by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, +become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to +exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent +of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, +for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dockyards, +and other needful Buildings;--And + +To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying +into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested +by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, +or in any Department or Officer thereof. + +Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any +of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not +be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight +hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation, +not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. + +The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless +when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. + +No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. + +No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion +to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. + +No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. + +No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue +to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, +or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. + +No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence +of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account +of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be +published from time to time. + +No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States; +and no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, +without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, +Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, +or foreign State. + +Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or +Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; +emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender +in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, +or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. + +No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties +on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing +it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, +laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury +of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision +and Controul of the Congress. + + +No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of +Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any +Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or +engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger +as will not admit of delay. + +ARTICLE 2 + +Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President +of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during +the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President +chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows: + +Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, +a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives +to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or +Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under +the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. + +The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot +for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not lie an Inhabitant of +the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of +all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; +which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to +the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the +President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, +in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, +open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. +The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, +if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; +and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal +Number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately +chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have +a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House +shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, +the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State +having one Vote; a Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member +or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the +States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice +of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of +the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain +two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them +by Ballot the Vice President. + +The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, +and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day +shall be the same throughout the United States. + +No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, +at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to +the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that +Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, +and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. + +In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, +Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the +said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the +Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation +or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what +Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, +until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. + +The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, +a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during +the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive +within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. + +Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the +following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that +I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, +and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the +Constitution of the United States." + +Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army +and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, +when called into the actual Service of the United States; +he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer +in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to +the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power +to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, +except in Cases of impeachment. + +He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the +Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators +present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice +and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public +Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other +Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein +otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: +but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, +as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, +or in the Heads of Departments. + +The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen +during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall +expire at the End of their next session. + +Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress +Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their +Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; +he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either +of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to +the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall +think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; +he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall +Commission all the Officers of the United States. + +Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the +United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, +and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. + +ARTICLE THREE + +Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested +in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may +from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme +and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good behavior, +and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, +which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. + +Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, +arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties +made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting +Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty +and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the United States +shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two or more States;--between a +State and Citizens of another State;--between Citizens of different States; +--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of +different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, +and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. + +In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, +and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have +original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the +supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, +with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. + +The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; +and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall +have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial +shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. + +Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in +levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them +Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on +the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession +in open Court. + +The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of Treason, +but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, +or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. + + +ARTICLE FOUR + +Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the +public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. +And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, +Records, and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. + + +Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all +Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. + +A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, +who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, +shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from +which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having +Jurisdiction of the Crime. + +No person held to Service or Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof, +escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, +be discharged from such Service or Labor, But shall be delivered up on Claim +of the Party to whom such Service or Labor may be due. + + +Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; +but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction +of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two +or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the +Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. + +The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules +and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging +to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so +construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, +or of any particular State. + +Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union +a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against +Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive +(when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. + + +ARTICLE FIVE + +The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, +shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of +the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention +for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents +and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures +of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths +thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by +the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the +Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect +the first and fourth Clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; +and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it's +equal Suffrage in the Senate. + +ARTICLE SIX + +All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption +of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States +under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. + +This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made +in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, +under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme +Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, +any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary +notwithstanding. + +The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the +several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, +both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound +by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious +Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust +under the United States + +ARTICLE SEVEN + +The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the +Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. + +Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present +the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one +thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the +United States of America the Twelfth In Witness whereof We have +hereunto subscribed our Names, + +Go. WASHINGTON-- +Presid. and deputy from Virginia + +New Hampshire + +John Langdon +Nicholas Gilman + +Massachusetts + +Nathaniel Gorham +Rufus King + +Connecticut + +Wm. Saml. Johnson +Roger herman + +New York + +Alexander Hamilton + +New Jersey + +Wil: Livingston +David Brearley +Wm. Paterson +Jona: Dayton + +Pennsylvania + +B Franklin +Thomas Mifflin +Robt Morris +Geo. Clymer +Thos FitzSimons +Jared Ingersoll +James Wilson +Gouv Morris + +Delaware + +Geo: Read +Gunning Bedford jun +John Dickinson +Richard Bassett +Jaco: Broom + +Maryland + +James Mchenry +Dan of St Thos. Jenifer +Danl Carroll + +Virginia + +John Blair-- +James Madison Jr. + +North Carolina + +Wm. Blount +Rich'd Dobbs Spaight +Hu Williamson + +South Carolina + +J. Rutledge +Charles Cotesworth Pinckney +Charles Pinckney +Pierce Butler + +Georgia + +William Few +Abr Baldwin + + +Attest: +William Jackson, Secretary + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/continen.txt b/politicalTextFiles/continen.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e7fc86 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/continen.txt @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ + + +DECLARATION AND RESOLVES OF THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS: + + +OCTOBER 14, 1777 + + Whereas, since the close of the last war, the +British parliament, claiming a power, of right, to +bind the people of America by statutes in all cases +whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed +taxes on them, and in others, under various presences, +but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue, +hath imposed rates and duties payable in these +colonies, established a board of commissioners, with +unconstitutional powers, and extended the +jurisdiction of courts of admiralty, not only for +collecting the said duties, but for the trial of +causes merely arising within the body of a county: + And whereas, in consequence of other statutes, +judges, who before held only estates at will in their +offices, have been made dependant on the crown alone +for their salaries, and standing armies kept in times +of peace: And whereas it has lately been resolved in +parliament, that by force of a statute, made in the +thirty-fifth year of the reign of King Henry the +Eighth, colonists may be transported to England, and +tried there upon accusations for treasons and +misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed +in the colonies, and by a late statute, such trials +have been directed in cases therein mentioned: + And whereas, in the last session of parliament, +three statutes were made; one entitled, "An act to +discontinue, in such manner and for such time as are +therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, +lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, +at the town, and within the harbour of Boston, in +the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England;" +another entitled, "An act for the better regulating +the government of the province of Massachusetts-Bay +in New England;" and another entitled, "An act for the +impartial administration of justice, in the cases +of persons questioned for any act done by them in the +execution of the law, or for the suppression of +riots and tumults, in the province of the +Massachusetts-Bay in New England;" and another +statute was then made, "for making more effectual +provision for the government of the province of +Quebec, etc." All which statutes are impolitic, +unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, +and most dangerous and destructive of American +rights: + And whereas, assemblies have been frequently +dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when +they attempted to deliberate on grievances; and +their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable +petitions to the crown for redress, have been +repeatedly treated with contempt, by his Majesty's +ministers of state: + The good people of the several colonies of +New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, +New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Newcastle, Kent, and +Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North- +Carolina and South-Carolina, justly alarmed at these +arbitrary proceedings of parliament and +administration, have severally elected, constituted, +and appointed deputies to meet, and sit in general +Congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order to +obtain such establishment, as that their religion, +laws, and liberties, may not be subverted: Whereupon +the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a +full and free representation of these colonies, taking +into their most serious consideration, the best means +of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first +place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases +have usually done, for asserting and vindicating their +rights and liberties, DECLARE, + That the inhabitants of the English colonies in +North-America, by the immutable laws of nature, the +principles of the English constitution, and the several +charters or compacts, have the following RIGHTS: + Resolved, N.C.D. 1. That they are entitled to +life, liberty and property: and they have never ceded +to any foreign power whatever, a right to dispose of +either without their consent. + Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first +settled these colonies, were at the time of their +emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the +rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- +born subjects, within the realm of England. + Resolved, N.C.D. 3. That by such emigration they +by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of +those rights, but that they were, and their descendants +now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all +such of them, as their local and other circumstances +enable them to exercise and enjoy. + Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English +liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the +people to participate in their legislative council: and +as the English colonists are not represented, and from +their local and other circumstances, cannot properly +be represented in the British parliament, they are +entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation +in their several provincial legislatures, where their +right of representation can alone be preserved, in all +cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only +to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as +has been heretofore used and accustomed: But, from the +necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual +interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to +the operation of such acts of the British parliament, +as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our +external commerce, for the purpose of securing the +commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother +country, and the commercial benefits of its respective +members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or +external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in +America, without their consent. + Resolved, N.C.D. 5. That the respective colonies +are entitled to the common law of England, and more +especially to the great and inestimable privilege of +being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according +to the course of that law. + Resolved, N.C.D. 6. That they are entitled to the +benefit of such of the English statutes, as existed at +the time of their colonization; and which they have, by +experience, respectively found to be applicable to +their several local and other circumstances. + Resolved, N.C.D. 7. That these, his Majesty's +colonies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and +privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal +charters, or secured by their several codes of +provincial laws. + Resolved, N.C.D. 8. That they have a right +peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, +and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, +prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the +same, are illegal. + Resolved, N.C.D. 9. That the keeping a standing +army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the +consent of the legislature of that colony, in which +such army is kept, is against law. + Resolved, N.C.D. 10. It is indispensably necessary +to good government, and rendered essential by the +English constitution, that the constituent branches of +the legislature be independent of each other; that, +therefore, the exercise of legislative power in several +colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by +the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and +destructive to the freedom of American legislation. + All and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in +behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, +demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights and +liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, +altered or abridged by any power whatever, without +their own consent, by their representatives in their +several provincial legislature. + In the course of our inquiry, we find many +infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, +which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual +intercourse of affection and interest may be restored, +we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such +acts and measures as have been adopted since the last +war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave America. + Resolved, N.C.D. That the following acts of +parliament are infringements and violations of the +rights of the colonists; and that the repeal of them is +essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony +between Great Britain and the American colonies, viz. + The several acts of Geo. III. ch. 15, and +ch. 34.-5 Geo. III. ch.25.-6 Geo. ch. 52.-7 Geo.III. +ch. 41 and ch. 46.-8 Geo. III. ch. 22. which impose +duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, +extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their +ancient limits, deprive the American subject of trial +by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify +the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise +be liable to, requiring oppressive security from a +claimant of ships and goods seized, before he shall be +allowed to defend his property, and are subversive of +American rights. + Also 12 Geo. III. ch. 24, intituled, "An act for +the better securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, +ships, ammunition, and stores," which declares a new +offence in America, and deprives the American subject +of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by +authorizing the trial of any person, charged with the +committing any offence described in the said act, out +of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in +any shire or county within the realm. + Also the three acts passed in the last session of +parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the +harbour of Boston, for altering the charter and +government of Massachusetts-Bay, and that which is +entitled, "An act for the better administration of +justice, etc." + Also the act passed in the same session for +establishing the Roman Catholic religion, in the +province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system +of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the +great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of +religion, law and government) of the neighboring +British colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and +treasure the said country was conquered from France. + Also the act passed in the same session, for the +better providing suitable quarters for officers and +soldiers in his majesty's service, in North-America. + Also, that the keeping a standing army in several +of these colonies, in time of peace, without the +consent of the legislature of that colony, in which +such army is kept, is against law. + To these grievous acts and measures, Americans +cannot submit, but in hopes their fellow subjects in +Great Britain will, on a revision of them, restore us +to that state, in which both countries found +happiness and prosperity, we have for the present, +only resolved to pursue the following peaceable +measures: 1. To enter into a non-importation, non- +consumption, and non-exportation agreement or +association. 2. To prepare an address to the people +of Great-Britain, and a memorial to the inhabitants +of British America: and 3. To prepare a loyal address +to his majesty, agreeable to resolutions already +entered into. + +------------------------------------ + + Taken from: Journals of Congress (ed. 1800), I. pp. 26-30. + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/contra3.txt b/politicalTextFiles/contra3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3581da --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/contra3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,513 @@ +excerpts from: Contrascience #3 < for an original copy, + 2131 - 80th St So send $2 to this address. + Wisconsin Rapids, WI 54494 + + ____"WAR = FUN"_____ + + "Our young ones are at this very moment + assimilating fiction which, under its pert + and smiling guise, turns them into competitors, + teaches them to see domination as the only + alternative to subjection. They are learning sex + roles; perverse and deformed visions of history; + how to grow up, adapt, and succeed in the world + as it presently is. They learn not to ask questions." + - Ariel Dorfman + + I grew up as most average American kids do - playing war, +cowboys and Indians, cops and robbers, playing at any game +involving imaginary violence for the sake of "fun." Ask any kid +and odds are he, or she (there is a tendency to assume just +boys play this game - girls are supposed to play with dolls, +remember. But many girls do, too) can make all the gun noises +and wants to be an "army guy" like G.I. Joe, or another high-tech, +gun-toting hero. It doesn't matter what stage in the technological +evolution of killing the kids reenact and aspire to be a part of, +it is still killing. We learn that war is this amazing game where +no one gets hurt, no one dies, and the bad guys always lose. In +the US, it seems kids grow up wanting to be a soldier, shooting +guns and throwing hand grenades; or a sports star. I wanted to +be in the army and have all the "cool" guns and drive a tank. As +I got older I guess I grew tired of the idea of being a soldier, +but the fascination with killing and guns remained. Once again, +like the "average boy," I began exploring the power of using a gun. +Of taking a BB gun and killing something simply because it could +be done - a new version of the game I had learned to enjoy. I +remember sitting for hours, trying to shoot birds as they landed +on a tree branch and frogs as they sat on the edge of a pond. I +probably killed many, but I eventually reached a point where I +could do it no longer. I realized that it made me feel ill to kill +for the perverse enjoyment of it. My gratitude to my parents for +making me think about what I was doing and what I had done. + The sad thing is that thousands of kids are taught to kill much +more than I, and to truly love the act. I was a light-weight in +comparison to the majority of kids that I grew up with. This does +not excuse my actions, but it brings to light the fact that this +fascination with killing is commonplace, even considered status +quo. While I wasn't verbally encouraged to kill, my actions were +condemned very little. To many people such actions seem +insignificant. "Boys will be boys!" is often the standard +explanation. The fact is that we are all raised in a culture +where guns, warfare, and killing are so commonplace that when a +child acts accordingly, it is viewed as "natural." As serious an +issue as cruelty to animals is, it is secondary to the fact that +we accept kids pretending to kill one another and kids living +killing living creatures for fun as normal. This way of thinking +is the heart of the problem. This attitude has allowed children +to run around wishing for war and mocking violence for +generations. All you need to do is walk through a toy store to +see where our childrens' interest lies. These attitudes will +continue unless we work to change them. + I do not believe that the government has been preparing us +for war as we grow up without any kind of focused effort. But +if we all grow up wanting to be soldiers it doesn't make +recruitment any harder. And besides, society is so ingrained +with these pro-war notions that why should a government even +need to promote it. Just demonize a small and poorly armed +country, bomb it back to the stone age while showing off all +our neat new killing machines, get the people's bloodlust +raging, and watch the support grow. Make it seem like a +sporting event, like a Rambo movie, like fiction; fun and +exciting. Who is going to question it? + This game of mixed messages continues. Toys recreate war +and cartoon characters carry and shoot guns at one another +with smiles on their faces. TV is not the problem, only a +symptom. We are the problem and our attitudes must change. +While many of us realize the failings of such an attitude, +many more do not. They go out hanging yellow ribbons +everywhere believing smart bombs do not harm civilians and +enjoying all the wonderful parades. Some join the military, +hoping to use the power they have learned to love. Or maybe +worst of all, they just go along for the ride with their +heads buried in their gun cabinets, buying their children +plastic M-16's and contributing to the American myth that war +is fun and no one really dies. + + "It comes as a great shock around the age of 5, 6, + or 7 to discover that the flag to which you have + pledged allegiance, along with everybody else, + has not pledged allegiance to you. It comes as a + great shock to see Gary Cooper killing off the + Indians, and, although you are rooting for G.Cooper, + that the Indians are you." + - James Baldwin + + "Man is a religious animal. Man is the only + religious animal. He is the only animal that has the + true religion - several of them. He is the only + animal that loves his neighbors as himself and cuts + his throat if his theology isn't straight." + - Mark Twain + + _________________________ + +PROPAGANDHI is: + Chris - vocals, guitar + Jordan - Drums + John - Bass + +This interview took place in December 1993 at the THD +house in Minneapolis in the midst of the flu epidemic from +hell. + +? - So who here is sick? +C - Me and John are kinda sick. +Jd - Me, not yet. +? - On your record you said you didn't want to be pigeonholed +into one leftist thouhgt.. +Jd - Well, the label is really kinda fucking shitty. I think, +for myself I could probably take every fucking label in the +book and put it on me for certain reasons and other reasons +why you couldn't put it on me. So.. I can't really relate to +any specific thing in an absolute way. +C - We get this question all the time - it is almost like +we have to have a written-out answer or something. I think +the best way I could sum it up for myself would be.. +libertarian socialist, meaning maximum freedom with maximum +solidarity. That's how I feel life should be. +J - I just label myself an anarchist because I think the +principle doctrine of anarchism is having optimism in human +nature - and I have that. +Jd - I have a lot of optimism in human nature and that is the +only thing that keeps me going. I'm also very discouraged +because seeing that humanity has created this global shit hole +that we have today. But at the same time, our humanity is the +only thing that can get us out of this. +C - We're not utopians or anything, we are realist - idealists. +? - How long have you guys been in the U.S.? +All - Two days, three weeks left. +? - So this is your first time in the U.S.? +C - No, we tried this last year. Went for two weeks... +? - What are your impressions of the U.S.? Is it worse than +Canada? Or is Canada any better? +J - I am kind of surprised when Americans almost rave about +how our social programs and everything are so much better.. +I don't see Canada as being a hell of a lot better. +Jd - On a level of meeting people in scenes and stuff, I +think that almost every person we've met or dealt with so far +has been really nice. I don't think there's a real national +difference in that regard, you meet a lot of really good +people. But in respect to politically, I definitely think the +U.S. is potentially the worst country in the entire world. +C - All the social programs are disappearing in Canada anyway, +especially with things like NAFTA. But the bottom line is that +Canada makes about as much sense as the U.S. in terms of a +nation. It is illogical to have a country this big. +J - The regional disparity is just hilarious. +Jd - Illogical for our purposes, but it's very logical for +the purposes who are in control. +S - For the purposes of human happiness... +Jd - It's a pretty absurd country. I think a lot of the same +stuff that goes on down here is - even as Canadians we hear +more about what happens in the U.S. than we do of our own +country. A lot of people are looking at the U.S. - there is +a common consensus that Canada is one step up on the U.S. so +we should stop worrying about the problems down here. But +there is a lot of bad shit going on up there as well. +J - There are a lot of people who consider themselves so +socially aware and cut down Americans for being so patriotic, +but they think about burning the Canadian flag and they get +all uptight about it.. it's totally illogical. +Jd - I think it is getting to be that problems are so bad +they aren't national anymore anyway, with all the trans- +national companies gaining so much power, it's not Canadian +or American anymore. +? - How has the record been doing? The Winnipeg scene, is +that pretty good? +Jd - Considering it's geographic position I think it is +good. +C - I anyone cares, from a selling point it is fine, but +the way it is being sold in Canada... +Jd - You really learn a lot about how fucked up people +involved in alternative music are, not for the purpose of +doing things for each other, but a lot of people are in it +just strictly for profit. I never really thought about it +before but if you are just making a buck, or x amount of +cents, off of each album sold, the people who make the +records are making more, the people who distro the records are +making more, the people who actually SELL the records are +making, I guess, 100% more than the band is... +C - It seems kinda weird. For example, in Canada, Cargo +records has an absolute monopoly on all distribution. They got +the records from Mike for a certain price and jacked it up to +30 or 40% and resold it and the record stores who got it in +Winnipeg jacked it up, in some cases it seemed like 100%! +So LPs and CDs were showing up for 20+ dollars in stores. We +had to get Mike to send some to us and sell them ourselves +just to undersell - sell them for cost. We tried to get this +boycott happening and people just kept buying [in the +stores.] Cargo Records found out about the boycott and +threatened to drop all of our records but they knew they were +selling so they kept them and just kept jacking up the cost. +J - We put up a poster about the boycott and - we assume it +was the one record store that was marking it up the most - +called the city of Winnipeg and tried to stop us. Departments +of the police and the city of Winnipeg were investigating +us because we were trying to sell our own records - because +we didn't have a license to sell. +C - The thing is then, what we should have thought about +before we decided to do a record with Fat Mike, to ask him who +is going to distribute, and hopefully next time we can have +more control. Then again, we said we don't use Cargo and Mike +asked, "Who should I use?" and we couldn't come up with +anybody besides ourselves... It is just sad that all these +shitty companies have monopolies on punk rock records. +J - Especially Cargo. Cargo is like omnipotent in Canada. +Jd - Even like the business dominance over CDs - what is it? +like EMI makes... +C - Every CD made.. even if Born Against put out a CD, EMI +gets a percentage because they have a copyright on CDs. Fuck, +every time you buy one of our records $$ goes to +Thorne - EMI!... +? - I think it is interesting that bands are always preaching +to the same people and they are always saying the same thing, +but when people come to a show from outside the scene, they +[punks] are always looking at them like, "what are they doing +here?" What the hell good does that do? +C - I don't believe in the preaching to the converted thing. +I believe in positive reinforcement. +Mark (of Destroy and Cinder fame, joins in) - I totally agree. +I think it is ridiculous to say that everyone is converted - +it's fucking bullshit. i can say from experience that half the +people that I see at shows don't give a shit about anything. +C - Even if these things are being reinforced, it is important +that you are sharing those ideas with someone you may not even +live in the same part of the world as you. I think it is +important to know that you are not alone in your ideas. +M - If nothing else, with those ideas you are encouraging +more communication via saying something, even if two people +go home and disagree but start talking about it. +J - I also think that we are using the generalized punk scene +member who instead of going out to the protest goes home and +listens to Born Against. That is really the point that has to +be made - that alternative music has to have alternative +action or it is just Nirvana. +C - That is a lot different coming from Winnipeg. I think it +is a lot different in San Francisco or even Minneapolis where +the punk scene might be politically active. In Winnipeg, it +doesn't exist. The people are young right now. They don't +really participate out of the scene, it is all personal right +now. I think that statement that the personal _is_ the +political has been taken too far. I don't really think it is, +it is a starting point. If you actually want social change +instead of just personal change you have to go beyond the +slogan and start doing things outside the scene. Because the +world doesn't hive a shit about a punk rock scene anyway. All +the radical ideas, probably none of them originated with the +punk scene. +? - Anything else you want to say? +C - Boycott Cargo! Boycott DutchEast! Don't buy our records +from them. If you buy our record from anybody take off the +plastic wrap and send it back to Fat Mike. +J - Go Vegan! + + Propagandhi. + po box 3 + Winnipeg, Manitoba + R3M 353 Canada + + advocating moral puritanism since 1991. + ______________________________________________ + + ART FOR THE PEOPLE, NOT THE RICH + Kathe Kollwitz ( 1867 - 1945 ) + + As a young girl in Germany, Kathe Kollwitz was influenced +by her socialist father and grew to believe social injustice +was the greatest of all disorders. She studied printmaking and +eventually began creating works about the exploitation of the +poor. As Kathe matured she realized her bisexuality and came to +believe that such feelings were essential for the creation of +her art. Despite the era of male dominance in the home, she +married a doctor who worked in an early form of socialized +medicine for the poorer classes and they shared a life-long +relationship of mutual respect and equality. Together, they +spent their lives in the ghetto and worked tirelessly for the +poor. Kathe felt she was the protagonist of the poor and the +oppressed and that she had a responsibility to keep working +until her talent inspired interest in the cause. + When her son was killed in WWI, Kathe began a campaign +against war. She produced posters calling for the end of war +and did many series of prints in which she represented dying +soldiers and their grieving families. She battled periods of +severe depression and continued this crusade as the Nazis rose +to power in the 1930's. As a result of her political stances, +Kathe was classified as a "degenerate" artist by the German +state. Kathe remained in the ghetto of bomb-raged Germany until +her death, near the end of WWII. + Throughout Kathe Kollwitz's life, she worked tirelessly for +the rights of the downtrodden and the oppressed. She always +stressed that art should grip the human heart. She fought the +sexism and militarism of her environment in order to use her +art to communicate her message of peace and compassion. + _____________________ + + LIFE: + AS INSIGNIFICANT AS THE FLIP OF A SWITCH. + + 4,000 AND COUNTING... + The purpose of this article is to question the notion that in +the US, a country where the majority of its people (naively) +pride themselves on being self-ruled and free, the government is +given the right to murder its citizens. It is written from the +standpoint that we are part of a society where, whether we like +it or not, those who break the laws of the state are punished +as the government sees fit. As far as anarchism, whether the +state should exist, or has a right to dictate laws and +punishments upon its people is another debate and one which I +will not discuss here. + The death penalty has been around as long as the human race +and the earliest capital punishment laws were religious in +nature. The mosaic code required death for many offenses, as +did many early civilizations. Enforcement of laws with the +threat of death has continued for many centuries and the death +penalty remained deeply connected to religion throughout the +19th century. During the industrial revolution, England had +death sentences for over 200 crimes, including the theft of +bread. By 1807, public hangings had become such a popular event +that over 40,000 people crowded around to witness them. The +major religious denominations uniformly supported the notion +of capital punishment. Clergy from the congretationalist and +presbyterian denominations went so far as to publicly oppose +the abolition of capital punishment by citing the Christian +bible verse, Genesis 9:6: "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man +shall his blood be shed." In the U.S., the death penalty has +been a constant occurence, reaching its peak in the 1930's, a +decade where the annual average of executions was 167. + State-endorsed killing in the U.S. has dropped off +considerably in the last 60 years and there has been a shift +in the number of religious denominations willing to support +it. Many churches have reversed their position and now +oppose capital punishment, although often very quietly. Today, +religious groups that still support capital punishment include +Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and certain fundamentalist +Christian and orthodox Jewish groups. Internationally, support +of the death penalty has waned, leaving the U.S. as one of +only 30 nations in the world who institute the death penalty. +Of NATO countries, the U.S. shares the status of executing +its people only with Turkey. + Between 1930 and 1980 there were 3,860 recorded executions +in the United States. Although executions have occurred +steadily throughout this time, there was a lull beginning in +June 1972 when the supreme court ruled that there was a lack +of standards in the selection process of what offenders would +be singled out for death. As a result, the death penalty was +banned pending a restructuring of this system. In July of +1976, the supreme court again released a decision. It said +that capital punishment for the crime of murder was neither +cruel or unusual punishment and released new standards for +the enactment of the death penalty. After this supreme court +decision, states restructured their justice systems and +resumed giving the sentence of death. Between 1977 and 1989, +120 people were put to death. The restructuring has allowed +the return of state executions, and also created a trap where +the condemned sit for years waiting for the newly established +safeguards and appeals to decide their fate. + Today, 99% of those on death row are male. About 50% of them +were unemployed at the time of imprisonment. And, while blacks +are 12% of the U.S. population, they constitute 40% of the +death row population. In 1988, there were 2, 048 inmates on +death row. This number is steadily increasing due to the new +appeals process which has reduced the number of executions, +while the number of annual death sentences given has risen. +As a result, we inhumanely leave thousands of people locked +in solitary confinement, pondering their death for years. + For those people more concerned with the nations economy +than "the death of a few criminals," an economic argument +can also be made against capital punishment. The execution of +one human being is far more expensive than to imprison that +one person for life. The lengthy appeals process required for +the execution of an individual often costs 10 times that of a +regular case. During this appeals period, the prisoners are +held in special cells, requiring extra supervision and costing +more to maintain. In fact, incarceration of a prisoner for 40 +years is substantially less costly than going through the full +legal process necessary to put that person to death. + In 1987, two law professors published a study of death +sentences in the 20th century. They found that between 1990 +and 1985, 349 persons were incorrectly convicted of capital +offenses. As a result, 23 innocent prisoners were actually put +to death. Another study, released in 1988, found that in the +previous decade, for every 30 persons sentenced to death, 10 +had left death row and one was executed. In effect, a person +is sentenced to death, left to think about it for a few years, +and then we decide to let them live. Americans held hostage in +Iran that endured mock executions can tell you how inhumane +even the suggestion of such action is. As for the +arbitrariness of the executions we allow, more than 20,000 +homicides are punishable by the death penalty each year in the +U.S. But, in the '70's, the ratio of murders to death +sentences was 117:1. Today this ratio is even higher. + The apparent randomness in selection for a death sentence +reveals a system of racism and classism. Minorities and the +poor are statistically more likely to be executed as they are +unable to afford the defense required to fight such a +sentence. Making things even more unjust, a recent supreme +court decision ruled that states are not constitutionally +required to provide counsel for penniless death row inmates +who continue their appeal in state courts. In effect, the +government has once again effectively narrowed the means by +which defendants can appeal and made it easier for them to +be put to death. This is especially ture of those accused +from the lower classes. The late Supreme Court Justice +William L. Douglas, one of the few justices against the death +penalty, declared, "One searches our chronicles in vain for +the execution of any member of the affluent strata of our +society." + Despite all these executions there is still a debate over +the effectiveness of capital punishment as a crime deterrent. +The majority of murders are committed in the heat of passion +when the thought of punishment is the last thing on the +murderer's mind. And, if the murder was in fact premeditated, +the person has planned the murder to the point where he or +she feels they will not be caught. Statistically, people +convicted of murder are among the most unlikely to to commit +violent crimes again in, or outside of, prison. The fear of +sentencing a person to the death penalty often influences a jury +to convict the individual of a lesser crime; resulting in early +release rather than a life sentence. So few executions actually +take place and the appeals process is so drawn out that any +amount of deterrent value that capital punishment could have is +surely lost. And, there is some evidence to show that executions +only encourage crime. + Why shouldn't potential killers see executions as evidence +that lethal vengeance is justified? + "Are more atrocities committed in those countries where +such punishments are unknown? Certainly not: the most savage +bandits are always found under laws most severe, and it is +no more than what might be expected. The fate with which they +are threatened hardens them to the sufferings of others as +well as to their own. They know that they can expect no lenity, +and they consider such acts of cruelty as retaliations." +( - Jeremy Bentham) + Certainty of punishment such as imprisonment is a much +stronger deterrent than severity. + In 1976, Canada abolished the death penalty, subsituting it +with mandatory minimum sentences. The homicide rate did not +rise and has fallen a bit as a result. This pattern has also +been observed in France. A comprehensive UN report found that +abolition of the death penalty has no effect on murder rates. +The U.S. government has ignored these studies and continues the +killing for apparently no other reason than a twisted form of +retribution and spite. + This spiteful attitude affects the way we view violence. +Some studies have found that capital punishment may have a +"brutalizing effect" on our society that increases the level +of violence. We begin to see violence as acceptable; as +state-sanctioned. We lose sight of the fact that the persons +we have imprisoned are human beings. + + "It is the deed that teaches, not the name we give it. + Murder and capital punishment are not opposites that + cancel one another, but similars that breed their own + kind." - B. Shaw + + Furthermore, the act of executions as committed by the state +does not treat the condemned as human beings. I will spare you +the many step by step descriptions of the various ways the +state executes its citizens. All but one... + In April of 1982, John Louis was to be executed by +electrocution in the electric chair. He was given a 1,900 +volt surge of electricity of 1/2 minute. In the process, the +electrode broke on his leg and had to be reattached. A second +shock failed to kill him, and smoke was seen rising from his +mouth and leg. He was then given a third shock of 1,900 volts +until his death. He was slowly and inhumanely put to death in +what was a toal of 14 minutes. + This is nothing but state-sanctioned torture and should not +be viewed as just and effective punishment. Even if the +condemned person had committed heinous crimes, why should we +further cheapen life? the execution of a criminal cannot +reverse the damage done by crimes already committed. It simply +adds to the death toll and further dehumanizes society. If we +were to ask those involved with the act of execution, many will +agree. + "Revulsion at the duty to supervise and witness + executions is one reason why so many prison wardens, + people unsentimental about crime and criminals, are + opponents of capital punishment." - Hugo A. Bedlan + + Despite all the funds spent to kill an individual, we cannot +be certain an error will not be made. How can "the penalty of +death... be imposed given the limitations of our minds and +institutions, without considerable measures of both +arbitrariness and mistake?" ( - unknown.) + While our justice system is said to be much more safeguarded +today, humankind is not infallible - especially where the +government is concerned! Even if we were a society free of +error and truly just, to kill another human being in the name +of government order would still do little more than legitimate +violence. By democratically supporting the murder of a portion +of our populace, we are effectively limiting our own +freedom. + + "The power to permanently eliminate from society + any of its citizens who deviate from the state + government line or policy is an absolute necessity + for the survival of every repressive government + known to man." - Wyatt Espy. + + Why support a step toward such a future? + +- end - + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cookie.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cookie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c7aee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cookie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ + + Operation Cookie! + + + + **What is Operation Cookie? + Operation Cookie is an effort by hundreds of people across the + United States to relieve our soldiers in the Middle East. By + baking and shipping a package of cookies, you can participate and + brighten the days of our servicemen. + + **I thought no packages were being sent to the Mid-East! How are + the cookies being transported? + Since the U.S. Post is only shipping first class letters to + the Gulf, Sgt. Bill Sankey of the 2nd Command Communications + Group has offered to airlift a planeful of cookies from Patrick + Air Force Base in Florida. Only packages marked "Official Pack- + ages-Needed On Duty" are being allowed out through the U.S. mail, + so special transportation is needed. + + **What kinds of cookies travel best? + Small cookies without pointed edges are preferred. Moist + cookies that will not crumble are ideal. Most bar, drop, and + fruit cookies will travel well. Please do not make peanut butter + cookies or chocolate chip cookies as the former will crumble and + the latter will melt. Avoid fragile rolled cookies. Cookies + need to withstand freezing temperatures as well as 150 degree + heat. Cargo bays of military planes are not heated and things + will freeze. After being unloaded, boxes may sit in the sun for + awhile, so cookies will thaw or melt! + Sending brownies is not recommended. Please do not send any + cookies that contain alcohol or liquor, as they are illegal in + Arab countries. + It has also been suggested that you enclose the recipe, or a + list of ingredients in case people are allergic to certain ingre- + dients. They may also wish to bake the recipe at home if they + are fond of it! You may also send a note of encouragement or a + photo, but that is up to you. + + **How do I pack cookies? + To prevent breakage, it is suggested that you wrap cookies + "back to back" with wax paper or plastic wrap. These can be + placed in shoe boxes, clothes boxes, gift boxes, coffee cans, or + any other suitable container. Another way to prevent crumbling + is to stack the wrapped cookies between two of the styrofoam + trays that meat is sold on and secure. Pack the individual + containers in a HEAVY, wax-paper lined box. Foil-lined corrugat- + ed cardboard or fiberboard works best. Use newspaper or bubble + wrap for filler. NOTE: Do not use popcorn as filler, as it will + attract bugs! Shake gently to see if cookies are secure and do + not rattle around. Add extra filler at the top. Tape the box + with waterproof tape. Cover packing box with brown paper. Seal + with waterproof tape. Do not tie with any kind of stirng, as it + will jam on the U.P.S. conveyor belts. Write the address neatly + on the box or an address label and cover with tape to prevent + smearing. + + + **Where do I send my packaged cookies? + Send boxes to: Operation Cookie, c/o Sub-Trek I, 190 Malabar + Road #119, Palm Bay West Center, Palm Bay, FL 32907. Shipping + via U.P.S. or Federal Express is ideal. You may ship by U.S. + Mail, but it is slow and costs much more. + + **What if I can't bake? + You may choose to send store-bought cookies, but follow the + above guidelines as to which cookies travel best. If you do not + wish to send cookies, but still would like to participate, you + can send letters to servicemen by writing to: Any Servicemember, + Operation Desert Shield, SPO New York, 09866-0006. Many people + have been slipping single-serving packages of powdered drink mix + in their envelopes. Men are required to drink six gallons of + water a day, and not all of it is fresh and clear. The drink mix + helps a lot, they say. + + **When is the deadline for sending cookies? + There is no real deadline as of yet. Cookies go out on a space + available basis. As long as boxes keep arriving, they will be + airlifted out. But send your packages soon to ensure delivery! + + + Some Recipes For Cookies That Travel Well + + + Peanut Butter Cookies + + 1 cup Peanut Butter (chunky or creamy) + 1 cup Sugar (or 3/4 cup) + 1 Egg + + Mix together and drop by spoonfuls on ungreased baking sheets. + Press with fork tines in an X shape on tops. Bake at 350F for 10 + minutes. Don't overbake! Since there is no flour in this re- + cipe, cookies don't have a cakey quality. + + + Arlene's Sugar Cookies + + 1 cup Butter or Margarine + 1 1/2 cup Confectioners Sugar + 2 Eggs + 1 cup Sour Cream + 1 1/2 tsp. Vanilla + 4 1/2 cups Flour + 1 tsp Salt + 1 tsp Baking Powder + 1 tsp Baking Soda + 1/2 tsp Nutmeg + + Cream butter and sugar until light and fluffy. Add eggs and beat + well. Add sour cream and vanilla and blend well. Sift dry + ingredients together and add to sour cream mix. Chill for sever- + al hours. Roll dough until 1/2 inch thick and cut off with + cookie cutter (remember, round shapes travel best). Bake for 12 + minutes at 375F on lightly greased sheet. + + + Rum (or Mocha) Balls + + 2 1/2 cups Crushed Vanilla Wafers + 1 cup Confectioners Sugar + 1 cup Finely Chopped Walnuts + 2 TBS Cocoa + 3 TBS Karo Syrup + 1/4 cup Rum Flavoring or Coffee + + Mix dry ingredients together. Form well in center. Pour liquid + ingredients into well. Stir dry ingredients into well. Dough + should be a little sticky. Form into balls about size of a + walnut. Roll in more confectioners sugar and let dry 2 hours + before shipping. If dough is too moist, add more crushed + cookies. + + + Oatmeal Cookies + + 1 cup Crisco + 1 cup Sugar + 1 cup firmly packed Brown Sugar + 2 Eggs + 2 cups all-purpose Flour + 1 tsp Baking Powder + 1 tsp Baking Soda + 1 tsp Salt + 1 1/2 cups uncooked Oats + 1/2 cup chopped Nuts + (1/2 cup Raisins and 1 tsp Allspice are optional) + + Preheat oven to 350F. Cream Crisco and sugars in mixer. Add + eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition. Combine + flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Add to creamed + mixture; mix just until smooth. Stir in oats and nuts. + Drop by teaspoonfuls onto ungreased cookie sheets. Bake at 350F + for 8-12 minutes or until lightly browned. + Makes 5 dozen. + + + Raisin Oatmeal Drop Cookies + + Instant Mashed Potato Puffs + 1 cup firmly packed Brown Sugar + 1/2 cup granulated Sugar + 3/4 cup Shortening + 2 Eggs + 1/4 cup Water + 1 tsp Vanilla + 1 cup all-purpose Flour + 1 tsp Salt + 1/2 tsp Soda + 1 tsp Cinnamon + 1/2 tsp Cloves + 1 cup Raisins + 1 cup chopped Nuts + 3 cups quick-cooking Rolled Oats + + Heat oven to 400F. Prepare potatoes as directed on package for 2 + servings (1 cup); set aside. Cream sugars, shortening, eggs, + water, and potatoes. Measure flour by dipping method or by + sifting. Blend flour, salt, soda, and spices; stir in. Fold in + raisins, nuts, and rolled oats. Drop rounded teaspoonfuls of + dough on lightly greased baking sheet. Bake 10 minutes. Store + in container with a tight fitting lid. + Makes 5 dozen. + + + Cardamom Cookies + + 1 cup Butter + 2 tsp Baking Soda + 1 tsp ground Cardamom + 1/2 tsp Salt + 1/2 cup firmly packed Light Brown Sugar + 2 Eggs + 4 1/2 cups Flour + 2 tsp Cream of Tartar + + Cream butter and add baking soda, cardamom, and salt. Mix well. + Blend in sugar. Beat in eggs. Sift together flour and cream of + tartar and stir into butter mixture, blending well. Chill for 3- + 4 hours or overnight. Shape dough into 1/2 inch balls. Place on + ungreased cookie sheets. Dip fork into flour and press each + cookie in crisscross style. Bake at 350F for about 10 minutes. + Makes 4 dozen. + + + Gingersnaps + + 3 cups Flour + 3 tsp Baking Soda + 3 tsp Ginger + 1/2 tsp Cinnamon + 1 cup Butter + 1 cup Sugar + 1/2 cup Molasses + 1 Egg + Additional Sugar for sprinkling + + Sift flour, baking soda, ginger, and cinnamon together; set + aside. Cream butter; add sugar gradually, beating until fluffy. + Blend in molasses. Add egg and beat thoroughly. Add dry ingre- + dients in thirds, mixing until blended after each addition. Drop + by spoonfuls onto ungreased cookie sheets. Sprinkle generously + with sugar. Bake at 350F for 10-12 minutes. + Makes 4 dozen. + + + Gingerbread from a Mix + + 1 package (14.5 oz) Gingerbread Mix + 1/2 cup Water + 1/2 cup Nuts + 1 cup Candied Fruit + + Heat oven to 375F. Mix gingerbread and water. Stir in candied + fruit and nuts. Drop by teaspoonfuls onto lightly greased cookie + sheet. Bake 10-12 minutes. + Makes 3 dozen + NOTES: Use raisins, currants, dates, figs, or a combination + instead of candied fruit. Dromedary Gingerbread Mix works well. + + + Joe Froggers + + 2 1/2 cups sifted Flour + 1 1/2 tsp Ginger + 1 tsp Baking Soda + 1 tsp Salt + 1/2 tsp Ground Cloves + 1/2 tsp Nutmeg + 1/2 cup Shortening + 1 cup Sugar + 1 cup Light Molasses + + Sift together first six ingredients. Cream shortening and sugar + well and beat in molasses. Add dry ingredients and stir until + well mixed. Wrap and chill dough well. Roll out half of the + dough at a time to a 1/4 inch thickness on lightly floured board + (keep remaining dough in refrigerator until ready to use). + Arrange cookies on lightly greased baking sheet and bake at 350F + for 10 minutes or until done. Cool on baking sheet 1-2 minutes + or until set. Remove from baking sheet with wide spatula and + cool on wire rack. Store in airtight container. + Makes 3 dozen. + + + Cherry Winks + + 1 cup Sugar + 3/4 cup Shortening + 2 Eggs + 2 TBSP Milk + 1 tsp Vanilla + 1 cup chopped Nuts + 1 cup chopped Dates + 2 1/4 cup Flour + 1 tsp Baking Powder + 1/2 tsp Salt + 1/2 tsp Soda + Crushed Cornflakes + Maraschino Cherries + + Cream shortening and sugar. Add eggs, milk, vanilla, nuts, and + dates. Sift and add dry ingredients. Form balls the size of a + walnut. Roll in crushed cornflakes. Flatten slightly and top + with half of maraschino cherry. Bake at 375F for 10-12 minutes. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/coptalk.txt b/politicalTextFiles/coptalk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f113da --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/coptalk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ + Don't Talk to Cops + + by + + Robert W. Zeuner + Member of the New York State Bar + +=========================================================================== + Typed by: The Mad Alchemist|Lunatic Labs BBS 415-278-7421 1200/2400 +Re-typed and spelling checked by Richard M. Bash of Combat Arms, 2869 Grove +Way, Castro Valley, California 94546, Telephone (415) 538-6544. +=========================================================================== + + + "GOOD MORNING! My name is investigator Holmes. Do you mind answering a +few simple questions?" If you open your door one day and are greeted with +those words, STOP AND THINK! Whether it is the local police or the FBI at +your door, you have certain legal rights of which you ought to be aware +before you proceed any further. + + In the first place, when law enforcement authorities come to see you, +there are no "simple questions". Unless they are investigating a traffic +accident, you can be sure that they want information about somebody. And +that somebody may be you! + + Rule number one to remember when confronted by the authorities is that +there is no law requiring you to talk with the police, the FBI, or the +representative of any other investigative agency. Even the simplest +questions may be loaded and the seemingly harmless bits of information +which you volunteer may later become vital links in a chain of +circumstantial evidence against you or a friend. + + DO NOT INVITE THE INVESTIGATOR INTO YOUR HOME! + + Such an invitation not only gives him the opportunity to look around +for clues to your lifestyle, friends, reading material, etc., but also +tends to prolong the conversation. The longer the conversation, the more +chance there is for a skill investigator to find out what he wants to know. + + Many times a police officer will ask you to accompany him to the +police station to answer a few questions. In that case, simply thank him +for the invitation and indicate that you are not disposed to accept it at +this time. Often the authorities simply want to photograph a person for +identification purposes, a procedure which is easily accomplished by +placing him in a private room with a two-way mirror at the station, asking +him a few innocent questions, and then releasing him. + + If the investigator becomes angry at your failure to cooperate and +threatens you with arrest, stand firm. He cannot legally place you under +arrest or enter your home without a warrant signed by a judge. If he +indicates that he has such a warrant, ask to see it. A person under arrest, +or located on premises to be searched, generally must be shown a warrant if +he requests it and must be given to chance to read it. + + Without a warrant, an officer depends solely upon your helpfulness to +obtain the information he wants. So, unless you are quite sure of yourself, +don't be helpful! + + Probably the wisest approach to take to a persistent investigator is +simply to say: "I'm quite busy now. If you have any questions that you feel +I can answer, I'd be happy to listen to them in my lawyer's office. +Goodbye!" + + Talk is cheap. When that talk involves the law enforcement +authorities, it may cost you, or someone close to you, dearly. +=========================================================================== + This info came from a leaflet that was printed as a public service by +individuals concerned with the role of authoritarianism and police power in +our society. Please feel free to copy or republish. + + This info also applies to dealing with private investigators, and +corporate security agents. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/court.txt b/politicalTextFiles/court.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74a6a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/court.txt @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +NO PROTECTION FOR U.S. CITIZENS + + This article is reprinted from Full Disclosure. Copyright (c) 1986 +Capitol Information Association. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby +granted to reprint this article providing this message is included in its +entirety. Full Disclosure, Box 8275-CI3, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107. $15/yr. + + The Minimization Procedure required by the Foreign Intelligence +Surveillance Act (50 U.S.C. 1801) offers no protection to United States +Citizens. + + The U.S. government's secret spy court authorized under the Foreign +Intelligence Surveillance Act is used by intelligence agencies (CIA, FBI, +NSA, etc) to obtain authorization to electronically spy on foreign powers and +their agents within the United States. + + The Act requires a minimization procedure to be followed with respect to +information obtained on U.S. persons in the course of the surveillance. When +a law enforcement agency seeks to electronically surveil a suspected criminal +they are required to demonstrate probable cause that a crime has been or will +be committed in order to obtain a search warrant. However, for an +intelligence agency to obtain a warrant from the United States Foreign +Intelligence Court (USFISC), they only need to demonstrate probable cause +that the target is a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. That is +to obtain a warrant in a normal Federal or State Court, there must be +evidence of a crime, but to obtain a warrant in the USFISC there merely needs +to be an indication that the target might be associated with a certain class +of people. + + To "protect" U.S. persons a minimization procedure is employed with +respect to the disclosure of information obtained during the surveillance of +foreign powers and their agents. Full Disclosure has obtained a copy of a +FBI warrant application filed with the USFISC which details the actual +minimization procedure. According to the application's Exhibit A which +details the procedure: + + These procedures apply to the acquisition, + retention, and dissemination of nonpublicly + available communications and other information + concerning unconsenting United States persons + that is collected in the course of electronic + surveillance directed at the telephone + communications of this agent of a foreign power + and oral communications of this agent of a + foreign power... + + When the FBI begins the surveillance, they will verify that the telephone +communications lines being intercepted at the residence and business are in +fact the telephone lines of the agent of the foreign power. + + The FBI agents who monitor the communications are responsible for +determining if the information "intercepted must be minimized". Further, the +communications of United States persons (this includes discussions of U.S. +persons by foreign powers) will be subject to "continuing analysis to +establish categories of communications that are not pertinent to the +authorized purpose of the surveillance". The categories are to be +established after a reasonable period of monitoring the communications of the +foreign power. No information was provided which would indicate that +information categorized as not pertinent would be stored, processed or +disseminated any differently than pertinent information. + + Access to information obtained regarding United States persons is to be +under strict controls. Use of the information is restricted to FBI +supervisory, investigative, and clerical personnel who have a need to know +the information for "foreign intelligence or law enforcement" purposes. Any +information which contains evidence of a criminal offense is retained until a +decision is rendered by prosecutive officials, and if the United States +person is prosecuted the information will be retained until the end of the +prosecution. + + To further "protect" United States persons information regarding them +won't be disseminated without their consent, unless the information is +"evidence of a crime which has been, is being, or is about to be committed". +Such information can be disseminated to "Federal, state, local, or foreign +officials or agencies with law enforcement responsibility for the crime". +Information regarding U.S. persons which is not evidence of a crime, but +which reasonably appears to be foreign intelligence information can be +disseminated in a "manner which identifies United States persons only for +authorized foreign intelligence, foreign counterintelligence, +countersabotage, and international terrorism, or law enforcement purposes". + + So far, there is little minimization (or protection) of information +regarding United States persons which was obtained in a manner inconsistant +with the Fourth Amendment warrant requirements. The last sentence of the +Exhibit appears to set forth the only protection afforded the United States +person: + + + Any information acquired from electronic + surveillance of the target of a foreign power + which is disseminated for law enforcement + purposes shall be accompanied by a statement + that such information or any information + derived therefrom, may only be used in a + criminal proceeding with the advance + authorization of the Attorney General. + + Prior to the passage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, George +Hasen, Chairman of the Committee on Civil Rights wrote a letter to Senator +Inouye outlining this very problem. The text of his letter follows: + + Dear Senator Inouye: We understand that your Committee has received from +the Committee on Federal Legislation of the Association of the Bar of the +City of New York its critique of the provisions of the proposed Foreign +Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1977 (S. 1506). Our Committee on Civil +Rights associates itself, generally, with that critique, but we disagree with +it in one important respect. + + Both the Committee on Federal Legislation and the Committee on Civil +Rights are concerned because the standards imposed by S. 1566 for obtaining a +warrant to engage in electronic surveillance do not, in some instances, +require a probable cause showing of criminal conduct. It is the considered +judgment of the Committee on Civil Rights that a CRIMINAL STANDARD IS +ESSENTIAL to the bill and, unlike the Committee on Federal Legislation, we +believe that unless S. 1566 is amended to provide such a standard, it should +not be enacted. + + We think that is important to remember why this legislation is needed. +Clearly it is not needed to empower government agencies to carry on +electronic surveillance. Rather, the need is for legislation which will +limit and control electronic surveillance and the consequent government +intrusion into the private lives of American Citizens. The findings of +Congressional committees which over the last several years have investigated +intelligence agency abuses HAVE MADE THIS ABUNDANTLY CLEAR. Based on such +findings, the Church Committee specifically concluded that no American should +"be targeted for electronic surveillance except upon a judicial finding of +probable criminal activity" and, further, that targeting "an American for +electronic surveillance in the absence of probable cause to believe he might +commit a crime, is unwise and unnecessary." (Intelligence Activities and the +Rights of Americans, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study +Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, U.S. Senate, +94th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1976), at 325.) + + Further the Supreme Court has warned of the danger to First Amendment +rights inherent in national security surveillances: + + "National security cases . . . often reflect a convergence of First and +Fourth Amendment values not present in cases of `ordinary' crime. Though the +investigative duty of the executive may be stronger in such cases, so also is +there greater jeopardy to constitutionally protected speech. `Historically +the struggle for freedom of speech and press in England was bound up with the +issue of the scope of the search and seizure power,' Marcus v. Search +Warrant, 367 U.S. 717, 724 (1961). History abundantly documents the tendency +of Government -- however benevolent and benign its motives -- to view with +suspicion those who most fervently dispute it policies. Fourth Amendment +protections become the more necessary when the targets of official +surveillance may be those suspected of unorthodoxy in their political +beliefs. The danger to political dissent is acute where the Government +attempts to act under so vague a concept as the power to protect `domestic +security.' Given the difficulty of defining the domestic security interest, +the danger of abuse in acting to protect that interest becomes apparent.' +United States v. United States District Court, 407 U.S. 297, 313 (1971). + + Notwithstanding these warnings, S. 1566 would permit the electronic +surveillance of United States citizens and other persons for 90 days or more +without any showing that they are engaged in, or likely to be engaged in, +criminal activity. Section 2521(b)(2)(B)(iv)/1 would go even further and +would permit the electronic surveillance of individuals who "knowingly" aid +and abet persons whose conduct may be entirely lawful. + + Surely, the burden of justifying such a departure from basic Fourth +Amendment principles -- if indeed it can be justified -- ought to be on the +proponents of such provisions. And, surely, they ought to be able to specify +precisely those lawful activities of American citizens which are so vital to +the safety of the nation that the Government must be permitted to +surreptitiously gather information about them and, worse, to do so by such an +intrusive method as electronic surveillance. In our opinion, however, two +Attorneys General have been unable to sustain that burden, and the few +examples are simply unconvincing. In our view, the necessity of a +non-criminal standard has not been demonstrated, and it should, therefore, be +rejected. + + There is another and perhaps even more important reason why such a +standard should not be accepted. If, in this first legislative attempt to +control searches in national security matters, Congress authorizes the most +intrusive and least precise of techniques -- electronic surveillance -- where +no crime is involved, what justification will there be for barring in similar +situations more specific methods such as surreptitious entry and mail +openings? And if a non-criminal standard is necessary to protect the +national security where the connection with a foreign power can be as tenuous +as that provided in S. 1566, what arguments can be made against a similar +standard in domestic situations where the perceived danger to national +security may be just as great? + + S. 1566 represents in some respects an advance over earlier proposals, +but in out view, IF A NON-CRIMINAL STANDARD IS RETAINED, ENACTMENT OF THIS +LEGISLATION WILL LEGITIMIZE THE VERY CONDUCT IT OUGHT TO PROHIBIT AND WILL +CONSTITUTE A SERIOUS BLOW TO CIVIL LIBERTIES. + + If permitted by your procedures, it would be appreciated if this letter +were made a part of the record of the hearings of your Committee on this +bill. [emphassis added] + +/1 This section was passed into law. +part of the record of the hearings of your Committee on this +bill. [ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/criminal.txt b/politicalTextFiles/criminal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76bf691 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/criminal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ + INSTEAD OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT + + By. J. Neil Schulman + + Copyright (c) 1992 by J. Neil Schulman. + + This article may be reproduced without further + permission on computer bulletin boards provided that + it is reproduced whole and unchanged. + All other rights reserved. + + + + Is there any relation between crimes and arrests, or + crime and punishment, for that matter? On this second + question, we know there is not: according to the Department + of Justice, 75% - 80% of violent crimes in this country + are committed by repeat offenders. Further, a chart in + the \Los Angeles Times\ provides good evidence there is + little relationship between crimes committed and arrests + made, as well. + + As a sidebar to an article in the February 27, 1992 + \Los Angeles Times\ on the brutality of the Japanese + criminal justice system, the \Times\ provided a chart of + Violations of Criminal Law per 100K of population in + various countries, and another chart comparing the Arrest + Rates in those countries. + + The Violations chart shows Britain leading the pack + with 7,355 criminal law violations per 100K, West Germany + with 7,031 (the stats are from 1989, pre-German- + unification), France with 5,831, the U.S. with 5,741, Japan + with 1,358, and South Korea with 912. + + The Arrest Rate chart (also 1989) shows South Korea + with 78.8%, West Germany with 47.2%, Japan with 46.2%, + France with 38.8%, Britain with 33.6%, and the U.S. with + 21.1% + + Since every country on this list aside from the U.S. + has a virtual prohibition of private ownership of firearms, + gun control doesn't lead to a less-criminal society. + Obviously that is a blind alley for those seeking a + reduction of crime. + + Further, a comparison of the West German crime rate + with its arrest rates also seems to blow out of the water + the argument made by American law & order advocates that a + greater certainty of arrest and punishment will necessarily + lead to less crime: West Germany has both the second + highest crime rate and the second highest arrest rate -- + possibly the first highest arrest rate, since the South + Korean arrest claims, requiring superhuman powers worthy of + Sherlock Holmes, strain any sensible person's credulity. + + + INDICTING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM + + Libertarian critics of the policy of crime and + punishment have long argued that crime is a necessary + product of the very nature of the State, created by it + along with provoking foreign threats to justify a military- + industrial complex, as a way of manipulating the public + into submission to political control. It is a sweeping + charge and one which is likely to be dismissed as crackpot + by anyone who can't conceive of an alternative way of + thinking about the subject. + + But if we were to indict the criminal justice system + as a criminal conspiracy might be so indicted, and look for + evidence to support the charge, what do we find as the + system's "modus operandi"? + + First, the State creates a set of laws which mix the + concept of crime as an attack upon an individual's life or + property with the idea that a crime is anything the State + says it is -- and thus crimes without victims -- or with + "the State" as the sole "victim" -- are created wholesale. + Thus "possession" of a prohibited substance or object, even + if such possession has inflicted no actual damage upon + another person, in many cases receives as much punishment + from the State as a robbery or murder. Additionally, the + State sets itself up as the judge of what is an offense + against itself, the judge which decides whether someone is + guilty of an offense against itself, and the judge which + decides what pains and costs to inflict upon a transgressor + against itself. Then it sends out armed agents to enforce + its decisions. Thus does the State treat itself as a God + or Sovereign, whose will is to be feared and obeyed, and + everyone else treated as one of its subjects. + + Second, the "protection" of the "public" from crime, + defined however the State decides, is turned over to the + State which taxes the public on the basis that they "need" + protection from crime, then hires police to "enforce the + law" -- but police have no legal obligation to protect the + public which is being taxed to pay them from criminals, and + suffer no liability from failure to do so. + + Third, a "criminal justice" system is set up in which + the guilt or innocence of a suspect bears only passing + resemblance to the sentences imposed on them after plea + bargains which trade ease of conviction for reduced + sentences -- regardless of whether the person charged is + guilty or innocent. No compensation is given to those who + are charged but found innocent, and often have their lives + ruined by the accusation; compensation of the victim of a + crime exists only as an occasional sideshow: the center + ring is reserved for imprisonment of the criminal at + taxpayer's expense, imposing additional costs upon the + victim. + + When the system is supposedly "working," those who are + found guilty are sent into prisons which ensure that a + prisoner will learn the craft of crime as a permanent + lifestyle, creating a revolving-door criminal class which + provides permanent employment for police, lawyers, prison- + guards, and "crime-fighting" governors and legislators -- + while everything these officials do, regardless of their + rhetoric, \increases\ the number of attacks by criminals + on the innocent. + + When the system is supposedly "not working," this + massive prison bureaucracy is so clogged that convicted + criminals are sent back out the street in short order, to + attack more innocent victims and provide more grist for the + criminal-justice mill. + + Meanwhile, the same system which creates crime and + does little to protect the public from it also demands that + the public disarm and rely on the government for protection + against criminals. + + Is the libertarian indictment fantasy? Or is it a + stripping away of the Emperor's New Clothes? It seems + hard to avoid the conclusion that if you put all this + together, Criminal Justice is the protection shakedown of + the public by professional organized criminals in control + of an entire society: a system set up to terrorize the + public into a condition where it will abide any amount of + legalized theft and police control in order to be + liberated from constant criminal invasions engineered to + justify the system itself. + + In a precise metaphor: the disease is being spread by + the very doctors the public relies on for the cure. + + + A NEW THEORY OF CRIME MANAGEMENT + + The alternative to the game of Cops and Robbers by + which the criminal justice system encourages criminals to + prey upon the public so there is an excuse for the State to + catch and imprison them, is to eliminate the State from the + system as much as possible. + + First, the public must come to realize that the first + line of defense against criminal invasion of their lives + and property is: themselves. No one cares about protecting + you, your loved ones, and your neighbors as much as you do + -- and no one aside from the potential victim is more + likely to be able to provide effective counter-measures + against invasion. The defense against criminal invasion + requires vigilance, planning, and a willingness to fight + back. The best and surest way to reduce crime is to make + it unprofitable and dangerous for the criminal. The + likelihood that a criminal attack will result in the + criminal's being injured or dying during the attack is, + both logically and practically, the surest way to achieve a + low-crime society. The example of Switzerland, a society + organized along the lines of universal defense by all + citizens, and where criminal attacks are virtually non- + existent, comes to mind immediately. + + Second, the public must realize that there are three + "criminal justice" systems already at work in our country, + and the system of police, criminal indictments, trial, and + punishment is the least effective of the three. The other + two are the system of civil laws by which individuals who + cause damage to another can be sued and compensation + collected, and the insurance industry, by which victims can + measure the statistical likelihood of victimization against + the costs of potential attack, and calculate proper + "compensation" for themselves in advance. + + Third, the public must realize that the criminal + justice system promotes crime and protects criminals rather + than fighting it, and move to eliminate it as quickly as is + humanly possible. This requires a massive awakening by the + American people to the actual functioning of the criminal + justice system, so they can evaluate for themselves whether + it is "failing," or whether it is doing precisely what it + is designed to do: victimize the public at all turns. The + concept of "crime" must be completely severed from its + statutory definitions, and replaced with a simple test: If + a crime has been committed, (a) Who committed it, (b) Who + is the victim, and (c) What costs has the criminal invasion + imposed upon the victim? If these three questions cannot + be answered clearly and firmly, there has been no crime + committed. + + Fourth, the solution of what to do with a criminal who + is not killed in process of the crime -- a criminal who is + captured alive or manages to escape, or must be hunted down + -- must be made as much as possible contingent on the + accountable costs the criminal has imposed upon the victim. + Instead of "rehabilitating" a criminal or "punishing" a + criminal, the object must be to calculate as much as is + humanly possible the costs that a criminal has imposed upon + a victim (and the costs of apprehension and conviction as + well), and extract as much value as possible from that + criminal so that it may be used in compensation to the + victim. + + The object of "criminal justice" must be restricted to + (a) augmenting the public's first-line self-defense with + additional lines of response, such as armed response to + burglar alarms; (b) detective work to locate, identify, and + capture those who have committed criminal invasions or + thefts; and (c) a trial system to assure that those + charged with an invasion or theft actually committed it, + and upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt, to calculate the + costs of that invasion and extract that cost from the + criminal so that it may be used to compensate the victim. + In the case where a criminal invasion has produced + irreparable harm such as the death of a victim or victims, + the murderer must be regarded as the property of the + victim's heirs, to dispose of as they wish, limited only + by such mitigations that the precepts of society deem + humane. + + The current criminal justice system has failed. On + that there can be no doubt. A proof of this failure is + that each year the increased crime rate is used as an + excuse to ask for more money and wider powers. This sort of + reward for failure occurs only in the public sector; in the + private sector, where competition is allowed, merchants who + operate on this basis are driven out of business by + customers going elsewhere and, if the failure is deliberate + policy, the merchant indicted for fraud. They are not + given more money and told to keep trying. + + The question remains: do the American people have the + courage and clarity of thought to identify the cause of + the failure of the criminal justice system as its very + design, and re-design the system so that it makes sense? + + On that question, only time will tell. + + ## \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/crn3.txt b/politicalTextFiles/crn3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c3b3f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/crn3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,735 @@ + CYBER RIGHTS NOW! + + + // + /\ .^. / / + //^\ \.^| |^.^./ / + / |_: : : |/ + / /^ ^ ^ \ \ + /\ \_ | \ \ + / /\ \ | \ \ + // \ / . \ \ + / | | \\ + |CRN!| \ + + )ASCII by Bone( + + Newsletter 3 + + ****PLEASE DISTRIBUTE**** + + /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ + I. Introduction + II. A Matter of Fairness + Why software copy protection is unfair + to individuals with disabilities + III. E-Mail Addresses for Sale + IV. Jesus Takes Over the Internet + V. 5 Reasons Why Online Services Are Dying + VI. AOL4FREE - Can I get Caught? + VII. AOL and USENET Abuse + VIII. Little Thing on Technology + \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ + +*********************************************************** + INTRODUCTION + by Bone + + Looking at the articles in this Issue I'd say CRN! is actually looking +a bit on the classy side. We have some really good articles for you this time. +I actually only wrote one article this time. The rest were submitted by +CRN! members. Some of whom have some serious talent. + CRN! now has over 225 registered users and keeps growing daily! +Our distribution also seems to be growing. + Hopefully CRN! will continue to grow to a real force in the computer +world. I have no intention of becoming like C|Net or anything like that. I +don't want to be a pansy to the corporate world (even though I work in it :( ). +I just want CRN! to be recognized as a voice in the computer world. + I'm actually out of words. On with the articles. + + * <= Tribble * <=Tribble's evil cousin Skippy + - Bone + + + +*********************************************************** + A MATTER OF FAIRNESS: + WHY SOFTWARE COPY PROTECTION IS UNFAIR TO INDIVIDUALS + WITH DISABILITIES + By Belgarion + +Before I begin I would like to apologize for the necessity of a pseudonym. +You see my job focuses on providing information regarding assistive +technology and, more specifically, how to adapt computers for people with +disabilities. However, since a good portion of my job deals with working +with many many computer software and hardware companies I have a concern +that just ONE may look unfavorably upon my opinions. This, in turn, could +lead to said company refusing to work with us, which in turn could cause +some individual to not be able to use a piece of software they would want +to. In addition, there is also always the possibility of my superiors not +appreciating this either (they are perfectly fine with what I do, they just +share the same concern that I do). Anyway, on to the focus of this article. + +As previously mentioned I try to help individuals with disabilities adapt +computers, both hardware and software for their use. I work with +individuals of all ages and functioning abilities. The software we adapt is +also equally as varied. I have helped to set up computers for children with +Cerebral Palsy and adults who are paralyzed from the neck down. Today one +of the largest obstacles for independent computer usage continues to be +software copy protection. What is designed to save (or make) the companies +a few extra dollars is actually eliminating a potential revenue source that +is pretty impressive. How impressive? Microsoft has an entire team devoted +to making Windows 95 easier to use by individuals with disabilities (there +are notes about it when you install the software, in the manual, and an icon +in the Control Panel - they obviously take it seriously). According to +Microsoft's Computer Accessibility for Individuals with Disabilities, "it is +estimated that there are over 30 million people in the United States alone +that could be affected by computer design." That's a lot of buying power +and if the big M$ took note it's surprising that so many other companies +remain ignorant. + +Of all the software available three types of software cause the most problems: + a) Document check - It is fairly difficulty for an individual using a +headmouse (an ultrasonic device that is worn on the head an allows for full +mouse control, the user moves their head to move the cursor and blows into a +straw to click the mouse button) to turn to page 33 and look at word 6 on +line 5 paragraph 3. While add-on TSR software, such as virtual keyboards +that work in conjunction with a headmouse, allow for 'typing' by the +individual, they are still unable to access the documentation. Thus, they +can no longer independently use the software. + b) CD Check and key disk - Again, an individual who is unable to +functionally swap CD's or disks is condemned to use the one in the drive or +not use the program at all. I know that some CD's are required to be +present due to the vast amount of information required, and that disk towers +are available. I am specifically pointing to those programs that could +reasonably fit onto a hard drive but deliberately require the CD to be present. + C) Dongle - Possibly the worst of them all the dongle, frequently +employed by high-power CAD and other professional software, can actually +prevent a professional from doing their job. I recently gave a copy of +the 3D Studios 4 patch to an individual who is quadriplegic. The person +was so happy that he actually had tears in his eyes. He had wanted to +use the software for over a year however his adaptive hardware used the +parallel port and was not compatible with the dongle requires to run +3D-Studios. The patch helped to solve this problem. + +It is important to recognize that I do not advocate for illegally pirating +software. I am only trying to point out how certain practices can vastly +effect a group of individuals who should be , but rarely are, taken into +account by the software developers. I wonder how some of the companies +would react if Christopher Reeve wrote them and told them he would love to +use their product but can't because of the document check... + +So what do I do? I keep a library of patches for available software. +Copyware has also been kind enough to regularly provide us with Neverlock to +demonstrate how programs can be modified to avoid things like document +checks and key disks. I also provide location information of FTP or WWW +sites where cracks are available (I can't keep copies of cracks that are +modified portions of the actual code - it's illegal ;) ). I also try to +keep a few other tricks up my sleeve... + +Anyway, this was just one person's perspective. While I am sure that there +are some who agree and some who disagree I think that (for the most part) +people feel that EVERYONE should be able to use software. If you would like +more information on adapting computers take a look in Yahoo. They have a +pretty good list of links and can get you pointed in the right direction. + +I can also be reached at AN369067@ANON.PENET.FI. If you have any a major +problem or emergency I am sure that Bone will be able to find me... + +-Belgarion + +******************************************************** + E-MAIL ADDRESS FOR SALE + by Intaglio + + Junkmail - don't you hate receiving it? I always felt it was a +terrible waste of paper. Do you really want to deal with it on +the net, too? What a waste of bandwidth and storage space. let +your voice be heard. Send a short message to the companies who +want to exploit our privacy for their economic gain. Share this +message with your electronic community. Don't let them play on +the apathy that has already allowed them to commercialize the +net to such a degree. + +The following message taken from a cpsr newsletter + +--snip-- + +The Marketry company of Bellvue, Washington is now selling email +addresses of Internet users obtained from Newsgroup postings. From +the company's press release: + + "These are email address of individuals who are actively using + the Internet to obtain and transfer information. They have + demonstrated a substantial interest in specific area of information + on the Internet. They are regularly accessing information in their + interest areas from newsgroups, Internet chats and websites. . . . + The file is anticipated to grow at the rate of 250,000 E Mail + addresses per month, all with Interest selections." + +What are the interest areas currently available? "Adult, Computer, +Sports, Science, Education, News, Investor, Games, Entertainment +Religion, Pets." The release notes that "additional interests areas +will be added, please inquire." Activities of US and non-US Net users +will be included in the Marketry product. + +The Washington Post reported that the president of Markertry, Norm +Swent, would not disclose who the actual owner of the list is. "That +really is confidential information," Swent said, "and we are obviously +bound by confidentiality agreements with the list owner." + +WHAT YOU CAN DO: + + (a) Sit back, let your newsgroup postings get swept up by the data + scavengers and watch the junk email pile high on your system, or + + (b) Send email to Marketry and tell them to STOP SELLING PERSONAL + DATA GATHERED FROM THE NET. Send email to: listpeople@marketry.com + and tell your friends to send email. And tell your friends' friends. + +It's your name. It's your mailbox. Think about it. + + +******************************************************** + JESUS TAKES OVER THE INTERNET! + Letter provided by ANONYMOUS + Comments by Bone + + First let me state that this is the first time I am commenting +on something in a way I think may piss some people off. Let me state +that I believe noone has ANY right to push their beliefs on someone +else. Let it also be know that I am agnostic (not atheist). This +was brought on by 8 years of private catholic school (the type +where they did hit you...hard) and a better than average IQ. + These comments reflect the way I am towards people who +try to regulate others lives. I have nothing against God. If he does +exist I picture him as a big warm guy who when you reach heaven +will say "It's OK, you screwed up, everyone does" and give you a big +warm hug. Not a "throw the sinner is hell" type of god. + Anyway, anything starting in *** is me (Bone). + +> >Message-ID: <030313Z02101995@anon.penet.fi> +> >Path: nntp4.mindspring.com!matlock.mindspring.com! +> >news.sprintlink.net!EU.net!news..eunet..fi!anon..penet..fi +> >Newsgroups: alt.aol-sucks +> >From: an388076@anon.penet.fi (DiannaLeach) +> >X-Anonymously-To: alt.aol-sucks +> >Organization: Anonymous forwarding service +> >Reply-To: an388076@anon.penet.fi +> >Date: Mon, 2 Oct 1995 03:01:05 UTC +> >Subject: My Dear Brothers and Sisters in Christ, the almighty +> >father +> >Lines: 102 +> > +> > +> >Brothers and Sisters in Christ: +> > +> >Hello all, this is once again Mrs. Dianna Leech writing to you +> >from my secure account within the Internet at America OnLine. +> >Over the last several weeks I have been only to post messages +> >to this message board on a sporadic basis. You see, I have been +> >out fighting in Washington D.C., for Christian values for one and +> >all. I hope to be able to write more within the next couple of days +> >and weeks and months to come. +> > +> >I see that there has been some debate as to whether or not I am Dawn +> >or whether I am Mimi. Why can't you people just accept the fact, that +> >I am who I am and that is Mrs. Dianna Leach. For those of you not +> >familiar with me, I am here to bring TOS to all the world. I will +> >bring AOL's TOS to every corner of the earth that has an Internet +> >connection -- it must be done in Jesus name. + +*** What is your quest? +*** I seek the Holy Grail! +*** What is your favorite color.... + +> > +> >After reading several hundred back messages in this group, I am +> >concerned about the direction it is taking -- but I also see some +> >progress. I see many more Christian women and men speaking up in +> >this discussion group who come from AOL. They are coming to defend +> >their morals and beliefs that the Internet is a vile disgusting place for +> >the worlds children to have to visit. + +*** You don't like it??? Don't use it! You don't eat a food you don't like. + +> > They understand that AOL is a +> >Christian community where we love one another and we can learn and +> >grow in this love. They understand that TOS is a well written +> >document that protects and defends Christian morals and values. + +*** Since when? I don't think it was Christian specific. + +> >AMEN. +> > This must and will continue. I'm happy to see more and more AOLers +> >and GNNers going out to all the Internet to spread the good news of +> >TOS and Jesus Christ. Mr. Jordan, don't give up the fight for what +> >you believe in.. God will send you a little miracle to let you know +> >that he is working on the big ones -- like converting all of the +> >Internet to AOL and TOS. + +*** God help us all :) + +> > +> >One thing that is particularly troubling to me is that I have been +> >seeing an ever increasing amount of obscene language and four letter +> >words used in the messages in this message base. Dear friends, be +> >warned that this type of behavior must not be continued any further. + +*** Shiver in fear! + +> >I am announcing my new policy of ZERO tolerance for those who use +> >curse and blasphemy words. We must realize, that this mess age +> >base is open to many children who may read these vulgar words. +> >If you use them, I will take several steps. For one, I will send the letter +> >to your sys admin with a copy of AOL's TOS to show them how you +> >violated common decency standards. + +*** Since when did AOL set the rules? Ever hear of the Internet Society? +*** Or even better, the CONSTITUTION???? Guess not... + +> > Next, I will forward to letter to +> >AOL's TOS for future reference so that accounts may be terminated +> >when AOL acquires all of the Internet. + +*** That will NEVER happen. If it does I'm going back to my hacking +*** ways. BIGTIME. + +> > I'm sorry I have to resort to these +> >tactics, but if you people can not abide by the voluntary rules that +> >AOL and Jesus Christ have set up for the Internet in its TOS document, + +*** I checked the Internet Societies member list. Jesus didn't make the cut +*** this year. + +> >then you will have to suffer the consequences. Note though, that you +> >will also suffer the consequences at the right hand of Jesus Christ on + +*** Isn't he a lefty? Or shouldn't he be ambidextrous so he isn't biased. + +> >judgment day as well. There is your warning -- please don't make me +> >resort to this. Also, this includes *EVERYONE* who is a participant +> >in this discussion group -- no one will be excluded (not even the all +> >powerful CABAL members). +> > +> >Secondly, I think that we should eradicate all known homosexuals +> >from participating in this discussion group. + +*** Can you say Bigot? Homosexuals (non flaming) are just regular +*** people with different sexual preferences. Nothing else. + +> > Lets make this a place +> >where we know our children will not be harmed. So, sorry Mr. Finley, +> >you'll have to go, and you better take Mr. McCracken (ASCII Rider) +> >with you, since we all really know that his sexual orientation leans +> >toward homosexuality - despite his attempts to hit on me. + +*** To quote a little known document "All men are created equal". + +> > +> >Third on my agenda, is to change the name of this group. The current +> >one is inappropriate at best. S*cks is not appropriate language for + +*** SUCKS is a bad word??? Bart Simpsons says bitch on TV and +*** SUCKS is a bad word???? That sucks. + +> >our christian children to be hearing. I'm open to suggestions on +> >this one. My real hope would be to just kill this group and take our +> >discussion over to alt.online-service.aol or something like that +> >lets wait though and see what suggestions we get for new names for +> >this group. OK? +> > +> >And finally, during this week that Jews celebrate their special +> >holidays, lets all say a special prayer for them that they will +> >someday know that their creator is Jesus Christ and they will join +> >with us in celebrating the body of our Lord and savior, Jesus +> >Christ, the most holy one. + +*** My god woman, your a Christian Nazi! + +> > +> >Well, there you have it people, three new agenda items -- short +> >term goals for this newsgroup. The Christian Women's League +> >long term goal of converting all of the Internet to AOL/TOS/Jesus +> >has not and will not change until complete conversion is at hand. + +*** You're going to be waiting a LONG time. + +> > +> >Now, let us reflect on what Jesus has given us and thank him for +> >that: +> > +> >Dear sweet Jesus, thank you again for providing the on-line community +> >with AOL. + +*** If Jesus invented AOL I think he did a better job with the Chia Pet. + +> > We thank you for the Christian Fellowship that we all +> >have come to enjoy on your network of choice. Thank you dear father +> >for writing TOS for us as a guideline on how you want us to act in +> >this day of global communications. + +*** Jesus is a technical writer for AOL? Must be working with Elvis. + +> > Dear Jesus, give us the strength to +> >always do your will, and we know your will is to free the net of +> >porn, homosexuality, and Christ haters. We know that only a powerful +> >document and Christian AOL GUIDES can accomplish this feat, but we +> >will do it in your name Jesus, forever and ever. AMEN. ALLELUIA! + +*** I keep getting flashes of Bill the Cat as Fundamental Bill and his +*** quest against penguin lust (remember that one?). + +> > +> >Sincerely and on behalf of HIS sorrowful passion, +> >Mrs. Dianna Leach +> >Christian Women's League +> > + +*** I'm conducting a playful little survey. +*** E-mail your answer to seaman@phobos.lib.iup.edu +*** - - - - - - - - - -cut here- - - - - - - - - - +*** This woman needs to: +*** +*** A) get laid +*** B) get the stick out of her ___________ (you fill it in) +*** C) Realize all people(PC) are created equal. +*** D) Realize that America was founded by people looking +*** for religious freedom +*** E) Go back to England during the middle ages when +*** the churches ran everything +*** F) Realize that if God really cared famine, war, and +*** plagues would not be happening. +*** G) (you fill in) +*** +*** Choose one and send it to Bone. Results will be in +*** the next newsletter! +*** +*** - - - - - - - - - -cut here- - - - - - - - - - + + +*************************************************************** + 5 REASONS WHY ONLINE SERVICES ARE DYING + by Marty Robinson + + There was a very interesting article in the Atlanta Journal- +Constitution today. It's a reprint from the Orange County Register and +was written by Stephen Lynch. + + This isn't the whole article, just the top 5 reasons online +services are on the way out. + +"1- They can't keep up with growth. AOL Spokeswoman Pam McGraw says the +service receives more than 4 million e-mail messages a day from outside +providers - but that volume forces delivery delays of about two hours. +Unlike the Web, which is scattered across a worldwide computer network, +commercial services route all their subscribers through the same +bottleneck and the users are charged for the delays. + +2- Too many graphics. Even on a high-speed modem, one page on (the online +services) can take forever to load. MSN spokesman Bill Miller says that +his service has been criticized by some users for it's abundant photos - +"from the result of us pushing the envelope." Make that "the result of +trying to make more money." On the Web, if something is taking too long to +load, you hit "Stop" and go elsewhere. Commercial services, in an effort +to run up your bill, make you load and load and load. + +3- They are losing their content providers. Almost everything you can find +on a commercial service can be found on the Web. And more content +providers are leaving the companies in favor of a broader audience. + +4- They've become blockades, not gateways. Commercial services have +realized the Web is the way to go, and the Big Four all feature browsers +to surf the general Internet. But to access the Web through AOL is to go +to New York by the way of Alaska. + +5- They know they are dying. AOL is starting a direct Internet service. So +is CompuServe. Microsoft tried to by 20 percent of Netscape. Apple +Computer is transforming the World into a direct Internet service." + +Mr. Lynch goes on to give one reason why online services are still not extinct: + +"One reason why commercial providers aren't dying: No one has invested in +a national service that you can load on your computer, double-click and +boom, Web access. Until that happens, easy-to-use commercial services may +still cling to Internet newbies, who are good for at least six months +before they realize they are being suckered." + +**************************************************************** + AOL4FREE - CAN I GET CAUGHT? + by ANONYMOUS + + A better question would be 'would they want to prosecute me if I'm +caught?' The answer depends on how easy it is to catch and trace you. A +little more than a week ago, certain persons in the underground community +found a security hole which allowed them to sign on any AOL account +without needing a password. While browsing around some TOS accounts, they +found EMAIL concerning AOL4Free. The letter you've all been massmailed in +the hack rooms explains how AOL can detect usage of AOL4Free. However, I +have managed to get my hands on a fuller version of the letter within +which AOL Staff admits plans to take legal action against AOL4Free +users. +Check it out: + +----------------------------------------------------------- + +Date: Mon, Sep 4, 1995 1:52 PM EDT +From: Appelman +Subj: Fwd: AOL4FREE detector +To: lippke@aol.net + +Posted on: America Online (using WAOL 2.5) + +Please supply her with the list of screen names. This will get +interesting. + +Barry + +-------------- +Forwarded Message: + +Date: Thu, Aug 31, 1995 4:32 PM EDT +From: MayLiang +Subj: Fwd: AOL4FREE detector +To: Appelman +cc: Dphillips, JMCHURCH + +Posted on: America Online (using WAOL 2.5) + +Barry-- + +This is great! I talked to Jane and what we need is a list of screen +names only (no member names or addresses--those need to be subpoenaed)of +the aol4free people. We then should get verification from TOS and then +hand them over to the Secret Service, but those are things you don't +have to worry about. So you may start whenever you're ready! + +May + +P.S. How's the patent application looking? :) + + +-------------- +Forwarded Message: + +Date: Thu, Aug 31, 1995 12:26 PM EDT +From: Appelman +Subj: Fwd: AOL4FREE detector +To: MayLiang + +Posted on: America Online (using WAOL 2.5) + +These people are idable as stealing time. I think we have enough? to go +forward with legal action. We are ready whenever you are. + +Barry + + +-------------- +Forwarded Message: + +Date: Thu, Aug 31, 1995 10:11 AM EDT +From: Lippke +Subj: AOL4FREE detector +To: KHuntsman, Steiny, JHunter +cc: Appelman, X066TR + +Posted on: America Online (using WAOL 2.5) + + Heh heh heh .. looks like we've got a reliable AOL4FREE detector. If +you filter the log for "CMis" you'll come up with what seems to be a +reliable list of AOL4FREE users. The CMis message is being output by the +terminal handler when it gets a holding area update carried in by a +q_context that doesn't have the same UID as the stored q_context. These +updates are all coming in from Library with the last token being set to +Dd. + Knowing that AOL4FREE sends in constant K1s and that K1 is marked +pre-login, I hypothesized that the thing must start sending in the swarms +of K1 tokens BEFORE the user is fully logged in --- and, sure enough, +when you look at the billing history of these folks, they pretty much all = +look normal until June (when AOL4FREE came out) and then they started racking +up 1000s of minutes of free time and almost no paid time. + With this bit of knowledge, we should be able to comb through the old +logs and come up with a fairly comprehensive hit list which could then = +be verified by TOS (although it looks like a positive lock!). Others can +decide what to do with them, but I have visions of all AOL4FREE hackers +getting simultaneously whacked. The prevention code still needs to go +into the TIH, but that'd sure send a shot over their bow! :-) + +/David + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + Looks pretty bad, doesn't it, with the Secret Service and everything. +But not to worry... with v4 of AOL4Free, you are much harder to detect! + + You see, what AOL4Free does is send the free token after every +real token. When you are signing on, you send the 'Dd' token with you +screen name and password, and a free 'K1' token is sent afterward. However, +because you aren't really signed on yet, AOL sees the K1 token as a bug +and records it in a log. All the Network Ops people had to do is search +their logs for this bug and viola, they had their AOL4Free users. + + v4 is modified so that it doesn't send the free token after 'Dd'. Users +of v4 are totally Stealth... they 'look' just like normal AOL users. The ONLY +way for AOL to identify them as AOL4Free users would be to record their +entire sessions... but with hundreds of thousands of mac users, how would +they pick out suspects? They could comb through billing records looking +for inordinate amounts of free time, but for privacy and technical reasons +this isn't feasible. + +NOTE: If you're calling from the 800 number, logging in over TCP, or have +not disabled caller ID with *67 AOL CAN TRACE YOU WITH THE PRESS +OF A BUTTON. PLEASE, if you're on a fake account or doing anything highly +illegal, sign onto AOL only through your local number. They'll need a +court order to find you there. + +*********************************************************** + AOL AND USENET ABUSE + by Dr. Suess (Doc@CatnHat.net) + + Recently I commented on my concerns about being removed +from my server at the request of America Online. Most would say this would +be inappropriate. My concerns derive from America Online's attitude that +they have the right to exercise control over FORMER America Online +members. + + This truly reminds me of a movie, The Godfather, which is about +the Mafia and is an excellent movie despite Marlon Brando. Once a member +of the Mafia you can never leave except as a deceased member. + + America Online seems to function the same way. Once a member +you will always belong to them. I am, like many, an ex-member of American +Online. I often refer to Steve Case as Cardinal Case. Perhaps I have been in +grevious error at great personal risk. Henceforth I will address him +with great respect as Don Case. I value my ISP account and would not +like to lose it nor become a member of the Federal Witness Protection +Program as I have enough difficulty keeping my name straight. + + Please note the first word of the second sentence of the paragraph +immediately following the header. + + ********** + +From: webedit@aol.net (Canceler Web Editor) +Newsgroups: news.admin.net-abuse.announce +Followup-To: poster +Subject: 6 Oct 1995: Abuse Report from AOL +Date: 9 Oct 1995 21:53:00 GMT +Organization: America Online +Message-ID: <45c5js$7l7@newstf01.news.aol.com> + +This is an abbreviated report of USENET abuse by current and +ex-America Online members. Inclusion in this report indicates +that, as of this date, local action has been or is in the +process of being taken against the poster. + +All inappropriate articles have been canceled. No further +reports about these users are necessary. To report an instance +of USENET abuse which doesn't appear on this report, send mail +to postmaster@aol.com - please remember to include a complete +copy of the USENET article, including all headers, to help us +quickly quash the abuse. + +To make an emergency report of abuse, send complete copies of +the abuse to atropos@aol.net. + +America Online's USENET Terms of Service (acceptable usage policies) +are available via anonymous FTP at + + ftp://ftp.aol.com/pub/usenet/aol-usenet-aup.txt. + +Comments, suggestions and criticisms are welcome via e-mail to +atropos@aol.net. + +USER INCIDENTS (5+) DESCRIPTION (if appl.) +===================================================== +beachstdes 19 commercial +bluesees 5 monetary chain-letter +christo440 7 commercial +coolshari 1 non-binary in binary newsgroup +cwigley657 4 non-binary in binary newsgroup +hotbod2117 21 non-binary in binary newsgroup +jacenjen 5 commercial +juepaman 1 illegal activity +juepaman 46 illegal activity +juepaman 46 illegal activity +jvitaly 1 illegal activity +llyg 16 commercial +los1lag2 39 inappropriate/TERMINATED +rashr 8 inappropriate +sleuth1801 450 commercial +thofm0428 27 inappropriate + +Ed Brundage +Internet Feedback, Response, and Information Team +America Online, Inc. +ifritfox@aol.com or foxman@aol.net + +-- +All postings to news.admin.net-abuse.announce are unconfirmed and +unverified unless stated otherwise by the moderators. All opinions +expressed above are considered the opinions of the original poster, +not the moderators or their respective employers. + +For a copy of the guidelines to this group, see: +http://www.math.psu.edu/barr/net-abuse-guidelines.html + + ************* + +Is this a matter of semantics or a matter of attitude? One nice thing +about me is that you will always know where I stand on an issue. I am +assertive, aggressive and tend to call it as it is rather than as I see +it. Based on my prior experiences with America OnMafia documented in +earlier posts I suspect this is an attitude problem. + +"quickly quash" ? quash: crush; subdue + +Kiralynne, a dubious lady of a thousand names and even more personalities. + +hmmmm... thinking again... I wonder if the illegal activity was reported +to the appropriate authorities?? + +hmmmm... thinking again... if the activity was illegal why was the member +not terminated?? + +hmmmm...hee hee... inappropriate = terminated illegal = cancelled post + +Hello?? Hello?? Anybody home?? Odd... the lights are on but... + +************************************************************* + LITTLE THING ON TECHNOLOGY + by Layne + + Well, as you might know all of the good, high quality games out +today like Under the Killing Moon, Magic Carpet 2, and the others are +CD-ROM based games. You might see this as a problem because you are +being required to access the data as fast as possible AND even multiple +disks are becoming frequent. I am sure that most of you out there would +like to have many games. What I mean is that, sure you can install one +large CD game on your hard drive completely, but only one. Now what +current technology is working on is faster CD-ROM drives as well as +multiple drives on your home used PCs. For instance, remember when 2x +drives were first out, you thought WOW! Well, know I am seeing PCs that +come with 3 (yes 3!) 4x CD-ROM drives in your machine or try out the 6x +SCSI CD-ROM, that baby can cook. Well enough from that end. + + Have you noticed that just a year ago Pentium was just coming out +and had all kinds of problems, and now you can own a little P-75 for just +under $1,500. These are probably the best kind of machine to own in the +home, unless your super rich and would prefer an SGI or SUNSparcstation. +The internet is expanding so fast that you must be connected or you will +be lost in less than a year. I mean, sooner or later there will be +multi-player interactive and fully graphical operating games. I mean +right now MUDs and MUSHs and IRCs seem really nice, but what about a +couple of years from now when something like Johnny Mneumonic comes to +life just about everyone will be fully immersed. Life as we know it +today will be gone and if you're not at least 10% cyber-literate then +you'll never know what's happening because it'll probably all be computer +updated. + + +******** + +-EOF + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/crocker.txt b/politicalTextFiles/crocker.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..602ea16 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/crocker.txt @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ + Planning Threatens Freedom + by C. Brandon Crocker + + Is the American economy too free? Many people think so. +Socialists have long advocated central economic planning, +and, under the guise of "national economic policy," such +ideas are working their way into the programs of the major +political parties. + The persistent appeal of central planning would seem +anomalous, given the poor relative performance of planned +economies versus free economies. But economic efficiency is +not the only, nor necessarily the most compelling argument +against central planning. Economic planning threatens all +individual freedoms, and must be analyzed in terms of these +threats. + How does central planning threaten individual liberty? +To find the answer, we must consider what central planning is +and how it works. The goals of central planning are to +create high growth, minimize unemployment, and sometimes to +provide an "equitable" income distribution, or to protect the +environment. Proponents believe these goals can be achieved +by using government to intercede in the "chaos" of the free +market so as to redirect the nation's resources and design an +"optimal" mix of industries. + The losses to individual freedom from this type of +system are obvious. To make sure the economic plan is +followed, government must interfere with the freedom of +individuals to start businesses, to invest and work where +they choose, and even to consume certain goods and services. + A nation's economy is nothing more than the decisions of +individuals as to what to produce and consume. Therefore, a +government-controlled economy means government-controlled +people. If government is to enforce an economic plan, it +cannot have people starting whatever businesses they like or +investing capital wherever they wish. Certain fields of +employment will have to be forcibly curtailed and certain +goods and services (either already available or which could +be made available) will have to prevented from reaching the +population -- because control of what is produced is +necessarily control of what is consumed. + These are not insignificant losses of freedom. +Proponents of central planning, however, deny that there is +any major restriction of occupational choice under economic +planning. To be sure, some restriction will take place in +"undesirable" industries targeted to be phased out, +curtailed, or not allowed to start up, but this will be done +for the "social good." Furthermore, central planning in +practice often saves jobs, they claim, in industries which +would be abandoned in a free market, thus preserving the +freedom of many people to pursue the occupations of their +choice. + These arguments, however, are invalid. First, whether +jobs are taken away for the "social good" or not doesn't +alter the fact that freedom of choice, in terms of available +options, has been diminished. Second, while the free +operation of the market does cause some people to leave their +chosen occupations when industries become obsolete, there is +a great difference between not being able to follow one's +chosen occupation because no one is willing to pay for a +particular product or service, and not being able to follow +one's occupation because of government edict. In the first +instance freedom of action is not being denied and the +freedom of people to make (or not make) contracts is +preserved. In the second instance, the opposite is true. + Is the individual freedom lost so onerous as to outweigh +such professed benefits as security against involuntary +unemployment and destitution? An acquaintance from Norway, +living under a semi-socialist system, thinks not. He likes +the feeling of security. He even asserts, as do many +Norwegians, that government should tell people what they +should and should not do because most people do not know how +best to take care of themselves (and the government does). + This is security at a price, certainly. But in addition +to the individual freedoms already lost by such a scheme, +this brand of security comes at the expense of something of +far greater value -- security against arbitrary power and +despotism -- in a word, security against totalitarianism. + The serious implementation of any significant economic +plan will lead to increasing governmental dominance in the +running of industry and make possible the easy abduction of +most political and economic freedoms. There will be an +inevitable conflict between business and the economic +planners. To regulate millions of individual businesses in +such a complete way (output, number of employees, use of raw +materials, etc.) without the cooperation of those businesses +will be impossible -- especially considering that business +will feel that policy may change with the next election. The +solution to an uncooperative private sector will be to make +individual companies better serve the "public interest" +through measures such as nationalization and government +controlled syndicates. + Government control of the economy leads not only to +power over production, but also to power over consumption and +distribution. Substituting the price system with government +edicts takes the distribution of goods and services out of +the hands of individual buyers and sellers, and places it +into the hands of a central authority. With this power the +central authority can wield great control over the populace. + George Orwell, commenting on Friedrich Hayek's classic +book, The Road to Serfdom, remarked, "It cannot be said too +often -- at any rate it is not being said nearly enough -- +that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the +contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the +Spanish inquisition never dreamt of." To believe that such a +vast concentration power will not be used at some point to +oppress the population is to deny the history of mankind. +The world is full of maniacs and coercive utopians -- many of +whom are interested in political power, as history well +shows. + All totalitarian regimes rely heavily on economic +controls to coerce their subjects. The efforts of Hitler's +National Socialists to oppress Jews and other minority groups +were greatly facilitated by the Nazi government's control of +employment and the distribution of goods. The Soviets use +economic controls to pressure dissidents, and they even use +their system of rationing to create high voter turnouts for +their one-candidate elections -- if you don't vote, you don't +receive your ration cards. Those not rigidly conforming to +Maoist doctrine during the Cultural Revolution often lost +their jobs, no matter how valuable their skills. China's +current one-child policy is enforced by a series of economic +"benefits" which include jobs, salaries, and rations. The +success of the Chinese central planners in enforcing such an +unpopular policy which meets the resistance of centuries of +Chinese tradition shows how great the power a government can +wield over its people when it controls the economy. + Neither Germany in 1933, Russia in 1917, nor China in +1949 had long traditions of democracy and political and +economic freedom. The United States, in contrast, has a long +and deeply ingrained tradition of democracy and freedom, as +well as constitutional arrangements which make quickly +installed tyranny unlikely. This is no reason, however, to +feel safe in taking steps to weaken that tradition and to +make possible great abrogation of individual freedom. Free +societies have been, and still are, very rare and fragile. +Freedoms taken for granted and not carefully safeguarded do +not last long. The loss of economic freedom is a major crack +in the foundation of any free society. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/crockett.txt b/politicalTextFiles/crockett.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..312e2d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/crockett.txt @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ + PUBLIC MONIES AND PRIVATE SUPPLICATIONS + by Davy Crockett + + [ShareDebate International editor's note: the + copyright for the below has expired eons ago and is in + the public domain. It was reprinted in The Washington + Times National Weekly Edition, February 6-12, 1995, + page 33.] + + [Washington Times Editor's note: This argument by Davy + Crockett against the principle of wealth distribution + first was published in "The Life of Colonel David + Crockett,"compiled by Edward S. Ellis and published + in 1884. It appeared in the Richmond Times Dispatch] + + "Several years ago, I was one evening standing on the + steps of the Capitol with some other members of + Congress, when our attention was attracted by a great + light over in Georgetown. It was evidently a large + fire. We jumped into a hack and drove over as fast as + we could. + + "In spite of all that could be done, many houses were + burned and many families made homeless, and, besides, + some of them had lost all but the clothes they had on. + The weather was very cold, and when I saw so many + women and children suffering, I felt that something + ought to be done for them. + + "The next morning a bill was introduced appropriating + $20,000 for their relief. We put aside all other + business and rushed it through as soon as it could be + done. + + "The next summer, when it began to be a time to think + about the election, I concluded that I would take a + scout around among the boys of my district. I had no + opposition there, but, as the election was some time + off, I did not know what might turn up." + + + A stranger's curt greeting + + "When riding one day in a part of my district in which + I was more of a stranger than any other, I saw a man + in a field plowing and coming toward the road. I + gauged my gait so that we should meet as he came to + the fence. As he came up, I spoke to the man. He + replied politely, but, as I thought, rather coldly. + + "I began: 'Well, friend, I am one of those unfortunate + beings called candidates, and . . . ' + + "'Yes, I know you; you are Colonel Crockett, I have + seen you once before, and voted for you the last time + you were elected. I suppose you are out electioneering + now, but you had better not waste your time or mine. I + shall not vote for you again.' + + "This was a sockdolager. . . I begged him to tell me + what was the matter." + + "'Well, Colonel, it is hardly worthwhile to waste + time or words upon it. I do not see how it can be + mended, but you gave a vote last winter which shows + that either you have no capacity to understand the + Constitution, or that you are wanting in the honesty + and firmness to be guided by it. + + "'In either case you are not the man to represent me. + But I beg your pardon for expressing it in that way. I + did not intend to avail myself of the privilege of the + constituent to speak plainly to a candidate for the + purpose of insulting or wounding you. + + "I intend by it only to say that your understanding + of the Constitution is different from mine; and I will + say to you what, but for my rudeness, I should not + have said, that I believe you to be honest . . . but + an understanding of the Constitution different from + mine I cannot overlook, because the Constitution, to + be worth having, must be held sacred, and rigidly + observed in all its provisions. The man who wields + power and misinterprets it is the more dangerous the + more honest he is.' " + + "I admit the truth of all you say, but there must be + some mistake about it, for I do not remember that I + gave any vote last winter upon any constitutional + question." + + + Crockett's vote on bill recalled + + "'No, Colonel, there's no mistake. Though I live here + in the backwoods and seldom go from home, I take the + papers from Washington and read very carefully all the + proceedings of Congress. My papers say that last + winter you voted for a bill to appropriate $20,000 to + some sufferers by a fire in Georgetown. Is that true? " + + "Well, my friend, I may as well own up. You have got + me there. But certainly no one will complain that a + great and rich country should not give the + insignificant sum of $20,000 to relieve its suffering + women, particularly with a full and overflowing + treasury, and am sure, if you had been there you would + have done just as I did." + + "'It is not the amount, Colonel, that I complain of + it is the principle. In the first place, the + government ought to have in the treasury no more than + enough for its legitimate purposes. But that has + nothing to do with the question. The power of + collecting and disbursing money at pleasure is the + most dangerous power that can be entrusted to man, + particularly under our system of collecting revenue by + tariff, which reaches every man in the country, no + matter how poor he may be, and the poorer he is, the + more he pays in proportion to his means. + + "'What is worse, it presses upon him without his + knowledge where the weight centers, for there is not a + man in the United States who can ever guess how much + he pays to the government. So you see that while you + are contributing to relieve one, you are drawing it + from thousands who are even worse off than he. + + "'If you had the right to give him anything, the + amount was simply a matter of discretion with you, and + you had as much right to give $20 million as $20,000. + If you have the right to give to one, you have the + right to give to all; and, as the Constitution neither + defines nor stipulates the amount, you are at-liberty + to give to any and everything which you may believe, + or profess to believe, is a charity, and to any amount + you may think proper.' " + + + Wide door to robbing people + + "'You will very easily perceive what a wide door this + would open for fraud and corruption and favoritism, on + the one hand, and for robbing the people, on the + other. No, Colonel. Congress has no right to give + charity. Individual members may give as much of their + own money as they please, but they have no right to + touch a dollar of the public money for that purpose. + + "'If twice as many houses had been burned in this + district as in Georgetown, neither you nor any other + member of Congress would have thought of appropriating + a dollar for our relief. There are about 240 members + of Congress. + + "'If they had shown their sympathy for the sufferers + by contributing each one week's pay, it would have + made over $13,000. There are plenty of wealthy men in + and around Washington who could have given $20,000 + without depriving themselves of even a luxury of life. + The congressmen chose to keep their own money, which, + if reports be true, some of them spend not very + creditably. And the people about Washington, no doubt, + applauded you for relieving them from the necessity of + giving by giving what was not yours to give. + + "'The people have delegated to Congress, by the + Constitution, the power to do certain things. To do + these, it is authorized to collect and pay moneys, and + for nothing else. Everything beyond this is + usurpation, and a violation of the Constitution. + + "'So you see, Colonel, you have violated the + Constitution in what I consider a vital point. It is a + precedent fraught with danger to the country, for when + Congress once begins to stretch its power beyond the + limits~of the Constitution there is no limit to it, + and no security for the people. I have no doubt you + acted honestly, but that does not make it any better, + except as far as you are personally concerned, and you + see that I cannot vote for you. + + + Critic could persuade others + + "I tell you I felt streaked. I saw if I should have + opposition, and this man should go to talking, he + would set others to talking, and in that district I + was a gone fawn-skin. I could not answer him, and the + fact is, I was so fully convinced that he was right, I + did not want to. But I must satisfy him, and I said to + him: + + "'Well, my friend, you hit the nail upon the head + when you said I had not sense enough to understand the + Constitution. I intended to be guided by it, and + thought I had studied it fully. I have heard many + speeches in Congress about the powers of Congress, but + what you have said here at your plow has got more + hard, sound sense in it than all the fine speeches I + ever heard. + + "'If I had ever taken the view of it that you have, I + would have put my head into the fire before I would + have given that vote; and if you will forgive me and + vote for me again, if I ever vote for another + unconstitutional law I wish I may be shot.' " + + "He laughingly replied: 'Yes, Colonel, you have sworn + to that once before, but I will trust you again upon + one condition. You say that you are convinced that + your vote was wrong. Your acknowledgment of it will do + more good than beating you for it. If, as you go + around the district, you will tell people about this + vote, and that you are satisfied it was wrong, I will + not only vote for you, but will do what I can to keep + down opposition, and, perhaps, I may exert some little + influence in that way.' " + + "'If I don't,' said I, 'I wish I may be shot; and to + convince you that I am in earnest in what I say, I + will come back this way in a week or 10 days, and if + you will get up a gathering of people, I will make a + speech to them. Get up a barbeque and I will pay for + it.' " + + "'No, Colonel, we are not rich people in this + section, but we have plenty of provisions to contribute + for a barbeque, and some to spare for those who have + none. The push of crops will be over in a few days, + and we can then afford a day for a barbeque. This is + Thursday; I will see to getting it up on Saturday. + Come to my house on Friday, and we will go together, + and I promise you a very respectable crowd to see and + hear you.' " + + "Well, I will be here. But one thing more before I + say goodbye. I must know your name." + + "'My name is Bunce.' " + + "Not Horatio Bunce?" + + "'Yes.' + + ""Well, Mr. Bunce. I never saw you before, though you + say you have seen me, but I know you very well. I am + glad I have met you, and very proud that I may hope + to have you for my friend. + + "It is one of the luckiest hits of my life that I met + him. He mingled but little with the public but was + widely known for his remarkable intelligence and + incorruptible integrity, and for a heart brimful and + running over with kindness and benevolence, which + showed themselves not only in words but in acts." + + + His fame extended far and wide + + "He was the oracle of the whole country around him, and + his fame had extended far beyond the circle of his + immediate acquaintance. Though I had never met him + before, I had heard much of him, and but for this + meeting it is very likely I should have had + opposition, and been beaten. One thing is very + certain, no man could now stand up in that district + under such a vote. + + "At the appointed time I was at his house, having told + our conversation to every crowd I had met, and to + every man I stayed all night with, and I found that it + gave the people an interest and a confidence in me + stronger than I had ever seen manifested before. + + "Though I was considerably fatigued when I reached his + house, and, under ordinary circumstances, should have + gone early to bed, I kept him up until midnight + talking about the principles and affairs of + government, and got more real, true knowledge of them + than I had got all my life before. + + "I have known and seen much of him since, for I + respect him no, that is not the word - I reverence and + love him more than any living man, and I go to see him + two or three times every year; and I will tell you, + sir, if everyone who professes to be a Christian lived + and acted and enjoyed it as he does, the religion of + Christ would take the world by storm. + + "But to return to my story. The next morning we went + to the barbeque, and, to my surprise, found about a + thousand men there. I met a good many whom I had not + known before, and they and my friend introduced me + around until I had got pretty well acquainted - at + least, they all knew me. + + "In due time notice was given that I would speak to + them. They gathered up around a stand that had been + erected. I opened my speech by saying: + + "'Fellow citizens - I present myself before you today + feeling like a new man. My eyes have lately been + opened to truths which ignorance or prejudice, or + both, had heretofore hidden from my view. I feel that I + can today offer you the ability to render you more + valuable service than I have ever been able to render + before. + + "'I am here today more for the purpose of + acknowledging my error than to seek your votes. That I + should make this acknowledgment is due to myself as + well as to you. Whether you will vote for me is a + matter for your consideration only.' " + + "I went on to tell them about the fire and my vote for + the appropriation and then told them why I was + satisfied it was wrong. I closed by saying: + + "'And now, fellow citizens, it remains only for me to + tell you that most of the speech you have listened to + with so much interest was simply a repetition of the + arguments by which your neighbor, Mr. Bunce, convinced + me of my error. + + It is the best speech I ever made in my life, but he + is entitled to the credit for it. And now I hope he is + satisfied with his convert and that he will get up + here and tell you so.' " diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/crypanmf.txt b/politicalTextFiles/crypanmf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0b3bfd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/crypanmf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +From: tcmay@netcom.com (Timothy C. May) +Subject: The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto +Date: Sun, 22 Nov 92 12:11:24 PST + +Cypherpunks of the World, + +Several of you at the "physical Cypherpunks" gathering yesterday in +Silicon Valley requested that more of the material passed out in +meetings be available electronically to the entire readership of the +Cypherpunks list, spooks, eavesdroppers, and all. + +Here's the "Crypto Anarchist Manifesto" I read at the September 1992 +founding meeting. It dates back to mid-1988 and was distributed to +some like-minded techno-anarchists at the "Crypto '88" conference and +then again at the "Hackers Conference" that year. I later gave talks +at Hackers on this in 1989 and 1990. + +There are a few things I'd change, but for historical reasons I'll +just leave it as is. Some of the terms may be unfamiliar to you...I +hope the Crypto Glossary I just distributed will help. + +(This should explain all those cryptic terms in my .signature!) + +--Tim May + +................................................... + +The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto + +Timothy C. May +tcmay@netcom.com + + +A specter is haunting the modern world, the specter of crypto +anarchy. + +Computer technology is on the verge of providing the ability for +individuals and groups to communicate and interact with each other +in a totally anonymous manner. Two persons may exchange +messages, conduct business, and negotiate electronic contracts +without ever knowing the True Name, or legal identity, of the other. +Interactions over networks will be untraceable, via extensive re- +routing of encrypted packets and tamper-proof boxes which +implement cryptographic protocols with nearly perfect assurance +against any tampering. Reputations will be of central importance, far +more important in dealings than even the credit ratings of today. +These developments will alter completely the nature of government +regulation, the ability to tax and control economic interactions, the +ability to keep information secret, and will even alter the nature of +trust and reputation. + +The technology for this revolution--and it surely will be both a social +and economic revolution--has existed in theory for the past decade. +The methods are based upon public-key encryption, zero-knowledge +interactive proof systems, and various software protocols for +interaction, authentication, and verification. The focus has until now +been on academic conferences in Europe and the U.S., conferences +monitored closely by the National Security Agency. But only recently +have computer networks and personal computers attained sufficient +speed to make the ideas practically realizable. And the next ten +years will bring enough additional speed to make the ideas +economically feasible and essentially unstoppable. High-speed +networks, ISDN, tamper-proof boxes, smart cards, satellites, Ku-band +transmitters, multi-MIPS personal computers, and encryption chips +now under development will be some of the enabling technologies. + +The State will of course try to slow or halt the spread of this +technology, citing national security concerns, use of the technology +by drug dealers and tax evaders, and fears of societal disintegration. +Many of these concerns will be valid; crypto anarchy will allow +national secrets to be trade freely and will allow illicit and stolen +materials to be traded. An anonymous computerized market will +even make possible abhorrent markets for assassinations and +extortion. Various criminal and foreign elements will be active users +of CryptoNet. But this will not halt the spread of crypto anarchy. + +Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of +medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will +cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations +and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined +with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a +liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words +and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed +wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus +altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the +frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an +arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which +dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property. + +Arise, you have nothing to lose but your barbed wire fences! + + +-- +.......................................................................... +Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, +tcmay@netcom.com | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero +408-688-5409 | knowledge, reputations, information markets, +W.A.S.T.E.: Aptos, CA | black markets, collapse of governments. +Higher Power: 2^756839 | PGP Public Key: by arrangement. + + + + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cryptoa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cryptoa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b00688 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cryptoa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ + +From cracked@primenet.com Sat Oct 19 17:49:15 1996 +Date: Fri, 18 Oct 1996 22:38:28 -0700 (MST) +To: cracked@primenet.com +From: CrACKeD +Message-ID: <199610190538.WAA27296@primenet.com> +Subject: Crypto Anarchist Manifesto + +From: tcmay@netcom.com (Timothy C. May) +Subject: The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto +Date: Sun, 22 Nov 92 12:11:24 PST + +Cypherpunks of the World, + +Several of you at the "physical Cypherpunks" gathering yesterday in +Silicon Valley requested that more of the material passed out in +meetings be available electronically to the entire readership of the +Cypherpunks list, spooks, eavesdroppers, and all. + +Here's the "Crypto Anarchist Manifesto" I read at the September 1992 +founding meeting. It dates back to mid-1988 and was distributed to +some like-minded techno-anarchists at the "Crypto '88" conference and +then again at the "Hackers Conference" that year. I later gave talks +at Hackers on this in 1989 and 1990. + +There are a few things I'd change, but for historical reasons I'll +just leave it as is. Some of the terms may be unfamiliar to you...I +hope the Crypto Glossary I just distributed will help. + +(This should explain all those cryptic terms in my .signature!) + +--Tim May + +................................................... + +The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto + +Timothy C. May +tcmay@netcom.com + + +A specter is haunting the modern world, the specter of crypto +anarchy. + +Computer technology is on the verge of providing the ability for +individuals and groups to communicate and interact with each other +in a totally anonymous manner. Two persons may exchange +messages, conduct business, and negotiate electronic contracts +without ever knowing the True Name, or legal identity, of the other. +Interactions over networks will be untraceable, via extensive re- +routing of encrypted packets and tamper-proof boxes which +implement cryptographic protocols with nearly perfect assurance +against any tampering. Reputations will be of central importance, far +more important in dealings than even the credit ratings of today. +These developments will alter completely the nature of government +regulation, the ability to tax and control economic interactions, the +ability to keep information secret, and will even alter the nature of +trust and reputation. + +The technology for this revolution--and it surely will be both a social +and economic revolution--has existed in theory for the past decade. +The methods are based upon public-key encryption, zero-knowledge +interactive proof systems, and various software protocols for +interaction, authentication, and verification. The focus has until now +been on academic conferences in Europe and the U.S., conferences +monitored closely by the National Security Agency. But only recently +have computer networks and personal computers attained sufficient +speed to make the ideas practically realizable. And the next ten +years will bring enough additional speed to make the ideas +economically feasible and essentially unstoppable. High-speed +networks, ISDN, tamper-proof boxes, smart cards, satellites, Ku-band +transmitters, multi-MIPS personal computers, and encryption chips +now under development will be some of the enabling technologies. + +The State will of course try to slow or halt the spread of this +technology, citing national security concerns, use of the technology +by drug dealers and tax evaders, and fears of societal disintegration. +Many of these concerns will be valid; crypto anarchy will allow +national secrets to be trade freely and will allow illicit and stolen +materials to be traded. An anonymous computerized market will +even make possible abhorrent markets for assassinations and +extortion. Various criminal and foreign elements will be active users +of CryptoNet. But this will not halt the spread of crypto anarchy. + +Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of +medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will +cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations +and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined +with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a +liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words +and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed +wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus +altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the +frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an +arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which +dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property. + +Arise, you have nothing to lose but your barbed wire fences! + + +-- +.......................................................................... +Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, +tcmay@netcom.com | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero +408-688-5409 | knowledge, reputations, information markets, +W.A.S.T.E.: Aptos, CA | black markets, collapse of governments. +Higher Power: 2^756839 | PGP Public Key: by arrangement. + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cslaw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cslaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2560b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cslaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +Gary S. Morris +GSM Associates +Suite 202 +7338 Lee Highway +Falls Church, Virginia 22046 +(703) 685-3021 + + + + Computer Security and the Law + +I. Introduction + + You are a computer administrator for a large manufacturing +company. In the middle of a production run, all of the +mainframes on a crucial network grind to a halt. Production is +delayed costing your company hundreds of thousands of dollars. +Upon investigating, you find that a virus was released into the +network through a specific account. When you confront the owner +of the account, he claims he neither wrote nor released the +virus, but admits that he has distributed his password to +"friends" who need ready access to his data files. Is he liable +for the loss suffered by your company? In whole, or in part? And +if in part, for how much? These and related questions are the +subject of computer security law. The answers may vary depending +on the state in which the crime was committed and the judge who +presides at the trial. Computer security law is a new field, and +the legal establishment has yet to reach broad agreement on many +key issues. Even the meaning of such basic terms as "data" can be +the subject of contention. + + Advances in computer security law have been impeded by the +reluctance on the part of lawyers and judges to grapple with the +technical side of computer security issues [1]. This problem +could be mitigated by involving technical computer security +professionals in the development of computer security law and +public policy. This article is meant to help bridge the gap +between the technical and legal computer security communities by +explaining key technical ideas behind computer security for +lawyers and presenting some basic legal background for technical +professionals. + +II. The Technological Perspective + + A. The Objectives of Computer Security + + The principal objective of computer security is to protect +and assure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of +automated information systems and the data they contain. Each of +these terms has a precise meaning which is grounded in basic +technical ideas about the flow of information in automated +information systems. + + B. Basic Concepts + + There is a broad, top-level consensus regarding the meaning +of most technical computer security concepts. This is partly +because of government involvement in proposing, coordinating, and +publishing the definitions of basic terms [2]. The meanings of +the terms used in government directives and regulations are +generally made to be consistent with past usage. This is not to +say that there is no disagreement over definitions in the +technical community. Rather, the range of such disagreement is +much narrower than in the legal community. For example, there is +presently no legal consensus on exactly what constitutes a +computer [3]. + + The term used to establish the scope of computer security is +"automated information system," often abbreviated "AIS." An AIS +is any assembly of electronic equipment, hardware, software, and +firmware configured to collect, create, communicate, disseminate, +process, store, and control data or information. This includes +numerous items beyond the central processing unit and associated +random access memory, such as input/output devices (keyboards, +printers, etc.) + + Every AIS is used by subjects to act upon objects. A +subject is any active entity that causes information to flow +among passive entities called objects. For example, subject +could be a person typing commands which transfer information from +a keyboard (an object) to memory (another object), or a process +running on the central processing unit that is sending +information from a file (an object) to a printer (another +object). + + Confidentiality is roughly equivalent to privacy. If a +subject circumvents confidentiality measures designed to prevent +its access to an object, the object is said to be "compromised." +Confidentiality is the most advanced area of computer security +because the U.S. Department of Defense has invested heavily for +many years to find ways to maintain the confidentiality of +classified data in AIS [4]. This investment has produced the +Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation +Criteria [5], alternatively called the Orange Book after the +color of its cover. The Orange Book is perhaps the single most +authoritative document about protecting the confidentiality of +data in classified AIS. + + Integrity measures are meant to protect data from +unauthorized modification. The integrity of an object can be +assessed by comparing its current state to its original or +intended state. An object which has been modified by a subject +without proper authorization is said to be "corrupted." +Technology for ensuring integrity has lagged behind that for +confidentiality [4]. This is because the integrity problem has +until recently been addressed by restricting access to AIS to +trustworthy subjects. Today, the integrity threat is no longer +tractable exclusively through access control. The desire for +wide connectivity through networks and the increased use of +commercial-off-the-shelf software has limited the degree to which + most AISs can trust its subjects. Work in integrity has been +accelerating over the past few years, and will likely become as +important a priority as confidentiality in the future. + + Availability means having an AIS and its associated objects +accessible and functional when needed by its user community. +Attacks against availability are called denial of service +attacks. For example, a subject may release a virus which +absorbs so much processor time that the AIS becomes overloaded. +This area is by far the least well developed of the three +security properties, largely for technical reasons involving the +formal verification of AIS designs [4]. Although such +verification is not likely to become a practical reality for many +years, techniques such as fault tolerance and software +reliability are used to mitigate the effects of denial of service +attacks. + + C. Computer Security Requirements + + The three security properties of confidentiality, integrity, +and availability are achieved by labeling the subjects and +objects in an AIS and regulating the flow of information between +them according to a predetermined set of rules called a security +policy. The security policy specifies which subject labels can +access which object labels. For example, suppose you went +shopping and had to present your driver's license to pick up some +badges assigned to you at the entrance, each listing a brand +name. The policy at this store is that you can only buy brand +names listed on one of your badges. At the check-out line, the +cashier compares the brand name of each object you want to buy +with the names on your badges. If there's a match, she rings it +up. But if you choose a brand name which doesn't appear on one +of your badges, she puts it back on the shelf. You could be +sneaky and alter a badge, or pretend to be your neighbor who has +more badges than you, or find a clerk who will turn a blind eye. +No doubt the store would employ a host of measures to prevent you +from cheating. The same situation exists on secure computer +systems. Security measures are employed to prevent illicit +tampering with labels, positively identify subjects, and provide +assurance that the security measures are doing the job correctly. +A comprehensive list of minimal requirements to secure an AIS are +presented in the Orange Book [5]. + +III. The Legal Perspective + + A. Sources of Computer Law + + The three branches of government, legislative, +executive and judicial, produce quantities of computer law which +are inveresly proportional to the amount of coordination needed +for its enactment. The legislative branch, consisting of the +Congress and fifty state legislatures, produce the smallest +amount of law which is worded in the most general terms. For +example, the Congress may pass a bill mandating that sensitive +information in government computers must be protected. The + executive branch, consisting of the Executive Office of the +President and numerous agencies, issues regulations which +implement the bills passed by legislatures. Thus, the Department +of Commerce may issue regulations which establish criteria for +determining when economic information is sensitive and describe +how it must be protected. Finally, the judicial branch serves as +an avenue of appeal and decides the meaning of the laws and +regulations in specific cases. After the decisions are issued +(and in some cases appealed) they are taken as the word of the +law in legally similar situations. + + B. Current Views on Computer Crime + + Currently, there is no universal agreement in the legal +community on what constitutes a computer crime. One reason is +the rapidly changing state of computer technology. For example, +in 1979, the U.S. Department of Justice publication [6] +partitioned computer crime into three categories: 1) Computer +abuse, "the broad range of international acts involving a +computer where one or more perpetrators made or could have made +gain and one or more victims suffered or could have suffered a +loss;" 2) Computer crime, "illegal computer abuse [that] implies +direct involvement of computers in committing a crime;" and +3) Computer-related crime, "any illegal act for which a +knowledge of computer technology is essential for successful +prosecution." These definitions have become blurred by the vast +proliferation of computers and computer related products over the +last decade. For example, does altering an inventory bar code at +a store constitute computer abuse? Should a person caught in +such an act be prosecuted under both theft and computer abuse +laws? Clearly, advances in computer technology should be +mirrored by parallel changes in computer law. + + Another attempt to describe the essential features of +computer crime has been made by Wolk and Luddy [1]. They claim +that the majority of crimes committed against or with the use of +a computer can be classified as follows: + + 1) Sabotage: "Involves an attack against the entire + [computer] system or against its subcomponents, and may be + the product of foreign power involvement or penetration by a + competitor..." + 2) Theft of services: "Using a computer at someone else's + expense." + 3) Property crimes involving the "theft of property by and + through the use of computers." [7] + +A good definition of computer crime should capture all acts which +are criminal and involve computers and only those acts. Assessing +the completeness of a definition seems problematic, but is +tractable using technical computer security concepts. For +example, consider the following matrix: + + + Confidentiality Integrity Availability + +Sabotage X X + +Theft of Services X + +Property Crimes X X + + +This shows that Wolk and Luddy's categorization is strong with +respect to availability and weaker in the areas of +confidentiality and integrity. Indeed, upon closer examination +it becomes apparent that there are ways to violate +confidentiality and integrity which do not constitute sabotage, +theft of services, or property crimes. For example, a Trojan +horse could append code to a word processor which sends copies of +a user's confidential text as messages to the perpetrator's +electronic mailbox. This isn't sabotage because no AIS +functionality was destroyed or even altered; theft of services +does not apply if the perpetrator is paying for his electronic +mail account; and unless the confidential text was copyrighted, +it is not a property crime. This analysis is significant because +it demonstrates that examining a legal concept from a technical +perspective can yield insights into its strengths and weaknesses +and even suggest avenues for improvement. + +IV. Conclusion + + The development of effective computer security law and +public policy cannot be accomplished without cooperation between +the technical and legal communities. The inherently abstruse +nature of computer technology and the importance of the social +issues it generates demand the combined talents of both. At +stake is not only a fair and just interpretation of the law as it +pertains to computers, but more basic issues involving the +protection of civil rights. Technological developments have +challenged these rights in the past and have been met with laws +and public policies which have regulated their use. For example, +the invention of the telegraph and telephone gave rise to privacy +laws pertaining to wire communications. We need to meet advances +in automated information technology with legislation that +preserves civil liberties and establishes legal boundaries for +protecting confidentiality, integrity, and assured service. Legal +and computer professionals have a vital role in meeting this +challenge together. + + REFERENCES + +[1] Stuart R. Wolk and William J. Luddy Jr., "Legal Aspects of +Computer Use," Prentice Hall, 1986, pg. 129. + +[2] National Computer Security Center, "Glossary of Computer +Security Terms," 21 October 1988. + +[3] Thomas R. Mylott III, "Computer Law for the Computer +Professional," Prentice Hall, 1984, pg. 131. + +[4] Gasser, Morrie, "Building a Secure Computer System," Van +Nostrand, 1988. + +[5] Department of Defense, "Department of Defense Trusted +Computer System Evaluation Criteria," December 1985. + +[6] United States Department of Justice, "Computer Crime, +Criminal Justice Resource Manual," 1979. + +[7] Wolk and Luddy, pg. 117. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cyber.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cyber.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c58c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cyber.txt @@ -0,0 +1,671 @@ + + +This article is from NameBase NewsLine, which is distributed to users of +NameBase, a microcomputer database with 170,000 citations and 78,000 names. +This 3-megabyte database is available on floppy disks and is used by over +700 journalists and researchers around the world. For a brochure write to: + + Public Information Research, PO Box 680635, San Antonio TX 78268 + Tel: 210-509-3160 Fax: 210-509-3161 + +From NameBase NewsLine, No. 2, July-August 1993: + + + Cyberspace Wars: Microprocessing vs. Big Brother + + by Daniel Brandt + + Just ten years ago the issues were so simple, the arguments so clean. +The concept of hackers was cute and quaint, best understood through +Hollywood thrillers like "War Games." The major media had yet to use +the word "cyberspace," a term just then created by William Gibson in +Neuromancer, his first masterpiece in a strange new genre of "cyberpunk" +fiction. + + It was ten years ago that establishment liberal David Burnham wrote +"The Rise of the Computer State" with Ford, Rockefeller, and Aspen +Institute money. This book ignored microprocessing and limited its +nightmarish vision to the dangers posed by Big Brother's mainframes. One +chapter covered the threat posed by the National Security Agency (NSA), +the largest U.S. intelligence agency with the world's best computers, an +agency that is not subjected to any oversight. In the mid-1970s the Senate +Intelligence Committee headed by Frank Church warned that "if not properly +controlled," the NSA's technology "could be turned against the American +people at a great cost to liberty." For thirty years the NSA obtained +copies of most telex messages entering and leaving the U.S., and the CIA +illegally intercepted thousands of first-class letters as they left the +country. If the high-tech NSA were ever turned against us, Church said, +"no American would have any privacy left.... There would be no place to +hide."[1] + + One word -- privacy -- summed up the debate nicely then, because Big +Brother had a monopoly on computing power. But some cracks were already +appearing in this pre-cyberspace version of the problem. In 1978 the +Carter administration admitted that the Soviets were tapping into +microwave links in New York, Washington, and San Francisco; microwave was +like a sieve compared to the old underground intercity telephone cables. +That was only a minor irritant compared to January 15, 1990, when half +of the entire AT&T network crashed due to a single software bug. The +technicians in the hardware lab where I worked used to kid the software +engineers, saying that if civilization had developed the way programmers +write programs, one woodpecker could come along and bring it all down. + + Also in 1978 the NSA began harassing certain mathematicians in +the private sector, claiming "sole authority to fund research in +cryptography."[2] Then came the microprocessor. Within a few years every +mass-market magazine for microcomputer hobbyists was running an occasional +article on new encryption techniques, and the NSA couldn't keep the lid +on. Hackers were experimenting on their crude machines with a technique +called "public key cryptography."[3] A recent estimate has it that "a +buildingful of NSA's specially hot-rodded supercomputers might take a day +to crack a 140-digit code," but from NSA's point of view that's not good +enough. Today's micros are roughly 100 times faster with 100 times the +capacity of the machine I bought ten years ago; the price is lower and it +fits on your lap. They can easily encrypt and decrypt with keys this size. +While the world's most powerful supercomputer grinds all day to crack one +key, "what is it going to do when 100 million people each use 100 +different keys per day?"[4] Big Brother has suddenly lost his monopoly on +encryption technology, and hackers everywhere could not be more delighted. + + Yes, the rules of the game have changed, due primarily to the rapid +evolution of microprocessing power. The simple concept of "privacy" no +longer works as well as it did for Frank Church and David Burnham. The +little guy on his microcomputer bulletin board system (BBS) -- by one +estimate there are now 60,000 of these in the U.S.[5] -- wants privacy +from Big Brother, but corporations will also be screaming for privacy as +they adopt the new encryption technology. And then what about +transnational corporations seeking to avoid government intrusion? Or +organized crime and international drug cartels? One, two, many Big +Brothers? Privacy for whom? + + William Gibson's vision in Neuromancer may read like heaven for +hackers, but for the rest of us the term "cyberpunk" seems about right. We +shudder at Gibson's future, where transnational corporations hold all the +wealth and all the information, and outcast data pirates must jack into +their cyberspace decks, maneuver around the "black ice" of corporate data +security systems, and forage for their livelihoods. It's rather like +children stealing food from garbage cans, but it all seems like ice cream +to the hackers who find this inspiring. + + The hacker ethic is a laissez-faire vision of total freedom to +microcompute and telecommute, a world of unbreakable encryption, anonymous +E-Money transfers, and lately talk of a fiber-optic data superhighway, +leading to a place in cyberspace where everyone can connect with anyone. +They even have their own Washington lobby. Electronic Frontier Foundation +(EFF) started out with funding from Mitch Kapor and a few other computer +millionaires, but is now underwritten by IBM, Apple, Microsoft, AT&T, MCI, +Bell Atlantic, Adobe, the Newspaper Association of America, and the +National Cable Television Association.[6] And the word "cyberspace" is +trumpeted in Scientific American, Time, Washington Post, and The New +Republic. We can expect to see it soon in Webster's. This is bigger than +a handful of hackers, and it's time to become conversant with the issues. + + There IS a new reality, and we needed a new word. But more than a +mere reality, it's a massive moving target careening blindly into the +future. No one has a handle on it. Cyberpunk novelist Bruce Sterling +worries about hacker ethics, one narrow slice of the big picture, but he +doesn't pretend to have many answers.[7] The Washington office of Computer +Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) is in the same building as +EFF, and both work against the NSA's efforts to mandate encryption +hardware that the government can break -- the so-called "Clipper Chip" +that was announced by the White House on April 16, 1993.[8] But on other +issues CPSR is suspicious of EFF's pro-corporate leanings. One imagines +CPSR arguing that our government, at least, can be petitioned and our +representatives are elected. Comparatively, how much input are we allowed +by major corporations? Given their priorities, how responsive will they +be to the information needs of the poor and underprivileged? What will +happen, for example, if public libraries and public schools get left +behind in the dust of the data superhighway? + + In Washington DC, the information capital of the world, the newest +game in town is Cyberspace Wars. Unfortunately, it's also the latest +buzzword. Pack journalists in this town are seemingly required to log +in on these, which invariably generates more heat than light. + + I don't have a graduate degree, but I spent three years in grad +school studying something they called "social ethics," which included much +philosophy. My undergraduate degree is in sociology. In high school I +had a ham radio license, and spent many evenings building equipment and +working traffic networks, a Morse Code version of "cyberspace." (These +days my transmitter is hooked to my computer.) After grad school I +retrained in electronics, and during the 1980s I held a variety of +hardware and software jobs in high-tech industries. The hardware ranged +from telephone interface circuits to digital switches at the senior tech +or junior engineer level. The software was generally written using +Assembly, dBase or BASIC to develop hardware control systems or database +programs. + + In other words, my career is so checkered that no one will ever refer +to me as an "expert," which is also why you are reading this in an obscure +little publication. But I am familiar with the territory. And could it be +that too many of the experts are too narrow? Furthermore, I can recognize +high-tech hype when I see it and I can recognize sloppy ethics; there's +too much of both in cyberspace. I can forgive EFF guru and co-founder +John Barlow, a former Grateful Dead songwriter, for being an "acid-head +ex-Republican county chairman" (Mitch Kapor's description). But when +he invokes Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's "noosphere" as a model for +cyberspace, a "global brain that would seal humanity's spiritual +destiny,"[9] I have to draw the line. I studied enough of Teilhard to know +that his theology lacks any conception of evil. Where cyberspace and New +Age meet out in California's Silicon Valley somewhere, everything becomes +alarmingly mushy. + + Another example of sloppy ethics is found in the way the word +"privacy" is babbled about without qualification. I have yet to see any +suggestion that the right to privacy ought to be inversely proportional to +social power, and should be balanced against the right to know. Joe +Sixpack deserves more privacy than David Rockefeller, because Joe's simple +livelihood may be affected by Rocky's wheeling and dealing. Joe has more +of a right to know what Rocky is up to than vice-versa. It does not +require a philosophy degree to grasp this; libel law in the U.S., for +example, makes a similar distinction between a public figure and a private +figure. Every journalist knows this, but when writing about privacy issues +the same concept never makes it into print. Then again, my definition of +privacy does not justify hacker ethics (microcomputer vs. mainframe, +little guy vs. Big Brother), because hackers are motivated more by +malicious amusement than by genuine self-defense. + + More hype comes from a bizarre intersection of cyberspace with +conspiracy theory: the incredible PROMIS software by Inslaw, Inc. For +months I was reading accounts of how this software was revolutionary, and +could track everything about everyone. This is crazy, I thought, because +as a programmer I knew that software is painfully developmental, never +revolutionary. After ten years of inputting for NameBase I also knew that +until you key in good data, a mere database program is nothing at all. +Then it came out that there was a "back door" installed in PROMIS. This +made more sense, as a "back door" to get around password protection is +easy for any programmer, and it explained why the intelligence community +might be interested in peddling it to foreign governments. + + Please note, however, that you still need physical access to the +computer, either through a direct-connect terminal or a remote terminal +through the phone lines, in order to utilize a back door. Ari Ben-Menashe +wants us to believe that foreigners (Britain, Australia, Iraq, South +Korea, Canada, and "many others") allow technicians from another country +to install new computer systems in the heart of their intelligence +establishments, and don't even think to secure physical access to the +system before they start entering their precious data. + + Then he claims that PROMIS, "a sinister, Big Brother-like computer +program," can suck in every other database on earth, such as those used by +utility companies, and correlate everything automatically. The rest of his +book is frequently believable, but this example of hype is grating because +publisher Bill Schaap, who is not computer illiterate, should have done +Ben-Menashe a favor by deleting the chapter on PROMIS.[10] I generally +believe that "conspiracy is the normal continuation of normal politics by +normal means,"[11] so I don't like to see whistleblowers like Ben-Menashe +needlessly discredited by their own high-tech gullibility. + + The last example of hype is from a 1988 article, which suggests that +the right also suffers from an overactive technical imagination: + + Retired Maj. Gen. John K. Singlaub, a member of the board, says + Western Goals wanted to build a computer data base containing the + leadership structure and membership of every left-wing group in the + country. The right, he says, needed to match the left's ability to + mobilize on short notice and track the activities of conservative + Americans. 'The radical left,' he claims, 'in this country has an + incredible, computer-connected network that has enormous files + connected with them.'[12] + + Singlaub swallowed someone's line the same as Ben-Menashe did, and +just as journalists are inclined to do when it comes to high-tech issues. +It is no longer excusable for major players to remain ignorant of +important high-tech developments. The remainder of this article will +follow the battles and trends of the last few years -- the Cyberspace Wars +that unfolded as microprocessors robbed Big Brother of its monopoly on +data access and manipulation. Then I'll propose a somewhat expanded, more +useful definition of "cyberspace" to include all digitized information, +and consider the issues involved in the potential data networks that +worried Singlaub. His notion of the left was fantastic and his plans for +Western Goals never materialized. But the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai +B'rith, which is beginning to use computers, was caught this year in a +massive spying scandal. Their defense of spying is my ultimate example of +sloppy ethics. In another ten years there might not be scandals, because +the files will have been sucked into cyberspace, complete with unbreakable +encryption and access by anonymous players. It may not be the NSA, or the +ADL, or any current entity. But we will all be at risk, and Ben-Menashe, +Singlaub, and the cyberpunk novelists will finally seem prophetic. + + Privacy and domestic security are a zero-sum game. Society consists +of discrete individuals; if these individuals each have total privacy, +then society has zero security. Conversely, for the body politic to have +total security as an organism, the individuals within must have zero +privacy. Idealists may quibble with this scenario, but today we're +required to coexist with massive national security establishments, and +they tend to see things this way. Realistically, then, it's a useful +handle for understanding Cyberspace Wars. + + A 1992 Harris poll showed that 78 percent of Americans now express +concern about their personal privacy, and 68 percent perceive a threat +from computers. These figures have roughly doubled over the last twenty +years.[13] One area of concern is in the workplace, where U.S. privacy +laws lag behind those in Europe and Japan. Although the 1986 Electronic +Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) prohibits phone and data-line tapping, +law enforcement and employers are exempted, so an E-Mail system that is +paid for or run by the employer might not be secure. Macworld asked 301 +companies about snooping, and "about 22 percent of our sample have engaged +in searches of employee computer files, voice mail, E-Mail, or other +networking communications."[14] Job applicants sometimes find that the +company has a contract with a research service to scan credit reports, +workers' compensation claims, medical records, and criminal histories. +Access to some of this data for such a purpose has recently become +illegal, but employers say they need this data because of the rash of +"negligent hiring" lawsuits. + + Personal privacy is a problem outside the workplace as well. Surveys +of the data available from the big three credit bureaus -- TRW, Equifax, +and Trans Union -- find error rates of up to 43 percent. Federal laws have +addressed this issue for years, and more may be on the way. Lately the +credit bureaus have seen their monopoly on personal information eroded +from a variety of commercial information brokers (over 1,253 are listed in +the Burwell Directory). Most of these collect information on companies, +but some specialize in records such as address, marital, salary, driving, +and employment history, as well as corporate affiliations, who your +neighbors are, vehicle and real estate holdings, and civil and criminal +court records. Lotus Development Corporation (where Mitch Kapor made his +millions) and Equifax recently proposed to compile some of this data for +120 million consumers on CD-ROM, and market it for $700 as "Marketplace: +Households." But 30,000 angry letters killed their proposal.[15] + + If it's only name, address, and telephone number that interests +you, then check out ProPhone.[16] This is a set of seven CD-ROM disks +consisting of 70 million residential and 7 million business listings. +The software can access the listings through either the name, address, +or phone number, and the business listings are indexed by SIC code as +well. The listings tend to be at least several years old or otherwise +incomplete, but this will improve over the next few years. We bought it +because most NameBase users are investigative journalists. Zeroing in on a +neighborhood where you lived as a child in a little town in North Dakota, +and getting a printout of today's residents, feels something like what +hackers must feel when they break through password protection. It also +feels like an excellent reason to keep one's own number unlisted. + + While cyberspace trends give privacy advocates plenty to worry about, +the situation is equally alarming from the perspective of the government. +If you live in an apartment building and have a scanner, your neighbors' +cordless telephone conversations are easily monitored. Cellular phone +monitoring became illegal in 1986 but not cordless, which is reasonable +because no one HAS to use a cordless phone. The law against cellular +monitoring was opposed by hams and shortwave listeners, who generally feel +that if the signal makes it into their living rooms, they have a right to +tune it in. Last year President Bush signed a second law, prohibiting the +manufacture or import of scanners that are capable of cellular monitoring. +But in a demonstration for a congressional subcommittee last April, a +technician took three minutes to reprogram a cellular phone's codes so +that it could be used for eavesdropping. It turns out that you don't have +to use a scanner at all: "Every cellular phone is a scanner, and they +are completely insecure," John Gage of Sun Microsystems told the +subcommittee.[17] Congress keeps slipping off the back end of the +cyberspace curve, simply because the curve is moving so fast. + + Congress is caught in the middle, pulled in one direction by privacy +advocates and the other by our national security establishment. In March +1992 the FBI proposed legislation that would require private industry to +provide access ports in digital equipment for the purpose of tapping +specific conversations. Telephone carrier signals are increasingly +digitized and multiplexed, with specific channels interleaved among many +others in a continuous stream of ones and zeros. For decades, the FBI +needed only a pair of alligator clips to tap phones, and now they're +getting panicky. This particular proposal died, but the FBI is going to +try again. Several years ago I worked for a little company that made +analog long-distance equipment for export to Soviet bloc countries. +Frequently the specifications called for an access port for each channel, +which we dubbed the "KGB output." Now it turns out that the FBI wants the +same thing. + + Not to be outdone, the NSA played the major role in the development +of the "Clipper Chip" recently approved by President Clinton, and soon the +government will start requiring industry to provide phones and computers +equipped with it. This chip contains encryption algorithms that can be +broken by two halves of a secret master key. The idea is that someone with +a warrant will then go to each of two agencies to get the portion of the +key in their custody, like two pieces of a treasure map torn in half. This +chip will be used to scramble phone lines used for voice, modems, and fax +machines. Presumably the NSA already has both halves of the key, and +their record for self-restraint is not reassuring. Private industry is +not enthusiastic. For one thing, U.S. products containing NSA-breakable +encryption will not compete well on the international market. One person +asked, "Do you think I'm dumb enough to buy something endorsed by the +NSA?"[18] + + Some worry that the administration may try to ban encryption +altogether if this chip doesn't catch on. Ham radio operators, for +example, have for decades been prohibited from using encryption on the +air, and export of encryption software has been restricted for years +under COCOM regulations. Others are amused that the government is +even bothering along these lines, since encryption that is practically +unbreakable is already easily purchased, or even available as Shareware +by downloading it from a BBS. + + The most dramatic conflict between privacy and security occurred in +1990. Big Brother was already edgy, as BellSouth in Florida had discovered +in mid-1989 that microcomputer intruders had been harmlessly reprogramming +their digital switches. It seems that callers to the Palm Beach County +Probation Department were reaching "Tina," a phone-sex worker in another +state. BellSouth was not amused, and worried that their 911 system was +vulnerable. Then when the AT&T system half-crashed the following January +-- even though this was NOT hacker-related -- the Secret Service, which +had nothing if not an active imagination, began working closely with telco +cops. The federal effort started years earlier after Congress passed the +1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, but in May 1990 it culminated in +Operation Sundevil, by far the largest series of high-profile raids ever +conducted against hackers. About 42 computer systems were seized around +the country, along with 23,000 floppy disks. + + Federal anti-hacker strategy involves a dramatic search and seizure. +Agents crash simultaneously through the front and back doors, everyone +is questioned, and then they carry off the evidence: computers, monitors, +keyboards, printers, modems, manuals, disks, notebooks, telephones, +answering machines, and even Sony Walkmans. There are no arrests and even +much later charges are rarely filed. In the meantime, however, the feds +study their "evidence" for months or even years. It's enough to bring many +hackers to their knees. + + EFF began defending these hackers, and by 1991 the steam had gone out +of the crackdown. One document, a description of 911 system administration +called "E911," was found on a BBS and came to the attention of AT&T +security. They considered it hot property worth exactly $79,449. E911 +later formed the basis of one of the hacker prosecutions, but the +government's case fell apart when the defense showed that more detailed +information about the 911 system was publicly available from AT&T for the +mere price of $13: + + The right hand of Bellcore knew not what the left hand was doing. The + right hand was battering hackers without mercy, while the left hand + was distributing Bellcore's intellectual property to anybody who was + interested in telephone technical trivia.... The digital underground + was so amateurish and poorly organized that it had never discovered + this heap of unguarded riches.[19] + + Another hacker legal victory resulted from a raid against Steve +Jackson Games of Austin, Texas. SJG published games that were played on +paper, with pencils, dice, and books. Jackson and his fifteen employees +used computers to run the business, not for hacking. One of the games he +developed was published as a book titled "GURPS Cyberpunk." Upon seeing +the word "cyberpunk," our fearless G-men assumed that the E911 document +was lurking on SJG's computers. The warrant was sealed, however, so for +months the SS led everyone to believe that they carted off SJG's computers +because SJG presumed to publish a science fiction book. This naturally +resulted in much sympathy for the defense. Without its computers the +company was crippled, and had to lay off half of its employees. + + In 1991 the company sued the government, and on 12 March 1993 a +federal judge in Austin awarded the company $42,000 for lost profits in +1990, plus expenses. He also ruled that the Secret Service violated the +1986 ECPA because it had seized stored messages from many users of the BBS +who were not suspected of anything. Several hackers in other cases have +actually gone to prison over the last few years. But considering how +sociopolitically stunted many hackers were until EFF finally sent in some +lawyers, it's amazing how little the government has to show for all of its +dramatic efforts. + + The term "cyberspace" is normally meant to convey that fuzzy area +between two digital devices, like the term "airwaves" that refers to a +thin slice of the spectrum most often used for communications. But only +a small portion of this accepted notion of cyberspace is in the form of +microwave links; the rest is plain old traces or wires, from inside the +microprocessor chip all the way to the telco office and beyond. Before +"cyberspace" finds its way into the dictionary, I propose an expanded +definition which will place the emphasis on the unique nature of digitized +information. Any digitized information is already in cyberspace, whether +it's in a file on a floppy, a CD-ROM at your local library, or a +minicomputer on an Internet node. Once digitized, information takes on an +entirely new quality; it is this quality that begs for a new word to +describe it. + + First and foremost, digitized information can be copied locally or +remotely an infinite number of times without any degradation. Secondly, +the physical space required for storage is minuscule by previous +standards. And finally, the software required to translate digitized +information between two devices with different functions is usually +trivial. However, if the data is converted to analog form, as when a file +is sent to a printer, then its "cyberspace" quality is lost. Converting +from the printed page back into ones and zeros is not trivial, and +generally causes information to be lost or degraded. + + NameBase resides in cyberspace, then, even though we send disks +through the mail. It's trivial to dump the results of searches into a new +file, and zap them by modem to another computer. Daisy-chain that file +between every computer in the world, and if the transfer software uses +error-correction protocol, at the end of the process you have exactly the +same file you started with. If it didn't infringe on our copyright, every +set of NameBase disks we've distributed could each generate an infinite +number of additional sets. Incidentally, another advantage to disk +distribution as opposed to on-line systems is its decentralized quality. +One of AT&T's computers in Dallas had so much extra capacity that they +generously allowed it to used as a BBS host. But as their paranoia +increased in 1990, AT&T considered it too risky and pulled the plug +without warning, leaving 1,500 little modems out there, searching and +chirping for their disconnected mother.[20] + + Any public or private intelligence agency that uses computers is +potentially more ominous than one that doesn't, and the public has a right +to expect certain standards for collection and dissemination. An example +of an intelligence agency that fails this test is the Anti-Defamation +League, whose San Francisco and Los Angeles offices were caught in a +scandal earlier this year. The tax-exempt ADL has 30 regional offices in +the U.S. (and offices in Canada, Paris, Rome, and Jerusalem), a staff of +400, and an annual budget of $32 million. For many decades they have been +gathering information on U.S. citizens, using public sources as well as +paid infiltrators, informants, investigators, and liaison with local law +enforcement and the FBI. There is also evidence of connections with Mossad +and South African intelligence. + + As a private agency the ADL enjoys no oversight, no requirements for +probable cause prior to political spying, and no Privacy Act or Freedom of +Information Act responsibilities to the public. By contrast, the FBI, CIA, +and some major police departments in the U.S. are held accountable by +various hard-won legal restrictions. Some observers feel that the ADL's +relationship with many local police, the FBI, and intelligence agencies +suggests that they are playing the role of a cutout. Government agencies +might be getting the information they want without incurring any legal +risk, simply by using the ADL. In exchange, the ADL apparently enjoys +privileged access to police and FBI files. + + This is what happened in San Francisco, where a police intelligence +officer (and former CIA agent in El Salvador) named Tom Gerard has been +indicted for passing confidential police intelligence files to the local +ADL office. Another principal in this case is Roy Bullock, who was a +secret employee of the ADL for 40 years, a close associate of Gerard, and +also an FBI informant. After learning that Gerard was meeting with South +African intelligence, the FBI investigated. This encouraged the +involvement of San Francisco prosecutors. They served two ADL offices with +search warrants, and Bullock's computer was seized from his home. +Interviews with Bullock revealed that he had tapped into one group's phone +message system, and his computer contained data on 9,876 individuals and +1,359 political groups, distributed about evenly on both the left and +right.[21] While it's evident that ADL spying is centrally coordinated +from New York by ADL spymaster Irwin Suall, at this writing it's unclear +whether San Francisco authorities will try to prosecute anyone from this +powerful organization. + + The ADL does not hail from any particular portion of the left-right +political spectrum. Such a classification is irrelevant once a group +becomes a private intelligence agency, as then they generally inbreed with +their adversaries and mutate into a peculiar political animal. John +Singlaub's Western Goals, and Political Research Associates (PRA) of +Cambridge, Massachusetts, both extremely tiny compared to the ADL, are two +additional examples of this phenomenon. All three groups identify with +certain constituencies as a flag of convenience: the ADL with the Jewish +community, Western Goals with the right, and PRA with the left. But by +using the same methods of collecting information -- garbage surveillance, +infiltration of target groups, and the use of guilt-by-association in +their propaganda -- each of these three groups has perverted itself with +clandestinism and denunciation for its own sake. + + This opinion of mine is based on statements from John Rees (formerly +of Western Goals and a person with extensive computer files on the left), +Chip Berlet of PRA (formerly a BBS operator, with extensive files on the +right), and testimony from Mira Boland of the ADL (extensive files on +everyone). All admit to attending one or more secret meetings in 1983-1984 +with U.S. intelligence operatives such as Roy Godson, representatives from +intelligence-linked funding sources, and journalists such as Patricia +Lynch from NBC. Besides Berlet, other leftists attending included Dennis +King and Russ Bellant. The purpose of these meetings was to plan a +campaign against Lyndon LaRouche. The LaRouche organization was another +private intelligence agency, but they had too many curious foreign +contacts and were getting too close to certain individuals at the National +Security Council. More importantly, LaRouche opposed U.S. intervention in +Nicaragua just as the NSC was planning an expanded role there.[22] In +another ten years, scenarios like this might be played out in cyberspace. +Instead of a fifteen-year prison sentence, a future incarnation of +LaRouche might jack into his cyberspace deck one day, and to his horror, +discover that his collection of hard-won access codes no longer works. + + ADL national director Abraham Foxman defends his organization by +claiming that the ADL's sources "function in a manner directly analogous +to investigative journalists" and "the information ADL obtains is placed +in the public domain."[23] He adds that "the very people making these +charges [of ADL spying] themselves maintain and use such files whether +they be journalists, lawyers or academics."[24] But as we begin to enter +the cyberspace age, his excuses seem particularly inadequate. + + We have only Foxman's dubious word that ADL's information is placed +in the public domain. Various investigative journalists, even those whose +interests parallel the ADL's, have told me that it's difficult to get +access to the ADL's main library in New York; you have to be connected +to their old-boy network before you can see their files. Secondly, +journalists seldom use the methods preferred by ADL's spies: going through +a target's garbage and using deception to infiltrate target groups. On +the rare occasions that a journalist does these things, it is implicitly +balanced against the public interest, and done only to develop a specific +story. Once published, the journalist's targets know what happened and +have recourse to civil litigation. Normally journalists are expected by +the standards of common decency to contact all parties criticized in +a story, and double source any dubious items. Journalists identify +themselves before soliciting any information, in order to provide the +choice of cooperating on the record, not for attribution, on background, +off the record, or refusing comment altogether. Finally, the public +reasonably expects that journalists are not secretly working with law +enforcement and intelligence agencies. + + Foxman is simply blowing smoke on this issue. At Public Information +Research we resent any hint of a comparison between his activities and +ours. NameBase is basically a value-added public library; it has a +citation from the public record for every bit of information, and is +available to every member of the public. The extra value comes from +the enhanced access to the public record. We don't consort with law +enforcement or intelligence agencies, and we don't use deception to +collect information. + + On one occasion in ten years, a person whose name we had indexed +complained to me that the source we cited misrepresented the facts. I +asked him for a copies of published material about him that he considered +more accurate, and cited these under his name along with the original +citation. (If he didn't have such sources, but could convince me that a +source we cited was mistaken, then I would I have deleted the citation.) +On another occasion a person with whom I had worked for two years was +upset to find her name in NameBase after I entered a book about the left +that was published by the right. Her name is still in NameBase because I +knew that the information about her in this book was true. I don't claim +to be objective; my subjectivity is seen in the annotations I write for +the sources, and in the selection of materials for inputting. This level +of subjectivity comes with the territory -- sometimes it's unavoidable, +and other times I like it, feeling that it's my only reason for +continuing. But at the same time I do try to use common sense. + + It would be comforting to have a Cyberspace Bill of Rights and +Responsibilities, if the target wasn't moving so rapidly. Even an issue as +self-evident as "privacy" is tricky, as the transnational corporations +join the chorus in an effort to preclude government regulation. The +international elites who control these corporations are well on their way +toward installing the New World Order, and are no friends of the little +guy who really needs privacy. Then again, our national security apparatus +has an equally poor record. Everyone is waiting to see where the chips +fall before they declare themselves. In the meantime we find ourselves +peering over the edge into cyberspace, surrounded by high-tech hype and +journalistic buzzwords. We need a better-informed public with a keener +sense of their own interests, but there's no time to wait. For those of us +who work in this new cyberspace, our ethical thinking -- the ability to +consider interests beyond our own -- must be honed to a new level. + + 1. David Burnham, The Rise of the Computer State. Forward by Walter + Cronkite. (New York: Random House, 1983), pp. 124, 130, 206. + + 2. Ibid., p. 139. + + 3. John Smith, "Public Key Cryptography," Byte Magazine, January 1983, + pp. 198-218. + + 4. Kevin Kelly, "Cypherpunks, E-Money, and the Technologies of + Disconnection," Whole Earth Review, Summer 1993, pp. 46-47. + + 5. Washington Times, 10 May 1993, p. A3, citing a recent issue of + Boardwatch, "a leading BBS magazine." + + 6. Robert Wright, "The New Democrat from Cyberspace," The New Republic, + 24 May 1993, p. 20. + + 7. Bruce Sterling, "A Statement of Principle," Science Fiction Eye, June + 1992, pp. 14-18. + + 8. John Mintz and John Schwartz, "Chipping Away at Privacy? Encryption + Device Widens Debate Over Rights of U.S. to Eavesdrop," Washington + Post, 30 May 1993, pp. H1, H4. + + 9. Wright, p. 26. + +10. Ari Ben-Menashe, Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms + Network (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992), pp. 127-141. + +11. Carl Oglesby, The Yankee and Cowboy War (Berkley Publishing, 1977), + p. 25. + +12. Doug Birch, "Master of the Politics of Paranoia," Baltimore Sun + Magazine, 5 June 1988, p. 26. + +13. Charles Piller, "Privacy in Peril," Macworld, July 1993, p. 124. + +14. Charles Piller, "Bosses With X-Ray Eyes," Macworld, July 1993, + p. 120. + +15. Piller, "Privacy in Peril," p. 126-127. + +16. Produced for IBM-compatibles with a CD-ROM drive by ProCD, 8 Doaks + Lane, Little Harbor, Marblehead MA 01945, Tel: 617-631-9200, Fax: + 617-631-9299. Suggested list for ProPhone is $449, but several + mail-order firms offer it for $179 or less. + +17. Cindy Skrzycki, "Dark Side of the Data Age," Washington Post, + Business Section, 3 May 1993, pp. 19, 28. + +18. Mintz and Schwartz, p. H4. + +19. Bruce Sterling, The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the + Electronic Frontier (New York: Bantam books, 1992), p. 278. + +20. Ibid., pp. 125-126, 141-142. + +21. I obtained the 700 pages of documents which San Francisco prosecutors + released on 8 April 1993. For a summary of this case see Robert I. + Friedman, "The Enemy Within," Village Voice, 11 May 1993, pp. 27-32; + and Richard C. Paddock, "New Details of Extensive ADL Spy Operation + Emerge," Los Angeles Times, 13 April 1993, pp. A1, A16. + +22. For an outline of the conspiracy against LaRouche by the ADL and U.S. + intelligence operatives, see U.S. District Court for the Eastern + District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, Petitioners' Rebuttal to + the Government's Response and Memorandum. In United States v. Lyndon + H. LaRouche, Jr., William F. Wertz, Jr. and Edward W. Spannaus, Case + No. 88-243-A. Submitted by Odin Anderson, Ramsey Clark, and Scott T. + Harper, attorneys for the defense, 1 May 1992, pp. 1-16. For a + description of the secret meetings at the residence of John Train, + see Herbert Quinde, Affidavit, Commonwealth of Virginia, County of + Loudoun, 20 January 1992, pp. 1-28. Quinde describes interviews with + Rees, Berlet, and several others. For confirmation of Chip Berlet's + role, see Doug Birch, "Master of the Politics of Paranoia," Baltimore + Sun Magazine, 5 June 1988, p. 27. Birch's description of John Rees' + career includes a quotation from Chip Berlet, a longtime Rees + watcher, that inadvertently confirms Berlet's collusion with Rees at + an anti-LaRouche meeting. Berlet's spying is confirmed by his + quotations in David Miller, "Letter from Boston," Forward, 22 January + 1993, pp. 1, 14. This article also quotes ADL's Leonard Zakim: "The + information that Political Research Associates has shared with us has + been very useful." + +23. Abraham H. Foxman, "Letter to the Editor," Village Voice, 18 May + 1993, p. 5. + +24. Abraham H. Foxman, "It's a Big Lie, Hailed by Anti-Semites," New York + Times, 28 May 1993, p. A29. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cycles.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cycles.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05e166f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cycles.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +In Kevin Phillip's new book (The Politics of Rich and Poor, 1990) +he argues that the Republican political cycle is coming to an end. +If not in George Bush's defeat in 92, then the next term. He +argued that the Republicans would come into their own in a book +published in '67 called The Emerging Republican Majority. In '68 +Nixon was elected and it has been a Republican White House since +with a "Carter blip" after Watergate. What Phillips argues is +that there are these long cycles of power in American politics +with "blips" or what he calls "minority interruptions" of oppo- +sition parties in for a term or two. Phillips was the chief Re- +publican strategist for the 1968 Presidential Campaign. + ________________________ + Cycles of American Presidential + Politics since 1800 + --------- + Initial period of Minority + One Party Interruption + Cycle Dominance +--------------------------------------------------------------- +Jeffersonian Jefferson 1800-08 + Era Madison 1808-16 Quincy Adams 1824-28 + Democratic- Monroe 1816-24 (National-Republican) + Republican (24 years) + 1800-28 + ---------------------------- +Jacksonian Jackson 1828-36 Harrison-Tyler (Whig) + Era Van Buren 1836-40 1840-44 + Democratic Polk 1844-48 Taylor-Fillmore (Whig) + 1828-1860 (16 of 20 Years) 1848-52 + ---------------------------- +Civil War Lincoln-Johnson Cleveland 1884-88 + Republican 1860-68 1892-96 + 1860-96 Grant 1868-76 (No presidential candidate + Hayes 1876-80 of either party won a + Garfield-Arthur majority of the popular + 1880-84 vote between 1876-92) + (24 years) + ---------------------------- +Industrial McKinley-T.R. Roosevelt + Republican 1896-1908 + 1896-1932 Taft 1908-1912 Wilson 1912-20 + Harding-Coolidge (Democratic) + 1920-28 + Hoover 1928-1932 + (28 of 36 years) + ---------------------------- +New Deal Roosevelt-Truman Eisenhower (Republican) + Democratic 1932-1952 1952-1960 + 1932-68 (20 years) + Kennedy-Johnson + 1960-68 + ---------------------------- +Civil Nixon-Ford + Disturbance 1968-76 Carter (Democrat) + Republican Reagan-Bush + 1968- ??? 1980-??? +. + All of these six eras began with watershed elections in which +(1) the previous incumbent party was defeated and (2) a new alignment +of party presidential voting--resting on a new coalition--was +established, which kept its essential shape for at least 20 years. +Interestingly, all three Republican hegemonies have produced a +"capitalist heyday" during the second half of the cycle. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/cypunk.txt b/politicalTextFiles/cypunk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fd2064 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/cypunk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,609 @@ +GURPS LABOR LOST: The Cyberpunk Bust + +by Bruce Sterling +Copyright (c) by Bruce Sterling, 1991. +Reprinted by permission of the author. + + +Some months ago, I wrote an article about the raid on Steve Jackson +Games, which appeared in my "Comment" column in the British science +fiction monthly, Interzone(#44, February 1991). This updated version, +specially re-written for dissemination by EFF, reflects the somewhat +greater knowledge I've gained to date, in the course of research on an +upcoming nonfiction book, The Hacker Crackdown: The True Story of the +Digital Dragnet of 1990 and the Start of the Electronic Frontier +Foundation. + +The bizarre events suffered by Mr. Jackson and his co-workers, in my +own home town of Austin, Texas, were directly responsible for my +decision to put science fiction aside and to tackle the purportedly +real world of computer crime and electronic free-expression. + +The national crackdown on computer hackers in 1990 was the largest and +best-coordinated attack on computer mischief in American history. +There was Arizona's "Operation Sundevil," the sweeping May 8 +nationwide raid against outlaw bulletin boards. The BellSouth E911 +case (of which the Jackson raid was a small and particularly egregious +part) was coordinated out of Chicago. The New York State Police were +also very active in 1990. + +All this vigorous law enforcement activity meant very little to the +narrow and intensely clannish world of science fiction. All we knew +- and this perception persisted, uncorrected, for months - was that +Mr. Jackson had been raided because of his intention to publish a +gaming book about "cyberpunk" science fiction. The Jackson raid +received extensive coverage in science fiction news magazines (yes, we +have these) and became notorious in the world of SF as "the Cyberpunk +Bust." My INTERZONE article attempted to make the Jackson case +intelligible to the British SF audience. + +What possible reason could lead an American federal law enforcement +agency to raid the headquarters of a science-fiction gaming company? +Why did armed teams of city police, corporate security men, and +federal agents roust two Texan computer hackers from their beds at +dawn, and then confiscate thousands of dollars' worth of computer +equipment, including the hackers' common household telephones? Why +was an unpublished book called GURPS Cyberpunk seized by the US Secret +Service and declared "a manual for computer crime?" These weird +events were not parodies or fantasies; no, this was real. + +The first order of business in untangling this bizarre drama is to +know the players - who come in entire teams. + +PLAYER ONE: The Law Enforcement Agencies. + +America's defense against the threat of computer crime is a confusing +hodgepodge of state, municipal, and federal agencies. Ranked first, +by size and power, are the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the +National Security Agency (NSA), and the Federal Bureau of +Investigation (FBI), large, potent and secretive organizations who, +luckily, play almost no role in the Jackson story. + +The second rank of such agencies include the Internal Revenue Service +(IRS), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the +Justice Department, the Department of Labor, and various branches of +the defense establishment, especially the Air Force Office of Special +Investigations (AFOSI). Premier among these groups, however, is the +highly-motivated US Secret Service (USSS),the suited, mirrorshades- +toting, heavily-armed bodyguards of the President of the United +States. + +Guarding high-ranking federal officials and foreign dignitaries is a +hazardous, challenging and eminently necessary task, which has won +USSS a high public profile. But Abraham Lincoln created this oldest +of federal law enforcement agencies in order to foil counterfeiting. +Due to the historical tribulations of the Treasury Department (of +which USSS is a part), the Secret Service also guards historical +documents, analyzes forgeries, combats wire fraud, and battles +"computer fraud and abuse." These may seem unrelated assignments, +but the Secret Service is fiercely aware of its duties. It is also +jealous of its bureaucratic turf, especially in computer-crime, where +it formally shares jurisdiction with its traditional rival, the +Johnny-come-lately FBI. + +As the use of plastic money has spread, and their long-established +role as protectors of the currency has faded in importance, the Secret +Service has moved aggressively into the realm of electronic crime. +Unlike the lordly NSA, CIA, and FBI, which generally can't be bothered +with domestic computer mischief, the Secret Service is noted for its +street-level enthusiasm. + + + + + +The third-rank of law enforcement are the local "dedicated computer +crime units." There are few such groups, pitifully under staffed. +They struggle hard for funding and the vital light of publicity. It's +difficult to make white-collar computer crimes seem pressing, to an +American public that lives in terror of armed and violent street- +crime. + +These local groups are small - often, one or two officers, computer +hobbyists, who have drifted into electronic crimebusting because they +alone are game to devote time and effort to bringing law to the +electronic frontier. California's Silicon Valley has three computer- +crime units. There are others in Florida, Illinois, Ohio, Maryland, +Texas, Colorado, and a formerly very active one in Arizona - all told, +though, perhaps only fifty people nationwide. + +The locals do have one great advantage, though. They all know one +another. Though scattered across the country, they are linked by both +public-sector and private-sector professional societies, and have a +commendable subcultural esprit-de-corps. And in the well-manned +Secret Service, they have willing national-level assistance. + +PLAYER TWO: The Telephone Companies. + +In the early 80s, after years of bitter federal court battle, +America's telephone monopoly was pulverized. "Ma Bell," the national +phone company, became AT&T, AT&T Industries, and the regional "Baby +Bells," all purportedly independent companies, who compete with new +communications companies and other long-distance providers. As a +class, however, they are all sorely harassed by fraudsters, phone +phreaks, and computer hackers, and they all maintain computer-security +experts. In a lot of cases these "corporate security divisions" +consist of just one or two guys, who drifted into the work from +backgrounds in traditional security or law enforcement. But, linked +by specialized security trade journals and private sector trade +groups, they all know one another. + +PLAYER THREE: The Computer Hackers. + +The American "hacker" elite consists of about a hundred people, who +all know one another. These are the people who know enough about +computer intrusion to baffle corporate security and alarm police (and +who, furthermore, are willing to put their intrusion skills into +actual practice). The somewhat older subculture of "phone- +phreaking," once native only to the phone system, has blended into +hackerdom as phones have become digital and computers have been +netted-together by telephones. "Phone phreaks," always tarred with +the stigma of rip-off artists, are nowadays increasingly hacking PBX +systems and cellular phones. These practices, unlike computer- +intrusion, offer easy profit to fraudsters. + +There are legions of minor "hackers," such as the "kodez kidz," who +purloin telephone access codes to make free (i.e., stolen) phone +calls. Code theft can be done with home computers, and almost looks +like real "hacking," though "kodez kidz" are regarded with lordly +contempt by the elite. "Warez d00dz," who copy and pirate computer +games and software, are a thriving subspecies of "hacker," but they +played no real role in the crackdown of 1990 or the Jackson case. As +for the dire minority who create computer viruses, the less said the +better. + +The princes of hackerdom skate the phone-lines, and computer networks, +as a lifestyle. They hang out in loose, modem-connected gangs like +the "Legion of Doom" and the "Masters of Destruction." The craft of +hacking is taught through "bulletin board systems," personal computers +that carry electronic mail and can be accessed by phone. Hacker +bulletin boards generally sport grim, scary, sci-fi heavy metal names +like BLACK ICE - PRIVATE or SPEED DEMON ELITE. Hackers themselves +often adopt romantic and highly suspicious tough-guy monickers like +"Necron 99," "Prime Suspect," "Erik Bloodaxe," "Malefactor" and "Phase +Jitter." This can be seen as a kind of cyberpunk folk-poetry - after +all, baseball players also have colorful nicknames. But so do the +Mafia and the Medellin Cartel. + + PLAYER FOUR: The Simulation Gamers. + +Wargames and role-playing adventures are an old and honored pastime, +much favored by professional military strategists and H.G. Wells, and +now played by hundreds of thousands of enthusiasts throughout North +America, Europe and Japan. In today's market, many simulation games +are computerized, making simulation gaming a favorite pastime of +hackers, who dote on arcane intellectual challenges and the thrill of +doing simulated mischief. + +Modern simulation games frequently have a heavily science-fictional +cast. Over the past decade or so, fueled by very respectable +royalties, the world of simulation gaming has increasingly permeated +the world of science-fiction publishing. TSR, Inc., proprietors of +the best-known role-playing game, "Dungeons and Dragons," own the +venerable science-fiction magazine "Amazing." Gaming-books, once +restricted to hobby outlets, now commonly appear in chain-stores like +B. Dalton's and Waldenbooks, and sell vigorously. + +Steve Jackson Games, Inc., of Austin, Texas, is a games company of the +middle rank. In early 1990, it employed fifteen people. In 1989, SJG +grossed about half a million dollars. SJG's Austin headquarters is a +modest two-story brick office-suite, cluttered with phones, +photocopiers, fax machines and computers. A publisher's digs, it +bustles with semi-organized activity and is littered with glossy +promotional brochures and dog-eared SF novels. Attached to the +offices is a large tin-roofed warehouse piled twenty feet high with +cardboard boxes of games and books. This building was the site of the +"Cyberpunk Bust." + +A look at the company's wares, neatly stacked on endless rows of cheap +shelving, quickly shows SJG's long involvement with the Science +Fiction community. SJG's main product, the Generic Universal Role- +Playing System or GURPS, features licensed and adapted works from many +genre writers. There is GURPS Witch World, GURPS Conan, GURPS +Riverworld, GURPS Horseclans, many names eminently familiar to SF +fans. (GURPS Difference Engine is currently in the works.) GURPS +Cyberpunk, however, was to be another story entirely. + +PLAYER FIVE: The Science Fiction Writers. + +The "cyberpunk" SF writers are a small group of mostly college- +educated white litterateurs, without conspicuous criminal records, +scattered throughout the US and Canada. Only one, Rudy Rucker, a +professor of computer science in Silicon Valley, would rank with even +the humblest computer hacker. However, these writers all own +computers and take an intense, public, and somewhat morbid interest in +the social ramifications of the information industry. Despite their +small numbers, the "cyberpunk" writers all know one another, and are +linked by antique print-medium publications with unlikely names like +Science Fiction Eye, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Omni and +Interzone. + + PLAYER SIX: The Civil Libertarians. + +This small but rapidly growing group consists of heavily politicized +computer enthusiasts and heavily cyberneticized political activists: a +mix of wealthy high-tech entrepreneurs, veteran West Coast +troublemaking hippies, touchy journalists, and toney East Coast civil +rights lawyers. They are all getting to know one another. + +We now return to our story. By 1988, law enforcement officials, led +by contrite teenage informants, had thoroughly permeated the world of +underground bulletin boards, and were alertly prowling the nets +compiling dossiers on wrongdoers. While most bulletin board systems +are utterly harmless, some few had matured into alarming reservoirs of +forbidden knowledge. One such was BLACK ICE - PRIVATE, located +"somewhere in the 607 area code," frequented by members of the +"Legion of Doom" and notorious even among hackers for the violence of +its rhetoric, which discussed sabotage of phone-lines, drug- +manufacturing techniques, and the assembly of home-made bombs, as well +as a plethora of rules-of-thumb for penetrating computer security. + +Of course, the mere discussion of these notions is not illegal - many +cyberpunk SF stories positively dote on such ideas, as do hundreds of +spy epics, techno-thrillers and adventure novels. It was no +coincidence that "ICE," or "Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics," +was a term invented by cyberpunk writer Tom Maddox, and "BLACK ICE," +or a computer-defense that fries the brain of the unwary trespasser, +was a coinage of William Gibson. + +A reference manual from the US National Institute of Justice, +Dedicated Computer Crime Units by J. Thomas McEwen, suggests that +federal attitudes toward bulletin-board systems are ambivalent at +best: + +"There are several examples of how bulletin boards have been used in +support of criminal activities.... (B)ulletin boards were used to +relay illegally obtained access codes into computer service companies. +Pedophiles have been known to leave suggestive messages on bulletin +boards, and other sexually oriented messages have been found on +bulletin boards. Members of cults and sects have also communicated +through bulletin boards. While the storing of information on bulletin +boards may not be illegal, the use of bulletin boards has certainly +advanced many illegal activities." + +Here is a troubling concept indeed: invisible electronic pornography, +to be printed out at home and read by sects and cults. It makes a +mockery of the traditional law-enforcement techniques concerning the +publication and prosecution of smut. In fact, the prospect of large +numbers of antisocial conspirators, congregating in cyberspace without +official oversight of any kind, is enough to trouble the sleep of +anyone charged with maintaining public order. + +Even the sternest free-speech advocate will likely do some +headscratching at the prospect of digitized "anarchy files" teaching +lock-picking, pipe-bombing, martial arts techniques, and highly +unorthodox uses for shotgun shells, especially when these neat-o +temptations are distributed freely to any teen (or pre-teen) with a +modem. + +These may be largely conjectural problems at present, but the use of +bulletin boards to foment hacker mischief is real. Worse yet, the +bulletin boards themselves are linked, sharing their audience and +spreading the wicked knowledge of security flaws in the phone network, +and in a wide variety of academic, corporate and governmental computer +systems. + +This strength of the hackers is also a weakness, however. If the +boards are monitored by alert informants and/or officers, the whole +wicked tangle can be seized all along its extended electronic vine, +rather like harvesting pumpkins. + +The war against hackers, including the "Cyberpunk Bust," was primarily +a war against hacker bulletin boards. It was, first and foremost, an +attack against the enemy's means of information. + +This basic strategic insight supplied the tactics for the crackdown +of 1990. The variant groups in the national subculture of cyber-law +would be kept apprised, persuaded to action, and diplomatically +martialled into effective strike position. Then, in a burst of energy +and a glorious blaze of publicity, the whole nest of scofflaws would +be wrenched up root and branch. Hopefully, the damage would be +permanent; if not, the swarming wretches would at least keep their +heads down. + +"Operation Sundevil," the Phoenix-inspired crackdown of May 8,1990, +concentrated on telephone code-fraud and credit-card abuse, and +followed this seizure plan with some success. Boards went down all +over America, terrifying the underground and swiftly depriving them of +at least some of their criminal instruments. It also saddled analysts +with some 24,000 floppy disks, and confronted harried Justice +Department prosecutors with the daunting challenge of a gigantic +nationwide hacker show-trial involving highly technical issues in +dozens of jurisdictions. As of July 1991, it must be questioned +whether the climate is right for an action of this sort, especially +since several of the most promising prosecutees have already been +jailed on other charges. + +"Sundevil" aroused many dicey legal and constitutional questions, but +at least its organizers were spared the spectacle of seizure victims +loudly proclaiming their innocence - (if one excepts Bruce Esquibel, +sysop of "Dr. Ripco," an anarchist board in Chicago). + +The activities of March 1, 1990, including the Jackson case, were the +inspiration of the Chicago-based Computer Fraud and Abuse Task Force. +At telco urging, the Chicago group were pursuing the purportedly vital +"E911 document" with headlong energy. As legal evidence, this Bell +South document was to prove a very weak reed in the Craig Neidorf +trial, which ended in a humiliating dismissal and a triumph for +Neidorf. As of March 1990, however, this purloined data-file seemed +a red-hot chunk of contraband, and the decision was made to track it +down wherever it might have gone, and to shut down any board that had +touched it - or even come close to it. + +In the meantime, however - early 1990 - Mr. Loyd Blankenship, an +employee of Steve Jackson Games, an accomplished hacker, and a +sometime member and file-writer for the Legion of Doom, was +contemplating a "cyberpunk" simulation-module for the flourishing +GURPS gaming-system. + +The time seemed ripe for such a product, which had already been proven +in the marketplace. The first games-company out of the gate, with a +product boldly called "Cyberpunk" in defiance of possible +infringement-of-copyright suits, had been an upstart group called R. +Talsorian. Talsorian's "Cyberpunk" was a fairly decent game, but the +mechanics of the simulation system sucked. But the game sold like +crazy. + +The next "cyberpunk" game had been the even more successful +"Shadowrun" by FASA Corporation. The mechanics of this game were +fine, but the scenario was rendered moronic by lame fantasy elements +like orcs, dwarves, trolls, magicians, and dragons - all highly +ideologically incorrect, according to the hard-edged, high-tech +standards of cyberpunk science fiction. No true cyberpunk fan could +play this game without vomiting, despite FASA's nifty T-shirts and +street-samurai lead figurines. + +Lured by the scent of money, other game companies were champing at the +bit. Blankenship reasoned that the time had come for a real +"Cyberpunk" gaming-book - one that the princes of computer-mischief in +the Legion of Doom could play without laughing themselves sick. This +book, GURPS Cyberpunk, would reek of on-line authenticity. + +Hot discussion soon raged on the Steve Jackson Games electronic +bulletin board, the "Illuminati BBS." This board was named after a +bestselling SJG card-game, involving antisocial sects and cults who +war covertly for the domination of the world. Gamers and hackers +alike loved this board, with its meticulously detailed discussions of +pastimes like SJG's "Car Wars," in which souped-up armored hot-rods +with rocket-launchers and heavy machine-guns do battle on the American +highways of the future. + +While working, with considerable creative success, for SJG, +Blankenship himself was running his own computer bulletin board, "The +Phoenix Project," from his house. It had been ages - months, anyway - +since Blankenship, an increasingly sedate husband and author, had last +entered a public phone-booth without a supply of pocket-change. +However, his intellectual interest in computer-security remained +intense. He was pleased to notice the presence on "Phoenix" of Henry +Kluepfel, a phone-company security professional for Bellcore. Such +contacts were risky for telco employees; at least one such gentleman +who reached out to the hacker underground has been accused of divided +loyalties and summarily fired. Kluepfel, on the other hand, was +bravely engaging in friendly banter with heavy-dude hackers and eager +telephone-wannabes. Blankenship did nothing to spook him away, and +Kluepfel, for his part, passed dark warnings about "Phoenix Project" +to the Chicago group. "Phoenix Project" glowed with the radioactive +presence of the E911 document, passed there in a copy of Craig +Neidorf's electronic hacker fan-magazine, Phrack. + +"Illuminati" was prominently mentioned on the Phoenix Project. +Phoenix users were urged to visit Illuminati, to discuss the upcoming +"cyberpunk" game and possibly lend their expertise. It was also +frankly hoped that they would spend some money on SJG games. + +Illuminati and Phoenix had become two ripe pumpkins on the criminal +vine. + +Hacker busts were nothing new. They had always been problematic for +the authorities. The offenders were generally high-IQ white juveniles +with no criminal record. Public sympathy for the phone companies was +limited at best. Trials often ended in puzzled dismissals or a slap +on the wrist. + +Through long experience, law enforcement had come up with an +unorthodox but workable tactic. This was to avoid any trial at all, +or even an arrest. Instead, somber teams of grim police would swoop +upon the teenage suspect's home and box up his computer as "evidence." +If he was a good boy, and promised contritely to stay out of trouble +forthwith, the highly expensive equipment might be returned to him in +short order. If he was a hard-case, though, his toys could stay +boxed-up and locked away for a couple of years. + +The busts in Austin were an intensification of this tried-and-true +technique. There were adults involved in this case, though, reeking +of a hardened bad attitude. The supposed threat to the 911 system, +apparently posed by the E911 document, had nerved law enforcement to +extraordinary effort. The 911 system is the emergency system used by +the police themselves. Any threat to it was a direct, insolent hacker +menace to the electronic home turf of American law enforcement. + +Had Steve Jackson been arrested and directly accused of a plot to +destroy the 911 system, the resultant embarrassment would likely have +been sharp, but brief. The Chicago group, instead, chose total +operational security. They may have suspected that their search for +E911, once publicized, would cause that "dangerous" document to spread +like wildfire throughout the underground. Instead, they allowed the +impression to spread that they had raided Steve Jackson to stop the +publication of a book: GURPS Cyberpunk. This was a grave public- +relations blunder which caused the darkest fears and suspicions to +spread - not in the hacker underground, but among the general public. + +On March 1, 1990, 21-year-old hacker Chris Goggans (aka "Erik +Bloodaxe") was wakened by a police revolver levelled at his head. He +watched, jittery, as Secret Service agents appropriated his 300 baud +terminal and, rifling his files, discovered his treasured source-code +for the notorious Internet Worm. Goggans, a co-sysop of "Phoenix +Project" and a wily operator, had suspected that something of the like +might be coming. All his best equipment had been hidden away +elsewhere. They took his phone, though, and considered hauling away +his hefty arcade-style Pac-Man game, before deciding that it was +simply too heavy. Goggans was not arrested. To date, he has never +been charged with a crime. The police still have what they took, +though. + +Blankenship was less wary. He had shut down "Phoenix" as rumors +reached him of a crackdown coming. Still, a dawn raid rousted him and +his wife from bed in their underwear, and six Secret Service agents, +accompanied by a bemused Austin cop and a corporate security agent +from Bellcore, made a rich haul. Off went the works, into the agents' +white Chevrolet minivan: an IBM PC-AT clone with and a 120-meg hard +disk; a Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II printer; a completely legitimate +and highly expensive SCO-Xenix 286 operating system; Pagemaker disks +and documentation; the Microsoft Word word-processing program; Mrs. +Blankenship's incomplete academic thesis stored on disk; and the +couple's telephone. All this property remains in police custody +today. + +The agents then bundled Blankenship into a car and it was off the +Steve Jackson Games in the bleak light of dawn. The fact that this +was a business headquarters, and not a private residence, did not +deter the agents. It was still early; no one was at work yet. The +agents prepared to break down the door, until Blankenship offered his +key. + +The exact details of the next events are unclear. The agents would +not let anyone else into the building. Their search warrant, when +produced, was unsigned. Apparently they breakfasted from +"Whataburger," as the litter from hamburgers was later found inside. +They also extensively sampled a bag of jellybeans kept by an SJG +employee. Someone tore a "Dukakis for President" sticker from the +wall. + +SJG employees, diligently showing up for the day's work, were met at +the door. They watched in astonishment as agents wielding crowbars +and screwdrivers emerged with captive machines. The agents wore blue +nylon windbreakers with "SECRET SERVICE" stencilled across the back, +with running-shoes and jeans. Confiscating computers can be heavy +physical work. + +No one at Steve Jackson Games was arrested. No one was accused of any +crime. There were no charges filed. Everything appropriated was +officially kept as "evidence" of crimes never specified. Steve +Jackson will not face a conspiracy trial over the contents of his +science-fiction gaming book. On the contrary, the raid's organizers +have been accused of grave misdeeds in a civil suit filed by EFF, and +if there is any trial over GURPS Cyberpunk it seems likely to be +theirs. + +The day after the raid, Steve Jackson visited the local Secret Service +headquarters with a lawyer in tow. There was trouble over GURPS +Cyberpunk, which had been discovered on the hard-disk of a seized +machine. GURPS Cyberpunk, alleged a Secret Service agent to +astonished businessman Steve Jackson, was "a manual for computer +crime." + +"It's science fiction," Jackson said. + +"No, this is real." This statement was repeated several times, by +several agents. This is not a fantasy, no, this is real. Jackson's +ominously "accurate" game had passed from pure, obscure, small-scale +fantasy into the impure, highly publicized, large-scale fantasy of the +hacker crackdown. No mention was made of the real reason for the +search, the E911 document. Indeed, this fact was not discovered until +the Jackson search-warrant was unsealed months later. Jackson was +left to believe that his board had been seized because he intended to +publish a science fiction book that law enforcement considered too +dangerous to see print. This misconception was repeated again and +again, for months, to an ever-widening audience. The effect of this +statement on the science fiction community was, to say the least, +striking. + +GURPS Cyberpunk, now published and available from Steve Jackson Games +(Box 18957, Austin, Texas 78760), does discuss some of the +commonplaces of computer-hacking, such as searching through trash for +useful clues, or snitching passwords by boldly lying to gullible +users. Reading it won't make you a hacker, any more than reading +Spycatcher will make you an agent of MI5. Still, this bold +insistence by the Secret Service on its authenticity has made GURPS +Cyberpunk the Satanic Verses of simulation gaming, and has made +Steve Jackson the first martyr-to-the-cause for the computer world's +civil libertarians. + +From the beginning, Steve Jackson declared that he had committed no +crime, and had nothing to hide. Few believed him, for it seemed +incredible that such a tremendous effort by the government would be +spent on someone entirely innocent. + +Surely there were a few stolen long-distance codes in "Illuminati," a +swiped credit-card number or two - something. Those who rallied to +the defense of Jackson were publicly warned that they would be caught +with egg on their face when the real truth came out, "later." But +"later" came and went. The fact is that Jackson was innocent of any +crime. There was no case against him; his activities were entirely +legal. He had simply been consorting with the wrong sort of people. + +In fact he was the wrong sort of people. His attitude stank. He +showed no contrition; he scoffed at authority; he gave aid and comfort +to the enemy; he was trouble. Steve Jackson comes from subcultures - +gaming, science fiction - that have always smelled to high heaven of +troubling weirdness and deep-dyed unorthodoxy. He was important +enough to attract repression, but not important enough, apparently, to +deserve a straight answer from those who had raided his property and +destroyed his livelihood. + +The American law-enforcement community lacks the manpower and +resources to prosecute hackers successfully on the merits of the cases +against them. The cyber-police to date have settled instead for a +cheap "hack" of the legal system: a quasi-legal tactic of seizure and +"deterrence." Humiliate and harass a few ringleaders, the philosophy +goes, and the rest will fall into line. After all, most hackers are +just kids. The few grown-ups among them are sociopathic geeks, not +real players in the political and legal game. In the final analysis, +a small company like Jackson's lacks the resources to make any real +trouble for the Secret Service. + +But Jackson, with his conspiracy-obsessed bulletin board and his seedy +SF-fan computer-freak employees, is not "just a kid." He is a +publisher, and he was battered by the police in the full light of +national publicity, under the shocked gaze of journalists, gaming +fans, libertarian activists and millionaire computer entrepreneurs, +many of whom were not "deterred," but genuinely aghast. + +"What," reasons the author, "is to prevent the Secret Service from +carting off my word-processor as 'evidence' of some non-existent +crime?" + +"What would I do," thinks the small-press owner, "if someone took my +laser-printer?" + +Hence the establishment of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. + +Steve Jackson was provided with a high-powered lawyer specializing in +Constitutional freedom-of-the-press issues. Faced with this, a +markedly un-contrite Secret Service returned Jackson's machinery, +after months of delay - some of it broken, with valuable data lost. +Jackson sustained many thousands of dollars in business losses, from +failure to meet deadlines and loss of computer-assisted production. + +Half the employees of Steve Jackson Games were sorrowfully laid-off. +Some had been with the company for years - not statistics, these +people, not "hackers" of any stripe, but bystanders, citizens, +deprived of their livelihoods by the zealousness of the March 1 +seizure. Some have since been re-hired - perhaps all will be, if +Jackson can pull his company out of its now persistent financial hole. +Devastated by the raid, the company would surely have collapsed in +short order - but SJG's distributors, touched by the company's plight +and feeling some natural subcultural solidarity, advanced him money to +scrape along. + +In retrospect, it is hard to see much good for anyone at all in the +activities of March 1. Perhaps the Jackson case has served as a +warning light for trouble in our legal system; but that's not much +recompense for Jackson himself. His own unsought fame may be +helpful, but it doesn't do much for his unemployed co-workers. In +the meantime, "hackers" have been demonized as a national threat. +"Cyberpunk," a literary term, has become a synonym for computer +criminal. The cyber-police have leapt where angels fear to tread. +And the phone companies have badly overstated their case and deeply +embarrassed their protectors. + +Sixteen months later, Steve Jackson suspects he may yet pull through. +Illuminati is still on-line. GURPS Cyberpunk, while it failed to +match Satanic Verses, sold fairly briskly. And Steve Jackson Games +headquarters, the site of the raid, was the site of a Cyberspace +Weenie Roast to launch an Austin Chapter of The Electronic Frontier +Foundation.. - + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/d6mrd.txt b/politicalTextFiles/d6mrd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c46e3dd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/d6mrd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4009 @@ + + + +TO ALL CANADIAN LAWYERS AND MEDIA REPRESENTATIVES: + +This booklet is the type of material that the Attorney General of +British Columbia considers 'racist'. The Attorney General of Ontario, at +the behest of his B. C. colleague, is purportedly conducting an +investigation of Samisdat Publishers preparatory to the laying of a +criminal charge of "promoting hatred against an identifiable group. " + +Samisdat intends to use this opportunity, however, unwelcome, to test +the definition and hence, the validity of the so-called 'Hate Law' +section of the Canadian Criminal Code. What is now becoming clear to all +of us, even to those who enacted the so-called 'Hate Law', is that we +enacted not so much an instrument against hate as an instrument against +truth. + +Canada was a civilised country before the passage of the 'Hate Law'. +We already had laws against the incitement to riot, to murder, to arson, +to the commission of assault and bodily harm. Our laws protected and +still protect every citizen from libel, slander and defamation. But the +outlawing of 'hate' does not thereby abolish feelings of hate, as we all +know. To prohibit expressions of hatred may even cause such feelings to +go unvented until they become explosive and take the form of violence. +Prior to the 'Hate Law', we Canadians behaved with mature composure when +encountering hateful expressions. We simply shunned the haters and left +them to spew out their ire, unsupported and alone. In most cases, a +cold dose of healthy public ridicule would quench the more volcanic +vituperators and reason would be restored. But something happened to us, +for as we have grown older as a country, we have become less mature and +less secure. Our passage of the 'Hate Law' was a grave reflection upon +ourselves. It revealed a sudden lose of confidence in our own wisdom +and judgement and in the wisdom and judgement of the great majority of +Canadian voters and citizens. Suddenly, we had to be protected from +ourselves and just as suddenly, we became refugees from freedom. No +democracy that so distrusts the majority can long remain a democracy; it +becomes a police state in the worst tradition of police states. + +Unfortunately, only a few clearsighted and courageous individuals +protested the enactment of the 'Hate Law'. So thick were the clouds of +hysteria and half-truth over the matter that only these few perceived +the dangers inherent in a statute which could be used at the discretion +of a public official to suppress the freedom of enquiry and discussion +in regard to relevant public issues. Among these few protesters, I +proudly number myself, for I spoke out then and I speak out now, on +behalf of our basic freedom to act as thinking human beings. + + As we stumble along the road to the 1984 of George Orwell, we sometimes +receive a taste of his dismal future-fantasy well ahead of schedule. +Pernicious 'thought-crime' legislation like the 'Hate Law' has brought +us 1984 already. It has not outlawed hate, but it has outlawed truth on +behalf of those predatory vested interests whose archenemy is truth! + +This booklet has been sent to you free of charge as a public +service. After reading it, you are perfectly free to agree or to +disagree with its content. You may even ignore it and leave it unread. +Truth has no need of coercion. Those who choose to ignore the truth are +not punished by law--they punish themselves. We of Samisdat Publishers +do not believe that you should be forced to read something, any more +than we believe that you should be forced to read something, any more +than we believe that you should be forced not to read something. +Obviously, we have much more faith in your soundness of mind and good +judgement than do the enactors and enforcers of the 'Hate Law'! Whether +you agree or disagree with the facts presented in this booklet, we +invite you to assist us in reclaiming and safeguarding the freedoms we +have all so long enjoyed, until now, in Canada. + +Help us remove this shameful stain of tyranny from our otherwise +bright and shining land. Help us strike the terrible sword of censorship +from the hands of those who would slay truth in pursuit of their dubious +aims. Without freedom of enquiry and freedom of access to information we +cannot have freedom of thought and without freedom of thought, we cannot +be a free people. The matter is urgent. Can you help us restore and +protect the freedom of all Canadians? + +You can help decisively by sending your contribution to the +Samisdat Defense Fund. Legal fees are costly in the extreme. We +anticipate daily expenditures of $1,000. 00 in attorneys' fees and in the +reimbursement of witnesses who must be flown in from Australia, Israel, +Europe and from both American continents. Whatever help you can provide +will make 1984 a much better year for your children and grandchildren-a +year in which freedom of thought will not be a memory, but a beautiful +reality! + +(Signature) Ernst Zundel, Publisher SAMISDAT PUBLISHERS LTD. + +INTRODUCTION + +Of course, atrocity propaganda is nothing new. It has accompanied every +conflict of the 20th century and doubtless will continue to do so. +During the First World War, the Germans were actually accused of eating +Belgian babies, as well as delighting to throw them in the air and +transfix them on bayonets. The British also alleged that the German +forces were operating a "Corpse Factory", in which they boiled down the +bodies of their own dead in order to obtain glycerine and other +commodities, a calculated insult to the honour of an Imperial army. +After the war, however, came the retractions; indeed, a public statement +was made by the Foreign Secretary in the House of Commons apologising +for the insults to German honour, which were admitted to be war-time +propaganda. + +No such statements have been made after the Second World War. In +fact, rather than diminish with the passage of years, the atrocity +propaganda concerning the German occupation, and in particular their +treatment of the Jews, has done nothing but increase its virulence, and +elaborate its catalogue of horrors. Gruesome paperback books with lurid +covers continue to roll from the presses, adding continuously to a +growing mythology of the concentration camps and especially to the story +that no less than Six Million Jews were exterminated in them. The +ensuing pages will reveal this claim to be the most colossal piece of +fiction and the most successful of deceptions; but here an attempt may +be made to answer an important question: What has rendered the atrocity +stories of the Second World War so uniquely different from those of the +First? Why were the latter retracted while the former are reiterated +louder than ever? Is it possible that the story of the Six Million Jews +is serving a political purpose, even that it is a form of political +blackmail? + +So far as the Jewish people themselves are concerned, the deception +has been an incalculable benefit. Every conceivable race and nationality +had its share of suffering in the Second World War, but none has so +successfully elaborated it and turned it to such great advantage. The +alleged extent of their persecution quickly aroused sympathy for the +Jewish national homeland they had sought for so long; after the War the +British Government did little to prevent Jewish emigration to Palestine +which they had declared illegal, and it was not long afterwards that the +Zionists wrested ftom the Government the land of Palestine and created +their haven from persecution, the State of Israel. Indeed, it is a +remarkable fact that the Jewish people emerged from the Second World War +as nothing less than a triumphant minority. Dr. Max Nussbaum, the former +chief rabbi of the Jewish community in Berlin, stated on April 11, 1953: +"The position the Jewish people occupy today in the world - despite the +enormous losses - is ten times stronger than what it was twenty years +ago. " It should be added, if one is to be honest, that this strength has +been much consolidated financially by the supposed massacre of the Six +Million, undoubtedly the most profitable atrocity allegation of all +time. To date, the staggering figure of six thousand million pounds has +been paid out in compensation by the Federal Government of West Germany, +mostly to the State of Israel (which did not even exist during the +Second World War), as well as to individual Jewish claimants. + +DISCOURAGEMENT OF NATIONALISM + + + +In terms of political blackmail, however, the allegation that Six +Million Jews died during the Second World War has much more far-reaching +implications for the people of Britain and Europe than simply the +advantages it has gained for the Jewish nation. And here one comes to +the crux of the question: Why the Big Lie? What is its purpose? In the +first place, it has been used quite unscrupulously to discourage any +form of nationalism. Should the people of Britain or any other European +country attempt to assert their patriotism and preserve their national +integrity in an age when the very existence of nation-states is +threatened, they are immediately branded as "neo-Nazis". Because, of +course, Nazism was nationalism, and we all know what happened then - Six +Million Jews were exterminated! So long as the myth is perpetuated, +peoples everywhere will remain in bondage to it; the need for +international tolerance and understanding will be hammered home by the +United Nations until nationhood itself, the very guarantee of freedom, +is abolished. + + A classic example of the use of the 'Six Million' as an anti-national +weapon appears in Manvell and Frankl's book, The Incomparable Crime +(London, 1967), which deals with 'Genocide in the Twentieth Century'. +Anyone with a pride in being British will be somewhat surprised by the +vicious attack made on the British Empire in this book. The authors +quote Pandit Nehru, who wrote the following while in a British prison in +India: "Since Hitler emerged from obscurity and became the F hrer of +Germany, we have heard a great deal about racialism and the Nazi theory +of the "Herrenvolk" . . . But we in India have known racialism in all +its forms ever since the commencement of British rule. The whole +ideology of this rule was that of the "Herrenvolk" and the master race . +. . India as a nation and Indians as individuals were subjected to +insult, humiliation and contemptuous treatment. The English were an +imperial race, we were told, with the God-given right to govern us and +keep us in subjection; if we protested we were reminded of the 'tiger +qualities of an imperial race'. " The authors Manvell and Frankl then go +on to make the point perfectly clear for us: "The white races of Europe +and America," they write, "have become used during centuries to +regarding themselves as a "Herrenvolk". The twentieth century, the +century of Auschwitz, has also achieved the first stage in the +recognition of multi-racial partnership" (ibid. , p . 14). + +THE RACE PROBLEM SUPPRESSED + + + +One could scarcely miss the object of this diatribe, with its +insiduous hint about "multi-racial partnership". Thus the accusation of +the Six Million is not only used to undermine the principle of +nationhood and national pride, but it threatens the survival of the Race +itself. It is wielded over the heads of the populace, rather as the +threat of hellfire and damnation was in the Middle Ages. Many countries +of the Anglo-Saxon world, notably Britain and America, are today facing +the gravest danger in their history, the danger posed by the alien races +in their midst. Unless something is done in Britain to halt the +immigration and assimilation of Africans and Asians into our country, we +are faced in the near future, quite apart from the bloodshed of racial +conflict, with the biological alteration and destruction of the British +people as they have existed here since the coming of the Saxons. In +short, we are threatened with the irrecoverable loss of our European +culture and racial heritage. But what happens if a man dares to speak of +the race problem, of its biological and political implications? He is +branded as that most heinous of creatures, a "racialist". And what is +racialism:,of course, but the very hallmark of the Nazi! They (so +everyone is told, anyway) murdered Six Million Jews because of +racialism, so it must be a very evil thing indeed. When Enoch Powell +drew attention to the dangers posed by coloured immigration into Britain +in one of his early speeches, a certain prominent Socialist raised the +spectre of Dachau and Auschwitz to silence his presumption. + +Thus any rational discussion of the problems of Race and the effort +to preserve racial integrity is effectively discouraged. No one could +have anything but admiration for the way in which the Jews have sought +to preserve their race through so many centuries, and continue to do so +today. In this effort they have frankly been assisted by the story of +the Six . Million, which, almost like a religious myth, has stressed the +need for greater Jewish racial solidarity. Unfortunately, it has worked +in quite the opposite way for all other peoples, rendering them impotent +in the struggle for self-preservation. The aim in the following pages is +quite simply to tell the Truth. The distinguished American historian +Harry Elmer Barnes once wrote that "An attempt to make a competent, +objective and truthful investigation of the extermination question . . . +is surely the most precarious venture that an historian or demographer +could undertake today. " In attempting this precarious task, it is hoped +to make some contribution, not only to historical truth, but towards +lifting the burden of a lie from our own shoulders, so that we may +freely confront the dangers which threaten us all. Richard E. Harwood + +1. GERMAN POLICY TOWARDS THE JEWS PRIOR TO THE WAR + + + +Rightly or wrongly, the Germany of Adolf Hitler considered the +Jews to be a disloyal and avaricious element within the national +community, as well as a force of decadence in Germany's cultural life. +This was held to be particularly unhealthy since, during the Weimar +period, the Jews had risen to a position of remarkable strength and +influence in the nation, particularly in law, finance and the mass +media, even though they constituted only 5 per cent of the population. +The fact that Karl Marx was a Jew and that Jews such as Rosa Luxembourg +and Karl Liebknecht were disproportionately prominent in the leadership +of revolutionary movements in Germany, also tended to convince the Nazis +of the powerful internationalist and Communist tendencies of the Jewish +people themselves. + +It is no part of the discussion here to argue whether the German +attitude to the Jews was right or not, or to judge whether its +legislative measures against them were just or unjust. Our concern is +simply with the fact that, believing of the Jews as they did, the Nazis' +solution to the problem was to deprive them of their influence within +the nation by various legislative acts, and most important of all, to +encounge their emigration from the country altogether. By 1939, the +great majority of German Jews had emigrated, all of them with a sizeable +proportion of their assets. Never at any time had the Nazi leadership +even contemplated a policy of genocide towards them. + +JEWS CALLED EMIGRATION 'EXTERMINATION' + + + +It is very significant, however, that certain Jews were quick to +interpret these policies of internal discrimination as equivalent to +extermination itself. A 1936 anti-German propaganda book by Leon +Feuchtwanger and others entitled Der Gelbe Fleck: Die Austrotung von +500,000 deutschen Juden (The Yellow Spot: The Extermination of 500,000 +German Jews, Paris, 1936), presents a typical example. Despite its +baselessness in fact, the annihilation of the Jews is discussed from the +first pages - straightforward emigration being regarded as the physical +"extermination" of German Jewry. The Nazi concentration camps for +political prisoners are also seen as potential instruments of genocide, +and special reference is made to the 100 Jews still detained in Dachau +in 1936, of whom 60 had been there since 1933. A further example was the +sensational book by the German-Jewish Communist, Hans Beimler, called +Four Weeks in the Hands of Hitler's Hell-Hounds: The Nazi Murder Camp of +Dachau, which was published in New York as eady as 1933. Detained for +his Marxist affiliations, he claimed that Dachau was a death camp, +though by his own admission he was released after only a month there. +The presentregime in East Germany now issues a Hans Beimler Award for +services to Communism. + +The fact that anti-Nazi genocide propaganda was being disseminated at +this impossibly early date, therefore, by people biased on racial or +political grounds, should suggest extreme caution to the +independent-minded observer when approaching similar stories of the war +period. + +The encouragement of Jewish emigration should not be confused with +the purpose of concentration camps in pre-war Germany. These were used +for the detention of political opponents and subversives - principally +liberals, Social Democrats and Communists of all kinds, of whom a +proportion were Jews such as Hans Beimler. Unlike the millions enslaved +in the Soviet Union, the German concentration camp population was always +small; Reitinger admits that between 1934 and 1938 it seldom exceeded +20,000 throughout the whole of Germany, and the number of Jews was never +more than 3,000. (The S. S. : Alibi of a Nation, London, 1956, p. 253). + +ZIONIST POLICY STUDIED + + + +The Nazi view of Jewish emigration was not Iimited to a negative +policy of simple expulsion, but was formulated along the lines of modern +Zionism. The founder of political Zionism in the 19th century, Theodore +Herzl, in his work The Jewish State, had originally conceived of +Madagascar as a national homeland for the Jews, and this possibility was +seriously studied by the Nazis. It had been a main plank of the National +Socialist party platform before 1933 and was published by the party in +pamphlet form. This stated that the revival of Israel as a Jewish state +was much less acceptable since it would result in perpetual war and +disruption in the Arab world, which has indeed been the case. The +Germans were not original in proposing Jewish emigration to Madagascar; +the Polish Government had already considered the scheme in respect of +their own Jewish population, and in 1937 they sent the Michael Lepecki +expedition to Madagascar, accompanied by Jewish representatives, to +investigate the problems involved. + +The first Nazi proposals for a Madagascar solution were made in +association with the Schacht Plan of 1938. On the advice of Goering, +Hitler agreed to send the President of the Reichsbank, Dr. Hjaimar +Schacht, to London for discussions with Jewish representatives Lord +Bearsted and Mr. Rublee of New York (cf. Reitlinger, The Final Solution, +London, 1953, p. 20). The plan was that German Jewish assets would be +frozen as security for an international loan to finance Jewish +emigration to Palestine, and Schacht reported on these negotiations to +Hitler at Berchtesgaden on January 2, 1939. The plan, which failed due +to British refusal to accept the financial terms, was first put forward +on November 12, 1938 at a conference convened by Goering, who revealed +that Hitler was already considering the emigration of Jews to a +settlement in Madagascar (ibid. , p. 21). Later, in December, Ribbentrop +was told by M. Georges Bonnet, the French Foreign Secretary, that the +French Government itself was planning the evacuation of 10,000 Jews to +Madagascar. + + Prior to the Schacht Palestine proposals of 1938, which were +essentially a protraction of discussions that had begun as early as +1935, numerous attempts had been made to secure Jewish emigration to +other European nations, and these efforts culminated in the Evian +Conference of July, 1938. However, by 1939 the scheme of Jewish +emigration to Madagascar had gained the most favour in German circles. +It is true that in London Helmuth Wohltat of the German Foreign Office +discussed limited Jewish emigration to Rhodesia and British Guiana as +late as April 1939; but by January 24th, when Goering wrote to Interior +Minister Frick ordering the creation of a Central Emigration Office for +Jews, and commissioned Heydrich of the Reich Security Head Office to +solve the Jewish problem "by means of emigration and evacuation", the +Madagascar Plan was being studied in earnest. + +By 1939, the consistent efforts of the German Government to secure the +departure of Jews from the Reich had resulted in the emigration of +400,000 German Jews from a total population of about 600,000, and an +additional 480,000 emigrants from Austria and Czechoslovakia, which +constituted almost their entire Jewish populations. This was +accomplished through Offices of Jewish Emigration in Berlin, Vienna and +Prague established by Adolf Eichmann, the head of the Jewish +Investigation Office of the Gestapo. So eager were the Germans to secure +this emigration that Eichmann even established a training centre in +Austria, where young Jews could learn farming in anticipation of being +smuggled illegally to Palestine (Manvell & Frankl, S. S. and Gestapo, p. +60). Had Hitler cherished any intention of exterminating the Jews, it is +inconceivable that he would have allowed more than 800,000 to leave +Reich territory with the bulk of their wealth, much less considered +plans for their mass emigration to Palestine or Madagascar. What is +more, we shall see that the policy of emigration from Europe was still +under consideration well into the war period, notably the Madagascar +Plan, which Eichmann discussed in 1940 with French Colonial Office +experts after the defeat of France had made the surrender of the colony +a practical proposition. + +2. GERMAN POLICY TOWARDS THE JEWS AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF WAR + + + +With the coming of the war, the situation regarding the Jews +altered drastically. It is not widely known that world Jewry declared +itself to be a belligerent party in the Second World War, and there was +therefore ample basis under international law for the Germans to intern +the Jewish population as a hostile force. On September 5, 1939 Chaim +Weizmann, the principle Zionist leader, had declared war against Germany +on behalf of the world's Jews, stating that "the Jews stand by Great +Britain and will fight on the side of the democracies . . . The Jewish +Agency is ready to enter into immediate arrangements for utilizing +Jewish manpower, technical ability, resources etc . . . " (Jewish +Chronicle, September 8, 1939). + +DETENTION OF ENEMY ALIENS + + + +All Jews had thus been declared agents willing to prosecute a war +against the German Reich, and as a consequence, Himmler and Heydrich +were eventually to begin the policy of internment. It is worth noting +that the United States and Canada had already interned all Japanese +aliens and citizens of Japanese descent in detention camps before the +Germans applied the same security measures against the Jews of Europe. +Moreover, there had been no such evidence or declaration of disloyalty +by these Japanese Americans as had been given by Weizmann. The British, +too, during the Boer War, interned all the women and children of the +population, and thousands had died as a result, yet in no sense could +the British be charged with wanting to exterminate the Boers. + + The detention of Jews in the occupied territories of Europe served two +essential purposes from the German viewpoint. The first was to prevent +unrest and subversion; Himmler had informed Mussolini on October 11th, +1942, that German policy towards the Jews had altered during wartime +entirely for reasons of military security. He complained that thousands +of Jews in the occupied regions were conducting partisan warfare, +sabotage and espionage, a view confirmed by official Soviet information +given to Raymond Arthur Davis diat no less than 35,000 European Jews +were waging partisan war under Tito in Yugoslavia. As a result, Jews +were to be transported to restricted areas and detention camps, both in +Germany, and especially after March 1942, in the Government- General of +Poland. + +As the war proceeded, the policy developed of using Jewish +detainees for labour in the war-effort. The question of labour is +fundamental when considering the alleged plan of genocide against the +Jews, for on grounds of logic alone the latter would entail the most +senseless waste of manpower, time and energy while prosecuting a war of +survival on two fronts. Certainly after the attack on Russia, the idea +of compulsory labour had taken precedence over German plans for Jewisb +emigation. The protocol of a conversation between Hitler and the +Hungarian regent Horthy on April 17th, 1943, reveals that the German +leader personally requested Horthy to release 100,000 Hungarian Jews for +work in the "pursuit- plane programme" of the Luftwaffe at a time when +the aerial bombardment of Germany was increasing (Reitlinger, Die +Endl_sung, Berlin, 1956, p. 478). This took place at a time when, +supposedly, the Germans were already seeking to exterminate the Jews, +but Hitler's request clearly demonstrates the priority aim of expanding +his labour force. + +In harmony with this programme, concentration camps became, in +fact, industrial complexes. At every camp where Jews and other +nationalities were detained, there were. large industrial plants and +factories supplying material for the German war-effort - the Buna rubber +factory at Bergen-Belsen, for example, Buna and I. G. Farben Industrie +at Auschwitz and the electrical firm of Siemens at Ravensbruck. In many +cases, special concentration camp money notes were issued as payment for +labour, enabling prisoners to buy extra rations from camp shops. The +Germans were determined to obtain the maximum economic return from the +concentration camp system, an object wholly at variance with any plan to +exterminate millions of people in them. It was the function of the S. S. +Economy and Administration Office, headed by Oswald Pohl, to see that +the concentration camps became major industrial producers. + +EMIGRATION STILL FAVOURED + + + +It is a remarkable fact, however, that well into the war period, +the Germans continued to implement the policy of Jewish emigration. The +fall of France in 1940 enabled the German Government to open serious +negotiations with the French for the transfer of European Jews to +Madagascar. A memorandum of August, 1942 from Luther, Secretary-of- +State in the German Foreign Office, reveals that he had conducted these +negotiations between July and December 1940, when they were terminated +by the French. A circular from Luther's department dated August 15th, +1940 shows that the details of the German plan had been worked out by +Eichmann, for it is signed by his assistant, Dannecker. Eichmann had in +fact been commissioned in August to draw up a detailed Madagascar Plan, +and Dannecker was employed in research on Madagascar at the French +Colonial Office (Reitlinger, The Final ,Solution, p. 77). The proposals +of August 15th were that an inter-European bank was to finance the +emigration of four million Jews throughout a phased programme. Luther's +1942 memorandum shows that Heydrich had obtained Himmler's approval of +this plan before the end of August and had also submitted it to Goering. +It certainly met with Hitler's approval, for as early as June 17th his +interpreter, Schmidt, recalls Hitler observing to Mussolini that "One +could found a State of Israel in Madagascar" (Schmidt, Hitler's +lnterpreter, London,1951, p. 178). + +Although the French terminated the Madagascar negotiations in +December, 1940, Poliakov, the director of the Centre of Jewish +Documentation in Paris, admits that the Germans nevertheless pursued the +scheme, and that Eichmann was still busy with it throughout 1941. +Eventually, however, it was rendered impractical by the progress of the +war, in particular by the situation after the invasion of Russia, and on +February 10th, 1942, the Foreign Office was informed that the plan had +been temporarily shelved. This ruling, sent to the Foreign Office by +Luther's assistant, Rademacher, is of great importance, because it +demonstrates conclusively that the term "Final Solution" meant only the +emigration of Jews, and also that transportation to the eastern ghettos +and concentration camps such as Auschwitz constituted nothing but an +alternative plan of evacuation. The directive reads: "The war with the +Soviet Union has in the meantime created the possibility of disposing of +other territories for the Final Solution. In consequence the F hrer has +decided that the Jews should be evacuated not to Madagascar but to the +East. Madagascar need no longer therefore be considered in connection +with the Final Solution" (Reitlinger, ibid. p. 79). The details of this +evacuation had been discussed a month earlier at the Wannsee Conference +in Berlin, which we shall examine below. + +Reitlinger and Poliakov both make the entirely unfounded supposition +that because the Madagascar Plan had been shelved, the Germans must +necessarily have been thinking of "extermination". Only a month later, +however, on March 7th, 1942, Goebbels wrote a memorandum in favour of +the Madagascar Plan as a "final solution" of the Jewish question +(Manvell & Frankl, Dr. Goebbels, London, 1960, p. 165). In the meantime +he approved of the Jews being "concentrated in the East". Later Goebbels +memoranda also stress deportation to the East (i. e. the +Government-General of Poland) and lay emphasis on the need for +compulsory labour there; once the policy of evacuation to the East had +been inaugurated, the use of Jewish labour became a fundamental part of +the operation. It is perfecdy clear from the foregoing that the term +"Final Solution" was applied both to Madagascar and to the Eastern +territories, and that therefore it meant only the deportation of the +Jews. + + Even as late as May 1944, the Germans were prepared to allow the +emigration of one million European Jews from Europe. An account of this +proposal is given by Alexander Weissberg, a prominent Soviet Jewish +scientist deported during the Stalin purges, in his book Die Geschichte +von Joel Brand (Cologne, 1956). Weissberg, who spent the war in Cracow +though he expected the Germans to intern him in a concentration camp, +explains that on the personal authorisation of Himmler, Eichmann had +sent the Budapest Jewish leader Joel Brand to Istanbul with an offer to +the Allies to permit the transfer of one million European Jews in the +midst of the war. (If the 'extermination' writers are to be believed, +there were scarcely one million Jews left by May, 1944). The Gestapo +admitted that the transportation involved would greatly inconvenience +the German war-effort, but were prepared to allow it in exchange for +10,000 trucks to be used exclusively on the Russian front. +Unfortunately, the plan came to nothing; the British concluded that +Brand must be a dangerous Nazi agent and immediately imprisoned him in +Cairo, while the Press denounced the offer as a Nazi trick. Winston +Churchill, though orating to the effect that the treatment of the +Hungarian Jews was probably "the biggest and most horrible crime ever +committed in the whole history of the world", never- theless told Chaim +Weizmann that acceptance of the Brand offer was impossible, since it +would be a betrayal of his Russian Allies. Although the plan was +fruitless, it well illustrates that no one allegedly carrying out +"thorough" extermination would permit the emigration of a million Jews, +and it demonstrates, too, the prime importance placed by the Germans on +the war-effort. + +3. POPULATION AND EMIGRATION + + + +Statistics relating to Jewish populations are not everywhere +known in precise detail, approximations for various countries differing +widely, and it is also unknown exactly how many Jews were deported and +interned at any one time between the years 1939-1945. In general, +however, what reliable statistics there are, especially those relating +to emigration, are sufficient to show that not a fraction of six million +Jews could have been exterminated. + +In the first place, this claim cannot remotely be upheld on +examination of the European Jewish population figures. According to +Chambers Encyclopaedia the total number of Jews living in pre-war Europe +was 6,500,000. Quite clearly, this would mean that almost the entire +number were exterminated. But the Baseler Nachrichten, a neutral Swiss +publication employing available Jewish statistical data, establishes +that between 1933 and 1945, 1,500,000 Jews emigrated to Britain, Sweden, +Spain, Portugal, Australia, China, India, Palestine and the United +Sutes. This is confirmed by the Jewish journalist Bruno Blau, who cites +the same figure in the New York Jewish paper Aufbau, August 13th, 1948. +Of these emigrants, approximately 400,000 came from Germany before +September 1939. This is acknowledged by the World Jewish Congress in its +publication Unity in Dispersion (p. 377), which states that: "The +majority of the German Jews succeeded in leaving Germany before the war +broke out. " In addition to the German Jews, 220,000 of the total 280,000 +Austrian Jews had emigrated by September, 1939, while from March 1939 +onwards the Institute for Jewish Emigration in Prague had secured the +emigration of 260,000 Jews from former Czechoslovakia. In all, only +360,000 Jews remained in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia after +September 1939. From Poland, an estimated 500,000 had emigrated prior to +the outbreak of war. These figures mean that the number of Jewish +emigrants from other European countries (France, the Netherlands, Italy, +the countries of eastern Europe etc. ) was approximately 120,000. + +This exodus of Jews before and during hostilities, therefore, +reduces the number of Jews in Europe to approximately 5,000,000. In +addition to these emigrants, we must also include the number of Jews who +fled to the Soviet Union after 1939, and who were later evacuated beyond +reach of the German invaders. It will be shown below that the majority +of these, about 1,250,000, were migrants from Poland. But apart from +Poland, Reitlinger admits that 300,000 other European Jews slipped into +Soviet territory between 1939 and 1941. This brings the total of Jewish +emigrants to the Soviet Union to about 1,550,000. In Colliers magazine, +June 9th, 1945, Freiling Foster, writing of the Jews in Russia, +explained that "2,200,000 have migrated to the Soviet Union since 1939 +to escape from the Nazis," but our lower estimate is probably more +accurate. + +Jewish migration to the Soviet Union, therefore, reduces the number +of Jews within the sphere of German occupation to around 3-1/2 million, +approximately 3,450,000. From these should be deducted those Jews living +in neutral European countries who escaped the consequences of the war. +According to the 1942 World Almanac (p. 594). the number of Jews living +in Gibraltar, Britain, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland and +Turkey was 413,128. + +3 MILLION JEWS IN EUROPE + + + +A figure, consequently, of around 3 million Jews in German- +occupied Europe is as accurate as the available emigration statistics +will allow. Approximately the same number, however, can be deduced in +another way if we examine statistics for the Jewish populations +remaining in countries occupied by the Reich. More than half of those +Jews who migrated to the Soviet Union after 1939 came from Poland. It is +frequently claimed that the war with Poland added some 3 million Jews to +the German sphere of influence and that almost the whole of this Polish +Jewish population was "exterminated". This is a major factual error. The +1931 Jewish population census for Poland put the number of Jews at +2,732,600 (Reitlinger, Die Endl_sung, p. 36). Reitlinger states that at +least 1,170,000 of these were in the Russian zone occupied in the autumn +of 1939, about a million of whom were evacuated to the Urals and south +Siberia after the German invasion of June 1941 (ibid. p. 50). As +described above, an estimated 500,000 Jews had emigrated from Poland +prior to the war. Moreover, the journalist Raymond Arthur Davis, who +spent the war in the Soviet Union, observed that approximately 250,000 +had already fled from German-occupied Poland to Russia between 1939 and +1941 and were to be encountered in every Soviet province (Odyssey +through Hell, N. Y. , 1946). Subtracting these figures from the population +of 2,732,600, therefore, and allowing for the normal population +increase, no more than 1,100,000 Polish Jews could have been under +German rule at the end of 1939. (Gutachen des Instituts f r +Zeitgeschichte, Munich, 1956, p. 80). + +To this number we may add the 360,000 Jews remaining in Germany, +Austria and former Czechoslovakia (Bohemia-Moravia and Slovakia) after +the extensive emigration from those countries prior to the war described +above. Of the 320,000 French Jews, the Public Prosecutor representing +that part of the indictment relating to France at the Nuremberg Trials, +stated that 120,000 Jews were deported, though. Reitlinger estimates +only about 50,000. Thus the total number of Jews under Nazi rule remains +below two million. Deportations from the Scandinavian countries were +few, and from Bulgaria none at all. When the Jewish populations of +Holland (140,000), Belgium (40,000), Italy (50,000), Yugoslavia +(55,000), Hungary (380,000) and Roumania (725,000) are included, the +figure does not much exceed 3 million. This excess is due to the fact +that the latter figures are pre-war estimates unaffected by emigration, +which from these countries accounted for about 120,000 (see above). This +cross-checking, therefore, confirms the estimate of approximately 3 +million European Jews under German occupation. + +RUSSIAN JEWS EVACUATED + + + +The precise figures concerning Russian Jews are unknown, and have +therefore been the subject of extreme exaggeration. The Jewish +statistician Jacob Leszczynski states that in 1939 there were 2,100,000 +Jews living in future German-occupied Russia, i. e. western Russia. In +addition, some 260,000 lived in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and +Lithuania. According to Louis Levine, President of the American Jewish +Council for Russian Relief, who made a post-war tour of the Soviet Union +and submitted a report on the status of Jews there, the majority of +these numbers were evacuated east after the German armies launched their +invasion. In Chicago, on October 30th, 1946, he declared that: "At the +outset of the war, Jews were amongst the first evacuated from the +western regions threatened by the Hitlerite invaders, and shipped to +safety east of the Urals. Two million Jews were thus saved. " This high +number is confirmed by the Jewish journalist David Bergelson, who wrote +in the Moscow Yiddish paper Ainikeit, December 5th, 1942, that "Thanks +to the evacuation, the majority (80%) of the Jews in the Ukraine, White +Russia, Lithuania and Latvia before the arrival of the Germans were +rescued. " Reitlinger agrees with the Jewish authority Joseph +Schechtmann, who admits that huge numbers were evacuated, though he +estimates a slightly higher number of Russian and Baltic Jews left under +German occupation, between 650,000 and 850,000 (Reitlinger, The Final +Solution, p. 499). In respect of these Soviet Jews remaining in German +territory, it will be proved later that in the war in Russia no more +than one hundred thousand persons were killed by the German Action +Groups as partisans and Bolshevik commissars, not all of whom were Jews. +By contrast, the partisans themselves claimed to have murdered five +times that number of German troops. + +'SIX MILLION' UNTRUE ACCORDING TO NEUTRAL SWISS + + + +It is clear, therefore, that the Germans could not possibly have +gained control over or exterminated anything like six million Jews. +Excluding the Soviet Union, the number of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe +after emigration was scarcely more than 3 million, by no means all of +whom were interned. To approach the extermination of even half of six +mfilion would have meant the liquidation of every Jew living in Europe. +And yet it is known that large numbers of Jews were alive in Europe +after 1945. Philip Friedmann in Their Brother's Keepers (N. Y. , 1957, p. +13), states that "at least a million Jews survived in the very crucible +of the Nazi hell," while the official figure of the Jewish Joint +Distribution Committee is 1,559,600. Thus, even if one accepts the +latter estimate, the number of possible wartime Jewish deaths could not +have exceeded a limit of one and a half million. Precisely this +conclusion was reached by the reputable journal Baseler Nachrichten of +neutral Switzerland. In an article entitled "Wie hoch ist die Zahl der +j dischen Opfer?" ("How high is the number of Jewish victims?", June +13th, 1946), it explained that purely on the basis of the population and +emigration figures described above, a maximum of only one and a half +million Jews could be numbered as casualties. Later on, however, it will +be demonstrated conclusively that the number was actually far less, for +the Baseler Nachrichten accepted the Joint Distribution Committee's +figure of 1,559,600 survivors after the war, but we shall show that the +number of claims for compensation by Jewish survivors is more than +double that figure. This information was not available to the Swiss in +1946. + + +IMPOSSIBLE BIRTH RATE + + + +Indisputable evidence is also provided by the post-war world +Jewish population statistics. The World Almanac of 1938 gives the number +of Jews in the world as 16,588,259. But after the war, the New York +Times, February 22nd, 1948 placed the number of Jews in the world at a +minimum of 15,600,000 and a maximum of 18,700,000. Quite obviously, +these figures make it impossible for the number of Jewish war-time +casualties to be measured in anything but thousands. 15- 1/2 million in +1938 minus the alleged six million leaves nine million; the New York +Times figures would mean, therefore, that the world's Jews produced +seven million births, almost doubling their numbers, in the space of ten +years. This is patently ridiculous. + +It would appear, therefore, that the great majority of the +missing "six million" were in fact emigrants - emigrants to European +countries, to the Soviet Union and the United States before, during and +after the war. And emigrants also, in vast nunibers to Palestine during +and especially at the end of the war. After 1945, boat-loads of these +Jewish survivors entered Palestine illegally from Europe, causing +considerable embarrassment to the British Government of the time; +indeed, so great were the numbers that the H. M. Stationery Office +publication No. 190 (November 5th, 1946) described them as "almost +amounting to a second Exodus. " It was these emigrants to all parts of +the world who had swollen the world Jewish population to between 15 and +18 millions by 1948, and probably the greatest part of them were +emigrants to the United States who entered in violation of the quota +laws. On August 16th, 1963 David Ben Gurion, President of Israel, stated +that although the official Jewish population of America was said to be +5,600,000, "the total number would not be estimated too high at +9,000,000" (Deutsche Wochenzeitung, November 23rd, 1963). The reason for +this high figure is underlined by Albert Maisal in his article "Our +Newest Americans" (Readers Digest, January, 1957), for he reveals that +"Soon after World War II, by Presidential decree, 90 per cent of all +quota visas for central and eastern Europe were issued to the uprooted. " + + +Reprinted on this page is just one extract from hundreds that +regularly appear in the obituary columns of Aufbau, the Jewish American +weekly published in New York (June 16th, 1972). It shows how Jewish +emigrants to the United States subsequently changed their names; their +former names when in Europe appear in brackets. For example, as below: +Arthur Kingsley (formerly Dr. K_nigsberger of Frankfurt). Could it be +that some or all of these people whose names are 'deceased' were +included in the missing six million of Europe? + +4. THE SIX MILLION: DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE + + + +From the foregoing it would seem certain that the figure of six +million murdered Jews amounts to nothing more than a vague compromise +between several quite baseless estimates; there is not a shred of +documentary evidence for it that is trustworthy. Occasionally, writers +narrow it down to give a disarming appearance of authenticity. Lord +Russell of Liverpool, for example, in his The Scourge of the Swastika +(London, 1954) claimed that "not less than five million" Jews died in +German concentration camps, having satisfied himself that he was +somewhere between those who estimated 6 million and those who preferred +4 million. But, he admitted, "the real number will never be known. " If +so, it is difficult to know how he could have asserted "not less than +five million. " The Joint Distribution Committee favours 5,012,000, but +the Jewish "expert" Reitlinger suggests a novel figure of 4,192,200 +"missing Jews" of whom an estimated one third died of natural causes. +This would reduce the number deliberately "exterminated" to 2,796,000. +However, Dr. M. Perlzweig, the New York delegate to a World Jewish +Congress press conference held at Geneva in 1948 stated: "The price of +the downfall of National Socialism and Fascism is the fact that seven +million Jews lost their lives thanks to cruel Anti-Semitism. " In the +Press and elsewhere, the figure is often casually lifted to eight +million or sometimes even nine million. As we have proved in the +previous chapter, none of these figures are in the remotest degree +plausible, indeed, they are ridiculous. + + +FANTASTIC EXAGGERATIONS + + + +So far as is known, the first accusation against the Germans of +the mass murder of Jews in war-time Europe was made by the Polish Jew +Rafael Lemkin in his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, published in New +York in 1943. Somewhat coincidentally, Lemkin was later to draw up the +U. N. Genocide Convention, which seeks to outlaw "racialism". His book +claimed that the Nazis had destroyed millions of Jews, perhaps as many +as six millions. This, by 1943, would have been remarkable indeed, since +the action was allegedly started only in the summer of 1942. At such a +rate, the entire world Jewish population would have been exterminated by +1945. + + +After the war, propaganda estimates spiralled to heights even +more fantastic. Kurt Gerstein, an anti-Nazi who claimed to have +infiltrated the S. S. , told the French interrogator Raymond Cartier that +he knew that no less than forty million concentration camp internees had +been gassed. In his first signed memorandum of April 26th, 1945, he +reduced the figure to 25 million, but even this was too bizarre for +French Intelligence and in his second memorandum, signed at Rottweil on +May 4th, 1945, he brought the figure closer to the six million preferred +at the Nuremberg Trials. Gerstein's sister was congenitally insane and +died by euthenasia, which may well suggest a streak of mental +instability in Gerstein himself. He had, in fact, been convicted in 1936 +of sending eccentric mail through the post. After his two "confessions" +he hanged himself at Cherche Midi prison in Paris. + +Gerstein alleged that during the war he passed on information +concerning the murder of Jews to the Swedish Government through a German +baron but for some inexplicable reason his report was "filed away and +forgotten". He also claimed that in August 1942 he informed the Papal +nuncio in Berlin about the whole "extermination programme", but the +reverend person merely told him to "Get out. " The Gerstein statements +abound with claims to have witnessed the most gigantic mass executions +(twelve thousand in a single day at Belzec), while the second memorandum +describes a visit by Hitler to a concentration camp in Poland on June +6th, 1942 which is known never to have taken place. + +Gerstein's fantastic exaggerations have done little but discredit +the whole notion of mass extermination. Indeed, Evangelical Bishop +Wilhelm Dibelius of Berlin denounced his memoranda as "Untrustworthy" +(H. Rothfels, "Augenzeugenbericht zu den Massenvergasungen" in +Vierteljahrshefte f r Zeitgeschichte, April 1953). It is an incredible +fact, however, that in spite of this denunciation, the German Government +in 1955 issued an edition of the second Gerstein memorandum for +distribution in German chools (Dokumentation zur Massenvergasung, Bonn, +1955). In it they stated that Dibelius placed his special confidence in +Gerstein and that the memoranda were "valid beyond any doubt. " This is a +striking example of the way in which the baseless charge of genocide by +the Nazis is perpetuated in Germany, and directed especially to the +youth. + +The story of six million Jews exterminated during the war was +given final authority at the Nuremberg Trials by the statement of Dr. +Wilhelm Hoettl. He had been an assistant of Eichmann's, but was in fact +a rather strange person in the service of American Intelligence who had +written several books under the pseudonym of Walter Hagen. Hoettl also +worked for Soviet espionage, collaborating with two Jewish emigrants +from Vienna, Perger and Verber, who acted as U. S. officers during the +preliminary inquiries of the Nuremberg Trials. It is remarkable that the +testimony of this highly dubious person Hoettl is said to constitute the +only "proof' regarding the murder of six million Jews. In his affidavit +of November 26th, 1945 he stated, not that he knew but that Eichmann had +"told him" in August 1944 in Budapest that a total of 6 million Jews had +been exterminated. Needless to say, Eichmann never corroborated this +claim at his trial. Hoettl was working as an American spy during the +whole of the latter period of the war, and it is therefore very odd +indeed that he never gave the slightest hint to the Americans of a +policy to murder Jews, even though he worked directly under Heydrich and +Eichmann. + +ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE + + + +It should be emphasised straight away that there is not a single +document in existence which proves that the Germans intended to, or +carried out, the deliberate murder of Jews. In Poliakov and Wulf's Das +Dritte Reich und die Juden: Dokumente und Aufs_tze (Berlin, 1955), the +most that they can assemble are statements extracted after the war from +people like Hoettl, Ohlendorf and Wisliceny, the latter under torture in +a Soviet prison. In the absence of any evidence, therefore, Poliakov is +forced to write: "The three or four people chiefly involved in drawing +up the plan for total extermination are dead, and no documents survive. " +This seems very convenient. Quite obviously, both the plan and the +"three or four" people are nothing but nebulous assumptions on the part +of the writer, and are entirely unprovable. The documents which do +survive, of course, make no mention at all of extermination, so that +writers like Poliakov and Reitlinger again make the convenient +assumption that such orders were generally "verbal". Though lacking any +documentary proof, they assume that a plan to murder Jews must have +originated in 1941, coinciding with the attack on Russia. Phase one of +the plan is alleged to have involved the massacre of Soviet Jews, a +claim we shall disprove later. The rest of the programme is supposed to +have begun in March 1942, with the deportation and concentration of +European Jews in the eastern camps of the Polish Government-General, +such as the giant industrial complex at Auschwitz near Cracow. The +fantastic and quite groundless assumption throughout is that +transportation to the East, supervised by Eichmann's department, +actually meant immediate extermination in ovens on arrival. + +According to Manvell and Frankl (Heinrich Himmler. London, 1965), the +policy of genocide "seems to have been arrived at" after "secret +discussions" between Hitler and Himmler (p. 118), though they fail to +prove it. Reitlinger and Poliakov guess along similar "verbal" lines, +adding that no one else was allowed to be present at these discussions, +and no records were ever kept of them. This is the purest invention, for +there is not a shred of evidence that even suggests such outlandish +meetings took place. William Shirer, in his generally wild and +irresponsible book The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, is similarly +muted on the subject of documentary proof. He states weakly that +Hitler's supposed order for the murder of Jews "apparently was never +committed to paper - at least no copy of it has yet been unearthed. It +was probably given verbally to Goering, Himmler and Heydrich, who passed +it down . . ,"(p. 1148). + +A typical example of the kind of "proof' quoted in support of the +extermination legend is given by Manvell and Frankl. They cite a +memorandum of 31st July, 1941 sent by Goering to Heydrich, who headed +the Reich Security Head Office and was Himmler's deputy. Significantly, +the memorandum begins: "Supplementing the task that was assigned to you +on 24th January 1939, to solve the Jewish problem by means of emigration +and evacuation in the best possible way according to present conditions +. . . " The supplementary task assigned in the memorandum is a "total +solution (Gesamtl_sung) of the Jewish question within the area of German +influence in Europe," which the authors admit means concentration in the +East, and it requests preparations for the "organisational, financial +and material matters" involved. The memorandum then requests a future +plan for the "desired final solution" (Endl_sung), which clearly refers +to the ideal and ultimate scheme of emigration and evacuation mentioned +at the beginning of the directive. No mention whatever is made of +murdering people, but Manvell and Frankl assure us that this is what the +memorandum is really about. Again, of course, the "true nature" of the +final as distinct from the total solution "was made known to Heydrich by +Goering verbafly" (ibid, p. 118). The convenience of these "verbal" +directives issuing back and forth is obvious. + + +THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE + + + +The final details of the plan to exterminate Jews were supposed +to have been made at a conference at Gross Wannsee in Berlin on 20th +January, 1942, presided over by Heydrich (Poliakov, Das Dritte Reich und +die Juden, p. 120 ff; Reitlinger, The Final Solution, p. 95 ff). +Officials of all German Ministries were present, and M ller and Eichmann +represented Gestapo Head Office. Reitlinger and Manvell and Frankl +consider tile minutes of this conference to be their trump card in +proving the existence of a genocide plan, but the truth is that no such +plan was even mentioned, and what is more, they freely admit this. +Manvell and Frankl explain it away rather lamely by saying that "The +minutes are shrouded in the form of officialdom that cloaks the real +significance of the words and terminolgoy that are used" (The +Incomparable Crime, London, 1967, p. 46), which really means that they +intend to interpret them in their own way. What Heydrich actually said +was that, as in the memorandum quoted above, he had been commissioned by +Goering to arrange a solution to the Jewish problem. He reviewed the +history of Jewish emigration, stated that the war had rendered the +Madagascar project impractical, and continued: "The emigration programme +has been replaced now by the evacuation of Jews to the east as a further +possible solution, in accordance with the previous authorisation of the +F hrer. " Here, he explained, their labour was to be utilised. All this +is supposed to be deeply sinister, and pregnant with the hidden meaning +that the Jews were to be exterminated, though Prof. Paul Rassinier, a +Frenchman interned at Buchenwald who has done sterling work in refuting +the myth of the Six Million, explains that it means precisely what it +says, i. e. the concentration of the Jews for labour in the immense +eastern ghetto of the Polish Government-General. "There they were to +wait until the end of the war, for the re- opening of international +discussions which would decide their future. This decision was finally +reached at the interministerial Berlin-Wannsee conference . . . " +(Rassinier, Le V-ritable Proces Eichmann, p. 20). Manvell and Frankl, +however, remain undaunted by the complete lack of reference to +extermination. At the Wannsee conference, they write, "Direct references +to killing were avoided, Heydrich favouring the term "Arbeitseinsatz im +Osten" (labour assignment in the East)" (Heinrich Himmler, p. 209). Why +we should not accept labour assignment in the East to mean labour +assignment in the East is not explained. + +According to Reitlinger and others, innumerable directives +actually specifying extermination then passed between Himmler, Heydrich, +Eichmann and commandant Hoess in the subsequent months of 1942, but of +course, "none have survived". + + + +TWISTED WORDS AND GROUNDLESS ASSUMPTIONS The complete lack +of documentary evidence to support the existence of an extermination +plan has led to the habit of re-interpreting the documents that do +survive. For example, it is held that a document concerning deportation +is not about deportation at all, but a cunning way of talking about +extermination. Manvell and Frankl state that "various terms were used to +camouflage genocide. These included "Aussiedlung"(desettlement) and +"Abbef_rderung" (removal)" (ibid, p. 265). Thus, as we have seen +already, words are no longer assumed to mean what they say if they prove +too inconvenient. This kind of thing is taken to the most incredible +extremes, such as their interpretation of Heydrich's directive for +labour assignment in the East. Another example is a reference to +Himmler's order for sending deportees to the East, "that is, having them +killed" (ibid, p. 251). Reitlinger, equally at a loss for evidence, does +exactly the same, declaring that from the "circumlocutionary" words of +the Wannsee conference it is obvious that "the slow murder of an entire +race was intended" (ibid, p. 98). + +A review of the documentary situation is important, because it +reveals the edifice of guesswork and baseless assumptions upon which the +extermination legend is built. The Germans had an extraordinary +propensity for recording everything on paper in the most careful detail, +yet among the thousands of captured documents of the S. D. and Gestapo, +the records of the Reich Security Head Office, the files of Himmler's +headquarters and Hitler's own war directives there is not a single order +for the extermination of Jews or anyone else. It will be seen later that +this has, in fact, been admitted by the World Centre of Contemporary +Jewish Documentation at Tel-Aviv. Attempts to find "veiled allusions" to +genocide in speeches like that of Himmler's to his S. S. +Obergruppenf hrers at Posen in 1943 are likewise quite hopeless. +Nuremberg statements extracted after the war, invariably under duress, +are examined in the following chapter. + + + +5. THE NUREMBERG TRIALS + + + +The story of the Six Million was given judicial authority at the +Nuremberg Trials of German leaders between 1945 and 1949, proceedings +which proved to be the most disgraceful legal farce in history. For a +far more detailed study of the iniquities of these trials, which as +Field Marshal Montgomery said, made it a crime to lose a war, the reader +is referred to the works cited below, and particulary to the outstanding +book Advance to Barbarism (Nelson, 1953), by the distinguished English +jurist, F. J. P. Veale. + +From the very outset, the Nuremberg Trials proceeded on the basis +of gross statistical errors. In his speech of indictment on November +20th, 1945, Mr. Sidney Alderman declared that there had been 9,600,000 +Jews living in German occupied Europe. Our earlier study has shown this +figure to be wildly inaccurate. It is arrived at (a) by completely +ignoring all Jewish emigration between 1933 and 1945, and (b) by adding +all the Jews of Russia, including the two million or more who were never +in German-occupied territory. The same inflated figure, slightly +enlarged to 9,800,000, was produced again at the Eichmann Trial in +Israel by Prof. Shalom Baron. + +The alleged Six Million victims first appeared as the foundation for +the prosecution at Nuremberg, and after some dalliance with ten million +or more by the Press at the time, it eventually gained international +popularity and acceptance. It is very significant, however, that, +although this outlandish figure was able to win credence in the reckless +atmosphere of recrimination in 1945, it had become no longer tenable by +1961, at the Eichmann Trial. The Jerusalem court studiously avoided +mentioning the figure of Six Million, and the charge drawn up by Mr. +Gideon Haussner simply said "some" millions. + + +LEGAL PRINCIPLES IGNORED + + + +Should anyone be misled into believing that the extermination of +the Jews was "proved" at Nuremberg by "evidence", he should consider the +nature of the Trials themselves, based as they were on a total disregard +of sound legal principles of any kind. The accusers acted as +prosecutors, judges and executioners; "guilt" was assumed from the +outset. (Among the judges, of course, were the Russians, whose +numberless crimes included the massacre of 15,000 Polish officers, a +proportion of whose bodies were discovered by the Germans at Katyn +Forest, near Smolensk. The Soviet Prosecutor attempted to blame this +slaughter on the German defendants). At Nuremberg, ex post facto +legislation was created, whereby men were tried for "crimes" which were +only declared crimes after they had been allegedly committed. Hitherto +it had been the most basic legal principle that a person could only be +convicted for infringing a law that was in force at the time of the +infringement. "Nulla Poena Sine Lege. " + +The Rules of Evidence, developed by British jurisprudence over the +centuries in order to arrive at the truth of a charge with as much +certainty as possible, were entirely disregarded at Nuremberg. It was +decreed that "the Tribunal should not be bound by technical rules of +evidence" but could admit "any evidence which it deemed to have +probative value," that is, would support a conviction. In practise, this +meant the admittance of hearsay evidence and documents, which in a +normal judicial trial are always rejected as untrustworthy. That such +evidence was allowed is of profound significance, because it was one of +the principal methods by which the extermination legend was fabricated +through fraudulent "written affidavits". Although only 240 witnesses +were called in the course of the Trials, no less than 300,000 of these +"written affidavits" were accepted by the Court as supporting the +charges, without this evidence being heard under oath. Under these +circumstances, any Jewish deportee or camp inmate could make any +revengeful allegation that he pleased. Most incredible of all, perhaps, +was the fact that defence lawyers at Nuremberg were not permitted to +cross- examine prosecution witnesses. A somewhat similar situation +prevailed at the trial of Adolf Eichmann, when it was announced that +Eichmann's defence lawyer could be cancelled at any time "if an +intolerable situation should arise," which presumably meant if his +lawyer started to prove his innocence. The real background of the +Nuremberg Trials was exposed by the American judge, Justice Wenersturm, +President of one of Tribunals. He was so disgusted by the proceedings +that he resigned his appointment and flew home to America, leaving +behind a statement to the Chicago Tribune which ennumerated point by +point his objections to the Trials (cf Mark Lautern, Das Letzte Wort + ber N rnberg, p. 56). Points 3 -8 are as follows: + +3. The members of the department of the Public Prosecutor, instead of +trying to formulate and reach a new guiding legal principle, were moved +only by personal ambition and revenge. 4. The prosecution did its utmost +in every way possible to prevent the defence preparing its case and to +make it impossible for it to furnish evidence. 5. The prosecution, led +by General Taylor, did everything in its power to prevent the unanimous +decision of the Military Court being carried out i. e. to ask Washington +to furnish and make available to the court further documentary evidence +in the possession of the American Government. 6. Ninety per cent of the +Nuremberg Court consisted of biased persons who, either on political or +racial grounds, furthered the prosecution's case. 7. The prosecution +obviously knew how to fill all the administrative posts of the Military +Court with "Americans" whose naturalisation certificates were very new +indeed, and who, whether in the administrative service or by their +translations etc. , created an atmposhere hostile to the accused persons. +8. The real aim of the Nuremberg Trials was to show the Germans the +crimes of their F hrer, and this aim was at the same time the pretext on +which the trials were ordered . . . Had I known seven months earlier +what was happening at Nuremberg, I would never have gone there. + + + +Concerning Point 6, that ninety per cent of the Nuremberg Court +consisted of people biased on racial or political grounds, this was a +fact confirmed by others present. According to Earl Carrol, an American +lawyer, sixty per cent of the staff of the Public Prosecutor's Office +were German Jews who had left Germany after the promulgation of Hitler's +Race Laws. He observed that not even ten per cent of the Americans +employed at the Nuremberg courts were actually Americans by birth. The +chief of the Public Prosecutor's Office, who worked behind General +Taylor, was Robert M. Kempner, a German-Jewish emigrant. He was assisted +by Morris Amchan. Mark Lautern, who observed the Trials, writes in his +book: "They have all arrived: the Solomons, the Schlossbergers and the +Rabinovitches, members of the Public Prosecutor's staff . . . " (ibid. p. +68). It is obvious from these facts that the fundamental legal +principle: that no man can sit in judgement on his own case, was +abandoned altogether. Moreover, the majority of witnesses were also +Jews. According to Prof. Maurice Bardeche, who was also an observer at +the Trials, the only concern of these witnesses was not to show their +hatred too openly, and to try and give an impression of objectivity +(Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise, Paris, 1948, p. 149). + + +'CONFESSIONS' UNDER TORTURE + + + +Altogether more disturbing, however, were the methods employed to +extract statements and "confessions" at Nuremberg, particularly those +from S. S. officers which were used to support the extermination charge. +The American Senator, Joseph McCarthy, in a statement given to the +American Press on May 20th, 1949, drew attention to the following cases +of torture to secure such confessions. In the prison of the Swabisch +Hall, he stated, officers of the S. S. Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler were +flogged until they were soaked in blood, after which their sexual organs +were trampled on as they lay prostrate on the ground. As in the +notorious Malmedy Trials of private soldiers, the prisoners were hoisted +in the air and beaten until they signed the confessions demanded of +them. On the basis of such "confessions" extorted from S. S. Generals +Sepp Dietrich and Joachim Paiper, the Leibstandarte was convicted as a +"guilty organisation". S. S. General Oswald Pohl, the economic +administrator of the concentration camp system, had his face smeared +with faeces and was subsequently beaten until he supplied his +confession. In dealing with these cases, Senator McCarthy told the +Press: + + + +"I have heard evidence and read documentary proofs to the effect +that the accused persons were beaten up, maltreated and physically +tortured by methods which could only be conceived in sick brains. They +were subjected to mock trials and pretended executions, they were told +their families would be deprived of their ration cards. All these things +were carried out with the approval of the Public Prosecutor in order to +secure the psychological atmosphere necessary for the extortion of the +required confessions. If the United States lets such acts committed by a +few people go unpunished, then the whole world can rightly criticise us +severely and forever doubt the correctness of our motives and our moral +integrity. " + +The methods of intimidation described were repeated during trials at +Frankfurt-am-Mein and at Dachau, and large numbers of Germans were +convicted for atrocities on the basis of their admissions. The American +Judge Edward L. van Roden, one of the three members of the Simpson Army +Commission which was subsequently appointed to investigate the methods +of justice at the Dachau trials, revealed the methods by which these +admissions were secured in the Washington Daily News, January 9th, 1949. +His account also appeared in the British newspaper, the Sunday +Pictorial, January 23rd, 1949. The methods he described were: "Posturing +as priests to hear confessions and give absolution; torture with burning +matches driven under the prisoners finger-nails; knocking out of teeth +and breaking jaws; solitary confinement and near starvation rations. " +Van Roden explained: "The statements which were admitted as evidence +were obtained from men who had first been kept in solitary confinement +for three, four and five months . . . The investigators would put a +black hood over the accused's head and then punch him in the face with +brass knuckles, kick him and beat him with rubber hoses . . . All but +two of the Germans, in the 139 cases we investigated, had been kicked in +the testicles beyond repair. This was standard operating procedure with +our American investigators. " + +The "American" investigators responsible (and who later functioned as +the prosecution in the trials) were: Lt. -Col. Burton F. Ellis (chief of +the War Crimes Committee) and his assistants, Capt. Raphael Shumacker, +Lt. Robert E. Byrne, Lt. William R. Perl, Mr. Morris Ellowitz, Mr. Harry +Thon, and Mr. Kirschbaum. The legal adviser of the court was Col. A. H. +Rosenfeld. The reader will immediately appreciate from their names that +the majority of these people were "biased on racial grounds" in the +words of Justice Wenersturm - that is, were Jewish, and therefore should +never have been involved in any such investigation. + +Despite the fact that "confessions" pertaining to the extemination of +the Jews were extracted under these conditions, Nuremberg statements are +still regarded as conclusive evidence for the Six Million by writers +like Reitlinger and others, and the illusion is maintained that the +Trials were both impartial and impeccably fair. When General Taylor, the +Chief Public Prosecutor, was asked where he had obtained the figure of +the Six Million, he replied that it was based on the confession of S. S. +General Otto Ohlendorf. He, too, was tortured and his case is examined +below. But as far as such "confessions" in general are concerned, we can +do no better than quote the British Sunday Pictorial when reviewing the +report of Judge van Roden: "Strong men were reduced to broken wrecks +ready to mumble any admission demanded by their prosecutors. " + + +THE WISLICENY STATEMENT + + + +At this point, let us turn to some of the Nuremberg documents +themselves. The document quoted most frequently in support of the legend +of the Six Million, and which figures largely in Poliakov and Wulf's Das +Dritte Reich und die Juden: Dokumente und Aufs_tze, is the statement of +S. S. Captain Dieter Wisliceny, an assistant in Adolf Eichmann's office +and later the Gestapo chief in Slovakia. It was obtained under +conditions even more extreme than those described above, for Wisliceny +fell into the hands of Czech Communists and was "interrogated" at the +Soviet-controlled Bratislava Prison in November, 1946. Subjected to +torture, Wisliceny was reduced to a nervous wreck and became addicted to +uncontrollable fits of sobbing for hours on end prior to his execution. +Although the conditions under which his statement was obtained empty it +entirely of all pIausibility, Poliakov prefers to ignore this and merely +writes: "In prison he wrote several memoirs that contain information of +great interest" (Harvest of Hate, p. 3). These memoirs include some +genuine statements of fact to provide authenticity, such as that Himmler +was an enthusiastic advocate of Jewish emigration and that the +emigration of Jews from Europe continued throughout the war, but in +general they are typical of the Communist-style "confession" produced at +Soviet show-trials. Frequent reference is made to exterminating Jews and +a flagrant attempt is made to implicate as many S. S. leaders as +possible. Factual errors are also common, notably the statement that the +war with Poland added more than 3 million Jews to the German-occupied +territory, which we have disproved above. + +THE CASE OF THE EINSATZGRUPPEN + +The Wisliceny statement deals at some length with the activities of the +Einsatzgruppen or Action Groups used in the Russian campaign. These must +merit a detailed consideration in a survey of Nuremberg because the +picture presented of them at the Trials represents a kind of "Six +Million" in miniature, i. e. has been proved since to be the most +enormous exaggeration and falsification. The Einsatzgruppen were four +special units drawn from the Gestapo and the S. D. (S. S. Security +Service) whose task was to wipe out partisans and Communist commissars +in the wake of the advancing German armies in Russia. As early as 1939, +there had been 34,000 of these political commissars attached to the Red +Army. The activities of the Einsatzgruppen were the particular concern +of the Soviet Prosecutor Rudenko at the Nuremberg Trials. The 1947 +indictment of the four groups alleged that in the course of their +operations they had killed not less than one million Jews in Russia +merely because they were Jews. + +These allegations have since been elaborated; it is now claimed that the +murder of Soviet Jews by the Einsatzgruppen constituted Phase One in the +plan to exterminate the Jews, Phase Two being the transportation of +European Jews to Poland. Reitlinger admits that the original term "final +solution" referred to emigration and had nothing to do with the +liquidation of Jews, but he then claims that an extermination policy +began at the time of the invasion of Russia in 1941. He considers +Hitler's order of July 1941 for the liquidation of the Communist +commissars, and he concludes that this was accompanied by a verbal order +from Hitler for the Einsatzgruppen to liquidate all Soviet Jews (Die +Endl_sung, p. 91). If this assumption is based on anything at all, it is +probably the worthless Wisliceny statement, which alleges that the +Einsatzgruppen were soon receiving orders to extend their task of +crushing Communists and partisans to a "general massacre" of Russian +Jews. + +It is very significant that, once again, it is a "verbal order" for +exterminating Jews that is supposed to have accompanied Hitler's +genuine, written order - yet another nebulous and unprovable assumption +on the part of Reitlinger. An earlier order from Hitler, dated March +1941 and signed by Field Marshal Keitel, makes it quite clear what the +real tasks of the future Einsatzgruppen would be. It states that in the +Russian campaign, the Reichsf her S. S. (Himmler) is to be entrusted with +"tasks for the political administration, tasks which result from the +struggle which has to be carried out between two opposing political +systems" (Manvell & Frankl, ibid. , p. 115). This plainly refers to +eliminating Communism, especially the political commissars whose +specific task was Communist indoctrination. + +THE OHLENDORF TRIAL + + + +The most revealing trial in the "Einsatzgruppen Case" at +Nuremberg was that of S. S. General Otto Ohlendorf, the chief of the S. D. +who commanded Einsatzgruppe D in the Ukraine, attached to Field Marshal +von Manstein's Eleventh Army. During the last phase of the war he was +employed as a foreign trade expert in the Ministry of Economics. +Ohlendorf was one of those subjected to the torture described earlier, +and in his affidavit of November 5th, 1945 he was "persuaded" to confess +that 90,000 Jews had been killed under his command alone. Ohlendorf did +not come to trial until 1948, long after the main Nuremberg Trial, and +by that time he was insisting that his earlier statement had been +extracted from him under torture. In his main speech before the +Tribunal, Ohlendorf took the opportunity to denounce Philip Auerbach, +the Jewish attorney-general of the Bavarian State Office for +Restitution, who at that time was claiming compensation for "eleven +million Jews" who had suffered in German concentration camps. Ohlendorf +dismissed this ridiculous claim, stating that "not the minutest part" of +the people for whom Auerbach was demanding compensation had even seen a +concentration camp. Ohlendorf lived long enough to see Auerbach +convicted for embezzlement and fraud (forging documents purporting to +show huge payments of compensation to non-existent people) before his +own execution finally took place in 1951. + + Ohlendorf explained to the Tribunal that his units often had to prevent +massacres of Jews organised by anti-Semitic Ukrainians behind the German +front, and he denied that the Einsatzgruppen as a whole had inflicted +even one quarter of the casualties claimed by the prosecution. He +insisted that the illegal partisan warfare in Russia, which he had to +combat, had taken a far higher toll of lives from the regular German +army - an assertion confirmed by the Soviet Government, which boasted of +500,000 German troops killed by partisans. In fact, Franz Stahlecker, +commander of Einsatzgruppe A in the Baltic region and White Russia, was +himself killed by partisans in 1942. The English jurist F. J. P. Veale, +in dealing with the Action Groups, explains that in the fighting on the +Russian front no distinction could be properly drawn between partisans +and the civilian population, because any Russian civilian who maintained +his civilian status instead of acting as a terrorist was liable to be +executed by his countrymen as a traitor. Veale says of the Action +Groups: "There is no question that their orders were to combat terror by +terror", and he finds it strange that atrocities committed by the +partisans in the struggle were regarded as blameless simply because they +turned out to be on the winning side (ibid. p. 223). Ohlendorf took the +same view, and in a bitter appeal written before his execution, he +accused the Allies of hypocrisy in holding the Germans to account by +conventional laws of warfare while fighting a savage Soviet enemy who +did not respect those laws. + + +ACTION GROUP EXECUTIONS DISTORTED + + + +The Soviet charge that the Action Groups had wantonly +exterminated a million Jews during their operations has been shown +subsequently to be a massive falsification. In fact, there had never +been the slightest statistical basis for the figure. In this connection, +Poliakov and Wulf cite the statement of Wilhelm Hoettl, the dubious +American spy, double agent and former assistant of Eichmann. Hoettl, it +will be remembered, claimed that Eichmann had "told him " that six +million Jews had been exterminated - and he added that two million of +these had been killed bythe Einsatzgruppen. This absurd figure went +beyond even the wildest estimates of Soviet Prosecutor Rudenko, and it +was not. given any credence by the American Tribunal which tried and +condemned Ohlendorf. + + +The real number of casualties for which the Action Groups were +responsible has since been revealed in the scholarly work Manstein, his +Campaigns and his Trial (London, 1951), by the able English lawyer R. T. +Paget. Ohlendorf had been under Manstein's nominal command. Paget's +conclusion is that the Nuremberg Court, in accepting the figures of the +Soviet prosecution, exaggerated the number of casualties by more than +1000 per cent and that they distorted even more the situations in which +these casualties were infiicted. (These horrific distortions are the +subject of six pages of William Shirer's The Rise and Fall of the Third +Reich, pp. 1140-46). Here, then, is the legendary 6 million in +miniature; not one million deaths, but one hundred thousand. Of course, +only a small proportion of these could have been Jewish partisans and +Communist functionaries. It is worth repeating that these casualties +were inflicted during savage partisan warfare on the Eastern front, and +that Soviet terrorists claim to have killed five times that number of +German troops. It has nevertheless remained a popular myth that the +extermination of the Jews began with the actions of the Einsatzgruppen +in Russia. + +In conclusion, we may briefly survey the Manstein trial itself, +typical in so many ways of Nuremberg proceedings. Principally because +Action Group D was attached to Manstein's command (though it was +responsible solely to Himmler), the sixty-two year old, invalid Field +Marshal, considered by most authorities to be the most brilliant German +general of the war, was subjected to the shameful indignity of a +"war-crimes" trial. Of the 17 charges, 15 were brought by the Communist +Russian Government and two by the Communist Polish Government. Only one +witness was called to give evidence at this trial, and he proved so +unsatisfactory that the prosecution withdrew his evidence. Reliance was +placed instead on 800 hearsay documents which were accepted by the court +without any proof of their authenticity or authorship. The prosecution +introduced written affidavits by Ohlendorf and other S. S. Leaders, but +since these men were still alive, Manstein's defence. lawyer Reginald +Paget K. C. demanded their appearance in the witness-box. This was +refused by the American authorities, and Paget declared that this +refusal was due to fear lest the condemned men revealed what methods had +been used to induce them to sign their affidavits. Manstein was +eventually acquitted on eight of the charges, including the two Polish +ones which, as Paget said, "were so flagrantly bogus that one was left +wondering why they had been presented at all. " + +THE OSWALD POHL TRIAL + + + +The case of the Action Groups is a revealing insight into the +methods of the Nuremberg Trials and the fabrication of the Myth of the +Six Million. Another is the trial of Oswald Pohl in 1948, which is of +great importance as it bears directly on the administration of the +concentration camp system. Pohl had been the chief disbursing officer of +the German Navy until 1934, when Himmler requested his transfer to the +S. S. For eleven years he was the principal administrative chief of the +entire S. S. in his position as head of the S. S. Economy and +Administration Office, which after 1941 was concerned with the +industrial productivity of the concentration camp system. A peak point +of hypocrisy was reached at the trial when. the prosecution said to Pohl +that "had Germany rested content with the exclusion of Jews from her own +territory, with denying them German citizenship, with excluding them +from public office, or any like domestic regulation, no other nation +could have been heard to complain. " The truth is that Germany was +bombarded with insults and economic sanctions for doing precisely these +things, and her internal measures against the Jews were certainly a +major cause of the declaration of war against Germany by the +democracies. + +Oswald Pohl was an extremely sensitive and intellectual individual who +was reduced to a broken man in the course of his trial. As Senator +McCarthy pointed out, Pohl had signed some incriminating statements +after being subjected to severe torture, including a bogus admission +that he had seen a gas chamber at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944. The +prosecution strenuously pressed this charge, but Pohl successfully +repudiated it. The aim of the prosecution was to depict this dejected +man as a veritable fiend in human shape, an impression hopelessly at +variance with the testimony of those who knew him . + +Such testimony was given by Heinrich Hoepker, an anti- Nazi friend +of Pohl's wife who came into frequent contact with him during the period +1942-45. Hoepker noted that Pohl was essentially a serene and +mild-mannered person. During a visit to Pohl in the spring of 1944, +Hoepker was brought into contact with concentration camp inmates who +were working on a local project outside the camp area. He noted that the +prisoners worked in a leisurely manner and relaxed atmosphere without +any pressure from their guards. Hoepker declared that Pohl did not hold +an emotional attitude to the Jews, and did not object to his wife +entertaining her Jewish friend Annemarie Jacques at their home. By the +beginning of 1945, Hoepker was fully convinced that the administrator of +the concentration camps was a humane, conscientious and dedicated +servant of his task, and he was astonished when he heard later in 1945 +of the accusations being made against Pohl and his colleagues. Frau Pohl +noted that her husband retained his serenity in the face of adversity +until March 1945, when he visited the camp at Bergen- Belsen at the time +of the typhus epidemic there. Hitherto the camp had been a model of +cleanliness and order, but the chaotic conditions at the close of the +war had reduced it to a state of extreme hardship. Pohl, who was unable +to alleviate conditions there because of the desperate pass which the +war had reached by that time, was deeply affected by the experience and, +according to his wife, never regained his former state of composure. + +Dr. Alfred Seidl, the highly respected lawyer who acted as +principal defence counsel at the Nuremberg Trials, went to work +passionately to secure the acquittal of Pohl. Seidl had been a personal +friend of the accused for many years, and was thoroughly convinced of +his innocence with respect to the fraudulent charge of planned genocide +against the Jews. The Allied judgement which condemned Pohl did not +prompt Seidl to change his opinion in the slightest. He declared that +the prosecution had failed to produce a single piece of valid evidence +against him. + +One of the most eloquent defences of Oswald Pohl was made by S. S. +Lieutenant Colonel Kurt Schmidt- Klevenow, a legal officer in the S. S. +Economy and Administration Office, in his affidavit of August 8th, 1947. +This affidavit has been deliberately omitted from the published +documents known as Trials of the War Criminals before the Nuremberg +Military Tribunals 1946 -1949. Schmidt-Klevenow pointed out that Pohl +had given his fullest support to Judge Konrad Morgen of the Reich +Criminal Police Office, whose job was to investigate irregularities at +the concentration camps. Later on we shall refer to a case in which Pohl +was in favour of the death penalty for camp commandant Koch, who was +accused by an S. S. court of misconduct. Schmidt- Klevenow explained that +Pohl was instrumental in arranging for local police chiefs to share in +the jurisdiction of concentration camps, and took personal initiative in +securing strict discipline on the part of camp personnel. In short, the +evidence given at the Pohl trial shows that the proceedings involved +nothing less than the deliberate defamation of a man's character in +order to support the propaganda legend of genocide against the Jews in +the concentration camps he administered. + +FALSIFIED EVIDENCE AND FRAUDULENT AFFIDAVITS + + + +Spurious testimony at Nuremberg which included extravagant +statements in support of the myth of the Six Million was invariably +given by former German officers because of pressure, either severe +torture as in the cases cited previously, or the assurance of leniency +for themselves if they supplied the required statements. An example of +the latter was the testimony of S. S. General Erich von dem +Bach-Zelewski. He was threatened with execution himself because of his +suppression of the revolt by Polish partisans at Warsaw in August 1944, +which he carried out with his S. S. brigade of White Russians. He was +therefore prepared to be "co-operative". The evidence of Bach-Zelewski +constituted the basis of the testimony against the Reichsf hrer of the +S. S. Heinrich Himmler at the main Nuremberg Trial (Trial of the Major +War Criminals, Vol. IV, pp, 29, 36). In March 1941, on the eve of the +invasion of Russia, Himmler invited the Higher S. S. Leaders to his +Castle at Wewelsburg for a conference, including Bach-Zelewski who was +an expert on partisan warfare. In his Nuremberg evidence, he depicted +Himmler speaking in grandiose terms at this conference about the +liquidation of peoples in Eastern Europe, but Goering, in the courtroom, +denounced Bach-Zelewski to his face for the falsity of this testimony. +An especially outrageous allegation concerned a supposed declaration by +Himmler that one of the aims of the Russian campaign was to "decimate +the Slav population by thirty millions. " What Himmler really said is +given by his Chief of Staff, Wolff - that war in Russia was certain to +result in millions of dead (Manvell & Frankl, ibid. p. 117). Another +brazen falsehood was Bach-Zelewski's accusation that on August 31st, +1942 Himmler personally witnessed the execution of one hundred Jews by +an Einsatz detachment at Minsk, causing him to nearly faint. It is +known, however, that on this date Himmler was in conference at his field +headquarters at Zhitomir in the Ukraine (cf K. Vowinckel, Die Wehrmacht +im Kampf, vol. 4, p. 275). + + +Much is made of Bach-Zelewski's evidence in all the books on +Himmler, especially Willi Frischauer's Himmler: Evil Genius of the Third +Reich (London, 1953, p. 148 ff). However, in April 1959, Bach-Zelewski +publicly repudiated his Nuremberg testimony before a West German court. +He admitted that his earlier statements had not the slightest foundation +in fact, and that he had made them for the sake of expediency and his +own survival. The German court, after careful deliberation, accepted his +retraction. Needless to say, what Veale calls the "Iron Curtain of +Discreet Silence" descended immediately over these events. They have had +no influence whatever on the books which propagate the myth of the Six +Million, and Bach-Zelewski's testimony on Himmler is still taken at its +face value. + +The truth concerning Himmler is provided ironically by an anti-Nazi - +Felix Kersten, his physician and masseur. Because Kersten was opposed to +the regime, he tends to support the legend that the internment of Jews +meant their extermination. But from his close personal knowledge of +Himmler he cannot help but tell the truth concerning him, and in his +Memoirs 1940-1945 (London, 1956, p. 119 ff) he is emphatic in stating +that Heinrich Himmler did not advocate liquidating the Jews but favoured +their emigration overseas. Neither does Kersten implicate Hitler. +However, the credibility of his anti-Nazi narrative is completely +shattered when, in search of an alternative villain, he declares that +Dr. Goebbels was the real advocate of "extermination". This nonsensical +allegation is amply disproved by the fact that Goebbels was still +concerned with the Madagascar project even after it had been temporarily +shelved by the German Foreign Office, as we showed earlier. + +So much for false evidence at Nuremberg. Reference has also been +made to the thousands of fraudulent "written affidavits" which were +accepted by the Nuremberg Court without any attempt to ascertain the +authenticity of their contents or even their authorship. These hearsay +documents, often of the most bizarre kind, were introduced as "evidence" +so long as they bore the required signature. A typical prosecution +affidavit contested by the defence in the Concentration Camp Trial of +1947 was that of Alois Hoellriegel, a member of the camp personnel at +Mauthausen in Austria. This affidavit, which the defence proved was +fabricated during Hoellriegel's torture, had already been used to secure +the conviction of S. S. General Ernst Kaltenbrunner in 1946. It claimed +that a mass gassing operation had taken place at Mauthausen and that +Hoellriegel had witnessed Kaltenbrunner ( the highest S. S. Leader in the +Reich excepting Himmler) actually taking part in it. + +By the time of the Concentration Camp Trial (Pohl's trial) a year later, +it had become impossible to sustain this piece of nonsense when it was +produced in court again. The defence not only demonstrated that the +affidavit was falsified, but showed that all deaths at Mauthausen were +systematically checked by the local police authorities. They were also +entered on a camp register, and particular embarrassment was caused to +the prosecution when the Mauthausen register, one of the few that +survived, was produced in evidence. The defence also obtained numerous +affidavits from former inmates of Mauthausen (a prison camp chiefly for +criminals) testifying to humane and orderly conditions there. + + +ALLIED ACCUSATIONS DISBELIEVED + + + +There is no more eloquent testimony to the tragedy and tyranny of +Nuremberg than the pathetic astonishment or outraged disbelief of the +accused persons themselves at the grotesque charges made against them. +Such is reflected in the affidavit of S. S. Major-General Heinz Fanslau, +who visited most of the German concentration camps during the last years +of the war. AIthough a front line soldier of the Waffen S. S. , Fanslau +had taken a great interest in concentration camp conditions, and he was +selected as a prime target by the Allies for the charge of conspiracy to +annihilate the Jews. It was argued, on the basis of his many contacts, +that he must have been fully involved. When it was first rumoured that +he would be tried and convicted, hundreds of affidavits were produced on +his behalf by camp inmates he had visited. When he read the full scope +of the indictment against the concentration camp personnel in +supplementary Nuremberg Trial No. 4 on May 6th, 1947, Fanslau declared +in disbelief: "This cannot be possible, because I, too, would have had +to know something about it. " + +It should be emphasised that throughout the Nuremberg proceedings, the +German leaders on trial never believed for a moment the allegations of +the Allied prosecution. Hermann Goering, who was exposed to the full +brunt of the Nuremberg atrocity propaganda, failed to be convinced by +it. Hans Fritzsche, on trial as the highest functionary of Goebbels' +Ministry, relates that Goering, even after hearing the Ohlendorf +affidavit on the Einsatzgruppen and the Hoess testimony on Auschwitz, +remained convinced that the extermination of Jews was entirely +propaganda fiction (The Sword in the Scales, London, 1953, p. 145). At +one point during the trial, Goering declared rather cogently that the +first time he had heard of it "was right here in Nuremberg" (Shirer, +ibid. p. 1147). The Jewish writers Poliakov, Reitlinger and Manvell and +Frankl all attempt to implicate Goering in this supposed extermination, +but Charles Bewley in his work Hermann Goering (Goettingen, 1956) shows +that not the slightest evidence was found at Nuremberg to substantiate +this charge. + +Hans Fritzsche pondered on the whole question during the trials, +and he concluded that there had certainly been no thorough investigation +of these monstrous charges. Fritzsche, who was acquitted, was an +associate of Goebbels and a skilled propagandist. He recognised that the +alleged massacre of the Jews was the main point of the indictment +against all defendants. Kaltenbrunner, who succeeded Heydrich as chief +of the Reich Security Head Office and was the main defendant for the +S. S. due to the death of Himmler, was no more convinced of the genocide +charges than was Goering. He confided to Fritzsche that the prosecution +was scoring apparent successes because of their technique of coercing +witnesses and suppressing evidence, which was precisely the accusation +of Judges Wenersturm and van Roden. + +6. AUSCHWITZ AND POLISH JEWRY + + + +The concentration camp at Auschwitz near Cracow in Poland has +remained at the centre of the alleged extermination of millions of Jews. +Later we shall see how, when it was discovered by honest observers in +the British and American zones after the war that no "gas chambers" +existed in the German camps such as Dachau and Bergen-Belsen, attention +was shifted to the eastern camps, particularly Auschwitz. Ovens +definitely existed here, it was claimed. Unfortunately, the eastem camps +were in the Russian zone of occupation, so that no one could verify +whether these allegations were true or not. The Russians refused to +allow anyone to see Auschwitz until about ten years after the war, by +which time they were able to alter its appearance and give some +plausibility to the claim that millions of people had been exterminated +there. If anyone doubts that the Russians are capable of such deception, +they should remember the monuments erected at sites where thousands of +people were murdered in Russia by Stalin's secret police -- but where +the monuments proclaim them to be victims of German troops in World War +Two. + +The truth about Auschwitz is that it wasthe largest and most important +industrial concentration camp, producing all kinds of material for the +war industry. The camp consisted of synthetic coal and rubber plants +built by I. G. Farben Industrie, for whom the prisoners supplied labour. +Auschwitz also comprised an agricultural research station, with +laboratories, plant nurseries and facilities for stock breeding, as well +as Krupps armament works. We have already remarked that this kind of +activity was the prime function of the camps; all major firms had +subsidiaries in them and the S. S. even opened their own factories. +Accounts of visits by Himmler to the camps show that his main purpose +was to inspect and assess their industrial efficiency. When he visited +Auschwitz in March 1941 accompanied by high executives of I. G. Farben, +he showed no interest in the problems of the camp as a facility for +prisoners, but merely ordered that the camp be enlarged to take 100,000 +detainees to supply labour for I. G. Farben. This hardly accords with a +policy of exterminating prisoners by the million. + +MORE AND MORE MILLIONS + + + +It was nevertheless at this single camp that about half of the +six million Jews were supposed to have been exterminated, indeed, some +writers claim 4 or even 5 million. Four million was the sensational +figure announced by the Soviet Government after the Communists had +"investigated" the camp, at the same time as they were attempting to +blame the Katyn massacre on the Germans. Reitlinger admits that +information regarding Auschwitz and other eastern camps comes from the +post-war Communist regimes of Eastem Europe: "The evidence concerning +the Polish death camps was mainly taken after the war by Polish State +commissions or by the Central Jewish Historical Commission of Poland" +(The Final Solution, p . 631). + +However, no living, authentic eye-witness of these "gassings" has ever +been produced and validated. Benedikt Kautsky, who spent seven years in +concentration camps, including three in Auschwitz, alleged in his book +Teufel und Verdammte (Devil and Damned, Zurich, 1946) that "not less +than 3,500,000 Jews" had been killed there. This was certainly a +remarkable statement, because by his own admission he had never seen a +gas chamber. He confessed: "I was in the big German concentration camps. +However, I must establish the truth that in no camp at any time did I +come across such an installation as a gas chamber" (p. 272- 3). The only +execution he actually witnessed was when two Polish inmates were +executed for killing two Jewish inmates. Kautsky, who was sent from +Buchenwald in October, 1942 to work at Auschwitz- Buna, stresses in his +book that the use of prisoners in war industry was a major feature of +concentration camp policy until the end of the war. He fails to +reconcile this with an alleged policy of massacring Jews. + +The exterminations at Auschwitz are alleged to have occurred +between March 1942 and October 1944; the figure of half of six million, +therefore, would mean the extermination and disposal of about 94,000 +people per month for thirty two months - approximately 3,350 people +every day, day and night, for over two and a half years. This kind of +thing is so ludicrous that it scarcely needs refuting. And yet +Reitlinger claims quite seriously that Auschwitz could dispose of no +less than 6,000 people a day. + +Although Reitlinger's 6,O00 a day would mean a total by October 1944 of +over 5 million, all such estimates pale before the wild fantasies of +Olga Lengyel in her book Five Chimneys (London, 1959). Claiming to be a +former inmate of Auschwitz, she asserts that the camp cremated no less +than "720 per hour, or 17,280 corpses per twenty-four hour shift. " She +also alleges that, in addition, 8,000 people were burned every day in +the "death-pits", and that therefore "In round numbers, about 24,000 +corpses were handled every day" (p. 80-1). This, of course, would mean a +yearly rate of over 8-1/2 million. Thus between March 1942 and October +1944 Auschwitz would finally have disposed of over 21 million people, +six million more than the entire world Jewish population. Comment is +superfluous. + +Although several millions, were supposed to have died at Auschwitz +alone, Reitlinger has to admit that only 363,000 inmates were registered +at the camp for the whole of the period between January 1940 and +February 1945 (The S. S. Alibi of a Nation, p. 268 ff), and by no means +all of them were Jews. It is frequently claimed that many prisoners were +never registered, but no one has offered any proof of this. Even if +there were as many unregistered as there were registered, it would mean +only a total of 750,000 prisoners -- hardly enough for the elimination +of 3 or 4 million. Moreover, large numbers of the camp population were +released or transported elsewhere during the war, and at the end 80,000 +were evacuated westward in January 1945 before the Russian advance. + +One example will suffice of the statistical frauds relating to +casualties at Auschwitz. Shirer claims that in the summer of 1944, no +less than 300,000 Hungarian Jews were done to death in a mere forty-six +days (ibid. p. 1156). This would have been almost the entire Hungarian +Jewish population, which numbered some 380,000. But according to the +Central Statistical Office of Budapest, there were 260,000 Jews in +Hungary in 1945 (which roughly conforms with the Joint Distribution +Committee figure of 220,000), so that only 120,000 were classed as no +longer resident. Of these, 35,000 were emigrants from the new Communist +regime, and a further 25,000 were still being held in Russia after +having worked in German labour battalions there. This leaves only 60,000 +Hungarian Jews unaccounted for, but M. E. Namenyi estimates that 60,000 +Jews retumed to Hungary from deportation in Germany, though Reitlinger +says this figure is too high (The Final Solution, p. 497). Possibly it +is, but bearing in mind the substantial emigration of Hungarian Jews +during the war (cf Report of the ICRC, Vol. I, p. 649), the number of +Hungarian Jewish casualties must have been very low indeed. + +AUSCHWITZ: AN EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT + + + +Some new facts about Auschwitz are at last beginning to make a +tentative appearance. They are contained in a recent work called Die +Auschwitz-L ge: Ein Erlebnisbericht von Theis Christopherson (The +Auschwitz Legends: An Account of his Experiences by Thies +Christopherson, Kritik Verlag/Mohrkirch, 1973). Published by the German +lawyer Dr. Manfred Roeder in the periodical Deutsche B rger-Iniative, it +is an eye-witness account of Auschwitz by Thies Christopherson, who was +sent to the Bunawerk plant laboratories at Auschwitz to research into +the production of synthetic rubber for the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. In +May 1973, not long after the appearance of this account, the veteran +Jewish "Nazi-hunter" Simon Wiesenthal wrote to the Frankfurt Chamber of +Lawyers, demanding that the publisher and author of the Forward, Dr. +Roeder, a member of the Chamber, should be brought before its +disciplinary commission. Sure enough, proceedings began in July, but not +without harsh criticism even from the Press, who asked "Is Simon +Wiesenthal the new Gauleiter of Germany?" (Deutsche Wochenzeitung, July +27th, 1973). + +Christopherson's account is certainly one of the most important +documents for a re-appraisal of Auschwitz. He spent the whole of 1944 +there, during which time he visited all of the separate camps comprising +the large Auschwitz complex, including Auschwitz-Birkenau where it is +alleged that wholesale massacres of Jews took place. Christopherson, +however, is in no doubt that this is totally untrue. He writes: "I was +in Auschwitz from January 1944 until December 1944. After the war I +heard about the mass murders which were supposedly perpetrated by the +S. S. against the Jewish prisoners, and I was perfectly astonished. +Despite all the evidence of witnesses, all the newspaper reports and +radio broadcasts I still do not believe today in these horrible deeds. I +have said this many times and in many places, but to no purpose. One is +never believed" (p. 16). + +Space forbids a detailed summary here of the author's experiences at +Auschwitz, which include facts about camp routine and the daily life of +prisoners totally at variance with the allegations of propaganda (pp. +22-7). More important are his revelations about the supposed existence +of an extermination camp. "During the whole of my time at Auschwitz, l +never observed the slightest evidence of mass gassings. Moreover, the +odour of burning flesh that is often said to have hung over the camp is +a downright falsehood. In the vicinity of the main camp (Auschwitz I) +was a large farrier's works, from which the smell of molten iron was +naturally not pleasant" (p. 33-4). Reitlinger confirms that there were +five blast furnaces and five collieries at Auschwitz, which together +with the Bunawerk factories comprised Auschwitz III (ibid. p. 452). The +author agrees that a crematorium would certainly have existed at +Auschwitz, "since 200,000 people lived there, and in every city with +200,000 inhabitants there would be a crematorium. Naturally people died +there - but not only prisoners. In fact the wife of Obersturmbannf hrer +A. (Christopherson's superior) also died there" (p. 33). The author +explains: "There were no secrets at Auschwitz. In September 1944 a +commission of the International Red Cross came to the camp for an +inspection. They were particularly interested in the camp at Birkenau, +though we also had many inspections at Raisko" (Bunawerk section, p. +35). + +Christopherson points out that the constant visits to Auschwitz by +outsiders cannot be reconciled with allegations of mass extermination. +When describing the visit of his wife to the camp in May, he observes: +"The fact that it was possible to receive visits from our relatives at +any time demonstrates the openness of the camp administration. Had +Auschwitz been a great extermination camp, we would certainly not have +been able to receive such visits" (p. 27). + +After the war, Christopherson came to hear of the alleged existence +of a building with gigantic chimneys in the vicinity of the main camp. +"This was supposed to be the crematorium. However, I must record the +fact that when I left the camp at Auschwitz in December 1944, I had not +seen this building there" (p. 37). Does this mysterious building exist +today? Apparently not; Reitlinger claims it was demolished and +"completely burnt out in full view of the camp" in October, though +Christopherson never saw this public demolition. Although it is said to +have taken place "in full view of the camp", it was allegedly seen by +only one Jewish witness, a certain Dr. Bendel, and his is the only +testimony to the occurrence (Reitlinger, ibid, p. 457). This situation +is generally typical. When it comes down to hard evidence, it is +strangely elusive; the building was "demolished", the document is +"lost", the order was "verbal". At Auschwitz today, visitors are shown a +small furnace and here they are told that millions of people were +exterminated. The Soviet State Commission which "investigated" the camp +announced on May 12th, 1945 that "Using rectified coefficients . . . the +technical expert commission has ascertained that during the time that +the Auschwitz camp existed, the German butchers exterminated in this +camp not less than four million citizens . . . " Reitlinger's +surprisingly frank comment on this is perfectly adequate: "The world has +grown mistrustful of 'rectified coefficients' and the figure of four +millions has become ridiculous" (ibid, p. 460). + +Finally, the account of Mr. Christopherson draws attention to a +very curious circumstance. The only defendant who did not appear at the +Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial in 1963 was Richard Baer, the successor of +Rudolf Hoess as commandant of Auschwitz. Though in perfect health, he +died suddenly in prison before the trial had begun, "in a highly +mysterious way" according to the newspaper; Deutsche Wochenzeitung (July +27th, 1973). Baer's sudden demise before giving evidence is especially +strange, since the Paris newspaper Rivarol recorded his insistence that +"during the whole time in which he governed Auschwitz, he never saw any +gas chambers nor believed that such things existed," and from this +statement nothing would dissuade him. In short, the Christopherson +account adds to a mounting collection of evidence demonstrating that the +giant industrial complex of Auschwitz (comprising thirty separate +installations and divided by the main Vienna-Cracow railway line) was +nothing but a vast war production centre, which, while admittedly +employing the compulsory labour of detainees, was certainly not a place +of "mass extermination". + +THE WARSAW GHETTO + + + +In terms of numbers, Polish Jewry is supposed to have suffered +most of all from extermination, not only at Auschwitz, but at an endless +list of newly-discovered "death camps" such as Treblinka, Sobibor, +Belzec, Maidanek, Chelmno and at many more obscure places which seem +suddenly to have gained prominence. At the centre of the alleged +extermination of the Polish Jews is the dramatic uprising in April 1943 +of the Warsaw Ghetto. This is often represented as a revolt against +being deported to gas ovens; presumably the alleged subject of Hitler +and Himmler's "secret discussions" had leaked out and gained wide +publicity in Warsaw. The case of the Warsaw Ghetto is an instructive +insight into the creation of the extermination legend itself. Indeed, +its evacuation by the Germans in 1943 is often referred to as the +"extermination of the Polish Jews" although it was nothing of the kind, +and layers of mythology have tended to surround it after the publication +of sensational novels like John Hersey's The Wall and Leon Uris' Exodus. + + +When the Germans first occupied Poland, they confined the Jews, +not in detention camps but in ghettos for reasons of security. The +interior administration of the ghettos was in the hands of Jewish +Councils elected by themselves, and they were policed by an independent +Jewish police force. Special currency notes were introduced into the +ghettos to prevent speculation. Whether this system was right or wrong, +it was understandable in time of war, and although the ghetto is perhaps +an unpleasant social establishment, it is by no means barbaric. And it +is certainly not an organisation for the destruction of a race. But, of +course, it is frequently said that this is what the ghettos were really +for. A recent publication on the Warsaw Ghetto made the brazen assertion +that concentration camps "were a substitute for the practice of cramming +the Jews into overcrowded ghettos and starving them to death. " It seems +that whatever security system the Germans used, and to whatever lengths +they went to preserve a semblance of community for the Jews, they can +never escape the charge of "extermination". + +It has been established already that the 1931 Jewish population +census for Poland placed the number of Jews at 2,732,600, and that after +emigration and flight to the Soviet Union, no more than 1,100,000 were +under German control. These incontrovertible facts, however, do not +prevent Manvell and Frankl asserting that "there had been over three +million Jews in Poland when Germany began the invasion" and that in 1942 +"some two million still awaited death" (ibid, p. 140). In reality, of +the million or so Jews in Poland, almost half, about 400,000 were +eventually concentrated in the ghetto of Warsaw, an area of about two +and a half square miles around the old mediaeval ghetto. The remainder +had already been moved to the Polish Government-General by September +1940. In the summer of 1942, Himmler ordered the resettlement of all +Polish Jews in detention camps in order to obtain their labour, part of +the system of general concentration for labour assignment in the +Government-General. Thus between July and October 1942, over three +quarters of the Warsaw Ghetto's inhabitants were peacefully evacuated +and transported, supervised by the Jewish police themselves. As we have +seen, transportation to camps is alleged to have ended in +"extermination", but there is absolutely no doubt from the evidence +available that it involved only the effective procurement of labour and +the prevention of unrest. In the first place, Himmler discovered on a +surprise visit to Warsaw in January 1943 that 24,000 Jews registered as +armaments workers were in fact working illegally as tailors and furriers +(Manvell & Frankl, ibid, p. 140); the Ghetto was also being used as a +base for subversive forays into the main area of Warsaw. + +After six months of peaceful evacuation, when only about 60,000 +Jews remained in the residential ghetto, the Germans met with an armed +rebellion on 18th January, 1943. Manvell and Frankl admit that "The Jews +involved in planned resistance had for a long time been engaged in +smuggling arms from the outside world, and combat groups fired on and +killed S. S. men and militia in charge of a column of deportees. " The +terrorists in the Ghetto uprising were also assisted by the Polish Home +Army and the PPR - Polska Partia Robotnicza, the Communist Polish +Workers Party. It was under these circumstances of a revolt aided by +partisans and communists that the occupying forces, as any army would in +a similar situation, moved in to suppress the terrorists, if necessary +by destroying the residential area itself. It should be remembered that +the whole process of evacuation would have continued peacefully had not +extremists among the inhabitants planned an armed rebellion which in the +end was bound to fail. When S. S. Lieutenant-General Stroop entered the +Ghetto with armoured cars on 19th April, he immediately came under fire +and lost twelve men; German and Polish casualties in the battle, which +lasted four weeks, totalled 101 men killed and wounded. Stubborn +resistance by the Jewish Combat Organisation in the face of impossible +odds led to an estimated 12,000 Jewish casualties, the majority by +remaining in burning buildings and dug-outs. A total, however, of 56,065 +inhabitants were captured and peacefully resettled in the area of the +Government-General. Many Jews within the Ghetto had resented the terror +imposed on them by the Combat Organisation, and had attempted to inform +on their headquarters to the German authorities. + +SUDDEN SURVIVORS + + + +The circumstances surrounding the Warsaw Ghetto revolt, as well +as the deportations to eastern labour camps such as Auschwtiz, has led +to the most colourful tales concerning the fate of Polish Jews, the +largest bloc of Jewry in Europe. The Jewish Joint Distribution +Committee, in figures prepared by them for the Nuremberg Trials, stated +that in 1945 there were only 80,000 Jews remaining in Poland. They also +alleged that there were no Polish-Jewish displaced persons left in +Germany or Austria, a claim that was at some variance with the number of +Polish Jews arrested by the British and Americans for black market +activities. However, the new Communist regime in Poland was unable to +prevent a major anti- Jewish pogrom at Kielce on July 4th, 1946 and more +than 150,000 Polish Jews suddenly fled into Western Germany. Their +appearance was somewhat embarrassing, and their emigration to Palestine +and the United States was carried out in record time. Subsequently, the +number of Polish Jewish survivors underwent considerable revision; in +the American-Jewish Year Book 1948-1949 it was placed at 390,000 quite +an advance on the original 80,000. We may expect further revisions +upwards in the future. + +7. SOME CONCENTRATION CAMP MEMOIRS + + + +The most influential agency in the propagation of the +extermination legend has been the paper-back book and magazine industry, +and it is through their sensational publications, produced for +commercial gain, that the average person is made acquainted with a myth +of an entirely political character and purpose. The hey-day of these +hate-Germany books was in the 1950's, when virulent Germanophobia found +a ready market, but the industry continues to flourish and is +experiencing another boom today. The industry's products consist +generally of so-called "memoirs", and these fall into two basic +categories: those which are supposedly by former S. S. men, camp +commandants and the like, and those bloodcurdling reminiscences +allegedly by former concentration camp inmates. + +COMMUNIST ORIGINS + + + +Of the first kind, the most outstanding example is Commandant of +Auschwitz by Rudolf Hoess (London, 1960), which was originally published +in the Polish language as Wspomnienia by' the Communist Government. +Hoess, a young man who took over at Auschwitz in 1940, was first +arrested by the British and detained at Flensburg, but he was soon +handed over to the Polish Communist authorities who condemned him to +death in 1947 and executed him almost immediately. The so-called Hoess +memoirs are undoubtedly a forgery produced under Communist auspices, as +we shall demonstrate, though the Communists themselves claim that Hoess +was "ordered to write the story of his life" and a hand- written +original supposedly exists, but no one has ever seen it. Hoess was +subjected to torture and brain-washing techniques by the Communists +during the period of his arrest, and his testimony at Nuremberg was +delivered in a mindless monotone as he stared blankly into space. Even +Reitlinger rejects this testimony as hopelessly untrustworthy. It is +indeed remarkable how much of the "evidence" regarding the Six Million +stems from Communist sources; this includes the major documents such as +the Wisliceny statement and the Hoess "memoirs", which are undoubtedly +the two most quoted items in extermination literature, as well as all +the information on the so-called "death camps" such as Auschwitz. This +information comes from the Jewish Historical Commission of Poland; the +Central Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, Warsaw; and the +Russian State War Crimes Commission, Moscow. + +Reitlinger acknowledges that the Hoess testimony at Nuremberg was a +catalogue of wild exaggerations, such as that Auschwitz was disposing of +16,000 people a day, which would mean a total at the end of the war of +over 13 million. Instead of exposing such estimates for the +Soviet-inspired frauds they obviously are, Reitlinger and others prefer +to think that such ridiculous exaggerations were due to "pride" in doing +a professional job. Ironically, this is completely irreconcilable with +the supposedly authentic Hoess memoirs, which make a clever attempt at +plausibility by suggesting the opposite picture of distaste for the job. +Hoess is supposed to have "confessed" to a total of 3 million people +exterminated at Auschwitz, though at his own trial in Warsaw the +prosecution reduced the number to 1,135,000. However, we have already +noted that the Soviet Government announced an official figure of 4 +million after their "investigation" of the camp in 1945. This kind of +casual juggling with millions of people does not appear to worry the +writers of extermination literature. + +A review of the Hoess "memoirs" in all their horrid detail would be +tedious. We may confine ourselves to those aspects of the extermination +legend which are designed with the obvious purpose of forestalling any +proof of its falsity. Such, for example, is the manner in which the +alleged extermination of Jews is described. This was supposed to have +been carried out by a "special detachment" of Jewish prisoners. They +took charge of the newly arrived contingents at the camp, led them into +the enormous "gas-chambers" and disposed of the bodies afterwards. The +S. S. , therefore, did very little, so that most of the S. S. personnel at +the camp could be left in complete ignorance of the "extermination +programme". Of course, no Jew would ever be found who claimed to have +been a member of this gruesome "special detachment", so that the whole +issue is left conveniently unprovable. It is worth repeating that no +living, authentic eye-witness to these events has ever been produced. + +Conclusive evidence that the Hoess memoirs are a forgery lies in an +incredible slip by the Communist editors. Hoess is supposed to say that +the Jehovah's Witnesses at Auschwitz approved of murdering the Jews +because the Jews were the enemies of Christ. It is well known that in +Soviet Russia today and in all her satellite countries of eastern +Europe, the Communists conduct a bitter campaign of suppression against +the Jehovah's Witnesses whom they regard as the religious sect most +dangerous to Communist beliefs. That this sect is deliberately and +grossly defamed in the Hoess memoirs proves the document's Communist +origins beyond any doubt. + +INCRIMINATING REMINISCENCES + + + +Certainly the most bogus "memoirs" yet published are those of +Adolf Eichmann. Before his illegal kidnapping by the Israelis in May, +1960 and the attendant blaze of international publicity, few people had +ever heard of him . He was indeed a relatively unimportant person, the +head of Office A4b in Department IV (the Gestapo) of the Reich Security +Head Office. His office supervised the transportation to detention camps +of a particular section of enemy aliens, the Jews. A positive flood of +unadulterated rubbish about Eichmann showered the world in 1960, of +which we may cite as an example Comer Clarke's Eichmann: The Savage +Truth. ("The orgies often went on until six in the morning, a few hours +before consigning the next batch of victims to death," says Clarke in +his chapter "Streamlined Death and Wild Sex Orgies," p . 124). + + +Strangely enough, the alleged "memoirs" of Adolf Eichmann +suddenly appeared at the time of his abduction to Israel. They were +uncritically published by the American Life magazine (November 28th, +December 5th, 1960), and were supposed to have been given by Eichmann to +a journalist in the Argentine shortly before his capture - an amazing +coincidence. Other sources, however, gave an entirely different account +of their origin, claiming that they were a record based on Eichmann's +comments to an "associate" in 1955, though no one even bothered to +identify this person. By an equally extraordinary coincidence, war +crimes investigators claimed shortly afterwards to have just "found" in +the archives of the U. S. Library of Congress, more than fifteen years +after the war, the "complete file" of Eichmann's department. So far as +the "memoirs" themselves are concerned, they were made to be as horribly +incriminating as possible without straying too far into the realms of +the purest fantasy, and depict Eichmann speaking with enormous relish +about "the physical annihilation of the Jews. " Their fraudulence is also +attested to by various factual errors, such as that Himmler was already +in command of the Reserve Army by April of 1944, instead of after the +July plot against Hitler's life, a fact which Eichmann would certainly +have known. The appearance of these "memoirs" at precisely the right +moment raises no doubt that their object was to present a pre-trial +propaganda picture of the archetypal "unregenerate Nazi" and fiend in +human shape. + +The circumstances of the Eichmann trial in Israel do not concern us +here; the documents of Soviet origin which were used in evidence, such +as the Wisliceny statement, have been examined already, and for an +account of the third-degree methods used on Eichmann during his +captivity to render him "co-operative" the reader is referred to the +London Jewish Chronicle, September 2nd, 1960. More relevant to the +literature of the extermination legend are the contents of a letter +which Eichmann is supposed to have written voluntarily and handed over +to his captors in Buenos Aries. It need hardly be added that its Israeli +authorship is transparently obvious. Nothing in it stretches human +credulity further than the phrase "I am submitting this declaration of +my own free will"; but the most hollow and revealing statement of all is +his alleged willingness to appear before a court in Israel, "so that a +true picture may be transmitted to future generations. " + +TREBLINKA FABRICATIONS + + + +The latest reminiscences to appear in print are those of Franz +Stangl, the former commandant of the camp at Treblinka in Poland who was +sentenced to life imprisonment in December 1970. These were published in +an article by the London Daily Telegraph Magazine, October 8th, 1971, +and were supposed to derive from a series of interviews with Stangl in +prison. He died a few days after the interviews were concluded. These +alleged reminiscences are certainly the goriest and most bizarre yet +published, though one is grateful for a few admissions by the writer of +the article, such as that "the evidence presented in the course of his +trial did not prove Stangl himself to have committed specific acts of +murder" and that the account of Stangl's beginnings in Poland "was in +part fabrication. " + +A typical example of this fabrication was the description of +Stangl's first visit to Treblinka. As he drew into the railway station +there, he is supposed to have seen "thousands of bodies" just strewn +around next to the tracks, "hundreds, no, thousands of bodies +everywhere, putrefying, decomposing. " And "in the station was a train +full of Jews, some dead, some still alive . . . it looked as if it had +been there for days. " The account reaches the heights of absurdity when +Stangl is alleged to have got out of his car and "stepped kneedeep into +money: I didn't know which way to turn, which way to go. I waded in +papernotes, currency, precious stones, jewellery and clothes. They were +everywhere, strewn all over the square. " The scene is completed by +"whores from Warsaw weaving drunk, dancing, singing, playing music", who +were on the other side of the barbed wire fences. To literally believe +this account of sinking "kneedeep" in Jewish bank-notes and precious +stones amid thousands of putrefying corpses and lurching, singing +prostitutes would require the most phenomenal degree of gullibility, and +in any circumstances other than the Six Million legend it would be +dismissed as the most outrageous nonsense. + +The statement which certainly robs the Stangl memoirs of any vestige +of authenticity is his alleged reply when asked why he thought the Jews +were being exterminated: "They wanted the Jews' money," is the answer. +"That racial business was just secondary. " The series of interviews are +supposed to have ended on a highly dubious note indeed. When asked +whether he thought there had been "any conceivable sense in this +horror," the former Nazi commandant supposedly replied with enthusiasm: +"Yes, I am sure there was. Perhaps the Jews were meant to have this +enormous jolt to pull them together; to create a people; to identify +themselves with each other. " One could scarcely imagine a more perfect +answer had it been invented. + +BEST-SELLER A HOAX + + + +Of the other variety of memoirs, those which present a picture of +frail Jewry caught in the vice of Nazism, the most celebrated is +undoubtedly The Diary of Anne Frank, and the truth concerning this book +is only one appalling insight into the fabrication of a propaganda +legend . First published in 1952, The Diary of Anne Frank became an +immediate best-seller; since then it has been republished in paper-back, +going through 40 impressions, and was made into a successful Hollywood +film. In royalties alone, Otto Frank, the girl's father, has made a +fortune from the sale of the book, which purports to represent the +real-life tragedy of his daughter. With its direct appeal to the +emotions, the book and the film have influenced literally millions of +people, certainly more throughout the world than any other story of its +kind. And yet only seven years after its initial publication, a New York +Supreme Court case established that the book was a hoax. + +The Diary of Anne Frank has been sold to the public as the actual +diary of a young Jewish girl from Amsterdam, which she wrote at the age +of 12 while her family and four other Jews were hiding in the back room +of a house during the German occupation. Eventually, they were arrested +and detained in a concentration camp, where Anne Frank supposedly died +when she was 14. When Otto Frank was liberated from the camp at the end +of the war, he returned to the Amsterdam house and "found" his +daughter's diary concealed in the rafters. + +The truth about the Anne Frank Diary was first revealed in 1959 +by the Swedish journal Fria Ord. It established that the Jewish novelist +Meyer Levin had written the dialogue of the "diary" and was demanding +payment for his work in a court action against Otto Frank. A +condensation of the Swedish articles appeared in the American Economic +Council Letter, April 15th, 1959, as follows: + +"History has many examples of myths that live a longer and richer +life than truth, and may become more effective than truth. + +"The Western World has for some years been made aware of a Jewish +girl through the medium of what purports to be her personally written +story, Anne Frank's Diary. Any informed literary inspection of this book +would have shown it to have been impossible as the work of a teenager. + +"A noteworthy decision of the New York Supreme Court confirms this +point of view, in that the well known American Jewish writer, Meyer +Levin, has been awarded $50,000 to be paid him by the father of Anne +Frank as an honorarium for Levin's work on the Anne Frank Diary. + +"Mr. Frank, in Switzerland, has promised to pay to his race kin, Meyer +Levin, not less than $50,0OO because he had used the dialogue of Author +Levin just as it was and "implanted" it in the diary as being his +daughter's intellectual work. " + +Further inquiries brought a reply on May 7th, 1962 from a firm of New +York lawyers, which stated: + +"I was the attorney for Meyer Levin in his action against Otto +Frank, and others. It is true that a jury awarded Mr. Levin $50,000 in +damages, as indicated in your letter. That award was later set aside by +the trial justice, Hon. Samuel C. Coleman, on the ground that the +damages had not been proved in the manner required by law. The action +was subsequently settled while an appeal from Judge Coleman's decision +was pending. + +"I am afraid that the case itself is not officially reported, so far +as the trial itself, or even Judge Coleman's decision, is concerned. +Certain procedural matters were reported in 141 New York Supplement, +Second Series 170, and in 5 Second Series 181. The correct file number +in the New York County Clerk's office is 2241 - 1956 and the file is +probably a large and full one . . . " + +Here, then, is just one more fraud in a whole series of frauds +perpetrated in support of the "Holocaust" legend and the saga of the Six +Million. Of course, the court case bearing directly on the authenticity +of the Anne Frank Diary was "not officially reported". + +A brief reference may also be made to another "diary", published not +long after that of Anne Frank and entitled: Notes from the Warsaw +Ghetto: the Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum (New York, 1958). Ringelblum +had been a leader in the campaign of sabotage against the Germans in +Poland, as well as the revolt of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943, before he +was eventually arrested and executed in 1944. The Ringelblum journal, +which speaks of the usual "rumours" allegedly circulating about the +extermination of the Jews in Poland, appeared under exactly the same +Communist auspices as the so-called Hoess memoirs. McGraw-Hill, the +publishers of the American edition, admit that they were denied access +to the uncensored original manuscript in Warsaw, and instead faithfully +followed the expurgated volume published by the Communist Government in +Warsaw in 1952. All the "proofs" of the Holocaust issuing from Communist +sources of this kind are worthless as historical documents. + +ACCUMULATING MYTHS + + + +Since the war, there has been an abundant growth of sensational +concentration camp literature, the majority of it Jewish, each book +piling horror upon horror, blending fragments of truth with the most +grotesque of fantasies and impostures, relentessly creating an edifice +of mythology in which any relation to historical fact has long since +disappeared. We have referred to the type already - Olga Lengyel's +absurd Five Chimneys ("24,000 corpses handled every day"), Doctor at +Auschwitz by Miklos Nyiszli, apparently a mythical and invented person, +This was Auschwitz: The Story of a Murder Camp by Philip Friedman, and +so on ad nauseam + +The latest in this vein is For Those I Loved by Martin Gray +(Bodley Head, 1973), which purports to be an account of his experiences +at Treblinka camp in Poland. Gray specialised in selling fake antiques +to America before turning to concentration camp memoirs. The +circumstances surrounding the publication of his book, however, have +been unique, because for the first time with works of this kind, serious +doubt was cast on the authenticity of its contents. Even Jews, alarmed +at the damage it might cause, denounced his book as fraudulent and +questioned whether he had ever been at Treblinka at all, while B. B. C. +radio pressed him as to why he had waited 28 years before writing of his +experiences. + +It was interesting to observe that the "Personal Opinion" column of +the London Jewish Chronicle, March 30th, 1973, although it roundly +condemned Gray's book, nevertheless made grandiose additions to the myth +of the Six Million. It stated that: "Nearly a million people were +murdered in Treblinka in the course of a year. 18,0OO were fed into the +gas chambers every day. " It is a pity indeed that so many people read +and accept this kind of nonsense without exercising their minds. If +18,000 were murdered every day, the figure of one million would be +reached in a mere 56 days, not "in the course of a year. " This gigantic +achievement would leave the remaining ten months of the year a total +blank. 18,000 every day would in fact mean a total of 6,480,000 "in the +course of a year. " Does this mean that the Six Million died in twelve +months at Treblinka? What about the alleged three or four million at +Auschwitz? This kind of thing simply shows that, once the preposterous +compromise figure of Six Million had scored a resounding success and +become internationally accepted, any number of impossible permutations +can be made and no one would even think to criticise them. In its review +of Gray's book, the Jewish Chronicle column also provides a revealing +insight into the fraudulent allegations concerning gas-chambers: "Gray +recalls that the floors of the gas chambers sloped, whereas another +survivor who helped to build them maintains that they were at a level . +. . " + +Occasionally, books by former concentration camp inmates appear which +present a totally different picture of the conditions prevailing in +them. Such is Under Two Dictators (London, 1950) by Margarete Buber. She +was. a German- Jewish woman who had experienced several years in the +brutal and primitive conditions of a Russian prison camp before being +sent to Ravensbr ck, the German camp for women detainees, in August +1940. She noted that she was the only Jewish person in her contingent of +deportees from Russia who was not straight away released by the Gestapo. +Her book presents a striking contrast between the camps of Soviet Russia +and Germany; compared to the squalor, disorder and starvation of the +Russian camp, she found Ravensbr ck to be clean, civilised and +well-administered. Regular baths and clean linen seemed a luxury after +her earlier experiences, and her first meal of white bread, sausage, +sweet porridge and dried fruit prompted her to inquire of another camp +inmate whether August 3rd, 1940 was some sort of holiday or special +occasion. She observed, too, that the barracks at Ravensbr ck were +remarkably spacious compared to the crowded mud hut of the Soviet camp. +In the final months of 1945, she experienced the progressive decline of +camp conditions, the causes of which we shall examine later. + +Another account which is at total variance with popular propaganda is +Die Gestapo L_sst Bitten (The Gestapo Invites You) by Charlotte Bormann, +a Communist political prisoner who was also interned at Ravensbr ck. +Undoubtedly its most important revelation is the author's statement that +rumours of gas executions were deliberate and malicious inventions +circulated among the prisoners by the Communists. This latter group did +not accept Margarete Buber because of her imprisonment in Soviet Russia. +A further shocking reflection on the post-war trials is the fact that +Charlotte Bormann was not permitted to testify at the Rastadt trial of +Ravensbr ck camp personnel in the French occupation zone, the usual fate +of those who denied the extermination legend. + + +8. THE NATURE & CONDITION OF WAR-TIME CONCENTRATION CAMPS + + + +In his recent book Adolf Hitler (London, 1973), Colin Cross, who +brings more intelligence than is usual to many problems of this period, +observes astutely that "The shuffling of millions of Jews around Europe +and murdering them, in a time of desperate war emergency, was useless +from any rational point of view" (p. 307). Quite so, and at this point +we may well question the likelihood of this irrationalism, and whether +it was even possible. Is it likely, that at the height of the war, when +the Germans were fighting a desperate battle for survival on two fronts, +they would have conveyed millions of Jews for miles to supposedly +elaborate and costly slaughter houses? To have conveyed three or four +million Jews to Auschwitz alone (even supposing that such an inflated +number existed in Europe, which it did not), would have placed an +insuperable burden upon German transportation facilities which were +strained to the limit in supporting the farflung Russian front. To have +transported the mythical six million Jews and countless numbers of other +nationalities to internment camps, and to have housed, clothed and fed +them there, would simply have paralysed their military operations. There +is no reason to suppose that the efficient Germans would have put their +military fortunes at such risk. + +On the other hand, the transportation of a reasonable 363,000 +prisoners to Auschwitz in the course of the war (the number we know to +have been registered there) at least makes sense in terms of the +compulsory labour they supplied. In fact, of the 3 million Jews living +in Europe, it is certain that no more than two million were ever +interned at one time, and it is probable that the number was much closer +to 1,500,000. We shall see later, in the Report of the Red Cross, that +whole Jewish populations such as that of Slovakia avoided detention in +camps, while others were placed in community ghettos like +Theresienstadt. Moreover, from western Europe deportations were far +fewer. The estimate of Reitlinger that only about 50,000 French Jews +from a total population of 320,000 were deported and interned has been +noted already. + +The question must also be asked as to whether it could have been +physically possible to destroy the millions of Jews that are alleged. +Had the Germans enough time for it? Is it likely that they would have +cremated people by the million when they were so short of manpower and +required all prisoners of war for purposes of war production? Would it +have been possible to destroy and remove all trace of a million people +in six months? Could such enormous gatherings of Jews and executions on +such a vast scale have been kept secret? These are the kind of questions +that the critical, thinking person should ask. And he will soon discover +that not only the statistical and documentary evidence given here, but +simple logistics combine to discredit the legend of the six million. + +Although it was impossible for millions to have been murdered in +them, the nature and conditions of Germany's concentration camps have +been vastly exaggerated to make the claim plausible. William Shirer, in +a typically reckless passage, states that "All of the thirty odd +principal Nazi concentration camps were death camps" (ibid, p. 115O). +This is totally untrue, and is not even accepted now by the principal +propagators of the extermination legend. Shirer also quotes Eugen +Kogon's The Theory and Practice of Hell (N. Y. 195O, p. 227) which puts +the total number of deaths in all of them at the ridiculous figure of +7,125,000, though Shirer admits in a footnote that this is "undoubtedly +too high. " + +'DEATH CAMPS' BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN + + + +It is true that in 1945, Allied propaganda did claim that all the +concentration camps, particularly those in Germany itself, were "death +camps", but not for long. On this question, the eminent American +historian Harry Elmer Barnes wrote: "These camps were first presented as +those in Germany, such as Dachau, Belsen, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and +Dora, but it was soon demonstrated that there had been no systematic +extermination in those camps. Attention was then moved to Auschwitz, +Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno, Jonowska, Tarnow, Ravensbr ck, Mauthausen, +Brezeznia and Birkenau, which does not exhaust the list that appears to +have been extended as needed" (Rampart Journal, Summer 1967). What had +happened was that certain honest observers among the British and +American occupation forces in Germany, while admitting that many inmates +had died of disease and starvation in the final months of the war, had +found no evidence after all of "gas chambers". As a result, eastern +camps in the Russian zone of occupation such as Auschwitz and Treblinka +gradually came to the fore as horrific centres of extermination (though +no one was permitted to see them), and this tendency has lasted to the +present day. Here in these camps it was all supposed to have happened, +but with the Iron Curtain brought down firmly over them, no one has ever +been able to verify such charges. The Communists claimed that four +million people died at Auschwitz in gigantic gas chambers accommodating +2,000 people - and no one could argue to the contrary. + +What is the truth about so-called "gas chambers"? Stephen F. Pinter, who +served as a lawyer for the United States War Department in the +occupation forces in Germany and Austria for six years after the war, +made the following statement in the widely read Catholic magazine Our +Sunday Visitor, June 14th , 1959: + +"I was in Dachau for 17 months after the war, as a U. S. Department +Attorney, and can state that there was no gas chamber at Dachau. What +was shown to visitors and sightseers there and erroneously described as +a gas chamber was a crematory. Nor was there a gas chamber in any of the +other concentration camps in Germany. We were told that there was a gas +chamber at Auschwitz, but since that was in the Russian zone of +occupation, we were not permitted to investigate since the Russians +would not allow it. From what I was able to determine during six postwar +years in Germany and Austria, there were a number of Jews killed, but +the figure of a million was certainly never reached. I interviewed +thousands of Jews, former immates of concentration camps in Germany and +Austria, and consider myself as well qualified as any man on this +subject. " + +This tells a very different story from the customary propaganda. Pinter, +of course, is very astute on the question of the crematory being +represented as a gas chamber. This is a frequent ploy because no such +thing as a gas chamber has ever been shown to exist in these camps, +hence the deliberately misleading term a "gas oven", aimed at confusing +a gas chamber with a crematorium. The latter, usually a single furnace +and similar to the kind of thing employed today, were used quite simply +for the cremation of those persons who had died from various natural +causes within the camp, particularly infectious diseases. This fact was +conclusively proved by the German archbishop, Cardinal Faulhaber of +Munich. He informed the Americans that during the Allied air raids on +Munich in September 1944, 30,000 people were killed. The archbishop +requested the authorities at the time to cremate the bodies of the +victims in the crematorium at Dachau. But he was told that, +unfortunately, this plan could not be carried out; the crematorium, +having only one furnace, was not able to cope with the bodies of the air +raid victims. Clearly, therefore, it could not have coped with the +238,000 Jewish bodies which were allegedly cremated there. In order to +do so, the crematorium would have to be kept going for 326 years without +stopping and 530 tons of ashes would have been recovered. + +CASUALTY FIGURES REDUCED + + + +The figures of Dachau casualties are typical of the kind of +exaggerations that have since had to be drastically revised. In 1946, a +memorial plaque was unveiled at Dachau by Philip Auerbach, the Jewish +State-Secretary in the Bavarian Government who was convicted for +embezzling money which he claimed as compensation for non-existent Jews. +The plaque read: "This area is being retained as a shrine to the 238,000 +individuals who were cremated here. " Since then, the official casualty +figures have had to be steadily revised downwards, and now stand at only +20,600 the majority from typhus and starvation only at the end of the +war. This deflation, to ten per cent of the original figure, will +doubtless continue, and one day will be applied to the legendary figure +of six million as a whole. + +Another example of drastic revision is the present estimate of +Auschwitz casualties. The absurd allegations of three or four million +deaths there are no longer plausible even to Reitlinger. He now puts the +number of casualties at only 600,000; and although this figure is still +exaggerated in the extreme, it is a significant reduction on four +million and further progress is to be expected. Shirer himself quotes +Reitlinger's latest estimate, but he fails to reconcile this with his +earlier statement that half of that figure, about 300,000 Hungarian Jews +were supposedly "done to death in forty-six days" - a supreme example of +the kind of irresponsible nonsense that is written on this subject. + +HUMANE CONDITIONS + + + +That several thousand camp inmates did die in the chaotic final +months of the war brings us to the question of their war-time +conditions. These have been deliberately falsified in innumerable books +of an extremely lurid and unpleasant kind. The Red Cross Report, +examined below, demonstrates conclusively that throughout the war the +camps were well administered. The working inmates received a daily +ration even throughout 1943 and 1944 of not less than 2,750 calories, +which was more than double the average civilian ration in occupied +Germany in the years after 1945. The internees were under regular +medical care, and those who became seriously ill were transferred to +hospital. All internees, unlike those in Soviet camps, could receive +parcels of food, clothing and pharmaceutical supplies from the Special +Relief Division of the Red Cross. The Office of the Public Prosecutor +conducted thorough investigations into each case of criminal arrest, and +those found innocent were released; those found guilty, as well as those +deportees convicted of major crimes within the camp, were sentenced by +military courts and executed. In the Federal Archives of Koblenz there +is a directive of January 1943 from Himmler regarding such executions, +stressing that "no brutality. is to be allowed" (Manvell & Frankl), +ibid, p. 312). Occasionally there was brutality, but such cases were +immediately scrutinised by S. S. Judge Dr. Konrad Morgen of the Reich +Criminal Police Office, whose job was to investigate irregularities at +the various camps. Morgen himself prosecuted commander Koch of +Buchenwald in 1943 for excesses at his camp, a trial to which the German +public were invited. It is significant that Oswald Pohl, the +administrator of the concentration camp system who was dealt with so +harshly at Nuremberg, was in favour of the death penalty for Koch. In +fact, the S. S. court did sentence Koch to death, but he was given the +option of serving on the Russian front. Before he could do this, +however, Prince Waldeck, the leader of the S. S. in the district, carried +out his execution. This case is ample proof of the seriousness with +which the S. S. regarded unnecessary brutality. Several S. S. court +actions of this kind were conducted in the camps during the war to +prevent excesses, and more than 800 cases were investigated before 1945. +Morgen testified at Nuremberg that he discussed confidentially with +hundreds of inmates the prevailing conditions in the camps. He found few +that were undernourished except in the hospitals, and noted that the +pace and achievement in compulsory labour by inmates was far lower than +among German civilian workers. The evidence of Pinter and Cardinal +Faulhaber has been shown to disprove the claims of extermination at +Dachau, and we have seen how the casualty figures of that camp have been +continuously revised downwards. The camp at Dachau near Munich, in fact, +may be taken as fairly typical of these places of internment. Compulsory +labour in the factories and plants was the order of the day, but the +Communist leader Ernst Ruff testified in his Nuremberg affidavit of +April 18th, 1947 that the treatment of prisoners on the work details and +in the camp of Dachau remained humane. The Polish underground leader, +Jan Piechowiak, who was at Dachau from May 22nd, 1940 until April 29th, +1945 also testified on March 21st, 1946 that prisoners there received +good treatment, and that the S. S. personnel at the camp were "well +disciplined". Berta Schirotschin, who worked in the food service at +Dachau throughout the war, testified that the working inmates, until the +beginning of 1945 and despite increasing privation in Germany, received +their customary second breakfast at 10 a. m. every morning. + +In general, hundreds of affidavits from Nuremberg testify to the +humane conditions prevailing in concentration camps; but emphasis was +invariably laid on those which reflected badly on the German +administration and could be used for propaganda purposes. A study of the +documents also reveals that Jewish witnesses who resented their +deportation and internment in prison camps tended to greatly exaggerate +the rigours of their condition, whereas other nationals interned for +political reasons, such as those cited above, generally presented a more +balanced picture. In many cases, prisoners such as Charlotte Bormann, +whose experiences did not accord with the picture presented at +Nuremberg, were not permitted to testify. + +UNAVOIDABLE CHAOS + + + +The orderly situation prevailing in the German concentration +camps slowly broke down in the last fearful months of 1945. The Red +Cross Report of 1948 explains that the saturation bombing by the Allies +paralysed the transport and communications system of the Reich, no food +reached the camps and starvation claimed an increasing number of +victims, both in prison camps and among the civilian population of +Germany. This terrible situation was compounded in the camps both by +great overcrowding and the consequent outbreak of typhus epidemics. +Overcrowding occurred as a result of prisoners from the eastern camps +such as Auschwitz being evacuated westward before the Russian advance; +columns of such exhausted people arrived at several German camps such as +Belsen and Buchenwald which had themselves reached a state of great +hardship. Belsen camp near Bremen was in an especially chaotic condition +in these months and Himmler's physician, Felix Kersten, an anti-Nazi, +explains that its unfortunate reputation as a "death camp" was due +solely to the ferocity of the typhus epidemic which broke out there in +March 1945 (Memoirs 1940-1945, London, . 1956). Undoubtedly these fearful +conditions cost several thousand lives, and it is these conditions that +are represented in the photographs of emaciated human beings and heaps +of corpses which the propagandists delight in showing, claiming, that +they are victims of "extermination". + +A surprisingly honest appraisal of the situation at Belsen in 1945 +appeared in Purnell's History of the Second World War (Vol. 7, No. 15) +by Dr. Russell Barton, now superintendent and consultant psychiatrist at +Severalls Hospital, Essex, who spent one month at the camp as a medical +student after the war. His account vividly illustrates the true causes +of the mortality that occurred in such camps towards the war's end, and +how such extreme conditions came to prevail there. Dr. Barton explains +that Brigadier Glyn Hughes, the British Medical Officer who took command +of Belsen in 1945, "did not think there had been any atrocities in the +camp" despite discipline and hard work "Most people," writes Dr. Barton, +"attributed the conditions of the inmates to deliberate intention on the +part of the Germans. . Inmates were eager to cite examples of brutality +and neglect, and visiting journalists from different countries +interpreted the situation according to the needs of propaganda at home. " + +However, Dr. Barton makes it quite clear that the conditions of +starvation and disease were unavoidable in the circumstances and that +they occurred only during the months of 1945. "From discussions with +prisoners it seemed that conditions in the camp were not too bad until +late 1944. The huts were set among pine trees and each was provided with +lavatories, wash basins, showers and stoves for heating. " The cause of +food shortage is also explained. "German medical officers told me that +it had been increasingly difficult to transport food to the camp for +some months. Anything that moved on the autobahns was likely to be +bombed . . . I was surprised to find records, going back for two or +three years, of large quantities of food cooked daily for distribution. +At that time I became convinced, contrary to popular opinion, that there +had never been a policy of deliberate starvation. This was confirmed by +the large numbers of well-fed inmates. Why then were so many people +suffering from mal-nutrition? . . . The major reasons for the state of +Belsen were disease, gross overcrowding by central authority, lack of +law and order within the huts, and inadequate supplies of food, water +and drugs. " The lack of order, which led to riots over food +distribution, was quelled by British machine-gun fire and a display of +force when British tanks and armoured cars toured the camp. + +Apart from the unavoidable deaths in these circumstances, Glyn Hughes +estimated that about "1,000 were killed through the kindness of English +soldiers giving them their own rations and chocolates. " As a man who was +at Belsen, Dr. Barton is obviously very much alive to the falsehoods of +concentration camp mythology, and he concludes: "In trying to assess the +causes of the conditions found in Belsen one must be alerted to the +tremendous visual display, ripe for purposes of propaganda, that masses +of starved corpses presented. " To discuss such conditions "naively in +terms of 'goodness' and 'badness' is to ignore the constituent +factors. . . " + +FAKE PHOTOGRAPHS + +Not only were situations such as those at Belsen unscrupulously +exploited for propaganda purposes, but this propaganda has also made use +of entirely fake atrocity photographs and films. The extreme conditions +at Belsen applied to very few camps indeed; the great majority escaped +the worst difficulties and all their inmates survived in good health. As +a result, outright forgeries were used to exaggerate conditions of +horror. A startling case of such forgery was revealed in the British +Catholic Herald of October 29th, 1948. It reported that in Cassel, where +every adult German was compelled to see a film representing the +"horrors" of Buchenwald, a doctor from Goettingen saw himself on the +screen looking after the victims. But he had never been to Buchenwald. +After an interval of bewilderment he realised that what he had seen was +part of a film taken after the terrible air raid on Dresden by the +Allies on 13th February, 1945 where the doctor had been working. The +film in question was shown in Cassel on 19th October, 1948. After the +air raid on Dresden, which killed a record 135 000 people, mostly +refugee women and children, the bodies of the victims were piled and +burned in heaps of 400 and 500 for several weeks. These were the scenes, +purporting to be from Buchenwald, which the doctor had recognised. + +The forgery of war-time atrocity photographs is not new. For further +information the reader is referred to Arthur Ponsonby's book Falsehood +in Wartime (London, 1928), which exposes the faked photographs of German +atrocities in the First World War. Ponsonby cites such fabrications as +"The Corpse Factory" and "The Belgian Baby without Hands", which are +strikingly reminiscent of the propaganda relating to Nazi "atrocities". +F. J. P. Veale explains in his book that the bogus 'jar of human soap" +solemnly introduced by the Soviet prosecution at Nuremberg was a +deliberate jibe at the famous British "Corpse Factory" myth, in which +the ghoulish Germans were supposed to have obtained various commodities +from processing corpses (Veale, ibid, p. 192). This accusation was one +for which the British Government apologised after 1918. It received new +Iife after 1945 in the tale of lamp shades of human skin, which was +certainly as fraudulent as the Soviet "human soap". In fact, from +Manvell and Frankl we have the grudging admission that the lamp shade +evidence at Buchenwald Trial "later appeared to be dubious" (The +Incomparable Crime, p. 84). It was given by a certain Andreas +Pfaffenberger in a "written affidavit" of the kind discussed earlier, +but in 1948 General Lucius Clay admitted that the affidavits used in the +trial appeared after more thorough investigation to have been mosdy +'hearsay'. + +An excellent work on the fake atrocity photographs pertaining to the +Myth of the Six Million is Dr. Udo Walendy's Bild 'Dokumente' f r die +Geschichtsschreibung? (Vlotho/Weser, 1973), and from the numerous +examples cited we illustrate one on this page. The origin of the first +photograph is unknown, but the second is a photomontage. Close +examination reveals immediately that the standing figures have been +taken from the first photograph, and a heap of corpses super-imposed in +front of them. The fence has been removed, and an entirely new horror +"photograph" created. This blatant forgery appears on page 341 of R. +Schnabel's book on the S. S. , Macht ohne Moral: eine Dokumentation ber +die SS (Frankfurt, 1957), with the caption "Mauthausen". (Walendy cites +eighteen other examples of forgery in Schnabel's book). The same +photograph appeared in the Proceedings of the International Military +Tribunal, Vol. XXX, p. 421, likewise purporting to illustrate Mauthausen +camp. It is also illustrated without a caption in Eugene Aroneanu's +Konzentrationlager Document F. 321 for the International Court at +Nuremberg; Heinz K hnrich's Der KZ-Staat (Berlin, 1960, p. 81); Vaclav +Berdych's Mauthausen (Prague, 1959); and Robert Neumann's Hitler - +Aufstieg und Untergang des Dritten Reiches (Munich, 1961). + +9. THE JEWS AND THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS: A FACTUAL APPRAISAL BY THE RED +CROSS + + + +There is one survey of the Jewish question in Europe during World +War Two and the conditions of Germany's concentration camps which is +almost unique in its honesty and objectivity, the three-volume Report of +the International Committee of the Red Cross on its Activities during +the Second World War, Geneva, 1948. This comprehensive account from an +entirely neutral source incorporated and expanded the findings of two +previous works: Documents sur I'activit- du CICR en faveur des civils +detenus dans les camps de concentration en Allemagne 1939- 1945 (Geneva, +1946), and Inter Arma Caritas: the Work of the ICRC during the Second +World War (Geneva, 1947). The team of authors, headed by Fr-d-ric +Siordet, explained in the opening pages of the Report that their object, +in the tradition of the Red Cross, had been strict political neutrality +, and herein lies its great value. + +The ICRC successfully applied the 1929 Geneva military convention in +order to gain access to civilian internees held in Central and Western +Europe by the Germany authorities. By contrast, the ICRC was unable to +gain any access to the Soviet Union, which had failed to ratify the +Convention. The millions of civilian and military internees held in the +USSR, whose conditions were known to be by far the worst, were +completely cut off from any international contact or supervision. + +The Red Cross Report is of value in that it first clarifies the +legitimate circumstances under which Jews were detained in concentration +camps, i. e. as enemy aliens. In describing the two categories. of +civilian internees, the Report distinguishes the second type as +"Civilians deported on administrative grounds (in German, +"Schutzh_ftlinge"), who were arrested for political or racial motives +because their presence was considered a danger to the State or the +occupation forces" (Vol. 111, p. 73). These persons, it continues, "were +placed on the same footing as persons arrested or imprisoned under +common law for security reasons. " (P. 74). + +The Report admits that the Germans were at first reluctant to +permit supervision by the Red Cross of people detained on grounds +relating to security, but by the latter part of 1942, the ICRC obtained +important concessions from Germany. They were permitted to distribute +food parcels to major concentration camps in Germany from August 1942, +and "from February 1943 onwards this concession was extended to all +other camps and prisons" (Vol. 111, p. 78). The ICRC soon established +contact with camp commandants and launched a food relief programme which +continued to function until the last months of 1945, letters of thanks +for which came pouring in from Jewish internees. + +RED CROSS RECIPIENTS WERE JEWS + + + +The Report states that "As many as 9,000 parcels were packed +daily. From the autumn of 1943 until May 1945, about 1,112,000 parcels +with a total weight of 4,500 tons were sent off to the concentration +camps" (Vol. III, p. 80). In addition to food, these contained clothing +and pharmaceutical supplies. "Parcels were sent to Dachau, Buchenwald, +Sangerhausen, Sachsenhausen, Oranienburg, Flossenburg, +Landsberg-am-Lech, Fl_ha, Ravensbr ck, Hamburg- Neuengamme, Mauthausen, +Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, to camps near Vienna and in +Central and Southern Germany. The principal recipients were Belgians, +Dutch, French, Greeks, Italians, Norwegians, Poles and stateless Jews" +(Vol. III, p. 83). In the course of the war, "The Committee was in a +position to transfer and distribute in the form of relief supplies over +twenty million Swiss francs collected by Jewish welfare organisations +throughout the world, in particular by the American Joint Distribution +Committee of New York" (Vol. I, p. 644). This latter organisation was +permitted by the German Government to maintain offices in Berlin until +the American entry into the war. The ICRC complained that obstruction of +their vast relief operation for Jewish internees came not from the +Germans but from the tight Allied blockade of Europe. Most of their +purchases of relief food were made in Rumania, Hungary and Slovakia. + + +The ICRC had special praise for the liberal conditions which +prevailed at Theresienstadt up to the time of their last visits there in +April 1945. This camp, "where there were about 40,000 Jews deported from +various countries was a relatively privileged ghetto" (Vol. III, p. 75). +According to the Report, "'The Committee's delegates were able to visit +the camp at Theresienstadt (Terezin) which was used exclusively for Jews +and was governed by special conditions. From information gathered by the +Committee, this camp had been started as an experiment by certain +leaders of the Reich . . . These men wished to give the Jews the means +of setting up a communal life in a town under their own administration +and possessing almost complete autonomy. . . two delegates were able to +visit the camp on April 6th, 1945. They confirmed the favourable +impression gained on the first visit" (Vol. I, p . 642). + +The ICRC also had praise for the regime of Ion Antonescu of +Fascist Rumania where the Committee was able to extend special relief to +183,000 Rumanian Jews until the time of the Soviet occupation. The aid +then ceased, and the ICRC complained bitterly that it never succeeded +"in sending anything whatsoever to Russia" (Vol. II, p. 62). The same +situation applied to many of the German camps after their "liberation" +by the Russians. The ICRC received a voluminous flow of mail from +Auschwitz until the period of the Soviet occupation, when many of the +internees were evacuated westward. But the efforts of the Red Cross to +send relief to internees remaining at Auschwitz under Soviet control +were futile. However, food parcels continued to be sent to former +Auschwitz inmates transferred west to such camps as Buchenwald and +Oranienburg. + +NO EVIDENCE OF GENOCIDE + + + +One of the most important aspects of the Red Cross Report is that +it clarifies the true cause of those deaths that undoubtedly occurred in +the camps towards the end of the war. Says the Report: "In the chaotic +condition of Germany after the invasion during the final months of the +war, the camps received no food supplies at all and starvation claimed +an increasing number of victims. Itself alarmed by this situation, the +German Government at last informed the ICRC on February 1st, 1945 . . . +In March 1945, discussions between the President of the ICRC and General +of the S. S. Kaltenbrunner gave even more decisive results. Relief could +henceforth be distributed by the ICRC, and one delegate was authorised +to stay in each camp . . . " (Vol. III, p. 83). Clearly, the German +authorities were at pains to relieve the dire situation as far as they +were able. The Red Cross are quite explicit in stating that food +supplies ceased at this time due to the Allied bombing of German +transportation, and in the interests of interned Jews they had protested +on March 15th, 1944 against "the barbarous aerial warfare of the Allies" +(Inter Arma Caritas, p. 78). By October 2nd, 1944, the ICRC warned the +German Foreign Office of the impending collapse of the German +transportation system, declaring that starvation conditions for people +throughout Germany were becoming inevitable. + +In dealing with this comprehensive, three-volume Report, it is +important to stress that the delegates of the International Red Cross +found no evidence whatever at the camps in Axis- occupied Europe of a +deliberate policy to exterminate the Jews. In all its 1,600 pages the +Report does not even mention such a thing as a gas chamber. It admits +that Jews, like many other wartime nationalities, suffered rigours and +privations, but its complete silence on the subject of planned +extermination is ample refutation of the Six Million legend. Like the +Vatican representatives with whom they worked, the Red Cross found +itself unable to indulge in the irresponsible charges of genocide which +had become the order of the day. + +So far as the genuine mortality rate is concerned, the Report points +out that most of the Jewish doctors from the camps were being used to +combat typhus on the eastern front, so that they were unavailable when +the typhus epidemics of 1945 broke out in the camps (Vol. I, p. 204 ff)- +Incidentally, it is frequently claimed that mass executions were carried +out in gas chambers cunningly disguised as shower facilities. Again the +Report makes nonsense of this allegation. "Not only the washing places, +but installations for baths, showers and laundry were inspected by the +delegates. They had often to take action to have fixtures made less +primitive, and to get them repaired or enlarged" (Vol. III, p. 594). + +NOT ALL WERE INTERNED + +Volume III of the Red Cross Report, Chapter 3 (I. Jewish Civilian +Population) deals with the "aid given to the Jewish section of the free +population," and this chapter makes it quite plain that by no means all +of the European Jews were placed in internment camps, but remained, +subject to certain restrictions, as part of the free civilian +population. This conflicts directly with the "thoroughness" of the +supposed "extermination programme", and with the claim in the forged +Hoess memoirs that Eichmann was obsessed with seizing "every single Jew +he could lay his hands on. " In Slovakia, for examle, where Eichmann's +assistant Dieter Wisliceny was in charge, the Report states that "A +large proportion of the Jewish minority had permission to stay in the +country, and at certain periods Slovakia was looked upon as a +comparative haven of refuge for Jews, especially for those coming from +Poland. Those who remained in Slovakia seem to have been in comparative +safety until the end of August 1944, when a rising against the German +forces took place. While it is true that the law of May 15th, 1942 had +brought about the internment of several thousand Jews, these people were +held in camps where the conditions of food and lodging were tolerable, +and where the internees were allowed to do paid work on terms almost +equal to those of the free labour market" (Vol. I, p. 646). + +Not only did large numbers of the three million or so European Jews +avoid internment altogether, but the emigration of Jews continued +throughout the war, generally by way of Hungary, Rumania and Turkey. +Ironically, post-war Jewish emigration from German-occupied territories +was also facilitated by the Reich, as in the case of the Polish Jews who +had escaped to France before its occupation. "The Jews from Poland who, +whilst in France, had obtained entrance permits to the United States +were held to be American citizens by the German occupying authorities, +who further agreed to recognize the validity of about three thousand +passports issued to Jews by the consulates of South American countries" +(Vol. I, p. 645). As future U. S. citizens, these Jews were held at the +Vittel camp in southern France for American aliens. + +The emigration of European Jews from Hungary in particular proceeded +during the war unhindered by the German authorities. "Until March 1944," +says the. Red Cross Report, "Jews who had the privilege of visas for +Palestine were free to leave Hungary" (Vol. I, p. 648). Even after the +replacement of the Horthy Government in 1944 (following its attempted +armistice with the Soviet Union) with a govenment more dependent on +German authority, the emigration of Jews continued. The Committee +secured the pledges of both Britain and the United States "to give +support by every means to the emigration of Jews from Hungary," and from +the U. S. Govermnent the ICRC received a message stating that "The +Government of the United States . . . now specifically repeats its +assurance that arrangements will be made by it for the care of all Jews +who in the present circumstances are allowed to leave" (Vol. I, p . +649). + +10. THE TRUTH AT LAST: THE WORK OF PAUL RASSINIER + + + +Without doubt the most important contribution to a truthful study +of the extermination question has been the work of the French historian, +Professor Paul Rassinier. The pre-eminent value of this work lies +firstly in the fact that Rassinier actually experienced life in the +German concentration camps, and also that, as a Socialist intellectual +and anti-Nazi, nobody could be less inclined to defend Hitler and +National Socialism. Yet, for the sake of justice and historical truth, +Rassinier spent the remainder of his post-war years until his death in +1966 pursuing research which utterly refuted the Myth of the Six Million +and the legend of Nazi diabolism. + +From 1933 until 1943, Rassinier was a professor of history in the +College d'enseignement g-n-ral at Belfort, Academie de Besancon. During +the war he engaged in resistance activity until he was arrested by the +Gestapo on October 30th, 1943, and as a result was confined in the +German concentration camps at Buchenwald and Dora until 1945. At +Buchenwald, towards the end of the war, he contracted typhus, which so +damaged his health that he could not resume his teaching. After the war, +Rassinier was awarded the Medaille de la R-sistance and the +Reconnaisance Francaise, and was elected to the French Chamber of +Deputies, from which he was ousted by the Communists in November, 1946. + +Rassinier then embarked on his great work, a systematic analysis of +alleged German war atrocities, in particular the supposed +"extermination" of the Jews. Not surprisingly, his writings are little +known; they have rarely been translated from the French and none at all +have appeared in English. His most important works were: Le Mensonge +d'Ulysse (The Lies of Odysseus, Paris, 1949), an investigation of +concentration camp conditions based on his own experiences of them; and +Ulysse trahi par les Siens (1960), a sequel which further refuted the +impostures of propagandists concerning German concentration camps. His +monumental task was completed with two final volumes, Le V-ritable +Proces Eichmann (1962) and Le Drame des Juifs europ-en (1964), in which +Rassinier exposes the dishonest and reckless distortions concerning the +fate of the Jews by a careful statistical analysis. The last work also +examines the political and financial significance of the extermination +legend and its exploitation by Israel and the Communist powers. + +One of the many merits of Rassinier's work is exploding the myth +of unique German "wickedness"; and he reveals with devastating force how +historical truth has been obliterated in an impenetrable fog of partisan +propaganda. His researches demonstrate conclusively that the fate of the +Jews during World War Two, once freed from distortion and reduced to +proper proportions, loses its much vaunted "enormity" and is seen to be +only one act in a greater and much wider tragedy. In an extensive +lecture tour in West Germany in the spring of 1960, Professor Rassinier +emphasised to his German audiences that it was high time for a rebirth +of the truth regarding the extermination legend, and that the Germans +themselves should begin it since the allegation remained a wholly +unjustifiable blot on Germany in the eyes of the world. + +THE IMPOSTURE OF 'GAS CHAMBERS' + + + +Rassinier entitled his first book The Lies of Odysseus in +commemoration of the fact that travellers always return bearing tall +stories, and until his death he investigated all the stories of +extermination literature and attempted to trace their authors. He made +short work of the extravagant claims about gas chambers at Buchenwald in +David Rousset's The Other Kingdom (New York, 1947); himself an inmate of +Buchenwald, Rassinier proved that no such things ever existed there (Le +Mensonge d'Ulysse, p. 209 ff)Rassinier also traced Abbe Jean-Paul +Renard, and asked him how he could possibly have testified in his book +Chaines et Lumieres that gas chambers were in operation at Buchenwald. +Renard replied that others had told him of their existence, and hence he +had been willing to pose as a witness of things that he had never seen +(ibid, p. 209 ff). + +Rassinier also investigated Denise Dufournier's Ravensbr ck. - The +Women's Camp of Death (London, 1948) and again found that the authoress +had no other evidence for gas chambers there than the vague "rumours" +which Charlotte Bormann stated were deliberately spread by communist +political prisoners. Similar investigations were made of such books as +Philip Friedman's This was Auschwitz: The Story of a Murder Camp (N. Y. , +1946) and Eugen Kogon's The Theory and Practice of Hell (N. Y. , 1950), +and he found that none of these authors could produce an authentic +eye-witness of a gas chamber at Auschwitz, nor had they themselves +actually seen one. Rassinier mentions Kogon's claim that a deceased +former inmate, Janda Weiss, had said to Kogon alone that she had +witnessed gas chambers at Auschwitz, but of course, since this person +was apparently dead, Rassinier was unable to investigate the claim. He +was able to interview Benedikt Kautsky, author of Teufel und Verdammte +who had alleged that millions of Jews were exterminated at Auschwitz. +However, Kautsky only confirmed to Rassinier the confession in his book, +namely that never at any time had he seen a gas chamber, and that he +based his information on what others had "told him". + +The palm for extermination literature is awarded by Rassinier to +Miklos Nyizli's Doctor at Auschwitz, in which the falsification of +facts, the evident contradictions and shameless lies show that the +author is speaking of places which it is obvious he has never seen (Le +Drame des Juifs europ-en, p. 52). According to this "doctor of +Auschwitz", 25,000 victims were exterminated every day for four and a +half years, which is a grandiose advance on Olga Lengyel's 24,000 a day +for two and a half years. It would mean a total of forty-one million +victims at Auschwitz by 1945, two and a half times the total pre- war +Jewish population of the world. When Rassinier attempted to discover the +identity of this strange "witness", he was told that "he had died some +time before the publication of the book. " Rassinier is convinced that he +was never anything but a mythical figure. + +Since the war, Rassinier has, in fact, toured Europe in search of +somebody who was an actual eye-witness of gas chamber exterminations in +German concentration camps during World War Two, but he has never found +even one such person. He discovered that not one of the authors of the +many books charging that the Germans had exterminated millions of Jews +had even seen a gas chamber built for such purposes, much less seen one +in operation, nor could any of these authors produce a living authentic +witness who had done so. Invariably, former prisoners such as Renard, +Kautsky and Kogon based their statements not upon what they had actually +seen, but upon what they "heard", always from "reliable" sources, who by +some chance are almost always dead and thus not in a position to confirm +or deny their statements. + +Certainly the most important fact to emerge from Rassinier's studies, +and of which there is now no doubt at all, is the utter imposture of +"gas chambers". Serious investigations carried out in the sites +themselves have revealed with irrefutable proof that, contrary to the +declarations of the surviving "witnesses" examined above, no gas +chambers whatever existed in the German camps at Buchenwald, +Bergen-Belsen, Ravensbr ck, Dachau and Dora, or Mauthausen in Austria. +This fact, which we noted earlier was attested to by Stephen Pinter of +the U. S. War Office, has now been recognised and admitted officially by +the Institute of Contemporary History at Munich. However, Rassinier +points out that in spite of this, "witnesses" again declared at the +Eichmann trial that they had seen prisoners at Bergen-Belsen setting out +for the gas chambers. So far as the eastern camps of Poland are +concerned, Rassinier shows that the sole evidence attesting to the +existence of gas chambers at Treblinka, Chelmno, Belzec, Maidanek and +Sobibor are the discredited memoranda of Kurt Gerstein referred to +above. His original claim, it will be recalled was that an absurd 40 +million people had been exterminated during the war, while in his first +signed memorandum he reduced the number to 25 million. Further +reductions were made in his second memorandum. These documents were +considered of such dubious authenticity that they were not even admitted +by the Nuremberg Court, though they continue to circulate in three +different versions, one in German (distributed in schools) and two in +French, none of which agree with each other. The German version featured +as "evidence" at the Eichmann Trial in l961. + +Finally, Professor Rassinier draws attention to an important admission +by Dr. Kubovy, director of the World Centre of Contemporary Jewish +Documentation at Tel-Aviv, made in La Terre Retrouv-e, December 15th, +1960. Dr. Kubovy recognised that not a single order for extermination +exists from Hitler, Himmler, Heydrich or Goering (Le Drame des Juifs +europ-en, p. 31, 39). + +'SIX MILLION' FALSEHOOD REJECTED + + + +As for the fearful propaganda figure of the Six Million, +Professor Rassinier rejects it on the basis of an extremely detailed +statistical analysis. He shows that the number has been falsely +established, on the one hand through inflation of the pre-war Jewish +population by ignoring all emigration and evacuation, and on the other +by a corresponding deflation of the number of survivors after 1945. This +was the method used by the World Jewish Congress. Rassinier also rejects +any written or oral testimony to the Six Million given by the kind of +"witnesses" cited above, since they are full of contradictions, +exaggerations and falsehoods. He gives the example of Dachau casualties, +noting that in 1946, Pastor Niem_ller reiterated Auerbach's fraudulent +"238,000" deaths there, while in 1962 Bishop Neuh_usseler of Munich +stated in a speech at Dachau that only 30,000 people died "of the +200,000 persons from thirty-eight nations who were interned there" (Le +Drame des Juifs europ-en, p . 12). Today, the estimate has been reduced +by several more thousands, and so it goes on. Rassinier concludes, too, +that testimony in support of the Six Million given by accused men such +as Hoess, Hoettl, Wisliceny and Hoellriegel, who were faced with the +prospect of being condemned to death or with the hope of obtaining a +reprieve, and who were frequently tortured during their detention, is +completely untrustworthy. + +Rassinier finds it very significant that the figure of Six Million was +not mentioned in court during the Eichmann trial. "The prosecution at +the Jerusalem trial was considerably weakened by its central motif, the +six million European Jews alleged to have been exterminated in gas +chambers. It was an argument that easily won conviction the day after +the war ended, amidst the general state of spiritual and material chaos. +Today, many documents have been published which were not available at +the time of the Nuremberg trials, and which tend to prove that if the +Jewish nationals were wronged and persecuted by the Hitler regime, there +could not possibly have been six millions victims" (ibid, p. 125). + +With the help of one hundred pages of cross-checked statistics, +Professor Rassinier concludes in Le Drame des Juifs europ-en that the +number of Jewish casualties during the Second World War could not have +exceeded 1,200,000, and he notes that this has finally been accepted as +valid by the World Centre of Contemporary Jewish Documentation at Paris. +However, he regards such a figure as a maximum limit, and refers to the +lower estimate of 896,892 casualties in a study of the same problem by +the Jewish statistician Raul Hilberg. Rassinier points out that the +State of Israel nevertheless continues to claim compensation for six +million dead, each one representing an indemnity of 5,000 marks. + +EMIGRATION: THE FINAL SOLUTION + + + +Prof. Rassinier is emphatic in stating that the German Government +never had any policy other than the emigration of Jews overseas. He +shows that after the promulgation of the Nuremberg Race Laws in +September 1935, the Germans negotiated with the British for the transfer +of German Jews to Palestine on the basis of the Balfour Declaration. +When this failed, they asked other countries to take charge of them, but +these refused (ibid, p. 20). The Palestine project was revived in 1938, +but broke down because Germany could not negotiate their departure on +the basis of 3,000,000 marks, as demanded by Britain, without some +agreement for compensation. Despite these difficulties, Germany did +manage to secure the emigration of the majority of their Jews, mostly to +the United States. Rassinier also refers to the French refusal of +Germany's Madagascar plan at the end of 1940. "In a report of the 21st +August, 1942, the Secretary of State for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs +of the Third Reich, Luther, decided that it would be possible to +negotiate with France in this direction and described conversations +which had taken place between July and December 1940, and which were +brought to a halt following the interview with Montoire on 13th December +1940 by Pierre-Etienne Flandin, Laval's successor. During the whole of +1941 the Germans hoped that they would be able to re-open these +negotiations and bring them to a happy conclusion" (ibid, p . 108). + +After the outbreak of war, the Jews, who, as Rassinier reminds us, +had declared economic and financial war on Germany as early as 1933, +were interned in concentration camps, "which is the way countries all +over the world treat enemy aliens in time of war . . . It was decided to +regroup them and put them to work in one immense ghetto which, after the +successful invasion of Russia, was situated towards the end of 1941 in +the so-called Eastern territories near the former frontier between +Russia and Poland: at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Belzec, Maidanek, Treblinka +etc . . . There they were to wait until the end of the war for the +re-opening of international discussions which would decide their future" +(Le V-ritable Proces Eichmann, p. 20). The order for this concentration +in the eastern ghetto was given by Goering to Heydrich, as noted +earlier, and it was regarded as a prelude to "the desired final +solution," their emigration overseas after the war had ended. + +ENORMOUS FRAUD + + + +Of great concern to Professor Rassinier is the way in which the +extermination legend is deliberately exploited for political and +financial advantage, and in this he finds Israel and the Soviet Union to +be in concert. He notes how, after 1950, an avalanche of fabricated +extermination literature appeared under the stamp of two organisations, +so remarkably synchronised in their activities that one might well +believe them to have been contrived in partnership. One was the +"Committee for the Investigation of War Crimes and Criminals" +established under Communist auspices at Warsaw, and the other, the +"World Centre of Contemporary Jewish Documentation" at Paris and +Tel-Aviv. Their publications seem to appear at favourable moments in the +political climate, and for the Soviet Union their purpose is simply to +maintain the threat of Nazism as a manoeuvre to divert attention from +their own activities. + + As for Israel, Rassinier sees the myth of the Six Million as inspired +by a purely material problem. In Le Drame des Juifs europ-en (P. 31, +39). he writes: + +" . . . It is simply a question of justifying by a proportionate +number of corpses the enormous subsidies which Germany has been paying +annually since the end of the war to the State of Israel by way of +reparation for injuries which moreover she cannot be held to have caused +her either morally or legally, since there was no State of Israel at the +time the alleged deeds took place; thus it is a purely and contemptibly +material problem. + +"Perhaps I may be allowed to recall here that the State of Israel was +only founded in May 1948 and that the Jews were nationals of all states +with the exception of Israel, in order to underline the dimensions of a +fraud which defies description in any language; on the one hand Germany +pays to Israel sums which are calculated on six million dead, and on the +other, since at least four-fifths of these six million were decidedly +alive at the end of the war, she is paying substantial sums by way of +reparation to the victims of Hitler's Germany to those who are still +alive in countries all over the world other than Israel and to the +rightful claimants of those who have since deceased, which means that +for the former (i. e. the six million), or in other words, for the vast +majority, she is paying twice. " + +CONCLUSION + + + +Here we may briefly summarise the data on Jewish war- time +casualties. + + +Contrary to the figure of over 9 million Jews in German- occupied +territory put forward at the Nuremberg and Eichmann trials, it has +already been estabhshed that after extensive emigration, approximately 3 +million were living in Europe, excluding the Soviet Union. Even when the +Jews of German-occupied Russia are included (the majority of Russian +Jews were evacuated beyond German control), the overall number probably +does not exceed four million. Himmler's statistician, Dr. Richard +Korherr and the World Centre of Contemporary Jewish Documentation put +the number respectively at 5,550,000 and 5,294,000 when German- occupied +territory was at its widest, but both these figures include the two +million Jews of the Baltic and western Russia without paying any +attention to the large number of these who were evacuated. However, it +is at least an admission from the latter organisation that there were +not even six million Jews in Europe and western Russia combined. + + +Nothing better illustrates the declining plausibility of the Six +Million legend than the fact that the prosecution at the Eichmann trial +deliberately avoided mentioning the figure. Moreover, official Jewish +estimates of the casualties are being quietly revised downwards. Our +analysis of the population and emigration statistics, as well as the +studies by the Swiss Baseler Nachrichten and Professor Rassinier, +demonstrate that it would have been simply impossible for the number of +Jewish casualties to have exceeded a limit of one and a half million. It +is very significant, therefore, that the World Centre of Contemporary +Jewish Documentation in Paris now states that only 1,485,292 Jews died +from all causes during the Second World War, and although this figure is +certainly too high, at least it bears no resemblance at all to the +legendary Six Million. As has been noted earlier, the Jewish +statistician Raul Hilberg estimates an even lower figure of 896,892. +This is beginning to approach a realistic figure, and the process of +revision is certain to continue. + +Doubtless, several thousand Jewish persons did die in the course +of the Second World War, but this must be seen in the context of a war +that cost many millions of innocent victims on all sides. To put the +matter in perspective, for example, we may point out that 700,000 +Russian civiliansdied during the siege of Leningrad, and a total of +2,05O,OOO German civilians were killed in Allied air raids and forced +repatriation after the war. In 1955, another neutral Swiss source, Die +Tat of Zurich (January 19th, 1955), in a survey of all Second World War +casualties based on figures of the lnternational Red Cross, put the +"Loss of victims of persecution because of politics, race or religion +who died in prisons and concentration camps between 1939 and 1945" at +300,000, not all of whom were Jews, and this figure seems the most +accurate assessment. + +IMAGINARY SLAUGHTER + + + +The question most pertinent to the extermination legend is, of +course: how many of the 3 million European Jews under German control +survived after 1945? The Jewish Joint Distribution Committee estimated +the number of survivors in Europe to be only one and a half million, but +such a figure is now totally unacceptable. This is proved by the growing +number of Jews claiming compensation from the West German Government for +having allegedly suffered between 1939 and 1945. By 1965, the number of +these claimants registered with the West German Government had tripled +in ten years and reached 3,375,000 (Aufbau, June 30th, 1965). Nothing +could be a more devastating proof of the brazen fantasy of the Six +Million. Most of these claimants are Jews, so there can be no doubt that +the majority of the 3 million Jews who experienced the Nazi occupation +of Europe are, in fact, very much alive. It is a resounding confirmation +of the fact that Jewish casualties during the Second World War can only +be estimated at a figure in thousands. Surely this is enough grief for +the Jewish people? Who has the right to compound it with vast imaginary +slaughter, marking with eternal shame a great European nation, as well +as wringing fraudulent monetary compensation from them? + +RICHARD HARWOOD is a writer and specialist in political and diplomatic +aspects of the Second World War. At present he is with the University of +London. Mr. Harwood turned to the vexed subject of war crimes under the +influence of Professor Paul Rassineir, to whose monumental work this +little volume is greatly indebted. The author is now working on a sequel +in this series on the Main Nuremberg Trial, 1945 -1946. + + +Foreword to the new edition, published in _____entitled:"Z ndel's +Story. " + +You have before you the most expensive little publication printed in the +English language in modern times. Millions of words have been spoken and +written about this publication as a result of the two Z ndel Trials. +Many hours of television news reports were broadcast about the content +of this publication and the surrounding controversy and trial. The +Canadian government, its various branches like the police, the Attorney +General's office, the Canadian Department of Immigration, the courts +with staff, clerks, stenographers, court reporters and security +personnel spent millions of dollars for research, staff and courtroom +space. Ernst Z ndel, the man at the centre of this controversy, did not +write this booklet. He merely supplied the four words on the original +cover, stating "Truth at last exposed. "He supplied the photos and news +clippings on the inside cover of the publication, plus one sentence +under his youthful photo on page two. He wrote and supplied the text on +page three headed:"To all Canadian Lawyers and Media representaives" +and signed it himself. That was his foreword to the publication. +Nothing whatsoever has been changed - not a single word of the text +which was written by an Englishman called Richard Harwood who, Z ndel +thought until his trial, was teaching at the University of London. +During the trial, the witness Mark Weber revealed the real name of the +author as the former honours student of the University of London, +Richard Verrall - alias Richard Harwood. Ernst Z ndel did not know this +at the time of publication. The original English publishers did not +permit Ernst Z ndel to change a single line or sentence in the Canadian +"publication," which is what you now have in your hands. The Court +records reveal that Ernst Z ndel reluctantly agreed to this, adding only +an order coupon on page 30, and two pages of an afterword (or some +closing remarks). This came as a response to the article reproduced on +the top right of page 31, which, at the time, appeared in many Canadian +newspapers from coast to coast. Ernst Z ndel merely reprinted Did Six +Million Really Die? by a photo-offset method - an exact duplicate, plus +the already mentioned additions. In Court, he said he felt safe doing +that because the publication had already been translated into 12 +languages, and was being sold without any legal problems in 18 +countries. The only exception was South Africa, where the publication +was forbidden at the instigation of the Jewish lobby. A booklet +entitled Six Million Did Die was also published in South Africa;this +booklet figured prominently in the Z ndel trial in 1988. Ernst Z ndel +became a household word in Canada, beginning with his 1985 trial, which +lasted seven weeks, and his marathon 1988 trial which lasted for almost +four months. The booklet made Ernst Z ndel and his revisionist +viewpoint famous across the globe. The Z ndel case is now, for the +second time in 10 years, before the Supreme Court of Canada, because the +defence feels that the False News section of the Criminal Code in +Canada, under which Ernst Z ndel was charged and convicted twice, is +unconstitutional, in that it offends against Canada's "Charter of Rights +and Freedoms" (a watered-down version of the American Bill of Rights). +Ernst Z ndel now awaits the verdict of the highest court in the land - +will it be freedom, exoneration or jail? You can be Judge and Jury! Read +the booklet, and then ask yourself:should a man be beaten, spat upon, +terrorized, beset upon by frenzied mobs, bombed and charged with a +criminal offence, dragged through lengthy court cases and terribly +expensive legal costs, because of the few errors, made by a writer ten +years previous?What do you think?Was this persecution of Ernst +Z ndel, through prosecution by the state, just to punish him for his +beliefs?"Persons who would spread hate in this community in order to +foster right-wing beliefs which attack the delicate balance of racial +and social harmony in our community must be punished" (Judge Thomas' +very own words on the day he sentenced Ernst Z ndel, Transcript 10575) +What do you think? Did this German resident of Canada not do the natural +thing by attempting to answer all of the nasty accusations and smears +about his own people (in the media, on television, in school books etc. ) +by using an Englishman's writings to rebut these often outrageous claims +and charges? If somebody said similar things about your own ethnic +group, would you not want to respond? You be the judge. Read this and +pass it on. + + +COMMENTS ABOUT DID SIX MILLION REALLY DIE? + +Dr. Kuang Fann, Professor of Philosophy at York University of Canada, +formerly China:"The whole pamphlet . . . obviously should be +classified as a political opinion . . . " + +Ditlieb Felderer, Historical Researcher, Writer, Sweden:". . . the +booklet has proven to be more true as the years have gone by, and it is +exterminationists who are coming now to start arguing like Harwood did +when the booklet was first published, so the exterminationists are +moving . . . toward the booklet more and more. " + +Dr. Robert Faurisson, Expert of Ancient Texts and Documents, Lyon +University:"The thesis of the book is that it's not true that six +million Jews died, and it is not true that there was an extermination +plan, and it is not true that there were gas chambers. What I find +right is, first, the title. The title is good. Did Six Million Really +Die?"That's really the problem . . . This man, Richard Harwood, +brought plenty of information for the layman in '74. He said in '74 that +there were no order(s) from Hitler to exterminate the Jews. Three years +after, when David Irving said it, it was an uproar, so it was really new +and true. We know it now in 1988 . . . this . . . was so important that +when it was published in France, the man who distributed (it was) +murdered . . . Francoise Duprat. We don't know who exactly did that, +but the interesting point is, first, that it has been done by people +very clever in those kind of bomb handling, and what was published in +the journal Le Monde after was interesting. This murder was +revindicated by a so-called "Memory of Auschwitz" organization. It was +justified by a man called Patrick Chairoff - saying that Francoise +Duprat, in distributing this kind of pamphlet, had taken a +responsibility which kills. " + +David Irving, British Historian, author of over 30 books on WW II and +its aftermath:". . . I read it with great interest and I must say that +I was surprised by the quality of the arguments that it represented. It +has obvious flaws. It uses sources that I personally would not use. In +fact, the entire body of sources is different. This is based entirely +on secondary literature, books by other people, including some experts, +whereas I use no books. I use just the archives. But independently, +the author of this came to conclusions and asked questions of a logical +nature which I had arrived at by an entirely different route, so to +speak. . . And if I was to ask what is the value of a brochure like +this, I think it is that it provokes people to ask questions, rather as +my book on Hitler's War provoked the historians. . . This is the kind of +value which I found this brochure to have. It was asking proper +questions on the basis of an entirely different set of sources. " + +Mark Weber, American Historian, Author:"I believe that the thesis of +the booklet is accurate. . . that there was no German policy or program +to exterminate the Jews during the Second World War. . . The booklet is +a journalistic or a polemic account that is designed to convince people, +and it does not purport to be a work that can be held up to the same +standards of rigid scrutiny that a scholarly work and a detailed work by +someone who is a historian normally would be. . its main value lies in +encouraging further discussion and thought and debate on the subject it +raises. " + +Colin Wilson, well known British author:". . . I received in the post +a pamphlet. . . entitled Did Six Million Really Die?I must admit that +it has left me thoroughly bewildered. What Harwood says, briefly, is +that Hitler had no reason to murder Jews when he needed them for forced +labour. . . it is worth asking the question:Did the Nazis really +exterminate six million Jews?Or is this another sign of the emotional +historical distortion that makes nearly all the books on Hitler so far +almost worthless?. . . Is there, then, any reason why we should be +afraid to dig down until we get at the truth?" + + +WHAT'S WRONG WITH DID SIX MILLION REALLY DIE? + +After 10 years of wrangling, what follows is the essence of what was +found wrong with the pamphlet by the prosecution witnesses. In italics +are the primary parts of the pamphlet disputed by the prosecution +followed followed by evidence given by expert witnesses on both sides. + +1. + +By 1939, the great majority of German Jews had emigrated, all of +them with a sizeable proportion of their assets. Never at any time had +the Nazi leadership even contemplated a policy of genocide towards them. +. . Had Hitler cherished any intention of exterminating the Jews, it is +inconceivable that he would have allowed more than 800,000 to leave +Reich territory with the bulk of their wealth . . . (p. 5,6) + +Prosecution historian Christopher Browning's opinion was that slightly +over half of German Jews emigrated by 1939. Browning testified that the +figure 800,000 was an exaggeration;by 1941, the total of Jews who had +left Germany, Austria and the Protectorates was 530,000. Because of +measures taken against them, it was false to say they left with a +"sizeable proportion" of their assets. Browning admitted under +cross-examination, however, that he was not a demographer nor a +statistition and that any population statistics concerning Jews could +only be estimates. He also admitted that he could not give a precise +percentage or even proportion of their assets Jews left with. He only +knew that considerable efforts were made to prevent property getting +out. + +2. + +The founder of political Zionism in the 19th century, Theodore +Herzl, in his work The Jewish State, had originally conceived of +Madagascar as a national homeland for the Jews, and this possibility was +seriously studied by the Nazis. It had been a main plank of the National +Socialist party platform before 1933 and was published by the party in +pamphlet form. (p. 5) + +Browning testified it was not a plank of the Nazi Party platform before +1933 that the Jews go to Madagascar as a national homeland. The first +time a Nazi leader mentioned Madagascar was 1938. The first time there +was a plan for madagascar was 1940. + +3. + +The fall of France in 1940 enabled the German Government to open +serious negotiations with the French for the transfer of European Jews +to Madagascar. A memorandum of August, 1942 from Luther, +Secretary-of-State in the German Foreign Office, reveals that he had +conducted these negotiations between July and December 1940, when they +were terminated by the French. (p. 7) + +Browning testified that there were no such negotiations with the +French. The Madagascar Plan failed because of continuing British +control of the high seas. + +4. + +Reitlinger and Poliakov both make the entirely unfounded +supposition that because the Madagascar Plan had been shelved, the +Germans must necessarily have been thinking of "extermination". Only a +month later, however, on March 7th, 1942, Goebbels wrote a memorandum in +favour of the Madagascar Plan as a "final solution" of the Jewish +question (Manvell & Frankl, Dr. Goebbels, London, 1960, p. 165). In the +meantime he approved of the Jews being "concentrated in the East". Later +Goebbels memoranda also stress deportation to the East (i. e. the +Government-General of Poland) and lay emphasis on the need for +compulsory labour there; once the policy of evacuation to the East had +been inaugurated, the use of Jewish labour became a fundamental part of +the operation. (p. 7) + +Browning said that Goebbels did not write a "memorandum", he wrote a +"diary entry. "Goebbels did not lay emphasis on the need for compulsory +labour but said exactly the opposite;for example, on March 27, 1942, +he wrote that 60% of the Jews will have to be liquidated and 40% used +for forced labour. Browning admitted he had never checked the +authenticity of the original Goebbels diaries but had accepted the +commercial printed version. Historian Weber testified there was great +doubt about the authenticity of the entire Goebbels diaries because they +were typewritten. There was therefore no way to verify their +authenticity. The U. S. Government itself indicated that it would take +no responsibility for the accuracy of the diaries:the original +clothbound edition contained a U. S. Government statement that it +"neither warrants nor disclaims the authenticity of the manuscript". +Browning relied on other documents such as the Seraphim report to show +that the Germans did not put priority on using Jews for labour. +Historian Weber disagreed with this opinion. In his view, the Jews were +a valuable source of labour for the Germans;Himmler himself ordered +that concentration camp inmates be used as extensively as possible in +war production. + +5. + +Statistics relating to Jewish populations are not everywhere known +in precise detail, approximations for various countries differing +widely, and it is also unknown exactly how many Jews were deported and +interned at any one time between the years 1939-1945. In general, +however, what reliable statistics there are, especially those relating +to emigration, are sufficient to show that not a fraction of six million +Jews could have been exterminated. (p. 7) + +Browning testified that contemporary German statistical studies showed +that there were enough Jews in Europe to exterminate 6 million of them. +These studies were:(a)the Burgd_rfer Study (estimated that there +were about 10. 72 million Jews in Europe);(b) Madagascar Plan (4 +million Jews under German control in 1940);(c) Wannsee conference +protocol (11 million Jews). In Browning's opinion, even the German +studies done at the time showed in the area of 10 million Jews under +German control in Europe. Therefore, 6 million could have been +exterminated. He admitted, again, that he was not a demographer or a +statistician and that the problem of changing borders and the various +definitions of "Jew" made any conclusions in this area difficult to the +point that they could only be estimates. + +6. + +According to Chambers Encyclopaedia the total number of Jews living +in pre-war Europe was 6,500,000. (p. 7) + +Chambers Encyclopedia dealt only with the total number of Jews living +ont he continent of Europe apart from Russia, not the total number +living in pre-war Europe as stated by the pamphlet. + +7. + +In addition to the German Jews, 220,000 of the total 280,000 +Austrian Jews had emigrated by September, 1939, while from March 1939 +onwards the Institute for Jewish Emigration in Prague had secured the +emigration of 260,000 Jews from former Czechoslovakia. In all, only +360,000 Jews remained in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia after +September 1939. (p. 7,8) + +These numbers did not accord with the German studies done at the time, +Browning testified. A comparison with the Wannsee Conference protocol +statistics showed that 360,000 Jews had emigrated from Germany;147,000 +had emigrated from Austria;30,000 had emigrated from the +Protectorate. These figures were all much lower than Harwood's figures. + +8. + +In addition to these emigrants, we must also include the number of +Jews who fled to the Soviet Union after 1939, and who were later +evacuated beyond reach of the German invaders. It will be shown below +that the majority of these, about 1,250,000, were migrants from Poland. +But apart from Poland, Reitlinger admits that 300,000 other European +Jews slipped into Soviet territory between 1939 and 1941. This brings +the total of Jewish emigrants to the Soviet Union to about 1,550,000. +(p. 8) + +Browning testified that the reference to Reitlinger was a mis-cite; +Reitlinger said that 300,000 Polish Jews in total fled to the Soviet +Union, not "other European Jews" as stated by Harwood. The figure of +1,250,000 given by Harwood was therefore 5 times too high. + +9. + +The 1931 Jewish population census for Poland put the number of Jews +at 2,732,600 (Reitlinger, Die Endl_sung, p. 36). (p. 8) + +Hilberg testified that this was wrong;in fact, the figure of 2,732,600 +came from a census taken in the 1920s. + +10. + +When the Jewish populations of Holland (140,000), Belgium (40,000), +Italy (50,000), Yugoslavia (55,000), Hungary (380,000) and Roumania +(725,000) are included, the figure does not much exceed 3 million. (p. 8) + +These statistics were not in accord with the Nazis' own statistics, said +Browning. For example, the German statistics for 1942 listed the Jewish +population of Hungary at 743,800. German records of the deportations +from Hungary showed more Jews were deported than the number given by +Harwood as the Jewish population of Hungary. + +11. + +So far as is known, the first accusation against the Germans of the +mass murder of Jews in war-time Europe was made by the Polish Jew Rafael +Lemkin in his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, published in New York +in 1943. (p. 9) + +The first accusation of mass murder of the Jews was made on December 17, +1942 by the Allies in a Joint Declaration. Lemkin, as far as Browning +knew, never used the 6 million figure in his book. Weber pointed out +this mistake made no difference to the substance of the thesis of the +pamphlet. + +12. + +Gerstein's sister was congenitally insane and died by euthenasia, +which may well suggest a streak of mental instability in Gerstein +himself. . . Gerstein's fantastic exaggerations have done little but +discredit the whole notion of mass extermination. Indeed, Evangelical +Bishop Wilhelm Dibelius of Berlin denounced his memoranda as +"Untrustworthy" (p. 9) + +It was not Gerstein's sister, but his sister-in-law, who was killed in +the euthenasia program. Dibelius in fact stated that he was convinced +of the trustworthiness of Gerstein, the opposite of what Harwood had +written. However, Hilberg admitted that he would not characterize +Gerstein as being totally rational and that there was no question that +he was capable of adding imagination to fact. Browning acknowledged +there were "problems" with Gerstein's testimony;his obvious +exaggerations resulted because he was "traumatized" by his experiences, +said Browning. + +13. + +It should be emphasised straight away that there is not a single +document in existence which proves that the Germans intended to, or +carried out, the deliberate murder of Jews. (p. 10) + +In Browning's opinion, there were such documents, including the Hans +Frank diary, the Wannsee Conference protocol, and the 1943 Posen speech +of Himmler. Historian Robert Faurisson pointed out that if these +documents "proved" the existence of a deliberate plan to murder the +Jews, there would be no debate between the "functionalists" and +"intentionalists" in the Holocaust academic circles. This debate in and +of itself showed that no proof of a deliberate plan existed. Hilberg +had testified in the 1985 Z ndel trial that there were two oral orders +from Hitler for the extermination of the Jews. He denied that he had +changed this view in his then forthcoming second edition of his book The +Destruction of the European Jews, which was to be published shortly +thereafter. In 1988, Hilberg refused to testify at the second Z ndel +trial, citing in a confidential letter to the prosecutor that he had +"grave doubts" about testifying again;'the defence,' he wrote, '. . . +would . . . make every attempt to entrap me by pointing to any seeming +contradiction, however trivial the subject might be, between my earlier +testimony and an answer that I might give in 1988. "Browning admitted +in his testimony that Hilberg had made a "significant" change regarding +the role of Hitler in the decision-making process between his first +edition and the second edition, published in 1985. In an article +entitled "The Revised Hilberg", Browning wrote that in his second +edition, Hilberg had "systematically excised" all references in the text +to a Hitler decision or a Hitler order for the "Final Solution". In the +new edition, wrote Browning, "decisions were not made and orders were +not given". + +14. + +Attempts to find "veiled allusions" to genocide in speeches like +that of Himmler's to his S. S. Obergruppenf hrers at Posen in 1943 are +likewise quite hopeless. (p. 11) + +Browning testified that the Posen speech contained explicit references +to exterminating the Jews. Historian David Irving testified, however, +that those portions of the original manuscript of the Posen speech which +dealt with "extermination" had been tampered with;they were written in +a different typescript using different carbon paper and were numbered in +pencil. Irving also pointed out that the Israelis had Himmler's private +diary but refused to allow any historians to have access to it. If +Himmler's diary supported the "Holocaust", Irving said, the Israelis +would be the first to release it. + +15. + +Most incredible of all, perhaps, was the fact that defence lawyers +at Nuremberg were not permitted to cross- examine prosecution witnesses. +(p. 12) + +Hilberg testified that defense lawyers were allowed to cross-examine +witnesses at Nuremberg. Weber testified that many affidavits were +entered into evidence, however, upon which no cross-examination was +possible. + +16. + +The Soviet charge that the Action Groups had wantonly exterminated a +million Jews during their operations has been shown subsequently to be a +massive falsification. In fact, there had never been the slightest +statistical basis for the figure. (p. 14) + +Browning testified that on the basis of the Einsatzgruppen reports and +the works of other historians that at least 1 million Jews were killed +by the Einsatztruppen. Historian Weber testified, however, that in the +major work on the Einsatztruppen, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges, +the two authors calculated that if all the figures in the Einsatztruppen +reports were added up, there would be a total of 2. 2 million Jewish +dead. The authors admitted this was impossible and conceded that the +Einsatztruppen report figures were exaggerated. In Weber's opinion, the +figure of about 1 million was not believable because it was known that +the great majority of Jews fled or were evacuated from the eastern +territories before the German invasion in 1941. + +17. + +Thus between July and October 1942, over three quarters of the +Warsaw Ghetto's inhabitants were peacefully evacuated and transported, +supervised by the Jewish police themselves. . . A total, however, of +56,065 inhabitants were captured and peacefully resettled in the area of +the Government-General. (p. 19) + +Browning stated that reports of the Warsaw Ghetto clearing indicated it +was done brutally and not "peacefully" as alleged by Harwood. In +Browning's opinion, they were not resettled but taken to Treblinka and +Majdanek and either gassed or shot. Historian Mark Weber testified that +the record as to what happened to these Jews was still unclear. In +Weber's opinion, Treblinka and Majdanek were simply concentration and/or +transit camps. + +18. Of course, no Jew would ever be found who claimed to have been a +member of this gruesome "special detachment", so that the whole issue is +left conveniently unprovable. It is worth repeating that no living, +authentic eye-witness to these events has ever been produced. (p. 20) + +One of Browning's main differences with the pamphlet was that it denied +the existence of the homcidal gas chambers for the purpose of killing +Jews. He testified Jews had come forward claiming to be members of the +Sonderkommando, such as Filip Mueller, whose accounts he found to be +"moving". Browning admitted under cross-examination, however, that he +had never seen a technical plan that purported to be either a gas +chamber or gas van. He had never enquired about cremation processes or +how much heat or how long it took to cremate a human body. Browning had +not looked at the aereal photographs taken by the Allies of Auschwitz +during the war except for one on the wall of Yad Vashem. Neither +Browning nor Hilberg knew of any autopsy report showing that any camp +inmate was killed by Zyklon B. Hilberg and Browning visited the +concentration camps only for the purpose of looking at memorials or as +members of Holocaust Commissions. Witnesses Leuchter and Roth gave +evidence which showed that samples taken from the walls and floor of the +alleged "gas chambers" at Auschwitz and Birkenau showed either no traces +or only minute traces of cyanide, while the walls of a known fumigation +chamber at Birkenau which had used Zyklon B had over 1000 times as much +traceable cyanide. In Leuchter's opinion, as an expert in gas chamber +technology, the alleged homicidal gas chambers at Auschwitz, Birkenau +and Majdanek were incapable of being used as gas chambers for the +killing of human beings because of their structure, including such +factors as lack of exhaust systems, stacking and sealants. Ivan Lagace, +a cremation expert, testified that in modern crematories it took a +minimum of 1 1/2 hours to cremate a human body in one retort;he termed +"ludicrous" the extermination claim that over 4. 400 bodies were cremated +in 46 retorts at Birkenau per day. With respect to the veracity of +"eyewitness" testimony, Weber testified that Yad Vashem had admitted +that over half of the "survivor" accounts on record there were +unreliable as many had "let their imagination run away with them. " +Historian Faurisson quoted from the Jewish writer Michel de Bouard, who +admitted in 1986 that "the record is rotten to the core" with +obstinately repeated "fantasies' and inaccuracies. + +19. + +Of course, no Jew would ever be found who claimed to have been a +member of this gruesome "special detachment", so that the whole issue is +left conveniently unprovable. It is worth repeating that no living, +authentic eye- witness to these events has ever been produced. (p. 20) + +Browning believed Eichmann to be the highest central figure in the plan +to exterminate the Jews who survived the war and testified. Eichmann +testified that Heydrich told him that Hitler had ordered the +extermination of the Jews of Europe. Browning admitted, however, that +Eichmann had "more than a little trouble" in sorting out events in his +mind. In historian Irving's opinion Eichmann was on trial and under +considerable physical and mental coercion;such testimony did not +advance historical knowledge but polluted it. + +20. + +. . . only seven years after its initial publication, a New York +Supreme Court case established that the book was a hoax. . . It +established that the Jewish novelist Meyer Levin had written the +dialogue of the "diary" and was demanding payment for his work in a +court action against Otto Frank. (p. 21) + +This was not true;in fact Levin had sued for payment for writing a +play based on the diary itself. Faurisson and Irving testified that +other proof existed, however, that the diary's authenticity was +suspect. Expert examinations of the original diary by graphologists and +West German criminal laboratories showed that one person had written the +diary and part of it was written in ball-point pen ink, which only came +into use in the 1950s. Faurisson believed the diary was written by Otto +Frank, the father of Anne Frank. + +21. + +As a result, eastern camps in the Russian zone of occupation such as +Auschwitz and Treblinka gradually came to the fore as horrific centres +of extermination (though no one was permitted to see them), and this +tendency has lasted to the present day. (p. 23) + +Browning testified that it was false to say no one was permitted to see +the camps in the Soviet zone. He cited a New York Times article by +journalist W. Lawrence of a tour of Majdanek given to journalists by the +Soviets in 1944. Browning admitted that the article had significant +errors regarding the numbers of people who allegedly died there and how +Zyklon B worked. Historian Weber testified that Western Allied +investigators were not allowed to investigate concentration camps in the +Soviet zoneof occupation after the war. The visit to Majdanek by +newspaper reporters was a guided tour by the Soviets for propaganda +purposes;it was not an investigation by any specialized person. + +22. + +Finally, Professor Rassinier draws attention to an important +admission by Dr. Kubovy, director of the World Centre of Contemporary +Jewish Documentation at Tel-Aviv, made in La Terre Retrouv-e, December +15th, 1960. Dr. Kubovy recognised that not a single order for +extermination exists from Hitler, Himmler, Heydrich or Goering (Le Drame +des Juifs europ-en, p. 31, 39). (p. 29) + +Browning had never heard of Kubovy or the World Centre of Contemporary +Jewish Documentation. But both Faurisson and Irving knew of Kubovy and +Irving had cited Kubovy's quote from La Terre Retrouvee in his book, +Hitler's War. + +23. + +However, {Rassinier} regards such a figure as a maximum limit, and +refers to the lower estimate of 896,892 casualties in a study of the +same problem by the Jewish statistician Raul Hilberg. (p. 29) + +Hilberg testified that he was not a statistician and had never given an +estimate of 896,892. His own calculation in fact was over 5 million. +Weber testified that Harwood had taken this information from Paul +Rassinier's boos;the original mistake was therefore Rassinier's and +not Harwood's. + +24. . . . Professor Rassinier concludes . . . that the number of Jewish +casualties during the Second World War could not have exceeded +1,200,000, and he notes that this has finally been accepted as valid by +the World Centre of Contemporary Jewish Documentation at Paris. (p. 29) + +Hilberg testified he had never heard of this Centre or the figure cited +by Harwood. + +25. + +RICHARD HARWOOD is a writer and specialist in political and +diplomatic aspects of the Second World War. At present he is with the +University of London. (p. 30) + +Historian Weber testified that the author of the pamphlet was a man +named Richard Verrall, who had used the pseudonym "Richard Harwood". +Verrall was a graduate of the University of London with High Honours; he +was a writer and had a specialized interest in political and diplomatic +aspects of the Second World War. Verrall relied upon secondary sources +published in the 1950s and 1960s in writing the pamphlet, which was +published in 1974. Most errors made by the author were errors +originally made by Paul Rassinier, the pioneer revisionist historian, +whose works Verrall had relied upon heavily. + +(The text below consisted of the last two pages of the revised booklet +and read as follows:) + +An Appeal to the People in Canada + +The above article which casts aspersions on my publishing firm of +Samisdat appeared in the Toronto Sun on November 22, 1979. Similar +articles appeared in other major daily newspapers across Canada. The +article attributes statements allegedly made by Mr. Garde Gardom, +Attorney General of British Columbia, to the effect that literature, +pamphlets or other material was received from Samisdat Publishers which +promoted "hatred against an identifiable group. "The only material +which Mr. Gardom could have received from Samisdat was sent to all +Attorney Generals of Canada, all members of Federal and Provincial +Parliaments, all media representatives, all clergymen and to some 8000 +Canadians in all walks of life. The result of this mailing has been +worthwhile in terms of fruitful correspondence with numerous members of +Parliament of the three major parties as well as several newsmedia +interviews. If thousands of responsible Canadian citizens, clergymen, +media representatives and members of Parliament have not objected to my +materials, I would like to know what Mr. Gardom has found to be so +objectionable and "hateful" in the enclosed material. In the interests +of Freedom of Speech and Human Rights, I now ask you to evaluate this +information for yourself, before your right to be informed is denied you +through official action. + +HAVE WE GERMANS NO RIGHT TO DEFEND OURSELVES? + +My name is Ernst Z ndel. I am a Toronto businessman of German descent +and I earn my living as a commercial artist. By avocation I write books +and give lectures on general topics of historical interest. In the +political field I have been involved with the issues of civil and human +rights on behalf of German-Canadians for over 20 years. In 1968, on +this basis, I ran for the post of Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada +(which meant the post of Prime Minister) as the youngest candidate and +only immigrant ever to attempt such a feat. + +Since that time I have devoted increasing research, study and effort +into illuminating the events of German and world history, particularly +in the 1933-45 period, with the view toward defending Germans and +German-Canadians against the hateful lies surrounding the alleged +gassing of six million Jews by the Nazi Government of Germany. In order +to satisfy my own curiosity and to resolve my own doubts on the subject, +I have travelled throughout the world, interviewed surviving inmates, +guards, officials, etc. , in the connection with the "six million" +story. I have studied the many relevant documents, books, eyewitness +accounts of both sides. My conclusion, after I had originally believed +the dogma of the "holocaust," is that no such extermination programme +ever existed and that it is war time hate propaganda masquerading as +history. This viewpoint is shared by such notable experts, historians +and researchers from around the world as: + +Prof. Faurisson, an expert historical analyst of ancient documents and +artifacts at Lyon University in France. His 4-year study at the Jewish +Documentation Centre in Paris drew him to conclude thusly; + +J. G. Burg, a German-Jewish author and former inmate of several German +concentration camps; + +Dr. Bernhard Katusky, the noted Austrian-Jewish man of letters; + +Dr. W. St_glich, retired judge and author of several books on the +subject. Dr. St_glich is a German of Hamburg; + +Mr. David Irving, English historian and author of many well-known books +about the 2nd World War. He offers a sizeable reward for any document +signed by Hitler which orders the extermination of the Jews; + +Dr. David Hoggan, American professor of history and author of several +extensive volumes on World War II history; + +Professor Arthur Butz, American researcher and author of the +controversial book, The Hoax of the 20th Century; + +Prof. A. J. App of the U. S. , a well-known writer and lecturer on the +topic of Hitler and the Jews; + +Prof. Rassinier, former inmate of several German concentration camps and +member of the French National Assembly, the author of several books +about the Jews in wartime Europe; + +Prof. Udo Walendy, German political science lecturer and historian; + +Thies Christopersen, German poet and journalist who worked at Auschwitz +and who has written several books and articles about Auschwitz and the +gas chamber myth; + +Felderer of Sweden who personally visited postwar Auschwitz in order to +prove that "gas chambers" had been constructed by the Communists after +the war; + +Attorney Bennett of Australia whose research was prompted by his work in +the Civil Rights Section of the Australian Attorney General's Office. + +There are hundreds of names of authorities on this topic, all of whom I +have met, interviewed, corresponded with or whose works I have read. +Most of these persons are willing to attend any trial or court +proceedings on this subject in the capacity of witnesses. + +ZIONISTS DOMINATE MEDIA. GERMANS ARE DENIED EQUAL TIME. + +As I see it, this matter is one of Freedom of Thought and Expression on +the one hand and the Suppression of Freedom and Enquiry on the other. To +seek officially to quell legitimate controversy through the use of +smear-words like "hate" and "racism" is neither just nor relevant to the +issue. Zionism is a political movement, not a racial movement. Zionists +like Elizabeth Taylor, Sammy Davis Jr. , Pat Boone, Billy Graham and +Attorney General of Ontario McMurthy are not Jews nor Semites; +therefore, any criticism of Zionist policy cannot be "racism. "When +Jews disagree as I do with the official Zionist version of Auschwitz, +are they accused of "racism" or "hate"? + +Many Jews are totally opposed to political, that is worldly, Zionism and +I am proud to number such outstandign figures as these among my friends +and supporters:Rabbi Elmer Berger, former president of the American +Council of Judaism;Haviv Schieber, former mayor of Beer Scheeba and +comrade-in-arms of Menachem Begin and Moise Dayan who is now living as a +refugee from Israeli persecution in Washington, D. C. , Benjamin Friedman, +former secretary to Henry Morgenthau Sr. who witnessed at firsthand the +Zionsit machinations of the First and Second World Wars. In addition to +these individual Jewish authorities, there are the thousands of Hasidic +Jews who protest against Zionism and the State of Israel as being "the +work of the Devil. "There are the Jews who demonstrated against +Menachem Begin as a leading proponent of Zionism. In brief, not all +Zionists are Jews and not all Jews are Zionists. Once again, how can +any criticism of Zionist tenets be constructed as "racism"?Because no +Zionist is "a member of an identifiable group" under the criminal code, +any more than Liberals or Conservatives, can such criticism constitute +"hate" under the Criminal Code? + +I believe that Zionists and their sympathizers are using the letter of +the law to defy the spirit of the law;that they are using words like +"hate" and "racism" to conceal their very real attempt to suppress the +truth. I do not believe that the so-called "Hate Law" section of the +Criminal Code was intended to be an instrument for the suppression of +free enquiry and discussion. The "Hate Law" was adopted by the Canadian +Parliament as a result of almost exclusively Jewish-Zionist agitation. +Now it appears that it is being invoked to prevent the exposure of the +biggest money-raising racket of all time, namely the Holocaust lie. The +real issues in this matter are not "anti-semitism," "racism," or "hate," +but Truth, Freedom of Speech and Press, Freedom of Enquiry and, +ultimately, Justice. Help us safeguard these precious freedoms now! + +EXERCISE YOUR RIGHTS AND DUTIES AS FREE CITIZENS WHILE THERE IS STILL +TIME BY GIVING THIS ISSUE MAXIMUM ATTENTION AND PUBLICITY!CONTACT ME +FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, INTERVIEWS AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR PUBLIC SPEAKING +APPEARANCES. + +Ernst Z ndel 206 Carlton Street Toronto, Ontario M5A 2L1 +Tel. (416) 922-9850/HELP WITH DONATIONS TO THE SAMISDAT LEGAL DEFENSE FUND diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/danquayl.txt b/politicalTextFiles/danquayl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b43b48 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/danquayl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,600 @@ + + +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes Last updated July 16, 1992 +============================================================================ +Thanks to: + James Allenspach jima@buhub.bradley.edu + Ken Tubman dprkmt@arco.com + David K. Poulsen poulsen@csrd.uiuc.edu + Subodh Bapat mailrus!uflorida!rm1!bapat@uunet.uu.net + Tim Dodge dodgeT%moravian.edu@relay.cs.net + David Ruderman ruderman@sbcs.sunysb.edu + Ron Dippold rdippold@drzeus.qualcomm.com + Tim Antonsen antonsen@hpcndaw.CND.HP.COM + Dave Goldsman sman@zomboy.isye.gatech.edu + JV Heiskanen jvh@mits.mdata.fi + Matt Thomas tbirds@atlas.unm.edu + Matthew Wall wall@cc.swarthmore.edu + Stephen C. Miller stcmille@copper.ucs.indiana.edu + Yngve Raustein raustein@athena.mit.edu + Forrest Cahoon cahoon@cs.umn.edu + Jeff Frane gummitch@techbook.com + Michael L. Cole mlcole@nevada.edu + Lisa Henn lisa@boa.cis.ohio-state.edu + Eric McCaughrin mccaughe@cad.berkeley.edu + Daniel Ashlock Danwell@iastate.edu + Al Clark clark@netcom.com + Phil Corless apucorle@idbsu.idbsu.edu + Heather Blair h431@midway.uchicago.edu + dwhitney@hamp.hampshire.edu + Dave Stephenson dstephen@cmsa.gmr.com + Marc Wasserman mwasserm@diana.cair.du.edu + Jim Summers summers@asylum.cs.utah.edu + Brian Curran brian@meaddata.com + D. Alex Neilson neilson@skat.usc.edu + Scott Safier corwin+@cmu.edu + dascoser.bbs@cybernet.cse.fau.edu + Sierra Sponaugle sponaugl@silver.ucs.indiana.edu + John Murray dylan@drycas.club.cc.cmu.edu + Patricia Bender bender@riscee.pko.dec.com + Marc Andreessen marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu + Jerry Cox sasjec@asimov.unx.sas.com + Jan Peerson peerson@neyman.ucdavis.edu + Japan Info Soc jis@sfsuvax1.sfsu.edu + Rick Zaccone zaccone@rigel.cs.bucknell.edu + + +and me: + + Mike Goldsman goldsman@cc.prism.gatech.edu + + 36004 Gatech Station + Atlanta, GA 30332 + (404) 894-7302 (w) + (404) 872-5146 (h) + +Please send me any additions/corrections to this list. +It seems to be growing faster than I can keep up with it!!! + +============================================================================ +Bobby Knight told me this: 'There is nothing that a good defense +cannot beat a better offense.' In other words a good offense wins. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle comparing the + offensive capabilities of the Warsaw Pact + with the defensive system of NATO + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the +Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, +we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If +oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + +What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind +at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + +You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy +campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you +will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + +"The Holocaust was an obscene period in our nation's history. I mean +in this century's history. But we all lived in this century. I didn't +live in this century." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + (The New Yorker, October 10, 1988, p.102) + +We expect them [Salvadoran officials] to work toward the elimination +of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices +to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a +single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and +democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, +and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + +It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves +as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. +I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - +which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. +We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked +very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, +making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I not going to focus on what I have done in the past +what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. +The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I +have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed +without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + +Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of +the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, +two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in +Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. +Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + +May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayle's 1989 Christmas card. + [Not a beacon of literacy, though.] + +Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + [this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny] + +getting [cruise missiles] more accurate so that we can have precise precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missiles + +I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that +have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + +[I will never have] another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, +Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Benson debate + +Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and +I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of +situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news +conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does +that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency (1988) + +Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm +my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more +handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + +I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this +country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The real question for 1988 is whether we're going to go forward to +tomorrow or past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, +family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're +happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We're going to have the best-educated American people in the +world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This election is about who's going to be the next President of the +United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with +the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the +definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful pause] A +mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other arrangements of the +family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful +family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have +a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I +believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in +our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we +want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my +family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three +children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all +have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of +civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. +And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this +Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family +means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing +that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +No, I had no problem communicating with Latin American heads of state - +though now I do wish I had paid more attention to Latin when I was in +high school. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +...Buzz Lukens took that fateful step... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle confusing the sexual + assaulter/congressman with Astronaut Buzz Aldren. + +Okay, I won't open it until then + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after having been + presented with an empty box that was to contain + a gift from a sailing team in South America. + He was told that the gift was not ready yet, + but that it would be presented to him when they + arrived in the United States. + +During the White House Easter Egg Roll of 1991, Quayle signed autographs +using only his finger. He had prepared pre-signed cards which his aides +handed out while he made signing gestures. This allowed him +to move briskly and efficiently through the crowd, said his spokesman. + +Dan Quayle, in April 1991, was concerned that his advisors +may be getting out of touch with "Real Americans." In order +to combat this, he suggested that they read People magazine. + +People that are really very wierd can get into sensative positions +and have a tremendous impact on history. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I stand by all the misstatements that I've made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I'm going to be a vice president very much like George Bush was. +He proved to be a very effective vice president, perhaps the most effective +we've had in a couple of hundred years. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The loss of life will be irreplaceable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + after the San Francisco earthquake + +I have made good judgements in the Past. +I have made good judgements in the Future. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Let me tell you something. As we were walking around in the store, Marilyn +and I were just really impressed by all the novelties and the different types +of little things that you could get for Christmas. And all the people that +would help you, they were dressed up in things that said 'I believe in Santa +Claus.' And the only thing that I could think is that I believe in +George Bush. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a garden center and + produce store in Baltimore (from the Los Angeles Times, + Douglas Jehl, November 6, 1988) + + + +It's a very valuable function and requirement that you're performing, +so have a great day and keep a stiff upper lip. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +The President is going to benefit from me reporting directly to him +when I arrive. + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the +impurities in our air and water that are doing it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +We have a firm commitment to NATO, we are a *part* of NATO. We +have a firm commitment to Europe. We are a *part* of Europe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would not have married Dan Quayle had I not thought he was an equal to me. + -- Marilyn Quayle + + +I could take this home, Marilyn. This is something teenage boys might find of +interest. + --Vice President Dan Quayle, when purchasing a South + African Indian Doll that, when lifted, displays an erection. + +When you make as many speeches and you talk as much as I do and you get away +from the text, it's always a possibility to get a few words tangled here and +there + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (LA Herald Examiner 10/3/88) + +Public Speaking is very easy. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to reporters in 10/88 + +I happen to be a Republican president- ah, the vice president. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (Newsweek 4/9/90) + +I've never professed to be anything but an average student. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the + VP debate in Omaha, Nebraska (10/88) + +The other day [the President] said, I know you've had some rough times, and I +want to do something that will show the nation what faith that I have in you, +in your maturity and sense of responsibility. (He paused, then said) Would you +like a puppy? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (LA Times 5/21/89) + +In George Bush you get experience, and with me you get- The Future! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in eastern Illinois + (LA Times 10/19/88) + +I've been told to keep my remarks relatively brief. I understand Quayle-hunting +season begins at noon. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to a crowd in Eau Claire, Wisc. + (LA Times 10/16/88) + +The destruction, it is just very heart-rendering. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle attempting to say the + SF earthquake wreckage was heart-rending + (Newsweek 10/30/89) + +I spend a great deal of time with the President. We have a very +close, personal,loyal relationship. I'm not, as they say, a potted +plant in these meetings. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (Tampa Tribune-Times 1/7/90) + +When I talked to him on the phone yetserday. I called him George rather than +Mr. Vice President. But, in public, it's Mr. Vice President, because that is +who he is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle shortly after being named + Geo. Bush's running mate (8/28/88 the NY Times). + + + +I'm glad you asked me that. This gives me the perfect +opportunity to talk about the problems with this Congress... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to reporter's + questions about his use of Air force 2 to + go on golf trips at the cost of $26,000/hour + +I love California, I practically grew up in Phoenix + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will, +never, never surrender to what is right + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, in a speech + to the Christian Coalition + +Maybe you guys will get lucky this year and face the Orioles in the +World Series + -- Vice President Dan Quayle encouraging the Milwaukee + Brewers after throwing out the opening pitch of the + season. (5/3/92 Sunday Detroit News) + +Are they taking DDT? + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle asking doctors at a Manhattan + AIDS clinic about their treatments of choice. + (NY Post, early May 92) + +We are leaders of the world of the space program. +We have been the leaders of the world of our... of the space program +and we're not going to continue where we're going to go, not withstanding +the Soviet Union's demise and collapse - the former Soviet Union - we now +have independent republics which used to be called the Soviet Union. +Space is the next frontier to be explored. And we're going to explore. +Think of all the things we rely upon in space today: communications +from... Japan, detection of potential ballistic missle attacks. Ballistic +missles are still here. Other nations do have ballistic missles. How do +you think we were able to detect some of the Scud missles and things like +that? Space, reconnaissance, weather, communications - you name it. We +use space a lot today. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +America is great, because America is free. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Sometimes cameras and television are good to people and sometimes they +aren't. I don't know if its the way you say it, or how you look. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I just don't believe in the basic concept that someone should make their +whole career in public service. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If you listen to the news, read the news, you'd think we were still +in a recession. Well, we're not in a recession. We've had growth; +people need to know that. They need to be more upbeat, more positive... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in October 91 + +Need any help? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in October 91 addressing + GM autoworkers in Southgate two weeks before GM + announced 74,000 layoffs + +The message of David Duke, is this, basically: Big government, anti-big +government, get out of my pocketbook, cut my taxes, put welfare people +back to work. That's a very popular message. The problem is the messenger. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I do have a political agenda. It's to have as few regulations as possible. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Sam, had a great time this weekend but the golf was lousey. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in a handwritten note + written to Sam Snead in the summer of 1991, + after they had played a round of golf. + (Herald-Times, Bloomington, IN, July 15, 1992) + + +The cause of the riots were the rioters + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving an intelligent + analysis of the LA riots. + +It's immoral to parent irresponsibly... And it doesn't help +matters any when prime time tv, like "Murphy Brown", a character +who is supposed to represent a successful career woman of today, +mocks the importance of the father by bearing a child alone, +and calling it just another "lifestyle choice." Marriage is +probably the best anti-poverty program there is... +Even though our cultural leaders in Hollywood, network TV, the +national newspapers routinely jeer at [such values] I think most of +us in this room know that some things are good, and other things are wrong. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing the + Commonwealth Club of San Francisco and criticizing + Murphy Brown's decision to NOT have an abortion + and to be a single (highly successful) mother. + When told about Quayle's comments, a senior + Bush campaign official replied only "Oh, dear." + Bush's top aid said, "The world is a lot more complex + than Dan would like to believe" + + +I think especially in her position, a highly successful professional +woman, it would be a real exception to have an unwed child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to The Chron's Jerry Roberts. + +I don't watch it, but I know enough to comment on it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending his opinions about + the TV show "Murphy Brown" [Las Vegas RJ 21 May 92] + +The intergenerational poverty that troubles us so much today is +predominantly a poverty of values. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Illegitimacy is something we should talk about in terms of +not having it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Speaking as a man, it's not a woman's issue. Us men are tired +of losing our women + -- Vice President Dan Quayle talking about + breast cancer + +I want to show you an optimistic sign that things are beginning +to turn around. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle trying to convince reporters + that the economy was doing better because a + Burger King had a "now hiring" sign in the window. + He was campaigning for reelection in Ontario, CA + in January 1992. + +You have a part-time job and that's better to no job at all + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after the manager of the + Burger King had said that the jobs offered were part-time + minimum wage jobs, which didn't pay enough to live on, + and that "It's hard to find people who want to actually + show up for the job." + +Wouldn't it be wonderful to have a cure for AIDS in the marketplace +before Magic Johnson gets AIDS? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 11/13/91 (CNN) + +We're in Florida. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining why he + had just purchased four peaches (and no citrus + fruits -- for which Florida is famous) at a Publix + supermarket in Oakland Park, Florida. Georgia (which + IS famous for peaches) did not gain from the transaction, + however; the peaches were from Chile. (The Sunstenial) + +I deserve respect for the things I did not do. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I feel that this [1981] is my first year, that next year is an +election year, that the third year is the mid point and that the +fourth year is the last chance I'll have to make a record since the +last two years, I'll be a candidate again. Everything I do in those +last two years will be posturing for the election. But right now I +don't have to do that. + -- Senator Dan Quayle + +I don't have to experience tragedy to understand it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during a photo-op + in LA, responding to criticisms that he didn't + understand what it meant to live in the "inner + city." (WRAL 6/23/92) + +My position is that I understand from a medical situation, immediately +after a rape is reported, that a woman normally, in fact, can go to the +hospital and have a D and C. At that time... that is before the forming +of a life. That is not anything to do with abortion + -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining that this + form of abortion which occurs after fertilization, + is not really abortion. + (the Washington post, 11/03/88) + +Add one little bit on the end... Think of 'potato,' how's it spelled? +You're right phonetically, but what else...? There ya go...alright! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle correcting a student's + correct spelling of the word "potatoe" during + a spelling bee at an elementary school in Trenton. + + +I should have caught the mistake on that spelling bee card. But +as Mark Twain once said, "You should never trust a man who has only +one way to spell a word." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, actually quoting from + President Andrew Jackson. + +People who Bowl Vote. +Bowlers are not the cultural elite. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle while at a Las Vegas bowling + alley. the Vice-President bowled 5 times, and knocked + down 19 pins. (6/25/92, San Jose Mercury News) + The American Bowling Congress projected his score for a + full game to be 76. The Detroit average for amateur + players is 163 (USA Today, 7/6/92) + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/darrow1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/darrow1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b29a95d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/darrow1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1951 @@ + 30 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The value of this 360K disk is $7.00. This disk, its printout, +or copies of either are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** +LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1329 +Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + The Pessimistic Versus the Optimistic View of life + by + Clarence Darrow + + + HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS + GIRARD, KANSAS + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + (Report of a lecture delivered at the University of Chicago, +under the auspices of the Poetry Club, and the Liberal Club; +revised by Mr. Darrow.) + + I had the pleasure of making the acquaintance of Mr. A.E. +Housman in the Summer of 1927. I spent two hours with him, and +before that I had been to the home of Thomas Hardy. Mr. Hardy told +me how much he thought of Housman, before I visited Housman; and +Housman was a frequent visitor at the Hardy home. Their ideas of +life were very much alike; they were what the orthodox people and +the Rotary Clubs would call pessimistic. They didn't live on pipe +dreams; they took the universe as they found it, and man as they +found him. They tried to see what beauty there was in each of them, +but didn't close their eyes to the misery and maladjustments of +either the universe or man, because they ware realists, honest, +thorough, and fearless. + + Hardy himself had received the censure of all the good people +of England and the world, who, in spite of that, bought his books. +They all condemned him when he wrote his 'Tess;' so he determined +not to write any more prose. He thought that people probably were +not intelligent enough to appreciate him; certainly not his +viewpoint, and he didn't wish to waste his time on them. + + Housman's viewpoint is much the same, as all of you know. He +has written very little. You can read all he has written in two +hours, and less than that; but everything is exquisitely finished. +met him he was in his study in Cambridge. He is a professor of +Latin. I can't Imagine anythINg more useless than that -- unless it +be Greek! He has been called the greatest Latin scholar in the +world, and he seemed to take some pride in his Latin; not so much +in his poetry. He said he didn't write poetry except when he felt +he had to, it was always hard work for him, although some of the +things he wrote very quickly; but as a rule he spent a great deal +of time on most of them. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + I asked him if it was true that the latest little volume was +what it is entitled -- 'Last Poems.' He said he thought it was +true; that it had been published as his last poems in 1922 -- five +years before -- and he had only written four lines since: so he +thought that would probably be the last. Upon my asking him to +recite the four lines, he said he had forgotten them. + + Both Hardy and Housman, and of course Omar, believed that man +is rather small in comparison with the universe, or even with the +earth; they didn't believe in human responsibility, in free will, +in a purposeful universe, in a Being who watched over and cared for +the people of the world. It is evident that if He does, He makes a +poor job of It! + + Neither Hardy nor Housman had any such delusions. They took +the world as they found it and never tried to guess at its origin. +They took man as they found him and didn't try to build castles for +him after be was dead. They were essentially realists, both of +them; and of course long before them Omar had gone over the same +field. + + It is hardly fair to call the Rubaiyat the work of Omar +Khayyam. I have read a good many different editions and several +different versions. I never read it in Persian, in which it was +first written, but I have read not only poetical versions but prose +ones. Justin McCarthy brought out a translation a number of years +ago which was supposed to be a literal translation of Omar's book. +There is no resemblance between that book and the classic under his +name that was really written by FitzGerald. There is nothing very +remarkable about the Omar Khayyam as found in Justin McCarthy's +translation. It is probably ten times as expansive as the one we +have, and no one would recognize it from the FitzGerald edition. + + The beauty of the Rubaiyat is Edward FitzGerald's. He +evidently was more or less modest or else he wanted to do great +homage to Omar, because no one would ever have suspected that Omar +had any more to do with the book than they would have suspected +Plato. But, under the magic touch of FitzGerald, it is not only one +of the wisest and most profound pieces of literature in the world, +but one of the most beautiful productions that the world has ever +known. + + I remember reading somewhere that when this poem was thrown on +the market in London, a long time ago, nobody bought it. They +finally put it out in front of the shop in the form in which it was +printed and sold it for a penny. One could make more money by +buying those books at a penny and selling them now than he could +make with a large block of Standard Oil! It took a long while for +Omar and FitzGerald to gain recognition, which makes it rather +comfortable for the rest of us who write books to give away, and +feel happy when somebody asks us for one, although we suspect they +will never read them. But we all think we will be discovered +sometime. Some of us hope so and some are fearful that they will +be. Neither Omar nor FitzGerald believed in human responsibility. +That is the rock on which most religions are founded, and all laws +-- that everybody is responsible for his conduct; that if he is +good he is good because he deliberately chooses to be good, and if + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + +he is bad it is pure cussedness on his part -- nobody had anything +to do with it excepting himself. If he hasn't free will, why, he +isn't anything! The English poet Henley, in one of his poems, +probably expressed this about as well as anybody. It looks to me as +if he had a case of the rabies or something like that. But people +are fond of repeating it. In his brief poem about Fate he says: + + I am the master of my fate + I am the captain of my soul. + + A fine captain of his soul; and a fine master of his fate! He +wasn't master enough of his fate to get himself born, which is +rather important, nor to do much of anything else, except brag +about it. Instead of being the captain of his soul, as I have +sometimes expressed it, man isn't even a deck-hand on a rudderless +ship! He is just floating around and trying to hang on, and hanging +on as long as he can. But if it does him any good to repeat Henley, +or other nonsense, it is all right to give him a chance to do it, +because he hasn't much to look forward to, any way. Free will never +was a scientific doctrine; it never can be. It is probably a +religious conception, which of course shows that it isn't a +scientific one. + + Neither one of these eminent men, Hardy or Housman, believed +anything in free will. There is eight hundred years between Omar +and Housman, and yet their, philosophy is wondrously alike. I have +no doubt but that Omar's philosophy was very like what we find in +the rendering of FitzGerald. It is not a strange and unusual +philosophy, except in churches and Rotary Clubs and places like +that. It is not strange in places where people think or try to, and +where they do not undertake to fool themselves. It is rather a +common philosophy; it is a common philosophy where people have any +realization of their own importance, or, rather, unimportance. A +realization of it almost invariably forces upon a human being his +own insignificance and the insignificance of all the other human +atoms that come and go. + + Men's ideas root pretty far back. Their religious creeds are +very old. By means of interest and hope and largely fear, they +manage to hang on to the old, even when they know it is not true. +The idea of man's importance came in the early history of the human +race. He looked out on the earth, and of course he thought it was +flat! It looks flat, and he thought it was. He saw the sun, and he +formed the conception that somebody moved it out every morning and +pulled it back in at night. He saw the moon, and he had the opinion +that somebody pulled that out at sundown and took it in in the +morning. He saw the stars, and all there was about the stars was, +"He made the stars also." They were just "also." They were close +by, and they were purely for man to look at, about like diamonds in +the shirt bosoms of people who like them. + + This was not an unreasonable idea, considering what they had +to go on. The people who still believe it have no more to go on. +Blind men can't be taught to see or deaf people to hear. The +primitive people thought that the stars were right near by and just +the size they seemed to be. Of course now we know that some of them +are so far away that light traveling at nearly 286,000 miles a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + +second is several million light years getting to the earth, and +some of them are so large that our sun, even, would be a fly-speck +to them. The larger the telescopes the more of them we see, and the +imagination can't compass the end of them. It is just humanly +possible that somewhere amongst the infinite number of infinitely +larger and more important specks of mud in the universe there might +be some organisms of matter that are just as intelligent as our +people on the earth. So to have the idea that all of this was made +for man gives man a great deal of what Weber and Field used to +call "Proud flesh." + + Man can't get conceited from what he knows today, and he can't +get it from what intellectual people ever knew. You remember, in +those days the firmament was put in to divide the water below from +the water above. They didn't know exactly what it was made of, but +they knew what it was. Heaven was up above the firmament. They knew +what it was, because Jacob had seen the angels going up and down on +a ladder. Of course, a ladder was the only transportation for such +purposes known to Jacob. If he had been dreaming now, they would +have been going up in a flying machine and coming down in the same +way. + + Our conceptions of things root back; and that, of course, is +the reason for our crude religions, our crude laws, our crude +ideas, and our exalted opinion of the human race. + + Omar had it nearer right. He didn't much overestimate the +human race. He knew it for what it was, and that wasn't much. He +knew about what its power was; he didn't expect much from the human +race. He didn't condemn men, because he knew he couldn't do any +better. As he puts it. + + But helpless Pieces of the Game He plays + Upon this Chequer-Board of Nights and Days: + Hither and thither moves, and checks and slays + And one by one back in the Closet lays. + + Compare that conception with Mr. Henley's, with his glorious +boast that he is the captain of his soul and the master of his +fate. Anyone who didn't catch that idea from the ordinary thought +of the community, but carved it out for himself, would be a subject +for psychopathic analysis and examination. When you have an idea +that everybody else has, of course you are not crazy, but if you +have silly ideas that nobody else has, of course you are crazy. +That is the only way to settle it, + + Most people believe every day many things for which others are +sent to the insane asylum. The insane asylums are full of religious +exaltants who have just varied a little bit from the standard of +foolishness. It isn't the foolishness that places them in the bug- +house, it is the slight variations from the other fellows' +foolishness -- that is all. If a man says he is living with the +spirits today, he is insane. If he says that Jacob did, he is all +right. That is the only difference. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + Omar says we are simply "impotent pieces in the game He plays" +-- of course, he uses a capital letter when he spells, He which is +all right enough for the purpose -- "in the game He plays upon this +chequer-board of nights and days." And that is what man is. If one +could vision somebody playing a game with human pawns, one would +think that everyone who is moved around here and there was moved +simply at the will of a player and he had nothing whatever to do +with the game, any more than any other pawn. And he has nothing +more to do with it than any other pawn. + + Omar expresses this opinion over and over again. He doesn't +blame man; he knows the weakness of man. He knew the cruelty of +judging him. + + The Moving Finger writes; and having writ, + Moves on: nor all your Piety nor Wit + Shall lure it back to cancel half a line, + Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it. + + Whatever the impulse calls one to do, whatever the baubles or +the baits that set in motion many acts, however quickly or +emotionally, the consequences of the acts, as far as he is +concerned, never end. All your piety and all your wit cannot wipe +out a word of it! Omar pities man; he doesn't exalt God, but he +pities man. He sees what man can do; and, more important still, he +sees what he cannot do. He condemns the idea that God could or +should judge man. The injustice of it, the foolishness of it all, +appeals to him and he puts it in this way: + + O Thou who didst with pitfall and with gin + Beset the Road I was to wander in. + Thou wilt not with Predestin'd Evil round + Enmesh, and then impute my Fall to Sin! + + Nothing ever braver and stronger and truer than that! +Preachers have wasted their time and their strength and such +intelligence and learning as they can command, talking about God +forgiving man, as if it was possible for man to hurt God, as if +there was anything to be forgiven from man's standpoint. They pray +that man be forgiven and urge that man should be forgiven. Nobody +knows for what, but still it has been their constant theme. Poets +have done it; Omar knew better. Brave and strong and clear and far- +seeing, although living and dying eight hundred years ago. This is +what he says about forgiveness: + + O thou, who Man of baser Earth didst make, + And ev'n with Paradise devised the Snake: + For all the sin wherewith the Face of Man + Is blacken'd -- Man's forgiveness give -- and take! + + "Man's forgiveness give -- and take!" If man could afford to +forgive God, He ought to be willing to forgive man. Omar knew it. +"Ev'n with paradise devised the snake." Taking the orthodox theory, +for all the sin with which the earth is blackened, "Man's +forgiveness give -- and take!" That is courage; it is science. It +is sense, and it isn't the weak, cowardly whining of somebody who +is afraid he might be hurt unless he whines and supplicates, which +he always does, simply hoping that some great power will have +compassion on him. Always cowardice and fear, and nothing else! + + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + Omar was wise enough to know that if there was any agency +responsible for it, that agency was responsible. He made us as we +are, and as He wished to make us, and to say that a weak, puny, +ignorant human being, here today and gone tomorrow, could possibly +injure God or be responsible for his own weakness and his +ignorance, of course is a travesty upon all logic; and of course it +does great credit to all superstition, for it couldn't come any +other way. + + Housman is equally sure about this. He knows about the +responsibility of man. Strange how wonderfully alike runs their +philosophy! Housman condemned nobody. No pessimist does -- only +good optimists. People who believe in a universe of law never +condemn or hate individuals. Only those who enthrone man believe in +free will, and make him responsible for the terrible crudities of +Nature and the force back of it, if there is such a force. Only +they are cruel to the limit. + + One can get Housman's idea of the responsibility of the human +being from his beautiful little poem, "The Culprit," the plaintive +wailing of a boy to be executed the next morning, when he, in his +blindness and terror, asked himself the question, "Why is it and +what does it all mean?" and thought about the forces that made him, +and what a blind path he traveled, as we all do. He says: + + The night my father got me + His mind was not on me; + He did not plague his fancy + To muse if I should be + The son you see. + + The day my mother bore me + She was a fool and glad, + For all the pain I cost her, + That she had borne the lad + That borne she had. + + My mother and my father + Out of the light they lie; + The warrant would not find them, + And here 'tis only I + Shall hang on high. + + Oh let no man remember + The soul that God forgot + But fetch the county kerchief + And noose me in the knot, + And I will rot. + + For so the game is ended + That should not have begun. + My father and my mother + They have a likely son, + And I have none. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + Nobody lives in this world to himself or any part of himself. +Nobody fashions his body, and still less is responsible for the +size or the fineness of his brain and the sensitiveness of his +nervous system. No one has anything to do with the infinite +manifestations of the human body that produce the emotions, that +force men here and there. And yet religion in its cruelty and its +brutality brands them all alike. And the religious teachers are so +conscious of their own guilt that they only seek to escape +punishment by loading their punishment onto someone else. They say +that the responsibility of the individual who in his weakness goes +his way is so great and his crimes are so large that there isn't a +possibility for him to be saved by his own works. + + **** **** + + The law is only the slightest bit more intelligent. No matter +who does it, or what it is, the individual is responsible. If he is +manifestly and obviously crazy they may make some distinction; but +no lawyer is wise enough to look into the human mind and know what +it means. The interpretations of the human judges were delivered +before we had any science on the subject whatever, and they +continue to enforce the old ideas of insanity, in spite of the fact +that there isn't an intelligent human being in the world who has +studied the question who ever thinks of it in legal terms. Judges +instruct the jury that if a man knows the difference between right +and wrong he cannot be considered insane. And yet an insane man +knows the difference better than an intelligent man, because he has +not the intelligence and the learning to know that this is one of +the hardest things to determine, and perhaps the most impossible. +You can ask the inmates of any insane asylum whether it is right to +steal, lie, or kill, and they will all say "No," just as little +children will say it, because they have been taught it. It +furnishes no test, but still lawyers and Judges persist in it, to +give themselves an excuse to wreak vengeance upon unfortunate +people. + + Housman knew better. He knew that in every human being is the +imprint of all that has gone before, especially the imprint of his +direct ancestors. And not only that, but that it is the imprint of +all the environment in which he has lived, and that human +responsibility is utterly unscientific, and besides that, horribly +cruel. + + Another thing that impressed itself upon all these poets alike +was the futility of life. I don't know whether a college succeeds +in making pupils think that they are very important in the scheme +of the universe. I used to be taught that we were all very +important. Most all the boys and girls who were taught it when I +was taught it are dead, and the world is going on just the same. I +have a sort of feeling that after I am dead it will go on just the +same, and there are quite a considerable number of people who think +it will go on better. But it won't; I haven't been important enough +even to harm it. It will go on just exactly the same. + + We are always told of the importance of the human being and +the importance of everything he does; the importance of his not +enjoying life, because if he is happy here of course he can't be + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + +happy hereafter, and if he is miserable here he must be happy +hereafter. Omar made short work of that, of those promises which +are not underwritten, at least not by any responsible people. He +did not believe in foregoing what little there is of life in the +hope of having a better time hereafter. + + He says, "Ah, take the Cash and let the Credit go." Good +advice that: "Ah, take the Cash and let the Credit go." If you take +the "Credit," likely as not you will miss your fun both here and +hereafter. Omar knew better. + + It is strange how the religious creeds have hammered that idea +into the human mind. They have always felt there was a kinship +between pleasure and sin. A smile on the face is complete evidence +of wickedness. A solemn, uninteresting countenance is a stamp of +virtue and goodness, of self-denial, that will surely be rewarded. +Of course, the religious people are strangely hedonistic without +knowing it! There are some of us who think that the goodness or +badness of an act in this world can be determined only by pain and +pleasure units. The thing that brings pleasure is good, and the +thing that brings pain is bad. There is no other way to determine +the difference between good and bad. Some of us think so: I think +so. + + Of coarse, the other class roll their eyes and declaim against +this heathen philosophy, the idea that pain and pleasure have +anything to do with the worth-whileness of existence. It isn't +important for you to be happy here. But why not? You are too +miserable here so you will be happy hereafter; and the hereafter is +long and the here is short. They promise a much bigger prize than +the pagan for the reward of conduct. They simply want you to trust +them. They take the pain and pleasure theory with a vengeance, but +they do business purely on credit. They are dealers in futures! I +could never understand, if it was admissible to have joy in heaven, +why you couldn't have it here, too. And if joy is admissible at +all, the quicker you get at it the better, and the surer you are of +the result. Omar thought that: "Ah, take the Cash, and let the +Credit go!" Take the Cash and let the other fellow have the Credit! +That was his philosophy, and I insist it is much better, and more +intelligent philosophy than the other. + + But Omar had no delusions about how important this human being +is. He had no delusions about the mind, about man's greatness. He +knew something about philosophy or metaphysics, whatever it is. He +knew the uncertainty of human calculations, no matter who arrived +at them. He knew the round-about way that people try to find out +something, and he knew the results. He knew the futility of all of +it. + + Myself When young did eagerly frequent + Doctor and Saint, and heard great argument + About it and about: but evermore + Came out by the same door where in I went. + + That is what Omar thought. Man evermore came out by the same +door where in he went. Therefore, "take the Cash and let the Credit +go!"' He put it even stronger than this. He knew exactly what these +values were worth, if anything. He knew what a little bit there is + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + +to the whole bag of tricks. What's the difference whether you were +born 75 years ago, or fifty or twenty-five? what's the difference +whether you are going to live ten years, or twenty or thirty, or +weather you are already dead? In that case you escape something! +This magnifying the importance of the human being is one of the +chief sins of man and results in all kinds of cruelty. + + If we took the human race for what it is worth, we could not +be so cruel. Omar Khayyam knew what it was, this life, that we talk +so much about: + + 'Tis but a Tent where takes his one day's rest + A Sultan to the realm of Death addrest; + The Sultan rises, and the dark Forrash + Strikes, and prepares it for another Guest. + + "Tis but a Tent where takes his one day's rest" -- is there +anything else, if one could just make a survey of the human being, +passing across the stage of life? I suppose man has been upon the +earth for over a million years. A million years, and perhaps his +generations may be thirty to thirty-five years long. Think of the +generations in a thousand years, in 5,000 years, in a hundred +thousand, in a million years! There are a billion and a half of +these important organisms on the earth at any one time. All of +them, all important -- kings, priests and professors, and doctors +and lawyers and presidents, and 100 per cent Americans, and +everything on earth you could think of -- Ku Kluxers, W.C.T.U.'s, +Knights of Columbus and Masons, everything. All of them important +in this scheme of things! All of them seeking to attract attention +to themselves, and not even satisfied when they get it! + + What is it all about? it is strange what little things will +interest the human mind -- baseball games, fluctuations of the +stock market, revivals, foot races, hangings, Anything will +interest them. And the wonderful importance of the human being! + + Housman knew the importance just as well as Omar. He has +something to say about it, too. He knew it was just practically +nothing. Strangely like him! The little affairs of life, the little +foolishnesses of life, the things that consume our lives without +any result whatever; he knew them and knew what they were worth. He +knew they were worth practically nothing. But we do them; the urge +of living keeps us doing them, even when we know how useless and +foolish they are. Housman understood them: + + Yonder see the morning blink: + The sun is up, and up must I. + To wash and dress and eat and drink + And look at things and talk and think + And work, and God knows why. + + Oh often have I washed and dressed + And what's to show for all my pain? + Let me lie abed and rest: + Ten thousand times I've done my best + And all's to do again. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + That is what life is, rising in the morning and washing and +dressing and going to recitations and studying and forgetting it, +and then going to bed at night, to get up the next morning and wash +and dress and go to recitation, and so on, world without end. + + One might get a focus on it from the flies. They are very busy +buzzing round. You don't exactly know what they are saying, because +we can't understand fly language. Professors can't teach you fly +language! We can't tell what they are saying, but they are probably +talking about the importance of being good, about what's going to +happen to their souls and, when. And when they are stiff in the +morning in the Autumn and can hardly move round, the housewife gets +up and builds the fire, and the heat limbers them up. She sets out +the bread and butter on the table. The flies come down and get into +it, and they think the housewife is working for them. Why not? + + Is there any difference? Only in the length of the agony. What +other? Apparently they have a good time while the sun is shining, +and apparently they die when they get cold. It is a proposition of +life and death, forms of matter clothed with what seems to be +consciousness, and then going back again into inert matter, and +that is all. There isn't any manifestation that we humans make that +we do not see in flies and in other forms of matter. + + Housman understands it; they have all understood it. Read any +of the great authors of the world -- any of them; their hopes and +their fears and their queries and their doubt, are, about the same. +There is only one man I know of that can answer everything, and +that is Dr Cadman. + + Housman saw it. He knew a little of the difference between age +and youth -- and there is some. The trouble is, the old men always +write the books; they write them not in the way they felt when they +were young, but in the way they feel now. And they preach to the +young, and condemn them for doing what they themselves did when +they had the emotion to do it. Great teachers, when they grow old! +Perhaps it is partly envy and the desire that no one shall have +anything they can't have. Likely it is, but they don't know it. +Housman says something about this: + + When first my way to fair I took + Few pence in purse hid I, + And long I used to stand and look + At things I could not buy. + + Now times are altered: if I care + To bay a thing I can; + The pence are here and here's the fair, + But where's the lost young man? + + The world is somewhat different. The lost young man was once +looking at the fair. He couldn't go in, and he liked it more for +that; but now he is tired of the fair and tired of the baubles that +once amused him and the riddles he once tried to guess, and he +can't understand that the young man still likes to go to the fair. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + We hear a great deal said by the ignorant about the wickedness +of the youth of today. Well, I don't know: some of us were wicked +when we were young. I don't know what is the matter with the youth +of today having their fling. I don't know that they are any +wickeder today. First, I don't know what the word wicked moans. Oh, +I do know what it means: It means unconventional conduct. But I +don't know whether unconventional conduct is wicked in the sense +they mean it is wicked, or whether conventional conduct is good in +the sense they mean it is good. Nobody else knows! + + But I remember when I was a boy -- it was a long time ago -- +I used to hear my mother complain. My mother would have been pretty +nearly 125 years old if she had kept on living, but luckily for her +she didn't! I used to hear her complain of how much worse the girls +were that she knew than the girls were when she was a girl. Of +course, she didn't furnish any bill of particulars; she didn't +specify, except not hanging up their clothes, and gadding, and +things like that. But at any rate, they were worse. And my father +used to tell about it, and I have an idea that Adam and Eve used to +talk the same fool way. + + The truth is, the world doesn't change, or the generations of +men or the human emotions. But the individual changes as he grows +old. You hear about the Revolt of Youth. Some people are pleased at +it and some displeased. Some see fine reasons for hope in what they +call the youth movement. They can put it over on the old people, +but not on the youth! There is a Revolt of Youth. + + Well, youth has always been in revolt. The greatest trouble +with youth is that it gets old. Age changes it. It doesn't bring +wisdom, though most old people think because they are old they have +wisdom. But you can't get wisdom by simply growing old. You can +even forget it that way! Age means that the blood runs slow, that +the emotions are not as strong, that you play safer, that you stay +closer to the hearth. You don't try to find new continents or even +explore old ones. You don't travel into unbeaten wilderness and lay +out new roads. You stick to the old roads when you go out at all. + + The world can't go on with old people. It takes young ones +that are daring, with courage and faith. + + The difference between youth and old age is the same in every +generation. The viewpoint is in growing old, that is all. But the +old never seem wise enough to know it, and forever the old have +been preaching to the young. Luckily, however, the young pay very +little attention to it. They sometimes pretend to, but they never +do pay much attention to it. Otherwise, life could not exist. + + Both of these poets saw the futility of life: the little +things of which it is made, scarcely worth the while. It is all +right to talk about futility. We all know it, if we know much of +anything. We know life is futile. A man who considers that his life +is of very wonderful importance is awfully close to a padded cell. +Let anybody study the ordinary, everyday details of life; see how +closely he is bound and fettered; see how little it all amounts to. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + There are a billion and a half people in the world, all of +them trying to shout loud enough to be heard all at once, so as to +attract the attention of the public, so they may be happy. A +billion and a half of them, and if they all attracted attention +none of them would have attention! Of course, attention is only +valuable if the particular individual attracts it and nobody, else +can get it. That is what makes presidents and kings -- they get it +and nobody else. + + Then when you consider that it is all made up of little +things, what is life all about, anyway? We do keep on living. It is +easy enough to demonstrate to people who think that life is not +worth while. We could do it easier if we could only settle what +worth while means. But if we settle it and convince ourselves that +it is not worth while, we still keep on living. life does not come +from willing; rather it does not come from thought and reason. I +don't live because I think it is worth while; I live because I am +a going concern, and every going concern tries to keep on going, I +don't care whether it is a tree, or a plant, or what we call a +lower animal, or man, or the Socialist party. Anything that is +going tries to go on by its own momentum, and it does just keep on +going -- it is what Schopenhauer called the 'will to live.' So we +must assume that we will live anyhow as long as we can. When the +machine runs down we don't have to worry about it any longer. + + Hotisman asked himself this question, and Omar asked himself +this question. Life is of little value. What are we going to do +while we live? In other words, what is the purpose, if we can use +the word purpose in this way, which is an incorrect way? What +purpose are we going to put into it? Why should we live; and if we +must live, then what? Omar tells us what. He knew there was just +one thing important; he knew what most thinkers know today. He put +it differently -- he and FitzGerald together. It is a balance +between painful and pleasurable emotions. Every organized being +looks for pleasurable emotions and tries to avoid painful ones. The +seed planted in the ground seeks the light. The instinct of +everything is to move away from pain and toward pleasure. Human +beings are just like all the rest. The earth and all its +manifestations are simply that. Omar figured it out, and after +philosophizing and finding that he ever came out the same door +where in he went, he said: + + You know, my Friends, with what a brave Carouse + I made a Second Marriage in my house; + Divorced old barren Reason from my Bed, + And took the Daughter of the Vine to Spouse. + + That is one way of forgetting life -- one way of seeking +pleasurable emotions: "I took the Daughter of the Vine to Spouse." +A way that has been fairly popular down through the ages! Even in +spite of the worst that all the fanatics could possibly do, it has +been a fairly universal remedy for the ills of man. It would be +perfect If it were not for the day after! + + He says in his wild exuberance: + Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring + Your Winter-Garment of Repentance fling: + The Bird of Time has but a little way + To flutter -- and the Bird is on the Wing. + + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + There isn't much of it; but while it is fluttering, help it. +It has but a little way to flutter, and it is on the wing! + + To those who are not quite so strenuous, there is an appeal +more to beauty, a somewhat more permanent although not much more, +but a more beautiful conception of pleasure, which is all he could +get: + + A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, + A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread -- and Thou + Beside me singing in the Wilderness -- + Oh, Wilderness were Paradise now! + + Well, if you get the right jug and the right book and the rest +of the paraphernalia, it isn't so bad! + + It is strange that two so different human beings have sought +about the same thing. This physical emotional life that we hear so +much about is the only life we know anything about. They sought +their exaltation there, and Omar Khayyam pictured it very well. +Housman again does as well. What does he say about the way to spend +life and about life? + + Loveliest of trees, the cherry now + Is hung with bloom along the bough, + And stands about the woodland ride + Wearing white for Eastertide. + + Now, of my threescore, years and ten, + Twenty will not come again, + And take from seventy springs a score, + It only leaves me fifty more. + + And since to look at things in bloom + Fifty springs are little room, + About the woodlands I will go + To see the cherry hung with snow. + + What else is there? So while the light is still on and while +I can still go, and when the cherry is in bloom -- I will go to see +the cherries hung with snow. + + That is the whole philosophy of life for those who think; that +is all there is to it, and it is what everybody is trying to do, +without fully realizing it. Many are taking the Credit and letting +the Cash go. Housman is right about that. + + Since to look at things in bloom + Fifty springs are little room, + About the woodlands I will go + To see the cherry hung with snow. + + That is why I have so little patience with the old preaching +to the young. If youth, with its quick-flowing blood, its strong +imagination, its virile feeling; if youth, with its dreams and its +hopes and ambitions, can go about the woodland to see the cherry +hung with snow, why not? Who are the croakers, who have run their +race and lived their time, who are they to keep back expression and +hope and youth and joy from a world that is almost barren at the +best? + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + It has been youth that has kept the world alive; it will be, +because from the others emotion has fled; and with the fleeing of +emotion, through the ossification of the brain, all there is left +for them to do is to preach. I hope they have a good time doing +that, and I am so glad the young pay no attention to it! + + Of course, Housman and Omar and the rest of us are called +pessimist's. It is a horrible name. What is a pessimist, anyway? It +is a man or a woman who looks at life as life is. If you could, you +might take your choice, perhaps, as to being a pessimist or a pipe +dreamer. But you can't have it, because you look at the world +according to the way you are made. Those are the two extremes. The +pessimist takes life for what life is: not all sorrow, not all +pain, not all beauty, not all good. Life is not black; life is not +orange, red, or green, or all the colors of the rainbow. Life is no +one shade or hue. + + It is well enough to understand it. If pessimism could come as +the result of thought, I would think a pessimist was a wise man. +What is an optimist, anyway? He reminds "Me of a little boy running +through the woods and looking up at the sky and not paying any +attention to the brambles or thorns he is scrambling through. There +is a stone in front of him and he trips over the stone. Browning +said, "God's in his heaven and all's right with the world." Others +say, "God is love, love is God," and so on. A man who thinks that +is bound to be an optimist. He believes that things are good. + + The pessimist doesn't necessarily think that everything is +bad, but he looks for the worst. He knows it will come sooner or +later. When an optimist falls, he falls a long way; when a +pessimist falls it is a very short fall. When an optimist is +disappointed he is very, very sad, because he believed it was the +best of all possible worlds, and God's in his heaven and all's well +with the world. When a pessimist is disappointed he is happy, for +he wasn't looking for anything. + + This is the safest and by all odds it is the wisest outlook. +Housman has put it in a little poem. It is about the last thing I +shall give you. Housman is the only man I know of who has written +a poem about pessimism. Nearly all the people who are talking about +pessimism talk in prose; it is very prosy. Poems are generally +written about optimism: + + I am the master of my fate; + I am the captain of my soul. + +Those are the sort of poems. Of course there have been poems +written about pessimism. Poetry is really, to my way of thinking, +good only if it is beauty and if it is music. + + I don't mean tonight to discuss the question of free verse and +poetry, or the comparative merits of the two styles, or of prose, +but I do think that poetry is an exaltation and that you can't hold +it for long. Poetry ought to have beauty and it ought to have +music. It should have both. You can be the poet of sadness; sadness +lends itself to poetry as much as gladness, although few poets know +how to use it. Listen to this from Housman: + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + With rue my heart is laden; + For golden friends I had, + For many a rose-lipt maiden + And many a lightfoot lad. + + By brooks too broad for leading + The lightfoot boys are laid, + The rose-lipt girls are sleeping + In fields where raises fade. + + That is sad, isn't it? But it is beautiful. + + I remember once, years and years ago, reading Olive +Schreiner's Story of an African farm, in which she describes the +simple Boers of South Africa, with their sorrows and their +pleasures. She used this expression: which it took me some time to +understand, in describing pain and pleasure: "There is a depth of +emotion so broad and deep that pain and pleasure are the same." +They are the same, and I think they find their meeting in beauty. +The beauty, even if it is painful, is still beauty. You find the +meeting of pain and pleasure, and you can hardly distinguish +between the two emotions. + + Housman knew it; he knew how to do it. Here is his idea of the +young lad who dies: not passes on -- passes off. He dies: + + Now hollow fires burn out to black + And lights are guttering low: + Square your shoulders, lift your pack, + And leave your friends and go. + + Oh never fear man, nought's to dread, + Look not left or right: + In all the endless road you tread + There's nothing but the night. + + Does it bring you painful or pleasurable emotions? It is +beautiful; it is profound; it is deep. To me the painful and +pleasurable are blended in the beauty, and I think the two may be +one. + + Housman, as I have said, is the only one I know who wrote a +poem of pessimism; and this, like all of his, is very short, and I +will read it. Somebody else may have written one; but Housman +carries the philosophy of pessimism into poetry, perhaps the +philosophy that I have given you. This poem is supposed to be +introduced by somebody who complains of Housman's dark, almost +tragical verses. For in every line that he ever wrote there is no +let down. He is like Hardy; he never hauled down the flag. Life to +him was what he saw; what the world saw meant nothing. This was the +view in all of Housman's work. In all of his work there is not one +false note; and when I say a false note I mean one that is not in +tune with the rest. This is his idea of pessimism in poetry: + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + "Terence this is stupid stuff: + You eat your victuals fast enough; + There can't be much amiss, 'tis clear, + To see the rate you drink your beer. + But oh, good Lord, the verse you make, + It gives a chap the belly-ache. + + We poor lads, 'tis our turn now + To hear such tunes as killed the cow. + Pretty friendship 'tis to rhyme + Your friends to death before their time + Moping melancholy mad: + Come, pipe a tune to dance to, lad." + + Why, if 'tis dancing you would be, + There's brisker pipes than poetry. + Say, for what were hop-yards meant, + Or why was Burton built on Trent? + Oh many a peer of England brews + Livelier liquor than the Muse, + And malt does more than Milton can + To justify God's ways to man. + Ale, man, ale's the stuff to drink + For fellows whom it hurts to think: + Look into the pewter pot + To see the world as the world's not. + And faith, 'tis pleasant till 'tis past: + The mischief is that 'twill not last. + + Oh I have been to Ludlow fair + And left my necktie God knows where, + And carried half way home, or near. + Pints and quarts of Ludlow beer: + Then the world seemed none so bad, + And I myself a sterling lad; + And down in lovely muck I've lain, + Happy till I woke again. + Then I saw the morning sky: + Heigho, the tale was all a lie; + The world it was the old world yet, + I was I, my things were wet. + And nothing now, remained to do + But begin the game anew. + + Therefore, since the world has still + Much good, but much less good than Ill, + And while the sun and moon endure + Luck's a chance, but trouble's sure. + I'd face it as a wise man would, + And train for ill and not for good. + 'Tis true the stuff I bring for sale + Is not so brisk a brew as ale: + + Out of a stem that scored the hand + I wrung it in a weary land. + But take it: if the smack is sour, + The better for the embittered hour; + It should do good to heart and head + When your soul" is in my soul's stead; + And I will friend you, if I may, + In the dark and cloudy day. + 16 + + FACING LIFE FEARLESSLY + + "Luck's a chance but trouble's sure." The moral of it is to +"train for ill and not for good." + + If I had my choice, I would not like to be an optimist, even +assuming that people did not know that I was an idiot. I wouldn't +want to be an optimist because when I fell I would fall such a +terribly long way. The wise man trains for ill and not for good. He +is sure he will need that training, and the other will take care of +itself as it comes along. + + Of course, life is not all pleasant: it is filled with +tragedy. Housman has told us of it, and Omar Khayyam tells us of +it. No man and no woman can live and forget death. However much +they try. it is there, and it probably should be faced like +anything else. Measured time is very short. Life, amongst other +things, is full of futility. + + Omar Khayyam understood, and Housman understood. There are +other poets that have felt the same way. Omar Khayyam looked on the +shortness of life and understood it. He pictured himself as here +for a brief moment. He loved his friends; he loved companionship; +he loved wine. I don't know how much of it he drank. He talked +about it a lot. It might have symbolized more than it really meant +to him. It has been a solace, all down through the ages. Not only +that, but it has been the symbol of other things that mean as much +-- the wine of life, the joy of living. + + **** **** + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + by + CLARENCE DARROW + + This veteran of the Courts, who has spent fifty years tearing +deserved holes in the law, takes and swings his priceless irony +towards these professional Christians. When do we rest and when do +we play? Apparently we don't. What Price salvation? it's not worth +it. + + Among the various societies that are engaged in the business +of killing pleasure, the Lord's Day Alliance of New York deserves +a place of honor. If any poor mortal is caught enjoying life on +Sunday its agents gleefully hie themselves to the nearest +legislature and urge a law to stop the fun. Their literature and +periodicals tell very plainly the kind of business they are in. +This association of crape-hangers seems to be especially interested +in the State of New York, which contains about one-tenth of the +population of the Union, and among them an unusually large number +of foreigners and other heathen who have not been taught the proper +regard for the sanctity of the Sabbath. + + The activities of this Alliance in New York still leave them +ample time to watch the sinners in the other states and bring to +book the wicked who are bent on having pleasure on the holy Sabbath +Day. In their own language, the work is "In the interests of the +preservation and promotion of the Lord's Day as the American +Christian Sabbath ... to oppose all adverse measures seeking to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + +weaken the law and to seek the passage of such measures as would +tend to strengthen it." The Alliance informs us that "in the last +four years it has furnished sixty-seven addresses per month, on an +average. During this time over three hundred and twenty institute +meetings have been held for the study of the Sabbath question. +Several million pages of literature have been distributed." it +"also furnishes press articles and syndicate matter for the +newspapers." Imagine an institute spending so much time in the +study of the Sabbath question! If they have learned anything on +that subject it is not revealed, in their tracts. + + These Lord's Day folk seek to protect the day "in the interest +of the home and the church," "to exalt Jesus Christ who is Lord of +the Sabbath Day and to spread the knowledge of the will of God that +His Kingdom may come and His will may be done." Though the +organization is still young it points to a long list of glorious +achievements. We are informed that "no adverse measure affecting +the Sabbath has passed at Albany during this time, although forty- +two such measures have been introduced in the legislature. ... A +representative of our organization has been present on each +occasion to oppose all such adverse measures." It boasts that it +"opposed the opening of the State Fair in 1925 on Sunday, by +vigorous protest to the members of the Commission and the Attorney +General." The result was a ruling from the Attorney General +sustaining the law. Of course, so long as no one could go to the +fair on Sunday the people were obliged to go to church. It "has +defeated annually an average of forty commercial and anti-Sunday +bills in our legislature and has brought about the closing of the +First and Second Class Post Offices on Sunday. ... As a result, +thousands are in our churches each Sunday." It has been thanked by +President Coolidge for the services rendered hundreds of thousands +of government employees in the District of Columbia and elsewhere +throughout the nation." What further honor could anybody get on +earth? It has "accepted the challenge and in scores of places +defeated ... commercial amusement forces which have declared a +nationwide fight to the finish for Sunday movies and are even +proposing to enlist the aid of the churches in their unholy +campaign." It succeeded in "changing the date of the gigantic air +carnival to which admission was charged, from Sunday, August 2, to +Saturday, August 1, 1925, held at Belling Field, Washington." No +one but a parson has the right to charge for his performance on +Sunday. Through its request "the War Department issued orders on +November 2, 1925, covering every military Post in the United +States, banning Sunday public air carnivals, and maneuvers." It is +now leading a country-wide movement for the enactment of a Sunday +rest law for the District of Columbia. Washington needs and must +have a Sunday rest law." It informs us that the "day must be kept +above the Dollar, Christ above Commercialism on the Lord's Day, the +person must have the right of way over the Pocketbook on our +American Sunday." + +Surely this is a great work and deserves the active support and +sympathy of all people who are really interested in driving +pleasure-seekers from golf grounds, automobile trips, baseball +parks, moving-picture houses and every other form of pleasure on + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + +Sunday. It is possible that for lack of any other place to go, some +of them might be compelled to park themselves in church. If America +does not succeed in bringing back the ancient Puritan Sabbath with +its manifold blessings, it will not be the fault of the Lord's Day +Alliance. + + As a part of this noble work the organization publishes +various pamphlets and leaflets and scatters them broadcast through +the land. As a rule, these pamphlets are the effusions of more or +less obscure parsons. These preachers have special knowledge of +God's plans and God's will. Their sermonettes are conflicting in +their statements and utterly senseless in their assertions. The +sentries of the Alliance on guard at the state capitals and in the +national Congress, while these wise bodies are in session, have no +doubt succeeded in coercing spineless members of legislative bodies +to yield to their will and their parade of votes; and thus spread +considerable gloom over the United States on the Sabbath Day. + + These Lord's Day Alliance gentlemen are not only religious but +scientific. For instance, they publish a pamphlet written by one +Dr. A. Haegler, of Basle, Switzerland, in which he says that +experiments have shown that during a day's work a laborer expends +more oxygen than he can inhale. True, he catches up with a large +part of this deficiency through the night time, but does not regain +it all. It follows, of course, that if he keeps on working six days +a week, for the same time each day, he will be out a considerable +amount of oxygen, and the only way he can make it up is to take a +day off on Sunday and go to church. This statement seems to be +flawless to the powerful intellects who put out this literature. +Any person who is in the habit of thinking might at once arrive at +the conclusion that if the workman could not take in enough oxygen +gas in the ordinary hours of work and sleep he might well cut down +his day's work and lengthen his sleep and thus start even every +morning. This ought to be better than running on a shortage of gas +all through the week. Likewise, it must occur to most people that +there are no two kinds of labor that consume the same amount of +oxygen gas per day, and probably no two human systems that work +exactly alike. Then, too, if the workman ran behind on his oxygen +gas in the days when men worked from ten to sixteen hours a day he +might break even at night, since working hours have been reduced to +eight or less, with a Saturday half-holiday thrown in. It might +even help the situation to raise the bedroom window at night. These +matters, of course, do not occur to the eminent doctor who wrote +the pamphlet and the scientific gentlemen who send it out. To them +the silly statement proves that a man needs to take a day off on +Sunday and attend church in order that he may catch up on his +oxygen. To them it is perfectly plain that for catching up on +oxygen the church has a great advantage over the golf links or the +baseball park, or any other place where the wicked wish to go. This +in spite of the fact that in crowded buildings the oxygen might be +mixed with halitosis. + + The exact proof that these patrons marshal for showing that +the need of a Sunday rest is manifest in the nature of things is +marvelous. If the need of Sunday rest was meant to be shown by +natural law it seems as if this should have been clearly indicated, +especially if the righteous God had determined to punish Sunday. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + +violations with death and hell. There was no reason why the Creator +should have been content to leave the proof to a revelation said to +have been made in a barbarous age to an unknown man, hidden in the +clouds on the top of a high mountain peak. humans would not have +graven such an important message on a tablet of stone and then +insisted that the tablet should be destroyed before any being +except Moses had set eye upon it. Even God should not ask for faith +that amounts to credulity and gross superstition. + + A deity could have written the Sabbath requirements plain on +the face of nature. For instance, he might have made the waves be +still on the seventh day of the week; the grass might have taken a +day off and rested from growing until Monday morning; the wild +animals of the forest and glen might have refrained from fighting +and eating and chasing and maiming and have been made to close +their eyes on the Sabbath Day, and to have kept peace and +tranquillity. The earth might have paused in its course around the +sun or stood still on its axis. It should have been as important to +make this gesture in homage of the day as it was to help Joshua +hold the sun in leash that a battle might be prolonged. If nature +had made plain provision for the Sabbath Day it would be patent to +others as well as to the medicine men who insist that the Sabbath +Day was made for their profit alone. + + But let us pass from the realm of science, where pastors never +did especially shine, into a field where they are more likely to +excel. Here it is fairly easy to see what it is all about. The +Reverend McQuilkin, Pastor at Orange, New Jersey, furnishes a +pamphlet for The Lord's Day Alliance. Read what the Doctor says: + + God claims the Sabbath for himself in a very unique, + distinctive way as a day of rest and worship. He again and + again commands you to spend its hours in the conservation of + our spiritual power in the exercise of public and private + worship. To spend this holy day in pleasure or unnecessary + secular labor is to rob God. We have got to be careful how we + take the hours of the Sabbath for secular study or work, for + God will surely bring us to judgment concerning the matter. + Church attendance is a definite obligation, a debt which we + owe to God. + + Here is where the Alliance seems to strike pay dirt! What +reason has God to Claim the Sabbath for Himself, and why is God +robbed if a man should work on Sunday? It can hardly be possible +that the puny insects that we call men could disturb God in His +Sunday rest. Is it not a little presumptuous even to parsons, to +say that a debt to the church is a debt to God? + + To emphasize the importance of leaving the Sabbath to the +preachers, we are warned of the fate of the sinner who profanes the +Sabbath by work or play. The Lords Day Alliance has issued a little +folder on which there is the following heading in large letters: +THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEATH PENALTY. Under it is printed this +timely caution: "Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh +day is a Sabbath of solemn rest, holy to Jehovah; whosoever doeth +any work on the Sabbath Day shall surely be put to death. Ex. +31-35." The pamphlet also states that a wealthy business man is +furnishing the money for the distribution of this sheet. If this + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + +barbarous statement represents the views of the Lord's Day Alliance +then what is the mental caliber of the Congressmen, members of the +legislatures, judges, and the public that are influenced by their +ravings? Can anyone but an idiot have any feeling but contempt for +men who seek to scare children and old women with such infamous +stuff? + + Let us see what the Bible says on this important subject. In +Exodus 19: 8-12 we find not only the commandment which was +delivered to Moses in reference to the Sabbath, but the reasons for +such a commandment: + + Remember the Sabbath Day to keep it holy. Six days shalt + thou labor and do all thy work; but the seventh day is the + Sabbath of the Lord thy God. In it thou shalt do no work, + thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man servant nor + thy maid servant nor the cattle which is within thy gates; for + in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sun and all + that is in them and rested the seventh day, wherefore the Lord + blessed the Sabbath Day and hallowed it. + + It is plain from this commandment that the Sabbath was not +instituted in obedience to any natural law or so that man might +catch up on his supply of oxygen, but because the Lord in six days +had performed the herculean task of creating the universe out of +nothing. Therefore, every man must rest on the seventh, no matter +whether he has been working and is tired or not. This is made even +more binding in Exodus 35: 2: + + Six days shall work be done, upon the seventh day there + shall be to you a holy day, the Sabbath of the rest of the + Lord. Whosoever doeth work therein shall be put to death. + + In view of the commands of God, certainly his special agents +on the earth cannot be blamed for cruelty, no matter what ferocious +doctrine they may preach. In Numbers 28: 9-10 in connection with +various offerings that the Law required on the Sabbath, a provision +is made for meat offerings and drink offerings. The meat offerings +enjoin the sacrifice of lambs by fire as "a sweet savor unto the +Lord," and then the Lord provides that the pastor shall further: + + Sacrifice on the Sabbath Day two lambs of the first year + without spot and two-tenths of a part of an ephah of fine + flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil and the drink + offering thereof: this is the burnt-offering of every Sabbath, + besides the continual burnt-offering and his drink offering. + + It is evident that the lambs less than one year old, without +spot, were to be burned because they were so young and innocent and +would therefore make such a "sweet savor unto the Lord." Nothing is +lacking in this smell but mint sauce. If Moses's to be obeyed on +pain of hell in his command to abstain from work or play on the +Sabbath why is the rest of the program any less sacred? How can the +holy parsons release their congregations from the sacrifice of the +two spotless lambs and the two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour +mingled with oils? + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + In the Fifteenth Chapter of Numbers, it is related that while +the children of Israel were in the wilderness they found a man +gathering sticks on the Sabbath Day. The Hebrews were evidently at +a loss to know what should be done with him for this most heinous +offense, so they put him in "ward" to await the further orders of +the Lord. It is then related, "and the Lord said unto Moses: The +man shall surely he pat to death; all the congregation shall stone +him with stones without the camp. And all the congregation brought +him without the camp and stoned him to death with stones: as +Jehovah commanded Moses." In spite of manifold texts like this +there are persons who protest that they love this bloody, +barbarous, tribal God of the Jews. The literature of the Alliance +clearly indicates that its sponsors would follow this command of +Jehovah at the present time if they could only have their way. + + Dr. McQuilkin further tells us that the defenders of the day +have often been too superficial in their contentions on behalf of +this holy Sabbath; that they should soft-pedal the "thou shalt +nots" and "we should thunder our 'thou shalts' into the ears of the +foolish, wicked men who for the sake of pleasure or financial +profit would rob their fellow men or themselves of the precious +rest God had given them for the cultivation and nurture of their +immortal souls." "Such men," he continues, "must be identified with +murderers and suicides." The common punishment for murder is death, +and suicide is death, therefore Dr. McQuilkin, with the rest of his +associates and with his God, believes in the death penalty for +working or playing on the Sabbath. + + How one involuntarily loves this righteous Dr. McQuilkin of +Orange, New Jersey. He must be a man whose love and understanding +oozes from every pore of his body. No doubt the people of Orange +who are burdened with sorrow or sin bring their sore troubles and +lay them on his loving breast. I am sure that little children in +their grief rush to his outstretched arms for solace and relief. + + The Reverend Doctor McQuilkin makes short work of the idea +that you cannot make people good by law. In fact, that seems to him +to be the only way to make them good. Therefore people and +enterprises that commercialize Sundays by baseball games and moving +pictures, who "whine about the impossibility of making people good +by law, ought to go either to school or to jail." Probably the +pastor would be in favor of the Jail. The Reverend Doctor is very +much exercised about his idea that the Sabbath should be spent in +cultivating our "spiritual nature." From the gentle and kindly +character of the doctor's utterances, one judges that he must spend +several days a week cultivating his "spiritual nature." + + The godly doctor is indeed earnest about the church-going. He +says, "God will surely bring us to judgment in the matter of +staying away from church, for church attendance is a definite +obligation, a debt which we owe to God." The doctor has a naive way +of mixing up himself and his private business affairs with the +Lord. + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + Could it be possible that the Reverend Doctor McQuilkin's +serious case of rabies might be due to vacant pews? Such cases are +related in the following extract from a very disheartening +paragraph put out by the Lord's Day Alliance in a folder entitled +"Let's Save Our American Christian Sabbath." + + A significant part of this falling away from old American + ideals has been the neglect of the churches -- life among + Christian people dropping to a lower plane on Sunday. The lure + of pleasure and the drift to seven-day slavery within a few + years have utterly changed the character of the day. The, + average attendance at Sunday morning services, taken for all + the churches of New York State -- counting large city churches + as well as small country ones -- has steadily dropped until it + has now reached only fifty-three persons. This amounts to but + little more than one-fourth of their total enrolled + membership! The old days of tithes are gone. Lack of support + is making the situation more and more critical and many + churches have had to be abandoned. Is the church to survive? + Are we to remain a Christian nation? + + This is indeed distressing. I can well imagine the feeling of +chagrin that steals over the parson when he talks to fifty persons +on Sunday morning. Here are the few parishioners, solemn-visaged +and sitting impatiently in their pews while a joyous crowd rolls by +in automobiles on their road to hell. I cannot help thinking of the +parson on a Sunday morning, telling the same story over and over +again to his half hundred listeners. + + I have seen this pastor and this congregation in the country +church and the city church. What have they in common with the world +today? Who are these faithful fifty? One-third of them, at least, +are little boys and girls twisting and turning and yawning and +fussing in their stiff, uncomfortable clothes, in the hard church +pews. Then there are the usual fat old women, wearing their Sunday +finery. Their faces are dull and heavy and altogether unlovely. +They no longer think of the world; they are looking straight into +space at the Promised Land. They hold a hymn book or a Bible in +their time-worn hands. Perhaps there are ten full grown men in +church; two or three of these look consumptive; one or two are +merchants who think that being at church will help them sell +prunes; the rest are old and tottering. It has been long years +since a new thought or even an old one has found lodgment in their +atrophied brains. They are, decrepit and palsied and done; so far +as life and the world are concerned, they are already dead. One +feels sympathetic toward the old. But why should the aged, who have +lived their lives, grumble and complain about youth with its +glow and ambition and hope? Why should they sit in the fading light +and watch the world go by and vainly reach out their bony hands to +hold it back? + + Aside from the Lord's Day Alliance's way of appealing to the +law to make people go to church, I can think of only two plans to +fill the pews. First, to abandon a large number of the churches and +give the parsons a chance to find some useful and paying job. +Secondly, to get more up-to-date, human and intelligent preachers +into the church pulpits. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + The literature issued by the Alliance shows great concern +about Sunday newspapers. These papers consume a great deal of +valuable time on the Sabbath Day. They are in no way the proper +literature for Sunday reading. Automobile trips, too, are an +abomination on the Sabbath. One pamphlet records approval of the +conduct of the "venerable" John D. Paton who even refused to use +street-cars on Sunday while visiting America. He kept his +appointments by long walks, sometimes even having to run between +engagements. This sounds to me strangely like work. Still it might +have been necessary in order to get the proper amount of oxygen +gas. + + Playing golf on Sunday is a sacrilegious practice. A whole +leaflet is prepared by Dr. Jefferson on golf. "No one ought to play +golf on Sunday. ... The golf player may need oxygen but he should +not forget his caddie." The doctor calls our attention to the fact +that men in the days of Moses were mindful of even the least of +these. How our parsons do love Moses and his murderous laws! We are +told that a caddie works, that it is not play to trudge after a +golf ball with a bag of clubs on his back. The leaflets say that +the caddie does not work on Sunday for fun but, for money, and it +"isn't a manly thing for the golf player to hire him to work on +Sunday." We are told that "there are now over one hundred thousand +caddies on the golf links every Sunday. These caddies are making a +living." Of course this picture is pathetic. It is too bad that the +Lord's Day Alliance cannot get these hundred thousand caddies +discharged. Then possibly some of them would go to Church on +Sunday. They might even drop a nickel in the contribution box. + + Does anyone believe that if the caddies were offered the same +money for going to church that they get for hunting golf balls they +would choose the church? It takes a bright boy to be a caddie. + + The caddies do not inspire all the tears; we are told that +Chauffeurs and railroad employees are necessary to take the players +to and from the golf links. This is no doubt true. Still, we have +even seen chauffeurs sitting in automobiles outside a Church where +they had driven their employers to get their souls saved. On our +suburban railroads there are many trains put in service on Sunday +to take people to and from church, but these have not come under +the ban of the Lord's Day Alliance. Its complaint is that so few +trains are needed for this blessed work. + + There is some logic in this folder. We are told that "if golf +is allowable on Sunday, then, so is tennis, baseball basketball, +football, bowling and all other games which our generation is fond +of." "You can't forbid one without forbidding the others," says the +Alliance. We heartily agree with the Reverend Doctor on this +particular question. + + No one needs to go to ball games or movies or play golf on +Sunday unless he wants to spend his time that way. I have never +seen anybody who objected to the members of the Lord's Day Alliance +or any others from abstaining from all kinds of work and all sorts +of play and every method of enjoyment on Sunday. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + Dr. Robert E. Speer of Englewood, New Jersey, is very definite +and specific as to the proper way to spend Sunday and the sort of +recreation man should naturally enjoy on this holy day. Dr. Speer, +says, "God wants the worship of the Lord's Day and he wants us to +have the indispensable comforts and pleasure of It." One would +think that Dr. Speer got daily messages from God. "We need the day +for meditation and prayer and plans for better living." No one +questions the good doctor's right to satisfy his needs in such way +as seems necessary and pleasurable for him. All that I contend for +is that I, too, shall decide these questions for myself. + + Dr. Speer says: + + There are some things deadly in their power to spoil it + (referring to the Sabbath). One is the Sunday newspapers. I + pass by all that may be denounced as defiling in it. ... There + is harm enough in its "wallow of secularity." ... Look at the + men who feed their minds and souls on Sunday with this food. + They miss the calm and holy peace, the glowing divinity of the + day, + + It is just conceivable that one might read a Sunday newspaper +and still have time for "the glowing divinity of the day," to glow +long enough to satisfy every desire. + + Dr. Speer condemns those who berate the quality of the sermons +preached on Sunday and informs us that the wisest man can learn +something from the poorest preacher, although he neglects to say +Just what. He tells us that a country preacher's sermon is superior +to the country editor's writings or the country lawyer's speeches. +This may be true. It is, at all events, true to Dr. Speer and there +is no reason in the world why he should not hunt up the "poorest +Preacher" that he can find and listen to him on every Sunday. No +doubt Dr. Speer might learn something from him. + + Dr. Speer disapproves of riding on railroad trains on Sunday +if it can be avoided. "Certainly no one should take long railroad +journeys on Sunday." He tells us, "Sunday golf, newspapers, and all +that sort of thing are bad and weakening in their influence. There +are particular evidence of the trend of the man who thus abandons +his birthright." The doctor is more definite in his beautiful +picture of just what one ought to do on the Sabbath Day. On this +subject he says: + + I do not believe that anyone who grew up in a truly + Christian home in which the old ideas prevailed can have any + sympathy with this modern abuse of the old-fashioned + observance of Sunday. There, on Sunday, the demands of the + week were laid aside. The family gathered over the Bible and + the Catechism. There was a quiet calm through the house. + Innumerable things rendered it a marked day, as distinct from + other days, and probably it ended with a rare walk with the + father at the son's side and some sober talk over what is + abiding and what is of eternal worth. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + We could hazard a guess that the reason that the mother was +not present on this joyful occasion was because she was at home +washing the dishes from a big Sunday dinner that she had prepared. + + It is entirely possible that Dr. Speer's picture of the ideal +Sabbath is a good picture. Doubtless it is good to him. Still, +hidden in my mind and recalled by Dr. Speer's alluring language, is +the memory of his ideal Presbyterian Sunday. This was a day of +unmitigated pain. No spirit or life or joy relieved the boredom and +torture of the endless hours. The day meant misery to all the +young. Even now I can feel the blank despair that overcame youth +and hope as we children left our play on Saturday night and sadly +watched the sun go down and the period of gloom steal across the +world. Why should Dr. Speer and the other dead seek to force that +sort of a Sabbath upon men and women who want to take in their +oxygen gas in the baseball bleachers, or the golf links? + + From Dr. Speer's picture of the ideal Sabbath I infer that he +is a Presbyterian. This opinion has been confirmed by reference to +Who's Who. I find that for long years he has been a Presbyterian +preacher, not only in America, but be has carried the blessed +gospel even into China that the heathen of that benighted land +might not live and die without the consoling knowledge of eternal +hell. + + Dr. Speer's beautiful picture of the old-time Christian +Sabbath describes "the family gathered over the Bible and the +Catechism." I, too, sat under the ministrations of a Presbyterian +preacher and was duly instructed in the Westminster Catechism. In +spite of the aversion and terror that its reference inspired, I +took down the book to read once more the horrible creed of the +twisted and deformed minds who produced this monstrosity which has +neither sense, meaning, justice nor Mercy, but only malignant +depravity. A devilish creed which shocks every tender sentiment of +the human mind. I am inclined to think from their internal evidence +that most of the sermonettes circulated by the Lord's Day Alliance +had their origin in the warped minds of the Presbyterian clergy. I +would hazard a bet that the tender, gentle, loving Dr. McQuilkin is +a Presbyterian I sought to confirm this belief by consulting Who's +Who, but found that the editors had stupidly left out his name. +Still I am convinced that he is a Presbyterian. + + In this ancient Westminster Catechism which few men read I +quote question and answer number sixty: + + Question: How is the Sabbath to be sanctified? + + Answer: The Sabbath is to be sanctified by a holy resting + all that day, even from such worldly employments and + recreations as are lawful on other days; and spending the + whole time in public and private exercises of God's worship, + except so much as is to be taken up in the works of necessity + and mercy. + + Small wonder that these croakers should seek to call children +from joy and laughter to spend "the whole time in public and +private exercises of God's worship." The wonder is not that these +Divines should seek to place their palled hands upon the youth but + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + +that an intelligent people, who really do not worship a God of +malignancy and hate, would ever let these lovers of darkness invade +a legislative body. They have no more place in the sunlight and +pure air than croaking frogs and hooting owls. Here is the first +question and answer in this wondrous catechism: + + Question: What is the chief end of man? + + Answer: Man's chief end is to glorify God and to enjoy + Him forever. + + What sort of a God is this in which these parsons believe? A +God who can find no other work for man and no other use for the +emotions that nature placed in him, except to spend his life in +glorifying his maker? Imagine taking a child from play and the life +and activity that nature has made necessary for its being, and +seeking to make him understand something that no preacher can +possibly comprehend. + + Again, as to the simple nature of the Godhead, the catechism +says: "There are three persons in the God-head; the Father, the Son +and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one God, the same in +substance, equal in power and glory." Imagine a family spending the +whole Sabbath unravelling a mystery like this. It is evident that +any child whose mind has been permanently twisted by this wondrous +logic would later be found visiting legislative bodies and +imploring them to pass laws to blot the sun from the sky on the +Sabbath Day. + + Here is Number 7: + + Question: What are the decrees of God? + + Answer: The decrees of God are His eternal purpose + according to the counsel of His will, where-by, for His own + glory, He has fore-ordained whatsoever comes to pass. + + After the child had been made to thoroughly understand how to +harmonize freedom and responsibility of man with the statement that +God had foreordained whatever comes to pass, he might then on pain +of hell tackle number 8: + + Question: What is the work of creation? + + Answer: The work of the creation is God's making all + things of nothing, by word of His power, in the space if six + days, and all very good. + + Any child could understand how God, as the catechism says, is +a "spirit" and could make all things out of nothing, Himself +included. God's justice to man is lucidly explained in the +Westminster Catechism which tells the Sabbath Day student that "the +sin whereby our first parents fell from the estate wherein they +were created, was their eating the forbidden fruit." + + Question 16 and answer make this a living issue: + + Question: Did all mankind fall in Adam's first +transgression? + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + Answer: The covenant being made with Adam, not only for + himself, but for his posterity, all mankind descending from + him by ordinary generation, sinned in him, and fell with him, + in his first transgression. + + The answer to the seventeenth question says: "The fall brought +mankind into an estate of sin and misery." + + There are thousands of generations between the first man, if +there ever was one, and the boy who likes activity and play on the +Sabbath Day. Unless the boy is perverse and wicked he should +understand the justice of being condemned to an estate of sin and +misery because Adam made a covenant, not only for himself, but for +all his posterity. It is not worth while to quote further from the +Westminster Catechism. This brutal creed runs on for 107 questions +and answers. And this is the shorter catechism! + + It is amazing to think that any human being with ordinary +intelligence would accept such doctrine now. It is still more +amazing that in spite of the brazen effrontery of the Lord's Day +Alliance, legislative bodies should help to enforce such teaching +upon the young. But even this is not sufficiently terrible for a +Sabbath Day diversion. In answer to Question 19 we are told, "All +mankind, by their fall lost communion with God, are under His wrath +and curse and so made liable to all the miseries in this life, to +death itself, and to the pains of hell forever." Of coarse, no one +would believe this today except on fear of eternal torture. Does +the fear never enter the minds of those parsons that God might +punish them eternally for believing that He is such a monster? + + When one thinks of this organization with its senseless +leaflets, its stern endeavors, its blank despair, its half-shut +eyes blinking at life, one is reminded of the frogs in the green +scum-covered pond in the woods who sit on their haunches in the +dark and croak all day. No doubt these frogs believe that the germ +infested pond is a sacred pool. They are oblivious of the rolling, +living ocean that lies just beyond. + + Dr. Speer, like the other members of the Lord's Day Alliance, +is very sure that one of the chief occupations of Sunday should be +attending church. Bat what church, pray? We are informed that any +preacher is better to listen to and read from than any Editor, +lawyer or other person, Most of us have heard all sorts of +preachers. We have listened to some whose churches could only be +filled if the lard's Day Alliance should succeed and make it an +offense punishable by death not to go to church. We have heard +preachers who had something to say and could say it well, There is +as much difference in the views and ability of preachers as in +other men. Would Dr. Speer think that we should go to hear the +Fundamentalists or the Unitarians? Should we listen to the Holy +Rollers or the Modernists? + + There are few men outside of the Lord's Day Alliance who would +care to listen to their favorite preacher for a full day and there +are few preachers who would undertake to talk for a whole day. +What, then, must one do for the rest of the time? One simply cannot +sleep all day on Sunday. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + In all this literature we are constantly urged to preserve our +"American Sabbath." Is there any special holiness that lurks around +an "American Sabbath"? Are not European Christians as competent to +determine the right way to employ their time on Sundays as American +Christians? The Lord's Day folk say that reading the Sunday +newspapers, playing golf, riding in automobiles, and witnessing +baseball games and movies is "un-American." This compound word has +been used to cover a multitude of sins. What it means nobody knows. +It is bunkum meant to serve every cause, good and bad alike. By +what license does the Lord's Day Alliance call its caricature of +Sunday an "American Sabbath?" On what grounds does it urge it as +against the European Sabbath? Is this nightmare which the Lord's +Day Alliance is so anxious to force upon the United States a +product of America? Everyone knows that Sunday, with the rest of +the Christian religion, came to us from Europe. The weird ideas of +the Lord's Day Alliance are European. When and how it came to us is +worth finding out. + + Jesus and His disciples did not believe in the Jewish Sabbath. +They neither abstained from work nor play. St. Paul, specially, +condemned the setting apart of days and said to his disciples, "Ye +observe days and months and times and years. I am afraid of ye lest +I have bestowed upon ye labor in vain." + + The early fathers did not approve of any such day as the +Lord's Day Alliance insists shall be fastened upon America. St. +Jerome and his group attended church services on Sunday, but +otherwise pursued their usual occupations. St. Augustine calls +Sunday a festal day and says that the Fourth Commandment is in no +literal sense binding upon Christianity. Even Luther and Calvin +enjoined no such a day upon the Christians as these moderns wish to +fasten upon America that the churches may be filled. The righteous +John Knox "played bowls" on Sunday, and in his voluminous preaching +used no effort to make Sunday a day of gloom wherein people should +abstain from work and play. It was not until 1595 that an English +preacher of Suffolk first insisted that the Jewish Sabbath should +be maintained. The controversy over this question lasted for a +hundred years and resulted in a law proscribing every kind of +Sunday recreation, even "vainly and profanely walking for +pleasure." England Soon reacted against this blue Sabbath and +permitted trading, open theaters and frivolity in the afternoon and +evening. Under the leadership of the Church of England the Sabbath +no longer was a day of gloom and despair. + + The real American Sabbath was born in Scotland after the death +of John Knox. It fits the stern hills, the bleak moors and, the +unfriendly climate of this northern land. It was born of fear and +gloom and it lives by fear and gloom. Early in the Seventeenth +Century, Scotland adopted this stern theory of the Jewish Sabbath +and applied it ruthlessly. The Westminster Confession was adopted +by the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland in 1647 and has +remained the formal standard of faith to the present day. Ordinary +recreations were disallowed. Books and music were forbidden except +such as were recognized as religious in a narrow sense. No +recreation but whiskey-drinking remained, This Presbyterian Sabbath +of Scotland was brought to New England by the early settlers of +America and is, in fact, a Scotch Sabbath -- not an American +Sabbath. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + THE LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE + + Even in spite of the natural gloom and cold of Scotland, +Sunday strictness has been greatly modified there in the last fifty +years. It is not the present Scotch Sabbath that these modern +Puritans insist on forcing upon America. It is the old, ferocious, +Scotch Sabbath of the Westminster Confession. It was brought from +a land of gloom into a land of sunshine, and the Lord's Day +Alliance prefers the gloom and hardness of this outworn, out-lived +Scotch Sabbath to the sunshine and joy that comes with a fertile +soil, a mild climate and natural human emotions. + + It is almost unbelievable that a handful of men without reason +or humanity, should be able to force their cruel dogmas upon the +people. Not one in twenty of the residents of the United States +believes in the Sabbath of the Lord's Day Alliance. Our cities, +villages, and even country districts, protest against the bigotry +and intolerance of the lard's Day. Alliance and their kind. Still +in spite of this, by appeal to the obsolete statutes, religious +prejudice, crass ignorance and unfathomable fanaticism, they carry +on their mighty campaign of gloom. + + After long years of effort, with the lazy, cowardly public +that does not want to be disturbed, the Legislature of New York, in +the face of the opposition of the Lord's Day Alliance, managed to +pass a law providing that incorporated cities and towns should have +the right to legalize baseball games and moving picture shows on +Sunday after two o'clock in the afternoon and charge an admission +fee for seeing the entertainment. Why after two o'clock? The answer +is perfectly plain: It is possible that someone might be forced +into church in the morning if there was nowhere else to go. Were +the hours after two o'clock any less sacred in the laws of Moses +and the Prophets than the hours before two o'clock? Or was +Legislature induced to pass this law simply to give the minister a +privilege that it grants to no one else? + + Ours is a cosmopolitan country, made up of all sorts of people +with various creeds. There should be room enough to allow each +person to spend Sunday and every other day according to his own +pleasure and his own profit. In spite of the Lord's Day Alliance +and all other alliances, it is too late in the history of the world +to bring back the Mosaic Sabbath. Regardless of their best +endeavors it will probably never again be a crime punishable by +death to work or play on what they are pleased to call the Lord's +Day. Those ministers who have something to say that appeals to men +and women will be able to make themselves heard without a law +compelling people to go to church. If the Lords Day Alliance can +provide something equally attractive to compete with the Sunday +newspapers, golf, baseball games, movies and the open air, they +will get the trade. If they cannot provide such entertainment, then +in spite of all their endeavors the churches will be vacant. It is +time that those who do not believe in intolerance, but in freedom, +should make themselves heard in no uncertain way. It is time that +men should determine to defend their right to attend to their own +affairs and live their own lives, regardless of the bigots who in +all ages have menaced the welfare of the world and the liberty of +man. + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ddt.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ddt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5aaaf7b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ddt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ + +Phony Research Led to Ban on DDT + +THE ANGRY ENVIRONMENTALIST SPEAKS OUT +by `Fossil Bill' Kramer + +{DDT took a bum rap!} + + Does this shock you? It did me, but there is no doubt about the facts. + + As a result of America's ban of this cheapest, most effective pesticide +ever developed, millions of people around the world have died of pest-borne +disease. And though few realize it, DDT's absence has adversely affected this +nation as well. + + Who's to blame? In a measure, everyone who, 20 years ago, joined the +lockstep hysteria that brought this about. + + Especially guilty are environmental leaders who shaped public attitudes, +the media who sensationalized their propaganda, and federal bureaucrats who +made the final decision. + + Here I must acknowledge my own complicity. Only 18 months ago, I foolishly +published a column blaming DDT for the near-demise of bald eagles. + + I was still marching lockstep with my eyes closed. + + Now, however, I've examined the facts. It's been an eye-opener. + + There's an old adage: ``Figures don't lie; but liars figure.'' + + Even so, it was appalling to learn that some scientists deliberately +falsified their research, did phony studies aimed at producing misleading +results, and then proclaimed truth revealed. + + It's particularly evil that fraud was the basis for policies which caused +disaster to all sorts of people. + + - The Allegations - + + In 1972, the allegations against DDT were serious: + + 1. It was carcinogenic, and poisonous to humans. + + 2. It persisted in nature, continuing to kill for long periods. + + 3. It was driving bald eagles, brown pelicans, and other birds to +extinction, causing thin eggshells which broke before hatching. ``Birds are +laying omelettes instead of eggs,'' one report said. + + 4. Residues in the oceans threatened the algae which produce the planet's +oxygen. + + And there were other, equally devastating charges. The truth, though, was +quite the opposite. + + The first allegation was false. DDT is not carcinogenic. Nor is it +poisonous. To demonstrate this, people have publicly swallowed it by the +glassful. + + ``DDT hasn't killed anybody,'' says Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, professor of +entomology at San Jose State University. + + ``Even people that sprayed the DDT--130,000 spraymen every year--none of +them ever got sick,'' Edwards says. + + Allegation Number 2 was likewise false. Dr. George Woodwell (co-founder of +the Environmental Defense Fund, which spearheaded the drive against DDT) was a +prime source of derogatory information. He reported that an ``average of 13 +lbs. of DDT per acre'' had been found in the soil of a Long Island, N.Y. +marsh. + + But he didn't report that, to ``discover'' such amounts, ``scientists'' +deliberately sampled only ground where DDT was mixed, loaded into spray +trucks, and the sprayers tested. + + - They Lied - + + In public hearings, Woodwell conceded that his samplings were +``deliberately biased in order to find the highest residues we could find, +because at the time we wondered whether we could find any residues....'' + + EPA's hearing examiner, Edmund Sweeney, was irate. His report cited +``appalling instances'' such as ``publication of ... faulty information which +... was never corrected and apparently is still being relied upon.'' + + Meanwhile, ocean and soil studies by the Department of the Interior showed +that 90% of DDT residues disappeared within 40 days. + + Sweened recommended against banning DDT, but was overruled. EPA Director +William Ruckelshaus in 1970 had declared ``carcinogenic claims concerning DDT +are unproved speculation,'' but in 1972 issued the order banning it. + + Ruckelshaus later admitted the action was political. + + The third allegation--thin eggshells--also turned out to be phony. + + Shells were reported 40% thinner than normal. But ducks fed a diet laced +with DDT showed maximum shell thinning of 15% in one study, while in another, +conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game, they showed thicker +eggshells. + + Meanwhile, another study was deliberately biased by researchers who fed +birds DDT but withheld calcium--and then reported eggshell thinning. + + - And The Algae? - + + Most frightening of all were claims that residues of this supposedly +long-lasting toxin in the oceans would kill the algae which create most of the +Earth's oxygen supply. + + This was demonstrably false. Tests showed even saturated solutions of DDT +in ocean water had no effect on algae. + + Many details could be given if space permitted. But from a world well on +the way to ridding itself of malaria through use of DDT, we now have a planet +where mosquitoes proliferate and perhaps 200 to 300 million cases of malaria +occur each year, killing several million people annually. + + The question is, why do people perpetrate such frauds, and why do the rest +of us continue believing them? + + While spreading phony charges against DDT, doomsayers also were having +highly publicized conniptions about an ``imminent ice age.'' + + Now the identical crowd that prophesied global cooling tells us global +warming is coming. + + Are we going to believe them? + + Let us know your answer. Write: Environmentalist, Box 146, Silver Bay, +Minn. 55614. We'll print the best responses. + + + + + + + +reprinted with permission from + +THE NEW FEDERALIST + +subscriptions $35 per year +published weekly + +P.O. box 889 +Leesburg VA 22075 +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/deadanim.txt b/politicalTextFiles/deadanim.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2763503 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/deadanim.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ + Animal's Getted Treated + Like Trash All Over + The World + + I wrote this because something pissed me off. Right to life protestors are +not truly that. They think only a bunch of sells is life. But when it comes +to other life they don't say anything about it. They just speak about right +to life for some cells. + + The person that wrote that article on abortions and put in that animal get better +treatment is obviously a person that has not kept up with life. + + Comparing Unborn cell matter to live animals is like comparing water and land. +Live animals are used in experiments everyday. + + Since the ruling that dogs cannot be used in experiments about 12 years ago, +about 2 million live dogs are saved every year. Not counting the millions that +get destroyed in pounds every single year. Not counting the ones that are +killed by cars and all that "Nice stuff." Why don't these right to life protestors +say anything about that??? Dogs have the right for a normal existance like +we Human beings. + + Elephants are one example of animals that get treated like garbage. These animals +are intelligent and very carismatic. They love like we do, and feel. But they +have a major problem, they look different and they have a valuble ivory tusks. So +since they have these tusks they are hunted. Once there were 10 million but now only +700,000 roam in Africa. Because of man's hatred of animals these wonderful beings +are being slaugtered. Why don't these right to life protestors right about this??? + + Arctic Seals are our favorite coat animal. Why? because we think since they +are defensless we can kill them and take their so we can walk around looking pretty. +There were once millions, since because of brutal hunting these numbers have declined to +thousands. Why? because shmucks like these fetus protestors say that these +animals are not important to "USE." Why should they be. Since the laws that passed +to protect them the population has grown. + + Gorillas are our closest relative on this planet. But because of man's stupidity +these animals were almost wiped out because of how they look and myths. The sickness +is so wide spread. Example some had there heads and arms chopped off for collection +purposes. And these were live Gorrilas. Not a fetus gorilla. + + In closing animals don't have it easy. They get hunted, killed and mutilated +because they are not human beings. I have only metioned a little bit while there is +so much else. The person that wrote that article deadbaby.txt is quite stupid +if he or she thinks animals get it easy. Don't compare there lives to the lives +of human beings. Remember there are 6 billion human beings on this planet while +ony 800 million animal types. You judge who has the most. And another thing, you +can kill a million cats or dogs and get fined only for the property you have destroyed +but when you kill a human being you get sent up the river and fed for a certain +amount of time. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/deadbaby.txt b/politicalTextFiles/deadbaby.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab5e4d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/deadbaby.txt @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ + + 101 USES FOR A DEAD (or live) BABY + by Olga Fairfax, Ph.D + +. When I saw the first ad on TV advertising collagen-enriched +cosmetics I was speechless. We'll be apologizing to Hitler, I +thought; at least he didn't kill for money! +. Collagen is the gelatinous substance found in connective tissue, +bone and cartilage. Nick Thimmesch's syndicated column, "Our Grisly +Human Fetal Industry" documents that amniotic fluid and collagen can +come from fetal material, since the Food and Drug Administration does +not require pretesting or the identification of cosmetic ingredients. +. A glance through a local drug store revealed that the leading 12 +shampoos and five hand creams all contained collagen. +. Check your beauty products and you may be shocked! Unless your +beauty product specifies animal collagen or bovine collagen, the +product probably contains human collagen. The drug company should be +challenged at once. Even collagen taken from a human placenta raises +questions about respect of life and ownership of the placenta. +. A letter from Mary Kay Cosmetics emphasizes that their collagen +all comes from animals. A similar letter from Hask has also been +received. +. Since there are 1.5 million abortions every year, there is an +abundant source of fetuses for commercial use. +. There's triple profit to be had. The first is from the abortion +(estimated at a half billion dollars a year by Fortune magazine). The +second profit comes from the sale of aborted babies' bodies. The +third profit is from unsuspecting customers buying cosmetics. +. Babies' bodies are sold by the bag, $25 a batch or up to $5500 a +pound. The sale of later-term elective abortions at D.C. General +Hospital brought $68,000 between 1966 and 1976. The money was used to +buy a TV set and cookies and soft drinks for visiting professors. +Personally, I hope that they choked on the Kool-Aid! +. Call your local abortuary and hospital and ask them some pointed +questions about the disposal and possible sale of fetuses. Would an +abortionist who kills a baby think twice about selling its body? One +prenatal killer said, "A baby is becoming property. We kill, keep or +sell the property." +. In the Pittsburgh Women's Health Service there's a sign in the +lab areas asking doctors not to carry dead fetuses without wrapping +them since it disturbs the patients. + + Treated like trash + +. What have abortuaries done with fetuses in the past before they +realized that they could make another profit out of them? +. Well, "Richmond's shame" marked a new low in disposal of wastes. +An abortion center there filled a long bin on the rear of its property +with the remains of its day's nefarious doings. Its trash compactor +neatly mashed 100 babies' bodies which were then tied up in plastic +bags and thrown on top of the bin. +. "The hungry dogs came along and dragged the bags away. There +were frequent fights and the contents of the bags would be strewn up +and down the streets until the dogs separated the gauze, sponges and +pads and devoured the placenta, bones and flesh of the babies." said a +mother. +. She went to the police, health department and city hall and felt +that she got nowhere: but the bags, of warm human babies' mutilated +parts disappeared from the streets even though the clinic increased +its abortions from 25 to 150 a week. They've since moved to larger +quarters. +. The Jacksonville, Florida, Womens' Center for Reproductive +Health, which is run and owned by the Clergy Consultation Service, +advertises "celebrating a decade of service." + + Nothing to Celebrate + +. What they don't advertise is that they leave aborted babies out +for the trash pickup. Rev. Marvin Lutz, the director explained that +the practice of leaving the remains out was perfectly legal and +approved by the "good housekeeping" Judases, the National Abortion +Federation and the Florida Abortion Council. +. Dr. Jeronimo Dominguez of New York wrote that "on any Monday you +can see about 30 garbage bags with fetal material in them along the +sidewalks of several abortion clinics in New York." +. In Odessa, Texas, city ordinance 69-91 forbids placing a dead +animal in a dumpster. But that didn't stop one abortionist from +depositing large brown plastic bags full of sock like gauze bags into +the city dumpster prior to closing every night. +. A Baptist minister opened the bags and to his horror found a +little "perfectly formed hands and feet of a 13-week old baby and the +complete body, in pieces, of a 17-week old baby. Everything except +one foot was there: the rib cage, sexual organs, head, finger nails +and toe nails." +. He nearly died of shock. I nearly did too, reading about it. + + They Burn Babies, Don't They? + +. Babies used to be burned on the altar to Baal; now they're burned +in furnaces at the sites of their deaths. +. In Cincinnati, a prenatal killer allowed dense smoke to emanate +from his chimney. When firemen were called they were told, "They're +burning babies," as if that was routine. +. One wonders how life saving firemen could continue their +dedication amid such a contradiction! +. One pro-lifer overheard her children (ages five and seven) +discussing the infamous picture of the babies in the trash can the +first time they saw it. +. "It's dolls, It has to be dolls," said the kindergartner. "No," +said his pre-school sister, "it's babies." The older child couldn't +believe it. "It has to be dolls," he insisted. "Why would anyone +throw away babies?" +. When their mother explained to them that it was babies, both +children grew very quiet. Silently they studied the picture and then +recalled the times they had gone on trips to the city dump with the +family. "Will the rats eat the babies when they take them to the +dump?" the boy asked. + + Animals Fare Better + +. A wounded American eagle was found in Maryland recently and +rushed to emergency treatment but it was too late. He died. A $5000 +reward was offered for the arrest of its killer. +. Similarly, the Izaak Walton League's ethics fund has spent nearly +$60,000 in the last one and one half years to enhance outdoor ethics. +. It is illegal to ship pregnant lobsters (regardless of which +trimester!) to market. There's a $1000 fine and a year's jail term as +a penalty. +. The Massachusetts Supreme Court has ruled that goldfish cannot be +awarded as prizes in games of chance. This violates the state's anti- +cruelty law to protect the "tendency to dull humanitarian feelings and +corrupt the morals of those who observe them." This same court upheld +mandatory state funding of abortions! +. If the human fetus were an animal, its welfare might be entrusted +to the Department of Agriculture or the Fish and Wildlife service +where it would be safer than at the mercy of the Health Department. +The hackles of the SPCA would rise at the physical treatment it +received. + + The New Laboratory Rat + +. Some researchers insist that the reason they must do research on +human fetuses is because they are human, not animal. +. In a it-shouldn't-happen to a dog story, 47 senators voted in +1974 to protect dogs from experimentation with poisonous gas but then +voted down Senator Jess Helm's amendment to prevent federal funds from +being used for abortion. One liberal, pro-abortion Senator gave an +emotion laden speech to protect dogs. Man's best friend came out +better than man himself! +. Who is pressing for the "right" to experiment? No one less than +the nation Institutes of Health. A stacked national commission gave +them the "right" and this experimentation is funded by you, the +taxpayer! +. There is another sequel to the erosion of the value of human +life. Abortion, fetal experimentation, infanticide and euthanasia are +four walls of the same coffin. +. Even Planned Parenthood's anti-life lawyer Harriet Pilpel was +shocked. "What mother (sic) would consent to an experiment on her +fetus?" she asked. + + A Few Choice Examples + +. Some of the more shocking facts that will give you heart +palpitations include: + +o The young couple who wanted to conceive a child to be aborted so +that the father to be could use the baby's kidneys for a transplant +that he needed himself. + +o In California, babies aborted at six months were submerged in jars +of liquid with high oxygen content to see if they could breathe +through their skins. They couldn't. + +o The hysterotomy aborted fetus in the seventh, eighth and ninth +months is removed intact (translation: the babe is alive). The trade +in fetal tissue is about $1 million annually. The high prices may +encourage unnecessary abortions on welfare patients as the surest way +of getting "salable tissue." + +o Dr. Robert Schwartz, chief of pediatrics at the Cleveland +Metropolitan Hospital, said that, "After a baby is delivered, while it +is still linked to its mother by the umbilical cord, I take a blood +sample, sever the cord and then as quickly as possible remove the +organs and tissues." + +o Magee Women's Hospital in Pittsburgh packed aborted babies in ice +for shipment to experimental labs. + +o Newsday reported that an Ohio medical research company tested the +brains and hearts of 100 fetuses as part of a $300,000 pesticide +contract. + + The Modern Scalp Display? + +o Human embryos and other organs have been encased in plastic and sold +as paperweight novelty items. + +o The Diabetes Treatment Project at UCLA depends for its existence on +the availability of pancreases from later term aborted fetuses. + +o A rabies vaccine is produced from viruses grown in the lungs of +aborted children, according to FDA. A polio vaccine was also grown +with cells from aborted kids. + +o Brain cells would be "harvested" from aborted babies for transplant. + +o Tissue cultures are obtained by dropping still living babies into +meat grinders and homogenizing them, according to the prestigious New +England Journal of Medicine. + +o The Village Voice reported estimates seven years ago that 20,000 to +100,000 fetuses are sold to drug companies each year in the U.S. + +o A $6000,000 grant from H.I.H. enabled one baby (among many others in +the experiment done in Finland to be sliced open without an anesthetic +so that a liver could be obtained. The researcher in charge said that +the baby was complete and "was even secreting urine." He disclaimed +the need for anesthetic, saying an aborted baby is just garbage." + + Don't tell God! + +o A study on the severed heads of 12 babies delivered by C-section who +were kept alive for months. + +o Even the baby's placenta is sold for 50 cents to drug companies. +Ever heard of Placenta Plus shampoo? + +. And the atrocities go on. Will the unborn be regarded as handy +little organ sources? Will our preborn brothers and sisters become a +source of spare body parts? +. Listen to the newscasters - they are already pleading nationwide +for organs. It's enough to make you tear up your organ donor card! +At least adults can consent to being inventorized like a body shop's +spare parts department but Little Bugger cannot! +. After reading that aborted babies' fat is being used to make soap +in England and the fact that the former head of the federal Centers +for Disease Control abortion surveillance branch proposed that +abortions should be charged for by the length of the baby's foot, are +we surprised that babies are treated this way in the Year of the Child +or the Year of the Disabled? +. After reading the above, if your heart is still beating, run, +don't walk, to your nearest prayer closet and start praying! + +. SYSOP's note: Everything you have just read is quite true. Dr. +Fairfax has documentation and clippings to support every point made in +this article. You may obtain a copy from her - Please send a donation +with your request for the 10 pages to Dr. Olga Fairfax, 12105 +Livingston St., Weaton, MD 20902. Olga Fairfax, Ph.D is director of +Methodist United for Life. + +. This article was transcribed from the Christian Contender Vol. 1, +No.3, April 1984 by Anton Johnson. They reprinted it by permission of +A.L.L. About Issues Magazine, P.O. Box 490 Stafford, Va. 22554. + +Computers for Christ - Chicago + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/decades.txt b/politicalTextFiles/decades.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dff1d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/decades.txt @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ + The Esoteric Society presents + + Decades: Where Are We Headed? + + by King Diamond + +Centre of Eternity 615.552.5747 HQ of The Esoteric Society and Toxic Shock +___________________________________________________________________________ + + Loosely termed "the Eighties". The Eighties are almost over. Prepare +ourselves for the nineties. This has definitely been a decade of superior +change, needless to say. Reagan took to the Presidency. Negotiation with the +Soviet Union. Summits. Where are we headed? Gorbachev announces a situation of +"Glasnost". Openess? Where are we headed? + + A decade of music. Styles. Rock. Roll. Transformation from a period of good +solid music. Creedence Clearwater Revival. Led Zeppelin. Boston. From seventies +to eighties, our tastes and styles in music have changed. To soft rock, movie +soundtracks. Michael Jackson. Prince. Chicago. Duran Duran. Van Halen. +Madonna. Onto Whitesnake, Guns N' Roses, Skid Row, Metallica. Onto Slayer, +Megadeth, AC/DC, Anthrax, Manilla Road, Tesla, Ozzy and Lita. Where are we +headed? + + An age of arms reductions. We want peace: can we achieve it? Where are we +headed? Long-range missles. Short-range missles. Are they needed? Can +peace be achieved to a point of total DEFENSELESSNESS? As Reagan's second +term ends, so begins the term of his vice-president, George Bush. + + Bush knew Reagan's aims. Bush strives to achieve the same peace, a commitment +to understanding the world and its problems. Is he screwing us over? Screwing +things up? Where are we headed? Bush may get a second term in office. Maybe +not. Should he? We can't even locate Manuel Noriega in Panama of all the +shitty embarrassing things. Did our great country find him? No. Noriega turned +HIMSELF in to political asylum. Where are we headed? Is this the kind of force +that will be our backbone in real war and chaos? Maybe so. + + The Middle East. The Gaza Strip. The Persian Gulf. Tankers and carriers +shredded, the warmth and essence of life within destroyed. Planes shot down. +Families torn. Is this any token of "world peace"? Can we stop it? Where are +we headed? Are we plunging headfirst into chaotic darkness? + + Lybia. The eighties held for us a time in the Mediterranean. Shooting down +planes. Defending ourselves and the morals we stand for. Khaddafi. Real +leader or egotistical son of a bitch? I imagine his mother WAS a bitch but +that's beside the point. He ran, he hid. Assumed dead. No. He was alive even +after our great men bombed the hole. Destroyed a city. Innocent bystanders +in the grip of an enemy. Where were we headed? We have achieved an amount of +peace but is it enough? + + The latter times. East Berlin. Citizens tasting a "freedom" for the first +time. Is it a real freedom? The Berlin Wall coming down (coming down, Berlin +Wall is coming down, my fair lady... oh excuse me that's "London Bridge"), +sledgehammers, concerned citizens, long for freedom. Is it real? Should it +be real? Recent chaos in Rumania. Further destruction in Europe? Where are +we headed? Is this peace we so strive to reach really grabbing hold and taking +effect? + + Drugs. They are here, they have been here. In the eighties the scare of +drugs has emerged and blown in our faces. Drugs are everywhere, can they be +stopped? The eighties brought on the scare of AIDS. AIDS. A seemingly +invincible killer. Science. It strives to annihilate the AIDS virus. +Breakthroughs are being made everyday in the field, treatments for AIDS, +cancer, leukemia, heart disease. Lasers. The medical field can use this +technology to a great advantage. The eighties is not entirely bad. Health. +Healthier lives lived. Longer lifespans for all. But Hunger. + + Hunger. The eighties brought about groups of concerned citizens of the world +to help relieve the hunger crisis in poor African third-world countries. +Money. Food. Supplies. Where did they go? Many reports say alot of money went +to fund huge office parties in England. To buy bullshit for RICH people. +Hunger. In Africa. World effort? They are still hunger. Were our efforts +fruitful? Where are we headed? Is this peace and bonding together holding in +our tie with Africa? No. They are hungry. But we have our own problems. +Problems that need to be solved above all others. + + Again drugs. Drug cartels forming armies to fight and take over Colombian +government. A cry for help. Can we not stop it? But we have our own problems. +But the problem in Colombia affects us. Drug imports. Drugs on the streets. +New drugs. Ecstacy. Ice. Crack. All of which have risen to popularity in the +so GLAMOROUS period of the eighties. Children dying. Children SELLING. No +more than ten years old, on the streets pushing dope. AIDS again. Drug users +sharing dirty needles. Spreading. + + Sexual spread of AIDS. Adult shops. Pornographic times. Kinky sex. Sex fads. +Can they be stopped? Should they be stopped? People are free to fuck as they +wish, yet the spread of AIDS and the death it can bring sheds no effect on +those who are at high risk? Prostitutes? Whores? + + Oliver North trials. A landmark in the eighties. A big deal. Was he a good +man? Some say he was. Others not. He "couldn't remember" jack SHIT. Was he +defending his country, or just fucking around? Where ARE we headed? + + Televangelists. As popular or even MORE popular than the Iran-Contra scandal, +it rose to a screaming popular high. Everyone knew about it. Jim Bakker. +His bitch Tammy Faye. Dripping make-up. Alot of it became a joke to many. But +a so-called "religious and God-fearing man" stole hundreds of millions of +dollars from his "ministry" for his own use. An air-conditioned dog house. +And people LIKED this man? Jimmmy Swaggart. Convulsive face shaking and +bawling and begging the church for his forgiveness? A man that some people +thought GOOD? Where are we headed? + + Saturday Night Live. Satires of all the events of the eighties. Many well +portrayed. There'll never be another John Belushi, but the new cast of the +show has portrayed Our Decade's events well. Political issues. Religious +issues. Moral issues. Hats off to Dennis Miller for Weekend Update. Hats +off to Dana Carvey, Nora Dunn, Jan Hooks, Phil Hartman, John Lovitz and +Victoria Jackson for their acting ability and portrayal. Nora Dunn for +hers of one of the Sweenie sisters and of Leona Helmsley. Victoria Jackson +for being such a ditz, and for impersonating Zsa Zsa Gabor. Phil Hartman for +everything, Jan Hooks for Sweenie sister #2 and most of all - TAMMY FAYE BAKER. +Dana Carvey for Church Lady! John Lovitz for Tommy Flanagan and Master +Thespian. But enough of that bullshit. + + The eighties started off with a bang. Which is a bad choice of words since +the occurrence of the Challenger incident. Good people, going to space to +do great service in our space program. An explosion. A dream shattered. +Families and children shattered. It stayed with us. It was long before we +return on our space venture. We have sent up satellites. All kinds. But +much space junk. Star Wars. The first half of the eighties brought about the +Star Wars controversy. Our space program is improving rapidly as our +technology improves. Soon we may have manned missions to Mars. Shall +technology and science improved, our goal may be achieved. Does it serve +a purpose though? Maybe so. Where is our space program headed? + + The sun is ever expanding outward. It is supposed to, in several million +years, heat the Earth to lifelessness, finally expanding outward and +engulfing it. But will we burn our own selves up before the sun expands +any further? Greenhouse effect. A major issue. Chemicals, toxic fog. +Smog in cities. Dirty air. Carbon dioxide heating the Earth. Ozone holes. +Why are we destroying our major protection from the sun's harmful rays? We +WANT to stay alive, have a safe planet for our children and descendants to +live on. And now in our own lifetimes we are destroying our planet? Where +in the HELL are we HEADED? + + Save the whales. Greenpeace. I want to find out more about them and their +goals. They are not only saving whales but other animals. Certain endangered +types of marine life. Porpoises. Tuna fishermen killing porpoises uselessly. +Arbor Day Foundation. Plant trees. Rain forests. Leveled. We show concern +for our atmosphere but yet we burn down trees, trees which convert the heating +carbon dioxide into fresh oxygen and energy for animals? Why? Where are we +headed? + + Polar shift. Earthquakes. Tornadoes. Hurricanes. Some say these are reminders +from God that we are straying from a spiritual path. We are not worshipping +him like we should and are living sinful lives. Others say that these +occurrences reflect a major event to happen, possibly a sudden polar shift. +Who knows. Utter chaos on our planet. Churches preaching of Rapture. Where +are we headed? Only the future can tell us. +___________________________________________________________________________ + +I have asked so many questions. It's pitiful. To have so many things, so little +answers. Help us all unite and fight the destruction of our planet. A depleting +ozone layer that shields us from harm. Buy non-aerosol hairsprays (for you +bitches who use ten tons of a morning). Depletion of natural resources. +Adapt your lifestyles to that situation. I should practice what I preach, I +am beginning to. It sickens me to see the situation we are in. The world we +live in, doused in pitiful shame. The world our CHILDREN will live in. + +So many questions. So few answers. +___________________________________________________________________________ + +(c) December 24, 1989. End of the eighties. Where Are We Headed? + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/declarat.txt b/politicalTextFiles/declarat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa49852 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/declarat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ +DECLARATION OF THE CAUSES AND NECESSITY OF TAKING UP ARMS, + July 6, 1775 + +A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of +North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting +forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms. + +If it was possible for men, who exercise their reason to +believe, that the divine Author of our existence intended a +part of the human race to hold an absolute property in, and an +unbounded power over others, marked out by his infinite +goodness and wisdom, as the objects of a legal domination never +rightfully resistible, however severe and oppressive, the +inhabitants of these colonies might at least require from the +parliament of Great-Britain some evidence, that this dreadful +authority over them, has been granted to that body. But a +reverance for our Creator, principles of humanity, and the +dictates of common sense, must convince all those who reflect +upon the subject, that government was instituted to promote +the welfare of mankind, and ought to be administered for the +attainment of that end. The legislature of Great-Britain, +however, stimulated by an inordinate passion for a power not +only unjustifiable, but which they know to be peculiarly +reprobated by the very constitution of that kingdom, and +desparate of success in any mode of contest, where regard +should be had to truth, law, or right, have at length, +deserting those, attempted to effect their cruel and impolitic +purpose of enslaving these colonies by violence, and have +thereby rendered it necessary for us to close with their last +appeal from reason to arms. Yet, however blinded that +assembly may be, by their intemperate rage for unlimited +domination, so to sight justice and the opinion of mankind, +we esteem ourselves bound by obligations of respect to the +rest of the world, to make known the justice of our cause. +Our forefathers, inhabitants of the island of Great-Britain, +left their native land, to seek on these shores a residence +for civil and religious freedom. At the expense of their +blood, at the hazard of their fortunes, without the least +charge to the country from which they removed, by unceasing +labour, and an unconquerable spirit, they effected settlements +in the distant and unhospitable wilds of America, then filled +with numerous and warlike barbarians. -- Societies or +governments, vested with perfect legislatures, were formed +under charters from the crown, and an harmonious intercourse +was established between the colonies and the kingdom from which +they derived their origin. The mutual benefits of this union +became in a short time so extraordinary, as to excite +astonishment. It is universally confessed, that the amazing +increase of the wealth, strength, and navigation of the realm, +arose from this source; and the minister, who so wisely and +successfully directed the measures of Great-Britain in the +late war, publicly declared, that these colonies enabled her +to triumph over her enemies. --Towards the conclusion of that +war, it pleased our sovereign to make a change in his counsels. +-- From that fatal movement, the affairs of the British empire +began to fall into confusion, and gradually sliding from the +summit of glorious prosperity, to which they had been advanced +by the virtues and abilities of one man, are at length +distracted by the convulsions, that now shake it to its deepest +foundations. -- The new ministry finding the brave foes of +Britain, though frequently defeated, yet still contending, took +up the unfortunate idea of granting them a hasty peace, and +then subduing her faithful friends. + +These colonies were judged to be in such a state, as to present +victories without bloodshed, and all the easy emoluments of +statuteable plunder. -- The uninterrupted tenor of their +peaceable and respectful behaviour from the beginning of +colonization, their dutiful, zealous, and useful services +during the war, though so recently and amply acknowledged in +the most honourable manner by his majesty, by the late king, +and by parliament, could not save them from the meditated +innovations. -- Parliament was influenced to adopt the +pernicious project, and assuming a new power over them, have +in the course of eleven years, given such decisive specimens +of the spirit and consequences attending this power, as to +leave no doubt concerning the effects of acquiescence under +it. They have undertaken to give and grant our money without +our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right +to dispose of our own property; statutes have been passed for +extending the jurisdiction of courts of admiralty and +vice-admiralty beyond their ancient limits; for depriving us +of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, +in cases affecting both life and property; for suspending the +legislature of one of the colonies; for interdicting all +commerce to the capital of another; and for altering +fundamentally the form of government established by charter, +and secured by acts of its own legislature solemnly confirmed +by the crown; for exempting the "murderers" of colonists from +legal trial, and in effect, from punishment; for erecting in +a neighbouring province, acquired by the joint arms of +Great-Britain and America, a despotism dangerous to our very +existence; and for quartering soldiers upon the colonists in +time of profound peace. It has also been resolved in +parliament, that colonists charged with committing certain +offences, shall be transported to England to be tried. +But why should we enumerate our injuries in detail? By one +statute it is declared, that parliament can "of right make laws +to bind us in all cases whatsoever." What is to defend us +against so enormous, so unlimited a power? Not a single man of +those who assume it, is chosen by us; or is subject to our +control or influence; but, on the contrary, they are all of them +exempt from the operation of such laws, and an American revenue, +if not diverted from the ostensible purposes for which it is +raised, would actually lighten their own burdens in proportion, +as they increase ours. We saw the misery to which such despotism +would reduce us. We for ten years incessantly and ineffectually +besieged the throne as supplicants; we reasoned, we remonstrated +with parliament, in the most mild and decent language. + +Administration sensible that we should regard these oppressive +measures as freemen ought to do, sent over fleets and armies to +enforce them. The indignation of the Americans was roused, it is +true; but it was the indignation of a virtuous, loyal, and +affectionate people. A Congress of delegates from the United +Colonies was assembled at Philadelphia, on the fifth day of last +September. We resolved again to offer an humble and dutiful +petition to the King, and also addressed our fellow-subjects of +Great-Britain. We have pursued every temperate, every respectful +measure; we have even proceeded to break off our commercial +intercourse with our fellow-subjects, as the last peaceable +admonition, that our attachment to no nation upon earth should +supplant our attachment to liberty. -- This, we flattered +ourselves, was the ultimate step of the controversy: but +subsequent events have shewn, how vain was this hope of finding +moderation in our enemies. + +Several threatening expressions against the colonies were +inserted in his majesty's speech; our petition, tho' we were +told it was a decent one, and that his majesty had been pleased +to receive it graciously, and to promise laying it before his +parliament, was huddled into both houses among a bundle of +American papers, and there neglected. The lords and commons in +their address, in the month of February, said, that "a rebellion +at that time actually existed within the province of Massachusetts- +Bay; and that those concerned with it, had been countenanced and +encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements, entered into +by his majesty's subjects in several of the other colonies; and +therefore they besought his majesty, that he would take the most +effectual measures to inforce due obediance to the laws and +authority of the supreme legislature." -- Soon after, the +commercial intercourse of whole colonies, with foreign countries, +and with each other, was cut off by an act of parliament; by +another several of them were intirely prohibited from the +fisheries in the seas near their coasts, on which they always +depended for their sustenance; and large reinforcements of ships +and troops were immediately sent over to general Gage. + +Fruitless were all the entreaties, arguments, and eloquence of an +illustrious band of the most distinguished peers, and commoners, +who nobly and strenuously asserted the justice of our cause, to +stay, or even to mitigate the heedless fury with which these +accumulated and unexampled outrages were hurried on. -- equally +fruitless was the interference of the city of London, of Bristol, +and many other respectable towns in our favor. Parliament +adopted an insidious manoeuvre calculated to divide us, to +establish a perpetual auction of taxations where colony should +bid against colony, all of them uninformed what ransom would +redeem their lives; and thus to extort from us, at the point of +the bayonet, the unknown sums that should be sufficient to +gratify, if possible to gratify, ministerial rapacity, with the +miserable indulgence left to us of raising, in our own mode, the +prescribed tribute. What terms more rigid and humiliating could +have been dictated by remorseless victors to conquered enemies? +in our circumstances to accept them, would be to deserve them. + +Soon after the intelligence of these proceedings arrived on this +continent, general Gage, who in the course of the last year had +taken possession of the town of Boston, in the province of +Massachusetts-Bay, and still occupied it a garrison, on the 19th +day of April, sent out from that place a large detachment of his +army, who made an unprovoked assault on the inhabitants of the +said province, at the town of Lexington, as appears by the +affidavits of a great number of persons, some of whom were +officers and soldiers of that detachment, murdered eight of the +inhabitants, and wounded many others. From thence the troops +proceeded in warlike array to the town of Concord, where they set +upon another party of the inhabitants of the same province, +killing several and wounding more, until compelled to retreat by +the country people suddenly assembled to repel this cruel +aggression. Hostilities, thus commenced by the British troops, +have been since prosecuted by them without regard to faith or +reputation. -- The inhabitants of Boston being confined within +that town by the general their governor, and having, in order to +procure their dismission, entered into a treaty with him, it was +stipulated that the said inhabitants having deposited their arms +with their own magistrate, should have liberty to depart, taking +with them their other effects. They accordingly delivered up +their arms, but in open violation of honour, in defiance of the +obligation of treaties, which even savage nations esteemed +sacred, the governor ordered the arms deposited as aforesaid, +that they might be preserved for their owners, to be seized by a +body of soldiers; detained the greatest part of the inhabitants +in the town, and compelled the few who were permitted to retire, +to leave their most valuable effects behind. + +By this perfidy wives are separated from their husbands, children +from their parents, the aged and the sick from their relations +and friends, who wish to attend and comfort them; and those who +have been used to live in plenty and even elegance, are reduced +to deplorable distress. + +The general, further emulating his ministerial masters, by a +proclamation bearing date on the 12th day of June, after venting +the grossest falsehoods and calumnies against the good people of +these colonies, proceeds to "declare them all, either by name or +description, to be rebels and traitors, to supercede the course +of the common law, and instead thereof to publish and order the +use and exercise of the law martial." -- His troops have +butchered our countrymen, have wantonly burnt Charlestown, +besides a considerable number of houses in other places; our +ships and vessels are seized; the necessary supplies of +provisions are intercepted, and he is exerting his utmost power +to spread destruction and devastation around him. + +We have rceived certain intelligence, that general Carleton, the +governor of Canada, is instigating the people of that province +and the Indians to fall upon us; and we have but too much reason +to apprehend, that schemes have been formed to excite domestic +enemies against us. In brief, a part of these colonies now feel, +and all of them are sure of feeling, as far as the vengeance of +administration can inflict them, the complicated calamities of +fire, sword and famine. [1] We are reduced to the alternative of +chusing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated +ministers, or resistance by force. -- The latter is our choice. +-- We have counted the cost of this contest, and find nothing so +dreadful as voluntary slavery. -- Honour, justice, and humanity, +forbid us tamely to surrender that freedom which we received +from our gallant ancestors, and which our innocent posterity have +a right to receive from us. We cannot endure the infamy and +guilt of resigning succeeding generations to that wretchedness +which inevitably awaits them, if we basely entail hereditary +bondage upon them. + +Our cause is just. Our union is perfect. Our internal resources +are great, and, if necessary, foreign assistance is undoubtedly +attainable. -- We gratefully acknowledge, as signal instances of +the Divine favour towards us, that his Providence would not +permit us to be called into this severe controversy, until we +were grown up to our present strength, had been previously +exercised in warlike operation, and possessed of the means of +defending ourselves. With hearts fortified with these animating +reflections, we most solemnly, before God and the world, declare, +that, exerting the utmost energy of those powers, which our +beneficent Creator hath graciously bestowed upon us, the arms we +have been compelled by our enemies to assume, we will, in +defiance of every hazard, with unabating firmness and +perseverence, employ for the preservation of our liberties; being +with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves. + +Lest this declaration should disquiet the minds of our friends +and fellow-subjects in any part of the empire, we assure them +that we mean not to dissolve that union which has so long and so +happily subsisted between us, and which we sincerely wish to see +restored. -- Necessity has not yet driven us into that desperate +measure, or induced us to excite any other nation to war against +them. -- We have not raised armies with ambitious designs of +separating from Great-Britain, and establishing independent +states. We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to +mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by +unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of +offence. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and +yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death. + +In our own native land, in defence of the freedom that is our +birthright, and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of +it -- for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the +honest industry of our fore-fathers and ourselves, against +violence actually offered, we have taken up arms. We shall lay +them down when hostilities shall cease on the part of the +aggressors, and all danger of their being renewed shall be +removed, and not before. + +With an humble confidence in the mercies of the supreme and +impartial Judge and Ruler of the Universe, we most devoutly +implore his divine goodness to protect us happily through this +great conflict, to dispose our adversaries to reconciliation on +reasonable terms, and thereby to relieve the empire from the +calamities of civil war. + + +Notes: +[1] From this point onwards thought to be the work of Jefferson. +[2] Journal of Congress, edited 1800, I, pp 134-139 + + +BACKGROUND: + +The Second Continental Congress was remarkable for several +things, not the least of which was selecting George Washington +as the Commander In Chief of the Continental Army being created +to fight the British Army assembled at Boston. You will recall +that the "Boston Massacre" and events at Lexington, Concord, and +Breeds Hill (next to Bunker Hill) had only recently stirred up +the fighting in the northeastern colonies. Once the business +of creating an army was taken care of, it was deemed necessary +to inform the world of the reasons why the colonies had taken +up arms. The first attempt at drafting such a declaration was +by Thomas Jefferson, but was ruled far too militant. A second +attempt was made by Colonel John Dickinson, known for earlier +pamphlets in which he called himself "The Farmer". The final +result was apparently a combination of both writers. + +Strange that Dickinson should create such a document; he was +under considerable pressure from both his wife and mother, both +Tory sympathizers, and he was no great fan of the New England +representatives to the Congress. An incident related in _A New +Age Now Begins_, written by Page Smith, marks him as an even +more unlikely choice for the writer of such a declaration: + + "Dickinson once more had his way when Congress approved + still another petition to the king. Dickinson was + delighted when it passed and rose to express his pleasure. + There was only one word to which he objected since it + might possibly offend His Majesty, and that was the word + 'Congress'. Whereupon Benjamin Harrison of Virginia + promptly rose and, inclining his head to John Hancock, + declared, 'There is but one word in the paper, Mr. + President, of which I approve, and that is the word + "Congress"." + +In any case, above is the complete text of that document +published almost exactly a year before the Declaration +of Independence. + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/defetirs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/defetirs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3afa5fd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/defetirs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,464 @@ +From: ajteel@dendrite.cs.Colorado.EDU (A.J. Teel) +Subject: IRS Suffers major defeat! +Message-ID: <1993Apr1.154516.20329@colorado.edu> +Organization: Universtiy of Coloardo, Boulder +Date: Thu, 1 Apr 1993 15:45:16 GMT +Lines: 457 + +Hello All: + Here is a definitive anti-tax package. This article proves many +recently contested (on Internet) contentions regarding the legality of +the income tax. There is no statute in the IRC that states that one +is liable to file a return or liable to pay tax. It is a VOLUNTARY +system. Thanks to certain naysayers who have attempted to get my Internet +access suspended, I cannot post the last few lines of the article as +they might be considered an "ad" as the article mentions where and for how +much this package may be obtained. I will be happy to email it to anyone +who is interested. This is HOT STUFF especially with april 15 approaching +fast. Very informative and to the point. I have spoken with the group +by phone as well as others who have used this technology. It is bullet- +proof. Enjoy! + +With Explicit Reservation Of All Rights (U.C.C. 1-207) +Regards, -A. J. Teel-, Sui Juris (ajteel@dendrite.cs.Colorado.EDU) + +[START OF DOCUMENT: hawaii.txt.lis ] + + FOR IMMEDIATE PRESS RELEASE: + The IRS suffers a major defeat in Hawaii. + + On Wednesday August 8th, 1992 a Federal Jury acquitted Royal Lamarr +Hardy and Mike Harada of a seven count indictment which consisted of +conspiracy to launder drug money and structuring currency transactions to +avoid income reporting requirements. + This acquittal is a major victory for the entire "Patriot Movement," +and a serious blow to the I.R.S. who tried to frame Lamarr Hardy into this +hideous money laundering scheme (Danny Hashimotoi, National Commodity and +Barter Association, NCBA, Director for Hawaii). + Alexander Silvert, Hardy's Federal Public Defender, said that the +evidence in this case showed that the I.R.S. created the crime, supplied +the means to commit the crime, and even laundered the money themselves, and +by insistence and strong handed persuasion tried to induce Mr. Hardy to +become involved in this crime simply to be able to charge Mr. Hardy with a +hideous crime that the I.R.S. knew he had never committed in the past, nor +would he ever commit in the future if it wasn't for the government agents +pushing Hardy into the criminal actions. + The jury in this case made a tough decision. It was a tough case but +the jury saw the truth and set Mr. Hardy free on all counts. This is a +major loss for the I.R.S. and it will send shock waves clear back to +Washington to let them know individuals will not tolerate this kind of +action by the government or government representatives. + + Historical background. + Lamarr Hardy is the Executive Director and Co_Founder of "Corner +Stones to Freedom", and Unincorporated Research Foundation. Hardy is best +known in the "Patriot Movement" for the development of the "Reliance +Defense." His program became so successful that the I.R.S., according to +court documents, gave Hardy the coveted title of "one of the most dangerous +tax protesters in the country." Over 4,000 people are already building +their personal foundations. Is it any wonder that the I.R.S. considers +Hardy's "Reliance Defense" program as extremely dangerous to their +survival! + The "Reliance Defense", or Personal Foundation as Hardy calls it, is +based upon negating the "willfulness" portion in a 7203 "willful failure to +file" charge. The key in this case is if there's no evidence of +willfulness, there can be no criminal conviction. To accomplish this the +Research Foundation assists its members to acquire competent legal advice +on income tax issues. Over the last twelve years Hardy has built one of the +most powerful personal legal foundations ever put together in the Patriot +Movement. + In 1985 it was the prestigious Barrister Inn of Boise, Idaho who +first recognized this advanced technology. Later that year they published a +front page article in the October "Alert" newspaper entitled "Willful +Failure to File" is dead. The article went into depth to explain about the +"reliance Defense" technology and how important this strategy was for +certain types of individuals who choose not to file income tax returns. + Quoting from paragraph 11, they said "every patriot has to know that +intent is an element of the offense, but in the majority of cases patriots +have been unable to make use of that knowledge as a matter of law to +convince a jury. In the past, patriots have relief on their own knowledge +as a basis for their arguments---only to lose. + However, utilizing the "Reliance Defense" technology and not filing +because you sought and received sound legal professional advice is entirely +another matter., No one in the case of statutes requiring specific +performance can be held criminally liable because of legal advice provided +by counsel. + John Voss, Head of the NCBA, wrote to Hardy in 1989 and told him, "I +consider your position letters to the I.R.S. to be one of the best and most +comprehensive that I've seen to date! It is further strong testimony to +your continued research and commitment to education of all concerned." John +Voss used this same technology in his own "willful failure to file" case +and he was found not guilty on all counts in his case largely because of +using this strategy. + Bob Minarik, club leader of Patriots for Liberty, recommended to his +members to explore setting up their own "Reliance Defense." In their +November 1989 newsletter, Minarik said, "Lamarr Hardy has developed +position letters and a defense that is excellent in quality, superbly +researched, and well documented. In my opinion, the strength of his +strategy is that he establishes his position on the professional advice of +experts in the fields of tax law, and then shifts the burden of proof back +to the I.R.S. Further, our research confirmed his findings." + Martin Larson of the "Spotlight" also wrote an article in the +November 1989 issue about Hardy and his "Reliance Defense." He said, +"Lamarr Hardy of Honolulu, Hawaii has carried his research further than +anyone else I know of." Is it any wonder after all this that the I.R.S. +considered Mr. Hardy one of the "most dangerous" tax protesters, "the most +dangerous to them!" + For 10 years the Criminal Investigations Divisions (C.I.D.) of the +I.R.S. was unable to find a crack in Mr. Hardy's "Reliance Defense" +program. Then in 1987 the I.R.S. and the U.S. Attorney's office launched a +massive Grand Jury investigation into Hardy's activities which after two +full years resulted, interestingly, in no indictments. + At this point the I.R.S. was exasperated, so early in 1990 the local +I.R.S. office obtained permission from the Justice Department to set up a +"STING OPERATION" on Mr. Hardy, The I.R.S. brought in Special Agent Ralph +Jacoby to be the #1 drug money laundering specialist to come to Hawaii and +take Mr. Hardy out. + +I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY. + ROYAL LAMARR HARDY was arrested on August 16, 1990, and released on +bail. He was arraigned on an Indictment on September 28, 1990. On December +7, 1990, Hardy was Re-indicted and Arraigned on a new seven-count +Superseding Indictment which was pending before the court and was set for +trial on August 18, 1992. + On January 18, 1991, Hardy filed a motion to have all the charges +against him dismissed based upon outrageous government conduct. Oral +arguments and hearings of evidence were held on this motion on March 18th +and 19th, and April 10th and 11th of 91. On August 2, 1992, the Court +issued a written order denying this motion. + Meanwhile, the court granted Hardy's motion to continue the trial +based upon the fact that the case of Jacobson v United States, Federal +Public Defender Alexander Silvert, counsel for Hardy ordered transcripts of +all pertinent hearings bearing on the issue of outrageous government +conduct. Having received this material, Hardy respectfully asked the court +again to reconsider its previous order denying Hardy's motion to dismiss +the charges pending against Hardy. Again, the court issued a written order +denying Hardy's motion. + +II FACTS OF THE CASE. + The testimony and facts introduced in the case demonstrated that +prior to the "sting operation," the I.R.S. had labeled Hardy one of the +most dangerous tax protesters of the country due to his prominent role as +the main leader of the tax protester movement in Hawaii. {Stip.#1. Stip. # +refers to the numbered stipulation of fact reached by the parties which was +lodged with the Court on April 2, 1991, and which is attached as Exhibit B. +"Tr." refers to the transcript of the various hearings held on this motion +by date.} There had been I.R.S./C.I.D. investigations since 1981 and formal +grand jury proceedings into Hardy's "tax activities" since 1988. {Stip. #2. +The court granted, over defense objection, the government's request to seal +all the government papers which authorized the "sting operation" on the +basis that they did not constitute Brady material. However, independent of +the Brady issue, these materials are material and relevant to a +determination of the issue pending before the court and thus should have +been unsealed and made part of this record}. This information was +specifically mentioned in the papers filed by the local I.R.S. office to +their Washington office in order to gain approval to conduct the "sting +operation." {Tr. 4/10/91 at p. 60} Prior to conducting the "sting +operation" which was directed specifically against Hardy, the I.R.S. had no +information whatsoever that Hardy had ever laundered "drug monies." {Stip. +#11; Tr. 4/10/91 at pp. 60-61} In fact the very idea Hardy would be +targeted for a "sting" involving "drug money" was entirely made up and +designed by Special Agent Ralph Jacoby (an I.R.S./C.I.D. Sting Specialist) +just so the "crime" would fit under the more severe umbrella of the 18 +U.S.C. (1956). {Tr. 4/10/91 at p. 64} + The only information the government possessed about Hardy being +involved in simple "money laundering" was in Count 5 of the indictment. +However, this allegation was dismissed as a matter of law by Judge Pence on +March 19, 1991. {Tr. 4/10/91 at pp. 61-62} + The government claims and contends anyone involved in the "tax +protester" movement is per se guilty of "money laundering", but there was +no evidence provided to support this "argument, other than what was +contained in Count 5. Based upon the above information the I.R.S. launched +this hideous "sting" operation against Hardy in March of 1990 and brought +in the #1 I.R.S./C.I.D. Special Agent (Ralph Jacoby), who had 45 "stings" +to his credit, from California to implement and run the operation. + The evidence is clear at least two undercover I.R.S./C.I.D. agents +initiated contact with Hardy by phone on a number of occasions in April and +May of 1990. {Stip.#3; Tr. 4/10/91 at pp.49-50} The agents continued to +make a number of phone contacts with Hardy until Hardy finally agreed to a +meeting on May 3, 1991. It was a direct result of the insistence of the +I.R.S./C.I.D. undercover agents that the May 3rd meeting was held. {Stip. +$5} + The evidence shows Hardy was never informed prior to May 3, 1991, of +any illegal purpose for the meeting. {Tr. 4/10/91 at p. 52} At this +meeting, it was the I.R.S./C.I.D. agents who initiated the discussion abut +the possibility of "laundering money." It was the undercover I.R.S./C.I.D. +agents who wanted to "launder the money" by utilizing cashiers' checks and +not by any other means! + Hardy of course refused! {Stip. #7; Tr. 4/10/92 at p.88} Finally, +Special Agent Jacoby admitted that at this meeting, and every other meeting +when the issue of payment for Hardy's alleged service was mentioned, it was +always the agent's who brought it up, not Hardy. + +Court hearing: + Special agent Jacoby: "I believe there was conversation +about remuneration for services, yes." + Federal Public Defender Alexander Silvert: "And weren't those +conver- +sations always, in every instance, begun by you?" + Special Agent Jacoby: "Probably in all likelihood, yes." {Tr. +4/10/92 at p. 48} + + Special Agent Jacoby's testimony demonstrated that Hardy +consistently +rejected all offers of payment until finally, in an unrecorded +conversation, Agent Jacoby threw money down on Hardy's desk and strongly +suggested he take it! Despite Hardy's continued refusal to cooperate with +the undercover special agents on May 3, 1991, the I.R.S./C.I.D. agents +continued to phone him throughout May of 1991 and continued to "modify" +their plans to see if they could suck Hardy into their trap! {Tr. 4/10/91 +at pp. 49-50} Each time, Hardy politely rejected their invitations. + Nevertheless, in June of 1991, agents of the I.R.S., knowing full +well that Hardy had refused to help them over and over to launder money by +using illegal means, the I.R.S./C.I.D. agents contacted the D.E.A. Special +Agent who they knew from first hand experience to have a D.E.A. informant +who ran a check cashing business in Honolulu (Mike Harada) to help them +such Hardy into their trap! + +Court hearing: + Attorney: "In June of 1991, did you have a discussion with a Special +Agent of the I.R.S. regarding money laundering in the State of Hawaii?" + D.E.A.Special Agent: "Yes, I did." + Attorney: "And what was the extent of that conversation?" + D.E.A. Special Agent: "It was, as you say, in the month of June 1991 +when the Special Agent of the I.R.S. requested that I contact Mr. Mike +Harada of the Hawaii Check Cashing Company, to ascertain whether or not he +had a specific number of check cashing stores here in the State." + Attorney: "Do you know why the I.R.S. Special Agent asked you that?" + D.E.A. Special Agent: "For two reasons. I believe he asked me, one, +because he knew that I had a personal relationship with Mr. Harada and his +friends; and also because he knew Mr. Harada personally as well." He also +told me that I.R.S./C.I.D. was conducting a financial "sting operation" on +money laundering with the State; and that there was a ......it had come up +where someone was going to, a suspect was attempting or would be utilizing +a check cashing company to launder money: and the information further +indicated that it was going to be the largest check cashing chain in the +State." {Rt. 4/10/91 at pp. 12-13} + + The D.E.A. Special Agent did as requested and informed Harada (to +act as D.E.A. informant) and keep an eye out and report back if he became +aware of any suspicious activity. {Tr. 4/10/92 at p. 14} + Special Agent Jacoby testified he was aware of I.R.S./C.I.D. and +D.E.A. Special Agents directly involved in the "sting operation" being +conducted against Hardy. {Tr. 4/10/91 at pp. 46-47} + Finally, it was Harada (the D.E.A. informant) who set up and +initiated the first meeting with Hardy. During that meeting it was Harada +who brought up the idea of wanting to buy money in exchange for cashier's +checks to hardy during their July 1991 meeting, not Hardy.{Stip. #15 and +#16} + Only after these events did Hardy become sucked into and involved +with the unlawful activities hoisted upon him by the undercover +I.R.S./C.I.D. agents and the D.E.A. Special Agent informant. + +III. ARGUMENT: + The question of whether the actions of government special agents +amount to outrageous government conduct which arises to the level of +violation of a defendant's due process rights is a question of law for the +court to determine.United States v Bogart, (1986) and United States v +Ramirez, (1983) + Fundamental fairness will not permit any defendant to be convicted +of a crime in which police conduct is deemed "outrageous." United States v +Twigg. (1978) + The question whether police conduct sufficiently rises to the level +warranting dismissal of charges is examined in light of the totality of the +circumstances. United States v Twigg, (1978) + In Jacobson v United States (1992) the Court held that the +government had failed, as a matter of law, to give as a reason of proof any +evidence to support the jury's verdict that Jacobson was likely to +(independent of the government's acts) violate the law. + Hardy readily acknowledges Jacobson was "framed" as an "entrapment" +case. However, the nature of the decision and the analysis employed clearly +applies to this case and certainly to the issue of outrageous government +conduct. + In Jacobson the court acknowledged sting operations were still valid +investigative tools. However, the court made the following general +conclusion regarding catching those defendants who were already engaged in +illegal activity. Specifically, the Court states: "Likewise, there can be +no dispute that the Government may use undercover agents to enforce the +law. It is well settled that the fact that officers or employees of the +Government merely afford opportunities or facilities for the commission of +the offense does not defeat the prosecution. Artifice and stratagem may be +employed to catch those engaged in criminal enterprises. + Immediately upon the heels of this statement, the Court stated: "In +their zeal to enforce the law, however, Government agents may not originate +a criminal design, implant in an innocent person's mind the disposition to +commit a criminal act, and then induce commission of the crime so that the +Government may prosecute." + The court held the government must prove beyond reasonable doubt +"that the defendant was disposed to commit the criminal act prior to first +being approached by Government agents." Of significance is the court said, +"THE criminal act," not A criminal act." Finally, the court stated in +conclusion: "When the Government's quest for convictions leads to the +apprehension of an otherwise law abiding citizen who, if left to his own +devices, likely would have never run afoul of the law, the courts should +intervene." + Thus, the Court's analysis in Jacobson, although worded in terms of +an "entrapment" case, leaves little doubt the legal issue of "outrageous +government conduct" is alive and well and should itself be analyzed under +the dictates of Jacobson. + In Jacobson the Supreme court has sent a clear message to the lower +courts that overreaching and illegal conduct by the government cannot and +should not be tolerated by any court. + The evidence could not be clearer in this case that the government +targeted Hardy, solely because the I.R.S. did not like how Hardy has chosen +to exercise his First Amendment right of free speech and political +expression. Indeed, the government is frighteningly brazen about their +reasons for going after Hardy. + The testimony in this case shows there was no evidence whatsoever to +support the fact that Hardy had previously been involved in "drug money +laundering" or even simple "money laundering" prior to the government's +operation. The only prior claim of "money laundering' which could be made +against Hardy was contained in Count 5 of the Indictment which was +dismissed. + In an act which rally shows the government's illegal intent Special +Agent Jacoby testified, simply to have the sting "fit" a more serious +criminal statute than the one applicable to simply money laundering,he +created the idea of drug money laundering out of his own head, even though +the I.R.S. in all the years of investigating Hardy had absolutely no +evidence to suggest Hardy had ever previously committed any sort of drug +crime in his entire life. This was not an "investigation" that the I.R.S. +was conducting, rather it was an exercise in 1990's McCarthyism! + The evidence also demonstrates over a period of months it was the +I.R.S./C.I.D. Special Agents who consistently contacted Hardy and gradually +turned the conversation to drug money laundering, not Hardy. Although +confronted with vague innuendoes the undercover agents wanted to "launder +monies from drug sources,: Hardy kept insisting he could only set up a +system of legitimate trusts so they could do it legally. + It was the special Agents who kept insisting the monies be converted +into cashier's checks. Special Agent Jacoby's testimony about the May 3rd +meeting clearly show it was the undercover I.R.S./C.I.D. agents who kept +demanding some sort of illegal, clandestine operation be established, +specifically using cashier's checks, not Hardy. Despite these repeated +attempts by the undercover agents to such Hardy into their trap, Hardy over +and over declined their overtures for several months. + However, it was in July of 1991, Hardy was approached by one, +Michael Harada, who ironically is a co-defendant in this case,who just +happened to own the largest check cashing business in Hawaii, and who just +happened to be a part-time D.E.A. informant and just happened to be working +with the same D.E.A. Special Agent whom the I.R.S. was working on this +sting operation. + As the evidence shows, it was Harada who searched out and set up a +meeting with Hardy for a discussion concerning the establishment of a +legitimate trust system for Harada by Hardy. Frankly, it was Harada who +brought up the subject whether Hardy knew anyone who had extra cash +available to help him in his check cashing business. Only and only at this +point did Hardy mention anything about exotic pawn dealers having extra +amounts of cash from their business who needed to exchange their cash for +cashier's checks. + Thus, even if Harada was not clearly working for the D.E.A. during +this time in terms of being under contract, although Hardy maintains he +was, Harada was acting in an agency capacity for the D.E.A and on behalf of +the I.R.S./C.I.D. covert sting operation. The D.E.A. Special Agent directly +involved in the sting operation had specifically gone to the D.E.A. Special +Agent to have him contact Harada, who just happened to have access to +hundreds of thousands of dollars of cashier's checks, in order to launder +the money of the undercover I.R.S./C.I.D. agents and make the operation +work. + The I.R.S./C.I.D. Agent did as testified in this case inform the +D.E.A. Special Agent there was a sting operation being conducted +specifically dealing with the need for cashier's checks. + The record shows this discussion took place after Hardy had declined +over and over again to get involved in any money laundering cashier's check +cashing scheme! + The evidence in this case clearly shows Hardy did introduce Harada +to the Special Agents and Hardy was present at the meetings between Harada +and the undercover agents when the arrangements were made as to how the +alleged drug money was to be laundered. But, Hardy made it very clear he +was simply hooking up two interested parties as a business favor and Hardy +was not interested in receiving any monies for helping the undercover +I.R.S./C.I.D. agents for putting the two "businessmen" together . + The evidence in this case proves it was the undercover I.R.S./C.I.D. +agents who insisted, time and time again, Hardy receive money for his +"part" in the scheme. Again, the evidence clearly shows Hardy again and +again kept refusing to take any money despite repeated attempts by the +undercover I.R.S./C.I.D. agents to force him to take a "cut." + Thus, the evidence shows the government created the crime, supplied +the means to commit the crime, even committed the crime themselves by +laundering over $300,000 in cash just because they couldn't get Hardy to do +it, and by insistence and strong handed persuasion tried over and over +again to induce Hardy to become somehow involved in this crime simply to be +able to charge him with a hideous crime they knew he had never committed in +the past nor would ever commit, if it wasn't for the I.R.S./C.I.D. agents +pushing him into their criminal activities. + On the point the Supreme Court has said: "In their zeal to enforce +the law, however, the Government agents may not originate a criminal +design, implant in an innocent person'[s mind the disposition to commit a +criminal act, and then induce commission of the crime so the government may +prosecute." Jacobson, 1992. + The evidence in this case is clear this happened and "Jacobson" +dictates the result. This court or any court should not stand by and +condone the outrageous conduct committed by the I.R.S./C.I.D. Special +Agents in this case. The conduct by the I.R.S. and D.E.A. is even more +offensive than most cases because, as the government brazenly admits, this +entire "sting" operation was conceived of and conducted specifically +because the I.R.S. wanted to silence Mr. Lamarr Hardy for the technology +Hardy developed and in the way which Hardy has chosen to exercise his First +Amendment right, which was to speak out against the I.R.S. and their +criminal activities! + As the record shows the I.R.S./C.I.D. Special Agents even went so +far as to fabricate a drug money laundering scheme and "structure" their +"sting operation" so it would fall under the dictates of the "drug money +laundering" statute rather than the less serious criminal statute related +to evading I.R.S. reporting requirements (failing to file reports related +to monetary transactions over $10,000 in cash) because they knew the +punishment for drug money laundering is so much more severe. Again, such +behavior by agents of the government who have taken an oath and sworn to +catch criminals, not create them. should not be acceptable in a society of +supporting free men! + Under "Jacobson", the Supreme court recognized the government must +show a defendant was predisposed to commit "the crime," not "a crime." + Based on these facts, the court was requested to grant Hardy's +motion to reconsider and dismiss all or part of the charges presented +against him, even after all this the court denied his motion to dismiss and +set the case for trial on August 27, 1992. After two weeks of hearing +government agents tell their hideous story of how they framed and sucked +Hardy into their drug money laundering scheme---for the sole purpose of +silencing him---the jury on Thursday morning September 8th acquitted him of +all counts. + After the trial the members of the jury all came up to Lamarr Hardy +and shook his hand, some of the jury even hugged him. What a joyous moment! +The jury couldn't believe the government would go so far, just to get +someone. They felt the I.R.S./C.I.D./D.E.A. Special Agents were the ones +who committed the crime. In this case and tried every way they could to +induce Hardy into their scheme for the sole purpose of trying to induce and +honest citizen to commit a crime. "We weren't going to let that happen in +America. We made the right decision. We acquitted Lamarr Hardy and we're +proud of it." + We must also give a special thanks to Alexander Silvert, Hardy's +Federal Public Defender, and the whole staff at the Public Defender's +Office for their hard work fighting for justice in this case. They did an +awesome job. + Finally, I'd like to thank my precious Yahweh, our Creator, for +being with me throughout my trials and tribulations and finally setting me +free to continue to teach the truth about the crime that the I.R.S. is +perpetrating on his people. + If you'd like to contact Lamarr Hardy personally, you can reach him +by phone by calling (800)............. + If you'd like to get more information about how you can set up your +own "Reliance Defense" to protect yourself against the I.R.S., please send +your full legal name, address and phone number plus .........to P.O.Box +............................... Ask for the "Reliance Defense Packet." The +packet will explain in detail every thing you need to know about setting up +your own personal "Reliance Defense." Remember, this is the same +information the I.R.S. spent millions trying to stamp out--obviously for +some very good reason---they don't want you to have it. Why?! Because they +know it works! Hurry, order your packet today before it's too late! + +[END OF DOCUMENT: hawaii.txt.lis ] + + ++=============================================================================+ +| D I S C L A I M E R | ++------------------------------------oooOooo----------------------------------+ +| The sender of this message is not responsible for and does not necessarily | +| agree with the content or opinions contained herein. Mail will be forwarded | +| to the source identified, if any. This is for "information purposes only", | +| has not necessarily been verified or tested in any way, and "should not be | +| construed as legal advise". Your comments and responses are encouraged. | +| Please Email to "ajteel@dendrite.cs.colorado.EDU" instead of replying here. | +| With Explicit Reservation of All Rights, UCC 1-207, A. J. Teel, Sui Juris. | ++=============================================================================+ +| The American's Bulletin, Mr. Robert Kelly, Sui Juris, Editor (503) 779-7709 | +| c/o 3434 North Pacific Highway, Medford, Oregon, U.S.A. Postal Zone: 97501 | ++=============================================================================+ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/deficit.txt b/politicalTextFiles/deficit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c2913e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/deficit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ + How to Solve the Deficit and Debt Problems in One Easy Lesson + +In 1980, our total national debt, accumulated by ALL "tax and spend" +Democrats and ALL "borrow and squander" Republicans in 200 years, +stood at something like $ 0.7 Trillion. Today, only a dozen years +later, total debt stands at more than $ 4 Trillion and it is +increasing at the rate of another $ Trillion every three years or so. +Even if President Clinton achieves what he is trying to do, the debt +will climb to $ 5 to 6 Trillion before the deficit is eliminated. And +there is another Trillion, hidden in our shift from biggest creditor +to biggest debtor. And there may be yet another Trillion, if the +rumored commercial bank and insurance scandals materialize. What a +nightmare! + +There is no way to give an analogy to our situation in the realm of +personal finance, but let's try anyway. Suppose that your salary is $ +60,000 and you live in a $ 200,000 house, on which you owe $ 10,500. +One fine day, you find that your pay has been cut to $ 50,000. So, to +cheer yourself up, you double what you have been spending on your +favorite hobby, to $ 1,000 per month, and you start making monthly +trips to the bank to increase your mortgage by $ 1,000 --- to keep the +bill collectors at bay. After some years, your salary is only +$ 48,000, but you now owe $ 60,000 and you are still going to the bank +every month to borrow another $ 1,000. You haven't been able to +maintain your house properly, so it is now worth only $ 120,000. Your +banker is getting nervous and thinking of foreclosing. What are your +options? Wouldn't it be absurd to speak of ``solving" this problem by +trying to stop borrowing $1,000 more every month, within 4 or 5 years? +Realistically, your only options are to declare bankruptcy or sell the +house. + +What happened to all the Trillions, that Reagan and Bush borrowed and +squandered? This money still exists in the form of T-Notes. Guys like +you and me now owe it and those who have the T-Notes now own it. Thus, +the practical result of Reagan-Bush economic policy was to effect the +by-far greatest transfer of wealth in history. This is what Reagan set +out to do, according to his first Budget Director Robert Stockman, but +he also hoped that the resulting debt would end social programs +forever. Nice fellow. Great Good Fortune was supposed to "trickle +down" to you and me, but it didn't. + +The experiment failed, so why don't we just undo it? The deficit is +just the amount by which taxes were reduced in 1981 and 1986, so that +can be fixed by just restoring 1980 tax schedule. The debt can also be +fixed, by just transferring the $ 3 or 4 Trillion, from those who +received it back to those from whom it was taken (stolen??). All we +have to do is cancel the T-Notes. + +"You can't do that," everybody will scream, "T-Notes are a contractual +obligation that cannot be abrogated". Well, our Social Security +Pensions are also a contractual obligation that cannot be abrogated. +But that hasn't stopped politicians from calling them "entitlements" +and "putting them on the table". And these same politicians speak of +"fairly shared sacrifice". Cancelling the T-Notes IS fairly shared +sacrifice: T-Notes also figure in the pension funds of ordinary +people. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/deity.txt b/politicalTextFiles/deity.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..811498d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/deity.txt @@ -0,0 +1,586 @@ + 9 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The value of this 360K disk is $7.00. This disk, its printout, +or copies of either are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** + + PAMPHLETS for the PEOPLE + No. 11 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + by + Chapman Cohen + + THE PIONEER PRESS + **** **** + + Deity and Design + + THE ONE certain thing about the history of the human intellect +is that it runs, from ignorance to knowledge. Man begins knowing +nothing of his own nature or of the nature of the world in which he +is living. He continues acquiring a little knowledge here and +there, with his vision broadening and his understanding deepening +as his knowledge increases. Had man commenced with but a very small +fraction of the knowledge he now possesses, the present state of +the human mind would be very different from what it is. But the +method by which knowledge is acquired is of the slowest. It is by +way of what is called trial and error. Blunders are made rapidly, +to be corrected slowly; some of the most primitive errors are not, +on a general scale, corrected even to-day. Man begins by believing, +on what appears to be sound evidence, that the earth is flat, only +to discover later that it is a sphere. He believes the sky to be a +solid something and the heavenly bodies but a short distance away. +His conclusions about himself are as fantastically wrong as those +he makes about the world at large. He mistakes the nature of the +diseases from which he suffers, and the causes of the things in +which he delights. He is as ignorant of the nature of birth as he +is of the cause of death. Thousands of generations pass before he +takes the first faltering steps along the road of verifiable +knowledge, and hundreds of thousands of generations have not +sufficed to wipe out from the human intellect the influence of +man's primitive blunders. + + Prominent among these primitive misunderstandings is the +belief that man is surrounded by hosts of mysterious ghostly +agencies that are afterwards given human form. These ghostly beings +form the raw material from which the gods of the various religions +are made, and they flourish best where knowledge is least. Of this +there can be no question. Atheism, the absence of belief in gods, +is a comparatively late phenomenon in history. It is the belief in +gods that begins by being universal. And even among civilized +peoples it is the least enlightened who are most certain about the +existence of the gods. The religions scientist or philosopher says: +"I believe "; the ignorant believer says: " I know." + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + + Now it would indeed be strange if primitive man was right on +the one thing concerning which exact knowledge is not to be gained, +and wrong about all other things on which knowledge has either +been, or bids fair to be, won. All civilized peoples reject the +world-theories that the savage first formulates. Is it credible +that with regard to gods he was at once and unmistakably correct? + + It is useless saying that we do not accept the gods of the +primitive world. In form, no; in essence, yes. The fact before us +is that all ideas of gods can be traced to the earliest stages of +human history. We have changed the names of the gods and their +characteristics; we even worship them in a way that is often +different from the primitive way; but there is an unbroken line of +descent linking the gods of the most primitive peoples to those of +modern man. We reject the world of the savage; but we still, in our +churches, mosques, synagogues and temples, perpetuate the theories +he built upon that world. + _____ + + In this pamphlet I am not concerned with all the so-called +evidences that are put forth to prove the existence of a God. I say +"so called evidences," because they are not grounds upon which the +belief in God rests; they are mere excuses why that belief should +be retained. Ninety per cent. of believers in God would not +understand these "proofs." Roman Catholic propagandists lately, as +one of the advertisements of the Church, have been booming the +arguments in favor of a God as stated by Thomas Aquinas. But they +usually preface their exposition -- which is very often +questionable -- by the warning that the subject is difficult to +understand. In the case of Roman Catholics I think we might well +raise the percentage of those who do not understand the arguments +to ninety-five per cent. In any case these metaphysical, +mathematical, and philosophic arguments do not furnish the grounds +upon which anyone believes in God. They are, as I have just said, +nothing more than excuses framed for the purpose of hanging on to +it. The belief in God is here because it is part of our social +inheritance. We are born into an environment in which each newcomer +finds the belief in God established, backed up by powerful +institutions, with an army of trained advocates committed to its +defence and to the destruction of everything that tends to weaken +the belief. And behind all are the countless generations during +which the belief in God lived on man's ignorance and fear. + + In spite of the alleged "proofs" of the existence of God, +belief in him, or it, does not grow in strength or certainty. These +proofs do not prevent the number of avowed disbelievers increasing +to such an extent that, whereas after Christians proclaiming for +several generations that Atheism -- real Atheism -- does not exist, +the defenders of godism are now shrieking against the growing +number of Atheists, and there is a call to the religious world to +enter upon a crusade against Atheism. The stage in which heresy +meant little more than all exchange of one god for another has +passed. It has become a case of acceptance or rejection of the idea +of God, and the growth is with those who reject. + + This is not the way in which proofs, real proofs, operate. A +theory may have to battle long for general or growing acceptance, +but it grows provided it can produce evidence in its support. A + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + +hypothesis is stated, challenged, discussed, and finally rejected +or accepted. On the question of the hypothesis of God the longer it +is discussed the less it is believed. No wonder that the ideal +attitude of the completely religious should be "on the knee," with +eyes closed and mouths full of nothing but petitions and grossly +fulsome praise. That is also the reason why every religions +organization in the world is so keen upon capturing the child. The +cry is: "If we lose the child we lose everything" -- which is +another way of saying that if we cannot implant a belief in God +before the child is old enough to understand something of what it +is being told, the belief may have to be given up altogether. Keep +the idea of God away from the child and it will grow up an Atheist. + + If there is a God, the evidence for his existence must be +found in this world. We cannot start with another world and work +back to this one. That is why the argument from design in nature is +really fundamental to the belief in deity. It is implied in every +argument in favor of Theism, although nowadays, in its simplest and +most honest form, it is not so popular as it was. But to ordinary +men and women it is still the decisive piece of evidence in favor +of the existence of a God. And when ordinary men and women cease to +believe in God, the class of religious philosophers who spend their +time seeing by what subtleties of thought and tricks of language +they can make the belief in deity appear intellectually respectable +will cease to function. + _____ + + But let it be observed that we are concerned with the +existence of God only. We are not concerned with whether he is good +or bad; whether his alleged designs are commendable or not. One +often finds people saying they cannot believe there is a God +because the works of nature are not cast in a benevolent mould. +That has nothing to do with the essential issue, and proves only +that Theists cannot claim a monopoly of defective logic. We are +concerned with weather nature, in whole, or in part, shows any +evidence of design. + + My case is, first, the argument is fallacious in its +structure; second, it assumes all that it sets out to prove, and +begs the whole question by the language employed; and, third, the +case against design in nature is, not merely that the evidence is +inadequate, but that the evidence produced is completely +irrelevant. If the same kind of evidence were produced in a court +of law, there is not a judge in the country who would not dismiss +it as having nothing whatever to do with the question at issue. I +do not say that the argument from design, as stated, fails to +convince; I say that it is impossible to produce any kind of +evidence that could persuade an impartial mind to believe in it. + + The argument from design professes to be one from analogy. +John Stuart Mill, himself without a belief in God, thought the +argument to be of a genuinely scientific character. The present +Dean of St. Paul's, Dr Matthews, says that "the argument from +design employs ideas which everyone possesses and thinks he +understands; and, moreover, it seems evident to the simplest +intelligence that if God exists he must be doing something, and +therefore must be pursuing some ends and carrying out some + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + +purpose." (The Purpose of God, p. 13.) And Immanuel Kant said the +argument from design was the, oldest, the clearest and the best +adapted to ordinary human reason. But as Kant proceeded to smash +the argument into smithereens, it is evident that he had not very +flattering opinion of the quality of the reason displayed by the +ordinary man. + + But what is professedly an argument from analogy turns out to +offer no analogy at all. A popular Non-conformist preacher, Dr. +Leslie Weatherhead, whose book, Why do Men Suffer? might be taken +as a fine text-book of religious foolishness, repeats the old +argument that if we were to find a number of letters so arranged +that they formed words we should infer design in the arrangement. +Agreed, but that is obviously because we know that letters and +words and the arrangement of words are due to the design of man. +The argument here is from experience. We infer that a certain +conjunction of signs are designed because we know beforehand that +such things are designed. But in the case of nature we have no such +experience on which to build. We do not know that natural objects +are made, we know of no one who makes natural objects. More, the +very division of objects into natural and artificial is all +admission that natural objects are not, prima facie, products of +design at all. To constitute an analogy we need to have the same +knowledge that natural objects are manufactured as we have that +man's works are manufactured. Design is not found in nature; it is +assumed. As Kant says, reason admires a wonder created by itself. + + The Theist cannot move a step in his endeavor to prove design +in nature without being guilty of the plainest of logical blunders. +It is illustrated in the very language employed. Thus, Dr. Matthews +cites a Roman Catholic priest as saying, "The adaptation of means +to ends is an evident sign of an intelligent cause. Now nature +offers on every side instances of adaptations of means to ends, +hence it follows that nature is the work of an intelligent cause." +Dr. Matthews does not like this way of putting the case, but his +own reasoning shows that he is objecting more to the argument being +stated plainly and concisely rather than to its substance. Nowadays +it is dangerous to make one's religious reasoning so plain that +everyone can understand the language used. + + Consider. Nature, we are told, shows endless adaptations of +means to ends. But nature shows nothing of the kind -- or, at +least, that is the point to be proved, and it must not be taken for +granted. If nature is full of adaptation of means to ends, then +there is nothing further about which to dispute. For adaptation +means the conscious adjustment of things or conditions to a desired +consummation. To adapt a thing is to make it fit to do this or +that, to serve this or that purpose. We adapt our conduct to the +occasion, our language to the person we are addressing, planks of +wood to the purpose we have in mind, and so forth. So, of course, +if nature displays an adaptation of means to ends, then the case +for an adapter is established. + + But nature shows nothing of the kind. What nature provides is +processes and results. That and nothing more. The structure of an +animal and its relation to its environment, the outcome of a +chemical combination, the falling of rain, the elevation of a +mountain, these things, with all other natural phenomena, do not + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + +show an adaptation of means to ends, they show simply a process and +its result. Nature exhibits the universal phenomenon of causation, +and that is all. Processes and results looked like adaptations of +means to ends so long as the, movements of nature were believed to +be the expression of the will of the gods. Bat when natural +phenomena are regarded as the inevitable product of the properties +of existence, such terms as "means" and "ends" are at best +misleading, and in actual practice often deliberately dishonest. +The situation was well expressed by the late W.H. Mallock, -- + + "When we consider the movements of the starry heavens to- + day, instead of feeling it to be wonderful that these are + absolutely regular, we should feel it to be wonderful if they + were ever anything else. We realize that the stars are not + bodies which, unless they are made to move uniformly, would be + floating in space motionless, or moving across it in random + courses. We realize that they are bodies which, unless they + moved uniformly, would not be bodies at all, and would exist + neither in movement nor in rest. We realize that order, + instead of being the marvel of the universe, is the + indispensable condition of its existence -- that it is a + physical platitude, not a divine paradox." + +But there are still many who continue to marvel at the wisdom of +God in so planning the universe that big rivers run by great towns, +and that death comes at the end of life instead of in the middle of +it. Divest the pleas of such men as the Rev. Dr. Matthews of their +semi-philosophic jargon, reduce his illustrations to homely +similes, and he is marvelling at the wisdom of God who so planned +things that the two extremities of a Piece of wood should come at +the ends instead of in the middle. + + The trick is, after all, obvious. The Theist takes terms that +can apply to sentient life alone, and applies them to the universe +at large. He talks about means, that is, the deliberate planning to +achieve certain ends, and then says that as there are means there +must be ends. Having, unperceived, placed the rabbit in the hat, he +is able to bring it forth to the admiration of his audience. The +so-called adaptation of means to ends -- property, the relation of +processes to results -- is not something that can be picked out +from phenomena as a whole as an illustration of divine wisdom; it +is an expression of a universal truism. The product implies the +process because it is the sum of the power of the factors expressed +by it. It is a physical, a chemical, a biological platitude. + _____ + + I have hitherto followed the lines marked out by the Theist in +his attempt to prove that there exists a "mind" behind natural +phenomena, and that the universe as we have it is, at least +generally, an evidence of a plan designed by this "mind." I have +also pointed out that the only datum for such a conclusion is the +universe we know. We must take that as a starting point. We can get +neither behind it nor beyond it. We cannot start with God and +deduce the universe from his existence; we must start with the +world as we know it, and deduce God from the world. And we can only +do this by likening the universe as a product that has come into +existence as part of the design of God, much as a table or a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + +wireless-set comes into existence as part of the, planning of a +human "mind." But the conditions for doing this do not exist, and +it is remarkable that in many cases critics of the design argument +should so often have criticized it as though it were inconclusive. +But the true line of criticism, the criticism that is absolutely +fatal to the design argument is that there is no logical +possibility of deducing design from a study of natural phenomena. +And there is no other direction in which we can look for proof. The +Theist has never yet managed to produce a case for design which +upon examination might not rightly be dismissed as irrelevant to +the point at issue. + + In what way can we set about proving that a thing is a product +of design? We cannot do this by showing that a process ends in a +result, because every process ends in a result, and in every case +the result is an expression of the process. If I throw a brick, it +matters not whether the brick hits a man on the head and kills him, +or if it breaks a window, or merely falls to the,ground without +hurting anyone or anything. In each case the distance the brick +travels, the force of the impact on the head, the window, or the +ground, remains the same, and not the most exact knowledge of these +factors would enable anyone to say whether the result following the +throwing of the brick was designed or not. Shakespeare is credited +with having written a play called King Lear. But whether +Shakespeare sat down with the deliberate intention of writing Lear, +or whether the astral body of Bacon, or someone else, took +possession of the body of Shakespeare during the writing of Lear, +makes no difference whatever to the result. Again, an attendant on +a sick man is handling a number of bottles, some of which contain +medicine, others a deadly poison. Instead of giving his patient the +medicine, the poison is administered and the patient dies. An +inquest is held, and whether the poison was given deliberately, or, +as we say, by accident, there is the same sequence of cause and +effect, of process and result. So one might multiply the +illustrations indefinitely. No one observing the sequences could +possibly say whether any of these unmistakable results were +designed or not. One cannot in any of these cases logically infer +design. The material for such a decision is not present. + + Yet in each of these cases named we could prove design by +producing evidence of intention. If when throwing the brick I +intended to kill the man, I am guilty of murder. If I intend to +poison, I am also guilty of murder. If there existed in the mind of +Shakespeare a conception of the plan of Lear before writing, and if +the play carried out that intention, then the play was designed. In +every case the essential fact, without a knowledge of which it is +impossible logically to assume design, is a knowledge of intention. +We must know what was intended, and we must then compare the result +with the intention, and note the measure of agreement that exists +between the two. It is not enough to say that one man threw the +brick, and that, if it had not been thrown, the other would not +have been killed. It is not enough to say if the poison had not +been given the patient would not have died. And it certainly is not +enough to argue that the course of events can be traced from the +time the brick left the hands of the first man until it struck the +second one. That, as I have said, remains true in any case. The law +is insistent that in such cases the intent must be established; and +in this matter the law acts with scientific and philosophic Wisdom. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + + Now in all the cases mentioned, and they are, of course, +merely "samples from bulk," we look for design because we know that +men do write plays. men do poison other men, and men do throw +things at each other, with the purpose of inflicting bodily injury. +We are using what is known, as a means of tackling, for the time +being, the unknown. But our knowledge of world-builders, or +universe designers, is not on all-fours with the cases named. We +know nothing whatever about them, and therefore cannot reason from +what is known to what is unknown in the hopes of including the +unknown in the category of the known. + + Second, assuming there to be a God, we have no means of +knowing what his intentions were when he made the world -- assuming +that also. We cannot know what his intention was, and we contrast +that intention with the result. On the known facts, assuming God to +exist, we have no means of deciding whether the world we have is +part of his design or not. He might have set about creating and +intended something different. You Cannot, in short, start with a +physical, with a natural fact, and reach intention. Yet if we are +to prove purpose we must begin with intention, and having a +knowledge of that see how far the product agrees with the design. +It is the marriage of a psychical fact with a physical one that +alone can demonstrate intention, or design. Mere agreement of the +"end" with the "means" proves nothing at all. The end is the means +brought to fruition. The fundamental objection to the argument from +design is that it is completely irrelevant. + + The belief in God is not therefore based on the perception of +design in nature. Belief in design in nature is based upon the +belief in God. Things are as they are whether there is a God or +not. Logically, to believe in design one must start with God. He, +or it, is not a conclusion but a datum. You may begin by assuming +a creator, and then say he did this or that; but you cannot +logically say that because certain things exist, therefore there is +a God who made them. God is an assumption, not a conclusion. And it +is an assumption that explains nothing. if I may quote from my +book, Theism, or Atheism: -- + + "To warrant a logical belief in design, in nature, three + things are essential. First, one must assume that God exists. + Second, one must take it for granted that one has a knowledge + of the intention in the mind of the deity before the alleged + design is brought into existence. Finally, one must be able to + compare the result with the intention and demonstrate their + agreement. But the impossibility of knowing the first two is + apparent. And without the first two the third is of no value + whatever. For we, have no means of reaching the first except + through the third. And until we get to the first we cannot + make use of the third. We are thus in a hopeless impasse. No + examination of nature call lead back to God because we lack + the necessary starting point. All the volumes that have been + written and all the sermons that have been preached depicting + the wisdom of organic structures are so much waste of time and + breath. They prove nothing, and can prove nothing. They assume + at the beginning all they require at the end. Their God is not + something reached by way of inference, it is something assumed + at the very outset." + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + + _____ + + Finally, if there be a designing mind behind or in nature, +then we have a right to expect unity. The products of the design +should, so to speak, dovetail into each other. A plan implies this. +A gun so designed as to kill the one who fired it and the one at +whom it was aimed would be evidence only of the action of a lunatic +or a criminal. When we say we find evidence of a design we at least +imply the presence of an element of unity. What do we find? + + Taking the animal world as a whole, what strikes the observer, +even the religious observer, is the fact of the antagonisms +existing in nature. These are so obvious that religions opinion +invented a devil in order to account for them. And one of the +arguments used by religious people to justify the belief in a +future life is that God has created another world in which the +injustices and blunders of this life may be corrected. + + For his case the Theist Requires co-operative action in +nature. That does exist among the social animals, but only as +regards the individuals within the group, and even there in a very +imperfect form. But taking animal life, I do not know of any +instance where it can truthfully be said that different species of +animals are designed so as to help each other. It is probable that +some exceptions to this might be found in the relations between +insects and flowers, but the animal world certainly provides none. +The carnivora not only live on the herbivore, but they live, when +and where they can, on each other. And God, if we may use Theistic +language, prepares for this, by, on the one hand, so equipping the +one that it may often seize its prey, and the other, that it may +often escape. And when we speak of a creation that brings an animal +into greater harmony with its environment, it must not be forgotten +that the greater harmony, the perfection of the "adaptation" at +which the Theist is lost in admiration, is often the condition of +the destruction of other animals. If each were equally well adapted +one of the competing species would die out. If, therefore, we are +to look for design in nature we can, at most, see only the +manifestations of a mind that takes a delight in destroying on the +one hand what has been built upon the other. + + There, is also the myriads of parasites, as clear evidence of +design as an anything, that live by the infection and the +destruction of forms of life "higher" than their own. Of the number +of animals born only a very small proportion can ever hope to reach +maturity. If we reckon the number of spermatozoa that are "created" +then the number of those that live are ridiculously small. The +number would be one in millions. + + Is there any difference when we come to man? With profound +egotism the Theist argues that the process of evolution is +justified because it has produced him. But with both structure and +feeling there is the same suicidal fact before us. Of the human +structure it would seem that for every step man has, taken away +from mere animal nature God has laid a trap and provided a penalty. +If man will walk upright then he must be prepared for a greater +liability to hernia. If he will live in cities he must pay the +price in a greater liability to tuberculosis. If he will leave his + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + DEITY AND DESIGN + +animal brothers behind him, he must bear reminders of them in the +shape of a useless coating of hair that helps to contract various +diseases, A rudimentary second stomach that provides the occasion +for appendicitis, rudimentary "wisdom teeth" that give a chance for +mental disease. It has been calculated that man carries about with +him over one hundred rudimentary structures, each absorbing energy +and giving nothing in return. + + So one might go on. Nature taken from the point of view most +favorable to the Theist gives us no picture of unified design. Put +aside the impossibility of providing a logical case for the +inferring of design in nature, it remains that the only conception +we can have of a designer is, as W.H. Mallock, a staunch Roman +Catholic, has said, that of "a scatter-brained, semi-powerful, +semi-impotent monster ... kicking his heels in the sky, not perhaps +bent on mischief, but indifferent to the fact that he is causing +it." + ____________________ + + Issued for the Secular Society Limited, and + Printed and Published, by + The Pioneer Press (G.W. FOOTE & Co., LTD.) + 2 & 3, Furnival Street, London, E.C.4, + ENGLAND + + **** **** + PAMPHLETS FOR THE PEOPLE + By CHAPMAN COHEN + +(The purpose of this series is to give a bird's-eye view of the +bearing of Freethought on numerous theological, sociological and +ethical questions.) + + 1. Did Jesus Chit Ever Exist? + 2. Morality Without God. + 3. what is the Use of Prayer? + 4. Christianity and Woman. + 5. Must We Have a Religion? + 6. The Devil. + 7. What is Freethought? + 8. Gods and Their Makers. + 9. Giving 'em Hell. + 10. The Church's Fight for the Child. + 11. Deity and Design. + 12. What is the Use of a Future Life? + 13. Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live. + 14. Freethought and the Child. + 15. Agnosticism or ... ? + 16. Atheism. + 17. Christianity And Slavery. + + Price Twopence Postage One Penny + ___________ + + Read. "THE FREETHINKER" + Edited by CHAPMAN COHEN + Every Thursday Price Threepence + Specimen Copy Post Free + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/democ-pr.txt b/politicalTextFiles/democ-pr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f73fd1f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/democ-pr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +PRODUCER INTERESTS VS. THE PUBLIC INTEREST: THE ORIGIN OF +DEMOCRATIZED PRIVILEGE + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith constructed some of the +most devastating arguments against the then-prevailing system +of economic policy--mercantilism. In practically every country +in Europe, governments regulated, controlled and planned the +economic activities of their subjects. In France, the +regulations were so detailed that they specified how many +stitches should be used in attaching a button to a shirt. In +Austria, the state limited the period in which people could be +in mourning so that the dye-makers would not lose the business +of selling colored cloth. + +Adam Smith demonstrated that rather than bringing prosperity, +mercantilism had retarded economic progress. Governments, he +argued, had neither the wisdom nor the ability to plan the +economic affairs of a multitude of people. If governments +primarily limited themselves to the protection of life, +liberty and property, Smith said, men could be trusted to +manage their own affairs. And when left to do so in an open, +competitive market, the natural forces of supply and demand +would generate a rising prosperity for all. Free men in free +markets were the ultimate source of the wealth of nations. + +But having presented the case for free markets, Adam Smith was +not optimistic about the future. To expect that a regime of +free trade would ever be established was, he said, as likely +as the establishment of a utopia. "Not only the prejudices of +the public," he despaired, "but what is much more +unconquerable, the private interests of many individuals +irresistibly oppose it." + +Governments had turned over many industries and trades to +private monopolies, whose interests were clearly opposed to +open competition. Special-interest groups, with their +government-bestowed privileges, were too strong ever to be +defeated. + +Within one lifetime, however, Smith was proven to be wrong. By +the middle of the 19th century, England was a free-trade +nation and many other nations were following its path. + +But in our century, governments once again use their power to +regulate the marketplace, protect various industries from +foreign and domestic competition, and limit entry into markets +through licensing procedures. Mercantilism has returned; and +it has returned stronger than ever. The older mercantilism was +a system that benefited a few privileged producers at the +expense of most of the society. But in our era of democratic +government, it is the many who lobby and politick in the +political arena. Almost every group in society now does battle +for a piece of the economic pie--not through open competition +for consumer business, but through the political process to +gain a greater share by manipulating the market. Ours is the +era of democratized privilege. + +Why have free societies all around the world become +battlegrounds for political privilege and economic plunder? + +The answer is to be found in one of Adam Smith's most famous +ideas: the division of labor. "The division of labor," Smith +explained, "so far as it can be introduced, occasions in every +art, a proportionate increase of the productive powers of +labor." By specializing in various lines of production, the +members of society are able to improve and increase their +skills and efficiency to do various things. Out of these +productive specializations comes an increased supply of all +kinds of goods and services. The members of society trade away +the large quantities of each commodity they respectively +produce for all the other goods offered by their fellows in +the market arena. + +Society's members give up the independence of economic self- +sufficiency for the interdependence of a social system of +division of labor. But the gain is a much higher standard of +living than any one of them could ever hope to attain just by +using his own capabilities to fulfill all his wants and +desires through his own labor. + +Each individual is now dependent upon others in the society +for the vast majority of the goods and services he wishes to +use and consume. But in a competitive market setting, this +works to his advantage. Sellers vie with one another for his +consumer business. + +They underbid each other and offer him attractively lower +prices; they devise ways to produce and market new and +improved products. As consumer, the individual is the master +of the market, whom all sellers must serve if they are to +obtain his business. + +Viewed from the perspective of the consumer, the competitive +market serves the public interest. The resources of society +are effectively applied and put to work to satisfy the various +wants and desires of the individuals of that society. The +products which are manufactured are determined by the free +choices of all of the demanders in the marketplace. +Production serves consumption. + +But the market looks totally different from the perspective of +the individual producers. They, too, are dependent upon the +market: they are dependent upon buyers willing to purchase +what they have for sale. While the market serves every one as +a consumer, no one can be a consumer unless he has been +successful as a producer. And his success as a producer +depends upon his ability to market and sell his products or to +find willing buyers for his particular labor skills and +abilities. + +As a consequence, for each producer the price of his own +product or labor service tends to be more important than the +prices of all of the multitude of consumer goods he might +purchase. Because unless he earns the necessary financial +wherewithal in his producer role, he cannot be a consumer. + +Being the consumer of many things, but the producer of usually +one thing, each seller tends to view competition as a +financial threat to his position in the market as well as to +his specific share of the market. The incentive for each +producer, therefore, is to want to limit entry into his corner +of the market, or to reduce the amount of competition +currently existing in his industry or profession. + +The only avenue for limiting competition, however, is the +government. Only the government has the ultimate authority to +permanently prohibit those who think they could do better in +the market and who desire to try. Producers, therefore, have +incentives to use portions of the resources and wealth at +their disposal in the political arena to gain or protect the +market position that they feel themselves unable to obtain or +maintain in an open field of competition. And as long as the +costs of acquiring political privileges and protections from +the government to secure profits are less than the costs of +earning profits by making better and less expensive products, +producers will resort to lobbying and politicking to achieve +their ends. + +The dilemma for the society is that when producers lobby in +the political process for profits via government privilege, +this results in a using-up of resources that otherwise could +have been invested in making products desired by consumers. +Furthermore, existing producers, sitting behind their walls of +political protections and privileges, have fewer incentives +for making product improvements. Therefore, the normal, +competitive forces that over time would result in better +and greater supplies of goods are retarded, + +When government is viewed as the means for acquiring income +"entitlements," job "guarantees" and "fair" (rather than open) +markets, producer interests will always win over the public, +i.e., consumer, interest. Because most individual sellers will +view that they have more to lose from competition as producers +than they have to gain from competition as consumers. + +Unfortunately, the pursuit of producer-protection policies +through government has a perverse outcome: the society as a +whole is poorer than it otherwise would be. Every privilege +and protection raises the prices, narrows the variety and +lowers the quality of the goods available to all of us as +consumers. + +How, then, do we reverse our age of democratized privilege, in +which politics is reduced to a free-for-all for mutual plunder +and economic power? The answer is not an easy one nor one that +offers a "quick fix." + +A turn from our era of neo-mercantilism, with its philosophy +of privileges for all who can win on the political battle +field, requires a moral revolution on the part of each of us. +It requires each and every one of us to apply the rules of +personal conduct to the arena of politics. + +In our personal conduct, few of us would feel morally right in +forcibly preventing a buyer from leaving our respective +business establishment until he paid the price we wanted him +to pay. Nor would we feel morally correct in taking a sum of +money out of another's pocket without his consent simply +because he considered our price for our products or labor +services too high. + +Yet this is done all of the time through the political +process. Not until we come to accept that the rules of +morality that apply in personal conduct must be the same rules +we follow in politics will the age of democratized privilege +and plunder come to an end. And, alas, we seem a long way off +from seeing that day! + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs for The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the March 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/demonreg.txt b/politicalTextFiles/demonreg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1471ba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/demonreg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ + + Demonstration Regulation + by + Matt Giwer (c) 1994 <6/4> + + Abortion demonstrations got out of hand. Something had to +be done. We now have specific laws governing abortion protests. + It was done in a good cause. + Of course there was harassment. There were bombings. +There were even two murders. That would certainly appear to +justify the special laws. + Unless we consider it has been rather tame compared to +unions while on strike. Not much different from the Vietnam +or civil rights protests either. + Even though demonstrations are protected by the 1st +amendment as a matter of free speech it is reasonable to +have some minimal regulation simply to assure peace and +orderliness. For example, if people wish to speak in public +parks it is reasonable to ban loudspeakers. It is not reasonable +to ban loudspeakers only for particular subjects. That we call +censorship. + With demonstrations it is reasonable to provide regulations +that assure public access is not blocked save upon a specific +permit being granted such as to hold a parade or to for such a +large crowd in a park as to deny access to normal public use. + What is not reasonable is to apply unique requirements to +demonstrations based solely upon what is being protested. Thus +there is a large number of people, perhaps a majority, who are in +favor these unconstitutional laws because they are in a good +cause. + I have written many times of the loss of rights in a good +cause. Here is a clear and present good cause and loss of +rights. Which side do you fall on? + Rather I ask which good cause will approve of next time to +limit our right of free speech? If these laws pass +Constitutional muster or even if they are simply allowed to stand +then we have taken another step toward the end of the right of +free speech. + These steps have been coming slowly after decades of +establishing it completely. It was effectively won against +censorship of pornography when the omnipotent "for the children" +argument was raised and there are dozens of draconian state and +federal laws prohibiting it. Regulating, vice prohibiting, all +pornography has been argued and that form of regulation lost. +Now we have accepted strict censorship by type rather than by +nature. + These are two steps to clear and offensive censorship, +limitations upon the freedom of speech by subject matter. The +more often it is accept the easier it is to accept the next. +Watch for more to come. + + * * * * * + + Further distribution is encouraged by the author. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/dial911.txt b/politicalTextFiles/dial911.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1c1dab --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/dial911.txt @@ -0,0 +1,509 @@ + + JPFO SPECIAL REPORT + + DIAL 911 AND DIE! + + By Aaron Zelman and Jay Simkin, JFPO + + Copyright 1992 by Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership + + +THE BAD NEWS: YOU'RE ON YOUR OWN..... Most Americans believe that their +local police have a duty in law to protect them against criminals. They +are wrong.Some of them are dead wrong. And some of those who are dead +wrong are dead because they have been duped by ignorant or dishonest +politicians or police chiefs, who promise protection that they cannot give. +Some of these officials know that they have no legal duty to protect the +average person, and yet still support disarming law-abiding people, the +better "to protect" them from criminals! + Front-line police officers sometimes are verbally abused by victims of +criminals who wrongly believe that police officers have a duty to protect +the law-abiding. These good citizens blame the police officer for not +doing a job for which they have never been responsible: protecting the +average person against criminals. + +THE POLICE: WE SERVE EVERYONE, BUT NO ONE IN PARTICULAR.....U.S. law is +based on English common law. In English common law, "the Sheriff" is a +government employee whose main job is enforcement of government decisions: +Seizure of property, arrest of persons wanted by the authorities, +collection of taxes, etc. Maintenance of public order, a secondary duty, +was done to the extent resources allowed. + +POLICE PROTECTION = POLICE STATE.....It is obvious -- 500 years ago in +England and in America now -- that a sheriff could not be everywhere at +once. It was -- and is -- equally clear that to protect every person would +require an army of Sheriffs (or sheriff's deputies). + Maintaining an Army of police officers - in effect a police state - +would nullify the Freedoms set forth in the Bill of Rights. Neither the +Framers of the Constitution - nor their successors - wanted to avoid the +risk of harm to some in individuals arising from criminals' activity by +creating a police state that inevitably would harm every individual. + +POLICE STATE OR SECOND AMENDMENT RIGHTS.....Instead, the Framers provided +for a judicial system to deal with criminals, persons who abused the +Freedoms provided by the Constitution. The Framers assumed that a law- +abiding person would largely be responsible for their safety. As a matter +of law, that assumption still is valid. + +THE GOOD NEWS: THE SECOND AMENDMENT PRESUMES INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP OF +ARMS..... + The Second Amendment reads: "A well-regulated Militia, being necessary +to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear +Arms, shall not be infringed." + It is based on individual ownership of arms. Generally, the Framers +avoided stating the obvious. So, they did not word the amendment, "A +well...State, the right of EVERY PERSON...infringed." That is, the Framers +assumed that every person would look out after his own security, and of +necessity would be armed. They saw no need to state so obvious a truth. + +THE MILITIA: ARMED PERSONS ASSEMBLED FOR LAWFUL PURPOSES.....Rather, the +Framers wanted to emphasize what they felt would be unobvious: that armed +individuals may lawfully assemble to use their Arms only to defend the +State based on the U.S. Constitution (but not to overturn the +Constitution). This is, perhaps, why the words Militia, State, and Arms +are capitalized. + When armed individuals gather for lawful purposes - e.g., the defense +of the Constitution - they are "the Militia". A 20th Century derivative of +"the Militia" is the National Guard, which has existed since 1901. It is +an arm of the Federal Government: + + + "Since 1933, all persons who have enlisted in a state + National Guard unit have simultaneously enlisted in the + National Guard of the United States. In the latter + capacity, they have become a part of the Enlisted + Reserve Corps of the Army, but unless and until ordered + to active duty in the Army, they retained their status + as members of a separate state Guard unit." [Perpich + v. Department of Defense, U.S. Supreme Court, No. 89- + 542, (1990) L Ed 2d 312]. + + Thus, the National Guard exists to enforce government policy. It is +not THE "Militia", but A "militia". U.S. Law states that a "State may +provide and maintain at its own expense a defense force that is exempt from +being drafted into the Armed Forces of the United States". [32 U.S.C. Sec. +109(C)]. Nonetheless, no state now does so. If the Federal authorities +used the Army or National Guard to change the Constitutional order - or a +State governor so abused a state militia - a disarmed citizenry would be +helpless. The Framers did not want this. Generations of their successors +have agreed. + As a result, the Framers wanted the wording of the Second Amendment to +make it clear that armed individuals could gather together for specific +purposes, e.g., defense of the Constitution and the Liberties it proclaims. + +UNCONTROLLED CRIMINALS SUBVERT THE CONSTITUTION.....The Framers felt no +need to state that individuals would use arms to defend themselves against +whom the government never promised to provide, and indeed, never has had an +obligation to provide. It is only the failure of the government to control +criminals in recent decades that has called into question the validity of +the individual right to own arms for the essential purpose of defending the +Constitution. This is as much an individual duty as is personal self- +defense. + +THE LAW: THE POLICE ARE NOT THERE FOR *YOU*.....State and city governments +- rather than the Federal authorities - are responsible for local law +enforcement. So, only occasionally have Federal Courts ruled on the matter +of police protection. + However, in 1856 the U.S. Supreme Court declared that local law +enforcement had no duty to protect a particular person, but only a general +duty to enforce the laws. [South v. Maryland, 59 U.S. (HOW) 396,15 L.Ed., +433 (1856)]. + The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives you no right +to police protection. In 1982, the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, +held that: + + "...there is no constitutional right to be protected by + the state against being murdered by criminals or + madmen. It is monstrous if the state fails to protect + its residents against such predators but it does not + violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth + Amendment or, we suppose, any other provision of the + Constitution. The Constitution is a charter of + negative liberties: it tells the state to let people + alone; it does not require the federal government or + the state to provide services, even so elementary a + service as maintaining law and order." [Bowers v. + DeVito, U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 686F.2d + 616 (1882) See also Reiff v. City of Philadelphia, + 477F.Supp.1262 (E.D.Pa. 1979)]. + + There are a few, very narrow exceptions. in 1983, the District of +Columbia Court of Appeals remarked that: + + "In a civilized society, every citizen at least tacitly + relies upon the constable for protection from crime. + Hence, more than general reliance is needed to require + the police to act on behalf of a particular individual. + ...Liability is established, therefore, if the police + have specifically undertaken to protect a particular + individual and the individual has specifically relied + upon the undertaking. ...Absent a special + relationship, therefore, the police may not be held + liable for failure to protect a particular individual + from harm caused by criminal conduct. A special + relationship exists if the police employ an individual + in aid of law enforcement, but does not exist merely + because an individual requests, or a police officer + promises to provide protection." [Morgan v. District of + Columbia, 468 A2d 1306 (D.C. App. 1983)]. + + As a result, the government - specifically, police forces - has no +legal duty to help any given person, even one whose life is in imminent +peril. The only exceptions are a person who: + + * Has helped the police force (e.g., as an informant or + as a witness). + + * Can prove that they have specifically been promised + protection and has, as a result, done things that they + otherwise would not have done. + +RELY ON THE POLICE: AND PAY HEAVILY.....Even someone repeatedly threatened +by another has no entitlement to police protection until they have been +physically harmed. In 1959, Linda Riss, a New Yorker, was terrorized by an +ex-boyfriend, who had a criminal record. Over several months, he +repeatedly threatened her: "If I can't have you, no one else will have you, +and when I get through with you, no one else will want you." She +repeatedly sought police protection, explaining her request in detail. +Nothing was done to protect her. + When he threatened her with immediate attack, she again urgently +begged the New York City Police Department for help: "Completely +distraught, she called the police, begging for help, but was refused." The +next day, she was attacked" A "thug" hired by her persecutor threw lye +(sodium hydroxide) in her face. She was blinded in one eye and her face +was permanently scarred. + The Court of Appeals of New York ruled that Linda Riss has no right to +protection. The Court refused to create such a right because that would +impose a crushing economic burden on the government. Only the legislature +could create a right to protection: + + "The amount of protection that may be provided is + limited by the resources of the community and by a + considered legislative-executive decision as to how + these resources may be deployed. For the courts to + proclaim a new and general duty of protection ...even + to those who may be the particular seekers of + protection based on specific hazards, could and would + inevitably determine how the limited police resources + of the community should be allocated and without + predictable limits." + + Judge Keating dissented, bitterly noting that Linda Riss was +victimized not only because she had relied on the police to protect her, +but because she obeyed New York laws that forbade her to own a weapon. +Judge Keating wrote: + + "What makes the city's position particularly difficult to understand +is that, in conformity to the dictates of the law, Linda did not carry any +weapon for self-defense. Thus, by a rather bitter irony she was required +to rely for protection on the City of New York, which now denies all +responsibility to her." [Riss v. City of New York, 293 N.Y. 2d 897 +(1968)]. + +CALIFORNIA: AN IMMINENT DEATH THREAT MEANS NOTHING.....Even a person whose +life is imminently in peril is not entitled to help. On 4 September 1972 +Ruth Bunnell called the San Jose (California) police department to report +that her estranged husband, Mack Bunnell, had telephoned her to tell her +that he was coming over to her house to kill her. + In the previous year, the San Jose police, "had made at least 20 calls +and responses to Mrs. Bunnell's home...allegedly related to complaints of +violent acts committed by Mack Bunnell on Mrs. Bunnell and her two +daughters." + +Even so, Ruth Bunnell was told to call back only when Mack Bunnell arrived. + Some 45 minutes later, Mack Bunnell arrived and stabbed Ruth Bunnell +to death. A neighbor called the police, who then came to the murder scene. +The California Court of Appeals held that any claim against the police +department: + + "...is barred by the provisions of the California Tort + Claims Act, particularly Section 845, which states: + `Neither a public entity nor a public employee is + liable for failure to establish a police department or + otherwise provide police protection or, if police + protection service is provided, for failure to provide + sufficient police protection." [Hartzler v. City of + San Jose, App., 120 Cal.Rptr 5 (1975)]. + +WASHINGTON, D.C.: RAPE IS NO CAUSE FOR CONCERN.....If direct peril to life +does not entitle one to police protection, clearly imminent peril of rape +merits no concern. + Carolyn Warren, of Washington, D.C., called the police on 16 March +1975: tow intruders had smashed the back door to her house and had attacked +a female house-mate. After calling the police, Warren and another house- +mate took refuge on a lower back roof of the building. The police went to +the front door and knocked. Warren, afraid to go downstairs, could not +answer. The police officers left without checking the back door. + Warren again called the police and was told that they would respond. +Assuming they had returned, Warren called out to the house-mate, thus +revealing her own location. + The two intruders then rounded up all three women. "For the next +fourteen hours the women were held captive, raped, robbed, beaten, forced +to commit sexual acts upon each other, and made to submit to the sexual +demands of (the intruders - ed.) + The Superior Court of the District of Columbia held that: + + "...the fundamental principle (is -ed.) that a + government and its agents are under no general duty to + provide public services, such as police protection, to + any particular individual citizen...The duty to provide + public services is owed to the public at large, and, + absent a special relationship between the police and an + individual, no special legal duty exists." + + In an accompanying memorandum, the Court explained that the term +"special relationship" did not mean an oral promise to respond to a call +for help. Rather, it involved the provision of help to the police force. +[Warren v. District of Columbia, D.C. App., 444 A.2d 1 (1981)]. + +ILLINOIS: SCHOOL TEACHERS GET NO HELP EITHER.....On 20 April 1961, +Josephine M. Keane, a teacher in the Chicago City Public Schools was +assaulted and killed on school premises by a student enrolled in the +school. Keane's family sued the City of Chicago, claiming that: + + "...the City was negligent in failing to assign police + protection to the school, although it knew or should + have known that failure to provide this protection + would result in harm to persons lawfully on the + premises (because) it knew or should have known of the + dangerous condition then existing at the school." + + The Appeals Court affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court of Cook +County. Presiding Justice Burke of the Appeals Court held that, "Failure +on the part of a municipality to exercise a government function does not, +without more, expose the municipality to liability." Justice Burke went on +to say that: + + "To hold that under the circumstances alleged in the + complaint the City owed a `special duty' to Mrs. Keane + for the safety and well-being of her person would + impose an all but impossible burden upon the City, + considering the numerous police, fire, housing and + other laws, ordinances and regulations in force." + [Keane v. City of Chicago, 98 Ill App2d 460 (1968)]. + +NORTH CAROLINA: HELPLESS CHILDREN DON'T COUNT.....Even defenseless +children merit no special care. On 3 June 1985 police tried top arrest a +man and his "girl friend", both of whom were wanted on multiple murder +charges, and who were known to be heavily armed. + The alleged murderers - along with the "girl friend's" two sons, aged +nine and ten years, - tried to flee in a car. As the police closed in +after a running shoot-out, the children were poisoned with cyanide and then +shot in the head either by the mother or her "boy friend", one of whom then +blew up the vehicle, killing both. The boy's father - who had filed for +divorce -sued the law enforcement agencies and officers for "wrongful +death" of his sons. The North Carolina Court of Appeals held that: + + "...the defendant law enforcement agencies and officers + did not owe them (the children - ed.) any legal duty of + care, the breach of which caused their injury and + death...Our law is that in the absence of a special + relationship, such as exists when a victim is in + custody or the police have promised to protect a + particular person, law enforcement agencies and + personnel have no duty to protect individuals from the + criminal acts of others; instead their duty is to + preserve the peace and arrest law breakers for the + protection of the general public. In this instance, a + special relationship of the type stated did not + exist....Plaintiff's argument that the children's + presence required defendants to delay (the) arrest + until the children were elsewhere is incompatible with + the duty that the law has long placed on law + enforcement personnel to make the safety of the public + their first concern; for permitting dangerous criminals + to go unapprehended lest particular individuals be + injured or killed would inevitably and necessarily + endanger the public at large, a policy that the law + cannot tolerate, much less foster." [Lynch v. N.C. + Dept. of Justice, 376 S.E. 2nd 247 (N.C. App. 1989)]. + +VIRGINIA: WRONGFUL RELEASE = WRONGFUL DEATH? WRONG!.....Marvin Munday +murdered Jack Marshall in Virginia. Mundy - convicted for carrying a +concealed pistol - was sent to jail by a judge who expressed concern that +Munday, "might kill himself or a member of the public". Munday was +mistakenly released from jail 8 days later. Nine days later he was re- +arrested on a unrelated charge. Five hours later, the same jailer and +sheriff released him, apparently without checking to see if that was +proper. Three weeks later, Mundy robbed and murdered Marshall. Marshall's +widow sued, alleging negligence on the part of the sheriff and jailer, +asserting a violation of Jack Marshall's right to due process. The Court +rejected the claim: + + "....a distinction must be drawn between a public duty + owed by the officials to the citizenry at large and a + special duty owned to a specific identifiable person or + class of persons.....Only a violation of the latter + duty will give rise to civil liability of the + official....to hold a public official civilly liable + for violating a duty owed to the public at large would + subject the official to potential liability for every + action he undertook and would not be in society's best + interest.".....no special relationship existed that + would create a common law duty on the defendants to + protect the decedent (Marshall - ed.) from Mundy's + criminal acts. Similarly, without a special + relationship between the defendants and the decedent, + no constitutional duty can arise under the Due Process + Clause as codified by 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983. Therefore, + plaintiff's (Mrs. Marshall - ed.) due process claim + also must fall." [Marshall v. Winston, 389 S.E.2nd 902 + (Va. 1990)]. + + +THE BOTTOM LINE: YOUR LIFE IS IN YOUR OWN HANDS.....These cases - and +there are many others - show clearly that under U.S. law: + + * No individual has a right to police protection, even + when life is in clear and immediate peril; + + * There is no right to police protection simply because + there are not enough police resources available to + enable every person who feels threatened to be + protected; + + * To make police officers answerable to individual + citizens for a failure to provide protection would make + police officers afraid to do anything for fear that an + action - or inaction - would expose them to civil + liability. + + This is unavoidable: + + * Life is risky; + + * The police cannot be everywhere at once; + + * It is impossible to hire enough police officers to + protect every person who needs it or thinks they needs + it. + + No one can or should rely on the local police force to defend him or +herself, even against a specific threat coming from a known source. Each +of us is responsible for ensuring his or her personal safety. Anyone who +says "You don't need a gun, the police will protect you", at best is mis- +informed, and at worst is simply lying. To offer such advise suggests that +police have a duty to provide protection and usually will provide it. The +police have no such duty. And, while police may try hard to provide +protection - and a failure to do so can be castrophobic - there is no legal +recourse for a person harmed by that failure. + +WHAT WE NEED LEAST: GUN BANS AND WAITING PERIODS....."Gun Control" is +founded on a total misunderstanding of the role of police in our society. +"Gun control" advocates presuppose the police have a duty to protect every +individual. But, as proved above, the police never had this duty, and +indeed, cannot have it so long as the Constitution remains in force. + Therefore, bans on gun ownership - or imposition of a waiting period +before a gun may be purchased - simply give an attacker a legally-protected +Window of Opportunity to do you harm. Moreover, "gun control" makes the +law-abiding person less able and willing to take responsibility for their +own defense. We will never eliminate criminals. But we must do far more +to curb them. That is what the Constitution requires. + Many police forces are under-strength. But it is quite clear that to +enable the police to defend each and everyone of us , would require us to +set up here a police state that makes Joe Stalin's Russia look like a "Love +Boat" cruise ship. That is not the lesser of two evils - i.e., better than +letting criminals run free - it is the greater. + +WHAT WE NEED MOST: NATION-WIDE CONCEALED CARRY.....A law-abiding person's +security - as a matter of Law and a matter of Fact - is in their own hands. +Even if we had effective criminal control - and we are far from that happy +state of affairs - each law-abiding person would still be responsible for +their own safety. + Any law-abiding person should be able legally to carry firearms, +concealed, as this is the best way to enable such persons to protect +themselves. It is a potent deterrent: the criminal would not know who was, +and who wasn't, armed. It would enable a person who had been threatened - +and was not entitled to police protection - to have at hand the means to +protect themselves. + +THE FUTURE: NO MORE KILLEEN MASSACRES.....Concealed carry is not a +panacea. A criminal would always have the advantage of the first shot. But +if the intended victim(s) were lawfully entitled to carry a concealed +firearm, the criminal's first shot could be their last. If concealed carry +of a firearms were Federal Law, massacres such as occurred in Killeen, +Texas, would almost certainly become a thing of the past. The criminal +would be killed, quickly, by one of the intended victims. + Licensing is not needed, simply because criminals now carry concealed +weapons at will. Licensing would only affect the 99+% of Americans who own +firearms, and who do not abuse them. What purpose is served by the costly +building of huge files on law-abiding people? Moreover, is not the +presumption in U.S. Law that a person is presumed innocent until proven +guilty? + It is better that we enact and strictly enforce harsh penalties for +concealed carry by those legally debarred from firearms ownership - persons +with criminal records of violence - the more so if commission of a crime +were involved. + +LIFE OR DEATH: ITS' UP TO YOU.....Wise-up those who back "gun control" -- +Federal, State, and local law-makers. law-enforcement chiefs, prosecutors, +and Media personalities -- that the police have no duty to protect you. +Let them know that their support for "gun control" puts your life at risk. +Send them a copy of this Special Report. Urge them to ditch "gun control" +and to lobby urgently for nation-wide concealed carry. Your life depends +on it. + + + * * * * * * * + + A one-hour VHS video tape of "Dial 911 and Die", taped from "Cooper's +Corner", a community-orientated program from Highland Park, Illinois, +featuring Jay Simkin is available from: + + Mr. Aaron Zelman, + Jews For the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, + 2872 So. Wentworth Avenue, + Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53207 + + Telephone (414) 769 0760 + + Please enclose (check or money order) $14.95 for the + tape, and $3.50 handling and shipping. + + "Cooper's Corner" is not associated with Colonel Jeff + Cooper in any way. Cooper's Corner features Mr. + Kenneth Cooper of Highland Park, Illinois. + + A condensed version of this "Special Report" will + appear in the July issue of "GUNS & AMMO" magazine, + scheduled for a June release. + + + Composed and uploaded as a public service + + For the JFPO + + by + + George Wm. Everitt, Editor, + + TheIllinoisShooter, + + Official publication of the + + Illinois State Rifle Association. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/dictator.txt b/politicalTextFiles/dictator.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..659a2d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/dictator.txt @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + BLUEPRINT FOR U.S. DICTATORSHIP PLACES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AT RISK + + By Mike Blair + Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT + + +Washington, DC -- During the Persian Gulf war and the military buildup +leading to it, President George Bush began using the term "New World +Order," often suggesting that the commitment of so-called multinational +forces involved in the military effort was the beginning of this alleged +worldwide utopia. + + Supposedly using the vehicle of the United Nations, Bush's New World +Order would be the arbitrator of all world problems and the apparatus to +enforce globalist dictates through the use of armed forces combined from +the armies of member nations. The UN law would be, regardless of the +nationalist interests of individual countries, the final word. + + Actually, even the mention of a New World Order would normally be +anathema to thinking Americans and, in particular, conservative political +leaders and civil libertarians. + + SINISTER TECHNOLOGY + + It is also surprising to many critics of the move toward one-world +government that Bush would even dare choose the term "New World Order" to +define his globalist schemes. However, most Americans alive today were +born after World War II, when propaganda of the so-called Allied powers +used the terms of "New Order" or "New World Order" to describe in a +sinister way the military efforts of Japan and, in particular, Germany +under Adolf Hitler. + + Few, it seems, have taken the time to analyze just what Bush has in +mind for his New World Order, of which America is to become an integral +part, starting with supplying about 90 percent of the muscle, and young +lives, that tackled and defeated Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein's Arab +legions. + + However, patriotic Constitutional scholars know that Bush's New World +Order is the worst attack ever on America as a sovereign, independent and +free nation. + + BEGAN WITH WILSON + + Efforts to form a global government are certainly nothing new. +American political leaders, who were concerned with America first, were +able to overcome the internationalist, one-world government machinations of +President Woodrow Wilson following World War I. Wilson was prevented from +realizing his visions of a New World Order, through the League of Nations, +by a powerful Senate opposition, which refused to rubber-stamp for Wilson +U.S. membership in the world body. + + A few decades later, however, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, +near the end of World War II, was able to get his one-world plans under way +by laying the groundwork for today's United Nations, which was completed +under his successor, Harry S. Truman. + + A few years later, that membership in an UN-mandated war in Korea cost +America 35,000 young lives. + + The problem that one-worlders have always encountered, of course, is +the U.S. Constitution, which has stood as a bulwark against any globalist +schemes. + + Nevertheless, American presidents since Roosevelt have insidiously +chipped away at the great powers of the people, written into the +Constitution by America's immortal Founding Fathers, with the use of so- +called executive orders. + + CAUSE FOR ALARM + + Americans should be deeply alarmed that those presidents have signed a +series of executive orders (EOs) which, under the guise of any national +emergency declared by the president serving at the time, can virtually +suspend the Constitution and convert the nation into a virtual +dictatorship. Dissent, peaceful or otherwise, is eliminated. + + Those backing efforts to circumvent the Constitution may have gotten +the idea from President Abraham Lincoln, whose use of various extraordinary +powers of his office -- which many Constitutional scholars still insist was +illegal -- suspended various civil rights to curb such problems as draft +riots during the Civil War. + + In 1862, Congress enacted the Enrollment Act to allow the drafting of +young men for the Union Army. The act was rife with inequities, such as +the provision which allowed a man to pay $300 or hire a substitute to take +his place. This hated "Rich Man's Exemption," as it was called, angered +the average American of military age and in particular young Irish +immigrants in New York City. + + A riot erupted in New York in 1863, and it resulted in Lincoln using +some extraordinary powers of his office to keep the Union from falling +apart from within. + + But over the years, presidents have used these powers for purposes +never intended by the Founding Fathers. + + INDIANS VICTIMIZED + + President John Tyler used such powers in 1842 to round up Seminole +Indians in Georgia and Florida and force-march them -- men, women and +children -- to Arkansas. This was probably the first use of internment in +America to deal with unpopular minorities. It was not the last. + + In 1886, the Geronimo Chiricahua Apache Indians surrendered to U.S. +troops in the West, were rounded up by order of President Grover Cleveland, +and shipped to internment in Florida and Alabama. + + Earlier, during the War Between the States, Sioux Indians in +Minnesota, when there was a delay in paying them their yearly allowance, +began attacking nearby white settlements. Lincoln sent in a hastily raised +force of volunteers under Col. H. H. Sibley. Little Crow, leader of the +Kaposia band, was decisively defeated by the Union troops on September 23, +1862, and more than 2,000 Sioux were taken captive, although Little Crow +himself and a few followers escaped. + + Through the process of a military tribunal, sanctioned by Lincoln, 36 +Sioux leaders were publicly hanged. Whether the Sioux executed were +innocent or guilty was apparently immaterial. The revolt was quelled, and +the Minnesota Sioux were all moved to reservations in Dakota. + + These instances of the nation's executive branch taking extraordinary +measures to confine, or intern, American Indians are just a few of many +examples. + + More recent examples of interning minorities by executive order +occurred during World War I and World War II. + + During World War I, an unknown number of German-Americans were rounded +up by federal authorities and interned until after the war. In addition, +regardless of the First Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees +freedom of speech and of the press. German-language newspapers, published +within German-American communities in the United States, were banned. + + WW II INTERNMENTS + + After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, within +days the FBI rounded up tens of thousands of Japanese-Americans, guilty +only of being of Japanese ancestry, under the authority of an executive +order issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The lists of those to +be apprehended had been drawn up months earlier, before the war. + + Held in concentration camps, the perimeters guarded by U.S. soldiers +armed with machine guns, the mostly innocent and patriotic Japanese- +Americans were not released until after the war. + + Congress has recently passed legislation extending the nation's +apologies to the Japanese-Americans and extending them compensation for +their years of confinement. + + However, no apology or compensation has ever been extended to the more +than 8,000 German-Americans who were confined in dozens of jails and camps +across the United States, also by order of Roosevelt. + + Many were not released until 1947, a full two years after the end of +the war, in total violation of the Geneva Conventions. + + "What happened to me and thousands of others is old history," said +Eberhard Fuhr of Cincinnati, who was interned at 17 years of age, "but the +next time it could be any other group, which is then not politically +correct, or out of favor for any other reason (SPOTLIGHT, May 20, 1991). + + Fuhr's warning, of course, had already been proved correct just +several months earlier when, under orders of Bush, the FBI hounded +thousands of innocent Arab-Americans as the U.S. prepared for the Persian +Gulf conflict. + + Only the efforts of a handful of irate U.S. Congressmen halted the +harassment but not until after a number of U.S. military bases were +selected as sites of internment camps for Arab-Americans and war +dissenters. + +----------------- + +Reproduced with permission from a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, +May 25, 1992. This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement +to The Spotlight appears, including this address: + + The SPOTLIGHT + 300 Independence Avenue, SE + Washington, DC 20003 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/dicthere.txt b/politicalTextFiles/dicthere.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c1208c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/dicthere.txt @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + DICTATORSHIP POSSIBLE HERE + + By Lawrence Wilmot and Martin Mann + Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT + + +Washington, DC -- Hidden in the bureaucratic maze Washington politicians +call "our Constitutional system of government," a little-known federal +agency is quietly making plans to turn the United States into a +dictatorship. + + There are "stacks of blueprints" in the top-secret safe of the Federal +Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designed to convert American society +into a "command system," a former deputy administrator of the agency has +told The SPOTLIGHT's investigative team. + + In a private interview, allowing him to remain anonymous, this highly +placed source confirmed that the procedures developed by FEMA to "suspend" +the Constitution and to round up thousands of dissenters nationwide can be +activated by a simple phone call from the White House. + + "Even people who have become aware of FEMA's existence and know +something about its activities -- not many do -- think the word `Emergency' +in its designation means it will go into action only in case of a natural +disaster or perhaps a surprise nuclear attack," related this expert. + + "In reality, however, this outfit can be mobilized whenever the +politicians occupying the White House decide they need special -- and +extra-Constitutional -- powers to impose their will on the nation." + + As Liberty Lobby first revealed, FEMA's bureaucrats can then proceed +to: + + * Take over all farms, ranches or timberland in order to "utilize them + more effectively" as decreed in Executive Order (EO) 11490, the so- + called omnibus emergency preparedness decree promulgated by President + Richard Nixon on October 28, 1969. + + * Seize all sources of public power: electric, nuclear, petroleum, etc. + + * Freeze all wages, prices and bank accounts. + + * Take over all communications media. + + A FORCE OF FACELESS FEDS + + Such totalitarian measures can be imposed by bureaucrats under FEMA's +direction, not just in the face of a cataclysmic upheaval, but "[w]henever +necessary for assuring the continuity of the federal government in any +national emergency type situation," decreed a subsequent White House ukase, +EO 11921, issued by President Gerald Ford in April 1976. + + Can such a blueprint for tyranny be clamped on the United States by a +force of faceless federal officials? It is the role of FEMA has been +preparing for most intensively, says the former high agency administrator. + + "In recent years, despite talk of spending cuts, FEMA's budget has +been steadily increasing," revealed this knowledgeable source. "It now +stands at somewhere around $3 billion annually. I say `somewhere' because +part of this agency's funding is appropriated under so-called black +programs, submitted to Congress with the defense budget without an +explanation of its purpose, aping the secret CIA appropriation." + + FEMA can draw on the defense budget and on the protection of the +secrecy reserved for national security projects because it came into being +under President Jimmy Carter in a move that merged the civil defense and +disaster relief responsibilities formerly shared by the Pentagon, the +Commerce Department and the General Services Administration under a single +powerful agency. + + WHAT'S FEMA REALLY UP TO? + + But FEMA's real focus is not on disaster relief, knowledgeable sources +say. An investigation of this little-known agency, conducted earlier this +year by the General Accounting Office (GAO), the congressional watchdog +unit, has found that less than 10 percent of FEMA's staff -- 230 +bureaucrats out of an estimated 2,600 -- are assigned full-time to +preparing for and dealing with major natural disasters such as storms or +earthquakes. + + What, then, is FEMA really up to? The SPOTLIGHT's investigative team +has obtained an advance copy of the GAO report on this secretive agency. + + The study's surprising findings have been reviewed with the help of +well-placed confidential sources, in order to bring into full view, for the +first time, the federal bureaucracy's secret blueprint for tyranny in +America. + + +----------------- + +Reproduced with permission from a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, +May 25, 1992. This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement +to The Spotlight appears, including this address: + + The SPOTLIGHT + 300 Independence Avenue, SE + Washington, DC 20003 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/dietsoap_05.txt b/politicalTextFiles/dietsoap_05.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e403ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/dietsoap_05.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1904 @@ + Diet Soap #5 + + The Unemployment Issue + + or + + The Tragic Emancipation of the Wage Slave + + + + THE BOTTOM LINE + + + + In this realm of the commodified soul the only action more miserable + +than consumption is production. The job, career, profession is the central + +point of alienation in this society of individuals divorced from themselves. + +To work is to create, not out of need or desire, but out of fear and for mere + +survival in a world which is not your own. + + There are, however, brief moments of respite for the average wage + +slave; not so much in the form of weekends or lunchbreaks, but rather in the + +form of tragic emancipation, or unemployment. + + + + YOU'VE BEEN TERMINATED, FIRED, CANNED, LET GO, but most of all + +you've been freed. + + + + Our relationship with the world is so thoroughly manipulated by this + +system of prices, and trade offs, and SCARCITY (illusory or manufactured) + +that when this freedom does come most don't recognize that there are two + +words involved in the event: "tragic" and "emancipation." The tragedy is that + +the emancipated wage-slaves find themselves freed into a society immersed + +in work, just as the black slaves were freed into a society immersed in + +racism. + + There have been a few moments of supercession, however; rare + +instances of fully realized situations in which individuals or communities + +have either stepped out of, or removed the spectacle: + + + + Andre Breton sits in a Parisian cafe sipping lightly at the one coffee he + +could afford, and automatically writes on his napkin. He stands on the table, + +and looks down on the poor souls who have worked all day. + + "The time has come; I beg of you to do justice. At this very hour girls + +as lovely as the day are bruising their knees in the hiding places to which + +the ignoble white drone draws them one by one. They accuse themselves of + +sins that on occasion are charmingly mortal (as if there could be sins) while + +the other prophesies, stirs, or pardons. Who is being deceived here?" -pg. + +197, Andre Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism, 1925 + + + + In Zurich, Tristan Tzara moves without aim or design, and creates + +anti-art which will only disrupt the museum. + + "We had lost confidence in our 'culture.' Everything had to be + +demolished," Marcel Janco yells over the screams of "Dada." + + + + And of course there is the month of May in the year 1968 on the + +European continent in Paris, + +France. + + "On May 14th, 200 men were on strike; on May 19th, 2,000,000; on + +May 22 more than 9,000,000. The paralysis spread with incredible speed + +and spontaneity. At no time did a general strike order go out from the Paris + +head-quarters of the union federations, and yet all over the country a calm, + +irrestible wave of working-class power engulfed the commanding heights of + +the French economy."-pg. 153, Patrick Seale, "The Great Strike; Red Flag, + +Black Flag: French Revolution, 1968 + + + + This last example is the most appealing and hence intriguing. During + +the operation of the spectacular society only those born with some amount of + +privilege can find life outside of work. And although those who decline the + +power their birth randomly gave them were noble and shined with insight, + +only when the realm of commodification is cast aside by all for all can one + +see the true potential for men to live rather than watch their lives. + + How can such a liberating state be sustained? Obviously, violent + +revolution is not an answer, for on the level of pure might the state has + +achieved a technological level which no amount of mere manpower can + +overcome. Further, violence seems to breed greed and a need to be led out + +of disorder even if this means that work prevails. Counter-revolution is + +almost always the end result of revolution. + + What we need is to put a bug in the system. A small glitch which + +spreads to the point of total meltdown is what's desirable. I suggest + +cultivating the excuse as an act of pure revolution. + + + + "What's happened to the work ethic? That's what I want to know. I + +got three calls from people who just aren't going to show up today," my boss + +tells me as we amicably smoke cigarrettes during the break. + + "Did they say why?" I ask. + + "Oh, they all had excuses, of course." + + + + What is needed for the worker is a sense of a Universal Revolutionary + +Excuse. Tell the boss anything, but don't show up on the day when the final + +presentation is due. Work very hard at establishing new clients, but let most + +of them slip through small cracks which open up, quite legitimately and + +unavoidably of course, in your schedule. Put the widget on the wrong gadget + +because your ex-wife is having puppies with another man, and you just can't + +concentrate. + + Or if even this is too degrading for you then simply act outside of + +categories. Come to work in a suit of tinfoil, bring a puppet with you to work + +and refuse to speak to anyone except via the puppet persona, spend the + +night at work and make a paper clip chain which blocks the door, or master + +the art of being the office non-sequitor and walk aimlessly from office to + +office interrupting real work with questions which seem to be valid but + +aren't. Make them laugh while the numbers fall and productivity reaches a + +near standstill. Organize your entire office to show up to work as the + +Rockettes, and have fun kicking everything over while you dance away the + +hours. Perhaps it's not too late to destroy the spectacle with dissident + +strangeness. + + + + "A group of people had moved a dining table out into the street and + +were sitting around it eating and talking. Were they protesting something, + +perhaps an eviction, or were they celebrating the absurdity of the + +moment...a reporter came up to the group, took out a pad of paper and a pen + +and began to ask them questions. With great solemnity someone at the table + +began to butter the reporters tie. The reporter stepped back."-pg.54, Lisa + +Goldstein, The Dream Years, 1986. + + + + This issue of Diet Soap is an attempt to look at the possibilities of + +unemployment and the consequences. To escape the prison of an everyday + +life not directly lived, and to replace the spectacle with a world which is + +actual, is the goal of this ultimate commodity. + + Read on, and enjoy... + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + A Letter From Noam Chomsky + + + + Noam Chomsky teaches linguistics at M.I.T. and is a well know political + +dissident. He has written such books as "Deterring Democracy," and + +"Manufacturing Consent." The Editor of Diet Soap recently contacted Mr. + +Chomsky to ask him a few questions and perhaps entice him into adding + +some respectablity to this fringe zine. This second effort was futile, + +however, the professor did have some comments (although none which he + +"trusted enough to convey," whatever that means) on pranks, surrealism, + +psychedelics and the "deeply personal." + + + +Dear Mr. Lain, + + + + Interested to hear about your journal. About your questions, I don't + +really have any opinions that I trust enough even to convey. Surrealism, + +pranks, and sabotage may have their place. Some of the Dutch provo + +"pranks" were quite imaginative, humorous, and effective I thought. + +Surrealism had its place as a movement in the arts, with many + +achievements, but little in the way of undermining indoctrination, as far as I + +can tell. Incidentally, immersion in the "deeply personal" is not counter to + +capitalist oppression; rather, it is a central component of it. Huge capitalist + +PR efforts are precisely designed to immerse people in the deeply personal, + +removing them from the arena of decision-making in the social, economic, + +and political spheres. + + As for drugs, my impression is that their effect was almost completely + +negative, simply removing people from meaningful struggle and + +engagement. Just the other day I was sitting in a radio studio waiting for a + +satellite arrangement abroad to be set up. The engineers were putting + +together interviews with Bob Dylan from about 1966-7 or so (judging by the + +references), and I was listening (I'd never heard him talk before -- if you + +can call that talking). He sounded as though he was so drugged he was + +barely coherent, but the message got through clearly enough through the + +haze. He said over and over that he'd been through all of this protest thing, + +realized it was nonsense, and that the only thing that was important was to + +live his own life happily and freely, not to "mess around with other people's + +lives" by working for civil and human rights, ending war and poverty, etc. + +He was asked what he thought about the Berkeley "free speech movement" + +and said that he didn't understand it. He said something like: "I have free + +speech, I can do what I want, so it has nothing to do with me. Period." If the + +capitalist PR machine wanted to invent someone for their purposes, they + +couldn't have made a better choice. + + Admittedly, that's one case -- though not a trivial one. It corresponds + +to what I saw over the years, though I admit I didn't see a lot. I did have a + +great deal of contact with young people in the resistance, the civil rights + +movement, and other popular efforts, and still do. But simply don't know + +much about the influences you mention, which were quite remote from any + +form of struggle that I knew anything about or had any contact with. + + Sincerely, + + Noam Chomsky + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + OBIT FOR HOLLYWOOD + + (Excerpt from the Film Journal of Jim Farris.) + + + +5-22-94 + +"Being Human" + +Lloyd Cinemas, 5:00 PM. $3.25. + + + +Unbeilivably dull look at man through the ages wastes Robin Williams + +talents. Bill Forsythe directed and wrote the film and after charming films + +like "Local Hero" and "Comfort and Joy," this was a shock. Tedious + +conversations sprinkled with diversions to nowhere. Awful. + + + +5-23-94 + +"Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" + +Lloyd Mall Cinemas, 10.20 PM. $3.25. + + + +Mind numbing adapdation of Tom Robbins novel directed by Gus Van Sant + +should be great fun but isn't. Great cast is wasted in cameos as we sit + +through the movie debut of pudgy, unattractive, untalented, Rainbow + +Sunshine Phoenix. This is the Titanic of 1994 movies. + + + +5-28-94 + +"Maverick" + +Lloyd Cinemas, 5:00 PM. $3.25. + + + +Oh my God, I'm on a roll. This makes three cow pies in a row. This movie is + +just so full of itself. It winks at itself for it's own amusement, and you get + +the feeling that if you knew these people you'd like the film more. Well, I + +don't know them and I didn't like it. All the scenes are too l-o-n-g. Richard + +Donner like the gags so much he lingers for the laughter he measured in the + +studio screening room. + +Everyone in it, Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and a tired looking James Garner, + +look like they've all seen "Ocean 11" too many times. Danny Glover's cameo + +belongs on a Bob Hope special from the 1960's. + +Mother of mercy, is this the end of movies? + + + +5-30-94 + +"The Flintstones" & "Jurrasic Park" + +Foster Road Drive-In, 9:20 PM. $4.00 + + + +"Maverick" is not the end of the movies..."The Flinstones" is. Let it be known + +that as of 9:32 PM, May 30th, 1994 I sat in a vacant lot, overgrown with high + +weeds, staring at a worn wall of metal and wood and witnessed the end of + +movies. Who knew that an industry that started with the likes of a racist + +like D.W. Griffith, and a man with taste to rival Margarine like C.B. + +Demille...an industry that could produce "Lawerence of Arabia," Elizabeth + +Taylor, "Earthquake," Martin Scorsese, and "Ma and Pa Kettle," would tip it's + +hat, give you a canned laugh, say "Yabba Dabba Do" and disappear into that + +good night? Alas poor movies...I knew them well. + + + +"Jurrasic Park" played as the second feature. Just a cruel joke to remind us + +that even last year Hollywood was still making movies that were + +entertaining and well done, that just last year we thought everything was + +fine. Movies were "better than ever." The sky was the limit. Well, my + +saturated fatted friends we were wrong. We have reached the sky now, + +we've gone the limit and what do we have to show for it? What's left? + +Scarlett O'Hara? "2001?" Bogie? + +Or maybe, in your heart of hears you know: Don Knotts, everything Universal + +made between 1963 and 1974...that's right all of it, and Troy Donahue. + +I should have hope. I want to believe. But the movies speak for themselves. + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + Lettuce and Tomatoes and Sour Cream + + - Kate Schwab + + + + The odds are one in ten that a meteorite large enough to cause serious + +damage (in the catastrophic sense of the word "serious") will hit the earth + +within the next fifty years. + + + + And the most commonly spoken word in the English language is "I." + + + + And the enviroment. + + And subatomic particles. + + And child abuse. + + And animal testing. + + And the Industrial Revolution. + + And capitalism. + + And the state of education in America. + + And space. + + + + I am tired of this--too much time to think. My thoughts will kill me + +soon. + + + + Do most people look at the stars and see space as something + +conquerable, or do they gaze in wonder? I wonder. The Universe is infinite- + +so many things we can never know-but people keep trying. I am tired of + +thinking and never doing anything, never reaching an end. Thought, + +knowledge, has no end. It is an infinite universe. We will never know + +everything about the Universe. I've stopped believing that we can. Today. + + + + What I do: I collect unemployment. I am immobilized by freedom. By + +complete freedom. I don't know what to do with my time (I can't stand to + +just sit and think anymore, I'll go crazy). I've stopped reading, stopped + +writing, even stopped watching television. They make me think. + + I spend my time in a tiny, cold cafe, drinking coffee and smoking. I + +am here now. + + It's time for me to leave the cafe, for good. I learned today about the + +coffee industry being held up on the hunched backs of peasant laborers + +everywhere. The work, the chemicals...while I sit here calmly, leisurely + +sipping the sweat from their brows and the opportunity from their lives. I + +already knew about the horrors of the tobacco industry, but I already am + +addicted. + + + + Everytime I look up at the sky I think. I can't help it. It starts with + +the stars, then expands until I'm terrified that the CIA has a file on me and + +that the government is already taken over by the military industrial + +complex. My file is long and this file points out certain good and bad things + +about my life. + + Good: he supports the tobacco industry. + + Bad : he suspects the true controlling government. + + Bad: he thinks about the state of education, about the oppresion of + +women, about capitalism and class war. + + Bad: he does not think we can conquer space. + + + + I feel like I have something inside me that is twisting, it's going to + +twist until it breaks. It's made of molded plastic and it bends, stretches, and + +grows white at the juncture. This plastic is old and has been worked at for a + +long time. Like a Big Brother constantly tearing at the same favorite toy, + +tearing at it every day until it snaps and he laughs. But I can't stop the + +twisting. I don't know what stops it. I try not to think about it, about + +anything. + + + + I am free to do anything I wish, but I don't, I can't. Everything is + +harmful to someone. Coffee makes me sick now. I don't do anything, but I + +should. My form of protest is inactivity, boycott. But, I don't even tell + +anybody that I'm boycotting. I need to start doing something so I don't have + +to think all the time. My thoughts will kill me soon. + + + + If I get a job again, I won't have to think all the time. I can just work. + +I will try not to think about my job. + + I collect unemployment because the company I worked for went + +bankrupt. I worked at a biotech firm as a lab assistant where we genetically + +engineered organisms to clean up toxins in freshwater sources. It worked. I + +worked. I lived for it. It made me think and I loved it. + + Problem: no one wanted to buy it. + + It was a great idea. "Look, we made these organisms that will eat + +toxins in freshwater sources. We can clean up the enviroment to a limited + +degree and keep it from getting any worse." But it took too long. 10-15 + +years and that is too long to wait (We all want results now). + + + + I took the first job I could find, at Tasty Taco. My pay is low but the + +work interests me. I think about how many tacos I make a day and how + +many people eat the food I slip-shod together. I try not to think about + +what's in the food, how we get the food, and so many other things. I just + +work. + + Bob, my manager, tells me that I'm a good worker. I can make a taco + +--wrapped, bagged--in 22 seconds flat. I console myself on payday by + +remembering what Bob told me after my first week: "If you stick around, + +Carl, you're good enough to make management in six months." + + Space doesn't bother me much anymore. I get up and go to work now, + +I don't have time to think about the Universe. Just tacos and burritos and + +nachos. + + "Keep up the good work, Carl," says Bob. + + + + I met a girl. She works at another Tasty Taco store. She can make a + +taco in only 18 seconds. + + + + "Doesn't all this paper waste bother you?" Tim's only been working + +here for three weeks. + + "What do you mean?" + + "Well, we wrap every damn taco in paper, and then put them all in a + +paper bag with a handful of paper napkins." + + "They would all spill out if we didn't wrap them, Tim." + + "But what about all that trash, it has to go somewhere. Don't you think + +about the enviroment? The trash?" + + "I think about it, a little, but I don't let it get to me" + + He quit a week later. I knew he wouldn't last long. + + + + "Carl, your review is coming up in a week, buddy. I'm planning on + +recommending you as a managment trainee." + + "Great, Bob, did you know my taco times are down?" + + Life is good: I'm a management trainee, my work is only getting + +better, Carol and I are spending more time together. Thursday nights we go + +to her apartment to watch Blossom and eat popcorn. Afterward, we go + +outside. + + "The stars are out tonight," she says. "They sure look pretty." + + I look up. We sit in silence, gazing at the stars. + + "What are you thinking about?" she asks. + + "Nothing." + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + + + Tabarian Filmmakers and Microbrews + + -by Jerry White + + + + + +other reason, because the way that is similar in content to Italian Neo- + +Realism, while remaining totally distinct from an aesthetic point of view. + + But more significantly, this body of recent films from the tiny middle + +eastern nation of Tabaria is remarkable because of its raw emotional power. + +This modest journal provides insufficient space to list the large number of + +filmmakers doing important work within Tabarian borders, but there are a + +few who must not go without mention: Amir Labeliki, Hasfan El Jafarat, Tariq + +Ramouz, and especially Rhian Nonjones, one of the few women to produce a + +viable body of work within an Islamic country. Their films are marked by + +an impassioned social conscience, an attention to form, and frequently + +exhibit a meditative sensibility. Not to say that these filmmakers are all + +self-important stuffiness- El Jafarat, in particular, has made several hilarious + +slapstick comedies that owe as much to Harold Lloyd and Charlie Chaplin as + +to his Iranian colleague Darius Mehrjui. While it's impossible to generalize + +about the cinema of an entire nation, certain tendencies are certainly visible + +within Tabarian cinema, and this development is without question + +deserving of discussion. + + With the rapidly deteriorating social conditions that are a reality of + +the post-colonial Islamic world, Tabarian cinema is frequently concerned + +with issues of day to day survival. Labeliki's film A JOB TODAY, A WAGE + +TOMORROW (1990) dramatizes the struggles of one man, Garash, to find + +work in the labyrinth that the capital city of Asmera has become. While he + +manages to pick up odd jobs, it's never quite enough to support his family, + +so his wife is forced to brew beer (forbidden by the country's extremely + +strict liquor laws) in the basement for sale to the desperate minions above. + +All the while Garash remains fiercely devoted to Islam, a dilemma of colossal + +proportions since his violations of its laws are what enable his family to eat. + +On a similar if more humorous tract, El Jafarat's first feature LET'S ALL SLAY + +THE BOSS (1983) details the oppressive rigors of office life and the elaborate + +plans that a bunch of meek accountants make to overthrow their tie-wearing + +tormentors. Both films portray employment in contemporary Tabaria to be + +an experience wrought with unseeable power relations while remaining the + +one boundary that keeps the proletariat from sliding into the tragic existence + +of the desperately poor. + + Both of these films are especially notable for the way that they + +develop rich characters while still giving a sense of how they fit into their + +greater urban landscape. Labeliki's protagonist is truly a man tormented, + +but his personal struggles are always placed within a specifically post- + +colonial context. While the film sometimes edges into the realm of the + +melodramatic, the struggle that it portrays is quite serious because of the + +questions it raises with relation to the role of the individual in a country + +struggling to define itself. If the Islamic revolution was supposed to be what + +liberated the Arab world from the legacy of European domination, Labeliki + +makes it clear that this revolution comes with a set of oppressions which + +are all its own. The focus here is on everyday life: how the precepts of Islam + +have the power to inspire on an abstract level, but tend to make basic + +struggles all the more difficult. + + El Jafarat's film also makes a point of making his + +accountants-cum-freedom fighters fully developed men and women, + +not merely pawns to be moved to advance his allegorical story. The group's + +leader, Kiman, at first comes across as a fairly conservative fellow, but it + +quickly becomes clear that his passions can be aroused if given the right + +circumstances. But his change of heart is far from sudden, and by the time + +he is stringing up his supervisor by the toes, the viewer has a real sense of + +what has driven him to these lengths. LET'S ALL SLAY THE BOSS is one of + +those rare films that works on both a comedic and allegorical level: El Jafarat + +has constructed his situations with great care and fit them together to form + +an almost seamless whole. + + + +films are the meditative, almost poetic works of both Tariq Ramouz and + +Rhian Nonjones. What we see in these films is a serious concern with issues + +of representation and form, and the result is sometimes remarkable + +beautiful, and in Nonjones' case, among the most rigorous in contemporary + +cinema. + + Ramouz has almost sixty feature films to his credit, many of which + +were made for Tabarian television. It is only in recent years that he has + +come into his own as a serious film artist, in addition to concerning himself + +primarily with rural Tabarian life. His 1987 film DAVSHAT OBSERVED + +marked the emergence of his new sensibility, if only in a nascent form. The + +film takes a day in the life of the small farming community of Davshat, + +which lies on the Tabarian border with Yemen. There are a quite remarkable + +number of characters, and it is a tribute to Ramouz's talent as a screenwriter + +that he is able to make it easy for the viewer to keep them all straight, in + +addition to keeping them all constantly interacting with each other. Italian + +Neo-realist Vittorio deSica once said that "the ideal film would be 24 hours + +in the life of a man to whom nothing happens." Here we have the realization + +of that aesthetic to its fullest: 24 hours in the life of an entire community to + +whom nothing happens. + + Ramouz followed this film with a trilogy of works on the day to day + +life of Yak herders which, through narrative invention, hemanages to invest + +with a universal significance. The three films, TALMAT AND HIS THREE + +SONS (1988), THE HERDS OF THE PLAINS (1990) and SKYWARD BOUND + +(1992) together chronicle almost sixty years in the life of these herders, and + +discuss both minutia and philosophy with equal depth. In THE HERDS OF THE + +PLAINS, two nameless characters move from a conversation about the uses + +of Yak shit to the true nature of Islam within a single shot, but in a way that + +is utterly smooth. In a similar vein, TALMAT AND HIS THREE SONS features + +a remarkable sequence of a baby being born, all shot in extreme close up + +with a minimum of cuts. The sequence lasts for almost forty minutes, but it + +seems to go by in a matter of moments. A more genuinely thoughtful + +collection of work is not to be found anywhere. + + Anywhere, expect perhaps for the epic documentaries of Rhian + +Nonjones. In contrast to Ramouz, Nonjones has made very few films, but her + +work must stand as among the most beautiful in the cinema. Her 1989 + +documentary HISTORY CENTURY 20 is deceptivelysimple in its form, but + +mind blowing by the time it has concluded. The film features a group of ten + +women who all live in El Kanatra, a working class quarter of the city of + +Tamas. + + Each woman directly addresses the camera and discusses her + +family's history. When all ten have taken their turn, the women re-tell each + +other's stories, trying to interpret them through their individual lenses, + +which have all been defined by differing experiences of class, ethnicity and + +countless other factors. The result is a stunning document of the way that + +oral histories can be molded and formed by various members of the same + +community. + + But Nonjones' most important work is her most recent: the 9 hour + +SACRED, PROFANE, AND THE WORLD. Completed in 1993, the film features + +interviews with people from all walks of Tabarian life talking about most + +everything. Spiritual matters are of key concern, and she continually + +returns to the interplay between Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism, and how + +they can be joined to help to strengthen the East as we enter a new century. + +While her project is clearly an anti-colonialist one, Nonjones' politics are hard + +to put a finger on. She is above all concerned with the dignity and + +importance of average, working people, and has made a career out of + +collecting their stories. It is these collections, and the way that she + +masterfully assembles them, that add up to some of the most important + +stories of late twentieth century narrative art. + + Not surprising for a country which is simultaneously in a state of + +decay and re-building, Tabarian cinema echoes many concerns about social + +welfare and the future of working people. The films as a whole are + +important not only in the context of middle eastern cinema but also in terms + +of the construction of a viable body of work that rallies for the worldwide + +proletariat. These are films about the work that people do and the way that + +they relate to it, frequently made with an uncommon sense of respect for + +the subjects coupled with political awareness. In a nation in such a state of + +flux, this kind of holistic strategy is nothing short of an act of survival. + + Because of its isolation, Tabarian cinema has been unjustly neglected + +by film scholars and critics. But the time when the established sources of + +aesthetic wisdom could let this important movement in world Cinema pass + +them by is drawing to a close. Tabarian cinema has come of age. We can + +only hope that American criticism and exhibition will do the same. + + + +Postscript: Credit where credit is due + + + +city filmfest, I strike up a conversation with the press liaison, Robin. Pleased + +to hear of my status as a programmer, he tells me about a friend of his who + +is putting together a series of Tabarian cinema, but is having trouble getting + +the films out of the country. Censorship, it seems, is strict. Would he like + +to join me tonight for a beer at this little bar where I have been regularly + +having a nightcap, I ask. Perhaps we could discuss this further. He is not + +sure he can make it, so I leave him with my card to give to his friend. Tell + +her to send me some tapes, I say. And do try to come by the bar tonight. + + That evening, I drink a pint of Boreale, a dark Quebec beer that I have + +had each night of the festival, after the last screening is over. As it has been + +each night, I drink it alone. The train back to Philadelphia leaves early the + +next morning. I wait for a few months, but the tapes never appear. Then + +comes the news that civil war in Yemen has broken out. Neighboring + +countries, it seems, are nervous that fighting may spread. Borders are + +tightened. Clearly, a beer or two at a festival is no longer sufficient. + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + + + + + Tone Deaf World + + or + + Why I Quit the Drag + + + + The owner of the St. Francis Residential Hotel wanted her zombie + +tenants to stay that way. Behind the cafeteria counter, behind the tubs of + +starch and gravy, she placed an old transistor radio with tin speakers. She'd + +twist the dial and --CREAK--there'd be noise in the dining hall. Muzack. Big + +Blands doing nothing to "Song Sung Blue," or "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My + +Head" except maybe smoothing out what few wrinkles the original songs + +had. + + Eleventh and Jefferson--residential hotel for the falling apart. A place + +of faded elegance for dust in the cracks of life, where old wooden chairs with + +flat cushions were lined like desks in a classroom. Up front, where the + +blackboard should've been, was an RCA color television with a sign taped + +underneath which read "don't touch the screen." War Veterans, old + +housewives who ran out onto the street with their curlers and smeared + +rouge faces, and the simply old "lived" there. + + Me, I hung around behind the counter at the feeding trough. Spooning + +up the mandated portions of bleached mashed potatoes and overcooked + +meat from six to nine and eleven to one and six to nine. Clockwork + +consumption, brought to the zombies via minimum wage. + + I did my time and bit dutifully, but when I worked the tin speakers + +didn't do their bit quite right. I'd turn the dial, you see, and add some bebop + +to the old folks fragile hips. I'd tune in 1101 am radio. The owner, Mrs. + +Winston, was too tone deaf to notice the jazz that infiltrated her zombie + +kitchen, and so I survived...for a while. + + Time and Place, space/time, historical locale, etc... + + January, 15th 1991. The man was hot, and his people crazy following. + +The radioactive chalkboard kept the powerless tenants up to date, and I kept + +myself in check by the thin thread of a Bird melody. + + Juxtapose this against the oil scene -- Of the veterans three were shell + +shocked out of reality. Jack, Ralph, and Bill were icons of insanity neatly + +separated by generation. Jack came out of World War II with a steel plate + +and voices, both in his head. He spit when he talked and was easily agitated + +by those on the kitchen staff who didn't reply to his sputtering preamble of + +"You know what? You know what?" I learned early to say, "what?" and then + +ignore the rants which followed. + + Ralph was pure appetite. After protecting the nation from + +communism in the Korean War, he was hungry, and seeing as that war never + +officially ended he probably needed the extra-calories. This single + +mindfulness, however, did catch the attention of the Boss Lady. A diet was + +instigated, and this led to a consistent conflict in the dining hall. Him always + +yelling for more meat, more meat, and me always conning him into a calm + +denial. + + Paranoia was Bill's staple. To call him by his name was to rile him, + +and to touch him was to incite riot. Vietnam left his bald scalp crawling and + +he always smelled of chemicals. This was most likely my imposed trip on + +him, but something scrambled his mind and napalm is a good a culprit as the + +jungle...or as simple war. + + These three didn't hang together as individuals, and so they didn't + +hang together. Still, they usually arrived at the trough at the same time and + +would often follow each other, if only in the Boss Lady's line. + + That's half the set-up. Three deranged ex-patriots to be served on the + +day war broke out in Iraq. But what of the server? Suffice to say that I was + +and am a twenty-two year old college dropout looking to drop some more. + +The real question is, did this sad melody have room for fine improvo? I only + +know that the way I jazzed the place definitely had a cost. + + I was up the night before with a bottle of wine and a fistful of stems + +and caps. I started sabotaging the paper at about nine and by eleven I + +needed a little extra-kick to make the words I was cutting out fit together. + +A swig of wine with a cap of psilocybin. A piece of bread with a stem. I + +wanted alien visions to be the paste I used to glue my revulsion down to + +paperboard and twist it into revolt. Mushrooms, wine and my own AM tin + +speakered radio seemed the perfect combination in order to wash my eyes + +and see Blake's infinity of possibilities which I deemed necessary if I was to + +escape the man. + + A simple sign with the appropriate slogan was far to appropriated to + +work, and so I tossed the standard "NO BLOOD FOR OIL" over and upside + +down in order to create the following message: + + "Cold World conducted for hi-tech Third war. New Media Order + +established as Gulf between Schwarzkopf and chemical weapons is bridged + +by menace in the United Nations. Desert desert DESERT desert!!" + + This found anti-war sign having been converted into true sentiment, I + +got the urge to walk. With my protest on a stick in one hand and my other + +hand pressing the small radio up against my ear I went into the streets. + + I arrived at Pioneer Square to find the place empty. A banner hung + +half twisted and soaked above Starbuck's, but otherwise the protest hadn't + +left a mark. Did the marchers for peace melt in the rain like their sugar- + +coated slogans? I wandered aimlessly and sank into a feeling of deja-vu + +before I found the note stuck on the brass business man. Held in place by + +this statue's pointing finger, and protected by its metal umbrella the note + +simply said "river." + + I walked to the water and held my radio under my jacket as it rained + +again. There, along the Willamette, I found the riled masses of pumped up + +teenagers, spectacled men in black sweaters, grey haired ex-suffragettes, + +and a pile of Birkenstocks all in formation around the waterfront fountain. + +It was cold, but while an Arab man pleaded for his people, water splashed + +as pale skin waded about and a harmonica blew. + + Myself, I found a patch of dry concrete and sat down to absorb. I + +surely couldn't stand. And I lost myself there among the tin saxophone + +loops from my pocket. + + "The United States wants this war, the United States has created this + +war--right on brother," a mix of voices. Miked and unmiked, and even + +farther to the side, "Did you hear about what happened in San Fransisco? + +We blocked off the Interstate there, 60,000 of us there...where is the media, + +why aren't they...they're on the other side, man...chemical weapons, we've + +got all kinds of...I couldn't stay home...I think that guy in the shades is with + +the NSA. No really see the wire? Is that Susan, I didn't know she did the + +protest thing...woooo...and when we invaded Panama where was the world + +court then? Where was the New World Order then? Not on television...I + +haven't been this stoned since...where is Kuwait anyway?" + + All of this gently pushed by a Lester Young melody muffled by my + +wool jacket and slowly from the fountain a green light rising up like oh my + +god its time and I'm not even packed. Psilocybin punching up humanity's + +last yelp before the world stops and runs backwards. + + "What does your sign say?" she asked. + + "What?" + + "Your sign?" + + "It says, 'this end up,'" I said. + + She was wrapped in paisley. She smoked a green cigarette with + +shaking hands and yawned and scratched at freckles. Her red hair blocked + +her face. + + "I cut up today's paper and stuck it on. Trying to gain some control of + +the damned image factory and maybe turn it around I guess," I recanted. + + "Interesting," she said. She held her sign down to me. A rainbow and + +magazine trees stuck to plywood. "I thought that too many people were + +letting the war twist them into negative space. I guess I wanted to show + +some positive alternatives." Children dancing around a sprinkler, a pigeon, + +some fish sticking up from the corner, nude sunbathers, and finally a + +trumpet under that. I liked her. + + "We're the alternative to the mainstream alternative," she said. + + "We're alive," I replied. + + Together we walked to the dock, and as we stepped onto the bobbing + +planks everything peaked. The world, the universe, ran through me and all + +was confirmed by the raspy lilt of Billie Holiday: + + + + Away from the city + + that hurts and mocks + + I'm standing alone + + by the desolate docks + + in the chill, in the chill + + of the night. + + + + I see the horizon + + the great unknown. + + My heart has weight + + it's as heavy as stone. + + Will the dawn coming on + + make it light? + + + + I cover the waterfront. + + I'm watching the sea. + + Will the one I love + + be coming back to me? + + + + I cover the waterfront + + In search of my love, + + And I'm covered + + by a starry sky above. + + + + We danced. That's all, we danced to it, and the waves rocked us. + +Maybe the highest protest of all is to live well, and to have a freckled girl in + +your arms. + + But, she knew someone who knew someone who was planning to go to + +Salem and block the doors or break some windows or something and I was + +left lying in the waves on the dock watching my inner-eye conjure up lights + +and sounds. Then the sun came up. + + I slipped down, and as outer light poured across the waterfront inner + +light slowed. Having seen the bouncing ball of being in its fullness and + +without dimension I floated gently back into the "here and now." + + Back to the hurts and mocks of SW Main, up to the work-house and at + +6:15 a.m. I checked into so called reality with its screaming cooks and + +glares. + + "Late!" the Boss Lady said from behind horn-rimmed glasses. + + "Yeah, yeah. They'll have to wait for their artificial scramble," I said. + +The glow was still with me. + + Placing all the grub into the steam and shoving tiny Dixies into the bin, + +I opened the doors and let the sleep walkers into the linoleum trough. + +Wheel chairs first, brain damage after. + + Jack, Ralph and Bill filed in; each jerking with their trays in pathetic + +pantomime. + + Jack was first. + + "You know what?" he asked. + + Now, one of the symptoms of psychedelic influence is a certain sort of + +earnestness. A willingness, more aptly, to see and respond. And so, in my + +haze of aftershock, I saw into Jack. I looked past the steam and lost my + +protection of plastic cynicism. + + "What?" I said, and for the first time meant the word as a question. + + "God woke me up this morning. He said, 'Wake up!' And I said, 'it's + +early.' " Jack was moving, squirming his wrinkled hands around and forcing + +the other patrons to step back. His hair glistened at the roots with grey + +sweat. + + "God slapped me awake. He said, 'Look at the clock!' It was six + +o'clock, six oh five, six twenty." + + I paused. + + "I guess that happens to everybody," Jack said. + + "Eggs?" I asked. + + "Yeah." + + Slop. From God to eating slop this man went on and I left the room + +through the colors I found in the steam. Work getting done by method of + +automatic pilot. It is said that Lester Young created his greatest improvs + +when he was so blitzed that his body could barely stay vertical. I found that + +my greatest monotonies were created when my mind could not flex, when a + +pale drone replaced any sort of inner dialogue. Psilocybin is not the best + +method by which to deaden the mind. + + "Don't spill it!" the dishwasher man yelled as I removed the now + +partially consumed bins of slush from the steam racks and moved them into + +the kitchen. The dishwasher carried the mop. + + "Don't spill what? The message, the beat, the line. Don't let the world + +you've created slip away from you," one part of my mind told the other. + + "Don't spill it!" the dishwasher said. His apron wrinkling as he rushed + +to my side and put out his tattooed arms to stop the catastrophe. + + Punched out at nine. Punched in at eleven. Fitful sleep between the + +blades of a miniature fan turned on strictly for repetitive and hypnotic noise. + + I punched in again at twelve to find the same crew of veterans + +waiting to be served. Like a Monk tune, harsh and striking. Is that the right + +chord? Did we miss a beat? No? + + "Do you know what? Do you know what?" + + Clank! Jingle! Clank! In tune by being totally out. + + "Can I have some more meat?" Ralph asked. + + "Sorry, but the boss lady put you on a diet." + + "Can I have another piece?" + + "Sorry, man." + + "May I have another portion, please. I'd like some more meatloaf. + +Can I have some more meat?" Ralph was hungry. + + "I can't do it," I said. A good robot. + + "You trying to starve me?" Bill asked. + + "Can I have an extra?" Ralph asked again. + + "Ummm..." + + And across the dining hall Jack asked the world, "You know what? + +You know what?" + + "Get out of my way!" Bill nudged Ralph, and I quickly prepared Bill's + +plate. + + And while I was turned away, while I concentrated on putting barely + +thawed vegetables onto Bill's plate, Ralph reached. He reached over the + +plastic shield and into the bins, and snatched two bits right into his mouth. + + "Caurmph I hauph umphvelmph meat?" Ralph asked. + + Bill took his plate as Ralph moved away, smiling around two patties. + + Clank! + + Half a world away, I imagine now, planes took off. Inside the cockpits + +sat Tom Cruise wannabes looking at Pac-Man video displays and preparing + +for the destruction to come. + + After this, I took a five hour sabbatical. In between the lunch hour + +and the catastrophe I paced the streets of Portland, and the simple feel of + +the asphalt under my feet triggered something...an itch which escalated as I + +walked on a ground I never chose. Five hours of walking, of protest, of + +scratching and itching and scratching. + + "You know what?" + + "You know what?" + + "You know what?" + + You know what happened already. This idea, this thing which + +happened already and is happening now, it's already in everyone's mind. + +What happened is that the war started, but more than that. I snapped. + + "Can I have some more?" + + Bill must be seven feet tall. His eyes are certainly bigger than + +average, and at supper his eyes were on me. You see, I prepared his plate + +before he got to the front of the line. Assembly line style, I jerked each + +tenant a plate trying to speed things up. + + "I'm not eating that poison," Bill said. + + "What?" + + "I'm not eating that poison, Joe!" + + "Okay, okay...for christ's sake." + + And behind this, tin speakers added irony. + + + + Don't stop to diddle daddle + + Stop this foolish prattle + + C'mon swing me Joe + + Swing me brother, swing + + + + Then a burst of static, and this just in: + + + + War is Peace! + + Ignorance is swing! + + Freedom is impossible! + + + + The war had started and it wouldn't be prudent at this juncture to + +consider the humanity of the situation. The man spoke through the tin + +speakers and not a soul noticed. Bill just tapped his foot and mumbled as + +yet another batch of veterans went out to lose their minds. There was a + +pause on my side though. + + I started to toss Bill's food back into the bins. + + "Sorry Bill, you'll have to eat the food I gave you." + + "Don't call me that, Joe!" + + "Eat the food I gave you...BILL!" + + "Don't call me...don't you call me..." he reached over, all seven feet of + +him, and grabbed my arm. + + "Who are you, Bill? Is there anybody in there? Uh? Who is Joe? Is + +Joe dead?" I asked. + + "I'M NOT EATING THAT POISON!" + + "Don't spill it!" + + He lifted me up, and shook me loose. Then a mob climbed all over me. + + "Call the police." + + "He's losing it again." + + "Let go!" + + And I dropped to the ground. I dropped back into place and while + +everyone ran and jerked and wrestled I grabbed a dish of gravy and strolled + +past the counter, past the dining tables, and to the front window. + + "You got him?" the cook asked the dishwasher as she started to let go + +of Bill's arms. + + "Don't...don't..." + + I dipped my fingers into the gravy, into the muck and started to + +spread lines onto glass. I smeared boiled brown guts onto the pane: + + + + "UNDERNEATH THE NOISE, THE BEAT" + + + + Exhausted I flung my apron off, and walked out...onto the road. I + +knew what time it was. It was six o'clock, six fifteen, six twenty. + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + Being a Proletariat in the New Age + + + + -by Brian Nedweski + + + + It must be an employer's market. Not that it was ever an employee's + +market, but at least twenty years ago it wasn't as crazy as it is now. In 1964 + +it would've been unlikely that you would be asked for a resume when you + +applied for a position as a dishwasher. Now to look for a job makes you feel + +like a commodity and salesperson all at once: a member of the new age + +proletariat. + + I applied for a job serving espresso and coffee. The employer was + +looking for three or four people to man (or woman) her cart. I found the job + +in the want ads. The job only paid about five dollars an hour. Since m;y bills + +did not amount to much, I could get by on a low paying job. I love coffee, + +I'm sociable, so why not apply? It seemed pretentious that they wanted + +applicants to send resumes and letters of intent, but when I have a notion I + +usually follow through on it; off went the letter and a resume. + + Two weeks later a woman called and scheduled an interview with me + +for the job. When the time came, I put on some "going for an interview + +clothes," trimmed my beard, and drove out to the small liberal college to talk + +someone into giving me a job. The young woman who had contacted me by + +phone also interviewed me; the interview took place in a small room in an + +administration building. A room in which stood the modest coffee/espresso + +cart I would be working at, if all went well. + + I must've struck a sympathetic chord with her, because she called a + +day or so later and said I was one of the four chosen for the work. I was + +asked to attend three training sessions during the next week, which would + +each be two hours long and would include the others who had been selected. + +A short time after she notified me of the training sessions I recieved in the + +mail about ten or fifteen pages of written material about this espresso cart: + +rules on payment procedures, rules on employee behavior, rules on the + +operating of the machinery, etc... + + I thought this process to be a bit anal. For a meager five dollars an + +hour I had sent in a letter, a resume, references, had attended an interview, + +received a slew of written material, and would attend three training + +sessions. Was this all necessary? From what I'd gathered during the + +interview the customers were mostly faculty members whose offices stood + +near the small room with the espresso cart. This wasn't a Starbuck's in + +downtown Seattle. + + I went to the training, did my level best to learn where the cart went + +after hours, how to clean the espresso machine and cart, how to set up the + +espresso machine and cart, how to get water from the janitor closet, how + +they wanted their specialty drinks made, how their cash register worked, + +etc... After the training, I knew I could do a good job. I have spent a good + +portion of my free time in cafes slugging back caffeine laden drinks; names + +and terms such as doppio, con pana, americano, late', tall, skinny, cappuccino, + +mocha...these words don't frighten me. (Northwesterners know coffee; + +sometimes it seems like some Johnny Espresso Seed sowed a path from + +Portland to Seattle, even some 7-11's have espresso machines). Just coming + +from a high stress job where I had succesfully interacted with the public + +daily (i.e., political fundraising by going doo to door in all kinds of + +neighborhoods), I imagined that this job would be a restful one. + + Surprise, a day before I was to start this new job I got a call from a + +woman, not the young woman who had hired me (too chicken), informing me + +that on second thought they believed I was not the right person for the + +position. The only explanation she offered me before she so rudely hung up + +was that in such a small operation as theirs they could not afford to make a + +mistake. + + I was miffed. What I deduced after deciding not to go down to the + +snotty little college and take the espresso cart for a spin on the nearby + +highway, and after reflecting upon that profound question "what the hell did + +I do wrong," was that I had asked too many questions during the training. I + +remembered a nervous worried look on the young woman's face when I + +asked her to explain over the process for correctly starting the espresso + +machine. All the time I figured that the machine must be the owner's + +largest investment; I didn't want to screw it up. Maybe if I had prefaced my + +questions with something like, " Do you remember where it states on my + +resume that I have earned a university degree? Well, I found that asking + +questions helped me obtain that degree; I am asking questions now so I can + +do a good job for you." + + I spent a lot of time landing this job, sending in a resume, a letter, + +commuting back and forth to an interview and training sessions, reading all + +their materials, and they decide not to give me a chance at even one day of + +work. I think they feared I might scald the milk in their favorite professor's + +late'. + + It makes me wonder just how typical is my experience. This + +employer felt that a groomed list of qualifications, an extensive interviewing + +process, a long list of rules, lengthy training would insure against the wrong + +employee, but this was a job serving coffee not performing brain surgery. + +How about answering simple letters and telling the people whom they found + +appropriate to come on in and complete a basic application and be + +interviewed; let the people whom they trained have a chance at doing the + +job. Simpler, cheaper, more efficient. Who knows they may have been using + +the advice of some high-priced consultant. + + I haven't searched the want ads for some time now. I'm glad; doing it + +always unnerves me. So many employers want only employees that fit + +perfectly into a mode. Wouldn't the person hired who did fit the ideal be + +less likely to be a loyal employee than the one offered an opportunity even + +though he or she didn't fit the listed qualifications exactly. A person with + +just the right qualifications will likely know they were hired on the strength + +of their qualifications and not for much else. He or she will probably move + +quickly leave when they have improved their qualifications through + +experience or education; so long sucker, now that I have that degree, I don't + +need you anymore. On the other hand the person who feels the employer + +gave them a chance will probably thing twice before leaving their employer + +in a rough spot. + + If someone messes up big time fire them, but give a person a chance. + +If you don't they might write an article about you. + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + + +PEOPLE WHO DO THINGS: + + + +Editor: Doug Lain + +East Coast Editor: Jerry White + +Psychic Consultant/Internet Guide: Will Jenkins + + + +Jim Farris is a political activist who admires Hilary Clinton and her various + +hairstyles. + + + +Doug Lain wishes he was all three of the Marx Brothers. He edits this thing, + +and is a student of Philosophy at Portland State University. + + + +Brian Nedweski understands the proletariat as he has a real job. He lives in + +Portland. + + + +Kate Schwab is a student at Portland State University, a short story writer, + +and our future Washington D.C. correspondant. + + + +Jerry White publishes regularly for the Philadelphia City Paper. His is also a + +film smuggler with a base in West Philadelphia. + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + SUBMIT! + + + +If you're ready for the fifth dimension then drop Diet Soap a line or two. + +Send us your poetry, fiction, rants, political theories and UFO photos. + +Donations are also acceptable. + + + + Diet SOap + + 2186 NW Glisan #44 + + Portland, OR 97210 + + + + e-mail submissions to: + + willjinx@teleport.com + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/digiphon.txt b/politicalTextFiles/digiphon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8218d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/digiphon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +Posted By : Bozak (CCi 69:1305/1.1) +Subject : Digital Telephony and The Government + +At the annual "Computers, Freedom, and Privacy Conference" this Spring, the +FBI backed by longtime "hacker hunter" Dorothy Denning further tried to +convince the electronic world that 'Digital Telephony' is the way of the +future to fight crime. + +What it is is an invasion of some of our most basic rights. + +Digital Telephony is a proposal that states ALL future communications +technology, whether it be electronic or analog, MUST be able to FULLY and +EASILY (IE built in) accomodate wiretaps. This means now with a flip or a +switch the Feds could monitor a person's every electronic or voice +transmission/conversation. Wiretapping is extremely difficult to get a +warrant for, with only 1,000 or so warrants to wiretap issued last year. + +Those are the legal ones. + +It's fairly common knowledge that all law enforcement also uses illegal +wiretaps quite often, with little or no regard for the laws that are +supposed to protect our rights. This means an unscrupulous agent who may +have something to gain can simply monitor YOUR EVERY word and conversation +with the touch of a button, because now every phone, modem, cellular, +beeper, and anything else that communicates has the built in capacity to be +tapped. + +Guess who's paying for all of this? + +That's right. YOU. + +It will cost hundreds of millions of dollars to re tool factories and +product lines to meet this new standard. That cost will of course be passed +directly to you. You're going to be PAYING for this. + +The government wants to take away your right to privacy, and they want you +to pay them to do it. + +Think about it. The ability to trace your every move, built in to your +phone, modem, and anything else electronic that communicates. + +Now of course the FBI claims that this will save lives. They already said +that two serious crimes have been prevented, including a plan to 'shoot down +an airliner', and a snuff movie with a little kid as the victim. + +Mind if I ask what the HELL that has to do with electronic communications? +The goverment is eating your rights. + +Fight back, or you'll lose your freedom. + +This post might sound like some kind of a sermon, but I just finished +reading the article about it (July '93 Macworld) and I'm just sort of +stunned and pissed off. Why? Because not only are people like Dorothy +Denning who were supposedly moderates, and could see the 'freedom' side of +'hacking' going along with this shit with a big smile on their faces, it's +the fact this bill has made it to Congress, and actually stands a chance of +being passed. That's nothing short of frightening. + +That means we couldn't have CCi, because everyone's modem has the potential +to be listened in on illegally by someone whenever they choose. Just one +agent abusing his/her authority. + +The EFF, along with over 30 other groups and organizations has already filed +several protests against Digital Telephony. + +I reccommend you do the same, because this isn't the first time a bill like +this has come up, and it won't be the last. And one of these days a fucked +up bill like this just might pass. + +PGP anyone? + + Bozak -- + +-!- Oblivion/2 v2.10 + ! Origin: Imajica Private (69:1305/1.1) diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/digital.txt b/politicalTextFiles/digital.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8036038 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/digital.txt @@ -0,0 +1,356 @@ + + +X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X +X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X +X/\/ \/\X +X\/X - Digital Underground - X\/X +X/\X Story by Mark Bennett. Published in i-D Technology Issue X/\X +X\/X X\/X +X/\X Transcribed by Phantasm. 12th September 1992 X/\X +X\/X X\/X +X/\X Unauthorised Access UK. Online 10.00pm-7.00am. +44-636-708063 X/\X +X\/\ /\/X +X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X +X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X + +They've got a file on you. It's on computer. And that computer is connected +to a global network. Who's going to stand up for our civil liberties in the +digital era? Can the anarchic activities of hackers and cyberpunks make them +freedom fighters for the information age? + +CYBERPUNK +TECHNOLOGY + +Cyberspace, the Net, Non-Space, or the Electronic Frontier call it what you +will, but it's out there now, spread across the world like an opulent +immaterial spider's web, growing as each new computer, telephone or fax +machine is plugged in, as satellites close continental divides, hooking +independent phone systems together. It's almost a living entity - the +backbone is the various telephone exchanges, the limbs the copper and fibre- +optic links. Increasingly the world is shifting to this unseen plane. Your +earnings, your purchasing patterns and your poll tax records are processed +there. You may not realise it exists, but it's part of everyday life. As +John Barlow, writer and electronic activist puts it, "Cyberspace is the place +you are when you're on the telephone." + +As life moves to this electronic frontier, politicians and corporations are +starting to exert increasing control over the new digital realm, policing +information highways with growing strictness. Before we even realise we're +there, we may find ourselves boxed into a digital ghetto, denied simple +rights of access, while corporations and governments agencies make out their +territory and roam free. So who will oppose the big guys? Who's going to +stand up for our digital civil liberties? Who has the techno-literacy +necessary to ask a few pertinent questions about what's going down in +cyberspace? Perhaps the people who have been living there the longest might +have a few answers. + +You could argue that hackers have been the most misrepresented of all sub- +cultures. In the mainstream press they've been cast as full-blown electronic +folk devils, either dangerous adolescents and electronic vandals or malevolent +masterminds in the pay of organised crime or evil foreign powers. Others have +tried to put forward a rather romantic view of hackers as freedom fighters +for the information age. And the cyberpunk media industry that grew from +William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's science fiction has mytholised them as +digital rebels, computer cowboys. + +The truthis more complex. As more and more people explore cyberspace, it's +becoming harder than ever to make generalisations about a hacker ethic, to +even figure out what hackers are doing and why. All you can say is that +between them they have created a genuine digital underground, an electronic +bohemia where diverse subcultures can take root, where new ideas, dodgy +tech and weird science can flourish. + +In Europe, the centres for hacking activity are Germany, Holland and +Italy. UK hacking remains relatively stagnant and disorganised. In part it's +down to the relatively high cost of computers and telephone calls. In part +it's down to a difference in attitude. It seems typical that the most famous +hack in Britain came when two hackers broke into Prince Philip's electronic +mailbox. As Andrew Ross points out in an essay on the subject in Strange +Weather, hacking in the UK has a quaint, 'Little England' air about it. Hugo +Cornwall, author of The Hacker's Handbook, has compared hacking to electronic +rambling and has suggested developing a kind of Country Code for computer +ramblers. It's all very benign, a matter of closing gates behind you, +respecting the lands you cross and never ignoring the 'No Trespassing' signs +you might encounter. As Ross says, this amounts to a kind of electronic +feudalism, with digital peasants respecting the inherited land rights of +information barons and never asking bigger questions about property, state +surveillance and the activity of corporations and governments. + +The Europeans tend to take a more politicised, sceptical stance. The focus +for most hacking activity on the continent is the Hamburg-based Chaos +Computer Club, which organises meetings, lectures, publishes magazines and +books on the politics of information and holds an annual conference which +usually draws hackers from around Europe. The club, who's motto is "access +public data freely while protecting private data firmly", was formed by +Wau Holland after the publication of the A5 hacking magazine Datenschleuder +in 1982. An article in the mainstream press stimulated interest and +subscribers decided to set up the club. + +With home computing a minority hobby in Germany during the mid-'80s, the +club couldn't really limit itself to one type of computer as a similar club +in the States might do. Instead it cut across product loyalties and hobbyist +pettines and brought together all computer users. Similarly, the club aimed +to be as open-minded about their activites. They weren't just interested in +swapping access codes and passwords. Instead Datenschleuder published +informed speculation about the way information technology might develop. + +Realising that the majority of the public were unaccustomed to, and in some +cases frightened of, the new technology, they attempted to open up and +demystify thre computerised landscape. Alongside the regular magazine, they +have published four books on computers and hacking, including the essential +Die Hacker Bible One which reprints back copies of Datenschleuder and the +first 50 issues of TAP (aka Technological Assistance Program), a magazine +put together back in the '70s by phone phreakers (early tech-pranksters who +gained free phonecalls with gadgets like Blue Boxes and touch pads). + +Like most hackers, the Chaos Club takes a critical stance towards the phone +companies of the world. As in the UK, the Germans have to live with high +prices for their phone services, something which has prevented the growth of +a network of computerised bulletin boards as in the US. In general, +communications regulations are very restrictive in Germany. Something as +simple as acquiring an extension telephone requires applications for +permission, excessive paperwork and extra charges. In this area the club acts +rather like a technoliterate consumer group, fighting to loosen the phone +company's monopoly and open up the system's potential to ordinary punters. + +In many ways, the Chaos Club is determinedly respectable, at times more like +a special interest pressure group than a hacking club. These days they're +particularly concerned to distance themselves from what they see as +irresponsible elements within the digital underground, perhaps because some +of their members have performed some of the most notorious hacks in the +past. Hackers from the Chaos Club bust into NASA's system in the mid-'80s. In +addition, three years ago, it became apparent that some of the club's +members had hacked into Western military computers and tried to sell what +they found to the KGB. This somewhat sullied the carefully cultivated image +of openness and responsibility and the club has been through something of a +crisis. More recently, confidence has picked up and the last two annual +conferences have attracted around 500 hackers and other interested parties. + +These annual get-togethers have become much more than just illicit swap meets +for Europe's computer intruders. They're part digital be-in, part electronic +think tank, part R&D lab, part informal high-tech trade fair. The centrepiece +is still usually the hacking rooms. Hooked into the phone system by means of +bundles of illegal extension cords, these feature rows of terminals on which +visitors could access networks around the world, call up the club's various +databases or tele-conference with members who couldn't make the event. + +The 1991 event featured a room housing various rudimentary explorations into +the world of 'brain hacking'. Here people were swapping ideas about the +possibilities of making a real life version of the electrodes which feature +in William Gibson's cyberpunk novels and which allow users to jack into a +network and move from computer to computer purely by thought. The technology +that was actually up and running was little more than a biofeedback system +(basically an EEG machine which displays a user's brain waves in order to +help them to achieve particular frequencies and corresponding mental +states). Some present were talking about actually developing a brain- +controlled system, in which information could be moved around the screen +via something like ESP or telekinesis. + +More functional future tech was demonstrated at the same conference by John +Draper, aka Captain Crunch, one of the first phone phreakers and a legend in +hacking circles, who had been flown in by the Virtual Travel Project, an +organisation designed to bring East and West together via technology. He +brought along an old Panasonic videophone which comes complete with a two +inch square display lens and a small camera. When hooked up to standard +telephone lines, the videophone can transmit still images taken by the built +in camera and transmit them to a similar telephone or computer equipped with +the right software. Draper was able to visually connect with the US in a +conference call that hooked up Hamburg, New York, the Electronic Cafe in +Santa Cruz in California and San Francisco. + +Although the Chaos Club is the best-known European hacking group, others are +beginning to achieve a higher profile, particularly the self-styled Italian +Cyberpunks, who are based in Milan and produce the magazine Decoder, which +reads like a politically tougher version of Mondo 2000 and mixes hacker info +and socio-political opinion pieces on information technology with interviews +with the likes of William Gibson, underground comics and scratchy DIY +graphics. With its roots in Italian anarchist traditions and connections to +the free radio movement of the '70's, the Cyberpunks have tried to theorise +hacker activity and present it as a coherent form of political +protest. They're taken relatively seriously by Italian society at large and +their recently published Cyberpunk Anthology managed to make it onto the +bestseller list for several weeks. They are currently working on an English +translation which they hope to publish here (in the UK) by the Summer. + +Like the Chaos Club, the Cyberpunks are less hung up on getting hold of the +latest technology and more interested in educating the public and spreading +information. Invited to participate in the Santarcangelo Arts Festival, held +in Rimini last Summer, they organised lectures on virtual reality and multi- +media, flying in speakers from Germany and Britain and running an +'information wall'. This comprised of a wall of old TVs playing feeds which +were processed by an Amiga video editing system and mixed raw footage of the +festival events, computer graphics and the Cyberpunks' own videos. There +were also plans to set up a pirate TV station and broadcast in a narrow 2km +band towards Rimini. Unfortunately, after technical problems and concern +voiced by members of the Mutoid Waste Company (also present at the festival) +that the material transmitted might be X rated, this had to be called off. + +Whilst groups in Europe seem to be gradually evolving into artful campaigners +and consciousness-raising pranksters, the majority of US hackers have +remained simple tech freaks. However, things may be changing. US hacker +culture has been going through a crisis in the last two years. In a full- +blown moral panic, they have been systematically hunted down by the Secret +Service and have become the focus for hysteria reminiscent of the red scares +of the '50s. (A time magazine cover from 1988 talked about "The Invasion Of +The Data Snatchers".) + +Things began to happen in January 1990 as the Secret Service began to arrest +members of The Legion Of Doom, one of the most celebrated US hacker groups, +on suspicion of having entered the computer systems of the Bell South +company. Although in many cases no charges were filed, electronic equipment +and discs were confiscated. things came to a head with Operation Sun Devil +in May 1990, which involved 28 raids in 14 days; 42 computers and 23,000 +discs were confiscated, many of which have never been returned. Government +agents carried out dawn raids on teenage bedrooms across the US, confiscating +calculators and answerphones. All quite comical. Except things began to get +more serious. Raids became like precision strikes on terrorists and teenagers +found themselves threatened with jail sentences for accessing computer +systems with no password, copying files or just being vaguely +mischievous. Their offence might have been no more than the electronic +equivalent of walking on the grass or breaking and entering, but the +punishment they faced was ten times more severe. + +In addition, the authorities began to target and close down electronic +bulletin boards. In the States, there are now boards for every obsession +going, every hobby, belief, vice or fad. So many that regulation of the kind +of information being circulated is increasingly difficult. For that reason, +it has been argued that the powers that be don't like the idea of boards +per se. Although a lot of the information that is circulated on some of the +more underground boards (how to build bombs, for example) is available +elsewhere, they feel spooked by the thougth that it can be accessed by +anyone with a computer. + +They feel particularly spooked by the idea of hacker bulletin boards, and +have begun to charge people merely for allowing 'dangerous information' to +pass through their systems. + +Hacker reaction to all this has been varied. After receiving prison sentences +for their activities, the majority of the Legion Of Doom have decided to go +legit and have set up as Comsec Data Security Corporation, a computer +protection consultancy. Others have taken a campaigning stance reminiscent +of the Europeans. The East Coast hacker quarterly 2600, which published +hardcore hacking info on phreaking and accessing computer networks, has tried +to highlight the hypocrisy of the hacker busts. "An individual cannot take +a big credit checking corporation like TRW to court because they collect +personal data on them without his or her permission," 2600 editor Emmanuel +Goldstein comments. "But TRW could claim its privacy was violated if a hacker +figures out how to access their system." Whats wrong with this picture... + +Other organisations have been set up to raise concern about civil liberties +and freedom of speech, the most high profile being the Electronic Frontier +Foundation, which was set up by Mitch Kapor, a millionaire software pioneer, +along with other big cheeses from the computer industry (including Steve +Wozniak of Apple, an ex-phone phreaker), as a direct response to anti-hacking +hysteria. A self-confessed hacker/software pirate in the '70s, Kapor is +worried that the current panic may lead to the formation of restrictive +regulations which may hamper the development of cyberspace in the +future. However he isn't in favour of legalising hacking. He thinks hackers +should still be punished. + +Although the EFF has had some success in its moves to end Secret Service +excesses, not all hackers are happy with the way it draws a line between the +old '60s hackers and modern computer intruders. "There are a lot of +similarities between these 15-year-olds who are playing around in corporate +computers and the 40-year-olds who played around with phones and are now +writing software somewhere," comments Emmanuel Goldstein. "They may be legit +now, but they weren't always legitimate". Goldstein is also sceptical of the +'cyberpunk' tag which hackers appropriated from the fiction of William Gibson +and Bruce Sterling, dismissing it as a fashion thing. Whilst it may have +helped to give hackers a sense of identity, the image of leather-clad +anti-social rebels backfired when the authorities started to take it +seriosly. + +Something which places original cyberpunk writers like Bruce Sterling in a +tricky position. "I've had law enforcement people tell me that if they see a +copy of (William Gibson's) Neuromancer in a kid's bedroom when they're doing +a raid, they know he's bad, he's gone," he observes. "There are people who +use the word 'cyberpunk' as a synonym for computer criminal now. There's +little that we can do about it really." Except write a book, something +Sterling decided to do when anti-hacker hysteria reached his home town of +Austin, Texas. The Chicago Computer Fraud and Abuse Task Force seized +hardware and software from a texas SF publisher and made statements to the +local press that cyberpunks were dangerous. "Being quite well-known as a +cyberpunk myself, I thought I'd better find out what was going on". The +results of his investigations will be published as The Hacker Crackdown in +October in the US. + +As an outsider, Sterling offers a refreshingly sceptical perspective on the +scene. Of the 5,000 or so hackers currently practicing in the States, he says +the majority are just mischievous teens, electronic joyriders who are more +curious than malicious. Most of them don't hack beyond the age of 22. They +get bored and get a life outside of cyberspace. He laughs off the idea that +hackers might be seen as radicals. "The idea that these are like fresh-faced +idealistic genius kids who are linked arm-in-arm to deal a telling blow to +the establishment is just bullshit. They all hate each other's guts. They +turn each other in at the drop of a hat." + +Far from being proto-political rebels, he argues that young US hackers are +actually political footballs, part of a larger game which is about the future +and management of cyberspace. Thats why the rich software entrepreneurs of +the Electronic Frontier Foundation have become involved. "The EFF and their +civil liberties fellow travellers are an interest group like any other. They +shouldn't be shrouded in this air of 'Oh they're old '60s people, look how +idealistic and non-materialistic they are. These guys are pretty sharp +operators who've made a lot of money in the computer industry, and would now +like to get their mouse gripping mitts on some lever of political power that +is consonant with the amount of money they have and the influence they wield +in the business world". + +A cynic might argue that the EFF aren't just concerned with the freedom of +speech. They really want to make sure that in the heat of hacker hysteria, a +set of excessive laws don't get passed which might restrict their business +operations in the future. This kind of thing is only to be expected, since +as Sterling says, the electronic community is expanding daily. In the rush to +go digital, hackers may even find themselves sidelined. "Every aspect of +society is moving into electronic networking and that includes hippies, +criminals, lawyers, politicians, bikers, knitting societies, even cops. Cops +have their own bulletin boards now. There are hacker cops. All these +subcultures and sub-groups are moving in, and in a while what was once called +hacker culture may get swamped by other kinds of electronic bohemia." + +US hackers may have acted as the pioneers of the new electronic +landscape. But like the real pioneers who first explored the American West, +they may find it difficult to find a foothold in the new communities they +helped to create. The simple thing is to go in to business for the people +they formerly thought of as the enemy. Alternatively they could band together +in informal vaguely politicised pressure groups like the Europeans. But they +need to update their act. Otherwise they could even wind up a dying +breed. "In the end the thing about American hackers that'll kill them off is +that they're dilettantes," Sterling concludes. "They're not getting any +money for this. They're doing it for free, because it's like a cool +subculture do. They're doing it for power and knowledge. But anything these +jerk-offs can do for power and knowledge, a real operator can do for a lot +of money." + +The pioneer age is over. The Net is here to grow. And as the digital +community expands and corporate control of computerised data increases, +hackers will have to raise their political consciousness if they intend to +fulfil their mythical role as electronic watchmen. + +CONTACTS + +Italian Cyberpunk magazine and book: Dutch hacking magazine: +Decoder Hack-Tic +Shake Edizioni PO Box 22953 +Via Cesare Balbo 10 1100 DL Amsterdam +20136 Milan, Italy The Netherlands + +2600 Magazine - subscriptions, back issues and uncut NTSC video: +2600 Subscription Dept +PO Box 752 +Middle Island +New York 11953-0752 +USA + +Tel: 0101 516 751 2600 + +Back issues of TAP can be found in the classified section of 2600. + +Die Hacker Bible 1 is available in bookshops in Germany. + + Transcribed by Phantasm. 12th September 1992 + +X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X/\X +X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X\/X + Downloaded From P-80 Systems 304-744-2253 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/drug-cia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/drug-cia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8dae698 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/drug-cia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,466 @@ + + WBAI Pacifica Radio New York + Interview with Mark Swaney + By: Paul DeRienzo. + + -------------------------------- + + WBAI radio interview with Mark Swaney from "Faithful Arkansas" + a citizens group, speaking of Bill Clinton's and George Bush's + connection with the CIA covert drug smuggling operation in + Mena Arkansas in support of the Contras. + +MARK SWANEY: + . . . . [they] set up a front company in Guadalahara Mexico. + The purpose of which, he was told, was to smuggle weapons to + the Contra's in Central America. And he was to be the front man + -- he was to provide the front cover for this company, but he + was given to know that behind the scenes they [the CIA] would + be using this company to smuggle weapons. So he was ok with + that and he went down to Guadalahara and was down there until + the summer of '87 --actually the plane was shot down in '86 + so this operation in Mexico continued for a year after the + Iran-Contra story was breaking and that's something that a + lot of people don't know --they think that Iran-Contra/Contra + Resupply stopped when the revelations were made in '86, but + they actually continued. + + Anyway in the summer of '87, even as the hearings were going + on in Congress, Terry Reed began to suspect they were using + his front company for something other than smuggling weapons. + And one day he was looking for a lathe in one of his warehouses + by the airport there in Guadalahara and he went in and opened + up an air freight shipping container (which are very large, + they're about 28 feet long, 7 feet high, 8 feet wide), and he + found it packed full of Cocaine when he opened it up. He immediately + realized he was in a very precarious situation because he was + the only one on paper who had anything to do with that company, + and if they had ever gotten caught -- there was nobody to stand + up and say well this guy didn't know anything -- he was going + to be a patsy if anything went wrong. So he decided he wasn't + going to play the part of the patsy. The man who was his contact + man for the CIA in Mexico was Felix Rodrigez. So he confronted + Felix Rodrigez and said well listen I didn't bargain on getting + into Narcotics smuggling and I'm outa this all together guys + -- I'm leaving now -- I refuse to have anything further to do + with this. And Felix Rodrigez said ok fine if you want to be + out your out. Now before he was able to return even to Little + Rock Arkansas where his home was at the time, Governor Clinton's + Chief of Security, a man named Raymond Buddy Young, and + another man Tommy Baker, Private Investigator and I'm told + former member of the Arkansas State Police, were framing + Terry Reid for mail fraud. What this involved was the so + called project donation that Oliver North had set up. Terry + Reid's plane had been stolen a number of years earlier + -- and used in drug missions and such without his knowledge + -- and he claimed the insurance money for his plane being stolen + -- and so to set him up what they did was took the airplane + and put it back in his hangar before he got back to Arkansas. + Governor Clinton's Chief of Security just supposedly happened + --and this is what he tells the press -- he say's "one day I + just happened to be walking by this hangar, and the wind just + happened to blow the door open and I just happened to look in + and see this airplane that was stolen four years earlier in + another state and I realized -that was the plane." And so this + is how the case got started. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + How would he have known that was the plane? + +MARK SWANEY: + + Oh that's never been explained. Along with a number of aspects + in this famous story. We're in contact with Terry Reid's defense + attorney in Witchita and she's promised to send us all of the + documents --we have some of the documents already that indicate + --he was found not guilty --well he never went to trial. + + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Is that the same Buddy Young by the way who's head of Governor + Clinton's security detail. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Yes he is. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Buddy Young, let's keep his name in mind because I want to come + back to him. Let's jump now to the sight in Arkansas that was + used as the landing sight, the airport in Arkansas in the town + of Mena Arkansas --that was determinates of a lot of these + Iran-Contra resupply flights. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Yes, in fact Terry Reid has stated in that same article that + you have that it was the *hub* of the Contra resupply effort. + Many people are not aware that Arkansas was very heavily and + very deeply involved in the Iran-Contra affair all during the + time that Governor Clinton ???? Governor of the state. + And there were numerous stories written about it in the press. + Well the story about Mena is that Mena is a very small town + in the middle of the the Washitah (sp) mountains in Southwestern + Arkansas and not coincidentally it happens to be in Congressman + John Paul Hammerschmidt's district, the Third Congressional + district. John Paul Hammerschmidt just happens to be one + of George Bush's very closest friend's. He was George Bush's + Presidential Campaign Manager for Bush's campaign in '76 and + again in 1980. The two people are very close. Anyway Mena + has an airport and it looks from the outside like an ordinary, + normal airport. The thing that separates Mena's airport from + any other is the fact that there are row upon row of hangars + --buildings which house aircraft refitting facilities. Now + aircraft refitting is an industry that is in demand by two + principal paying customers. One of them is the CIA, and the + other one are drug smugglers. And the reason is, is because if + you're a CIA guy and you're going to do covert actions overseas + -- they're almost entirely relying on air transport of some kind. + Particularly if you're going to covertly resupply an army that's + over a thousand miles away. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Hassenfusse's plane was based there. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Pardon me. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Hassenfusse's plane, the plane that was shot down, was based + in Mena Arkansas. + +MARK SWANEY: + + That plane was based there formally before Barry Seal was + murdered just a few months before it was shot down. That + was Barry Seal's own personal airplane. But anyway what + you need to do, if you're a CIA or a drug smuggler is you + need an airplane that can do things that normally airplanes + of the civilian variety are not allowed to do. Things like + have cargo doors that open to the inside of the airplane so + that you can make in-flight drops - so that you can drop + things out of the airplane while it's flying -- which is + illegal on a commercial or civilian type of aircraft. You + need to do things like install advanced navigational equipment + sometimes even ??? You need things like roller matts to put + down on the floor so that you can roll the crates forward + in the fuselage of the airplane to kick them out. You need + to be able to modify a civilian aircraft that is not legally + allowed to have such capability so that it does have those + capabilities. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + And this was done in Mena -- a smalltown airport. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Right. Now Mena has the second or third largest --I don't + know which, but one of the largest aircraft refitting + facilities in the United States. And as such it was --long + before the Nicaruguan episode happened, it was a base of CIA + covert operation and remains to this very minute a base of + CIA covert operation. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Let's jump to another name that comes up in this -- a fella + by the name of Larry Nichols, former employee of the state + of Arkansas. He was a employee of the Arkansas Development + and Finance Authority now I have an Associated Press article + that came out just a couple of days ago that Larry Nichols + has dropped a lawsuit that he had instituted in 1990 against + Governor Clinton that came after his 1988 dismissal from that + state job for miss-use of agency telephones. + + Can you tell us who Larry Nichols was. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Yeah this is probably the most interesting part of the story + -- you see Larry Nichols is the source of all these rumors + and the Jennifer Flowers thing and the Governor's sex life. + The story that the press has yet not picked up on is the + fact that Larry Nichols was a big time Contra supporter. + He has close connections to Mario Collero, Adolpho Collero + and Jack Singlove. In fact he served with General Singlove + in Vietnam. He spent the first half of the decade working + for the Contras in a connection with an organization that + General Singlove had. He spent time with the Contra's on the + ground in Honduras. His job was to collect military information. + Now I've met with Larry Nichols -- this information that I'm + about to give you he has told me directly. And we have checked + out a great deal of what he's told us and everything that he + has told us has checked out totally accurate. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + So what we're seeing here is a connection between the mistress + sex scandal and the Iran-Contra and the Governor of Arkansas. + There's a connection. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Well what you find out here in a minute is that the sex + scandals really have nothing to do with it. I saw his lawsuit + several months ago when I was in Little Rock and it was of + no interest to me I didn't even bother to make a copy of it. + But Larry Nichols, the man, and his relationship to the + Governor is extremely interesting. You see what it is --is + that his job was to make military analysis of the situation + in Honduras with the Contras. And to take that information + back to the United States and package it and present it to + Congressmen who are in favor of Contra Aid with a view toward + convincing them that the Contra's were an effective military + fighting force --that they could win militarily against the + Sandanistas. At some point around '85 I believe this job for + Larry ran out, and he didn't have any money and he approached + Governor Clinton. Now according to Larry, he and Governor Clinton + are close friends, have known each other for a long time. In + fact before the Governor was the Governor. He asked Governor + Clinton --hey I'm broke I need a job. Well it's not too usual + that somebody could just call up the Governor and say I want + a job and the Governor says sure we'll make you Marketing + Director for ADFA. That's the Arkansas Development Finance + Authority --which figures centrally in Bill Clinton's + relationship to the Contra Resupply network that the state + of Arkansas was so heavily involved in. In any case he was + there working at ADFA and someone at ADFA a fellow employee + had found out about this guy that was working with them who + was this romantic jungle fighter type of character. And + eventually she began to talk to some friends about it and + word reached the ears of a reporter and a reporter began + to investigate Larry Nichols --wondering what this big Contra + supporter was doing working for ADFA. Everyone who holds a + top position at ADFA is directly appointed by Bill Clinton --in + fact ADFA is a total invention of Bill Clinton's --he created + the agency out of thin air and appoints all of the top + directors. In any case a reporter approached Bill Clinton + in Japan and started to question him about Larry Nichols + --wanted to know what this guy was doing on state payroll + --if he was lobbying for the Contra's or just what the story + was. Mr. Clinton, rather precipitously fired Larry Nichols + directly after that. And the story that was put out was that + he was fired for misusing state telephones that he'd supposedly + made hundreds of calls to the Contras and ran up thousands of + dollars worth of bills to the Contras -- uhmm that is an + unsubstantiated allegation --in fact on Larry Nichols suggestion + the organization I work with received his entire phone records + from ADFA through freedom of information act and went over + those phone records with him call by call and we did not find + any records of calls by him outside the United States on + those phone records so it was a phony charge and Larry Nichols + was in fact wrongfully fired and they made up this story that + he was calling the Contras in order to get rid of him. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Why do you think that was? + +MARK SWANEY: + + Well I don't know the exact reason but I can tell you this + that Larry Nichols and Buddy Young the man I mentioned earlier, + are very close friends. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Well that's a point that you just mentioned that Buddy Young was + the State Security man who discovered the airplane -- the allegedly + stolen airplane belonging to Terry Reid was in fact in a certain + airport hangar. + + +MARK SWANEY: + + Everything to do with that in fact the federal judge is on record + for calling Buddy Young a liar in Terry Reid's trial. But see Larry + Nichols and Buddy Young knew each other and are close friends + according to the newspaper accounts that were in the newspaper + down here in Arkansas yesterday -- they're old buddies. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Yes, well that's what the Associated Press report that I'm looking + at right now says that Nichols dropped his lawsuit after consulting + with Buddy Young. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Yes, Now I'm going to say something right now which is rather + shocking -- this is the first time this has been made public + to my knowledge. A member of my organization who is going to + be at a press conference that we're having tomorrow --spoke + with Larry Nichols --we've been in contact with him for several + months off and on on the telephone, and he's had a conversation + with him sometime around the first week of January -- during + which Larry Nichols tolde this member of my organization -- that + Buddy Young had called him and told him that he in fact was a + dead man -- that was under threat of death. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Buddy Young was? + +MARK SWANEY: + + No. Larry Nichols. And at that time Buddy Young was frightened + -- he was not threatening Larry Nichols personally he was saying + that we're all in trouble with this because there's a move in + the Governor's office to get rid of me. So Buddy Young was + afraid that Governor Clinton was about to axe him in the same + way that he axed Larry Nichols. And so serious did he take + this possibility that he informed Larry Nichols directly that + he was a dead man. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + So Larry Nichols is now saying that Buddy Young the Chief of + Governor Clinton's gubernatorial campaign has told him that + he's a dead man. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Yes, that is the information that Larry Nichols gave to us + -- now as I say that has not been reported anywhere else and + I would not bet a lot right now on Mr. Nichols backing that + statement up, but I back it up. + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + And this is prior to him dropping this lawsuit against Governor + Clinton. + +MARK SWANEY: + + Yes, the timing of his dropping the lawsuit is interesting to + us too, because we just recently were in contact with the Nation + Magazine, and it was approximately two days after the Nation + Magazine actually decided to take the information that we had + collected on this case very seriously and in fact are now + pursuing their own investigative journalism on this, it was + about two days after that that Larry Nichols declared that he + was going to drop his lawsuit. Uh, so there's some very strange + things that are going on. There's a great deal of other + information --uh, connecting Governor Clinton to the operation + in Mena. We don't have what you'd call a smoking gun on this + -- I have in front of me a piece of paper that I've written + 17 questions for the Governor on that the media has totally + overlooked in their haste to salivate over all these sexual + stories --they've totally missed what's available. For example, + the organization that I work for has been --I don't say I work for, + nobody pays us we're getting broke doing this, but in any case + we've collected just about everything that's publicly available + about Mena and all of its ramifications and its a tremendous + story, and I'd like to emphasize right now that Governor + Clinton's part in this is very minor -- the real big fish in this + story is George Bush. The damage that could come from this + information coming out is in fact far more damaging to George + Bush than anyone else, because he's directly responsible for this + -- this operation was run out of the then Vice President George + Bush's office. And I'd also like to add that the Arkansas chapter + of the Iran-Contra story was the one that was most heavily + covered up at the time -- it was part of the story they had + that they took the most care to see to it that nothing ever + came out about it. And that was for two reasons: 1) because + it involves massive cocaine smuggling -- we had one pilot that + came to the University and spoke directly to us and said + "I personally flew for the CIA, guns, Panamanian Defense + forces and approximately one ton of cocaine per flight. + I flew seven of these flights into Mena Arkansas." So they + wanted to cover it up because it was the one thing that would + have exposed the drug connection within the United States + most heavily. 2) And the other reason that they were very + anxious to coverup Mena's involvement was because the base + of operations that the CIA was using was in fact still active + at the time the hearings were going on. And that base of + operations supports covert operations all around the world + not just in Central America. For example, there's a current + covert operation that was going on there at least as late as + May of last year that killed a man from Arkansas and Angola -- + so the entire time that Barry Seal was operating out of that + airport the CIA was supporting there covert war with Jonason(sp) + and Manunita(sp) in Angola. And we have sources within the + United States government that there is covert activity going on + in it this very day. + + +PAUL DeRIENZO: + + Thank you very much Mark Swaney --this is an amazing story and + the amazing thing about it is that this is the *real* story about + Governor Bill Clinton and that what we're getting served to us from + all the media from start to finish from morning to night headlines + in all the New York papers, is this thing about Governor Clinton + and this woman Jennifer Flowers and her association with the + Governor who is married for 14 years, and the real story which + you get on WBAI underneath it all from our contacts in Arkansas + is that in fact the Governor of Arkansas is covering up an illegal + operation that began in the Vice President's office who is now + President of the United States -- George Bush. Which makes me + wonder why should I even bother voting -- who's there to vote for. + I mean both sides the Democrats and the Republicans are involved. + +MARK SWANEY: + + That's another part of the story --you know the best way to buy + off an election is to pay off both candidates. There's significant + Republican interest in seeing Bill Clinton get the nomination + from the standpoint that they will be assured then that none + of the issues of the Iran-Contra affair are likely to be talked + about. Certainly Clinton doesn't want to talk about them. + + We tried before we knew that Mr. Clinton was involved in this -- + we only came across this information 5 or 6 months ago and + for two years now we've been doing demonstrations, writing + letters collecting petitions holding informational gatherings + to try to get this story to the people, and we have on several + occasions sent Bill Clinton signatures, petitions of Arkansan's + asking for a state investigation and he refused to do anything + about them he would do nothing more than have an aide send us a + two sentence letter saying we have received your petition and + then this last September just one week before he decided to + run for the Presidency we contacted his office and said listen + we'd be willing to talk to you or any one of your aides so that + we could talk to you about this major crime problem in our state + that we're concerned about that we'd like to get to the bottom + of -- and he refused that. During the 4 or 5 years now that + the press has covered this story about Mena and Barry Seal -- + you know this is a story about people who have been murdered -- + this is a very, very serious affair and during all of this time + talk of massive Cocaine smuggling, corruption of local officials + corruption of Federal and State judicial system on and on and on + there was total silence from the Governor, not a word. And it + was not until our organization had a large demonstration + -- it wasn't really a large demonstration but it was very well + covered in the Arkansas press --that reporters approached + Mr. Clinton about Mena. He talked about it for the first time + in 4 or 5 years and what he had to say at that time was that + he had in fact authorized some money for lonely little Polk County, + which is a poor county in Southwestern Arkansas to run an + investigation and so we asked him for back up from the + Governor's office we said -freedom of information act + -- we'd like to know if you have any documentation whatsoever + to back up your statement that you are willing to help the + Polk County investigators do their own state investigation + in this affair. And he could not produce a single thing. + + + --------------------------- + +"Why of course the people don't want war... It is the leaders...who +determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the +people along...all you have to do is tell them they are being attacked +and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the +country to danger. It works the same in any country. + + Hermann Goering, 1936 + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/e-law.txt b/politicalTextFiles/e-law.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5f242c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/e-law.txt @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ + + ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS REQUIRE CHANGES IN LAW + + by Benjamin Wright + + August 7, 1989 + Copyright 1989 by Network World Publishing/Inc., + 375 Cochituate Rd., Framingham, MA 01701. + Reprinted from _Network World_. + +Commerce is going paperless, but commercial law is stuck in the +days of pulp and ink. + +Many companies now contract and bill for goods and services with +electronic data interchange (EDI) purchase orders, bills of +lading and invoices. Consumers often buy products through +videotex. Securities traders also buy and sell via networks such +as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange's forthcoming Globex system. + +But some statutes and regulations governing the enforceability +and recording of business transactions speak of documents, +writings and signatures rather than electronic messages, data +logs and authorization codes. + + +ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS + +The prime example is the Statute of Frauds, as rendered in +Section 2-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code (in force in all +states but Louisiana). It generally forbids the enforcement of a +contract for the sale of goods worth more than $500 unless the +contract is supported by a "signed writing." Unfortunately, +lawyers are locked in debate over whether a recorded electronic +message, authenticated with an electronic code, is a signed +writing. + +A similar statute appears in the law of federal government +procurement. Public Law 97-258, codified at 31 USC 1501, +requires that contracts with the federal government be +"supported by documentary evidence . . . that is . . . in +writing, in a way and form . . . authorized by law." + +This suggests that, to bind the government to an electronic +contract, an applicable law must specifically bless computer-to- +computer communication as an appropriate form of writing. The +government is making a large commitment to use EDI for +procurement, but Public Law 97-258 appears to require enactment +of special laws first. + +A third example: Businesses must keep records of transactions +for Internal Revenue Service auditors. Revenue Ruling 71-20 and +Revenue Procedure 86-19 provide guidelines for taxpayers keeping +accounting records on computers. But these assume that _hard +copy_ detail documents (invoices, vouchers and the like) are kept +to support the information in the accounting systems. The +guidelines are confusing -- to both taxpayers and IRS agents -- +when applied to EDI and other paperless transaction systems. + + +GOOD EVIDENCE + +Laws such as these were not written to prohibit electronic +transactions, but rather to require the accumulation of good +evidence. Although computers can generate good evidence (often +better than paper schemes), the laws were enacted before the +widespread adoption of computer transaction technology. +Lawmakers simply did not take the technology into account. + +This is not to say that transacting business electronically is +today illegal or unusually risky. Business law is always fraught +with some uncertainty and open questions. That is why companies +hire lawyers to minimize risk with contracts and advice. It is +also why there occasionally are commercial lawsuits. + +Companies using EDI today often try to skirt problems with +antiquated laws by entering special agreements with trading +partners or obtaining government waivers. Such contrivances +usually serve more or less satisfactorily, but they are only +stopgaps. Changes in law are needed. + +Knowing precisely how to change the laws will require wisdom and +foresight. The best changes will accommodate not only today's +applications but also tomorrow's. + +Much of the work to be done will be educational in nature. We +have been using paper and handwritten signatures to create and +store legal evidence for so long that some lawyers and auditors +regard them with almost holy reverence. + +The immediate objection will be that electronic information can +be altered and forged. But paper documents too can be, and +sometimes are, altered and forged. + +TAKING CONTROL + +The key to successful evidence creation in both the paper and +electronic environments is the imposition of controls over +information. We use controls such as notary seals to make paper- +written information more reliable, and we can use controls such +as passwords and secure data logs to do the same for computer +information. + +The user and vendor communities, represented by organizations +such as the EDI Council of the USA, should identify troublesome +laws and petition for change. Specific industry groups, such as +the Aerospace Industry Association, which has a keen interest in +government procurement law, should press for change in their +fields of interest. + +The American Bar Association, which can also play an important +role, has begun identifying some suspect laws. + +Electronic transactions would enjoy substantially more certainty +if Congress, regulatory agencies and state legislatures would +clarify some choice laws. + +Some movement in this direction is already underway. In April +the General Services Administration amended its regulations at 42 +CFR 101-41 to specifically permit federal agencies to use EDI +bills of lading and freightbills. + +Now agencies can electronically exchange bills with private +transporation carriers, provided that the bills are authenticated +with discrete codes, certified electronic records of transactions +are kept and appropriate controls are used to prevent abuse of +the billing and payment process. + +The process of reviewing and modifying laws would win the +technology the legitimacy it now lacks in the eyes of some +skeptical lawyers and auditors. Plus, the public attention would +be a boost to the industry. + + * * * + +Wright, a Dallas-based attorney, is author of _EDI and American +Law: A Practical Guide_, introduced this week by its publisher, +The Electronic Data Interchange Association of Alexandria, Va., +at the International Congress of EDI Users in Vancouver. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/earthist.txt b/politicalTextFiles/earthist.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57d9509 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/earthist.txt @@ -0,0 +1,428 @@ + + EARTH TIMELINE: 7000 BC - 700 AD + ================================ + (nc) Tod Foley 1991 + +7000 Jericho; Catal Huyuk; Proto-Minoans; -Aryans; -Taiwanese; + -Sumerians > SW toward Mesopotamia; + +7000-3000 Neolithic Age gives way to Bronze & Copper; Sumerian civ + develops Proto-Syrians; -Palestinians + +4000 Proto-Indus; -Persians; -Russian Turkestans; -Amerinds; + small villages in Mesoamerica & Peru + +3500 Upper Egypt consolidated; Khorat civ. developing + +3000 Troy; Iberians > W Europe; Minoans; Barrows in Europe; + Sumerian CityStates trade with Syrians, Elamites & + Amorites; Megalithic temples on Malta + +3000-1500 Old Egypt; Pyramids; Crete; Elamites freq raid Sumer; + Aryans; Large temple complexes in Peru (rectangular + mound-buildings) + +2700 Gilgamesh + +2700-1250 Stonehenge built + +2500 City of Ur; Akkad; migrating Amorites/Semites; Harrapans; + Longshan civ developing; Afghans; Sumeria unified; + Egypt/Nubia trade; Cult of Ra; the Great Pyramid; + Megaliths throughout Europe; Arameans + +2400 Sargon the Great of Akkad ! Elam, Syria & SE Anatolia; + Irrigation by the Chavins + +2300 Harrapan trade with Afghans, Persians, Sumerians & + Himilayans; Xia Dynasty; Gutians >! Sumeria (50 years); + Bronze Age in S Asia + +2100 Egyptian collapse (for 100 years); Sumeria reunited under + Ur-Nammu + +2000 Middle Egypt; Troy II; Proto-Iranians; Harrapan civ + thrives; Minoan trade/colonies flourishing; Chinese learn + metalworking from the Khorats; Elamites/Amorites >!+ + Sumerians = Babylonians; Bronze Age in Brit.Isles; + Assyrians; Aryans > NE Medit (Hurrians), Anatolia + (Hittites); India (IndoAryans) & Europe (Celts); New + temples in Peru (U-shaped complexes); Chavins expand and + conquer, > inland; Small farming settlements in + Mesoamerica + +1830-1810 Assyria under Babylonian rule + +1800 IndoEurs > Iran/Middle East; Harrapans abandon Indus + valley; Shang Dynasty; Hammurabi's Empire stretches from + Persian Gulf to Syria + +1700 Abraham; Hittites; Egypt controls Lebanon + +1700-1450 Minoan Golden Age: Palace destroyed, rebuilt; Colonies + thrive; Assyrians defend against Egyptians, Hittites & + Hurrians + +1650-1550 Hyksos occupy Egypt; Bronze Age in Italy; Myceneans + learn Bronzeworking & writing from Minoans + +1500 Tyre; Celts and Iberians in Spain; Aegean & Hittite + cities/trade; Hittites destroy Babylon; Minoan Linear + Alphabet; Chinese Glyphs + +1500-1100 New Egypt; Mycenaeans; Philistines; Bronze Age in + Balt/Scandinavia; Kassites rule Babylon + +1500-800 Chavin goldworking & jewelrymaking reach zenith + +1400 Crete, devastated by earthquakes, falls to the Aegeans; + Egyptian sea-power waning; Myceneans make aggressive + progress; Olmecs + +1300 Myceneans modify Minoan Alphabet + +1366-1334 Hittites ! Hurrians & Syria; Hittite Empire incl + Anatolia, N Lebanon & N Mesopotamia + +1250 Phoenicians; Hebrews; Aegean migrations; Hittites ! Syria + +1230 Exodus of the Israelites; Moses; the Ten Commandments + +1200 Hittite Empire falters; Assyrian Iron; Assyria ! + Babylonia; Israelites reach Canaan, the Promised Land + +1200-1190 Trojan War (Mycenae >! Troy); Medit filled with + war/piracy/revolt; N/C Myceneans >! Hittites & Lydians; + Philistines rule Palestine + +1200-900 San Lorenzo (Ceremonial/Urban site) is center of Olmec + culture; Olmec stone heads carved; Olmec culture spreads + north & south + +1150 Macedonian barbarians > Mycenea, displacing Dorians + +1100 "Sea Peoples" overrun the Mediterranean, destroying the + Mycenean and Hittite Empires; Hittite culture destroyed; + Athens & Arcadia become cities of refugees known as + Ionians; Philistine Kingdom at zenith; 3rd intermediate + period of Egypt; Arameans & Assyrians clash; Syrian + states of Hama & Damascus prosper; Mycenea enters Dark + Age; Aegean migrations begin; Dorians ! Pelopennese; + Chou Dynasty + +1000 Israelites subdue Canaanites/Philistines; Kings of Israel + & Judah; IndoAryans > E to Ganges; Phoenicians modify + Mycenean alphabet; Iron Age (no Bronze) in Africa + +1000-900 Ionian colonies in S Anatolia & Lebanon; Neo-Hittites in + N Anatolia + +1000-600 China expands throughout region + +975 David unites most of Lebanon & defeats Philistines + +933-745 Young Assyrian Empire controls W Asian & Mediterranean + traderoutes + +900-700 Phoenicians expand/trade throughout Medit, to Morocco & + Iberia; IndoAryans expand throughout India; Revolt + destroys San Lorenzo; New S American states arise + +800 Homer; Sparta; Carthage; Etruscans; IndoAryans write the + Upanishads + +800-700 Ionians learn writing from Phoenicians; remarkable + Spartan army expands territory; Dorian/Spartan & Ionian + civ development + +800-500 China balkanizes; Feuds are typical; Bronze coins minted + +776 1st Olympics + +750-650 Assyria ! Elam; Assyrian Empire incl N Egypt, Lebanon, S + Anatolia & all of Mesopotamia; Spartans grow introverted, + aggressive & xenophobic; Exploitation of Ionian lower + classes leads to overpopulation, food shortages & debt; + Many Ionians migrate to Black Sea, N Africa, Sicily, + Italy & Europe + +750-300 Greek CityStates; Rome (Pre-Latins); Vedas; Egypt + re-unified; Indus Republics; Olmecs + +734 Sparta founds Syracus + +700 Phrygia; early Celt culture; Celts work Iron; Greek coins; + Carthage wins independance from Phoenicia; Etruscans join + Phoen's as masters of Medit trade/colonization; Celts spread + through Europe + +650 Chinese coins; Brahmans maintain Vedas/castes; Saite Egypt + rules Nubia & Libya; Assyrian strife/dissolution; Lydia mints + electrum coins; Dioklos road (for hauling ships) btw C Greece + & Pelopennese + +600 Medes & Babylonians conquer Assyria (Empire falls); Truce btw + Medes, Lydia & Babylonia brings peace for 35 years; + Nebuchadnezzar; New Babylon Empire incl Sinai, Lebanon & + Mesopotamia; Greek CityStates incl Thessaly, Boeotia + (Thebes), Attica (Athens), Corinth, Euboea, Pelopennese + (Arcadia, Sparta) & Ionia; Sparta unifies Pelopennesian + League & expands; Despot tyrants reign throughout Aegean; + Etruria subjugates Latium; Latins adopt writing; Massala + (Greek trade town in S France) allows Celts to trade with + Greeks/Etruscans; Ganges Plain = center of Indus civ; Indus + aristocracy; Wars btw IndoAryan tribes; Dissemination of the + Upanishads + +600-430 Athens' glory; Socrates; Aeschylus; Hippocrates; Dionysus + festivals + +600-200 Olmec culture dissolves + +594 Solon named Lawgiver of Athens; Many Greek states undergo + broad reforms, others fall to tyranny + +586 Babylon conquers Jerusalem; Temple destroyed; Babylonian + Captivity + +550 Greek Drama; Jainism; Indus Mercantile; Zoroaster; Cyrus of + Persia ! Media, Lydia, Iran, Ionia & Turkestan; Persian + Empire + +550-500 Buddha; Mahavira (Jainism); Confucius; the powerful Magadha + kingdom becomes India's trade nexus + +540 Persia conquers Babylonia; Jews released; Carthaginians drive + Greek traders out of Iberia + +525-520 Persia conquers Egypt & NW India; Persian roads unite the + Empire; Persians standardize coinage; international commerce + thrives; the Capital city of Persepolis is built + +514 Persia conquers Macedonia & Thrace + +509 Rome wins independance from Etruria; Roman Republic begins + +500 The Latin League + +500-300 Mauryan India is unified; China undergoing slow unification + +490-480 Persian Wars (Greeks repel Persians & destroy military might) + +430-400 Pelopennesian Wars + +400 Plato; Aristotle; Delian League; the Pentateuch; Persian + decline; Athens surrenders to Sparta; Iron Age in Briton; + Rome annexes Etruscan lands from the south; Celts attack from + the north; Celtic coins; Chavin culture dissolves + +400-380 Corinthian Wars (Corinth/Athens/Thebes/Argos rival Sparta) + +390 Celts from Gaul seige Rome; Rome begins expanding throughout + Italian peninsula + +350 Aristotle; Plebian reforms; Philip II unites Greece by force; + Seleucid Dynasty in Persia; Nazca + +340 Latin Wars (Rome conquers most of Italy); Latin League + dissolved + +336 Alexander the Great takes throne of Macedonia/Greece + +334 Alexander begins Asian Campaign, liberating Ionia from + Persians, then Anatolia, Levant. Tyre, Palestine, Egypt, + Mesopotamia, Babylon, Persepolis, Bactria, Sogdiana & India + +323 Alexander dies; His Empire is divided into three: Ptolemaic + Egypt, Macedonia & Seleucia + +300 Carthage holds S Iberia, Sardinia, Sicily & N Africa; Rise of + Mauryan Empire; City of Pataliputra + +300-200 India & Afghanistan secede from Seleucia; Greeks resume + infighting; Greco-Asian culture= "Hellenism"; Archimides; + Euclid; Eratosthenes; Rome expanding; Greek Empire + dissolving/changing + +275-240 1st-4th Syrian Wars (Ptolemy takes Siria & Anatolia from + Seleucia) + +264-241 1st Punic War (Rome drives back the Phoenician/Carthaginians) + +250 Seleucia incl Anatolia, Lebanon, Mesopotamia & E Iran; Celts + move into Baltics, Anatolia & Greece; Rome controls all of + Italy; Bactria secedes from Seleucia and conquers Sogdiana + +250-230 Parthia, Syria, Anatolia & Armenia secede from Seleucia + +250-150 Parthians rise in power; Asoka expands Mauryan Empire; + Buddhism becomes India's state religion; India prospers; Qin + dynasty; the Great Wall of China; Chinese Uniformity; Shi + huangdi searches for the "Isle of the Immortals" + +240-220 Carthaginians conquer Iberia; Ionian/Seleucid city of + Pergamum is the "Athens of Asia Minor" + +220-200 2nd Punic War; Hannibal leads Carthaginian Iberia against + Romans + +214-150 Macedonian Wars (Rome forces Greece to surrender) + +200 Rome possesses Iberia, Medit & N Africa; 5th Syrian War + (Seleucia regains Syria & S Anatolia); Han Dynasty; + Confucianism; Proto-Japan + +200-100 Citizens of Roman Empire flock to cities + +190 Rome takes Anatolia & Syria; Asoka becomes Emperor of India + +180 End of Mauryan Dynasty + +170 Rome takes Macedonia; Judas Maccabeus leads Jewish revolt + +170-140 Parthian Empire: Parthians take Babylonia, Media, Elam & + Persia from Seleucids, then conquer Bactria & extend to the + Persian Gulf + +150 3rd Punic War (Rome destroys Carthage & conquers Gaul); Rome + takes Greece; Greek art enthralls Romans; China expands; Silk + Road opened by Chinese traders + +150-62 Roman Republic collapses; Romans attack Parthia & fail; + Caesar + +135 Parthia beset by nomads from the N (Eurasians) & E (Sacae); + Sacaeans seize Bactria & Punjab + +130-120 Pergamum becomes Roman province; Gracchius brothers killed + for supporting agrarian land reforms + +100 Spartacus; 1st Triumvirate (Caesar/Pompey/Crassus); Armenians + fight the Parthians, greatly reducing size of Empire; Etruria + dissolving; Cimbri attack Gaul & Roman holdings, put down by + Rome; Trade btw China & Japan + +90 Babylonia and Armenia revolt from Parthian rule + +85 Civil War in Rome + +60 Caesar leads Roman forces against Helvetian Tribes and + conquers most of south-central Europe + +53 Crassus killed + +50-15 Caesar killed; Rome is officially an Empire; 2nd Triumvirate; + Antony & Cleopatra; Augustus; Silk Road controlled by + Parthians, who enjoy their role as middlemen btw Rome & + China; Rome annexes Egypt & N Europe, but fails to conquer + Teutonic Celts + +35 Marc Antony attacks Parthia & fails; conquers Armenia + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + >> THE FIRST (ALEPH) YEAR ZERO << +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +0-30 Reinterest in Greek culture; Tiberius; Christ; the Kushan + Kingdom; Parthia balkanizing, Empire dissolving + +0 to 300 Rise of Christianity + +35-40 Caligula + +40-55 Claudius; Rome struggles for Briton (no conquest until 85) + +55-65 Nero; Rome burns + +70 Judean revolt put down; Temple destroyed + +65-80 Christians persecuted; Jews/Judeans oppressed; Vespasian puts + the Empire on good ground again; Vesuvius erupts; Buddhism + spreads + +76-180 The "Five Good Emperors" + +100 Hadrian; Wall of Briton + +130-135 Judean revolt results in the denationalization of the Jews + ("The Dispersion"); Masada; Roman works throughout + Europe/Briton + +150 Marcus Arelius + +166-167 Great Pestilence in Rome (Smallpox from Parthia/Silk Road) + +200 Sassanian Empire (Persia); Zoroastrianism; Han Dynasty + crumbles; Civil Wars in China due to Han court intrigues + +200-280 Rome holds back Euro & Eurasian barbarians; Rome attacks E + Parthia; Persia >! Syria & Mesopotamia; Alamanni storm S + Europe, repelled repeatedly; Roman Govt begins to falter: + inflation, taxation, & brigandage rise; Chaotic succession of + despotic military leaders + +200-800 The Venidi (Slavs) differentiate: Poles/Chzecks/Slovaks; + Bulgarians/Serbs/Croats; Lithuanians; Russians/Ukrainians + +250 Kushan regime in India toppled by Sassanians + +250-260 Visigoths >! Balkans & SW Germany from a weakened Rome, and + freq raid N Italy; Franks >! Gaul & E Spain; Sassanians >! + Armenia, Mesopotamia & Syria, repelled by city of Palmyra; + Emperor-Worship required in Rome; Christians persecuted (by + law) + +260-270 Goth ships on Black Sea wreak havoc in Anatolia/N Greece + +267 Palmyra secedes & claims much of Rome's E holdings; At this + point, Rome controls only Italy, N Africa & Illyria + +270-280 Goths repelled from Balkans; Aurelian reclaims much of the + Empire; New walls of Rome; Palmyra sacked; Alamanni & Franks + repelled from Gaul; Goths deteated in Anatolia; Neo-Platonism + +280-325 Diocletian divides the Empire into 2 districts (E/W), + co-ruled by Maximian; City of Rome shifts into background of + Roman affairs; Roman Paganism; Empire socially/financially + united again; secret police; more Christians persecuted; + Diocletian & Maximian abdicate + +300-500 Mystery sects; Barbarian raids/border skirmishes; Scoti + (Irish) & Picts raid Roman holds; Vikings (Norwegians, Danes + & Swedes) begin expansion/travels; Gupta Era in India; + Hinduism; Indian science & literature; India expands + +325-350 Constantine accepts Christianity; Council of Nicaea; + Constantinople (built upon Byzantium) = "Nova Roma"; Peace + treaty with Visigoths; Visigoths accept Christianity; Hagia + Sophia built; Frankish battles + +370-380 Huns >W to Caspian, >! Alans, >! Ostrogoths, & raid + Visigoths, who appeal to Rome for protection, but are so + mistreated that they sack Constantinople; Church schisms (E/W + Theology); Ambrose; Augustine + +400 The "Split Empire" is by now a permanent structure; Vandals > + Gaul, Spain & Africa + +400-450 Attila; Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms; Arthur + +450 Attila defeated; Vandals raid Rome + +500 Islamic Empire; Rise of Irish monastic scholarship; + Ostrogoths invade Italy; Franks take Gaul; Buddhist cave + temples; Huns topple Guptas; Turks & Mongols invade China; + Teotihuacan playing feilds + +550 Justinian; Byzantine Empire; Mohammed; Koran; Buddhism in + Japan; Lombards take Italy + +600 Carolingians; Tang Dynasty; Moslem expansion begins (toward + Persia and Egypt); missionaries sent to convert Anglo-Saxons; + Mayan temple-pyramids + +700 Japan (Nara period); Fall of Lombards; Bulgars; Arab attack + on Constantinople fails due to newly-invented "Greek Fire." + +======================================================================= + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ec.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ec.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7c92b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ec.txt @@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ + +Subj: Electronic Communities Section: Networlds +From: Mike Godwin 76711,317 # 19, 1 Reply + To: all Date: 31-Jan-92 11:44:04 + +The following is an article I published in the Summer 1991 +issue of the WHOLE EARTH REVIEW. It's divided into bite-sized +chunks. + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation and Virtual Communities +By Mike Godwin + + +Introduction by Howard Rheingold: + +Mike Godwin is the staff counsel for The Electronic Frontier Foundation +(EFF). EFF has been established to help civilize the electronic frontier; +to make it truly useful and beneficial to everyone, not just an elite; and +to do this in a way that is in keeping with our society's highest +traditions of the free and open flow of information and communication. For +information about the EFF, email mnemonic@eff.org, write EFF, 155 Second +Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, or call 617 864 1550. + + The Electronic Frontier Foundation is living proof of the +existence and effectiveness of virtual digital communities. Not only did +EFF arise from the interactions of citizens who were, and are, "neighbors" +in electronic communities, but the EFF has also gone on to establish its +own communities, not the least of which is the EFF conference on the WELL +(Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link). + The WELL was a key community from the beginning. The way +communities normally shape their responses to outside events is for +neighbors to chat - perhaps even gossip Q over the fence. It was this kind +of informal exchange of information that led to two crystallizing events +behind EFF's formation. The first was an online WELL conference on +"hacking" sponsored by Harper's magazine. One result of that conference +was that WELL user and Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow met and +befriended a couple of hackers who went by the cyberpunkish noms-de-hack +"Acid Phreak" and "Phiber Optik." Although they "knew" each other + + + + + +Subj: Electronic Communities Section: Networlds +From: Mike Godwin 76711,317 # 26, 1 Reply + To: Mike Godwin 76711,317 Date: 31-Jan-92 12:21:24 + + + +electronically, Barlow's face-to-face meeting with Acid and Optik was a +revelation: "Acid and Optik, as material beings, were well-scrubbed and +fashionably clad," Barlow later wrote. "They looked to be as dangerous as +ducks." Barlow soon concluded that law enforcement's characterization of +these hackers as major computer criminals was disproportionate to their +actions, which had more to do with intellectual curiosity and youthful +exploration than with genuine criminal intent. + The second crystallizing event occurred when Barlow and another +WELL user, Mitch Kapor (a founder of Lotus Development Corp. and On +Technology) compared notes about their respective visits by FBI agents. +The agents were investigating the unauthorized copying and distribution of +Apple's proprietary source code for the ROMs in Apple's Macintosh +computer, and both Kapor and Barlow were startled by how little the FBI +seemed to know about the nature of the alleged crimes they were +investigating, and Barlow later published an account of the visit on the +WELL (and print-published as "Crime and Puzzlement" in WER #68). + As Barlow later writes in the March issue of the Foundation's +print newsletter, the EFFector: "Mitch's experience had been as dreamlike +as mine. He had, in fact, filed the whole thing under General +Inexplicability until he read my tale on the WELL.... Several days later, +he found his bizjet about to fly over Wyoming on its way to San Francisco. +He called me from somewhere over South Dakota and asked if he might +literally drop in for a chat about [the agents' visits] and related +matters. So, while a late spring snow storm swirled outside my office, we +spent several hours hatching what became the Electronic Frontier +Foundation." + + + + + +Subj: Electronic Communities Section: Networlds +From: Mike Godwin 76711,317 # 27, 1 Reply + To: Mike Godwin 76711,317 Date: 31-Jan-92 12:25:14 + + + + Having met in person when Barlow interviewed Kapor for Microtimes, +the two future EFF co-founders had used the WELL to build on their +face-to-face contact. In effect, they had become next-door neighbors, +although Barlow lived in Pinedale, Wyoming, while Kapor lived in +Brookline, Massachusetts. Says Barlow: "There was a sense that what was +going on was a threat to our community." So Barlow and Kapor did what +neighbors often do in response to a neighborhood problem - they formed a +citizens' group. In this case, the citizens' group was the EFF. + I had a chance to play my own role in another example of such +concerned citizen action in my then-hometown, Austin, Texas, which has +more than its share of computer bulletin-board systems (BBSs). On March 1, +1990, one of those BBSs was seized by the United States Secret Service, +which claimed at the time that the system, run by the Austin-based +role-playing game company Steve Jackson Games. Although neither Jackson +nor his company turned out to be the targets of the Secret Service's +criminal investigation, Jackson was told that the manual for a +role-playing game they were about to publish (called GURPS Cyberpunk and +stored on the hard disk of the company's BBS computer) was a "handbook for +computer crime." + Austin's BBS community was startled, then outraged, by the +seizure, which had the potential of putting Jackson, an innocent third +party, out of business. On a BBS called "Flight" there was a hot debate +about the media's failure to pick up on Jackson's story. A third-year law +student and former journalist and Flight user, I theorized on Flight that +the media hadn't covered the story because they didn't know about it. Or, +at least, they didn't understand the issues. + + + + + +Subj: Electronic Communities Section: Networlds +From: Mike Godwin 76711,317 # 28, 1 Reply + To: Mike Godwin 76711,317 Date: 31-Jan-92 12:27:23 + + + + So, to test my theory, I gathered together several postings from +local BBSs and from Usenet, the distributed BBS that runs on the Internet +and connected computers, and trekked down to the Austin American-Statesman +office to talk to a friend of mine, Kyle Pope, who covered +computer-related stories. I also took him photocopies of the statutes that +give the Secret Service jurisdiction over computer crime and lots of phone +numbers of potential sources. At the same time, I called and modemed +materials to John Schwartz, a friend and former colleague who was now an +editor at Newsweek. + Pope's lengthy, copyrighted story on the Secret Service seizure +appeared in the American-Statesman the following weekend. John Schwartz's +story, which covered the Steve Jackson Games incident as well as the +Secret Service's involvement in a nationwide computer-crime "dragnet," +appeared in Newsweek's April 30 issue. The heavy-handed tactics and +overbroad seizure at Steve Jackson Games became a symbol of the +law-enforcement community's misconceptions and fears about young computer +hackers, and provided a context for Barlow's and Kapor's discussions about +creating the EFF. + Once they agreed on what needed to be done, Kapor and Barlow went +back to the WELL and drew upon the collective wisdom of that community for +input into the tactics and strategy of the newly formed foundation. The +same week they announced the EFF's formation in Washington, D.C., they +started the EFF conference on the WELL - sort of a community within a +community which quickly became one of the system's most active +conferences. + + + + + +Subj: Electronic Communities Section: Networlds +From: Mike Godwin 76711,317 # 29, 1 Reply + To: Mike Godwin 76711,317 Date: 31-Jan-92 12:33:10 + + + + Soon afterward, they created two new newsgroups on Usenet +Qcomp.org.eff.news and comp.org.eff.talk. The latter newsgroup, like all +active newsgroups, has become a community of sorts itself, with a diverse +collection of voices addressing - sometimes heatedly Q the issues that +arise as we proceed to explore and civilize the electronic frontier. + Almost immediately after the foundation was officially launched, +EFF's efforts to assist in the defense of electronic publisher Craig +Neidorf had tangible results. Neidorf had been prosecuted for publishing a +BellSouth text file relating to the E-911 system (see "Attacks on the Bill +of Rights," WER #70). EFF's law firm, Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, +Krinsky, Lieberman, submitted an amicus curiae brief defending Neidorf's +First Amendment rights as a publisher. We also helped Neidorf's defense +counsel assemble experts to testify on his client's behalf. And a member +of the WELL's EFF conference came up with the information that was +critical in persuading the prosecutors to drop their case. + It's clear that EFF is not only the product of electronic +communities, but has also produced some new communities while continuing +to contribute to old ones. It's also clear that the sense of community was +seeded by face-to-face contact at key points: when Barlow met Acid and +Optik, for example, and when he interviewed Kapor. The need for at least +occasional face-to-face contact, Kapor still stresses, means that current +networks and BBSs don't simply create community; instead, they amplify it. +Or, to be even more accurate, the two phenomena exist in a complex state +of coevolution, with face-to-face contacts fueling the electronic +relationships (and vice versa). + + + + + +Subj: Electronic Communities Section: Networlds +From: Mike Godwin 76711,317 # 30, * No Replies * + To: Mike Godwin 76711,317 Date: 31-Jan-92 12:34:23 + + + + One of the things you often see when you read discussions about +EFF on the WELL or on Usenet is a sense that the EFF has become a +representative body. While this is misleading - EFF is not yet a +membership organization - it's still the case that EFF is regarded as an +advocacy group for electronic communities generally. You'll often read +comments from Usenet folks who think the most appropriate pronouns when +talking about the EFF are "we," "us," and "our." + And if that neighborly sense of belonging doesn't prove the +existence of a community, I don't know what does. + + +--Mike Godwin + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/economy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/economy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2eed13c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/economy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,757 @@ +"A New Covenant for Economic Change" +Governor Bill Clinton +Georgetown University +November 20, 1991 +: + Thank you for being here today. A better future for your +generation -- a better life for all who +will work for it -- is what this campaign is about. + + But I come here today convinced that your future -- the very +future of our country -- the +American Dream -- is in peril. This country is in trouble. As +I've travelled around this country, I've +seen too much pain on people's faces, too much fear in people's +eyes. We've got to do better. + + This month, I visited with a couple from New Hampshire named +David and Rita Springs. He's +a chemical engineer by training; she's studying to be a lab +technician. They told me that a month before +his pension was vested, the people who ran his company fired him to +cut their payrolls. Then they +turned around and sold the company, and bailed out with a golden +parachute while David Springs and +his family got the shaft. + + Last week, at a bowling alley in Manchester, I met a fireman +who was working two jobs and his +wife who was working 50 hours a week in a mill. They told me they +were worried that even though +both of them were working like this and their son was a straight A +student, they still wouldn't be able to +afford to send him to college because of the rising cost of college +education and because they were too +well-off to get government help. + + At a breakfast in a cafe in New Hampshire, I met a young man +whose 12-year-old child had had +open-heart surgery, and now no one will hire him because they can't +afford his health insurance. + + The families I met are from New Hampshire, but they could be +from anywhere in America. +They're the backbone of the country, the ones who do the work and +pay the taxes and send their children +off to war. They're a lot like people I've seen in Arkansas for +years, living with the real consequences +of our national neglect. These are the real victims of the Reagan +Revolution, the Bush Succession, and +this awful national recession. + + During this administration, the economy has grown more slowly +and fewer jobs have been +created than in any administration since World War II. People who +have jobs are working longer hours +for less money; people who don't are looking harder to find less. +Middle-class people are paying more +for health care, housing, education, and taxes, when government +services have been cut. + + And as these hard-working middle-class families look to their +President to make good on his +promises, his answer to them is: Tough luck. It's your fault. Go +buy a house or a car. + + Just this week, George Bush said we don't need a plan to end +this recession -- that if we wait +long enough, our problems will go away. Well, he's right about +that part: If he doesn't have a plan to +turn this country around by November of 1992, we're going to lay +George Bush off, put America back +to work, and our problems will go away. + + We need a President who will take responsibility for getting +this country moving again. A +President who will provide the leadership to pull us together and +challenge our nation to compete in the +world and win again. + + Ten years ago, America had the highest wages in the world. +Now we're 10th, and falling. Last +year, Germany and Japan had productivity growth rates three and +four times ours because they educate +their people better, invest more in their future, and organize +their economies for global competition and +we don't. + + For 12 years of this Reagan-Bush era, the Republicans have let +S&L crooks and self-serving +CEOs try to build an economy out of paper and perks instead of +people and products. It's the +Republican way: every man for himself and get it while you can. +They stacked the odds in favor of +their friends at the top, and told everybody else to wait for +whatever trickled down. + + And every step of the way, the Republicans forgot about the +very people they had promised to +help -- the very people who elected them in the first place -- the +forgotten middle class Americans who +still live by American values and whose hopes, hearts, and hands +still carry the American Dream. + + But Democrats forgot about real people, too. + + Democrats in Congress joined the White House in tripling the +national debt and raising the +deficit to the point of paralysis. Democrats and Republicans in +Congress joined the White House on the +sidelines, cheering on an S&L boom until it went bust to the tune +of $500 billion. + + For too many Americans, for too long, it's seemed that +Congress and the White House have +been more interested in looking out for themselves and for their +friends, but not for the country and not +for the people who make it great. + + And, now, after 12 years of Reagan-Bush, the forgotten middle +class is discovering that the +reward for 12 years of sacrifice and hard work is more sacrifice +and more hard times: They've paid +higher taxes on lower incomes for service cuts, while the rich got +tax cuts, while poverty increased, and +the President and Congress got pay raises and health insurance. + + We've got to move in a radically different direction. The +Republicans' failed experiment in +supply-side economics doesn't produce growth. It doesn't create +upward mobility. And most important, +it doesn't prepare millions and millions of Americans to compete +and win in the new world economy. + + And we've got to move away from the old Democratic theory that +says we can just tax and +spend our way out of any problem we face. Expanding government +doesn't expand opportunity. And +big deficits don't produce sustained economic growth, especially +when the borrowed money is spent on +yesterday's mistakes, not tomorrow's investments. + + Stale theories produce nothing but stalemate. The old +economic answers are obsolete. We've +seen the limits of Keynesian economics. We've seen the worst of +supply-side economics. We need a +new approach. + + For 12 years, we've had no economic vision, no economic +leadership, no national economic +strategy. What America needs is a President with a radical new +approach to our economic problems that +will give new life to the American Dream. + + We need a New Covenant for economic change, a new economics +that empowers people, +rewards work, and organizes America to compete and win again. A +national economic strategy to +liberate and energize the abilities of millions of Americans who +are paying more taxes when the +government is doing less for them, who are working harder while +their wages go down. + + This New Covenant isn't liberal or conservative. It's both +and it's different. The American +people don't care about the idle rhetoric of left and right. +They're real people, with real problems, and +they think no one in Washington wants to solve their problems or +stand up for them. + + The goals of our New Covenant for economic change are +straightforward: + + o We need a President who will put economic opportunity in the +hands of ordinary people, not +rich and powerful special interests; + o A President who will revolutionize government to invest more +in the future; + o A President who will encourage the private sector to +organize in new ways and cooperate to +produce economic growth; + o A President who will challenge and lead America to compete +and win in the global economy, +not retreat from the world; + + That's how we'll turn this country's economy around, recapture +America's leadership in the +world, and build a better future for our children. That's how +we'll show the forgotten middle class we +really understand their struggle. That's how we'll reduce poverty +and rebuild the ladder from poverty to +the middle class. And that, my friends, is why I'm running for +President of the United States. + + Our first responsibility under this New Covenant is to move +quickly to put this recession behind +us. Last week, I released a plan for what I would do right away to +help working people and get the +economy moving again. I'd not only extend unemployment benefits, +as Congress and the President have +finally done, but I'd push through a middle-class tax cut, an +accelerated highway bill to create 40-45,000 +new construction jobs over the next six months, and an increase in +the ceiling on FHA mortgage +guarantee so half a million families could pump up the economy by +buying their first home. I do think +good credit card customers should receive a break from the 18 and +19 percent rates of banks, which +have cut the rates the customers get paid on their deposit +accounts. And I'm proud to say that four of +the ten banks charging the lowest credit card rates nationwide are +in my state. + + I would also make sure federal regulators send a clear signal +to the financial community not to +call in loans that are performing, and not to fear making good +loans to local businesses. + + But even if we did all those things tomorrow, it wouldn't +change the fundamental challenge of +the 1990s. We need to get out of this recession, and soon. But we +also need a long-term national +strategy to create a high-wage, high-growth, high-opportunity +economy, not a hard-work, low-wage +economy that's sinking when it ought to be rising. + + It doesn't have to be that way. I believe we can win again. +In the global economy of the 1990s, +economic growth won't come from government spending. It will come +instead from individuals working +smarter and learning more, from entrepreneurs taking more risks and +going after new markets, and from +corporations designing better products and taking a longer view. +We're going to reward work, expand +opportunity, empower people, and we are going to win again. + + + +EMPOWERING EVERY AMERICAN + + There are two reasons why middle-class people today are +working harder for less pay. First, +their taxes have gone up -- but that's only 30% of their problem. +The other 70% of the problem is +America's loss of economic growth and world economic leadership. + + If we're going to turn this country around, we've not only got +to liberate ordinary people from +unfair taxes, we've got to empower every American with the +education and training essential to get +ahead. + + Let me make this clear: Education is economic development. +We can only be a high-wage, +high-growth country if we are a high-skills country. In a world in +which money and production are +mobile, the only way middle-class people can keep good jobs with +growing incomes is to be lifetime +learners and innovators. Without world-class skills, the middle +class will surely continue to decline. +With them, middle-class workers will generate more high-wage jobs +in America in the '90s. + + Empowering everybody begins with preschool for every child who +needs it, and fully funding +Head Start. It includes a national examination system to push our +students to meet world-class standards +in core subjects like math and science, and an annual report card +for every state, every school district, +and every school to measure our progress in meeting those +standards. + + Empowerment means training young people for high-wage jobs, +not dead-end ones. Young +Americans with only a high school education make 25 percent less +today than they would have 15 years +ago. In a Clinton Administration we'll have a national +apprenticeship program that will enable high +school students who aren't bound for college to enter a course of +study, designed by schools and local +businesses, to teach them valuable skills, with a promise of a real +job with growing incomes when they +graduate. + + Empowerment means challenging our students and every American +with a system of voluntary +national service. In a Clinton Administration we will offer a +domestic GI Bill that will say to middle +class as well as low income people: We want you to go to college +and we're glad to pay for it, but +you've got to give something back to your country in return. As +President, I'll ask Congress to establish +a trust fund out of which any American can borrow money for a +college education, so long as they pay it +back either as a small percentage of their income over time or with +a couple of years of national service +as teachers, police officers, child care workers -- doing work our +country urgently needs. The fund +would be financed with a portion of the peace dividend and by +redirecting the present student loan +program, which is nowhere near as cost-effective as it should be. +This program will pay for itself many +times over. + + But in an era when what you can earn depends largely on what +you can learn, education can't +stop at the schoolhouse door. From now on, anyone who's willing to +work will have a chance to learn. +In a Clinton Administration, we'll make adult literacy programs +available to all who need it, by working +with states to make sure every state has a clear, achievable plan +to teach everyone with a job to read, to +give them a chance to earn a GED, and wherever possible, to do it +where they work. In Arkansas we +had 14,000 people in adult education programs in 1983. Today we +have over 50,000. By 1993, we'll +have over 70,000. Every state can do the same for a modest cost +with a disciplined plan and a flexible +delivery system. + + And we will ensure that every working American has the +opportunity to learn new skills every +year. Today, American business spends billions of dollars on +training -- the equivalent of 1.5 percent of +the costs of their payrolls -- but 70 percent of it goes to the 10 +percent at the top of the ladder. In a +Clinton Administration, we'll require employers to offer every +worker his or her share of those training +dollars, or contribute the equivalent to a national training fund. +Workers will get the training they need, +and companies will learn that the more you train your workers, the +more your profits increase. + + We need special efforts to empower the poor to work their way +out of poverty. We'll make +work pay by expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit for the working +poor, and by supporting private +and public partnerships to give low-income entrepreneurs the tools +to start new businesses, through +innovative institutions like Shore Bank in Chicago and its rural +counterpart, the Southern Development +Bancorporation in Arkansas. We've got to break the cycle of +dependency and put an end to permanent +dependence on welfare as a way of life, by really investing in the +development of poor people and giving +them the means, the incentives, and the requirement to go to work. + + + Finally, empowering working Americans means letting them keep +more of what they earn. +Ronald Reagan and George Bush raised taxes on the middle class. I'm +going to cut them. In a Clinton +Administration, we'll cut income tax rates on the middle class: an +average family's tax bill will go +down 10 percent, a savings of $350 a year. And the deficit won't +go up -- instead, those earning over +$200,000 a year will pay more, though still a smaller percentage of +their incomes than they paid in the +'70s, not to soak the rich but to return to basic fairness. + + +A REVOLUTION IN GOVERNMENT + + Besides empowering citizens, we must lead a revolution in +government so it becomes an engine +of opportunity again, not an obstacle to it. Voters who went to +the polls in this month's elections sent us +a clear message: People want more for their money. The experts in +Washington think that is a +contradiction. But I think the experts are wrong and the people are +right. People want a better deal from +government, and they'll get it in a Clinton Administration. + + Too many Washington insiders of both parties think the only +way to provide more services is to +spend more on programs already on the books in education, housing, +and health care. But if we reinvent +government to deliver new services in different ways, eliminate +unnecessary layers of management, and +offer people more choices, we really can give taxpayers more +services with fewer bureaucrats for the +same or less money. + + Every successful major corporation in America had to +restructure itself to compete in the last +decade, to decentralize, become more entrepreneurial, give workers +more authority to make decisions, +and offer customers more choices and better products. + + That's what we're trying to do in Arkansas -- balancing the +budget every year, improving +services, and treating taxpayers like our customers and our bosses, +because they are. Arkansas was the +first state to initiate a statewide total quality management +program. We've dramatically reduced the +number of reports the Department of Education requires of school +districts, slashed bureaucratic costs in +the Department of Human Services and put the money into direct +services that help real people, and +speeded up customer services in the Revenue Department. We measure +the job placement rate of +graduates from vocational-technical programs, and if a program +can't show results, we shut it down. + + So I know it can be done. But let us be clear: Serious +restructuring of government for greater +productivity is very different from the traditional top-down +reorganization plans that have been offered +over the last 20 years, including in this campaign. Those require +a lot of time and energy and generally +leave us with more of the same government, not less. + + What I am proposing is hard, unglamorous work. It will +require us to reexamine every dollar of +the taxpayers' money we spend and every minute of time that the +government puts in on business. It +will require us to enlist the energies of front-line public +servants who are often as frustrated as the rest +of us with bureaucracy. And if we do it in Arkansas, which has +among the lowest taxes in the country, +imagine how much more important and productive it will be at the +federal level. In a Clinton +Administration, we'll make government more effective by holding +ourselves to the same standard of +productivity growth as business and insisting on 3% +across-the-board cuts in the administrative costs of +the federal bureaucracy every year. + + If we're going to get more for our money, we ought to have a +federal budget which invests more +in the future and spends less on the present and the past. As +President, I'll throw out last year's budget +deal, which brought us the biggest deficits in American history and +the fastest-growing spending since +World War II. In its place, I'll establish a new three-part +federal budget: a past budget for interest +payments; a present budget for spending on current consumption, and +a future budget for investments in +things that will make us richer. + + Today the federal government spends only 9% of the budget on +investing in the future -- in +education, child health, environmental technology, infrastructure, +and basic research. We'll double that +in a Clinton Administration. We'll begin to finance the future +budget by converting resources no longer +needed for national defense to the investments needed to rebuild +our economic security, and by +controlling health care costs. + + We can bring the deficit down over time, but only if we +control spending on current +consumption programs by tying overall increases to real revenue +increases, not estimates. I propose to +limit overall increases in the consumption budget to increases in +personal income, so that the federal +budget can't go up any faster than the average American's paycheck. +Making Congress and the +President live by this rule will cut the deficit drastically in +five years, in a dramatic budget reform. + + Finally, if we're serious about reinventing government, we +must reinvent the way we deliver +health care in this country. We spend 30% more than any other +country on health care and do less with +it. For many Americans, the rising cost of health care and the +loss of it is the number one fear they face +on a daily basis. Thousands of American businesses are losing jobs +because health care costs are a 30% +handicap in the global marketplace. Two-thirds of the strikes +today are about health care, and no matter +how they come out, both sides lose. We are the only nation in the +world that doesn't help control health +care costs. + + We could cover every American with the money we're spending if +we had the courage to +demand insurance reform and slash health care bureaucracies, and if +we followed the lead of other +nations in controlling the unnecessary spread of technology, +stopping drug prices from going up three +times the rate of inflation, and forcing the people who send bills +and the people who pay them to agree +on how much health care should cost. We don't need to reduce +quality; we need to restructure the +system. And no nation has ever done it without a national +government that took the lead in controlling +costs and providing health care for all. + + In the first year of the Clinton Administration, Congress and +I will deliver quality, affordable +health care for all Americans. + + +A REVOLUTION IN THE WORKPLACE + + These changes are vital, but American workers and American +businesses are going to have to +change too, the private sector is where the jobs are created. Many +of the most urgent changes cannot be +legally mandated, but we know they're overdue after a decade in +which the stock market tripled and +average wages went down. + + Old economic arrangements are holding America back. It's time +for a revolution in the +American workplace that will radically raise the status of the +American worker and tear down the Berlin +Wall between labor and management. + + It's been years since the U.S. could outproduce the rest of +the world by treating workers like so +many cogs in a machine. We need a whole new organization of work, +where workers at the front lines +make decisions, not just follow orders, and entire levels of +bureaucratic middle management become +obsolete. And we need a new style of management, where front-line +workers and managers have more +responsibility to make decisions that improve quality and increase +productivity. + + Dynamic, flexible, well-trained workers who cooperate with +savvy, sensitive managers to make +changes every day are the keys to high growth in manufacturing and +in the service sector, including +government, education, and health care, areas where productivity +growth was very weak in the 1980s. + + Everyone will have to change, but everyone will get something +in return. Workers will gain +new prosperity and independence, but they'll have to give up +non-productive work rules and rigid job +classifications and be more open to change. Managers will reap +more profits but will have to manage +for the long-run, train all workers, and not treat themselves +better than their workers are treated. +Corporations will reach new heights in productivity, growth and +profitability, but CEOs will have to put +the long-term interests of their workers, their customers, and +their companies first. + + We should restore the link between pay and performance by +encouraging companies to provide +for employee ownership, profit-sharing for all employees, not just +executives. And executives should +profit when their companies do. We should all go up or down +together. We'll say to America's +corporate leaders: No more taking bonuses for yourselves if you +don't give bonuses to everybody. And +no more golden parachutes if you don't make good severance packages +available for your workers. + + It's wrong for executives to do what so many did in the '80s. +Executives at the biggest +companies raised their pay by four times the percentage their +workers' pay went up and three times the +percentage their profits went up. It's wrong to drive a company +into the ground and have the boss bail +out with a golden parachute to a cushy life. + + The average CEO at a major American corporation is paid 85 +times as much as the average +worker. And our government today rewards that excess with a tax +break for executive pay, no matter +how high it is, or whether it reflects increased performance. If +a company wants to overpay its +executives to perform less well, and underinvest in the future, it +shouldn't get any special treatment from +Uncle Sam. + + If a company wants to transfer jobs abroad and cut the +security of working people, it shouldn't +get special treatment from the Treasury. In the 1980s, we didn't +do enough to help our companies to +compete and win in a global economy. We did too much to transfer +wealth away from hard-working +middle-class people to the rich without good reason and too much to +weaken our country with debt that +wasn't invested in America. That's got to stop. There should be +no more deductibility for +irresponsibility. + + I believe in business. I believe in the marketplace. I +believe that the best jobs program this +country will ever have is economic growth. Most new jobs in this +country are created by small +businesses and entrepreneurs who get little help from the +government. + + Too often, especially in this environment, banks and other +investors won't take a chance on good +ideas and good people. I want to encourage small business people +and entrepreneurs. In a Clinton +Administration, we'll offer a tax incentive to those who take risks +by starting new businesses and +developing new technologies. Instead of offering a capital gains +tax cut for the wealthy who will churn +stocks on Wall Street anyway, we'll put forth a new enterprise tax +cut that rewards those with the +patience, the courage, and the determination to create new jobs. +Those who risk their savings on new +businesses that create most of the jobs in the country will receive +a 50% tax exclusion for gains held +more than five years. + + And I want to encourage investment here in America in other +ways -- by making the R&D tax +credit permanent, by taking away incentives for companies to shut +down their plants in the U.S. and +move their jobs overseas, and by offering a targeted investment tax +credit to medium and small-size +businesses who'll create new jobs with new plant and equipment. + + +A NEW STRATEGY TO COMPETE AND WIN + + Finally, we owe American workers, entrepreneurs, and industry +a pledge that all their hard work +will not go down the drain. + + We must have a national strategy to compete and win in the +global economy. The American +people aren't protectionists. Protectionism is just a fancy word +for giving up; we want to compete and +win. That is why our New Covenant must include a new trade policy +that says to Europe, Japan and our +other trading partners: we favor an open trading system, but if +you won't play by those rules, we'll play +by yours. That's why we need a stronger, sharper "Super 301" bill +as the means to enforce that policy. + + I supported fast track negotiations with Mexico for a free +trade agreement, but our negotiators +need to insist upon tough conditions that prevent our trading +partners from exploiting their workers or by +lowering costs through pollution to gain an advantage. We should +seek out similar agreements with all +of Latin America, because rich countries will get richer by helping +other countries grow into strong +trading partners. + + We also need a new energy policy to lower the trade deficit, +increase productivity, and improve +the environment. We must rely less on imported oil, and more on +cheap and abundant natural gas, and +on research and development into renewable energy resources. We +must achieve European standards of +energy efficiency in factories and office buildings. That will +free up billions of dollars to invest in the +American economy. + + If we want to help U.S. companies keep pace in the world +economy, we need to restore America +to the forefront not just in inventing products, but in bringing +them to market. Too often, we have won +the battle of the patents but lost the war of creating jobs, +profits, and wealth. American scientists +invented the microwave, the VCR, the color TV, and the memory chip, +and yet today the Koreans, the +Japanese, and other nations make most of those products. + + The research and development arm of the Defense Department did +a great job of developing +products and taking them to production because we didn't want them +produced overseas. We should +launch the civilian equivalent -- an agency to provide basic +research for new and critical technologies and +make it easier to move these ideas into the marketplace. And we +can pledge right now that for every +dollar we reduce the defense budget on research and development, +we'll increase the civilian R&D +budget by the same amount. We should commit ourselves to a +transitional plan for converting from a +defense to a domestic economy in a way that creates more high-wage +jobs, and doesn't destroy our most +successful high-wage industrial base, and with it the careers of +many thousands of our best scientists, +engineers, and workers. + + We must do all these things, and something more. The economic +challenges we confront today +are not just a matter of statistics and numbers. Behind them are +real human beings and real human +suffering. I have seen the pain in the faces of unemployed workers +in New Hampshire, policemen in +New York and Texas, computer company executives in California, +middle-class people everywhere. +They're all showing the same pain and worry I hear in the voices of +my own people in Arkansas, +including men and women I grew up with who played by the rules and +now see their dreams for the +future slipping away. + + That's why we're offering a new radical approach to economics. +Economics as if people were +really important. If we offer these hard-working families no hope +for the future, no solutions to their +problems, no relief for their pain, then fear and insecurity will +grow, and the politics of hate and +division will spread. If we do not act to bring this country +together in common cause to build a better +future, David Duke and his kind will be able to divide and destroy +our nation. Our streets will get +meaner, our families will be devastated, and our very social fabric +-- our goodness and tolerance and +decency as a people -- will be torn apart. + + The politics of division which the Republicans have parlayed +into the Presidency will turn on +even them. George Bush has forgotten the warning of our greatest +Republican President, Abraham +Lincoln: A house divided cannot stand. Lincoln gave his life for +the American community. The +Republicans have squandered his legacy. + + I want to be a President who will unite this country. This +morning, here at Georgetown, the +Robert Kennedy Human Rights Awards ceremony was held. Twenty-five +years ago, when I was +President of my class here, Robert Kennedy accepted our invitation +to come to Georgetown to give a +speech. In that same year, he gave a very different description of +what American politics should be all +about. And I would like to read that to you today, and ask you how +long it's been since you heard an +American President say and believe these things: + + Each time a man stands up for an ideal or acts to improve +the lot of others or + strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of +hope, and crossing each other + from a million different centers of energy and daring, those +ripples build a current that + can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and +resistance. + + That is the spirit I seek to bring to the Presidency. The +spirit of renewal of America. I believe +with all my heart that the very future of our country is on the +line. That is why these are not just +economic proposals. They are the way to save the very soul of our +nation. + + This is not just a campaign. This is a crusade to restore the +forgotten middle class, give +economic power back to ordinary people, and recapture the American +Dream. It is a crusade not just +for economic renewal, but for social and spiritual renewal as well. +It is a crusade to build a new +economic order of empowerment and opportunity that will preserve +our social order and make it possible +for our country once again to make the American Dream live at home +and to be strong enough to +triumph abroad. + + + +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/educ.txt b/politicalTextFiles/educ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d27f0d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/educ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +***** Reformated. Please distribute. + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON EDUCATION + + + +Government fails when our schools fail. For four +years we've heard a lot of talk about the Education +President but we've seen little government action +to invest in the collective talents of our people. +It's time for a change. + +Millions of our children go to school unprepared to +learn. The Republicans in Washington have promised +but never delivered full funding for Head Start, a +proven success that gives disadvantaged children +the opportunity to get ahead. And while states +move forward with innovative ideas to bring parents +and children together, Washington fails to insist +on responsibility from parents, teachers, students +or from itself. + +Putting people first demands a revolution in +lifetime learning because education today is more +than the key to climbing the ladder of economic +opportunity; it is an imperative for our nation. +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will invest in our people +at every stage of their lives. They will put +people first by dramatically improving the way +parents prepare their children for school, giving +students the chance to train for jobs or pay for +college, and providing workers with the training +and retraining they need to compete and win in +tomorrow's economy. + +Parents and children together + +* Inspire parents to take responsibility and + empower them with the knowledge they need to + help their children enter school ready to + learn; help disadvantaged parents work with + their children to build an ethic of learning + at home that benefits both. + +* Fully fund programs that save us several + dollars for every one spent -- Head Start, the + Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program and + other critical initiatives recommended by the + National Commission on Children. + +Establishing tough standards + +* Work with educators, parents, business leaders + and public officials to create a set of + National Standards for what students should + know. + +* Create a National Examination System to + measure our students' and schools' progress in + meeting the National Standards. + +* Achieve the 1989 Education Summit's "National + Education Goals" by the year 2000: every child + should begin school physically and mentally + ready to learn; our high school graduation + rate should rise from 71 percent to 90 + percent, the current international standard; + and students should be knowledgeable in math, + science, language, history and geography when + they graduate high school. + +Reforming our schools + +* Reduce the education gap between rich and poor + students by increasing Chapter One funding for + low-income students and giving schools greater + flexibility to spend money in ways they think + most effective, such as reducing class sizes + in early grades. + +* Grant expanded decision-making powers at the + school level -- empowering principals, + teachers and parents with increased + flexibility in educating our children. + +* Support better incentives to hire and keep + good teachers, including alternative + certification for those who want to take up + teaching as a second career and differential + pay to attract and retain educators in + shortage areas like math and science, in urban + schools, and in isolated or rural areas. + +* Help states develop public school choice + programs like Arkansas' with protection from + discrimination based on race, religion or + income. + +* Promote bilingual education programs that + teach substantive subjects in a child's native + language while at the same time teaching + English. Such efforts improve English fluency + and recognize the value of a child's native + language and culture. + +Making our schools safe again + +* Get drugs out of our schools: work with states + and local communities to bring parents, + educators, students, law enforcement personnel + and community service workers together to + provide comprehensive drug education, + prevention, intervention and treatment + programs. + +* Support a Safe Schools Initiative, which will + provide funds for violence-ridden schools to + hire security personnel and purchase metal + detectors, and help cities and states use + community policing to put more police officers + on the streets in high-crime areas where + schools are located. + + +Alternative and continuing education programs + +* Help communities open centers that give + dropouts a second chance through a Youth + Opportunity Corps. Teenagers will be matched + with adults who care about them and who will + help them develop self-discipline and valuable + skills. + +* Bring business, labor and education leaders + together to develop a national apprenticeship + program that offers non college-bound students + valuable skills training, with the promise of + good jobs when they graduate. + +* Maintain the Pell Grant program but scrap the + existing student loan program and establish a + National Service Trust Fund to guarantee every + American who wants a college education the + means to obtain one. Those who borrow from + the fund will pay it back either as a small + percentage of their income over time, or + through community service as teachers, law + enforcement officers, health care workers, or + peer counselors helping kids stay off drugs an + in school. + +* Invest in worker retraining programs that + require employers to spend 1.5 percent of + payroll for continuing education and training + for all workers, not just executives. + +Preparing children for school + +* Governor Clinton established the first + statewide Home Instructional Program for + Pre-School Youngsters. HIPPY helps + disadvantaged parents work with their children + to build an ethic of learning at home that + benefits both parent and child. + +* Introduced programs to provide low-income + women with access to comprehensive maternity + and infant care. Arkansas infant mortality + rate has dropped almost 50% since 1978. + +* Initiated the Better Chance Program, which + provides $5 million this fiscal year and $10 + million the next for early childhood programs + for at-risk children ages 3-5. + +* Senator Gore supported expanded full funding + for Head Start and other successful pre-school + programs. + +Reforming the schools + +* Clinton set higher standards for all Arkansas + schools: they must provide intensive + instruction in basic skills, offer a much + broader range of advanced courses, strictly + limit class size, and regularly test student + performance. + +* Directed the state to issue a yearly report + card on the schools. + +* Permitted parents to choose the public schools + their children attend as long as an acceptable + racial balance is maintained. + +* Provided a $4,000 average salary increase for + Arkansas teachers in 1991-- the highest + percentage increase in the nation that year. + +* Senator Gore voted for the Neighborhood + Schools Improvement Act, which provides + assistance to school based management efforts, + increases parental involvement, improves + teacher training and aids dropout prevention. + +* Supported innovative programs for + disadvantaged children, including expanded + Chapter One and Two funding and the Star + Schools program. + +Demanding responsibility + +* Governor Clinton required eighth graders to + pass an exam to go to high school. + +* Required teachers to take a basic competency + test to keep their jobs. + +* Revoked drivers licenses of students who drop + out of school for no good reason. + +* Authorized fines for parents who refuse to + attend a parent-teacher conference or allow + their children to be chronically truant. + +* Senator Gore supported legislation to create + National and Community Service programs. + +Getting results + +* Governor Clinton improved Arkansas math and + reading test scores. Between 1981 and 1991, + the average state percentile rank for 4th + grade students rose from the 46th to the 61st + percentile in reading and from the 44th to the + 69th percentile in math. + +* Helped Arkansas achieve the highest + high-school graduation rate in the region. + +* Increased the percentage of Arkansas seniors + attending colleges by 34 percent from 1982 to + 1991. + +Creating opportunity for all + +* With help from business, Governor Clinton + created a Youth Apprenticeship program to + motivate non college-bound students to stay in + school and do well. + +* Created Arkansas Academic Challenge + Scholarships to provide college scholarships + to middle income and poor students who achieve + 2.5 GPAs in high school taking the college + core curriculum, score 19 on the ACT, and stay + off drugs. + +* Established a college bond program allowing + parents to buy short- or long-term college + bonds, not taxed in Arkansas, to help finance + their childrens college education. + +* Helped develop the Arkansas Industrial + Training Program, which provides customized + training to potential workers at new plants, + expanding companies, or companies which are + upgrading technologically. + +* Established the Governors Dislocated Worker + Task Force, which identifies possible plant + closings and layoffs, develops an appropriate + plan, and offers retraining, placement, and + other supportive services. + +* Senator Gore voted for Higher Education Act + amendments to expand the Pell grant program. + +* Supported vocational education training + efforts that go beyond high school. + +* Wrote the Information Infrastructure and + Technology Act of 1992 to more quickly move + the new technologies developed under the High + Performance Computing Act into schools, + hospitals and businesses to improve education, + expand health care and provide jobs. + +* Introduced and steered into law the High + Performance Computing Act of 1990 to create a + national high-speed computer network linking + schools, research centers, and universities to + the nation's most powerful computers, and + making those computers accessible to people + who otherwise would not be able to take + advantage of their power and speed. It was + the result of more than a dozen years of work + by Gore. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/effcrypt.txt b/politicalTextFiles/effcrypt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a284fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/effcrypt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +EFF Responds to the recent Clinton Crypto policy... +Polekat #1 @5285 +Thu Apr 22 18:19:18 1993 + + Electronic Frontier Foundation + + + April 16, 1993 + + INITIAL EFF ANALYSIS OF CLINTON PRIVACY AND SECURITY PROPOSAL + + The Clinton Administration today made a major announcement on + cryptography policy which will effect the privacy and security of millions + of Americans. The first part of the plan is to begin a comprehensive + inquiry into major communications privacy issues such as export controls + which have effectively denied most people easy access to robust encryption + as well as law enforcement issues posed by new technology. + + However, EFF is very concerned that the Administration has already + reach a conclusion on one critical part of the inquiry, before any public + comment or discussion has been allowed. Apparently, the Administration is + going to use its leverage to get all telephone equipment vendors to adopt a + voice encryption standard developed by the National Security Agency. The + so-called "Clipper Chip" is an 80-bit, split key escrowed encryption scheme + which will be built into chips manufactured by a military contractor. Two + separate escrow agents would store users' keys, and be required to turn + them over law enforcement upon presentation of a valid warrant. The + encryption scheme used is to be classified, but they chips will be + available to any manufacturer for incorporation into their communications + products. + + This proposal raises a number of serious concerns . + + First, the Administration appears to be adopting a solution before + conducting an inquiry. The NSA-developed clipper chip may not be the most + secure product. Other vendors or developers may have better schemes. + Furthermore, we should not rely on the government as the sole source for + clipper or any other chips. Rather independent chip manufacturers should + be able to produce chipsets based on open standards. + + + Second, an algorithm can not be trusted unless it can be tested. + Yet, the Administration proposes to keep the chip algorithm classified. + EFF believes that any standard adopted ought to be public and open. The + public will only have confidence in the security of a standard that is open + to independent, expert scrutiny. + + Third, while the use of the use of split-key, dual escrowed system + may prove to be a reasonable balance between privacy and law enforcement + needs, the details of this scheme must be explored publicly before it is + adopted. What will give people confidence in the safety of their keys? + Does disclose of keys to a third party waive individual's fifth amendment + rights in subsequent criminal inquiries? + + In sum, the Administration has shown great sensitivity to the + importance of these issues by planning a comprehensive inquiry into digital + privacy and security. However, the "Clipper chip" solution ought to be + considered as part of the inquiry, not be adopted before the discussion + even begins. + + DETAILS OF THE PROPOSAL: + + ESCROW + + The 80-bit key will be divided between two escrow agents, each of whom hold + 40-bits of each key. Upon presentation of a valid warrant, the two escrow + agents would have to turn the key parts over to law enforcement agents. + Most likely the Attorney General will be asked to identify appropriate + escrow agents. Some in the Administration have suggested one non-law + enforcement federal agency -- perhaps the Federal Reserve, and one + non-governmental organization. But, there is no agreement on the identity + of the agents yet. + + Key registration would be done by the manufacturer of the communications + device. A key is tied to the device, not the person using it. + + CLASSIFIED ALGORITHM AND THE POSSIBILITY OF BACK DOORS + + The Administration claims that there are no back doors -- means by which + the government or others could break the code without securing keys from + the escrow agents -- and that the President will be told there are no back + doors to this classified algorithm. In order to prove this, Administration + sources are interested in arranging for an all-star crypto cracker team to + come in, under a security arrangement, and examine the algorithm for trap + doors. The results of the investigation would then be made public. + + GOVERNMENT AS MARKET DRIVER + + In order to get a market moving, and the show that the government believes + in the security of this system, the feds will be the first big customers + for this product. Users will include the FBI, Secret Service, VP Al Gore, + and maybe even the President. + + + FROM MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: + + Jerry Berman, Executive Director + Daniel J. Weitzner, Senior Staff Counsel + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/einstein.txt b/politicalTextFiles/einstein.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30b286d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/einstein.txt @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ + T H E + ___ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _____ _____ _____ _ _ + / || | | || || |_| || || || || || | | | + / | || | | || | | || | | || | || | ||_ _|| | | || |_| | + / | || |_| || | | || || | || _| _| |_ | | | || | | | + / /_| || ||_| |_|| |_| || || | \ | ||_| |_||_ _| + /_______||_____| |_| |_| |_||_____||__|\_\|_____| |_| |_| + ----------------------------------------------------------------- + + P R E S E N T S + + Quotations From Albert Einstein + + (In Alphabetical Order By Subject) + + Rel: 16 Apr 90/Three + =+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+= + Members Are: /\ngel Of Death & Prophet /\rmed + =+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+= + +On Bargains: +"Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing." + +On Class: +"The distinctions separating the social classes are false; in the + last analysis they rest on force." + +On Conformity: +"It gives me great pleasure indeed to see the stubbornness of an + incorrigible nonconformist warmly acclaimed." + +On Curiosity: +"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its + own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he + contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous + structure of reality. It is enough if one merely to comprehend a +little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity." + +On Future: +"I never think of the future. It comes soon enough." + +On God: +"God is clever, but not dishonest." + +On Humanity: +"We cannot despair of humanity, since we ourselves are human beings." + +On Hunger: +"An empty stomach is not a good political advisor." + +On International Relations: +"In relations among seperate states complete anarchy still prevails. I do + not believe that we have made any genuine advance in this area during the + last thousand years." + +On Life: +"We are like shipwrecked people trying to keep their balance on a miserable + plank in the open sea...but once we fully accept this, life becomes + easier." + +"What I value in life is quality rather than quantity, just as in Nature the + overall principles represent a higher reality than does one single object." + +On Luxury: +"Possessions, outward success, publicity, luxury--to me these have always + been contemptible. I believe that a simple and unassuming manner of life + is best for every one, best for both the body and the mind." + +On Military Secrecy: +"Every citizen must make up his mind...if he accepts the premise of war he + must endure the consequences of military secrecy." + +On Mystery: +"The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the + fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true + science." + +On Nationalism: +"Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind." + +On Nuclear Energy: +"Since I do not forsee that atomic energy is to be a great boon for a long + time, I have to say that for the present it is a menace. Perhaps it is + well that it should be. It may intimidate the human race into bringing + order into its international affairs, which, without the pressure of fear, + it would not do." + +On Opposition: +"Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre + minds." + +On Patriotism: +"The heroism at command, this senseless violence, this accursed bombast of + patriotism--how intensely I despise them!" + +On Power: +"What should be done to give the power into the hands of capable and well- + meaning persons has so far resisted all efforts." + +On Reason: +"Reason, of course, is weak, when measured against its never-ending task." + +On Religion: +"Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind." + +"What humanity owes to personalities like Buddha, Moses and Jesus ranks for + me higher than all the achievements of the enquiring and constructive + mind." + +On Simplicity: +"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." + +On Solitude: +"I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the + years of maturity." + +On Success: +"Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of + value." + +On Testification: +"Every intellectual who is called before one of the committees ought to + refuse to testify, i.e. he must be prepared...for the sacrifice of his + personal welfare in the interest of the cultural welfare of his country.... + This kind of inquisition violates the spirit of the Constitution. + If enough people are ready to take this grave step they will be successful. + If not, then the intellectuals of this country deserve nothing better than + the slavery which is intended for them." + +On The Theory Of Relativity: +"I sometimes ask myself how it came about that I was the one to develop the + theory of relativity. The reason, I think, is that a normal adult never + stops to think about problems of space and time. These are things which he + has thought of as a child. But my intellectual development was retarded, + as a result of which I began to wonder about space and time only when I had + already grown up." + +On Tolerance: +"The most important kind of tolerance is tolerance of the individual by + society and the state." + +On Truth: +"If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor." + +"Truth resembles a statue of marble which stands in the desert and is + continuously threatened with burial by the shifting sand." + +On Tyranny: +"We may hope that even the dullest creature can be made to realize that, in + the long run, lies and tyranny cannot triumph." + +On Value: +"All that is valuable in human society depends on the opportunity for + development accorded the individual." + +On Violence: +"Degeneracy follows every automatic sysem of violence, for violence + inevitably attracts moral inferiors. Time has proven that illustrious + are succeeded by scoundrels." + +On War: +"As long as there are sovereign nations possessing great power, war is + inevitable." + +"I do not believe that civilization will be wiped out in a war fought with + the atomic bomb. Perhaps two thirds of the people on earth might be + killed, but enough men capable of thinking, and enough books, would be left + to start again, and civilization would be restored." + +"The next World War will be fought with stones." + +On Wonder: +"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as + dead; his eyes are closed." + +------------------------- +------------------------- +Compiled And Typed By Prophet /\rmed + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/elder2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/elder2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00ba890 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/elder2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ + CUSTOM COMPUTING + 6815 DICKINSON COURT + TAMPA FLORIDA 33634-4707 + CIS: 71327,1251 + +Sat 08-14-1993 + +More on Clinton's nominee to the highest medical office in the land. +The Democrats did everything they could to get the vote on the floor +of the Senate before the August break. Fortunately, those opposed to +her were able to stall it until after they come back from break. She +is openly and actively anti-Catholic. We are researching one more source +of data on her activities. If we able to get the information, we will post +it here. + + EXCERPTS FROM DR. JOYCELYN ELDERS ADDRESS TO + ARKANSAS COALITION FOR CHOICE, JANUARY 18, 1992 + ARKANSAS STATE CAPITOL, LITTLE ROCK + +Re: Anti-Catholic bigotry + +"...and there the Church was silent when we talked about ... +[unintelligible] ... the first 400 years black people had their freedom +aborted, and the Church said nothing. The way of life for the Native +American was aborted; the Church was silent. We attempted to eradicate +a whole race of people through the Holocaust, and the Church was silent. +Women had no right to vote for years. We ask why. Why do these things +go on? ... [unintelligible] ... Any time when the right of choice is taken +away from all of us and put into the hands of a few, these are the kinds of +things that will happen, over and over again. Look at who's fighting the +pro-choice movement; a celibate, male-dominated Church ... " + +[COMMENT FROM THE UPLOADER] Elders nothwithstanding, I am getting a +little sick of hearing about NATIVE-Americans, BLACK-Americans, HISPANIC- +Americans, THESE-Americans, THOSE-Americans, and OTHER-Americans. I was +born in Oklahoma; therefore, I believe I am a native-American as well as +every other person in born in the U.S. My grandparents on both sides were +immigrants from Czechoslavakia, but, I would feel a little silly calling myself +a Czecho-American. + +More . . . . . . +======================================================================= + DR. JOYCELYN ELDERS SPEAKS + +"I don't know of any parent who wouldn't go out at midnight and try to +find contraceptives to start their children properly." (1) + +"We've taught them (teenagers) what to do in the front seat of a car, +but not what to do in the back seat of the car." (2) + +"An integral part of a comprehensive school-based health clinic today +is that we have sexuality education beginning in Kindergarten." (3) +[UPLOADER COMMENT] Not with MY kid, you're not. + +"Abortion has had an important, and positive, public health benefit." (4) + +"Abortion was the single most important factor in the significant +decrease in neonatal mortality between 1964 and 1977." (5) +[UPLOADER COMMENT] Yup, that'll do it. + +"We would like for the right to life and antichoice groups to really get +over their love affair with the fetus and start supporting the +children." (6) + +"Look who's fighting the pro-choice movement: a celibate, male-dominated +church." (7) + +"I would hope that we would provide them (prostitutes) Norplant so they +could still use sex if they must buy their drugs." (8) +[NORPLANT IS THE UNDER-THE-SKIN CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT] + +"If Medicaid does not pay for abortions, does not pay for family planning, +but pays for pre-natal care and delivery, that's saying: I'll pay for you +to have another good, healthy slave." (9) +[THIS WOMAN IS NOT ONLY RADICAL, SHE IS DEMENTED] + +"Poverty and ignorance and the Bible-Belt mentality are responsible for +the rise in teen pregnancy in Arkansas." (10) +[NOT ONLY IS THAT A STUPID STATEMENT, IT IS PARTICULARLY OFFENSIVE TO +CHRISTIANS OF ANY DENOMINATION. SHE IS SAYING WE ARE POOR OR IGNORANT +OR BOTH] + +(1) ARKANSAS GAZETTE, July 3, 1988 +(2) In video presentation to National Commission on Children, April 2, + 1993 +(3) ARKANSAS GAZETTE, July 3, 1988 +(4) Testimony before the Senate Labor and Human Resource Committee, + May 23, 1990 +(5) IBID +(6) ARKANSAS GAZETTE, January 19, 1992 +(7) To pro-abortion rights rally, January 1992 +(8) On CNBC television program "Talk Live", June 19, 1992 +(9) WASHINGTON POST, February 16, 1993 +(10) NATIONAL REVIEW, April 26, 1993 + +======================================================================= + +The following are some excerpts from a column by Pat Buchanan in the +WASHINGTON TIMES, July 21, 1993: + +"She also charges Christian conservatives, predominantly Protestant, with +having 'slave-master mentalities' and 'conducting a love affair with the +fetus'. These 'very religious non-Christians', says Dr. Elders, 'love little +babies so long as they are in someone else's uterus'." + +"Dr. Elders' financial arrangements have also attracted notice. Since +April, she has been paid $685 per day, in consulting fees and expenses, +by Donna Shalala's Department of Health and Human Services while still +being paid a salary by Arkansas as state health director and by the +University of Arkansas, where she is a tenured professor 'on loan' to the +state. She resigned as Arkansas health director on July 19." +======================================================================= + +[UPLOADER COMMENT] Folks, this nomination by Clinton, like others, +is an insult to all moral people of this great country. But, then, +what could we expect from a man who is totally DEVOID of any morals. + +I'm sure this nomination will be first on the agenda when the Senate +returns from break. It's not too late to let your senator know what +you believe about the nomination. + +The directory of the entire senate is posted here in another of our +files here, and the members of the senate labor committee are +listed in our original Elders file - ELDERS.TXT. + +Uploaded by Vern Semrad + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/elder3.txt b/politicalTextFiles/elder3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc03921 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/elder3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ + CUSTOM COMPUTING + 6815 DICKINSON COURT + TAMPA FLORIDA 33634-4707 + CIS: 71327,1251 + +Mon 08-30-1993 + +Here are some more facts about Dr. Joycelyn Elders, Clinton's nominee for +Surgeon General. Previous posts chronicling her past statements can be +found here in ELDERS.TXT and ELDER2.TXT. We believe she is not morally +fit to hold the highest medical office in the United States. + +More importantly, we believe his nomination of Elders is just one more +example of Bill Clinton's moral fitness to be the President. We've said +it before, and we'll say it again, "This man is totally devoid of any +morals." Just look at the people with whom he has surrounded himself and +the issues that he deemed to be the ones with which he must FIRST deal: +Gays in the Military, lifting the ban on fetal research, lifting the gag +rule on counseling for women seeking abortions, lifting the ban on abortions +in military hospitals, the appointment of a militant lesbian to his cabinet. +Someone asked, "Where is the soul of this man." We think it is time to ask +that question again. We also think that question should be asked of the +media people who continue to defend and support him. + +Back to Dr. Elders. Here is more. +======================================================================= + +HER SALARY ARRANGEMENT AS ARKANSAS HEALTH DIRECTOR. The State of Arkansas +places a cap on how much state employees can be paid. For several years +the Health Department has transferred the money it has available to pay +Dr. Elders to the University of Arkansas Medical School (UAMS). UAMS +has then paid her a considerably higher sum as a professor of pediatrics, +even though her position as state health director is a full-time, full- +year job. + +HER ALLEGEDLY LAX ENFORCEMENT OF A BAN ON STATE FUNDING OF CONTRACEPTIVE +DISTRIBUTION AT SCHOOL-BASED CLINICS. In 1991, the Arkansas legislature +adopted a prohibition on the use of state money to distribute contraceptives +at school-based clinics. Shortly after the restriction was adopted, Dr. +Elders announced that the school-based clinics would continue to distribute +contraceptives using federal and local money. But a pending lawsuit filed +by Rep. Tim Hutchinson (R-AR) alleges that state funds are being used in +violation of the ban. + +HER CONDUCT AS A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF THE NATIONAL BANK OF ARKANSAS. +Dr. Elders recently settled a lawsuit filed against her and four other +former directors of this bank. According to the NATIONAL REVIEW (April +26, 1993), the suit alleged that she had voted to give herself and other +directors an unsecured $230,000 line of credit and that she and her +colleagues had improperly moved to transfer money to an Illinois savings +and loan to cover bad lending practices in which they had engaged. + +THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. MALAK. In September, 1991, Dr. Elders named +Dr. Fahmy Malak, an embattled medical examiner for the State of Arkansas, +to a senior post in her department. Dr. Malak's appointment cam despite +a department-wide hiring freeze. + +Dr. Malak had been under fire since 1985 for a host of controversial +autopsy results, several of which were later reversed by grand juries. +Among his more maligned findings were that a man shot five times in the +chest had committed suicide, that two teenagers run over by a train had +fallen asleep on the tracks after smoking marijuana, that a man whom a +grand jury later ruled had been murdered had died accidentally while +strangling himself during a sexual act, and that a deputy coroner who had +ordered life support withdrawn from a brain-dead patient had committed +murder. Dr. Malak later apologized for falsely accusing the deputy +coroner, a charge that arose because Dr. Malak had misread a notation +in the deceased patient's medical chart. + +Elders, long one of Dr. Malak's staunchest defenders, noted that, "There +are a lot of medical symbols," and said of Malak, "If you don't make +mistakes, you're not doing anything.". + +======================================================================= + +If you've read our previous posts, you know Dr. Elders attacked the +Catholic church. Here is the text of a letter sent to Sen. Alphonse +D'Amato (R-NY) by John Cardinal O'Connor, Archbishop of New York. + +August 5, 1993 + + + +Dear Senator D'Amato, + +I write to you as one deeply disturbed by remarks attributed to the +nominee for Surgeon General, Dr. Joycelyn Elders, revealing substantial +animosity toward the Catholic Church and Catholics generally. Dr. Elders +is quoted as stating: "The first 400 years black people had their freedom +aborted and the Church said nothing. The way of life for the Native +American as aborted: the Church was silent. We attempted to eradicate +a whole race of people through the Holocaust, and the Church as silent. +. . . . Look at who's fighting the pro-choice movement; a celibate, male- +dominated Church." + +Catholics throughout American history have suffered from the effects +of religious bigotry. It is a blot on our country's human rights record. +Such blatant and broad sweeping attacks as have been attributed to Dr. +Elders would be troubling on the lips of any citizen. To hear them from +one appointed to a national pulpit is even more profoundly disturbing. +This is particularly true considering that the stature of the Office of +the Surgeon General is great -- particularly in recent years in the +midst of a deepening national crisis over the effects of sexual +irresponsibility. + +Dr. Elders has also expressed contempt for the millions of Americans +who participate in the human rights struggle for the the unborn, and +and the disabled. She purportedly scorns pro-life Americans as having +a " love affair with the fetus," and is quoted as saying that they +"love little babies, as long they're in someone else's uterus, rather +than caring about children after they're born.". + +One traditionally associates the profession of medicine with special +concern for the small and defenseless human being. Yet nowhere do I +hear Dr. Elders acknowledge the slightest good will, the slightest +compassion toward the child in the womb. Her alleged statements +regarding unborn Down's Syndrome children are most disquieting in this +regard. She is also quoted as saying that "abortion has reduced the +number of children afflicted with severe defects: the number of Down's +Syndrome infants in Washington State in 1976 was 64% lower than it +would have been without legal abortion." Apparently Dr. Elders regards +the destruction of such children through abortion as part of the success +story of modern medicine. As one who has spent many years of his life +working with and for the retarded, I am deeply troubled by such an +attitude. + +Dr. Elders seems also to have clearly expressed an intent not only +to continue, but to intensify the utterly failed policy of offering +contraception freely to teenagers. Twenty years of this practice has +failed to improve our children's health and well-being. In fact, they are +associated with substantial declines in the quality of their lives, with +increases in teenage sexual activity, teen abortions, sexually transmitted +diseases, and out-of-wedlock pregnancies. Yet nowhere do I see Dr. +Elders required to assume the burden of proof as to why 20 years of +failed social policy should be followed by 4 more. + +Thank you for your vote on August 3 on the Nickles Amendment to the +Treasury/Postal Appropriations Bill. It was a tragedy that the +substance of Senator Nickles' proposal did not receive the full deliber- +ations it deserved, but I thank you for your part in seeking to obtain +Senate consideration. In future votes on the Hyde Amendment and National +Health Care, I hope that you will reflect on the conscience problems +inherent in requiring any taxpayer, any employer, any employee, to +contribute any amount, no matter how small, to an act they acknowledge +to be nothing less than the deliberate destruction of innocent human life. + +I do hope you will consider the points I have raised. Considering the +crisis of values our nation is now facing, I do not believe that concerns +about religious intolerance and moral responsibility are trivial. I look +forward to your reply. + + Faithfully in Christ + + /s/ John Cardinal O'Connor + + Archbishop of New York + +======================================================================= + +Senator Don Nickles (R-OK) spoke at some length on the floor of the +Senate about Dr. Elders and her radical ideas on health care. Following +are excerpts from his presentation. + +"She went further when she told the Labor Committee: 'Abortion was the single +most important factor in the significant decrease in neonatal mortality +between 1964 and 1977.' Dr. Elders says that abortion decreases infant +mortality. Well, I suppose it does. If your life is ended before you are +born, there is absolutely no chance you will die after birth. So she is +correct. But, what a solution." + +"In the February 16, 1993, edition of the Washington Post, it is reported +that she keeps an 'Ozark Rubber Plant' on her desk. 'Its stalks,' according +to the Washington Post, 'are sprouting condoms, and an attached note reads: +'Blooms mostly at night. Blooms vary in length, depending on owner. Blooms +may wilt in chilly atmosphere.' I do not think that being flippant about +condoms and condom distribution is really the kind of attitude we really +want a Surgeon General to have." + +"Elders' pay has come under scrutiny because she earns much more than the +maximum salary established for her health department job by the State +legislature. The legal maximum salary set for the health department +director is $76,440 a year, but Dr. Elders makes about $103,000 a year. +Her pay comes from both the health department and the University of +Arkansas for Medical Sciences, where she formerly worked a a pediatric +endocrinologist." + +[UPLOADER COMMENT] Senator Nickles went on detail how her Arkansas +compensation was challenged by two different Attorneys-general of AR. +He also detailed how she had been paid both by the State of Arkansas and +the federal Department of Health and Human Services. He also chronicled +the issue of Dr. Elders and her husband having a nurse for her mother-in- +law and not paying taxes on the nurse. Throughout his presentation, he +brought up all the issues we have posted here and had them all put in +the Congressional Record. +======================================================================= + +Although we are adamantly opposed to appointment of this woman to +Surgeon General of the United States, this is more than a reflection +of Joycelyn Elders. This is also a reflection of the man who nominated +her, Bill Clinton. + +This information was provided by Oklahoma Senator Don Nickles + +UPLOADED BY: Vern Semrad + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/election.txt b/politicalTextFiles/election.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3372685 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/election.txt @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +"An Elementary Look at Campaigns and Elections" + +(Every year, teacher Mike Wilson of Ballwin, Missouri has his +elementary-school students study the presidential election process in +America. From the resulting essays and exam papers, Wilson has culled +some gems of youthful insight and wisdom, not to mention skepticism +worth of a politics-weary adult. As the 1984 presidential election +grows near, we offer some of Wilson's treasures.) + +Did you ever think what I used to think about candidates running +neck-and-neck? Well it is not true. + +Universal suffrage means that even the illegible get to vote. + +Calling a person a runner-up is the polite way of saying you lost. + +The difference between a king and a president is that a king is the son +of his father but a president is not. + +What I learned about elections is that we aren't really getting to +elect the president. It is some people in a college who get to. I +have not decided what to do about it yet but I am not going to just sit +around. + +It is possible to get the majority of electoral votes without getting +the majority of popular votes. Anyone who can ever understand how this +works gets to be president. + +Some of our presidents never did much else and are famous only because +they became president. + +The more I think about trying to run for president the less I think of +it. + +The president has the power to appoint and disappoint the members of +his cabinet. + +Much has been said about balancing the budget. It has been found that +the budget is more talkable than balanceable. + +The campaign is when the candidate tells what he stand for and the +election is when the votes tell if they can stand for his being elected. + +Actually, elections are different from politics. Elections come and go +while politics are with us all the time. + +The winning candidate is elected and inoculated. + +In January, the president makes his Inaugural Address after he has been +sworn at. + +Once he is elected, sometimes the president has to work 24 hours a day +until he finds out what he is supposed to do. + +The nominees are usually called candidates or campaigners although I +have heard them called other things. + +One of the strictest rules is all dark horses running for president must +be people. + +Popular votes tell who is the most popular. Electoral votes tell who +is the most elected. + +Heredity is a bad thing in politics because it gets us kings instead of +presidents. + +A caucus is something people vote in. Sort of a small booth. + +An overwhelming favorite is a candidate that often comes over to the +convention and whelms the delegates. + +The jobs of delegates is to resent their states. + +Noncommittal is to be able to talk and talk without saying anything. + +When the radio mentions a landslide, cross your fingers and hope it is +talking about an election. + +A dark horse is a candidate that the delegates don't know enough about +to dislike yet. + +Political science is to try to figure out what makes candidates act +that way. + +A split ticket is when you don't like any of them on the ticket so you +tear it up. + +When they talk about the most promising presidential candidate, they +mean the one who can think of the most things to promise. + +Elephants and donkeys never fought until politics came along. + +Political strategy is when you don't let people know you have run out +of ideas and keep shouting anyway. + +A candidate should always renounce his words carefully. + +We are learning how to make our election results known quicker and +quicker. It is our campaigns we are having trouble getting any shorter. + +One of the mainest rules of campaigning is you are not allowed to go on +a whistle-stop tour without a train. + +Politician is the bawling out name for a candidate you don't like. + +Speaking of defeat, candidates are told never to. + +Campaigns give us a great deal of happiness by their finally ending. + + +[ Reported collection source, Ford Times ] + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/emancipa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/emancipa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b092fa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/emancipa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ + +THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: + + +By the President of the United States of America: + +A PROCLAMATION + + Whereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D. 1862, a proclamation +was issued by the President of the United States, containing, +among other things, the following, to wit: + + "That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as +slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people +whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall +be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive +government of the United States, including the military and naval +authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such +persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any +of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. + + "That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, +by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, +in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in +rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State +or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith +represented in the Congress of the United States by members +chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified +voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the +absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive +evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then +in rebellion against the United States." + + Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United +States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief +of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed +rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, +and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said +rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, and in +accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the +full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, +order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the +people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against +the United States the following, to wit: + + Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, +Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, +Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, +including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, +Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the +forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the +counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Morthhampton, Elizabeth City, York, +Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and +Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left +precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. + + And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do +order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said +designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall +be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, +including the military and naval authorities thereof, will +recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. + + And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to +abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and +I recommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor +faithfully for reasonable wages. + + And I further declare and make known that such persons of +suitable condition will be received into the armed service of +the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and +other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. + + And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, +warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke +the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor +of Almighty God. + +------------------------------------- + +On Jan. 1, 1863, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln declared free +all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal +government. This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few +people. It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on +the Union side; nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already +under Union control. Naturally, the states in rebellion did not +act on Lincoln's order. But the proclamation did show Americans-- +and the world--that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery. + +Lincoln had been reluctant to come to this position. A believer +in white supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms of +preserving the Union. As pressure for abolition mounted in +Congress and the country, however, Lincoln became more sympathetic +to the idea. On Sept. 22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation +announcing that emancipation would become effective on Jan. 1, 1863, +in those states still in rebellion. Although the Emancipation +Proclamation did not end slavery in America--this was achieved +by the passage of the 13TH Amendment to the Constitution on Dec. +18, 1865--it did make that accomplishment a basic war goal and +a virtual certainty. + +DOUGLAS T. MILLER + +Bibliography: Commager, Henry Steele, The Great Proclamation +(1960); Donovan, Frank, Mr. Lincoln's Proclamation (1964); +Franklin, John Hope, ed., The Emancipation Proclamation (1964). + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/emrhazrd.txt b/politicalTextFiles/emrhazrd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16c0b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/emrhazrd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ + TUNING OUT NON-IONIZING RADIATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY HAZARDS + + Growing evidence that long wave non-ionizing radiation used in + electromagnetic devices, microwave products, and TV/radio systems is + harmful to the public's health, hazardous to effective public safety + systems, and threatening to military security went largely unreported + by America's media in 1987. Also underreported were the related + issues of the Environmental Protection Agency's shut-down of its + funded programs to study non-ionizing radiation in light of a 1989 + deadline to establish safety standards for public exposure to radio + frequencies, and, the lawsuit brought against the Reagan + administration by a coalition of plaintiffs who charge that the + administration has violated the National Enviromental Policy act by + not adequately protecting the public and environment from the "Hazard + of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance" (HERO). + Studies that suggest links between electromagetic fields (such as + those produced by overhead power lines, broadcast towers, military + hardware, hairdryers, microwave ovens, computers, TV and two-way + radios, and radar), and cellular mutation, cancer, and childhood + leukemia have received little attention. University of North Carolina + epidemiologist David Savitz confirmed earlier reports about the + apparent public health hazard. Savitz emphasized the need for further + research and more federal funding to determine the extent of this + potential health risk. Fifteen of 17 occupational studies have + established links between exposure to low frequency electromagnetic + fields and cancer. Despite this mounting evidence, the EPA shut down + its program to study non-ionizing radiation which is supposed to set + acceptable levels of exposure for humans and the environment by 1989. + Meanwhile, total federal funding to study the health effects of low + frequency fields has dropped from $10 million to just $2.5 million. + A coalition of Pentagon watchdog organizations and individuals + has brought suit against the government charging Reagan administration + officials with willful negligence in protecting the public from the + HERO effect. Though the Navy and Army have been aware, for some 33 + years, of the hazard that electromagnetism poses to weapon systems, + the Pentagon has acknowledged very little about the hazards that + accidental explosions caused by various electromagnetic sources pose + to public and environmental safety. The plaintiffs cite five specific + HERO related accidents, including the 1967 explosion on board the USS + Forrestal which claimed 134 lives, along with a possible 25 other HERO + related accidents that have occurred over the past 25 k;years. + Finally, in a continuing conflict related to the issue of + electromagnetic radiation and its effects on public safety and health, + radar specialist veterans have been filing health claims, related to + their exposrue to low frequency radiation, against the Veterans + Administration. All claims to date have been rejected. + With such a newsworthy issue as the effects of electromagnetic + radiation on public health and safety so clearly being played out + during 1987, the news media, for the most part, failed to tune in. + + SOURCES: KQED-TV 9, "EXPRESS," 12/9/87, "Radiation Risk?," by + David Helvarg; RECON, Vol. 10, #4, January 1988, "HERO: Deadly Game of + Roulette," by Patricia Axelrod, pp 1,2,8. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/energy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/energy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78e9db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/energy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY + + + +For twelve years, the Republicans in Washington +have undermined our national security and cut short +our economic growth because they haven't had a +national energy policy. In the last decade, 8,000 +of our independent oil and gas producers have +closed their doors; 300,000 Americans have lost +their jobs. Of 4,500 domestic drilling rigs +operating in the United States in 1981 when Ronald +Reagan and George Bush took office, less than 700 +remain in operation today. We've fallen behind our +competitors in energy efficiency and are in danger +of leaving future generations of Americans in a +precarious position of overwhelming debt and +dependence. + +America needs a new national energy policy that +enables Americans to control Americas energy +future. Instead of coddling special interests +whose fortunes depend on Americas addiction to +foreign oil, the Clinton/Gore national energy +policy promotes national security, energy +diversity, economic prosperity, and environmental +protection. + +It's time to make the right energy choices. + +Increase energy efficiency and conservation + +* Increase corporate average fuel economy + standards from the current 27.5 miles per + gallon to 40-45 miles per gallon. + +* Develop and implement revenue-neutral market + incentives that reward conservation and + penalize polluters and energy-wasters. + +* Adopt transportation strategies and highway + spending programs that encourage car-pooling, + high-efficiency highway technology, and mass + transit by including conservation incentives + in the federal matching fund program. + +* Promote changes in utility regulation to make + energy efficiency profitable for both + utilities and customers. + +* Strengthen federal programs to encourage + energy-efficient housing, and to encourage + state and local governments to adopt building + codes that encourage conservation by calling + for thicker walls and windows, new compact + florescent bulbs, more efficient insulation + and new low-cost housing construction that + could cut domestic energy consumption by 25 + percent using measures that would pay for + themselves in 5 to 7 years. + +* Increase energy efficiency in every federal + agency and set standards to insure that + federal grants, contracts, and projects + support Americas national conservation goals. + +Increase natural gas use + +* Implement policies to expand markets for + natural gas in every sector homes, businesses, + industry, electrical generation, and + transportation. + +* Speed development and certification of new + natural gas pipelines to get natural gas to + market, with special emphasis on areas not + currently adequately served by natural gas. + +* Convert the enormous federal vehicle fleet to + natural gas. + +* Use federal research and development dollars + to develop new natural gas applications. + +Expand the use of renewable energy sources + +* Create a civilian advanced research agency + that will support civilian research and + development of renewable technologies and + renewable fuel programs. + +* Reorient the mission of hundreds of national + laboratories, moving from defense R&D to more + work on commercial renewable energy projects. + +* Change the tax code to create greater + incentives for renewable energy use. + +* Give incentives to utilities to adopt least + cost planning, which factors environmental, + social and economic costs into fuel-use + decisions. Least-cost planning is currently + employed by utility companies in 17 states. + +A safe, environmentally sound energy policy + +* Oppose increased reliance on nuclear power. + There is good reason to believe that we can + meet future energy needs -- with conservation + and the use of alternative fuels -- without + having to face the staggering costs, delays + and uncertainties of nuclear waste disposal. + +* Oppose federal excise gas tax increases. + Instead of a back-breaking federal gas tax, we + should try conservation, increased use of + natural gas, and increased use of alternative + fuels. + +* Prohibit drilling in the Arctic National + Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: work to expand the + ANWR to include the 1.5 acre Arctic Coastal + Plain while ensuring that Native Americans are + able to use these lands for traditional + subsistence hunting and fishing. Increased + energy efficiency and the use of natural gas + currently available in the lower 48 states can + easily negate the need for ANWR drilling. + +* In Governor Clinton's first term in 1979, he + created a state Department of Energy which + emphasized renewable resource development, + reduced institutional barriers to energy + conservation and encouraged the development of + new energy sources. + +* Established an Alternative Fuels Commission. + +* Arkansas ranks 10th in the nation in energy + research spending. + +* Gore amendments enacted by the Senate as part + of the 1992 energy bill: + + ! Help small businesses increase their + energy efficiency and cut their energy + bills by establishing energy diagnostic + centers where engineering students and + their professors can work with small + businesses. + + ! Accelerate the government's efforts to + procure the most energy efficient + products and to provide grant money to + states to fund energy efficiency and + conservation initiatives. + + ! Require the Tennessee Valley Authority of + conduct least-cost planning analyses of + energy supply and demand requirements. + + ! Provides assistance to states to develop + energy conservation and renewable energy + initiatives. + +* Senator Gore was a leader in the successful + efforts to kill provisions that would have + allowed drilling in the Arctic National + Wildlife Refuge. + +* Led efforts in the 1991 Interior + Appropriations for solar and renewable joint + venture programs. + +* Senator Gore introduced legislation to involve + America's national labs in developing and + disseminating energy efficient technologies + and practices. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/envhoax.txt b/politicalTextFiles/envhoax.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..952e135 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/envhoax.txt @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ + + DEBUNKING MEDIA MITHS ABOUT THE OZONE HOLE AND GREENHOUSE WARMING + + The surface of this planet is covered by dry bits, called "land," and +wet bits, called "water." Where these two bodies meet is termed a "beach," +which may be sandy, rocky, cliff face, or any one of many other types. +Where these "beaches" occur, there is, to a greater or lesser extent, a +certain amount of wave activity called "surf." Imagine you are strolling +along a beach somewhere, minding your own business, and enjoying the view, +when, out of nowhere, comes a demented, hysterical character who wants to +enlist your help in freeing the beach of board-riders, because they are +"wearing down the surf." He goes on to earnestly explain that the thin line +of "surf" is the only thing "holding back" the ocean, and if the +board-riders wear it out enough, the "layer of surf" will become so +depleted that it can no longer "hold back" the ocean, and the ocean will +flood over the land and destroy mankind. What would be your reaction to +such a person? You'd quite possibly conclude, quite correctly, that such a +person should be confined to the local "funny farm" as quickly as possible, +wouldn't you? + + And yet, this is exactly the kind of logic being used to support the +"hole in the ozone layer" scam. And erstwhile intelligent people are +running around with varying versions of this Chicken Little story that the +"sky is falling," without ever making even the slightest attempt to find +out what is really happening, and why. As with the "greenhouse effect," it +is only necessary to understand a few very simple scientific facts, to +totally debunk this "scam." First of all, what exactly is the "ozone +layer," or "ozone mantle" as it is now being called, which supposedly +"protects" us from all that unwanted ultraviolet light? Well, quite simply +and bluntly, there ISN'T one!! Just as the surf is not a magical barrier to +the ocean flooding the land, and is, in reality simply an EFFECT of where +land a water meet, so too is the so-called "ozone layer" merely an area +where an effect can be detected, not a CAUSE. Let's start with a very +basic chemistry lesson, which again can be confirmed with junior high +school textbooks. First of all, existing on this planet Earth, and +probably elsewhere, is an element called "oxygen." According to my +dictionary, oxygen is an element, with the chemical symbol "O." Now, +oxygen, for reasons I won't go into here, but which you can readily find +out for yourself from the aforementioned junior high school chemistry book, +rarely, if ever, exists as the single atom "O." Such a single atom of +oxygen or most other "elements," is called an "ion," and it is very +difficult for most substances to exist freely in their "ionic" state. What +normally happens is that two atoms of "O" combine, or "stick" together, and +form the molecule "O2," of "oxygen" as you and I know it. This is the +stuff you and I and all other living creatures breathe in and expel as +"carbon dioxide," or CO2 (one carbon atom, two oxygen atoms). In yet +another of nature's wonderful balancing acts, green plants "breathe" in the +CO2, extract the atom of carbon (C) as a "building block" in their cellular +growth, and expel oxygen, or "O2." This is why it is so important that we +stop destroying all the green stuff on the land by overclearing, and stop +polluting up the oceans, and thereby killing all the little green plants +known as "plankton." + + "O2," or two oxygen atoms "stuck together" if you like, is the +"normal, or most prevalent form of oxygen in the atmosphere. But it is by +no means the only one. If one applies various forms of energy to the "O2" +molecule, it will break down to its ionic state and reform into another +configuration, one where THREE, not two, atoms of oxygen "stick together" +to form a new molecule called "O3," or "ozone." Now, the "energy" required +to perform this little trick can come from a variety of sources. An +electrical discharge through the air will do it. Unlike "oxygen" (O2), +which is odorless, "ozone" has a distinct, pungent smell. Pick up your +kid's electric train engine, or radio-controlled car, after it has been +operating a while, and you will smell this odor. The electrical discharge +where the bushes run on the motor turns a certain amount of "oxygen" (O2), +into "ozone" (O3). Electrical storms, or at least the subsequent bolts of +lightning, ionize a great deal of the surrounding air, and create a certain +amount of "ozone." + + By far and away the biggest "source" of energy for the conversion of +"oxygen" (O2) into "ozone" (O3), however, comes from the Sun, in the form +of ultraviolet light. What happens is a cycle something like this: You +and I breathe in oxygen (O2), and breathe out CO2, carbon dioxide. Plants +on the other hand "breathe in" carbon dioxide, and expel oxygen (O2). This +cycle is more or less endless. Oxygen (O2), however, is slightly lighter +than the other elements which make up the "air" (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, +and so on), and so a certain proportion of the molecules of oxygen drift +upwards to the outer fringes of that blanket of gases that surround the +planet, which we call our atmosphere. From the other direction, light from +the Sun streams in. A certain amount of this light is absorbed or +deflected by various elements, atoms, molecules, and particles of other +matter. The bulk of this light from the Sun, however, continues its +downward journey toward the planet's surface, until it encounters the +oxygen (O2) molecules rising up from the surface. At the point where the +sunlight reaches a sufficient concentration of O2 molecules, a "reaction" +takes place. A certain portion of the light from the Sun, that portion +known as the "ultraviolet" section, strikes the rising O2 molecules, and +imparts its energy to the oxygen molecule it has struck. This has two +effects. First, it greatly reduces the amount of ultraviolet light which +would otherwise reach the Earth's surface, because the "ray," or unit, or +"beam" of light loses energy and becomes light in the lower spectrums, the +ones we call "colors." This is one of the causes of that spectacular light +show called the "Southern," or "Northern" Lights. Second, it converts the +"oxygen" molecules (O2), into "ozone" molecules (O3). + + There is a portion of the atmosphere, from 10, to 50 kilometers up, +which does not, however, get this name because it contains some magical, +mysterious "layer" of matter known as "ozone" which exists, and has +existed, from the beginning of time to "protect" us from ultraviolet light, +and which is now under "dire threat" from various man-made products. It is +called this name because this is the region where rising O2 oxygen +molecules are struck by incoming ultraviolet light, and convert to O3 ozone +molecules, and it therefore has a higher proportion of "O3" molecules to +"O2" molecules. There will continue to be an "ozonosphere," or, as it is +incorrectly termed, an "ozone layer," for as long as the planet's surface +continues to manufacture oxygen to rise, and for as long as the Sun +continues to emit light to encounter that rising oxygen. Just as there +will always be "surf," for as long as there are places where "water" meets +"land." The misnamed "ozone layer" will continue to simply be the end +result of where two opposing forces and systems meet, until such time as +one or the other of those forces or systems ceases to exist. Just as there +will always be "surf," for as long as there is "land" and "water," there +will be an "ozonosphere" as long as there is "oxygen" and sunlight. If +either one of these packs up, we will have long since suffocated, or frozen +to death, before we develop skin cancer. As I said, this is stuff you can +check out for yourself with the simplest of reference books. + +FACTS ABOUT THE OZONOSPHERE + + Okay. What about the so-called "holes" in the "ozone layer"? Well, +as we have seen, there is no such thing as a magical, mysterious "ozone +layer," so there can't be any "holes" in it. There IS however, a region +called the "ozonosphere" which normally has a higher incidence of "O3" than +"O2" simply and purely because it is a region where a segment of sunlight +(ultraviolet light) strikes O2 molecules, and converts them into O2 +molecules. Now, given the chemical-physical explanation of the +ozonosphere, as opposed to the "hysterical" version currently being peddled +by the media, it becomes immensely easy to "predict" in said ozonosphere at +certain times of the year. As has been demonstrated, the so-called "ozone +layer" requires for its very existence, that oxygen (O2) molecules interact +with incoming sunlight (ultraviolet light), in order to create "O3" +molecules, which can then be measured and referred to as the magical "ozone +mantle." + + Now, there are two places on the face of the planet where, for a +portion of the year, NO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT strikes rising O2 molecules, and +therefore, where there can be NO large formation of O3 molecules (ozone). +I am referring, of course, to the Northern (Arctic) Circle in the Northern +Hemisphere winter, and to the Southern (Antarctic) Circle in the Southern +Hemisphere winter. The Earth, thankfully, is not positioned exactly +perpendicular to the rays of the Sun. If it was, the Sun would be overhead +in the small place all the time, and the so-called tropical regions would +just get hotter and hotter, until they became uninhabitable deserts, and +the polar regions would just keep freezing. The bulk of the Earth's surface +would either be too hot, or too cold, to live in with only a thin region +where the two extremities met, capable of supporting life as we know it. + + Fortunately, this is not the case; the Earth is, in fact "tilted over" +to one side with respect to the Sun, and it is this tilt that gives us our +"seasons." In Figure 1 [figure deleted], we have a representation of the +Earth at what is known in the Northern Hemisphere as the "summer solstice," +that is, when the Sun is directly "overhead" at the Tropic of Cancer. This +is the height of the Northern Hemisphere summer. As can clearly be seen +from the diagram, NO sunlight is contacting the atmosphere above the +Antarctic Circle, and therefore there simply cannot be any conversion of +"O2" into "O3." Hence, there is a measurable "hole" in the amount of ozone +in the ozonosphere at that time. As the Sun's "overhead" position +gradually changes, and the Sun "moves" back across the Equator, the amount +of sunlight reaching the Antarctic Circle gradually increases, thus giving +rise to an increase in the incidence of ultraviolet light striking the +atmosphere, thus causing the "hole" to "shrink." + + In Figure 2 [figure deleted] we have the exact opposite conditions, +the "summer solstice" for the Southern Hemisphere. This occurs on Dec. 22 +each year, when the Sun is directly "overhead" at the Tropic of Capricorn. +Again, it can readily be seen that now the Arctic Circle lies completely in +the dark, and, surprise, surprise, there is a measurable "hole" there in +the amount of O3 in the ozonosphere. After the Southern Hemisphere +solstice, the Sun begins its journey northward again, and as we here in +Australia slip into our autumn, the "hole" at the Antarctic Circle starts +to "grow" again, and the one at the Arctic Circle starts to "shrink." This +is a natural cycle which has existed, and will continue to exist, for as +long as the Earth is tilted, the atmosphere contains O2 molecules, and +ultraviolet light continues to come from the Sun to convert them to O3 +molecules. There are no laws that puny men can pass to stop the awesome +forces and cycles of Nature, as King Canute learned when he attempted to +"order" the tides to turn back. "Laws" to attempt to prevent the natural +cycle of "holes" in the ozonosphere, fall into the same category, and +should be treated with equal contempt. + + So where did all this nonsense about "holes" in the ozone layer come +from, anyway? Well, back in 1985, the British Climatological Team in +Antarctica discovered the first "hole." There was a relatively short bout +of hysteria, as always, whipped up by a compliant media because the whole +thing was in "somebody's" interest; all front-page hype and speculation +about how half the world's population would be dead from skin cancer by the +year 2000, and similar preposterous stuff. If you think back to the late +1985-early 1986, you should be able to remember it all. You should also be +able to remember that it had all just died away by late 1986-early 1987, +and you heard nothing more about "holes" in the ozone layer until quite +recently. But do you know why? Well, I'll tell you. It all died away +because by the time the British scientists at the South Pole had been +studying the phenomenon long enough to realize that it was not some +hideous, dire threat to mankind's future, but part of a natural, endless, +repetitive cycle. This was actually reported in the papers, but naturally +enough, not in screaming page-one headlines, but buried up on page 53 or +so, somewhere between the comics and the obituaries. + + What was also reported at the time was that the scientists, who now +know exactly what they were dealing with, were packing up in Antarctica, +and moving camp to the Northern Polar regions to test their own prediction +that there would be a similar "hole" there, at the opposite time of the +year, thereby proving that the "holes" were not a new threat to the +environment and to mankind, but part of a natural cycle. And that, of +course, is exactly what they did, and that is exactly what they found. Of +course, such a reassurance would not suit those who wish us to live our +lives in a constant state of near panic, and therefore ever more prepared +to hand over control of our lives to some form of "Big Brother" to save us +from these imaginary "threats." + + And so, rather than the papers correctly reporting that the British +team had discovered a second hole above the Arctic Circle, a hole they had +already predicted and they had gone there specifically to confirm, thereby +proving their theory that such phenomena were part of a natural cycle, the +papers instead screamed out from their front pages, "Second Hole in Ozone +Layer Discovered: Dire Double Threat to Mankind," and other similar +hysterical drivel. And now, Maggie Thatcher, the head of government in +Britain, the person who was ultimately responsible for the team that +discovered the first "hole," and the person ultimately responsible for +sending the team to the Arctic Circle to substantiate their theories, the +person with access to ALL this information, and the person who should be +leading the way in debunking this scam, is the person inviting scientists +and leaders from all over the world, to formulate "policies," and +"agreements," and if necessary, "world laws" to be administered by the +United States, to tackle this new "threat." And there are STILL people +trying to convince me she's one of the "good guys." + + Now, don't get me wrong; I'm not in favor of ANY strange +laboratory-created substances polluting the air I have to breathe, and I +wholeheartedly endorse the current campaign to rid the atmosphere of +chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the atoms being blamed for the so-called +"holes" in the ozone layer. But just stop for a minute and think: If CFCs +caused the so-called "holes," why are they ONLY over the polar regions? +Are the polar explorers and scientists using too much spray-on deodorant +and fly-killer? Of course not. If CFCs had much to do at all with the +so-called "holes," then the "holes" would be over New York, or Tokyo, or +London, or at least somewhere relative to these places where it could be +shown that the air currents were causing the CFCs to accumulate. But they +are not. The "holes" only occur in two places, over the North and South +Polar regions, exactly in accordance with natural forces which create the +bulk of ozone, and exactly in accordance with the theories and predictions +of the scientists who discovered them in the first place. + +AEROSOL CANS AND JET PLANES + + Think about something else for a moment. Imagine a can of spray. If +you like, think about a whole supermarket shelf of cans of fly spray or +even an entire supermarket full of nothing else but cans of fly-spray. +Picture in you mind how much CFCs are involved, and will find their way +into the atmosphere to somehow (never actually explained) "destroy" ozone +(O3). Now picture in your mind a Boeing 747 jet, with its four massive +engines. Now imagine that jet hurling through the sky at hundreds of miles +an hour, scooping literally TONS of air into its jet engines every minute +or so. Now, what those jet engines are doing with that air, is extracting +the available oxygen, tons and tons of the stuff, and using it to burn +kerosene, thereby using up the oxygen and creating carbonic gases. And +where do these jets fly? Why, predominantly in the ozonosphere. + + That's right: The "oxygen" these jets destroy by the ton every minute +or so, is not the "O2" variety you and I breathe, it's the "O3" variety +which SUPPOSEDLY exists as some kind of "protective mantle" and which we +must now "save" at all costs, even at the sacrifice of democracy and +freedom. Every time a jet takes off and flies somewhere, it destroys more +ozone than you or I could ever imagine, let alone use, as CFCs, in a +lifetime. We're not talking about amounts that can even be conceived in +terms of fly-spray cans; we're talking volumes of ozone similar to the +amount of water in Sydney Harbor at any given time. And that's ONE Boeing. +Thousands, if not tens of thousands of such flights occur all over the +world each and every day (except in Australia at Christmas, when, as +everybody knows, all the airline staff go on strike). But have you heard +anybody suggest that jet flight be banned, or at least kept below the +ozonosphere? No, of course not. You are supposed to believe that all this +massive consumption, millions of tons of O3 (ozone) every day, is perfectly +safe and poses no threat, but the next time you reach for the can of +Mortein, you may just bring about the end of civilization as we know it. +If you accept this, then you probably really do believe that the surf +protects us from the ocean, and we should stop the board-riders from +"wearing it away." + + Now, I ask you, just who is kidding whom? + +------------------------------------------- +SCAM TWO: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT +------------------------------------------- + + The other current "scare" is based on the so-called "greenhouse +effect." The scenario goes something like this; increases in the +atmosphere of various gasses, principally carbon dioxide, will cause an +increase in the Earth's mean atmospheric temperature. This, in turn, will +cause amongst other things, a melting of the ice caps, making the ocean +levels rise, thereby causing terrible coastal flooding; it will also turn +currently arable farmlands into deserts, because there will be less rain in +most places (but more in others). Now, just for a moment, forget all the +hysterical garbage you've been reading in the papers, most written by +"journalists" who can't even spell anymore, let alone actually "research" a +story, and let's have a look at the cold, hard facts. + + First of all, it hasn't even been fully accepted by the mainstream +scientific community, that levels of carbon dioxide are, in fact rising, +or, if they have, that they are continuing to rise. There is a narrow band +of statistical data that tends to suggest that this MAY be the case, but it +has been collated over such a short period of time that it is impossible +yet to accurately predict whether this is a "new" phenomenon, or part of a +cycle. Even amongst supporters of the theory that there has been a +significant increase, there is a sizable proportion who argue that the +situation has already stabilized, and that there is no further increase to +be expected. And even then, there is widespread scientific speculation as +to whether such an increase in carbon dioxide, has actually caused an +increase in temperatures. There is no doubt that such "increases" have +been recorded at least in some places. But whether it is "global" or not, +and regardless, whether increase in carbon dioxide have caused it or not, +are still mere speculation. One highly respected scientist has already +pointed out that these "high temperature" statistics have all been +collected in, or near, major cities, which not only have significantly +higher levels of many gases like carbon dioxide, but are also veritable +concrete and bitumen "jungles," which act as "heat-sinks," and will +invariably produce higher temperature readings than the surrounding rural +areas. While they may be bad news for people living in the very big +cities, it is hardly indicative of what is happening globally. + + For the moment, however, let us assume both factors needed to support +the "greenhouse effect": that the level of carbon dioxide IS increasing, +and that this WILL cause the Earth's mean temperature to rise, as accepted +facts, rather than speculation. Does it follow that sometime in the future +we will see our costal cities turned into new "Venices," and see the ocean +"rise," or that our rural farmlands will become dust bowls? No, in fact, +exactly the OPPOSITE would be true.... + + To understand what WOULD happen, if the Earth's temperature increased, +for whatever reason, one must first of all understand a few simple, +scientific facts. The first is that there is only a certain, relatively +fixed amount of "water" on the planet. This water exists in four physical +or geographical states. The bulk, of course exists in a liquid state as +oceans and seas. It also exists in its liquid state as lakes, rivers, and +ground water, most of which, at any given time, is involved in an +inexorable trip back to the oceans. Another large amount exists as vapor in +the form of clouds, and a certain amount is locked up as a solid, in the +form of ice, principally at the polar caps. Now, changes in the Earth's +mean temperature will change the PROPORTION of water found in each of these +states, but NOT the total amount. + + The second fact to understand is that three of these forms are in a +constant state of movement. The waters of the oceans are constantly +evaporated into clouds. The cloud move over the land, where, under certain +circumstances, it falls as rain. The rain becomes ground water of one form +or another, which starts its journey back to the oceans, where the process +starts all over again. So, at any given moment, there is a certain amount +of water lying in the oceans, a certain amount evaporate, on its way to +become rain, and a certain amount on the land for the farmers to use. Now, +the real scientific fact to understand, is that if you raise air +temperatures, you INCREASE the rate of evaporation. If you doubt this, +simply take two shallow beakers of tap water, put one in the refrigerator +(not the freezer), and the other on the kitchen window sill. The one on +the window sill will very quickly evaporate away; the one in the +refrigerator will last significantly longer. + + So what does this mean in terms of the "greenhouse effect"? Simply, +that if the Earth's temperature increases, it would rain MORE, not less. +Marginal farmland would become more abundant, temperate climates would +become subtropical, and so on. There would be far more fresh water in the +rivers, and lakes, for irrigation, and, if you think about it, the ocean +levels would drop (discounting for a moment, the "melting ice caps" which +we will come to). Conversely, if the temperature were to decrease, there +would be LESS evaporation, and therefore LESS rain, and therefore LESS +agriculture. This is substantiated historically, as well as +scientifically, in almost every major drought and famine in mankind's +history has been accompanied by severe WINTERS, not summers. Historically, +it is the COLD which destroys agriculture, not a rise in temperatures, +principally for the reasons cited above. (Incidentally, we all know it +rains a lot in the tropics, but do you know which is the driest--least +precipitation--continent on the planet? Antarctica!!!) + + So, all things being equal, a slight rise in temperature would lead to +a boom in world agriculture, not the desert wastelands scenario we are +currently being fed. But is such a situation likely, even if temperatures +are going up at the moment? As we have seen, if mean temperature goes up, +evaporation goes up. That means a great increase in cloud cover. Now ask +yourself, is it hotter on a sunny day or a cloudy day? You already know +the answer. IF the temperature were to go up, for whatever reason, there +would be a corresponding increase in cloud cover. This, in turn, would +cause a corresponding DECREASE in mean temperature. Within certain very +confined parameters, the overall "system" is self-regulating, and will +remain so as long as we don't replace too much green with concrete, stop +polluting the oceans with oil the interrupts the evaporation process, and +refrain from blowing ourselves and the planet to oblivion. Whoever +designed the place, howsoever you conceive Him, certainly knew what He was +doing. + + Ahh, you say. That's all very well. Okay, the crops won't fail, but +what about when the ice caps start to melt, and the oceans rise, and flood +all of us living by the coast? Well, as I have said above, I doubt that +such rises are sustainable over any period of time, and the polar regions +are well capable of bearing significant temperature rises for limited +periods. The Arctic regions of Alaska, for instance, enjoy temperatures of +around 20-25 degrees in the "month of the midnight Sun" each year. This is +comparable to a pleasant spring day. But even if the "greenhouse" scenario +were true, AND sustainable, and the ice caps melted, would that mean the +ocean levels would rise sufficiently to "flood us out." Again, no. Let's +look at the two ice caps separately, as they are very different. + +WHAT HAPPENS AT THE POLES + + First, the Northern ice cap, better known as Arctica. Contrary to +what many people believe, there is no "land" under the Arctic ice cap, it +consists entirely of frozen water, ice, "floating" on liquid water. Water +is a strange substance, in that instead of getting denser and denser as it +turns from a liquid to a solid, below 4 degrees C, which is just above +freezing, it begins to expand. Once it is "frozen" (becomes a solid), it +is actually 10% less dense than in its liquid form, and occupies 10% more +space. This is why ice cubes float, and bottles of beer explode in the +freezer. Taken in isolation, if the Northern ice-cap melted totally, +coupled to the increase in evaporation that would be associated with a +"greenhouse effect," the levels of the oceans would DROP. Of course, these +things can't be taken in isolation, and this "drop" would, in fact be +almost exactly offset by the corresponding melting of all the ice currently +existing in the form of glaciers and snow. (The Northern ice cap, plus ALL +the glaciers and snow on all the continents, together only account for 10% +of the Earth's frozen water. The other 90% in on Antarctica.) + + Now let's turn to the Southern ice-cap, Antarctica. Unlike Arctica, +Antarctic IS a continent; the ice there is sitting out of the water "up" on +land. If it all melted, it WOULD affect water levels, and quite +significantly. But how likely is this? The average temperature at +Antarctica is -50 degrees, with temperatures as low as -88 degrees, being +recorded. Even the most ardent supporters of the "greenhouse effect" only +claim sustained mean rises of 2 to 4 degrees. That would mean Antarctica +would enjoy an average of -46 degrees. Not much ice melts at -46 degrees. +Even if by some extraordinary convolution of all the known laws of physics, +a full 10% of the Antarctic could be induced to melt, at an average +temperature of -46 degrees, the end result wouldn't even raise the average +height of the world's oceans two feet!!! And if, by some as yet +undiscovered means such a feat could be induced to happen, the subsequent +changes to the weight distribution on the Earth's surface would probably +mean a total realignment of our rotational axis, with consequent volcanoes, +earthquakes, and possibly even whole continents sinking. Somehow, under +those circumstances, I doubt that we would be worrying too much about an +extra two feet of water where the beach at Surfer's Paradise used to be. + +"Inside News" is published by Cambaroora Publishing, P.O. Box 389, +Tewamtom. Queensland, Australia. Subscriptions to the U.S. cost US $65. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/environ.txt b/politicalTextFiles/environ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c72c954 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/environ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +The information in this file was taken from the compilation of +data presented in GAIA: An Atlas of Planet Management, edited by +Norman Myers, (London, Anchor Press, 1984)(New York: Doubleday +1987). + FOR THE RECORD + +The Disappearing Soil: + + The total land area on the globe is 13 billion hectares, +11% is arable land and 24% potentially arable. Each year about +11 million hectares are lost through erosion, becoming desert, +becoming toxic, and cropland conversion to non-agricultural uses. +We stand to lose 18% of the world's arable land by the year 2000. +Between 1945 and 1975 about 30 million hectares of land in the +U.S. were lost under concrete and asphalt - half was arable land. + +The Disappearing Fauna: + + Well over 90% of all species that have ever lived have +disappeared. About one species a year was lost in the early +20th. century. Some biologists argue that it is now higher than +one species a day. + +The Disappearing Flora: + + Botanists estimate that there are some 25,000 species +currently threatened with extinction. Africa's Cape region +contains one of the six most significant concentrations of flora +on Earth, including 68% of South Africa's 2,373 endangered +plants. Modern plant breeding has emphasized inbred, uniform +strains. Plant diseases and pest infestations can devastate +modern breeds. Only four varieties produce 75% of the wheat +grown on Canada's prairieland. Half of this land is covered by +just one variety, Neepawa. + +Loss of Green Cover: + + By 1975, the area covered by tropical forest was 12%. By +the year 2000 tropical forests may cover only 7% of the land. +This decline contrasts markedly with temperate forests whose area +remains constant around 20% thanks to reforestation. + +Sharing the Earth's Resources: + + The U.S., with just 6% of the population, uses 30% of all +energy produced--a stark contrast to India whose 20% of global +population uses only 2% of the energy. To sustain a reasonable +quality of life requires about 80 litres of water per person per +day. But the average consumption ranges from 5.4 litres a day in +Madagascar (barely enough to survive) to 500 litres a day in the +U.S. During the decade 1970-80, the numbers of rural people +without clean water increased by 67 million to 1.15 billion, +while those without proper sanitation rose by 300 million to +almost 1.4 billion. Numbers lacking sanitation in Third World +cities doubled during the period 1975-80. + +Recycling Our Resources: + + Recycling half of the world's paper consumption would meet +almost 75% of new paper demand, and would release 8 million +hectares of forest from paper production. Fibre-rich countries, +such as Canada and Sweden, are not in the front ranks of paper +recyclers. The energy required to produce one tonne of secondary +aluminum from scrap is only 5% of the energy used to extract and +process primary metal from ore. + +Industrial Damage: + + Each year 450,000 tonnes of lead are released into the +air by humans, compared with 3,500 tonnes from natural sources. +Acid rain ranks among the most serious threats to the environment +in the northern hemisphere.. heavily industrialized areas pump +some 90 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide into the air each year. +Although DDT was prohibited for use within the U.S. as long ago +as 1972, the U.S. still manufactures over 18 million kilogrammes +a year for export, largely to the Third World. + +Promising Beginnings: + +Third UN Conference on Law of the Sea 1973-82 + + UNCLOS III, for the first time, unites the Law of the Sea +into one "written constitution". Under UNCLOS III, the +traditional "Freedom of the Seas" remain for 60% of the ocean, +but 42% of this, the deep sea beds area, is designated the common +heritage of mankind, and will be controlled by an international +Seabed Authority. + +Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species + + Signed by over 80 countries since 1973, CITES prohibits +international commercial trade in the rarest 600 or so species of +animals and plants, and requires licences from the country of +origin for exports of about another 200 groups. (Illicit trade +continues to undermine the impact of the Convention.) + +World Conservation Strategy + + Launched in 1980, backed by IUCN,WWF, UNEP, FAO and +UNESCO, and cross-checked by 400 scientists it presents a single, +integrated approach to global problems. About 30 countries have +translated the global strategy into national action. + +The Regional Seas Programme + + The Regional Seas Programme, launched by the United +Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1974, is promoting +regional management of 11 regional seas. + +The Barcelona Convention + + In 1976, seventeen Mediterranean countries signed the +Barcelona Convention for concerted action to clean up the +Mediterranean. Under the convention mercury, cadmium and DDT are +completely banned. + +Biological Control + + China's Big Sand Commune raises 220,000 ducks to control +insect pests in fields of young rice. Ducklings consume about 200 +insects per hour and cut the use of chemical insecticides from +770,000 kg in 1973 to 6,700 kg in 1975. Imported parasitic +insects have saved the Florida citrus industry $35,000,000 a year +in pesticides, following an outlay of $35,000. + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/epa_osha.txt b/politicalTextFiles/epa_osha.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e34e509 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/epa_osha.txt @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ + EPA/OSHA study on health and safety at hazwaste incinerators + + +On May 23, 1991, EPA and OSHA released their joint report, +"Evaluation of Compliance with On-site Health and Safety Require- +ments at Hazardous Waste Incinerators." This special investigation +was initiated in July 1990 after reports of serious worker exposure +to toxic chemicals at the now-closed Caldwell Systems incinerator in +Lenoir, NC. + +The study reveals both the dangers of incineration for workers +and the inability of incinerator operators to comply with regula- +tions. Especially notable is the extraordinary frequency of +emergency waste feed cut-offs and by-pass openings, which indi- +cates that upsets happen on a daily basis, at the very least. +The facilities with the worst records had averages of as many 60 +cut-offs and 29 by-passes per day. + +The report's executive summary reads as follows: + +"Background. + +"EPA and OSHA jointly established the Task Force to evaluate +compliance with on-site health and safety requirements at select- +ed hazardous waste incinerators. Unannounced inspections were +conducted at 29 of the approximately 140 operating hazardous +waste incinerators. These inspections focused on determining +compliance with worker health and safety training requirements, +and preparedness prevention and emergency response requirements. +Potential worker exposure routes from equipment and areas relat- +ing directly to the incinerator operations were also evaluated. + +"Findings. + +"1. OSHA identified a total of 320 violations in five major +areas of its regulations. These violations include 111 in the +health and safety training area; 22 in facility contingency +plans; 19 in workplace surveillance and monitoring; 20 in poten- +tial chemical exposure to workers during incinerator and waste +handling operations; and 148 in general health and safety (e.g., +lighting, fall protection, materials storage, electrical, etc.) +violations. + +"2. EPA identified a total of 75 violations of its standards at +the 29 facilities inspected. These violations include 14 for +failure to provide adequate information and/or training to em- +ployees; 16 for noncompliance with the contingency plans and +emergency response requirements; 29 for non-compliance with +general inspections and preparedness and prevention requirements; +and 16 for failure to comply with operational procedures require- +ments. Of these 16 violations, only 5 related specifically to +incinerator operations. + +"EPA also noted a significant number of waste feed cut-offs and +emergency by-pass openings. The waste feed cut-off system is +intended to stop waste entering the incinerator combustion unit +when certain operating conditions are exceeded. Emergency by- +passes are intended to prevent ground-level fugitive emissions +and possible explosions from excessive pressure in the combustion +unit. While both devices are designed for safety purposes, the +frequent use of these devices at some facilities may indicate a +need to improve operating practices." + + +"Conclusions. + +OSHA did not observe evidence of worker overexposure to chemicals +that could cause serious harm. However, EPA and OSHA are +concerned with the widespread deficiencies in the area of worker +health and safety training, which could potentially lead to +operational and exposure problems. EPA is also concerned about +the apparent overuse of waste feed cut-offs and emergency by- +passes at some facilities." + + *** + Facilities inspected + +Pfizer CT +Polaroid Corp. MA +Rollins Environmental NJ +BASF Corporation NJ +Occidental Chemical NY +General Electric Silicones NY +Schenectady Chemicals NY +Allied Signal AL +S&S Flying Services FL +Olin Chemical KY +Atochem North America KY +LWD KY +ThermalKEM SC +Thermal Oxidation Corp SC +CWM - Chicago IL +CWM - Sauget IL +Paxton Ave Lagoons Site IL +Upjohn Company MI +Ross Incineration Services OH +ENSCO AR +Dupont Co. LA +Rhone-Poulenc LA +Rollins Env. Services LA +CWM TX +Rhone-Poulenc TX +Rollins Env. Services TX +Blackfoot Pose and Pole Site MT +Livermore National Labs CA +Idaho Natl Engineering Lab ID + + + *** + +[Excerpts from the report] + +"OSHA noted a total of 320 violations of its standards at the 27 +inspected sites.... Of the violations cited, 214 were serious +and 106 other-than-serious. The violation rate was 5.1 total +violations and 3.4 serious violations per inspection. To put +this in context, OSHA's violation rate for all industries is 3.8 +total violations and 2.5 serious violations per inspection. + +"The most frequently cited violations (which account for +approximately one-third of the violations OSHA observed at the 27 +inspected hazardous waste incinerator facilities) were related to +deficiencies in communicating to workers the hazards of the +chemical substances present at their worksites and providing +adequate health and safety information to minimize those +hazards." + +"[EPA] also noted a significant number of automatic waste feed +cut-offs at about half of the hazardous waste incinerators + +inspected. The automatic waste feed cut-off system is required +by the regulation and is intended to stop hazardous waste +entering the incinerator combustion unit when certain operating +conditions as specified in the permit are exceeded. It is not +intended to be used as a routine measure to control operation of +a hazardous waste incinerator. EPA does not currently have data +indicating that these cut-offs affect hazardous waste incinerator +emissions; however, the Agency prefers steady uninterrupted +operations, as good operating practice for minimizing the +potential for harmful emissions." + +"In addition, EPA identified the use of emergency by-pass +openings at nine of the facilities. The emergency by-pass is +intended to prevent ground level fugitive emissions when pressure +in the combustion unit builds up too high, and it also is +intended to protect the air pollution control equipment when the +exit gas temperature is too hot. The use of emergency by-passes +is of more serious concern to EPA because it results in direct +venting to the air of emissions that normally are subject to air +pollution control devices. At a few facilities the number of +emergency by-passes was excessive, in the Agency's judgment." + +"Since the Task Force found worker training is inadequate in many +of the facilities inspected, the two Agencies strongly believe +that the hazardous waste incinerator industry must do more in the +area of personnel training to prevent potential operational and +exposure problems." + + *** + + + + Appendix A. + Frequency of Wastefeed Cutoff and Emergency By-pass Openings + + Wastefeed Emergency + Cutoffs By-pass openings +Facility (30 day period) (6 month period) +--------------------------------------------------------------- +A - - ** +B - - +C 9 9 +D 1800 0 +E 268 - +F 350 - +G 142 - +H 103 0 +I - - +J 1386 *** 0 +K 16 24 +L 0 0 +M 146 47 +N 13,325 (4 units) 867 +O 605 6 +P 63 18 *** +Q 24 91 *** +R 0 - +S 900 1 +T - - +U 150 *** - +V 0 - +W - - +X 6 - +Y 465 2 +Z 943 - +AA 0 2 +BB - - +CC 0 0 + + +The facilities are listed in an arbitrary order + +** A "-" could mean that the facility does not have the emergency + by-pass equipment or that it has no bypasses. + +*** Projected based on values observed for a shorter period of + time diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/equaprot.txt b/politicalTextFiles/equaprot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b1c628 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/equaprot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ + + + EQUAL PROTECTION? + + This illegal grab of power by all branches of government + is called usurpation. It is: "to seize and hold (a position, + power, etc.) by force or without legal right." As you can + see, this is exactly what has been happening in our great + country. + A law professor, Raoul Berger of Harvard University, + made the statement: "On the contrary, it is never too late + to challenge the usurpation of power. . -- Usurpation -- the + exercise of power not granted is not legitimated by repeti- + tion." + A great many people realize this but those in government + wouldn't be overjoyed for you and I to know it. And they + would be even less happy when we take the action that the + professor recommends. As he says, just because a practice + has been going on for a long time does not make it legal. + If it was against the law when it started, no amount of + talking or usage will make it within the law now. Ignoring + of our Constitution and the assuming of powers we did not + grant has to be stopped. + Carved in the stone face on the Supreme Court building + is the statement: "Equal Protection Under the Laws." + Compare that statement with the state of our protection + today. It's apparent that it was carved a long time ago. + Their decisions today just serve to justify some + government action, not to protect a citizen's rights. + Let's see, what did their oath say? That they will + "administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal + right to the poor and the rich.. " + Perhaps they are administering justice without respect + to persons and that's how they now use their power only to + justify some governmental action? + This is equal protection under the laws? + Can you think of any rich and/or powerful person who + gets the same justice as the average citizen? How about some + members of Congress who ignore (break) the law and nothing is + done to satisfy justice? How about Nixon? There was no + right for Ford to issue that pardon. How about Spiro Agnew? + (Spiro who?) Our ex-vice president pleaded guilty to tax + evasion. Anything happen to him? No! How about a Kennedy + who swam away from his car and didn't report the incident for + over eight hours? What if that were you or I? Does that + oath mean they can disrespect any person they choose and then + administer justice as they define it? Equal protection + indeed. + This is el toro caca and their duty is still to protect + the American citizen from illegal and unlawful practices by + the government. We have the absolute right to demand and + expect protection from the judicial branch, not persecution. + The issue of the independence of federal judges is of + importance to us. If they are not independent of the other + two branches of government, we can't expect protection from +  + them if their opinion will go against some other part of + government. + If they are not independent, we get into what is called + 'collusion' which is "acting together through a secret + understanding." The law dictionary is more specific in it's + definition: "A secret combination, conspiracy, or concert of + action between two or more persons for fraudulent or deceit- + ful purpose." + Look at what's been going on lately . . . with the + beginning of the so called tax rebellion, the Internal + Revenue Service, way back in 1973, has been conferring with + federal judges on the necessity of handing out prison + sentences in tax cases. + This has been revealed in IRS memos which were received + through the Freedom of Information Act. The minutes of a + meeting of IRS officials show that they have been conferring + with US attorneys and judges to point out the problems they + are having with 'tax protestors.' + One recommendation of the memo was to "Wage a campaign + to educate U.S. attorneys and federal judges with the + importance of prison sentences on cases." This is just one + area where the "secret combinations" are going on that we + know of . . . In how many other areas is our central govern- + ment conducting the same type educational campaigns for U.S. + attorneys and federal judges? + I guess the recommended prison sentences does not apply + to an ex-vice president. + Is there any way a citizen could feel they are being + afforded the protection of a judicial branch in a situation + as we have it today? Hardly. There would be only one in a + hundred judges that could make an honest decision after all + the brainwashing by the other branches of government. + This could easily be defined as "action of two or more + persons for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose." The very + definition of collusion! And judges are to make impartial + decisions? + Alexander Hamilton, in The Federalist Papers, had some + strong words on the function of the judicial branch of our + new government that judges are to be interpreters of the law + and "It is impossible to keep the judges too distinct from + every other avocation than that of expounding the laws. It + is peculiarly dangerous to place them in a situation to be + either corrupted or influenced by the executive." + With that statement in mind, to what branch of govern- + ment does the Internal Revenue Service belong? Why, to the + executive of course! + As was pointed out, an adverse decision can be appealed + to the next higher level of the judicial system. If the + answer of the higher court is the same, in face of signifi- + cant constitutional challenges, better check the definition + of the word collusion again. + It is a bit suspicious to note decisions in these + so-called case law books that are on similar issues around + the country all with the same decisions, even to many words +  + being similar. + These generally seem to occur after the judicial system + has had its annual conference. Strange? Is this where our + socially redeeming issues are discussed? The nature of the + decisions certainly suggest at least that. + It was reported in a book on American Jurisprudence that + the Supreme Court now wants to become involved in the area of + foreign affairs. Can you imagine the nerve of these people? + They must figure they have been able thus far to invade any + area they desire and their next target is to be foreign + affairs. Where do they find the authority for this trespass + on powers reserved to another branch of the central govern- + ment? Did the people authorize it? + Now the new chief justice, in a speech before a national + meeting of the Bar Association, (his fraternity buddies) asks + members to help stop this trend to 'federalize' crimes. He + insists the courts are now overworked and by making more + crime a federal issue, the courts will be overwhelmed. Aw... + makes you want to cry! Why doesn't he request the Congress + eliminate all federalized crimes for which they have no + authority to try? + One area we can point to that shows clearly the judicial + branch is amending the Constitution by decree to violate + Article V (Amendment process), is concerning the writ of + habeas corpus. The Constitution is plain and definite . . . + + "The Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, + unless when in cases of Rebellion or Invasion the + public Safety may require it." + + Congress is the only branch of government given power + in the Constitution to suspend the Writ. + The judicial department does it all the time by refusing + to consider the petition, refusing to grant the writ, + refusing to act on the petition or requiring specific forms + to apply for a writ, etc. Of course, their argument is that + they are overworked and underpaid so they have to concentrate + on important issues which is a load of hogwash. + The Writ cannot be suspended and if it is, it is only + the Congress who has the authority to do so! There are basic + requirements spelled out in our Constitution which must be + followed and not changed by edict by a branch of our govern- + ment which has no right to make a law. + + WHEN YOU REGISTER, PLEASE LET ME KNOW WHAT + + YOU THINK ABOUT A MONTHLY NEWSLETTER. + +  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/eslf0002.txt b/politicalTextFiles/eslf0002.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3637ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/eslf0002.txt @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ + + +...START DOKS + ^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^ + ^THE WAR ON DRUGS HAS BEEN LOST.^ + ^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^v^ + _________________________________________________________________________ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~| + Despite decades of interdiction and enforcement efforts that have cost +illions of dollars, there are more drugs and more blood on the streets than +ver before. Our courts and prisons are crowded beyond capacity, corruption is +ampant at home, and governments abroad are under siege. + With all the hysteria and hypocrisy surrounding the issue of drugs, we +ave ignored the clear lessons of history. Prohibition financed the rise of +rganized crime and failed miserably as effective legal and social policy. +ikewise, the war on drugs has created new, highly financed criminal +onspiracies. + The latest round of antidrug hysteria has created a climate akin to the +nti-Communist witch hunts of the McCarthy era. Judge Douglas Ginsburg, a +onservative legal scholar from Harvard University, was forced to withdraw from +onsideration for the Supreme Court after admitting he had smoked marijuana. +he constitutional guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure is being +outinely breached by judges across the country who uphold questionable +earches. Those courts, says University of Indiana law professor Craig Bradley, + Come on... Ain't Got All Day!! are influenced by the drug scare in much the same way courts were influenced +y the Red scare." And Bush's drug czar, William Bennet, has encouraged school +hildren who turn in friends and family suspected of taking drugs. + A society cannot long afford to have its laws widely and openly broken. +he urge to use some form of mind-altering substance is deeply ingrained in +uman nature. Attempting to legislate it out of existence can only lead us to +rant government the kind of power it should not have in a free society. + U.S. drugs laws are outdated and need total revamping. The arguments +gainst legalization are tired and invalid. Legalization does 'not' imply +overnment approval of drug use. It would not increase availability or result +n a massive wave of new addicts. Legalization 'would' eliminate inner-city +iolence associated with competitive drug dealing and allow billions of dollars +o be rechanneled for treatment, antidrug education and economic assistance for +ob training, day care and better schools. + Despite Richard Nixon's attempts to eradicate marijuana production in his +ountry, some 6O million Americans have smoked pot, and 21 million now smoke it +egularly. Eleven states have decrimminalized personal use, and not a single +eath has been attributed to a marijuana overdose. Yet as late as 1988, an +stimated $986 million in federal funds was used for anti-marijuana +nforcement. That same year, 391,6OO people were arrested for marijuana +ffenses, according to the FBI. + Attempts to control cocaine in the 198Os have likewise failed. In a +extbook case of innovative marketing, cocaine -- once considered a drug of the +lite -- trickled down to the poor in the form of crack, a cheap, potent high +nd a profitable, easily transportable product for the young entrepreneur. Even +hough cocaine prices fell throughout the Eighties, consumption increased so +reatly that crack profits made the drug barons of Latin America among the +ichest men in the history of the world. + The primary argument against legalization is that if drugs were suddenly +egalized, the result would be a significant increase in new addicts. With +rack, this arguments is simply irrelevant. Crack is abhorred by society at +arge, and its ready availability would not result in a meaningful increase in +ts use. In the areas where a large market exists, legalization would not + Come on... Ain't Got All Day!! ncrease availability in the least. The absurdity of this argument is apparent +o anyone who has seen the street-side dealing in the twenty-four hour, +pen-air drug bazaars in the major urban centers. + If the legalization of drugs results in a slight increase in the number of +busers, let us accept the consequences. Most middle-class Americans have +ccess to a social safety net that includes family, employers and social +ervices, as well as health insurance, education and treatment facilities. + In the ghettos, where the drug war is being wages, things are far more +esperate. The residents of inner cities are faced with harsh realities. Realm +ages for poor black men dropped fifty percent during the 197Os. Approximately +ne-third of black men from poor areas are arrested on drug charges bu the age +f thirty. Nearly one in four black males between the ages of twenty and +wenty-nine is in prison, on probation or parole, or awaiting trial. + Increasingly, the residents of our inner cities are losing hope. The +isintegration of the family structure, the poor job outlook, inadequate +ducation and government abandonment have left these citizens with few +lternatives. While middle-class white communities possess most of the things +hat the urban poor are lacking, while lawmakers have been slow to assist +inorities in achieving a kind of social parity. And this abandonment is +reating a permanent underclass of unemployable ghetto youths whose lives +ecome hopelessly interwoven with drug crime and who in turn are becoming +arents to another generation of seriously dysfunctional children. + The government's response to the plight of the poor has been far from +inisterial. Bush and Bennett's national drug strategy calls for an increase in +aw-enforcement officers and a massive increase in prison space. Indeed, the +99O drug-war budget of $9.5 billion allots $1.5 billion for prisons -- a 1OO +ercent increase -- and $876 million for the military's involvement. + Come on... Ain't Got All Day!! It is time for the government to offer more than punitive assistance to +his segment of society. The residents of inner cities don't need more police +fficers to help them obey the law or prison space to house them when they fail +o do so. They need opportunity and equality. Spend the billions that will +esult from a drug-peace dividend on education, job assistance, child care and +conomic redevelopment. + Legalizing drugs would also eliminate the bloodshed associated with all +evels of drug dealing and smuggling. Federal judges would find some 15,OOO +ewer cases a year on their dockets -- which is a small fraction of the burden +hat would be lifted from state and local courts. And since nearly fifty +ercent of all federal prisoners are now serving time for drug-related +ffenses, the national prison crisis would be forestalled. In addition, the +isk of death by overdose, hepatitis, AIDS and other illnesses resulting from +he use of street drugs would ne greatly reduced. Eliminating the black market +n illegal drugs would dry up the estimated $5O to $6O billion a year in +rofits for organized crime. + _________________________________________________________________________ | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + In seventy-five years of trying, the government has failed to control +rugs through prohibition. For the traffickers and barons, each successive wave +f hysteria has only increased their profits and power. Legalization can take +hese away and dethrone the dealer in his neighborhood. Let's strip away the +ypocrisy implicit in laws that are only enforced against the poor and +inorities. + Come on... Ain't Got All Day!! At the beginning of the Reagan administration, the United States spent $1 +illion to enforce laws against all drugs. Next year, Bush's drug war will cost +ver into an escalating, hopeless war, perhaps the history lessons can begin: + Like Vietnam, this is a quagmire. We are in a war that is tearing apart +he fabric of our country. There is no light at the end of the tunnel. And it +s time to admit we are wrong. And perhaps we can behave as a kinder, gentler +nd more mature society. + -Jann S. Wenner +An ASCII copy of a Rolling Stone editorial, June 199O. + + Typed by ROM [onstruct, for the ESLF. + 4:51 pm (June 24, 199O) +...END DOKS + +[23] Tfiles: (1-36,?,Q) : \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ess-wrig.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ess-wrig.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..293a4e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ess-wrig.txt @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ + + Richard Wright, American Hunger, and the Communist Party + +Richard Wright's flirtation with the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) was not based + on idealism, strong beliefs, or rational judgment, but rather on Wright's need + to take off his mask and share his intelligence with the world. We see no + evidence that Wright looked to Communism because of its ideals. Instead, + Wright made his political foray because of his yearning to break out of his + shell and reveal his real self to others. + +Richard Wright lived most of his life through a mask. Rarely letting down his + guard: + +The essence of the irony of the plight of the Negro in America, to me, is that + he is doomed to live in isolation...[1] (p. 14) + +Though I had fled the pressure of the South, my outward conduct had not + changed. I had been schooled to present an unalteringly smiling face and + I continued to do so despite the fact that my environment allowed more open + expression. I hid my feelings and avoided all relationships with whites that + might cause me to reveal them.[1] (p. 14-15) + + +Here we see that Wright felt that he is trapped behind his mask and could not + express his feelings. Unlike some, Wright actually did have strong emotions + as we learn earlier: "All my life I had done nothing but feel and cultivate + my feelings [1]" (p. 13). Even though Wright was now in the North, he could + not even engage in an intelligent conversation with anyone besides himself + because of a combination of societal pressures and his own inner anxieties. + Bradley [3] concurs: + +These observations seems to reflect more than they illuminate; to me they + reveal a man horribly crippled, uneasy with emotion, unaccustomed to warmth. + The causes of that crippling are not totally clear. (p. 70) + +The illness that Wright suffered was not one with an easy cure. Though the + symptoms were apparent enough for even Wright to notice, Bradley [3] points + out that the causes were not clear. Societal pressures, like the underlying + racism in Chicago, may have been a large factor. In Chicago, in the 1920's + and 1930's, if you were black and you were lucky, maybe you would have the + opportunity to become a mailman. If you were black, you could not dream. + You could not even dream of becoming a professional baseball player. Even + today, Jesse Jackson has said that Chicago is the most racist city in + America. + +Wright was confused and unable to understand his inner emotions. Withdrawn, + Wright longed to open up to someone, but he did not have that someone. + + +I still had no friends, casual or intimate, and felt the need for none. I had + developed a self sufficiency that kept me distant from others, emotionally + and psychologically...Emotionally, I was withdrawn from the objective world; + my desires floated loosely within the walls of my consciousness, contained + and controlled. + +...Even though I reacted deeply, my true feelings raced along underground, + hidden.[1] (p. 20) + +Wright claimed that he had no need for friends but we know he only lied to + himself. People as intelligent as Richard Wright need an outlet for + conversation and others to stimulate their minds. Wright contradicts + himself less than a page later: + + +I did not act in this fashion deliberately; I did not prefer this kind + of relationship with people. I wanted a life in which there was a constant + oneness of feeling with others, in which the basic emotions of life were + shared...But I knew that no such thing was possible in my environment.[1] + (p. 20-21) [italics mine] + +Wright did not just want "a life in which there was a constant oneness of + feelings with others," he needed such a life. He had a strong need for + other people and for a sense of belonging even though he initially acted + in the opposite fashion. To live this life, Wright had to believe in + something larger than himself. Wright had to associate himself with a + higher being. Because he had already discounted God and religion, Wright + gravitated toward the Communist party. + +Wright joined the Party not because he admired socialism, but because he + needed people and because it was a vehicle for him to cultivate his writing. + Through the John Reed Club, Wright was able to show the world, or at least + other people associated with the Communist Party USA, his intellect and + insight. + +Not only did Wright not believe in Communism, but he made little effort to + learn what the Party really stood for. Wright had no trouble studying + Dostoevski or Sociology to cultivate his writings, but he could not find + the time to read Marx or Moore or even to pick up a newspaper or an + encyclopedia and learn about Trotsky. + +... I stammered, trying not to reveal my ignorance of politics, for I had + not followed the details of Trotsky's fight against the Communist party + of the Soviet Union ...[1] (p. 81) + +McCall [5] points out that Wright had little in common with the Communist + party: + +Doctrinal differences don't matter; ideas themselves scarcely matter; all + that counts is the blessed new feeling of belonging [5] (p. 363) + +What did Wright believe? What were his political views? Did he even agree + with socialism? American Hunger does not make any attempt to answer these + questions. Wright believed in the individual rather than the collective + body, an idea foreign to most members of the Communist party in those days. + The Communists were not looking to cultivate free thinkers - people who + they felt belonged to the bourgeoisie. Wright believed that one could not + be free until one could freely think. CPUSA was looking for men and women + of action, they were looking for soldiers. Wright was a man of action, but + he was not a soldier. A soldier shoots without asking "why?" A true member + of the Communist Party did not read books, a real member worked in the + factory by day and led protest marches by night. The Communists had two + basic essentials: food and shelter. Wright needed something else - he + needed books. + +The Party demanded that Wright subordinate his artistic goals for their + needs. Members attacked Wright's intellect as no good for their cause, + a cause that Wright either did not believe in or did not fully understand. + But Wright made a conscious, calculated, and rational decision to join the + Communist party. Wright used the Party as an umbilical cord to nurse his + writing and nurture his soul. Wright wanted to use CPUSA to make friends + and reveal his thoughts. Wright, however, had no intention of being used + by the Communist party - especially by those who did not appreciate his + talents. American Hunger reveals that Wright was mistrusted because he + was deemed an "intellectual." At one point Wright attends his first + Communist unit meeting and his serious report is followed by laughter + by the rank and file of those in attendance: + +During the following days I had learned through some discreet questioning + that I had seemed a fantastic element to the black Communists. I was + shocked to hear that I, who had been only to grammar school, had been + classified as an intellectual. What was an intellectual? I had never + heard the word used in the sense in which it was applied to me. I had + thought that they might refuse me on the grounds that I was not + politically advanced; I had thought they might place me on probation; + I had thought they might say I would have to be investigated. But they + had simply laughed.[1] (p. 77) + +The John Reed Club filled a large void which allowed Wright's writing to + feel and flourish. The Club was why Wright had associated himself with + CPUSA in the first place - it was a forum for thoughtful discussion and + it provided outlets for writers to publish their work. Wright's Communist + foray was all but over after the Communists decided to eliminate the John + Reed Club in the New York Conference: + +Debate started and I rose and explained what clubs had meant to young writers + and begged for their continuance. I sat down amid silence. Debate was closed. + The vote was called. The room filled with uplifting hands to dissolve. Then + came the call for those who disagreed and my hand went up alone.[1] (p. 98) + +Wright used the Communist party as a tool to dislodge the mask he had worn + for so long. Initially, CPUSA liberated him and enabled Wright to express + his feelings. However, it soon became apparent that the Party wanted to go + further and replace Wright's old mask with a new mask of their creation. + They sought to apply a filter to his mind which would sift through Wright's + thoughts and only allow him to express such feelings that were in line with + Communist mentality. Leibowitz [4] agrees: + +Any authority that usurps his liberty and brushes aside his feelings is + intolerable to Wright4 [ ](p. 351) + +Wright had come too far to be pressured to give up his individuality. And + his sense of himself, which initially attracted him to the Party, is what + led to his Communist demise. Ironically, Wright ultimately left the Party + for the same reason he joined it - to reach his artistic goals. + +An invisible wall was building slowly between me and the people with whom + I had cast my lot. Well, I would show them that all men who wrote books + were not their enemies. I would communicate the meaning of their lives + to people whom they could not reach; then, surely, my intentions would + merit their confidence... I had to win the confidence of people who had + been mislead so often that they were afraid of anybody who differed from + themselves. Yet deep down I feared their militant ignorance.[1] (p. 78) + +Leibowitz [4] remarks: + +That the Communists did not respect individuality wounded Wright in his + secret spot: his ambition to be a writer.[4] (p. 349) + +Wright probably would have never become a great writer if not for his foray + into Communism. The John Reed Club, the intelligent discussions, and even + his experience with petty politics gave him the tools, the vision, and the + confidence to write. Wright's entire life was destroyed by the Communist + party in a way, however. During the Red Scare, he chose to leave the + country rather than testify against those people who had oppressed him. + Wright's exodus from the United States ultimately lead to his life's + decline, + +The Communist party has been a mainstay with many of the great African- + American writers. As recent as the 1980's, Angela Davis was an active + Communist. Davis, a great writer, ran for Vice President under the + CPUSA ticket both in 1980 and in 1984. However, even Davis' involvement + became tragic. Gus Hall, the Communist party boss, purged her from the + party in 1991 after she complained about racial quotas.[6] + +As for Wright, he wrote half a book in the prime of his life about his + experience with Communism. His political experiences and traumas left a + profound mark on his conscious. It is as though he thought he found + himself only to realize that his search was far from over: + +Humbly now, with no vaulting dream of achieving a vast unity, I wanted + to try to build a bridge of words between me and the world outside, + that world which seemed so distant and elusive that it seemed unreal.[1] + (p. 135) + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Appendix - Bibliography + +1. Wright, Richard. American Hunger. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1977. + +2. Reilly, John M. (p. 213-227). Critical Essays on Richard Wright. Edited + by Yoshinobu Hakutani. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1982. + +3. Bradley, David. "American Hunger (1977)," (p. 69-71). Richard Wright - + Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr. + and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993 + +4. Leibowitz, Herbert. " Arise, Ye Pris'ners of Starvation': Richard + Wright's Black Boy and American Hunger," (p. 328-358). Richard Wright - + Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr. + and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993 + +5. McCall, Dan. "Wright's American Hunger," (p. 359-368). Richard Wright - + Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr. + and K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993 + +6. "California Honors Communist." Campus Fall 1995, Volume 7: 10-11 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/euthnsia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/euthnsia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9afe57b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/euthnsia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ + + = = = = = = = *** = = = = = = = + EUTHANASIA: STILL A CRIME + = = = = = = = *** = = = = = = = + + The case of Roswell Gilbert is closed. A Florida clemency board recently +refused to commute or otherwise mitigate his conviction and imprisonment for +the murder of his wife. + + Although Mr. Gilbert has been celebrated in the media, the decision of the +clemency board was correct. It certainly seems harsh in this particular case +since it's obvious Gilbert loved his wife very much and just couldn't stand to +see her continue to disintegrate in his presence. The unique factors in this +case are, in many ways, compelling for Gilbert's view. + + But unique factors are not what the law is made for. He was convicted by a +jury of his peers. The conviction stands. + + Mercy killing--euthanasia--has long been a subject of great controversy. Our +sympathies tend to sway in the direction of less suffering for the affected +individual. Sometimes, our sympathetic emotions override our sense of moral +and ethical right. + + This was the case for Mr. Gilbert. Right or wrong, in terms of conventional +wisdom, didn't affect his decision to kill his wife. He has the satisfaction +of knowing he did what he, in his particular situation, needed to do. Although +unhappy that his appeals couldn't change the world, Mr. Gilbert, if we can put +thoughts in his head, will not suffer the kind of guilt another would, if put +into his shoes. In a sense, the recent decision to uphold his conviction has +exonerated him. + + This case will no doubt become a keystone of future legislation on +euthanasia. For years to come, mercy killing will not be tolerated unless some +way is found to do it by committee. Think for a moment! There must be +thousands of people suffering the anguish and disorientation of Alzheimer's +disease, and other debilitating maladies which cause the affected persons to +lose complete touch with reality. Few of them are being mercy-killed. Many of +them are being held captive in institutions across the country. + + Even a minor lessening of Mr. Gilbert's punishment might have opened the +floodgates, so to speak, for dozens--even hundreds--of similar killings by +family members or doctors of those who are terminally ill. + + There's a good chance other cases of this kind will begin to appear in the +near future. Many people will have begun to think about Roswell Gilbert, and +will choose to follow his path. There will be many tests of the law, and, from +those future cases, there will gradually emerge a pattern and new legislation +to deal with such sad, and difficult, circumstances. + + Certainly, it is no comfort for those of us growing older to suspect that +someday we may be arbitrarily put to death by well-meaning relatives. +Certainly, it is no comfort to those suffering agonizing pain, whether mental +or physical, to know that they will be left in pain to die on their own, for +society's inability to find a quick and fair solution to the problem of +euthanasia. + + But, wait! I'll confess here and now for many of us. I have ordered a mercy +killing on my own. And, I'll bet you--or YOU, over there in the corner--have +done the same. I still feel no guilt about it, and, furthermore, I would, and +probably shall, do it again. + + Yes, I ordered the murder of my beagle, Poochie, one day many years ago. I +led Poochie into the chamber unknowing, comforting him all the way. I saw the +injection puncture his fur and I watched him die. + + I felt bad for a week or so, but, with the help of family and friends was +able to rationalize my actions. "It was for his own good," they comforted. +"He was almost blind, couldn't control his bladder, could hardly walk," they +moralized. + + Any guilt I felt faded quickly. But. I still think about Poochie. I still +think about how he looked at me with those big, brown eyes as he lay on the +veterinarian's table. + + I, myself, have big, brown eyes. + + I'll tell you right now: I don't ever want to be in a supine position, +unable to speak for myself--for any reason whatsoever--and watch someone, no +matter how well-meaning, put me to death. + + I could stop here, but I have one other thing to tell you. Countless humans +throughout our long and bloody history have died horrible, lingering deaths, +sometimes only for the pleasure of another. We all die; it's one of the few +rights we have which is truly inalienable. + + No matter how much a burden I may become to someone, I still believe I will +have enough human pride left to want--even though I may not be able to +communicate my desires--to exercise my right to die without outside assistance. +Whether my body or mind becomes corrupt; whether an enemy tortures me; whether, +or not, someone else wants me to die--I'll fight it to the very end, when the +lights of my soul go out. + + Roswell Gilbert stands by his actions. His lawyers may continue to pursue +some remedy for his plight. His wife was undoubtedly failing fast. + + But... + The 'but' is the problem. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/excited.txt b/politicalTextFiles/excited.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f4bd23 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/excited.txt @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ + + Getting Excited + (c)1992 by Lois B. Laulicht + Valley Head, WV + + Let me explain! In addition to the huge economic and social problems + which complicate our stretched out lives, we must also deal with our + national affliction. We are burdened with national cool and maybe even + international cool! It stalks our universe in politics, business, and + even in the family. It invades our relationships with bosses and + workers, parents and children, and particularly so, in the areas of + commerce and services. Conventional wisdom seems to hold the view that + without cool there cannot be objectivity! + + To begin. There is a social expectation to maintain a polite and mild + response to major and minor impositions upon one's freedom, psyche, + pocket book, and time. One can almost expect a surprised recoil of + shock when these varied assumptions go too far and reaction to them + becomes blunt, angry and honest. When one refuses to accept the + stereotypes of race, class, sex or age and reacts with impatience, + communicating an unwillingness to put up with this expensive and + demeaning behavior, the reflexive excuses pour out. It is rarely the + responsibility of the provider of the service but something that + you did that wasn't quite correct. And with a quick sleight of hand, + the victim becomes guilty of the blunder or worse. Within this context + is the most insulting and infuriating expectation...that one is expected + not to fight back. + + This social behavior is pervasive. As information technology has + become ever more sophisticated it appears there are more and more + areas where transactions are fouled up. From charge card credits to + accurate prescriptions to delivery of ordered merchandise -- you name + it. Most of us have shared this kind of experience. Some of us are + much less tolerant to the increasing time spent re-doing tasks and + correcting an ever increasing list of mistakes. The information age + appears to have created huge bottlenecks where many of us feel + ripped off and still more turned off. + + In important areas touching upon the restriction of social freedom + the reaction is almost always defensive surprise when strong rebuttal + challenges cold war tactics of guilt by association. Very recently a + group of writers with whom I was associated either actively engaged + or went along in defining me an anarchist and Un-American because I + was critical of various computer industry marketing strategies. I not + only refused to go along with their definition of me but took steps to + remind others that this bunch of computer professionals were equating + product criticism with the political ideology of Joseph McCarthy. + (See "The Politics of Technology and PC Sales" by Jerome & Lois Laulicht + or Right.Zip) We were expected to fold our computerized tent and slink + away. That's the problem with not being cool. One cannot, should not, + and shall not play by the rules of "cool". + + An example: When I recently saw that this same bunch were putting out + an on-line magazine I asked myself do you roll over and play dead or do + you act in your normal non-cool manner? The fact of the matter is that + covering up important social issues with cool posturing often ignores + the blatant abuse of the social rules we say we respect. + + The forum of the BBS, like the radio talk show, reaches many people + and preserves a caller's ability to speak their minds. They are different + platforms but share many of the same characteristics as politicians like + Ross Perot and Jerry Brown understand. These forums provide a place to + help create public positions on a variety of issues and easily + disseminate information and new ideas. One of the things we know for sure + is that the audience is far greater than the number of active participants + and is growing. For whatever the reasons most people do not expose + themselves this way. They prefer anonymity and usually respond with + silence. + + There are several very active conferences on ILink, Opinion and + Politics, which are home to a number of people who like to create + controversy and attack other members by making racial, national or + religious aspersions. The belief is that these are depersonalized + descriptions of various groups of people. All of this occurs within + the framework of defending the right to hold and offer differing + opinions or views. One does not lose one's cool in these kinds of + forums because it is both bad form and self defeating. Cool has won + again and we all have all become losers in the process. I turned these + conferences off when Jewish women were characterized as loud, pushy, and + aggressive. I will be offended by that blatant piece of anti-Semitism and + anti-feminism for a long time. + + What are some of the areas we are "cool" about? Scales and charts are + pretentious for a non-scholar, so let's put it the terms of our + childhood - getting warm, warmer, hot and hottest! The ultimate + question is the one which deals with the relationship between the + reaction of "hottest" and how one behaves. Perhaps that uneasy relation- + ship is still another measure of our national cool; doing a lot of + talking and taking little action like a TV media event. + + In terms of my first example - McCarthy type behavior from my former + associates in California - I was definitely uncool. My reaction to + their slurs upon my character were somewhere between warm and hot, + notwithstanding a call for a name check to the FBI to ascertain any + Neo-Nazi involvement. Will the Fascists on the aforementioned ILink + conferences be surprised at my uncool reaction to their bigotry + relating to my religious orientation or my sex? The Senate was + certainly surprised at the uncool stance of women all over America + when several women upset establishment politicians in Illinois and + in Pennsylvania. That process has just begun! The reaction to the jury + decision relating to Rodney King and the pounding he took in the name of + law and order is dangerously very uncool! The loss of life, the trauma + inflicted upon the innocent, the shame of decent law enforcement + officials around the country has become the symptom of our own national + neglect and responsibility. + + And finally, my beloved son told me that a draft of a letter to the + Editor of Newsweek magazine was "rather emotional" The article I + responded to was a critique of Sen. Robt. C. Byrd of WV and his + porking tactics for his constituents. The letter was never sent but + was buried in son's computer and is good example of warmer on my own + personal continuum. + + Senator Robert C.Byrd of WV is indeed, a very powerful man, but he is + also a man who has not forgotten his own beginnings. " The Anatomy of + Pork "; Newsweek: April 13, 1992 by Brian Kelly missed the point + thoroughly re: a four laner in remote WV. When this highway project + is completed it will represent one of the FEW successful economic + development strategies that the Fed has financed. This remote and under + developed area in WV has needed a project of this magnitude to make + possible easy and quick access for industry and tourism. Sen. Byrd has + converted a bit of his Congressional credit into a useful opportunity + for the hardworking and under paid people in this part of the state. + If this simple minded definition of pork is carried to its logical + conclusion all congressional activity which helps the few at a cost + to the many becomes pork. It seems to me that the question becomes + what community is in most need of "pork", how these fundamental + distinctions are made, and is there any equity in the crude horse + trading that goes on in the name of local constituencies. When business + is the beneficiary and the pork become rancid, it seems to take much + too long for corrective management action to get into high gear. The + profits are sucked up and the public is left holding a very expensive + bag with almost nothing to show for huge expenditures. The country will + be far better off when more of the heavily larded pork leaves the DC + metropolitan area to provide at least a floor of economic stability + to the many depression ridden communities in the country. + + Many of the people who live and work in the Washington metropolitan area + do not live in America any more than do the affluent in California. + They live in the world of prestige, influence, and high living where + their country club fees would feed a small family for a year! Moreover, + the power structure inside the Washington beltway have little interest + in the needs of the American people any more than the upper middle class + in California have in the working people of Watts or San Francisco. The + rest of the society are simply not important others except perhaps + in an election year. Maybe! + + That part of the society which objects to rich and pungent adjectives + consider all of this commentary bad form. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt + recently teed off at William Greider's "The Betrayal of American + Democracy"; Simon & Schuster in the April 27, 1992 issue of the New York + Times. Mr. Greider's adjectives are referred to as the "mud slide of the + author's prose". I think what caught my attention was the observation + that Greider's treatise was "the not altogether startling or original + contention that the wishes of the American people are no longer + expressed by what goes on in Washington". Obviously, as experts at + gauging national cool, Washington is of the opinion that we will not be + GETTING EXCITED, a reality underlined by Mr. Greider. Does the Times + book critic find the truth of our social condition redundant? That + may be, but some public issues don't disappear because they have been + analyzed, criticized or politicized. + + Accepting the fact that being cool is often a social compromise of not + wanting to be different, sticking one's neck out, and compromising + one's economic or social condition-- we must ask again: + + Do we get excited about the wholesale acceptance of drug abuse in the + society with a concerted "hottest" response? + + Do we get excited over the spreading of AIDS into the population at + large with a concerted "hottest" response? + + Do we get excited about S&L fraud and demand restitution with a + a strident "hottest" response? + + Do we get excited about the shambles of our public education with a + consistent "hot" response? + + Do we get excited that both national political parties are owned + body and soul by special interests and demand, by registering and + voting and with our "hottest" response, full loyalty to us-- their + constituents? + + Do we get excited over a spiraling deficit and then fight Washington + to free up defense dollars for debt reduction with an imperative + "hottest" response? + + Do we get excited over a recent Commerce Department definition of high + wages pegged at six bucks an hour and react with a dismayed "hot" + response? + + Do we refuse to accept the mythology that issues of structural poverty, + infant mortality, illiteracy, and sub-standard housing are not local + questions and must be addressed with a national committed "hottest" + response? + + Is the nation asleep or do we all need training in getting + excited? Is that not the message being sent to us by the tragedy of + South Los Angeles... with the"hottest" response which will alarm us + all. + + + May 3, 1992 + Lois Laulicht + PCRelay->Ch1 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/execord.txt b/politicalTextFiles/execord.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b877f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/execord.txt @@ -0,0 +1,353 @@ + + + EXECUTIVE ORDERS + + Let's eyeball the executive branch of the national + government. This will be a beauty! Caesar is alive and + well in Washington, D.C. You better believe it. + Earlier mention was made of executive orders. Our + research shows the first use of these orders was by + President George Washington for household expenses. It was + an order signed by him for normal expenses which would be + accepted by the Treasury Department and paid. Simple + enough. + The Federal Bureau of Investigation was formed under + an executive order by Teddy Roosevelt on July 26, 1908. + The first time it was used to make a law was in 1916 + by President Woodrow Wilson. It was said to be an + 'emergency' measure and Congress was encouraged to validate + it. They did. + The door was now open to ignore the Constitution. + This is the same method used by Franklin Roosevelt in + 1933 to close all the banks in the country. Remember our + gold? Americans were ordered to turn in all their gold to + local banks. AFTER this was done, King Roosevelt, by exec- + utive order, raised the value of an ounce of gold from + $20.00 to $35.00! Guess who that benefitted? International + bankers and central banks around the world . . that's who. + Americans who turned in their gold were royally screwed. + What are the duties of the executive branch? To make + laws or to see that they are faithfully executed? + Nothing in our Constitution allows the president to + pass a law or make a law under any circumstances. Nor is + there any suggestion that the Congress can delegate their + lawmaking authority to the executive branch, emergency or no + emergency! + Yet they have done it and they continue to do it + without any permission in the Constitution or any amendment. + How do they ignore their oath to uphold and support the + Constitution? Why not ask them? + Let's explore their law making activities . . . govern- + ment uses a publication called the Federal Register where + all regulations are published daily. (Regulations? Where + the hell did that come from?) This publication amounts to + more than 70,000 pages a year. Here is where the executive + orders are published. + When they appear, they remain in limbo for 30 days and + the Congress or any citizen can write and object to it. + 70,000 pages a year would take a full-time staff member of + each member of the Congress to watch and study these + 'regulations'. Congress pays no attention to the Federal + Register. + At the end of the required thirty days, all these + regulations become 'law' and have the full effect of law! + There are occasions where these are challenged in courts + when they have affected some individual and a few have been +  + overturned. See how simple they have made it? Write it, + put it in a federal publication and if no one says anything + about it, it mysteriously becomes law. + All sorts of regulations from every division of the + executive branch are published in the Federal Register and + this is where all the goodies are listed. If you doubt the + 'laws' in the Federal Register have teeth, write the Govern- + ment Printing Office and request a copy. + What happened to the concept that only the Congress can + make a law? Did you say it was OK or was there an amendment + passed by the people allowing this to go on? + Now let's look at some of the real dirty work they have + done with executive orders. . There are over 12,000 laws of + this type on the books now. Congress, when asked, does not + even know what they are. This is our lawmaking body. Part + of the government that is supposed to "establish justice, + insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, + promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of lib- + erty" . . . snicker, snicker . . . + This one is really scary . . . A blueprint for a dicta- + torship! + Executive Order No. 11921 was published in the Federal + Register in June 1976 and updated since. This is the mas- + ter plan for tyranny and the death of our Constitution. + All the President has to do is declare a national + emergency and big brother will or can take over every form + of newspaper, radio and television stations. They will + confiscate your CB's, weapons, tell you where to live, work, + how much food you can have, establish rationing and + price controls. In effect, they can declare martial law and + you will not be able to do anything about it. Neither can + the Congress. + Can you imagine a law like this on the books in this + country? + All they are waiting for is a certain set of + circumstances and someone who wants to be a dictator and + away we go. + If you haven't heard or read about Executive Orders, + this one especially, let me break the bad news. It's on the + books. + Most bureaucrats and their egghead lackeys, when asked + about this executive order, will say it only concerns the + orderly control of the country if we have a nuclear attack. + This is a cockeyed lie! + The opening words of Executive Order 11921 are blunt: + "WHEREAS our national security is dependent upon our ability + to assure continuity of government, at every level, in any + national emergency type situation that might conceivably + confront the nation; and WHEREAS effective national + preparedness planning to meet such an emergency, including a + massive nuclear attack. . ." + Look closely at the words they are using, "any national + emergency . . . including massive nuclear . . . " is + clear.  + They can decide what the emergency is and it does NOT + have to be nuclear attack. + Congressional investigators began to look into this + subject and found 470 special statutes which can be invoked + by the President in a declared national emergency. Where + the hell did they find the power for him to be able to + declare a national emergency? + Senator Mathias testified before a House Judiciary + committee in 1975: + "Under the authority delegated by these statutes, the + President may seize property; organize and control the means + of production; seize commodities; assign military forces + abroad; institute martial law; seize and control all trans- + portation and communication; regulate the operation of + private enterprise; restrict travel; and in a plethora of + particular ways, control the lives of all American + citizens." + This is only the frosting . . . Wait until we look at + the real powers they will have when they decide which day + will be 'X-Day'. + How can this be? From this 1975 testimony, Congress is + aware of what can be done yet they do nothing to control + this power. Are they all part of this 'mutual admiration + society' in the cesspool known as Washington DC? Most will + probably tell you "I don't know this, so it must be false." + Where did we go wrong? How did they assume this power in + absolute violation of the Constitution and all the oaths + they have taken before they took office? + + What was it the President swore? "That I will faith- + fully execute the office of the President of the United + States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, + protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." + + Is this preserving, protecting and defending the + Constitution? Is their oath just a bunch of words to be + recited when they take office? If he were going to do what + his oath requires, why hasn't a president told Congress to + pass a law abolishing executive orders? + Why hasn't the Congress simply taken the lawmaking + ability away from the president? Why hasn't Congress + assumed their duties as required by the Constitution? + Looks like we have allowed things to get away from us in + the last few years, doesn't it? What do our kids have to + look forward to if we don't stop this horse dung now? + Let's take a look at some of the powers they will + assume if there is "any national emergency, including + nuclear attack": + Part 9-Department of Commerce + Section 901. Resume of Responsibilities. The Secretary + of Commerce shall prepare national emergency plans and + develop preparedness programs covering: + (1) The production and distribution of all materials, the + use of all production facilities (except those owned by, +  + controlled by, or under the jurisdiction of the Department + of Defense or the Atomic Energy Commission), the control of + all construction materials, and the furnishing of basic in- + dustrial services except those otherwise assigned, in- + cluding: + (a) Production and distribution of and use of facilities + for petroleum, solid fuels, gas, electric power and water; + (b) Production, processing, distribution, and storage of + food resources and the use of food resource facilities for + such production, processing, distribution and storage; + (c) Domestic distribution of farm equipment and fer- + tilizer; + (d) Use of communications services and facilities, + housing and lodging facilities, and health, education, and + welfare facilities; + (e) Production, and related distribution, of minerals as + defined in Subsection 702(5), and source materials as + defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended; and + the construction and use of facilities designated as + within the responsibilities of the Secretary of the + Interior; + (f) Distribution of items in the supply systems of, or + controlled by, the Department of Defense and the Atomic + Energy Commission; + (g) Construction, use, and management of civil aviation + facilities; and + (h) Construction, use and management of highways, + streets, and appurtenant structures; and + (i) Domestic distribution of health resources. + + Scary? Unbelievable? You bet it is. And this is on + the books right now just waiting for the moment to declare + any type of national emergency. + Do you believe for a moment that we will still be using + our computers with the freedom we enjoy today? Chuckle . . + Let's just suppose there were several major bank + failures and powers that be decided that they couldn't + afford any more failures. A national emergency was called. + Under part 17 of the same executive order, they will + take over the complete supervision of all banks and banking + operations . . . To the point that they will decide if you + can take any money out of your account. They will demand to + know what you will spend it for and decide how much you can + have. However, if they do not have enough funds to give + the full amount, they can ration the funds. If they + figure you want your money to hoard it, they can simply + refuse to give it to you. Cute? + This includes all banking facilities, so don't feel + safe just because your money is in a credit union. They + have everything covered! Each check they honor for over + $1000 will have to have both sides photographed and of + course, none of these regulations will apply to any + transactions between banks. Just who does this money belong + to?  + Is it still the United States? Makes you wonder . . . + For those who dabble in the stock market, under part + 25 they will assume the power to close the market, suspend + any redemption rights, freeze prices of stocks and bonds. + Then they will allow it to reopen only when they decide + conditions permit and under their complete control. + Remember when Roosevelt changed the value of an ounce of + gold from $20 to $35? Who benefitted then? Not us. + And for you readers who own property and believe that + property belongs to you, we have a little surprise. Not if + this executive order becomes effective. You will own + nothing then. Here's what Part 22 of the Executive Order + has to say about that: + (9) National industrial reserve and machine tool program. + Develop plans for the custody of the Industrial plants and + production equipment in the national industrial reserve and + assist the Department of Defense, in collaboration with the + Department of Commerce, in the development of plans and + procedures for the disposition, emergency reactivation, and + utilization of the plants and equipment of this reserve in + the custody of the Administrator. + (10) Excess and surplus real and personal property. + Develop plans and emergency operating procedures for the + utilization of excess and surplus real and personal property + by Federal Government agencies with emergency assignments or + by State and local governmental units as directed, including + review of the property holdings of Federal agencies which do + not possess emergency functions to determine the avail- + ability of property for emergency use, and including the + disposal of real and personal property and the rehabilita- + tion of personal property. + What do they mean by excess property? Will they tell + you what of your property is excess? Are these decisions + meant to punish people who had the foresight to put away + coins or food for bad times? If you have been wise enough + to sock these items away, please don't tell anyone. + And what is 'rehabilitation of personal property?' If + someone doesn't like the way you use your property, will + they take it from you and give it to someone else? + Rehabilitation is 'restoring to good operation or good + management'. + Are these powers we granted to the central government + under the Constitution? Where do they get the idea that + they can issue Executive Orders and decide a certain day + that the Constitution is dead? + Did you notice that the Department of Commerce will + take over all housing and lodging facilities, does that mean + your home also? Maybe it also needs rehabilitation? + They will assume control of all health, education and + welfare facilities. You'd better believe it will include + all schools, public and private, elementary and secondary. + There will be no arguments about school prayer or momentary + silence anymore. The decision will be made for us. + The implications are staggering. This is a blueprint +  + for a dictatorship and slavery. No, I haven't been smoking + loco weed . . . this is for real. + Plans are all set "to assist civilian educational + institutions, both public and private, to adjust to demands + laid on them by a large expansion of government activities + during any type of emergency. This includes advice and + assistance to schools, colleges, universities, and other + educational institutions whose facilities may be temporarily + needed for Federal, State, or local programs in an emer- + gency." + Wonder what they mean by "adjust to demands laid upon + them by a large expansion of government activities?" Again + notice the special words: "during any type of emergency." + They didn't even mention major nuclear attack. + Since "large expansion of government activities" is not + defined, do they have any limitation? All this is in store + for American citizens. + They have established what they call the 'Federal + Preparedness Agency' under the General Services Administra- + tion which has the responsibility to see that this program + is carried out. We should keep our eye on the GSA. + Better yet, get after Congress to get this law making + ability taken away from the executive branch of government. + This program of executive orders is the most dangerous + weapon in the hands of government designed to make us all + slaves. If "X" day is called, America will be no more and + we will be powerless to do anything about it. Our action + has to be NOW. Waiting one day too long will be one day too + late. + Many will not believe this could happen in our country. + Write Congress and raise questions about this. Ask how + they delegated their law making powers to the executive + branch. + Ask where they found this authority. Ask your + Congressman for a copy of this particular executive order. + Imagine 12,000 laws of this type on the books at the + present . . . All without any authority from us. And of + course, no need to tell the American people about these, + they wouldn't understand them anyway. + Is this part of the glory of the position in govern- + ment? Congress has delegated emergency powers to the + president . . . Congress has no power or right to delegate + any of their powers. No where in our Constitution does it + say anything about giving 'emergency powers to the presi- + dent'. + The argument goes that in today's world, time could be + important and the president has to be able to act quickly. + It may be true, however, it cannot be in this country with- + out a grant for that authority from the people. + No where does the right appear to do any thing in case + of a mistake or an emergency. The procedures are well + defined and it is our duty to see that they are observed. + There is no other way in America! + If they feel granting emergency powers is so +  + important, propose an amendment to the Constitution and see + if we will agree to the importance. Of course the amemd- + ment procedure is slow and cumbersome. It was meant to be + that way. We have ordained and established the authority + for our government and only we can agree to changes. + Just because a practice has been used for a long period + does not make it right. If the practice was unconstitu- + tional when it began, it is still unconstitutional. + George Washington wrote in his Farewell Address: "The + basis of our political systems is the right of the people to + make and alter their constitutions of government. But the + constitution which at the time exists till changed by an + explicit and authentic act of the whole people is sacredly + obligatory upon all." + He plainly recognized the basis for our government. + When did this change occur? It has been said that tyranny + comes on slowly. Before anyone realizes it, it's present. + Is that what we have today? + Is this the vehicle to make our sovereignty disappear + and for the USA to become a full fledged member of the + United Nations under Bush's New World Order? + + + PLEASE READ THE 'SALES PITCH' CHAPTER. THANKS!  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/exist.txt b/politicalTextFiles/exist.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0383b32 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/exist.txt @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +EXISTENTIALISM Downloaded from The Void, Auckland 699-579 +************** + +First a word of warning, this bulletin is more than 200 lines in length. +Below is an article writen by Jean-Paul Sartre, first published as +"A More Precise Characterization of Existentialism" in a newspaper called +"Action", December 29, 1944. Satre is commonly considered to be the +most important of this centuries existentialists. He wrote the article +as a reply to various criticisms of existentialism that were common at the +time. I have reproduced a translation of it here, mainly because it gives +a very clear statement of the central themes of existentialist philosophy. + + * * * * * + +Newspapers - including "Action" itself - are only too willing these days to +publish articles attacking existentialism. 'Action' has already been kind +enough to ask me to reply. I doubt that many readers will be interested in +the debate; they have many more urgent concerns. Yet if, among the persons +who might have found principles of thinking and rules of conduct in this +philosophy but have been dissuaded by these absurd criticisms, there were +just one I could reach and straighten out, it would still be worth for him. +In any case I want to make it clear that I am replying in my own name only: +I would hesitate to involve other existentialists in this polemic. + +What do you reproach us for? To begin with, for being inspired by Heidigger, +a German and a Nazi philosopher. Next for preaching, in the name of +existentialism, a quietism of anguish. Are we not trying to corrupt the +youth and turn it aside from action by urging it to cultivate a refined +dispair? Are we not upholding nihilistic doctrines (for an editorial writer +in L'Aube, the proof is that I entitled a book "Being and Nothingness". +Nothingness; imagine!) during these years when everything has to be redone +or simply done, when the war is still going on, and when each man needs all +the strength that he has to win it and to win the peace? Finally your third +complaint is that existentialism likes to poke about in muck and is much +readier to show men's wickedness and baseness than their higher feelings. + +I'll give it to you straight: your attacks seem to me to stem from ignorance +and bad faith. It's not even certain that you have read any of the books +you're talking about. You need a scapegoat because you bless so many things +you can't help chewing out someone from time to time. You've picked +existentialism because it's an abstract doctrine few people know, and you +think no one will verify what you say. But I am going to reply to your +accusations point by point. + +Heiddegger was a philosopher well before he was a Nazi. His adherence to +Hitlerism is to be explained by fear, perhaps ambition, and certainly +conformism. Not pretty to look at, I agree; but enough to invalidate your +neat reasoning. "Heidegger," you say, "is a member of the National Socialist +Party; thus his philosophy must be Nazi." That's not it: Heidegger has no +character; there's the truth of the matter. Are you going to have the nerve +to conclude from this that his philosophy is an apology for cowardice? Don't +you know that sometimes a man does not come up to the level of his works? +And are you going to condemn "The Social Contract" because Rousseau +abandoned his children? And what difference does Heidegger make anyhow? If +we discover our own thinking in that of another philosopher, if we ask him +for techniques and methods that can give us access to new problems, does +this mean that we espouse every one of his theories? Marx borrowed his +dialectic from Hegel. Are you going to say that "Capital" is a Prussian +work? We've seen the deplorable consequences of ecconomic autarky; let's +not fall into intellectual autarky. + +During the Occupation, the slavish newspapers used to lump together the +existentialists and the philosophers of the absurd in the same reproving +breath. A venomous little ill-manered pedant named Alberes, who wrote for +the Petainist "Echo des etudiants", used to yap at our heals every week. +In those days this kind of obfuscation was to be expected; the lower and +stupider the blow, the happier we were. + +But why have you taken up the methods of the Vichyssoise press again? + +Why this helter-skelter way of writing if it's not because the confusion +you create makes it easier for you to attack both philosophies at once? The +philosophy of the absurd is coherent and profound. Albert Camus has shown +that he was big enough to defend it all by himself. I too shall speak all by +myself for existentialism. Have you ever defined it for your readers? And +yet it's rather simple. + +In philosophical terminology, every object has an essence and an existence. +An essence is an intelligible and unchanging unity of properties; an +existence is a certain actual presence in the world. Many people think +that the essence comes first and then the existence: that peas, for example, +grow and become round in conformity with the idea of peas, and that gherkins +are gherkins because they participate in the essence of gherkins. This idea +originated in religious thought: it is a fact that the man who wants to +build a house has to know exactly what kind of object he's going to +create - essence precedes existence - and for all those who believe that +God created men, he must have done so by refering to his idea of them. But +even those who have no religious faith have maintained this traditional view +that the object never exists except in conformity with its existence; and +everyone in the eighteenth century thoght that all men had a common essence +called 'human nature'. Existentialism, on the contrary, maintains that in +man - and in man alone - existence precedes essense. + +This simply means that man first 'is', and only subsequently is this orthat. +In a word, man must create his own essense: it is in throwing himself into +the world, suffering there, struggling there, that he gradually defines +himself. And the definition always remains open ended: we cannot say what +this man is before he dies, or what mankind is before it has disappeared. +It is absurd in this light to ask whether existentialism is facist, +conservative, Communist, or democratic. At this level of generality +existentialism is nothing but a certain way of envisaging human questions by +refusing to grant man an eternally established nature. It used to be, in +Kierkegaard's thought, on par with religious faith. Today, French +existentialism tends to be accompanied by a declaration of atheism, but this +is not absolutely neccessary. All I can say - without wanting to insist too +much on the similarities - is that it isn't too far from the conception of +man found in Marx. For is it not a fact that Marx would accept "this motto +of ours for man: make, and in making make yourself, and be nothing but what +you have made of yourself?" + +Since existentialism defines man by action, it is evident that this +philosophy is not a quietism. In fact, man cannot help acting; his thoughts +are projects and commitments, his feelings are undertakings, he is nothing +other than his life, and his life is the unity of his behavior. "But what +about anguish?" you'll say. Well, this rather solemn word refers to a very +simple everyday reality. If man 'is' not but 'makes himself', and if in +making himself he makes himself responsible for the whole species - if there +is no value or morality given a priori, so that we must in every instance +decide alone and without any basis or guide lines, yet 'for everyone' - how +could we possibly help feeling anguished when we have to act? Each of our +acts puts the world's meaning and man's place in the universe in question. +With each of them, whether we want to or not, we constitute a universal +scale of values. And you want us not to be seized with fear in the face of +such a total responsibility? Ponge, in a very beautiful piece of writing, +said that man is the future of man. The future is not yet created, not yet +decided upon. We are the ones who will make it; each of our gestures will +help fashion it. It would take a lot of pharisaism to avoid anguished +awareness of the formidable mission given to each of us. But you people, +in order to refute us more convincingly, you people have deliberately +confused anguish and neurasthenia, making who knows what pathological terror +out of this virile uneasiness extistentialism speaks of. Since I have to dot +my i's, I'll say then that 'anguish, far from being an obstacle to action, +is the very condition for it, and is identicle with the sense of that +crushing responsibility of all before all which is the source of both our +torment and our granduer.' + +As for despair, we have to understand one another. It's true that man would +be wrong 'to hope'. But what does this mean except that hope is the greatest +impediment to action? Should we hope that the war will stop all by itself +without us, that the Nazis will extend the hand of friendship to us, that +the privilaged of capitalist society will give up their privilages in the +joy of a new "night of August 4"? If we hope for all of this, all we have +to do is cross our arms and wait. Man cannot will unless he has first +understood that he can count on nothing but himself: that he is alone, left +alone on earth in the middle of his infinite responsibilities, with neither +help nor succor, with no other goal but the one he will set for himself, +with no other destiny but the one he will forge on this earth. It is this +certainty, this intuitive understanding of his situation, that we call +despair. You can see that it is no fine romantic frenzy but the sharp lucid +conciousness of the human condition. 'Just as anguish is indistinguishable +from a sense of responsiblity, despair is inseparable from will.' With +dispair, true optimism begins: the optimism of the man who expects nothing, +who knows he has no rights and nothing coming to him, who rejoices in +counting on himself alone and in acting alone for the good of all. + +Are you going to condemn existentialism for saying men are free? But you +need that freedom, all of you. You hide it from yourselves hypocritically, +and yet you incessantly come back to it in spite of yourselves. When you +have explained a man's behavior by its causes, by his social situation and +his interests, you suddenly become indignant at him and you bitterly reproach +him for his conduct. And there are other men, on the contrary, whom you +admire and whose acts serve as models for you. All right then, that means +you don't compare the bad ones to plant lice and the good ones to useful +animals. If you blame them, or praise them, you do so because they could have +acted differently. The class struggle is a fact to which I subscribe +completely, but how can you fail to see that it is situated on the level of +freedom? You call us social traitors, saying that our conception of freedom +keeps man from loosening his chains. What stupidity! When we say a man who's +out of work is free, we don't mean that he can do whatever he wants and +change himself into a rich and tranquil bourgeois on the spot. 'He is free +because he can always choose to accept his lot with resignation or to rebel +against it.' And undoubtably he will be unable to avoid great poverty; but +in the very midst of his destitution, which is dragging him under, he is +able to choose to struggle - in his own name and in the name of +others - against all forms of destitution. He can also choose to be a man +who refuses to let destitution be man's lot. Is a man a social traitor just +because from time to time he remindes others of these basic truths? Then the +Marx who said, "We want to change the world," and who in this simple +sentence said that man is master of his destiny, is a social traitor. Then +all of you are social traitors, because that's what you think too just as +soon as you let go the apron strings of a materialism that was useful once +but now has gotten old. And if you didn't think so, then man would be a +thing - a bit of carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and nothing more - and you +wouldn't have to lift a finger for him. + +You tell me that I work in filth. That's what Alain Laubreaux used to say, +too. I could refrain from answering here, because this reproach is dirrected +at me as a person and not an existentialist. But you are so quick to +generalize that I must nevertheless defend myself for fear that the +opprobrium you cast upon me will redound to the philosophy I have adopted. +There is only one thing to say: I don't trust people who claim that +literature uplifts them by displaying noble sentiments, people who want the +theater to give them a 'show' of heroism and purity. What they really want +is to be pursuaded that it's easy to do good. Well no! It isn't easy. +Vichyssoise literature and, alas, some of today's literature would like to +make us think it is: it's so nice to be self satisfied. But it's an outright +lie. Heroism, greatness, generosity, abnegation; I agree that there is +nothing better and that in the end they are all what make sense out of human +action. But if you pretend that all a person has to do to be a hero is to +belong to the 'ajistes,' the 'jocistes,' or a political party you favour, +to sing innocent songs and go to the country on Sundays, you are cheapening +the virtues that you claim to uphold and are simply making fun of everyone. + +Have said enough to make it clear that 'existentialism is no mournful +delectation but a humanist philosophy of action, effort, combat, solidarity? +After my attempt to make things clear, will we still find journalists making +allusions to the "despair of our eminent ones" and other claptrap? We'll +see. I want to tell my critics openly: it all depends on you now. After all +you're free too. And those of you who are fighting for the Revolution, as we +think we are fighting too: you are just as able as we are to decide whether +it shall be made in good or bad faith. The case of existentialism, an +abstract philosophy upheld by a few powerless men, is very slight and +scarcely worthy. But in this case as in thousands of others, depending on +whether you keep on lying about it or do it justice even as you attack it, +you will decide what man shall be. May you grasp this fact and feel a little +salutary anguish. + + * * * * * diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/existgod.txt b/politicalTextFiles/existgod.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e87213 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/existgod.txt @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ + 8 page printout + + V. + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + + A DISCOURSE AT THE SOCIETY OF THEOPHILANTHROPISTS, + PARIS. + + [NOTE: Theophilanthropy, in its six years in France, gave rise +to a considerable literature, of which Paine's account, in the +Letter to Erskine, is the friendliest chapter. The wrath with which +the Catholic Church saw this Theistic Church and Ethical Society +sharing its edifices, even Notre Dame, has been transmitted even to +Protestant dictionaries, and Napoleon I. has won some repute for +piety by their ejection. As to this, an anecdote is related in the +Theophilanthropist (New York, 1810). M. Dupuis, author of "The +Origin of all Religious Worship," reproached Napoleon for +reinstating Catholicism, and Napoleon said that "as for himself, he +did not believe that such a person as Jesus Christ ever existed; +but as the people were inclined to superstition, he thought proper +not to oppose them." "This fact," adds the Theophilanthropist, "Mr. +Dupuis related to Thomas Paine and Chancellor Livingston, then +Minister of the United States in Paris, as the former informed the +writer of this note." This note was probably written by Colonel +John Fellows, who with other friends of Paine had formed in New +York a Society free from the defects which their departed leader +had seen developed in the movement in Paris. Of the Society in +Paris he was one of the founders (Sherwin's "Life of Paine," p. +180. Henri Gregoire's "Histoire des Sectes," tom. i., livre 2), and +his Discourse was probably read at their first public meeting, +January 16, 1797. Mr. J.G. Alger, to whom I am indebted for various +information, sends me a list of the meetings of the Society in +1797, by which it appears that this first meeting was in the St. +Catherine Hospital, and no meeting was held elsewhere until June +25. Paine's Discourse speaks of the Society (formed in September, +1796) as "in its infancy," as without enemies, and in no danger of +persecution, which could hardly have been said after the first +public meeting; be proposes a plan of procedure; and he does not +allude to the swift development of the Society, after the President +Larevelliere-Lepeaux had eulogized it (May 2). The first volume of +the "Annee Religieuse des Theophilantropes" (whose table of +contents Paine enclosed with his Letter to Erskine) extends into +September, 1797, and Paine's Discourse is not mentioned, nor was it +ever translated into French. The probable reason of this is +suggested by Count Gregoire ("Hist. des Sectes"), who says: "Thomas +Payne, qui adressa une lettre aux Theophilantropes, eut ete regarde +comme profes s'il ne les avait censures sur divers points." What +were these different points to which Paine objected cannot be +gathered from Gregoire, a rather hostile historian of the movement +though the best authority as to its personnel: this very Discourse, +as well as Paine's other writings, will sufficiently suggest the +misgivings he felt at the ceremonies which soon invested a religion +which seemed to grow out of "Le Siecle de la Raison," and beside +whose cradle he watched with his friends Bernardin St. Pierre and +Dupuis. The St. Catharine Hospital had been allotted to the blind, +early in the Revolution, and their instructor, M. Hauy, was also +the manager of the Theophilanthropic services there. Grigoire says +that Hally never really ceased to be a Roman Catholic. Instead of +the scientific lectures and apparatus of Paine's programme for the +Society, the Theophilanthropists were seen laying floral offerings + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + +on altars, and occupied with ceremonies in which those of the +Church were blended with those of Robespierre's adoration of the +Supreme Being. These developments had not gone very far when Paine +wrote his Letter to Erskine, but it will be observed that near the +close of that letter he remarks on the silence of the +Theophilanthropists concerning the things they do not profess to +believe, such as the "sacredness of the books called the Bible, +etc," adding, "The author of the 'Age of Reason' gives reasons for +everything he disbelieves as well as for those he believes." (Cf. +A sentence at the end of the third paragraph of the "Precise +History," in the preceding chapter.) + + As for this Discourse of Paine's it appears to be a +composition of early life with two or three paragraphs added. The +use of the word "infidelity" in the first paragraph, to describe a +philosophical opinion, could not have been written after his +profound definition in the 'Age of Reason:' "Infidelity does not +consist in believing or disbelieving; it consists in pretending to +believe what he does not believe." It is still more crude as +compared with Part 11. of the 'Age of Reason' in which the moral +nature of man is part of the foundation of his faith in deity. The +Discourse is a digest of Newton's Letters to Bentley, in which he +postulates a divine power as necessary to explain planetary motion, +and its literary style appears more like Paine's articles in his +Pennsylvania Magazine in the early months of 1775 than like the +works written after the American Revolution had, as he states, made +him an author. In my Introduction to the 'Age of Reason' I +mentioned that this Discourse was circulated in England as a +religious tract ("Atheism Refuted"); my copy of which is marked +with sharp contradictions by some freethinker, unaware that he is +criticising Paine. A Discourse so harmless was naturally welcomed +by the deistical booksellers, just after the conviction of +Williams, and it was detached from the Letter to Erskine and +published by Rickman (1798) with three quotations in the title, +among these, "I had as lief have the foppery of Freedom, as the +Morality of Imprisonment." -- Shakespeare. This cheap pamphlet +(4d.) had a page of inscription in capitals and uneven lines. -- +"The following little Discourse is dedicated to the Enemies of +Thomas Paine, by one who has known him long, and intimately, and +who is convinced that he is the enemy of no man. By a well wisher +to the whole wurld. By one who thinks that Discussion should be +unlimited, that all coercion is error; and that human beings should +adopt no other conduct towards each other but an appeal to truth +and reason. -- CLIO." + + In the present volume the Discourse is printed, like the +Letter to Erskine, from Paine's own original Paris edition. -- +Editer. (Conway)] + + RELIGION has two principal enemies, Fanatism and Infidelity, +or that which is called Atheism. The first requires to be combated +by reason and morality, the other by natural philosophy. + + The existence of a God is the first dogma of the +Theophilanthropists. It is upon this subject that I solicit your +attention; for though it has been often treated of, and that most +sublimely, the subject is inexhaustible; and there will always + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + +remain something to be said that has not been before advanced. I go +therefore to open the subject, and to crave your attention to the +end. + + The Universe is the bible of a true Theophilanthropist. It is +there that he reads of God. It is there that the proofs of his +existence are to be sought and to be found. As to written or +printed books, by whatever name they are called, they are the works +of man's hands, and carry no evidence in themselves that God is the +author of any of them. It must be in something that man could not +make that we must seek evidence for our belief, and that something +is the universe, the true Bible, -- the inimitable work of God. + + Contemplating the universe, the whole system of Creation, in +this point of light, we shall discover, that all that which is +called natural philosophy is properly a divine study. It is the +study of God through his works. It is the best study, by which we +can arrive at a knowledge of his existence, and the only one by +which we can gain a glimpse of his perfection. + + Do we want to contemplate his power? We see it in the +immensity of the Creation. Do we want to contemplate his wisdom? We +see it in the unchangeable order by which the incomprehensible +WHOLE is governed. Do we want to contemplate his munificence? We +see it in the abundance with which he fills the earth. Do we want +to contemplate his mercy? We see it in his not withholding that +abundance even from the unthankful. In fine, do we want to know +what GOD is? Search not written or printed books, but the Scripture +called the 'Creation.' + + It has been the error of the schools to teach astronomy, and +all the other sciences, and subjects of natural philosophy, as +accomplishments only; whereas they should be taught theologically, +or with reference to the Being who is the author of them: for all +the principles of science are of divine origin. Man cannot make, or +invent, or contrive principles: he can only discover them; and he +ought to look through the discovery to the author. + + When we examine an extraordinary piece of machinery, an +astonishing pile of architecture, a well executed statue, or an +highly finished painting, where life and action are imitated, and +habit only prevents our mistaking a surface of light and shade for +cubical solidity, our ideas are naturally led to think of the +extensive genius and talents of the artist. When we study the +elements of geometry, we think of Euclid. When we speak of +gravitation, we think of Newton. How then is it, that when we study +the works of God in the creation, we stop short, and do not think +of GOD? It is from the error of the schools in having taught those +subjects as accomplishments only, and thereby separated the study +of them from the 'Being' who is the author of them. + + The schools have made the study of theology to consist in the +study of opinions in written or printed books; whereas theology +should be studied in the works or books of the creation. The study +of theology in books of opinions has often produced fanatism, +rancour, and cruelty of temper; and from hence have proceeded the +numerous persecutions, the fanatical quarrels, the religious + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + +burnings and massacres, that have desolated Europe. But the study +of theology in the works of the creation produces a direct contrary +effect. The mind becomes at once enlightened and serene, a copy of +the scene it beholds: information and adoration go hand in hand; +and all the social faculties become enlarged. + + The evil that has resulted from the error of the schools, in +teaching natural philosophy as an accomplishment only, has been +that of generating in the pupils a species of Atheism. Instead of +looking through the works of creation to the Creator himself, they +stop short, and employ the knowledge they acquire to create doubts +of his existence. They labour with studied ingenuity to ascribe +every thing they behold to innate properties of matter, and jump +over all the rest by saying, that matter is eternal. + + Let us examine this subject; it is worth examining; for if we +examine it through all its cases, the result will be, that the +existence of a SUPERIOR CAUSE, or that which man calls GOD, will be +discoverable by philosophical principles. + + In the first place, admitting matter to have properties, as we +see it has, the question still remains, how came matter by those +properties? To this they will answer, that matter possessed those +properties eternally. This is not solution, but assertion; and to +deny it is equally as impossible of proof as to assert it. It is +then necessary to go further; and therefore I say, -- if there +exist a circumstance that is 'not' a property of matter, and +without which the universe, or to speak in a limited degree, the +solar system composed of planets and a sun, could not exist a +moment, all the arguments of Atheism, drawn from properties of +matter, and applied to account for the universe, will be +overthrown, and the existence of a superior cause, or that which +man calls God, becomes discoverable, as is before said, by natural +philosophy. + + I go now to shew that such a circumstance exists, and what it +is. + + The universe is composed of matter, and, as a system, is +sustained by motion. Motion is 'not a property' of matter, and +without this motion, the solar system could not exist. Were motion +a property of matter, that undiscovered and undiscoverable thing +called perpetual motion would establish itself. It is because +motion is not a property of matter, that perpetual motion is an +impossibility in the hand of every being but that of the Creator of +motion. When the pretenders to Atheism can produce perpetual +motion, and not till then, they may expect to be credited. + + The natural state of matter, as to place, is a state of rest. +Motion, or change of place, is the effect of an external cause +acting upon matter. As to that faculty of matter that is called +gravitation, it is the influence which two or more bodies have +reciprocally on each other to unite and be at rest. Every thing +which has hitherto been discovered, with respect to the motion of +the planets in the system, relates only to the laws by which motion +acts, and not to the cause of motion. Gravitation, so far from +being the cause of motion to the planets that compose the solar + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + +system, would be the destruction of the solar system, were +revolutionary motion to cease; for as the action of spinning +upholds a top, the revolutionary motion upholds the planets in +their orbits, and prevents them from gravitating and forming one +mass with the sun. In one sense of the word, philosophy knows, and +atheism says, that matter is in perpetual motion. But the motion +here meant refers to the state of matter, and that only on the +surface of the earth. It is either decomposition, which is +continually destroying the form of bodies of matter, or +recomposition, which renews that matter in the same or another +form, as the decomposition of animal or vegetable substances enter +into the composition of other bodies. But the motion that upholds +the solar system is of an entire different kind, and is not a +property of matter. It operates also to an entire different effect. +It operates to 'perpetual preservation,' and to prevent any change +in the state of the system. + + Giving then to matter all the properties which philosophy +knows it has, or all that atheism ascribes to it, and can prove, +and even supposing matter to be eternal, it will not account for +the system of the universe, or of the solar system, because it will +not account for motion, and it is motion that preserves it. When, +therefore, we discover a circumstance of such immense importance, +that without it the universe could not exist, and for which neither +matter, nor any nor all the properties can account, we are by +necessity forced into the rational comformable belief of the +existence of a cause superior to matter, and that cause man calls +GOD. + + As to that which is called nature, it is no other than the +laws by which motion and action of every kind, with respect to +unintelligible matter, is regulated. And when we speak of looking +through nature up to nature's God, we speak philosophically the +same rational language as when we speak of looking through human +laws up to the power that ordained them. + + God is the power of first cause, nature is the law, and matter +is the subject acted upon. + + But infidelity, by ascribing every phmnomenon to properties of +matter, conceives a system for which it cannot account, and yet it +pretends to demonstration. It reasons from what it sees on the +surface of the earth, but it does not carry itself on the solar +system existing by motion. It sees upon the surface a perpetual +decomposition and recomposition of matter. It sees that an oak +produces an acorn, an acorn an oak, a bird an egg, an egg a bird, +and so on. In things of this kind it sees something which it calls +a natural cause, but none of the causes it sees is the cause of +that motion which preserves the solar system. + + Let us contemplate this wonderful and stupendous system +consisting of matter, and existing by motion. It is not matter in +a state of rest, nor in a state of decomposition or recomposition. +It is matter systematized in perpetual orbicular or circular +motion. As a system that motion is the life of it: as animation is +life to an animal body, deprive the system of motion, and, as a +system, it must expire. Who then breathed into the system the life + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + +of motion? What power impelled the planets to move, since motion is +not a property of the matter of which they are composed? If we +contemplate the immense velocity of this motion, our wonder becomes +increased, and our adoration enlarges itself in the same +proportion. To instance only one of the planets, that of the earth +we inhabit, its distance from the sun, the centre of the orbits of +all the planets, is, according to observations of the transit of +the planet Venus, about one hundred million miles; consequently, +the diameter of the orbit, or circle in which the earth moves round +the sun, is double that distance; and the measure of the +circumference of the orbit, taken as three times its diameter, is +six hundred million miles. The earth performs this voyage in three +hundred and sixty-five days and some hours, and consequently moves +at the rate of more than one million six hundred thousand miles +every twenty-four hours. + + Where will infidelity, where will atheism, find cause for this +astonishing velocity of motion, never ceasing, never varying, and +which is the preservation of the earth in its orbit? It is not by +reasoning from an acorn to an oak, from an egg to a bird, or from +any change in the state of matter on the surface of the earth, that +this can be accounted for. Its cause is not to be found in matter, +nor in any thing we call nature. The atheist who affects to reason, +and the fanatic who rejects reason, plunge themselves alike into +inextricable difficulties. The one perverts the sublime and +enlightening study of natural philosophy into a deformity of +absurdities by not reasoning to the end. The other loses himself in +the obscurity of metaphysical theories, and dishonours the Creator, +by treating the study of his works with contempt. The one is a +half-rational of whom there is some hope, the other a visionary to +whom we must be charitable. + + When at first thought we think of a Creator, our ideas appear +to us undefined and confused; but if we reason philosophically, +those ideas can be easily arranged and simplified. 'It is a Being +whose power is equal to his will.' Observe the nature of the will +of man. It is of an infinite quality. We cannot conceive the +possibility of limits to the will. Observe, on the other hand, how +exceedingly limited is his power of acting compared with the nature +of his will. Suppose the power equal to the will, and man would be +a God. He would will himself eternal, and be so. He could will a +creation, and could make it. In this progressive reasoning, we see +in the nature of the will of man half of that which we conceive in +thinking of God; add the other half, and we have the whole idea of +a being who could make the universe, and sustain it by perpetual +motion; because he could create that motion. + + We know nothing of the capacity of the will of animals, but we +know a great deal of the difference of their powers. For example, +how numerous are the degrees, and bow immense is the difference of +power, from a mite to a man. Since then every thing we see below us +shows a progression of power, where is the difficulty in supposing +that there is, 'at the summit of all things,' a Being in whom an +infinity of power unites with the infinity of the will. When this +simple idea presents itself to our mind, we have the idea of a +perfect Being, that man calls God. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + + It is comfortable to live under the belief of the existence of +an infinite protecting power; and it is an addition to that comfort +to know that such a belief is not a mere conceit of the +imagination, as many of the theories that is called religious are; +nor a belief founded only on tradition or received opinion; but is +a belief deducible by the action of reason upon the things that +compose the system of the universe; a belief arising out of visible +facts: and so demonstrable is the truth of this belief, that if no +such belief had existed, the persons who now controvert it would +have been the persons who would have produced and propagated it; +because by beginning to reason they would have been led to reason +progressively to the end, and thereby have discovered that matter +and the properties it has will not account for the system of the +universe, and that there must necessarily be a superior cause. + + It was the excess to which imaginary systems of religion had +been carried, and the intolerance, persecutions, burnings and +massacres they occasioned, that first induced certain persons to +propagate infidelity; thinking, that upon the whole it was better +not to believe at all than to believe a multitude of things and +complicated creeds that occasioned so much mischief in the world. +But those days are past, persecution hath ceased, and the antidote +then set up against it has no longer even the shadow of apology. We +profess, and we proclaim in peace, the pure, unmixed, comfortable, +and rational belief of a God, as manifested to us in the universe. +We do this without any apprehension of that belief being made a +cause of persecution as other beliefs have been, or of suffering +persecution ourselves. [NOTE: A few years after this was uttered +the TheophiIanthropist Societies were suppressed by Napoleon. -- +Editor.] To God, and not to man, are all men to account for their +belief. + + It has been well observed, at the first institution of this +Society, that the dogmas it professes to believe are from the +commencement of the world; that they are not novelties, but are +confessedly the basis of all systems of religion, however numerous +and contradictory they may be. All men in the outset of the +religion they profess are Theophilanthropists. It is impossible to +form any system of religion without building upon those principles, +and therefore they are not sectarian principles, unless we suppose +a sect composed of all the world. + + I have said in the course of this discourse, that the study of +natural philosophy is a divine study, because it is the study of +the works of God in the creation. If we consider theology upon this +ground, what an extensive field of improvement in things both +divine and human opens itself before us! All the principles of +science are of divine origin. It was not man that invented the +principles on which astronomy, and every branch of mathematics, are +founded and studied. It was not man that gave properties to the +circle and the triangle. Those principles are eternal and +immutable. We see in them the unchangeable nature of the Divinity. +We see in them immortality, an immortality existing after the +material figures that express those properties are dissolved in +dust. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. + + The Society is at present in its infancy, and its means are +small; but I wish to hold in view the subject I allude to, and +instead of teaching the philosophical branches of learning as +ornamental accomplishments only, as they have hitherto been taught, +to teach them in a manner that shall combine theological knowledge +with scientific instruction. To do this to the best advantage, some +instruments will be necessary, for the purpose of explanation, of +which the Society is not yet possessed. But as the views of this +Society extend to public good as well as to that of the individual, +and as its principles can have no enemies, means may be devised to +procure them. + + If we unite to the present instruction a series of lectures on +the ground I have mentioned, we shall, in the first place, render +theology the most delightful and entertaining of all studies. In +the next place we shall give scientific instruction to those who +could not otherwise obtain it. The mechanic of every profession +will there be taught the mathematical principles necessary to +render him a proficient in his art; the cultivator will there see +developed the principles of vegetation; while, at the same time, +they will be led to see the hand of God in all these things. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books please contact +us, we need to give them back to America. + + **** **** + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/family.txt b/politicalTextFiles/family.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9385c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/family.txt @@ -0,0 +1,384 @@ +######## updated format + + + CLINTON/GORE ON AMERICAN FAMILIES + + + +Washington has abandoned working families. While +taxes fall and incomes rise for those at the top of +the totem pole, middle class families have worked +harder for less money and paid more taxes to a +government that failed to produce what we need: +good jobs in a growing economy, world-class +education, affordable health care and safe streets +and neighborhoods. + +The Republicans have lectured America on the +importance of family values. But their policies +have made life harder for working families: They +have forced parents to choose between the jobs they +need and the families they love, and they've +slashed funding for programs that prepare kids for +kindergarten, send teens on to college, and save us +all money. They have stood idly by as neighborhoods +collapse, violent crime rises, and health costs +skyrocket. + +A Clinton/Gore Administration will demand more from +families, but it will offer more, too. It will +demand that parents pay the child support they owe. +But it will offer their children the pre-schooling +they need. It will demand that young people stay +in school and off drugs. But it will offer all +Americans safer streets and the chance to borrow +for college. A Clinton/Gore Administration will +demand that people work hard and play by the rules. +It will honor and reward those who do. + +We cannot afford another four years of a President +who doesn't have a plan to help Americas families +and who backs down from the promises he does make. +It is time for a change -- time to put people +first. + +Treat families right + +* Grant additional tax relief to families with + children. + +* Sign into law the Family and Medical Leave + Act, which George Bush vetoed in 1990, so that + no worker is forced to choose between keeping + his or her job and caring for a newborn child + or sick family member. + +* Create a child care network as complete as the + public school network, tailored to the needs + of working families; give parents choices + between competing public and private + institutions. + +* Establish more rigorous standards for + licensing child care facilities and implement + improved methods for enforcing them. + +* Crack down on deadbeat parents by reporting + them to credit agencies, so they cant borrow + money for themselves when they're not taking + care of their children. Use the Internal + Revenue Service to collect child support, + start a national deadbeat databank, and make + it a felony to cross state lines to avoid + paying support. + +Educate our children + +* Send children to school ready to learn by + fully funding pre-school programs which save + us several dollars for every one we spend -- + Head Start, the Women Infants and Children + (WIC) program, and other critical initiatives + recommended by the National Commission on + Children. + +* Develop national parenting programs like + Arkansas Home Instructional Program for + Pre-school Youngsters to help disadvantaged + parents work with their children to build an + ethic of learning at home that benefits both. + +* Dramatically improve K-12 education by + establishing tough standards and a national + examination system in core subjects, leveling + the playing field for disadvantaged students, + and reducing class sizes. + +* Give every parent the right to choose the + public school his or her child attends, as + they have in Arkansas; in return, demand that + parents work with their children to keep them + in school, off drugs, and headed toward + graduation. + +* Establish a Youth Opportunity Corps to give + teenagers who drop out of school a second + chance. Community youth centers will match + teenagers with adults who care about them, and + will give kids a chance to develop + self-discipline and skills. + +* Give every American the right to borrow for + college by scrapping the existing student loan + program and establishing a National Service + Trust Fund. Those who borrow from the fund + will be able to repay the balance either as a + small percentage of their earnings over time, + or through community service as teachers, law + enforcement officers, health care workers or + peer counselors helping kids stay off drugs + and in school. + +Guarantee every family the right to quality, +affordable health care + +* Control costs, improve quality and cover + everybody under a national health care plan + that requires insurers to offer a core + benefits package, including pre-natal care and + other important preventive treatments. + +* Take on the insurance industry by simplifying + financial and accounting procedures; banning + underwriting practices that waste billions + trying to discover which patients are bad + risks; and prohibiting companies from denying + coverage to individuals with pre-existing + conditions. + +* Stop drug price gouging by eliminating tax + breaks for drug companies that raise their + prices faster than Americans incomes rise. + +Make our homes, streets and schools safe again + +* Crack down on violence against women and + children by signing the Violence Against Women + Act, which would provide tougher enforcement + and stiffer penalties to deter domestic + violence. + +* Put 100,000 new police officers on the streets + by establishing a National Police Corps drawn + partly from military veterans and active + military personnel. + +* Expand community policing to stop crimes + before they happen by taking officers out of + patrol cars and putting them back on the beat. + +* Sign the Brady Bill to create a waiting period + for handgun purchases and allow authorities to + conduct background checks to prevent guns from + falling into the wrong hands; work to ban + assault rifles that have no legitimate hunting + purpose. + +* Launch a Safe Schools Initiative to help + schools take back their facilities as places + of learning: make schools eligible for federal + assistance to pay for metal detectors and + security personnel if they need them; + encourage states to get tougher with in-school + crime; and fund mentoring, counseling, and + outreach programs so kids in trouble with + crime, drugs or gangs have some place to turn. + +Reward working families + +* Expand the Earned Income Tax Credit to + guarantee a working wage so that no American + with a family who works full-time is forced to + live in poverty. + +* Put an end to welfare as we know it by making + welfare a second chance, not a way of life; + empower people on welfare with the education, + training and child care they need, for up to + two years, so they can break the cycle of + dependence after that, those who can work will + have to find a job either in the private + sector or in community service. + +Providing fairness for families + +* Governor Clinton proposed and passed a measure + which reduced or eliminated state income taxes + for 374,000 Arkansans. Because of his + leadership, Arkansas tax burden is the second + lowest in the country. + +* Directed the Arkansas Child Support + Enforcement Unit in aggressively enforcing + child support laws. The Unit has received + national recognition for its success. + Collections totalled more than $41 million in + 1991, a 20 percent increase from 1990. + +* Senator Gore cosponsored the Family and + Medical Leave Act of 1991, which George Bush + vetoed. + +* Cosponsored the Child Welfare and Preventive + Services Act which establishes innovative + child welfare and family support services that + strengthen families, keep children out of + foster care, promote the development of + comprehensive substance abuse programs for + pregnant women, and provide improved health + care services for low-income children. + +* Sponsored the Gore/Downey Working Families Tax + Relief Act for families with children to + expand the earned income tax credit program to + help lift working families out of poverty. + +* In 1992 Gore sponsored the Family Reunion + Conference in Nashville, TN, which brought + together 600 people including social workers, + teachers and psychologists to exchange ideas + and develop solutions to the challenges facing + our families and children. The conference + resulted in the formation of the Tennessee + Family Action Network + +Improving education + +* Governor Clinton established the first + state-wide Home Instructional Program for + Pre-school Youngsters in 1986, which helps + welfare mothers teach their children to read. + +* Fought to establish tough standards for + teachers, students, and schools; increased + parental involvement; raised teacher salaries; + developed a new curriculum, including advanced + college preparation courses in math and + science; revoked the drivers licenses of + students who drop out of school before age 18 + for no good reason. + +* Increased education funding; Arkansas ranks + fifth in the nation over the last decade in + percentage increase of funding for higher + education. + +* Guided Arkansas to the highest high school + graduation rate in the region; and helped to + increase the college attendance rate from 38.2 + percent in 1982 to 41.3 in 1991. + +* Created a youth apprenticeship program to aid + and motivate non college-bound students. + +* Established the Arkansas Academic Challenge + Scholarship program to provide scholarships to + middle-income and poor students who maintain a + minimum GPA, score 19 on the ACT, and stay off + drugs. + +* Created a college bond program to allow + parents to buy short- or long-term college + bonds, not taxed in Arkansas, to finance their + childrens education. + +* Senator Gore supported the Neighborhood + Schools Improvement Act, which affirms the + national education goals and establishes an + assessment panel to report on reaching these + goals; improves teacher and school leader + training; strengthens parental involvement; + provides for school year and day extension; + expands dropout prevention efforts; and + increases the use of educational technology. + +* Voted for legislation to expand Pell Grants + eligibility, increase grant levels, and + increase the availability of grants and loans + to middle-income families. + +* Voted for the Vocational Education which funds + education in skilled trades beyond high + school. + +Protecting health + +* Governor Clinton launched Arkansas first + school-based health clinics. Today there are + 21 such clinics, reaching thousands of + Arkansas' children who wouldn't otherwise have + access to health care. + +* Cut Arkansas infant mortality rate almost in + half through improved pre-natal and post-natal + care. + +* Proposed and passed a Health Care Access Law + designed to provide, among other things, + universal health coverage for all Arkansas + children under age 16, regardless of family + income. The law emphasizes preventive and + primary care. + +* Sharply increased efforts to improve rural + health: the Rural Physician Recruitment and + Retention Program encourages physicians to + locate and practice family medicine in small + Arkansas communities; the Rural Medical + Practice Student Loans and Scholarships + provide support for medical students agreeing + to practice in rural communities. + +* Senator Gore was the principal sponsor of the + Infant Formula Act to improve nutrition and + safety standards. + +* Authored legislation that resulted in FDA + regulations banning the use of + life-threatening sulfites on fresh fruits and + vegetables. + +* Led the successful fight for warning labels on + alcohol beverages that provide consumers -- + particularly pregnant women -- with critical + information. + +* Wrote and steered to passage the Cigarette + Labeling Act to require stronger warning + labels. + +* In August 1992, Arkansas was one of twelve + states which received funding as part of the + Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's State + Initiatives in Health Care Financing Reform + Programs. Arkansas was chosen for its + innovative approach to increase health care + insurance coverage to residents and to contain + the escalating costs of care. + +Getting tough on crime + +* Governor Clinton Increased penalties for drug + dealing and violent crime. + +* Established innovative +boot camps to instill discipline in non-violent +first-time offenders. + +* Built more prisons and kept costs down. + +* Senator Gore cosponsored legislation to + provide a mandatory 5-year prison sentence for + anyone who used a gun to commit a federal + crime. + +* Supported the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 + which attacks drug abuse in our country with + reinforced interdiction efforts, expanded + prevention, education and treatment programs, + assistance to local law enforcement, and + stiffer criminal penalties. + +Fighting dependency + +* Governor Clinton helped draft and Senator Gore + supported the most significant welfare reform + legislation ever, the Family Support Act of + 1988. Arkansas welfare-to-work program, + Project Success was one of the first three + such efforts implemented, and has helped + almost 10,000 Arkansans find work in one year + alone. + +* Removed a quarter of a million low-income + Arkansans from the tax rolls. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fbi-file.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fbi-file.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50e9185 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fbi-file.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ + + +The Federal Bureau of Investigations keeps files on almost +every person in the entire +country. They must send you your file if you want them to. +There will not be any charge if the file is under fifty pages. +If it is over 50 pages, then there will be a copying charge of +ten cents per page. Your file can be obtained by +simply mailing a letter to them. However, +the letter must be worded properly or else they will not comply, or +may only send you part of it. Here is the address which you may +use to contact the F.B.I.: + +Director +Federal Bureau of Investigations +Washington D.C., 20535 + +Here is the letter: + + + + + + + +Dear Sir: + I am requesting a copy of any personal file which you may +have on myself (SSN ). +In addition, I am requesting +copies of all files, dossiers, documents, or materials referring +to myself. If you consider some material exempt from diclosure, +release the material to me with deletions indicated and specify +your legal support for having made those deletions. Finally, I +require a response within ten working days, as provided by the +Freedom of Information Act. I appreciate your time and your +compliance with my request and the law. + + Thank you, + + + + +This letter must be notarized. To notarize a letter go to some +bank, NOT the Post Office. The bank will check your +identification a stamp your letter, then go to the PO and mail +this letter. The C.I.A. also has files, but I believe they stopped +updating information in 81. A similar request can be made of ANY +government agency. Knock your self out! + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fbialert.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fbialert.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b922bf --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fbialert.txt @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +Downloaded from AMNET 312-436-3062 Chicago's Civil Liberties BBS + + >>> Civil Liberties Under Threat <<< + by + Brian Glick + + Part One + +INTRODUCTION + +Activists across the country report increasing government harassment +and disruption of their work: + +-In the Southwest, paid informers infiltrate the church services, Bible +classes and support networks of clergy and lay workers giving +sanctuary to refugees from El Salvador and Guatamala. + +-In Alabama, elderly Black people attempting for the first time +to exercise their right to vote are interrogated by FBI agents and +hauled before federal grand juries hundreds of miles from their +homes. + +-In New England, a former CIA case officer cites examples from +his own past work to warn college students of efforts by +undercover operatives to misdirect and discredit protests against +South African and US racism. + +-In the San Francisco Bay Area, activists planning anti-nuclear +civil disobedience learn that their meetings have been infiltrated by +the US Navy. + +-In Detroit, Seattle, and Philadelphia, in Cambridge, MA, +Berkeley,CA., Phoenix, AR., and Washington, DC., churches and +organizations opposing US policies in Central America report +obviously political break-ins in which important papers are stolen +or damaged, while money and valuables are left untouched. License +plates on a car spotted fleeing one such office have been traced +to the US National Security Agency. + +-In Puerto Rico, Texas and Massachusetts, labor leaders, +community organizers, writers and editors who advocate Puerto +Rican independence are branded by the FBI as "terrorists," +brutally rounded-up in the middle of the night, held incommunicado +for days and then jailed under new preventive detention laws. + +-The FBI puts the same "terrorist" label on opponents of US +intervention in El Salvador, but refuses to investigate the +possibility of a political conspiracy behind nation-wide bombings +of abortion clinics. + +-Throughout the country, people attempting to see Nicaragua for +themselves find their trips disrupted, their private papers +confiscated, and their homes and offices plagued by FBI agents +who demand detailed personal and political information. + +These kinds of government tactics violate our fundamental +constitutional rights. They make it enormously difficult to +sustain grass-roots organizing. They create an atmosphere of fear +and distrust which undermines any effort to challenge official +policy. + +Similar measures were used in the 1960s as part of a secret +FBI program known as "COINTELPRO." COINTELPRO was later exposed +and officially ended. But the evidence shows that it actually +persisted and that clandestine operations to discredit and +disrupt opposition movements have become an institutional feature +of national and local government in the US. This pamphlet is +designed to help current and future activists learn from the +history of COINTELPRO, so that our movements can better withstand +such attack. + +The first section gives a brief overview of what we know the FBI +did in the 60s. It explains why we can expect similar government +intervention in the 80s and beyond, and offers general guidelines +for effective response. + +The main body of the pamphlet describes the specific methods which +have previously been used to undermine domestic dissent and +suggests steps we can take to limit or deflect their impact. + +A final chapter explores ways to mobilize broad public protest +against this kind of repression. + +It also draws on the post-60s confessions of disaffected +government agents, and on the testimony of public officials before +Congress and the courts. Though the information from these sources +is incomplete, and much of what was done remains secret, we +now know enough to draw useful lessons for future organizing. + +The suggestions included in the pamphlet are based on the +author's 20 years experience as an activist and lawyer, and on +talks with long-time organizers in a broad range of movements. +They are meant to provide starting points for discussion, so we +can get ready before the pressure intensifies. Most are a matter +of common sense once the methodology of covert action is +understood. Please take these issues seriously. Discuss the +recommendations with other activists. Adapt them to the conditions +you face. Point out problems and suggest other approaches. + +IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE BEGIN NOW TO PROTECT OUR MOVEMENTS AND +OURSELVES. + + +A HISTORY TO LEARN FROM + + +WHAT WAS COINTELPRO? + +"COINTELPRO" was the FBI's secret program to undermine the popular +upsurge which swept the country during the 1960s. Though the name +stands for "Counterintelligence Program," the targets were not +enemy spies. The FBI set out to eliminate "radical" political +opposition inside the US. When traditional modes of repression +(exposure, blatant harassment, and prosecution for political +crimes) failed to counter the growing insurgency, and even helped +to fuel it, the Bureau took the law into its own hands and +secretly used fraud and force to sabotage constitutionally- +protected political activity.Its methods ranged far beyond +surveillance, and amounted to a domestic version of the covert +action for which the CIA has become infamous throughout the world. + + +HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT IT? + +COINTELPRO was discovered in March, 1971, when some secret files +were removed from an FBI office and released to news media. +Freedom of Information requests, lawsuits, and former agents' +pub \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fdr10.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fdr10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45f5991 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fdr10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ + Inaugural Speech of Franklin Delano Roosevelt + Given in Washington, D.C. + March 4th, 1933 + + +President Hoover, Mr. Chief Justice, my friends: + + This is a day of national consecration, and I am certain +that my fellow-Americans expect that on my induction into the +Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which +the present situation of our nation impels. + +This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, +frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions +in our country today. This great nation will endure as it has endured, +will revive and will prosper. + +So first of all let me assert my firm belief that +the only thing we have to fear. . .is fear itself. . . +nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes +needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. + +In every dark hour of our national life a leadership +of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding +and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. +I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership +in these critical days. +In such a spirit on my part and on yours we face our +common difficulties. They concern, thank God, only material things. +Values have shrunken to fantastic levels: taxes have risen, +our ability to pay has fallen, government of all kinds is faced by +serious curtailment of income, the means of exchange are frozen +in the currents of trade, the withered leaves of industrial enterprise +lie on every side, farmers find no markets for their produce, +the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. + +More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem +of existence, and an equally great number toil with little return. +Only a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment. + +Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. +We are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with +the perils which our forefathers conquered because they believed +and were not afraid, we have still much to be thankful for. +Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. +Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes +in the very sight of the supply. + +Primarily, this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods +have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, +have admitted their failures and abdicated. Practices of the +unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, +rejected by the hearts and minds of men. + +True, they have tried, but their efforts have been cast +in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by failure +of credit, they have proposed only the lending of more money. + +Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people +to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, +pleading tearfully for restored conditions. They know only the rules +of a generation of self-seekers. + +They have no vision, and when there is no vision the people perish. + +The money changers have fled their high seats in the temple +of our civilization. We may now restore that temple +to the ancient truths. + +The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which +we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit. + +Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money, it lies +in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort. + +The joy and moral stimulation of work no longer +must be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits. +These dark days will be worth all they cost us if they +teach us that our true destiny is not to be ministered unto +but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow-men. + +Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard +of success goes hand in hand with the abandonment of the false +belief that public office and high political position are to be values +only by the standards of pride of place and personal profit, +and there must be an end to a conduct in banking and in business +which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness +of callous and selfish wrongdoing. + +Small wonder that confidence languishes, for it thrives only on honesty, +on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful protection, +on unselfish performance. Without them it cannot live. + +Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. +This nation asks for action, and action now. + +Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is +no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. + +It can be accompanied in part by direct recruiting by the +government itself, treating the task as we would treat the +emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this +employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate +and reorganize the use of our national resources. + +Hand in hand with this, we must frankly recognize the over-balance +of population in our industrial centers and, by engaging on a national +scale in a redistribution, endeavor to provide a better use of the land +for those best fitted for the land. + +The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the values +of agricultural products and with this the power to purchase +the output of our cities. + +It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy +of the growing loss, through foreclosure, of our small homes +and our farms. + +It can be helped by insistence that the Federal, State, and +local governments act forthwith on the demand that their cost +be drastically reduced. + +It can be helped by the unifying of relief activities which today +are often scattered, uneconomical and unequal. It can be helped +by national planning for and supervision of all forms of transportation +and of communications and other utilities which have a definitely +public character. + +There are many ways in which it can be helped, but it can never +be helped merely by talking about it. We must act, and act quickly. + +Finally, in our progress toward a resumption of work we require +two safeguards against a return of the evils of the old order: +there must be a strict supervision of all banking and credits and investments; +there must be an end to speculation with other people's money, and there must +be provision for an adequate but sound currency. + +These are the lines of attack. I shall presently urge upon a new Congress +in special session detailed measures for their fulfillment, and I shall seek +the immediate assistance of the several States. + +Through this program of action we address ourselves to putting +our own national house in order and making income balance outgo. + +Our international trade relations, though vastly important, +are, to point in time and necessity, secondary to the establishment +of a sound national economy. + +I favor as a practical policy the putting of first things first. +I shall spare no effort to restore world trade by international economic +readjustment, but the emergency at home cannot wait on that accomplishment. + +The basic thought that guides these specific means of national recovery +is not narrowly nationalistic. + +It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence +of the various elements in and parts of the United States. . . +a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation +of the American spirit of the pioneer. + +It is the way to recovery. It is the immediate way. It is the strongest +assurance that the recovery will endure. + +In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy +of the good neighbor. . .the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, +because he does so, respects the rights of others. . .the neighbor +who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements +in and with a world of neighbors. + +If I read the temper of our people correctly, we now realize, +as we have never realized before, our interdependence on each other: +that we cannot merely take, but we must give as well, +that if we are to go forward we must move as a trained and loyal +army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline, +because, without such discipline, no progress is made, +no leadership becomes effective. + +We are, I know, ready and willing to submit our lives and property +to such discipline because it makes possibly a leadership which aims +at a larger good. + +This I propose to offer, pledging that the larger purposes +will hind upon us all as a sacred obligation with a unity +of duty hitherto evoked only in time of armed strife. + +With this pledge taken, I assume unhesitatingly the leadership of this great +army of our people, dedicated to a disciplined attack upon our common problems. + +Action in this image and to this end is feasible under the form of government +which we have inherited from our ancestors. + +Our Constitution is so simple and practical that it is possible +always to meet extraordinary needs by changes in emphasis +and arrangement without loss of essential form. + +That is why our constitutional system has proved itself +the most superbly enduring political mechanism the modern world +has produced. It has met every stress of vast expansion of territory, +of foreign wars, of bitter internal strife, of world relations. + +It is to be hoped that the normal balance of executive +and legislative authority may be wholly adequate to meet +the unprecedented task before us. But it may be that an +unprecedented demand and need for undelayed action may call +for temporary departure from that normal balance of public procedure. + +I am prepared under my constitutional duty to recommend the measures +that a stricken nation in the midst of a stricken world may require. + +But in the event that the Congress shall fail to take one of these courses, +and in the event that the national emergency is still critical, +I shall not evade the clear course of duty that will then confront me. + +I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument +to meet the crisis. . .broad executive power to wage a war +against the emergency as great as the power that would be given +to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe. + +For the trust reposed in me I will return the courage +and the devotion that befit the time. I can do no less. + +We face the arduous days that lie before us in the warm +courage of national unity, with the clear consciousness +of seeking old and precious moral values, with the clean +satisfaction that comes from the stern performance of duty +by old and young alike. + +We aim at the assurance of a rounded and permanent national life. + +We do not distrust the future of essential democracy. +The people of the United States have not failed. +In their need they have registered a mandate +that they want direct, vigorous action. + +They have asked for discipline and direction under leadership. +They have made me the present instrument of their wishes. +In the spirit of the gift I will take it. + +In this dedication of a nation we humbly ask the blessing of God. +May He protect each and every one of us! May He guide me in the +days to come! + +*** +End of: + +President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Speech + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fed-c1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fed-c1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e19d17b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fed-c1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,263 @@ +============================================= +The BIRCH BARK BBS / 414-242-5070 +============================================= + +The Creature from Jekyll Island ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +(Excerpts from Chapter 1) + +(Specifically addressing the creation of the Federal Reserve System.) + +-- + +The secret meeting on Jekyll Island in Georgia at which the Federal +Reserve was conceived; the birth of a banking cartel to protect its +members from competition; the strategy of how to convince Congress +and the public that this cartel was an agency of the United States +government. + +-- + +...were seven men who represented an estimated one-forth of the total +wealth of the entire world. + +1. Nelson W. Aldrich, Republican "whip" in the Senate, Chairman of the +National Monetary Commission, business associate of J.P. Morgan, father- +in-law to John D. Rockefeller, Jr.; + +2. Abraham Piatt Andrew, Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury; + +3. Frank A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank of New York, +the most powerful of the banks at that time, representing William Rockefeller +and the international investment banking house of Kuhn, Loeb & Company; + +4. Henry P. Davison, senior partner of the J.P Morgan Company; + +5. Charles D. Norton, president of J.P. Morgan's First National Bank of +New York; + +6. Benjamin Strong, head of J.P. Morgan's Bankers Trust Company; +and +7. Paul M. Warburg, a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Company, a representative +of the Rothschild banking dynasty in England and France, and brother to +Max Warburg who was head of the Warburg banking consortium in Germany +and the Netherlands. + +-- + +In 1913, the same year that the Federal Reserve Act was passed into law, +a subcommittee of the House Committee on Currency and Banking, under the +chairmanship of Arsene Pujo of Louisiana, completed its investigation into +the concentration of financial power in the United States. Pujo was +considered to be a spokesman for the oil interests, part of the very group +under investigation, and did everything possible to sabotage the hearings. +In spite of his efforts, however, the final report of the committee at +large was devastating. It stated: + + Your committee is satisfied from the proofs submitted, even in the + absence of data from the banks, that there is an established and + well defined identity and community of interest between a few leaders + of finance...which has resulted in great and rapidly growing concen- + tration of the control of money and credit in the hands of these few + men... + + When we consider, also, in this connection that into these reservoirs + of money and credit there flow a large part of the reserves of the + banks of the country, that they are also the agents and correspondents + of the out-of-town banks in the loaning of their surplus funds in the + only public money market of the country, and that a small group of men + and their partners and associates have now further strengthened their + hold upon the resources of these institutions by acquiring large stock + holdings therein, by representation on their boards and through valuable + patronage, we begin to realize something of the extent to which this + practical and effective domination and control over our greatest + financial, railroad and industrial corporations has developed, largely + within the past five years, and that it is fraught with peril to the + welfare of the country. + +-- + +The purpose of this meeting on Jekyll Island was...to come to an agreement +on the structure and operation of a banking cartel. The goal of the cartel, +as is true with all of them, was to maximize profits by minimizing competition +between members, to make it difficult for new competitors to enter the field, +and to utilize the police power of government to enforce the cartel agreement. +In more specific terms, the purpose and, indeed, the actual outcome of this +meeting was to create the blueprint for the Federal Reserve System. + +-- + +The first leak regarding this meeting found its way into print in 1916. It +appeared in Leslie's Weekly and was written by a young financial reporter by +the name of B.C. Forbes, who later founded Forbes Magazine. The article was +primarily in praise of Paul Warburg, and it is likely that Warburg let the +story out during conversations with the writer. At any rate, the opening +paragraph contained a dramatic but highly accurate summary of both the nature +and purpose of the meeting: + + Picture a party of the nation's greatest bankers stealing out of New + York on a private railroad car under cover of darkness, stealthily + hieing hundreds of miles South, embarking on a mysterious launch, + sneaking on to an island deserted by all but a few servants, living + there a full week under such rigid secrecy that the names of not one + of them was once mentioned lest the servants learn the identity and + disclose to the world this strangest, most secret expedition in the + history of American finance. + + I am not ramancing. I am giving to the world, for the first time, + the real story of how the famous Aldrich currency report, the foundation + of our new currency system, was written. + +-- + +In 1930, Paul Warburg wrote a massive book - 1750 pages in all - entitled +The Federal Reserve System, Its Origin and Growth. In this tome, he +described the meeting and its purpose but did not mention either its +location or the names of those who attended. But he did say: + + "The results of the conference were entirely confidential. Even + the fact there had been a meeting was not permitted to become public." + +Then in a footnote he added: + + "Though eighteen years have since gone by, I do not feel free to + give a description of this most interesting conference concerning + which Senator Aldrich pledged all participants to secrecy." + +-- + +In the February 9, 1935, issue of the Saturday Evening Post, an article +appeared written by Frank Vanderlip. In it he said: + + Despite my views about the value to society of greater publicity + for the affairs of corporations, there was an occasion, near the close + of 1910, when I was as secretive - indeed, as furtive - as any + conspirator....I do not feel it is any exaggeration to speak of our + secret expedition to Jekyll Island as the occasion of the actual + conception of what eventually became the Federal Reserve System.... + + We were told to leave our last names behind us. We were told, further, + that we should avoid dining together on the night of our departure. + We were instructed to come one at a time and as unobtrusively as + possible to the railroad terminal on the New Jersy littoral of the + Hudson, where Senator Aldrich's private car would be in readiness, + attached to the rear end of a train for the South.... + + Once aboard the private car we began to observe the taboo that had + been fixed on last names. we addressed one another as "Ben," "Paul," + "Nelson," "Abe" - it is Abraham Piatt Andrew. Davison and I adopted + even deeper disguises, abandoning our first names. On the theory that + we were always right, he became Wilbur and I became Orville, after + those two aviation pioneers, the Wright brothers.... + + The servants and train crew may have known the identities of one + or two of us, but they did not know all, and it was the names of all + printed together that would have made our mysterious journey significant + in Washington, in Wall Street, even in London. Discovery, we knew, + simply must not happen, or else all our time and effort would be wasted. + If it were to be exposed publicly that our particular group had got + together and written a banking bill, that bill would have no chance + whatever of passage by Congress. + +-- + +As with all cartels, it had to be created by legislation and sustained by +the power of goverment under the deception of protecting the consumer. + +-- + +As John Kenneth Galbraith explained it: + + "It was his [Aldrich's] thought to outflank the opposition by + having not one central bank but many. And the word bank would + itself be avoided." + +-- + +Galbraith says + + "...Warburg has, with some justice, been called the father of + the system." + +Professor Edwin Seligman, a member of the international banking family of +J. & W. Seligman, and head of the Department of Economics at Columbia +University, writes that + + "...in its fundamental features, the Federal Reserve Act is the work + of Mr. Warburg more than any other man in the country." + +-- + +A third brother, Max Warburg, was the financial adviser of the Kaiser and +became Director of the Reichsbank in Germany. This was, of course, a central +bank, and it was one of the cartel models used in the construction of the +Federal Reserve System. The Reichsbank, incidentally, a few years later +would create the massive hyperinflation that occured in Germany, wiping +out the middle class and the entire German economy as well. + +-- + +...A. Barton Hepburn of Chase National Bank was even more candid. He said: + + "The measure recognizes and adopts the principles of a central bank. + Indeed, if all works out as the sponsers of the law hope, it will make + all incorporated banks together joint owners of a central dominating + power" + +And that is about as good a definition of a cartel as one is likely to find. + +-- + +...it is incapable of achieving its stated objectives. + +-- + +...why is the System incapable of achieving its stated objectives? +The painful answer is: those were never its true objectives. + +-- + +Anthony Sutton, former Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution for War, +Revolution and Peace, and also Professor of Economics at California State +University, Los Angeles, provides a somewhat deeper analysis. He writes: + + Warburg's revolutionary plan to get American Society to go to work + for Wall Street was astonishingly simple. Even today,...academic + theoreticians cover their blackboards with meaningless equations, + and the general public struggles in bewildered confusion with + inflation and the coming credit collapse, while the quite simple + explanation of the problem goes undiscussed and almost entirely + uncomprehended. The Federal Reserve System is a legal private + monopoly of the money supply operated for the benefit of the few + under the guise of protecting and promoting the public interest. + +-- + +The real significance of the journey to Jekyll Island and the creature that +was hatched there was inadvertantly summarized by the words of Paul Warburg's +admiring biographer, Harold Kellock: + + Paul M. Warburg is probably the mildest-mannered man that ever + personally conducted a revolution. It was a bloodless revolution: + he did not attempt to rouse the populace to arms. He stepped forth + armed simply with an idea. And he conquered. That's the amazing + thing. A shy, sensitive man, he imposed his idea on a nation of a + hundred million people. + +-- + +The Creature from Jekyll Island: +A Second Look at the Federal Reserve +By G. Edward Griffin (C)1994 + +Published by: American Opinion Publishing, Inc. +P.O.Box 8040 +Appleton, WI 54913-8040 + +-- + +[end] + +============================================ +The BIRCH BARK BBS / 414-242-5070 +============================================ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/feder15.txt b/politicalTextFiles/feder15.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9f1e00 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/feder15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19220 @@ + The Federalist Papers + + + + + + +FEDERALIST. No. 1 + +General Introduction +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +AFTER an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the + subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on + a new Constitution for the United States of America. The subject + speaks its own importance; comprehending in its consequences + nothing less than the existence of the UNION, the safety and welfare + of the parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in many + respects the most interesting in the world. It has been frequently + remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this + country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important + question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of + establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether + they are forever destined to depend for their political + constitutions on accident and force. If there be any truth in the + remark, the crisis at which we are arrived may with propriety be + regarded as the era in which that decision is to be made; and a + wrong election of the part we shall act may, in this view, deserve + to be considered as the general misfortune of mankind. +This idea will add the inducements of philanthropy to those of + patriotism, to heighten the solicitude which all considerate and + good men must feel for the event. Happy will it be if our choice + should be directed by a judicious estimate of our true interests, + unperplexed and unbiased by considerations not connected with the + public good. But this is a thing more ardently to be wished than + seriously to be expected. The plan offered to our deliberations + affects too many particular interests, innovates upon too many local + institutions, not to involve in its discussion a variety of objects + foreign to its merits, and of views, passions and prejudices little + favorable to the discovery of truth. +Among the most formidable of the obstacles which the new + Constitution will have to encounter may readily be distinguished the + obvious interest of a certain class of men in every State to resist + all changes which may hazard a diminution of the power, emolument, + and consequence of the offices they hold under the State + establishments; and the perverted ambition of another class of men, + who will either hope to aggrandize themselves by the confusions of + their country, or will flatter themselves with fairer prospects of + elevation from the subdivision of the empire into several partial + confederacies than from its union under one government. +It is not, however, my design to dwell upon observations of this + nature. I am well aware that it would be disingenuous to resolve + indiscriminately the opposition of any set of men (merely because + their situations might subject them to suspicion) into interested or + ambitious views. Candor will oblige us to admit that even such men + may be actuated by upright intentions; and it cannot be doubted + that much of the opposition which has made its appearance, or may + hereafter make its appearance, will spring from sources, blameless + at least, if not respectable--the honest errors of minds led astray + by preconceived jealousies and fears. So numerous indeed and so + powerful are the causes which serve to give a false bias to the + judgment, that we, upon many occasions, see wise and good men on the + wrong as well as on the right side of questions of the first + magnitude to society. This circumstance, if duly attended to, would + furnish a lesson of moderation to those who are ever so much + persuaded of their being in the right in any controversy. And a + further reason for caution, in this respect, might be drawn from the + reflection that we are not always sure that those who advocate the + truth are influenced by purer principles than their antagonists. + Ambition, avarice, personal animosity, party opposition, and many + other motives not more laudable than these, are apt to operate as + well upon those who support as those who oppose the right side of a + question. Were there not even these inducements to moderation, + nothing could be more ill-judged than that intolerant spirit which + has, at all times, characterized political parties. For in + politics, as in religion, it is equally absurd to aim at making + proselytes by fire and sword. Heresies in either can rarely be + cured by persecution. +And yet, however just these sentiments will be allowed to be, we + have already sufficient indications that it will happen in this as + in all former cases of great national discussion. A torrent of + angry and malignant passions will be let loose. To judge from the + conduct of the opposite parties, we shall be led to conclude that + they will mutually hope to evince the justness of their opinions, + and to increase the number of their converts by the loudness of + their declamations and the bitterness of their invectives. An + enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be + stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and + hostile to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy + of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the + fault of the head than of the heart, will be represented as mere + pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense + of the public good. It will be forgotten, on the one hand, that + jealousy is the usual concomitant of love, and that the noble + enthusiasm of liberty is apt to be infected with a spirit of narrow + and illiberal distrust. On the other hand, it will be equally + forgotten that the vigor of government is essential to the security + of liberty; that, in the contemplation of a sound and well-informed + judgment, their interest can never be separated; and that a + dangerous ambition more often lurks behind the specious mask of zeal + for the rights of the people than under the forbidden appearance of + zeal for the firmness and efficiency of government. History will + teach us that the former has been found a much more certain road to + the introduction of despotism than the latter, and that of those men + who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number + have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people; + commencing demagogues, and ending tyrants. +In the course of the preceding observations, I have had an eye, + my fellow-citizens, to putting you upon your guard against all + attempts, from whatever quarter, to influence your decision in a + matter of the utmost moment to your welfare, by any impressions + other than those which may result from the evidence of truth. You + will, no doubt, at the same time, have collected from the general + scope of them, that they proceed from a source not unfriendly to the + new Constitution. Yes, my countrymen, I own to you that, after + having given it an attentive consideration, I am clearly of opinion + it is your interest to adopt it. I am convinced that this is the + safest course for your liberty, your dignity, and your happiness. I + affect not reserves which I do not feel. I will not amuse you with + an appearance of deliberation when I have decided. I frankly + acknowledge to you my convictions, and I will freely lay before you + the reasons on which they are founded. The consciousness of good + intentions disdains ambiguity. I shall not, however, multiply + professions on this head. My motives must remain in the depository + of my own breast. My arguments will be open to all, and may be + judged of by all. They shall at least be offered in a spirit which + will not disgrace the cause of truth. +I propose, in a series of papers, to discuss the following + interesting particulars: +THE UTILITY OF THE UNION TO YOUR POLITICAL PROSPERITY +THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PRESENT CONFEDERATION + TO PRESERVE THAT UNION THE NECESSITY OF A GOVERNMENT AT LEAST + EQUALLY ENERGETIC WITH THE ONE PROPOSED, TO THE ATTAINMENT OF THIS + OBJECT THE CONFORMITY OF THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTION TO THE TRUE + PRINCIPLES OF REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT + ITS ANALOGY TO YOUR OWN STATE CONSTITUTION + and lastly, THE ADDITIONAL SECURITY WHICH ITS + ADOPTION WILL AFFORD TO THE PRESERVATION OF THAT SPECIES OF + GOVERNMENT, TO LIBERTY, AND TO PROPERTY. +In the progress of this discussion I shall endeavor to give a + satisfactory answer to all the objections which shall have made + their appearance, that may seem to have any claim to your attention. +It may perhaps be thought superfluous to offer arguments to + prove the utility of the UNION, a point, no doubt, deeply engraved + on the hearts of the great body of the people in every State, and + one, which it may be imagined, has no adversaries. But the fact is, + that we already hear it whispered in the private circles of those + who oppose the new Constitution, that the thirteen States are of too + great extent for any general system, and that we must of necessity + resort to separate confederacies of distinct portions of the + whole.1 This doctrine will, in all probability, be gradually + propagated, till it has votaries enough to countenance an open + avowal of it. For nothing can be more evident, to those who are + able to take an enlarged view of the subject, than the alternative + of an adoption of the new Constitution or a dismemberment of the + Union. It will therefore be of use to begin by examining the + advantages of that Union, the certain evils, and the probable + dangers, to which every State will be exposed from its dissolution. + This shall accordingly constitute the subject of my next address. + PUBLIUS. +1 The same idea, tracing the arguments to their consequences, is + held out in several of the late publications against the new + Constitution. + + + +FEDERALIST No. 2 + +Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence +For the Independent Journal. + +JAY + +To the People of the State of New York: +WHEN the people of America reflect that they are now called upon + to decide a question, which, in its consequences, must prove one of + the most important that ever engaged their attention, the propriety + of their taking a very comprehensive, as well as a very serious, + view of it, will be evident. +Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of + government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however + it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural + rights in order to vest it with requisite powers. It is well worthy + of consideration therefore, whether it would conduce more to the + interest of the people of America that they should, to all general + purposes, be one nation, under one federal government, or that they + should divide themselves into separate confederacies, and give to + the head of each the same kind of powers which they are advised to + place in one national government. +It has until lately been a received and uncontradicted opinion + that the prosperity of the people of America depended on their + continuing firmly united, and the wishes, prayers, and efforts of + our best and wisest citizens have been constantly directed to that + object. But politicians now appear, who insist that this opinion is + erroneous, and that instead of looking for safety and happiness in + union, we ought to seek it in a division of the States into distinct + confederacies or sovereignties. However extraordinary this new + doctrine may appear, it nevertheless has its advocates; and certain + characters who were much opposed to it formerly, are at present of + the number. Whatever may be the arguments or inducements which have + wrought this change in the sentiments and declarations of these + gentlemen, it certainly would not be wise in the people at large to + adopt these new political tenets without being fully convinced that + they are founded in truth and sound policy. +It has often given me pleasure to observe that independent + America was not composed of detached and distant territories, but + that one connected, fertile, widespreading country was the portion + of our western sons of liberty. Providence has in a particular + manner blessed it with a variety of soils and productions, and + watered it with innumerable streams, for the delight and + accommodation of its inhabitants. A succession of navigable waters + forms a kind of chain round its borders, as if to bind it together; + while the most noble rivers in the world, running at convenient + distances, present them with highways for the easy communication of + friendly aids, and the mutual transportation and exchange of their + various commodities. +With equal pleasure I have as often taken notice that Providence + has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united + people--a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same + language, professing the same religion, attached to the same + principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs, + and who, by their joint counsels, arms, and efforts, fighting side + by side throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established + general liberty and independence. +This country and this people seem to have been made for each + other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an + inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united + to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a + number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties. +Similar sentiments have hitherto prevailed among all orders and + denominations of men among us. To all general purposes we have + uniformly been one people each individual citizen everywhere + enjoying the same national rights, privileges, and protection. As a + nation we have made peace and war; as a nation we have vanquished + our common enemies; as a nation we have formed alliances, and made + treaties, and entered into various compacts and conventions with + foreign states. +A strong sense of the value and blessings of union induced the + people, at a very early period, to institute a federal government to + preserve and perpetuate it. They formed it almost as soon as they + had a political existence; nay, at a time when their habitations + were in flames, when many of their citizens were bleeding, and when + the progress of hostility and desolation left little room for those + calm and mature inquiries and reflections which must ever precede + the formation of a wise and wellbalanced government for a free + people. It is not to be wondered at, that a government instituted + in times so inauspicious, should on experiment be found greatly + deficient and inadequate to the purpose it was intended to answer. +This intelligent people perceived and regretted these defects. + Still continuing no less attached to union than enamored of + liberty, they observed the danger which immediately threatened the + former and more remotely the latter; and being pursuaded that ample + security for both could only be found in a national government more + wisely framed, they as with one voice, convened the late convention + at Philadelphia, to take that important subject under consideration. +This convention composed of men who possessed the confidence of + the people, and many of whom had become highly distinguished by + their patriotism, virtue and wisdom, in times which tried the minds + and hearts of men, undertook the arduous task. In the mild season + of peace, with minds unoccupied by other subjects, they passed many + months in cool, uninterrupted, and daily consultation; and finally, + without having been awed by power, or influenced by any passions + except love for their country, they presented and recommended to the + people the plan produced by their joint and very unanimous councils. +Admit, for so is the fact, that this plan is only RECOMMENDED, + not imposed, yet let it be remembered that it is neither recommended + to BLIND approbation, nor to BLIND reprobation; but to that sedate + and candid consideration which the magnitude and importance of the + subject demand, and which it certainly ought to receive. But this + (as was remarked in the foregoing number of this paper) is more to + be wished than expected, that it may be so considered and examined. + Experience on a former occasion teaches us not to be too sanguine + in such hopes. It is not yet forgotten that well-grounded + apprehensions of imminent danger induced the people of America to + form the memorable Congress of 1774. That body recommended certain + measures to their constituents, and the event proved their wisdom; + yet it is fresh in our memories how soon the press began to teem + with pamphlets and weekly papers against those very measures. Not + only many of the officers of government, who obeyed the dictates of + personal interest, but others, from a mistaken estimate of + consequences, or the undue influence of former attachments, or whose + ambition aimed at objects which did not correspond with the public + good, were indefatigable in their efforts to pursuade the people to + reject the advice of that patriotic Congress. Many, indeed, were + deceived and deluded, but the great majority of the people reasoned + and decided judiciously; and happy they are in reflecting that they + did so. +They considered that the Congress was composed of many wise and + experienced men. That, being convened from different parts of the + country, they brought with them and communicated to each other a + variety of useful information. That, in the course of the time they + passed together in inquiring into and discussing the true interests + of their country, they must have acquired very accurate knowledge on + that head. That they were individually interested in the public + liberty and prosperity, and therefore that it was not less their + inclination than their duty to recommend only such measures as, + after the most mature deliberation, they really thought prudent and + advisable. +These and similar considerations then induced the people to rely + greatly on the judgment and integrity of the Congress; and they + took their advice, notwithstanding the various arts and endeavors + used to deter them from it. But if the people at large had reason + to confide in the men of that Congress, few of whom had been fully + tried or generally known, still greater reason have they now to + respect the judgment and advice of the convention, for it is well + known that some of the most distinguished members of that Congress, + who have been since tried and justly approved for patriotism and + abilities, and who have grown old in acquiring political + information, were also members of this convention, and carried into + it their accumulated knowledge and experience. +It is worthy of remark that not only the first, but every + succeeding Congress, as well as the late convention, have invariably + joined with the people in thinking that the prosperity of America + depended on its Union. To preserve and perpetuate it was the great + object of the people in forming that convention, and it is also the + great object of the plan which the convention has advised them to + adopt. With what propriety, therefore, or for what good purposes, + are attempts at this particular period made by some men to + depreciate the importance of the Union? Or why is it suggested that + three or four confederacies would be better than one? I am + persuaded in my own mind that the people have always thought right + on this subject, and that their universal and uniform attachment to + the cause of the Union rests on great and weighty reasons, which I + shall endeavor to develop and explain in some ensuing papers. They + who promote the idea of substituting a number of distinct + confederacies in the room of the plan of the convention, seem + clearly to foresee that the rejection of it would put the + continuance of the Union in the utmost jeopardy. That certainly + would be the case, and I sincerely wish that it may be as clearly + foreseen by every good citizen, that whenever the dissolution of the + Union arrives, America will have reason to exclaim, in the words of + the poet: ``FAREWELL! A LONG FAREWELL TO ALL MY GREATNESS.'' +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 3 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence) +For the Independent Journal. + +JAY + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT IS not a new observation that the people of any country (if, + like the Americans, intelligent and wellinformed) seldom adopt and + steadily persevere for many years in an erroneous opinion respecting + their interests. That consideration naturally tends to create great + respect for the high opinion which the people of America have so + long and uniformly entertained of the importance of their continuing + firmly united under one federal government, vested with sufficient + powers for all general and national purposes. +The more attentively I consider and investigate the reasons + which appear to have given birth to this opinion, the more I become + convinced that they are cogent and conclusive. +Among the many objects to which a wise and free people find it + necessary to direct their attention, that of providing for their + SAFETY seems to be the first. The SAFETY of the people doubtless + has relation to a great variety of circumstances and considerations, + and consequently affords great latitude to those who wish to define + it precisely and comprehensively. +At present I mean only to consider it as it respects security + for the preservation of peace and tranquillity, as well as against + dangers from FOREIGN ARMS AND INFLUENCE, as from dangers of the LIKE + KIND arising from domestic causes. As the former of these comes + first in order, it is proper it should be the first discussed. Let + us therefore proceed to examine whether the people are not right in + their opinion that a cordial Union, under an efficient national + government, affords them the best security that can be devised + against HOSTILITIES from abroad. +The number of wars which have happened or will happen in the + world will always be found to be in proportion to the number and + weight of the causes, whether REAL or PRETENDED, which PROVOKE or + INVITE them. If this remark be just, it becomes useful to inquire + whether so many JUST causes of war are likely to be given by UNITED + AMERICA as by DISUNITED America; for if it should turn out that + United America will probably give the fewest, then it will follow + that in this respect the Union tends most to preserve the people in + a state of peace with other nations. +The JUST causes of war, for the most part, arise either from + violation of treaties or from direct violence. America has already + formed treaties with no less than six foreign nations, and all of + them, except Prussia, are maritime, and therefore able to annoy and + injure us. She has also extensive commerce with Portugal, Spain, + and Britain, and, with respect to the two latter, has, in addition, + the circumstance of neighborhood to attend to. +It is of high importance to the peace of America that she + observe the laws of nations towards all these powers, and to me it + appears evident that this will be more perfectly and punctually done + by one national government than it could be either by thirteen + separate States or by three or four distinct confederacies. +Because when once an efficient national government is + established, the best men in the country will not only consent to + serve, but also will generally be appointed to manage it; for, + although town or country, or other contracted influence, may place + men in State assemblies, or senates, or courts of justice, or + executive departments, yet more general and extensive reputation for + talents and other qualifications will be necessary to recommend men + to offices under the national government,--especially as it will have + the widest field for choice, and never experience that want of + proper persons which is not uncommon in some of the States. Hence, + it will result that the administration, the political counsels, and + the judicial decisions of the national government will be more wise, + systematical, and judicious than those of individual States, and + consequently more satisfactory with respect to other nations, as + well as more SAFE with respect to us. +Because, under the national government, treaties and articles of + treaties, as well as the laws of nations, will always be expounded + in one sense and executed in the same manner,--whereas, adjudications + on the same points and questions, in thirteen States, or in three or + four confederacies, will not always accord or be consistent; and + that, as well from the variety of independent courts and judges + appointed by different and independent governments, as from the + different local laws and interests which may affect and influence + them. The wisdom of the convention, in committing such questions to + the jurisdiction and judgment of courts appointed by and responsible + only to one national government, cannot be too much commended. +Because the prospect of present loss or advantage may often + tempt the governing party in one or two States to swerve from good + faith and justice; but those temptations, not reaching the other + States, and consequently having little or no influence on the + national government, the temptation will be fruitless, and good + faith and justice be preserved. The case of the treaty of peace + with Britain adds great weight to this reasoning. +Because, even if the governing party in a State should be + disposed to resist such temptations, yet as such temptations may, + and commonly do, result from circumstances peculiar to the State, + and may affect a great number of the inhabitants, the governing + party may not always be able, if willing, to prevent the injustice + meditated, or to punish the aggressors. But the national + government, not being affected by those local circumstances, will + neither be induced to commit the wrong themselves, nor want power or + inclination to prevent or punish its commission by others. +So far, therefore, as either designed or accidental violations + of treaties and the laws of nations afford JUST causes of war, they + are less to be apprehended under one general government than under + several lesser ones, and in that respect the former most favors the + SAFETY of the people. +As to those just causes of war which proceed from direct and + unlawful violence, it appears equally clear to me that one good + national government affords vastly more security against dangers of + that sort than can be derived from any other quarter. +Because such violences are more frequently caused by the + passions and interests of a part than of the whole; of one or two + States than of the Union. Not a single Indian war has yet been + occasioned by aggressions of the present federal government, feeble + as it is; but there are several instances of Indian hostilities + having been provoked by the improper conduct of individual States, + who, either unable or unwilling to restrain or punish offenses, have + given occasion to the slaughter of many innocent inhabitants. +The neighborhood of Spanish and British territories, bordering + on some States and not on others, naturally confines the causes of + quarrel more immediately to the borderers. The bordering States, if + any, will be those who, under the impulse of sudden irritation, and + a quick sense of apparent interest or injury, will be most likely, + by direct violence, to excite war with these nations; and nothing + can so effectually obviate that danger as a national government, + whose wisdom and prudence will not be diminished by the passions + which actuate the parties immediately interested. +But not only fewer just causes of war will be given by the + national government, but it will also be more in their power to + accommodate and settle them amicably. They will be more temperate + and cool, and in that respect, as well as in others, will be more in + capacity to act advisedly than the offending State. The pride of + states, as well as of men, naturally disposes them to justify all + their actions, and opposes their acknowledging, correcting, or + repairing their errors and offenses. The national government, in + such cases, will not be affected by this pride, but will proceed + with moderation and candor to consider and decide on the means most + proper to extricate them from the difficulties which threaten them. +Besides, it is well known that acknowledgments, explanations, + and compensations are often accepted as satisfactory from a strong + united nation, which would be rejected as unsatisfactory if offered + by a State or confederacy of little consideration or power. +In the year 1685, the state of Genoa having offended Louis XIV., + endeavored to appease him. He demanded that they should send their + Doge, or chief magistrate, accompanied by four of their + senators, to FRANCE, to ask his pardon and receive his terms. They + were obliged to submit to it for the sake of peace. Would he on any + occasion either have demanded or have received the like humiliation + from Spain, or Britain, or any other POWERFUL nation? +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 4 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence) +For the Independent Journal. + +JAY + +To the People of the State of New York: +MY LAST paper assigned several reasons why the safety of the + people would be best secured by union against the danger it may be + exposed to by JUST causes of war given to other nations; and those + reasons show that such causes would not only be more rarely given, + but would also be more easily accommodated, by a national government + than either by the State governments or the proposed little + confederacies. +But the safety of the people of America against dangers from + FOREIGN force depends not only on their forbearing to give JUST + causes of war to other nations, but also on their placing and + continuing themselves in such a situation as not to INVITE hostility + or insult; for it need not be observed that there are PRETENDED as + well as just causes of war. +It is too true, however disgraceful it may be to human nature, + that nations in general will make war whenever they have a prospect + of getting anything by it; nay, absolute monarchs will often make + war when their nations are to get nothing by it, but for the + purposes and objects merely personal, such as thirst for military + glory, revenge for personal affronts, ambition, or private compacts + to aggrandize or support their particular families or partisans. + These and a variety of other motives, which affect only the mind of + the sovereign, often lead him to engage in wars not sanctified by + justice or the voice and interests of his people. But, independent + of these inducements to war, which are more prevalent in absolute + monarchies, but which well deserve our attention, there are others + which affect nations as often as kings; and some of them will on + examination be found to grow out of our relative situation and + circumstances. +With France and with Britain we are rivals in the fisheries, and + can supply their markets cheaper than they can themselves, + notwithstanding any efforts to prevent it by bounties on their own + or duties on foreign fish. +With them and with most other European nations we are rivals in + navigation and the carrying trade; and we shall deceive ourselves + if we suppose that any of them will rejoice to see it flourish; + for, as our carrying trade cannot increase without in some degree + diminishing theirs, it is more their interest, and will be more + their policy, to restrain than to promote it. +In the trade to China and India, we interfere with more than one + nation, inasmuch as it enables us to partake in advantages which + they had in a manner monopolized, and as we thereby supply ourselves + with commodities which we used to purchase from them. +The extension of our own commerce in our own vessels cannot give + pleasure to any nations who possess territories on or near this + continent, because the cheapness and excellence of our productions, + added to the circumstance of vicinity, and the enterprise and + address of our merchants and navigators, will give us a greater + share in the advantages which those territories afford, than + consists with the wishes or policy of their respective sovereigns. +Spain thinks it convenient to shut the Mississippi against us on + the one side, and Britain excludes us from the Saint Lawrence on the + other; nor will either of them permit the other waters which are + between them and us to become the means of mutual intercourse and + traffic. +From these and such like considerations, which might, if + consistent with prudence, be more amplified and detailed, it is easy + to see that jealousies and uneasinesses may gradually slide into the + minds and cabinets of other nations, and that we are not to expect + that they should regard our advancement in union, in power and + consequence by land and by sea, with an eye of indifference and + composure. +The people of America are aware that inducements to war may + arise out of these circumstances, as well as from others not so + obvious at present, and that whenever such inducements may find fit + time and opportunity for operation, pretenses to color and justify + them will not be wanting. Wisely, therefore, do they consider union + and a good national government as necessary to put and keep them in + SUCH A SITUATION as, instead of INVITING war, will tend to repress + and discourage it. That situation consists in the best possible + state of defense, and necessarily depends on the government, the + arms, and the resources of the country. +As the safety of the whole is the interest of the whole, and + cannot be provided for without government, either one or more or + many, let us inquire whether one good government is not, relative to + the object in question, more competent than any other given number + whatever. +One government can collect and avail itself of the talents and + experience of the ablest men, in whatever part of the Union they may + be found. It can move on uniform principles of policy. It can + harmonize, assimilate, and protect the several parts and members, + and extend the benefit of its foresight and precautions to each. In + the formation of treaties, it will regard the interest of the whole, + and the particular interests of the parts as connected with that of + the whole. It can apply the resources and power of the whole to the + defense of any particular part, and that more easily and + expeditiously than State governments or separate confederacies can + possibly do, for want of concert and unity of system. It can place + the militia under one plan of discipline, and, by putting their + officers in a proper line of subordination to the Chief Magistrate, + will, as it were, consolidate them into one corps, and thereby + render them more efficient than if divided into thirteen or into + three or four distinct independent companies. +What would the militia of Britain be if the English militia + obeyed the government of England, if the Scotch militia obeyed the + government of Scotland, and if the Welsh militia obeyed the + government of Wales? Suppose an invasion; would those three + governments (if they agreed at all) be able, with all their + respective forces, to operate against the enemy so effectually as + the single government of Great Britain would? +We have heard much of the fleets of Britain, and the time may + come, if we are wise, when the fleets of America may engage + attention. But if one national government, had not so regulated the + navigation of Britain as to make it a nursery for seamen--if one + national government had not called forth all the national means and + materials for forming fleets, their prowess and their thunder would + never have been celebrated. Let England have its navigation and + fleet--let Scotland have its navigation and fleet--let Wales have its + navigation and fleet--let Ireland have its navigation and fleet--let + those four of the constituent parts of the British empire be be + under four independent governments, and it is easy to perceive how + soon they would each dwindle into comparative insignificance. +Apply these facts to our own case. Leave America divided into + thirteen or, if you please, into three or four independent + governments--what armies could they raise and pay--what fleets could + they ever hope to have? If one was attacked, would the others fly + to its succor, and spend their blood and money in its defense? + Would there be no danger of their being flattered into neutrality + by its specious promises, or seduced by a too great fondness for + peace to decline hazarding their tranquillity and present safety for + the sake of neighbors, of whom perhaps they have been jealous, and + whose importance they are content to see diminished? Although such + conduct would not be wise, it would, nevertheless, be natural. The + history of the states of Greece, and of other countries, abounds + with such instances, and it is not improbable that what has so often + happened would, under similar circumstances, happen again. +But admit that they might be willing to help the invaded State + or confederacy. How, and when, and in what proportion shall aids of + men and money be afforded? Who shall command the allied armies, and + from which of them shall he receive his orders? Who shall settle + the terms of peace, and in case of disputes what umpire shall decide + between them and compel acquiescence? Various difficulties and + inconveniences would be inseparable from such a situation; whereas + one government, watching over the general and common interests, and + combining and directing the powers and resources of the whole, would + be free from all these embarrassments, and conduce far more to the + safety of the people. +But whatever may be our situation, whether firmly united under + one national government, or split into a number of confederacies, + certain it is, that foreign nations will know and view it exactly as + it is; and they will act toward us accordingly. If they see that + our national government is efficient and well administered, our + trade prudently regulated, our militia properly organized and + disciplined, our resources and finances discreetly managed, our + credit re-established, our people free, contented, and united, they + will be much more disposed to cultivate our friendship than provoke + our resentment. If, on the other hand, they find us either + destitute of an effectual government (each State doing right or + wrong, as to its rulers may seem convenient), or split into three or + four independent and probably discordant republics or confederacies, + one inclining to Britain, another to France, and a third to Spain, + and perhaps played off against each other by the three, what a poor, + pitiful figure will America make in their eyes! How liable would + she become not only to their contempt but to their outrage, and how + soon would dear-bought experience proclaim that when a people or + family so divide, it never fails to be against themselves. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 5 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence) +For the Independent Journal. + +JAY + +To the People of the State of New York: +QUEEN ANNE, in her letter of the 1st July, 1706, to the Scotch + Parliament, makes some observations on the importance of the UNION + then forming between England and Scotland, which merit our attention. + I shall present the public with one or two extracts from it: ``An + entire and perfect union will be the solid foundation of lasting + peace: It will secure your religion, liberty, and property; remove + the animosities amongst yourselves, and the jealousies and + differences betwixt our two kingdoms. It must increase your + strength, riches, and trade; and by this union the whole island, + being joined in affection and free from all apprehensions of + different interest, will be ENABLED TO RESIST ALL ITS ENEMIES.'' + ``We most earnestly recommend to you calmness and unanimity in this + great and weighty affair, that the union may be brought to a happy + conclusion, being the only EFFECTUAL way to secure our present and + future happiness, and disappoint the designs of our and your + enemies, who will doubtless, on this occasion, USE THEIR UTMOST + ENDEAVORS TO PREVENT OR DELAY THIS UNION.'' +It was remarked in the preceding paper, that weakness and + divisions at home would invite dangers from abroad; and that + nothing would tend more to secure us from them than union, strength, + and good government within ourselves. This subject is copious and + cannot easily be exhausted. +The history of Great Britain is the one with which we are in + general the best acquainted, and it gives us many useful lessons. + We may profit by their experience without paying the price which it + cost them. Although it seems obvious to common sense that the + people of such an island should be but one nation, yet we find that + they were for ages divided into three, and that those three were + almost constantly embroiled in quarrels and wars with one another. + Notwithstanding their true interest with respect to the continental + nations was really the same, yet by the arts and policy and + practices of those nations, their mutual jealousies were perpetually + kept inflamed, and for a long series of years they were far more + inconvenient and troublesome than they were useful and assisting to + each other. +Should the people of America divide themselves into three or + four nations, would not the same thing happen? Would not similar + jealousies arise, and be in like manner cherished? Instead of their + being ``joined in affection'' and free from all apprehension of + different ``interests,'' envy and jealousy would soon extinguish + confidence and affection, and the partial interests of each + confederacy, instead of the general interests of all America, would + be the only objects of their policy and pursuits. Hence, like most + other BORDERING nations, they would always be either involved in + disputes and war, or live in the constant apprehension of them. +The most sanguine advocates for three or four confederacies + cannot reasonably suppose that they would long remain exactly on an + equal footing in point of strength, even if it was possible to form + them so at first; but, admitting that to be practicable, yet what + human contrivance can secure the continuance of such equality? + Independent of those local circumstances which tend to beget and + increase power in one part and to impede its progress in another, we + must advert to the effects of that superior policy and good + management which would probably distinguish the government of one + above the rest, and by which their relative equality in strength and + consideration would be destroyed. For it cannot be presumed that + the same degree of sound policy, prudence, and foresight would + uniformly be observed by each of these confederacies for a long + succession of years. +Whenever, and from whatever causes, it might happen, and happen + it would, that any one of these nations or confederacies should rise + on the scale of political importance much above the degree of her + neighbors, that moment would those neighbors behold her with envy + and with fear. Both those passions would lead them to countenance, + if not to promote, whatever might promise to diminish her + importance; and would also restrain them from measures calculated + to advance or even to secure her prosperity. Much time would not be + necessary to enable her to discern these unfriendly dispositions. + She would soon begin, not only to lose confidence in her neighbors, + but also to feel a disposition equally unfavorable to them. + Distrust naturally creates distrust, and by nothing is good-will + and kind conduct more speedily changed than by invidious jealousies + and uncandid imputations, whether expressed or implied. +The North is generally the region of strength, and many local + circumstances render it probable that the most Northern of the + proposed confederacies would, at a period not very distant, be + unquestionably more formidable than any of the others. No sooner + would this become evident than the NORTHERN HIVE would excite the + same ideas and sensations in the more southern parts of America + which it formerly did in the southern parts of Europe. Nor does it + appear to be a rash conjecture that its young swarms might often be + tempted to gather honey in the more blooming fields and milder air + of their luxurious and more delicate neighbors. +They who well consider the history of similar divisions and + confederacies will find abundant reason to apprehend that those in + contemplation would in no other sense be neighbors than as they + would be borderers; that they would neither love nor trust one + another, but on the contrary would be a prey to discord, jealousy, + and mutual injuries; in short, that they would place us exactly in + the situations in which some nations doubtless wish to see us, viz., + FORMIDABLE ONLY TO EACH OTHER. +From these considerations it appears that those gentlemen are + greatly mistaken who suppose that alliances offensive and defensive + might be formed between these confederacies, and would produce that + combination and union of wills of arms and of resources, which would + be necessary to put and keep them in a formidable state of defense + against foreign enemies. +When did the independent states, into which Britain and Spain + were formerly divided, combine in such alliance, or unite their + forces against a foreign enemy? The proposed confederacies will be + DISTINCT NATIONS. Each of them would have its commerce with + foreigners to regulate by distinct treaties; and as their + productions and commodities are different and proper for different + markets, so would those treaties be essentially different. + Different commercial concerns must create different interests, and + of course different degrees of political attachment to and + connection with different foreign nations. Hence it might and + probably would happen that the foreign nation with whom the SOUTHERN + confederacy might be at war would be the one with whom the NORTHERN + confederacy would be the most desirous of preserving peace and + friendship. An alliance so contrary to their immediate interest + would not therefore be easy to form, nor, if formed, would it be + observed and fulfilled with perfect good faith. +Nay, it is far more probable that in America, as in Europe, + neighboring nations, acting under the impulse of opposite interests + and unfriendly passions, would frequently be found taking different + sides. Considering our distance from Europe, it would be more + natural for these confederacies to apprehend danger from one another + than from distant nations, and therefore that each of them should be + more desirous to guard against the others by the aid of foreign + alliances, than to guard against foreign dangers by alliances + between themselves. And here let us not forget how much more easy + it is to receive foreign fleets into our ports, and foreign armies + into our country, than it is to persuade or compel them to depart. + How many conquests did the Romans and others make in the characters + of allies, and what innovations did they under the same character + introduce into the governments of those whom they pretended to + protect. +Let candid men judge, then, whether the division of America into + any given number of independent sovereignties would tend to secure + us against the hostilities and improper interference of foreign + nations. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 6 + +Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE three last numbers of this paper have been dedicated to an + enumeration of the dangers to which we should be exposed, in a state + of disunion, from the arms and arts of foreign nations. I shall now + proceed to delineate dangers of a different and, perhaps, still more + alarming kind--those which will in all probability flow from + dissensions between the States themselves, and from domestic + factions and convulsions. These have been already in some instances + slightly anticipated; but they deserve a more particular and more + full investigation. +A man must be far gone in Utopian speculations who can seriously + doubt that, if these States should either be wholly disunited, or + only united in partial confederacies, the subdivisions into which + they might be thrown would have frequent and violent contests with + each other. To presume a want of motives for such contests as an + argument against their existence, would be to forget that men are + ambitious, vindictive, and rapacious. To look for a continuation of + harmony between a number of independent, unconnected sovereignties + in the same neighborhood, would be to disregard the uniform course + of human events, and to set at defiance the accumulated experience + of ages. +The causes of hostility among nations are innumerable. There + are some which have a general and almost constant operation upon the + collective bodies of society. Of this description are the love of + power or the desire of pre-eminence and dominion--the jealousy of + power, or the desire of equality and safety. There are others which + have a more circumscribed though an equally operative influence + within their spheres. Such are the rivalships and competitions of + commerce between commercial nations. And there are others, not less + numerous than either of the former, which take their origin entirely + in private passions; in the attachments, enmities, interests, + hopes, and fears of leading individuals in the communities of which + they are members. Men of this class, whether the favorites of a + king or of a people, have in too many instances abused the + confidence they possessed; and assuming the pretext of some public + motive, have not scrupled to sacrifice the national tranquillity to + personal advantage or personal gratification. +The celebrated Pericles, in compliance with the resentment of a + prostitute,1 at the expense of much of the blood and treasure of + his countrymen, attacked, vanquished, and destroyed the city of the + SAMNIANS. The same man, stimulated by private pique against the + MEGARENSIANS,2 another nation of Greece, or to avoid a + prosecution with which he was threatened as an accomplice of a + supposed theft of the statuary Phidias,3 or to get rid of the + accusations prepared to be brought against him for dissipating the + funds of the state in the purchase of popularity,4 or from a + combination of all these causes, was the primitive author of that + famous and fatal war, distinguished in the Grecian annals by the + name of the PELOPONNESIAN war; which, after various vicissitudes, + intermissions, and renewals, terminated in the ruin of the Athenian + commonwealth. +The ambitious cardinal, who was prime minister to Henry VIII., + permitting his vanity to aspire to the triple crown,5 + entertained hopes of succeeding in the acquisition of that splendid + prize by the influence of the Emperor Charles V. To secure the + favor and interest of this enterprising and powerful monarch, he + precipitated England into a war with France, contrary to the + plainest dictates of policy, and at the hazard of the safety and + independence, as well of the kingdom over which he presided by his + counsels, as of Europe in general. For if there ever was a + sovereign who bid fair to realize the project of universal monarchy, + it was the Emperor Charles V., of whose intrigues Wolsey was at once + the instrument and the dupe. +The influence which the bigotry of one female,6 the + petulance of another,7 and the cabals of a third,8 had in + the contemporary policy, ferments, and pacifications, of a + considerable part of Europe, are topics that have been too often + descanted upon not to be generally known. +To multiply examples of the agency of personal considerations in + the production of great national events, either foreign or domestic, + according to their direction, would be an unnecessary waste of time. + Those who have but a superficial acquaintance with the sources from + which they are to be drawn, will themselves recollect a variety of + instances; and those who have a tolerable knowledge of human nature + will not stand in need of such lights to form their opinion either + of the reality or extent of that agency. Perhaps, however, a + reference, tending to illustrate the general principle, may with + propriety be made to a case which has lately happened among + ourselves. If Shays had not been a DESPERATE DEBTOR, it is much to + be doubted whether Massachusetts would have been plunged into a + civil war. +But notwithstanding the concurring testimony of experience, in + this particular, there are still to be found visionary or designing + men, who stand ready to advocate the paradox of perpetual peace + between the States, though dismembered and alienated from each other. + The genius of republics (say they) is pacific; the spirit of + commerce has a tendency to soften the manners of men, and to + extinguish those inflammable humors which have so often kindled into + wars. Commercial republics, like ours, will never be disposed to + waste themselves in ruinous contentions with each other. They will + be governed by mutual interest, and will cultivate a spirit of + mutual amity and concord. +Is it not (we may ask these projectors in politics) the true + interest of all nations to cultivate the same benevolent and + philosophic spirit? If this be their true interest, have they in + fact pursued it? Has it not, on the contrary, invariably been found + that momentary passions, and immediate interest, have a more active + and imperious control over human conduct than general or remote + considerations of policy, utility or justice? Have republics in + practice been less addicted to war than monarchies? Are not the + former administered by MEN as well as the latter? Are there not + aversions, predilections, rivalships, and desires of unjust + acquisitions, that affect nations as well as kings? Are not popular + assemblies frequently subject to the impulses of rage, resentment, + jealousy, avarice, and of other irregular and violent propensities? + Is it not well known that their determinations are often governed + by a few individuals in whom they place confidence, and are, of + course, liable to be tinctured by the passions and views of those + individuals? Has commerce hitherto done anything more than change + the objects of war? Is not the love of wealth as domineering and + enterprising a passion as that of power or glory? Have there not + been as many wars founded upon commercial motives since that has + become the prevailing system of nations, as were before occasioned + by the cupidity of territory or dominion? Has not the spirit of + commerce, in many instances, administered new incentives to the + appetite, both for the one and for the other? Let experience, the + least fallible guide of human opinions, be appealed to for an answer + to these inquiries. +Sparta, Athens, Rome, and Carthage were all republics; two of + them, Athens and Carthage, of the commercial kind. Yet were they as + often engaged in wars, offensive and defensive, as the neighboring + monarchies of the same times. Sparta was little better than a + wellregulated camp; and Rome was never sated of carnage and + conquest. +Carthage, though a commercial republic, was the aggressor in the + very war that ended in her destruction. Hannibal had carried her + arms into the heart of Italy and to the gates of Rome, before + Scipio, in turn, gave him an overthrow in the territories of + Carthage, and made a conquest of the commonwealth. +Venice, in later times, figured more than once in wars of + ambition, till, becoming an object to the other Italian states, Pope + Julius II. found means to accomplish that formidable league,9 + which gave a deadly blow to the power and pride of this haughty + republic. +The provinces of Holland, till they were overwhelmed in debts + and taxes, took a leading and conspicuous part in the wars of Europe. + They had furious contests with England for the dominion of the + sea, and were among the most persevering and most implacable of the + opponents of Louis XIV. +In the government of Britain the representatives of the people + compose one branch of the national legislature. Commerce has been + for ages the predominant pursuit of that country. Few nations, + nevertheless, have been more frequently engaged in war; and the + wars in which that kingdom has been engaged have, in numerous + instances, proceeded from the people. +There have been, if I may so express it, almost as many popular + as royal wars. The cries of the nation and the importunities of + their representatives have, upon various occasions, dragged their + monarchs into war, or continued them in it, contrary to their + inclinations, and sometimes contrary to the real interests of the + State. In that memorable struggle for superiority between the rival + houses of AUSTRIA and BOURBON, which so long kept Europe in a flame, + it is well known that the antipathies of the English against the + French, seconding the ambition, or rather the avarice, of a favorite + leader,10 protracted the war beyond the limits marked out by + sound policy, and for a considerable time in opposition to the views + of the court. +The wars of these two last-mentioned nations have in a great + measure grown out of commercial considerations,--the desire of + supplanting and the fear of being supplanted, either in particular + branches of traffic or in the general advantages of trade and + navigation. +From this summary of what has taken place in other countries, + whose situations have borne the nearest resemblance to our own, what + reason can we have to confide in those reveries which would seduce + us into an expectation of peace and cordiality between the members + of the present confederacy, in a state of separation? Have we not + already seen enough of the fallacy and extravagance of those idle + theories which have amused us with promises of an exemption from the + imperfections, weaknesses and evils incident to society in every + shape? Is it not time to awake from the deceitful dream of a golden + age, and to adopt as a practical maxim for the direction of our + political conduct that we, as well as the other inhabitants of the + globe, are yet remote from the happy empire of perfect wisdom and + perfect virtue? +Let the point of extreme depression to which our national + dignity and credit have sunk, let the inconveniences felt everywhere + from a lax and ill administration of government, let the revolt of a + part of the State of North Carolina, the late menacing disturbances + in Pennsylvania, and the actual insurrections and rebellions in + Massachusetts, declare--! +So far is the general sense of mankind from corresponding with + the tenets of those who endeavor to lull asleep our apprehensions of + discord and hostility between the States, in the event of disunion, + that it has from long observation of the progress of society become + a sort of axiom in politics, that vicinity or nearness of situation, + constitutes nations natural enemies. An intelligent writer + expresses himself on this subject to this effect: ``NEIGHBORING + NATIONS (says he) are naturally enemies of each other unless their + common weakness forces them to league in a CONFEDERATE REPUBLIC, and + their constitution prevents the differences that neighborhood + occasions, extinguishing that secret jealousy which disposes all + states to aggrandize themselves at the expense of their + neighbors.''11 This passage, at the same time, points out the + EVIL and suggests the REMEDY. +PUBLIUS. +1 Aspasia, vide ``Plutarch's Life of Pericles.'' +2 Ibid. +3 Ibid. +4 ] Ibid. Phidias was supposed to have stolen some public + gold, with the connivance of Pericles, for the embellishment of the + statue of Minerva. +5 P Worn by the popes. +6 Madame de Maintenon. +7 Duchess of Marlborough. +8 Madame de Pompadour. +9 The League of Cambray, comprehending the Emperor, the King of + France, the King of Aragon, and most of the Italian princes and + states. +10 The Duke of Marlborough. +11 Vide ``Principes des Negociations'' par 1'Abbe de Mably. + + +FEDERALIST. No. 7 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States) +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT IS sometimes asked, with an air of seeming triumph, what + inducements could the States have, if disunited, to make war upon + each other? It would be a full answer to this question to + say--precisely the same inducements which have, at different times, + deluged in blood all the nations in the world. But, unfortunately + for us, the question admits of a more particular answer. There are + causes of differences within our immediate contemplation, of the + tendency of which, even under the restraints of a federal + constitution, we have had sufficient experience to enable us to form + a judgment of what might be expected if those restraints were + removed. +Territorial disputes have at all times been found one of the + most fertile sources of hostility among nations. Perhaps the + greatest proportion of wars that have desolated the earth have + sprung from this origin. This cause would exist among us in full + force. We have a vast tract of unsettled territory within the + boundaries of the United States. There still are discordant and + undecided claims between several of them, and the dissolution of the + Union would lay a foundation for similar claims between them all. + It is well known that they have heretofore had serious and animated + discussion concerning the rights to the lands which were ungranted + at the time of the Revolution, and which usually went under the name + of crown lands. The States within the limits of whose colonial + governments they were comprised have claimed them as their property, + the others have contended that the rights of the crown in this + article devolved upon the Union; especially as to all that part of + the Western territory which, either by actual possession, or through + the submission of the Indian proprietors, was subjected to the + jurisdiction of the king of Great Britain, till it was relinquished + in the treaty of peace. This, it has been said, was at all events + an acquisition to the Confederacy by compact with a foreign power. + It has been the prudent policy of Congress to appease this + controversy, by prevailing upon the States to make cessions to the + United States for the benefit of the whole. This has been so far + accomplished as, under a continuation of the Union, to afford a + decided prospect of an amicable termination of the dispute. A + dismemberment of the Confederacy, however, would revive this + dispute, and would create others on the same subject. At present, a + large part of the vacant Western territory is, by cession at least, + if not by any anterior right, the common property of the Union. If + that were at an end, the States which made the cession, on a + principle of federal compromise, would be apt when the motive of the + grant had ceased, to reclaim the lands as a reversion. The other + States would no doubt insist on a proportion, by right of + representation. Their argument would be, that a grant, once made, + could not be revoked; and that the justice of participating in + territory acquired or secured by the joint efforts of the + Confederacy, remained undiminished. If, contrary to probability, it + should be admitted by all the States, that each had a right to a + share of this common stock, there would still be a difficulty to be + surmounted, as to a proper rule of apportionment. Different + principles would be set up by different States for this purpose; + and as they would affect the opposite interests of the parties, + they might not easily be susceptible of a pacific adjustment. +In the wide field of Western territory, therefore, we perceive + an ample theatre for hostile pretensions, without any umpire or + common judge to interpose between the contending parties. To reason + from the past to the future, we shall have good ground to apprehend, + that the sword would sometimes be appealed to as the arbiter of + their differences. The circumstances of the dispute between + Connecticut and Pennsylvania, respecting the land at Wyoming, + admonish us not to be sanguine in expecting an easy accommodation of + such differences. The articles of confederation obliged the parties + to submit the matter to the decision of a federal court. The + submission was made, and the court decided in favor of Pennsylvania. + But Connecticut gave strong indications of dissatisfaction with + that determination; nor did she appear to be entirely resigned to + it, till, by negotiation and management, something like an + equivalent was found for the loss she supposed herself to have + sustained. Nothing here said is intended to convey the slightest + censure on the conduct of that State. She no doubt sincerely + believed herself to have been injured by the decision; and States, + like individuals, acquiesce with great reluctance in determinations + to their disadvantage. +Those who had an opportunity of seeing the inside of the + transactions which attended the progress of the controversy between + this State and the district of Vermont, can vouch the opposition we + experienced, as well from States not interested as from those which + were interested in the claim; and can attest the danger to which + the peace of the Confederacy might have been exposed, had this State + attempted to assert its rights by force. Two motives preponderated + in that opposition: one, a jealousy entertained of our future + power; and the other, the interest of certain individuals of + influence in the neighboring States, who had obtained grants of + lands under the actual government of that district. Even the States + which brought forward claims, in contradiction to ours, seemed more + solicitous to dismember this State, than to establish their own + pretensions. These were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and + Connecticut. New Jersey and Rhode Island, upon all occasions, + discovered a warm zeal for the independence of Vermont; and + Maryland, till alarmed by the appearance of a connection between + Canada and that State, entered deeply into the same views. These + being small States, saw with an unfriendly eye the perspective of + our growing greatness. In a review of these transactions we may + trace some of the causes which would be likely to embroil the States + with each other, if it should be their unpropitious destiny to + become disunited. +The competitions of commerce would be another fruitful source of + contention. The States less favorably circumstanced would be + desirous of escaping from the disadvantages of local situation, and + of sharing in the advantages of their more fortunate neighbors. + Each State, or separate confederacy, would pursue a system of + commercial policy peculiar to itself. This would occasion + distinctions, preferences, and exclusions, which would beget + discontent. The habits of intercourse, on the basis of equal + privileges, to which we have been accustomed since the earliest + settlement of the country, would give a keener edge to those causes + of discontent than they would naturally have independent of this + circumstance. WE SHOULD BE READY TO DENOMINATE INJURIES THOSE + THINGS WHICH WERE IN REALITY THE JUSTIFIABLE ACTS OF INDEPENDENT + SOVEREIGNTIES CONSULTING A DISTINCT INTEREST. The spirit of + enterprise, which characterizes the commercial part of America, has + left no occasion of displaying itself unimproved. It is not at all + probable that this unbridled spirit would pay much respect to those + regulations of trade by which particular States might endeavor to + secure exclusive benefits to their own citizens. The infractions of + these regulations, on one side, the efforts to prevent and repel + them, on the other, would naturally lead to outrages, and these to + reprisals and wars. +The opportunities which some States would have of rendering + others tributary to them by commercial regulations would be + impatiently submitted to by the tributary States. The relative + situation of New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey would afford an + example of this kind. New York, from the necessities of revenue, + must lay duties on her importations. A great part of these duties + must be paid by the inhabitants of the two other States in the + capacity of consumers of what we import. New York would neither be + willing nor able to forego this advantage. Her citizens would not + consent that a duty paid by them should be remitted in favor of the + citizens of her neighbors; nor would it be practicable, if there + were not this impediment in the way, to distinguish the customers in + our own markets. Would Connecticut and New Jersey long submit to be + taxed by New York for her exclusive benefit? Should we be long + permitted to remain in the quiet and undisturbed enjoyment of a + metropolis, from the possession of which we derived an advantage so + odious to our neighbors, and, in their opinion, so oppressive? + Should we be able to preserve it against the incumbent weight of + Connecticut on the one side, and the co-operating pressure of New + Jersey on the other? These are questions that temerity alone will + answer in the affirmative. +The public debt of the Union would be a further cause of + collision between the separate States or confederacies. The + apportionment, in the first instance, and the progressive + extinguishment afterward, would be alike productive of ill-humor and + animosity. How would it be possible to agree upon a rule of + apportionment satisfactory to all? There is scarcely any that can + be proposed which is entirely free from real objections. These, as + usual, would be exaggerated by the adverse interest of the parties. + There are even dissimilar views among the States as to the general + principle of discharging the public debt. Some of them, either less + impressed with the importance of national credit, or because their + citizens have little, if any, immediate interest in the question, + feel an indifference, if not a repugnance, to the payment of the + domestic debt at any rate. These would be inclined to magnify the + difficulties of a distribution. Others of them, a numerous body of + whose citizens are creditors to the public beyond proportion of the + State in the total amount of the national debt, would be strenuous + for some equitable and effective provision. The procrastinations of + the former would excite the resentments of the latter. The + settlement of a rule would, in the meantime, be postponed by real + differences of opinion and affected delays. The citizens of the + States interested would clamour; foreign powers would urge for the + satisfaction of their just demands, and the peace of the States + would be hazarded to the double contingency of external invasion and + internal contention. +Suppose the difficulties of agreeing upon a rule surmounted, and + the apportionment made. Still there is great room to suppose that + the rule agreed upon would, upon experiment, be found to bear harder + upon some States than upon others. Those which were sufferers by it + would naturally seek for a mitigation of the burden. The others + would as naturally be disinclined to a revision, which was likely to + end in an increase of their own incumbrances. Their refusal would + be too plausible a pretext to the complaining States to withhold + their contributions, not to be embraced with avidity; and the + non-compliance of these States with their engagements would be a + ground of bitter discussion and altercation. If even the rule + adopted should in practice justify the equality of its principle, + still delinquencies in payments on the part of some of the States + would result from a diversity of other causes--the real deficiency of + resources; the mismanagement of their finances; accidental + disorders in the management of the government; and, in addition to + the rest, the reluctance with which men commonly part with money for + purposes that have outlived the exigencies which produced them, and + interfere with the supply of immediate wants. Delinquencies, from + whatever causes, would be productive of complaints, recriminations, + and quarrels. There is, perhaps, nothing more likely to disturb the + tranquillity of nations than their being bound to mutual + contributions for any common object that does not yield an equal and + coincident benefit. For it is an observation, as true as it is + trite, that there is nothing men differ so readily about as the + payment of money. +Laws in violation of private contracts, as they amount to + aggressions on the rights of those States whose citizens are injured + by them, may be considered as another probable source of hostility. + We are not authorized to expect that a more liberal or more + equitable spirit would preside over the legislations of the + individual States hereafter, if unrestrained by any additional + checks, than we have heretofore seen in too many instances + disgracing their several codes. We have observed the disposition to + retaliation excited in Connecticut in consequence of the enormities + perpetrated by the Legislature of Rhode Island; and we reasonably + infer that, in similar cases, under other circumstances, a war, not + of PARCHMENT, but of the sword, would chastise such atrocious + breaches of moral obligation and social justice. +The probability of incompatible alliances between the different + States or confederacies and different foreign nations, and the + effects of this situation upon the peace of the whole, have been + sufficiently unfolded in some preceding papers. From the view they + have exhibited of this part of the subject, this conclusion is to be + drawn, that America, if not connected at all, or only by the feeble + tie of a simple league, offensive and defensive, would, by the + operation of such jarring alliances, be gradually entangled in all + the pernicious labyrinths of European politics and wars; and by the + destructive contentions of the parts into which she was divided, + would be likely to become a prey to the artifices and machinations + of powers equally the enemies of them all. Divide et + impera1 must be the motto of every nation that either hates or + fears us.2 PUBLIUS. +1 Divide and command. +2 In order that the whole subject of these papers may as soon as + possible be laid before the public, it is proposed to publish them + four times a week--on Tuesday in the New York Packet and on + Thursday in the Daily Advertiser. + + +FEDERALIST No. 8 + +The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, November 20, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +ASSUMING it therefore as an established truth that the several + States, in case of disunion, or such combinations of them as might + happen to be formed out of the wreck of the general Confederacy, + would be subject to those vicissitudes of peace and war, of + friendship and enmity, with each other, which have fallen to the lot + of all neighboring nations not united under one government, let us + enter into a concise detail of some of the consequences that would + attend such a situation. +War between the States, in the first period of their separate + existence, would be accompanied with much greater distresses than it + commonly is in those countries where regular military establishments + have long obtained. The disciplined armies always kept on foot on + the continent of Europe, though they bear a malignant aspect to + liberty and economy, have, notwithstanding, been productive of the + signal advantage of rendering sudden conquests impracticable, and of + preventing that rapid desolation which used to mark the progress of + war prior to their introduction. The art of fortification has + contributed to the same ends. The nations of Europe are encircled + with chains of fortified places, which mutually obstruct invasion. + Campaigns are wasted in reducing two or three frontier garrisons, + to gain admittance into an enemy's country. Similar impediments + occur at every step, to exhaust the strength and delay the progress + of an invader. Formerly, an invading army would penetrate into the + heart of a neighboring country almost as soon as intelligence of its + approach could be received; but now a comparatively small force of + disciplined troops, acting on the defensive, with the aid of posts, + is able to impede, and finally to frustrate, the enterprises of one + much more considerable. The history of war, in that quarter of the + globe, is no longer a history of nations subdued and empires + overturned, but of towns taken and retaken; of battles that decide + nothing; of retreats more beneficial than victories; of much + effort and little acquisition. +In this country the scene would be altogether reversed. The + jealousy of military establishments would postpone them as long as + possible. The want of fortifications, leaving the frontiers of one + state open to another, would facilitate inroads. The populous + States would, with little difficulty, overrun their less populous + neighbors. Conquests would be as easy to be made as difficult to be + retained. War, therefore, would be desultory and predatory. + PLUNDER and devastation ever march in the train of irregulars. The + calamities of individuals would make the principal figure in the + events which would characterize our military exploits. +This picture is not too highly wrought; though, I confess, it + would not long remain a just one. Safety from external danger is + the most powerful director of national conduct. Even the ardent + love of liberty will, after a time, give way to its dictates. The + violent destruction of life and property incident to war, the + continual effort and alarm attendant on a state of continual danger, + will compel nations the most attached to liberty to resort for + repose and security to institutions which have a tendency to destroy + their civil and political rights. To be more safe, they at length + become willing to run the risk of being less free. +The institutions chiefly alluded to are STANDING ARMIES and the + correspondent appendages of military establishments. Standing + armies, it is said, are not provided against in the new + Constitution; and it is therefore inferred that they may exist + under it.1 Their existence, however, from the very terms of the + proposition, is, at most, problematical and uncertain. But standing + armies, it may be replied, must inevitably result from a dissolution + of the Confederacy. Frequent war and constant apprehension, which + require a state of as constant preparation, will infallibly produce + them. The weaker States or confederacies would first have recourse + to them, to put themselves upon an equality with their more potent + neighbors. They would endeavor to supply the inferiority of + population and resources by a more regular and effective system of + defense, by disciplined troops, and by fortifications. They would, + at the same time, be necessitated to strengthen the executive arm of + government, in doing which their constitutions would acquire a + progressive direction toward monarchy. It is of the nature of war + to increase the executive at the expense of the legislative + authority. +The expedients which have been mentioned would soon give the + States or confederacies that made use of them a superiority over + their neighbors. Small states, or states of less natural strength, + under vigorous governments, and with the assistance of disciplined + armies, have often triumphed over large states, or states of greater + natural strength, which have been destitute of these advantages. + Neither the pride nor the safety of the more important States or + confederacies would permit them long to submit to this mortifying + and adventitious superiority. They would quickly resort to means + similar to those by which it had been effected, to reinstate + themselves in their lost pre-eminence. Thus, we should, in a little + time, see established in every part of this country the same engines + of despotism which have been the scourge of the Old World. This, at + least, would be the natural course of things; and our reasonings + will be the more likely to be just, in proportion as they are + accommodated to this standard. +These are not vague inferences drawn from supposed or + speculative defects in a Constitution, the whole power of which is + lodged in the hands of a people, or their representatives and + delegates, but they are solid conclusions, drawn from the natural + and necessary progress of human affairs. +It may, perhaps, be asked, by way of objection to this, why did + not standing armies spring up out of the contentions which so often + distracted the ancient republics of Greece? Different answers, + equally satisfactory, may be given to this question. The + industrious habits of the people of the present day, absorbed in the + pursuits of gain, and devoted to the improvements of agriculture and + commerce, are incompatible with the condition of a nation of + soldiers, which was the true condition of the people of those + republics. The means of revenue, which have been so greatly + multiplied by the increase of gold and silver and of the arts of + industry, and the science of finance, which is the offspring of + modern times, concurring with the habits of nations, have produced + an entire revolution in the system of war, and have rendered + disciplined armies, distinct from the body of the citizens, the + inseparable companions of frequent hostility. +There is a wide difference, also, between military + establishments in a country seldom exposed by its situation to + internal invasions, and in one which is often subject to them, and + always apprehensive of them. The rulers of the former can have a + good pretext, if they are even so inclined, to keep on foot armies + so numerous as must of necessity be maintained in the latter. These + armies being, in the first case, rarely, if at all, called into + activity for interior defense, the people are in no danger of being + broken to military subordination. The laws are not accustomed to + relaxations, in favor of military exigencies; the civil state + remains in full vigor, neither corrupted, nor confounded with the + principles or propensities of the other state. The smallness of the + army renders the natural strength of the community an over-match for + it; and the citizens, not habituated to look up to the military + power for protection, or to submit to its oppressions, neither love + nor fear the soldiery; they view them with a spirit of jealous + acquiescence in a necessary evil, and stand ready to resist a power + which they suppose may be exerted to the prejudice of their rights. + The army under such circumstances may usefully aid the magistrate + to suppress a small faction, or an occasional mob, or insurrection; + but it will be unable to enforce encroachments against the united + efforts of the great body of the people. +In a country in the predicament last described, the contrary of + all this happens. The perpetual menacings of danger oblige the + government to be always prepared to repel it; its armies must be + numerous enough for instant defense. The continual necessity for + their services enhances the importance of the soldier, and + proportionably degrades the condition of the citizen. The military + state becomes elevated above the civil. The inhabitants of + territories, often the theatre of war, are unavoidably subjected to + frequent infringements on their rights, which serve to weaken their + sense of those rights; and by degrees the people are brought to + consider the soldiery not only as their protectors, but as their + superiors. The transition from this disposition to that of + considering them masters, is neither remote nor difficult; but it + is very difficult to prevail upon a people under such impressions, + to make a bold or effectual resistance to usurpations supported by + the military power. +The kingdom of Great Britain falls within the first description. + An insular situation, and a powerful marine, guarding it in a great + measure against the possibility of foreign invasion, supersede the + necessity of a numerous army within the kingdom. A sufficient force + to make head against a sudden descent, till the militia could have + time to rally and embody, is all that has been deemed requisite. No + motive of national policy has demanded, nor would public opinion + have tolerated, a larger number of troops upon its domestic + establishment. There has been, for a long time past, little room + for the operation of the other causes, which have been enumerated as + the consequences of internal war. This peculiar felicity of + situation has, in a great degree, contributed to preserve the + liberty which that country to this day enjoys, in spite of the + prevalent venality and corruption. If, on the contrary, Britain had + been situated on the continent, and had been compelled, as she would + have been, by that situation, to make her military establishments at + home coextensive with those of the other great powers of Europe, + she, like them, would in all probability be, at this day, a victim + to the absolute power of a single man. 'T is possible, though not + easy, that the people of that island may be enslaved from other + causes; but it cannot be by the prowess of an army so + inconsiderable as that which has been usually kept up within the + kingdom. +If we are wise enough to preserve the Union we may for ages + enjoy an advantage similar to that of an insulated situation. + Europe is at a great distance from us. Her colonies in our + vicinity will be likely to continue too much disproportioned in + strength to be able to give us any dangerous annoyance. Extensive + military establishments cannot, in this position, be necessary to + our security. But if we should be disunited, and the integral parts + should either remain separated, or, which is most probable, should + be thrown together into two or three confederacies, we should be, in + a short course of time, in the predicament of the continental powers + of Europe --our liberties would be a prey to the means of defending + ourselves against the ambition and jealousy of each other. +This is an idea not superficial or futile, but solid and weighty. + It deserves the most serious and mature consideration of every + prudent and honest man of whatever party. If such men will make a + firm and solemn pause, and meditate dispassionately on the + importance of this interesting idea; if they will contemplate it in + all its attitudes, and trace it to all its consequences, they will + not hesitate to part with trivial objections to a Constitution, the + rejection of which would in all probability put a final period to + the Union. The airy phantoms that flit before the distempered + imaginations of some of its adversaries would quickly give place to + the more substantial forms of dangers, real, certain, and formidable. +PUBLIUS. +1 This objection will be fully examined in its proper place, and + it will be shown that the only natural precaution which could have + been taken on this subject has been taken; and a much better one + than is to be found in any constitution that has been heretofore + framed in America, most of which contain no guard at all on this + subject. + + +FEDERALIST No. 9 + +The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +A FIRM Union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and + liberty of the States, as a barrier against domestic faction and + insurrection. It is impossible to read the history of the petty + republics of Greece and Italy without feeling sensations of horror + and disgust at the distractions with which they were continually + agitated, and at the rapid succession of revolutions by which they + were kept in a state of perpetual vibration between the extremes of + tyranny and anarchy. If they exhibit occasional calms, these only + serve as short-lived contrast to the furious storms that are to + succeed. If now and then intervals of felicity open to view, we + behold them with a mixture of regret, arising from the reflection + that the pleasing scenes before us are soon to be overwhelmed by the + tempestuous waves of sedition and party rage. If momentary rays of + glory break forth from the gloom, while they dazzle us with a + transient and fleeting brilliancy, they at the same time admonish us + to lament that the vices of government should pervert the direction + and tarnish the lustre of those bright talents and exalted + endowments for which the favored soils that produced them have been + so justly celebrated. +From the disorders that disfigure the annals of those republics + the advocates of despotism have drawn arguments, not only against + the forms of republican government, but against the very principles + of civil liberty. They have decried all free government as + inconsistent with the order of society, and have indulged themselves + in malicious exultation over its friends and partisans. Happily for + mankind, stupendous fabrics reared on the basis of liberty, which + have flourished for ages, have, in a few glorious instances, refuted + their gloomy sophisms. And, I trust, America will be the broad and + solid foundation of other edifices, not less magnificent, which will + be equally permanent monuments of their errors. +But it is not to be denied that the portraits they have sketched + of republican government were too just copies of the originals from + which they were taken. If it had been found impracticable to have + devised models of a more perfect structure, the enlightened friends + to liberty would have been obliged to abandon the cause of that + species of government as indefensible. The science of politics, + however, like most other sciences, has received great improvement. + The efficacy of various principles is now well understood, which + were either not known at all, or imperfectly known to the ancients. + The regular distribution of power into distinct departments; the + introduction of legislative balances and checks; the institution of + courts composed of judges holding their offices during good + behavior; the representation of the people in the legislature by + deputies of their own election: these are wholly new discoveries, + or have made their principal progress towards perfection in modern + times. They are means, and powerful means, by which the excellences + of republican government may be retained and its imperfections + lessened or avoided. To this catalogue of circumstances that tend + to the amelioration of popular systems of civil government, I shall + venture, however novel it may appear to some, to add one more, on a + principle which has been made the foundation of an objection to the + new Constitution; I mean the ENLARGEMENT of the ORBIT within which + such systems are to revolve, either in respect to the dimensions of + a single State or to the consolidation of several smaller States + into one great Confederacy. The latter is that which immediately + concerns the object under consideration. It will, however, be of + use to examine the principle in its application to a single State, + which shall be attended to in another place. +The utility of a Confederacy, as well to suppress faction and to + guard the internal tranquillity of States, as to increase their + external force and security, is in reality not a new idea. It has + been practiced upon in different countries and ages, and has + received the sanction of the most approved writers on the subject of + politics. The opponents of the plan proposed have, with great + assiduity, cited and circulated the observations of Montesquieu on + the necessity of a contracted territory for a republican government. + But they seem not to have been apprised of the sentiments of that + great man expressed in another part of his work, nor to have + adverted to the consequences of the principle to which they + subscribe with such ready acquiescence. +When Montesquieu recommends a small extent for republics, the + standards he had in view were of dimensions far short of the limits + of almost every one of these States. Neither Virginia, + Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, nor Georgia + can by any means be compared with the models from which he reasoned + and to which the terms of his description apply. If we therefore + take his ideas on this point as the criterion of truth, we shall be + driven to the alternative either of taking refuge at once in the + arms of monarchy, or of splitting ourselves into an infinity of + little, jealous, clashing, tumultuous commonwealths, the wretched + nurseries of unceasing discord, and the miserable objects of + universal pity or contempt. Some of the writers who have come + forward on the other side of the question seem to have been aware of + the dilemma; and have even been bold enough to hint at the division + of the larger States as a desirable thing. Such an infatuated + policy, such a desperate expedient, might, by the multiplication of + petty offices, answer the views of men who possess not + qualifications to extend their influence beyond the narrow circles + of personal intrigue, but it could never promote the greatness or + happiness of the people of America. +Referring the examination of the principle itself to another + place, as has been already mentioned, it will be sufficient to + remark here that, in the sense of the author who has been most + emphatically quoted upon the occasion, it would only dictate a + reduction of the SIZE of the more considerable MEMBERS of the Union, + but would not militate against their being all comprehended in one + confederate government. And this is the true question, in the + discussion of which we are at present interested. +So far are the suggestions of Montesquieu from standing in + opposition to a general Union of the States, that he explicitly + treats of a CONFEDERATE REPUBLIC as the expedient for extending the + sphere of popular government, and reconciling the advantages of + monarchy with those of republicanism. +``It is very probable,'' (says he1) ``that mankind would + have been obliged at length to live constantly under the government + of a single person, had they not contrived a kind of constitution + that has all the internal advantages of a republican, together with + the external force of a monarchical government. I mean a + CONFEDERATE REPUBLIC. +``This form of government is a convention by which several + smaller STATES agree to become members of a larger ONE, which they + intend to form. It is a kind of assemblage of societies that + constitute a new one, capable of increasing, by means of new + associations, till they arrive to such a degree of power as to be + able to provide for the security of the united body. +``A republic of this kind, able to withstand an external force, + may support itself without any internal corruptions. The form of + this society prevents all manner of inconveniences. +``If a single member should attempt to usurp the supreme + authority, he could not be supposed to have an equal authority and + credit in all the confederate states. Were he to have too great + influence over one, this would alarm the rest. Were he to subdue a + part, that which would still remain free might oppose him with + forces independent of those which he had usurped and overpower him + before he could be settled in his usurpation. +``Should a popular insurrection happen in one of the confederate + states the others are able to quell it. Should abuses creep into + one part, they are reformed by those that remain sound. The state + may be destroyed on one side, and not on the other; the confederacy + may be dissolved, and the confederates preserve their sovereignty. +``As this government is composed of small republics, it enjoys + the internal happiness of each; and with respect to its external + situation, it is possessed, by means of the association, of all the + advantages of large monarchies.'' +I have thought it proper to quote at length these interesting + passages, because they contain a luminous abridgment of the + principal arguments in favor of the Union, and must effectually + remove the false impressions which a misapplication of other parts + of the work was calculated to make. They have, at the same time, an + intimate connection with the more immediate design of this paper; + which is, to illustrate the tendency of the Union to repress + domestic faction and insurrection. +A distinction, more subtle than accurate, has been raised + between a CONFEDERACY and a CONSOLIDATION of the States. The + essential characteristic of the first is said to be, the restriction + of its authority to the members in their collective capacities, + without reaching to the individuals of whom they are composed. It + is contended that the national council ought to have no concern with + any object of internal administration. An exact equality of + suffrage between the members has also been insisted upon as a + leading feature of a confederate government. These positions are, + in the main, arbitrary; they are supported neither by principle nor + precedent. It has indeed happened, that governments of this kind + have generally operated in the manner which the distinction taken + notice of, supposes to be inherent in their nature; but there have + been in most of them extensive exceptions to the practice, which + serve to prove, as far as example will go, that there is no absolute + rule on the subject. And it will be clearly shown in the course of + this investigation that as far as the principle contended for has + prevailed, it has been the cause of incurable disorder and + imbecility in the government. +The definition of a CONFEDERATE REPUBLIC seems simply to be ``an + assemblage of societies,'' or an association of two or more states + into one state. The extent, modifications, and objects of the + federal authority are mere matters of discretion. So long as the + separate organization of the members be not abolished; so long as + it exists, by a constitutional necessity, for local purposes; + though it should be in perfect subordination to the general + authority of the union, it would still be, in fact and in theory, an + association of states, or a confederacy. The proposed Constitution, + so far from implying an abolition of the State governments, makes + them constituent parts of the national sovereignty, by allowing them + a direct representation in the Senate, and leaves in their + possession certain exclusive and very important portions of + sovereign power. This fully corresponds, in every rational import + of the terms, with the idea of a federal government. +In the Lycian confederacy, which consisted of twenty-three + CITIES or republics, the largest were entitled to THREE votes in the + COMMON COUNCIL, those of the middle class to TWO, and the smallest + to ONE. The COMMON COUNCIL had the appointment of all the judges + and magistrates of the respective CITIES. This was certainly the + most, delicate species of interference in their internal + administration; for if there be any thing that seems exclusively + appropriated to the local jurisdictions, it is the appointment of + their own officers. Yet Montesquieu, speaking of this association, + says: ``Were I to give a model of an excellent Confederate + Republic, it would be that of Lycia.'' Thus we perceive that the + distinctions insisted upon were not within the contemplation of this + enlightened civilian; and we shall be led to conclude, that they + are the novel refinements of an erroneous theory. +PUBLIUS. +1 ``Spirit of Lawa,'' vol. i., book ix., chap. i. + + +FEDERALIST No. 10 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and + Insurrection) +From the New York Packet. +Friday, November 23, 1787. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +AMONG the numerous advantages promised by a wellconstructed + Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its + tendency to break and control the violence of faction. The friend + of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their + character and fate, as when he contemplates their propensity to this + dangerous vice. He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on + any plan which, without violating the principles to which he is + attached, provides a proper cure for it. The instability, + injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils, have, + in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments + have everywhere perished; as they continue to be the favorite and + fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their + most specious declamations. The valuable improvements made by the + American constitutions on the popular models, both ancient and + modern, cannot certainly be too much admired; but it would be an + unwarrantable partiality, to contend that they have as effectually + obviated the danger on this side, as was wished and expected. + Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and + virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, + and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too + unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of + rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not + according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, + but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority. + However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no + foundation, the evidence, of known facts will not permit us to deny + that they are in some degree true. It will be found, indeed, on a + candid review of our situation, that some of the distresses under + which we labor have been erroneously charged on the operation of our + governments; but it will be found, at the same time, that other + causes will not alone account for many of our heaviest misfortunes; + and, particularly, for that prevailing and increasing distrust of + public engagements, and alarm for private rights, which are echoed + from one end of the continent to the other. These must be chiefly, + if not wholly, effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with which + a factious spirit has tainted our public administrations. +By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether + amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united + and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, + adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and + aggregate interests of the community. +There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: the + one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects. +There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: + the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its + existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, + the same passions, and the same interests. +It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy, that + it was worse than the disease. Liberty is to faction what air is to + fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could + not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to + political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to + wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, + because it imparts to fire its destructive agency. +The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be + unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is + at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As + long as the connection subsists between his reason and his + self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal + influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which + the latter will attach themselves. The diversity in the faculties + of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an + insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection + of these faculties is the first object of government. From the + protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, + the possession of different degrees and kinds of property + immediately results; and from the influence of these on the + sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a + division of the society into different interests and parties. +The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man; + and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of + activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society. + A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning + government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of + practice; an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending + for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other descriptions + whose fortunes have been interesting to the human passions, have, in + turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual + animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress + each other than to co-operate for their common good. So strong is + this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual animosities, that + where no substantial occasion presents itself, the most frivolous + and fanciful distinctions have been sufficient to kindle their + unfriendly passions and excite their most violent conflicts. But + the most common and durable source of factions has been the various + and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who + are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. + Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a + like discrimination. A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a + mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, + grow up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into + different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views. The + regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the + principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of + party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the + government. +No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his + interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, + corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body + of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; + yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so + many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of + single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of + citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but + advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law + proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the + creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. + Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties + are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous + party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be + expected to prevail. Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and + in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? are + questions which would be differently decided by the landed and the + manufacturing classes, and probably by neither with a sole regard to + justice and the public good. The apportionment of taxes on the + various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require + the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative + act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a + predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every + shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a + shilling saved to their own pockets. +It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be able to + adjust these clashing interests, and render them all subservient to + the public good. Enlightened statesmen will not always be at the + helm. Nor, in many cases, can such an adjustment be made at all + without taking into view indirect and remote considerations, which + will rarely prevail over the immediate interest which one party may + find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of the whole. +The inference to which we are brought is, that the CAUSES of + faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in + the means of controlling its EFFECTS. +If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is + supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to + defeat its sinister views by regular vote. It may clog the + administration, it may convulse the society; but it will be unable + to execute and mask its violence under the forms of the Constitution. + When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular + government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling + passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other + citizens. To secure the public good and private rights against the + danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the + spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object + to which our inquiries are directed. Let me add that it is the + great desideratum by which this form of government can be rescued + from the opprobrium under which it has so long labored, and be + recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind. +By what means is this object attainable? Evidently by one of + two only. Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a + majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having + such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their + number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect + schemes of oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity be + suffered to coincide, we well know that neither moral nor religious + motives can be relied on as an adequate control. They are not found + to be such on the injustice and violence of individuals, and lose + their efficacy in proportion to the number combined together, that + is, in proportion as their efficacy becomes needful. +From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure + democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of + citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can + admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or + interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the + whole; a communication and concert result from the form of + government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to + sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is + that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and + contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal + security or the rights of property; and have in general been as + short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. + Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of + government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a + perfect equality in their political rights, they would, at the same + time, be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, + their opinions, and their passions. +A republic, by which I mean a government in which the scheme of + representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises + the cure for which we are seeking. Let us examine the points in + which it varies from pure democracy, and we shall comprehend both + the nature of the cure and the efficacy which it must derive from + the Union. +The two great points of difference between a democracy and a + republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the + latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; + secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of + country, over which the latter may be extended. +The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to + refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the + medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern + the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of + justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial + considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen that + the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, + will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the + people themselves, convened for the purpose. On the other hand, the + effect may be inverted. Men of factious tempers, of local + prejudices, or of sinister designs, may, by intrigue, by corruption, + or by other means, first obtain the suffrages, and then betray the + interests, of the people. The question resulting is, whether small + or extensive republics are more favorable to the election of proper + guardians of the public weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of + the latter by two obvious considerations: +In the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the + republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain + number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, + however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, + in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude. Hence, the + number of representatives in the two cases not being in proportion + to that of the two constituents, and being proportionally greater in + the small republic, it follows that, if the proportion of fit + characters be not less in the large than in the small republic, the + former will present a greater option, and consequently a greater + probability of a fit choice. +In the next place, as each representative will be chosen by a + greater number of citizens in the large than in the small republic, + it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with + success the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried; + and the suffrages of the people being more free, will be more + likely to centre in men who possess the most attractive merit and + the most diffusive and established characters. +It must be confessed that in this, as in most other cases, there + is a mean, on both sides of which inconveniences will be found to + lie. By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the + representatives too little acquainted with all their local + circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you + render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to + comprehend and pursue great and national objects. The federal + Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great + and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local + and particular to the State legislatures. +The other point of difference is, the greater number of citizens + and extent of territory which may be brought within the compass of + republican than of democratic government; and it is this + circumstance principally which renders factious combinations less to + be dreaded in the former than in the latter. The smaller the + society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and + interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and + interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same + party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a + majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, + the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of + oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of + parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of + the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other + citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more + difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to + act in unison with each other. Besides other impediments, it may be + remarked that, where there is a consciousness of unjust or + dishonorable purposes, communication is always checked by distrust + in proportion to the number whose concurrence is necessary. +Hence, it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a + republic has over a democracy, in controlling the effects of + faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic,--is enjoyed by + the Union over the States composing it. Does the advantage consist + in the substitution of representatives whose enlightened views and + virtuous sentiments render them superior to local prejudices and + schemes of injustice? It will not be denied that the representation + of the Union will be most likely to possess these requisite + endowments. Does it consist in the greater security afforded by a + greater variety of parties, against the event of any one party being + able to outnumber and oppress the rest? In an equal degree does the + increased variety of parties comprised within the Union, increase + this security. Does it, in fine, consist in the greater obstacles + opposed to the concert and accomplishment of the secret wishes of an + unjust and interested majority? Here, again, the extent of the + Union gives it the most palpable advantage. +The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within + their particular States, but will be unable to spread a general + conflagration through the other States. A religious sect may + degenerate into a political faction in a part of the Confederacy; + but the variety of sects dispersed over the entire face of it must + secure the national councils against any danger from that source. A + rage for paper money, for an abolition of debts, for an equal + division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project, + will be less apt to pervade the whole body of the Union than a + particular member of it; in the same proportion as such a malady is + more likely to taint a particular county or district, than an entire + State. +In the extent and proper structure of the Union, therefore, we + behold a republican remedy for the diseases most incident to + republican government. And according to the degree of pleasure and + pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in + cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 11 + +The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a + Navy +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE importance of the Union, in a commercial light, is one of + those points about which there is least room to entertain a + difference of opinion, and which has, in fact, commanded the most + general assent of men who have any acquaintance with the subject. + This applies as well to our intercourse with foreign countries as + with each other. +There are appearances to authorize a supposition that the + adventurous spirit, which distinguishes the commercial character of + America, has already excited uneasy sensations in several of the + maritime powers of Europe. They seem to be apprehensive of our too + great interference in that carrying trade, which is the support of + their navigation and the foundation of their naval strength. Those + of them which have colonies in America look forward to what this + country is capable of becoming, with painful solicitude. They + foresee the dangers that may threaten their American dominions from + the neighborhood of States, which have all the dispositions, and + would possess all the means, requisite to the creation of a powerful + marine. Impressions of this kind will naturally indicate the policy + of fostering divisions among us, and of depriving us, as far as + possible, of an ACTIVE COMMERCE in our own bottoms. This would + answer the threefold purpose of preventing our interference in their + navigation, of monopolizing the profits of our trade, and of + clipping the wings by which we might soar to a dangerous greatness. + Did not prudence forbid the detail, it would not be difficult to + trace, by facts, the workings of this policy to the cabinets of + ministers. +If we continue united, we may counteract a policy so unfriendly + to our prosperity in a variety of ways. By prohibitory regulations, + extending, at the same time, throughout the States, we may oblige + foreign countries to bid against each other, for the privileges of + our markets. This assertion will not appear chimerical to those who + are able to appreciate the importance of the markets of three + millions of people--increasing in rapid progression, for the most + part exclusively addicted to agriculture, and likely from local + circumstances to remain so--to any manufacturing nation; and the + immense difference there would be to the trade and navigation of + such a nation, between a direct communication in its own ships, and + an indirect conveyance of its products and returns, to and from + America, in the ships of another country. Suppose, for instance, we + had a government in America, capable of excluding Great Britain + (with whom we have at present no treaty of commerce) from all our + ports; what would be the probable operation of this step upon her + politics? Would it not enable us to negotiate, with the fairest + prospect of success, for commercial privileges of the most valuable + and extensive kind, in the dominions of that kingdom? When these + questions have been asked, upon other occasions, they have received + a plausible, but not a solid or satisfactory answer. It has been + said that prohibitions on our part would produce no change in the + system of Britain, because she could prosecute her trade with us + through the medium of the Dutch, who would be her immediate + customers and paymasters for those articles which were wanted for + the supply of our markets. But would not her navigation be + materially injured by the loss of the important advantage of being + her own carrier in that trade? Would not the principal part of its + profits be intercepted by the Dutch, as a compensation for their + agency and risk? Would not the mere circumstance of freight + occasion a considerable deduction? Would not so circuitous an + intercourse facilitate the competitions of other nations, by + enhancing the price of British commodities in our markets, and by + transferring to other hands the management of this interesting + branch of the British commerce? +A mature consideration of the objects suggested by these + questions will justify a belief that the real disadvantages to + Britain from such a state of things, conspiring with the + pre-possessions of a great part of the nation in favor of the + American trade, and with the importunities of the West India + islands, would produce a relaxation in her present system, and would + let us into the enjoyment of privileges in the markets of those + islands elsewhere, from which our trade would derive the most + substantial benefits. Such a point gained from the British + government, and which could not be expected without an equivalent in + exemptions and immunities in our markets, would be likely to have a + correspondent effect on the conduct of other nations, who would not + be inclined to see themselves altogether supplanted in our trade. +A further resource for influencing the conduct of European + nations toward us, in this respect, would arise from the + establishment of a federal navy. There can be no doubt that the + continuance of the Union under an efficient government would put it + in our power, at a period not very distant, to create a navy which, + if it could not vie with those of the great maritime powers, would + at least be of respectable weight if thrown into the scale of either + of two contending parties. This would be more peculiarly the case + in relation to operations in the West Indies. A few ships of the + line, sent opportunely to the reinforcement of either side, would + often be sufficient to decide the fate of a campaign, on the event + of which interests of the greatest magnitude were suspended. Our + position is, in this respect, a most commanding one. And if to this + consideration we add that of the usefulness of supplies from this + country, in the prosecution of military operations in the West + Indies, it will readily be perceived that a situation so favorable + would enable us to bargain with great advantage for commercial + privileges. A price would be set not only upon our friendship, but + upon our neutrality. By a steady adherence to the Union we may + hope, erelong, to become the arbiter of Europe in America, and to be + able to incline the balance of European competitions in this part of + the world as our interest may dictate. +But in the reverse of this eligible situation, we shall discover + that the rivalships of the parts would make them checks upon each + other, and would frustrate all the tempting advantages which nature + has kindly placed within our reach. In a state so insignificant our + commerce would be a prey to the wanton intermeddlings of all nations + at war with each other; who, having nothing to fear from us, would + with little scruple or remorse, supply their wants by depredations + on our property as often as it fell in their way. The rights of + neutrality will only be respected when they are defended by an + adequate power. A nation, despicable by its weakness, forfeits even + the privilege of being neutral. +Under a vigorous national government, the natural strength and + resources of the country, directed to a common interest, would + baffle all the combinations of European jealousy to restrain our + growth. This situation would even take away the motive to such + combinations, by inducing an impracticability of success. An active + commerce, an extensive navigation, and a flourishing marine would + then be the offspring of moral and physical necessity. We might + defy the little arts of the little politicians to control or vary + the irresistible and unchangeable course of nature. +But in a state of disunion, these combinations might exist and + might operate with success. It would be in the power of the + maritime nations, availing themselves of our universal impotence, to + prescribe the conditions of our political existence; and as they + have a common interest in being our carriers, and still more in + preventing our becoming theirs, they would in all probability + combine to embarrass our navigation in such a manner as would in + effect destroy it, and confine us to a PASSIVE COMMERCE. We should + then be compelled to content ourselves with the first price of our + commodities, and to see the profits of our trade snatched from us to + enrich our enemies and p rsecutors. That unequaled spirit of + enterprise, which signalizes the genius of the American merchants + and navigators, and which is in itself an inexhaustible mine of + national wealth, would be stifled and lost, and poverty and disgrace + would overspread a country which, with wisdom, might make herself + the admiration and envy of the world. +There are rights of great moment to the trade of America which + are rights of the Union--I allude to the fisheries, to the navigation + of the Western lakes, and to that of the Mississippi. The + dissolution of the Confederacy would give room for delicate + questions concerning the future existence of these rights; which + the interest of more powerful partners would hardly fail to solve to + our disadvantage. The disposition of Spain with regard to the + Mississippi needs no comment. France and Britain are concerned with + us in the fisheries, and view them as of the utmost moment to their + navigation. They, of course, would hardly remain long indifferent + to that decided mastery, of which experience has shown us to be + possessed in this valuable branch of traffic, and by which we are + able to undersell those nations in their own markets. What more + natural than that they should be disposed to exclude from the lists + such dangerous competitors? +This branch of trade ought not to be considered as a partial + benefit. All the navigating States may, in different degrees, + advantageously participate in it, and under circumstances of a + greater extension of mercantile capital, would not be unlikely to do + it. As a nursery of seamen, it now is, or when time shall have more + nearly assimilated the principles of navigation in the several + States, will become, a universal resource. To the establishment of + a navy, it must be indispensable. +To this great national object, a NAVY, union will contribute in + various ways. Every institution will grow and flourish in + proportion to the quantity and extent of the means concentred + towards its formation and support. A navy of the United States, as + it would embrace the resources of all, is an object far less remote + than a navy of any single State or partial confederacy, which would + only embrace the resources of a single part. It happens, indeed, + that different portions of confederated America possess each some + peculiar advantage for this essential establishment. The more + southern States furnish in greater abundance certain kinds of naval + stores--tar, pitch, and turpentine. Their wood for the construction + of ships is also of a more solid and lasting texture. The + difference in the duration of the ships of which the navy might be + composed, if chiefly constructed of Southern wood, would be of + signal importance, either in the view of naval strength or of + national economy. Some of the Southern and of the Middle States + yield a greater plenty of iron, and of better quality. Seamen must + chiefly be drawn from the Northern hive. The necessity of naval + protection to external or maritime commerce does not require a + particular elucidation, no more than the conduciveness of that + species of commerce to the prosperity of a navy. +An unrestrained intercourse between the States themselves will + advance the trade of each by an interchange of their respective + productions, not only for the supply of reciprocal wants at home, + but for exportation to foreign markets. The veins of commerce in + every part will be replenished, and will acquire additional motion + and vigor from a free circulation of the commodities of every part. + Commercial enterprise will have much greater scope, from the + diversity in the productions of different States. When the staple + of one fails from a bad harvest or unproductive crop, it can call to + its aid the staple of another. The variety, not less than the + value, of products for exportation contributes to the activity of + foreign commerce. It can be conducted upon much better terms with a + large number of materials of a given value than with a small number + of materials of the same value; arising from the competitions of + trade and from the fluctations of markets. Particular articles may + be in great demand at certain periods, and unsalable at others; but + if there be a variety of articles, it can scarcely happen that they + should all be at one time in the latter predicament, and on this + account the operations of the merchant would be less liable to any + considerable obstruction or stagnation. The speculative trader will + at once perceive the force of these observations, and will + acknowledge that the aggregate balance of the commerce of the United + States would bid fair to be much more favorable than that of the + thirteen States without union or with partial unions. +It may perhaps be replied to this, that whether the States are + united or disunited, there would still be an intimate intercourse + between them which would answer the same ends; this intercourse + would be fettered, interrupted, and narrowed by a multiplicity of + causes, which in the course of these papers have been amply detailed. + A unity of commercial, as well as political, interests, can only + result from a unity of government. +There are other points of view in which this subject might be + placed, of a striking and animating kind. But they would lead us + too far into the regions of futurity, and would involve topics not + proper for a newspaper discussion. I shall briefly observe, that + our situation invites and our interests prompt us to aim at an + ascendant in the system of American affairs. The world may + politically, as well as geographically, be divided into four parts, + each having a distinct set of interests. Unhappily for the other + three, Europe, by her arms and by her negotiations, by force and by + fraud, has, in different degrees, extended her dominion over them + all. Africa, Asia, and America, have successively felt her + domination. The superiority she has long maintained has tempted her + to plume herself as the Mistress of the World, and to consider the + rest of mankind as created for her benefit. Men admired as profound + philosophers have, in direct terms, attributed to her inhabitants a + physical superiority, and have gravely asserted that all animals, + and with them the human species, degenerate in America--that even + dogs cease to bark after having breathed awhile in our + atmosphere.1 Facts have too long supported these arrogant + pretensions of the Europeans. It belongs to us to vindicate the + honor of the human race, and to teach that assuming brother, + moderation. Union will enable us to do it. Disunion will will add + another victim to his triumphs. Let Americans disdain to be the + instruments of European greatness! Let the thirteen States, bound + together in a strict and indissoluble Union, concur in erecting one + great American system, superior to the control of all transatlantic + force or influence, and able to dictate the terms of the connection + between the old and the new world! +PUBLIUS. +``Recherches philosophiques sur les Americains.'' + + +FEDERALIST No. 12 + +The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, November 27, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE effects of Union upon the commercial prosperity of the + States have been sufficiently delineated. Its tendency to promote + the interests of revenue will be the subject of our present inquiry. +The prosperity of commerce is now perceived and acknowledged by + all enlightened statesmen to be the most useful as well as the most + productive source of national wealth, and has accordingly become a + primary object of their political cares. By multipying the means of + gratification, by promoting the introduction and circulation of the + precious metals, those darling objects of human avarice and + enterprise, it serves to vivify and invigorate the channels of + industry, and to make them flow with greater activity and + copiousness. The assiduous merchant, the laborious husbandman, the + active mechanic, and the industrious manufacturer,--all orders of + men, look forward with eager expectation and growing alacrity to + this pleasing reward of their toils. The often-agitated question + between agriculture and commerce has, from indubitable experience, + received a decision which has silenced the rivalship that once + subsisted between them, and has proved, to the satisfaction of their + friends, that their interests are intimately blended and interwoven. + It has been found in various countries that, in proportion as + commerce has flourished, land has risen in value. And how could it + have happened otherwise? Could that which procures a freer vent for + the products of the earth, which furnishes new incitements to the + cultivation of land, which is the most powerful instrument in + increasing the quantity of money in a state--could that, in fine, + which is the faithful handmaid of labor and industry, in every + shape, fail to augment that article, which is the prolific parent of + far the greatest part of the objects upon which they are exerted? + It is astonishing that so simple a truth should ever have had an + adversary; and it is one, among a multitude of proofs, how apt a + spirit of ill-informed jealousy, or of too great abstraction and + refinement, is to lead men astray from the plainest truths of reason + and conviction. +The ability of a country to pay taxes must always be + proportioned, in a great degree, to the quantity of money in + circulation, and to the celerity with which it circulates. + Commerce, contributing to both these objects, must of necessity + render the payment of taxes easier, and facilitate the requisite + supplies to the treasury. The hereditary dominions of the Emperor + of Germany contain a great extent of fertile, cultivated, and + populous territory, a large proportion of which is situated in mild + and luxuriant climates. In some parts of this territory are to be + found the best gold and silver mines in Europe. And yet, from the + want of the fostering influence of commerce, that monarch can boast + but slender revenues. He has several times been compelled to owe + obligations to the pecuniary succors of other nations for the + preservation of his essential interests, and is unable, upon the + strength of his own resources, to sustain a long or continued war. +But it is not in this aspect of the subject alone that Union + will be seen to conduce to the purpose of revenue. There are other + points of view, in which its influence will appear more immediate + and decisive. It is evident from the state of the country, from the + habits of the people, from the experience we have had on the point + itself, that it is impracticable to raise any very considerable sums + by direct taxation. Tax laws have in vain been multiplied; new + methods to enforce the collection have in vain been tried; the + public expectation has been uniformly disappointed, and the + treasuries of the States have remained empty. The popular system of + administration inherent in the nature of popular government, + coinciding with the real scarcity of money incident to a languid and + mutilated state of trade, has hitherto defeated every experiment for + extensive collections, and has at length taught the different + legislatures the folly of attempting them. +No person acquainted with what happens in other countries will + be surprised at this circumstance. In so opulent a nation as that + of Britain, where direct taxes from superior wealth must be much + more tolerable, and, from the vigor of the government, much more + practicable, than in America, far the greatest part of the national + revenue is derived from taxes of the indirect kind, from imposts, + and from excises. Duties on imported articles form a large branch + of this latter description. +In America, it is evident that we must a long time depend for + the means of revenue chiefly on such duties. In most parts of it, + excises must be confined within a narrow compass. The genius of the + people will ill brook the inquisitive and peremptory spirit of + excise laws. The pockets of the farmers, on the other hand, will + reluctantly yield but scanty supplies, in the unwelcome shape of + impositions on their houses and lands; and personal property is too + precarious and invisible a fund to be laid hold of in any other way + than by the inperceptible agency of taxes on consumption. +If these remarks have any foundation, that state of things which + will best enable us to improve and extend so valuable a resource + must be best adapted to our political welfare. And it cannot admit + of a serious doubt, that this state of things must rest on the basis + of a general Union. As far as this would be conducive to the + interests of commerce, so far it must tend to the extension of the + revenue to be drawn from that source. As far as it would contribute + to rendering regulations for the collection of the duties more + simple and efficacious, so far it must serve to answer the purposes + of making the same rate of duties more productive, and of putting it + into the power of the government to increase the rate without + prejudice to trade. +The relative situation of these States; the number of rivers + with which they are intersected, and of bays that wash there shores; + the facility of communication in every direction; the affinity of + language and manners; the familiar habits of intercourse; --all + these are circumstances that would conspire to render an illicit + trade between them a matter of little difficulty, and would insure + frequent evasions of the commercial regulations of each other. The + separate States or confederacies would be necessitated by mutual + jealousy to avoid the temptations to that kind of trade by the + lowness of their duties. The temper of our governments, for a long + time to come, would not permit those rigorous precautions by which + the European nations guard the avenues into their respective + countries, as well by land as by water; and which, even there, are + found insufficient obstacles to the adventurous stratagems of + avarice. +In France, there is an army of patrols (as they are called) + constantly employed to secure their fiscal regulations against the + inroads of the dealers in contraband trade. Mr. Neckar computes the + number of these patrols at upwards of twenty thousand. This shows + the immense difficulty in preventing that species of traffic, where + there is an inland communication, and places in a strong light the + disadvantages with which the collection of duties in this country + would be encumbered, if by disunion the States should be placed in a + situation, with respect to each other, resembling that of France + with respect to her neighbors. The arbitrary and vexatious powers + with which the patrols are necessarily armed, would be intolerable + in a free country. +If, on the contrary, there be but one government pervading all + the States, there will be, as to the principal part of our commerce, + but ONE SIDE to guard--the ATLANTIC COAST. Vessels arriving directly + from foreign countries, laden with valuable cargoes, would rarely + choose to hazard themselves to the complicated and critical perils + which would attend attempts to unlade prior to their coming into + port. They would have to dread both the dangers of the coast, and + of detection, as well after as before their arrival at the places of + their final destination. An ordinary degree of vigilance would be + competent to the prevention of any material infractions upon the + rights of the revenue. A few armed vessels, judiciously stationed + at the entrances of our ports, might at a small expense be made + useful sentinels of the laws. And the government having the same + interest to provide against violations everywhere, the co-operation + of its measures in each State would have a powerful tendency to + render them effectual. Here also we should preserve by Union, an + advantage which nature holds out to us, and which would be + relinquished by separation. The United States lie at a great + distance from Europe, and at a considerable distance from all other + places with which they would have extensive connections of foreign + trade. The passage from them to us, in a few hours, or in a single + night, as between the coasts of France and Britain, and of other + neighboring nations, would be impracticable. This is a prodigious + security against a direct contraband with foreign countries; but a + circuitous contraband to one State, through the medium of another, + would be both easy and safe. The difference between a direct + importation from abroad, and an indirect importation through the + channel of a neighboring State, in small parcels, according to time + and opportunity, with the additional facilities of inland + communication, must be palpable to every man of discernment. +It is therefore evident, that one national government would be + able, at much less expense, to extend the duties on imports, beyond + comparison, further than would be practicable to the States + separately, or to any partial confederacies. Hitherto, I believe, + it may safely be asserted, that these duties have not upon an + average exceeded in any State three per cent. In France they are + estimated to be about fifteen per cent., and in Britain they exceed + this proportion.1 There seems to be nothing to hinder their + being increased in this country to at least treble their present + amount. The single article of ardent spirits, under federal + regulation, might be made to furnish a considerable revenue. Upon a + ratio to the importation into this State, the whole quantity + imported into the United States may be estimated at four millions of + gallons; which, at a shilling per gallon, would produce two hundred + thousand pounds. That article would well bear this rate of duty; + and if it should tend to diminish the consumption of it, such an + effect would be equally favorable to the agriculture, to the + economy, to the morals, and to the health of the society. There is, + perhaps, nothing so much a subject of national extravagance as these + spirits. +What will be the consequence, if we are not able to avail + ourselves of the resource in question in its full extent? A nation + cannot long exist without revenues. Destitute of this essential + support, it must resign its independence, and sink into the degraded + condition of a province. This is an extremity to which no + government will of choice accede. Revenue, therefore, must be had + at all events. In this country, if the principal part be not drawn + from commerce, it must fall with oppressive weight upon land. It + has been already intimated that excises, in their true + signification, are too little in unison with the feelings of the + people, to admit of great use being made of that mode of taxation; + nor, indeed, in the States where almost the sole employment is + agriculture, are the objects proper for excise sufficiently numerous + to permit very ample collections in that way. Personal estate (as + has been before remarked), from the difficulty in tracing it, cannot + be subjected to large contributions, by any other means than by + taxes on consumption. In populous cities, it may be enough the + subject of conjecture, to occasion the oppression of individuals, + without much aggregate benefit to the State; but beyond these + circles, it must, in a great measure, escape the eye and the hand of + the tax-gatherer. As the necessities of the State, nevertheless, + must be satisfied in some mode or other, the defect of other + resources must throw the principal weight of public burdens on the + possessors of land. And as, on the other hand, the wants of the + government can never obtain an adequate supply, unless all the + sources of revenue are open to its demands, the finances of the + community, under such embarrassments, cannot be put into a situation + consistent with its respectability or its security. Thus we shall + not even have the consolations of a full treasury, to atone for the + oppression of that valuable class of the citizens who are employed + in the cultivation of the soil. But public and private distress + will keep pace with each other in gloomy concert; and unite in + deploring the infatuation of those counsels which led to disunion. +PUBLIUS. +1 If my memory be right they amount to twenty per cent. + + +FEDERALIST No. 13 + +Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +As CONNECTED with the subject of revenue, we may with propriety + consider that of economy. The money saved from one object may be + usefully applied to another, and there will be so much the less to + be drawn from the pockets of the people. If the States are united + under one government, there will be but one national civil list to + support; if they are divided into several confederacies, there will + be as many different national civil lists to be provided for--and + each of them, as to the principal departments, coextensive with that + which would be necessary for a government of the whole. The entire + separation of the States into thirteen unconnected sovereignties is + a project too extravagant and too replete with danger to have many + advocates. The ideas of men who speculate upon the dismemberment of + the empire seem generally turned toward three confederacies--one + consisting of the four Northern, another of the four Middle, and a + third of the five Southern States. There is little probability that + there would be a greater number. According to this distribution, + each confederacy would comprise an extent of territory larger than + that of the kingdom of Great Britain. No well-informed man will + suppose that the affairs of such a confederacy can be properly + regulated by a government less comprehensive in its organs or + institutions than that which has been proposed by the convention. + When the dimensions of a State attain to a certain magnitude, it + requires the same energy of government and the same forms of + administration which are requisite in one of much greater extent. + This idea admits not of precise demonstration, because there is no + rule by which we can measure the momentum of civil power necessary + to the government of any given number of individuals; but when we + consider that the island of Britain, nearly commensurate with each + of the supposed confederacies, contains about eight millions of + people, and when we reflect upon the degree of authority required to + direct the passions of so large a society to the public good, we + shall see no reason to doubt that the like portion of power would be + sufficient to perform the same task in a society far more numerous. + Civil power, properly organized and exerted, is capable of + diffusing its force to a very great extent; and can, in a manner, + reproduce itself in every part of a great empire by a judicious + arrangement of subordinate institutions. +The supposition that each confederacy into which the States + would be likely to be divided would require a government not less + comprehensive than the one proposed, will be strengthened by another + supposition, more probable than that which presents us with three + confederacies as the alternative to a general Union. If we attend + carefully to geographical and commercial considerations, in + conjunction with the habits and prejudices of the different States, + we shall be led to conclude that in case of disunion they will most + naturally league themselves under two governments. The four Eastern + States, from all the causes that form the links of national sympathy + and connection, may with certainty be expected to unite. New York, + situated as she is, would never be unwise enough to oppose a feeble + and unsupported flank to the weight of that confederacy. There are + other obvious reasons that would facilitate her accession to it. + New Jersey is too small a State to think of being a frontier, in + opposition to this still more powerful combination; nor do there + appear to be any obstacles to her admission into it. Even + Pennsylvania would have strong inducements to join the Northern + league. An active foreign commerce, on the basis of her own + navigation, is her true policy, and coincides with the opinions and + dispositions of her citizens. The more Southern States, from + various circumstances, may not think themselves much interested in + the encouragement of navigation. They may prefer a system which + would give unlimited scope to all nations to be the carriers as well + as the purchasers of their commodities. Pennsylvania may not choose + to confound her interests in a connection so adverse to her policy. + As she must at all events be a frontier, she may deem it most + consistent with her safety to have her exposed side turned towards + the weaker power of the Southern, rather than towards the stronger + power of the Northern, Confederacy. This would give her the fairest + chance to avoid being the Flanders of America. Whatever may be the + determination of Pennsylvania, if the Northern Confederacy includes + New Jersey, there is no likelihood of more than one confederacy to + the south of that State. +Nothing can be more evident than that the thirteen States will + be able to support a national government better than one half, or + one third, or any number less than the whole. This reflection must + have great weight in obviating that objection to the proposed plan, + which is founded on the principle of expense; an objection, + however, which, when we come to take a nearer view of it, will + appear in every light to stand on mistaken ground. +If, in addition to the consideration of a plurality of civil + lists, we take into view the number of persons who must necessarily + be employed to guard the inland communication between the different + confederacies against illicit trade, and who in time will infallibly + spring up out of the necessities of revenue; and if we also take + into view the military establishments which it has been shown would + unavoidably result from the jealousies and conflicts of the several + nations into which the States would be divided, we shall clearly + discover that a separation would be not less injurious to the + economy, than to the tranquillity, commerce, revenue, and liberty of + every part. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 14 + +Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory + Answered +From the New York Packet. +Friday, November 30, 1787. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +WE HAVE seen the necessity of the Union, as our bulwark against + foreign danger, as the conservator of peace among ourselves, as the + guardian of our commerce and other common interests, as the only + substitute for those military establishments which have subverted + the liberties of the Old World, and as the proper antidote for the + diseases of faction, which have proved fatal to other popular + governments, and of which alarming symptoms have been betrayed by + our own. All that remains, within this branch of our inquiries, is + to take notice of an objection that may be drawn from the great + extent of country which the Union embraces. A few observations on + this subject will be the more proper, as it is perceived that the + adversaries of the new Constitution are availing themselves of the + prevailing prejudice with regard to the practicable sphere of + republican administration, in order to supply, by imaginary + difficulties, the want of those solid objections which they endeavor + in vain to find. +The error which limits republican government to a narrow + district has been unfolded and refuted in preceding papers. I + remark here only that it seems to owe its rise and prevalence + chiefly to the confounding of a republic with a democracy, applying + to the former reasonings drawn from the nature of the latter. The + true distinction between these forms was also adverted to on a + former occasion. It is, that in a democracy, the people meet and + exercise the government in person; in a republic, they assemble and + administer it by their representatives and agents. A democracy, + consequently, will be confined to a small spot. A republic may be + extended over a large region. +To this accidental source of the error may be added the artifice + of some celebrated authors, whose writings have had a great share in + forming the modern standard of political opinions. Being subjects + either of an absolute or limited monarchy, they have endeavored to + heighten the advantages, or palliate the evils of those forms, by + placing in comparison the vices and defects of the republican, and + by citing as specimens of the latter the turbulent democracies of + ancient Greece and modern Italy. Under the confusion of names, it + has been an easy task to transfer to a republic observations + applicable to a democracy only; and among others, the observation + that it can never be established but among a small number of people, + living within a small compass of territory. +Such a fallacy may have been the less perceived, as most of the + popular governments of antiquity were of the democratic species; + and even in modern Europe, to which we owe the great principle of + representation, no example is seen of a government wholly popular, + and founded, at the same time, wholly on that principle. If Europe + has the merit of discovering this great mechanical power in + government, by the simple agency of which the will of the largest + political body may be concentred, and its force directed to any + object which the public good requires, America can claim the merit + of making the discovery the basis of unmixed and extensive republics. + It is only to be lamented that any of her citizens should wish to + deprive her of the additional merit of displaying its full efficacy + in the establishment of the comprehensive system now under her + consideration. +As the natural limit of a democracy is that distance from the + central point which will just permit the most remote citizens to + assemble as often as their public functions demand, and will include + no greater number than can join in those functions; so the natural + limit of a republic is that distance from the centre which will + barely allow the representatives to meet as often as may be + necessary for the administration of public affairs. Can it be said + that the limits of the United States exceed this distance? It will + not be said by those who recollect that the Atlantic coast is the + longest side of the Union, that during the term of thirteen years, + the representatives of the States have been almost continually + assembled, and that the members from the most distant States are not + chargeable with greater intermissions of attendance than those from + the States in the neighborhood of Congress. +That we may form a juster estimate with regard to this + interesting subject, let us resort to the actual dimensions of the + Union. The limits, as fixed by the treaty of peace, are: on the + east the Atlantic, on the south the latitude of thirty-one degrees, + on the west the Mississippi, and on the north an irregular line + running in some instances beyond the forty-fifth degree, in others + falling as low as the forty-second. The southern shore of Lake Erie + lies below that latitude. Computing the distance between the + thirty-first and forty-fifth degrees, it amounts to nine hundred and + seventy-three common miles; computing it from thirty-one to + forty-two degrees, to seven hundred and sixty-four miles and a half. + Taking the mean for the distance, the amount will be eight hundred + and sixty-eight miles and three-fourths. The mean distance from the + Atlantic to the Mississippi does not probably exceed seven hundred + and fifty miles. On a comparison of this extent with that of + several countries in Europe, the practicability of rendering our + system commensurate to it appears to be demonstrable. It is not a + great deal larger than Germany, where a diet representing the whole + empire is continually assembled; or than Poland before the late + dismemberment, where another national diet was the depositary of the + supreme power. Passing by France and Spain, we find that in Great + Britain, inferior as it may be in size, the representatives of the + northern extremity of the island have as far to travel to the + national council as will be required of those of the most remote + parts of the Union. +Favorable as this view of the subject may be, some observations + remain which will place it in a light still more satisfactory. +In the first place it is to be remembered that the general + government is not to be charged with the whole power of making and + administering laws. Its jurisdiction is limited to certain + enumerated objects, which concern all the members of the republic, + but which are not to be attained by the separate provisions of any. + The subordinate governments, which can extend their care to all + those other subjects which can be separately provided for, will + retain their due authority and activity. Were it proposed by the + plan of the convention to abolish the governments of the particular + States, its adversaries would have some ground for their objection; + though it would not be difficult to show that if they were + abolished the general government would be compelled, by the + principle of self-preservation, to reinstate them in their proper + jurisdiction. +A second observation to be made is that the immediate object of + the federal Constitution is to secure the union of the thirteen + primitive States, which we know to be practicable; and to add to + them such other States as may arise in their own bosoms, or in their + neighborhoods, which we cannot doubt to be equally practicable. The + arrangements that may be necessary for those angles and fractions of + our territory which lie on our northwestern frontier, must be left + to those whom further discoveries and experience will render more + equal to the task. +Let it be remarked, in the third place, that the intercourse + throughout the Union will be facilitated by new improvements. Roads + will everywhere be shortened, and kept in better order; + accommodations for travelers will be multiplied and meliorated; an + interior navigation on our eastern side will be opened throughout, + or nearly throughout, the whole extent of the thirteen States. The + communication between the Western and Atlantic districts, and + between different parts of each, will be rendered more and more easy + by those numerous canals with which the beneficence of nature has + intersected our country, and which art finds it so little difficult + to connect and complete. +A fourth and still more important consideration is, that as + almost every State will, on one side or other, be a frontier, and + will thus find, in regard to its safety, an inducement to make some + sacrifices for the sake of the general protection; so the States + which lie at the greatest distance from the heart of the Union, and + which, of course, may partake least of the ordinary circulation of + its benefits, will be at the same time immediately contiguous to + foreign nations, and will consequently stand, on particular + occasions, in greatest need of its strength and resources. It may + be inconvenient for Georgia, or the States forming our western or + northeastern borders, to send their representatives to the seat of + government; but they would find it more so to struggle alone + against an invading enemy, or even to support alone the whole + expense of those precautions which may be dictated by the + neighborhood of continual danger. If they should derive less + benefit, therefore, from the Union in some respects than the less + distant States, they will derive greater benefit from it in other + respects, and thus the proper equilibrium will be maintained + throughout. +I submit to you, my fellow-citizens, these considerations, in + full confidence that the good sense which has so often marked your + decisions will allow them their due weight and effect; and that you + will never suffer difficulties, however formidable in appearance, or + however fashionable the error on which they may be founded, to drive + you into the gloomy and perilous scene into which the advocates for + disunion would conduct you. Hearken not to the unnatural voice + which tells you that the people of America, knit together as they + are by so many cords of affection, can no longer live together as + members of the same family; can no longer continue the mutual + guardians of their mutual happiness; can no longer be + fellowcitizens of one great, respectable, and flourishing empire. + Hearken not to the voice which petulantly tells you that the form + of government recommended for your adoption is a novelty in the + political world; that it has never yet had a place in the theories + of the wildest projectors; that it rashly attempts what it is + impossible to accomplish. No, my countrymen, shut your ears against + this unhallowed language. Shut your hearts against the poison which + it conveys; the kindred blood which flows in the veins of American + citizens, the mingled blood which they have shed in defense of their + sacred rights, consecrate their Union, and excite horror at the idea + of their becoming aliens, rivals, enemies. And if novelties are to + be shunned, believe me, the most alarming of all novelties, the most + wild of all projects, the most rash of all attempts, is that of + rendering us in pieces, in order to preserve our liberties and + promote our happiness. But why is the experiment of an extended + republic to be rejected, merely because it may comprise what is new? + Is it not the glory of the people of America, that, whilst they + have paid a decent regard to the opinions of former times and other + nations, they have not suffered a blind veneration for antiquity, + for custom, or for names, to overrule the suggestions of their own + good sense, the knowledge of their own situation, and the lessons of + their own experience? To this manly spirit, posterity will be + indebted for the possession, and the world for the example, of the + numerous innovations displayed on the American theatre, in favor of + private rights and public happiness. Had no important step been + taken by the leaders of the Revolution for which a precedent could + not be discovered, no government established of which an exact model + did not present itself, the people of the United States might, at + this moment have been numbered among the melancholy victims of + misguided councils, must at best have been laboring under the weight + of some of those forms which have crushed the liberties of the rest + of mankind. Happily for America, happily, we trust, for the whole + human race, they pursued a new and more noble course. They + accomplished a revolution which has no parallel in the annals of + human society. They reared the fabrics of governments which have no + model on the face of the globe. They formed the design of a great + Confederacy, which it is incumbent on their successors to improve + and perpetuate. If their works betray imperfections, we wonder at + the fewness of them. If they erred most in the structure of the + Union, this was the work most difficult to be executed; this is the + work which has been new modelled by the act of your convention, and + it is that act on which you are now to deliberate and to decide. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 15 + +The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the + Union +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York. +IN THE course of the preceding papers, I have endeavored, my + fellow-citizens, to place before you, in a clear and convincing + light, the importance of Union to your political safety and + happiness. I have unfolded to you a complication of dangers to + which you would be exposed, should you permit that sacred knot which + binds the people of America together be severed or dissolved by + ambition or by avarice, by jealousy or by misrepresentation. In the + sequel of the inquiry through which I propose to accompany you, the + truths intended to be inculcated will receive further confirmation + from facts and arguments hitherto unnoticed. If the road over which + you will still have to pass should in some places appear to you + tedious or irksome, you will recollect that you are in quest of + information on a subject the most momentous which can engage the + attention of a free people, that the field through which you have to + travel is in itself spacious, and that the difficulties of the + journey have been unnecessarily increased by the mazes with which + sophistry has beset the way. It will be my aim to remove the + obstacles from your progress in as compendious a manner as it can be + done, without sacrificing utility to despatch. +In pursuance of the plan which I have laid down for the + discussion of the subject, the point next in order to be examined is + the ``insufficiency of the present Confederation to the preservation + of the Union.'' It may perhaps be asked what need there is of + reasoning or proof to illustrate a position which is not either + controverted or doubted, to which the understandings and feelings of + all classes of men assent, and which in substance is admitted by the + opponents as well as by the friends of the new Constitution. It + must in truth be acknowledged that, however these may differ in + other respects, they in general appear to harmonize in this + sentiment, at least, that there are material imperfections in our + national system, and that something is necessary to be done to + rescue us from impending anarchy. The facts that support this + opinion are no longer objects of speculation. They have forced + themselves upon the sensibility of the people at large, and have at + length extorted from those, whose mistaken policy has had the + principal share in precipitating the extremity at which we are + arrived, a reluctant confession of the reality of those defects in + the scheme of our federal government, which have been long pointed + out and regretted by the intelligent friends of the Union. +We may indeed with propriety be said to have reached almost the + last stage of national humiliation. There is scarcely anything that + can wound the pride or degrade the character of an independent + nation which we do not experience. Are there engagements to the + performance of which we are held by every tie respectable among men? + These are the subjects of constant and unblushing violation. Do we + owe debts to foreigners and to our own citizens contracted in a time + of imminent peril for the preservation of our political existence? + These remain without any proper or satisfactory provision for their + discharge. Have we valuable territories and important posts in the + possession of a foreign power which, by express stipulations, ought + long since to have been surrendered? These are still retained, to + the prejudice of our interests, not less than of our rights. Are we + in a condition to resent or to repel the aggression? We have + neither troops, nor treasury, nor government.1 Are we even in a + condition to remonstrate with dignity? The just imputations on our + own faith, in respect to the same treaty, ought first to be removed. + Are we entitled by nature and compact to a free participation in + the navigation of the Mississippi? Spain excludes us from it. Is + public credit an indispensable resource in time of public danger? + We seem to have abandoned its cause as desperate and irretrievable. + Is commerce of importance to national wealth? Ours is at the + lowest point of declension. Is respectability in the eyes of + foreign powers a safeguard against foreign encroachments? The + imbecility of our government even forbids them to treat with us. + Our ambassadors abroad are the mere pageants of mimic sovereignty. + Is a violent and unnatural decrease in the value of land a symptom + of national distress? The price of improved land in most parts of + the country is much lower than can be accounted for by the quantity + of waste land at market, and can only be fully explained by that + want of private and public confidence, which are so alarmingly + prevalent among all ranks, and which have a direct tendency to + depreciate property of every kind. Is private credit the friend and + patron of industry? That most useful kind which relates to + borrowing and lending is reduced within the narrowest limits, and + this still more from an opinion of insecurity than from the scarcity + of money. To shorten an enumeration of particulars which can afford + neither pleasure nor instruction, it may in general be demanded, + what indication is there of national disorder, poverty, and + insignificance that could befall a community so peculiarly blessed + with natural advantages as we are, which does not form a part of the + dark catalogue of our public misfortunes? +This is the melancholy situation to which we have been brought + by those very maxims and councils which would now deter us from + adopting the proposed Constitution; and which, not content with + having conducted us to the brink of a precipice, seem resolved to + plunge us into the abyss that awaits us below. Here, my countrymen, + impelled by every motive that ought to influence an enlightened + people, let us make a firm stand for our safety, our tranquillity, + our dignity, our reputation. Let us at last break the fatal charm + which has too long seduced us from the paths of felicity and + prosperity. +It is true, as has been before observed that facts, too stubborn + to be resisted, have produced a species of general assent to the + abstract proposition that there exist material defects in our + national system; but the usefulness of the concession, on the part + of the old adversaries of federal measures, is destroyed by a + strenuous opposition to a remedy, upon the only principles that can + give it a chance of success. While they admit that the government + of the United States is destitute of energy, they contend against + conferring upon it those powers which are requisite to supply that + energy. They seem still to aim at things repugnant and + irreconcilable; at an augmentation of federal authority, without a + diminution of State authority; at sovereignty in the Union, and + complete independence in the members. They still, in fine, seem to + cherish with blind devotion the political monster of an imperium + in imperio. This renders a full display of the principal defects + of the Confederation necessary, in order to show that the evils we + experience do not proceed from minute or partial imperfections, but + from fundamental errors in the structure of the building, which + cannot be amended otherwise than by an alteration in the first + principles and main pillars of the fabric. +The great and radical vice in the construction of the existing + Confederation is in the principle of LEGISLATION for STATES or + GOVERNMENTS, in their CORPORATE or COLLECTIVE CAPACITIES, and as + contradistinguished from the INDIVIDUALS of which they consist. + Though this principle does not run through all the powers delegated + to the Union, yet it pervades and governs those on which the + efficacy of the rest depends. Except as to the rule of appointment, + the United States has an indefinite discretion to make requisitions + for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either, by + regulations extending to the individual citizens of America. The + consequence of this is, that though in theory their resolutions + concerning those objects are laws, constitutionally binding on the + members of the Union, yet in practice they are mere recommendations + which the States observe or disregard at their option. +It is a singular instance of the capriciousness of the human + mind, that after all the admonitions we have had from experience on + this head, there should still be found men who object to the new + Constitution, for deviating from a principle which has been found + the bane of the old, and which is in itself evidently incompatible + with the idea of GOVERNMENT; a principle, in short, which, if it is + to be executed at all, must substitute the violent and sanguinary + agency of the sword to the mild influence of the magistracy. +There is nothing absurd or impracticable in the idea of a league + or alliance between independent nations for certain defined purposes + precisely stated in a treaty regulating all the details of time, + place, circumstance, and quantity; leaving nothing to future + discretion; and depending for its execution on the good faith of + the parties. Compacts of this kind exist among all civilized + nations, subject to the usual vicissitudes of peace and war, of + observance and non-observance, as the interests or passions of the + contracting powers dictate. In the early part of the present + century there was an epidemical rage in Europe for this species of + compacts, from which the politicians of the times fondly hoped for + benefits which were never realized. With a view to establishing the + equilibrium of power and the peace of that part of the world, all + the resources of negotiation were exhausted, and triple and + quadruple alliances were formed; but they were scarcely formed + before they were broken, giving an instructive but afflicting lesson + to mankind, how little dependence is to be placed on treaties which + have no other sanction than the obligations of good faith, and which + oppose general considerations of peace and justice to the impulse of + any immediate interest or passion. +If the particular States in this country are disposed to stand + in a similar relation to each other, and to drop the project of a + general DISCRETIONARY SUPERINTENDENCE, the scheme would indeed be + pernicious, and would entail upon us all the mischiefs which have + been enumerated under the first head; but it would have the merit + of being, at least, consistent and practicable Abandoning all views + towards a confederate government, this would bring us to a simple + alliance offensive and defensive; and would place us in a situation + to be alternate friends and enemies of each other, as our mutual + jealousies and rivalships, nourished by the intrigues of foreign + nations, should prescribe to us. +But if we are unwilling to be placed in this perilous situation; + if we still will adhere to the design of a national government, or, + which is the same thing, of a superintending power, under the + direction of a common council, we must resolve to incorporate into + our plan those ingredients which may be considered as forming the + characteristic difference between a league and a government; we + must extend the authority of the Union to the persons of the + citizens, --the only proper objects of government. +Government implies the power of making laws. It is essential to + the idea of a law, that it be attended with a sanction; or, in + other words, a penalty or punishment for disobedience. If there be + no penalty annexed to disobedience, the resolutions or commands + which pretend to be laws will, in fact, amount to nothing more than + advice or recommendation. This penalty, whatever it may be, can + only be inflicted in two ways: by the agency of the courts and + ministers of justice, or by military force; by the COERCION of the + magistracy, or by the COERCION of arms. The first kind can + evidently apply only to men; the last kind must of necessity, be + employed against bodies politic, or communities, or States. It is + evident that there is no process of a court by which the observance + of the laws can, in the last resort, be enforced. Sentences may be + denounced against them for violations of their duty; but these + sentences can only be carried into execution by the sword. In an + association where the general authority is confined to the + collective bodies of the communities, that compose it, every breach + of the laws must involve a state of war; and military execution + must become the only instrument of civil obedience. Such a state of + things can certainly not deserve the name of government, nor would + any prudent man choose to commit his happiness to it. +There was a time when we were told that breaches, by the States, + of the regulations of the federal authority were not to be expected; + that a sense of common interest would preside over the conduct of + the respective members, and would beget a full compliance with all + the constitutional requisitions of the Union. This language, at the + present day, would appear as wild as a great part of what we now + hear from the same quarter will be thought, when we shall have + received further lessons from that best oracle of wisdom, experience. + It at all times betrayed an ignorance of the true springs by which + human conduct is actuated, and belied the original inducements to + the establishment of civil power. Why has government been + instituted at all? Because the passions of men will not conform to + the dictates of reason and justice, without constraint. Has it been + found that bodies of men act with more rectitude or greater + disinterestedness than individuals? The contrary of this has been + inferred by all accurate observers of the conduct of mankind; and + the inference is founded upon obvious reasons. Regard to reputation + has a less active influence, when the infamy of a bad action is to + be divided among a number than when it is to fall singly upon one. + A spirit of faction, which is apt to mingle its poison in the + deliberations of all bodies of men, will often hurry the persons of + whom they are composed into improprieties and excesses, for which + they would blush in a private capacity. +In addition to all this, there is, in the nature of sovereign + power, an impatience of control, that disposes those who are + invested with the exercise of it, to look with an evil eye upon all + external attempts to restrain or direct its operations. From this + spirit it happens, that in every political association which is + formed upon the principle of uniting in a common interest a number + of lesser sovereignties, there will be found a kind of eccentric + tendency in the subordinate or inferior orbs, by the operation of + which there will be a perpetual effort in each to fly off from the + common centre. This tendency is not difficult to be accounted for. + It has its origin in the love of power. Power controlled or + abridged is almost always the rival and enemy of that power by which + it is controlled or abridged. This simple proposition will teach us + how little reason there is to expect, that the persons intrusted + with the administration of the affairs of the particular members of + a confederacy will at all times be ready, with perfect good-humor, + and an unbiased regard to the public weal, to execute the + resolutions or decrees of the general authority. The reverse of + this results from the constitution of human nature. +If, therefore, the measures of the Confederacy cannot be + executed without the intervention of the particular administrations, + there will be little prospect of their being executed at all. The + rulers of the respective members, whether they have a constitutional + right to do it or not, will undertake to judge of the propriety of + the measures themselves. They will consider the conformity of the + thing proposed or required to their immediate interests or aims; + the momentary conveniences or inconveniences that would attend its + adoption. All this will be done; and in a spirit of interested and + suspicious scrutiny, without that knowledge of national + circumstances and reasons of state, which is essential to a right + judgment, and with that strong predilection in favor of local + objects, which can hardly fail to mislead the decision. The same + process must be repeated in every member of which the body is + constituted; and the execution of the plans, framed by the councils + of the whole, will always fluctuate on the discretion of the + ill-informed and prejudiced opinion of every part. Those who have + been conversant in the proceedings of popular assemblies; who have + seen how difficult it often is, where there is no exterior pressure + of circumstances, to bring them to harmonious resolutions on + important points, will readily conceive how impossible it must be to + induce a number of such assemblies, deliberating at a distance from + each other, at different times, and under different impressions, + long to co-operate in the same views and pursuits. +In our case, the concurrence of thirteen distinct sovereign + wills is requisite, under the Confederation, to the complete + execution of every important measure that proceeds from the Union. + It has happened as was to have been foreseen. The measures of the + Union have not been executed; the delinquencies of the States have, + step by step, matured themselves to an extreme, which has, at + length, arrested all the wheels of the national government, and + brought them to an awful stand. Congress at this time scarcely + possess the means of keeping up the forms of administration, till + the States can have time to agree upon a more substantial substitute + for the present shadow of a federal government. Things did not come + to this desperate extremity at once. The causes which have been + specified produced at first only unequal and disproportionate + degrees of compliance with the requisitions of the Union. The + greater deficiencies of some States furnished the pretext of example + and the temptation of interest to the complying, or to the least + delinquent States. Why should we do more in proportion than those + who are embarked with us in the same political voyage? Why should + we consent to bear more than our proper share of the common burden? + These were suggestions which human selfishness could not withstand, + and which even speculative men, who looked forward to remote + consequences, could not, without hesitation, combat. Each State, + yielding to the persuasive voice of immediate interest or + convenience, has successively withdrawn its support, till the frail + and tottering edifice seems ready to fall upon our heads, and to + crush us beneath its ruins. +PUBLIUS. +1 ``I mean for the Union.'' + + +FEDERALIST No. 16 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the + Union) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, December 4, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE tendency of the principle of legislation for States, or + communities, in their political capacities, as it has been + exemplified by the experiment we have made of it, is equally + attested by the events which have befallen all other governments of + the confederate kind, of which we have any account, in exact + proportion to its prevalence in those systems. The confirmations of + this fact will be worthy of a distinct and particular examination. + I shall content myself with barely observing here, that of all the + confederacies of antiquity, which history has handed down to us, the + Lycian and Achaean leagues, as far as there remain vestiges of them, + appear to have been most free from the fetters of that mistaken + principle, and were accordingly those which have best deserved, and + have most liberally received, the applauding suffrages of political + writers. +This exceptionable principle may, as truly as emphatically, be + styled the parent of anarchy: It has been seen that delinquencies + in the members of the Union are its natural and necessary offspring; + and that whenever they happen, the only constitutional remedy is + force, and the immediate effect of the use of it, civil war. +It remains to inquire how far so odious an engine of government, + in its application to us, would even be capable of answering its end. + If there should not be a large army constantly at the disposal of + the national government it would either not be able to employ force + at all, or, when this could be done, it would amount to a war + between parts of the Confederacy concerning the infractions of a + league, in which the strongest combination would be most likely to + prevail, whether it consisted of those who supported or of those who + resisted the general authority. It would rarely happen that the + delinquency to be redressed would be confined to a single member, + and if there were more than one who had neglected their duty, + similarity of situation would induce them to unite for common + defense. Independent of this motive of sympathy, if a large and + influential State should happen to be the aggressing member, it + would commonly have weight enough with its neighbors to win over + some of them as associates to its cause. Specious arguments of + danger to the common liberty could easily be contrived; plausible + excuses for the deficiencies of the party could, without difficulty, + be invented to alarm the apprehensions, inflame the passions, and + conciliate the good-will, even of those States which were not + chargeable with any violation or omission of duty. This would be + the more likely to take place, as the delinquencies of the larger + members might be expected sometimes to proceed from an ambitious + premeditation in their rulers, with a view to getting rid of all + external control upon their designs of personal aggrandizement; the + better to effect which it is presumable they would tamper beforehand + with leading individuals in the adjacent States. If associates + could not be found at home, recourse would be had to the aid of + foreign powers, who would seldom be disinclined to encouraging the + dissensions of a Confederacy, from the firm union of which they had + so much to fear. When the sword is once drawn, the passions of men + observe no bounds of moderation. The suggestions of wounded pride, + the instigations of irritated resentment, would be apt to carry the + States against which the arms of the Union were exerted, to any + extremes necessary to avenge the affront or to avoid the disgrace of + submission. The first war of this kind would probably terminate in + a dissolution of the Union. +This may be considered as the violent death of the Confederacy. + Its more natural death is what we now seem to be on the point of + experiencing, if the federal system be not speedily renovated in a + more substantial form. It is not probable, considering the genius + of this country, that the complying States would often be inclined + to support the authority of the Union by engaging in a war against + the non-complying States. They would always be more ready to pursue + the milder course of putting themselves upon an equal footing with + the delinquent members by an imitation of their example. And the + guilt of all would thus become the security of all. Our past + experience has exhibited the operation of this spirit in its full + light. There would, in fact, be an insuperable difficulty in + ascertaining when force could with propriety be employed. In the + article of pecuniary contribution, which would be the most usual + source of delinquency, it would often be impossible to decide + whether it had proceeded from disinclination or inability. The + pretense of the latter would always be at hand. And the case must + be very flagrant in which its fallacy could be detected with + sufficient certainty to justify the harsh expedient of compulsion. + It is easy to see that this problem alone, as often as it should + occur, would open a wide field for the exercise of factious views, + of partiality, and of oppression, in the majority that happened to + prevail in the national council. +It seems to require no pains to prove that the States ought not + to prefer a national Constitution which could only be kept in motion + by the instrumentality of a large army continually on foot to + execute the ordinary requisitions or decrees of the government. And + yet this is the plain alternative involved by those who wish to deny + it the power of extending its operations to individuals. Such a + scheme, if practicable at all, would instantly degenerate into a + military despotism; but it will be found in every light + impracticable. The resources of the Union would not be equal to the + maintenance of an army considerable enough to confine the larger + States within the limits of their duty; nor would the means ever be + furnished of forming such an army in the first instance. Whoever + considers the populousness and strength of several of these States + singly at the present juncture, and looks forward to what they will + become, even at the distance of half a century, will at once dismiss + as idle and visionary any scheme which aims at regulating their + movements by laws to operate upon them in their collective + capacities, and to be executed by a coercion applicable to them in + the same capacities. A project of this kind is little less romantic + than the monster-taming spirit which is attributed to the fabulous + heroes and demi-gods of antiquity. +Even in those confederacies which have been composed of members + smaller than many of our counties, the principle of legislation for + sovereign States, supported by military coercion, has never been + found effectual. It has rarely been attempted to be employed, but + against the weaker members; and in most instances attempts to + coerce the refractory and disobedient have been the signals of + bloody wars, in which one half of the confederacy has displayed its + banners against the other half. +The result of these observations to an intelligent mind must be + clearly this, that if it be possible at any rate to construct a + federal government capable of regulating the common concerns and + preserving the general tranquillity, it must be founded, as to the + objects committed to its care, upon the reverse of the principle + contended for by the opponents of the proposed Constitution. It + must carry its agency to the persons of the citizens. It must stand + in need of no intermediate legislations; but must itself be + empowered to employ the arm of the ordinary magistrate to execute + its own resolutions. The majesty of the national authority must be + manifested through the medium of the courts of justice. The + government of the Union, like that of each State, must be able to + address itself immediately to the hopes and fears of individuals; + and to attract to its support those passions which have the + strongest influence upon the human heart. It must, in short, + possess all the means, and have aright to resort to all the methods, + of executing the powers with which it is intrusted, that are + possessed and exercised by the government of the particular States. +To this reasoning it may perhaps be objected, that if any State + should be disaffected to the authority of the Union, it could at any + time obstruct the execution of its laws, and bring the matter to the + same issue of force, with the necessity of which the opposite scheme + is reproached. +The pausibility of this objection will vanish the moment we + advert to the essential difference between a mere NON-COMPLIANCE and + a DIRECT and ACTIVE RESISTANCE. If the interposition of the State + legislatures be necessary to give effect to a measure of the Union, + they have only NOT TO ACT, or to ACT EVASIVELY, and the measure is + defeated. This neglect of duty may be disguised under affected but + unsubstantial provisions, so as not to appear, and of course not to + excite any alarm in the people for the safety of the Constitution. + The State leaders may even make a merit of their surreptitious + invasions of it on the ground of some temporary convenience, + exemption, or advantage. +But if the execution of the laws of the national government + should not require the intervention of the State legislatures, if + they were to pass into immediate operation upon the citizens + themselves, the particular governments could not interrupt their + progress without an open and violent exertion of an unconstitutional + power. No omissions nor evasions would answer the end. They would + be obliged to act, and in such a manner as would leave no doubt that + they had encroached on the national rights. An experiment of this + nature would always be hazardous in the face of a constitution in + any degree competent to its own defense, and of a people enlightened + enough to distinguish between a legal exercise and an illegal + usurpation of authority. The success of it would require not merely + a factious majority in the legislature, but the concurrence of the + courts of justice and of the body of the people. If the judges were + not embarked in a conspiracy with the legislature, they would + pronounce the resolutions of such a majority to be contrary to the + supreme law of the land, unconstitutional, and void. If the people + were not tainted with the spirit of their State representatives, + they, as the natural guardians of the Constitution, would throw + their weight into the national scale and give it a decided + preponderancy in the contest. Attempts of this kind would not often + be made with levity or rashness, because they could seldom be made + without danger to the authors, unless in cases of a tyrannical + exercise of the federal authority. +If opposition to the national government should arise from the + disorderly conduct of refractory or seditious individuals, it could + be overcome by the same means which are daily employed against the + same evil under the State governments. The magistracy, being + equally the ministers of the law of the land, from whatever source + it might emanate, would doubtless be as ready to guard the national + as the local regulations from the inroads of private licentiousness. + As to those partial commotions and insurrections, which sometimes + disquiet society, from the intrigues of an inconsiderable faction, + or from sudden or occasional illhumors that do not infect the great + body of the community the general government could command more + extensive resources for the suppression of disturbances of that kind + than would be in the power of any single member. And as to those + mortal feuds which, in certain conjunctures, spread a conflagration + through a whole nation, or through a very large proportion of it, + proceeding either from weighty causes of discontent given by the + government or from the contagion of some violent popular paroxysm, + they do not fall within any ordinary rules of calculation. When + they happen, they commonly amount to revolutions and dismemberments + of empire. No form of government can always either avoid or control + them. It is in vain to hope to guard against events too mighty for + human foresight or precaution, and it would be idle to object to a + government because it could not perform impossibilities. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 17 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the + Union) +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +AN OBJECTION, of a nature different from that which has been + stated and answered, in my last address, may perhaps be likewise + urged against the principle of legislation for the individual + citizens of America. It may be said that it would tend to render + the government of the Union too powerful, and to enable it to absorb + those residuary authorities, which it might be judged proper to + leave with the States for local purposes. Allowing the utmost + latitude to the love of power which any reasonable man can require, + I confess I am at a loss to discover what temptation the persons + intrusted with the administration of the general government could + ever feel to divest the States of the authorities of that + description. The regulation of the mere domestic police of a State + appears to me to hold out slender allurements to ambition. + Commerce, finance, negotiation, and war seem to comprehend all the + objects which have charms for minds governed by that passion; and + all the powers necessary to those objects ought, in the first + instance, to be lodged in the national depository. The + administration of private justice between the citizens of the same + State, the supervision of agriculture and of other concerns of a + similar nature, all those things, in short, which are proper to be + provided for by local legislation, can never be desirable cares of a + general jurisdiction. It is therefore improbable that there should + exist a disposition in the federal councils to usurp the powers with + which they are connected; because the attempt to exercise those + powers would be as troublesome as it would be nugatory; and the + possession of them, for that reason, would contribute nothing to the + dignity, to the importance, or to the splendor of the national + government. +But let it be admitted, for argument's sake, that mere + wantonness and lust of domination would be sufficient to beget that + disposition; still it may be safely affirmed, that the sense of the + constituent body of the national representatives, or, in other + words, the people of the several States, would control the + indulgence of so extravagant an appetite. It will always be far + more easy for the State governments to encroach upon the national + authorities than for the national government to encroach upon the + State authorities. The proof of this proposition turns upon the + greater degree of influence which the State governments if they + administer their affairs with uprightness and prudence, will + generally possess over the people; a circumstance which at the same + time teaches us that there is an inherent and intrinsic weakness in + all federal constitutions; and that too much pains cannot be taken + in their organization, to give them all the force which is + compatible with the principles of liberty. +The superiority of influence in favor of the particular + governments would result partly from the diffusive construction of + the national government, but chiefly from the nature of the objects + to which the attention of the State administrations would be + directed. +It is a known fact in human nature, that its affections are + commonly weak in proportion to the distance or diffusiveness of the + object. Upon the same principle that a man is more attached to his + family than to his neighborhood, to his neighborhood than to the + community at large, the people of each State would be apt to feel a + stronger bias towards their local governments than towards the + government of the Union; unless the force of that principle should + be destroyed by a much better administration of the latter. +This strong propensity of the human heart would find powerful + auxiliaries in the objects of State regulation. +The variety of more minute interests, which will necessarily + fall under the superintendence of the local administrations, and + which will form so many rivulets of influence, running through every + part of the society, cannot be particularized, without involving a + detail too tedious and uninteresting to compensate for the + instruction it might afford. +There is one transcendant advantage belonging to the province of + the State governments, which alone suffices to place the matter in a + clear and satisfactory light,--I mean the ordinary administration of + criminal and civil justice. This, of all others, is the most + powerful, most universal, and most attractive source of popular + obedience and attachment. It is that which, being the immediate and + visible guardian of life and property, having its benefits and its + terrors in constant activity before the public eye, regulating all + those personal interests and familiar concerns to which the + sensibility of individuals is more immediately awake, contributes, + more than any other circumstance, to impressing upon the minds of + the people, affection, esteem, and reverence towards the government. + This great cement of society, which will diffuse itself almost + wholly through the channels of the particular governments, + independent of all other causes of influence, would insure them so + decided an empire over their respective citizens as to render them + at all times a complete counterpoise, and, not unfrequently, + dangerous rivals to the power of the Union. +The operations of the national government, on the other hand, + falling less immediately under the observation of the mass of the + citizens, the benefits derived from it will chiefly be perceived and + attended to by speculative men. Relating to more general interests, + they will be less apt to come home to the feelings of the people; + and, in proportion, less likely to inspire an habitual sense of + obligation, and an active sentiment of attachment. +The reasoning on this head has been abundantly exemplified by + the experience of all federal constitutions with which we are + acquainted, and of all others which have borne the least analogy to + them. +Though the ancient feudal systems were not, strictly speaking, + confederacies, yet they partook of the nature of that species of + association. There was a common head, chieftain, or sovereign, + whose authority extended over the whole nation; and a number of + subordinate vassals, or feudatories, who had large portions of land + allotted to them, and numerous trains of INFERIOR vassals or + retainers, who occupied and cultivated that land upon the tenure of + fealty or obedience, to the persons of whom they held it. Each + principal vassal was a kind of sovereign, within his particular + demesnes. The consequences of this situation were a continual + opposition to authority of the sovereign, and frequent wars between + the great barons or chief feudatories themselves. The power of the + head of the nation was commonly too weak, either to preserve the + public peace, or to protect the people against the oppressions of + their immediate lords. This period of European affairs is + emphatically styled by historians, the times of feudal anarchy. +When the sovereign happened to be a man of vigorous and warlike + temper and of superior abilities, he would acquire a personal weight + and influence, which answered, for the time, the purpose of a more + regular authority. But in general, the power of the barons + triumphed over that of the prince; and in many instances his + dominion was entirely thrown off, and the great fiefs were erected + into independent principalities or States. In those instances in + which the monarch finally prevailed over his vassals, his success + was chiefly owing to the tyranny of those vassals over their + dependents. The barons, or nobles, equally the enemies of the + sovereign and the oppressors of the common people, were dreaded and + detested by both; till mutual danger and mutual interest effected a + union between them fatal to the power of the aristocracy. Had the + nobles, by a conduct of clemency and justice, preserved the fidelity + and devotion of their retainers and followers, the contests between + them and the prince must almost always have ended in their favor, + and in the abridgment or subversion of the royal authority. +This is not an assertion founded merely in speculation or + conjecture. Among other illustrations of its truth which might be + cited, Scotland will furnish a cogent example. The spirit of + clanship which was, at an early day, introduced into that kingdom, + uniting the nobles and their dependants by ties equivalent to those + of kindred, rendered the aristocracy a constant overmatch for the + power of the monarch, till the incorporation with England subdued + its fierce and ungovernable spirit, and reduced it within those + rules of subordination which a more rational and more energetic + system of civil polity had previously established in the latter + kingdom. +The separate governments in a confederacy may aptly be compared + with the feudal baronies; with this advantage in their favor, that + from the reasons already explained, they will generally possess the + confidence and good-will of the people, and with so important a + support, will be able effectually to oppose all encroachments of the + national government. It will be well if they are not able to + counteract its legitimate and necessary authority. The points of + similitude consist in the rivalship of power, applicable to both, + and in the CONCENTRATION of large portions of the strength of the + community into particular DEPOSITS, in one case at the disposal of + individuals, in the other case at the disposal of political bodies. +A concise review of the events that have attended confederate + governments will further illustrate this important doctrine; an + inattention to which has been the great source of our political + mistakes, and has given our jealousy a direction to the wrong side. + This review shall form the subject of some ensuing papers. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 18 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the + Union) +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON AND MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +AMONG the confederacies of antiquity, the most considerable was + that of the Grecian republics, associated under the Amphictyonic + council. From the best accounts transmitted of this celebrated + institution, it bore a very instructive analogy to the present + Confederation of the American States. +The members retained the character of independent and sovereign + states, and had equal votes in the federal council. This council + had a general authority to propose and resolve whatever it judged + necessary for the common welfare of Greece; to declare and carry on + war; to decide, in the last resort, all controversies between the + members; to fine the aggressing party; to employ the whole force + of the confederacy against the disobedient; to admit new members. + The Amphictyons were the guardians of religion, and of the immense + riches belonging to the temple of Delphos, where they had the right + of jurisdiction in controversies between the inhabitants and those + who came to consult the oracle. As a further provision for the + efficacy of the federal powers, they took an oath mutually to defend + and protect the united cities, to punish the violators of this oath, + and to inflict vengeance on sacrilegious despoilers of the temple. +In theory, and upon paper, this apparatus of powers seems amply + sufficient for all general purposes. In several material instances, + they exceed the powers enumerated in the articles of confederation. + The Amphictyons had in their hands the superstition of the times, + one of the principal engines by which government was then + maintained; they had a declared authority to use coercion against + refractory cities, and were bound by oath to exert this authority on + the necessary occasions. +Very different, nevertheless, was the experiment from the theory. + The powers, like those of the present Congress, were administered + by deputies appointed wholly by the cities in their political + capacities; and exercised over them in the same capacities. Hence + the weakness, the disorders, and finally the destruction of the + confederacy. The more powerful members, instead of being kept in + awe and subordination, tyrannized successively over all the rest. + Athens, as we learn from Demosthenes, was the arbiter of Greece + seventy-three years. The Lacedaemonians next governed it + twenty-nine years; at a subsequent period, after the battle of + Leuctra, the Thebans had their turn of domination. +It happened but too often, according to Plutarch, that the + deputies of the strongest cities awed and corrupted those of the + weaker; and that judgment went in favor of the most powerful party. +Even in the midst of defensive and dangerous wars with Persia + and Macedon, the members never acted in concert, and were, more or + fewer of them, eternally the dupes or the hirelings of the common + enemy. The intervals of foreign war were filled up by domestic + vicissitudes convulsions, and carnage. +After the conclusion of the war with Xerxes, it appears that the + Lacedaemonians required that a number of the cities should be turned + out of the confederacy for the unfaithful part they had acted. The + Athenians, finding that the Lacedaemonians would lose fewer + partisans by such a measure than themselves, and would become + masters of the public deliberations, vigorously opposed and defeated + the attempt. This piece of history proves at once the inefficiency + of the union, the ambition and jealousy of its most powerful + members, and the dependent and degraded condition of the rest. The + smaller members, though entitled by the theory of their system to + revolve in equal pride and majesty around the common center, had + become, in fact, satellites of the orbs of primary magnitude. +Had the Greeks, says the Abbe Milot, been as wise as they were + courageous, they would have been admonished by experience of the + necessity of a closer union, and would have availed themselves of + the peace which followed their success against the Persian arms, to + establish such a reformation. Instead of this obvious policy, + Athens and Sparta, inflated with the victories and the glory they + had acquired, became first rivals and then enemies; and did each + other infinitely more mischief than they had suffered from Xerxes. + Their mutual jealousies, fears, hatreds, and injuries ended in the + celebrated Peloponnesian war; which itself ended in the ruin and + slavery of the Athenians who had begun it. +As a weak government, when not at war, is ever agitated by + internal dissentions, so these never fail to bring on fresh + calamities from abroad. The Phocians having ploughed up some + consecrated ground belonging to the temple of Apollo, the + Amphictyonic council, according to the superstition of the age, + imposed a fine on the sacrilegious offenders. The Phocians, being + abetted by Athens and Sparta, refused to submit to the decree. The + Thebans, with others of the cities, undertook to maintain the + authority of the Amphictyons, and to avenge the violated god. The + latter, being the weaker party, invited the assistance of Philip of + Macedon, who had secretly fostered the contest. Philip gladly + seized the opportunity of executing the designs he had long planned + against the liberties of Greece. By his intrigues and bribes he won + over to his interests the popular leaders of several cities; by + their influence and votes, gained admission into the Amphictyonic + council; and by his arts and his arms, made himself master of the + confederacy. +Such were the consequences of the fallacious principle on which + this interesting establishment was founded. Had Greece, says a + judicious observer on her fate, been united by a stricter + confederation, and persevered in her union, she would never have + worn the chains of Macedon; and might have proved a barrier to the + vast projects of Rome. +The Achaean league, as it is called, was another society of + Grecian republics, which supplies us with valuable instruction. +The Union here was far more intimate, and its organization much + wiser, than in the preceding instance. It will accordingly appear, + that though not exempt from a similar catastrophe, it by no means + equally deserved it. +The cities composing this league retained their municipal + jurisdiction, appointed their own officers, and enjoyed a perfect + equality. The senate, in which they were represented, had the sole + and exclusive right of peace and war; of sending and receiving + ambassadors; of entering into treaties and alliances; of + appointing a chief magistrate or praetor, as he was called, who + commanded their armies, and who, with the advice and consent of ten + of the senators, not only administered the government in the recess + of the senate, but had a great share in its deliberations, when + assembled. According to the primitive constitution, there were two + praetors associated in the administration; but on trial a single + one was preferred. +It appears that the cities had all the same laws and customs, + the same weights and measures, and the same money. But how far this + effect proceeded from the authority of the federal council is left + in uncertainty. It is said only that the cities were in a manner + compelled to receive the same laws and usages. When Lacedaemon was + brought into the league by Philopoemen, it was attended with an + abolition of the institutions and laws of Lycurgus, and an adoption + of those of the Achaeans. The Amphictyonic confederacy, of which + she had been a member, left her in the full exercise of her + government and her legislation. This circumstance alone proves a + very material difference in the genius of the two systems. +It is much to be regretted that such imperfect monuments remain + of this curious political fabric. Could its interior structure and + regular operation be ascertained, it is probable that more light + would be thrown by it on the science of federal government, than by + any of the like experiments with which we are acquainted. +One important fact seems to be witnessed by all the historians + who take notice of Achaean affairs. It is, that as well after the + renovation of the league by Aratus, as before its dissolution by the + arts of Macedon, there was infinitely more of moderation and justice + in the administration of its government, and less of violence and + sedition in the people, than were to be found in any of the cities + exercising SINGLY all the prerogatives of sovereignty. The Abbe + Mably, in his observations on Greece, says that the popular + government, which was so tempestuous elsewhere, caused no disorders + in the members of the Achaean republic, BECAUSE IT WAS THERE + TEMPERED BY THE GENERAL AUTHORITY AND LAWS OF THE CONFEDERACY. +We are not to conclude too hastily, however, that faction did + not, in a certain degree, agitate the particular cities; much less + that a due subordination and harmony reigned in the general system. + The contrary is sufficiently displayed in the vicissitudes and fate + of the republic. +Whilst the Amphictyonic confederacy remained, that of the + Achaeans, which comprehended the less important cities only, made + little figure on the theatre of Greece. When the former became a + victim to Macedon, the latter was spared by the policy of Philip and + Alexander. Under the successors of these princes, however, a + different policy prevailed. The arts of division were practiced + among the Achaeans. Each city was seduced into a separate interest; + the union was dissolved. Some of the cities fell under the tyranny + of Macedonian garrisons; others under that of usurpers springing + out of their own confusions. Shame and oppression erelong awaken + their love of liberty. A few cities reunited. Their example was + followed by others, as opportunities were found of cutting off their + tyrants. The league soon embraced almost the whole Peloponnesus. + Macedon saw its progress; but was hindered by internal dissensions + from stopping it. All Greece caught the enthusiasm and seemed ready + to unite in one confederacy, when the jealousy and envy in Sparta + and Athens, of the rising glory of the Achaeans, threw a fatal damp + on the enterprise. The dread of the Macedonian power induced the + league to court the alliance of the Kings of Egypt and Syria, who, + as successors of Alexander, were rivals of the king of Macedon. + This policy was defeated by Cleomenes, king of Sparta, who was led + by his ambition to make an unprovoked attack on his neighbors, the + Achaeans, and who, as an enemy to Macedon, had interest enough with + the Egyptian and Syrian princes to effect a breach of their + engagements with the league. +The Achaeans were now reduced to the dilemma of submitting to + Cleomenes, or of supplicating the aid of Macedon, its former + oppressor. The latter expedient was adopted. The contests of the + Greeks always afforded a pleasing opportunity to that powerful + neighbor of intermeddling in their affairs. A Macedonian army + quickly appeared. Cleomenes was vanquished. The Achaeans soon + experienced, as often happens, that a victorious and powerful ally + is but another name for a master. All that their most abject + compliances could obtain from him was a toleration of the exercise + of their laws. Philip, who was now on the throne of Macedon, soon + provoked by his tyrannies, fresh combinations among the Greeks. The + Achaeans, though weakenened by internal dissensions and by the + revolt of Messene, one of its members, being joined by the AEtolians + and Athenians, erected the standard of opposition. Finding + themselves, though thus supported, unequal to the undertaking, they + once more had recourse to the dangerous expedient of introducing the + succor of foreign arms. The Romans, to whom the invitation was + made, eagerly embraced it. Philip was conquered; Macedon subdued. + A new crisis ensued to the league. Dissensions broke out among it + members. These the Romans fostered. Callicrates and other popular + leaders became mercenary instruments for inveigling their countrymen. + The more effectually to nourish discord and disorder the Romans + had, to the astonishment of those who confided in their sincerity, + already proclaimed universal liberty1 throughout Greece. With + the same insidious views, they now seduced the members from the + league, by representing to their pride the violation it committed on + their sovereignty. By these arts this union, the last hope of + Greece, the last hope of ancient liberty, was torn into pieces; and + such imbecility and distraction introduced, that the arms of Rome + found little difficulty in completing the ruin which their arts had + commenced. The Achaeans were cut to pieces, and Achaia loaded with + chains, under which it is groaning at this hour. +I have thought it not superfluous to give the outlines of this + important portion of history; both because it teaches more than one + lesson, and because, as a supplement to the outlines of the Achaean + constitution, it emphatically illustrates the tendency of federal + bodies rather to anarchy among the members, than to tyranny in the + head. +PUBLIUS. +1 This was but another name more specious for the independence + of the members on the federal head. + + +FEDERALIST No. 19 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the + Union) +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON AND MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE examples of ancient confederacies, cited in my last paper, + have not exhausted the source of experimental instruction on this + subject. There are existing institutions, founded on a similar + principle, which merit particular consideration. The first which + presents itself is the Germanic body. +In the early ages of Christianity, Germany was occupied by seven + distinct nations, who had no common chief. The Franks, one of the + number, having conquered the Gauls, established the kingdom which + has taken its name from them. In the ninth century Charlemagne, its + warlike monarch, carried his victorious arms in every direction; + and Germany became a part of his vast dominions. On the + dismemberment, which took place under his sons, this part was + erected into a separate and independent empire. Charlemagne and his + immediate descendants possessed the reality, as well as the ensigns + and dignity of imperial power. But the principal vassals, whose + fiefs had become hereditary, and who composed the national diets + which Charlemagne had not abolished, gradually threw off the yoke + and advanced to sovereign jurisdiction and independence. The force + of imperial sovereignty was insufficient to restrain such powerful + dependants; or to preserve the unity and tranquillity of the empire. + The most furious private wars, accompanied with every species of + calamity, were carried on between the different princes and states. + The imperial authority, unable to maintain the public order, + declined by degrees till it was almost extinct in the anarchy, which + agitated the long interval between the death of the last emperor of + the Suabian, and the accession of the first emperor of the Austrian + lines. In the eleventh century the emperors enjoyed full + sovereignty: In the fifteenth they had little more than the symbols + and decorations of power. +Out of this feudal system, which has itself many of the + important features of a confederacy, has grown the federal system + which constitutes the Germanic empire. Its powers are vested in a + diet representing the component members of the confederacy; in the + emperor, who is the executive magistrate, with a negative on the + decrees of the diet; and in the imperial chamber and the aulic + council, two judiciary tribunals having supreme jurisdiction in + controversies which concern the empire, or which happen among its + members. +The diet possesses the general power of legislating for the + empire; of making war and peace; contracting alliances; assessing + quotas of troops and money; constructing fortresses; regulating + coin; admitting new members; and subjecting disobedient members to + the ban of the empire, by which the party is degraded from his + sovereign rights and his possessions forfeited. The members of the + confederacy are expressly restricted from entering into compacts + prejudicial to the empire; from imposing tolls and duties on their + mutual intercourse, without the consent of the emperor and diet; + from altering the value of money; from doing injustice to one + another; or from affording assistance or retreat to disturbers of + the public peace. And the ban is denounced against such as shall + violate any of these restrictions. The members of the diet, as + such, are subject in all cases to be judged by the emperor and diet, + and in their private capacities by the aulic council and imperial + chamber. +The prerogatives of the emperor are numerous. The most + important of them are: his exclusive right to make propositions to + the diet; to negative its resolutions; to name ambassadors; to + confer dignities and titles; to fill vacant electorates; to found + universities; to grant privileges not injurious to the states of + the empire; to receive and apply the public revenues; and + generally to watch over the public safety. In certain cases, the + electors form a council to him. In quality of emperor, he possesses + no territory within the empire, nor receives any revenue for his + support. But his revenue and dominions, in other qualities, + constitute him one of the most powerful princes in Europe. +From such a parade of constitutional powers, in the + representatives and head of this confederacy, the natural + supposition would be, that it must form an exception to the general + character which belongs to its kindred systems. Nothing would be + further from the reality. The fundamental principle on which it + rests, that the empire is a community of sovereigns, that the diet + is a representation of sovereigns and that the laws are addressed to + sovereigns, renders the empire a nerveless body, incapable of + regulating its own members, insecure against external dangers, and + agitated with unceasing fermentations in its own bowels. +The history of Germany is a history of wars between the emperor + and the princes and states; of wars among the princes and states + themselves; of the licentiousness of the strong, and the oppression + of the weak; of foreign intrusions, and foreign intrigues; of + requisitions of men and money disregarded, or partially complied + with; of attempts to enforce them, altogether abortive, or attended + with slaughter and desolation, involving the innocent with the + guilty; of general inbecility, confusion, and misery. +In the sixteenth century, the emperor, with one part of the + empire on his side, was seen engaged against the other princes and + states. In one of the conflicts, the emperor himself was put to + flight, and very near being made prisoner by the elector of Saxony. + The late king of Prussia was more than once pitted against his + imperial sovereign; and commonly proved an overmatch for him. + Controversies and wars among the members themselves have been so + common, that the German annals are crowded with the bloody pages + which describe them. Previous to the peace of Westphalia, Germany + was desolated by a war of thirty years, in which the emperor, with + one half of the empire, was on one side, and Sweden, with the other + half, on the opposite side. Peace was at length negotiated, and + dictated by foreign powers; and the articles of it, to which + foreign powers are parties, made a fundamental part of the Germanic + constitution. +If the nation happens, on any emergency, to be more united by + the necessity of self-defense, its situation is still deplorable. + Military preparations must be preceded by so many tedious + discussions, arising from the jealousies, pride, separate views, and + clashing pretensions of sovereign bodies, that before the diet can + settle the arrangements, the enemy are in the field; and before the + federal troops are ready to take it, are retiring into winter + quarters. +The small body of national troops, which has been judged + necessary in time of peace, is defectively kept up, badly paid, + infected with local prejudices, and supported by irregular and + disproportionate contributions to the treasury. +The impossibility of maintaining order and dispensing justice + among these sovereign subjects, produced the experiment of dividing + the empire into nine or ten circles or districts; of giving them an + interior organization, and of charging them with the military + execution of the laws against delinquent and contumacious members. + This experiment has only served to demonstrate more fully the + radical vice of the constitution. Each circle is the miniature + picture of the deformities of this political monster. They either + fail to execute their commissions, or they do it with all the + devastation and carnage of civil war. Sometimes whole circles are + defaulters; and then they increase the mischief which they were + instituted to remedy. +We may form some judgment of this scheme of military coercion + from a sample given by Thuanus. In Donawerth, a free and imperial + city of the circle of Suabia, the Abb 300 de St. Croix enjoyed + certain immunities which had been reserved to him. In the exercise + of these, on some public occasions, outrages were committed on him + by the people of the city. The consequence was that the city was + put under the ban of the empire, and the Duke of Bavaria, though + director of another circle, obtained an appointment to enforce it. + He soon appeared before the city with a corps of ten thousand + troops, and finding it a fit occasion, as he had secretly intended + from the beginning, to revive an antiquated claim, on the pretext + that his ancestors had suffered the place to be dismembered from his + territory,1 he took possession of it in his own name, disarmed, + and punished the inhabitants, and reannexed the city to his domains. +It may be asked, perhaps, what has so long kept this disjointed + machine from falling entirely to pieces? The answer is obvious: + The weakness of most of the members, who are unwilling to expose + themselves to the mercy of foreign powers; the weakness of most of + the principal members, compared with the formidable powers all + around them; the vast weight and influence which the emperor + derives from his separate and heriditary dominions; and the + interest he feels in preserving a system with which his family pride + is connected, and which constitutes him the first prince in Europe; + --these causes support a feeble and precarious Union; whilst the + repellant quality, incident to the nature of sovereignty, and which + time continually strengthens, prevents any reform whatever, founded + on a proper consolidation. Nor is it to be imagined, if this + obstacle could be surmounted, that the neighboring powers would + suffer a revolution to take place which would give to the empire the + force and preeminence to which it is entitled. Foreign nations have + long considered themselves as interested in the changes made by + events in this constitution; and have, on various occasions, + betrayed their policy of perpetuating its anarchy and weakness. +If more direct examples were wanting, Poland, as a government + over local sovereigns, might not improperly be taken notice of. Nor + could any proof more striking be given of the calamities flowing + from such institutions. Equally unfit for self-government and + self-defense, it has long been at the mercy of its powerful + neighbors; who have lately had the mercy to disburden it of one + third of its people and territories. +The connection among the Swiss cantons scarcely amounts to a + confederacy; though it is sometimes cited as an instance of the + stability of such institutions. +They have no common treasury; no common troops even in war; no + common coin; no common judicatory; nor any other common mark of + sovereignty. +They are kept together by the peculiarity of their topographical + position; by their individual weakness and insignificancy; by the + fear of powerful neighbors, to one of which they were formerly + subject; by the few sources of contention among a people of such + simple and homogeneous manners; by their joint interest in their + dependent possessions; by the mutual aid they stand in need of, for + suppressing insurrections and rebellions, an aid expressly + stipulated and often required and afforded; and by the necessity of + some regular and permanent provision for accomodating disputes among + the cantons. The provision is, that the parties at variance shall + each choose four judges out of the neutral cantons, who, in case of + disagreement, choose an umpire. This tribunal, under an oath of + impartiality, pronounces definitive sentence, which all the cantons + are bound to enforce. The competency of this regulation may be + estimated by a clause in their treaty of 1683, with Victor Amadeus + of Savoy; in which he obliges himself to interpose as mediator in + disputes between the cantons, and to employ force, if necessary, + against the contumacious party. +So far as the peculiarity of their case will admit of comparison + with that of the United States, it serves to confirm the principle + intended to be established. Whatever efficacy the union may have + had in ordinary cases, it appears that the moment a cause of + difference sprang up, capable of trying its strength, it failed. + The controversies on the subject of religion, which in three + instances have kindled violent and bloody contests, may be said, in + fact, to have severed the league. The Protestant and Catholic + cantons have since had their separate diets, where all the most + important concerns are adjusted, and which have left the general + diet little other business than to take care of the common bailages. +That separation had another consequence, which merits attention. + It produced opposite alliances with foreign powers: of Berne, at + the head of the Protestant association, with the United Provinces; + and of Luzerne, at the head of the Catholic association, with + France. +PUBLIUS. +1 Pfeffel, ``Nouvel Abreg. Chronol. de l'Hist., etc., + d'Allemagne,'' says the pretext was to indemnify himself for the + expense of the expedition. + + +FEDERALIST No. 20 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Insufficiency fo the Present Confederation to Preserve the + Union) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, December 11, 1787. + +HAMILTON AND MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE United Netherlands are a confederacy of republics, or rather + of aristocracies of a very remarkable texture, yet confirming all + the lessons derived from those which we have already reviewed. +The union is composed of seven coequal and sovereign states, and + each state or province is a composition of equal and independent + cities. In all important cases, not only the provinces but the + cities must be unanimous. +The sovereignty of the Union is represented by the + States-General, consisting usually of about fifty deputies appointed + by the provinces. They hold their seats, some for life, some for + six, three, and one years; from two provinces they continue in + appointment during pleasure. +The States-General have authority to enter into treaties and + alliances; to make war and peace; to raise armies and equip + fleets; to ascertain quotas and demand contributions. In all these + cases, however, unanimity and the sanction of their constituents are + requisite. They have authority to appoint and receive ambassadors; + to execute treaties and alliances already formed; to provide for + the collection of duties on imports and exports; to regulate the + mint, with a saving to the provincial rights; to govern as + sovereigns the dependent territories. The provinces are restrained, + unless with the general consent, from entering into foreign + treaties; from establishing imposts injurious to others, or + charging their neighbors with higher duties than their own subjects. + A council of state, a chamber of accounts, with five colleges of + admiralty, aid and fortify the federal administration. +The executive magistrate of the union is the stadtholder, who is + now an hereditary prince. His principal weight and influence in the + republic are derived from this independent title; from his great + patrimonial estates; from his family connections with some of the + chief potentates of Europe; and, more than all, perhaps, from his + being stadtholder in the several provinces, as well as for the + union; in which provincial quality he has the appointment of town + magistrates under certain regulations, executes provincial decrees, + presides when he pleases in the provincial tribunals, and has + throughout the power of pardon. +As stadtholder of the union, he has, however, considerable + prerogatives. +In his political capacity he has authority to settle disputes + between the provinces, when other methods fail; to assist at the + deliberations of the States-General, and at their particular + conferences; to give audiences to foreign ambassadors, and to keep + agents for his particular affairs at foreign courts. +In his military capacity he commands the federal troops, + provides for garrisons, and in general regulates military affairs; + disposes of all appointments, from colonels to ensigns, and of the + governments and posts of fortified towns. +In his marine capacity he is admiral-general, and superintends + and directs every thing relative to naval forces and other naval + affairs; presides in the admiralties in person or by proxy; + appoints lieutenant-admirals and other officers; and establishes + councils of war, whose sentences are not executed till he approves + them. +His revenue, exclusive of his private income, amounts to three + hundred thousand florins. The standing army which he commands + consists of about forty thousand men. +Such is the nature of the celebrated Belgic confederacy, as + delineated on parchment. What are the characters which practice has + stamped upon it? Imbecility in the government; discord among the + provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious + existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war. +It was long ago remarked by Grotius, that nothing but the hatred + of his countrymen to the house of Austria kept them from being + ruined by the vices of their constitution. +The union of Utrecht, says another respectable writer, reposes + an authority in the States-General, seemingly sufficient to secure + harmony, but the jealousy in each province renders the practice very + different from the theory. +The same instrument, says another, obliges each province to levy + certain contributions; but this article never could, and probably + never will, be executed; because the inland provinces, who have + little commerce, cannot pay an equal quota. +In matters of contribution, it is the practice to waive the + articles of the constitution. The danger of delay obliges the + consenting provinces to furnish their quotas, without waiting for + the others; and then to obtain reimbursement from the others, by + deputations, which are frequent, or otherwise, as they can. The + great wealth and influence of the province of Holland enable her to + effect both these purposes. +It has more than once happened, that the deficiencies had to be + ultimately collected at the point of the bayonet; a thing + practicable, though dreadful, in a confedracy where one of the + members exceeds in force all the rest, and where several of them are + too small to meditate resistance; but utterly impracticable in one + composed of members, several of which are equal to each other in + strength and resources, and equal singly to a vigorous and + persevering defense. +Foreign ministers, says Sir William Temple, who was himself a + foreign minister, elude matters taken ad referendum, by + tampering with the provinces and cities. In 1726, the treaty of + Hanover was delayed by these means a whole year. Instances of a + like nature are numerous and notorious. +In critical emergencies, the States-General are often compelled + to overleap their constitutional bounds. In 1688, they concluded a + treaty of themselves at the risk of their heads. The treaty of + Westphalia, in 1648, by which their independence was formerly and + finally recognized, was concluded without the consent of Zealand. + Even as recently as the last treaty of peace with Great Britain, + the constitutional principle of unanimity was departed from. A weak + constitution must necessarily terminate in dissolution, for want of + proper powers, or the usurpation of powers requisite for the public + safety. Whether the usurpation, when once begun, will stop at the + salutary point, or go forward to the dangerous extreme, must depend + on the contingencies of the moment. Tyranny has perhaps oftener + grown out of the assumptions of power, called for, on pressing + exigencies, by a defective constitution, than out of the full + exercise of the largest constitutional authorities. +Notwithstanding the calamities produced by the stadtholdership, + it has been supposed that without his influence in the individual + provinces, the causes of anarchy manifest in the confederacy would + long ago have dissolved it. ``Under such a government,'' says the + Abbe Mably, ``the Union could never have subsisted, if the provinces + had not a spring within themselves, capable of quickening their + tardiness, and compelling them to the same way of thinking. This + spring is the stadtholder.'' It is remarked by Sir William Temple, + ``that in the intermissions of the stadtholdership, Holland, by her + riches and her authority, which drew the others into a sort of + dependence, supplied the place.'' +These are not the only circumstances which have controlled the + tendency to anarchy and dissolution. The surrounding powers impose + an absolute necessity of union to a certain degree, at the same time + that they nourish by their intrigues the constitutional vices which + keep the republic in some degree always at their mercy. +The true patriots have long bewailed the fatal tendency of these + vices, and have made no less than four regular experiments by + EXTRAORDINARY ASSEMBLIES, convened for the special purpose, to apply + a remedy. As many times has their laudable zeal found it impossible + to UNITE THE PUBLIC COUNCILS in reforming the known, the + acknowledged, the fatal evils of the existing constitution. Let us + pause, my fellow-citizens, for one moment, over this melancholy and + monitory lesson of history; and with the tear that drops for the + calamities brought on mankind by their adverse opinions and selfish + passions, let our gratitude mingle an ejaculation to Heaven, for the + propitious concord which has distinguished the consultations for our + political happiness. +A design was also conceived of establishing a general tax to be + administered by the federal authority. This also had its + adversaries and failed. +This unhappy people seem to be now suffering from popular + convulsions, from dissensions among the states, and from the actual + invasion of foreign arms, the crisis of their distiny. All nations + have their eyes fixed on the awful spectacle. The first wish + prompted by humanity is, that this severe trial may issue in such a + revolution of their government as will establish their union, and + render it the parent of tranquillity, freedom and happiness: The + next, that the asylum under which, we trust, the enjoyment of these + blessings will speedily be secured in this country, may receive and + console them for the catastrophe of their own. +I make no apology for having dwelt so long on the contemplation + of these federal precedents. Experience is the oracle of truth; + and where its responses are unequivocal, they ought to be + conclusive and sacred. The important truth, which it unequivocally + pronounces in the present case, is that a sovereignty over + sovereigns, a government over governments, a legislation for + communities, as contradistinguished from individuals, as it is a + solecism in theory, so in practice it is subversive of the order and + ends of civil polity, by substituting VIOLENCE in place of LAW, or + the destructive COERCION of the SWORD in place of the mild and + salutary COERCION of the MAGISTRACY. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 21 + +Other Defects of the Present Confederation +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +HAVING in the three last numbers taken a summary review of the + principal circumstances and events which have depicted the genius + and fate of other confederate governments, I shall now proceed in + the enumeration of the most important of those defects which have + hitherto disappointed our hopes from the system established among + ourselves. To form a safe and satisfactory judgment of the proper + remedy, it is absolutely necessary that we should be well acquainted + with the extent and malignity of the disease. +The next most palpable defect of the subsisting Confederation, + is the total want of a SANCTION to its laws. The United States, as + now composed, have no powers to exact obedience, or punish + disobedience to their resolutions, either by pecuniary mulcts, by a + suspension or divestiture of privileges, or by any other + constitutional mode. There is no express delegation of authority to + them to use force against delinquent members; and if such a right + should be ascribed to the federal head, as resulting from the nature + of the social compact between the States, it must be by inference + and construction, in the face of that part of the second article, by + which it is declared, ``that each State shall retain every power, + jurisdiction, and right, not EXPRESSLY delegated to the United + States in Congress assembled.'' There is, doubtless, a striking + absurdity in supposing that a right of this kind does not exist, but + we are reduced to the dilemma either of embracing that supposition, + preposterous as it may seem, or of contravening or explaining away a + provision, which has been of late a repeated theme of the eulogies + of those who oppose the new Constitution; and the want of which, in + that plan, has been the subject of much plausible animadversion, and + severe criticism. If we are unwilling to impair the force of this + applauded provision, we shall be obliged to conclude, that the + United States afford the extraordinary spectacle of a government + destitute even of the shadow of constitutional power to enforce the + execution of its own laws. It will appear, from the specimens which + have been cited, that the American Confederacy, in this particular, + stands discriminated from every other institution of a similar kind, + and exhibits a new and unexampled phenomenon in the political world. +The want of a mutual guaranty of the State governments is + another capital imperfection in the federal plan. There is nothing + of this kind declared in the articles that compose it; and to imply + a tacit guaranty from considerations of utility, would be a still + more flagrant departure from the clause which has been mentioned, + than to imply a tacit power of coercion from the like considerations +. The want of a guaranty, though it might in its consequences + endanger the Union, does not so immediately attack its existence as + the want of a constitutional sanction to its laws. +Without a guaranty the assistance to be derived from the Union + in repelling those domestic dangers which may sometimes threaten the + existence of the State constitutions, must be renounced. Usurpation + may rear its crest in each State, and trample upon the liberties of + the people, while the national government could legally do nothing + more than behold its encroachments with indignation and regret. A + successful faction may erect a tyranny on the ruins of order and + law, while no succor could constitutionally be afforded by the Union + to the friends and supporters of the government. The tempestuous + situation from which Massachusetts has scarcely emerged, evinces + that dangers of this kind are not merely speculative. Who can + determine what might have been the issue of her late convulsions, if + the malcontents had been headed by a Caesar or by a Cromwell? Who + can predict what effect a despotism, established in Massachusetts, + would have upon the liberties of New Hampshire or Rhode Island, of + Connecticut or New York? +The inordinate pride of State importance has suggested to some + minds an objection to the principle of a guaranty in the federal + government, as involving an officious interference in the domestic + concerns of the members. A scruple of this kind would deprive us of + one of the principal advantages to be expected from union, and can + only flow from a misapprehension of the nature of the provision + itself. It could be no impediment to reforms of the State + constitution by a majority of the people in a legal and peaceable + mode. This right would remain undiminished. The guaranty could + only operate against changes to be effected by violence. Towards + the preventions of calamities of this kind, too many checks cannot + be provided. The peace of society and the stability of government + depend absolutely on the efficacy of the precautions adopted on this + head. Where the whole power of the government is in the hands of + the people, there is the less pretense for the use of violent + remedies in partial or occasional distempers of the State. The + natural cure for an ill-administration, in a popular or + representative constitution, is a change of men. A guaranty by the + national authority would be as much levelled against the usurpations + of rulers as against the ferments and outrages of faction and + sedition in the community. +The principle of regulating the contributions of the States to + the common treasury by QUOTAS is another fundamental error in the + Confederation. Its repugnancy to an adequate supply of the national + exigencies has been already pointed out, and has sufficiently + appeared from the trial which has been made of it. I speak of it + now solely with a view to equality among the States. Those who have + been accustomed to contemplate the circumstances which produce and + constitute national wealth, must be satisfied that there is no + common standard or barometer by which the degrees of it can be + ascertained. Neither the value of lands, nor the numbers of the + people, which have been successively proposed as the rule of State + contributions, has any pretension to being a just representative. + If we compare the wealth of the United Netherlands with that of + Russia or Germany, or even of France, and if we at the same time + compare the total value of the lands and the aggregate population of + that contracted district with the total value of the lands and the + aggregate population of the immense regions of either of the three + last-mentioned countries, we shall at once discover that there is no + comparison between the proportion of either of these two objects and + that of the relative wealth of those nations. If the like parallel + were to be run between several of the American States, it would + furnish a like result. Let Virginia be contrasted with North + Carolina, Pennsylvania with Connecticut, or Maryland with New + Jersey, and we shall be convinced that the respective abilities of + those States, in relation to revenue, bear little or no analogy to + their comparative stock in lands or to their comparative population. + The position may be equally illustrated by a similar process + between the counties of the same State. No man who is acquainted + with the State of New York will doubt that the active wealth of + King's County bears a much greater proportion to that of Montgomery + than it would appear to be if we should take either the total value + of the lands or the total number of the people as a criterion! +The wealth of nations depends upon an infinite variety of causes. + Situation, soil, climate, the nature of the productions, the + nature of the government, the genius of the citizens, the degree of + information they possess, the state of commerce, of arts, of + industry, these circumstances and many more, too complex, minute, or + adventitious to admit of a particular specification, occasion + differences hardly conceivable in the relative opulence and riches + of different countries. The consequence clearly is that there can + be no common measure of national wealth, and, of course, no general + or stationary rule by which the ability of a state to pay taxes can + be determined. The attempt, therefore, to regulate the + contributions of the members of a confederacy by any such rule, + cannot fail to be productive of glaring inequality and extreme + oppression. +This inequality would of itself be sufficient in America to work + the eventual destruction of the Union, if any mode of enforcing a + compliance with its requisitions could be devised. The suffering + States would not long consent to remain associated upon a principle + which distributes the public burdens with so unequal a hand, and + which was calculated to impoverish and oppress the citizens of some + States, while those of others would scarcely be conscious of the + small proportion of the weight they were required to sustain. This, + however, is an evil inseparable from the principle of quotas and + requisitions. +There is no method of steering clear of this inconvenience, but + by authorizing the national government to raise its own revenues in + its own way. Imposts, excises, and, in general, all duties upon + articles of consumption, may be compared to a fluid, which will, in + time, find its level with the means of paying them. The amount to + be contributed by each citizen will in a degree be at his own + option, and can be regulated by an attention to his resources. The + rich may be extravagant, the poor can be frugal; and private + oppression may always be avoided by a judicious selection of objects + proper for such impositions. If inequalities should arise in some + States from duties on particular objects, these will, in all + probability, be counterbalanced by proportional inequalities in + other States, from the duties on other objects. In the course of + time and things, an equilibrium, as far as it is attainable in so + complicated a subject, will be established everywhere. Or, if + inequalities should still exist, they would neither be so great in + their degree, so uniform in their operation, nor so odious in their + appearance, as those which would necessarily spring from quotas, + upon any scale that can possibly be devised. +It is a signal advantage of taxes on articles of consumption, + that they contain in their own nature a security against excess. + They prescribe their own limit; which cannot be exceeded without + defeating the end proposed, that is, an extension of the revenue. + When applied to this object, the saying is as just as it is witty, + that, ``in political arithmetic, two and two do not always make four +.'' If duties are too high, they lessen the consumption; the + collection is eluded; and the product to the treasury is not so + great as when they are confined within proper and moderate bounds. + This forms a complete barrier against any material oppression of + the citizens by taxes of this class, and is itself a natural + limitation of the power of imposing them. +Impositions of this kind usually fall under the denomination of + indirect taxes, and must for a long time constitute the chief part + of the revenue raised in this country. Those of the direct kind, + which principally relate to land and buildings, may admit of a rule + of apportionment. Either the value of land, or the number of the + people, may serve as a standard. The state of agriculture and the + populousness of a country have been considered as nearly connected + with each other. And, as a rule, for the purpose intended, numbers, + in the view of simplicity and certainty, are entitled to a + preference. In every country it is a herculean task to obtain a + valuation of the land; in a country imperfectly settled and + progressive in improvement, the difficulties are increased almost to + impracticability. The expense of an accurate valuation is, in all + situations, a formidable objection. In a branch of taxation where + no limits to the discretion of the government are to be found in the + nature of things, the establishment of a fixed rule, not + incompatible with the end, may be attended with fewer inconveniences + than to leave that discretion altogether at large. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 22 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Other Defects of the Present Confederation) +From the New York Packet. +Friday, December 14, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IN ADDITION to the defects already enumerated in the existing + federal system, there are others of not less importance, which + concur in rendering it altogether unfit for the administration of + the affairs of the Union. +The want of a power to regulate commerce is by all parties + allowed to be of the number. The utility of such a power has been + anticipated under the first head of our inquiries; and for this + reason, as well as from the universal conviction entertained upon + the subject, little need be added in this place. It is indeed + evident, on the most superficial view, that there is no object, + either as it respects the interests of trade or finance, that more + strongly demands a federal superintendence. The want of it has + already operated as a bar to the formation of beneficial treaties + with foreign powers, and has given occasions of dissatisfaction + between the States. No nation acquainted with the nature of our + political association would be unwise enough to enter into + stipulations with the United States, by which they conceded + privileges of any importance to them, while they were apprised that + the engagements on the part of the Union might at any moment be + violated by its members, and while they found from experience that + they might enjoy every advantage they desired in our markets, + without granting us any return but such as their momentary + convenience might suggest. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at + that Mr. Jenkinson, in ushering into the House of Commons a bill for + regulating the temporary intercourse between the two countries, + should preface its introduction by a declaration that similar + provisions in former bills had been found to answer every purpose to + the commerce of Great Britain, and that it would be prudent to + persist in the plan until it should appear whether the American + government was likely or not to acquire greater consistency.%n1%n +Several States have endeavored, by separate prohibitions, + restrictions, and exclusions, to influence the conduct of that + kingdom in this particular, but the want of concert, arising from + the want of a general authority and from clashing and dissimilar + views in the State, has hitherto frustrated every experiment of the + kind, and will continue to do so as long as the same obstacles to a + uniformity of measures continue to exist. +The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, + contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different + instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and + it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained + by a national control, would be multiplied and extended till they + became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than + injurious impediments to the intcrcourse between the different parts + of the Confederacy. ``The commerce of the German empire%n2%n is in + continual trammels from the multiplicity of the duties which the + several princes and states exact upon the merchandises passing + through their territories, by means of which the fine streams and + navigable rivers with which Germany is so happily watered are + rendered almost useless.'' Though the genius of the people of this + country might never permit this description to be strictly + applicable to us, yet we may reasonably expect, from the gradual + conflicts of State regulations, that the citizens of each would at + length come to be considered and treated by the others in no better + light than that of foreigners and aliens. +The power of raising armies, by the most obvious construction of + the articles of the Confederation, is merely a power of making + requisitions upon the States for quotas of men. This practice in + the course of the late war, was found replete with obstructions to a + vigorous and to an economical system of defense. It gave birth to a + competition between the States which created a kind of auction for + men. In order to furnish the quotas required of them, they outbid + each other till bounties grew to an enormous and insupportable size. + The hope of a still further increase afforded an inducement to + those who were disposed to serve to procrastinate their enlistment, + and disinclined them from engaging for any considerable periods. + Hence, slow and scanty levies of men, in the most critical + emergencies of our affairs; short enlistments at an unparalleled + expense; continual fluctuations in the troops, ruinous to their + discipline and subjecting the public safety frequently to the + perilous crisis of a disbanded army. Hence, also, those oppressive + expedients for raising men which were upon several occasions + practiced, and which nothing but the enthusiasm of liberty would + have induced the people to endure. +This method of raising troops is not more unfriendly to economy + and vigor than it is to an equal distribution of the burden. The + States near the seat of war, influenced by motives of + self-preservation, made efforts to furnish their quotas, which even + exceeded their abilities; while those at a distance from danger + were, for the most part, as remiss as the others were diligent, in + their exertions. The immediate pressure of this inequality was not + in this case, as in that of the contributions of money, alleviated + by the hope of a final liquidation. The States which did not pay + their proportions of money might at least be charged with their + deficiencies; but no account could be formed of the deficiencies in + the supplies of men. We shall not, however, see much reason to + reget the want of this hope, when we consider how little prospect + there is, that the most delinquent States will ever be able to make + compensation for their pecuniary failures. The system of quotas and + requisitions, whether it be applied to men or money, is, in every + view, a system of imbecility in the Union, and of inequality and + injustice among the members. +The right of equal suffrage among the States is another + exceptionable part of the Confederation. Every idea of proportion + and every rule of fair representation conspire to condemn a + principle, which gives to Rhode Island an equal weight in the scale + of power with Massachusetts, or Connecticut, or New York; and to + Deleware an equal voice in the national deliberations with + Pennsylvania, or Virginia, or North Carolina. Its operation + contradicts the fundamental maxim of republican government, which + requires that the sense of the majority should prevail. Sophistry + may reply, that sovereigns are equal, and that a majority of the + votes of the States will be a majority of confederated America. But + this kind of logical legerdemain will never counteract the plain + suggestions of justice and common-sense. It may happen that this + majority of States is a small minority of the people of + America%n3%n; and two thirds of the people of America could not + long be persuaded, upon the credit of artificial distinctions and + syllogistic subtleties, to submit their interests to the management + and disposal of one third. The larger States would after a while + revolt from the idea of receiving the law from the smaller. To + acquiesce in such a privation of their due importance in the + political scale, would be not merely to be insensible to the love of + power, but even to sacrifice the desire of equality. It is neither + rational to expect the first, nor just to require the last. The + smaller States, considering how peculiarly their safety and welfare + depend on union, ought readily to renounce a pretension which, if + not relinquished, would prove fatal to its duration. +It may be objected to this, that not seven but nine States, or + two thirds of the whole number, must consent to the most important + resolutions; and it may be thence inferred that nine States would + always comprehend a majority of the Union. But this does not + obviate the impropriety of an equal vote between States of the most + unequal dimensions and populousness; nor is the inference accurate + in point of fact; for we can enumerate nine States which contain + less than a majority of the people%n4%n; and it is constitutionally + possible that these nine may give the vote. Besides, there are + matters of considerable moment determinable by a bare majority; and + there are others, concerning which doubts have been entertained, + which, if interpreted in favor of the sufficiency of a vote of seven + States, would extend its operation to interests of the first + magnitude. In addition to this, it is to be observed that there is + a probability of an increase in the number of States, and no + provision for a proportional augmentation of the ratio of votes. +But this is not all: what at first sight may seem a remedy, is, + in reality, a poison. To give a minority a negative upon the + majority (which is always the case where more than a majority is + requisite to a decision), is, in its tendency, to subject the sense + of the greater number to that of the lesser. Congress, from the + nonattendance of a few States, have been frequently in the situation + of a Polish diet, where a single VOTE has been sufficient to put a + stop to all their movements. A sixtieth part of the Union, which is + about the proportion of Delaware and Rhode Island, has several times + been able to oppose an entire bar to its operations. This is one of + those refinements which, in practice, has an effect the reverse of + what is expected from it in theory. The necessity of unanimity in + public bodies, or of something approaching towards it, has been + founded upon a supposition that it would contribute to security. + But its real operation is to embarrass the administration, to + destroy the energy of the government, and to substitute the + pleasure, caprice, or artifices of an insignificant, turbulent, or + corrupt junto, to the regular deliberations and decisions of a + respectable majority. In those emergencies of a nation, in which + the goodness or badness, the weakness or strength of its government, + is of the greatest importance, there is commonly a necessity for + action. The public business must, in some way or other, go forward. + If a pertinacious minority can control the opinion of a majority, + respecting the best mode of conducting it, the majority, in order + that something may be done, must conform to the views of the + minority; and thus the sense of the smaller number will overrule + that of the greater, and give a tone to the national proceedings. + Hence, tedious delays; continual negotiation and intrigue; + contemptible compromises of the public good. And yet, in such a + system, it is even happy when such compromises can take place: for + upon some occasions things will not admit of accommodation; and + then the measures of government must be injuriously suspended, or + fatally defeated. It is often, by the impracticability of obtaining + the concurrence of the necessary number of votes, kept in a state of + inaction. Its situation must always savor of weakness, sometimes + border upon anarchy. +It is not difficult to discover, that a principle of this kind + gives greater scope to foreign corruption, as well as to domestic + faction, than that which permits the sense of the majority to + decide; though the contrary of this has been presumed. The mistake + has proceeded from not attending with due care to the mischiefs that + may be occasioned by obstructing the progress of government at + certain critical seasons. When the concurrence of a large number is + required by the Constitution to the doing of any national act, we + are apt to rest satisfied that all is safe, because nothing improper + will be likely TO BE DONE, but we forget how much good may be + prevented, and how much ill may be produced, by the power of + hindering the doing what may be necessary, and of keeping affairs in + the same unfavorable posture in which they may happen to stand at + particular periods. +Suppose, for instance, we were engaged in a war, in conjunction + with one foreign nation, against another. Suppose the necessity of + our situation demanded peace, and the interest or ambition of our + ally led him to seek the prosecution of the war, with views that + might justify us in making separate terms. In such a state of + things, this ally of ours would evidently find it much easier, by + his bribes and intrigues, to tie up the hands of government from + making peace, where two thirds of all the votes were requisite to + that object, than where a simple majority would suffice. In the + first case, he would have to corrupt a smaller number; in the last, + a greater number. Upon the same principle, it would be much easier + for a foreign power with which we were at war to perplex our + councils and embarrass our exertions. And, in a commercial view, we + may be subjected to similar inconveniences. A nation, with which we + might have a treaty of commerce, could with much greater facility + prevent our forming a connection with her competitor in trade, + though such a connection should be ever so beneficial to ourselves. +Evils of this description ought not to be regarded as imaginary. + One of the weak sides of republics, among their numerous + advantages, is that they afford too easy an inlet to foreign + corruption. An hereditary monarch, though often disposed to + sacrifice his subjects to his ambition, has so great a personal + interest in the government and in the external glory of the nation, + that it is not easy for a foreign power to give him an equivalent + for what he would sacrifice by treachery to the state. The world + has accordingly been witness to few examples of this species of + royal prostitution, though there have been abundant specimens of + every other kind. +In republics, persons elevated from the mass of the community, + by the suffrages of their fellow-citizens, to stations of great + pre-eminence and power, may find compensations for betraying their + trust, which, to any but minds animated and guided by superior + virtue, may appear to exceed the proportion of interest they have in + the common stock, and to overbalance the obligations of duty. Hence + it is that history furnishes us with so many mortifying examples of + the prevalency of foreign corruption in republican governments. How + much this contributed to the ruin of the ancient commonwealths has + been already delineated. It is well known that the deputies of the + United Provinces have, in various instances, been purchased by the + emissaries of the neighboring kingdoms. The Earl of Chesterfield + (if my memory serves me right), in a letter to his court, intimates + that his success in an important negotiation must depend on his + obtaining a major's commission for one of those deputies. And in + Sweden the parties were alternately bought by France and England in + so barefaced and notorious a manner that it excited universal + disgust in the nation, and was a principal cause that the most + limited monarch in Europe, in a single day, without tumult, + violence, or opposition, became one of the most absolute and + uncontrolled. +A circumstance which crowns the defects of the Confederation + remains yet to be mentioned, the want of a judiciary power. Laws + are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true + meaning and operation. The treaties of the United States, to have + any force at all, must be considered as part of the law of the land. + Their true import, as far as respects individuals, must, like all + other laws, be ascertained by judicial determinations. To produce + uniformity in these determinations, they ought to be submitted, in + the last resort, to one SUPREME TRIBUNAL. And this tribunal ought + to be instituted under the same authority which forms the treaties + themselves. These ingredients are both indispensable. If there is + in each State a court of final jurisdiction, there may be as many + different final determinations on the same point as there are courts. + There are endless diversities in the opinions of men. We often + see not only different courts but the judges of the came court + differing from each other. To avoid the confusion which would + unavoidably result from the contradictory decisions of a number of + independent judicatories, all nations have found it necessary to + establish one court paramount to the rest, possessing a general + superintendence, and authorized to settle and declare in the last + resort a uniform rule of civil justice. +This is the more necessary where the frame of the government is + so compounded that the laws of the whole are in danger of being + contravened by the laws of the parts. In this case, if the + particular tribunals are invested with a right of ultimate + jurisdiction, besides the contradictions to be expected from + difference of opinion, there will be much to fear from the bias of + local views and prejudices, and from the interference of local + regulations. As often as such an interference was to happen, there + would be reason to apprehend that the provisions of the particular + laws might be preferred to those of the general laws; for nothing + is more natural to men in office than to look with peculiar + deference towards that authority to which they owe their official + existence. The treaties of the United States, under the present + Constitution, are liable to the infractions of thirteen different + legislatures, and as many different courts of final jurisdiction, + acting under the authority of those legislatures. The faith, the + reputation, the peace of the whole Union, are thus continually at + the mercy of the prejudices, the passions, and the interests of + every member of which it is composed. Is it possible that foreign + nations can either respect or confide in such a government? Is it + possible that the people of America will longer consent to trust + their honor, their happiness, their safety, on so precarious a + foundation? +In this review of the Confederation, I have confined myself to + the exhibition of its most material defects; passing over those + imperfections in its details by which even a great part of the power + intended to be conferred upon it has been in a great measure + rendered abortive. It must be by this time evident to all men of + reflection, who can divest themselves of the prepossessions of + preconceived opinions, that it is a system so radically vicious and + unsound, as to admit not of amendment but by an entire change in its + leading features and characters. +The organization of Congress is itself utterly improper for the + exercise of those powers which are necessary to be deposited in the + Union. A single assembly may be a proper receptacle of those + slender, or rather fettered, authorities, which have been heretofore + delegated to the federal head; but it would be inconsistent with + all the principles of good government, to intrust it with those + additional powers which, even the moderate and more rational + adversaries of the proposed Constitution admit, ought to reside in + the United States. If that plan should not be adopted, and if the + necessity of the Union should be able to withstand the ambitious + aims of those men who may indulge magnificent schemes of personal + aggrandizement from its dissolution, the probability would be, that + we should run into the project of conferring supplementary powers + upon Congress, as they are now constituted; and either the machine, + from the intrinsic feebleness of its structure, will moulder into + pieces, in spite of our ill-judged efforts to prop it; or, by + successive augmentations of its force an energy, as necessity might + prompt, we shall finally accumulate, in a single body, all the most + important prerogatives of sovereignty, and thus entail upon our + posterity one of the most execrable forms of government that human + infatuation ever contrived. Thus, we should create in reality that + very tyranny which the adversaries of the new Constitution either + are, or affect to be, solicitous to avert. +It has not a little contributed to the infirmities of the + existing federal system, that it never had a ratification by the + PEOPLE. Resting on no better foundation than the consent of the + several legislatures, it has been exposed to frequent and intricate + questions concerning the validity of its powers, and has, in some + instances, given birth to the enormous doctrine of a right of + legislative repeal. Owing its ratification to the law of a State, + it has been contended that the same authority might repeal the law + by which it was ratified. However gross a heresy it may be to + maintain that a PARTY to a COMPACT has a right to revoke that + COMPACT, the doctrine itself has had respectable advocates. The + possibility of a question of this nature proves the necessity of + laying the foundations of our national government deeper than in the + mere sanction of delegated authority. The fabric of American empire + ought to rest on the solid basis of THE CONSENT OF THE PEOPLE. The + streams of national power ought to flow immediately from that pure, + original fountain of all legitimate authority. +PUBLIUS. +FNA1@@1 This, as nearly as I can recollect, was the sense of his + speech on introducing the last bill. +FNA1@@2 Encyclopedia, article ``Empire.'' +FNA1@@3 New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Georgia, + South Carolina, and Maryland are a majority of the whole number of + the States, but they do not contain one third of the people. +FNA1@@4 Add New York and Connecticut to the foregoing seven, and they + will be less than a majority. + + +FEDERALIST No. 23 + +The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to + the Preservation of the Union +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, December 18, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE necessity of a Constitution, at least equally energetic with + the one proposed, to the preservation of the Union, is the point at + the examination of which we are now arrived. +This inquiry will naturally divide itself into three + branches the objects to be provided for by the federal government, + the quantity of power necessary to the accomplishment of those + objects, the persons upon whom that power ought to operate. Its + distribution and organization will more properly claim our attention + under the succeeding head. +The principal purposes to be answered by union are these the + common defense of the members; the preservation of the public peace + as well against internal convulsions as external attacks; the + regulation of commerce with other nations and between the States; + the superintendence of our intercourse, political and commercial, + with foreign countries. +The authorities essential to the common defense are these: to + raise armies; to build and equip fleets; to prescribe rules for + the government of both; to direct their operations; to provide for + their support. These powers ought to exist without limitation, + BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO FORESEE OR DEFINE THE EXTENT AND VARIETY + OF NATIONAL EXIGENCIES, OR THE CORRESPONDENT EXTENT AND VARIETY OF + THE MEANS WHICH MAY BE NECESSARY TO SATISFY THEM. The circumstances + that endanger the safety of nations are infinite, and for this + reason no constitutional shackles can wisely be imposed on the power + to which the care of it is committed. This power ought to be + coextensive with all the possible combinations of such + circumstances; and ought to be under the direction of the same + councils which are appointed to preside over the common defense. +This is one of those truths which, to a correct and unprejudiced + mind, carries its own evidence along with it; and may be obscured, + but cannot be made plainer by argument or reasoning. It rests upon + axioms as simple as they are universal; the MEANS ought to be + proportioned to the END; the persons, from whose agency the + attainment of any END is expected, ought to possess the MEANS by + which it is to be attained. +Whether there ought to be a federal government intrusted with + the care of the common defense, is a question in the first instance, + open for discussion; but the moment it is decided in the + affirmative, it will follow, that that government ought to be + clothed with all the powers requisite to complete execution of its + trust. And unless it can be shown that the circumstances which may + affect the public safety are reducible within certain determinate + limits; unless the contrary of this position can be fairly and + rationally disputed, it must be admitted, as a necessary + consequence, that there can be no limitation of that authority which + is to provide for the defense and protection of the community, in + any matter essential to its efficacy that is, in any matter + essential to the FORMATION, DIRECTION, or SUPPORT of the NATIONAL + FORCES. +Defective as the present Confederation has been proved to be, + this principle appears to have been fully recognized by the framers + of it; though they have not made proper or adequate provision for + its exercise. Congress have an unlimited discretion to make + requisitions of men and money; to govern the army and navy; to + direct their operations. As their requisitions are made + constitutionally binding upon the States, who are in fact under the + most solemn obligations to furnish the supplies required of them, + the intention evidently was that the United States should command + whatever resources were by them judged requisite to the ``common + defense and general welfare.'' It was presumed that a sense of + their true interests, and a regard to the dictates of good faith, + would be found sufficient pledges for the punctual performance of + the duty of the members to the federal head. +The experiment has, however, demonstrated that this expectation + was ill-founded and illusory; and the observations, made under the + last head, will, I imagine, have sufficed to convince the impartial + and discerning, that there is an absolute necessity for an entire + change in the first principles of the system; that if we are in + earnest about giving the Union energy and duration, we must abandon + the vain project of legislating upon the States in their collective + capacities; we must extend the laws of the federal government to + the individual citizens of America; we must discard the fallacious + scheme of quotas and requisitions, as equally impracticable and + unjust. The result from all this is that the Union ought to be + invested with full power to levy troops; to build and equip fleets; + and to raise the revenues which will be required for the formation + and support of an army and navy, in the customary and ordinary modes + practiced in other governments. +If the circumstances of our country are such as to demand a + compound instead of a simple, a confederate instead of a sole, + government, the essential point which will remain to be adjusted + will be to discriminate the OBJECTS, as far as it can be done, which + shall appertain to the different provinces or departments of power; + allowing to each the most ample authority for fulfilling the + objects committed to its charge. Shall the Union be constituted the + guardian of the common safety? Are fleets and armies and revenues + necessary to this purpose? The government of the Union must be + empowered to pass all laws, and to make all regulations which have + relation to them. The same must be the case in respect to commerce, + and to every other matter to which its jurisdiction is permitted to + extend. Is the administration of justice between the citizens of + the same State the proper department of the local governments? + These must possess all the authorities which are connected with + this object, and with every other that may be allotted to their + particular cognizance and direction. Not to confer in each case a + degree of power commensurate to the end, would be to violate the + most obvious rules of prudence and propriety, and improvidently to + trust the great interests of the nation to hands which are disabled + from managing them with vigor and success. +Who is likely to make suitable provisions for the public + defense, as that body to which the guardianship of the public safety + is confided; which, as the centre of information, will best + understand the extent and urgency of the dangers that threaten; as + the representative of the WHOLE, will feel itself most deeply + interested in the preservation of every part; which, from the + responsibility implied in the duty assigned to it, will be most + sensibly impressed with the necessity of proper exertions; and + which, by the extension of its authority throughout the States, can + alone establish uniformity and concert in the plans and measures by + which the common safety is to be secured? Is there not a manifest + inconsistency in devolving upon the federal government the care of + the general defense, and leaving in the State governments the + EFFECTIVE powers by which it is to be provided for? Is not a want + of co-operation the infallible consequence of such a system? And + will not weakness, disorder, an undue distribution of the burdens + and calamities of war, an unnecessary and intolerable increase of + expense, be its natural and inevitable concomitants? Have we not + had unequivocal experience of its effects in the course of the + revolution which we have just accomplished? +Every view we may take of the subject, as candid inquirers after + truth, will serve to convince us, that it is both unwise and + dangerous to deny the federal government an unconfined authority, as + to all those objects which are intrusted to its management. It will + indeed deserve the most vigilant and careful attention of the + people, to see that it be modeled in such a manner as to admit of + its being safely vested with the requisite powers. If any plan + which has been, or may be, offered to our consideration, should not, + upon a dispassionate inspection, be found to answer this + description, it ought to be rejected. A government, the + constitution of which renders it unfit to be trusted with all the + powers which a free people OUGHT TO DELEGATE TO ANY GOVERNMENT, + would be an unsafe and improper depositary of the NATIONAL INTERESTS. + Wherever THESE can with propriety be confided, the coincident + powers may safely accompany them. This is the true result of all + just reasoning upon the subject. And the adversaries of the plan + promulgated by the convention ought to have confined themselves to + showing, that the internal structure of the proposed government was + such as to render it unworthy of the confidence of the people. They + ought not to have wandered into inflammatory declamations and + unmeaning cavils about the extent of the powers. The POWERS are not + too extensive for the OBJECTS of federal administration, or, in + other words, for the management of our NATIONAL INTERESTS; nor can + any satisfactory argument be framed to show that they are chargeable + with such an excess. If it be true, as has been insinuated by some + of the writers on the other side, that the difficulty arises from + the nature of the thing, and that the extent of the country will not + permit us to form a government in which such ample powers can safely + be reposed, it would prove that we ought to contract our views, and + resort to the expedient of separate confederacies, which will move + within more practicable spheres. For the absurdity must continually + stare us in the face of confiding to a government the direction of + the most essential national interests, without daring to trust it to + the authorities which are indispensible to their proper and + efficient management. Let us not attempt to reconcile + contradictions, but firmly embrace a rational alternative. +I trust, however, that the impracticability of one general + system cannot be shown. I am greatly mistaken, if any thing of + weight has yet been advanced of this tendency; and I flatter + myself, that the observations which have been made in the course of + these papers have served to place the reverse of that position in as + clear a light as any matter still in the womb of time and experience + can be susceptible of. This, at all events, must be evident, that + the very difficulty itself, drawn from the extent of the country, is + the strongest argument in favor of an energetic government; for any + other can certainly never preserve the Union of so large an empire. + If we embrace the tenets of those who oppose the adoption of the + proposed Constitution, as the standard of our political creed, we + cannot fail to verify the gloomy doctrines which predict the + impracticability of a national system pervading entire limits of the + present Confederacy. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 24 + +The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +To THE powers proposed to be conferred upon the federal + government, in respect to the creation and direction of the national + forces, I have met with but one specific objection, which, if I + understand it right, is this, that proper provision has not been + made against the existence of standing armies in time of peace; an + objection which, I shall now endeavor to show, rests on weak and + unsubstantial foundations. +It has indeed been brought forward in the most vague and general + form, supported only by bold assertions, without the appearance of + argument; without even the sanction of theoretical opinions; in + contradiction to the practice of other free nations, and to the + general sense of America, as expressed in most of the existing + constitutions. The proprietory of this remark will appear, the + moment it is recollected that the objection under consideration + turns upon a supposed necessity of restraining the LEGISLATIVE + authority of the nation, in the article of military establishments; + a principle unheard of, except in one or two of our State + constitutions, and rejected in all the rest. +A stranger to our politics, who was to read our newspapers at + the present juncture, without having previously inspected the plan + reported by the convention, would be naturally led to one of two + conclusions: either that it contained a positive injunction, that + standing armies should be kept up in time of peace; or that it + vested in the EXECUTIVE the whole power of levying troops, without + subjecting his discretion, in any shape, to the control of the + legislature. +If he came afterwards to peruse the plan itself, he would be + surprised to discover, that neither the one nor the other was the + case; that the whole power of raising armies was lodged in the + LEGISLATURE, not in the EXECUTIVE; that this legislature was to be + a popular body, consisting of the representatives of the people + periodically elected; and that instead of the provision he had + supposed in favor of standing armies, there was to be found, in + respect to this object, an important qualification even of the + legislative discretion, in that clause which forbids the + appropriation of money for the support of an army for any longer + period than two years a precaution which, upon a nearer view of it, + will appear to be a great and real security against the keeping up + of troops without evident necessity. +Disappointed in his first surmise, the person I have supposed + would be apt to pursue his conjectures a little further. He would + naturally say to himself, it is impossible that all this vehement + and pathetic declamation can be without some colorable pretext. It + must needs be that this people, so jealous of their liberties, have, + in all the preceding models of the constitutions which they have + established, inserted the most precise and rigid precautions on this + point, the omission of which, in the new plan, has given birth to + all this apprehension and clamor. +If, under this impression, he proceeded to pass in review the + several State constitutions, how great would be his disappointment + to find that TWO ONLY of them%n1%n contained an interdiction of + standing armies in time of peace; that the other eleven had either + observed a profound silence on the subject, or had in express terms + admitted the right of the Legislature to authorize their existence. +Still, however he would be persuaded that there must be some + plausible foundation for the cry raised on this head. He would + never be able to imagine, while any source of information remained + unexplored, that it was nothing more than an experiment upon the + public credulity, dictated either by a deliberate intention to + deceive, or by the overflowings of a zeal too intemperate to be + ingenuous. It would probably occur to him, that he would be likely + to find the precautions he was in search of in the primitive compact + between the States. Here, at length, he would expect to meet with a + solution of the enigma. No doubt, he would observe to himself, the + existing Confederation must contain the most explicit provisions + against military establishments in time of peace; and a departure + from this model, in a favorite point, has occasioned the discontent + which appears to influence these political champions. +If he should now apply himself to a careful and critical survey + of the articles of Confederation, his astonishment would not only be + increased, but would acquire a mixture of indignation, at the + unexpected discovery, that these articles, instead of containing the + prohibition he looked for, and though they had, with jealous + circumspection, restricted the authority of the State legislatures + in this particular, had not imposed a single restraint on that of + the United States. If he happened to be a man of quick sensibility, + or ardent temper, he could now no longer refrain from regarding + these clamors as the dishonest artifices of a sinister and + unprincipled opposition to a plan which ought at least to receive a + fair and candid examination from all sincere lovers of their + country! How else, he would say, could the authors of them have + been tempted to vent such loud censures upon that plan, about a + point in which it seems to have conformed itself to the general + sense of America as declared in its different forms of government, + and in which it has even superadded a new and powerful guard unknown + to any of them? If, on the contrary, he happened to be a man of + calm and dispassionate feelings, he would indulge a sigh for the + frailty of human nature, and would lament, that in a matter so + interesting to the happiness of millions, the true merits of the + question should be perplexed and entangled by expedients so + unfriendly to an impartial and right determination. Even such a man + could hardly forbear remarking, that a conduct of this kind has too + much the appearance of an intention to mislead the people by + alarming their passions, rather than to convince them by arguments + addressed to their understandings. +But however little this objection may be countenanced, even by + precedents among ourselves, it may be satisfactory to take a nearer + view of its intrinsic merits. From a close examination it will + appear that restraints upon the discretion of the legislature in + respect to military establishments in time of peace, would be + improper to be imposed, and if imposed, from the necessities of + society, would be unlikely to be observed. +Though a wide ocean separates the United States from Europe, yet + there are various considerations that warn us against an excess of + confidence or security. On one side of us, and stretching far into + our rear, are growing settlements subject to the dominion of Britain. + On the other side, and extending to meet the British settlements, + are colonies and establishments subject to the dominion of Spain. + This situation and the vicinity of the West India Islands, + belonging to these two powers create between them, in respect to + their American possessions and in relation to us, a common interest. + The savage tribes on our Western frontier ought to be regarded as + our natural enemies, their natural allies, because they have most to + fear from us, and most to hope from them. The improvements in the + art of navigation have, as to the facility of communication, + rendered distant nations, in a great measure, neighbors. Britain + and Spain are among the principal maritime powers of Europe. A + future concert of views between these nations ought not to be + regarded as improbable. The increasing remoteness of consanguinity + is every day diminishing the force of the family compact between + France and Spain. And politicians have ever with great reason + considered the ties of blood as feeble and precarious links of + political connection. These circumstances combined, admonish us not + to be too sanguine in considering ourselves as entirely out of the + reach of danger. +Previous to the Revolution, and ever since the peace, there has + been a constant necessity for keeping small garrisons on our Western + frontier. No person can doubt that these will continue to be + indispensable, if it should only be against the ravages and + depredations of the Indians. These garrisons must either be + furnished by occasional detachments from the militia, or by + permanent corps in the pay of the government. The first is + impracticable; and if practicable, would be pernicious. The + militia would not long, if at all, submit to be dragged from their + occupations and families to perform that most disagreeable duty in + times of profound peace. And if they could be prevailed upon or + compelled to do it, the increased expense of a frequent rotation of + service, and the loss of labor and disconcertion of the industrious + pursuits of individuals, would form conclusive objections to the + scheme. It would be as burdensome and injurious to the public as + ruinous to private citizens. The latter resource of permanent corps + in the pay of the government amounts to a standing army in time of + peace; a small one, indeed, but not the less real for being small. + Here is a simple view of the subject, that shows us at once the + impropriety of a constitutional interdiction of such establishments, + and the necessity of leaving the matter to the discretion and + prudence of the legislature. +In proportion to our increase in strength, it is probable, nay, + it may be said certain, that Britain and Spain would augment their + military establishments in our neighborhood. If we should not be + willing to be exposed, in a naked and defenseless condition, to + their insults and encroachments, we should find it expedient to + increase our frontier garrisons in some ratio to the force by which + our Western settlements might be annoyed. There are, and will be, + particular posts, the possession of which will include the command + of large districts of territory, and facilitate future invasions of + the remainder. It may be added that some of those posts will be + keys to the trade with the Indian nations. Can any man think it + would be wise to leave such posts in a situation to be at any + instant seized by one or the other of two neighboring and formidable + powers? To act this part would be to desert all the usual maxims of + prudence and policy. +If we mean to be a commercial people, or even to be secure on + our Atlantic side, we must endeavor, as soon as possible, to have a + navy. To this purpose there must be dock-yards and arsenals; and + for the defense of these, fortifications, and probably garrisons. + When a nation has become so powerful by sea that it can protect its + dock-yards by its fleets, this supersedes the necessity of garrisons + for that purpose; but where naval establishments are in their + infancy, moderate garrisons will, in all likelihood, be found an + indispensable security against descents for the destruction of the + arsenals and dock-yards, and sometimes of the fleet itself. +PUBLIUS. +FNA1@@1 This statement of the matter is taken from the printed + collection of State constitutions. Pennsylvania and North Carolina + are the two which contain the interdiction in these words: ``As + standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, THEY + OUGHT NOT to be kept up.'' This is, in truth, rather a CAUTION than + a PROHIBITION. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Delaware, and Maryland + have, in each of their bils of rights, a clause to this effect: + ``Standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be + raised or kept up WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE LEGISLATURE''; which + is a formal admission of the authority of the Legislature. New York + has no bills of rights, and her constitution says not a word about + the matter. No bills of rights appear annexed to the constitutions + of the other States, except the foregoing, and their constitutions + are equally silent. I am told, however that one or two States have + bills of rights which do not appear in this collection; but that + those also recognize the right of the legislative authority in this + respect. + + +FEDERALIST No. 25 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered) +From the New York Packet. +Friday, December 21, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT MAY perhaps be urged that the objects enumerated in the + preceding number ought to be provided for by the State governments, + under the direction of the Union. But this would be, in reality, an + inversion of the primary principle of our political association, as + it would in practice transfer the care of the common defense from + the federal head to the individual members: a project oppressive to + some States, dangerous to all, and baneful to the Confederacy. +The territories of Britain, Spain, and of the Indian nations in + our neighborhood do not border on particular States, but encircle + the Union from Maine to Georgia. The danger, though in different + degrees, is therefore common. And the means of guarding against it + ought, in like manner, to be the objects of common councils and of a + common treasury. It happens that some States, from local situation, + are more directly exposed. New York is of this class. Upon the + plan of separate provisions, New York would have to sustain the + whole weight of the establishments requisite to her immediate + safety, and to the mediate or ultimate protection of her neighbors. + This would neither be equitable as it respected New York nor safe + as it respected the other States. Various inconveniences would + attend such a system. The States, to whose lot it might fall to + support the necessary establishments, would be as little able as + willing, for a considerable time to come, to bear the burden of + competent provisions. The security of all would thus be subjected + to the parsimony, improvidence, or inability of a part. If the + resources of such part becoming more abundant and extensive, its + provisions should be proportionally enlarged, the other States would + quickly take the alarm at seeing the whole military force of the + Union in the hands of two or three of its members, and those + probably amongst the most powerful. They would each choose to have + some counterpoise, and pretenses could easily be contrived. In this + situation, military establishments, nourished by mutual jealousy, + would be apt to swell beyond their natural or proper size; and + being at the separate disposal of the members, they would be engines + for the abridgment or demolition of the national authcrity. +Reasons have been already given to induce a supposition that the + State governments will too naturally be prone to a rivalship with + that of the Union, the foundation of which will be the love of + power; and that in any contest between the federal head and one of + its members the people will be most apt to unite with their local + government. If, in addition to this immense advantage, the ambition + of the members should be stimulated by the separate and independent + possession of military forces, it would afford too strong a + temptation and too great a facility to them to make enterprises + upon, and finally to subvert, the constitutional authority of the + Union. On the other hand, the liberty of the people would be less + safe in this state of things than in that which left the national + forces in the hands of the national government. As far as an army + may be considered as a dangerous weapon of power, it had better be + in those hands of which the people are most likely to be jealous + than in those of which they are least likely to be jealous. For it + is a truth, which the experience of ages has attested, that the + people are always most in danger when the means of injuring their + rights are in the possession of those of whom they entertain the + least suspicion. +The framers of the existing Confederation, fully aware of the + danger to the Union from the separate possession of military forces + by the States, have, in express terms, prohibited them from having + either ships or troops, unless with the consent of Congress. The + truth is, that the existence of a federal government and military + establishments under State authority are not less at variance with + each other than a due supply of the federal treasury and the system + of quotas and requisitions. +There are other lights besides those already taken notice of, in + which the impropriety of restraints on the discretion of the + national legislature will be equally manifest. The design of the + objection, which has been mentioned, is to preclude standing armies + in time of peace, though we have never been informed how far it is + designed the prohibition should extend; whether to raising armies + as well as to KEEPING THEM UP in a season of tranquillity or not. + If it be confined to the latter it will have no precise + signification, and it will be ineffectual for the purpose intended. + When armies are once raised what shall be denominated ``keeping + them up,'' contrary to the sense of the Constitution? What time + shall be requisite to ascertain the violation? Shall it be a week, + a month, a year? Or shall we say they may be continued as long as + the danger which occasioned their being raised continues? This + would be to admit that they might be kept up IN TIME OF PEACE, + against threatening or impending danger, which would be at once to + deviate from the literal meaning of the prohibition, and to + introduce an extensive latitude of construction. Who shall judge of + the continuance of the danger? This must undoubtedly be submitted + to the national government, and the matter would then be brought to + this issue, that the national government, to provide against + apprehended danger, might in the first instance raise troops, and + might afterwards keep them on foot as long as they supposed the + peace or safety of the community was in any degree of jeopardy. It + is easy to perceive that a discretion so latitudinary as this would + afford ample room for eluding the force of the provision. +The supposed utility of a provision of this kind can only be + founded on the supposed probability, or at least possibility, of a + combination between the executive and the legislative, in some + scheme of usurpation. Should this at any time happen, how easy + would it be to fabricate pretenses of approaching danger! Indian + hostilities, instigated by Spain or Britain, would always be at hand. + Provocations to produce the desired appearances might even be + given to some foreign power, and appeased again by timely + concessions. If we can reasonably presume such a combination to + have been formed, and that the enterprise is warranted by a + sufficient prospect of success, the army, when once raised, from + whatever cause, or on whatever pretext, may be applied to the + execution of the project. +If, to obviate this consequence, it should be resolved to extend + the prohibition to the RAISING of armies in time of peace, the + United States would then exhibit the most extraordinary spectacle + which the world has yet seen, that of a nation incapacitated by its + Constitution to prepare for defense, before it was actually invaded. + As the ceremony of a formal denunciation of war has of late fallen + into disuse, the presence of an enemy within our territories must be + waited for, as the legal warrant to the government to begin its + levies of men for the protection of the State. We must receive the + blow, before we could even prepare to return it. All that kind of + policy by which nations anticipate distant danger, and meet the + gathering storm, must be abstained from, as contrary to the genuine + maxims of a free government. We must expose our property and + liberty to the mercy of foreign invaders, and invite them by our + weakness to seize the naked and defenseless prey, because we are + afraid that rulers, created by our choice, dependent on our will, + might endanger that liberty, by an abuse of the means necessary to + its preservation. +Here I expect we shall be told that the militia of the country + is its natural bulwark, and would be at all times equal to the + national defense. This doctrine, in substance, had like to have + lost us our independence. It cost millions to the United States + that might have been saved. The facts which, from our own + experience, forbid a reliance of this kind, are too recent to permit + us to be the dupes of such a suggestion. The steady operations of + war against a regular and disciplined army can only be successfully + conducted by a force of the same kind. Considerations of economy, + not less than of stability and vigor, confirm this position. The + American militia, in the course of the late war, have, by their + valor on numerous occasions, erected eternal monuments to their + fame; but the bravest of them feel and know that the liberty of + their country could not have been established by their efforts + alone, however great and valuable they were. War, like most other + things, is a science to be acquired and perfected by diligence, by + perserverance, by time, and by practice. +All violent policy, as it is contrary to the natural and + experienced course of human affairs, defeats itself. Pennsylvania, + at this instant, affords an example of the truth of this remark. + The Bill of Rights of that State declares that standing armies are + dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be kept up in time of peace. + Pennsylvania, nevertheless, in a time of profound peace, from the + existence of partial disorders in one or two of her counties, has + resolved to raise a body of troops; and in all probability will + keep them up as long as there is any appearance of danger to the + public peace. The conduct of Massachusetts affords a lesson on the + same subject, though on different ground. That State (without + waiting for the sanction of Congress, as the articles of the + Confederation require) was compelled to raise troops to quell a + domestic insurrection, and still keeps a corps in pay to prevent a + revival of the spirit of revolt. The particular constitution of + Massachusetts opposed no obstacle to the measure; but the instance + is still of use to instruct us that cases are likely to occur under + our government, as well as under those of other nations, which will + sometimes render a military force in time of peace essential to the + security of the society, and that it is therefore improper in this + respect to control the legislative discretion. It also teaches us, + in its application to the United States, how little the rights of a + feeble government are likely to be respected, even by its own + constituents. And it teaches us, in addition to the rest, how + unequal parchment provisions are to a struggle with public necessity +. +It was a fundamental maxim of the Lacedaemonian commonwealth, + that the post of admiral should not be conferred twice on the same + person. The Peloponnesian confederates, having suffered a severe + defeat at sea from the Athenians, demanded Lysander, who had before + served with success in that capacity, to command the combined fleets. + The Lacedaemonians, to gratify their allies, and yet preserve the + semblance of an adherence to their ancient institutions, had + recourse to the flimsy subterfuge of investing Lysander with the + real power of admiral, under the nominal title of vice-admiral. + This instance is selected from among a multitude that might be + cited to confirm the truth already advanced and illustrated by + domestic examples; which is, that nations pay little regard to + rules and maxims calculated in their very nature to run counter to + the necessities of society. Wise politicians will be cautious about + fettering the government with restrictions that cannot be observed, + because they know that every breach of the fundamental laws, though + dictated by necessity, impairs that sacred reverence which ought to + be maintained in the breast of rulers towards the constitution of a + country, and forms a precedent for other breaches where the same + plea of necessity does not exist at all, or is less urgent and + palpable. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 26 + +The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the + Common Defense Considered +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT WAS a thing hardly to be expected that in a popular + revolution the minds of men should stop at that happy mean which + marks the salutary boundary between POWER and PRIVILEGE, and + combines the energy of government with the security of private + rights. A failure in this delicate and important point is the great + source of the inconveniences we experience, and if we are not + cautious to avoid a repetition of the error, in our future attempts + to rectify and ameliorate our system, we may travel from one + chimerical project to another; we may try change after change; but + we shall never be likely to make any material change for the better. +The idea of restraining the legislative authority, in the means + of providing for the national defense, is one of those refinements + which owe their origin to a zeal for liberty more ardent than + enlightened. We have seen, however, that it has not had thus far an + extensive prevalency; that even in this country, where it made its + first appearance, Pennsylvania and North Carolina are the only two + States by which it has been in any degree patronized; and that all + the others have refused to give it the least countenance; wisely + judging that confidence must be placed somewhere; that the + necessity of doing it, is implied in the very act of delegating + power; and that it is better to hazard the abuse of that confidence + than to embarrass the government and endanger the public safety by + impolitic restrictions on the legislative authority. The opponents + of the proposed Constitution combat, in this respect, the general + decision of America; and instead of being taught by experience the + propriety of correcting any extremes into which we may have + heretofore run, they appear disposed to conduct us into others still + more dangerous, and more extravagant. As if the tone of government + had been found too high, or too rigid, the doctrines they teach are + calculated to induce us to depress or to relax it, by expedients + which, upon other occasions, have been condemned or forborne. It + may be affirmed without the imputation of invective, that if the + principles they inculcate, on various points, could so far obtain as + to become the popular creed, they would utterly unfit the people of + this country for any species of government whatever. But a danger + of this kind is not to be apprehended. The citizens of America have + too much discernment to be argued into anarchy. And I am much + mistaken, if experience has not wrought a deep and solemn conviction + in the public mind, that greater energy of government is essential + to the welfare and prosperity of the community. +It may not be amiss in this place concisely to remark the origin + and progress of the idea, which aims at the exclusion of military + establishments in time of peace. Though in speculative minds it may + arise from a contemplation of the nature and tendency of such + institutions, fortified by the events that have happened in other + ages and countries, yet as a national sentiment, it must be traced + to those habits of thinking which we derive from the nation from + whom the inhabitants of these States have in general sprung. +In England, for a long time after the Norman Conquest, the + authority of the monarch was almost unlimited. Inroads were + gradually made upon the prerogative, in favor of liberty, first by + the barons, and afterwards by the people, till the greatest part of + its most formidable pretensions became extinct. But it was not till + the revolution in 1688, which elevated the Prince of Orange to the + throne of Great Britain, that English liberty was completely + triumphant. As incident to the undefined power of making war, an + acknowledged prerogative of the crown, Charles II. had, by his own + authority, kept on foot in time of peace a body of 5,000 regular + troops. And this number James II. increased to 30,000; who were + paid out of his civil list. At the revolution, to abolish the + exercise of so dangerous an authority, it became an article of the + Bill of Rights then framed, that ``the raising or keeping a standing + army within the kingdom in time of peace, UNLESS WITH THE CONSENT OF + PARLIAMENT, was against law.'' +In that kingdom, when the pulse of liberty was at its highest + pitch, no security against the danger of standing armies was thought + requisite, beyond a prohibition of their being raised or kept up by + the mere authority of the executive magistrate. The patriots, who + effected that memorable revolution, were too temperate, too + wellinformed, to think of any restraint on the legislative + discretion. They were aware that a certain number of troops for + guards and garrisons were indispensable; that no precise bounds + could be set to the national exigencies; that a power equal to + every possible contingency must exist somewhere in the government: + and that when they referred the exercise of that power to the + judgment of the legislature, they had arrived at the ultimate point + of precaution which was reconcilable with the safety of the + community. +From the same source, the people of America may be said to have + derived an hereditary impression of danger to liberty, from standing + armies in time of peace. The circumstances of a revolution + quickened the public sensibility on every point connected with the + security of popular rights, and in some instances raise the warmth + of our zeal beyond the degree which consisted with the due + temperature of the body politic. The attempts of two of the States + to restrict the authority of the legislature in the article of + military establishments, are of the number of these instances. The + principles which had taught us to be jealous of the power of an + hereditary monarch were by an injudicious excess extended to the + representatives of the people in their popular assemblies. Even in + some of the States, where this error was not adopted, we find + unnecessary declarations that standing armies ought not to be kept + up, in time of peace, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE LEGISLATURE. I + call them unnecessary, because the reason which had introduced a + similar provision into the English Bill of Rights is not applicable + to any of the State constitutions. The power of raising armies at + all, under those constitutions, can by no construction be deemed to + reside anywhere else, than in the legislatures themselves; and it + was superfluous, if not absurd, to declare that a matter should not + be done without the consent of a body, which alone had the power of + doing it. Accordingly, in some of these constitutions, and among + others, in that of this State of New York, which has been justly + celebrated, both in Europe and America, as one of the best of the + forms of government established in this country, there is a total + silence upon the subject. +It is remarkable, that even in the two States which seem to have + meditated an interdiction of military establishments in time of + peace, the mode of expression made use of is rather cautionary than + prohibitory. It is not said, that standing armies SHALL NOT BE kept + up, but that they OUGHT NOT to be kept up, in time of peace. This + ambiguity of terms appears to have been the result of a conflict + between jealousy and conviction; between the desire of excluding + such establishments at all events, and the persuasion that an + absolute exclusion would be unwise and unsafe. +Can it be doubted that such a provision, whenever the situation + of public affairs was understood to require a departure from it, + would be interpreted by the legislature into a mere admonition, and + would be made to yield to the necessities or supposed necessities of + the State? Let the fact already mentioned, with respect to + Pennsylvania, decide. What then (it may be asked) is the use of + such a provision, if it cease to operate the moment there is an + inclination to disregard it? +Let us examine whether there be any comparison, in point of + efficacy, between the provision alluded to and that which is + contained in the new Constitution, for restraining the + appropriations of money for military purposes to the period of two + years. The former, by aiming at too much, is calculated to effect + nothing; the latter, by steering clear of an imprudent extreme, and + by being perfectly compatible with a proper provision for the + exigencies of the nation, will have a salutary and powerful + operation. +The legislature of the United States will be OBLIGED, by this + provision, once at least in every two years, to deliberate upon the + propriety of keeping a military force on foot; to come to a new + resolution on the point; and to declare their sense of the matter, + by a formal vote in the face of their constituents. They are not AT + LIBERTY to vest in the executive department permanent funds for the + support of an army, if they were even incautious enough to be + willing to repose in it so improper a confidence. As the spirit of + party, in different degrees, must be expected to infect all + political bodies, there will be, no doubt, persons in the national + legislature willing enough to arraign the measures and criminate the + views of the majority. The provision for the support of a military + force will always be a favorable topic for declamation. As often as + the question comes forward, the public attention will be roused and + attracted to the subject, by the party in opposition; and if the + majority should be really disposed to exceed the proper limits, the + community will be warned of the danger, and will have an opportunity + of taking measures to guard against it. Independent of parties in + the national legislature itself, as often as the period of + discussion arrived, the State legislatures, who will always be not + only vigilant but suspicious and jealous guardians of the rights of + the citizens against encroachments from the federal government, will + constantly have their attention awake to the conduct of the national + rulers, and will be ready enough, if any thing improper appears, to + sound the alarm to the people, and not only to be the VOICE, but, if + necessary, the ARM of their discontent. +Schemes to subvert the liberties of a great community REQUIRE + TIME to mature them for execution. An army, so large as seriously + to menace those liberties, could only be formed by progressive + augmentations; which would suppose, not merely a temporary + combination between the legislature and executive, but a continued + conspiracy for a series of time. Is it probable that such a + combination would exist at all? Is it probable that it would be + persevered in, and transmitted along through all the successive + variations in a representative body, which biennial elections would + naturally produce in both houses? Is it presumable, that every man, + the instant he took his seat in the national Senate or House of + Representatives, would commence a traitor to his constituents and to + his country? Can it be supposed that there would not be found one + man, discerning enough to detect so atrocious a conspiracy, or bold + or honest enough to apprise his constituents of their danger? If + such presumptions can fairly be made, there ought at once to be an + end of all delegated authority. The people should resolve to recall + all the powers they have heretofore parted with out of their own + hands, and to divide themselves into as many States as there are + counties, in order that they may be able to manage their own + concerns in person. +If such suppositions could even be reasonably made, still the + concealment of the design, for any duration, would be impracticable. + It would be announced, by the very circumstance of augmenting the + army to so great an extent in time of profound peace. What + colorable reason could be assigned, in a country so situated, for + such vast augmentations of the military force? It is impossible + that the people could be long deceived; and the destruction of the + project, and of the projectors, would quickly follow the discovery. +It has been said that the provision which limits the + appropriation of money for the support of an army to the period of + two years would be unavailing, because the Executive, when once + possessed of a force large enough to awe the people into submission, + would find resources in that very force sufficient to enable him to + dispense with supplies from the acts of the legislature. But the + question again recurs, upon what pretense could he be put in + possession of a force of that magnitude in time of peace? If we + suppose it to have been created in consequence of some domestic + insurrection or foreign war, then it becomes a case not within the + principles of the objection; for this is levelled against the power + of keeping up troops in time of peace. Few persons will be so + visionary as seriously to contend that military forces ought not to + be raised to quell a rebellion or resist an invasion; and if the + defense of the community under such circumstances should make it + necessary to have an army so numerous as to hazard its liberty, this + is one of those calamaties for which there is neither preventative + nor cure. It cannot be provided against by any possible form of + government; it might even result from a simple league offensive and + defensive, if it should ever be necessary for the confederates or + allies to form an army for common defense. +But it is an evil infinitely less likely to attend us in a + united than in a disunited state; nay, it may be safely asserted + that it is an evil altogether unlikely to attend us in the latter + situation. It is not easy to conceive a possibility that dangers so + formidable can assail the whole Union, as to demand a force + considerable enough to place our liberties in the least jeopardy, + especially if we take into our view the aid to be derived from the + militia, which ought always to be counted upon as a valuable and + powerful auxiliary. But in a state of disunion (as has been fully + shown in another place), the contrary of this supposition would + become not only probable, but almost unavoidable. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 27 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to + the Common Defense Considered) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, December 25, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT HAS been urged, in different shapes, that a Constitution of + the kind proposed by the convention cannot operate without the aid + of a military force to execute its laws. This, however, like most + other things that have been alleged on that side, rests on mere + general assertion, unsupported by any precise or intelligible + designation of the reasons upon which it is founded. As far as I + have been able to divine the latent meaning of the objectors, it + seems to originate in a presupposition that the people will be + disinclined to the exercise of federal authority in any matter of an + internal nature. Waiving any exception that might be taken to the + inaccuracy or inexplicitness of the distinction between internal and + external, let us inquire what ground there is to presuppose that + disinclination in the people. Unless we presume at the same time + that the powers of the general government will be worse administered + than those of the State government, there seems to be no room for + the presumption of ill-will, disaffection, or opposition in the + people. I believe it may be laid down as a general rule that their + confidence in and obedience to a government will commonly be + proportioned to the goodness or badness of its administration. It + must be admitted that there are exceptions to this rule; but these + exceptions depend so entirely on accidental causes, that they cannot + be considered as having any relation to the intrinsic merits or + demerits of a constitution. These can only be judged of by general + principles and maxims. +Various reasons have been suggested, in the course of these + papers, to induce a probability that the general government will be + better administered than the particular governments; the principal + of which reasons are that the extension of the spheres of election + will present a greater option, or latitude of choice, to the people; + that through the medium of the State legislatures which are select + bodies of men, and which are to appoint the members of the national + Senate there is reason to expect that this branch will generally be + composed with peculiar care and judgment; that these circumstances + promise greater knowledge and more extensive information in the + national councils, and that they will be less apt to be tainted by + the spirit of faction, and more out of the reach of those occasional + ill-humors, or temporary prejudices and propensities, which, in + smaller societies, frequently contaminate the public councils, beget + injustice and oppression of a part of the community, and engender + schemes which, though they gratify a momentary inclination or + desire, terminate in general distress, dissatisfaction, and disgust. + Several additional reasons of considerable force, to fortify that + probability, will occur when we come to survey, with a more critical + eye, the interior structure of the edifice which we are invited to + erect. It will be sufficient here to remark, that until + satisfactory reasons can be assigned to justify an opinion, that the + federal government is likely to be administered in such a manner as + to render it odious or contemptible to the people, there can be no + reasonable foundation for the supposition that the laws of the Union + will meet with any greater obstruction from them, or will stand in + need of any other methods to enforce their execution, than the laws + of the particular members. +The hope of impunity is a strong incitement to sedition; the + dread of punishment, a proportionably strong discouragement to it. + Will not the government of the Union, which, if possessed of a due + degree of power, can call to its aid the collective resources of the + whole Confederacy, be more likely to repress the FORMER sentiment + and to inspire the LATTER, than that of a single State, which can + only command the resources within itself? A turbulent faction in a + State may easily suppose itself able to contend with the friends to + the government in that State; but it can hardly be so infatuated as + to imagine itself a match for the combined efforts of the Union. If + this reflection be just, there is less danger of resistance from + irregular combinations of individuals to the authority of the + Confederacy than to that of a single member. +I will, in this place, hazard an observation, which will not be + the less just because to some it may appear new; which is, that the + more the operations of the national authority are intermingled in + the ordinary exercise of government, the more the citizens are + accustomed to meet with it in the common occurrences of their + political life, the more it is familiarized to their sight and to + their feelings, the further it enters into those objects which touch + the most sensible chords and put in motion the most active springs + of the human heart, the greater will be the probability that it will + conciliate the respect and attachment of the community. Man is very + much a creature of habit. A thing that rarely strikes his senses + will generally have but little influence upon his mind. A + government continually at a distance and out of sight can hardly be + expected to interest the sensations of the people. The inference + is, that the authority of the Union, and the affections of the + citizens towards it, will be strengthened, rather than weakened, by + its extension to what are called matters of internal concern; and + will have less occasion to recur to force, in proportion to the + familiarity and comprehensiveness of its agency. The more it + circulates through those channls and currents in which the passions + of mankind naturally flow, the less will it require the aid of the + violent and perilous expedients of compulsion. +One thing, at all events, must be evident, that a government + like the one proposed would bid much fairer to avoid the necessity + of using force, than that species of league contend for by most of + its opponents; the authority of which should only operate upon the + States in their political or collective capacities. It has been + shown that in such a Confederacy there can be no sanction for the + laws but force; that frequent delinquencies in the members are the + natural offspring of the very frame of the government; and that as + often as these happen, they can only be redressed, if at all, by war + and violence. +The plan reported by the convention, by extending the authority + of the federal head to the individual citizens of the several + States, will enable the government to employ the ordinary magistracy + of each, in the execution of its laws. It is easy to perceive that + this will tend to destroy, in the common apprehension, all + distinction between the sources from which they might proceed; and + will give the federal government the same advantage for securing a + due obedience to its authority which is enjoyed by the government of + each State, in addition to the influence on public opinion which + will result from the important consideration of its having power to + call to its assistance and support the resources of the whole Union. + It merits particular attention in this place, that the laws of the + Confederacy, as to the ENUMERATED and LEGITIMATE objects of its + jurisdiction, will become the SUPREME LAW of the land; to the + observance of which all officers, legislative, executive, and + judicial, in each State, will be bound by the sanctity of an oath. + Thus the legislatures, courts, and magistrates, of the respective + members, will be incorporated into the operations of the national + government AS FAR AS ITS JUST AND CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY EXTENDS; + and will be rendered auxiliary to the enforcement of its laws.%n1%n + Any man who will pursue, by his own reflections, the consequences + of this situation, will perceive that there is good ground to + calculate upon a regular and peaceable execution of the laws of the + Union, if its powers are administered with a common share of + prudence. If we will arbitrarily suppose the contrary, we may + deduce any inferences we please from the supposition; for it is + certainly possible, by an injudicious exercise of the authorities of + the best government that ever was, or ever can be instituted, to + provoke and precipitate the people into the wildest excesses. But + though the adversaries of the proposed Constitution should presume + that the national rulers would be insensible to the motives of + public good, or to the obligations of duty, I would still ask them + how the interests of ambition, or the views of encroachment, can be + promoted by such a conduct? +PUBLIUS. +FNA1@@1 The sophistry which has been employed to show that this will + tend to the destruction of the State governments, will, in its will, + in its proper place, be fully detected. + + +FEDERALIST No. 28 + +The Same Subject Continued +(The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to + the Common Defense Considered) +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THAT there may happen cases in which the national government may + be necessitated to resort to force, cannot be denied. Our own + experience has corroborated the lessons taught by the examples of + other nations; that emergencies of this sort will sometimes arise + in all societies, however constituted; that seditions and + insurrections are, unhappily, maladies as inseparable from the body + politic as tumors and eruptions from the natural body; that the + idea of governing at all times by the simple force of law (which we + have been told is the only admissible principle of republican + government), has no place but in the reveries of those political + doctors whose sagacity disdains the admonitions of experimental + instruction. +Should such emergencies at any time happen under the national + government, there could be no remedy but force. The means to be + employed must be proportioned to the extent of the mischief. If it + should be a slight commotion in a small part of a State, the militia + of the residue would be adequate to its suppression; and the + national presumption is that they would be ready to do their duty. + An insurrection, whatever may be its immediate cause, eventually + endangers all government. Regard to the public peace, if not to the + rights of the Union, would engage the citizens to whom the contagion + had not communicated itself to oppose the insurgents; and if the + general government should be found in practice conducive to the + prosperity and felicity of the people, it were irrational to believe + that they would be disinclined to its support. +If, on the contrary, the insurrection should pervade a whole + State, or a principal part of it, the employment of a different kind + of force might become unavoidable. It appears that Massachusetts + found it necessary to raise troops for repressing the disorders + within that State; that Pennsylvania, from the mere apprehension of + commotions among a part of her citizens, has thought proper to have + recourse to the same measure. Suppose the State of New York had + been inclined to re-establish her lost jurisdiction over the + inhabitants of Vermont, could she have hoped for success in such an + enterprise from the efforts of the militia alone? Would she not + have been compelled to raise and to maintain a more regular force + for the execution of her design? If it must then be admitted that + the necessity of recurring to a force different from the militia, in + cases of this extraordinary nature, is applicable to the State + governments themselves, why should the possibility, that the + national government might be under a like necessity, in similar + extremities, be made an objection to its existence? Is it not + surprising that men who declare an attachment to the Union in the + abstract, should urge as an objection to the proposed Constitution + what applies with tenfold weight to the plan for which they contend; + and what, as far as it has any foundation in truth, is an + inevitable consequence of civil society upon an enlarged scale? Who + would not prefer that possibility to the unceasing agitations and + frequent revolutions which are the continual scourges of petty + republics? +Let us pursue this examination in another light. Suppose, in + lieu of one general system, two, or three, or even four + Confederacies were to be formed, would not the same difficulty + oppose itself to the operations of either of these Confederacies? + Would not each of them be exposed to the same casualties; and when + these happened, be obliged to have recourse to the same expedients + for upholding its authority which are objected to in a government + for all the States? Would the militia, in this supposition, be more + ready or more able to support the federal authority than in the case + of a general union? All candid and intelligent men must, upon due + consideration, acknowledge that the principle of the objection is + equally applicable to either of the two cases; and that whether we + have one government for all the States, or different governments for + different parcels of them, or even if there should be an entire + separation of the States, there might sometimes be a necessity to + make use of a force constituted differently from the militia, to + preserve the peace of the community and to maintain the just + authority of the laws against those violent invasions of them which + amount to insurrections and rebellions. +Independent of all other reasonings upon the subject, it is a + full answer to those who require a more peremptory provision against + military establishments in time of peace, to say that the whole + power of the proposed government is to be in the hands of the + representatives of the people. This is the essential, and, after + all, only efficacious security for the rights and privileges of the + people, which is attainable in civil society.%n1%n +If the representatives of the people betray their constituents, + there is then no resource left but in the exertion of that original + right of self-defense which is paramount to all positive forms of + government, and which against the usurpations of the national + rulers, may be exerted with infinitely better prospect of success + than against those of the rulers of an individual state. In a + single state, if the persons intrusted with supreme power become + usurpers, the different parcels, subdivisions, or districts of which + it consists, having no distinct government in each, can take no + regular measures for defense. The citizens must rush tumultuously + to arms, without concert, without system, without resource; except + in their courage and despair. The usurpers, clothed with the forms + of legal authority, can too often crush the opposition in embryo. + The smaller the extent of the territory, the more difficult will it + be for the people to form a regular or systematic plan of + opposition, and the more easy will it be to defeat their early + efforts. Intelligence can be more speedily obtained of their + preparations and movements, and the military force in the possession + of the usurpers can be more rapidly directed against the part where + the opposition has begun. In this situation there must be a + peculiar coincidence of circumstances to insure success to the + popular resistance. +The obstacles to usurpation and the facilities of resistance + increase with the increased extent of the state, provided the + citizens understand their rights and are disposed to defend them. + The natural strength of the people in a large community, in + proportion to the artificial strength of the government, is greater + than in a small, and of course more competent to a struggle with the + attempts of the government to establish a tyranny. But in a + confederacy the people, without exaggeration, may be said to be + entirely the masters of their own fate. Power being almost always + the rival of power, the general government will at all times stand + ready to check the usurpations of the state governments, and these + will have the same disposition towards the general government. The + people, by throwing themselves into either scale, will infallibly + make it preponderate. If their rights are invaded by either, they + can make use of the other as the instrument of redress. How wise + will it be in them by cherishing the union to preserve to themselves + an advantage which can never be too highly prized! +It may safely be received as an axiom in our political system, + that the State governments will, in all possible contingencies, + afford complete security against invasions of the public liberty by + the national authority. Projects of usurpation cannot be masked + under pretenses so likely to escape the penetration of select bodies + of men, as of the people at large. The legislatures will have + better means of information. They can discover the danger at a + distance; and possessing all the organs of civil power, and the + confidence of the people, they can at once adopt a regular plan of + opposition, in which they can combine all the resources of the + community. They can readily communicate with each other in the + different States, and unite their common forces for the protection + of their common liberty. +The great extent of the country is a further security. We have + already experienced its utility against the attacks of a foreign + power. And it would have precisely the same effect against the + enterprises of ambitious rulers in the national councils. If the + federal army should be able to quell the resistance of one State, + the distant States would have it in their power to make head with + fresh forces. The advantages obtained in one place must be + abandoned to subdue the opposition in others; and the moment the + part which had been reduced to submission was left to itself, its + efforts would be renewed, and its resistance revive. +We should recollect that the extent of the military force must, + at all events, be regulated by the resources of the country. For a + long time to come, it will not be possible to maintain a large army; + and as the means of doing this increase, the population and natural + strength of the community will proportionably increase. When will + the time arrive that the federal government can raise and maintain + an army capable of erecting a despotism over the great body of the + people of an immense empire, who are in a situation, through the + medium of their State governments, to take measures for their own + defense, with all the celerity, regularity, and system of + independent nations? The apprehension may be considered as a + disease, for which there can be found no cure in the resources of + argument and reasoning. +PUBLIUS. +FNA1@@1 Its full efficacy will be examined hereafter. + + +FEDERALIST No. 29 + +Concerning the Militia +From the Daily Advertiser. +Thursday, January 10, 1788 + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE power of regulating the militia, and of commanding its + services in times of insurrection and invasion are natural incidents + to the duties of superintending the common defense, and of watching + over the internal peace of the Confederacy. +It requires no skill in the science of war to discern that + uniformity in the organization and discipline of the militia would + be attended with the most beneficial effects, whenever they were + called into service for the public defense. It would enable them to + discharge the duties of the camp and of the field with mutual + intelligence and concert an advantage of peculiar moment in the + operations of an army; and it would fit them much sooner to acquire + the degree of proficiency in military functions which would be + essential to their usefulness. This desirable uniformity can only + be accomplished by confiding the regulation of the militia to the + direction of the national authority. It is, therefore, with the + most evident propriety, that the plan of the convention proposes to + empower the Union ``to provide for organizing, arming, and + disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may + be employed in the service of the United States, RESERVING TO THE + STATES RESPECTIVELY THE APPOINTMENT OF THE OFFICERS, AND THE + AUTHORITY OF TRAINING THE MILITIA ACCORDING TO THE DISCIPLINE + PRESCRIBED BY CONGRESS.'' +Of the different grounds which have been taken in opposition to + the plan of the convention, there is none that was so little to have + been expected, or is so untenable in itself, as the one from which + this particular provision has been attacked. If a well-regulated + militia be the most natural defense of a free country, it ought + certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that + body which is constituted the guardian of the national security. If + standing armies are dangerous to liberty, an efficacious power over + the militia, in the body to whose care the protection of the State + is committed, ought, as far as possible, to take away the inducement + and the pretext to such unfriendly institutions. If the federal + government can command the aid of the militia in those emergencies + which call for the military arm in support of the civil magistrate, + it can the better dispense with the employment of a different kind + of force. If it cannot avail itself of the former, it will be + obliged to recur to the latter. To render an army unnecessary, will + be a more certain method of preventing its existence than a thousand + prohibitions upon paper. +In order to cast an odium upon the power of calling forth the + militia to execute the laws of the Union, it has been remarked that + there is nowhere any provision in the proposed Constitution for + calling out the POSSE COMITATUS, to assist the magistrate in the + execution of his duty, whence it has been inferred, that military + force was intended to be his only auxiliary. There is a striking + incoherence in the objections which have appeared, and sometimes + even from the same quarter, not much calculated to inspire a very + favorable opinion of the sincerity or fair dealing of their authors. + The same persons who tell us in one breath, that the powers of the + federal government will be despotic and unlimited, inform us in the + next, that it has not authority sufficient even to call out the + POSSE COMITATUS. The latter, fortunately, is as much short of the + truth as the former exceeds it. It would be as absurd to doubt, + that a right to pass all laws NECESSARY AND PROPER to execute its + declared powers, would include that of requiring the assistance of + the citizens to the officers who may be intrusted with the execution + of those laws, as it would be to believe, that a right to enact laws + necessary and proper for the imposition and collection of taxes + would involve that of varying the rules of descent and of the + alienation of landed property, or of abolishing the trial by jury in + cases relating to it. It being therefore evident that the + supposition of a want of power to require the aid of the POSSE + COMITATUS is entirely destitute of color, it will follow, that the + conclusion which has been drawn from it, in its application to the + authority of the federal government over the militia, is as uncandid + as it is illogical. What reason could there be to infer, that force + was intended to be the sole instrument of authority, merely because + there is a power to make use of it when necessary? What shall we + think of the motives which could induce men of sense to reason in + this manner? How shall we prevent a conflict between charity and + judgment? +By a curious refinement upon the spirit of republican jealousy, + we are even taught to apprehend danger from the militia itself, in + the hands of the federal government. It is observed that select + corps may be formed, composed of the young and ardent, who may be + rendered subservient to the views of arbitrary power. What plan for + the regulation of the militia may be pursued by the national + government, is impossible to be foreseen. But so far from viewing + the matter in the same light with those who object to select corps + as dangerous, were the Constitution ratified, and were I to deliver + my sentiments to a member of the federal legislature from this State + on the subject of a militia establishment, I should hold to him, in + substance, the following discourse: +``The project of disciplining all the militia of the United + States is as futile as it would be injurious, if it were capable of + being carried into execution. A tolerable expertness in military + movements is a business that requires time and practice. It is not + a day, or even a week, that will suffice for the attainment of it. + To oblige the great body of the yeomanry, and of the other classes + of the citizens, to be under arms for the purpose of going through + military exercises and evolutions, as often as might be necessary to + acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the + character of a well-regulated militia, would be a real grievance to + the people, and a serious public inconvenience and loss. It would + form an annual deduction from the productive labor of the country, + to an amount which, calculating upon the present numbers of the + people, would not fall far short of the whole expense of the civil + establishments of all the States. To attempt a thing which would + abridge the mass of labor and industry to so considerable an extent, + would be unwise: and the experiment, if made, could not succeed, + because it would not long be endured. Little more can reasonably be + aimed at, with respect to the people at large, than to have them + properly armed and equipped; and in order to see that this be not + neglected, it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in + the course of a year. +``But though the scheme of disciplining the whole nation must be + abandoned as mischievous or impracticable; yet it is a matter of + the utmost importance that a well-digested plan should, as soon as + possible, be adopted for the proper establishment of the militia. + The attention of the government ought particularly to be directed + to the formation of a select corps of moderate extent, upon such + principles as will really fit them for service in case of need. By + thus circumscribing the plan, it will be possible to have an + excellent body of well-trained militia, ready to take the field + whenever the defense of the State shall require it. This will not + only lessen the call for military establishments, but if + circumstances should at any time oblige the government to form an + army of any magnitude that army can never be formidable to the + liberties of the people while there is a large body of citizens, + little, if at all, inferior to them in discipline and the use of + arms, who stand ready to defend their own rights and those of their + fellow-citizens. This appears to me the only substitute that can be + devised for a standing army, and the best possible security against + it, if it should exist.'' +Thus differently from the adversaries of the proposed + Constitution should I reason on the same subject, deducing arguments + of safety from the very sources which they represent as fraught with + danger and perdition. But how the national legislature may reason + on the point, is a thing which neither they nor I can foresee. +There is something so far-fetched and so extravagant in the idea + of danger to liberty from the militia, that one is at a loss whether + to treat it with gravity or with raillery; whether to consider it + as a mere trial of skill, like the paradoxes of rhetoricians; as a + disingenuous artifice to instil prejudices at any price; or as the + serious offspring of political fanaticism. Where in the name of + common-sense, are our fears to end if we may not trust our sons, our + brothers, our neighbors, our fellow-citizens? What shadow of danger + can there be from men who are daily mingling with the rest of their + countrymen and who participate with them in the same feelings, + sentiments, habits and interests? What reasonable cause of + apprehension can be inferred from a power in the Union to prescribe + regulations for the militia, and to command its services when + necessary, while the particular States are to have the SOLE AND + EXCLUSIVE APPOINTMENT OF THE OFFICERS? If it were possible + seriously to indulge a jealousy of the militia upon any conceivable + establishment under the federal government, the circumstance of the + officers being in the appointment of the States ought at once to + extinguish it. There can be no doubt that this circumstance will + always secure to them a preponderating influence over the militia. +In reading many of the publications against the Constitution, a + man is apt to imagine that he is perusing some ill-written tale or + romance, which instead of natural and agreeable images, exhibits to + the mind nothing but frightful and distorted shapes ``Gorgons, hydras, + and chimeras dire''; discoloring and disfiguring whatever it represents, + and transforming everything it touches into a monster. +A sample of this is to be observed in the exaggerated and + improbable suggestions which have taken place respecting the power + of calling for the services of the militia. That of New Hampshire + is to be marched to Georgia, of Georgia to New Hampshire, of New + York to Kentucky, and of Kentucky to Lake Champlain. Nay, the debts + due to the French and Dutch are to be paid in militiamen instead of + louis d'ors and ducats. At one moment there is to be a large army + to lay prostrate the liberties of the people; at another moment the + militia of Virginia are to be dragged from their homes five or six + hundred miles, to tame the republican contumacy of Massachusetts; + and that of Massachusetts is to be transported an equal distance to + subdue the refractory haughtiness of the aristocratic Virginians. + Do the persons who rave at this rate imagine that their art or + their eloquence can impose any conceits or absurdities upon the + people of America for infallible truths? +If there should be an army to be made use of as the engine of + despotism, what need of the militia? If there should be no army, + whither would the militia, irritated by being called upon to + undertake a distant and hopeless expedition, for the purpose of + riveting the chains of slavery upon a part of their countrymen, + direct their course, but to the seat of the tyrants, who had + meditated so foolish as well as so wicked a project, to crush them + in their imagined intrenchments of power, and to make them an + example of the just vengeance of an abused and incensed people? Is + this the way in which usurpers stride to dominion over a numerous + and enlightened nation? Do they begin by exciting the detestation + of the very instruments of their intended usurpations? Do they + usually commence their career by wanton and disgustful acts of + power, calculated to answer no end, but to draw upon themselves + universal hatred and execration? Are suppositions of this sort the + sober admonitions of discerning patriots to a discerning people? Or + are they the inflammatory ravings of incendiaries or distempered + enthusiasts? If we were even to suppose the national rulers + actuated by the most ungovernable ambition, it is impossible to + believe that they would employ such preposterous means to accomplish + their designs. +In times of insurrection, or invasion, it would be natural and + proper that the militia of a neighboring State should be marched + into another, to resist a common enemy, or to guard the republic + against the violence of faction or sedition. This was frequently + the case, in respect to the first object, in the course of the late + war; and this mutual succor is, indeed, a principal end of our + political association. If the power of affording it be placed under + the direction of the Union, there will be no danger of a supine and + listless inattention to the dangers of a neighbor, till its near + approach had superadded the incitements of selfpreservation to the + too feeble impulses of duty and sympathy. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 30 + +Concerning the General Power of Taxation +From the New York Packet. +Friday, December 28, 1787. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT HAS been already observed that the federal government ought + to possess the power of providing for the support of the national + forces; in which proposition was intended to be included the + expense of raising troops, of building and equipping fleets, and all + other expenses in any wise connected with military arrangements and + operations. But these are not the only objects to which the + jurisdiction of the Union, in respect to revenue, must necessarily + be empowered to extend. It must embrace a provision for the support + of the national civil list; for the payment of the national debts + contracted, or that may be contracted; and, in general, for all + those matters which will call for disbursements out of the national + treasury. The conclusion is, that there must be interwoven, in the + frame of the government, a general power of taxation, in one shape + or another. +Money is, with propriety, considered as the vital principle of + the body politic; as that which sustains its life and motion, and + enables it to perform its most essential functions. A complete + power, therefore, to procure a regular and adequate supply of it, as + far as the resources of the community will permit, may be regarded + as an indispensable ingredient in every constitution. From a + deficiency in this particular, one of two evils must ensue; either + the people must be subjected to continual plunder, as a substitute + for a more eligible mode of supplying the public wants, or the + government must sink into a fatal atrophy, and, in a short course of + time, perish. +In the Ottoman or Turkish empire, the sovereign, though in other + respects absolute master of the lives and fortunes of his subjects, + has no right to impose a new tax. The consequence is that he + permits the bashaws or governors of provinces to pillage the people + without mercy; and, in turn, squeezes out of them the sums of which + he stands in need, to satisfy his own exigencies and those of the + state. In America, from a like cause, the government of the Union + has gradually dwindled into a state of decay, approaching nearly to + annihilation. Who can doubt, that the happiness of the people in + both countries would be promoted by competent authorities in the + proper hands, to provide the revenues which the necessities of the + public might require? +The present Confederation, feeble as it is intended to repose in + the United States, an unlimited power of providing for the pecuniary + wants of the Union. But proceeding upon an erroneous principle, it + has been done in such a manner as entirely to have frustrated the + intention. Congress, by the articles which compose that compact (as + has already been stated), are authorized to ascertain and call for + any sums of money necessary, in their judgment, to the service of + the United States; and their requisitions, if conformable to the + rule of apportionment, are in every constitutional sense obligatory + upon the States. These have no right to question the propriety of + the demand; no discretion beyond that of devising the ways and + means of furnishing the sums demanded. But though this be strictly + and truly the case; though the assumption of such a right would be + an infringement of the articles of Union; though it may seldom or + never have been avowedly claimed, yet in practice it has been + constantly exercised, and would continue to be so, as long as the + revenues of the Confederacy should remain dependent on the + intermediate agency of its members. What the consequences of this + system have been, is within the knowledge of every man the least + conversant in our public affairs, and has been amply unfolded in + different parts of these inquiries. It is this which has chiefly + contributed to reduce us to a situation, which affords ample cause + both of mortification to ourselves, and of triumph to our enemies. +What remedy can there be for this situation, but in a change of + the system which has produced it in a change of the fallacious and + delusive system of quotas and requisitions? What substitute can + there be imagined for this ignis fatuus in finance, but that of + permitting the national government to raise its own revenues by the + ordinary methods of taxation authorized in every well-ordered + constitution of civil government? Ingenious men may declaim with + plausibility on any subject; but no human ingenuity can point out + any other expedient to rescue us from the inconveniences and + embarrassments naturally resulting from defective supplies of the + public treasury. +The more intelligent adversaries of the new Constitution admit + the force of this reasoning; but they qualify their admission by a + distinction between what they call INTERNAL and EXTERNAL taxation. + The former they would reserve to the State governments; the + latter, which they explain into commercial imposts, or rather duties + on imported articles, they declare themselves willing to concede to + the federal head. This distinction, however, would violate the + maxim of good sense and sound policy, which dictates that every + POWER ought to be in proportion to its OBJECT; and would still + leave the general government in a kind of tutelage to the State + governments, inconsistent with every idea of vigor or efficiency. + Who can pretend that commercial imposts are, or would be, alone + equal to the present and future exigencies of the Union? Taking + into the account the existing debt, foreign and domestic, upon any + plan of extinguishment which a man moderately impressed with the + importance of public justice and public credit could approve, in + addition to the establishments which all parties will acknowledge to + be necessary, we could not reasonably flatter ourselves, that this + resource alone, upon the most improved scale, would even suffice for + its present necessities. Its future necessities admit not of + calculation or limitation; and upon the principle, more than once + adverted to, the power of making provision for them as they arise + ought to be equally unconfined. I believe it may be regarded as a + position warranted by the history of mankind, that, IN THE USUAL + PROGRESS OF THINGS, THE NECESSITIES OF A NATION, IN EVERY STAGE OF + ITS EXISTENCE, WILL BE FOUND AT LEAST EQUAL TO ITS RESOURCES. +To say that deficiencies may be provided for by requisitions + upon the States, is on the one hand to acknowledge that this system + cannot be depended upon, and on the other hand to depend upon it for + every thing beyond a certain limit. Those who have carefully + attended to its vices and deformities as they have been exhibited by + experience or delineated in the course of these papers, must feel + invincible repugnancy to trusting the national interests in any + degree to its operation. Its inevitable tendency, whenever it is + brought into activity, must be to enfeeble the Union, and sow the + seeds of discord and contention between the federal head and its + members, and between the members themselves. Can it be expected + that the deficiencies would be better supplied in this mode than the + total wants of the Union have heretofore been supplied in the same + mode? It ought to be recollected that if less will be required from + the States, they will have proportionably less means to answer the + demand. If the opinions of those who contend for the distinction + which has been mentioned were to be received as evidence of truth, + one would be led to conclude that there was some known point in the + economy of national affairs at which it would be safe to stop and to + say: Thus far the ends of public happiness will be promoted by + supplying the wants of government, and all beyond this is unworthy + of our care or anxiety. How is it possible that a government half + supplied and always necessitous, can fulfill the purposes of its + institution, can provide for the security, advance the prosperity, + or support the reputation of the commonwealth? How can it ever + possess either energy or stability, dignity or credit, confidence at + home or respectability abroad? How can its administration be any + thing else than a succession of expedients temporizing, impotent, + disgraceful? How will it be able to avoid a frequent sacrifice of + its engagements to immediate necessity? How can it undertake or + execute any liberal or enlarged plans of public good? +Let us attend to what would be the effects of this situation in + the very first war in which we should happen to be engaged. We will + presume, for argument's sake, that the revenue arising from the + impost duties answers the purposes of a provision for the public + debt and of a peace establishment for the Union. Thus + circumstanced, a war breaks out. What would be the probable conduct + of the government in such an emergency? Taught by experience that + proper dependence could not be placed on the success of + requisitions, unable by its own authority to lay hold of fresh + resources, and urged by considerations of national danger, would it + not be driven to the expedient of diverting the funds already + appropriated from their proper objects to the defense of the State? + It is not easy to see how a step of this kind could be avoided; + and if it should be taken, it is evident that it would prove the + destruction of public credit at the very moment that it was becoming + essential to the public safety. To imagine that at such a crisis + credit might be dispensed with, would be the extreme of infatuation. + In the modern system of war, nations the most wealthy are obliged + to have recourse to large loans. A country so little opulent as + ours must feel this necessity in a much stronger degree. But who + would lend to a government that prefaced its overtures for borrowing + by an act which demonstrated that no reliance could be placed on the + steadiness of its measures for paying? The loans it might be able + to procure would be as limited in their extent as burdensome in + their conditions. They would be made upon the same principles that + usurers commonly lend to bankrupt and fraudulent debtors, with a + sparing hand and at enormous premiums. +It may perhaps be imagined that, from the scantiness of the + resources of the country, the necessity of diverting the established + funds in the case supposed would exist, though the national + government should possess an unrestrained power of taxation. But + two considerations will serve to quiet all apprehension on this + head: one is, that we are sure the resources of the community, in + their full extent, will be brought into activity for the benefit of + the Union; the other is, that whatever deficiences there may be, + can without difficulty be supplied by loans. +The power of creating new funds upon new objects of taxation, by + its own authority, would enable the national government to borrow as + far as its necessities might require. Foreigners, as well as the + citizens of America, could then reasonably repose confidence in its + engagements; but to depend upon a government that must itself + depend upon thirteen other governments for the means of fulfilling + its contracts, when once its situation is clearly understood, would + require a degree of credulity not often to be met with in the + pecuniary transactions of mankind, and little reconcilable with the + usual sharp-sightedness of avarice. +Reflections of this kind may have trifling weight with men who + hope to see realized in America the halcyon scenes of the poetic or + fabulous age; but to those who believe we are likely to experience + a common portion of the vicissitudes and calamities which have + fallen to the lot of other nations, they must appear entitled to + serious attention. Such men must behold the actual situation of + their country with painful solicitude, and deprecate the evils which + ambition or revenge might, with too much facility, inflict upon it. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 31 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the General Power of Taxation) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, January 1, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IN DISQUISITIONS of every kind, there are certain primary + truths, or first principles, upon which all subsequent reasonings + must depend. These contain an internal evidence which, antecedent + to all reflection or combination, commands the assent of the mind. + Where it produces not this effect, it must proceed either from some + defect or disorder in the organs of perception, or from the + influence of some strong interest, or passion, or prejudice. Of + this nature are the maxims in geometry, that ``the whole is greater + than its part; things equal to the same are equal to one another; + two straight lines cannot enclose a space; and all right angles + are equal to each other.'' Of the same nature are these other + maxims in ethics and politics, that there cannot be an effect + without a cause; that the means ought to be proportioned to the + end; that every power ought to be commensurate with its object; + that there ought to be no limitation of a power destined to effect + a purpose which is itself incapable of limitation. And there are + other truths in the two latter sciences which, if they cannot + pretend to rank in the class of axioms, are yet such direct + inferences from them, and so obvious in themselves, and so agreeable + to the natural and unsophisticated dictates of common-sense, that + they challenge the assent of a sound and unbiased mind, with a + degree of force and conviction almost equally irresistible. +The objects of geometrical inquiry are so entirely abstracted + from those pursuits which stir up and put in motion the unruly + passions of the human heart, that mankind, without difficulty, adopt + not only the more simple theorems of the science, but even those + abstruse paradoxes which, however they may appear susceptible of + demonstration, are at variance with the natural conceptions which + the mind, without the aid of philosophy, would be led to entertain + upon the subject. The INFINITE DIVISIBILITY of matter, or, in other + words, the INFINITE divisibility of a FINITE thing, extending even + to the minutest atom, is a point agreed among geometricians, though + not less incomprehensible to common-sense than any of those + mysteries in religion, against which the batteries of infidelity + have been so industriously leveled. +But in the sciences of morals and politics, men are found far + less tractable. To a certain degree, it is right and useful that + this should be the case. Caution and investigation are a necessary + armor against error and imposition. But this untractableness may be + carried too far, and may degenerate into obstinacy, perverseness, or + disingenuity. Though it cannot be pretended that the principles of + moral and political knowledge have, in general, the same degree of + certainty with those of the mathematics, yet they have much better + claims in this respect than, to judge from the conduct of men in + particular situations, we should be disposed to allow them. The + obscurity is much oftener in the passions and prejudices of the + reasoner than in the subject. Men, upon too many occasions, do not + give their own understandings fair play; but, yielding to some + untoward bias, they entangle themselves in words and confound + themselves in subtleties. +How else could it happen (if we admit the objectors to be + sincere in their opposition), that positions so clear as those which + manifest the necessity of a general power of taxation in the + government of the Union, should have to encounter any adversaries + among men of discernment? Though these positions have been + elsewhere fully stated, they will perhaps not be improperly + recapitulated in this place, as introductory to an examination of + what may have been offered by way of objection to them. They are in + substance as follows: +A government ought to contain in itself every power requisite to + the full accomplishment of the objects committed to its care, and to + the complete execution of the trusts for which it is responsible, + free from every other control but a regard to the public good and to + the sense of the people. +As the duties of superintending the national defense and of + securing the public peace against foreign or domestic violence + involve a provision for casualties and dangers to which no possible + limits can be assigned, the power of making that provision ought to + know no other bounds than the exigencies of the nation and the + resources of the community. +As revenue is the essential engine by which the means of + answering the national exigencies must be procured, the power of + procuring that article in its full extent must necessarily be + comprehended in that of providing for those exigencies. +As theory and practice conspire to prove that the power of + procuring revenue is unavailing when exercised over the States in + their collective capacities, the federal government must of + necessity be invested with an unqualified power of taxation in the + ordinary modes. +Did not experience evince the contrary, it would be natural to + conclude that the propriety of a general power of taxation in the + national government might safely be permitted to rest on the + evidence of these propositions, unassisted by any additional + arguments or illustrations. But we find, in fact, that the + antagonists of the proposed Constitution, so far from acquiescing in + their justness or truth, seem to make their principal and most + zealous effort against this part of the plan. It may therefore be + satisfactory to analyze the arguments with which they combat it. +Those of them which have been most labored with that view, seem + in substance to amount to this: ``It is not true, because the + exigencies of the Union may not be susceptible of limitation, that + its power of laying taxes ought to be unconfined. Revenue is as + requisite to the purposes of the local administrations as to those + of the Union; and the former are at least of equal importance with + the latter to the happiness of the people. It is, therefore, as + necessary that the State governments should be able to command the + means of supplying their wants, as that the national government + should possess the like faculty in respect to the wants of the Union. + But an indefinite power of taxation in the LATTER might, and + probably would in time, deprive the FORMER of the means of providing + for their own necessities; and would subject them entirely to the + mercy of the national legislature. As the laws of the Union are to + become the supreme law of the land, as it is to have power to pass + all laws that may be NECESSARY for carrying into execution the + authorities with which it is proposed to vest it, the national + government might at any time abolish the taxes imposed for State + objects upon the pretense of an interference with its own. It might + allege a necessity of doing this in order to give efficacy to the + national revenues. And thus all the resources of taxation might by + degrees become the subjects of federal monopoly, to the entire + exclusion and destruction of the State governments.'' +This mode of reasoning appears sometimes to turn upon the + supposition of usurpation in the national government; at other + times it seems to be designed only as a deduction from the + constitutional operation of its intended powers. It is only in the + latter light that it can be admitted to have any pretensions to + fairness. The moment we launch into conjectures about the + usurpations of the federal government, we get into an unfathomable + abyss, and fairly put ourselves out of the reach of all reasoning. + Imagination may range at pleasure till it gets bewildered amidst + the labyrinths of an enchanted castle, and knows not on which side + to turn to extricate itself from the perplexities into which it has + so rashly adventured. Whatever may be the limits or modifications + of the powers of the Union, it is easy to imagine an endless train + of possible dangers; and by indulging an excess of jealousy and + timidity, we may bring ourselves to a state of absolute scepticism + and irresolution. I repeat here what I have observed in substance + in another place, that all observations founded upon the danger of + usurpation ought to be referred to the composition and structure of + the government, not to the nature or extent of its powers. The + State governments, by their original constitutions, are invested + with complete sovereignty. In what does our security consist + against usurpation from that quarter? Doubtless in the manner of + their formation, and in a due dependence of those who are to + administer them upon the people. If the proposed construction of + the federal government be found, upon an impartial examination of + it, to be such as to afford, to a proper extent, the same species of + security, all apprehensions on the score of usurpation ought to be + discarded. +It should not be forgotten that a disposition in the State + governments to encroach upon the rights of the Union is quite as + probable as a disposition in the Union to encroach upon the rights + of the State governments. What side would be likely to prevail in + such a conflict, must depend on the means which the contending + parties could employ toward insuring success. As in republics + strength is always on the side of the people, and as there are + weighty reasons to induce a belief that the State governments will + commonly possess most influence over them, the natural conclusion is + that such contests will be most apt to end to the disadvantage of + the Union; and that there is greater probability of encroachments + by the members upon the federal head, than by the federal head upon + the members. But it is evident that all conjectures of this kind + must be extremely vague and fallible: and that it is by far the + safest course to lay them altogether aside, and to confine our + attention wholly to the nature and extent of the powers as they are + delineated in the Constitution. Every thing beyond this must be + left to the prudence and firmness of the people; who, as they will + hold the scales in their own hands, it is to be hoped, will always + take care to preserve the constitutional equilibrium between the + general and the State governments. Upon this ground, which is + evidently the true one, it will not be difficult to obviate the + objections which have been made to an indefinite power of taxation + in the United States. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 32 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the General Power of Taxation) +From the Daily Advertiser. +Thursday, January 3, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +ALTHOUGH I am of opinion that there would be no real danger of + the consequences which seem to be apprehended to the State + governments from a power in the Union to control them in the levies + of money, because I am persuaded that the sense of the people, the + extreme hazard of provoking the resentments of the State + governments, and a conviction of the utility and necessity of local + administrations for local purposes, would be a complete barrier + against the oppressive use of such a power; yet I am willing here + to allow, in its full extent, the justness of the reasoning which + requires that the individual States should possess an independent + and uncontrollable authority to raise their own revenues for the + supply of their own wants. And making this concession, I affirm + that (with the sole exception of duties on imports and exports) they + would, under the plan of the convention, retain that authority in + the most absolute and unqualified sense; and that an attempt on the + part of the national government to abridge them in the exercise of + it, would be a violent assumption of power, unwarranted by any + article or clause of its Constitution. +An entire consolidation of the States into one complete national + sovereignty would imply an entire subordination of the parts; and + whatever powers might remain in them, would be altogether dependent + on the general will. But as the plan of the convention aims only at + a partial union or consolidation, the State governments would + clearly retain all the rights of sovereignty which they before had, + and which were not, by that act, EXCLUSIVELY delegated to the United + States. This exclusive delegation, or rather this alienation, of + State sovereignty, would only exist in three cases: where the + Constitution in express terms granted an exclusive authority to the + Union; where it granted in one instance an authority to the Union, + and in another prohibited the States from exercising the like + authority; and where it granted an authority to the Union, to which + a similar authority in the States would be absolutely and totally + CONTRADICTORY and REPUGNANT. I use these terms to distinguish this + last case from another which might appear to resemble it, but which + would, in fact, be essentially different; I mean where the exercise + of a concurrent jurisdiction might be productive of occasional + interferences in the POLICY of any branch of administration, but + would not imply any direct contradiction or repugnancy in point of + constitutional authority. These three cases of exclusive + jurisdiction in the federal government may be exemplified by the + following instances: The last clause but one in the eighth section + of the first article provides expressly that Congress shall exercise + ``EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATION'' over the district to be appropriated as + the seat of government. This answers to the first case. The first + clause of the same section empowers Congress ``TO LAY AND COLLECT + TAXES, DUTIES, IMPOSTS AND EXCISES''; and the second clause of the + tenth section of the same article declares that, ``NO STATE SHALL, + without the consent of Congress, LAY ANY IMPOSTS OR DUTIES ON + IMPORTS OR EXPORTS, except for the purpose of executing its + inspection laws.'' Hence would result an exclusive power in the + Union to lay duties on imports and exports, with the particular + exception mentioned; but this power is abridged by another clause, + which declares that no tax or duty shall be laid on articles + exported from any State; in consequence of which qualification, it + now only extends to the DUTIES ON IMPORTS. This answers to the + second case. The third will be found in that clause which declares + that Congress shall have power ``to establish an UNIFORM RULE of + naturalization throughout the United States.'' This must + necessarily be exclusive; because if each State had power to + prescribe a DISTINCT RULE, there could not be a UNIFORM RULE. +A case which may perhaps be thought to resemble the latter, but + which is in fact widely different, affects the question immediately + under consideration. I mean the power of imposing taxes on all + articles other than exports and imports. This, I contend, is + manifestly a concurrent and coequal authority in the United States + and in the individual States. There is plainly no expression in the + granting clause which makes that power EXCLUSIVE in the Union. + There is no independent clause or sentence which prohibits the + States from exercising it. So far is this from being the case, that + a plain and conclusive argument to the contrary is to be deduced + from the restraint laid upon the States in relation to duties on + imports and exports. This restriction implies an admission that, if + it were not inserted, the States would possess the power it + excludes; and it implies a further admission, that as to all other + taxes, the authority of the States remains undiminished. In any + other view it would be both unnecessary and dangerous; it would be + unnecessary, because if the grant to the Union of the power of + laying such duties implied the exclusion of the States, or even + their subordination in this particular, there could be no need of + such a restriction; it would be dangerous, because the introduction + of it leads directly to the conclusion which has been mentioned, and + which, if the reasoning of the objectors be just, could not have + been intended; I mean that the States, in all cases to which the + restriction did not apply, would have a concurrent power of taxation + with the Union. The restriction in question amounts to what lawyers + call a NEGATIVE PREGNANT that is, a NEGATION of one thing, and an + AFFIRMANCE of another; a negation of the authority of the States to + impose taxes on imports and exports, and an affirmance of their + authority to impose them on all other articles. It would be mere + sophistry to argue that it was meant to exclude them ABSOLUTELY from + the imposition of taxes of the former kind, and to leave them at + liberty to lay others SUBJECT TO THE CONTROL of the national + legislature. The restraining or prohibitory clause only says, that + they shall not, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF CONGRESS, lay such duties; + and if we are to understand this in the sense last mentioned, the + Constitution would then be made to introduce a formal provision for + the sake of a very absurd conclusion; which is, that the States, + WITH THE CONSENT of the national legislature, might tax imports and + exports; and that they might tax every other article, UNLESS + CONTROLLED by the same body. If this was the intention, why not + leave it, in the first instance, to what is alleged to be the + natural operation of the original clause, conferring a general power + of taxation upon the Union? It is evident that this could not have + been the intention, and that it will not bear a construction of the + kind. +As to a supposition of repugnancy between the power of taxation + in the States and in the Union, it cannot be supported in that sense + which would be requisite to work an exclusion of the States. It is, + indeed, possible that a tax might be laid on a particular article by + a State which might render it INEXPEDIENT that thus a further tax + should be laid on the same article by the Union; but it would not + imply a constitutional inability to impose a further tax. The + quantity of the imposition, the expediency or inexpediency of an + increase on either side, would be mutually questions of prudence; + but there would be involved no direct contradiction of power. The + particular policy of the national and of the State systems of + finance might now and then not exactly coincide, and might require + reciprocal forbearances. It is not, however a mere possibility of + inconvenience in the exercise of powers, but an immediate + constitutional repugnancy that can by implication alienate and + extinguish a pre-existing right of sovereignty. +The necessity of a concurrent jurisdiction in certain cases + results from the division of the sovereign power; and the rule that + all authorities, of which the States are not explicitly divested in + favor of the Union, remain with them in full vigor, is not a + theoretical consequence of that division, but is clearly admitted by + the whole tenor of the instrument which contains the articles of the + proposed Constitution. We there find that, notwithstanding the + affirmative grants of general authorities, there has been the most + pointed care in those cases where it was deemed improper that the + like authorities should reside in the States, to insert negative + clauses prohibiting the exercise of them by the States. The tenth + section of the first article consists altogether of such provisions. + This circumstance is a clear indication of the sense of the + convention, and furnishes a rule of interpretation out of the body + of the act, which justifies the position I have advanced and refutes + every hypothesis to the contrary. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 33 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the General Power of Taxation) +From the Daily Advertiser. +January 3, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE residue of the argument against the provisions of the + Constitution in respect to taxation is ingrafted upon the following + clause. The last clause of the eighth section of the first article + of the plan under consideration authorizes the national legislature + ``to make all laws which shall be NECESSARY and PROPER for carrying + into execution THE POWERS by that Constitution vested in the + government of the United States, or in any department or officer + thereof''; and the second clause of the sixth article declares, + ``that the Constitution and the laws of the United States made IN + PURSUANCE THEREOF, and the treaties made by their authority shall be + the SUPREME LAW of the land, any thing in the constitution or laws + of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'' +These two clauses have been the source of much virulent + invective and petulant declamation against the proposed Constitution. + They have been held up to the people in all the exaggerated colors + of misrepresentation as the pernicious engines by which their local + governments were to be destroyed and their liberties exterminated; + as the hideous monster whose devouring jaws would spare neither sex + nor age, nor high nor low, nor sacred nor profane; and yet, strange + as it may appear, after all this clamor, to those who may not have + happened to contemplate them in the same light, it may be affirmed + with perfect confidence that the constitutional operation of the + intended government would be precisely the same, if these clauses + were entirely obliterated, as if they were repeated in every article. + They are only declaratory of a truth which would have resulted by + necessary and unavoidable implication from the very act of + constituting a federal government, and vesting it with certain + specified powers. This is so clear a proposition, that moderation + itself can scarcely listen to the railings which have been so + copiously vented against this part of the plan, without emotions + that disturb its equanimity. +What is a power, but the ability or faculty of doing a thing? + What is the ability to do a thing, but the power of employing the + MEANS necessary to its execution? What is a LEGISLATIVE power, but + a power of making LAWS? What are the MEANS to execute a LEGISLATIVE + power but LAWS? What is the power of laying and collecting taxes, + but a LEGISLATIVE POWER, or a power of MAKING LAWS, to lay and + collect taxes? What are the propermeans of executing such a power, + but NECESSARY and PROPER laws? +This simple train of inquiry furnishes us at once with a test by + which to judge of the true nature of the clause complained of. It + conducts us to this palpable truth, that a power to lay and collect + taxes must be a power to pass all laws NECESSARY and PROPER for the + execution of that power; and what does the unfortunate and + culumniated provision in question do more than declare the same + truth, to wit, that the national legislature, to whom the power of + laying and collecting taxes had been previously given, might, in the + execution of that power, pass all laws NECESSARY and PROPER to carry + it into effect? I have applied these observations thus particularly + to the power of taxation, because it is the immediate subject under + consideration, and because it is the most important of the + authorities proposed to be conferred upon the Union. But the same + process will lead to the same result, in relation to all other + powers declared in the Constitution. And it is EXPRESSLY to execute + these powers that the sweeping clause, as it has been affectedly + called, authorizes the national legislature to pass all NECESSARY + and PROPER laws. If there is any thing exceptionable, it must be + sought for in the specific powers upon which this general + declaration is predicated. The declaration itself, though it may be + chargeable with tautology or redundancy, is at least perfectly + harmless. +But SUSPICION may ask, Why then was it introduced? The answer + is, that it could only have been done for greater caution, and to + guard against all cavilling refinements in those who might hereafter + feel a disposition to curtail and evade the legitimatb authorities + of the Union. The Convention probably foresaw, what it has been a + principal aim of these papers to inculcate, that the danger which + most threatens our political welfare is that the State governments + will finally sap the foundations of the Union; and might therefore + think it necessary, in so cardinal a point, to leave nothing to + construction. Whatever may have been the inducement to it, the + wisdom of the precaution is evident from the cry which has been + raised against it; as that very cry betrays a disposition to + question the great and essential truth which it is manifestly the + object of that provision to declare. +But it may be again asked, Who is to judge of the NECESSITY and + PROPRIETY of the laws to be passed for executing the powers of the + Union? I answer, first, that this question arises as well and as + fully upon the simple grant of those powers as upon the declaratory + clause; and I answer, in the second place, that the national + government, like every other, must judge, in the first instance, of + the proper exercise of its powers, and its constituents in the last. + If the federal government should overpass the just bounds of its + authority and make a tyrannical use of its powers, the people, whose + creature it is, must appeal to the standard they have formed, and + take such measures to redress the injury done to the Constitution as + the exigency may suggest and prudence justify. The propriety of a + law, in a constitutional light, must always be determined by the + nature of the powers upon which it is founded. Suppose, by some + forced constructions of its authority (which, indeed, cannot easily + be imagined), the Federal legislature should attempt to vary the law + of descent in any State, would it not be evident that, in making + such an attempt, it had exceeded its jurisdiction, and infringed + upon that of the State? Suppose, again, that upon the pretense of + an interference with its revenues, it should undertake to abrogate a + landtax imposed by the authority of a State; would it not be + equally evident that this was an invasion of that concurrent + jurisdiction in respect to this species of tax, which its + Constitution plainly supposes to exist in the State governments? If + there ever should be a doubt on this head, the credit of it will be + entirely due to those reasoners who, in the imprudent zeal of their + animosity to the plan of the convention, have labored to envelop it + in a cloud calculated to obscure the plainest and simplest truths. +But it is said that the laws of the Union are to be the SUPREME + LAW of the land. But what inference can be drawn from this, or what + would they amount to, if they were not to be supreme? It is evident + they would amount to nothing. A LAW, by the very meaning of the + term, includes supremacy. It is a rule which those to whom it is + prescribed are bound to observe. This results from every political + association. If individuals enter into a state of society, the laws + of that society must be the supreme regulator of their conduct. If + a number of political societies enter into a larger political + society, the laws which the latter may enact, pursuant to the powers + intrusted to it by its constitution, must necessarily be supreme + over those societies, and the individuals of whom they are composed. + It would otherwise be a mere treaty, dependent on the good faith of + the parties, and not a goverment, which is only another word for + POLITICAL POWER AND SUPREMACY. But it will not follow from this + doctrine that acts of the large society which are NOT PURSUANT to + its constitutional powers, but which are invasions of the residuary + authorities of the smaller societies, will become the supreme law of + the land. These will be merely acts of usurpation, and will deserve + to be treated as such. Hence we perceive that the clause which + declares the supremacy of the laws of the Union, like the one we + have just before considered, only declares a truth, which flows + immediately and necessarily from the institution of a federal + government. It will not, I presume, have escaped observation, that + it EXPRESSLY confines this supremacy to laws made PURSUANT TO THE + CONSTITUTION; which I mention merely as an instance of caution in + the convention; since that limitation would have been to be + understood, though it had not been expressed. +Though a law, therefore, laying a tax for the use of the United + States would be supreme in its nature, and could not legally be + opposed or controlled, yet a law for abrogating or preventing the + collection of a tax laid by the authority of the State, (unless upon + imports and exports), would not be the supreme law of the land, but + a usurpation of power not granted by the Constitution. As far as an + improper accumulation of taxes on the same object might tend to + render the collection difficult or precarious, this would be a + mutual inconvenience, not arising from a superiority or defect of + power on either side, but from an injudicious exercise of power by + one or the other, in a manner equally disadvantageous to both. It + is to be hoped and presumed, however, that mutual interest would + dictate a concert in this respect which would avoid any material + inconvenience. The inference from the whole is, that the individual + States would, under the proposed Constitution, retain an independent + and uncontrollable authority to raise revenue to any extent of which + they may stand in need, by every kind of taxation, except duties on + imports and exports. It will be shown in the next paper that this + CONCURRENT JURISDICTION in the article of taxation was the only + admissible substitute for an entire subordination, in respect to + this branch of power, of the State authority to that of the Union. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 34 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the General Power of Taxation) +From the New York Packet. +Friday, January 4, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +I FLATTER myself it has been clearly shown in my last number + that the particular States, under the proposed Constitution, would + have COEQUAL authority with the Union in the article of revenue, + except as to duties on imports. As this leaves open to the States + far the greatest part of the resources of the community, there can + be no color for the assertion that they would not possess means as + abundant as could be desired for the supply of their own wants, + independent of all external control. That the field is sufficiently + wide will more fully appear when we come to advert to the + inconsiderable share of the public expenses for which it will fall + to the lot of the State governments to provide. +To argue upon abstract principles that this co-ordinate + authority cannot exist, is to set up supposition and theory against + fact and reality. However proper such reasonings might be to show + that a thing OUGHT NOT TO EXIST, they are wholly to be rejected when + they are made use of to prove that it does not exist contrary to the + evidence of the fact itself. It is well known that in the Roman + republic the legislative authority, in the last resort, resided for + ages in two different political bodies not as branches of the same + legislature, but as distinct and independent legislatures, in each + of which an opposite interest prevailed: in one the patrician; in + the other, the plebian. Many arguments might have been adduced to + prove the unfitness of two such seemingly contradictory authorities, + each having power to ANNUL or REPEAL the acts of the other. But a + man would have been regarded as frantic who should have attempted at + Rome to disprove their existence. It will be readily understood + that I allude to the COMITIA CENTURIATA and the COMITIA TRIBUTA. + The former, in which the people voted by centuries, was so arranged + as to give a superiority to the patrician interest; in the latter, + in which numbers prevailed, the plebian interest had an entire + predominancy. And yet these two legislatures coexisted for ages, + and the Roman republic attained to the utmost height of human + greatness. +In the case particularly under consideration, there is no such + contradiction as appears in the example cited; there is no power on + either side to annul the acts of the other. And in practice there + is little reason to apprehend any inconvenience; because, in a + short course of time, the wants of the States will naturally reduce + themselves within A VERY NARROW COMPASS; and in the interim, the + United States will, in all probability, find it convenient to + abstain wholly from those objects to which the particular States + would be inclined to resort. +To form a more precise judgment of the true merits of this + question, it will be well to advert to the proportion between the + objects that will require a federal provision in respect to revenue, + and those which will require a State provision. We shall discover + that the former are altogether unlimited, and that the latter are + circumscribed within very moderate bounds. In pursuing this + inquiry, we must bear in mind that we are not to confine our view to + the present period, but to look forward to remote futurity. + Constitutions of civil government are not to be framed upon a + calculation of existing exigencies, but upon a combination of these + with the probable exigencies of ages, according to the natural and + tried course of human affairs. Nothing, therefore, can be more + fallacious than to infer the extent of any power, proper to be + lodged in the national government, from an estimate of its immediate + necessities. There ought to be a CAPACITY to provide for future + contingencies as they may happen; and as these are illimitable in + their nature, it is impossible safely to limit that capacity. It is + true, perhaps, that a computation might be made with sufficient + accuracy to answer the purpose of the quantity of revenue requisite + to discharge the subsisting engagements of the Union, and to + maintain those establishments which, for some time to come, would + suffice in time of peace. But would it be wise, or would it not + rather be the extreme of folly, to stop at this point, and to leave + the government intrusted with the care of the national defense in a + state of absolute incapacity to provide for the protection of the + community against future invasions of the public peace, by foreign + war or domestic convulsions? If, on the contrary, we ought to + exceed this point, where can we stop, short of an indefinite power + of providing for emergencies as they may arise? Though it is easy + to assert, in general terms, the possibility of forming a rational + judgment of a due provision against probable dangers, yet we may + safely challenge those who make the assertion to bring forward their + data, and may affirm that they would be found as vague and uncertain + as any that could be produced to establish the probable duration of + the world. Observations confined to the mere prospects of internal + attacks can deserve no weight; though even these will admit of no + satisfactory calculation: but if we mean to be a commercial people, + it must form a part of our policy to be able one day to defend that + commerce. The support of a navy and of naval wars would involve + contingencies that must baffle all the efforts of political + arithmetic. +Admitting that we ought to try the novel and absurd experiment + in politics of tying up the hands of government from offensive war + founded upon reasons of state, yet certainly we ought not to disable + it from guarding the community against the ambition or enmity of + other nations. A cloud has been for some time hanging over the + European world. If it should break forth into a storm, who can + insure us that in its progress a part of its fury would not be spent + upon us? No reasonable man would hastily pronounce that we are + entirely out of its reach. Or if the combustible materials that now + seem to be collecting should be dissipated without coming to + maturity, or if a flame should be kindled without extending to us, + what security can we have that our tranquillity will long remain + undisturbed from some other cause or from some other quarter? Let + us recollect that peace or war will not always be left to our + option; that however moderate or unambitious we may be, we cannot + count upon the moderation, or hope to extinguish the ambition of + others. Who could have imagined at the conclusion of the last war + that France and Britain, wearied and exhausted as they both were, + would so soon have looked with so hostile an aspect upon each other? + To judge from the history of mankind, we shall be compelled to + conclude that the fiery and destructive passions of war reign in the + human breast with much more powerful sway than the mild and + beneficent sentiments of peace; and that to model our political + systems upon speculations of lasting tranquillity, is to calculate + on the weaker springs of the human character. +What are the chief sources of expense in every government? What + has occasioned that enormous accumulation of debts with which + several of the European nations are oppressed? The answers plainly + is, wars and rebellions; the support of those institutions which + are necessary to guard the body politic against these two most + mortal diseases of society. The expenses arising from those + institutions which are relative to the mere domestic police of a + state, to the support of its legislative, executive, and judicial + departments, with their different appendages, and to the + encouragement of agriculture and manufactures (which will comprehend + almost all the objects of state expenditure), are insignificant in + comparison with those which relate to the national defense. +In the kingdom of Great Britain, where all the ostentatious + apparatus of monarchy is to be provided for, not above a fifteenth + part of the annual income of the nation is appropriated to the class + of expenses last mentioned; the other fourteen fifteenths are + absorbed in the payment of the interest of debts contracted for + carrying on the wars in which that country has been engaged, and in + the maintenance of fleets and armies. If, on the one hand, it + should be observed that the expenses incurred in the prosecution of + the ambitious enterprises and vainglorious pursuits of a monarchy + are not a proper standard by which to judge of those which might be + necessary in a republic, it ought, on the other hand, to be remarked + that there should be as great a disproportion between the profusion + and extravagance of a wealthy kingdom in its domestic + administration, and the frugality and economy which in that + particular become the modest simplicity of republican government. + If we balance a proper deduction from one side against that which + it is supposed ought to be made from the other, the proportion may + still be considered as holding good. +But let us advert to the large debt which we have ourselves + contracted in a single war, and let us only calculate on a common + share of the events which disturb the peace of nations, and we shall + instantly perceive, without the aid of any elaborate illustration, + that there must always be an immense disproportion between the + objects of federal and state expenditures. It is true that several + of the States, separately, are encumbered with considerable debts, + which are an excrescence of the late war. But this cannot happen + again, if the proposed system be adopted; and when these debts are + discharged, the only call for revenue of any consequence, which the + State governments will continue to experience, will be for the mere + support of their respective civil list; to which, if we add all + contingencies, the total amount in every State ought to fall + considerably short of two hundred thousand pounds. +In framing a government for posterity as well as ourselves, we + ought, in those provisions which are designed to be permanent, to + calculate, not on temporary, but on permanent causes of expense. If + this principle be a just one our attention would be directed to a + provision in favor of the State governments for an annual sum of + about two hundred thousand pounds; while the exigencies of the + Union could be susceptible of no limits, even in imagination. In + this view of the subject, by what logic can it be maintained that + the local governments ought to command, in perpetuity, an EXCLUSIVE + source of revenue for any sum beyond the extent of two hundred + thousand pounds? To extend its power further, in EXCLUSION of the + authority of the Union, would be to take the resources of the + community out of those hands which stood in need of them for the + public welfare, in order to put them into other hands which could + have no just or proper occasion for them. +Suppose, then, the convention had been inclined to proceed upon + the principle of a repartition of the objects of revenue, between + the Union and its members, in PROPORTION to their comparative + necessities; what particular fund could have been selected for the + use of the States, that would not either have been too much or too + little too little for their present, too much for their future + wants? As to the line of separation between external and internal + taxes, this would leave to the States, at a rough computation, the + command of two thirds of the resources of the community to defray + from a tenth to a twentieth part of its expenses; and to the Union, + one third of the resources of the community, to defray from nine + tenths to nineteen twentieths of its expenses. If we desert this + boundary and content ourselves with leaving to the States an + exclusive power of taxing houses and lands, there would still be a + great disproportion between the MEANS and the END; the possession + of one third of the resources of the community to supply, at most, + one tenth of its wants. If any fund could have been selected and + appropriated, equal to and not greater than the object, it would + have been inadequate to the discharge of the existing debts of the + particular States, and would have left them dependent on the Union + for a provision for this purpose. +The preceding train of observation will justify the position + which has been elsewhere laid down, that ``A CONCURRENT JURISDICTION + in the article of taxation was the only admissible substitute for an + entire subordination, in respect to this branch of power, of State + authority to that of the Union.'' Any separation of the objects of + revenue that could have been fallen upon, would have amounted to a + sacrifice of the great INTERESTS of the Union to the POWER of the + individual States. The convention thought the concurrent + jurisdiction preferable to that subordination; and it is evident + that it has at least the merit of reconciling an indefinite + constitutional power of taxation in the Federal government with an + adequate and independent power in the States to provide for their + own necessities. There remain a few other lights, in which this + important subject of taxation will claim a further consideration. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 35 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the General Power of Taxation) +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +BEFORE we proceed to examine any other objections to an + indefinite power of taxation in the Union, I shall make one general + remark; which is, that if the jurisdiction of the national + government, in the article of revenue, should be restricted to + particular objects, it would naturally occasion an undue proportion + of the public burdens to fall upon those objects. Two evils would + spring from this source: the oppression of particular branches of + industry; and an unequal distribution of the taxes, as well among + the several States as among the citizens of the same State. +Suppose, as has been contended for, the federal power of + taxation were to be confined to duties on imports, it is evident + that the government, for want of being able to command other + resources, would frequently be tempted to extend these duties to an + injurious excess. There are persons who imagine that they can never + be carried to too great a length; since the higher they are, the + more it is alleged they will tend to discourage an extravagant + consumption, to produce a favorable balance of trade, and to promote + domestic manufactures. But all extremes are pernicious in various + ways. Exorbitant duties on imported articles would beget a general + spirit of smuggling; which is always prejudicial to the fair + trader, and eventually to the revenue itself: they tend to render + other classes of the community tributary, in an improper degree, to + the manufacturing classes, to whom they give a premature monopoly of + the markets; they sometimes force industry out of its more natural + channels into others in which it flows with less advantage; and in + the last place, they oppress the merchant, who is often obliged to + pay them himself without any retribution from the consumer. When + the demand is equal to the quantity of goods at market, the consumer + generally pays the duty; but when the markets happen to be + overstocked, a great proportion falls upon the merchant, and + sometimes not only exhausts his profits, but breaks in upon his + capital. I am apt to think that a division of the duty, between the + seller and the buyer, more often happens than is commonly imagined. + It is not always possible to raise the price of a commodity in + exact proportion to every additional imposition laid upon it. The + merchant, especially in a country of small commercial capital, is + often under a necessity of keeping prices down in order to a more + expeditious sale. +The maxim that the consumer is the payer, is so much oftener + true than the reverse of the proposition, that it is far more + equitable that the duties on imports should go into a common stock, + than that they should redound to the exclusive benefit of the + importing States. But it is not so generally true as to render it + equitable, that those duties should form the only national fund. + When they are paid by the merchant they operate as an additional + tax upon the importing State, whose citizens pay their proportion of + them in the character of consumers. In this view they are + productive of inequality among the States; which inequality would + be increased with the increased extent of the duties. The + confinement of the national revenues to this species of imposts + would be attended with inequality, from a different cause, between + the manufacturing and the non-manufacturing States. The States + which can go farthest towards the supply of their own wants, by + their own manufactures, will not, according to their numbers or + wealth, consume so great a proportion of imported articles as those + States which are not in the same favorable situation. They would + not, therefore, in this mode alone contribute to the public treasury + in a ratio to their abilities. To make them do this it is necessary + that recourse be had to excises, the proper objects of which are + particular kinds of manufactures. New York is more deeply + interested in these considerations than such of her citizens as + contend for limiting the power of the Union to external taxation may + be aware of. New York is an importing State, and is not likely + speedily to be, to any great extent, a manufacturing State. She + would, of course, suffer in a double light from restraining the + jurisdiction of the Union to commercial imposts. +So far as these observations tend to inculcate a danger of the + import duties being extended to an injurious extreme it may be + observed, conformably to a remark made in another part of these + papers, that the interest of the revenue itself would be a + sufficient guard against such an extreme. I readily admit that this + would be the case, as long as other resources were open; but if the + avenues to them were closed, HOPE, stimulated by necessity, would + beget experiments, fortified by rigorous precautions and additional + penalties, which, for a time, would have the intended effect, till + there had been leisure to contrive expedients to elude these new + precautions. The first success would be apt to inspire false + opinions, which it might require a long course of subsequent + experience to correct. Necessity, especially in politics, often + occasions false hopes, false reasonings, and a system of measures + correspondingly erroneous. But even if this supposed excess should + not be a consequence of the limitation of the federal power of + taxation, the inequalities spoken of would still ensue, though not + in the same degree, from the other causes that have been noticed. + Let us now return to the examination of objections. +One which, if we may judge from the frequency of its repetition, + seems most to be relied on, is, that the House of Representatives is + not sufficiently numerous for the reception of all the different + classes of citizens, in order to combine the interests and feelings + of every part of the community, and to produce a due sympathy + between the representative body and its constituents. This argument + presents itself under a very specious and seducing form; and is + well calculated to lay hold of the prejudices of those to whom it is + addressed. But when we come to dissect it with attention, it will + appear to be made up of nothing but fair-sounding words. The object + it seems to aim at is, in the first place, impracticable, and in the + sense in which it is contended for, is unnecessary. I reserve for + another place the discussion of the question which relates to the + sufficiency of the representative body in respect to numbers, and + shall content myself with examining here the particular use which + has been made of a contrary supposition, in reference to the + immediate subject of our inquiries. +The idea of an actual representation of all classes of the + people, by persons of each class, is altogether visionary. Unless + it were expressly provided in the Constitution, that each different + occupation should send one or more members, the thing would never + take place in practice. Mechanics and manufacturers will always be + inclined, with few exceptions, to give their votes to merchants, in + preference to persons of their own professions or trades. Those + discerning citizens are well aware that the mechanic and + manufacturing arts furnish the materials of mercantile enterprise + and industry. Many of them, indeed, are immediately connected with + the operations of commerce. They know that the merchant is their + natural patron and friend; and they are aware, that however great + the confidence they may justly feel in their own good sense, their + interests can be more effectually promoted by the merchant than by + themselves. They are sensible that their habits in life have not + been such as to give them those acquired endowments, without which, + in a deliberative assembly, the greatest natural abilities are for + the most part useless; and that the influence and weight, and + superior acquirements of the merchants render them more equal to a + contest with any spirit which might happen to infuse itself into the + public councils, unfriendly to the manufacturing and trading + interests. These considerations, and many others that might be + mentioned prove, and experience confirms it, that artisans and + manufacturers will commonly be disposed to bestow their votes upon + merchants and those whom they recommend. We must therefore consider + merchants as the natural representatives of all these classes of the + community. +With regard to the learned professions, little need be observed; + they truly form no distinct interest in society, and according to + their situation and talents, will be indiscriminately the objects of + the confidence and choice of each other, and of other parts of the + community. +Nothing remains but the landed interest; and this, in a + political view, and particularly in relation to taxes, I take to be + perfectly united, from the wealthiest landlord down to the poorest + tenant. No tax can be laid on land which will not affect the + proprietor of millions of acres as well as the proprietor of a + single acre. Every landholder will therefore have a common interest + to keep the taxes on land as low as possible; and common interest + may always be reckoned upon as the surest bond of sympathy. But if + we even could suppose a distinction of interest between the opulent + landholder and the middling farmer, what reason is there to + conclude, that the first would stand a better chance of being + deputed to the national legislature than the last? If we take fact + as our guide, and look into our own senate and assembly, we shall + find that moderate proprietors of land prevail in both; nor is this + less the case in the senate, which consists of a smaller number, + than in the assembly, which is composed of a greater number. Where + the qualifications of the electors are the same, whether they have + to choose a small or a large number, their votes will fall upon + those in whom they have most confidence; whether these happen to be + men of large fortunes, or of moderate property, or of no property at + all. +It is said to be necessary, that all classes of citizens should + have some of their own number in the representative body, in order + that their feelings and interests may be the better understood and + attended to. But we have seen that this will never happen under any + arrangement that leaves the votes of the people free. Where this is + the case, the representative body, with too few exceptions to have + any influence on the spirit of the government, will be composed of + landholders, merchants, and men of the learned professions. But + where is the danger that the interests and feelings of the different + classes of citizens will not be understood or attended to by these + three descriptions of men? Will not the landholder know and feel + whatever will promote or insure the interest of landed property? + And will he not, from his own interest in that species of property, + be sufficiently prone to resist every attempt to prejudice or + encumber it? Will not the merchant understand and be disposed to + cultivate, as far as may be proper, the interests of the mechanic + and manufacturing arts, to which his commerce is so nearly allied? + Will not the man of the learned profession, who will feel a + neutrality to the rivalships between the different branches of + industry, be likely to prove an impartial arbiter between them, + ready to promote either, so far as it shall appear to him conducive + to the general interests of the society? +If we take into the account the momentary humors or dispositions + which may happen to prevail in particular parts of the society, and + to which a wise administration will never be inattentive, is the man + whose situation leads to extensive inquiry and information less + likely to be a competent judge of their nature, extent, and + foundation than one whose observation does not travel beyond the + circle of his neighbors and acquaintances? Is it not natural that a + man who is a candidate for the favor of the people, and who is + dependent on the suffrages of his fellow-citizens for the + continuance of his public honors, should take care to inform himself + of their dispositions and inclinations, and should be willing to + allow them their proper degree of influence upon his conduct? This + dependence, and the necessity of being bound himself, and his + posterity, by the laws to which he gives his assent, are the true, + and they are the strong chords of sympathy between the + representative and the constituent. +There is no part of the administration of government that + requires extensive information and a thorough knowledge of the + principles of political economy, so much as the business of taxation. + The man who understands those principles best will be least likely + to resort to oppressive expedients, or sacrifice any particular + class of citizens to the procurement of revenue. It might be + demonstrated that the most productive system of finance will always + be the least burdensome. There can be no doubt that in order to a + judicious exercise of the power of taxation, it is necessary that + the person in whose hands it should be acquainted with the general + genius, habits, and modes of thinking of the people at large, and + with the resources of the country. And this is all that can be + reasonably meant by a knowledge of the interests and feelings of the + people. In any other sense the proposition has either no meaning, + or an absurd one. And in that sense let every considerate citizen + judge for himself where the requisite qualification is most likely + to be found. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 36 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the General Power of Taxation) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday January 8, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +WE HAVE seen that the result of the observations, to which the + foregoing number has been principally devoted, is, that from the + natural operation of the different interests and views of the + various classes of the community, whether the representation of the + people be more or less numerous, it will consist almost entirely of + proprietors of land, of merchants, and of members of the learned + professions, who will truly represent all those different interests + and views. If it should be objected that we have seen other + descriptions of men in the local legislatures, I answer that it is + admitted there are exceptions to the rule, but not in sufficient + number to influence the general complexion or character of the + government. There are strong minds in every walk of life that will + rise superior to the disadvantages of situation, and will command + the tribute due to their merit, not only from the classes to which + they particularly belong, but from the society in general. The door + ought to be equally open to all; and I trust, for the credit of + human nature, that we shall see examples of such vigorous plants + flourishing in the soil of federal as well as of State legislation; + but occasional instances of this sort will not render the reasoning + founded upon the general course of things, less conclusive. +The subject might be placed in several other lights that would + all lead to the same result; and in particular it might be asked, + What greater affinity or relation of interest can be conceived + between the carpenter and blacksmith, and the linen manufacturer or + stocking weaver, than between the merchant and either of them? It + is notorious that there are often as great rivalships between + different branches of the mechanic or manufacturing arts as there + are between any of the departments of labor and industry; so that, + unless the representative body were to be far more numerous than + would be consistent with any idea of regularity or wisdom in its + deliberations, it is impossible that what seems to be the spirit of + the objection we have been considering should ever be realized in + practice. But I forbear to dwell any longer on a matter which has + hitherto worn too loose a garb to admit even of an accurate + inspection of its real shape or tendency. +There is another objection of a somewhat more precise nature + that claims our attention. It has been asserted that a power of + internal taxation in the national legislature could never be + exercised with advantage, as well from the want of a sufficient + knowledge of local circumstances, as from an interference between + the revenue laws of the Union and of the particular States. The + supposition of a want of proper knowledge seems to be entirely + destitute of foundation. If any question is depending in a State + legislature respecting one of the counties, which demands a + knowledge of local details, how is it acquired? No doubt from the + information of the members of the county. Cannot the like knowledge + be obtained in the national legislature from the representatives of + each State? And is it not to be presumed that the men who will + generally be sent there will be possessed of the necessary degree of + intelligence to be able to communicate that information? Is the + knowledge of local circumstances, as applied to taxation, a minute + topographical acquaintance with all the mountains, rivers, streams, + highways, and bypaths in each State; or is it a general + acquaintance with its situation and resources, with the state of its + agriculture, commerce, manufactures, with the nature of its products + and consumptions, with the different degrees and kinds of its + wealth, property, and industry? +Nations in general, even under governments of the more popular + kind, usually commit the administration of their finances to single + men or to boards composed of a few individuals, who digest and + prepare, in the first instance, the plans of taxation, which are + afterwards passed into laws by the authority of the sovereign or + legislature. +Inquisitive and enlightened statesmen are deemed everywhere best + qualified to make a judicious selection of the objects proper for + revenue; which is a clear indication, as far as the sense of + mankind can have weight in the question, of the species of knowledge + of local circumstances requisite to the purposes of taxation. +The taxes intended to be comprised under the general + denomination of internal taxes may be subdivided into those of the + DIRECT and those of the INDIRECT kind. Though the objection be made + to both, yet the reasoning upon it seems to be confined to the + former branch. And indeed, as to the latter, by which must be + understood duties and excises on articles of consumption, one is at + a loss to conceive what can be the nature of the difficulties + apprehended. The knowledge relating to them must evidently be of a + kind that will either be suggested by the nature of the article + itself, or can easily be procured from any well-informed man, + especially of the mercantile class. The circumstances that may + distinguish its situation in one State from its situation in another + must be few, simple, and easy to be comprehended. The principal + thing to be attended to, would be to avoid those articles which had + been previously appropriated to the use of a particular State; and + there could be no difficulty in ascertaining the revenue system of + each. This could always be known from the respective codes of laws, + as well as from the information of the members from the several + States. +The objection, when applied to real property or to houses and + lands, appears to have, at first sight, more foundation, but even in + this view it will not bear a close examination. Land taxes are co + monly laid in one of two modes, either by ACTUAL valuations, + permanent or periodical, or by OCCASIONAL assessments, at the + discretion, or according to the best judgment, of certain officers + whose duty it is to make them. In either case, the EXECUTION of the + business, which alone requires the knowledge of local details, must + be devolved upon discreet persons in the character of commissioners + or assessors, elected by the people or appointed by the government + for the purpose. All that the law can do must be to name the + persons or to prescribe the manner of their election or appointment, + to fix their numbers and qualifications and to draw the general + outlines of their powers and duties. And what is there in all this + that cannot as well be performed by the national legislature as by a + State legislature? The attention of either can only reach to + general principles; local details, as already observed, must be + referred to those who are to execute the plan. +But there is a simple point of view in which this matter may be + placed that must be altogether satisfactory. The national + legislature can make use of the SYSTEM OF EACH STATE WITHIN THAT + STATE. The method of laying and collecting this species of taxes in + each State can, in all its parts, be adopted and employed by the + federal government. +Let it be recollected that the proportion of these taxes is not + to be left to the discretion of the national legislature, but is to + be determined by the numbers of each State, as described in the + second section of the first article. An actual census or + enumeration of the people must furnish the rule, a circumstance + which effectually shuts the door to partiality or oppression. The + abuse of this power of taxation seems to have been provided against + with guarded circumspection. In addition to the precaution just + mentioned, there is a provision that ``all duties, imposts, and + excises shall be UNIFORM throughout the United States.'' +It has been very properly observed by different speakers and + writers on the side of the Constitution, that if the exercise of the + power of internal taxation by the Union should be discovered on + experiment to be really inconvenient, the federal government may + then forbear the use of it, and have recourse to requisitions in its + stead. By way of answer to this, it has been triumphantly asked, + Why not in the first instance omit that ambiguous power, and rely + upon the latter resource? Two solid answers may be given. The + first is, that the exercise of that power, if convenient, will be + preferable, because it will be more effectual; and it is impossible + to prove in theory, or otherwise than by the experiment, that it + cannot be advantageously exercised. The contrary, indeed, appears + most probable. The second answer is, that the existence of such a + power in the Constitution will have a strong influence in giving + efficacy to requisitions. When the States know that the Union can + apply itself without their agency, it will be a powerful motive for + exertion on their part. +As to the interference of the revenue laws of the Union, and of + its members, we have already seen that there can be no clashing or + repugnancy of authority. The laws cannot, therefore, in a legal + sense, interfere with each other; and it is far from impossible to + avoid an interference even in the policy of their different systems. + An effectual expedient for this purpose will be, mutually, to + abstain from those objects which either side may have first had + recourse to. As neither can CONTROL the other, each will have an + obvious and sensible interest in this reciprocal forbearance. And + where there is an IMMEDIATE common interest, we may safely count + upon its operation. When the particular debts of the States are + done away, and their expenses come to be limited within their + natural compass, the possibility almost of interference will vanish. + A small land tax will answer the purpose of the States, and will be + their most simple and most fit resource. +Many spectres have been raised out of this power of internal + taxation, to excite the apprehensions of the people: double sets of + revenue officers, a duplication of their burdens by double + taxations, and the frightful forms of odious and oppressive + poll-taxes, have been played off with all the ingenious dexterity of + political legerdemain. +As to the first point, there are two cases in which there can be + no room for double sets of officers: one, where the right of + imposing the tax is exclusively vested in the Union, which applies + to the duties on imports; the other, where the object has not + fallen under any State regulation or provision, which may be + applicable to a variety of objects. In other cases, the probability + is that the United States will either wholly abstain from the + objects preoccupied for local purposes, or will make use of the + State officers and State regulations for collecting the additional + imposition. This will best answer the views of revenue, because it + will save expense in the collection, and will best avoid any + occasion of disgust to the State governments and to the people. At + all events, here is a practicable expedient for avoiding such an + inconvenience; and nothing more can be required than to show that + evils predicted to not necessarily result from the plan. +As to any argument derived from a supposed system of influence, + it is a sufficient answer to say that it ought not to be presumed; + but the supposition is susceptible of a more precise answer. If + such a spirit should infest the councils of the Union, the most + certain road to the accomplishment of its aim would be to employ the + State officers as much as possible, and to attach them to the Union + by an accumulation of their emoluments. This would serve to turn + the tide of State influence into the channels of the national + government, instead of making federal influence flow in an opposite + and adverse current. But all suppositions of this kind are + invidious, and ought to be banished from the consideration of the + great question before the people. They can answer no other end than + to cast a mist over the truth. +As to the suggestion of double taxation, the answer is plain. + The wants of the Union are to be supplied in one way or another; + if to be done by the authority of the federal government, it will + not be to be done by that of the State government. The quantity of + taxes to be paid by the community must be the same in either case; + with this advantage, if the provision is to be made by the + Union that the capital resource of commercial imposts, which is the + most convenient branch of revenue, can be prudently improved to a + much greater extent under federal than under State regulation, and + of course will render it less necessary to recur to more + inconvenient methods; and with this further advantage, that as far + as there may be any real difficulty in the exercise of the power of + internal taxation, it will impose a disposition to greater care in + the choice and arrangement of the means; and must naturally tend to + make it a fixed point of policy in the national administration to go + as far as may be practicable in making the luxury of the rich + tributary to the public treasury, in order to diminish the necessity + of those impositions which might create dissatisfaction in the + poorer and most numerous classes of the society. Happy it is when + the interest which the government has in the preservation of its own + power, coincides with a proper distribution of the public burdens, + and tends to guard the least wealthy part of the community from + oppression! +As to poll taxes, I, without scruple, confess my disapprobation + of them; and though they have prevailed from an early period in + those States%n1%n which have uniformly been the most tenacious of + their rights, I should lament to see them introduced into practice + under the national government. But does it follow because there is + a power to lay them that they will actually be laid? Every State in + the Union has power to impose taxes of this kind; and yet in + several of them they are unknown in practice. Are the State + governments to be stigmatized as tyrannies, because they possess + this power? If they are not, with what propriety can the like power + justify such a charge against the national government, or even be + urged as an obstacle to its adoption? As little friendly as I am to + the species of imposition, I still feel a thorough conviction that + the power of having recourse to it ought to exist in the federal + government. There are certain emergencies of nations, in which + expedients, that in the ordinary state of things ought to be + forborne, become essential to the public weal. And the government, + from the possibility of such emergencies, ought ever to have the + option of making use of them. The real scarcity of objects in this + country, which may be considered as productive sources of revenue, + is a reason peculiar to itself, for not abridging the discretion of + the national councils in this respect. There may exist certain + critical and tempestuous conjunctures of the State, in which a poll + tax may become an inestimable resource. And as I know nothing to + exempt this portion of the globe from the common calamities that + have befallen other parts of it, I acknowledge my aversion to every + project that is calculated to disarm the government of a single + weapon, which in any possible contingency might be usefully employed + for the general defense and security. +I have now gone through the examination of such of the powers + proposed to be vested in the United States, which may be considered + as having an immediate relation to the energy of the government; + and have endeavored to answer the principal objections which have + been made to them. I have passed over in silence those minor + authorities, which are either too inconsiderable to have been + thought worthy of the hostilities of the opponents of the + Constitution, or of too manifest propriety to admit of controversy. + The mass of judiciary power, however, might have claimed an + investigation under this head, had it not been for the consideration + that its organization and its extent may be more advantageously + considered in connection. This has determined me to refer it to the + branch of our inquiries upon which we shall next enter. +PUBLIUS. +FNA1@@1 The New England States. + + +FEDERALIST No. 37 + +Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper + Form of Government +From the Daily Advertiser. +Friday, January 11, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IN REVIEWING the defects of the existing Confederation, and + showing that they cannot be supplied by a government of less energy + than that before the public, several of the most important + principles of the latter fell of course under consideration. But as + the ultimate object of these papers is to determine clearly and + fully the merits of this Constitution, and the expediency of + adopting it, our plan cannot be complete without taking a more + critical and thorough survey of the work of the convention, without + examining it on all its sides, comparing it in all its parts, and + calculating its probable effects. +That this remaining task may be executed under impressions + conducive to a just and fair result, some reflections must in this + place be indulged, which candor previously suggests. +It is a misfortune, inseparable from human affairs, that public + measures are rarely investigated with that spirit of moderation + which is essential to a just estimate of their real tendency to + advance or obstruct the public good; and that this spirit is more + apt to be diminished than promoted, by those occasions which require + an unusual exercise of it. To those who have been led by experience + to attend to this consideration, it could not appear surprising, + that the act of the convention, which recommends so many important + changes and innovations, which may be viewed in so many lights and + relations, and which touches the springs of so many passions and + interests, should find or excite dispositions unfriendly, both on + one side and on the other, to a fair discussion and accurate + judgment of its merits. In some, it has been too evident from their + own publications, that they have scanned the proposed Constitution, + not only with a predisposition to censure, but with a + predetermination to condemn; as the language held by others betrays + an opposite predetermination or bias, which must render their + opinions also of little moment in the question. In placing, + however, these different characters on a level, with respect to the + weight of their opinions, I wish not to insinuate that there may not + be a material difference in the purity of their intentions. It is + but just to remark in favor of the latter description, that as our + situation is universally admitted to be peculiarly critical, and to + require indispensably that something should be done for our relief, + the predetermined patron of what has been actually done may have + taken his bias from the weight of these considerations, as well as + from considerations of a sinister nature. The predetermined + adversary, on the other hand, can have been governed by no venial + motive whatever. The intentions of the first may be upright, as + they may on the contrary be culpable. The views of the last cannot + be upright, and must be culpable. But the truth is, that these + papers are not addressed to persons falling under either of these + characters. They solicit the attention of those only, who add to a + sincere zeal for the happiness of their country, a temper favorable + to a just estimate of the means of promoting it. +Persons of this character will proceed to an examination of the + plan submitted by the convention, not only without a disposition to + find or to magnify faults; but will see the propriety of + reflecting, that a faultless plan was not to be expected. Nor will + they barely make allowances for the errors which may be chargeable + on the fallibility to which the convention, as a body of men, were + liable; but will keep in mind, that they themselves also are but + men, and ought not to assume an infallibility in rejudging the + fallible opinions of others. +With equal readiness will it be perceived, that besides these + inducements to candor, many allowances ought to be made for the + difficulties inherent in the very nature of the undertaking referred + to the convention. +The novelty of the undertaking immediately strikes us. It has + been shown in the course of these papers, that the existing + Confederation is founded on principles which are fallacious; that + we must consequently change this first foundation, and with it the + superstructure resting upon it. It has been shown, that the other + confederacies which could be consulted as precedents have been + vitiated by the same erroneous principles, and can therefore furnish + no other light than that of beacons, which give warning of the + course to be shunned, without pointing out that which ought to be + pursued. The most that the convention could do in such a situation, + was to avoid the errors suggested by the past experience of other + countries, as well as of our own; and to provide a convenient mode + of rectifying their own errors, as future experiences may unfold + them. +Among the difficulties encountered by the convention, a very + important one must have lain in combining the requisite stability + and energy in government, with the inviolable attention due to + liberty and to the republican form. Without substantially + accomplishing this part of their undertaking, they would have very + imperfectly fulfilled the object of their appointment, or the + expectation of the public; yet that it could not be easily + accomplished, will be denied by no one who is unwilling to betray + his ignorance of the subject. Energy in government is essential to + that security against external and internal danger, and to that + prompt and salutary execution of the laws which enter into the very + definition of good government. Stability in government is essential + to national character and to the advantages annexed to it, as well + as to that repose and confidence in the minds of the people, which + are among the chief blessings of civil society. An irregular and + mutable legislation is not more an evil in itself than it is odious + to the people; and it may be pronounced with assurance that the + people of this country, enlightened as they are with regard to the + nature, and interested, as the great body of them are, in the + effects of good government, will never be satisfied till some remedy + be applied to the vicissitudes and uncertainties which characterize + the State administrations. On comparing, however, these valuable + ingredients with the vital principles of liberty, we must perceive + at once the difficulty of mingling them together in their due + proportions. The genius of republican liberty seems to demand on + one side, not only that all power should be derived from the people, + but that those intrusted with it should be kept in independence on + the people, by a short duration of their appointments; and that + even during this short period the trust should be placed not in a + few, but a number of hands. Stability, on the contrary, requires + that the hands in which power is lodged should continue for a length + of time the same. A frequent change of men will result from a + frequent return of elections; and a frequent change of measures + from a frequent change of men: whilst energy in government requires + not only a certain duration of power, but the execution of it by a + single hand. +How far the convention may have succeeded in this part of their + work, will better appear on a more accurate view of it. From the + cursory view here taken, it must clearly appear to have been an + arduous part. +Not less arduous must have been the task of marking the proper + line of partition between the authority of the general and that of + the State governments. Every man will be sensible of this + difficulty, in proportion as he has been accustomed to contemplate + and discriminate objects extensive and complicated in their nature. + The faculties of the mind itself have never yet been distinguished + and defined, with satisfactory precision, by all the efforts of the + most acute and metaphysical philosophers. Sense, perception, + judgment, desire, volition, memory, imagination, are found to be + separated by such delicate shades and minute gradations that their + boundaries have eluded the most subtle investigations, and remain a + pregnant source of ingenious disquisition and controversy. The + boundaries between the great kingdom of nature, and, still more, + between the various provinces, and lesser portions, into which they + are subdivided, afford another illustration of the same important + truth. The most sagacious and laborious naturalists have never yet + succeeded in tracing with certainty the line which separates the + district of vegetable life from the neighboring region of + unorganized matter, or which marks the ermination of the former and + the commencement of the animal empire. A still greater obscurity + lies in the distinctive characters by which the objects in each of + these great departments of nature have been arranged and assorted. +When we pass from the works of nature, in which all the + delineations are perfectly accurate, and appear to be otherwise only + from the imperfection of the eye which surveys them, to the + institutions of man, in which the obscurity arises as well from the + object itself as from the organ by which it is contemplated, we must + perceive the necessity of moderating still further our expectations + and hopes from the efforts of human sagacity. Experience has + instructed us that no skill in the science of government has yet + been able to discriminate and define, with sufficient certainty, its + three great provinces the legislative, executive, and judiciary; or + even the privileges and powers of the different legislative branches. + Questions daily occur in the course of practice, which prove the + obscurity which reins in these subjects, and which puzzle the + greatest adepts in political science. +The experience of ages, with the continued and combined labors + of the most enlightened legislatures and jurists, has been equally + unsuccessful in delineating the several objects and limits of + different codes of laws and different tribunals of justice. The + precise extent of the common law, and the statute law, the maritime + law, the ecclesiastical law, the law of corporations, and other + local laws and customs, remains still to be clearly and finally + established in Great Britain, where accuracy in such subjects has + been more industriously pursued than in any other part of the world. + The jurisdiction of her several courts, general and local, of law, + of equity, of admiralty, etc., is not less a source of frequent and + intricate discussions, sufficiently denoting the indeterminate + limits by which they are respectively circumscribed. All new laws, + though penned with the greatest technical skill, and passed on the + fullest and most mature deliberation, are considered as more or less + obscure and equivocal, until their meaning be liquidated and + ascertained by a series of particular discussions and adjudications. + Besides the obscurity arising from the complexity of objects, and + the imperfection of the human faculties, the medium through which + the conceptions of men are conveyed to each other adds a fresh + embarrassment. The use of words is to express ideas. Perspicuity, + therefore, requires not only that the ideas should be distinctly + formed, but that they should be expressed by words distinctly and + exclusively appropriate to them. But no language is so copious as + to supply words and phrases for every complex idea, or so correct as + not to include many equivocally denoting different ideas. Hence it + must happen that however accurately objects may be discriminated in + themselves, and however accurately the discrimination may be + considered, the definition of them may be rendered inaccurate by the + inaccuracy of the terms in which it is delivered. And this + unavoidable inaccuracy must be greater or less, according to the + complexity and novelty of the objects defined. When the Almighty + himself condescends to address mankind in their own language, his + meaning, luminous as it must be, is rendered dim and doubtful by the + cloudy medium through which it is communicated. +Here, then, are three sources of vague and incorrect + definitions: indistinctness of the object, imperfection of the + organ of conception, inadequateness of the vehicle of ideas. Any + one of these must produce a certain degree of obscurity. The + convention, in delineating the boundary between the federal and + State jurisdictions, must have experienced the full effect of them + all. +To the difficulties already mentioned may be added the + interfering pretensions of the larger and smaller States. We cannot + err in supposing that the former would contend for a participation + in the government, fully proportioned to their superior wealth and + importance; and that the latter would not be less tenacious of the + equality at present enjoyed by them. We may well suppose that + neither side would entirely yield to the other, and consequently + that the struggle could be terminated only by compromise. It is + extremely probable, also, that after the ratio of representation had + been adjusted, this very compromise must have produced a fresh + struggle between the same parties, to give such a turn to the + organization of the government, and to the distribution of its + powers, as would increase the importance of the branches, in forming + which they had respectively obtained the greatest share of influence. + There are features in the Constitution which warrant each of these + suppositions; and as far as either of them is well founded, it + shows that the convention must have been compelled to sacrifice + theoretical propriety to the force of extraneous considerations. +Nor could it have been the large and small States only, which + would marshal themselves in opposition to each other on various + points. Other combinations, resulting from a difference of local + position and policy, must have created additional difficulties. As + every State may be divided into different districts, and its + citizens into different classes, which give birth to contending + interests and local jealousies, so the different parts of the United + States are distinguished from each other by a variety of + circumstances, which produce a like effect on a larger scale. And + although this variety of interests, for reasons sufficiently + explained in a former paper, may have a salutary influence on the + administration of the government when formed, yet every one must be + sensible of the contrary influence, which must have been experienced + in the task of forming it. +Would it be wonderful if, under the pressure of all these + difficulties, the convention should have been forced into some + deviations from that artificial structure and regular symmetry which + an abstract view of the subject might lead an ingenious theorist to + bestow on a Constitution planned in his closet or in his + imagination? The real wonder is that so many difficulties should + have been surmounted, and surmounted with a unanimity almost as + unprecedented as it must have been unexpected. It is impossible for + any man of candor to reflect on this circumstance without partaking + of the astonishment. It is impossible for the man of pious + reflection not to perceive in it a finger of that Almighty hand + which has been so frequently and signally extended to our relief in + the critical stages of the revolution. +We had occasion, in a former paper, to take notice of the + repeated trials which have been unsuccessfully made in the United + Netherlands for reforming the baneful and notorious vices of their + constitution. The history of almost all the great councils and + consultations held among mankind for reconciling their discordant + opinions, assuaging their mutual jealousies, and adjusting their + respective interests, is a history of factions, contentions, and + disappointments, and may be classed among the most dark and degraded + pictures which display the infirmities and depravities of the human + character. If, in a few scattered instances, a brighter aspect is + presented, they serve only as exceptions to admonish us of the + general truth; and by their lustre to darken the gloom of the + adverse prospect to which they are contrasted. In revolving the + causes from which these exceptions result, and applying them to the + particular instances before us, we are necessarily led to two + important conclusions. The first is, that the convention must have + enjoyed, in a very singular degree, an exemption from the + pestilential influence of party animosities the disease most + incident to deliberative bodies, and most apt to contaminate their + proceedings. The second conclusion is that all the deputations + composing the convention were satisfactorily accommodated by the + final act, or were induced to accede to it by a deep conviction of + the necessity of sacrificing private opinions and partial interests + to the public good, and by a despair of seeing this necessity + diminished by delays or by new experiments. + + +FEDERALIST No. 38 + +The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections + to the New Plan Exposed +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, January 15, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT IS not a little remarkable that in every case reported by + ancient history, in which government has been established with + deliberation and consent, the task of framing it has not been + committed to an assembly of men, but has been performed by some + individual citizen of preeminent wisdom and approved integrity. +Minos, we learn, was the primitive founder of the government of + Crete, as Zaleucus was of that of the Locrians. Theseus first, and + after him Draco and Solon, instituted the government of Athens. + Lycurgus was the lawgiver of Sparta. The foundation of the + original government of Rome was laid by Romulus, and the work + completed by two of his elective successors, Numa and Tullius + Hostilius. On the abolition of royalty the consular administration + was substituted by Brutus, who stepped forward with a project for + such a reform, which, he alleged, had been prepared by Tullius + Hostilius, and to which his address obtained the assent and + ratification of the senate and people. This remark is applicable to + confederate governments also. Amphictyon, we are told, was the + author of that which bore his name. The Achaean league received its + first birth from Achaeus, and its second from Aratus. +What degree of agency these reputed lawgivers might have in + their respective establishments, or how far they might be clothed + with the legitimate authority of the people, cannot in every + instance be ascertained. In some, however, the proceeding was + strictly regular. Draco appears to have been intrusted by the + people of Athens with indefinite powers to reform its government and + laws. And Solon, according to Plutarch, was in a manner compelled, + by the universal suffrage of his fellow-citizens, to take upon him + the sole and absolute power of new-modeling the constitution. The + proceedings under Lycurgus were less regular; but as far as the + advocates for a regular reform could prevail, they all turned their + eyes towards the single efforts of that celebrated patriot and sage, + instead of seeking to bring about a revolution by the intervention + of a deliberative body of citizens. +Whence could it have proceeded, that a people, jealous as the + Greeks were of their liberty, should so far abandon the rules of + caution as to place their destiny in the hands of a single citizen? + Whence could it have proceeded, that the Athenians, a people who + would not suffer an army to be commanded by fewer than ten generals, + and who required no other proof of danger to their liberties than + the illustrious merit of a fellow-citizen, should consider one + illustrious citizen as a more eligible depositary of the fortunes of + themselves and their posterity, than a select body of citizens, from + whose common deliberations more wisdom, as well as more safety, + might have been expected? These questions cannot be fully answered, + without supposing that the fears of discord and disunion among a + number of counsellors exceeded the apprehension of treachery or + incapacity in a single individual. History informs us, likewise, of + the difficulties with which these celebrated reformers had to + contend, as well as the expedients which they were obliged to employ + in order to carry their reforms into effect. Solon, who seems to + have indulged a more temporizing policy, confessed that he had not + given to his countrymen the government best suited to their + happiness, but most tolerable to their prejudices. And Lycurgus, + more true to his object, was under the necessity of mixing a portion + of violence with the authority of superstition, and of securing his + final success by a voluntary renunciation, first of his country, and + then of his life. If these lessons teach us, on one hand, to admire + the improvement made by America on the ancient mode of preparing and + establishing regular plans of government, they serve not less, on + the other, to admonish us of the hazards and difficulties incident + to such experiments, and of the great imprudence of unnecessarily + multiplying them. +Is it an unreasonable conjecture, that the errors which may be + contained in the plan of the convention are such as have resulted + rather from the defect of antecedent experience on this complicated + and difficult subject, than from a want of accuracy or care in the + investigation of it; and, consequently such as will not be + ascertained until an actual trial shall have pointed them out? This + conjecture is rendered probable, not only by many considerations of + a general nature, but by the particular case of the Articles of + Confederation. It is observable that among the numerous objections + and amendments suggested by the several States, when these articles + were submitted for their ratification, not one is found which + alludes to the great and radical error which on actual trial has + discovered itself. And if we except the observations which New + Jersey was led to make, rather by her local situation, than by her + peculiar foresight, it may be questioned whether a single suggestion + was of sufficient moment to justify a revision of the system. There + is abundant reason, nevertheless, to suppose that immaterial as + these objections were, they would have been adhered to with a very + dangerous inflexibility, in some States, had not a zeal for their + opinions and supposed interests been stifled by the more powerful + sentiment of selfpreservation. One State, we may remember, + persisted for several years in refusing her concurrence, although + the enemy remained the whole period at our gates, or rather in the + very bowels of our country. Nor was her pliancy in the end effected + by a less motive, than the fear of being chargeable with protracting + the public calamities, and endangering the event of the contest. + Every candid reader will make the proper reflections on these + important facts. +A patient who finds his disorder daily growing worse, and that + an efficacious remedy can no longer be delayed without extreme + danger, after coolly revolving his situation, and the characters of + different physicians, selects and calls in such of them as he judges + most capable of administering relief, and best entitled to his + confidence. The physicians attend; the case of the patient is + carefully examined; a consultation is held; they are unanimously + agreed that the symptoms are critical, but that the case, with + proper and timely relief, is so far from being desperate, that it + may be made to issue in an improvement of his constitution. They + are equally unanimous in prescribing the remedy, by which this happy + effect is to be produced. The prescription is no sooner made known, + however, than a number of persons interpose, and, without denying + the reality or danger of the disorder, assure the patient that the + prescription will be poison to his constitution, and forbid him, + under pain of certain death, to make use of it. Might not the + patient reasonably demand, before he ventured to follow this advice, + that the authors of it should at least agree among themselves on + some other remedy to be substituted? And if he found them differing + as much from one another as from his first counsellors, would he not + act prudently in trying the experiment unanimously recommended by + the latter, rather than be hearkening to those who could neither + deny the necessity of a speedy remedy, nor agree in proposing one? +Such a patient and in such a situation is America at this moment. + She has been sensible of her malady. She has obtained a regular + and unanimous advice from men of her own deliberate choice. And she + is warned by others against following this advice under pain of the + most fatal consequences. Do the monitors deny the reality of her + danger? No. Do they deny the necessity of some speedy and powerful + remedy? No. Are they agreed, are any two of them agreed, in their + objections to the remedy proposed, or in the proper one to be + substituted? Let them speak for themselves. This one tells us that + the proposed Constitution ought to be rejected, because it is not a + confederation of the States, but a government over individuals. + Another admits that it ought to be a government over individuals to + a certain extent, but by no means to the extent proposed. A third + does not object to the government over individuals, or to the extent + proposed, but to the want of a bill of rights. A fourth concurs in + the absolute necessity of a bill of rights, but contends that it + ought to be declaratory, not of the personal rights of individuals, + but of the rights reserved to the States in their political capacity. + A fifth is of opinion that a bill of rights of any sort would be + superfluous and misplaced, and that the plan would be + unexceptionable but for the fatal power of regulating the times and + places of election. An objector in a large State exclaims loudly + against the unreasonable equality of representation in the Senate. + An objector in a small State is equally loud against the dangerous + inequality in the House of Representatives. From this quarter, we + are alarmed with the amazing expense, from the number of persons who + are to administer the new government. From another quarter, and + sometimes from the same quarter, on another occasion, the cry is + that the Congress will be but a shadow of a representation, and that + the government would be far less objectionable if the number and the + expense were doubled. A patriot in a State that does not import or + export, discerns insuperable objections against the power of direct + taxation. The patriotic adversary in a State of great exports and + imports, is not less dissatisfied that the whole burden of taxes may + be thrown on consumption. This politician discovers in the + Constitution a direct and irresistible tendency to monarchy; that + is equally sure it will end in aristocracy. Another is puzzled to + say which of these shapes it will ultimately assume, but sees + clearly it must be one or other of them; whilst a fourth is not + wanting, who with no less confidence affirms that the Constitution + is so far from having a bias towards either of these dangers, that + the weight on that side will not be sufficient to keep it upright + and firm against its opposite propensities. With another class of + adversaries to the Constitution the language is that the + legislative, executive, and judiciary departments are intermixed in + such a manner as to contradict all the ideas of regular government + and all the requisite precautions in favor of liberty. Whilst this + objection circulates in vague and general expressions, there are but + a few who lend their sanction to it. Let each one come forward with + his particular explanation, and scarce any two are exactly agreed + upon the subject. In the eyes of one the junction of the Senate + with the President in the responsible function of appointing to + offices, instead of vesting this executive power in the Executive + alone, is the vicious part of the organization. To another, the + exclusion of the House of Representatives, whose numbers alone could + be a due security against corruption and partiality in the exercise + of such a power, is equally obnoxious. With another, the admission + of the President into any share of a power which ever must be a + dangerous engine in the hands of the executive magistrate, is an + unpardonable violation of the maxims of republican jealousy. No + part of the arrangement, according to some, is more inadmissible + than the trial of impeachments by the Senate, which is alternately a + member both of the legislative and executive departments, when this + power so evidently belonged to the judiciary department. ``We + concur fully,'' reply others, ``in the objection to this part of the + plan, but we can never agree that a reference of impeachments to the + judiciary authority would be an amendment of the error. Our + principal dislike to the organization arises from the extensive + powers already lodged in that department.'' Even among the zealous + patrons of a council of state the most irreconcilable variance is + discovered concerning the mode in which it ought to be constituted. + The demand of one gentleman is, that the council should consist of + a small number to be appointed by the most numerous branch of the + legislature. Another would prefer a larger number, and considers it + as a fundamental condition that the appointment should be made by + the President himself. +As it can give no umbrage to the writers against the plan of the + federal Constitution, let us suppose, that as they are the most + zealous, so they are also the most sagacious, of those who think the + late convention were unequal to the task assigned them, and that a + wiser and better plan might and ought to be substituted. Let us + further suppose that their country should concur, both in this + favorable opinion of their merits, and in their unfavorable opinion + of the convention; and should accordingly proceed to form them into + a second convention, with full powers, and for the express purpose + of revising and remoulding the work of the first. Were the + experiment to be seriously made, though it required some effort to + view it seriously even in fiction, I leave it to be decided by the + sample of opinions just exhibited, whether, with all their enmity to + their predecessors, they would, in any one point, depart so widely + from their example, as in the discord and ferment that would mark + their own deliberations; and whether the Constitution, now before + the public, would not stand as fair a chance for immortality, as + Lycurgus gave to that of Sparta, by making its change to depend on + his own return from exile and death, if it were to be immediately + adopted, and were to continue in force, not until a BETTER, but + until ANOTHER should be agreed upon by this new assembly of + lawgivers. +It is a matter both of wonder and regret, that those who raise + so many objections against the new Constitution should never call to + mind the defects of that which is to be exchanged for it. It is not + necessary that the former should be perfect; it is sufficient that + the latter is more imperfect. No man would refuse to give brass for + silver or gold, because the latter had some alloy in it. No man + would refuse to quit a shattered and tottering habitation for a firm + and commodious building, because the latter had not a porch to it, + or because some of the rooms might be a little larger or smaller, or + the ceilings a little higher or lower than his fancy would have + planned them. But waiving illustrations of this sort, is it not + manifest that most of the capital objections urged against the new + system lie with tenfold weight against the existing Confederation? + Is an indefinite power to raise money dangerous in the hands of the + federal government? The present Congress can make requisitions to + any amount they please, and the States are constitutionally bound to + furnish them; they can emit bills of credit as long as they will + pay for the paper; they can borrow, both abroad and at home, as + long as a shilling will be lent. Is an indefinite power to raise + troops dangerous? The Confederation gives to Congress that power + also; and they have already begun to make use of it. Is it + improper and unsafe to intermix the different powers of government + in the same body of men? Congress, a single body of men, are the + sole depositary of all the federal powers. Is it particularly + dangerous to give the keys of the treasury, and the command of the + army, into the same hands? The Confederation places them both in + the hands of Congress. Is a bill of rights essential to liberty? + The Confederation has no bill of rights. Is it an objection + against the new Constitution, that it empowers the Senate, with the + concurrence of the Executive, to make treaties which are to be the + laws of the land? The existing Congress, without any such control, + can make treaties which they themselves have declared, and most of + the States have recognized, to be the supreme law of the land. Is + the importation of slaves permitted by the new Constitution for + twenty years? By the old it is permitted forever. +I shall be told, that however dangerous this mixture of powers + may be in theory, it is rendered harmless by the dependence of + Congress on the State for the means of carrying them into practice; + that however large the mass of powers may be, it is in fact a + lifeless mass. Then, say I, in the first place, that the + Confederation is chargeable with the still greater folly of + declaring certain powers in the federal government to be absolutely + necessary, and at the same time rendering them absolutely nugatory; + and, in the next place, that if the Union is to continue, and no + better government be substituted, effective powers must either be + granted to, or assumed by, the existing Congress; in either of + which events, the contrast just stated will hold good. But this is + not all. Out of this lifeless mass has already grown an excrescent + power, which tends to realize all the dangers that can be + apprehended from a defective construction of the supreme government + of the Union. It is now no longer a point of speculation and hope, + that the Western territory is a mine of vast wealth to the United + States; and although it is not of such a nature as to extricate + them from their present distresses, or for some time to come, to + yield any regular supplies for the public expenses, yet must it + hereafter be able, under proper management, both to effect a gradual + discharge of the domestic debt, and to furnish, for a certain + period, liberal tributes to the federal treasury. A very large + proportion of this fund has been already surrendered by individual + States; and it may with reason be expected that the remaining + States will not persist in withholding similar proofs of their + equity and generosity. We may calculate, therefore, that a rich and + fertile country, of an area equal to the inhabited extent of the + United States, will soon become a national stock. Congress have + assumed the administration of this stock. They have begun to render + it productive. Congress have undertaken to do more: they have + proceeded to form new States, to erect temporary governments, to + appoint officers for them, and to prescribe the conditions on which + such States shall be admitted into the Confederacy. All this has + been done; and done without the least color of constitutional + authority. Yet no blame has been whispered; no alarm has been + sounded. A GREAT and INDEPENDENT fund of revenue is passing into + the hands of a SINGLE BODY of men, who can RAISE TROOPS to an + INDEFINITE NUMBER, and appropriate money to their support for an + INDEFINITE PERIOD OF TIME. And yet there are men, who have not only + been silent spectators of this prospect, but who are advocates for + the system which exhibits it; and, at the same time, urge against + the new system the objections which we have heard. Would they not + act with more consistency, in urging the establishment of the + latter, as no less necessary to guard the Union against the future + powers and resources of a body constructed like the existing + Congress, than to save it from the dangers threatened by the present + impotency of that Assembly? +I mean not, by any thing here said, to throw censure on the + measures which have been pursued by Congress. I am sensible they + could not have done otherwise. The public interest, the necessity + of the case, imposed upon them the task of overleaping their + constitutional limits. But is not the fact an alarming proof of the + danger resulting from a government which does not possess regular + powers commensurate to its objects? A dissolution or usurpation is + the dreadful dilemma to which it is continually exposed. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 39 + +The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles +For the Independent Journal. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE last paper having concluded the observations which were + meant to introduce a candid survey of the plan of government + reported by the convention, we now proceed to the execution of that + part of our undertaking. +The first question that offers itself is, whether the general + form and aspect of the government be strictly republican. It is + evident that no other form would be reconcilable with the genius of + the people of America; with the fundamental principles of the + Revolution; or with that honorable determination which animates + every votary of freedom, to rest all our political experiments on + the capacity of mankind for self-government. If the plan of the + convention, therefore, be found to depart from the republican + character, its advocates must abandon it as no longer defensible. +What, then, are the distinctive characters of the republican + form? Were an answer to this question to be sought, not by + recurring to principles, but in the application of the term by + political writers, to the constitution of different States, no + satisfactory one would ever be found. Holland, in which no particle + of the supreme authority is derived from the people, has passed + almost universally under the denomination of a republic. The same + title has been bestowed on Venice, where absolute power over the + great body of the people is exercised, in the most absolute manner, + by a small body of hereditary nobles. Poland, which is a mixture of + aristocracy and of monarchy in their worst forms, has been dignified + with the same appellation. The government of England, which has one + republican branch only, combined with an hereditary aristocracy and + monarchy, has, with equal impropriety, been frequently placed on the + list of republics. These examples, which are nearly as dissimilar + to each other as to a genuine republic, show the extreme inaccuracy + with which the term has been used in political disquisitions. +If we resort for a criterion to the different principles on + which different forms of government are established, we may define a + republic to be, or at least may bestow that name on, a government + which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great + body of the people, and is administered by persons holding their + offices during pleasure, for a limited period, or during good + behavior. It is ESSENTIAL to such a government that it be derived + from the great body of the society, not from an inconsiderable + proportion, or a favored class of it; otherwise a handful of + tyrannical nobles, exercising their oppressions by a delegation of + their powers, might aspire to the rank of republicans, and claim for + their government the honorable title of republic. It is SUFFICIENT + for such a government that the persons administering it be + appointed, either directly or indirectly, by the people; and that + they hold their appointments by either of the tenures just + specified; otherwise every government in the United States, as well + as every other popular government that has been or can be well + organized or well executed, would be degraded from the republican + character. According to the constitution of every State in the + Union, some or other of the officers of government are appointed + indirectly only by the people. According to most of them, the chief + magistrate himself is so appointed. And according to one, this mode + of appointment is extended to one of the co-ordinate branches of the + legislature. According to all the constitutions, also, the tenure + of the highest offices is extended to a definite period, and in many + instances, both within the legislative and executive departments, to + a period of years. According to the provisions of most of the + constitutions, again, as well as according to the most respectable + and received opinions on the subject, the members of the judiciary + department are to retain their offices by the firm tenure of good + behavior. +On comparing the Constitution planned by the convention with the + standard here fixed, we perceive at once that it is, in the most + rigid sense, conformable to it. The House of Representatives, like + that of one branch at least of all the State legislatures, is + elected immediately by the great body of the people. The Senate, + like the present Congress, and the Senate of Maryland, derives its + appointment indirectly from the people. The President is indirectly + derived from the choice of the people, according to the example in + most of the States. Even the judges, with all other officers of the + Union, will, as in the several States, be the choice, though a + remote choice, of the people themselves, the duration of the + appointments is equally conformable to the republican standard, and + to the model of State constitutions The House of Representatives is + periodically elective, as in all the States; and for the period of + two years, as in the State of South Carolina. The Senate is + elective, for the period of six years; which is but one year more + than the period of the Senate of Maryland, and but two more than + that of the Senates of New York and Virginia. The President is to + continue in office for the period of four years; as in New York and + Delaware, the chief magistrate is elected for three years, and in + South Carolina for two years. In the other States the election is + annual. In several of the States, however, no constitutional + provision is made for the impeachment of the chief magistrate. And + in Delaware and Virginia he is not impeachable till out of office. + The President of the United States is impeachable at any time + during his continuance in office. The tenure by which the judges + are to hold their places, is, as it unquestionably ought to be, that + of good behavior. The tenure of the ministerial offices generally, + will be a subject of legal regulation, conformably to the reason of + the case and the example of the State constitutions. +Could any further proof be required of the republican complexion + of this system, the most decisive one might be found in its absolute + prohibition of titles of nobility, both under the federal and the + State governments; and in its express guaranty of the republican + form to each of the latter. +``But it was not sufficient,'' say the adversaries of the + proposed Constitution, ``for the convention to adhere to the + republican form. They ought, with equal care, to have preserved the + FEDERAL form, which regards the Union as a CONFEDERACY of sovereign + states; instead of which, they have framed a NATIONAL government, + which regards the Union as a CONSOLIDATION of the States.'' And it + is asked by what authority this bold and radical innovation was + undertaken? The handle which has been made of this objection + requires that it should be examined with some precision. +Without inquiring into the accuracy of the distinction on which + the objection is founded, it will be necessary to a just estimate of + its force, first, to ascertain the real character of the government + in question; secondly, to inquire how far the convention were + authorized to propose such a government; and thirdly, how far the + duty they owed to their country could supply any defect of regular + authority. +First. In order to ascertain the real character of the + government, it may be considered in relation to the foundation on + which it is to be established; to the sources from which its + ordinary powers are to be drawn; to the operation of those powers; + to the extent of them; and to the authority by which future + changes in the government are to be introduced. +On examining the first relation, it appears, on one hand, that + the Constitution is to be founded on the assent and ratification of + the people of America, given by deputies elected for the special + purpose; but, on the other, that this assent and ratification is to + be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire + nation, but as composing the distinct and independent States to + which they respectively belong. It is to be the assent and + ratification of the several States, derived from the supreme + authority in each State, the authority of the people themselves. + The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a + NATIONAL, but a FEDERAL act. +That it will be a federal and not a national act, as these terms + are understood by the objectors; the act of the people, as forming + so many independent States, not as forming one aggregate nation, is + obvious from this single consideration, that it is to result neither + from the decision of a MAJORITY of the people of the Union, nor from + that of a MAJORITY of the States. It must result from the UNANIMOUS + assent of the several States that are parties to it, differing no + otherwise from their ordinary assent than in its being expressed, + not by the legislative authority, but by that of the people + themselves. Were the people regarded in this transaction as forming + one nation, the will of the majority of the whole people of the + United States would bind the minority, in the same manner as the + majority in each State must bind the minority; and the will of the + majority must be determined either by a comparison of the individual + votes, or by considering the will of the majority of the States as + evidence of the will of a majority of the people of the United + States. Neither of these rules have been adopted. Each State, in + ratifying the Constitution, is considered as a sovereign body, + independent of all others, and only to be bound by its own voluntary + act. In this relation, then, the new Constitution will, if + established, be a FEDERAL, and not a NATIONAL constitution. +The next relation is, to the sources from which the ordinary + powers of government are to be derived. The House of + Representatives will derive its powers from the people of America; + and the people will be represented in the same proportion, and on + the same principle, as they are in the legislature of a particular + State. So far the government is NATIONAL, not FEDERAL. The Senate, + on the other hand, will derive its powers from the States, as + political and coequal societies; and these will be represented on + the principle of equality in the Senate, as they now are in the + existing Congress. So far the government is FEDERAL, not NATIONAL. + The executive power will be derived from a very compound source. + The immediate election of the President is to be made by the States + in their political characters. The votes allotted to them are in a + compound ratio, which considers them partly as distinct and coequal + societies, partly as unequal members of the same society. The + eventual election, again, is to be made by that branch of the + legislature which consists of the national representatives; but in + this particular act they are to be thrown into the form of + individual delegations, from so many distinct and coequal bodies + politic. From this aspect of the government it appears to be of a + mixed character, presenting at least as many FEDERAL as NATIONAL + features. +The difference between a federal and national government, as it + relates to the OPERATION OF THE GOVERNMENT, is supposed to consist + in this, that in the former the powers operate on the political + bodies composing the Confederacy, in their political capacities; in + the latter, on the individual citizens composing the nation, in + their individual capacities. On trying the Constitution by this + criterion, it falls under the NATIONAL, not the FEDERAL character; + though perhaps not so completely as has been understood. In + several cases, and particularly in the trial of controversies to + which States may be parties, they must be viewed and proceeded + against in their collective and political capacities only. So far + the national countenance of the government on this side seems to be + disfigured by a few federal features. But this blemish is perhaps + unavoidable in any plan; and the operation of the government on the + people, in their individual capacities, in its ordinary and most + essential proceedings, may, on the whole, designate it, in this + relation, a NATIONAL government. +But if the government be national with regard to the OPERATION + of its powers, it changes its aspect again when we contemplate it in + relation to the EXTENT of its powers. The idea of a national + government involves in it, not only an authority over the individual + citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all persons and things, + so far as they are objects of lawful government. Among a people + consolidated into one nation, this supremacy is completely vested in + the national legislature. Among communities united for particular + purposes, it is vested partly in the general and partly in the + municipal legislatures. In the former case, all local authorities + are subordinate to the supreme; and may be controlled, directed, or + abolished by it at pleasure. In the latter, the local or municipal + authorities form distinct and independent portions of the supremacy, + no more subject, within their respective spheres, to the general + authority, than the general authority is subject to them, within its + own sphere. In this relation, then, the proposed government cannot + be deemed a NATIONAL one; since its jurisdiction extends to certain + enumerated objects only, and leaves to the several States a + residuary and inviolable sovereignty over all other objects. It is + true that in controversies relating to the boundary between the two + jurisdictions, the tribunal which is ultimately to decide, is to be + established under the general government. But this does not change + the principle of the case. The decision is to be impartially made, + according to the rules of the Constitution; and all the usual and + most effectual precautions are taken to secure this impartiality. + Some such tribunal is clearly essential to prevent an appeal to the + sword and a dissolution of the compact; and that it ought to be + established under the general rather than under the local + governments, or, to speak more properly, that it could be safely + established under the first alone, is a position not likely to be + combated. +If we try the Constitution by its last relation to the authority + by which amendments are to be made, we find it neither wholly + NATIONAL nor wholly FEDERAL. Were it wholly national, the supreme + and ultimate authority would reside in the MAJORITY of the people of + the Union; and this authority would be competent at all times, like + that of a majority of every national society, to alter or abolish + its established government. Were it wholly federal, on the other + hand, the concurrence of each State in the Union would be essential + to every alteration that would be binding on all. The mode provided + by the plan of the convention is not founded on either of these + principles. In requiring more than a majority, and principles. In + requiring more than a majority, and particularly in computing the + proportion by STATES, not by CITIZENS, it departs from the NATIONAL + and advances towards the FEDERAL character; in rendering the + concurrence of less than the whole number of States sufficient, it + loses again the FEDERAL and partakes of the NATIONAL character. +The proposed Constitution, therefore, is, in strictness, neither + a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both. + In its foundation it is federal, not national; in the sources from + which the ordinary powers of the government are drawn, it is partly + federal and partly national; in the operation of these powers, it + is national, not federal; in the extent of them, again, it is + federal, not national; and, finally, in the authoritative mode of + introducing amendments, it is neither wholly federal nor wholly + national. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 40 +The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined +and Sustained +From the New York Packet. +Friday, January 18, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE SECOND point to be examined is, whether the convention were +authorized to frame and propose this mixed Constitution. The +powers of the convention ought, in strictness, to be determined +by an inspection of the commissions given to the members by their +respective constituents. As all of these, however, had reference, +either to the recommendation from the meeting at Annapolis, in +September, 1786, or to that from Congress, in February, 1787, it +will be sufficient to recur to these particular acts. The act +from Annapolis recommends the ``appointment of commissioners to +take into consideration the situation of the United States; to +devise SUCH FURTHER PROVISIONS as shall appear to them necessary +to render the Constitution of the federal government ADEQUATE TO +THE EXIGENCIES OF THE UNION; and to report such an act for that +purpose, to the United States in Congress assembled, as when +agreed to by them, and afterwards confirmed by the legislature of +every State, will effectually provide for the same. ''The +recommendatory act of Congress is in the words +following:``WHEREAS, There is provision in the articles of +Confederation and perpetual Union, for making alterations +therein, by the assent of a Congress of the United States, and of +the legislatures of the several States; and whereas experience +hath evinced, that there are defects in the present +Confederation; as a mean to remedy which, several of the States, +and PARTICULARLY THE STATE OF NEW YORK, by express instructions +to their delegates in Congress, have suggested a convention for +the purposes expressed in the following resolution; and such +convention appearing to be the most probable mean of establishing +in these States A FIRM NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:``Resolved, That in +the opinion of Congress it is expedient, that on the second +Monday of May next a convention of delegates, who shall have been +appointed by the several States, be held at Philadelphia, for the +sole and express purpose OF REVISING THE ARTICLES OF +CONFEDERATION, and reporting to Congress and the several +legislatures such ALTERATIONS AND PROVISIONS THEREIN, as shall, +when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the States, render +the federal Constitution ADEQUATE TO THE EXIGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT +AND THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION. ''From these two acts, it +appears, 1st, that the object of the convention was to establish, +in these States, A FIRM NATIONAL GOVERNMENT; 2d, that this +government was to be such as would be ADEQUATE TO THE EXIGENCIES +OF GOVERNMENT and THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION; 3d, that these +purposes were to be effected by ALTERATIONS AND PROVISIONS IN THE +ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, as it is expressed in the act of +Congress, or by SUCH FURTHER PROVISIONS AS SHOULD APPEAR +NECESSARY, as it stands in the recommendatory act from Annapolis; +4th, that the alterations and provisions were to be reported to +Congress, and to the States, in order to be agreed to by the +former and confirmed by the latter. From a comparison and fair +construction of these several modes of expression, is to be +deduced the authority under which the convention acted. They were +to frame a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, adequate to the EXIGENCIES OF +GOVERNMENT, and OF THE UNION; and to reduce the articles of +Confederation into such form as to accomplish these purposes. +There are two rules of construction, dictated by plain reason, as +well as founded on legal axioms. The one is, that every part of +the expression ought, if possible, to be allowed some meaning, +and be made to conspire to some common end. The other is, that +where the several parts cannot be made to coincide, the less +important should give way to the more important part; the means +should be sacrificed to the end, rather than the end to the +means. Suppose, then, that the expressions defining the +authority of the convention were irreconcilably at variance with +each other; that a NATIONAL and ADEQUATE GOVERNMENT could not +possibly, in the judgment of the convention, be affected by +ALTERATIONS and PROVISIONS in the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION; +which part of the definition ought to have been embraced, and +which rejected? Which was the more important, which the less +important part? Which the end; which the means? Let the most +scrupulous expositors of delegated powers; let the most +inveterate objectors against those exercised by the convention, +answer these questions. Let them declare, whether it was of most +importance to the happiness of the people of America, that the +articles of Confederation should be disregarded, and an adequate +government be provided, and the Union preserved; or that an +adequate government should be omitted, and the articles of +Confederation preserved. Let them declare, whether the +preservation of these articles was the end, for securing which a +reform of the government was to be introduced as the means; or +whether the establishment of a government, adequate to the +national happiness, was the end at which these articles +themselves originally aimed, and to which they ought, as +insufficient means, to have been sacrificed. But is it necessary +to suppose that these expressions are absolutely irreconcilable +to each other; that no ALTERATIONS or PROVISIONS in THE ARTICLES +OF THE CONFEDERATION could possibly mould them into a national +and adequate government; into such a government as has been +proposed by the convention? No stress, it is presumed, will, in +this case, be laid on the TITLE; a change of that could never be +deemed an exercise of ungranted power. ALTERATIONS in the body of +the instrument are expressly authorized. NEW PROVISIONS therein +are also expressly authorized. Here then is a power to change the +title; to insert new articles; to alter old ones. Must it of +necessity be admitted that this power is infringed, so long as a +part of the old articles remain? Those who maintain the +affirmative ought at least to mark the boundary between +authorized and usurped innovations; between that degree of change +which lies within the compass of ALTERATIONS AND FURTHER +PROVISIONS, and that which amounts to a TRANSMUTATION of the +government. Will it be said that the alterations ought not to +have touched the substance of the Confederation? The States +would never have appointed a convention with so much solemnity, +nor described its objects with so much latitude, if some +SUBSTANTIAL reform had not been in contemplation. Will it be said +that the FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES of the Confederation were not +within the purview of the convention, and ought not to have been +varied? I ask, What are these principles? Do they require that, +in the establishment of the Constitution, the States should be +regarded as distinct and independent sovereigns? They are so +regarded by the Constitution proposed. Do they require that the +members of the government should derive their appointment from +the legislatures, not from the people of the States? One branch +of the new government is to be appointed by these legislatures; +and under the Confederation, the delegates to Congress MAY ALL +be appointed immediately by the people, and in two States1 are +actually so appointed. Do they require that the powers of the +government should act on the States, and not immediately on +individuals? In some instances, as has been shown, the powers of +the new government will act on the States in their collective +characters. In some instances, also, those of the existing +government act immediately on individuals. In cases of capture; +of piracy; of the post office; of coins, weights, and measures; +of trade with the Indians; of claims under grants of land by +different States; and, above all, in the case of trials by +courts-marshal in the army and navy, by which death may be +inflicted without the intervention of a jury, or even of a civil +magistrate; in all these cases the powers of the Confederation +operate immediately on the persons and interests of individual +citizens. Do these fundamental principles require, particularly, +that no tax should be levied without the intermediate agency of +the States? The Confederation itself authorizes a direct tax, to +a certain extent, on the post office. The power of coinage has +been so construed by Congress as to levy a tribute immediately +from that source also. But pretermitting these instances, was it +not an acknowledged object of the convention and the universal +expectation of the people, that the regulation of trade should be +submitted to the general government in such a form as would +render it an immediate source of general revenue? Had not +Congress repeatedly recommended this measure as not inconsistent +with the fundamental principles of the Confederation? Had not +every State but one; had not New York herself, so far complied +with the plan of Congress as to recognize the PRINCIPLE of the +innovation? Do these principles, in fine, require that the +powers of the general government should be limited, and that, +beyond this limit, the States should be left in possession of +their sovereignty and independence? We have seen that in the new +government, as in the old, the general powers are limited; and +that the States, in all unenumerated cases, are left in the +enjoyment of their sovereign and independent jurisdiction. The +truth is, that the great principles of the Constitution proposed +by the convention may be considered less as absolutely new, than +as the expansion of principles which are found in the articles of +Confederation. The misfortune under the latter system has been, +that these principles are so feeble and confined as to justify +all the charges of inefficiency which have been urged against it, +and to require a degree of enlargement which gives to the new +system the aspect of an entire transformation of the old. In one +particular it is admitted that the convention have departed from +the tenor of their commission. Instead of reporting a plan +requiring the confirmation OF THE LEGISLATURES OF ALL THE STATES, +they have reported a plan which is to be confirmed by the PEOPLE, +and may be carried into effect by NINE STATES ONLY. It is worthy +of remark that this objection, though the most plausible, has +been the least urged in the publications which have swarmed +against the convention. The forbearance can only have proceeded +from an irresistible conviction of the absurdity of subjecting +the fate of twelve States to the perverseness or corruption of a +thirteenth; from the example of inflexible opposition given by a +MAJORITY of one sixtieth of the people of America to a measure +approved and called for by the voice of twelve States, comprising +fifty-nine sixtieths of the people an example still fresh in the +memory and indignation of every citizen who has felt for the +wounded honor and prosperity of his country. As this objection, +therefore, has been in a manner waived by those who have +criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without +further observation. The THIRD point to be inquired into is, how +far considerations of duty arising out of the case itself could +have supplied any defect of regular authority. In the preceding +inquiries the powers of the convention have been analyzed and +tried with the same rigor, and by the same rules, as if they had +been real and final powers for the establishment of a +Constitution for the United States. We have seen in what manner +they have borne the trial even on that supposition. It is time +now to recollect that the powers were merely advisory and +recommendatory; that they were so meant by the States, and so +understood by the convention; and that the latter have +accordingly planned and proposed a Constitution which is to be of +no more consequence than the paper on which it is written, unless +it be stamped with the approbation of those to whom it is +addressed. This reflection places the subject in a point of view +altogether different, and will enable us to judge with propriety +of the course taken by the convention. Let us view the ground on +which the convention stood. It may be collected from their +proceedings, that they were deeply and unanimously impressed with +the crisis, which had led their country almost with one voice to +make so singular and solemn an experiment for correcting the +errors of a system by which this crisis had been produced; that +they were no less deeply and unanimously convinced that such a +reform as they have proposed was absolutely necessary to effect +the purposes of their appointment. It could not be unknown to +them that the hopes and expectations of the great body of +citizens, throughout this great empire, were turned with the +keenest anxiety to the event of their deliberations. They had +every reason to believe that the contrary sentiments agitated the +minds and bosoms of every external and internal foe to the +liberty and prosperity of the United States. They had seen in the +origin and progress of the experiment, the alacrity with which +the PROPOSITION, made by a single State (Virginia), towards a +partial amendment of the Confederation, had been attended to and +promoted. They had seen the LIBERTY ASSUMED by a VERY FEW +deputies from a VERY FEW States, convened at Annapolis, of +recommending a great and critical object, wholly foreign to their +commission, not only justified by the public opinion, but +actually carried into effect by twelve out of the thirteen +States. They had seen, in a variety of instances, assumptions by +Congress, not only of recommendatory, but of operative, powers, +warranted, in the public estimation, by occasions and objects +infinitely less urgent than those by which their conduct was to +be governed. They must have reflected, that in all great changes +of established governments, forms ought to give way to substance; +that a rigid adherence in such cases to the former, would render +nominal and nugatory the transcendent and precious right of the +people to ``abolish or alter their governments as to them shall +seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness,''2 since +it is impossible for the people spontaneously and universally to +move in concert towards their object; and it is therefore +essential that such changes be instituted by some INFORMAL AND +UNAUTHORIZED PROPOSITIONS, made by some patriotic and respectable +citizen or number of citizens. They must have recollected that it +was by this irregular and assumed privilege of proposing to the +people plans for their safety and happiness, that the States +were first united against the danger with which they were +threatened by their ancient government; that committees and +congresses were formed for concentrating their efforts and +defending their rights; and that CONVENTIONS were ELECTED in THE +SEVERAL STATES for establishing the constitutions under which +they are now governed; nor could it have been forgotten that no +little ill-timed scruples, no zeal for adhering to ordinary +forms, were anywhere seen, except in those who wished to indulge, +under these masks, their secret enmity to the substance contended +for. They must have borne in mind, that as the plan to be framed +and proposed was to be submitted TO THE PEOPLE THEMSELVES, the +disapprobation of this supreme authority would destroy it +forever; its approbation blot out antecedent errors and +irregularities. It might even have occurred to them, that where a +disposition to cavil prevailed, their neglect to execute the +degree of power vested in them, and still more their +recommendation of any measure whatever, not warranted by their +commission, would not less excite animadversion, than a +recommendation at once of a measure fully commensurate to the +national exigencies. Had the convention, under all these +impressions, and in the midst of all these considerations, +instead of exercising a manly confidence in their country, by +whose confidence they had been so peculiarly distinguished, and +of pointing out a system capable, in their judgment, of securing +its happiness, taken the cold and sullen resolution of +disappointing its ardent hopes, of sacrificing substance to +forms, of committing the dearest interests of their country to +the uncertainties of delay and the hazard of events, let me ask +the man who can raise his mind to one elevated conception, who +can awaken in his bosom one patriotic emotion, what judgment +ought to have been pronounced by the impartial world, by the +friends of mankind, by every virtuous citizen, on the conduct and +character of this assembly? Or if there be a man whose +propensity to condemn is susceptible of no control, let me then +ask what sentence he has in reserve for the twelve States who +USURPED THE POWER of sending deputies to the convention, a body +utterly unknown to their constitutions; for Congress, who +recommended the appointment of this body, equally unknown to the +Confederation; and for the State of New York, in particular, +which first urged and then complied with this unauthorized +interposition? But that the objectors may be disarmed of every +pretext, it shall be granted for a moment that the convention +were neither authorized by their commission, nor justified by +circumstances in proposing a Constitution for their country: does +it follow that the Constitution ought, for that reason alone, to +be rejected? If, according to the noble precept, it be lawful to +accept good advice even from an enemy, shall we set the ignoble +example of refusing such advice even when it is offered by our +friends? The prudent inquiry, in all cases, ought surely to be, +not so much FROM WHOM the advice comes, as whether the advice be +GOOD. The sum of what has been here advanced and proved is, that +the charge against the convention of exceeding their powers, +except in one instance little urged by the objectors, has no +foundation to support it; that if they had exceeded their powers, +they were not only warranted, but required, as the confidential +servants of their country, by the circumstances in which they +were placed, to exercise the liberty which they assume; and that +finally, if they had violated both their powers and their +obligations, in proposing a Constitution, this ought nevertheless +to be embraced, if it be calculated to accomplish the views and +happiness of the people of America. How far this character is due +to the Constitution, is the subject under investigation. PUBLIUS. + +Connecticut and Rhode Island. Declaration of Independence. + + +FEDERALIST No. 41 +General View of the Powers Conferred by The Constitution +For the Independent Journal. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE Constitution proposed by the convention may be considered +under two general points of view. The FIRST relates to the sum or +quantity of power which it vests in the government, including +the restraints imposed on the States. The SECOND, to the +particular structure of the government, and the distribution of +this power among its several branches. Under the FIRST view of +the subject, two important questions arise: 1. Whether any part +of the powers transferred to the general government be +unnecessary or improper? 2. Whether the entire mass of them be +dangerous to the portion of jurisdiction left in the several +States? Is the aggregate power of the general government greater +than ought to have been vested in it? This is the FIRST +question. It cannot have escaped those who have attended with +candor to the arguments employed against the extensive powers of +the government, that the authors of them have very little +considered how far these powers were necessary means of attaining +a necessary end. They have chosen rather to dwell on the +inconveniences which must be unavoidably blended with all +political advantages; and on the possible abuses which must be +incident to every power or trust, of which a beneficial use can +be made. This method of handling the subject cannot impose on the +good sense of the people of America. It may display the subtlety +of the writer; it may open a boundless field for rhetoric and +declamation; it may inflame the passions of the unthinking, and +may confirm the prejudices of the misthinking: but cool and +candid people will at once reflect, that the purest of human +blessings must have a portion of alloy in them; that the choice +must always be made, if not of the lesser evil, at least of the +GREATER, not the PERFECT, good; and that in every political +institution, a power to advance the public happiness involves a +discretion which may be misapplied and abused. They will see, +therefore, that in all cases where power is to be conferred, the +point first to be decided is, whether such a power be necessary +to the public good; as the next will be, in case of an +affirmative decision, to guard as effectually as possible +against a perversion of the power to the public detriment. That +we may form a correct judgment on this subject, it will be proper +to review the several powers conferred on the government of the +Union; and that this may be the more conveniently done they may +be reduced into different classes as they relate to the following +different objects: 1. Security against foreign danger; 2. +Regulation of the intercourse with foreign nations; 3. +Maintenance of harmony and proper intercourse among the States; +4. Certain miscellaneous objects of general utility; 5. +Restraint of the States from certain injurious acts; 6. +Provisions for giving due efficacy to all these powers. The +powers falling within the FIRST class are those of declaring war +and granting letters of marque; of providing armies and fleets; +of regulating and calling forth the militia; of levying and +borrowing money. Security against foreign danger is one of the +primitive objects of civil society. It is an avowed and essential +object of the American Union. The powers requisite for attaining +it must be effectually confided to the federal councils. Is the +power of declaring war necessary? No man will answer this +question in the negative. It would be superfluous, therefore, to +enter into a proof of the affirmative. The existing Confederation +establishes this power in the most ample form. Is the power of +raising armies and equipping fleets necessary? This is involved +in the foregoing power. It is involved in the power of +self-defense. But was it necessary to give an INDEFINITE POWER +of raising TROOPS, as well as providing fleets; and of +maintaining both in PEACE, as well as in war? The answer to these +questions has been too far anticipated in another place to admit +an extensive discussion of them in this place. The answer indeed +seems to be so obvious and conclusive as scarcely to justify such +a discussion in any place. With what color of propriety could the +force necessary for defense be limited by those who cannot limit +the force of offense? If a federal Constitution could chain the +ambition or set bounds to the exertions of all other nations, +then indeed might it prudently chain the discretion of its own +government, and set bounds to the exertions for its own safety. +How could a readiness for war in time of peace be safely +prohibited, unless we could prohibit, in like manner, the +preparations and establishments of every hostile nation? The +means of security can only be regulated by the means and the +danger of attack. They will, in fact, be ever determined by these +rules, and by no others. It is in vain to oppose constitutional +barriers to the impulse of self-preservation. It is worse than in +vain; because it plants in the Constitution itself necessary +usurpations of power, every precedent of which is a germ of +unnecessary and multiplied repetitions. If one nation maintains +constantly a disciplined army, ready for the service of ambition +or revenge, it obliges the most pacific nations who may be within +the reach of its enterprises to take corresponding precautions. +The fifteenth century was the unhappy epoch of military +establishments in the time of peace. They were introduced by +Charles VII. of France. All Europe has followed, or been forced +into, the example. Had the example not been followed by other +nations, all Europe must long ago have worn the chains of a +universal monarch. Were every nation except France now to disband +its peace establishments, the same event might follow. The +veteran legions of Rome were an overmatch for the undisciplined +valor of all other nations and rendered her the mistress of the +world. Not the less true is it, that the liberties of Rome +proved the final victim to her military triumphs; and that the +liberties of Europe, as far as they ever existed, have, with few +exceptions, been the price of her military establishments. A +standing force, therefore, is a dangerous, at the same time that +it may be a necessary, provision. On the smallest scale it has +its inconveniences. On an extensive scale its consequences may be +fatal. On any scale it is an object of laudable circumspection +and precaution. A wise nation will combine all these +considerations; and, whilst it does not rashly preclude itself +from any resource which may become essential to its safety, will +exert all its prudence in diminishing both the necessity and the +danger of resorting to one which may be inauspicious to its +liberties. The clearest marks of this prudence are stamped on +the proposed Constitution. The Union itself, which it cements and +secures, destroys every pretext for a military establishment +which could be dangerous. America united, with a handful of +troops, or without a single soldier, exhibits a more forbidding +posture to foreign ambition than America disunited, with a +hundred thousand veterans ready for combat. It was remarked, on a +former occasion, that the want of this pretext had saved the +liberties of one nation in Europe. Being rendered by her insular +situation and her maritime resources impregnable to the armies of +her neighbors, the rulers of Great Britain have never been able, +by real or artificial dangers, to cheat the public into an +extensive peace establishment. The distance of the United States +from the powerful nations of the world gives them the same happy +security. A dangerous establishment can never be necessary or +plausible, so long as they continue a united people. But let it +never, for a moment, be forgotten that they are indebted for this +advantage to the Union alone. The moment of its dissolution will +be the date of a new order of things. The fears of the weaker, or +the ambition of the stronger States, or Confederacies, will set +the same example in the New, as Charles VII. did in the Old +World. The example will be followed here from the same motives +which produced universal imitation there. Instead of deriving +from our situation the precious advantage which Great Britain has +derived from hers, the face of America will be but a copy of that +of the continent of Europe. It will present liberty everywhere +crushed between standing armies and perpetual taxes. The fortunes +of disunited America will be even more disastrous than those of +Europe. The sources of evil in the latter are confined to her own +limits. No superior powers of another quarter of the globe +intrigue among her rival nations, inflame their mutual +animosities, and render them the instruments of foreign ambition, +jealousy, and revenge. In America the miseries springing from her +internal jealousies, contentions, and wars, would form a part +only of her lot. A plentiful addition of evils would have their +source in that relation in which Europe stands to this quarter of +the earth, and which no other quarter of the earth bears to +Europe. This picture of the consequences of disunion cannot be +too highly colored, or too often exhibited. Every man who loves +peace, every man who loves his country, every man who loves +liberty, ought to have it ever before his eyes, that he may +cherish in his heart a due attachment to the Union of America, +and be able to set a due value on the means of preserving it. +Next to the effectual establishment of the Union, the best +possible precaution against danger from standing armies is a +limitation of the term for which revenue may be appropriated to +their support. This precaution the Constitution has prudently +added. I will not repeat here the observations which I flatter +myself have placed this subject in a just and satisfactory +light. But it may not be improper to take notice of an argument +against this part of the Constitution, which has been drawn from +the policy and practice of Great Britain. It is said that the +continuance of an army in that kingdom requires an annual vote of +the legislature; whereas the American Constitution has lengthened +this critical period to two years. This is the form in which the +comparison is usually stated to the public: but is it a just +form? Is it a fair comparison? Does the British Constitution +restrain the parliamentary discretion to one year? Does the +American impose on the Congress appropriations for two years? On +the contrary, it cannot be unknown to the authors of the fallacy +themselves, that the British Constitution fixes no limit whatever +to the discretion of the legislature, and that the American ties +down the legislature to two years, as the longest admissible +term. Had the argument from the British example been truly +stated, it would have stood thus: The term for which supplies +may be appropriated to the army establishment, though unlimited +by the British Constitution, has nevertheless, in practice, been +limited by parliamentary discretion to a single year. Now, if in +Great Britain, where the House of Commons is elected for seven +years; where so great a proportion of the members are elected by +so small a proportion of the people; where the electors are so +corrupted by the representatives, and the representatives so +corrupted by the Crown, the representative body can possess a +power to make appropriations to the army for an indefinite term, +without desiring, or without daring, to extend the term beyond a +single year, ought not suspicion herself to blush, in pretending +that the representatives of the United States, elected FREELY by +the WHOLE BODY of the people, every SECOND YEAR, cannot be safely +intrusted with the discretion over such appropriations, expressly +limited to the short period of TWO YEARS? A bad cause seldom +fails to betray itself. Of this truth, the management of the +opposition to the federal government is an unvaried +exemplification. But among all the blunders which have been +committed, none is more striking than the attempt to enlist on +that side the prudent jealousy entertained by the people, of +standing armies. The attempt has awakened fully the public +attention to that important subject; and has led to +investigations which must terminate in a thorough and universal +conviction, not only that the constitution has provided the most +effectual guards against danger from that quarter, but that +nothing short of a Constitution fully adequate to the national +defense and the preservation of the Union, can save America from +as many standing armies as it may be split into States or +Confederacies, and from such a progressive augmentation, of these +establishments in each, as will render them as burdensome to the +properties and ominous to the liberties of the people, as any +establishment that can become necessary, under a united and +efficient government, must be tolerable to the former and safe to +the latter. The palpable necessity of the power to provide and +maintain a navy has protected that part of the Constitution +against a spirit of censure, which has spared few other parts. It +must, indeed, be numbered among the greatest blessings of +America, that as her Union will be the only source of her +maritime strength, so this will be a principal source of her +security against danger from abroad. In this respect our +situation bears another likeness to the insular advantage of +Great Britain. The batteries most capable of repelling foreign +enterprises on our safety, are happily such as can never be +turned by a perfidious government against our liberties. The +inhabitants of the Atlantic frontier are all of them deeply +interested in this provision for naval protection, and if they +have hitherto been suffered to sleep quietly in their beds; if +their property has remained safe against the predatory spirit of +licentious adventurers; if their maritime towns have not yet +been compelled to ransom themselves from the terrors of a +conflagration, by yielding to the exactions of daring and sudden +invaders, these instances of good fortune are not to be ascribed +to the capacity of the existing government for the protection of +those from whom it claims allegiance, but to causes that are +fugitive and fallacious. If we except perhaps Virginia and +Maryland, which are peculiarly vulnerable on their eastern +frontiers, no part of the Union ought to feel more anxiety on +this subject than New York. Her seacoast is extensive. A very +important district of the State is an island. The State itself is +penetrated by a large navigable river for more than fifty +leagues. The great emporium of its commerce, the great reservoir +of its wealth, lies every moment at the mercy of events, and may +almost be regarded as a hostage for ignominious compliances with +the dictates of a foreign enemy, or even with the rapacious +demands of pirates and barbarians. Should a war be the result of +the precarious situation of European affairs, and all the unruly +passions attending it be let loose on the ocean, our escape from +insults and depredations, not only on that element, but every +part of the other bordering on it, will be truly miraculous. In +the present condition of America, the States more immediately +exposed to these calamities have nothing to hope from the phantom +of a general government which now exists; and if their single +resources were equal to the task of fortifying themselves against +the danger, the object to be protected would be almost consumed +by the means of protecting them. The power of regulating and +calling forth the militia has been already sufficiently +vindicated and explained. The power of levying and borrowing +money, being the sinew of that which is to be exerted in the +national defense, is properly thrown into the same class with +it. This power, also, has been examined already with much +attention, and has, I trust, been clearly shown to be necessary, +both in the extent and form given to it by the Constitution. I +will address one additional reflection only to those who contend +that the power ought to have been restrained to external +taxation by which they mean, taxes on articles imported from +other countries. It cannot be doubted that this will always be a +valuable source of revenue; that for a considerable time it must +be a principal source; that at this moment it is an essential +one. But we may form very mistaken ideas on this subject, if we +do not call to mind in our calculations, that the extent of +revenue drawn from foreign commerce must vary with the +variations, both in the extent and the kind of imports; and that +these variations do not correspond with the progress of +population, which must be the general measure of the public +wants. As long as agriculture continues the sole field of labor, +the importation of manufactures must increase as the consumers +multiply. As soon as domestic manufactures are begun by the hands +not called for by agriculture, the imported manufactures will +decrease as the numbers of people increase. In a more remote +stage, the imports may consist in a considerable part of raw +materials, which will be wrought into articles for exportation, +and will, therefore, require rather the encouragement of +bounties, than to be loaded with discouraging duties. A system of +government, meant for duration, ought to contemplate these +revolutions, and be able to accommodate itself to them. Some, +who have not denied the necessity of the power of taxation, have +grounded a very fierce attack against the Constitution, on the +language in which it is defined. It has been urged and echoed, +that the power ``to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and +excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and +general welfare of the United States,'' amounts to an unlimited +commission to exercise every power which may be alleged to be +necessary for the common defense or general welfare. No stronger +proof could be given of the distress under which these writers +labor for objections, than their stooping to such a +misconstruction. Had no other enumeration or definition of the +powers of the Congress been found in the Constitution, than the +general expressions just cited, the authors of the objection +might have had some color for it; though it would have been +difficult to find a reason for so awkward a form of describing an +authority to legislate in all possible cases. A power to destroy +the freedom of the press, the trial by jury, or even to regulate +the course of descents, or the forms of conveyances, must be very +singularly expressed by the terms ``to raise money for the +general welfare. ''But what color can the objection have, when a +specification of the objects alluded to by these general terms +immediately follows, and is not even separated by a longer pause +than a semicolon? If the different parts of the same instrument +ought to be so expounded, as to give meaning to every part which +will bear it, shall one part of the same sentence be excluded +altogether from a share in the meaning; and shall the more +doubtful and indefinite terms be retained in their full extent, +and the clear and precise expressions be denied any signification +whatsoever? For what purpose could the enumeration of particular +powers be inserted, if these and all others were meant to be +included in the preceding general power? Nothing is more natural +nor common than first to use a general phrase, and then to +explain and qualify it by a recital of particulars. But the idea +of an enumeration of particulars which neither explain nor +qualify the general meaning, and can have no other effect than to +confound and mislead, is an absurdity, which, as we are reduced +to the dilemma of charging either on the authors of the objection +or on the authors of the Constitution, we must take the liberty +of supposing, had not its origin with the latter. The objection +here is the more extraordinary, as it appears that the language +used by the convention is a copy from the articles of +Confederation. The objects of the Union among the States, as +described in article third, are ``their common defense, security +of their liberties, and mutual and general welfare. '' The terms +of article eighth are still more identical: ``All charges of war +and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common +defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in +Congress, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury,'' etc. A +similar language again occurs in article ninth. Construe either +of these articles by the rules which would justify the +construction put on the new Constitution, and they vest in the +existing Congress a power to legislate in all cases whatsoever. +But what would have been thought of that assembly, if, attaching +themselves to these general expressions, and disregarding the +specifications which ascertain and limit their import, they had +exercised an unlimited power of providing for the common defense +and general welfare? I appeal to the objectors themselves, +whether they would in that case have employed the same reasoning +in justification of Congress as they now make use of against the +convention. How difficult it is for error to escape its own +condemnation! PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 42 +The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 22, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE SECOND class of powers, lodged in the general government, +consists of those which regulate the intercourse with foreign +nations, to wit: to make treaties; to send and receive +ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to define and +punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and +offenses against the law of nations; to regulate foreign +commerce, including a power to prohibit, after the year 1808, the +importation of slaves, and to lay an intermediate duty of ten +dollars per head, as a discouragement to such importations. This +class of powers forms an obvious and essential branch of the +federal administration. If we are to be one nation in any +respect, it clearly ought to be in respect to other nations. The +powers to make treaties and to send and receive ambassadors, +speak their own propriety. Both of them are comprised in the +articles of Confederation, with this difference only, that the +former is disembarrassed, by the plan of the convention, of an +exception, under which treaties might be substantially frustrated +by regulations of the States; and that a power of appointing and +receiving ``other public ministers and consuls,'' is expressly +and very properly added to the former provision concerning +ambassadors. The term ambassador, if taken strictly, as seems to +be required by the second of the articles of Confederation, +comprehends the highest grade only of public ministers, and +excludes the grades which the United States will be most likely +to prefer, where foreign embassies may be necessary. And under no +latitude of construction will the term comprehend consuls. Yet it +has been found expedient, and has been the practice of Congress, +to employ the inferior grades of public ministers, and to send +and receive consuls. It is true, that where treaties of commerce +stipulate for the mutual appointment of consuls, whose functions +are connected with commerce, the admission of foreign consuls may +fall within the power of making commercial treaties; and that +where no such treaties exist, the mission of American consuls +into foreign countries may PERHAPS be covered under the +authority, given by the ninth article of the Confederation, to +appoint all such civil officers as may be necessary for managing +the general affairs of the United States. But the admission of +consuls into the United States, where no previous treaty has +stipulated it, seems to have been nowhere provided for. A supply +of the omission is one of the lesser instances in which the +convention have improved on the model before them. But the most +minute provisions become important when they tend to obviate the +necessity or the pretext for gradual and unobserved usurpations +of power. A list of the cases in which Congress have been +betrayed, or forced by the defects of the Confederation, into +violations of their chartered authorities, would not a little +surprise those who have paid no attention to the subject; and +would be no inconsiderable argument in favor of the new +Constitution, which seems to have provided no less studiously for +the lesser, than the more obvious and striking defects of the +old. The power to define and punish piracies and felonies +committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of +nations, belongs with equal propriety to the general government, +and is a still greater improvement on the articles of +Confederation. These articles contain no provision for the case +of offenses against the law of nations; and consequently leave +it in the power of any indiscreet member to embroil the +Confederacy with foreign nations. The provision of the federal +articles on the subject of piracies and felonies extends no +further than to the establishment of courts for the trial of +these offenses. The definition of piracies might, perhaps, +without inconveniency, be left to the law of nations; though a +legislative definition of them is found in most municipal codes. +A definition of felonies on the high seas is evidently +requisite. Felony is a term of loose signification, even in the +common law of England; and of various import in the statute law +of that kingdom. But neither the common nor the statute law of +that, or of any other nation, ought to be a standard for the +proceedings of this, unless previously made its own by +legislative adoption. The meaning of the term, as defined in the +codes of the several States, would be as impracticable as the +former would be a dishonorable and illegitimate guide. It is not +precisely the same in any two of the States; and varies in each +with every revision of its criminal laws. For the sake of +certainty and uniformity, therefore, the power of defining +felonies in this case was in every respect necessary and proper. +The regulation of foreign commerce, having fallen within several +views which have been taken of this subject, has been too fully +discussed to need additional proofs here of its being properly +submitted to the federal administration. It were doubtless to be +wished, that the power of prohibiting the importation of slaves +had not been postponed until the year 1808, or rather that it had +been suffered to have immediate operation. But it is not +difficult to account, either for this restriction on the general +government, or for the manner in which the whole clause is +expressed. It ought to be considered as a great point gained in +favor of humanity, that a period of twenty years may terminate +forever, within these States, a traffic which has so long and so +loudly upbraided the barbarism of modern policy; that within that +period, it will receive a considerable discouragement from the +federal government, and may be totally abolished, by a +concurrence of the few States which continue the unnatural +traffic, in the prohibitory example which has been given by so +great a majority of the Union. Happy would it be for the +unfortunate Africans, if an equal prospect lay before them of +being redeemed from the oppressions of their European brethren! +Attempts have been made to pervert this clause into an objection +against the Constitution, by representing it on one side as a +criminal toleration of an illicit practice, and on another as +calculated to prevent voluntary and beneficial emigrations from +Europe to America. I mention these misconstructions, not with a +view to give them an answer, for they deserve none, but as +specimens of the manner and spirit in which some have thought fit +to conduct their opposition to the proposed government. The +powers included in the THIRD class are those which provide for +the harmony and proper intercourse among the States. Under this +head might be included the particular restraints imposed on the +authority of the States, and certain powers of the judicial +department; but the former are reserved for a distinct class, and +the latter will be particularly examined when we arrive at the +structure and organization of the government. I shall confine +myself to a cursory review of the remaining powers comprehended +under this third description, to wit: to regulate commerce among +the several States and the Indian tribes; to coin money, regulate +the value thereof, and of foreign coin; to provide for the +punishment of counterfeiting the current coin and secureties of +the United States; to fix the standard of weights and measures; +to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws +of bankruptcy, to prescribe the manner in which the public acts, +records, and judicial proceedings of each State shall be proved, +and the effect they shall have in other States; and to establish +post offices and post roads. The defect of power in the existing +Confederacy to regulate the commerce between its several members, +is in the number of those which have been clearly pointed out by +experience. To the proofs and remarks which former papers have +brought into view on this subject, it may be added that without +this supplemental provision, the great and essential power of +regulating foreign commerce would have been incomplete and +ineffectual. A very material object of this power was the relief +of the States which import and export through other States, from +the improper contributions levied on them by the latter. Were +these at liberty to regulate the trade between State and State, +it must be foreseen that ways would be found out to load the +articles of import and export, during the passage through their +jurisdiction, with duties which would fall on the makers of the +latter and the consumers of the former. We may be assured by past +experience, that such a practice would be introduced by future +contrivances; and both by that and a common knowledge of human +affairs, that it would nourish unceasing animosities, and not +improbably terminate in serious interruptions of the public +tranquillity. To those who do not view the question through the +medium of passion or of interest, the desire of the commercial +States to collect, in any form, an indirect revenue from their +uncommercial neighbors, must appear not less impolitic than it is +unfair; since it would stimulate the injured party, by resentment +as well as interest, to resort to less convenient channels for +their foreign trade. But the mild voice of reason, pleading the +cause of an enlarged and permanent interest, is but too often +drowned, before public bodies as well as individuals, by the +clamors of an impatient avidity for immediate and immoderate +gain. The necessity of a superintending authority over the +reciprocal trade of confederated States, has been illustrated by +other examples as well as our own. In Switzerland, where the +Union is so very slight, each canton is obliged to allow to +merchandises a passage through its jurisdiction into other +cantons, without an augmentation of the tolls. In Germany it is a +law of the empire, that the princes and states shall not lay +tolls or customs on bridges, rivers, or passages, without the +consent of the emperor and the diet; though it appears from a +quotation in an antecedent paper, that the practice in this, as +in many other instances in that confederacy, has not followed the +law, and has produced there the mischiefs which have been +foreseen here. Among the restraints imposed by the Union of the +Netherlands on its members, one is, that they shall not establish +imposts disadvantageous to their neighbors, without the general +permission. The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is +very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of +Confederation, which render the provision obscure and +contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not +members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe +the legislative right of any State within its own limits. What +description of Indians are to be deemed members of a State, is +not yet settled, and has been a question of frequent perplexity +and contention in the federal councils. And how the trade with +Indians, though not members of a State, yet residing within its +legislative jurisdiction, can be regulated by an external +authority, without so far intruding on the internal rights of +legislation, is absolutely incomprehensible. This is not the only +case in which the articles of Confederation have inconsiderately +endeavored to accomplish impossibilities; to reconcile a partial +sovereignty in the Union, with complete sovereignty in the +States; to subvert a mathematical axiom, by taking away a part, +and letting the whole remain. All that need be remarked on the +power to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign +coin, is, that by providing for this last case, the Constitution +has supplied a material omission in the articles of +Confederation. The authority of the existing Congress is +restrained to the regulation of coin STRUCK by their own +authority, or that of the respective States. It must be seen at +once that the proposed uniformity in the VALUE of the current +coin might be destroyed by subjecting that of foreign coin to the +different regulations of the different States. The punishment of +counterfeiting the public securities, as well as the current +coin, is submitted of course to that authority which is to secure +the value of both. The regulation of weights and measures is +transferred from the articles of Confederation, and is founded on +like considerations with the preceding power of regulating coin. +The dissimilarity in the rules of naturalization has long been +remarked as a fault in our system, and as laying a foundation for +intricate and delicate questions. In the fourth article of the +Confederation, it is declared ``that the FREE INHABITANTS of each +of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice, +excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of +FREE CITIZENS in the several States; and THE PEOPLE of each State +shall, in every other, enjoy all the privileges of trade and +commerce,'' etc. There is a confusion of language here, which is +remarkable. Why the terms FREE INHABITANTS are used in one part +of the article, FREE CITIZENS in another, and PEOPLE in another; +or what was meant by superadding to ``all privileges and +immunities of free citizens,'' ``all the privileges of trade and +commerce,'' +cannot easily be determined. It seems to be a construction +scarcely avoidable, however, that those who come under the +denomination of FREE INHABITANTS of a State, although not +citizens of such State, are entitled, in every other State, to +all the privileges of FREE CITIZENS of the latter; that is, to +greater privileges than they may be entitled to in their own +State: so that it may be in the power of a particular State, or +rather every State is laid under a necessity, not only to confer +the rights of citizenship in other States upon any whom it may +admit to such rights within itself, but upon any whom it may +allow to become inhabitants within its jurisdiction. But were an +exposition of the term ``inhabitants'' to be admitted which +would confine the stipulated privileges to citizens alone, the +difficulty is diminished only, not removed. The very improper +power would still be retained by each State, of naturalizing +aliens in every other State. In one State, residence for a short +term confirms all the rights of citizenship: in another, +qualifications of greater importance are required. An alien, +therefore, legally incapacitated for certain rights in the +latter, may, by previous residence only in the former, elude his +incapacity; and thus the law of one State be preposterously +rendered paramount to the law of another, within the jurisdiction +of the other. We owe it to mere casualty, that very serious +embarrassments on this subject have been hitherto escaped. By the +laws of several States, certain descriptions of aliens, who had +rendered themselves obnoxious, were laid under interdicts +inconsistent not only with the rights of citizenship but with the +privilege of residence. What would have been the consequence, if +such persons, by residence or otherwise, had acquired the +character of citizens under the laws of another State, and then +asserted their rights as such, both to residence and citizenship, +within the State proscribing them? Whatever the legal +consequences might have been, other consequences would probably +have resulted, of too serious a nature not to be provided +against. The new Constitution has accordingly, with great +propriety, made provision against them, and all others proceeding +from the defect of the Confederation on this head, by authorizing +the general government to establish a uniform rule of +naturalization throughout the United States. The power of +establishing uniform laws of bankruptcy is so intimately +connected with the regulation of commerce, and will prevent so +many frauds where the parties or their property may lie or be +removed into different States, that the expediency of it seems +not likely to be drawn into question. The power of prescribing +by general laws, the manner in which the public acts, records and +judicial proceedings of each State shall be proved, and the +effect they shall have in other States, is an evident and +valuable improvement on the clause relating to this subject in +the articles of Confederation. The meaning of the latter is +extremely indeterminate, and can be of little importance under +any interpretation which it will bear. The power here established +may be rendered a very convenient instrument of justice, and be +particularly beneficial on the borders of contiguous States, +where the effects liable to justice may be suddenly and secretly +translated, in any stage of the process, within a foreign +jurisdiction. The power of establishing post roads must, in +every view, be a harmless power, and may, perhaps, by judicious +management, become productive of great public conveniency. +Nothing which tends to facilitate the intercourse between the +States can be deemed unworthy of the public care. PUBLIUS. + +FEDERALIST No. 43 +The Same Subject Continued(The Powers Conferred by the +Constitution Further Considered) +For the Independent Journal. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE FOURTH class comprises the following miscellaneous powers:1. +A power ``to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by +securing, for a limited time, to authors and inventors, the +exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. +''The utility of this power will scarcely be questioned. The +copyright of authors has been solemnly adjudged, in Great +Britain, to be a right of common law. The right to useful +inventions seems with equal reason to belong to the inventors. +The public good fully coincides in both cases with the claims of +individuals. The States cannot separately make effectual +provisions for either of the cases, and most of them have +anticipated the decision of this point, by laws passed at the +instance of Congress. 2. ``To exercise exclusive legislation, in +all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles +square) as may, by cession of particular States and the +acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the +United States; and to exercise like authority over all places +purchased by the consent of the legislatures of the States in +which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, +arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. ''The +indispensable necessity of complete authority at the seat of +government, carries its own evidence with it. It is a power +exercised by every legislature of the Union, I might say of the +world, by virtue of its general supremacy. Without it, not only +the public authority might be insulted and its proceedings +interrupted with impunity; but a dependence of the members of the +general government on the State comprehending the seat of the +government, for protection in the exercise of their duty, might +bring on the national councils an imputation of awe or influence, +equally dishonorable to the government and dissatisfactory to the +other members of the Confederacy. This consideration has the more +weight, as the gradual accumulation of public improvements at the +stationary residence of the government would be both too great a +public pledge to be left in the hands of a single State, and +would create so many obstacles to a removal of the government, as +still further to abridge its necessary independence. The extent +of this federal district is sufficiently circumscribed to satisfy +every jealousy of an opposite nature. And as it is to be +appropriated to this use with the consent of the State ceding it; +as the State will no doubt provide in the compact for the rights +and the consent of the citizens inhabiting it; as the inhabitants +will find sufficient inducements of interest to become willing +parties to the cession; as they will have had their voice in the +election of the government which is to exercise authority over +them; as a municipal legislature for local purposes, derived from +their own suffrages, will of course be allowed them; and as the +authority of the legislature of the State, and of the inhabitants +of the ceded part of it, to concur in the cession, will be +derived from the whole people of the State in their adoption of +the Constitution, every imaginable objection seems to be +obviated. The necessity of a like authority over forts, +magazines, etc. , established by the general government, is not +less evident. The public money expended on such places, and the +public property deposited in them, requires that they should be +exempt from the authority of the particular State. Nor would it +be proper for the places on which the security of the entire +Union may depend, to be in any degree dependent on a particular +member of it. All objections and scruples are here also obviated, +by requiring the concurrence of the States concerned, in every +such establishment. 3. ``To declare the punishment of treason, +but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or +forfeiture, except during the life of the person attained. ''As +treason may be committed against the United States, the authority +of the United States ought to be enabled to punish it. But as +new-fangled and artificial treasons have been the great engines +by which violent factions, the natural offspring of free +government, have usually wreaked their alternate malignity on +each other, the convention have, with great judgment, opposed a +barrier to this peculiar danger, by inserting a constitutional +definition of the crime, fixing the proof necessary for +conviction of it, and restraining the Congress, even in punishing +it, from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of +its author. 4. ``To admit new States into the Union; but no new +State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any +other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or +more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the +legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. +''In the articles of Confederation, no provision is found on this +important subject. Canada was to be admitted of right, on her +joining in the measures of the United States; and the other +COLONIES, by which were evidently meant the other British +colonies, at the discretion of nine States. The eventual +establishment of NEW STATES seems to have been overlooked by the +compilers of that instrument. We have seen the inconvenience of +this omission, and the assumption of power into which Congress +have been led by it. With great propriety, therefore, has the new +system supplied the defect. The general precaution, that no new +States shall be formed, without the concurrence of the federal +authority, and that of the States concerned, is consonant to the +principles which ought to govern such transactions. The +particular precaution against the erection of new States, by the +partition of a State without its consent, quiets the jealousy of +the larger States; as that of the smaller is quieted by a like +precaution, against a junction of States without their consent. +5. ``To dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations +respecting the territory or other property belonging to the +United States, with a proviso, that nothing in the Constitution +shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United +States, or of any particular State. ''This is a power of very +great importance, and required by considerations similar to those +which show the propriety of the former. The proviso annexed is +proper in itself, and was probably rendered absolutely necessary +by jealousies and questions concerning the Western territory +sufficiently known to the public. 6. ``To guarantee to every +State in the Union a republican form of government; to protect +each of them against invasion; and on application of the +legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be +convened), against domestic violence. ''In a confederacy founded +on republican principles, and composed of republican members, the +superintending government ought clearly to possess authority to +defend the system against aristocratic or monarchial +innovations. The more intimate the nature of such a union may be, +the greater interest have the members in the political +institutions of each other; and the greater right to insist that +the forms of government under which the compact was entered into +should be SUBSTANTIALLY maintained. But a right implies a remedy; +and where else could the remedy be deposited, than where it is +deposited by the Constitution? Governments of dissimilar +principles and forms have been found less adapted to a federal +coalition of any sort, than those of a kindred nature. ``As the +confederate republic of Germany,'' says Montesquieu, ``consists +of free cities and petty states, subject to different princes, +experience shows us that it is more imperfect than that of +Holland and Switzerland. '' ``Greece was undone,'' he adds, ``as +soon as the king of Macedon obtained a seat among the +Amphictyons. '' In the latter case, no doubt, the +disproportionate force, as well as the monarchical form, of the +new confederate, had its share of influence on the events. It may +possibly be asked, what need there could be of such a +precaution, and whether it may not become a pretext for +alterations in the State governments, without the concurrence of +the States themselves. These questions admit of ready answers. If +the interposition of the general government should not be +needed, the provision for such an event will be a harmless +superfluity only in the Constitution. But who can say what +experiments may be produced by the caprice of particular States, +by the ambition of enterprising leaders, or by the intrigues and +influence of foreign powers? To the second question it may be +answered, that if the general government should interpose by +virtue of this constitutional authority, it will be, of course, +bound to pursue the authority. But the authority extends no +further than to a GUARANTY of a republican form of government, +which supposes a pre-existing government of the form which is to +be guaranteed. As long, therefore, as the existing republican +forms are continued by the States, they are guaranteed by the +federal Constitution. Whenever the States may choose to +substitute other republican forms, they have a right to do so, +and to claim the federal guaranty for the latter. The only +restriction imposed on them is, that they shall not exchange +republican for antirepublican Constitutions; a restriction +which, it is presumed, will hardly be considered as a grievance. +A protection against invasion is due from every society to the +parts composing it. The latitude of the expression here used +seems to secure each State, not only against foreign hostility, +but against ambitious or vindictive enterprises of its more +powerful neighbors. The history, both of ancient and modern +confederacies, proves that the weaker members of the union ought +not to be insensible to the policy of this article. Protection +against domestic violence is added with equal propriety. It has +been remarked, that even among the Swiss cantons, which, properly +speaking, are not under one government, provision is made for +this object; and the history of that league informs us that +mutual aid is frequently claimed and afforded; and as well by +the most democratic, as the other cantons. A recent and +well-known event among ourselves has warned us to be prepared for +emergencies of a like nature. At first view, it might seem not +to square with the republican theory, to suppose, either that a +majority have not the right, or that a minority will have the +force, to subvert a government; and consequently, that the +federal interposition can never be required, but when it would be +improper. But theoretic reasoning, in this as in most other +cases, must be qualified by the lessons of practice. Why may not +illicit combinations, for purposes of violence, be formed as +well by a majority of a State, especially a small State as by a +majority of a county, or a district of the same State; and if +the authority of the State ought, in the latter case, to protect +the local magistracy, ought not the federal authority, in the +former, to support the State authority? Besides, there are +certain parts of the State constitutions which are so interwoven +with the federal Constitution, that a violent blow cannot be +given to the one without communicating the wound to the other. +Insurrections in a State will rarely induce a federal +interposition, unless the number concerned in them bear some +proportion to the friends of government. It will be much better +that the violence in such cases should be repressed by the +superintending power, than that the majority should be left to +maintain their cause by a bloody and obstinate contest. The +existence of a right to interpose, will generally prevent the +necessity of exerting it. Is it true that force and right are +necessarily on the same side in republican governments? May not +the minor party possess such a superiority of pecuniary +resources, of military talents and experience, or of secret +succors from foreign powers, as will render it superior also in +an appeal to the sword? May not a more compact and advantageous +position turn the scale on the same side, against a superior +number so situated as to be less capable of a prompt and +collected exertion of its strength? Nothing can be more +chimerical than to imagine that in a trial of actual force, +victory may be calculated by the rules which prevail in a census +of the inhabitants, or which determine the event of an election! +May it not happen, in fine, that the minority of CITIZENS may +become a majority of PERSONS, by the accession of alien +residents, of a casual concourse of adventurers, or of those whom +the constitution of the State has not admitted to the rights of +suffrage? I take no notice of an unhappy species of population +abounding in some of the States, who, during the calm of regular +government, are sunk below the level of men; but who, in the +tempestuous scenes of civil violence, may emerge into the human +character, and give a superiority of strength to any party with +which they may associate themselves. In cases where it may be +doubtful on which side justice lies, what better umpires could +be desired by two violent factions, flying to arms, and tearing a +State to pieces, than the representatives of confederate States, +not heated by the local flame? To the impartiality of judges, +they would unite the affection of friends. Happy would it be if +such a remedy for its infirmities could be enjoyed by all free +governments; if a project equally effectual could be established +for the universal peace of mankind! Should it be asked, what is +to be the redress for an insurrection pervading all the States, +and comprising a superiority of the entire force, though not a +constitutional right? the answer must be, that such a case, as +it would be without the compass of human remedies, so it is +fortunately not within the compass of human probability; and +that it is a sufficient recommendation of the federal +Constitution, that it diminishes the risk of a calamity for which +no possible constitution can provide a cure. Among the +advantages of a confederate republic enumerated by Montesquieu, +an important one is, ``that should a popular insurrection happen +in one of the States, the others are able to quell it. Should +abuses creep into one part, they are reformed by those that +remain sound. ''7. ``To consider all debts contracted, and +engagements entered into, before the adoption of this +Constitution, as being no less valid against the United States, +under this Constitution, than under the Confederation. ''This +can only be considered as a declaratory proposition; and may have +been inserted, among other reasons, for the satisfaction of the +foreign creditors of the United States, who cannot be strangers +to the pretended doctrine, that a change in the political form of +civil society has the magical effect of dissolving its moral +obligations. Among the lesser criticisms which have been +exercised on the Constitution, it has been remarked that the +validity of engagements ought to have been asserted in favor of +the United States, as well as against them; and in the spirit +which usually characterizes little critics, the omission has been +transformed and magnified into a plot against the national +rights. The authors of this discovery may be told, what few +others need to be informed of, that as engagements are in their +nature reciprocal, an assertion of their validity on one side, +necessarily involves a validity on the other side; and that as +the article is merely declaratory, the establishment of the +principle in one case is sufficient for every case. They may be +further told, that every constitution must limit its precautions +to dangers that are not altogether imaginary; and that no real +danger can exist that the government would DARE, with, or even +without, this constitutional declaration before it, to remit the +debts justly due to the public, on the pretext here condemned. 8. +``To provide for amendments to be ratified by three fourths of +the States under two exceptions only. ''That useful alterations +will be suggested by experience, could not but be foreseen. It +was requisite, therefore, that a mode for introducing them should +be provided. The mode preferred by the convention seems to be +stamped with every mark of propriety. It guards equally against +that extreme facility, which would render the Constitution too +mutable; and that extreme difficulty, which might perpetuate its +discovered faults. It, moreover, equally enables the general and +the State governments to originate the amendment of errors, as +they may be pointed out by the experience on one side, or on the +other. The exception in favor of the equality of suffrage in the +Senate, was probably meant as a palladium to the residuary +sovereignty of the States, implied and secured by that principle +of representation in one branch of the legislature; and was +probably insisted on by the States particularly attached to that +equality. The other exception must have been admitted on the same +considerations which produced the privilege defended by it. 9. +``The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be +sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the +States, ratifying the same. ''This article speaks for itself. +The express authority of the people alone could give due validity +to the Constitution. To have required the unanimous ratification +of the thirteen States, would have subjected the essential +interests of the whole to the caprice or corruption of a single +member. It would have marked a want of foresight in the +convention, which our own experience would have rendered +inexcusable. Two questions of a very delicate nature present +themselves on this occasion: 1. On what principle the +Confederation, which stands in the solemn form of a compact among +the States, can be superseded without the unanimous consent of +the parties to it? 2. What relation is to subsist between the +nine or more States ratifying the Constitution, and the remaining +few who do not become parties to it? The first question is +answered at once by recurring to the absolute necessity of the +case; to the great principle of self-preservation; to the +transcendent law of nature and of nature's God, which declares +that the safety and happiness of society are the objects at which +all political institutions aim, and to which all such +institutions must be sacrificed. PERHAPS, also, an answer may be +found without searching beyond the principles of the compact +itself. It has been heretofore noted among the defects of the +Confederation, that in many of the States it had received no +higher sanction than a mere legislative ratification. The +principle of reciprocality seems to require that its obligation +on the other States should be reduced to the same standard. A +compact between independent sovereigns, founded on ordinary acts +of legislative authority, can pretend to no higher validity than +a league or treaty between the parties. It is an established +doctrine on the subject of treaties, that all the articles are +mutually conditions of each other; that a breach of any one +article is a breach of the whole treaty; and that a breach, +committed by either of the parties, absolves the others, and +authorizes them, if they please, to pronounce the compact +violated and void. Should it unhappily be necessary to appeal to +these delicate truths for a justification for dispensing with +the consent of particular States to a dissolution of the federal +pact, will not the complaining parties find it a difficult task +to answer the MULTIPLIED and IMPORTANT infractions with which +they may be confronted? The time has been when it was incumbent +on us all to veil the ideas which this paragraph exhibits. The +scene is now changed, and with it the part which the same motives +dictate. The second question is not less delicate; and the +flattering prospect of its being merely hypothetical forbids an +overcurious discussion of it. It is one of those cases which must +be left to provide for itself. In general, it may be observed, +that although no political relation can subsist between the +assenting and dissenting States, yet the moral relations will +remain uncancelled. The claims of justice, both on one side and +on the other, will be in force, and must be fulfilled; the +rights of humanity must in all cases be duly and mutually +respected; whilst considerations of a common interest, and, +above all, the remembrance of the endearing scenes which are +past, and the anticipation of a speedy triumph over the obstacles +to reunion, will, it is hoped, not urge in vain MODERATION on one +side, and PRUDENCE on the other. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 44 + +Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States +From the New York Packet. Friday, January 25, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +A FIFTH class of provisions in favor of the federal authority +consists of the following restrictions on the authority of the +several States:1. ``No State shall enter into any treaty, +alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; +coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and +silver a legal tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of +attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of +contracts; or grant any title of nobility. ''The prohibition +against treaties, alliances, and confederations makes a part of +the existing articles of Union; and for reasons which need no +explanation, is copied into the new Constitution. The prohibition +of letters of marque is another part of the old system, but is +somewhat extended in the new. According to the former, letters of +marque could be granted by the States after a declaration of war; +according to the latter, these licenses must be obtained, as well +during war as previous to its declaration, from the government of +the United States. This alteration is fully justified by the +advantage of uniformity in all points which relate to foreign +powers; and of immediate responsibility to the nation in all +those for whose conduct the nation itself is to be responsible. +The right of coining money, which is here taken from the States, +was left in their hands by the Confederation, as a concurrent +right with that of Congress, under an exception in favor of the +exclusive right of Congress to regulate the alloy and value. In +this instance, also, the new provision is an improvement on the +old. Whilst the alloy and value depended on the general +authority, a right of coinage in the particular States could have +no other effect than to multiply expensive mints and diversify +the forms and weights of the circulating pieces. The latter +inconveniency defeats one purpose for which the power was +originally submitted to the federal head; and as far as the +former might prevent an inconvenient remittance of gold and +silver to the central mint for recoinage, the end can be as well +attained by local mints established under the general authority. +The extension of the prohibition to bills of credit must give +pleasure to every citizen, in proportion to his love of justice +and his knowledge of the true springs of public prosperity. The +loss which America has sustained since the peace, from the +pestilent effects of paper money on the necessary confidence +between man and man, on the necessary confidence in the public +councils, on the industry and morals of the people, and on the +character of republican government, constitutes an enormous debt +against the States chargeable with this unadvised measure, which +must long remain unsatisfied; or rather an accumulation of guilt, +which can be expiated no otherwise than by a voluntary sacrifice +on the altar of justice, of the power which has been the +instrument of it. In addition to these persuasive +considerations, it may be observed, that the same reasons which +show the necessity of denying to the States the power of +regulating coin, prove with equal force that they ought not to be +at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin. Had +every State a right to regulate the value of its coin, there +might be as many different currencies as States, and thus the +intercourse among them would be impeded; retrospective +alterations in its value might be made, and thus the citizens of +other States be injured, and animosities be kindled among the +States themselves. The subjects of foreign powers might suffer +from the same cause, and hence the Union be discredited and +embroiled by the indiscretion of a single member. No one of these +mischiefs is less incident to a power in the States to emit paper +money, than to coin gold or silver. The power to make any thing +but gold and silver a tender in payment of debts, is withdrawn +from the States, on the same principle with that of issuing a +paper currency. Bills of attainder, ex-post-facto laws, and laws +impairing the obligation of contracts, are contrary to the first +principles of the social compact, and to every principle of sound +legislation. The two former are expressly prohibited by the +declarations prefixed to some of the State constitutions, and all +of them are prohibited by the spirit and scope of these +fundamental charters. Our own experience has taught us, +nevertheless, that additional fences against these dangers ought +not to be omitted. Very properly, therefore, have the convention +added this constitutional bulwark in favor of personal security +and private rights; and I am much deceived if they have not, in +so doing, as faithfully consulted the genuine sentiments as the +undoubted interests of their constituents. The sober people of +America are weary of the fluctuating policy which has directed +the public councils. They have seen with regret and indignation +that sudden changes and legislative interferences, in cases +affecting personal rights, become jobs in the hands of +enterprising and influential speculators, and snares to the +more-industrious and lessinformed part of the community. They +have seen, too, that one legislative interference is but the +first link of a long chain of repetitions, every subsequent +interference being naturally produced by the effects of the +preceding. They very rightly infer, therefore, that some thorough +reform is wanting, which will banish speculations on public +measures, inspire a general prudence and industry, and give a +regular course to the business of society. The prohibition with +respect to titles of nobility is copied from the articles of +Confederation and needs no comment. 2. ``No State shall, without +the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports +or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing +its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and +imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the +use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall +be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State +shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, +keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any +agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, +or engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent +danger as will not admit of delay. ''The restraint on the power +of the States over imports and exports is enforced by all the +arguments which prove the necessity of submitting the regulation +of trade to the federal councils. It is needless, therefore, to +remark further on this head, than that the manner in which the +restraint is qualified seems well calculated at once to secure to +the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the +conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United +States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion. +The remaining particulars of this clause fall within reasonings +which are either so obvious, or have been so fully developed, +that they may be passed over without remark. The SIXTH and last +class consists of the several powers and provisions by which +efficacy is given to all the rest. 1. Of these the first is, the +``power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for +carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other +powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the +United States, or in any department or officer thereof. ''Few +parts of the Constitution have been assailed with more +intemperance than this; yet on a fair investigation of it, no +part can appear more completely invulnerable. Without the +SUBSTANCE of this power, the whole Constitution would be a dead +letter. Those who object to the article, therefore, as a part of +the Constitution, can only mean that the FORM of the provision is +improper. But have they considered whether a better form could +have been substituted? There are four other possible methods +which the Constitution might have taken on this subject. They +might have copied the second article of the existing +Confederation, which would have prohibited the exercise of any +power not EXPRESSLY delegated; they might have attempted a +positive enumeration of the powers comprehended under the general +terms ``necessary and proper''; they might have attempted a +negative enumeration of them, by specifying the powers excepted +from the general definition; they might have been altogether +silent on the subject, leaving these necessary and proper powers +to construction and inference. Had the convention taken the +first method of adopting the second article of Confederation, it +is evident that the new Congress would be continually exposed, as +their predecessors have been, to the alternative of construing +the term ``EXPRESSLY'' with so much rigor, as to disarm the +government of all real authority whatever, or with so much +latitude as to destroy altogether the force of the restriction. +It would be easy to show, if it were necessary, that no important +power, delegated by the articles of Confederation, has been or +can be executed by Congress, without recurring more or less to +the doctrine of CONSTRUCTION or IMPLICATION. As the powers +delegated under the new system are more extensive, the government +which is to administer it would find itself still more distressed +with the alternative of betraying the public interests by doing +nothing, or of violating the Constitution by exercising powers +indispensably necessary and proper, but, at the same time, not +EXPRESSLY granted. Had the convention attempted a positive +enumeration of the powers necessary and proper for carrying their +other powers into effect, the attempt would have involved a +complete digest of laws on every subject to which the +Constitution relates; accommodated too, not only to the existing +state of things, but to all the possible changes which futurity +may produce; for in every new application of a general power, the +PARTICULAR POWERS, which are the means of attaining the OBJECT of +the general power, must always necessarily vary with that object, +and be often properly varied whilst the object remains the same. +Had they attempted to enumerate the particular powers or means +not necessary or proper for carrying the general powers into +execution, the task would have been no less chimerical; and would +have been liable to this further objection, that every defect in +the enumeration would have been equivalent to a positive grant of +authority. If, to avoid this consequence, they had attempted a +partial enumeration of the exceptions, and described the residue +by the general terms, NOT NECESSARY OR PROPER, it must have +happened that the enumeration would comprehend a few of the +excepted powers only; that these would be such as would be least +likely to be assumed or tolerated, because the enumeration would +of course select such as would be least necessary or proper; and +that the unnecessary and improper powers included in the +residuum, would be less forcibly excepted, than if no partial +enumeration had been made. Had the Constitution been silent on +this head, there can be no doubt that all the particular powers +requisite as means of executing the general powers would have +resulted to the government, by unavoidable implication. No axiom +is more clearly established in law, or in reason, than that +wherever the end is required, the means are authorized; wherever +a general power to do a thing is given, every particular power +necessary for doing it is included. Had this last method, +therefore, been pursued by the convention, every objection now +urged against their plan would remain in all its plausibility; +and the real inconveniency would be incurred of not removing a +pretext which may be seized on critical occasions for drawing +into question the essential powers of the Union. If it be asked +what is to be the consequence, in case the Congress shall +misconstrue this part of the Constitution, and exercise powers +not warranted by its true meaning, I answer, the same as if they +should misconstrue or enlarge any other power vested in them; as +if the general power had been reduced to particulars, and any one +of these were to be violated; the same, in short, as if the State +legislatures should violate the irrespective constitutional +authorities. In the first instance, the success of the usurpation +will depend on the executive and judiciary departments, which are +to expound and give effect to the legislative acts; and in the +last resort a remedy must be obtained from the people who can, by +the election of more faithful representatives, annul the acts of +the usurpers. The truth is, that this ultimate redress may be +more confided in against unconstitutional acts of the federal +than of the State legislatures, for this plain reason, that as +every such act of the former will be an invasion of the rights of +the latter, these will be ever ready to mark the innovation, to +sound the alarm to the people, and to exert their local influence +in effecting a change of federal representatives. There being no +such intermediate body between the State legislatures and the +people interested in watching the conduct of the former, +violations of the State constitutions are more likely to remain +unnoticed and unredressed. 2. ``This Constitution and the laws +of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, +and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the +authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the +land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any +thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary +notwithstanding. ''The indiscreet zeal of the adversaries to the +Constitution has betrayed them into an attack on this part of it +also, without which it would have been evidently and radically +defective. To be fully sensible of this, we need only suppose for +a moment that the supremacy of the State constitutions had been +left complete by a saving clause in their favor. In the first +place, as these constitutions invest the State legislatures with +absolute sovereignty, in all cases not excepted by the existing +articles of Confederation, all the authorities contained in the +proposed Constitution, so far as they exceed those enumerated in +the Confederation, would have been annulled, and the new Congress +would have been reduced to the same impotent condition with their +predecessors. In the next place, as the constitutions of some of +the States do not even expressly and fully recognize the existing +powers of the Confederacy, an express saving of the supremacy of +the former would, in such States, have brought into question +every power contained in the proposed Constitution. In the third +place, as the constitutions of the States differ much from each +other, it might happen that a treaty or national law, of great +and equal importance to the States, would interfere with some and +not with other constitutions, and would consequently be valid in +some of the States, at the same time that it would have no effect +in others. In fine, the world would have seen, for the first +time, a system of government founded on an inversion of the +fundamental principles of all government; it would have seen the +authority of the whole society every where subordinate to the +authority of the parts; it would have seen a monster, in which +the head was under the direction of the members. 3. ``The +Senators and Representatives, and the members of the several +State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both +of the United States and the several States, shall be bound by +oath or affirmation to support this Constitution. ''It has been +asked why it was thought necessary, that the State magistracy +should be bound to support the federal Constitution, and +unnecessary that a like oath should be imposed on the officers of +the United States, in favor of the State constitutions. Several +reasons might be assigned for the distinction. I content myself +with one, which is obvious and conclusive. The members of the +federal government will have no agency in carrying the State +constitutions into effect. The members and officers of the State +governments, on the contrary, will have an essential agency in +giving effect to the federal Constitution. The election of the +President and Senate will depend, in all cases, on the +legislatures of the several States. And the election of the House +of Representatives will equally depend on the same authority in +the first instance; and will, probably, forever be conducted by +the officers, and according to the laws, of the States. 4. Among +the provisions for giving efficacy to the federal powers might be +added those which belong to the executive and judiciary +departments: but as these are reserved for particular examination +in another place, I pass them over in this. We have now +reviewed, in detail, all the articles composing the sum or +quantity of power delegated by the proposed Constitution to the +federal government, and are brought to this undeniable +conclusion, that no part of the power is unnecessary or improper +for accomplishing the necessary objects of the Union. The +question, therefore, whether this amount of power shall be +granted or not, resolves itself into another question, whether or +not a government commensurate to the exigencies of the Union +shall be established; or, in other words, whether the Union +itself shall be preserved. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 45 + +The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State +Governments Considered +For the Independent Fournal. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +HAVING shown that no one of the powers transferred to the federal +government is unnecessary or improper, the next question to be +considered is, whether the whole mass of them will be dangerous +to the portion of authority left in the several States. The +adversaries to the plan of the convention, instead of considering +in the first place what degree of power was absolutely necessary +for the purposes of the federal government, have exhausted +themselves in a secondary inquiry into the possible consequences +of the proposed degree of power to the governments of the +particular States. But if the Union, as has been shown, be +essential to the security of the people of America against +foreign danger; if it be essential to their security against +contentions and wars among the different States; if it be +essential to guard them against those violent and oppressive +factions which embitter the blessings of liberty, and against +those military establishments which must gradually poison its +very fountain; if, in a word, the Union be essential to the +happiness of the people of America, is it not preposterous, to +urge as an objection to a government, without which the objects +of the Union cannot be attained, that such a government may +derogate from the importance of the governments of the individual +States? Was, then, the American Revolution effected, was the +American Confederacy formed, was the precious blood of thousands +spilt, and the hard-earned substance of millions lavished, not +that the people of America should enjoy peace, liberty, and +safety, but that the government of the individual States, that +particular municipal establishments, might enjoy a certain extent +of power, and be arrayed with certain dignities and attributes of +sovereignty? We have heard of the impious doctrine in the Old +World, that the people were made for kings, not kings for the +people. Is the same doctrine to be revived in the New, in another +shape that the solid happiness of the people is to be sacrificed +to the views of political institutions of a different form? It is +too early for politicians to presume on our forgetting that the +public good, the real welfare of the great body of the people, is +the supreme object to be pursued; and that no form of government +whatever has any other value than as it may be fitted for the +attainment of this object. Were the plan of the convention +adverse to the public happiness, my voice would be, Reject the +plan. Were the Union itself inconsistent with the public +happiness, it would be, Abolish the Union. In like manner, as far +as the sovereignty of the States cannot be reconciled to the +happiness of the people, the voice of every good citizen must be, +Let the former be sacrificed to the latter. How far the sacrifice +is necessary, has been shown. How far the unsacrificed residue +will be endangered, is the question before us. Several important +considerations have been touched in the course of these papers, +which discountenance the supposition that the operation of the +federal government will by degrees prove fatal to the State +governments. The more I revolve the subject, the more fully I am +persuaded that the balance is much more likely to be disturbed by +the preponderancy of the last than of the first scale. We have +seen, in all the examples of ancient and modern confederacies, +the strongest tendency continually betraying itself in the +members, to despoil the general government of its authorities, +with a very ineffectual capacity in the latter to defend itself +against the encroachments. Although, in most of these examples, +the system has been so dissimilar from that under consideration +as greatly to weaken any inference concerning the latter from the +fate of the former, yet, as the States will retain, under the +proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active +sovereignty, the inference ought not to be wholly disregarded. In +the Achaean league it is probable that the federal head had a +degree and species of power, which gave it a considerable +likeness to the government framed by the convention. The Lycian +Confederacy, as far as its principles and form are transmitted, +must have borne a still greater analogy to it. Yet history does +not inform us that either of them ever degenerated, or tended to +degenerate, into one consolidated government. On the contrary, we +know that the ruin of one of them proceeded from the incapacity +of the federal authority to prevent the dissensions, and finally +the disunion, of the subordinate authorities. These cases are the +more worthy of our attention, as the external causes by which the +component parts were pressed together were much more numerous and +powerful than in our case; and consequently less powerful +ligaments within would be sufficient to bind the members to the +head, and to each other. In the feudal system, we have seen a +similar propensity exemplified. Notwithstanding the want of +proper sympathy in every instance between the local sovereigns +and the people, and the sympathy in some instances between the +general sovereign and the latter, it usually happened that the +local sovereigns prevailed in the rivalship for encroachments. +Had no external dangers enforced internal harmony and +subordination, and particularly, had the local sovereigns +possessed the affections of the people, the great kingdoms in +Europe would at this time consist of as many independent princes +as there were formerly feudatory barons. The State government +will have the advantage of the Federal government, whether we +compare them in respect to the immediate dependence of the one on +the other; to the weight of personal influence which each side +will possess; to the powers respectively vested in them; to the +predilection and probable support of the people; to the +disposition and faculty of resisting and frustrating the measures +of each other. The State governments may be regarded as +constituent and essential parts of the federal government; whilst +the latter is nowise essential to the operation or organization +of the former. Without the intervention of the State +legislatures, the President of the United States cannot be +elected at all. They must in all cases have a great share in his +appointment, and will, perhaps, in most cases, of themselves +determine it. The Senate will be elected absolutely and +exclusively by the State legislatures. Even the House of +Representatives, though drawn immediately from the people, will +be chosen very much under the influence of that class of men, +whose influence over the people obtains for themselves an +election into the State legislatures. Thus, each of the principal +branches of the federal government will owe its existence more or +less to the favor of the State governments, and must consequently +feel a dependence, which is much more likely to beget a +disposition too obsequious than too overbearing towards them. On +the other side, the component parts of the State governments will +in no instance be indebted for their appointment to the direct +agency of the federal government, and very little, if at all, to +the local influence of its members. The number of individuals +employed under the Constitution of the United States will be much +smaller than the number employed under the particular States. +There will consequently be less of personal influence on the side +of the former than of the latter. The members of the legislative, +executive, and judiciary departments of thirteen and more States, +the justices of peace, officers of militia, ministerial officers +of justice, with all the county, corporation, and town officers, +for three millions and more of people, intermixed, and having +particular acquaintance with every class and circle of people, +must exceed, beyond all proportion, both in number and influence, +those of every description who will be employed in the +administration of the federal system. Compare the members of the +three great departments of the thirteen States, excluding from +the judiciary department the justices of peace, with the members +of the corresponding departments of the single government of the +Union; compare the militia officers of three millions of people +with the military and marine officers of any establishment which +is within the compass of probability, or, I may add, of +possibility, and in this view alone, we may pronounce the +advantage of the States to be decisive. If the federal government +is to have collectors of revenue, the State governments will have +theirs also. And as those of the former will be principally on +the seacoast, and not very numerous, whilst those of the latter +will be spread over the face of the country, and will be very +numerous, the advantage in this view also lies on the same side. +It is true, that the Confederacy is to possess, and may exercise, +the power of collecting internal as well as external taxes +throughout the States; but it is probable that this power will +not be resorted to, except for supplemental purposes of revenue; +that an option will then be given to the States to supply their +quotas by previous collections of their own; and that the +eventual collection, under the immediate authority of the Union, +will generally be made by the officers, and according to the +rules, appointed by the several States. Indeed it is extremely +probable, that in other instances, particularly in the +organization of the judicial power, the officers of the States +will be clothed with the correspondent authority of the Union. +Should it happen, however, that separate collectors of internal +revenue should be appointed under the federal government, the +influence of the whole number would not bear a comparison with +that of the multitude of State officers in the opposite scale. +Within every district to which a federal collector would be +allotted, there would not be less than thirty or forty, or even +more, officers of different descriptions, and many of them +persons of character and weight, whose influence would lie on the +side of the State. The powers delegated by the proposed +Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those +which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and +indefinite. The former will be exercised principally on external +objects, as war, peace, negotiation, and foreign commerce; with +which last the power of taxation will, for the most part, be +connected. The powers reserved to the several States will extend +to all the objects which, in the ordinary course of affairs, +concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the people, and +the internal order, improvement, and prosperity of the State. The +operations of the federal government will be most extensive and +important in times of war and danger; those of the State +governments, in times of peace and security. As the former +periods will probably bear a small proportion to the latter, the +State governments will here enjoy another advantage over the +federal government. The more adequate, indeed, the federal powers +may be rendered to the national defense, the less frequent will +be those scenes of danger which might favor their ascendancy over +the governments of the particular States. If the new Constitution +be examined with accuracy and candor, it will be found that the +change which it proposes consists much less in the addition of +NEW POWERS to the Union, than in the invigoration of its ORIGINAL +POWERS. The regulation of commerce, it is true, is a new power; +but that seems to be an addition which few oppose, and from which +no apprehensions are entertained. The powers relating to war and +peace, armies and fleets, treaties and finance, with the other +more considerable powers, are all vested in the existing Congress +by the articles of Confederation. The proposed change does not +enlarge these powers; it only substitutes a more effectual mode +of administering them. The change relating to taxation may be +regarded as the most important; and yet the present Congress have +as complete authority to REQUIRE of the States indefinite +supplies of money for the common defense and general welfare, as +the future Congress will have to require them of individual +citizens; and the latter will be no more bound than the States +themselves have been, to pay the quotas respectively taxed on +them. Had the States complied punctually with the articles of +Confederation, or could their compliance have been enforced by as +peaceable means as may be used with success towards single +persons, our past experience is very far from countenancing an +opinion, that the State governments would have lost their +constitutional powers, and have gradually undergone an entire +consolidation. To maintain that such an event would have ensued, +would be to say at once, that the existence of the State +governments is incompatible with any system whatever that +accomplishes the essental purposes of the Union. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 46 + +The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, January 29, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +RESUMING the subject of the last paper, I proceed to inquire +whether the federal government or the State governments will have +the advantage with regard to the predilection and support of the +people. Notwithstanding the different modes in which they are +appointed, we must consider both of them as substantially +dependent on the great body of the citizens of the United States. +I assume this position here as it respects the first, reserving +the proofs for another place. The federal and State governments +are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, +constituted with different powers, and designed for different +purposes. The adversaries of the Constitution seem to have lost +sight of the people altogether in their reasonings on this +subject; and to have viewed these different establishments, not +only as mutual rivals and enemies, but as uncontrolled by any +common superior in their efforts to usurp the authorities of each +other. These gentlemen must here be reminded of their error. They +must be told that the ultimate authority, wherever the derivative +may be found, resides in the people alone, and that it will not +depend merely on the comparative ambition or address of the +different governments, whether either, or which of them, will be +able to enlarge its sphere of jurisdiction at the expense of the +other. Truth, no less than decency, requires that the event in +every case should be supposed to depend on the sentiments and +sanction of their common constituents. Many considerations, +besides those suggested on a former occasion, seem to place it +beyond doubt that the first and most natural attachment of the +people will be to the governments of their respective States. +Into the administration of these a greater number of individuals +will expect to rise. From the gift of these a greater number of +offices and emoluments will flow. By the superintending care of +these, all the more domestic and personal interests of the people +will be regulated and provided for. With the affairs of these, +the people will be more familiarly and minutely conversant. And +with the members of these, will a greater proportion of the +people have the ties of personal acquaintance and friendship, and +of family and party attachments; on the side of these, +therefore, the popular bias may well be expected most strongly to +incline. Experience speaks the same language in this case. The +federal administration, though hitherto very defective in +comparison with what may be hoped under a better system, had, +during the war, and particularly whilst the independent fund of +paper emissions was in credit, an activity and importance as +great as it can well have in any future circumstances whatever. +It was engaged, too, in a course of measures which had for their +object the protection of everything that was dear, and the +acquisition of everything that could be desirable to the people +at large. It was, nevertheless, invariably found, after the +transient enthusiasm for the early Congresses was over, that the +attention and attachment of the people were turned anew to their +own particular governments; that the federal council was at no +time the idol of popular favor; and that opposition to proposed +enlargements of its powers and importance was the side usually +taken by the men who wished to build their political consequence +on the prepossessions of their fellow-citizens. If, therefore, +as has been elsewhere remarked, the people should in future +become more partial to the federal than to the State governments, +the change can only result from such manifest and irresistible +proofs of a better administration, as will overcome all their +antecedent propensities. And in that case, the people ought not +surely to be precluded from giving most of their confidence where +they may discover it to be most due; but even in that case the +State governments could have little to apprehend, because it is +only within a certain sphere that the federal power can, in the +nature of things, be advantageously administered. The remaining +points on which I propose to compare the federal and State +governments, are the disposition and the faculty they may +respectively possess, to resist and frustrate the measures of +each other. It has been already proved that the members of the +federal will be more dependent on the members of the State +governments, than the latter will be on the former. It has +appeared also, that the prepossessions of the people, on whom +both will depend, will be more on the side of the State +governments, than of the federal government. So far as the +disposition of each towards the other may be influenced by these +causes, the State governments must clearly have the advantage. +But in a distinct and very important point of view, the advantage +will lie on the same side. The prepossessions, which the members +themselves will carry into the federal government, will generally +be favorable to the States; whilst it will rarely happen, that +the members of the State governments will carry into the public +councils a bias in favor of the general government. A local +spirit will infallibly prevail much more in the members of +Congress, than a national spirit will prevail in the legislatures +of the particular States. Every one knows that a great proportion +of the errors committed by the State legislatures proceeds from +the disposition of the members to sacrifice the comprehensive and +permanent interest of the State, to the particular and separate +views of the counties or districts in which they reside. And if +they do not sufficiently enlarge their policy to embrace the +collective welfare of their particular State, how can it be +imagined that they will make the aggregate prosperity of the +Union, and the dignity and respectability of its government, the +objects of their affections and consultations? For the same +reason that the members of the State legislatures will be +unlikely to attach themselves sufficiently to national objects, +the members of the federal legislature will be likely to attach +themselves too much to local objects. The States will be to the +latter what counties and towns are to the former. Measures will +too often be decided according to their probable effect, not on +the national prosperity and happiness, but on the prejudices, +interests, and pursuits of the governments and people of the +individual States. What is the spirit that has in general +characterized the proceedings of Congress? A perusal of their +journals, as well as the candid acknowledgments of such as have +had a seat in that assembly, will inform us, that the members +have but too frequently displayed the character, rather of +partisans of their respective States, than of impartial guardians +of a common interest; that where on one occasion improper +sacrifices have been made of local considerations, to the +aggrandizement of the federal government, the great interests of +the nation have suffered on a hundred, from an undue attention to +the local prejudices, interests, and views of the particular +States. I mean not by these reflections to insinuate, that the +new federal government will not embrace a more enlarged plan of +policy than the existing government may have pursued; much less, +that its views will be as confined as those of the State +legislatures; but only that it will partake sufficiently of the +spirit of both, to be disinclined to invade the rights of the +individual States, or the preorgatives of their governments. The +motives on the part of the State governments, to augment their +prerogatives by defalcations from the federal government, will be +overruled by no reciprocal predispositions in the members. Were +it admitted, however, that the Federal government may feel an +equal disposition with the State governments to extend its power +beyond the due limits, the latter would still have the advantage +in the means of defeating such encroachments. If an act of a +particular State, though unfriendly to the national government, +be generally popular in that State and should not too grossly +violate the oaths of the State officers, it is executed +immediately and, of course, by means on the spot and depending on +the State alone. The opposition of the federal government, or the +interposition of federal officers, would but inflame the zeal of +all parties on the side of the State, and the evil could not be +prevented or repaired, if at all, without the employment of means +which must always be resorted to with reluctance and difficulty. +On the other hand, should an unwarrantable measure of the federal +government be unpopular in particular States, which would seldom +fail to be the case, or even a warrantable measure be so, which +may sometimes be the case, the means of opposition to it are +powerful and at hand. The disquietude of the people; their +repugnance and, perhaps, refusal to co-operate with the officers +of the Union; the frowns of the executive magistracy of the +State; the embarrassments created by legislative devices, which +would often be added on such occasions, would oppose, in any +State, difficulties not to be despised; would form, in a large +State, very serious impediments; and where the sentiments of +several adjoining States happened to be in unison, would present +obstructions which the federal government would hardly be willing +to encounter. But ambitious encroachments of the federal +government, on the authority of the State governments, would not +excite the opposition of a single State, or of a few States +only. They would be signals of general alarm. Every government +would espouse the common cause. A correspondence would be +opened. Plans of resistance would be concerted. One spirit would +animate and conduct the whole. The same combinations, in short, +would result from an apprehension of the federal, as was produced +by the dread of a foreign, yoke; and unless the projected +innovations should be voluntarily renounced, the same appeal to +a trial of force would be made in the one case as was made in the +other. But what degree of madness could ever drive the federal +government to such an extremity. In the contest with Great +Britain, one part of the empire was employed against the other. +The more numerous part invaded the rights of the less numerous +part. The attempt was unjust and unwise; but it was not in +speculation absolutely chimerical. But what would be the contest +in the case we are supposing? Who would be the parties? A few +representatives of the people would be opposed to the people +themselves; or rather one set of representatives would be +contending against thirteen sets of representatives, with the +whole body of their common constituents on the side of the +latter. The only refuge left for those who prophesy the downfall +of the State governments is the visionary supposition that the +federal government may previously accumulate a military force for +the projects of ambition. The reasonings contained in these +papers must have been employed to little purpose indeed, if it +could be necessary now to disprove the reality of this danger. +That the people and the States should, for a sufficient period of +time, elect an uninterupted succession of men ready to betray +both; that the traitors should, throughout this period, +uniformly and systematically pursue some fixed plan for the +extension of the military establishment; that the governments +and the people of the States should silently and patiently behold +the gathering storm, and continue to supply the materials, until +it should be prepared to burst on their own heads, must appear to +every one more like the incoherent dreams of a delirious +jealousy, or the misjudged exaggerations of a counterfeit zeal, +than like the sober apprehensions of genuine patriotism. +Extravagant as the supposition is, let it however be made. Let a +regular army, fully equal to the resources of the country, be +formed; and let it be entirely at the devotion of the federal +government; still it would not be going too far to say, that the +State governments, with the people on their side, would be able +to repel the danger. The highest number to which, according to +the best computation, a standing army can be carried in any +country, does not exceed one hundredth part of the whole number +of souls; or one twenty-fifth part of the number able to bear +arms. This proportion would not yield, in the United States, an +army of more than twenty-five or thirty thousand men. To these +would be opposed a militia amounting to near half a million of +citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from +among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united +and conducted by governments possessing their affections and +confidence. It may well be doubted, whether a militia thus +circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of +regular troops. Those who are best acquainted with the last +successful resistance of this country against the British arms, +will be most inclined to deny the possibility of it. Besides the +advantage of being armed, which the Americans possess over the +people of almost every other nation, the existence of +subordinate governments, to which the people are attached, and by +which the militia officers are appointed, forms a barrier against +the enterprises of ambition, more insurmountable than any which a +simple government of any form can admit of. Notwithstanding the +military establishments in the several kingdoms of Europe, which +are carried as far as the public resources will bear, the +governments are afraid to trust the people with arms. And it is +not certain, that with this aid alone they would not be able to +shake off their yokes. But were the people to possess the +additional advantages of local governments chosen by themselves, +who could collect the national will and direct the national +force, and of officers appointed out of the militia, by these +governments, and attached both to them and to the militia, it may +be affirmed with the greatest assurance, that the throne of every +tyranny in Europe would be speedily overturned in spite of the +legions which surround it. Let us not insult the free and gallant +citizens of America with the suspicion, that they would be less +able to defend the rights of which they would be in actual +possession, than the debased subjects of arbitrary power would be +to rescue theirs from the hands of their oppressors. Let us +rather no longer insult them with the supposition that they can +ever reduce themselves to the necessity of making the experiment, +by a blind and tame submission to the long train of insidious +measures which must precede and produce it. The argument under +the present head may be put into a very concise form, which +appears altogether conclusive. Either the mode in which the +federal government is to be constructed will render it +sufficiently dependent on the people, or it will not. On the +first supposition, it will be restrained by that dependence from +forming schemes obnoxious to their constituents. On the other +supposition, it will not possess the confidence of the people, +and its schemes of usurpation will be easily defeated by the +State governments, who will be supported by the people. On +summing up the considerations stated in this and the last paper, +they seem to amount to the most convincing evidence, that the +powers proposed to be lodged in the federal government are as +little formidable to those reserved to the individual States, as +they are indispensably necessary to accomplish the purposes of +the Union; and that all those alarms which have been sounded, of +a meditated and consequential annihilation of the State +governments, must, on the most favorable interpretation, be +ascribed to the chimerical fears of the authors of them. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 47 + +The Particular Structure of the New Government and the +Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts +From the New York Packet. Friday, February 1, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +HAVING reviewed the general form of the proposed government and +the general mass of power allotted to it, I proceed to examine +the particular structure of this government, and the distribution +of this mass of power among its constituent parts. One of the +principal objections inculcated by the more respectable +adversaries to the Constitution, is its supposed violation of the +political maxim, that the legislative, executive, and judiciary +departments ought to be separate and distinct. In the structure +of the federal government, no regard, it is said, seems to have +been paid to this essential precaution in favor of liberty. The +several departments of power are distributed and blended in such +a manner as at once to destroy all symmetry and beauty of form, +and to expose some of the essential parts of the edifice to the +danger of being crushed by the disproportionate weight of other +parts. No political truth is certainly of greater intrinsic +value, or is stamped with the authority of more enlightened +patrons of liberty, than that on which the objection is founded. +The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and +judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and +whether hereditary, selfappointed, or elective, may justly be +pronounced the very definition of tyranny. Were the federal +Constitution, therefore, really chargeable with the accumulation +of power, or with a mixture of powers, having a dangerous +tendency to such an accumulation, no further arguments would be +necessary to inspire a universal reprobation of the system. I +persuade myself, however, that it will be made apparent to every +one, that the charge cannot be supported, and that the maxim on +which it relies has been totally misconceived and misapplied. In +order to form correct ideas on this important subject, it will be +proper to investigate the sense in which the preservation of +liberty requires that the three great departments of power should +be separate and distinct. The oracle who is always consulted and +cited on this subject is the celebrated Montesquieu. If he be not +the author of this invaluable precept in the science of politics, +he has the merit at least of displaying and recommending it most +effectually to the attention of mankind. Let us endeavor, in the +first place, to ascertain his meaning on this point. The British +Constitution was to Montesquieu what Homer has been to the +didactic writers on epic poetry. As the latter have considered +the work of the immortal bard as the perfect model from which the +principles and rules of the epic art were to be drawn, and by +which all similar works were to be judged, so this great +political critic appears to have viewed the Constitution of +England as the standard, or to use his own expression, as the +mirror of political liberty; and to have delivered, in the form +of elementary truths, the several characteristic principles of +that particular system. That we may be sure, then, not to mistake +his meaning in this case, let us recur to the source from which +the maxim was drawn. + On the slightest view of the British +Constitution, we must perceive that the legislative, executive, +and judiciary departments are by no means totally separate and +distinct from each other. The executive magistrate forms an +integral part of the legislative authority. He alone has the +prerogative of making treaties with foreign sovereigns, which, +when made, have, under certain limitations, the force of +legislative acts. All the members of the judiciary department are +appointed by him, can be removed by him on the address of the two +Houses of Parliament, and form, when he pleases to consult them, +one of his constitutional councils. One branch of the legislative +department forms also a great constitutional council to the +executive chief, as, on another hand, it is the sole depositary +of judicial power in cases of impeachment, and is invested with +the supreme appellate jurisdiction in all other cases. The +judges, again, are so far connected with the legislative +department as often to attend and participate in its +deliberations, though not admitted to a legislative vote. From +these facts, by which Montesquieu was guided, it may clearly be +inferred that, in saying ``There can be no liberty where the +legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, +or body of magistrates,'' or, ``if the power of judging be not +separated from the legislative and executive powers,'' he did not +mean that these departments ought to have no PARTIAL AGENCY in, +or no CONTROL over, the acts of each other. His meaning, as his +own words import, and still more conclusively as illustrated by +the example in his eye, can amount to no more than this, that +where the WHOLE power of one department is exercised by the same +hands which possess the WHOLE power of another department, the +fundamental principles of a free constitution are subverted. This +would have been the case in the constitution examined by him, if +the king, who is the sole executive magistrate, had possessed +also the complete legislative power, or the supreme +administration of justice; or if the entire legislative body had +possessed the supreme judiciary, or the supreme executive +authority. This, however, is not among the vices of that +constitution. The magistrate in whom the whole executive power +resides cannot of himself make a law, though he can put a +negative on every law; nor administer justice in person, though +he has the appointment of those who do administer it. The judges +can exercise no executive prerogative, though they are shoots +from the executive stock; nor any legislative function, though +they may be advised with by the legislative councils. The entire +legislature can perform no judiciary act, though by the joint act +of two of its branches the judges may be removed from their +offices, and though one of its branches is possessed of the +judicial power in the last resort. The entire legislature, again, +can exercise no executive prerogative, though one of its branches +constitutes the supreme executive magistracy, and another, on the +impeachment of a third, can try and condemn all the subordinate +officers in the executive department. The reasons on which +Montesquieu grounds his maxim are a further demonstration of his +meaning. ``When the legislative and executive powers are united +in the same person or body,'' says he, ``there can be no liberty, +because apprehensions may arise lest THE SAME monarch or senate +should ENACT tyrannical laws to EXECUTE them in a tyrannical +manner. '' Again: ``Were the power of judging joined with the +legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed +to arbitrary control, for THE JUDGE would then be THE LEGISLATOR. +Were it joined to the executive power, THE JUDGE might behave +with all the violence of AN OPPRESSOR. '' Some of these reasons +are more fully explained in other passages; but briefly stated as +they are here, they sufficiently establish the meaning which we +have put on this celebrated maxim of this celebrated author. + +If we look into the constitutions of the several States, we find +that, notwithstanding the emphatical and, in some instances, the +unqualified terms in which this axiom has been laid down, there +is not a single instance in which the several departments of +power have been kept absolutely separate and distinct. New +Hampshire, whose constitution was the last formed, seems to have +been fully aware of the impossibility and inexpediency of +avoiding any mixture whatever of these departments, and has +qualified the doctrine by declaring ``that the legislative, +executive, and judiciary powers ought to be kept as separate +from, and independent of, each other AS THE NATURE OF A FREE +GOVERNMENT WILL ADMIT; OR AS IS CONSISTENT WITH THAT CHAIN OF +CONNECTION THAT BINDS THE WHOLE FABRIC OF THE CONSTITUTION IN ONE +INDISSOLUBLE BOND OF UNITY AND AMITY. '' Her constitution +accordingly mixes these departments in several respects. The +Senate, which is a branch of the legislative department, is also +a judicial tribunal for the trial of impeachments. The +President, who is the head of the executive department, is the +presiding member also of the Senate; and, besides an equal vote +in all cases, has a casting vote in case of a tie. The executive +head is himself eventually elective every year by the +legislative department, and his council is every year chosen by +and from the members of the same department. Several of the +officers of state are also appointed by the legislature. And the +members of the judiciary department are appointed by the +executive department. The constitution of Massachusetts has +observed a sufficient though less pointed caution, in expressing +this fundamental article of liberty. It declares ``that the +legislative department shall never exercise the executive and +judicial powers, or either of them; the executive shall never +exercise the legislative and judicial powers, or either of them; +the judicial shall never exercise the legislative and executive +powers, or either of them. '' This declaration corresponds +precisely with the doctrine of Montesquieu, as it has been +explained, and is not in a single point violated by the plan of +the convention. It goes no farther than to prohibit any one of +the entire departments from exercising the powers of another +department. In the very Constitution to which it is prefixed, a +partial mixture of powers has been admitted. The executive +magistrate has a qualified negative on the legislative body, and +the Senate, which is a part of the legislature, is a court of +impeachment for members both of the executive and judiciary +departments. The members of the judiciary department, again, are +appointable by the executive department, and removable by the +same authority on the address of the two legislative branches. +Lastly, a number of the officers of government are annually +appointed by the legislative department. As the appointment to +offices, particularly executive offices, is in its nature an +executive function, the compilers of the Constitution have, in +this last point at least, violated the rule established by +themselves. I pass over the constitutions of Rhode Island and +Connecticut, because they were formed prior to the Revolution, +and even before the principle under examination had become an +object of political attention. The constitution of New York +contains no declaration on this subject; but appears very +clearly to have been framed with an eye to the danger of +improperly blending the different departments. It gives, +nevertheless, to the executive magistrate, a partial control over +the legislative department; and, what is more, gives a like +control to the judiciary department; and even blends the +executive and judiciary departments in the exercise of this +control. In its council of appointment members of the +legislative are associated with the executive authority, in the +appointment of officers, both executive and judiciary. And its +court for the trial of impeachments and correction of errors is +to consist of one branch of the legislature and the principal +members of the judiciary department. The constitution of New +Jersey has blended the different powers of government more than +any of the preceding. The governor, who is the executive +magistrate, is appointed by the legislature; is chancellor and +ordinary, or surrogate of the State; is a member of the Supreme +Court of Appeals, and president, with a casting vote, of one of +the legislative branches. The same legislative branch acts again +as executive council of the governor, and with him constitutes +the Court of Appeals. The members of the judiciary department are +appointed by the legislative department and removable by one +branch of it, on the impeachment of the other. According to the +constitution of Pennsylvania, the president, who is the head of +the executive department, is annually elected by a vote in which +the legislative department predominates. In conjunction with an +executive council, he appoints the members of the judiciary +department, and forms a court of impeachment for trial of all +officers, judiciary as well as executive. The judges of the +Supreme Court and justices of the peace seem also to be removable +by the legislature; and the executive power of pardoning in +certain cases, to be referred to the same department. The members +of the executive counoil are made EX-OFFICIO justices of peace +throughout the State. In Delaware, the chief executive magistrate +is annually elected by the legislative department. The speakers +of the two legislative branches are vice-presidents in the +executive department. The executive chief, with six others, +appointed, three by each of the legislative branches constitutes +the Supreme Court of Appeals; he is joined with the legislative +department in the appointment of the other judges. Throughout the +States, it appears that the members of the legislature may at the +same time be justices of the peace; in this State, the members of +one branch of it are EX-OFFICIO justices of the peace; as are +also the members of the executive council. The principal officers +of the executive department are appointed by the legislative; and +one branch of the latter forms a court of impeachments. All +officers may be removed on address of the legislature. Maryland +has adopted the maxim in the most unqualified terms; declaring +that the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of +government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each +other. Her constitution, notwithstanding, makes the executive +magistrate appointable by the legislative department; and the +members of the judiciary by the executive department. The +language of Virginia is still more pointed on this subject. Her +constitution declares, ``that the legislative, executive, and +judiciary departments shall be separate and distinct; so that +neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other; nor +shall any person exercise the powers of more than one of them at +the same time, except that the justices of county courts shall be +eligible to either House of Assembly. '' Yet we find not only +this express exception, with respect to the members of the +irferior courts, but that the chief magistrate, with his +executive council, are appointable by the legislature; that two +members of the latter are triennially displaced at the pleasure +of the legislature; and that all the principal offices, both +executive and judiciary, are filled by the same department. The +executive prerogative of pardon, also, is in one case vested in +the legislative department. The constitution of North Carolina, +which declares ``that the legislative, executive, and supreme +judicial powers of government ought to be forever separate and +distinct from each other,'' refers, at the same time, to the +legislative department, the appointment not only of the executive +chief, but all the principal officers within both that and the +judiciary department. In South Carolina, the constitution makes +the executive magistracy eligible by the legislative department. +It gives to the latter, also, the appointment of the members of +the judiciary department, including even justices of the peace +and sheriffs; and the appointment of officers in the executive +department, down to captains in the army and navy of the State. +In the constitution of Georgia, where it is declared ``that the +legislative, executive, and judiciary departments shall be +separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers +properly belonging to the other,'' we find that the executive +department is to be filled by appointments of the legislature; +and the executive prerogative of pardon to be finally exercised +by the same authority. Even justices of the peace are to be +appointed by the legislature. In citing these cases, in which +the legislative, executive, and judiciary departments have not +been kept totally separate and distinct, I wish not to be +regarded as an advocate for the particular organizations of the +several State governments. I am fully aware that among the many +excellent principles which they exemplify, they carry strong +marks of the haste, and still stronger of the inexperience, under +which they were framed. It is but too obvious that in some +instances the fundamental principle under consideration has been +violated by too great a mixture, and even an actual +consolidation, of the different powers; and that in no instance +has a competent provision been made for maintaining in practice +the separation delineated on paper. What I have wished to evince +is, that the charge brought against the proposed Constitution, of +violating the sacred maxim of free government, is warranted +neither by the real meaning annexed to that maxim by its author, +nor by the sense in which it has hitherto been understood in +America. This interesting subject will be resumed in the ensuing +paper. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 48 + +These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No +Constitutional Control Over Each Other +From the New York Packet. Friday, February 1, 1788. + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT WAS shown in the last paper that the political apothegm there +examined does not require that the legislative, executive, and +judiciary departments should be wholly unconnected with each +other. I shall undertake, in the next place, to show that unless +these departments be so far connected and blended as to give to +each a constitutional control over the others, the degree of +separation which the maxim requires, as essential to a free +government, can never in practice be duly maintained. It is +agreed on all sides, that the powers properly belonging to one of +the departments ought not to be directly and completely +administered by either of the other departments. It is equally +evident, that none of them ought to possess, directly or +indirectly, an overruling influence over the others, in the +administration of their respective powers. It will not be denied, +that power is of an encroaching nature, and that it ought to be +effectually restrained from passing the limits assigned to it. +After discriminating, therefore, in theory, the several classes +of power, as they may in their nature be legislative, executive, +or judiciary, the next and most difficult task is to provide some +practical security for each, against the invasion of the others. +What this security ought to be, is the great problem to be +solved. Will it be sufficient to mark, with precision, the +boundaries of these departments, in the constitution of the +government, and to trust to these parchment barriers against the +encroaching spirit of power? This is the security which appears +to have been principally relied on by the compilers of most of +the American constitutions. But experience assures us, that the +efficacy of the provision has been greatly overrated; and that +some more adequate defense is indispensably necessary for the +more feeble, against the more powerful, members of the +government. The legislative department is everywhere extending +the sphere of its activity, and drawing all power into its +impetuous vortex. The founders of our republics have so much +merit for the wisdom which they have displayed, that no task can +be less pleasing than that of pointing out the errors into which +they have fallen. A respect for truth, however, obliges us to +remark, that they seem never for a moment to have turned their +eyes from the danger to liberty from the overgrown and +all-grasping prerogative of an hereditary magistrate, supported +and fortified by an hereditary branch of the legislative +authority. They seem never to have recollected the danger from +legislative usurpations, which, by assembling all power in the +same hands, must lead to the same tyranny as is threatened by +executive usurpations. In a government where numerous and +extensive prerogatives are placed in the hands of an hereditary +monarch, the executive department is very justly regarded as the +source of danger, and watched with all the jealousy which a zeal +for liberty ought to inspire. In a democracy, where a multitude +of people exercise in person the legislative functions, and are +continually exposed, by their incapacity for regular deliberation +and concerted measures, to the ambitious intrigues of their +executive magistrates, tyranny may well be apprehended, on some +favorable emergency, to start up in the same quarter. But in a +representative republic, where the executive magistracy is +carefully limited; both in the extent and the duration of its +power; and where the legislative power is exercised by an +assembly, which is inspired, by a supposed influence over the +people, with an intrepid confidence in its own strength; which is +sufficiently numerous to feel all the passions which actuate a +multitude, yet not so numerous as to be incapable of pursuing the +objects of its passions, by means which reason prescribes; it is +against the enterprising ambition of this department that the +people ought to indulge all their jealousy and exhaust all their +precautions. The legislative department derives a superiority in +our governments from other circumstances. Its constitutional +powers being at once more extensive, and less susceptible of +precise limits, it can, with the greater facility, mask, under +complicated and indirect measures, the encroachments which it +makes on the co-ordinate departments. It is not unfrequently a +question of real nicety in legislative bodies, whether the +operation of a particular measure will, or will not, extend +beyond the legislative sphere. On the other side, the executive +power being restrained within a narrower compass, and being more +simple in its nature, and the judiciary being described by +landmarks still less uncertain, projects of usurpation by either +of these departments would immediately betray and defeat +themselves. Nor is this all: as the legislative department alone +has access to the pockets of the people, and has in some +constitutions full discretion, and in all a prevailing influence, +over the pecuniary rewards of those who fill the other +departments, a dependence is thus created in the latter, which +gives still greater facility to encroachments of the former. I +have appealed to our own experience for the truth of what I +advance on this subject. Were it necessary to verify this +experience by particular proofs, they might be multiplied +without end. I might find a witness in every citizen who has +shared in, or been attentive to, the course of public +administrations. I might collect vouchers in abundance from the +records and archives of every State in the Union. But as a more +concise, and at the same time equally satisfactory, evidence, I +will refer to the example of two States, attested by two +unexceptionable authorities. The first example is that of +Virginia, a State which, as we have seen, has expressly declared +in its constitution, that the three great departments ought not +to be intermixed. The authority in support of it is Mr. +Jefferson, who, besides his other advantages for remarking the +operation of the government, was himself the chief magistrate of +it. In order to convey fully the ideas with which his experience +had impressed him on this subject, it will be necessary to quote +a passage of some length from his very interesting ``Notes on the +State of Virginia,'' p. 195. ``All the powers of government, +legislative, executive, and judiciary, result to the legislative +body. The concentrating these in the same hands, is precisely the +definition of despotic government. It will be no alleviation, +that these powers will be exercised by a plurality of hands, and +not by a single one. One hundred and seventy-three despots would +surely be as oppressive as one. Let those who doubt it, turn +their eyes on the republic of Venice. As little will it avail us, +that they are chosen by ourselves. An ELECTIVE DESPOTISM was not +the government we fought for; but one which should not only be +founded on free principles, but in which the powers of government +should be so divided and balanced among several bodies of +magistracy, as that no one could transcend their legal limits, +without being effectually checked and restrained by the others. +For this reason, that convention which passed the ordinance of +government, laid its foundation on this basis, that the +legislative, executive, and judiciary departments should be +separate and distinct, so that no person should exercise the +powers of more than one of them at the same time. BUT NO BARRIER +WAS PROVIDED BETWEEN THESE SEVERAL POWERS. The judiciary and the +executive members were left dependent on the legislative for +their subsistence in office, and some of them for their +continuance in it. If, therefore, the legislature assumes +executive and judiciary powers, no opposition is likely to be +made; nor, if made, can be effectual; because in that case they +may put their proceedings into the form of acts of Assembly, +which will render them obligatory on the other branches. They +have accordingly, IN MANY instances, DECIDED RIGHTS which should +have been left to JUDICIARY CONTROVERSY, and THE DIRECTION OF THE +EXECUTIVE, DURING THE WHOLE TIME OF THEIR SESSION, IS BECOMING +HABITUAL AND FAMILIAR. ''The other State which I shall take for +an example is Pennsylvania; and the other authority, the Council +of Censors, which assembled in the years 1783 and 1784. A part of +the duty of this body, as marked out by the constitution, was +``to inquire whether the constitution had been preserved +inviolate in every part; and whether the legislative and +executive branches of government had performed their duty as +guardians of the people, or assumed to themselves, or exercised, +other or greater powers than they are entitled to by the +constitution. '' In the execution of this trust, the council were +necessarily led to a comparison of both the legislative and +executive proceedings, with the constitutional powers of these +departments; and from the facts enumerated, and to the truth of +most of which both sides in the council subscribed, it appears +that the constitution had been flagrantly violated by the +legislature in a variety of important instances. A great number +of laws had been passed, violating, without any apparent +necessity, the rule requiring that all bills of a public nature +shall be previously printed for the consideration of the people; +although this is one of the precautions chiefly relied on by the +constitution against improper acts of legislature. The +constitutional trial by jury had been violated, and powers +assumed which had not been delegated by the constitution. +Executive powers had been usurped. The salaries of the judges, +which the constitution expressly requires to be fixed, had been +occasionally varied; and cases belonging to the judiciary +department frequently drawn within legislative cognizance and +determination. Those who wish to see the several particulars +falling under each of these heads, may consult the journals of +the council, which are in print. Some of them, it will be found, +may be imputable to peculiar circumstances connected with the +war; but the greater part of them may be considered as the +spontaneous shoots of an ill-constituted government. It appears, +also, that the executive department had not been innocent of +frequent breaches of the constitution. There are three +observations, however, which ought to be made on this head: +FIRST, a great proportion of the instances were either +immediately produced by the necessities of the war, or +recommended by Congress or the commander-in-chief; SECONDLY, in +most of the other instances, they conformed either to the +declared or the known sentiments of the legislative department; +THIRDLY, the executive department of Pennsylvania is +distinguished from that of the other States by the number of +members composing it. In this respect, it has as much affinity +to a legislative assembly as to an executive council. And being +at once exempt from the restraint of an individual responsibility +for the acts of the body, and deriving confidence from mutual +example and joint influence, unauthorized measures would, of +course, be more freely hazarded, than where the executive +department is administered by a single hand, or by a few hands. +The conclusion which I am warranted in drawing from these +observations is, that a mere demarcation on parchment of the +constitutional limits of the several departments, is not a +sufficient guard against those encroachments which lead to a +tyrannical concentration of all the powers of government in the +same hands. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 49 + +Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One +Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a +Convention +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 5, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE author of the ``Notes on the State of Virginia,'' quoted in +the last paper, has subjoined to that valuable work the draught +of a constitution, which had been prepared in order to be laid +before a convention, expected to be called in 1783, by the +legislature, for the establishment of a constitution for that +commonwealth. The plan, like every thing from the same pen, marks +a turn of thinking, original, comprehensive, and accurate; and is +the more worthy of attention as it equally displays a fervent +attachment to republican government and an enlightened view of +the dangerous propensities against which it ought to be guarded. +One of the precautions which he proposes, and on which he appears +ultimately to rely as a palladium to the weaker departments of +power against the invasions of the stronger, is perhaps +altogether his own, and as it immediately relates to the subject +of our present inquiry, ought not to be overlooked. His +proposition is, ``that whenever any two of the three branches of +government shall concur in opinion, each by the voices of two +thirds of their whole number, that a convention is necessary for +altering the constitution, or CORRECTING BREACHES OF IT, a +convention shall be called for the purpose. ''As the people are +the only legitimate fountain of power, and it is from them that +the constitutional charter, under which the several branches of +government hold their power, is derived, it seems strictly +consonant to the republican theory, to recur to the same original +authority, not only whenever it may be necessary to enlarge, +diminish, or new-model the powers of the government, but also +whenever any one of the departments may commit encroachments on +the chartered authorities of the others. The several departments +being perfectly co-ordinate by the terms of their common +commission, none of them, it is evident, can pretend to an +exclusive or superior right of settling the boundaries between +their respective powers; and how are the encroachments of the +stronger to be prevented, or the wrongs of the weaker to be +redressed, without an appeal to the people themselves, who, as +the grantors of the commissions, can alone declare its true +meaning, and enforce its observance? There is certainly great +force in this reasoning, and it must be allowed to prove that a +constitutional road to the decision of the people ought to be +marked out and kept open, for certain great and extraordinary +occasions. But there appear to be insuperable objections against +the proposed recurrence to the people, as a provision in all +cases for keeping the several departments of power within their +constitutional limits. In the first place, the provision does not +reach the case of a combination of two of the departments against +the third. If the legislative authority, which possesses so many +means of operating on the motives of the other departments, +should be able to gain to its interest either of the others, or +even one third of its members, the remaining department could +derive no advantage from its remedial provision. I do not dwell, +however, on this objection, because it may be thought to be +rather against the modification of the principle, than against +the principle itself. In the next place, it may be considered as +an objection inherent in the principle, that as every appeal to +the people would carry an implication of some defect in the +government, frequent appeals would, in a great measure, deprive +the government of that veneration which time bestows on every +thing, and without which perhaps the wisest and freest +governments would not possess the requisite stability. If it be +true that all governments rest on opinion, it is no less true +that the strength of opinion in each individual, and its +practical influence on his conduct, depend much on the number +which he supposes to have entertained the same opinion. The +reason of man, like man himself, is timid and cautious when left +alone, and acquires firmness and confidence in proportion to the +number with which it is associated. When the examples which +fortify opinion are ANCIENT as well as NUMEROUS, they are known +to have a double effect. In a nation of philosophers, this +consideration ought to be disregarded. A reverence for the laws +would be sufficiently inculcated by the voice of an enlightened +reason. But a nation of philosophers is as little to be expected +as the philosophical race of kings wished for by Plato. And in +every other nation, the most rational government will not find it +a superfluous advantage to have the prejudices of the community +on its side. The danger of disturbing the public tranquillity by +interesting too strongly the public passions, is a still more +serious objection against a frequent reference of constitutional +questions to the decision of the whole society. Notwithstanding +the success which has attended the revisions of our established +forms of government, and which does so much honor to the virtue +and intelligence of the people of America, it must be confessed +that the experiments are of too ticklish a nature to be +unnecessarily multiplied. We are to recollect that all the +existing constitutions were formed in the midst of a danger which +repressed the passions most unfriendly to order and concord; of +an enthusiastic confidence of the people in their patriotic +leaders, which stifled the ordinary diversity of opinions on +great national questions; of a universal ardor for new and +opposite forms, produced by a universal resentment and +indignation against the ancient government; and whilst no spirit +of party connected with the changes to be made, or the abuses to +be reformed, could mingle its leaven in the operation. The future +situations in which we must expect to be usually placed, do not +present any equivalent security against the danger which is +apprehended. But the greatest objection of all is, that the +decisions which would probably result from such appeals would not +answer the purpose of maintaining the constitutional equilibrium +of the government. We have seen that the tendency of republican +governments is to an aggrandizement of the legislative at the +expense of the other departments. The appeals to the people, +therefore, would usually be made by the executive and judiciary +departments. But whether made by one side or the other, would +each side enjoy equal advantages on the trial? Let us view their +different situations. The members of the executive and judiciary +departments are few in number, and can be personally known to a +small part only of the people. The latter, by the mode of their +appointment, as well as by the nature and permanency of it, are +too far removed from the people to share much in their +prepossessions. The former are generally the objects of jealousy, +and their administration is always liable to be discolored and +rendered unpopular. The members of the legislative department, on +the other hand, are numberous. They are distributed and dwell +among the people at large. Their connections of blood, of +friendship, and of acquaintance embrace a great proportion of the +most influential part of the society. The nature of their public +trust implies a personal influence among the people, and that +they are more immediately the confidential guardians of the +rights and liberties of the people. With these advantages, it can +hardly be supposed that the adverse party would have an equal +chance for a favorable issue. But the legislative party would not +only be able to plead their cause most successfully with the +people. They would probably be constituted themselves the judges. +The same influence which had gained them an election into the +legislature, would gain them a seat in the convention. If this +should not be the case with all, it would probably be the case +with many, and pretty certainly with those leading characters, on +whom every thing depends in such bodies. The convention, in +short, would be composed chiefly of men who had been, who +actually were, or who expected to be, members of the department +whose conduct was arraigned. They would consequently be parties +to the very question to be decided by them. It might, however, +sometimes happen, that appeals would be made under circumstances +less adverse to the executive and judiciary departments. The +usurpations of the legislature might be so flagrant and so +sudden, as to admit of no specious coloring. A strong party +among themselves might take side with the other branches. The +executive power might be in the hands of a peculiar favorite of +the people. In such a posture of things, the public decision +might be less swayed by prepossessions in favor of the +legislative party. But still it could never be expected to turn +on the true merits of the question. It would inevitably be +connected with the spirit of pre-existing parties, or of parties +springing out of the question itself. It would be connected with +persons of distinguished character and extensive influence in the +community. It would be pronounced by the very men who had been +agents in, or opponents of, the measures to which the decision +would relate. The PASSIONS, therefore, not the REASON, of the +public would sit in judgment. But it is the reason, alone, of the +public, that ought to control and regulate the government. The +passions ought to be controlled and regulated by the government. +We found in the last paper, that mere declarations in the written +constitution are not sufficient to restrain the several +departments within their legal rights. It appears in this, that +occasional appeals to the people would be neither a proper nor an +effectual provision for that purpose. How far the provisions of a +different nature contained in the plan above quoted might be +adequate, I do not examine. Some of them are unquestionably +founded on sound political principles, and all of them are framed +with singular ingenuity and precision. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 50 + +Periodical Appeals to the People Considered +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 5, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT MAY be contended, perhaps, that instead of OCCASIONAL appeals +to the people, which are liable to the objections urged against +them, PERIODICAL appeals are the proper and adequate means of +PREVENTING AND CORRECTING INFRACTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION. It +will be attended to, that in the examination of these expedients, +I confine myself to their aptitude for ENFORCING the +Constitution, by keeping the several departments of power within +their due bounds, without particularly considering them as +provisions for ALTERING the Constitution itself. In the first +view, appeals to the people at fixed periods appear to be nearly +as ineligible as appeals on particular occasions as they emerge. +If the periods be separated by short intervals, the measures to +be reviewed and rectified will have been of recent date, and will +be connected with all the circumstances which tend to vitiate and +pervert the result of occasional revisions. If the periods be +distant from each other, the same remark will be applicable to +all recent measures; and in proportion as the remoteness of the +others may favor a dispassionate review of them, this advantage +is inseparable from inconveniences which seem to counterbalance +it. In the first place, a distant prospect of public censure +would be a very feeble restraint on power from those excesses to +which it might be urged by the force of present motives. Is it to +be imagined that a legislative assembly, consisting of a hundred +or two hundred members, eagerly bent on some favorite object, and +breaking through the restraints of the Constitution in pursuit of +it, would be arrested in their career, by considerations drawn +from a censorial revision of their conduct at the future distance +of ten, fifteen, or twenty years? In the next place, the abuses +would often have completed their mischievous effects before the +remedial provision would be applied. And in the last place, where +this might not be the case, they would be of long standing, would +have taken deep root, and would not easily be extirpated. The +scheme of revising the constitution, in order to correct recent +breaches of it, as well as for other purposes, has been actually +tried in one of the States. One of the objects of the Council of +Censors which met in Pennsylvania in 1783 and 1784, was, as we +have seen, to inquire, ``whether the constitution had been +violated, and whether the legislative and executive departments +had encroached upon each other. '' This important and novel +experiment in politics merits, in several points of view, very +particular attention. In some of them it may, perhaps, as a +single experiment, made under circumstances somewhat peculiar, be +thought to be not absolutely conclusive. But as applied to the +case under consideration, it involves some facts, which I venture +to remark, as a complete and satisfactory illustration of the +reasoning which I have employed. First. It appears, from the +names of the gentlemen who composed the council, that some, at +least, of its most active members had also been active and +leading characters in the parties which pre-existed in the State. +Secondly. It appears that the same active and leading members of +the council had been active and influential members of the +legislative and executive branches, within the period to be +reviewed; and even patrons or opponents of the very measures to +be thus brought to the test of the constitution. Two of the +members had been vice-presidents of the State, and several other +members of the executive council, within the seven preceding +years. One of them had been speaker, and a number of others +distinguished members, of the legislative assembly within the +same period. Thirdly. Every page of their proceedings witnesses +the effect of all these circumstances on the temper of their +deliberations. Throughout the continuance of the council, it was +split into two fixed and violent parties. The fact is +acknowledged and lamented by themselves. Had this not been the +case, the face of their proceedings exhibits a proof equally +satisfactory. In all questions, however unimportant in +themselves, or unconnected with each other, the same names stand +invariably contrasted on the opposite columns. Every unbiased +observer may infer, without danger of mistake, and at the same +time without meaning to reflect on either party, or any +individuals of either party, that, unfortunately, PASSION, not +REASON, must have presided over their decisions. When men +exercise their reason coolly and freely on a variety of distinct +questions, they inevitably fall into different opinions on some +of them. When they are governed by a common passion, their +opinions, if they are so to be called, will be the same. +Fourthly. It is at least problematical, whether the decisions of +this body do not, in several instances, misconstrue the limits +prescribed for the legislative and executive departments, instead +of reducing and limiting them within their constitutional places. +Fifthly. I have never understood that the decisions of the +council on constitutional questions, whether rightly or +erroneously formed, have had any effect in varying the practice +founded on legislative constructions. It even appears, if I +mistake not, that in one instance the contemporary legislature +denied the constructions of the council, and actually prevailed +in the contest. This censorial body, therefore, proves at the +same time, by its researches, the existence of the disease, and +by its example, the inefficacy of the remedy. This conclusion +cannot be invalidated by alleging that the State in which the +experiment was made was at that crisis, and had been for a long +time before, violently heated and distracted by the rage of +party. Is it to be presumed, that at any future septennial epoch +the same State will be free from parties? Is it to be presumed +that any other State, at the same or any other given period, will +be exempt from them? Such an event ought to be neither presumed +nor desired; because an extinction of parties necessarily implies +either a universal alarm for the public safety, or an absolute +extinction of liberty. Were the precaution taken of excluding +from the assemblies elected by the people, to revise the +preceding administration of the government, all persons who +should have been concerned with the government within the given +period, the difficulties would not be obviated. The important +task would probably devolve on men, who, with inferior +capacities, would in other respects be little better qualified. +Although they might not have been personally concerned in the +administration, and therefore not immediately agents in the +measures to be examined, they would probably have been involved +in the parties connected with these measures, and have been +elected under their auspices. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 51 + +The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks +and Balances Between the Different Departments +From the New York Packet. Friday, February 8, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +TO WHAT expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining +in practice the necessary partition of power among the several +departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer +that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are +found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so +contriving the interior structure of the government as that its +several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the +means of keeping each other in their proper places. Without +presuming to undertake a full development of this important idea, +I will hazard a few general observations, which may perhaps place +it in a clearer light, and enable us to form a more correct +judgment of the principles and structure of the government +planned by the convention. In order to lay a due foundation for +that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of +government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to +be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that +each department should have a will of its own; and consequently +should be so constituted that the members of each should have as +little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of +the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would +require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, +legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the +same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having +no communication whatever with one another. Perhaps such a plan +of constructing the several departments would be less difficult +in practice than it may in contemplation appear. Some +difficulties, however, and some additional expense would attend +the execution of it. Some deviations, therefore, from the +principle must be admitted. In the constitution of the judiciary +department in particular, it might be inexpedient to insist +rigorously on the principle: first, because peculiar +qualifications being essential in the members, the primary +consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which +best secures these qualifications; secondly, because the +permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that +department, must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the +authority conferring them. It is equally evident, that the +members of each department should be as little dependent as +possible on those of the others, for the emoluments annexed to +their offices. Were the executive magistrate, or the judges, not +independent of the legislature in this particular, their +independence in every other would be merely nominal. But the +great security against a gradual concentration of the several +powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who +administer each department the necessary constitutional means and +personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The +provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be +made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made +to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be +connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be +a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be +necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is +government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human +nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If +angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal +controls on government would be necessary. In framing a +government which is to be administered by men over men, the great +difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to +control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control +itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary +control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the +necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by +opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might +be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as +well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the +subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to +divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that +each may be a check on the other that the private interest of +every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights. These +inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the +distribution of the supreme powers of the State. But it is not +possible to give to each department an equal power of +self-defense. In republican government, the legislative +authority necessarily predominates. The remedy for this +inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different +branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and +different principles of action, as little connected with each +other as the nature of their common functions and their common +dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary +to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further +precautions. As the weight of the legislative authority requires +that it should be thus divided, the weakness of the executive may +require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified. An +absolute negative on the legislature appears, at first view, to +be the natural defense with which the executive magistrate should +be armed. But perhaps it would be neither altogether safe nor +alone sufficient. On ordinary occasions it might not be exerted +with the requisite firmness, and on extraordinary occasions it +might be perfidiously abused. May not this defect of an absolute +negative be supplied by some qualified connection between this +weaker department and the weaker branch of the stronger +department, by which the latter may be led to support the +constitutional rights of the former, without being too much +detached from the rights of its own department? If the principles +on which these observations are founded be just, as I persuade +myself they are, and they be applied as a criterion to the +several State constitutions, and to the federal Constitution it +will be found that if the latter does not perfectly correspond +with them, the former are infinitely less able to bear such a +test. There are, moreover, two considerations particularly +applicable to the federal system of America, which place that +system in a very interesting point of view. First. In a single +republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to +the administration of a single government; and the usurpations +are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct +and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, +the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two +distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each +subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a +double security arises to the rights of the people. The different +governments will control each other, at the same time that each +will be controlled by itself. Second. It is of great importance +in a republic not only to guard the society against the +oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society +against the injustice of the other part. Different interests +necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a +majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the +minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of +providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the +community independent of the majority that is, of the society +itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many +separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust +combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not +impracticable. The first method prevails in all governments +possessing an hereditary or self-appointed authority. This, at +best, is but a precarious security; because a power independent +of the society may as well espouse the unjust views of the major, +as the rightful interests of the minor party, and may possibly be +turned against both parties. The second method will be +exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst +all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the +society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, +interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of +individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from +interested combinations of the majority. In a free government +the security for civil rights must be the same as that for +religious rights. It consists in the one case in the +multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity +of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on +the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to +depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended +under the same government. This view of the subject must +particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere +and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows +that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be +formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States +oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the +best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of +every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the +stability and independence of some member of the government, the +only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice +is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It +ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or +until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the +forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress +the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state +of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the +violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the +stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their +condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak +as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more +powerful factions or parties be gradnally induced, by a like +motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, +the weaker as well as the more powerful. It can be little +doubted that if the State of Rhode Island was separated from the +Confederacy and left to itself, the insecurity of rights under +the popular form of government within such narrow limits would be +displayed by such reiterated oppressions of factious majorities +that some power altogether independent of the people would soon +be called for by the voice of the very factions whose misrule had +proved the necessity of it. In the extended republic of the +United States, and among the great variety of interests, parties, +and sects which it embraces, a coalition of a majority of the +whole society could seldom take place on any other principles +than those of justice and the general good; whilst there being +thus less danger to a minor from the will of a major party, there +must be less pretext, also, to provide for the security of the +former, by introducing into the government a will not dependent +on the latter, or, in other words, a will independent of the +society itself. It is no less certain than it is important, +notwithstanding the contrary opinions which have been +entertained, that the larger the society, provided it lie within +a practical sphere, the more duly capable it will be of +self-government. And happily for the REPUBLICAN CAUSE, the +practicable sphere may be carried to a very great extent, by a +judicious modification and mixture of the FEDERAL PRINCIPLE. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 52 + +The House of Representatives +From the New York Packet. Friday, February 8, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +FROM the more general inquiries pursued in the four last papers, +I pass on to a more particular examination of the several parts +of the government. I shall begin with the House of +Representatives. The first view to be taken of this part of the +government relates to the qualifications of the electors and the +elected. Those of the former are to be the same with those of the +electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. +The definition of the right of suffrage is very justly regarded +as a fundamental article of republican government. It was +incumbent on the convention, therefore, to define and establish +this right in the Constitution. To have left it open for the +occasional regulation of the Congress, would have been improper +for the reason just mentioned. To have submitted it to the +legislative discretion of the States, would have been improper +for the same reason; and for the additional reason that it would +have rendered too dependent on the State governments that branch +of the federal government which ought to be dependent on the +people alone. To have reduced the different qualifications in the +different States to one uniform rule, would probably have been as +dissatisfactory to some of the States as it would have been +difficult to the convention. The provision made by the convention +appears, therefore, to be the best that lay within their option. +It must be satisfactory to every State, because it is conformable +to the standard already established, or which may be established, +by the State itself. It will be safe to the United States, +because, being fixed by the State constitutions, it is not +alterable by the State governments, and it cannot be feared that +the people of the States will alter this part of their +constitutions in such a manner as to abridge the rights secured +to them by the federal Constitution. The qualifications of the +elected, being less carefully and properly defined by the State +constitutions, and being at the same time more susceptible of +uniformity, have been very properly considered and regulated by +the convention. A representative of the United States must be of +the age of twenty-five years; must have been seven years a +citizen of the United States; must, at the time of his election, +be an inhabitant of the State he is to represent; and, during the +time of his service, must be in no office under the United +States. Under these reasonable limitations, the door of this part +of the federal government is open to merit of every description, +whether native or adoptive, whether young or old, and without +regard to poverty or wealth, or to any particular profession of +religious faith. The term for which the representatives are to be +elected falls under a second view which may be taken of this +branch. In order to decide on the propriety of this article, two +questions must be considered: first, whether biennial elections +will, in this case, be safe; secondly, whether they be necessary +or useful. First. As it is essential to liberty that the +government in general should have a common interest with the +people, so it is particularly essential that the branch of it +under consideration should have an immediate dependence on, and +an intimate sympathy with, the people. Frequent elections are +unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and +sympathy can be effectually secured. But what particular degree +of frequency may be absolutely necessary for the purpose, does +not appear to be susceptible of any precise calculation, and must +depend on a variety of circumstances with which it may be +connected. Let us consult experience, the guide that ought always +to be followed whenever it can be found. The scheme of +representation, as a substitute for a meeting of the citizens in +person, being at most but very imperfectly known to ancient +polity, it is in more modern times only that we are to expect +instructive examples. And even here, in order to avoid a research +too vague and diffusive, it will be proper to confine ourselves +to the few examples which are best known, and which bear the +greatest analogy to our particular case. The first to which this +character ought to be applied, is the House of Commons in Great +Britain. The history of this branch of the English Constitution, +anterior to the date of Magna Charta, is too obscure to yield +instruction. The very existence of it has been made a question +among political antiquaries. The earliest records of subsequent +date prove that parliaments were to SIT only every year; not that +they were to be ELECTED every year. And even these annual +sessions were left so much at the discretion of the monarch, +that, under various pretexts, very long and dangerous +intermissions were often contrived by royal ambition. To remedy +this grievance, it was provided by a statute in the reign of +Charles II. , that the intermissions should not be protracted +beyond a period of three years. On the accession of William III. +, when a revolution took place in the government, the subject was +still more seriously resumed, and it was declared to be among the +fundamental rights of the people that parliaments ought to be +held FREQUENTLY. By another statute, which passed a few years +later in the same reign, the term ``frequently,'' which had +alluded to the triennial period settled in the time of Charles +II. , is reduced to a precise meaning, it being expressly enacted +that a new parliament shall be called within three years after +the termination of the former. The last change, from three to +seven years, is well known to have been introduced pretty early +in the present century, under on alarm for the Hanoverian +succession. From these facts it appears that the greatest +frequency of elections which has been deemed necessary in that +kingdom, for binding the representatives to their constituents, +does not exceed a triennial return of them. And if we may argue +from the degree of liberty retained even under septennial +elections, and all the other vicious ingredients in the +parliamentary constitution, we cannot doubt that a reduction of +the period from seven to three years, with the other necessary +reforms, would so far extend the influence of the people over +their representatives as to satisfy us that biennial elections, +under the federal system, cannot possibly be dangerous to the +requisite dependence of the House of Representatives on their +constituents. Elections in Ireland, till of late, were regulated +entirely by the discretion of the crown, and were seldom +repeated, except on the accession of a new prince, or some other +contingent event. The parliament which commenced with George II. +was continued throughout his whole reign, a period of about +thirty-five years. The only dependence of the representatives on +the people consisted in the right of the latter to supply +occasional vacancies by the election of new members, and in the +chance of some event which might produce a general new election. +The ability also of the Irish parliament to maintain the rights +of their constituents, so far as the disposition might exist, was +extremely shackled by the control of the crown over the subjects +of their deliberation. Of late these shackles, if I mistake not, +have been broken; and octennial parliaments have besides been +established. What effect may be produced by this partial reform, +must be left to further experience. The example of Ireland, from +this view of it, can throw but little light on the subject. As +far as we can draw any conclusion from it, it must be that if the +people of that country have been able under all these +disadvantages to retain any liberty whatever, the advantage of +biennial elections would secure to them every degree of liberty, +which might depend on a due connection between their +representatives and themselves. Let us bring our inquiries nearer +home. The example of these States, when British colonies, claims +particular attention, at the same time that it is so well known +as to require little to be said on it. The principle of +representation, in one branch of the legislature at least, was +established in all of them. But the periods of election were +different. They varied from one to seven years. Have we any +reason to infer, from the spirit and conduct of the +representatives of the people, prior to the Revolution, that +biennial elections would have been dangerous to the public +liberties? The spirit which everywhere displayed itself at the +commencement of the struggle, and which vanquished the obstacles +to independence, is the best of proofs that a sufficient portion +of liberty had been everywhere enjoyed to inspire both a sense of +its worth and a zeal for its proper enlargement This remark holds +good, as well with regard to the then colonies whose elections +were least frequent, as to those whose elections were most +frequent Virginia was the colony which stood first in resisting +the parliamentary usurpations of Great Britain; it was the first +also in espousing, by public act, the resolution of independence. +In Virginia, nevertheless, if I have not been misinformed, +elections under the former government were septennial. This +particular example is brought into view, not as a proof of any +peculiar merit, for the priority in those instances was probably +accidental; and still less of any advantage in SEPTENNIAL +elections, for when compared with a greater frequency they are +inadmissible; but merely as a proof, and I conceive it to be a +very substantial proof, that the liberties of the people can be +in no danger from BIENNIAL elections. The conclusion resulting +from these examples will be not a little strengthened by +recollecting three circumstances. The first is, that the federal +legislature will possess a part only of that supreme legislative +authority which is vested completely in the British Parliament; +and which, with a few exceptions, was exercised by the colonial +assemblies and the Irish legislature. It is a received and +well-founded maxim, that where no other circumstances affect the +case, the greater the power is, the shorter ought to be its +duration; and, conversely, the smaller the power, the more safely +may its duration be protracted. In the second place, it has, on +another occasion, been shown that the federal legislature will +not only be restrained by its dependence on its people, as other +legislative bodies are, but that it will be, moreover, watched +and controlled by the several collateral legislatures, which +other legislative bodies are not. And in the third place, no +comparison can be made between the means that will be possessed +by the more permanent branches of the federal government for +seducing, if they should be disposed to seduce, the House of +Representatives from their duty to the people, and the means of +influence over the popular branch possessed by the other branches +of the government above cited. With less power, therefore, to +abuse, the federal representatives can be less tempted on one +side, and will be doubly watched on the other. PUBLIUS. + +FEDERALIST No. 53 + +The Same Subject Continued(The House of Representatives) +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 12, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +I SHALL here, perhaps, be reminded of a current observation, +``that where annual elections end, tyranny begins. '' If it be +true, as has often been remarked, that sayings which become +proverbial are generally founded in reason, it is not less true, +that when once established, they are often applied to cases to +which the reason of them does not extend. I need not look for a +proof beyond the case before us. What is the reason on which this +proverbial observation is founded? No man will subject himself to +the ridicule of pretending that any natural connection subsists +between the sun or the seasons, and the period within which human +virtue can bear the temptations of power. Happily for mankind, +liberty is not, in this respect, confined to any single point of +time; but lies within extremes, which afford sufficient latitude +for all the variations which may be required by the various +situations and circumstances of civil society. The election of +magistrates might be, if it were found expedient, as in some +instances it actually has been, daily, weekly, or monthly, as +well as annual; and if circumstances may require a deviation from +the rule on one side, why not also on the other side? Turning our +attention to the periods established among ourselves, for the +election of the most numerous branches of the State legislatures, +we find them by no means coinciding any more in this instance, +than in the elections of other civil magistrates. In Connecticut +and Rhode Island, the periods are half-yearly. In the other +States, South Carolina excepted, they are annual. In South +Carolina they are biennial as is proposed in the federal +government. Here is a difference, as four to one, between the +longest and shortest periods; and yet it would be not easy to +show, that Connecticut or Rhode Island is better governed, or +enjoys a greater share of rational liberty, than South Carolina; +or that either the one or the other of these States is +distinguished in these respects, and by these causes, from the +States whose elections are different from both. In searching for +the grounds of this doctrine, I can discover but one, and that is +wholly inapplicable to our case. The important distinction so +well understood in America, between a Constitution established by +the people and unalterable by the government, and a law +established by the government and alterable by the government, +seems to have been little understood and less observed in any +other country. Wherever the supreme power of legislation has +resided, has been supposed to reside also a full power to change +the form of the government. Even in Great Britain, where the +principles of political and civil liberty have been most +discussed, and where we hear most of the rights of the +Constitution, it is maintained that the authority of the +Parliament is transcendent and uncontrollable, as well with +regard to the Constitution, as the ordinary objects of +legislative provision. They have accordingly, in several +instances, actually changed, by legislative acts, some of the +most fundamental articles of the government. They have in +particular, on several occasions, changed the period of election; +and, on the last occasion, not only introduced septennial in +place of triennial elections, but by the same act, continued +themselves in place four years beyond the term for which they +were elected by the people. An attention to these dangerous +practices has produced a very natural alarm in the votaries of +free government, of which frequency of elections is the +corner-stone; and has led them to seek for some security to +liberty, against the danger to which it is exposed. Where no +Constitution, paramount to the government, either existed or +could be obtained, no constitutional security, similar to that +established in the United States, was to be attempted. Some +other security, therefore, was to be sought for; and what better +security would the case admit, than that of selecting and +appealing to some simple and familiar portion of time, as a +standard for measuring the danger of innovations, for fixing the +national sentiment, and for uniting the patriotic exertions? The +most simple and familiar portion of time, applicable to the +subject was that of a year; and hence the doctrine has been +inculcated by a laudable zeal, to erect some barrier against the +gradual innovations of an unlimited government, that the advance +towards tyranny was to be calculated by the distance of departure +from the fixed point of annual elections. But what necessity can +there be of applying this expedient to a government limited, as +the federal government will be, by the authority of a paramount +Constitution? Or who will pretend that the liberties of the +people of America will not be more secure under biennial +elections, unalterably fixed by such a Constitution, than those +of any other nation would be, where elections were annual, or +even more frequent, but subject to alterations by the ordinary +power of the government? The second question stated is, whether +biennial elections be necessary or useful. The propriety of +answering this question in the affirmative will appear from +several very obvious considerations. + No man can be a +competent legislator who does not add to an upright intention and +a sound judgment a certain degree of knowledge of the subjects on +which he is to legislate. A part of this knowledge may be +acquired by means of information which lie within the compass of +men in private as well as public stations. Another part can only +be attained, or at least thoroughly attained, by actual +experience in the station which requires the use of it. The +period of service, ought, therefore, in all such cases, to bear +some proportion to the extent of practical knowledge requisite to +the due performance of the service. The period of legislative +service established in most of the States for the more numerous +branch is, as we have seen, one year. The question then may be +put into this simple form: does the period of two years bear no +greater proportion to the knowledge requisite for federal +legislation than one year does to the knowledge requisite for +State legislation? The very statement of the question, in this +form, suggests the answer that ought to be given to it. In a +single State, the requisite knowledge relates to the existing +laws which are uniform throughout the State, and with which all +the citizens are more or less conversant; and to the general +affairs of the State, which lie within a small compass, are not +very diversified, and occupy much of the attention and +conversation of every class of people. The great theatre of the +United States presents a very different scene. The laws are so +far from being uniform, that they vary in every State; whilst the +public affairs of the Union are spread throughout a very +extensive region, and are extremely diversified by t e local +affairs connected with them, and can with difficulty be correctly +learnt in any other place than in the central councils to which a +knowledge of them will be brought by the representatives of every +part of the empire. Yet some knowledge of the affairs, and even +of the laws, of all the States, ought to be possessed by the +members from each of the States. How can foreign trade be +properly regulated by uniform laws, without some acquaintance +with the commerce, the ports, the usages, and the regulatious of +the different States? How can the trade between the different +States be duly regulated, without some knowledge of their +relative situations in these and other respects? How can taxes +be judiciously imposed and effectually collected, if they be not +accommodated to the different laws and local circumstances +relating to these objects in the different States? How can +uniform regulations for the militia be duly provided, without a +similar knowledge of many internal circumstances by which the +States are distinguished from each other? These are the +principal objects of federal legislation, and suggest most +forcibly the extensive information which the representatives +ought to acquire. The other interior objects will require a +proportional degree of information with regard to them. It is +true that all these difficulties will, by degrees, be very much +diminished. The most laborious task will be the proper +inauguration of the government and the primeval formation of a +federal code. Improvements on the first draughts will every year +become both easier and fewer. Past transactions of the +government will be a ready and accurate source of information to +new members. The affairs of the Union will become more and more +objects of curiosity and conversation among the citizens at +large. And the increased intercourse among those of different +States will contribute not a little to diffuse a mutual knowledge +of their affairs, as this again will contribute to a general +assimilation of their manners and laws. But with all these +abatements, the business of federal legislation must continue so +far to exceed, both in novelty and difficulty, the legislative +business of a single State, as to justify the longer period of +service assigned to those who are to transact it. A branch of +knowledge which belongs to the acquirements of a federal +representative, and which has not been mentioned is that of +foreign affairs. In regulating our own commerce he ought to be +not only acquainted with the treaties between the United States +and other nations, but also with the commercial policy and laws +of other nations. He ought not to be altogether ignorant of the +law of nations; for that, as far as it is a proper object of +municipal legislation, is submitted to the federal government. +And although the House of Representatives is not immediately to +participate in foreign negotiations and arrangements, yet from +the necessary connection between the several branches of public +affairs, those particular branches will frequently deserve +attention in the ordinary course of legislation, and will +sometimes demand particular legislative sanction and +co-operation. Some portion of this knowledge may, no doubt, be +acquired in a man's closet; but some of it also can only be +derived from the public sources of information; and all of it +will be acquired to best effect by a practical attention to the +subject during the period of actual service in the legislature. +There are other considerations, of less importance, perhaps, but +which are not unworthy of notice. The distance which many of the +representatives will be obliged to travel, and the arrangements +rendered necessary by that circumstance, might be much more +serious objections with fit men to this service, if limited to a +single year, than if extended to two years. No argument can be +drawn on this subject, from the case of the delegates to the +existing Congress. They are elected annually, it is true; but +their re-election is considered by the legislative assemblies +almost as a matter of course. The election of the representatives +by the people would not be governed by the same principle. A few +of the members, as happens in all such assemblies, will possess +superior talents; will, by frequent reelections, become members +of long standing; will be thoroughly masters of the public +business, and perhaps not unwilling to avail themselves of those +advantages. The greater the proportion of new members, and the +less the information of the bulk of the members the more apt will +they be to fall into the snares that may be laid for them. This +remark is no less applicable to the relation which will subsist +between the House of Representatives and the Senate. It is an +inconvenience mingled with the advantages of our frequent +elections even in single States, where they are large, and hold +but one legislative session in a year, that spurious elections +cannot be investigated and annulled in time for the decision to +have its due effect. If a return can be obtained, no matter by +what unlawful means, the irregular member, who takes his seat of +course, is sure of holding it a sufficient time to answer his +purposes. Hence, a very pernicious encouragement is given to the +use of unlawful means, for obtaining irregular returns. Were +elections for the federal legislature to be annual, this practice +might become a very serious abuse, particularly in the more +distant States. Each house is, as it necessarily must be, the +judge of the elections, qualifications, and returns of its +members; and whatever improvements may be suggested by +experience, for simplifying and accelerating the process in +disputed cases, so great a portion of a year would unavoidably +elapse, before an illegitimate member could be dispossessed of +his seat, that the prospect of such an event would be little +check to unfair and illicit means of obtaining a seat. All these +considerations taken together warrant us in affirming, that +biennial elections will be as useful to the affairs of the public +as we have seen that they will be safe to the liberty of the +people. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 54 + +The Apportionment of Members Among the States + +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 12, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE next view which I shall take of the House of Representatives +relates to the appointment of its members to the several States +which is to be determined by the same rule with that of direct +taxes. + It is not contended that the number of people in each +State ought not to be the standard for regulating the proportion +of those who are to represent the people of each State. The +establishment of the same rule for the appointment of taxes, will +probably be as little contested; though the rule itself in this +case, is by no means founded on the same principle. In the former +case, the rule is understood to refer to the personal rights of +the people, with which it has a natural and universal connection. +In the latter, it has reference to the proportion of wealth, of +which it is in no case a precise measure, and in ordinary cases a +very unfit one. But notwithstanding the imperfection of the rule +as applied to the relative wealth and contributions of the +States, it is evidently the least objectionable among the +practicable rules, and had too recently obtained the general +sanction of America, not to have found a ready preference with +the convention. All this is admitted, it will perhaps be said; +but does it follow, from an admission of numbers for the measure +of representation, or of slaves combined with free citizens as a +ratio of taxation, that slaves ought to be included in the +numerical rule of representation? Slaves are considered as +property, not as persons. They ought therefore to be comprehended +in estimates of taxation which are founded on property, and to be +excluded from representation which is regulated by a census of +persons. This is the objection, as I understand it, stated in its +full force. I shall be equally candid in stating the reasoning +which may be offered on the opposite side. ``We subscribe to the +doctrine,'' might one of our Southern brethren observe, ``that +representation relates more immediately to persons, and taxation +more immediately to property, and we join in the application of +this distinction to the case of our slaves. But we must deny the +fact, that slaves are considered merely as property, and in no +respect whatever as persons. The true state of the case is, that +they partake of both these qualities: being considered by our +laws, in some respects, as persons, and in other respects as +property. In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for +a master; in being vendible by one master to another master; and +in being subject at all times to be restrained in his liberty and +chastised in his body, by the capricious will of another, the +slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed +with those irrational animals which fall under the legal +denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, +in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all +others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in +being punishable himself for all violence committed against +others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a +member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; +as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The +federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on +the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character +of persons and of property. This is in fact their true +character. It is the character bestowed on them by the laws +under which they live; and it will not be denied, that these are +the proper criterion; because it is only under the pretext that +the laws have transformed the negroes into subjects of property, +that a place is disputed them in the computation of numbers; and +it is admitted, that if the laws were to restore the rights which +have been taken away, the negroes could no longer be refused an +equal share of representation with the other inhabitants. ``This +question may be placed in another light. It is agreed on all +sides, that numbers are the best scale of wealth and taxation, as +they are the only proper scale of representation. Would the +convention have been impartial or consistent, if they had +rejected the slaves from the list of inhabitants, when the shares +of representation were to be calculated, and inserted them on the +lists when the tariff of contributions was to be adjusted? Could +it be reasonably expected, that the Southern States would concur +in a system, which considered their slaves in some degree as men, +when burdens were to be imposed, but refused to consider them in +the same light, when advantages were to be conferred? Might not +some surprise also be expressed, that those who reproach the +Southern States with the barbarous policy of considering as +property a part of their human brethren, should themselves +contend, that the government to which all the States are to be +parties, ought to consider this unfortunate race more completely +in the unnatural light of property, than the very laws of which +they complain? ``It may be replied, perhaps, that slaves are not +included in the estimate of representatives in any of the States +possessing them. They neither vote themselves nor increase the +votes of their masters. Upon what principle, then, ought they to +be taken into the federal estimate of representation? In +rejecting them altogether, the Constitution would, in this +respect, have followed the very laws which have been appealed to +as the proper guide. ``This objection is repelled by a single +abservation. It is a fundamental principle of the proposed +Constitution, that as the aggregate number of representatives +allotted to the several States is to be determined by a federal +rule, founded on the aggregate number of inhabitants, so the +right of choosing this allotted number in each State is to be +exercised by such part of the inhabitants as the State itself may +designate. The qualifications on which the right of suffrage +depend are not, perhaps, the same in any two States. In some of +the States the difference is very material. In every State, a +certain proportion of inhabitants are deprived of this right by +the constitution of the State, who will be included in the census +by which the federal Constitution apportions the representatives. +In this point of view the Southern States might retort the +complaint, by insisting that the principle laid down by the +convention required that no regard should be had to the policy of +particular States towards their own inhabitants; and +consequently, that the slaves, as inhabitants, should have been +admitted into the census according to their full number, in like +manner with other inhabitants, who, by the policy of other +States, are not admitted to all the rights of citizens. A +rigorous adherence, however, to this principle, is waived by +those who would be gainers by it. All that they ask is that +equal moderation be shown on the other side. Let the case of the +slaves be considered, as it is in truth, a peculiar one. Let the +compromising expedient of the Constitution be mutually adopted, +which regards them as inhabitants, but as debased by servitude +below the equal level of free inhabitants, which regards the +SLAVE as divested of two fifths of the MAN. ``After all, may not +another ground be taken on which this article of the +Constitution will admit of a still more ready defense? We have +hitherto proceeded on the idea that representation related to +persons only, and not at all to property. But is it a just idea? +Government is instituted no less for protection of the property, +than of the persons, of individuals. The one as well as the +other, therefore, may be considered as represented by those who +are charged with the government. Upon this principle it is, that +in several of the States, and particularly in the State of New +York, one branch of the government is intended more especially to +be the guardian of property, and is accordingly elected by that +part of the society which is most interested in this object of +government. In the federal Constitution, this policy does not +prevail. The rights of property are committed into the same hands +with the personal rights. Some attention ought, therefore, to be +paid to property in the choice of those hands. ``For another +reason, the votes allowed in the federal legislature to the +people of each State, ought to bear some proportion to the +comparative wealth of the States. States have not, like +individuals, an influence over each other, arising from superior +advantages of fortune. If the law allows an opulent citizen but a +single vote in the choice of his representative, the respect and +consequence which he derives from his fortunate situation very +frequently guide the votes of others to the objects of his +choice; and through this imperceptible channel the rights of +property are conveyed into the public representation. A State +possesses no such influence over other States. It is not probable +that the richest State in the Confederacy will ever influence the +choice of a single representative in any other State. Nor will +the representatives of the larger and richer States possess any +other advantage in the federal legislature, over the +representatives of other States, than what may result from their +superior number alone. As far, therefore, as their superior +wealth and weight may justly entitle them to any advantage, it +ought to be secured to them by a superior share of +representation. The new Constitution is, in this respect, +materially different from the existing Confederation, as well as +from that of the United Netherlands, and other similar +confederacies. In each of the latter, the efficacy of the +federal resolutions depends on the subsequent and voluntary +resolutions of the states composing the union. Hence the states, +though possessing an equal vote in the public councils, have an +unequal influence, corresponding with the unequal importance of +these subsequent and voluntary resolutions. Under the proposed +Constitution, the federal acts will take effect without the +necessary intervention of the individual States. They will depend +merely on the majority of votes in the federal legislature, and +consequently each vote, whether proceeding from a larger or +smaller State, or a State more or less wealthy or powerful, will +have an equal weight and efficacy: in the same manner as the +votes individually given in a State legislature, by the +representatives of unequal counties or other districts, have +each a precise equality of value and effect; or if there be any +difference in the case, it proceeds from the difference in the +personal character of the individual representative, rather than +from any regard to the extent of the district from which he +comes. ''Such is the reasoning which an advocate for the +Southern interests might employ on this subject; and although it +may appear to be a little strained in some points, yet, on the +whole, I must confess that it fully reconciles me to the scale of +representation which the convention have established. In one +respect, the establishment of a common measure for representation +and taxation will have a very salutary effect. As the accuracy +of the census to be obtained by the Congress will necessarily +depend, in a considerable degree on the disposition, if not on +the co-operation, of the States, it is of great importance that +the States should feel as little bias as possible, to swell or to +reduce the amount of their numbers. Were their share of +representation alone to be governed by this rule, they would have +an interest in exaggerating their inhabitants. Were the rule to +decide their share of taxation alone, a contrary temptation would +prevail. By extending the rule to both objects, the States will +have opposite interests, which will control and balance each +other, and produce the requisite impartiality. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 55 + +The Total Number of the House of Representatives +From the New York Packet. Friday, February 15, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE number of which the House of Representatives is to consist, +forms another and a very interesting point of view, under which +this branch of the federal legislature may be contemplated. +Scarce any article, indeed, in the whole Constitution seems to be +rendered more worthy of attention, by the weight of character and +the apparent force of argument with which it has been assailed. +The charges exhibited against it are, first, that so small a +number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the +public interests; secondly, that they will not possess a proper +knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous +constituents; thirdly, that they will be taken from that class of +citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the +mass of the people, and be most likely to aim at a permanent +elevation of the few on the depression of the many; fourthly, +that defective as the number will be in the first instance, it +will be more and more disproportionate, by the increase of the +people, and the obstacles which will prevent a correspondent +increase of the representatives. In general it may be remarked on +this subject, that no political problem is less susceptible of a +precise solution than that which relates to the number most +convenient for a representative legislature; nor is there any +point on which the policy of the several States is more at +variance, whether we compare their legislative assemblies +directly with each other, or consider the proportions which they +respectively bear to the number of their constituents. Passing +over the difference between the smallest and largest States, as +Delaware, whose most numerous branch consists of twenty-one +representatives, and Massachusetts, where it amounts to between +three and four hundred, a very considerable difference is +observable among States nearly equal in population. The number of +representatives in Pennsylvania is not more than one fifth of +that in the State last mentioned. New York, whose population is +to that of South Carolina as six to five, has little more than +one third of the number of representatives. As great a disparity +prevails between the States of Georgia and Delaware or Rhode +Island. In Pennsylvania, the representatives do not bear a +greater proportion to their constituents than of one for every +four or five thousand. In Rhode Island, they bear a proportion of +at least one for every thousand. And according to the +constitution of Georgia, the proportion may be carried to one to +every ten electors; and must unavoidably far exceed the +proportion in any of the other States. Another general remark to +be made is, that the ratio between the representatives and the +people ought not to be the same where the latter are very +numerous as where they are very few. Were the representatives in +Virginia to be regulated by the standard in Rhode Island, they +would, at this time, amount to between four and five hundred; and +twenty or thirty years hence, to a thousand. On the other hand, +the ratio of Pennsylvania, if applied to the State of Delaware, +would reduce the representative assembly of the latter to seven +or eight members. Nothing can be more fallacious than to found +our political calculations on arithmetical principles. Sixty or +seventy men may be more properly trusted with a given degree of +power than six or seven. But it does not follow that six or seven +hundred would be proportionably a better depositary. And if we +carry on the supposition to six or seven thousand, the whole +reasoning ought to be reversed. The truth is, that in all cases a +certain number at least seems to be necessary to secure the +benefits of free consultation and discussion, and to guard +against too easy a combination for improper purposes; as, on the +other hand, the number ought at most to be kept within a certain +limit, in order to avoid the confusion and intemperance of a +multitude. In all very numerous assemblies, of whatever character +composed, passion never fails to wrest the sceptre from reason. +Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian +assembly would still have been a mob. + It is necessary also to +recollect here the observations which were applied to the case of +biennial elections. For the same reason that the limited powers +of the Congress, and the control of the State legislatures, +justify less frequent elections than the public safely might +otherwise require, the members of the Congress need be less +numerous than if they possessed the whole power of legislation, +and were under no other than the ordinary restraints of other +legislative bodies. With these general ideas in our mind, let us +weigh the objections which have been stated against the number of +members proposed for the House of Representatives. It is said, in +the first place, that so small a number cannot be safely trusted +with so much power. The number of which this branch of the +legislature is to consist, at the outset of the government, will +be sixtyfive. Within three years a census is to be taken, when +the number may be augmented to one for every thirty thousand +inhabitants; and within every successive period of ten years the +census is to be renewed, and augmentations may continue to be +made under the above limitation. It will not be thought an +extravagant conjecture that the first census will, at the rate of +one for every thirty thousand, raise the number of +representatives to at least one hundred. Estimating the negroes +in the proportion of three fifths, it can scarcely be doubted +that the population of the United States will by that time, if it +does not already, amount to three millions. At the expiration of +twenty-five years, according to the computed rate of increase, +the number of representatives will amount to two hundred, and of +fifty years, to four hundred. This is a number which, I presume, +will put an end to all fears arising from the smallness of the +body. I take for granted here what I shall, in answering the +fourth objection, hereafter show, that the number of +representatives will be augmented from time to time in the +manner provided by the Constitution. On a contrary supposition, I +should admit the objection to have very great weight indeed. The +true question to be decided then is, whether the smallness of the +number, as a temporary regulation, be dangerous to the public +liberty? Whether sixty-five members for a few years, and a +hundred or two hundred for a few more, be a safe depositary for a +limited and well-guarded power of legislating for the United +States? I must own that I could not give a negative answer to +this question, without first obliterating every impression which +I have received with regard to the present genius of the people +of America, the spirit which actuates the State legislatures, and +the principles which are incorporated with the political +character of every class of citizens I am unable to conceive that +the people of America, in their present temper, or under any +circumstances which can speedily happen, will choose, and every +second year repeat the choice of, sixty-five or a hundred men who +would be disposed to form and pursue a scheme of tyranny or +treachery. I am unable to conceive that the State legislatures, +which must feel so many motives to watch, and which possess so +many means of counteracting, the federal legislature, would fail +either to detect or to defeat a conspiracy of the latter against +the liberties of their common constituents. I am equally unable +to conceive that there are at this time, or can be in any short +time, in the United States, any sixty-five or a hundred men +capable of recommending themselves to the choice of the people at +large, who would either desire or dare, within the short space of +two years, to betray the solemn trust committed to them. What +change of circumstances, time, and a fuller population of our +country may produce, requires a prophetic spirit to declare, +which makes no part of my pretensions. But judging from the +circumstances now before us, and from the probable state of them +within a moderate period of time, I must pronounce that the +liberties of America cannot be unsafe in the number of hands +proposed by the federal Constitution. From what quarter can the +danger proceed? Are we afraid of foreign gold? If foreign gold +could so easily corrupt our federal rulers and enable them to +ensnare and betray their constituents, how has it happened that +we are at this time a free and independent nation? The Congress +which conducted us through the Revolution was a less numerous +body than their successors will be; they were not chosen by, nor +responsible to, their fellowcitizens at large; though appointed +from year to year, and recallable at pleasure, they were +generally continued for three years, and prior to the +ratification of the federal articles, for a still longer term. +They held their consultations always under the veil of secrecy; +they had the sole transaction of our affairs with foreign +nations; through the whole course of the war they had the fate of +their country more in their hands than it is to be hoped will +ever be the case with our future representatives; and from the +greatness of the prize at stake, and the eagerness of the party +which lost it, it may well be supposed that the use of other +means than force would not have been scrupled. Yet we know by +happy experience that the public trust was not betrayed; nor has +the purity of our public councils in this particular ever +suffered, even from the whispers of calumny. Is the danger +apprehended from the other branches of the federal government? +But where are the means to be found by the President, or the +Senate, or both? Their emoluments of office, it is to be +presumed, will not, and without a previous corruption of the +House of Representatives cannot, more than suffice for very +different purposes; their private fortunes, as they must allbe +American citizens, cannot possibly be sources of danger. The +only means, then, which they can possess, will be in the +dispensation of appointments. Is it here that suspicion rests +her charge? Sometimes we are told that this fund of corruption +is to be exhausted by the President in subduing the virtue of the +Senate. Now, the fidelity of the other House is to be the +victim. The improbability of such a mercenary and perfidious +combination of the several members of government, standing on as +different foundations as republican principles will well admit, +and at the same time accountable to the society over which they +are placed, ought alone to quiet this apprehension. But, +fortunately, the Constitution has provided a still further +safeguard. The members of the Congress are rendered ineligible +to any civil offices that may be created, or of which the +emoluments may be increased, during the term of their election. +No offices therefore can be dealt out to the existing members but +such as may become vacant by ordinary casualties: and to suppose +that these would be sufficient to purchase the guardians of the +people, selected by the people themselves, is to renounce every +rule by which events ought to be calculated, and to substitute an +indiscriminate and unbounded jealousy, with which all reasoning +must be vain. The sincere friends of liberty, who give +themselves up to the extravagancies of this passion, are not +aware of the injury they do their own cause. As there is a +degree of depravity in mankind which requires a certain degree of +circumspection and distrust, so there are other qualities in +human nature which justify a certain portion of esteem and +confidence. Republican government presupposes the existence of +these qualities in a higher degree than any other form. Were the +pictures which have been drawn by the political jealousy of some +among us faithful likenesses of the human character, the +inference would be, that there is not sufficient virtue among men +for self-government; and that nothing less than the chains of +despotism can restrain them from destroying and devouring one +another. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 56 + +The Same Subject Continued(The Total Number of the House of +Representatives) +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 19, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE SECOND charge against the House of Representatives is, that +it will be too small to possess a due knowledge of the interests +of its constituents. As this objection evidently proceeds from a +comparison of the proposed number of representatives with the +great extent of the United States, the number of their +inhabitants, and the diversity of their interests, without taking +into view at the same time the circumstances which will +distinguish the Congress from other legislative bodies, the best +answer that can be given to it will be a brief explanation of +these peculiarities. It is a sound and important principle that +the representative ought to be acquainted with the interests and +circumstances of his constituents. But this principle can extend +no further than to those circumstances and interests to which the +authority and care of the representative relate. An ignorance of +a variety of minute and particular objects, which do not lie +within the compass of legislation, is consistent with every +attribute necessary to a due performance of the legislative +trust. In determining the extent of information required in the +exercise of a particular authority, recourse then must be had to +the objects within the purview of that authority. What are to be +the objects of federal legislation? Those which are of most +importance, and which seem most to require local knowledge, are +commerce, taxation, and the militia. A proper regulation of +commerce requires much information, as has been elsewhere +remarked; but as far as this information relates to the laws and +local situation of each individual State, a very few +representatives would be very sufficient vehicles of it to the +federal councils. Taxation will consist, in a great measure, of +duties which will be involved in the regulation of commerce. So +far the preceding remark is applicable to this object. As far as +it may consist of internal collections, a more diffusive +knowledge of the circumstances of the State may be necessary. But +will not this also be possessed in sufficient degree by a very +few intelligent men, diffusively elected within the State? Divide +the largest State into ten or twelve districts, and it will be +found that there will be no peculiar local interests in either, +which will not be within the knowledge of the representative of +the district. Besides this source of information, the laws of the +State, framed by representatives from every part of it, will be +almost of themselves a sufficient guide. In every State there +have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this +subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done +by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, +and reduce them in one general act. A skillful individual in his +closet with all the local codes before him, might compile a law +on some subjects of taxation for the whole union, without any aid +from oral information, and it may be expected that whenever +internal taxes may be necessary, and particularly in cases +requiring uniformity throughout the States, the more simple +objects will be preferred. To be fully sensible of the facility +which will be given to this branch of federal legislation by the +assistance of the State codes, we need only suppose for a moment +that this or any other State were divided into a number of parts, +each having and exercising within itself a power of local +legislation. Is it not evident that a degree of local information +and preparatory labor would be found in the several volumes of +their proceedings, which would very much shorten the labors of +the general legislature, and render a much smaller number of +members sufficient for it? The federal councils will derive great +advantage from another circumstance. The representatives of each +State will not only bring with them a considerable knowledge of +its laws, and a local knowledge of their respective districts, +but will probably in all cases have been members, and may even at +the very time be members, of the State legislature, where all the +local information and interests of the State are assembled, and +from whence they may easily be conveyed by a very few hands into +the legislature of the United States. The observations made on +the subject of taxation apply with greater force to the case of +the militia. For however different the rules of discipline may be +in different States, they are the same throughout each particular +State; and depend on circumstances which can differ but little in +different parts of the same State. The attentive reader will +discern that the reasoning here used, to prove the sufficiency of +a moderate number of representatives, does not in any respect +contradict what was urged on another occasion with regard to the +extensive information which the representatives ought to possess, +and the time that might be necessary for acquiring it. This +information, so far as it may relate to local objects, is +rendered necessary and difficult, not by a difference of laws and +local circumstances within a single State, but of those among +different States. Taking each State by itself, its laws are the +same, and its interests but little diversified. A few men, +therefore, will possess all the knowledge requisite for a proper +representation of them. Were the interests and affairs of each +individual State perfectly simple and uniform, a knowledge of +them in one part would involve a knowledge of them in every +other, and the whole State might be competently represented by a +single member taken from any part of it. On a comparison of the +different States together, we find a great dissimilarity in their +laws, and in many other circumstances connected with the objects +of federal legislation, with all of which the federal +representatives ought to have some acquaintance. Whilst a few +representatives, therefore, from each State, may bring with them +a due knowledge of their own State, every representative will +have much information to acquire concerning all the other States. +The changes of time, as was formerly remarked, on the comparative +situation of the different States, will have an assimilating +effect. The effect of time on the internal affairs of the States, +taken singly, will be just the contrary. At present some of the +States are little more than a society of husbandmen. Few of them +have made much progress in those branches of industry which give +a variety and complexity to the affairs of a nation. These, +however, will in all of them be the fruits of a more advanced +population, and will require, on the part of each State, a fuller +representation. The foresight of the convention has accordingly +taken care that the progress of population may be accompanied +with a proper increase of the representative branch of the +government. The experience of Great Britain, which presents to +mankind so many political lessons, both of the monitory and +exemplary kind, and which has been frequently consulted in the +course of these inquiries, corroborates the result of the +reflections which we have just made. The number of inhabitants in +the two kingdoms of England and Scotland cannot be stated at less +than eight millions. The representatives of these eight millions +in the House of Commons amount to five hundred and fifty-eight. +Of this number, one ninth are elected by three hundred and +sixty-four persons, and one half, by five thousand seven hundred +and twenty-three persons. 1 It cannot be supposed that the half +thus elected, and who do not even reside among the people at +large, can add any thing either to the security of the people +against the government, or to the knowledge of their +circumstances and interests in the legislative councils. On the +contrary, it is notorious, that they are more frequently the +representatives and instruments of the executive magistrate, than +the guardians and advocates of the popular rights. They might +therefore, with great propriety, be considered as something more +than a mere deduction from the real representatives of the +nation. We will, however, consider them in this light alone, and +will not extend the deduction to a considerable number of +others, who do not reside among their constitutents, are very +faintly connected with them, and have very little particular +knowledge of their affairs. With all these concessions, two +hundred and seventy-nine persons only will be the depository of +the safety, interest, and happiness of eight millions that is to +say, there will be one representative only to maintain the rights +and explain the situation OF TWENTY-EIGHT THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED +AND SEVENTY constitutents, in an assembly exposed to the whole +force of executive influence, and extending its authority to +every object of legislation within a nation whose affairs are in +the highest degree diversified and complicated. Yet it is very +certain, not only that a valuable portion of freedom has been +preserved under all these circumstances, but that the defects in +the British code are chargeable, in a very small proportion, on +the ignorance of the legislature concerning the circumstances of +the people. Allowing to this case the weight which is due to it, +and comparing it with that of the House of Representatives as +above explained it seems to give the fullest assurance, that a +representative for every THIRTY THOUSAND INHABITANTS will render +the latter both a safe and competent guardian of the interests +which will be confided to it. PUBLIUS. Burgh's ``Political +Disquisitions. '' + + +FEDERALIST No. 57 + +The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the +Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation +From the New York Packet. Tuesday, February 19, 1788. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE THIRD charge against the House of Representatives is, that it +will be taken from that class of citizens which will have least +sympathy with the mass of the people, and be most likely to aim +at an ambitious sacrifice of the many to the aggrandizement of +the few. Of all the objections which have been framed against the +federal Constitution, this is perhaps the most extraordinary. +Whilst the objection itself is levelled against a pretended +oligarchy, the principle of it strikes at the very root of +republican government. The aim of every political constitution +is, or ought to be, first to obtain for rulers men who possess +most wisdom to discern, and most virtue to pursue, the common +good of the society; and in the next place, to take the most +effectual precautions for keeping them virtuous whilst they +continue to hold their public trust. The elective mode of +obtaining rulers is the characteristic policy of republican +government. The means relied on in this form of government for +preventing their degeneracy are numerous and various. The most +effectual one, is such a limitation of the term of appointments +as will maintain a proper responsibility to the people. Let me +now ask what circumstance there is in the constitution of the +House of Representatives that violates the principles of +republican government, or favors the elevation of the few on the +ruins of the many? Let me ask whether every circumstance is not, +on the contrary, strictly conformable to these principles, and +scrupulously impartial to the rights and pretensions of every +class and description of citizens? Who are to be the electors of +the federal representatives? Not the rich, more than the poor; +not the learned, more than the ignorant; not the haughty heirs of +distinguished names, more than the humble sons of obscurity and +unpropitious fortune. The electors are to be the great body of +the people of the United States. They are to be the same who +exercise the right in every State of electing the corresponding +branch of the legislature of the State. Who are to be the objects +of popular choice? Every citizen whose merit may recommend him to +the esteem and confidence of his country. No qualification of +wealth, of birth, of religious faith, or of civil profession is +permitted to fetter the judgement or disappoint the inclination +of the people. If we consider the situation of the men on whom +the free suffrages of their fellow-citizens may confer the +representative trust, we shall find it involving every security +which can be devised or desired for their fidelity to their +constituents. In the first place, as they will have been +distinguished by the preference of their fellow-citizens, we are +to presume that in general they will be somewhat distinguished +also by those qualities which entitle them to it, and which +promise a sincere and scrupulous regard to the nature of their +engagements. In the second place, they will enter into the public +service under circumstances which cannot fail to produce a +temporary affection at least to their constituents. There is in +every breast a sensibility to marks of honor, of favor, of +esteem, and of confidence, which, apart from all considerations +of interest, is some pledge for grateful and benevolent returns. +Ingratitude is a common topic of declamation against human +nature; and it must be confessed that instances of it are but too +frequent and flagrant, both in public and in private life. But +the universal and extreme indignation which it inspires is itself +a proof of the energy and prevalence of the contrary sentiment. +In the third place, those ties which bind the representative to +his constituents are strengthened by motives of a more selfish +nature. His pride and vanity attach him to a form of government +which favors his pretensions and gives him a share in its honors +and distinctions. Whatever hopes or projects might be entertained +by a few aspiring characters, it must generally happen that a +great proportion of the men deriving their advancement from their +influence with the people, would have more to hope from a +preservation of the favor, than from innovations in the +government subversive of the authority of the people. All these +securities, however, would be found very insufficient without the +restraint of frequent elections. Hence, in the fourth place, the +House of Representatives is so constituted as to support in the +members an habitual recollection of their dependence on the +people. Before the sentiments impressed on their minds by the +mode of their elevation can be effaced by the exercise of power, +they will be compelled to anticipate the moment when their power +is to cease, when their exercise of it is to be reviewed, and +when they must descend to the level from which they were raised; +there forever to remain unless a faithful discharge of their +trust shall have established their title to a renewal of it. I +will add, as a fifth circumstance in the situation of the House +of Representatives, restraining them from oppressive measures, +that they can make no law which will not have its full operation +on themselves and their friends, as well as on the great mass of +the society. This has always been deemed one of the strongest +bonds by which human policy can connect the rulers and the people +together. It creates between them that communion of interests and +sympathy of sentiments, of which few governments have furnished +examples; but without which every government degenerates into +tyranny. If it be asked, what is to restrain the House of +Representatives from making legal discriminations in favor of +themselves and a particular class of the society? I answer: the +genius of the whole system; the nature of just and constitutional +laws; and above all, the vigilant and manly spirit which actuates +the people of America, a spirit which nourishes freedom, and in +return is nourished by it. If this spirit shall ever be so far +debased as to tolerate a law not obligatory on the legislature, +as well as on the people, the people will be prepared to tolerate +any thing but liberty. Such will be the relation between the +House of Representatives and their constituents. Duty, gratitude, +interest, ambition itself, are the chords by which they will be +bound to fidelity and sympathy with the great mass of the people. +It is possible that these may all be insufficient to control the +caprice and wickedness of man. But are they not all that +government will admit, and that human prudence can devise? Are +they not the genuine and the characteristic means by which +republican government provides for the liberty and happiness of +the people? Are they not the identical means on which every State +government in the Union relies for the attainment of these +important ends? What then are we to understand by the objection +which this paper has combated? What are we to say to the men who +profess the most flaming zeal for republican government, yet +boldly impeach the fundamental principle of it; who pretend to be +champions for the right and the capacity of the people to choose +their own rulers, yet maintain that they will prefer those only +who will immediately and infallibly betray the trust committed to +them? Were the objection to be read by one who had not seen the +mode prescribed by the Constitution for the choice of +representatives, he could suppose nothing less than that some +unreasonable qualification of property was annexed to the right +of suffrage; or that the right of eligibility was limited to +persons of particular families or fortunes; or at least that the +mode prescribed by the State constitutions was in some respect or +other, very grossly departed from. We have seen how far such a +supposition would err, as to the two first points. Nor would it, +in fact, be less erroneous as to the last. The only difference +discoverable between the two cases is, that each representative +of the United States will be elected by five or six thousand +citizens; whilst in the individual States, the election of a +representative is left to about as many hundreds. Will it be +pretended that this difference is sufficient to justify an +attachment to the State governments, and an abhorrence to the +federal government? If this be the point on which the objection +turns, it deserves to be examined. Is it supported by REASON? +This cannot be said, without maintaining that five or six +thousand citizens are less capable of choosing a fit +representative, or more liable to be corrupted by an unfit one, +than five or six hundred. Reason, on the contrary, assures us, +that as in so great a number a fit representative would be most +likely to be found, so the choice would be less likely to be +diverted from him by the intrigues of the ambitious or the +ambitious or the bribes of the rich. Is the CONSEQUENCE from +this doctrine admissible? If we say that five or six hundred +citizens are as many as can jointly exercise their right of +suffrage, must we not deprive the people of the immediate choice +of their public servants, in every instance where the +administration of the government does not require as many of them +as will amount to one for that number of citizens? Is the +doctrine warranted by FACTS? It was shown in the last paper, that +the real representation in the British House of Commons very +little exceeds the proportion of one for every thirty thousand +inhabitants. Besides a variety of powerful causes not existing +here, and which favor in that country the pretensions of rank and +wealth, no person is eligible as a representative of a county, +unless he possess real estate of the clear value of six hundred +pounds sterling per year; nor of a city or borough, unless he +possess a like estate of half that annual value. To this +qualification on the part of the county representatives is added +another on the part of the county electors, which restrains the +right of suffrage to persons having a freehold estate of the +annual value of more than twenty pounds sterling, according to +the present rate of money. Notwithstanding these unfavorable +circumstances, and notwithstanding some very unequal laws in the +British code, it cannot be said that the representatives of the +nation have elevated the few on the ruins of the many. But we +need not resort to foreign experience on this subject. Our own +is explicit and decisive. The districts in New Hampshire in +which the senators are chosen immediately by the people, are +nearly as large as will be necessary for her representatives in +the Congress. Those of Massachusetts are larger than will be +necessary for that purpose; and those of New York still more so. +In the last State the members of Assembly for the cities and +counties of New York and Albany are elected by very nearly as +many voters as will be entitled to a representative in the +Congress, calculating on the number of sixty-five representatives +only. It makes no difference that in these senatorial districts +and counties a number of representatives are voted for by each +elector at the same time. If the same electors at the same time +are capable of choosing four or five representatives, they cannot +be incapable of choosing one. Pennsylvania is an additional +example. Some of her counties, which elect her State +representatives, are almost as large as her districts will be by +which her federal representatives will be elected. The city of +Philadelphia is supposed to contain between fifty and sixty +thousand souls. It will therefore form nearly two districts for +the choice of federal representatives. It forms, however, but +one county, in which every elector votes for each of its +representatives in the State legislature. And what may appear to +be still more directly to our purpose, the whole city actually +elects a SINGLE MEMBER for the executive council. This is the +case in all the other counties of the State. Are not these facts +the most satisfactory proofs of the fallacy which has been +employed against the branch of the federal government under +consideration? Has it appeared on trial that the senators of New +Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York, or the executive council +of Pennsylvania, or the members of the Assembly in the two last +States, have betrayed any peculiar disposition to sacrifice the +many to the few, or are in any respect less worthy of their +places than the representatives and magistrates appointed in +other States by very small divisions of the people? But there are +cases of a stronger complexion than any which I have yet quoted. +One branch of the legislature of Connecticut is so constituted +that each member of it is elected by the whole State. So is the +governor of that State, of Massachusetts, and of this State, and +the president of New Hampshire. I leave every man to decide +whether the result of any one of these experiments can be said to +countenance a suspicion, that a diffusive mode of choosing +representatives of the people tends to elevate traitors and to +undermine the public liberty. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 58 +Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the +Progress of Population Demands Considered + +MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE remaining charge against the House of Representatives, which +I am to examine, is grounded on a supposition that the number of +members will not be augmented from time to time, as the progress +of population may demand. It has been admitted, that this +objection, if well supported, would have great weight. The +following observations will show that, like most other objections +against the Constitution, it can only proceed from a partial view +of the subject, or from a jealousy which discolors and disfigures +every object which is beheld. 1. Those who urge the objection +seem not to have recollected that the federal Constitution will +not suffer by a comparison with the State constitutions, in the +security provided for a gradual augmentation of the number of +representatives. The number which is to prevail in the first +instance is declared to be temporary. Its duration is limited to +the short term of three years. Within every successive term of +ten years a census of inhabitants is to be repeated. The +unequivocal objects of these regulations are, first, to readjust, +from time to time, the apportionment of representatives to the +number of inhabitants, under the single exception that each State +shall have one representative at least; secondly, to augment the +number of representatives at the same periods, under the sole +limitation that the whole number shall not exceed one for every +thirty thousand inhabitants. If we review the constitutions of +the several States, we shall find that some of them contain no +determinate regulations on this subject, that others correspond +pretty much on this point with the federal Constitution, and that +the most effectual security in any of them is resolvable into a +mere directory provision. 2. As far as experience has taken place +on this subject, a gradual increase of representatives under the +State constitutions has at least kept pace with that of the +constituents, and it appears that the former have been as ready +to concur in such measures as the latter have been to call for +them. 3. There is a peculiarity in the federal Constitution which +insures a watchful attention in a majority both of the people and +of their representatives to a constitutional augmentation of the +latter. The peculiarity lies in this, that one branch of the +legislature is a representation of citizens, the other of the +States: in the former, consequently, the larger States will have +most weight; in the latter, the advantage will be in favor of the +smaller States. From this circumstance it may with certainty be +inferred that the larger States will be strenuous advocates for +increasing the number and weight of that part of the legislature +in which their influence predominates. And it so happens that +four only of the largest will have a majority of the whole votes +in the House of Representatives. Should the representatives or +people, therefore, of the smaller States oppose at any time a +reasonable addition of members, a coalition of a very few States +will be sufficient to overrule the opposition; a coalition which, +notwithstanding the rivalship and local prejudices which might +prevent it on ordinary occasions, would not fail to take place, +when not merely prompted by common interest, but justified by +equity and the principles of the Constitution. It may be +alleged, perhaps, that the Senate would be prompted by like +motives to an adverse coalition; and as their concurrence would +be indispensable, the just and constitutional views of the other +branch might be defeated. This is the difficulty which has +probably created the most serious apprehensions in the jealous +friends of a numerous representation. Fortunately it is among +the difficulties which, existing only in appearance, vanish on a +close and accurate inspection. The following reflections will, +if I mistake not, be admitted to be conclusive and satisfactory +on this point. Notwithstanding the equal authority which will +subsist between the two houses on all legislative subjects, +except the originating of money bills, it cannot be doubted that +the House, composed of the greater number of members, when +supported by the more powerful States, and speaking the known and +determined sense of a majority of the people, will have no small +advantage in a question depending on the comparative firmness of +the two houses. This advantage must be increased by the +consciousness, felt by the same side of being supported in its +demands by right, by reason, and by the Constitution; and the +consciousness, on the opposite side, of contending against the +force of all these solemn considerations. It is farther to be +considered, that in the gradation between the smallest and +largest States, there are several, which, though most likely in +general to arrange themselves among the former are too little +removed in extent and population from the latter, to second an +opposition to their just and legitimate pretensions. Hence it is +by no means certain that a majority of votes, even in the +Senate, would be unfriendly to proper augmentations in the number +of representatives. It will not be looking too far to add, that +the senators from all the new States may be gained over to the +just views of the House of Representatives, by an expedient too +obvious to be overlooked. As these States will, for a great +length of time, advance in population with peculiar rapidity, +they will be interested in frequent reapportionments of the +representatives to the number of inhabitants. The large States, +therefore, who will prevail in the House of Representatives, will +have nothing to do but to make reapportionments and augmentations +mutually conditions of each other; and the senators from all the +most growing States will be bound to contend for the latter, by +the interest which their States will feel in the former. These +considerations seem to afford ample security on this subject, and +ought alone to satisfy all the doubts and fears which have been +indulged with regard to it. Admitting, however, that they should +all be insufficient to subdue the unjust policy of the smaller +States, or their predominant influence in the councils of the +Senate, a constitutional and infallible resource still remains +with the larger States, by which they will be able at all times +to accomplish their just purposes. The House of Representatives +cannot only refuse, but they alone can propose, the supplies +requisite for the support of government. They, in a word, hold +the purse that powerful instrument by which we behold, in the +history of the British Constitution, an infant and humble +representation of the people gradually enlarging the sphere of +its activity and importance, and finally reducing, as far as it +seems to have wished, all the overgrown prerogatives of the other +branches of the government. This power over the purse may, in +fact, be regarded as the most complete and effectual weapon with +which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of +the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for +carrying into effect every just and salutary measure. But will +not the House of Representatives be as much interested as the +Senate in maintaining the government in its proper functions, and +will they not therefore be unwilling to stake its existence or +its reputation on the pliancy of the Senate? Or, if such a trial +of firmness between the two branches were hazarded, would not the +one be as likely first to yield as the other? These questions +will create no difficulty with those who reflect that in all +cases the smaller the number, and the more permanent and +conspicuous the station, of men in power, the stronger must be +the interest which they will individually feel in whatever +concerns the government. Those who represent the dignity of their +country in the eyes of other nations, will be particularly +sensible to every prospect of public danger, or of dishonorable +stagnation in public affairs. To those causes we are to ascribe +the continual triumph of the British House of Commons over the +other branches of the government, whenever the engine of a money +bill has been employed. An absolute inflexibility on the side of +the latter, although it could not have failed to involve every +department of the state in the general confusion, has neither +been apprehended nor experienced. The utmost degree of firmness +that can be displayed by the federal Senate or President, will +not be more than equal to a resistance in which they will be +supported by constitutional and patriotic principles. In this +review of the Constitution of the House of Representatives, I +have passed over the circumstances of economy, which, in the +present state of affairs, might have had some effect in lessening +the temporary number of representatives, and a disregard of which +would probably have been as rich a theme of declamation against +the Constitution as has been shown by the smallness of the number +proposed. I omit also any remarks on the difficulty which might +be found, under present circumstances, in engaging in the federal +service a large number of such characters as the people will +probably elect. One observation, however, I must be permitted to +add on this subject as claiming, in my judgment, a very serious +attention. It is, that in all legislative assemblies the greater +the number composing them may be, the fewer will be the men who +will in fact direct their proceedings. In the first place, the +more numerous an assembly may be, of whatever characters +composed, the greater is known to be the ascendency of passion +over reason. In the next place, the larger the number, the +greater will be the proportion of members of limited information +and of weak capacities. Now, it is precisely on characters of +this description that the eloquence and address of the few are +known to act with all their force. In the ancient republics, +where the whole body of the people assembled in person, a single +orator, or an artful statesman, was generally seen to rule with +as complete a sway as if a sceptre had been placed in his single +hand. On the same principle, the more multitudinous a +representative assembly may be rendered, the more it will partake +of the infirmities incident to collective meetings of the people. +Ignorance will be the dupe of cunning, and passion the slave of +sophistry and declamation. The people can never err more than in +supposing that by multiplying their representatives beyond a +certain limit, they strengthen the barrier against the government +of a few. Experience will forever admonish them that, on the +contrary, AFTER SECURING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER FOR THE PURPOSES OF +SAFETY, OF LOCAL INFORMATION, AND OF DIFFUSIVE SYMPATHY WITH THE +WHOLE SOCIETY, they will counteract their own views by every +addition to their representatives. The countenance of the +government may become more democratic, but the soul that animates +it will be more oligarchic. The machine will be enlarged, but the +fewer, and often the more secret, will be the springs by which +its motions are directed. As connected with the objection against +the number of representatives, may properly be here noticed, that +which has been suggested against the number made competent for +legislative business. It has been said that more than a majority +ought to have been required for a quorum; and in particular +cases, if not in all, more than a majority of a quorum for a +decision. That some advantages might have resulted from such a +precaution, cannot be denied. It might have been an additional +shield to some particular interests, and another obstacle +generally to hasty and partial measures. But these considerations +are outweighed by the inconveniences in the opposite scale. In +all cases where justice or the general good might require new +laws to be passed, or active measures to be pursued, the +fundamental principle of free government would be reversed. It +would be no longer the majority that would rule: the power would +be transferred to the minority. Were the defensive privilege +limited to particular cases, an interested minority might take +advantage of it to screen themselves from equitable sacrifices to +the general weal, or, in particular emergencies, to extort +unreasonable indulgences. Lastly, it would facilitate and foster +the baneful practice of secessions; a practice which has shown +itself even in States where a majority only is required; a +practice subversive of all the principles of order and regular +government; a practice which leads more directly to public +convulsions, and the ruin of popular governments, than any other +which has yet been displayed among us. PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 59 + +Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of +Members +From the New York Packet. Friday, February 22, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE natural order of the subject leads us to consider, in this +place, that provision of the Constitution which authorizes the +national legislature to regulate, in the last resort, the +election of its own members. It is in these words: ``The TIMES, +PLACES, and MANNER of holding elections for senators and +representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the +legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, +make or alter SUCH REGULATIONS, except as to the PLACES of +choosing senators. ''1 This provision has not only been declaimed +against by those who condemn the Constitution in the gross, but +it has been censured by those who have objected with less +latitude and greater moderation; and, in one instance it has been +thought exceptionable by a gentleman who has declared himself the +advocate of every other part of the system. I am greatly +mistaken, notwithstanding, if there be any article in the whole +plan more completely defensible than this. Its propriety rests +upon the evidence of this plain proposition, that EVERY +GOVERNMENT OUGHT TO CONTAIN IN ITSELF THE MEANS OF ITS OWN +PRESERVATION. Every just reasoner will, at first sight, approve +an adherence to this rule, in the work of the convention; and +will disapprove every deviation from it which may not appear to +have been dictated by the necessity of incorporating into the +work some particular ingredient, with which a rigid conformity to +the rule was incompatible. Even in this case, though he may +acquiesce in the necessity, yet he will not cease to regard and +to regret a departure from so fundamental a principle, as a +portion of imperfection in the system which may prove the seed of +future weakness, and perhaps anarchy. It will not be alleged, +that an election law could have been framed and inserted in the +Constitution, which would have been always applicable to every +probable change in the situation of the country; and it will +therefore not be denied, that a discretionary power over +elections ought to exist somewhere. It will, I presume, be as +readily conceded, that there were only three ways in which this +power could have been reasonably modified and disposed: that it +must either have been lodged wholly in the national legislature, +or wholly in the State legislatures, or primarily in the latter +and ultimately in the former. The last mode has, with reason, +been preferred by the convention. They have submitted the +regulation of elections for the federal government, in the first +instance, to the local administrations; which, in ordinary +cases, and when no improper views prevail, may be both more +convenient and more satisfactory; but they have reserved to the +national authority a right to interpose, whenever extraordinary +circumstances might render that interposition necessary to its +safety. Nothing can be more evident, than that an exclusive +power of regulating elections for the national government, in the +hands of the State legislatures, would leave the existence of the +Union entirely at their mercy. They could at any moment +annihilate it, by neglecting to provide for the choice of persons +to administer its affairs. It is to little purpose to say, that +a neglect or omission of this kind would not be likely to take +place. The constitutional possibility of the thing, without an +equivalent for the risk, is an unanswerable objection. Nor has +any satisfactory reason been yet assigned for incurring that +risk. The extravagant surmises of a distempered jealousy can +never be dignified with that character. If we are in a humor to +presume abuses of power, it is as fair to presume them on the +part of the State governments as on the part of the general +government. And as it is more consonant to the rules of a just +theory, to trust the Union with the care of its own existence, +than to transfer that care to any other hands, if abuses of power +are to be hazarded on the one side or on the other, it is more +rational to hazard them where the power would naturally be +placed, than where it would unnaturally be placed. Suppose an +article had been introduced into the Constitution, empowering the +United States to regulate the elections for the particular +States, would any man have hesitated to condemn it, both as an +unwarrantable transposition of power, and as a premeditated +engine for the destruction of the State governments? The +violation of principle, in this case, would have required no +comment; and, to an unbiased observer, it will not be less +apparent in the project of subjecting the existence of the +national government, in a similar respect, to the pleasure of the +State governments. An impartial view of the matter cannot fail +to result in a conviction, that each, as far as possible, ought +to depend on itself for its own preservation. As an objection to +this position, it may be remarked that the constitution of the +national Senate would involve, in its full extent, the danger +which it is suggested might flow from an exclusive power in the +State legislatures to regulate the federal elections. It may be +alleged, that by declining the appointment of Senators, they +might at any time give a fatal blow to the Union; and from this +it may be inferred, that as its existence would be thus rendered +dependent upon them in so essential a point, there can be no +objection to intrusting them with it in the particular case under +consideration. The interest of each State, it may be added, to +maintain its representation in the national councils, would be a +complete security against an abuse of the trust. This argument, +though specious, will not, upon examination, be found solid. It +is certainly true that the State legislatures, by forbearing the +appointment of senators, may destroy the national government. But +it will not follow that, because they have a power to do this in +one instance, they ought to have it in every other. There are +cases in which the pernicious tendency of such a power may be far +more decisive, without any motive equally cogent with that which +must have regulated the conduct of the convention in respect to +the formation of the Senate, to recommend their admission into +the system. So far as that construction may expose the Union to +the possibility of injury from the State legislatures, it is an +evil; but it is an evil which could not have been avoided without +excluding the States, in their political capacities, wholly from +a place in the organization of the national government. If this +had been done, it would doubtless have been interpreted into an +entire dereliction of the federal principle; and would certainly +have deprived the State governments of that absolute safeguard +which they will enjoy under this provision. But however wise it +may have been to have submitted in this instance to an +inconvenience, for the attainment of a necessary advantage or a +greater good, no inference can be drawn from thence to favor an +accumulation of the evil, where no necessity urges, nor any +greater good invites. It may be easily discerned also that the +national government would run a much greater risk from a power in +the State legislatures over the elections of its House of +Representatives, than from their power of appointing the members +of its Senate. The senators are to be chosen for the period of +six years; there is to be a rotation, by which the seats of a +third part of them are to be vacated and replenished every two +years; and no State is to be entitled to more than two senators; +a quorum of the body is to consist of sixteen members. The joint +result of these circumstances would be, that a temporary +combination of a few States to intermit the appointment of +senators, could neither annul the existence nor impair the +activity of the body; and it is not from a general and permanent +combination of the States that we can have any thing to fear. The +first might proceed from sinister designs in the leading members +of a few of the State legislatures; the last would suppose a +fixed and rooted disaffection in the great body of the people, +which will either never exist at all, or will, in all +probability, proceed from an experience of the inaptitude of the +general government to the advancement of their happiness in which +event no good citizen could desire its continuance. But with +regard to the federal House of Representatives, there is intended +to be a general election of members once in two years. If the +State legislatures were to be invested with an exclusive power of +regulating these elections, every period of making them would be +a delicate crisis in the national situation, which might issue in +a dissolution of the Union, if the leaders of a few of the most +important States should have entered into a previous conspiracy +to prevent an election. I shall not deny, that there is a degree +of weight in the observation, that the interests of each State, +to be represented in the federal councils, will be a security +against the abuse of a power over its elections in the hands of +the State legislatures. But the security will not be considered +as complete, by those who attend to the force of an obvious +distinction between the interest of the people in the public +felicity, and the interest of their local rulers in the power and +consequence of their offices. The people of America may be +warmly attached to the government of the Union, at times when the +particular rulers of particular States, stimulated by the natural +rivalship of power, and by the hopes of personal aggrandizement, +and supported by a strong faction in each of those States, may be +in a very opposite temper. This diversity of sentiment between a +majority of the people, and the individuals who have the +greatest credit in their councils, is exemplified in some of the +States at the present moment, on the present question. The +scheme of separate confederacies, which will always nultiply the +chances of ambition, will be a never failing bait to all such +influential characters in the State administrations as are +capable of preferring their own emolument and advancement to the +public weal. With so effectual a weapon in their hands as the +exclusive power of regulating elections for the national +government, a combination of a few such men, in a few of the most +considerable States, where the temptation will always be the +strongest, might accomplish the destruction of the Union, by +seizing the opportunity of some casual dissatisfaction among the +people (and which perhaps they may themselves have excited), to +discontinue the choice of members for the federal House of +Representatives. It ought never to be forgotten, that a firm +union of this country, under an efficient government, will +probably be an increasing object of jealousy to more than one +nation of Europe; and that enterprises to subvert it will +sometimes originate in the intrigues of foreign powers, and will +seldom fail to be patronized and abetted by some of them. Its +preservation, therefore ought in no case that can be avoided, to +be committed to the guardianship of any but those whose situation +will uniformly beget an immediate interest in the faithful and +vigilant performance of the trust. PUBLIUS. Ist clause, 4th +section, of the Ist article. + + +FEDERALIST No. 60 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of + Members) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, February 26, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +WE HAVE seen, that an uncontrollable power over the elections to + the federal government could not, without hazard, be committed to + the State legislatures. Let us now see, what would be the danger on + the other side; that is, from confiding the ultimate right of + regulating its own elections to the Union itself. It is not + pretended, that this right would ever be used for the exclusion of + any State from its share in the representation. The interest of all + would, in this respect at least, be the security of all. But it is + alleged, that it might be employed in such a manner as to promote + the election of some favorite class of men in exclusion of others, + by confining the places of election to particular districts, and + rendering it impracticable to the citizens at large to partake in + the choice. Of all chimerical suppositions, this seems to be the + most chimerical. On the one hand, no rational calculation of + probabilities would lead us to imagine that the disposition which a + conduct so violent and extraordinary would imply, could ever find + its way into the national councils; and on the other, it may be + concluded with certainty, that if so improper a spirit should ever + gain admittance into them, it would display itself in a form + altogether different and far more decisive. +The improbability of the attempt may be satisfactorily inferred + from this single reflection, that it could never be made without + causing an immediate revolt of the great body of the people, headed + and directed by the State governments. It is not difficult to + conceive that this characteristic right of freedom may, in certain + turbulent and factious seasons, be violated, in respect to a + particular class of citizens, by a victorious and overbearing + majority; but that so fundamental a privilege, in a country so + situated and enlightened, should be invaded to the prejudice of the + great mass of the people, by the deliberate policy of the + government, without occasioning a popular revolution, is altogether + inconceivable and incredible. +In addition to this general reflection, there are considerations + of a more precise nature, which forbid all apprehension on the + subject. The dissimilarity in the ingredients which will compose + the national government, and still more in the manner in which they + will be brought into action in its various branches, must form a + powerful obstacle to a concert of views in any partial scheme of + elections. There is sufficient diversity in the state of property, + in the genius, manners, and habits of the people of the different + parts of the Union, to occasion a material diversity of disposition + in their representatives towards the different ranks and conditions + in society. And though an intimate intercourse under the same + government will promote a gradual assimilation in some of these + respects, yet there are causes, as well physical as moral, which + may, in a greater or less degree, permanently nourish different + propensities and inclinations in this respect. But the circumstance + which will be likely to have the greatest influence in the matter, + will be the dissimilar modes of constituting the several component + parts of the government. The House of Representatives being to be + elected immediately by the people, the Senate by the State + legislatures, the President by electors chosen for that purpose by + the people, there would be little probability of a common interest + to cement these different branches in a predilection for any + particular class of electors. +As to the Senate, it is impossible that any regulation of ``time + and manner,'' which is all that is proposed to be submitted to the + national government in respect to that body, can affect the spirit + which will direct the choice of its members. The collective sense + of the State legislatures can never be influenced by extraneous + circumstances of that sort; a consideration which alone ought to + satisfy us that the discrimination apprehended would never be + attempted. For what inducement could the Senate have to concur in a + preference in which itself would not be included? Or to what + purpose would it be established, in reference to one branch of the + legislature, if it could not be extended to the other? The + composition of the one would in this case counteract that of the + other. And we can never suppose that it would embrace the + appointments to the Senate, unless we can at the same time suppose + the voluntary co-operation of the State legislatures. If we make + the latter supposition, it then becomes immaterial where the power + in question is placed whether in their hands or in those of the + Union. +But what is to be the object of this capricious partiality in + the national councils? Is it to be exercised in a discrimination + between the different departments of industry, or between the + different kinds of property, or between the different degrees of + property? Will it lean in favor of the landed interest, or the + moneyed interest, or the mercantile interest, or the manufacturing + interest? Or, to speak in the fashionable language of the + adversaries to the Constitution, will it court the elevation of + ``the wealthy and the well-born,'' to the exclusion and debasement + of all the rest of the society? +If this partiality is to be exerted in favor of those who are + concerned in any particular description of industry or property, I + presume it will readily be admitted, that the competition for it + will lie between landed men and merchants. And I scruple not to + affirm, that it is infinitely less likely that either of them should + gain an ascendant in the national councils, than that the one or the + other of them should predominate in all the local councils. The + inference will be, that a conduct tending to give an undue + preference to either is much less to be dreaded from the former than + from the latter. +The several States are in various degrees addicted to + agriculture and commerce. In most, if not all of them, agriculture + is predominant. In a few of them, however, commerce nearly divides + its empire, and in most of them has a considerable share of + influence. In proportion as either prevails, it will be conveyed + into the national representation; and for the very reason, that + this will be an emanation from a greater variety of interests, and + in much more various proportions, than are to be found in any single + State, it will be much less apt to espouse either of them with a + decided partiality, than the representation of any single State. +In a country consisting chiefly of the cultivators of land, + where the rules of an equal representation obtain, the landed + interest must, upon the whole, preponderate in the government. As + long as this interest prevails in most of the State legislatures, so + long it must maintain a correspondent superiority in the national + Senate, which will generally be a faithful copy of the majorities of + those assemblies. It cannot therefore be presumed, that a sacrifice + of the landed to the mercantile class will ever be a favorite object + of this branch of the federal legislature. In applying thus + particularly to the Senate a general observation suggested by the + situation of the country, I am governed by the consideration, that + the credulous votaries of State power cannot, upon their own + principles, suspect, that the State legislatures would be warped + from their duty by any external influence. But in reality the same + situation must have the same effect, in the primative composition at + least of the federal House of Representatives: an improper bias + towards the mercantile class is as little to be expected from this + quarter as from the other. +In order, perhaps, to give countenance to the objection at any + rate, it may be asked, is there not danger of an opposite bias in + the national government, which may dispose it to endeavor to secure + a monopoly of the federal administration to the landed class? As + there is little likelihood that the supposition of such a bias will + have any terrors for those who would be immediately injured by it, a + labored answer to this question will be dispensed with. It will be + sufficient to remark, first, that for the reasons elsewhere + assigned, it is less likely that any decided partiality should + prevail in the councils of the Union than in those of any of its + members. Secondly, that there would be no temptation to violate the + Constitution in favor of the landed class, because that class would, + in the natural course of things, enjoy as great a preponderancy as + itself could desire. And thirdly, that men accustomed to + investigate the sources of public prosperity upon a large scale, + must be too well convinced of the utility of commerce, to be + inclined to inflict upon it so deep a wound as would result from the + entire exclusion of those who would best understand its interest + from a share in the management of them. The importance of commerce, + in the view of revenue alone, must effectually guard it against the + enmity of a body which would be continually importuned in its favor, + by the urgent calls of public necessity. +I the rather consult brevity in discussing the probability of a + preference founded upon a discrimination between the different kinds + of industry and property, because, as far as I understand the + meaning of the objectors, they contemplate a discrimination of + another kind. They appear to have in view, as the objects of the + preference with which they endeavor to alarm us, those whom they + designate by the description of ``the wealthy and the well-born.'' + These, it seems, are to be exalted to an odious pre-eminence over + the rest of their fellow-citizens. At one time, however, their + elevation is to be a necessary consequence of the smallness of the + representative body; at another time it is to be effected by + depriving the people at large of the opportunity of exercising their + right of suffrage in the choice of that body. +But upon what principle is the discrimination of the places of + election to be made, in order to answer the purpose of the meditated + preference? Are ``the wealthy and the well-born,'' as they are + called, confined to particular spots in the several States? Have + they, by some miraculous instinct or foresight, set apart in each of + them a common place of residence? Are they only to be met with in + the towns or cities? Or are they, on the contrary, scattered over + the face of the country as avarice or chance may have happened to + cast their own lot or that of their predecessors? If the latter is + the case, (as every intelligent man knows it to be,1) is it not + evident that the policy of confining the places of election to + particular districts would be as subversive of its own aim as it + would be exceptionable on every other account? The truth is, that + there is no method of securing to the rich the preference + apprehended, but by prescribing qualifications of property either + for those who may elect or be elected. But this forms no part of + the power to be conferred upon the national government. Its + authority would be expressly restricted to the regulation of the + TIMES, the PLACES, the MANNER of elections. The qualifications of + the persons who may choose or be chosen, as has been remarked upon + other occasions, are defined and fixed in the Constitution, and are + unalterable by the legislature. +Let it, however, be admitted, for argument sake, that the + expedient suggested might be successful; and let it at the same + time be equally taken for granted that all the scruples which a + sense of duty or an apprehension of the danger of the experiment + might inspire, were overcome in the breasts of the national rulers, + still I imagine it will hardly be pretended that they could ever + hope to carry such an enterprise into execution without the aid of a + military force sufficient to subdue the resistance of the great body + of the people. The improbability of the existence of a force equal + to that object has been discussed and demonstrated in different + parts of these papers; but that the futility of the objection under + consideration may appear in the strongest light, it shall be + conceded for a moment that such a force might exist, and the + national government shall be supposed to be in the actual possession + of it. What will be the conclusion? With a disposition to invade + the essential rights of the community, and with the means of + gratifying that disposition, is it presumable that the persons who + were actuated by it would amuse themselves in the ridiculous task of + fabricating election laws for securing a preference to a favorite + class of men? Would they not be likely to prefer a conduct better + adapted to their own immediate aggrandizement? Would they not + rather boldly resolve to perpetuate themselves in office by one + decisive act of usurpation, than to trust to precarious expedients + which, in spite of all the precautions that might accompany them, + might terminate in the dismission, disgrace, and ruin of their + authors? Would they not fear that citizens, not less tenacious than + conscious of their rights, would flock from the remote extremes of + their respective States to the places of election, to voerthrow + their tyrants, and to substitute men who would be disposed to avenge + the violated majesty of the people? +PUBLIUS. +1 Particularly in the Southern States and in this State. + + +FEDERALIST No. 61 + +The Same Subject Continued +(Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of + Members) +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, February 26, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE more candid opposers of the provision respecting elections, + contained in the plan of the convention, when pressed in argument, + will sometimes concede the propriety of that provision; with this + qualification, however, that it ought to have been accompanied with + a declaration, that all elections should be had in the counties + where the electors resided. This, say they, was a necessary + precaution against an abuse of the power. A declaration of this + nature would certainly have been harmless; so far as it would have + had the effect of quieting apprehensions, it might not have been + undesirable. But it would, in fact, have afforded little or no + additional security against the danger apprehended; and the want of + it will never be considered, by an impartial and judicious examiner, + as a serious, still less as an insuperable, objection to the plan. + The different views taken of the subject in the two preceding + papers must be sufficient to satisfy all dispassionate and + discerning men, that if the public liberty should ever be the victim + of the ambition of the national rulers, the power under examination, + at least, will be guiltless of the sacrifice. +If those who are inclined to consult their jealousy only, would + exercise it in a careful inspection of the several State + constitutions, they would find little less room for disquietude and + alarm, from the latitude which most of them allow in respect to + elections, than from the latitude which is proposed to be allowed to + the national government in the same respect. A review of their + situation, in this particular, would tend greatly to remove any ill + impressions which may remain in regard to this matter. But as that + view would lead into long and tedious details, I shall content + myself with the single example of the State in which I write. The + constitution of New York makes no other provision for LOCALITY of + elections, than that the members of the Assembly shall be elected in + the COUNTIES; those of the Senate, in the great districts into + which the State is or may be divided: these at present are four in + number, and comprehend each from two to six counties. It may + readily be perceived that it would not be more difficult to the + legislature of New York to defeat the suffrages of the citizens of + New York, by confining elections to particular places, than for the + legislature of the United States to defeat the suffrages of the + citizens of the Union, by the like expedient. Suppose, for + instance, the city of Albany was to be appointed the sole place of + election for the county and district of which it is a part, would + not the inhabitants of that city speedily become the only electors + of the members both of the Senate and Assembly for that county and + district? Can we imagine that the electors who reside in the remote + subdivisions of the counties of Albany, Saratoga, Cambridge, etc., + or in any part of the county of Montgomery, would take the trouble + to come to the city of Albany, to give their votes for members of + the Assembly or Senate, sooner than they would repair to the city of + New York, to participate in the choice of the members of the federal + House of Representatives? The alarming indifference discoverable in + the exercise of so invaluable a privilege under the existing laws, + which afford every facility to it, furnishes a ready answer to this + question. And, abstracted from any experience on the subject, we + can be at no loss to determine, that when the place of election is + at an INCONVENIENT DISTANCE from the elector, the effect upon his + conduct will be the same whether that distance be twenty miles or + twenty thousand miles. Hence it must appear, that objections to the + particular modification of the federal power of regulating elections + will, in substance, apply with equal force to the modification of + the like power in the constitution of this State; and for this + reason it will be impossible to acquit the one, and to condemn the + other. A similar comparison would lead to the same conclusion in + respect to the constitutions of most of the other States. +If it should be said that defects in the State constitutions + furnish no apology for those which are to be found in the plan + proposed, I answer, that as the former have never been thought + chargeable with inattention to the security of liberty, where the + imputations thrown on the latter can be shown to be applicable to + them also, the presumption is that they are rather the cavilling + refinements of a predetermined opposition, than the well-founded + inferences of a candid research after truth. To those who are + disposed to consider, as innocent omissions in the State + constitutions, what they regard as unpardonable blemishes in the + plan of the convention, nothing can be said; or at most, they can + only be asked to assign some substantial reason why the + representatives of the people in a single State should be more + impregnable to the lust of power, or other sinister motives, than + the representatives of the people of the United States? If they + cannot do this, they ought at least to prove to us that it is easier + to subvert the liberties of three millions of people, with the + advantage of local governments to head their opposition, than of two + hundred thousand people who are destitute of that advantage. And in + relation to the point immediately under consideration, they ought to + convince us that it is less probable that a predominant faction in a + single State should, in order to maintain its superiority, incline + to a preference of a particular class of electors, than that a + similar spirit should take possession of the representatives of + thirteen States, spread over a vast region, and in several respects + distinguishable from each other by a diversity of local + circumstances, prejudices, and interests. +Hitherto my observations have only aimed at a vindication of the + provision in question, on the ground of theoretic propriety, on that + of the danger of placing the power elsewhere, and on that of the + safety of placing it in the manner proposed. But there remains to + be mentioned a positive advantage which will result from this + disposition, and which could not as well have been obtained from any + other: I allude to the circumstance of uniformity in the time of + elections for the federal House of Representatives. It is more than + possible that this uniformity may be found by experience to be of + great importance to the public welfare, both as a security against + the perpetuation of the same spirit in the body, and as a cure for + the diseases of faction. If each State may choose its own time of + election, it is possible there may be at least as many different + periods as there are months in the year. The times of election in + the several States, as they are now established for local purposes, + vary between extremes as wide as March and November. The + consequence of this diversity would be that there could never happen + a total dissolution or renovation of the body at one time. If an + improper spirit of any kind should happen to prevail in it, that + spirit would be apt to infuse itself into the new members, as they + come forward in succession. The mass would be likely to remain + nearly the same, assimilating constantly to itself its gradual + accretions. There is a contagion in example which few men have + sufficient force of mind to resist. I am inclined to think that + treble the duration in office, with the condition of a total + dissolution of the body at the same time, might be less formidable + to liberty than one third of that duration subject to gradual and + successive alterations. +Uniformity in the time of elections seems not less requisite for + executing the idea of a regular rotation in the Senate, and for + conveniently assembling the legislature at a stated period in each + year. +It may be asked, Why, then, could not a time have been fixed in + the Constitution? As the most zealous adversaries of the plan of + the convention in this State are, in general, not less zealous + admirers of the constitution of the State, the question may be + retorted, and it may be asked, Why was not a time for the like + purpose fixed in the constitution of this State? No better answer + can be given than that it was a matter which might safely be + entrusted to legislative discretion; and that if a time had been + appointed, it might, upon experiment, have been found less + convenient than some other time. The same answer may be given to + the question put on the other side. And it may be added that the + supposed danger of a gradual change being merely speculative, it + would have been hardly advisable upon that speculation to establish, + as a fundamental point, what would deprive several States of the + convenience of having the elections for their own governments and + for the national government at the same epochs. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 62 + +The Senate +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +HAVING examined the constitution of the House of + Representatives, and answered such of the objections against it as + seemed to merit notice, I enter next on the examination of the + Senate. +The heads into which this member of the government may be + considered are: I. The qualification of senators; II. The + appointment of them by the State legislatures; III. The equality of + representation in the Senate; IV. The number of senators, and the + term for which they are to be elected; V. The powers vested in the + Senate. +I. The qualifications proposed for senators, as distinguished + from those of representatives, consist in a more advanced age and a + longer period of citizenship. A senator must be thirty years of age + at least; as a representative must be twenty-five. And the former + must have been a citizen nine years; as seven years are required + for the latter. The propriety of these distinctions is explained by + the nature of the senatorial trust, which, requiring greater extent + of information and tability of character, requires at the same time + that the senator should have reached a period of life most likely to + supply these advantages; and which, participating immediately in + transactions with foreign nations, ought to be exercised by none who + are not thoroughly weaned from the prepossessions and habits + incident to foreign birth and education. The term of nine years + appears to be a prudent mediocrity between a total exclusion of + adopted citizens, whose merits and talents may claim a share in the + public confidence, and an indiscriminate and hasty admission of + them, which might create a channel for foreign influence on the + national councils. +II. It is equally unnecessary to dilate on the appointment of + senators by the State legislatures. Among the various modes which + might have been devised for constituting this branch of the + government, that which has been proposed by the convention is + probably the most congenial with the public opinion. It is + recommended by the double advantage of favoring a select + appointment, and of giving to the State governments such an agency + in the formation of the federal government as must secure the + authority of the former, and may form a convenient link between the + two systems. +III. The equality of representation in the Senate is another + point, which, being evidently the result of compromise between the + opposite pretensions of the large and the small States, does not + call for much discussion. If indeed it be right, that among a + people thoroughly incorporated into one nation, every district ought + to have a PROPORTIONAL share in the government, and that among + independent and sovereign States, bound together by a simple league, + the parties, however unequal in size, ought to have an EQUAL share + in the common councils, it does not appear to be without some reason + that in a compound republic, partaking both of the national and + federal character, the government ought to be founded on a mixture + of the principles of proportional and equal representation. But it + is superfluous to try, by the standard of theory, a part of the + Constitution which is allowed on all hands to be the result, not of + theory, but ``of a spirit of amity, and that mutual deference and + concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered + indispensable.'' A common government, with powers equal to its + objects, is called for by the voice, and still more loudly by the + political situation, of America. A government founded on principles + more consonant to the wishes of the larger States, is not likely to + be obtained from the smaller States. The only option, then, for the + former, lies between the proposed government and a government still + more objectionable. Under this alternative, the advice of prudence + must be to embrace the lesser evil; and, instead of indulging a + fruitless anticipation of the possible mischiefs which may ensue, to + contemplate rather the advantageous consequences which may qualify + the sacrifice. +In this spirit it may be remarked, that the equal vote allowed + to each State is at once a constitutional recognition of the portion + of sovereignty remaining in the individual States, and an instrument + for preserving that residuary sovereignty. So far the equality + ought to be no less acceptable to the large than to the small + States; since they are not less solicitous to guard, by every + possible expedient, against an improper consolidation of the States + into one simple republic. +Another advantage accruing from this ingredient in the + constitution of the Senate is, the additional impediment it must + prove against improper acts of legislation. No law or resolution + can now be passed without the concurrence, first, of a majority of + the people, and then, of a majority of the States. It must be + acknowledged that this complicated check on legislation may in some + instances be injurious as well as beneficial; and that the peculiar + defense which it involves in favor of the smaller States, would be + more rational, if any interests common to them, and distinct from + those of the other States, would otherwise be exposed to peculiar + danger. But as the larger States will always be able, by their + power over the supplies, to defeat unreasonable exertions of this + prerogative of the lesser States, and as the faculty and excess of + law-making seem to be the diseases to which our governments are most + liable, it is not impossible that this part of the Constitution may + be more convenient in practice than it appears to many in + contemplation. +IV. The number of senators, and the duration of their + appointment, come next to be considered. In order to form an + accurate judgment on both of these points, it will be proper to + inquire into the purposes which are to be answered by a senate; and + in order to ascertain these, it will be necessary to review the + inconveniences which a republic must suffer from the want of such an + institution. +First. It is a misfortune incident to republican + government, though in a less degree than to other governments, that + those who administer it may forget their obligations to their + constituents, and prove unfaithful to their important trust. In + this point of view, a senate, as a second branch of the legislative + assembly, distinct from, and dividing the power with, a first, must + be in all cases a salutary check on the government. It doubles the + security to the people, by requiring the concurrence of two distinct + bodies in schemes of usurpation or perfidy, where the ambition or + corruption of one would otherwise be sufficient. This is a + precaution founded on such clear principles, and now so well + understood in the United States, that it would be more than + superfluous to enlarge on it. I will barely remark, that as the + improbability of sinister combinations will be in proportion to the + dissimilarity in the genius of the two bodies, it must be politic to + distinguish them from each other by every circumstance which will + consist with a due harmony in all proper measures, and with the + genuine principles of republican government. +Secondly. The necessity of a senate is not less indicated + by the propensity of all single and numerous assemblies to yield to + the impulse of sudden and violent passions, and to be seduced by + factious leaders into intemperate and pernicious resolutions. + Examples on this subject might be cited without number; and from + proceedings within the United States, as well as from the history of + other nations. But a position that will not be contradicted, need + not be proved. All that need be remarked is, that a body which is + to correct this infirmity ought itself to be free from it, and + consequently ought to be less numerous. It ought, moreover, to + possess great firmness, and consequently ought to hold its authority + by a tenure of considerable duration. +Thirdly. Another defect to be supplied by a senate lies in + a want of due acquaintance with the objects and principles of + legislation. It is not possible that an assembly of men called for + the most part from pursuits of a private nature, continued in + appointment for a short time, and led by no permanent motive to + devote the intervals of public occupation to a study of the laws, + the affairs, and the comprehensive interests of their country, + should, if left wholly to themselves, escape a variety of important + errors in the exercise of their legislative trust. It may be + affirmed, on the best grounds, that no small share of the present + embarrassments of America is to be charged on the blunders of our + governments; and that these have proceeded from the heads rather + than the hearts of most of the authors of them. What indeed are all + the repealing, explaining, and amending laws, which fill and + disgrace our voluminous codes, but so many monuments of deficient + wisdom; so many impeachments exhibited by each succeeding against + each preceding session; so many admonitions to the people, of the + value of those aids which may be expected from a well-constituted + senate? +A good government implies two things: first, fidelity to the + object of government, which is the happiness of the people; + secondly, a knowledge of the means by which that object can be best + attained. Some governments are deficient in both these qualities; + most governments are deficient in the first. I scruple not to + assert, that in American governments too little attention has been + paid to the last. The federal Constitution avoids this error; and + what merits particular notice, it provides for the last in a mode + which increases the security for the first. +Fourthly. The mutability in the public councils arising + from a rapid succession of new members, however qualified they may + be, points out, in the strongest manner, the necessity of some + stable institution in the government. Every new election in the + States is found to change one half of the representatives. From + this change of men must proceed a change of opinions; and from a + change of opinions, a change of measures. But a continual change + even of good measures is inconsistent with every rule of prudence + and every prospect of success. The remark is verified in private + life, and becomes more just, as well as more important, in national + transactions. +To trace the mischievous effects of a mutable government would + fill a volume. I will hint a few only, each of which will be + perceived to be a source of innumerable others. +In the first place, it forfeits the respect and confidence of + other nations, and all the advantages connected with national + character. An individual who is observed to be inconstant to his + plans, or perhaps to carry on his affairs without any plan at all, + is marked at once, by all prudent people, as a speedy victim to his + own unsteadiness and folly. His more friendly neighbors may pity + him, but all will decline to connect their fortunes with his; and + not a few will seize the opportunity of making their fortunes out of + his. One nation is to another what one individual is to another; + with this melancholy distinction perhaps, that the former, with + fewer of the benevolent emotions than the latter, are under fewer + restraints also from taking undue advantage from the indiscretions + of each other. Every nation, consequently, whose affairs betray a + want of wisdom and stability, may calculate on every loss which can + be sustained from the more systematic policy of their wiser + neighbors. But the best instruction on this subject is unhappily + conveyed to America by the example of her own situation. She finds + that she is held in no respect by her friends; that she is the + derision of her enemies; and that she is a prey to every nation + which has an interest in speculating on her fluctuating councils and + embarrassed affairs. +The internal effects of a mutable policy are still more + calamitous. It poisons the blessing of liberty itself. It will be + of little avail to the people, that the laws are made by men of + their own choice, if the laws be so voluminous that they cannot be + read, or so incoherent that they cannot be understood; if they be + repealed or revised before they are promulgated, or undergo such + incessant changes that no man, who knows what the law is to-day, can + guess what it will be to-morrow. Law is defined to be a rule of + action; but how can that be a rule, which is little known, and less + fixed? +Another effect of public instability is the unreasonable + advantage it gives to the sagacious, the enterprising, and the + moneyed few over the industrious and uniformed mass of the people. + Every new regulation concerning commerce or revenue, or in any way + affecting the value of the different species of property, presents a + new harvest to those who watch the change, and can trace its + consequences; a harvest, reared not by themselves, but by the toils + and cares of the great body of their fellow-citizens. This is a + state of things in which it may be said with some truth that laws + are made for the FEW, not for the MANY. +In another point of view, great injury results from an unstable + government. The want of confidence in the public councils damps + every useful undertaking, the success and profit of which may depend + on a continuance of existing arrangements. What prudent merchant + will hazard his fortunes in any new branch of commerce when he knows + not but that his plans may be rendered unlawful before they can be + executed? What farmer or manufacturer will lay himself out for the + encouragement given to any particular cultivation or establishment, + when he can have no assurance that his preparatory labors and + advances will not render him a victim to an inconstant government? + In a word, no great improvement or laudable enterprise can go + forward which requires the auspices of a steady system of national + policy. +But the most deplorable effect of all is that diminution of + attachment and reverence which steals into the hearts of the people, + towards a political system which betrays so many marks of infirmity, + and disappoints so many of their flattering hopes. No government, + any more than an individual, will long be respected without being + truly respectable; nor be truly respectable, without possessing a + certain portion of order and stability. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST. No. 63 + +The Senate Continued +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON OR MADISON + +To the People of the State of New York: +A FIFTH desideratum, illustrating the utility of a senate, is + the want of a due sense of national character. Without a select and + stable member of the government, the esteem of foreign powers will + not only be forfeited by an unenlightened and variable policy, + proceeding from the causes already mentioned, but the national + councils will not possess that sensibility to the opinion of the + world, which is perhaps not less necessary in order to merit, than + it is to obtain, its respect and confidence. +An attention to the judgment of other nations is important to + every government for two reasons: the one is, that, independently + of the merits of any particular plan or measure, it is desirable, on + various accounts, that it should appear to other nations as the + offspring of a wise and honorable policy; the second is, that in + doubtful cases, particularly where the national councils may be + warped by some strong passion or momentary interest, the presumed or + known opinion of the impartial world may be the best guide that can + be followed. What has not America lost by her want of character + with foreign nations; and how many errors and follies would she not + have avoided, if the justice and propriety of her measures had, in + every instance, been previously tried by the light in which they + would probably appear to the unbiased part of mankind? +Yet however requisite a sense of national character may be, it + is evident that it can never be sufficiently possessed by a numerous + and changeable body. It can only be found in a number so small that + a sensible degree of the praise and blame of public measures may be + the portion of each individual; or in an assembly so durably + invested with public trust, that the pride and consequence of its + members may be sensibly incorporated with the reputation and + prosperity of the community. The half-yearly representatives of + Rhode Island would probably have been little affected in their + deliberations on the iniquitous measures of that State, by arguments + drawn from the light in which such measures would be viewed by + foreign nations, or even by the sister States; whilst it can + scarcely be doubted that if the concurrence of a select and stable + body had been necessary, a regard to national character alone would + have prevented the calamities under which that misguided people is + now laboring. +I add, as a SIXTH defect the want, in some important cases, of a + due responsibility in the government to the people, arising from + that frequency of elections which in other cases produces this + responsibility. This remark will, perhaps, appear not only new, but + paradoxical. It must nevertheless be acknowledged, when explained, + to be as undeniable as it is important. +Responsibility, in order to be reasonable, must be limited to + objects within the power of the responsible party, and in order to + be effectual, must relate to operations of that power, of which a + ready and proper judgment can be formed by the constituents. The + objects of government may be divided into two general classes: the + one depending on measures which have singly an immediate and + sensible operation; the other depending on a succession of + well-chosen and well-connected measures, which have a gradual and + perhaps unobserved operation. The importance of the latter + description to the collective and permanent welfare of every + country, needs no explanation. And yet it is evident that an + assembly elected for so short a term as to be unable to provide more + than one or two links in a chain of measures, on which the general + welfare may essentially depend, ought not to be answerable for the + final result, any more than a steward or tenant, engaged for one + year, could be justly made to answer for places or improvements + which could not be accomplished in less than half a dozen years. + Nor is it possible for the people to estimate the SHARE of + influence which their annual assemblies may respectively have on + events resulting from the mixed transactions of several years. It + is sufficiently difficult to preserve a personal responsibility in + the members of a NUMEROUS body, for such acts of the body as have an + immediate, detached, and palpable operation on its constituents. +The proper remedy for this defect must be an additional body in + the legislative department, which, having sufficient permanency to + provide for such objects as require a continued attention, and a + train of measures, may be justly and effectually answerable for the + attainment of those objects. +Thus far I have considered the circumstances which point out the + necessity of a well-constructed Senate only as they relate to the + representatives of the people. To a people as little blinded by + prejudice or corrupted by flattery as those whom I address, I shall + not scruple to add, that such an institution may be sometimes + necessary as a defense to the people against their own temporary + errors and delusions. As the cool and deliberate sense of the + community ought, in all governments, and actually will, in all free + governments, ultimately prevail over the views of its rulers; so + there are particular moments in public affairs when the people, + stimulated by some irregular passion, or some illicit advantage, or + misled by the artful misrepresentations of interested men, may call + for measures which they themselves will afterwards be the most ready + to lament and condemn. In these critical moments, how salutary will + be the interference of some temperate and respectable body of + citizens, in order to check the misguided career, and to suspend the + blow meditated by the people against themselves, until reason, + justice, and truth can regain their authority over the public mind? + What bitter anguish would not the people of Athens have often + escaped if their government had contained so provident a safeguard + against the tyranny of their own passions? Popular liberty might + then have escaped the indelible reproach of decreeing to the same + citizens the hemlock on one day and statues on the next. +It may be suggested, that a people spread over an extensive + region cannot, like the crowded inhabitants of a small district, be + subject to the infection of violent passions, or to the danger of + combining in pursuit of unjust measures. I am far from denying that + this is a distinction of peculiar importance. I have, on the + contrary, endeavored in a former paper to show, that it is one of + the principal recommendations of a confederated republic. At the + same time, this advantage ought not to be considered as superseding + the use of auxiliary precautions. It may even be remarked, that the + same extended situation, which will exempt the people of America + from some of the dangers incident to lesser republics, will expose + them to the inconveniency of remaining for a longer time under the + influence of those misrepresentations which the combined industry of + interested men may succeed in distributing among them. +It adds no small weight to all these considerations, to + recollect that history informs us of no long-lived republic which + had not a senate. Sparta, Rome, and Carthage are, in fact, the only + states to whom that character can be applied. In each of the two + first there was a senate for life. The constitution of the senate + in the last is less known. Circumstantial evidence makes it + probable that it was not different in this particular from the two + others. It is at least certain, that it had some quality or other + which rendered it an anchor against popular fluctuations; and that + a smaller council, drawn out of the senate, was appointed not only + for life, but filled up vacancies itself. These examples, though as + unfit for the imitation, as they are repugnant to the genius, of + America, are, notwithstanding, when compared with the fugitive and + turbulent existence of other ancient republics, very instructive + proofs of the necessity of some institution that will blend + stability with liberty. I am not unaware of the circumstances which + distinguish the American from other popular governments, as well + ancient as modern; and which render extreme circumspection + necessary, in reasoning from the one case to the other. But after + allowing due weight to this consideration, it may still be + maintained, that there are many points of similitude which render + these examples not unworthy of our attention. Many of the defects, + as we have seen, which can only be supplied by a senatorial + institution, are common to a numerous assembly frequently elected by + the people, and to the people themselves. There are others peculiar + to the former, which require the control of such an institution. + The people can never wilfully betray their own interests; but they + may possibly be betrayed by the representatives of the people; and + the danger will be evidently greater where the whole legislative + trust is lodged in the hands of one body of men, than where the + concurrence of separate and dissimilar bodies is required in every + public act. +The difference most relied on, between the American and other + republics, consists in the principle of representation; which is + the pivot on which the former move, and which is supposed to have + been unknown to the latter, or at least to the ancient part of them. + The use which has been made of this difference, in reasonings + contained in former papers, will have shown that I am disposed + neither to deny its existence nor to undervalue its importance. I + feel the less restraint, therefore, in observing, that the position + concerning the ignorance of the ancient governments on the subject + of representation, is by no means precisely true in the latitude + commonly given to it. Without entering into a disquisition which + here would be misplaced, I will refer to a few known facts, in + support of what I advance. +In the most pure democracies of Greece, many of the executive + functions were performed, not by the people themselves, but by + officers elected by the people, and REPRESENTING the people in their + EXECUTIVE capacity. +Prior to the reform of Solon, Athens was governed by nine + Archons, annually ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE AT LARGE. The degree of + power delegated to them seems to be left in great obscurity. + Subsequent to that period, we find an assembly, first of four, and + afterwards of six hundred members, annually ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE; + and PARTIALLY representing them in their LEGISLATIVE capacity, + since they were not only associated with the people in the function + of making laws, but had the exclusive right of originating + legislative propositions to the people. The senate of Carthage, + also, whatever might be its power, or the duration of its + appointment, appears to have been ELECTIVE by the suffrages of the + people. Similar instances might be traced in most, if not all the + popular governments of antiquity. +Lastly, in Sparta we meet with the Ephori, and in Rome with the + Tribunes; two bodies, small indeed in numbers, but annually ELECTED + BY THE WHOLE BODY OF THE PEOPLE, and considered as the + REPRESENTATIVES of the people, almost in their PLENIPOTENTIARY + capacity. The Cosmi of Crete were also annually ELECTED BY THE + PEOPLE, and have been considered by some authors as an institution + analogous to those of Sparta and Rome, with this difference only, + that in the election of that representative body the right of + suffrage was communicated to a part only of the people. +From these facts, to which many others might be added, it is + clear that the principle of representation was neither unknown to + the ancients nor wholly overlooked in their political constitutions. + The true distinction between these and the American governments, + lies IN THE TOTAL EXCLUSION OF THE PEOPLE, IN THEIR COLLECTIVE + CAPACITY, from any share in the LATTER, and not in the TOTAL + EXCLUSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE from the + administration of the FORMER. The distinction, however, thus + qualified, must be admitted to leave a most advantageous superiority + in favor of the United States. But to insure to this advantage its + full effect, we must be careful not to separate it from the other + advantage, of an extensive territory. For it cannot be believed, + that any form of representative government could have succeeded + within the narrow limits occupied by the democracies of Greece. +In answer to all these arguments, suggested by reason, + illustrated by examples, and enforced by our own experience, the + jealous adversary of the Constitution will probably content himself + with repeating, that a senate appointed not immediately by the + people, and for the term of six years, must gradually acquire a + dangerous pre-eminence in the government, and finally transform it + into a tyrannical aristocracy. +To this general answer, the general reply ought to be + sufficient, that liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty + as well as by the abuses of power; that there are numerous + instances of the former as well as of the latter; and that the + former, rather than the latter, are apparently most to be + apprehended by the United States. But a more particular reply may + be given. +Before such a revolution can be effected, the Senate, it is to + be observed, must in the first place corrupt itself; must next + corrupt the State legislatures; must then corrupt the House of + Representatives; and must finally corrupt the people at large. It + is evident that the Senate must be first corrupted before it can + attempt an establishment of tyranny. Without corrupting the State + legislatures, it cannot prosecute the attempt, because the + periodical change of members would otherwise regenerate the whole + body. Without exerting the means of corruption with equal success + on the House of Representatives, the opposition of that coequal + branch of the government would inevitably defeat the attempt; and + without corrupting the people themselves, a succession of new + representatives would speedily restore all things to their pristine + order. Is there any man who can seriously persuade himself that the + proposed Senate can, by any possible means within the compass of + human address, arrive at the object of a lawless ambition, through + all these obstructions? +If reason condemns the suspicion, the same sentence is + pronounced by experience. The constitution of Maryland furnishes + the most apposite example. The Senate of that State is elected, as + the federal Senate will be, indirectly by the people, and for a term + less by one year only than the federal Senate. It is distinguished, + also, by the remarkable prerogative of filling up its own vacancies + within the term of its appointment, and, at the same time, is not + under the control of any such rotation as is provided for the + federal Senate. There are some other lesser distinctions, which + would expose the former to colorable objections, that do not lie + against the latter. If the federal Senate, therefore, really + contained the danger which has been so loudly proclaimed, some + symptoms at least of a like danger ought by this time to have been + betrayed by the Senate of Maryland, but no such symptoms have + appeared. On the contrary, the jealousies at first entertained by + men of the same description with those who view with terror the + correspondent part of the federal Constitution, have been gradually + extinguished by the progress of the experiment; and the Maryland + constitution is daily deriving, from the salutary operation of this + part of it, a reputation in which it will probably not be rivalled + by that of any State in the Union. +But if any thing could silence the jealousies on this subject, + it ought to be the British example. The Senate there instead of + being elected for a term of six years, and of being unconfined to + particular families or fortunes, is an hereditary assembly of + opulent nobles. The House of Representatives, instead of being + elected for two years, and by the whole body of the people, is + elected for seven years, and, in very great proportion, by a very + small proportion of the people. Here, unquestionably, ought to be + seen in full display the aristocratic usurpations and tyranny which + are at some future period to be exemplified in the United States. + Unfortunately, however, for the anti-federal argument, the British + history informs us that this hereditary assembly has not been able + to defend itself against the continual encroachments of the House of + Representatives; and that it no sooner lost the support of the + monarch, than it was actually crushed by the weight of the popular + branch. +As far as antiquity can instruct us on this subject, its + examples support the reasoning which we have employed. In Sparta, + the Ephori, the annual representatives of the people, were found an + overmatch for the senate for life, continually gained on its + authority and finally drew all power into their own hands. The + Tribunes of Rome, who were the representatives of the people, + prevailed, it is well known, in almost every contest with the senate + for life, and in the end gained the most complete triumph over it. + The fact is the more remarkable, as unanimity was required in every + act of the Tribunes, even after their number was augmented to ten. + It proves the irresistible force possessed by that branch of a free + government, which has the people on its side. To these examples + might be added that of Carthage, whose senate, according to the + testimony of Polybius, instead of drawing all power into its vortex, + had, at the commencement of the second Punic War, lost almost the + whole of its original portion. +Besides the conclusive evidence resulting from this assemblage + of facts, that the federal Senate will never be able to transform + itself, by gradual usurpations, into an independent and aristocratic + body, we are warranted in believing, that if such a revolution + should ever happen from causes which the foresight of man cannot + guard against, the House of Representatives, with the people on + their side, will at all times be able to bring back the Constitution + to its primitive form and principles. Against the force of the + immediate representatives of the people, nothing will be able to + maintain even the constitutional authority of the Senate, but such a + display of enlightened policy, and attachment to the public good, as + will divide with that branch of the legislature the affections and + support of the entire body of the people themselves. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 64 + +The Powers of the Senate +From the New York Packet. +Friday, March 7, 1788. + +JAY + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT IS a just and not a new observation, that enemies to + particular persons, and opponents to particular measures, seldom + confine their censures to such things only in either as are worthy + of blame. Unless on this principle, it is difficult to explain the + motives of their conduct, who condemn the proposed Constitution in + the aggregate, and treat with severity some of the most + unexceptionable articles in it. +The second section gives power to the President, ``BY AND WITH + THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE, TO MAKE TREATIES, PROVIDED TWO + THIRDS OF THE SENATORS PRESENT CONCUR.'' +The power of making treaties is an important one, especially as + it relates to war, peace, and commerce; and it should not be + delegated but in such a mode, and with such precautions, as will + afford the highest security that it will be exercised by men the + best qualified for the purpose, and in the manner most conducive to + the public good. The convention appears to have been attentive to + both these points: they have directed the President to be chosen by + select bodies of electors, to be deputed by the people for that + express purpose; and they have committed the appointment of + senators to the State legislatures. This mode has, in such cases, + vastly the advantage of elections by the people in their collective + capacity, where the activity of party zeal, taking the advantage of + the supineness, the ignorance, and the hopes and fears of the unwary + and interested, often places men in office by the votes of a small + proportion of the electors. +As the select assemblies for choosing the President, as well as + the State legislatures who appoint the senators, will in general be + composed of the most enlightened and respectable citizens, there is + reason to presume that their attention and their votes will be + directed to those men only who have become the most distinguished by + their abilities and virtue, and in whom the people perceive just + grounds for confidence. The Constitution manifests very particular + attention to this object. By excluding men under thirty-five from + the first office, and those under thirty from the second, it + confines the electors to men of whom the people have had time to + form a judgment, and with respect to whom they will not be liable to + be deceived by those brilliant appearances of genius and patriotism, + which, like transient meteors, sometimes mislead as well as dazzle. + If the observation be well founded, that wise kings will always be + served by able ministers, it is fair to argue, that as an assembly + of select electors possess, in a greater degree than kings, the + means of extensive and accurate information relative to men and + characters, so will their appointments bear at least equal marks of + discretion and discernment. The inference which naturally results + from these considerations is this, that the President and senators + so chosen will always be of the number of those who best understand + our national interests, whether considered in relation to the + several States or to foreign nations, who are best able to promote + those interests, and whose reputation for integrity inspires and + merits confidence. With such men the power of making treaties may + be safely lodged. +Although the absolute necessity of system, in the conduct of any + business, is universally known and acknowledged, yet the high + importance of it in national affairs has not yet become sufficiently + impressed on the public mind. They who wish to commit the power + under consideration to a popular assembly, composed of members + constantly coming and going in quick succession, seem not to + recollect that such a body must necessarily be inadequate to the + attainment of those great objects, which require to be steadily + contemplated in all their relations and circumstances, and which can + only be approached and achieved by measures which not only talents, + but also exact information, and often much time, are necessary to + concert and to execute. It was wise, therefore, in the convention + to provide, not only that the power of making treaties should be + committed to able and honest men, but also that they should continue + in place a sufficient time to become perfectly acquainted with our + national concerns, and to form and introduce a a system for the + management of them. The duration prescribed is such as will give + them an opportunity of greatly extending their political + information, and of rendering their accumulating experience more and + more beneficial to their country. Nor has the convention discovered + less prudence in providing for the frequent elections of senators in + such a way as to obviate the inconvenience of periodically + transferring those great affairs entirely to new men; for by + leaving a considerable residue of the old ones in place, uniformity + and order, as well as a constant succession of official information + will be preserved. +There are a few who will not admit that the affairs of trade and + navigation should be regulated by a system cautiously formed and + steadily pursued; and that both our treaties and our laws should + correspond with and be made to promote it. It is of much + consequence that this correspondence and conformity be carefully + maintained; and they who assent to the truth of this position will + see and confess that it is well provided for by making concurrence + of the Senate necessary both to treaties and to laws. +It seldom happens in the negotiation of treaties, of whatever + nature, but that perfect SECRECY and immediate DESPATCH are + sometimes requisite. These are cases where the most useful + intelligence may be obtained, if the persons possessing it can be + relieved from apprehensions of discovery. Those apprehensions will + operate on those persons whether they are actuated by mercenary or + friendly motives; and there doubtless are many of both + descriptions, who would rely on the secrecy of the President, but + who would not confide in that of the Senate, and still less in that + of a large popular Assembly. The convention have done well, + therefore, in so disposing of the power of making treaties, that + although the President must, in forming them, act by the advice and + consent of the Senate, yet he will be able to manage the business of + intelligence in such a manner as prudence may suggest. +They who have turned their attention to the affairs of men, must + have perceived that there are tides in them; tides very irregular + in their duration, strength, and direction, and seldom found to run + twice exactly in the same manner or measure. To discern and to + profit by these tides in national affairs is the business of those + who preside over them; and they who have had much experience on + this head inform us, that there frequently are occasions when days, + nay, even when hours, are precious. The loss of a battle, the death + of a prince, the removal of a minister, or other circumstances + intervening to change the present posture and aspect of affairs, may + turn the most favorable tide into a course opposite to our wishes. + As in the field, so in the cabinet, there are moments to be seized + as they pass, and they who preside in either should be left in + capacity to improve them. So often and so essentially have we + heretofore suffered from the want of secrecy and despatch, that the + Constitution would have been inexcusably defective, if no attention + had been paid to those objects. Those matters which in negotiations + usually require the most secrecy and the most despatch, are those + preparatory and auxiliary measures which are not otherwise important + in a national view, than as they tend to facilitate the attainment + of the objects of the negotiation. For these, the President will + find no difficulty to provide; and should any circumstance occur + which requires the advice and consent of the Senate, he may at any + time convene them. Thus we see that the Constitution provides that + our negotiations for treaties shall have every advantage which can + be derived from talents, information, integrity, and deliberate + investigations, on the one hand, and from secrecy and despatch on + the other. +But to this plan, as to most others that have ever appeared, + objections are contrived and urged. +Some are displeased with it, not on account of any errors or + defects in it, but because, as the treaties, when made, are to have + the force of laws, they should be made only by men invested with + legislative authority. These gentlemen seem not to consider that + the judgments of our courts, and the commissions constitutionally + given by our governor, are as valid and as binding on all persons + whom they concern, as the laws passed by our legislature. All + constitutional acts of power, whether in the executive or in the + judicial department, have as much legal validity and obligation as + if they proceeded from the legislature; and therefore, whatever + name be given to the power of making treaties, or however obligatory + they may be when made, certain it is, that the people may, with much + propriety, commit the power to a distinct body from the legislature, + the executive, or the judicial. It surely does not follow, that + because they have given the power of making laws to the legislature, + that therefore they should likewise give them the power to do every + other act of sovereignty by which the citizens are to be bound and + affected. +Others, though content that treaties should be made in the mode + proposed, are averse to their being the SUPREME laws of the land. + They insist, and profess to believe, that treaties like acts of + assembly, should be repealable at pleasure. This idea seems to be + new and peculiar to this country, but new errors, as well as new + truths, often appear. These gentlemen would do well to reflect that + a treaty is only another name for a bargain, and that it would be + impossible to find a nation who would make any bargain with us, + which should be binding on them ABSOLUTELY, but on us only so long + and so far as we may think proper to be bound by it. They who make + laws may, without doubt, amend or repeal them; and it will not be + disputed that they who make treaties may alter or cancel them; but + still let us not forget that treaties are made, not by only one of + the contracting parties, but by both; and consequently, that as the + consent of both was essential to their formation at first, so must + it ever afterwards be to alter or cancel them. The proposed + Constitution, therefore, has not in the least extended the + obligation of treaties. They are just as binding, and just as far + beyond the lawful reach of legislative acts now, as they will be at + any future period, or under any form of government. +However useful jealousy may be in republics, yet when like bile + in the natural, it abounds too much in the body politic, the eyes of + both become very liable to be deceived by the delusive appearances + which that malady casts on surrounding objects. From this cause, + probably, proceed the fears and apprehensions of some, that the + President and Senate may make treaties without an equal eye to the + interests of all the States. Others suspect that two thirds will + oppress the remaining third, and ask whether those gentlemen are + made sufficiently responsible for their conduct; whether, if they + act corruptly, they can be punished; and if they make + disadvantageous treaties, how are we to get rid of those treaties? +As all the States are equally represented in the Senate, and by + men the most able and the most willing to promote the interests of + their constituents, they will all have an equal degree of influence + in that body, especially while they continue to be careful in + appointing proper persons, and to insist on their punctual + attendance. In proportion as the United States assume a national + form and a national character, so will the good of the whole be more + and more an object of attention, and the government must be a weak + one indeed, if it should forget that the good of the whole can only + be promoted by advancing the good of each of the parts or members + which compose the whole. It will not be in the power of the + President and Senate to make any treaties by which they and their + families and estates will not be equally bound and affected with the + rest of the community; and, having no private interests distinct + from that of the nation, they will be under no temptations to + neglect the latter. +As to corruption, the case is not supposable. He must either + have been very unfortunate in his intercourse with the world, or + possess a heart very susceptible of such impressions, who can think + it probable that the President and two thirds of the Senate will + ever be capable of such unworthy conduct. The idea is too gross and + too invidious to be entertained. But in such a case, if it should + ever happen, the treaty so obtained from us would, like all other + fraudulent contracts, be null and void by the law of nations. +With respect to their responsibility, it is difficult to + conceive how it could be increased. Every consideration that can + influence the human mind, such as honor, oaths, reputations, + conscience, the love of country, and family affections and + attachments, afford security for their fidelity. In short, as the + Constitution has taken the utmost care that they shall be men of + talents and integrity, we have reason to be persuaded that the + treaties they make will be as advantageous as, all circumstances + considered, could be made; and so far as the fear of punishment and + disgrace can operate, that motive to good behavior is amply afforded + by the article on the subject of impeachments. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 65 + +The Powers of the Senate Continued +From the New York Packet. +Friday, March 7, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE remaining powers which the plan of the convention allots to + the Senate, in a distinct capacity, are comprised in their + participation with the executive in the appointment to offices, and + in their judicial character as a court for the trial of impeachments. + As in the business of appointments the executive will be the + principal agent, the provisions relating to it will most properly be + discussed in the examination of that department. We will, + therefore, conclude this head with a view of the judicial character + of the Senate. +A well-constituted court for the trial of impeachments is an + object not more to be desired than difficult to be obtained in a + government wholly elective. The subjects of its jurisdiction are + those offenses which proceed from the misconduct of public men, or, + in other words, from the abuse or violation of some public trust. + They are of a nature which may with peculiar propriety be + denominated POLITICAL, as they relate chiefly to injuries done + immediately to the society itself. The prosecution of them, for + this reason, will seldom fail to agitate the passions of the whole + community, and to divide it into parties more or less friendly or + inimical to the accused. In many cases it will connect itself with + the pre-existing factions, and will enlist all their animosities, + partialities, influence, and interest on one side or on the other; + and in such cases there will always be the greatest danger that the + decision will be regulated more by the comparative strength of + parties, than by the real demonstrations of innocence or guilt. +The delicacy and magnitude of a trust which so deeply concerns + the political reputation and existence of every man engaged in the + administration of public affairs, speak for themselves. The + difficulty of placing it rightly, in a government resting entirely + on the basis of periodical elections, will as readily be perceived, + when it is considered that the most conspicuous characters in it + will, from that circumstance, be too often the leaders or the tools + of the most cunning or the most numerous faction, and on this + account, can hardly be expected to possess the requisite neutrality + towards those whose conduct may be the subject of scrutiny. +The convention, it appears, thought the Senate the most fit + depositary of this important trust. Those who can best discern the + intrinsic difficulty of the thing, will be least hasty in condemning + that opinion, and will be most inclined to allow due weight to the + arguments which may be supposed to have produced it. +What, it may be asked, is the true spirit of the institution + itself? Is it not designed as a method of NATIONAL INQUEST into the + conduct of public men? If this be the design of it, who can so + properly be the inquisitors for the nation as the representatives of + the nation themselves? It is not disputed that the power of + originating the inquiry, or, in other words, of preferring the + impeachment, ought to be lodged in the hands of one branch of the + legislative body. Will not the reasons which indicate the propriety + of this arrangement strongly plead for an admission of the other + branch of that body to a share of the inquiry? The model from which + the idea of this institution has been borrowed, pointed out that + course to the convention. In Great Britain it is the province of + the House of Commons to prefer the impeachment, and of the House of + Lords to decide upon it. Several of the State constitutions have + followed the example. As well the latter, as the former, seem to + have regarded the practice of impeachments as a bridle in the hands + of the legislative body upon the executive servants of the + government. Is not this the true light in which it ought to be + regarded? +Where else than in the Senate could have been found a tribunal + sufficiently dignified, or sufficiently independent? What other + body would be likely to feel CONFIDENCE ENOUGH IN ITS OWN SITUATION, + to preserve, unawed and uninfluenced, the necessary impartiality + between an INDIVIDUAL accused, and the REPRESENTATIVES OF THE + PEOPLE, HIS ACCUSERS? +Could the Supreme Court have been relied upon as answering this + description? It is much to be doubted, whether the members of that + tribunal would at all times be endowed with so eminent a portion of + fortitude, as would be called for in the execution of so difficult a + task; and it is still more to be doubted, whether they would + possess the degree of credit and authority, which might, on certain + occasions, be indispensable towards reconciling the people to a + decision that should happen to clash with an accusation brought by + their immediate representatives. A deficiency in the first, would + be fatal to the accused; in the last, dangerous to the public + tranquillity. The hazard in both these respects, could only be + avoided, if at all, by rendering that tribunal more numerous than + would consist with a reasonable attention to economy. The necessity + of a numerous court for the trial of impeachments, is equally + dictated by the nature of the proceeding. This can never be tied + down by such strict rules, either in the delineation of the offense + by the prosecutors, or in the construction of it by the judges, as + in common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of + personal security. There will be no jury to stand between the + judges who are to pronounce the sentence of the law, and the party + who is to receive or suffer it. The awful discretion which a court + of impeachments must necessarily have, to doom to honor or to infamy + the most confidential and the most distinguished characters of the + community, forbids the commitment of the trust to a small number of + persons. +These considerations seem alone sufficient to authorize a + conclusion, that the Supreme Court would have been an improper + substitute for the Senate, as a court of impeachments. There + remains a further consideration, which will not a little strengthen + this conclusion. It is this: The punishment which may be the + consequence of conviction upon impeachment, is not to terminate the + chastisement of the offender. After having been sentenced to a + prepetual ostracism from the esteem and confidence, and honors and + emoluments of his country, he will still be liable to prosecution + and punishment in the ordinary course of law. Would it be proper + that the persons who had disposed of his fame, and his most valuable + rights as a citizen in one trial, should, in another trial, for the + same offense, be also the disposers of his life and his fortune? + Would there not be the greatest reason to apprehend, that error, in + the first sentence, would be the parent of error in the second + sentence? That the strong bias of one decision would be apt to + overrule the influence of any new lights which might be brought to + vary the complexion of another decision? Those who know anything of + human nature, will not hesitate to answer these questions in the + affirmative; and will be at no loss to perceive, that by making the + same persons judges in both cases, those who might happen to be the + objects of prosecution would, in a great measure, be deprived of the + double security intended them by a double trial. The loss of life + and estate would often be virtually included in a sentence which, in + its terms, imported nothing more than dismission from a present, and + disqualification for a future, office. It may be said, that the + intervention of a jury, in the second instance, would obviate the + danger. But juries are frequently influenced by the opinions of + judges. They are sometimes induced to find special verdicts, which + refer the main question to the decision of the court. Who would be + willing to stake his life and his estate upon the verdict of a jury + acting under the auspices of judges who had predetermined his guilt? +Would it have been an improvement of the plan, to have united + the Supreme Court with the Senate, in the formation of the court of + impeachments? This union would certainly have been attended with + several advantages; but would they not have been overbalanced by + the signal disadvantage, already stated, arising from the agency of + the same judges in the double prosecution to which the offender + would be liable? To a certain extent, the benefits of that union + will be obtained from making the chief justice of the Supreme Court + the president of the court of impeachments, as is proposed to be + done in the plan of the convention; while the inconveniences of an + entire incorporation of the former into the latter will be + substantially avoided. This was perhaps the prudent mean. I + forbear to remark upon the additional pretext for clamor against the + judiciary, which so considerable an augmentation of its authority + would have afforded. +Would it have been desirable to have composed the court for the + trial of impeachments, of persons wholly distinct from the other + departments of the government? There are weighty arguments, as well + against, as in favor of, such a plan. To some minds it will not + appear a trivial objection, that it could tend to increase the + complexity of the political machine, and to add a new spring to the + government, the utility of which would at best be questionable. But + an objection which will not be thought by any unworthy of attention, + is this: a court formed upon such a plan, would either be attended + with a heavy expense, or might in practice be subject to a variety + of casualties and inconveniences. It must either consist of + permanent officers, stationary at the seat of government, and of + course entitled to fixed and regular stipends, or of certain + officers of the State governments to be called upon whenever an + impeachment was actually depending. It will not be easy to imagine + any third mode materially different, which could rationally be + proposed. As the court, for reasons already given, ought to be + numerous, the first scheme will be reprobated by every man who can + compare the extent of the public wants with the means of supplying + them. The second will be espoused with caution by those who will + seriously consider the difficulty of collecting men dispersed over + the whole Union; the injury to the innocent, from the + procrastinated determination of the charges which might be brought + against them; the advantage to the guilty, from the opportunities + which delay would afford to intrigue and corruption; and in some + cases the detriment to the State, from the prolonged inaction of men + whose firm and faithful execution of their duty might have exposed + them to the persecution of an intemperate or designing majority in + the House of Representatives. Though this latter supposition may + seem harsh, and might not be likely often to be verified, yet it + ought not to be forgotten that the demon of faction will, at certain + seasons, extend his sceptre over all numerous bodies of men. +But though one or the other of the substitutes which have been + examined, or some other that might be devised, should be thought + preferable to the plan in this respect, reported by the convention, + it will not follow that the Constitution ought for this reason to be + rejected. If mankind were to resolve to agree in no institution of + government, until every part of it had been adjusted to the most + exact standard of perfection, society would soon become a general + scene of anarchy, and the world a desert. Where is the standard of + perfection to be found? Who will undertake to unite the discordant + opinions of a whole commuity, in the same judgment of it; and to + prevail upon one conceited projector to renounce his INFALLIBLE + criterion for the FALLIBLE criterion of his more CONCEITED NEIGHBOR? + To answer the purpose of the adversaries of the Constitution, they + ought to prove, not merely that particular provisions in it are not + the best which might have been imagined, but that the plan upon the + whole is bad and pernicious. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 66 + +Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for + Impeachments Further Considered +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, March 11, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +A REVIEW of the principal objections that have appeared against + the proposed court for the trial of impeachments, will not + improbably eradicate the remains of any unfavorable impressions + which may still exist in regard to this matter. +The FIRST of these objections is, that the provision in question + confounds legislative and judiciary authorities in the same body, in + violation of that important and wellestablished maxim which requires + a separation between the different departments of power. The true + meaning of this maxim has been discussed and ascertained in another + place, and has been shown to be entirely compatible with a partial + intermixture of those departments for special purposes, preserving + them, in the main, distinct and unconnected. This partial + intermixture is even, in some cases, not only proper but necessary + to the mutual defense of the several members of the government + against each other. An absolute or qualified negative in the + executive upon the acts of the legislative body, is admitted, by the + ablest adepts in political science, to be an indispensable barrier + against the encroachments of the latter upon the former. And it + may, perhaps, with no less reason be contended, that the powers + relating to impeachments are, as before intimated, an essential + check in the hands of that body upon the encroachments of the + executive. The division of them between the two branches of the + legislature, assigning to one the right of accusing, to the other + the right of judging, avoids the inconvenience of making the same + persons both accusers and judges; and guards against the danger of + persecution, from the prevalency of a factious spirit in either of + those branches. As the concurrence of two thirds of the Senate will + be requisite to a condemnation, the security to innocence, from this + additional circumstance, will be as complete as itself can desire. +It is curious to observe, with what vehemence this part of the + plan is assailed, on the principle here taken notice of, by men who + profess to admire, without exception, the constitution of this + State; while that constitution makes the Senate, together with the + chancellor and judges of the Supreme Court, not only a court of + impeachments, but the highest judicatory in the State, in all + causes, civil and criminal. The proportion, in point of numbers, of + the chancellor and judges to the senators, is so inconsiderable, + that the judiciary authority of New York, in the last resort, may, + with truth, be said to reside in its Senate. If the plan of the + convention be, in this respect, chargeable with a departure from the + celebrated maxim which has been so often mentioned, and seems to be + so little understood, how much more culpable must be the + constitution of New York?1 +A SECOND objection to the Senate, as a court of impeachments, + is, that it contributes to an undue accumulation of power in that + body, tending to give to the government a countenance too + aristocratic. The Senate, it is observed, is to have concurrent + authority with the Executive in the formation of treaties and in the + appointment to offices: if, say the objectors, to these + prerogatives is added that of deciding in all cases of impeachment, + it will give a decided predominancy to senatorial influence. To an + objection so little precise in itself, it is not easy to find a very + precise answer. Where is the measure or criterion to which we can + appeal, for determining what will give the Senate too much, too + little, or barely the proper degree of influence? Will it not be + more safe, as well as more simple, to dismiss such vague and + uncertain calculations, to examine each power by itself, and to + decide, on general principles, where it may be deposited with most + advantage and least inconvenience? +If we take this course, it will lead to a more intelligible, if + not to a more certain result. The disposition of the power of + making treaties, which has obtained in the plan of the convention, + will, then, if I mistake not, appear to be fully justified by the + considerations stated in a former number, and by others which will + occur under the next head of our inquiries. The expediency of the + junction of the Senate with the Executive, in the power of + appointing to offices, will, I trust, be placed in a light not less + satisfactory, in the disquisitions under the same head. And I + flatter myself the observations in my last paper must have gone no + inconsiderable way towards proving that it was not easy, if + practicable, to find a more fit receptacle for the power of + determining impeachments, than that which has been chosen. If this + be truly the case, the hypothetical dread of the too great weight of + the Senate ought to be discarded from our reasonings. +But this hypothesis, such as it is, has already been refuted in + the remarks applied to the duration in office prescribed for the + senators. It was by them shown, as well on the credit of historical + examples, as from the reason of the thing, that the most POPULAR + branch of every government, partaking of the republican genius, by + being generally the favorite of the people, will be as generally a + full match, if not an overmatch, for every other member of the + Government. +But independent of this most active and operative principle, to + secure the equilibrium of the national House of Representatives, the + plan of the convention has provided in its favor several important + counterpoises to the additional authorities to be conferred upon the + Senate. The exclusive privilege of originating money bills will + belong to the House of Representatives. The same house will possess + the sole right of instituting impeachments: is not this a complete + counterbalance to that of determining them? The same house will be + the umpire in all elections of the President, which do not unite the + suffrages of a majority of the whole number of electors; a case + which it cannot be doubted will sometimes, if not frequently, happen. + The constant possibility of the thing must be a fruitful source of + influence to that body. The more it is contemplated, the more + important will appear this ultimate though contingent power, of + deciding the competitions of the most illustrious citizens of the + Union, for the first office in it. It would not perhaps be rash to + predict, that as a mean of influence it will be found to outweigh + all the peculiar attributes of the Senate. +A THIRD objection to the Senate as a court of impeachments, is + drawn from the agency they are to have in the appointments to office. + It is imagined that they would be too indulgent judges of the + conduct of men, in whose official creation they had participated. + The principle of this objection would condemn a practice, which is + to be seen in all the State governments, if not in all the + governments with which we are acquainted: I mean that of rendering + those who hold offices during pleasure, dependent on the pleasure of + those who appoint them. With equal plausibility might it be alleged + in this case, that the favoritism of the latter would always be an + asylum for the misbehavior of the former. But that practice, in + contradiction to this principle, proceeds upon the presumption, that + the responsibility of those who appoint, for the fitness and + competency of the persons on whom they bestow their choice, and the + interest they will have in the respectable and prosperous + administration of affairs, will inspire a sufficient disposition to + dismiss from a share in it all such who, by their conduct, shall + have proved themselves unworthy of the confidence reposed in them. + Though facts may not always correspond with this presumption, yet + if it be, in the main, just, it must destroy the supposition that + the Senate, who will merely sanction the choice of the Executive, + should feel a bias, towards the objects of that choice, strong + enough to blind them to the evidences of guilt so extraordinary, as + to have induced the representatives of the nation to become its + accusers. +If any further arguments were necessary to evince the + improbability of such a bias, it might be found in the nature of the + agency of the Senate in the business of appointments. +It will be the office of the President to NOMINATE, and, with + the advice and consent of the Senate, to APPOINT. There will, of + course, be no exertion of CHOICE on the part of the Senate. They + may defeat one choice of the Executive, and oblige him to make + another; but they cannot themselves CHOOSE, they can only ratify or + reject the choice of the President. They might even entertain a + preference to some other person, at the very moment they were + assenting to the one proposed, because there might be no positive + ground of opposition to him; and they could not be sure, if they + withheld their assent, that the subsequent nomination would fall + upon their own favorite, or upon any other person in their + estimation more meritorious than the one rejected. Thus it could + hardly happen, that the majority of the Senate would feel any other + complacency towards the object of an appointment than such as the + appearances of merit might inspire, and the proofs of the want of it + destroy. +A FOURTH objection to the Senate in the capacity of a court of + impeachments, is derived from its union with the Executive in the + power of making treaties. This, it has been said, would constitute + the senators their own judges, in every case of a corrupt or + perfidious execution of that trust. After having combined with the + Executive in betraying the interests of the nation in a ruinous + treaty, what prospect, it is asked, would there be of their being + made to suffer the punishment they would deserve, when they were + themselves to decide upon the accusation brought against them for + the treachery of which they have been guilty? +This objection has been circulated with more earnestness and + with greater show of reason than any other which has appeared + against this part of the plan; and yet I am deceived if it does not + rest upon an erroneous foundation. +The security essentially intended by the Constitution against + corruption and treachery in the formation of treaties, is to be + sought for in the numbers and characters of those who are to make + them. The JOINT AGENCY of the Chief Magistrate of the Union, and of + two thirds of the members of a body selected by the collective + wisdom of the legislatures of the several States, is designed to be + the pledge for the fidelity of the national councils in this + particular. The convention might with propriety have meditated the + punishment of the Executive, for a deviation from the instructions + of the Senate, or a want of integrity in the conduct of the + negotiations committed to him; they might also have had in view the + punishment of a few leading individuals in the Senate, who should + have prostituted their influence in that body as the mercenary + instruments of foreign corruption: but they could not, with more or + with equal propriety, have contemplated the impeachment and + punishment of two thirds of the Senate, consenting to an improper + treaty, than of a majority of that or of the other branch of the + national legislature, consenting to a pernicious or unconstitutional + law, a principle which, I believe, has never been admitted into any + government. How, in fact, could a majority in the House of + Representatives impeach themselves? Not better, it is evident, than + two thirds of the Senate might try themselves. And yet what reason + is there, that a majority of the House of Representatives, + sacrificing the interests of the society by an unjust and tyrannical + act of legislation, should escape with impunity, more than two + thirds of the Senate, sacrificing the same interests in an injurious + treaty with a foreign power? The truth is, that in all such cases + it is essential to the freedom and to the necessary independence of + the deliberations of the body, that the members of it should be + exempt from punishment for acts done in a collective capacity; and + the security to the society must depend on the care which is taken + to confide the trust to proper hands, to make it their interest to + execute it with fidelity, and to make it as difficult as possible + for them to combine in any interest opposite to that of the public + good. +So far as might concern the misbehavior of the Executive in + perverting the instructions or contravening the views of the Senate, + we need not be apprehensive of the want of a disposition in that + body to punish the abuse of their confidence or to vindicate their + own authority. We may thus far count upon their pride, if not upon + their virtue. And so far even as might concern the corruption of + leading members, by whose arts and influence the majority may have + been inveigled into measures odious to the community, if the proofs + of that corruption should be satisfactory, the usual propensity of + human nature will warrant us in concluding that there would be + commonly no defect of inclination in the body to divert the public + resentment from themselves by a ready sacrifice of the authors of + their mismanagement and disgrace. +PUBLIUS. +In that of New Jersey, also, the final judiciary authority is in + a branch of the legislature. In New Hampshire, Massachusetts, + Pennsylvanis, and South Carolina, one branch of the legislature is + the court for the trial of impeachments. + + +FEDERALIST No. 67 + +The Executive Department +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, March 11, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE constitution of the executive department of the proposed + government, claims next our attention. +There is hardly any part of the system which could have been + atten ed with greater difficulty in the arrangement of it than this; + and there is, perhaps, none which has been inveighed against with + less candor or criticised with less judgment. +Here the writers against the Constitution seem to have taken + pains to signalize their talent of misrepresentation. Calculating + upon the aversion of the people to monarchy, they have endeavored to + enlist all their jealousies and apprehensions in opposition to the + intended President of the United States; not merely as the embryo, + but as the full-grown progeny, of that detested parent. To + establish the pretended affinity, they have not scrupled to draw + resources even from the regions of fiction. The authorities of a + magistrate, in few instances greater, in some instances less, than + those of a governor of New York, have been magnified into more than + royal prerogatives. He has been decorated with attributes superior + in dignity and splendor to those of a king of Great Britain. He has + been shown to us with the diadem sparkling on his brow and the + imperial purple flowing in his train. He has been seated on a + throne surrounded with minions and mistresses, giving audience to + the envoys of foreign potentates, in all the supercilious pomp of + majesty. The images of Asiatic despotism and voluptuousness have + scarcely been wanting to crown the exaggerated scene. We have been + taught to tremble at the terrific visages of murdering janizaries, + and to blush at the unveiled mysteries of a future seraglio. +Attempts so extravagant as these to disfigure or, it might + rather be said, to metamorphose the object, render it necessary to + take an accurate view of its real nature and form: in order as well + to ascertain its true aspect and genuine appearance, as to unmask + the disingenuity and expose the fallacy of the counterfeit + resemblances which have been so insidiously, as well as + industriously, propagated. +In the execution of this task, there is no man who would not + find it an arduous effort either to behold with moderation, or to + treat with seriousness, the devices, not less weak than wicked, + which have been contrived to pervert the public opinion in relation + to the subject. They so far exceed the usual though unjustifiable + licenses of party artifice, that even in a disposition the most + candid and tolerant, they must force the sentiments which favor an + indulgent construction of the conduct of political adversaries to + give place to a voluntary and unreserved indignation. It is + impossible not to bestow the imputation of deliberate imposture and + deception upon the gross pretense of a similitude between a king of + Great Britain and a magistrate of the character marked out for that + of the President of the United States. It is still more impossible + to withhold that imputation from the rash and barefaced expedients + which have been employed to give success to the attempted imposition. +In one instance, which I cite as a sample of the general spirit, + the temerity has proceeded so far as to ascribe to the President of + the United States a power which by the instrument reported is + EXPRESSLY allotted to the Executives of the individual States. I + mean the power of filling casual vacancies in the Senate. +This bold experiment upon the discernment of his countrymen has + been hazarded by a writer who (whatever may be his real merit) has + had no inconsiderable share in the applauses of his party1; and + who, upon this false and unfounded suggestion, has built a series of + observations equally false and unfounded. Let him now be confronted + with the evidence of the fact, and let him, if he be able, justify + or extenuate the shameful outrage he has offered to the dictates of + truth and to the rules of fair dealing. +The second clause of the second section of the second article + empowers the President of the United States ``to nominate, and by + and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint + ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the + Supreme Court, and all other OFFICERS of United States whose + appointments are NOT in the Constitution OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, and + WHICH SHALL BE ESTABLISHED BY LAW.'' Immediately after this clause + follows another in these words: ``The President shall have power to + fill up ?? VACANCIES that may happen DURING THE RECESS OF THE + SENATE, by granting commissions which shall EXPIRE AT THE END OF + THEIR NEXT SESSION.'' It is from this last provision that the + pretended power of the President to fill vacancies in the Senate has + been deduced. A slight attention to the connection of the clauses, + and to the obvious meaning of the terms, will satisfy us that the + deduction is not even colorable. +The first of these two clauses, it is clear, only provides a + mode for appointing such officers, ``whose appointments are NOT + OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR in the Constitution, and which SHALL BE + ESTABLISHED BY LAW''; of course it cannot extend to the + appointments of senators, whose appointments are OTHERWISE PROVIDED + FOR in the Constitution2, and who are ESTABLISHED BY THE + CONSTITUTION, and will not require a future establishment by law. + This position will hardly be contested. +The last of these two clauses, it is equally clear, cannot be + understood to comprehend the power of filling vacancies in the + Senate, for the following reasons: First. The relation in + which that clause stands to the other, which declares the general + mode of appointing officers of the United States, denotes it to be + nothing more than a supplement to the other, for the purpose of + establishing an auxiliary method of appointment, in cases to which + the general method was inadequate. The ordinary power of + appointment is confined to the President and Senate JOINTLY, and can + therefore only be exercised during the session of the Senate; but + as it would have been improper to oblige this body to be continually + in session for the appointment of officers and as vacancies might + happen IN THEIR RECESS, which it might be necessary for the public + service to fill without delay, the succeeding clause is evidently + intended to authorize the President, SINGLY, to make temporary + appointments ``during the recess of the Senate, by granting + commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.'' + Secondly. If this clause is to be considered as supplementary + to the one which precedes, the VACANCIES of which it speaks must be + construed to relate to the ``officers'' described in the preceding + one; and this, we have seen, excludes from its description the + members of the Senate. Thirdly. The time within which the + power is to operate, ``during the recess of the Senate,'' and the + duration of the appointments, ``to the end of the next session'' of + that body, conspire to elucidate the sense of the provision, which, + if it had been intended to comprehend senators, would naturally have + referred the temporary power of filling vacancies to the recess of + the State legislatures, who are to make the permanent appointments, + and not to the recess of the national Senate, who are to have no + concern in those appointments; and would have extended the duration + in office of the temporary senators to the next session of the + legislature of the State, in whose representation the vacancies had + happened, instead of making it to expire at the end of the ensuing + session of the national Senate. The circumstances of the body + authorized to make the permanent appointments would, of course, have + governed the modification of a power which related to the temporary + appointments; and as the national Senate is the body, whose + situation is alone contemplated in the clause upon which the + suggestion under examination has been founded, the vacancies to + which it alludes can only be deemed to respect those officers in + whose appointment that body has a concurrent agency with the + President. But lastly, the first and second clauses of the + third section of the first article, not only obviate all possibility + of doubt, but destroy the pretext of misconception. The former + provides, that ``the Senate of the United States shall be composed + of two Senators from each State, chosen BY THE LEGISLATURE THEREOF + for six years''; and the latter directs, that, ``if vacancies in + that body should happen by resignation or otherwise, DURING THE + RECESS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF ANY STATE, the Executive THEREOF may + make temporary appointments until the NEXT MEETING OF THE + LEGISLATURE, which shall then fill such vacancies.'' Here is an + express power given, in clear and unambiguous terms, to the State + Executives, to fill casual vacancies in the Senate, by temporary + appointments; which not only invalidates the supposition, that the + clause before considered could have been intended to confer that + power upon the President of the United States, but proves that this + supposition, destitute as it is even of the merit of plausibility, + must have originated in an intention to deceive the people, too + palpable to be obscured by sophistry, too atrocious to be palliated + by hypocrisy. +I have taken the pains to select this instance of + misrepresentation, and to place it in a clear and strong light, as + an unequivocal proof of the unwarrantable arts which are practiced + to prevent a fair and impartial judgment of the real merits of the + Constitution submitted to the consideration of the people. Nor have + I scrupled, in so flagrant a case, to allow myself a severity of + animadversion little congenial with the general spirit of these + papers. I hesitate not to submit it to the decision of any candid + and honest adversary of the proposed government, whether language + can furnish epithets of too much asperity, for so shameless and so + prostitute an attempt to impose on the citizens of America. +PUBLIUS. +1 See CATO, No. V. +2 Article I, section 3, clause I. + + +FEDERALIST No. 68 + +The Mode of Electing the President +From the New York Packet. +Friday, March 14, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE mode of appointment of the Chief Magistrate of the United + States is almost the only part of the system, of any consequence, + which has escaped without severe censure, or which has received the + slightest mark of approbation from its opponents. The most + plausible of these, who has appeared in print, has even deigned to + admit that the election of the President is pretty well + guarded.1 I venture somewhat further, and hesitate not to + affirm, that if the manner of it be not perfect, it is at least + excellent. It unites in an eminent degree all the advantages, the + union of which was to be wished for. +It was desirable that the sense of the people should operate in + the choice of the person to whom so important a trust was to be + confided. This end will be answered by committing the right of + making it, not to any preestablished body, but to men chosen by the + people for the special purpose, and at the particular conjuncture. +It was equally desirable, that the immediate election should be + made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the + station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, + and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements + which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of + persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, + will be most likely to possess the information and discernment + requisite to such complicated investigations. +It was also peculiarly desirable to afford as little opportunity + as possible to tumult and disorder. This evil was not least to be + dreaded in the election of a magistrate, who was to have so + important an agency in the administration of the government as the + President of the United States. But the precautions which have been + so happily concerted in the system under consideration, promise an + effectual security against this mischief. The choice of SEVERAL, to + form an intermediate body of electors, will be much less apt to + convulse the community with any extraordinary or violent movements, + than the choice of ONE who was himself to be the final object of the + public wishes. And as the electors, chosen in each State, are to + assemble and vote in the State in which they are chosen, this + detached and divided situation will expose them much less to heats + and ferments, which might be communicated from them to the people, + than if they were all to be convened at one time, in one place. +Nothing was more to be desired than that every practicable + obstacle should be opposed to cabal, intrigue, and corruption. + These most deadly adversaries of republican government might + naturally have been expected to make their approaches from more than + one querter, but chiefly from the desire in foreign powers to gain + an improper ascendant in our councils. How could they better + gratify this, than by raising a creature of their own to the chief + magistracy of the Union? But the convention have guarded against + all danger of this sort, with the most provident and judicious + attention. They have not made the appointment of the President to + depend on any preexisting bodies of men, who might be tampered with + beforehand to prostitute their votes; but they have referred it in + the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America, to + be exerted in the choice of persons for the temporary and sole + purpose of making the appointment. And they have excluded from + eligibility to this trust, all those who from situation might be + suspected of too great devotion to the President in office. No + senator, representative, or other person holding a place of trust or + profit under the United States, can be of the numbers of the + electors. Thus without corrupting the body of the people, the + immediate agents in the election will at least enter upon the task + free from any sinister bias. Their transient existence, and their + detached situation, already taken notice of, afford a satisfactory + prospect of their continuing so, to the conclusion of it. The + business of corruption, when it is to embrace so considerable a + number of men, requires time as well as means. Nor would it be + found easy suddenly to embark them, dispersed as they would be over + thirteen States, in any combinations founded upon motives, which + though they could not properly be denominated corrupt, might yet be + of a nature to mislead them from their duty. +Another and no less important desideratum was, that the + Executive should be independent for his continuance in office on all + but the people themselves. He might otherwise be tempted to + sacrifice his duty to his complaisance for those whose favor was + necessary to the duration of his official consequence. This + advantage will also be secured, by making his re-election to depend + on a special body of representatives, deputed by the society for the + single purpose of making the important choice. +All these advantages will happily combine in the plan devised by + the convention; which is, that the people of each State shall + choose a number of persons as electors, equal to the number of + senators and representatives of such State in the national + government, who shall assemble within the State, and vote for some + fit person as President. Their votes, thus given, are to be + transmitted to the seat of the national government, and the person + who may happen to have a majority of the whole number of votes will + be the President. But as a majority of the votes might not always + happen to centre in one man, and as it might be unsafe to permit + less than a majority to be conclusive, it is provided that, in such + a contingency, the House of Representatives shall select out of the + candidates who shall have the five highest number of votes, the man + who in their opinion may be best qualified for the office. +The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the + office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not + in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. + Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may + alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single + State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of + merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole + Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary + to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of + President of the United States. It will not be too strong to say, + that there will be a constant probability of seeing the station + filled by characters pre-eminent for ability and virtue. And this + will be thought no inconsiderable recommendation of the + Constitution, by those who are able to estimate the share which the + executive in every government must necessarily have in its good or + ill administration. Though we cannot acquiesce in the political + heresy of the poet who says: ``For forms of government let fools + contest That which is best administered is best,'' + yet we may safely pronounce, that the true test of a good + government is its aptitude and tendency to produce a good + administration. +The Vice-President is to be chosen in the same manner with the + President; with this difference, that the Senate is to do, in + respect to the former, what is to be done by the House of + Representatives, in respect to the latter. +The appointment of an extraordinary person, as Vice-President, + has been objected to as superfluous, if not mischievous. It has + been alleged, that it would have been preferable to have authorized + the Senate to elect out of their own body an officer answering that + description. But two considerations seem to justify the ideas of + the convention in this respect. One is, that to secure at all times + the possibility of a definite resolution of the body, it is + necessary that the President should have only a casting vote. And + to take the senator of any State from his seat as senator, to place + him in that of President of the Senate, would be to exchange, in + regard to the State from which he came, a constant for a contingent + vote. The other consideration is, that as the Vice-President may + occasionally become a substitute for the President, in the supreme + executive magistracy, all the reasons which recommend the mode of + election prescribed for the one, apply with great if not with equal + force to the manner of appointing the other. It is remarkable that + in this, as in most other instances, the objection which is made + would lie against the constitution of this State. We have a + Lieutenant-Governor, chosen by the people at large, who presides in + the Senate, and is the constitutional substitute for the Governor, + in casualties similar to those which would authorize the + Vice-President to exercise the authorities and discharge the duties + of the President. +PUBLIUS. +1 Vide FEDERAL FARMER. + + +FEDERALIST No. 69 + +The Real Character of the Executive +From the New York Packet. +Friday, March 14, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +I PROCEED now to trace the real characters of the proposed + Executive, as they are marked out in the plan of the convention. + This will serve to place in a strong light the unfairness of the + representations which have been made in regard to it. +The first thing which strikes our attention is, that the + executive authority, with few exceptions, is to be vested in a + single magistrate. This will scarcely, however, be considered as a + point upon which any comparison can be grounded; for if, in this + particular, there be a resemblance to the king of Great Britain, + there is not less a resemblance to the Grand Seignior, to the khan + of Tartary, to the Man of the Seven Mountains, or to the governor of + New York. +That magistrate is to be elected for FOUR years; and is to be + re-eligible as often as the people of the United States shall think + him worthy of their confidence. In these circumstances there is a + total dissimilitude between HIM and a king of Great Britain, who is + an HEREDITARY monarch, possessing the crown as a patrimony + descendible to his heirs forever; but there is a close analogy + between HIM and a governor of New York, who is elected for THREE + years, and is re-eligible without limitation or intermission. If we + consider how much less time would be requisite for establishing a + dangerous influence in a single State, than for establishing a like + influence throughout the United States, we must conclude that a + duration of FOUR years for the Chief Magistrate of the Union is a + degree of permanency far less to be dreaded in that office, than a + duration of THREE years for a corresponding office in a single State. +The President of the United States would be liable to be + impeached, tried, and, upon conviction of treason, bribery, or other + high crimes or misdemeanors, removed from office; and would + afterwards be liable to prosecution and punishment in the ordinary + course of law. The person of the king of Great Britain is sacred + and inviolable; there is no constitutional tribunal to which he is + amenable; no punishment to which he can be subjected without + involving the crisis of a national revolution. In this delicate and + important circumstance of personal responsibility, the President of + Confederated America would stand upon no better ground than a + governor of New York, and upon worse ground than the governors of + Maryland and Delaware. +The President of the United States is to have power to return a + bill, which shall have passed the two branches of the legislature, + for reconsideration; and the bill so returned is to become a law, + if, upon that reconsideration, it be approved by two thirds of both + houses. The king of Great Britain, on his part, has an absolute + negative upon the acts of the two houses of Parliament. The disuse + of that power for a considerable time past does not affect the + reality of its existence; and is to be ascribed wholly to the + crown's having found the means of substituting influence to + authority, or the art of gaining a majority in one or the other of + the two houses, to the necessity of exerting a prerogative which + could seldom be exerted without hazarding some degree of national + agitation. The qualified negative of the President differs widely + from this absolute negative of the British sovereign; and tallies + exactly with the revisionary authority of the council of revision of + this State, of which the governor is a constituent part. In this + respect the power of the President would exceed that of the governor + of New York, because the former would possess, singly, what the + latter shares with the chancellor and judges; but it would be + precisely the same with that of the governor of Massachusetts, whose + constitution, as to this article, seems to have been the original + from which the convention have copied. +The President is to be the ``commander-in-chief of the army and + navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, + when called into the actual service of the United States. He is to + have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the + United States, EXCEPT IN CASES OF IMPEACHMENT; to recommend to the + consideration of Congress such measures as he shall judge necessary + and expedient; to convene, on extraordinary occasions, both houses + of the legislature, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement + between them WITH RESPECT TO THE TIME OF ADJOURNMENT, to adjourn + them to such time as he shall think proper; to take care that the + laws be faithfully executed; and to commission all officers of the + United States.'' In most of these particulars, the power of the + President will resemble equally that of the king of Great Britain + and of the governor of New York. The most material points of + difference are these: First. The President will have only the + occasional command of such part of the militia of the nation as by + legislative provision may be called into the actual service of the + Union. The king of Great Britain and the governor of New York have + at all times the entire command of all the militia within their + several jurisdictions. In this article, therefore, the power of the + President would be inferior to that of either the monarch or the + governor. Secondly. The President is to be commander-in-chief + of the army and navy of the United States. In this respect his + authority would be nominally the same with that of the king of Great + Britain, but in substance much inferior to it. It would amount to + nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military + and naval forces, as first General and admiral of the Confederacy; + while that of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and + to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all which, by + the Constitution under consideration, would appertain to the + legislature.1 The governor of New York, on the other hand, is + by the constitution of the State vested only with the command of its + militia and navy. But the constitutions of several of the States + expressly declare their governors to be commanders-in-chief, as well + of the army as navy; and it may well be a question, whether those + of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, in particular, do not, in this + instance, confer larger powers upon their respective governors, than + could be claimed by a President of the United States. Thirdly. + The power of the President, in respect to pardons, would extend to + all cases, EXCEPT THOSE OF IMPEACHMENT. The governor of New York + may pardon in all cases, even in those of impeachment, except for + treason and murder. Is not the power of the governor, in this + article, on a calculation of political consequences, greater than + that of the President? All conspiracies and plots against the + government, which have not been matured into actual treason, may be + screened from punishment of every kind, by the interposition of the + prerogative of pardoning. If a governor of New York, therefore, + should be at the head of any such conspiracy, until the design had + been ripened into actual hostility he could insure his accomplices + and adherents an entire impunity. A President of the Union, on the + other hand, though he may even pardon treason, when prosecuted in + the ordinary course of law, could shelter no offender, in any + degree, from the effects of impeachment and conviction. Would not + the prospect of a total indemnity for all the preliminary steps be a + greater temptation to undertake and persevere in an enterprise + against the public liberty, than the mere prospect of an exemption + from death and confiscation, if the final execution of the design, + upon an actual appeal to arms, should miscarry? Would this last + expectation have any influence at all, when the probability was + computed, that the person who was to afford that exemption might + himself be involved in the consequences of the measure, and might be + incapacitated by his agency in it from affording the desired + impunity? The better to judge of this matter, it will be necessary + to recollect, that, by the proposed Constitution, the offense of + treason is limited ``to levying war upon the United States, and + adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort''; and that + by the laws of New York it is confined within similar bounds. + Fourthly. The President can only adjourn the national legislature + in the single case of disagreement about the time of adjournment. + The British monarch may prorogue or even dissolve the Parliament. + The governor of New York may also prorogue the legislature of this + State for a limited time; a power which, in certain situations, may + be employed to very important purposes. +The President is to have power, with the advice and consent of + the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators + present concur. The king of Great Britain is the sole and absolute + representative of the nation in all foreign transactions. He can of + his own accord make treaties of peace, commerce, alliance, and of + every other description. It has been insinuated, that his authority + in this respect is not conclusive, and that his conventions with + foreign powers are subject to the revision, and stand in need of the + ratification, of Parliament. But I believe this doctrine was never + heard of, until it was broached upon the present occasion. Every + jurist2 of that kingdom, and every other man acquainted with its + Constitution, knows, as an established fact, that the prerogative of + making treaties exists in the crown in its utomst plentitude; and + that the compacts entered into by the royal authority have the most + complete legal validity and perfection, independent of any other + sanction. The Parliament, it is true, is sometimes seen employing + itself in altering the existing laws to conform them to the + stipulations in a new treaty; and this may have possibly given + birth to the imagination, that its co-operation was necessary to the + obligatory efficacy of the treaty. But this parliamentary + interposition proceeds from a different cause: from the necessity + of adjusting a most artificial and intricate system of revenue and + commercial laws, to the changes made in them by the operation of the + treaty; and of adapting new provisions and precautions to the new + state of things, to keep the machine from running into disorder. In + this respect, therefore, there is no comparison between the intended + power of the President and the actual power of the British sovereign. + The one can perform alone what the other can do only with the + concurrence of a branch of the legislature. It must be admitted, + that, in this instance, the power of the federal Executive would + exceed that of any State Executive. But this arises naturally from + the sovereign power which relates to treaties. If the Confederacy + were to be dissolved, it would become a question, whether the + Executives of the several States were not solely invested with that + delicate and important prerogative. +The President is also to be authorized to receive ambassadors + and other public ministers. This, though it has been a rich theme + of declamation, is more a matter of dignity than of authority. It + is a circumstance which will be without consequence in the + administration of the government; and it was far more convenient + that it should be arranged in this manner, than that there should be + a necessity of convening the legislature, or one of its branches, + upon every arrival of a foreign minister, though it were merely to + take the place of a departed predecessor. +The President is to nominate, and, WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT + OF THE SENATE, to appoint ambassadors and other public ministers, + judges of the Supreme Court, and in general all officers of the + United States established by law, and whose appointments are not + otherwise provided for by the Constitution. The king of Great + Britain is emphatically and truly styled the fountain of honor. He + not only appoints to all offices, but can create offices. He can + confer titles of nobility at pleasure; and has the disposal of an + immense number of church preferments. There is evidently a great + inferiority in the power of the President, in this particular, to + that of the British king; nor is it equal to that of the governor + of New York, if we are to interpret the meaning of the constitution + of the State by the practice which has obtained under it. The power + of appointment is with us lodged in a council, composed of the + governor and four members of the Senate, chosen by the Assembly. + The governor CLAIMS, and has frequently EXERCISED, the right of + nomination, and is ENTITLED to a casting vote in the appointment. + If he really has the right of nominating, his authority is in this + respect equal to that of the President, and exceeds it in the + article of the casting vote. In the national government, if the + Senate should be divided, no appointment could be made; in the + government of New York, if the council should be divided, the + governor can turn the scale, and confirm his own nomination.3 + If we compare the publicity which must necessarily attend the mode + of appointment by the President and an entire branch of the national + legislature, with the privacy in the mode of appointment by the + governor of New York, closeted in a secret apartment with at most + four, and frequently with only two persons; and if we at the same + time consider how much more easy it must be to influence the small + number of which a council of appointment consists, than the + considerable number of which the national Senate would consist, we + cannot hesitate to pronounce that the power of the chief magistrate + of this State, in the disposition of offices, must, in practice, be + greatly superior to that of the Chief Magistrate of the Union. +Hence it appears that, except as to the concurrent authority of + the President in the article of treaties, it would be difficult to + determine whether that magistrate would, in the aggregate, possess + more or less power than the Governor of New York. And it appears + yet more unequivocally, that there is no pretense for the parallel + which has been attempted between him and the king of Great Britain. + But to render the contrast in this respect still more striking, it + may be of use to throw the principal circumstances of dissimilitude + into a closer group. +The President of the United States would be an officer elected + by the people for FOUR years; the king of Great Britain is a + perpetual and HEREDITARY prince. The one would be amenable to + personal punishment and disgrace; the person of the other is sacred + and inviolable. The one would have a QUALIFIED negative upon the + acts of the legislative body; the other has an ABSOLUTE negative. + The one would have a right to command the military and naval forces + of the nation; the other, in addition to this right, possesses that + of DECLARING war, and of RAISING and REGULATING fleets and armies by + his own authority. The one would have a concurrent power with a + branch of the legislature in the formation of treaties; the other + is the SOLE POSSESSOR of the power of making treaties. The one + would have a like concurrent authority in appointing to offices; + the other is the sole author of all appointments. The one can + confer no privileges whatever; the other can make denizens of + aliens, noblemen of commoners; can erect corporations with all the + rights incident to corporate bodies. The one can prescribe no rules + concerning the commerce or currency of the nation; the other is in + several respects the arbiter of commerce, and in this capacity can + establish markets and fairs, can regulate weights and measures, can + lay embargoes for a limited time, can coin money, can authorize or + prohibit the circulation of foreign coin. The one has no particle + of spiritual jurisdiction; the other is the supreme head and + governor of the national church! What answer shall we give to those + who would persuade us that things so unlike resemble each other? + The same that ought to be given to those who tell us that a + government, the whole power of which would be in the hands of the + elective and periodical servants of the people, is an aristocracy, a + monarchy, and a despotism. +PUBLIUS. +1 A writer in a &ennsylvania paper, under the signature of + TAMONY, has asserted that the king of Great Britain oweshis + prerogative as commander-in-chief to an annual mutiny bill. The + truth is, on the contrary, that his prerogative, in this respect, is + immenmorial, and was only disputed, ``contrary to all reason and + precedent,'' as Blackstone vol. i., page 262, expresses it, by the + Long Parliament of Charles I. but by the statute the 13th of Charles + II., chap. 6, it was declared to be in the king alone, for that the + sole supreme government and command of the militia within his + Majesty's realms and dominions, and of all forces by sea and land, + and of all forts and places of strength, EVER WAS AND IS the + undoubted right of his Majesty and his royal predecessors, kings and + queens of England, and that both or either house of Parliament + cannot nor ought to pretend to the same. +2 Vide Blackstone's ``Commentaries,'' vol i., p. 257. +3 Candor, however, demands an acknowledgment that I do not think + the claim of the governor to a right of nomination well founded. + Yet it is always justifiable to reason from the practice of a + government, till its propriety has been constitutionally questioned. + And independent of this claim, when we take into view the other + considerations, and pursue them through all their consequences, we + shall be inclined to draw much the same conclusion. + +*There are two slightly different versions of No. 70 included here. + +FEDERALIST No. 70 + +The Executive Department Further Considered +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, March 18, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THERE is an idea, which is not without its advocates, that a + vigorous Executive is inconsistent with the genius of republican + government. The enlightened well-wishers to this species of + government must at least hope that the supposition is destitute of + foundation; since they can never admit its truth, without at the + same time admitting the condemnation of their own principles. + Energy in the Executive is a leading character in the definition of + good government. It is essential to the protection of the community + against foreign attacks; it is not less essential to the steady + administration of the laws; to the protection of property against + those irregular and high-handed combinations which sometimes + interrupt the ordinary course of justice; to the security of + liberty against the enterprises and assaults of ambition, of + faction, and of anarchy. Every man the least conversant in Roman + story, knows how often that republic was obliged to take refuge in + the absolute power of a single man, under the formidable title of + Dictator, as well against the intrigues of ambitious individuals who + aspired to the tyranny, and the seditions of whole classes of the + community whose conduct threatened the existence of all government, + as against the invasions of external enemies who menaced the + conquest and destruction of Rome. +There can be no need, however, to multiply arguments or examples + on this head. A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the + government. A feeble execution is but another phrase for a bad + execution; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in + theory, must be, in practice, a bad government. +Taking it for granted, therefore, that all men of sense will + agree in the necessity of an energetic Executive, it will only + remain to inquire, what are the ingredients which constitute this + energy? How far can they be combined with those other ingredients + which constitute safety in the republican sense? And how far does + this combination characterize the plan which has been reported by + the convention? +The ingredients which constitute energy in the Executive are, + first, unity; secondly, duration; thirdly, an adequate provision + for its support; fourthly, competent powers. +The ingredients which constitute safety in the repub lican sense + are, first, a due dependence on the people, secondly, a due + responsibility. +Those politicians and statesmen who have been the most + celebrated for the soundness of their principles and for the justice + of their views, have declared in favor of a single Executive and a + numerous legislature. They have with great propriety, considered + energy as the most necessary qualification of the former, and have + regarded this as most applicable to power in a single hand, while + they have, with equal propriety, considered the latter as best + adapted to deliberation and wisdom, and best calculated to + conciliate the confidence of the people and to secure their + privileges and interests. +That unity is conducive to energy will not be disputed. + Decision, activity, secrecy, and despatch will generally + characterize the proceedings of one man in a much more eminent + degree than the proceedings of any greater number; and in + proportion as the number is increased, these qualities will be + diminished. +This unity may be destroyed in two ways: either by vesting the + power in two or more magistrates of equal dignity and authority; or + by vesting it ostensibly in one man, subject, in whole or in part, + to the control and co-operation of others, in the capacity of + counsellors to him. Of the first, the two Consuls of Rome may serve + as an example; of the last, we shall find examples in the + constitutions of several of the States. New York and New Jersey, if + I recollect right, are the only States which have intrusted the + executive authority wholly to single men.1 Both these methods + of destroying the unity of the Executive have their partisans; but + the votaries of an executive council are the most numerous. They + are both liable, if not to equal, to similar objections, and may in + most lights be examined in conjunction. +The experience of other nations will afford little instruction + on this head. As far, however, as it teaches any thing, it teaches + us not to be enamoured of plurality in the Executive. We have seen + that the Achaeans, on an experiment of two Praetors, were induced to + abolish one. The Roman history records many instances of mischiefs + to the republic from the dissensions between the Consuls, and + between the military Tribunes, who were at times substituted for the + Consuls. But it gives us no specimens of any peculiar advantages + derived to the state from the circumstance of the plurality of those + magistrates. That the dissensions between them were not more + frequent or more fatal, is a matter of astonishment, until we advert + to the singular position in which the republic was almost + continually placed, and to the prudent policy pointed out by the + circumstances of the state, and pursued by the Consuls, of making a + division of the government between them. The patricians engaged in + a perpetual struggle with the plebeians for the preservation of + their ancient authorities and dignities; the Consuls, who were + generally chosen out of the former body, were commonly united by the + personal interest they had in the defense of the privileges of their + order. In addition to this motive of union, after the arms of the + republic had considerably expanded the bounds of its empire, it + became an established custom with the Consuls to divide the + administration between themselves by lot one of them remaining at + Rome to govern the city and its environs, the other taking the + command in the more distant provinces. This expedient must, no + doubt, have had great influence in preventing those collisions and + rivalships which might otherwise have embroiled the peace of the + republic. +But quitting the dim light of historical research, attaching + ourselves purely to the dictates of reason and good se se, we shall + discover much greater cause to reject than to approve the idea of + plurality in the Executive, under any modification whatever. +Wherever two or more persons are engaged in any common + enterprise or pursuit, there is always danger of difference of + opinion. If it be a public trust or office, in which they are + clothed with equal dignity and authority, there is peculiar danger + of personal emulation and even animosity. From either, and + especially from all these causes, the most bitter dissensions are + apt to spring. Whenever these happen, they lessen the + respectability, weaken the authority, and distract the plans and + operation of those whom they divide. If they should unfortunately + assail the supreme executive magistracy of a country, consisting of + a plurality of persons, they might impede or frustrate the most + important measures of the government, in the most critical + emergencies of the state. And what is still worse, they might split + the community into the most violent and irreconcilable factions, + adhering differently to the different individuals who composed the + magistracy. +Men often oppose a thing, merely because they have had no agency + in planning it, or because it may have been planned by those whom + they dislike. But if they have been consulted, and have happened to + disapprove, opposition then becomes, in their estimation, an + indispensable duty of self-love. They seem to think themselves + bound in honor, and by all the motives of personal infallibility, to + defeat the success of what has been resolved upon contrary to their + sentiments. Men of upright, benevolent tempers have too many + opportunities of remarking, with horror, to what desperate lengths + this disposition is sometimes carried, and how often the great + interests of society are sacrificed to the vanity, to the conceit, + and to the obstinacy of individuals, who have credit enough to make + their passions and their caprices interesting to mankind. Perhaps + the question now before the public may, in its consequences, afford + melancholy proofs of the effects of this despicable frailty, or + rather detestable vice, in the human character. +Upon the principles of a free government, inconveniences from + the source just mentioned must necessarily be submitted to in the + formation of the legislature; but it is unnecessary, and therefore + unwise, to introduce them into the constitution of the Executive. + It is here too that they may be most pernicious. In the + legislature, promptitude of decision is oftener an evil than a + benefit. The differences of opinion, and the jarrings of parties in + that department of the government, though they may sometimes + obstruct salutary plans, yet often promote deliberation and + circumspection, and serve to check excesses in the majority. When a + resolution too is once taken, the opposition must be at an end. + That resolution is a law, and resistance to it punishable. But no + favorable circumstances palliate or atone for the disadvantages of + dissension in the executive department. Here, they are pure and + unmixed. There is no point at which they cease to operate. They + serve to embarrass and weaken the execution of the plan or measure + to which they relate, from the first step to the final conclusion of + it. They constantly counteract those qualities in the Executive + which are the most necessary ingredients in its composition, vigor + and expedition, and this without anycounterbalancing good. In the + conduct of war, in which the energy of the Executive is the bulwark + of the national security, every thing would be to be apprehended + from its plurality. +It must be confessed that these observations apply with + principal weight to the first case supposed that is, to a plurality + of magistrates of equal dignity and authority a scheme, the + advocates for which are not likely to form a numerous sect; but + they apply, though not with equal, yet with considerable weight to + the project of a council, whose concurrence is made constitutionally + necessary to the operations of the ostensible Executive. An artful + cabal in that council would be able to distract and to enervate the + whole system of administration. If no such cabal should exist, the + mere diversity of views and opinions would alone be sufficient to + tincture the exercise of the executive authority with a spirit of + habitual feebleness and dilatoriness. +But one of the weightiest objections to a plurality in the + Executive, and which lies as much against the last as the first + plan, is, that it tends to conceal faults and destroy responsibility. + Responsibility is of two kinds to censure and to punishment. The + first is the more important of the two, especially in an elective + office. Man, in public trust, will much oftener act in such a + manner as to render him unworthy of being any longer trusted, than + in such a manner as to make him obnoxious to legal punishment. But + the multiplication of the Executive adds to the difficulty of + detection in either case. It often becomes impossible, amidst + mutual accusations, to determine on whom the blame or the punishment + of a pernicious measure, or series of pernicious measures, ought + really to fall. It is shifted from one to another with so much + dexterity, and under such plausible appearances, that the public + opinion is left in suspense about the real author. The + circumstances which may have led to any national miscarriage or + misfortune are sometimes so complicated that, where there are a + number of actors who may have had different degrees and kinds of + agency, though we may clearly see upon the whole that there has been + mismanagement, yet it may be impracticable to pronounce to whose + account the evil which may have been incurred is truly chargeable. +``I was overruled by my council. The council were so divided in + their opinions that it was impossible to obtain any better + resolution on the point.'' These and similar pretexts are + constantly at hand, whether true or false. And who is there that + will either take the trouble or incur the odium, of a strict + scrunity into the secret springs of the transaction? Should there + be found a citizen zealous enough to undertake the unpromising task, + if there happen to be collusion between the parties concerned, how + easy it is to clothe the circumstances with so much ambiguity, as to + render it uncertain what was the precise conduct of any of those + parties? +In the single instance in which the governor of this State is + coupled with a council that is, in the appointment to offices, we + have seen the mischiefs of it in the view now under consideration. + Scandalous appointments to important offices have been made. Some + cases, indeed, have been so flagrant that ALL PARTIES have agreed in + the impropriety of the thing. When inquiry has been made, the blame + has been laid by the governor on the members of the council, who, on + their part, have charged it upon his nomination; while the people + remain altogether at a loss to determine, by whose influence their + interests have been committed to hands so unqualified and so + manifestly improper. In tenderness to individuals, I forbear to + descend to particulars. +It is evident from these considerations, that the plurality of + the Executive tends to deprive the people of the two greatest + securities they can have for the faithful exercise of any delegated + power, first, the restraints of public opinion, which lose their + efficacy, as well on account of the division of the censure + attendant on bad measures among a number, as on account of the + uncertainty on whom it ought to fall; and, secondly, the + opportunity of discovering with facility and clearness the + misconduct of the persons they trust, in order either to their + removal from office or to their actual punishment in cases which + admit of it. +In England, the king is a perpetual magistrate; and it is a + maxim which has obtained for the sake of the pub lic peace, that he + is unaccountable for his administration, and his person sacred. + Nothing, therefore, can be wiser in that kingdom, than to annex to + the king a constitutional council, who may be responsible to the + nation for the advice they give. Without this, there would be no + responsibility whatever in the executive department an idea + inadmissible in a free government. But even there the king is not + bound by the resolutions of his council, though they are answerable + for the advice they give. He is the absolute master of his own + conduct in the exercise of his office, and may observe or disregard + the counsel given to him at his sole discretion. +But in a republic, where every magistrate ought to be personally + responsible for his behavior in office the reason which in the + British Constitution dictates the propriety of a council, not only + ceases to apply, but turns against the institution. In the monarchy + of Great Britain, it furnishes a substitute for the prohibited + responsibility of the chief magistrate, which serves in some degree + as a hostage to the national justice for his good behavior. In the + American republic, it would serve to destroy, or would greatly + diminish, the intended and necessary responsibility of the Chief + Magistrate himself. +The idea of a council to the Executive, which has so generally + obtained in the State constitutions, has been derived from that + maxim of republican jealousy which considers power as safer in the + hands of a number of men than of a single man. If the maxim should + be admitted to be applicable to the case, I should contend that the + advantage on that side would not counterbalance the numerous + disadvantages on the opposite side. But I do not think the rule at + all applicable to the executive power. I clearly concur in opinion, + in this particular, with a writer whom the celebrated Junius + pronounces to be ``deep, solid, and ingenious,'' that ``the + executive power is more easily confined when it is ONE'';2 that + it is far more safe there should be a single object for the jealousy + and watchfulness of the people; and, in a word, that all + multiplication of the Executive is rather dangerous than friendly to + liberty. +A little consideration will satisfy us, that the species of + security sought for in the multiplication of the Executive, is + nattainable. Numbers must be so great as to render combination + difficult, or they are rather a source of danger than of security. + The united credit and influence of several individuals must be more + formidable to liberty, than the credit and influence of either of + them separately. When power, therefore, is placed in the hands of + so small a number of men, as to admit of their interests and views + being easily combined in a common enterprise, by an artful leader, + it becomes more liable to abuse, and more dangerous when abused, + than if it be lodged in the hands of one man; who, from the very + circumstance of his being alone, will be more narrowly watched and + more readily suspected, and who cannot unite so great a mass of + influence as when he is associated with others. The Decemvirs of + Rome, whose name denotes their number,3 were more to be dreaded + in their usurpation than any ONE of them would have been. No person + would think of proposing an Executive much more numerous than that + body; from six to a dozen have been suggested for the number of the + council. The extreme of these numbers, is not too great for an easy + combination; and from such a combination America would have more to + fear, than from the ambition of any single individual. A council to + a magistrate, who is himself responsible for what he does, are + generally nothing better than a clog upon his good intentions, are + often the instruments and accomplices of his bad and are almost + always a cloak to his faults. +I forbear to dwell upon the subject of expense; though it be + evident that if the council should be numerous enough to answer the + principal end aimed at by the institution, the salaries of the + members, who must be drawn from their homes to reside at the seat of + government, would form an item in the catalogue of public + expenditures too serious to be incurred for an object of equivocal + utility. I will only add that, prior to the appearance of the + Constitution, I rarely met with an intelligent man from any of the + States, who did not admit, as the result of experience, that the + UNITY of the executive of this State was one of the best of the + distinguishing features of our constitution. +PUBLIUS. +1 New York has no council except for the single purpose of + appointing to offices; New Jersey has a council whom the governor + may consult. But I think, from the terms of the constitution, their + resolutions do not bind him. +2 De Lolme. +3 Ten. + +*There are two slightly different versions of No. 70 included here. + +FEDERALIST No. 70 + +The Executive Department Further Considered +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, March 18, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THERE is an idea, which is not without its advocates, that a + vigorous Executive is inconsistent with the genius of republican + government. The enlightened well-wishers to this species of + government must at least hope that the supposition is destitute of + foundation; since they can never admit its truth, without at the + same time admitting the condemnation of their own principles. + Energy in the Executive is a leading character in the definition of + good government. It is essential to the protection of the community + against foreign attacks; it is not less essential to the steady + administration of the laws; to the protection of property against + those irregular and high-handed combinations which sometimes + interrupt the ordinary course of justice; to the security of + liberty against the enterprises and assaults of ambition, of + faction, and of anarchy. Every man the least conversant in Roman + story, knows how often that republic was obliged to take refuge in + the absolute power of a single man, under the formidable title of + Dictator, as well against the intrigues of ambitious individuals who + aspired to the tyranny, and the seditions of whole classes of the + community whose conduct threatened the existence of all government, + as against the invasions of external enemies who menaced the + conquest and destruction of Rome. +There can be no need, however, to multiply arguments or examples + on this head. A feeble Executive implies a feeble execution of the + government. A feeble execution is but another phrase for a bad + execution; and a government ill executed, whatever it may be in + theory, must be, in practice, a bad government. +Taking it for granted, therefore, that all men of sense will + agree in the necessity of an energetic Executive, it will only + remain to inquire, what are the ingredients which constitute this + energy? How far can they be combined with those other ingredients + which constitute safety in the republican sense? And how far does + this combination characterize the plan which has been reported by + the convention? +The ingredients which constitute energy in the Executive are, + first, unity; secondly, duration; thirdly, an adequate provision + for its support; fourthly, competent powers. +The ingredients which constitute safety in the repub lican sense + are, first, a due dependence on the people, secondly, a due + responsibility. +Those politicians and statesmen who have been the most + celebrated for the soundness of their principles and for the justice + of their views, have declared in favor of a single Executive and a + numerous legislature. They have with great propriety, considered + energy as the most necessary qualification of the former, and have + regarded this as most applicable to power in a single hand, while + they have, with equal propriety, considered the latter as best + adapted to deliberation and wisdom, and best calculated to + conciliate the confidence of the people and to secure their + privileges and interests. +That unity is conducive to energy will not be disputed. + Decision, activity, secrecy, and despatch will generally + characterize the proceedings of one man in a much more eminent + degree than the proceedings of any greater number; and in + proportion as the number is increased, these qualities will be + diminished. +This unity may be destroyed in two ways: either by vesting the + power in two or more magistrates of equal dignity and authority; or + by vesting it ostensibly in one man, subject, in whole or in part, + to the control and co-operation of others, in the capacity of + counsellors to him. Of the first, the two Consuls of Rome may serve + as an example; of the last, we shall find examples in the + constitutions of several of the States. New York and New Jersey, if + I recollect right, are the only States which have intrusted the + executive authority wholly to single men.1 Both these methods + of destroying the unity of the Executive have their partisans; but + the votaries of an executive council are the most numerous. They + are both liable, if not to equal, to similar objections, and may in + most lights be examined in conjunction. +The experience of other nations will afford little instruction + on this head. As far, however, as it teaches any thing, it teaches + us not to be enamoured of plurality in the Executive. We have seen + that the Achaeans, on an experiment of two Praetors, were induced to + abolish one. The Roman history records many instances of mischiefs + to the republic from the dissensions between the Consuls, and + between the military Tribunes, who were at times substituted for the + Consuls. But it gives us no specimens of any peculiar advantages + derived to the state from the circumstance of the plurality of those + magistrates. That the dissensions between them were not more + frequent or more fatal, is a matter of astonishment, until we advert + to the singular position in which the republic was almost + continually placed, and to the prudent policy pointed out by the + circumstances of the state, and pursued by the Consuls, of making a + division of the government between them. The patricians engaged in + a perpetual struggle with the plebeians for the preservation of + their ancient authorities and dignities; the Consuls, who were + generally chosen out of the former body, were commonly united by the + personal interest they had in the defense of the privileges of their + order. In addition to this motive of union, after the arms of the + republic had considerably expanded the bounds of its empire, it + became an established custom with the Consuls to divide the + administration between themselves by lot one of them remaining at + Rome to govern the city and its environs, the other taking the + command in the more distant provinces. This expedient must, no + doubt, have had great influence in preventing those collisions and + rivalships which might otherwise have embroiled the peace of the + republic. +But quitting the dim light of historical research, attaching + ourselves purely to the dictates of reason and good se se, we shall + discover much greater cause to reject than to approve the idea of + plurality in the Executive, under any modification whatever. +Wherever two or more persons are engaged in any common + enterprise or pursuit, there is always danger of difference of + opinion. If it be a public trust or office, in which they are + clothed with equal dignity and authority, there is peculiar danger + of personal emulation and even animosity. From either, and + especially from all these causes, the most bitter dissensions are + apt to spring. Whenever these happen, they lessen the + respectability, weaken the authority, and distract the plans and + operation of those whom they divide. If they should unfortunately + assail the supreme executive magistracy of a country, consisting of + a plurality of persons, they might impede or frustrate the most + important measures of the government, in the most critical + emergencies of the state. And what is still worse, they might split + the community into the most violent and irreconcilable factions, + adhering differently to the different individuals who composed the + magistracy. +Men often oppose a thing, merely because they have had no agency + in planning it, or because it may have been planned by those whom + they dislike. But if they have been consulted, and have happened to + disapprove, opposition then becomes, in their estimation, an + indispensable duty of self-love. They seem to think themselves + bound in honor, and by all the motives of personal infallibility, to + defeat the success of what has been resolved upon contrary to their + sentiments. Men of upright, benevolent tempers have too many + opportunities of remarking, with horror, to what desperate lengths + this disposition is sometimes carried, and how often the great + interests of society are sacrificed to the vanity, to the conceit, + and to the obstinacy of individuals, who have credit enough to make + their passions and their caprices interesting to mankind. Perhaps + the question now before the public may, in its consequences, afford + melancholy proofs of the effects of this despicable frailty, or + rather detestable vice, in the human character. +Upon the principles of a free government, inconveniences from + the source just mentioned must necessarily be submitted to in the + formation of the legislature; but it is unnecessary, and therefore + unwise, to introduce them into the constitution of the Executive. + It is here too that they may be most pernicious. In the + legislature, promptitude of decision is oftener an evil than a + benefit. The differences of opinion, and the jarrings of parties in + that department of the government, though they may sometimes + obstruct salutary plans, yet often promote deliberation and + circumspection, and serve to check excesses in the majority. When a + resolution too is once taken, the opposition must be at an end. + That resolution is a law, and resistance to it punishable. But no + favorable circumstances palliate or atone for the disadvantages of + dissension in the executive department. Here, they are pure and + unmixed. There is no point at which they cease to operate. They + serve to embarrass and weaken the execution of the plan or measure + to which they relate, from the first step to the final conclusion of + it. They constantly counteract those qualities in the Executive + which are the most necessary ingredients in its composition, vigor + and expedition, and this without anycounterbalancing good. In the + conduct of war, in which the energy of the Executive is the bulwark + of the national security, every thing would be to be apprehended + from its plurality. +It must be confessed that these observations apply with + principal weight to the first case supposed that is, to a plurality + of magistrates of equal dignity and authority a scheme, the + advocates for which are not likely to form a numerous sect; but + they apply, though not with equal, yet with considerable weight to + the project of a council, whose concurrence is made constitutionally + necessary to the operations of the ostensible Executive. An artful + cabal in that council would be able to distract and to enervate the + whole system of administration. If no such cabal should exist, the + mere diversity of views and opinions would alone be sufficient to + tincture the exercise of the executive authority with a spirit of + habitual feebleness and dilatoriness. +But one of the weightiest objections to a plurality in the + Executive, and which lies as much against the last as the first + plan, is, that it tends to conceal faults and destroy responsibility. +Responsibility is of two kinds to censure and to punishment. The + first is the more important of the two, especially in an elective + office. Man, in public trust, will much oftener act in such a + manner as to render him unworthy of being any longer trusted, than + in such a manner as to make him obnoxious to legal punishment. But + the multiplication of the Executive adds to the difficulty of + detection in either case. It often becomes impossible, amidst + mutual accusations, to determine on whom the blame or the punishment + of a pernicious measure, or series of pernicious measures, ought + really to fall. It is shifted from one to another with so much + dexterity, and under such plausible appearances, that the public + opinion is left in suspense about the real author. The + circumstances which may have led to any national miscarriage or + misfortune are sometimes so complicated that, where there are a + number of actors who may have had different degrees and kinds of + agency, though we may clearly see upon the whole that there has been + mismanagement, yet it may be impracticable to pronounce to whose + account the evil which may have been incurred is truly chargeable. +``I was overruled by my council. The council were so divided in + their opinions that it was impossible to obtain any better + resolution on the point.'' These and similar pretexts are + constantly at hand, whether true or false. And who is there that + will either take the trouble or incur the odium, of a strict + scrunity into the secret springs of the transaction? Should there + be found a citizen zealous enough to undertake the unpromising task, + if there happen to be collusion between the parties concerned, how + easy it is to clothe the circumstances with so much ambiguity, as to + render it uncertain what was the precise conduct of any of those + parties? +In the single instance in which the governor of this State is + coupled with a council that is, in the appointment to offices, we + have seen the mischiefs of it in the view now under consideration. + Scandalous appointments to important offices have been made. Some + cases, indeed, have been so flagrant that ALL PARTIES have agreed in + the impropriety of the thing. When inquiry has been made, the blame + has been laid by the governor on the members of the council, who, on + their part, have charged it upon his nomination; while the people + remain altogether at a loss to determine, by whose influence their + interests have been committed to hands so unqualified and so + manifestly improper. In tenderness to individuals, I forbear to + descend to particulars. +It is evident from these considerations, that the plurality of + the Executive tends to deprive the people of the two greatest + securities they can have for the faithful exercise of any delegated + power, first, the restraints of public opinion, which lose their + efficacy, as well on account of the division of the censure + attendant on bad measures among a number, as on account of the + uncertainty on whom it ought to fall; and, secondly, the + opportunity of discovering with facility and clearness the + misconduct of the persons they trust, in order either to their + removal from office or to their actual punishment in cases which + admit of it. +In England, the king is a perpetual magistrate; and it is a + maxim which has obtained for the sake of the pub lic peace, that he + is unaccountable for his administration, and his person sacred. + Nothing, therefore, can be wiser in that kingdom, than to annex to + the king a constitutional council, who may be responsible to the + nation for the advice they give. Without this, there would be no + responsibility whatever in the executive department an idea + inadmissible in a free government. But even there the king is not + bound by the resolutions of his council, though they are answerable + for the advice they give. He is the absolute master of his own + conduct in the exercise of his office, and may observe or disregard + the counsel given to him at his sole discretion. +But in a republic, where every magistrate ought to be personally + responsible for his behavior in office the reason which in the + British Constitution dictates the propriety of a council, not only + ceases to apply, but turns against the institution. In the monarchy + of Great Britain, it furnishes a substitute for the prohibited + responsibility of the chief magistrate, which serves in some degree + as a hostage to the national justice for his good behavior. In the + American republic, it would serve to destroy, or would greatly + diminish, the intended and necessary responsibility of the Chief + Magistrate himself. +The idea of a council to the Executive, which has so generally + obtained in the State constitutions, has been derived from that + maxim of republican jealousy which considers power as safer in the + hands of a number of men than of a single man. If the maxim should + be admitted to be applicable to the case, I should contend that the + advantage on that side would not counterbalance the numerous + disadvantages on the opposite side. But I do not think the rule at + all applicable to the executive power. I clearly concur in opinion, + in this particular, with a writer whom the celebrated Junius + pronounces to be ``deep, solid, and ingenious,'' that ``the + executive power is more easily confined when it is ONE'';2 that + it is far more safe there should be a single object for the jealousy + and watchfulness of the people; and, in a word, that all + multiplication of the Executive is rather dangerous than friendly to + liberty. +A little consideration will satisfy us, that the species of + security sought for in the multiplication of the Executive, is + nattainable. Numbers must be so great as to render combination + difficult, or they are rather a source of danger than of security. + The united credit and influence of several individuals must be more + formidable to liberty, than the credit and influence of either of + them separately. When power, therefore, is placed in the hands of + so small a number of men, as to admit of their interests and views + being easily combined in a common enterprise, by an artful leader, + it becomes more liable to abuse, and more dangerous when abused, + than if it be lodged in the hands of one man; who, from the very + circumstance of his being alone, will be more narrowly watched and + more readily suspected, and who cannot unite so great a mass of + influence as when he is associated with others. The Decemvirs of + Rome, whose name denotes their number,3 were more to be dreaded + in their usurpation than any ONE of them would have been. No person + would think of proposing an Executive much more numerous than that + body; from six to a dozen have been suggested for the number of the + council. The extreme of these numbers, is not too great for an easy + combination; and from such a combination America would have more to + fear, than from the ambition of any single individual. A council to + a magistrate, who is himself responsible for what he does, are + generally nothing better than a clog upon his good intentions, are + often the instruments and accomplices of his bad and are almost + always a cloak to his faults. +I forbear to dwell upon the subject of expense; though it be + evident that if the council should be numerous enough to answer the + principal end aimed at by the institution, the salaries of the + members, who must be drawn from their homes to reside at the seat of + government, would form an item in the catalogue of public + expenditures too serious to be incurred for an object of equivocal + utility. I will only add that, prior to the appearance of the + Constitution, I rarely met with an intelligent man from any of the + States, who did not admit, as the result of experience, that the + UNITY of the executive of this State was one of the best of the + distinguishing features of our constitution. +PUBLIUS. +1 New York has no council except for the single purpose of + appointing to offices; New Jersey has a council whom the governor + may consult. But I think, from the terms of the constitution, their + resolutions do not bind him. +2 De Lolme. +3 Ten. + + +FEDERALIST No. 71 + +The Duration in Office of the Executive +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, March 18, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +DURATION in office has been mentioned as the second requisite to + the energy of the Executive authority. This has relation to two + objects: to the personal firmness of the executive magistrate, in + the employment of his constitutional powers; and to the stability + of the system of administration which may have been adopted under + his auspices. With regard to the first, it must be evident, that + the longer the duration in office, the greater will be the + probability of obtaining so important an advantage. It is a general + principle of human nature, that a man will be interested in whatever + he possesses, in proportion to the firmness or precariousness of the + tenure by which he holds it; will be less attached to what he holds + by a momentary or uncertain title, than to what he enjoys by a + durable or certain title; and, of course, will be willing to risk + more for the sake of the one, than for the sake of the other. This + remark is not less applicable to a political privilege, or honor, or + trust, than to any article of ordinary property. The inference from + it is, that a man acting in the capacity of chief magistrate, under + a consciousness that in a very short time he MUST lay down his + office, will be apt to feel himself too little interested in it to + hazard any material censure or perplexity, from the independent + exertion of his powers, or from encountering the ill-humors, however + transient, which may happen to prevail, either in a considerable + part of the society itself, or even in a predominant faction in the + legislative body. If the case should only be, that he MIGHT lay it + down, unless continued by a new choice, and if he should be desirous + of being continued, his wishes, conspiring with his fears, would + tend still more powerfully to corrupt his integrity, or debase his + fortitude. In either case, feebleness and irresolution must be the + characteristics of the station. +There are some who would be inclined to regard the servile + pliancy of the Executive to a prevailing current, either in the + community or in the legislature, as its best recommendation. But + such men entertain very crude notions, as well of the purposes for + which government was instituted, as of the true means by which the + public happiness may be promoted. The republican principle demands + that the deliberate sense of the community should govern the conduct + of those to whom they intrust the management of their affairs; but + it does not require an unqualified complaisance to every sudden + breeze of passion, or to every transient impulse which the people + may receive from the arts of men, who flatter their prejudices to + betray their interests. It is a just observation, that the people + commonly INTEND the PUBLIC GOOD. This often applies to their very + errors. But their good sense would despise the adulator who should + pretend that they always REASON RIGHT about the MEANS of promoting + it. They know from experience that they sometimes err; and the + wonder is that they so seldom err as they do, beset, as they + continually are, by the wiles of parasites and sycophants, by the + snares of the ambitious, the avaricious, the desperate, by the + artifices of men who possess their confidence more than they deserve + it, and of those who seek to possess rather than to deserve it. + When occasions present themselves, in which the interests of the + people are at variance with their inclinations, it is the duty of + the persons whom they have appointed to be the guardians of those + interests, to withstand the temporary delusion, in order to give + them time and opportunity for more cool and sedate reflection. + Instances might be cited in which a conduct of this kind has saved + the people from very fatal consequences of their own mistakes, and + has procured lasting monuments of their gratitude to the men who had + courage and magnanimity enough to serve them at the peril of their + displeasure. +But however inclined we might be to insist upon an unbounded + complaisance in the Executive to the inclinations of the people, we + can with no propriety contend for a like complaisance to the humors + of the legislature. The latter may sometimes stand in opposition to + the former, and at other times the people may be entirely neutral. + In either supposition, it is certainly desirable that the Executive + should be in a situation to dare to act his own opinion with vigor + and decision. +The same rule which teaches the propriety of a partition between + the various branches of power, teaches us likewise that this + partition ought to be so contrived as to render the one independent + of the other. To what purpose separate the executive or the + judiciary from the legislative, if both the executive and the + judiciary are so constituted as to be at the absolute devotion of + the legislative? Such a separation must be merely nominal, and + incapable of producing the ends for which it was established. It is + one thing to be subordinate to the laws, and another to be dependent + on the legislative body. The first comports with, the last + violates, the fundamental principles of good government; and, + whatever may be the forms of the Constitution, unites all power in + the same hands. The tendency of the legislative authority to absorb + every other, has been fully displayed and illustrated by examples in + some preceding numbers. In governments purely republican, this + tendency is almost irresistible. The representatives of the people, + in a popular assembly, seem sometimes to fancy that they are the + people themselves, and betray strong symptoms of impatience and + disgust at the least sign of opposition from any other quarter; as + if the exercise of its rights, by either the executive or judiciary, + were a breach of their privilege and an outrage to their dignity. + They often appear disposed to exert an imperious control over the + other departments; and as they commonly have the people on their + side, they always act with such momentum as to make it very + difficult for the other members of the government to maintain the + balance of the Constitution. +It may perhaps be asked, how the shortness of the duration in + office can affect the independence of the Executive on the + legislature, unless the one were possessed of the power of + appointing or displacing the other. One answer to this inquiry may + be drawn from the principle already remarked that is, from the + slender interest a man is apt to take in a short-lived advantage, + and the little inducement it affords him to expose himself, on + account of it, to any considerable inconvenience or hazard. Another + answer, perhaps more obvious, though not more conclusive, will + result from the consideration of the influence of the legislative + body over the people; which might be employed to prevent the + re-election of a man who, by an upright resistance to any sinister + project of that body, should have made himself obnoxious to its + resentment. +It may be asked also, whether a duration of four years would + answer the end proposed; and if it would not, whether a less + period, which would at least be recommended by greater security + against ambitious designs, would not, for that reason, be preferable + to a longer period, which was, at the same time, too short for the + purpose of inspiring the desired firmness and independence of the + magistrate. +It cannot be affirmed, that a duration of four years, or any + other limited duration, would completely answer the end proposed; + but it would contribute towards it in a degree which would have a + material influence upon the spirit and character of the government. + Between the commencement and termination of such a period, there + would always be a considerable interval, in which the prospect of + annihilation would be sufficiently remote, not to have an improper + effect upon the conduct of a man indued with a tolerable portion of + fortitude; and in which he might reasonably promise himself, that + there would be time enough before it arrived, to make the community + sensible of the propriety of the measures he might incline to pursue. + Though it be probable that, as he approached the moment when the + public were, by a new election, to signify their sense of his + conduct, his confidence, and with it his firmness, would decline; + yet both the one and the other would derive support from the + opportunities which his previous continuance in the station had + afforded him, of establishing himself in the esteem and good-will of + his constituents. He might, then, hazard with safety, in proportion + to the proofs he had given of his wisdom and integrity, and to the + title he had acquired to the respect and attachment of his + fellow-citizens. As, on the one hand, a duration of four years will + contribute to the firmness of the Executive in a sufficient degree + to render it a very valuable ingredient in the composition; so, on + the other, it is not enough to justify any alarm for the public + liberty. If a British House of Commons, from the most feeble + beginnings, FROM THE MERE POWER OF ASSENTING OR DISAGREEING TO THE + IMPOSITION OF A NEW TAX, have, by rapid strides, reduced the + prerogatives of the crown and the privileges of the nobility within + the limits they conceived to be compatible with the principles of a + free government, while they raised themselves to the rank and + consequence of a coequal branch of the legislature; if they have + been able, in one instance, to abolish both the royalty and the + aristocracy, and to overturn all the ancient establishments, as well + in the Church as State; if they have been able, on a recent + occasion, to make the monarch tremble at the prospect of an + innovation1 attempted by them, what would be to be feared from + an elective magistrate of four years' duration, with the confined + authorities of a President of the United States? What, but that he + might be unequal to the task which the Constitution assigns him? I + shall only add, that if his duration be such as to leave a doubt of + his firmness, that doubt is inconsistent with a jealousy of his + encroachments. +PUBLIUS. +1 This was the case with respect to Mr. Fox's India bill, which + was carried in the House of Commons, and rejected in the House of + Lords, to the entire satisfaction, as it is said, of the people. + + +FEDERALIST No. 72 + +The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive + Considered +From the New York Packet. +Friday, March 21, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE administration of government, in its largest sense, + comprehends all the operations of the body politic, whether + legislative, executive, or judiciary; but in its most usual, and + perhaps its most precise signification. it is limited to executive + details, and falls peculiarly within the province of the executive + department. The actual conduct of foreign negotiations, the + preparatory plans of finance, the application and disbursement of + the public moneys in conformity to the general appropriations of the + legislature, the arrangement of the army and navy, the directions of + the operations of war, these, and other matters of a like nature, + constitute what seems to be most properly understood by the + administration of government. The persons, therefore, to whose + immediate management these different matters are committed, ought to + be considered as the assistants or deputies of the chief magistrate, + and on this account, they ought to derive their offices from his + appointment, at least from his nomination, and ought to be subject + to his superintendence. This view of the subject will at once + suggest to us the intimate connection between the duration of the + executive magistrate in office and the stability of the system of + administration. To reverse and undo what has been done by a + predecessor, is very often considered by a successor as the best + proof he can give of his own capacity and desert; and in addition + to this propensity, where the alteration has been the result of + public choice, the person substituted is warranted in supposing that + the dismission of his predecessor has proceeded from a dislike to + his measures; and that the less he resembles him, the more he will + recommend himself to the favor of his constituents. These + considerations, and the influence of personal confidences and + attachments, would be likely to induce every new President to + promote a change of men to fill the subordinate stations; and these + causes together could not fail to occasion a disgraceful and ruinous + mutability in the administration of the government. +With a positive duration of considerable extent, I connect the + circumstance of re-eligibility. The first is necessary to give to + the officer himself the inclination and the resolution to act his + part well, and to the community time and leisure to observe the + tendency of his measures, and thence to form an experimental + estimate of their merits. The last is necessary to enable the + people, when they see reason to approve of his conduct, to continue + him in his station, in order to prolong the utility of his talents + and virtues, and to secure to the government the advantage of + permanency in a wise system of administration. +Nothing appears more plausible at first sight, nor more + ill-founded upon close inspection, than a scheme which in relation + to the present point has had some respectable advocates, I mean that + of continuing the chief magistrate in office for a certain time, and + then excluding him from it, either for a limited period or forever + after. This exclusion, whether temporary or perpetual, would have + nearly the same effects, and these effects would be for the most + part rather pernicious than salutary. +One ill effect of the exclusion would be a diminution of the + inducements to good behavior. There are few men who would not feel + much less zeal in the discharge of a duty when they were conscious + that the advantages of the station with which it was connected must + be relinquished at a determinate period, than when they were + permitted to entertain a hope of OBTAINING, by MERITING, a + continuance of them. This position will not be disputed so long as + it is admitted that the desire of reward is one of the strongest + incentives of human conduct; or that the best security for the + fidelity of mankind is to make their interests coincide with their + duty. Even the love of fame, the ruling passion of the noblest + minds, which would prompt a man to plan and undertake extensive and + arduous enterprises for the public benefit, requiring considerable + time to mature and perfect them, if he could flatter himself with + the prospect of being allowed to finish what he had begun, would, on + the contrary, deter him from the undertaking, when he foresaw that + he must quit the scene before he could accomplish the work, and must + commit that, together with his own reputation, to hands which might + be unequal or unfriendly to the task. The most to be expected from + the generality of men, in such a situation, is the negative merit of + not doing harm, instead of the positive merit of doing good. +Another ill effect of the exclusion would be the temptation to + sordid views, to peculation, and, in some instances, to usurpation. + An avaricious man, who might happen to fill the office, looking + forward to a time when he must at all events yield up the emoluments + he enjoyed, would feel a propensity, not easy to be resisted by such + a man, to make the best use of the opportunity he enjoyed while it + lasted, and might not scruple to have recourse to the most corrupt + expedients to make the harvest as abundant as it was transitory; + though the same man, probably, with a different prospect before + him, might content himself with the regular perquisites of his + situation, and might even be unwilling to risk the consequences of + an abuse of his opportunities. His avarice might be a guard upon + his avarice. Add to this that the same man might be vain or + ambitious, as well as avaricious. And if he could expect to prolong + his honors by his good conduct, he might hesitate to sacrifice his + appetite for them to his appetite for gain. But with the prospect + before him of approaching an inevitable annihilation, his avarice + would be likely to get the victory over his caution, his vanity, or + his ambition. +An ambitious man, too, when he found himself seated on the + summit of his country's honors, when he looked forward to the time + at which he must descend from the exalted eminence for ever, and + reflected that no exertion of merit on his part could save him from + the unwelcome reverse; such a man, in such a situation, would be + much more violently tempted to embrace a favorable conjuncture for + attempting the prolongation of his power, at every personal hazard, + than if he had the probability of answering the same end by doing + his duty. +Would it promote the peace of the community, or the stability of + the government to have half a dozen men who had had credit enough to + be raised to the seat of the supreme magistracy, wandering among the + people like discontented ghosts, and sighing for a place which they + were destined never more to possess? +A third ill effect of the exclusion would be, the depriving the + community of the advantage of the experience gained by the chief + magistrate in the exercise of his office. That experience is the + parent of wisdom, is an adage the truth of which is recognized by + the wisest as well as the simplest of mankind. What more desirable + or more essential than this quality in the governors of nations? + Where more desirable or more essential than in the first magistrate + of a nation? Can it be wise to put this desirable and essential + quality under the ban of the Constitution, and to declare that the + moment it is acquired, its possessor shall be compelled to abandon + the station in which it was acquired, and to which it is adapted? + This, nevertheless, is the precise import of all those regulations + which exclude men from serving their country, by the choice of their + fellowcitizens, after they have by a course of service fitted + themselves for doing it with a greater degree of utility. +A fourth ill effect of the exclusion would be the banishing men + from stations in which, in certain emergencies of the state, their + presence might be of the greatest moment to the public interest or + safety. There is no nation which has not, at one period or another, + experienced an absolute necessity of the services of particular men + in particular situations; perhaps it would not be too strong to + say, to the preservation of its political existence. How unwise, + therefore, must be every such self-denying ordinance as serves to + prohibit a nation from making use of its own citizens in the manner + best suited to its exigencies and circumstances! Without supposing + the personal essentiality of the man, it is evident that a change of + the chief magistrate, at the breaking out of a war, or at any + similar crisis, for another, even of equal merit, would at all times + be detrimental to the community, inasmuch as it would substitute + inexperience to experience, and would tend to unhinge and set afloat + the already settled train of the administration. +A fifth ill effect of the exclusion would be, that it would + operate as a constitutional interdiction of stability in the + administration. By NECESSITATING a change of men, in the first + office of the nation, it would necessitate a mutability of measures. + It is not generally to be expected, that men will vary and measures + remain uniform. The contrary is the usual course of things. And we + need not be apprehensive that there will be too much stability, + while there is even the option of changing; nor need we desire to + prohibit the people from continuing their confidence where they + think it may be safely placed, and where, by constancy on their + part, they may obviate the fatal inconveniences of fluctuating + councils and a variable policy. +These are some of the disadvantages which would flow from the + principle of exclusion. They apply most forcibly to the scheme of a + perpetual exclusion; but when we consider that even a partial + exclusion would always render the readmission of the person a remote + and precarious object, the observations which have been made will + apply nearly as fully to one case as to the other. +What are the advantages promised to counterbalance these + disadvantages? They are represented to be: 1st, greater + independence in the magistrate; 2d, greater security to the people. + Unless the exclusion be perpetual, there will be no pretense to + infer the first advantage. But even in that case, may he have no + object beyond his present station, to which he may sacrifice his + independence? May he have no connections, no friends, for whom he + may sacrifice it? May he not be less willing by a firm conduct, to + make personal enemies, when he acts under the impression that a time + is fast approaching, on the arrival of which he not only MAY, but + MUST, be exposed to their resentments, upon an equal, perhaps upon + an inferior, footing? It is not an easy point to determine whether + his independence would be most promoted or impaired by such an + arrangement. +As to the second supposed advantage, there is still greater + reason to entertain doubts concerning it. If the exclusion were to + be perpetual, a man of irregular ambition, of whom alone there could + be reason in any case to entertain apprehension, would, with + infinite reluctance, yield to the necessity of taking his leave + forever of a post in which his passion for power and pre-eminence + had acquired the force of habit. And if he had been fortunate or + adroit enough to conciliate the good-will of the people, he might + induce them to consider as a very odious and unjustifiable restraint + upon themselves, a provision which was calculated to debar them of + the right of giving a fresh proof of their attachment to a favorite. + There may be conceived circumstances in which this disgust of the + people, seconding the thwarted ambition of such a favorite, might + occasion greater danger to liberty, than could ever reasonably be + dreaded from the possibility of a perpetuation in office, by the + voluntary suffrages of the community, exercising a constitutional + privilege. +There is an excess of refinement in the idea of disabling the + people to continue in office men who had entitled themselves, in + their opinion, to approbation and confidence; the advantages of + which are at best speculative and equivocal, and are overbalanced by + disadvantages far more certain and decisive. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 73 +The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power +From the New York Packet. +Friday, March 21, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE third ingredient towards constituting the vigor of the + executive authority, is an adequate provision for its support. It + is evident that, without proper attention to this article, the + separation of the executive from the legislative department would be + merely nominal and nugatory. The legislature, with a discretionary + power over the salary and emoluments of the Chief Magistrate, could + render him as obsequious to their will as they might think proper to + make him. They might, in most cases, either reduce him by famine, + or tempt him by largesses, to surrender at discretion his judgment + to their inclinations. These expressions, taken in all the latitude + of the terms, would no doubt convey more than is intended. There + are men who could neither be distressed nor won into a sacrifice of + their duty; but this stern virtue is the growth of few soils; and + in the main it will be found that a power over a man's support is a + power over his will. If it were necessary to confirm so plain a + truth by facts, examples would not be wanting, even in this country, + of the intimidation or seduction of the Executive by the terrors or + allurements of the pecuniary arrangements of the legislative body. +It is not easy, therefore, to commend too highly the judicious + attention which has been paid to this subject in the proposed + Constitution. It is there provided that ``The President of the + United States shall, at stated times, receive for his services a + compensation WHICH SHALL NEITHER BE INCREASED NOR DIMINISHED DURING + THE PERIOD FOR WHICH HE SHALL HAVE BEEN ELECTED; and he SHALL NOT + RECEIVE WITHIN THAT PERIOD ANY OTHER EMOLUMENT from the United + States, or any of them.'' It is impossible to imagine any provision + which would have been more eligible than this. The legislature, on + the appointment of a President, is once for all to declare what + shall be the compensation for his services during the time for which + he shall have been elected. This done, they will have no power to + alter it, either by increase or diminution, till a new period of + service by a new election commences. They can neither weaken his + fortitude by operating on his necessities, nor corrupt his integrity + by appealing to his avarice. Neither the Union, nor any of its + members, will be at liberty to give, nor will he be at liberty to + receive, any other emolument than that which may have been + determined by the first act. He can, of course, have no pecuniary + inducement to renounce or desert the independence intended for him + by the Constitution. +The last of the requisites to energy, which have been + enumerated, are competent powers. Let us proceed to consider those + which are proposed to be vested in the President of the United + States. +The first thing that offers itself to our observation, is the + qualified negative of the President upon the acts or resolutions of + the two houses of the legislature; or, in other words, his power of + returning all bills with objections, to have the effect of + preventing their becoming laws, unless they should afterwards be + ratified by two thirds of each of the component members of the + legislative body. +The propensity of the legislative department to intrude upon the + rights, and to absorb the powers, of the other departments, has been + already suggested and repeated; the insufficiency of a mere + parchment delineation of the boundaries of each, has also been + remarked upon; and the necessity of furnishing each with + constitutional arms for its own defense, has been inferred and + proved. From these clear and indubitable principles results the + propriety of a negative, either absolute or qualified, in the + Executive, upon the acts of the legislative branches. Without the + one or the other, the former would be absolutely unable to defend + himself against the depredations of the latter. He might gradually + be stripped of his authorities by successive resolutions, or + annihilated by a single vote. And in the one mode or the other, the + legislative and executive powers might speedily come to be blended + in the same hands. If even no propensity had ever discovered itself + in the legislative body to invade the rights of the Executive, the + rules of just reasoning and theoretic propriety would of themselves + teach us, that the one ought not to be left to the mercy of the + other, but ought to possess a constitutional and effectual power of + selfdefense. +But the power in question has a further use. It not only serves + as a shield to the Executive, but it furnishes an additional + security against the enaction of improper laws. It establishes a + salutary check upon the legislative body, calculated to guard the + community against the effects of faction, precipitancy, or of any + impulse unfriendly to the public good, which may happen to influence + a majority of that body. +The propriety of a negative has, upon some occasions, been + combated by an observation, that it was not to be presumed a single + man would possess more virtue and wisdom than a number of men; and + that unless this presumption should be entertained, it would be + improper to give the executive magistrate any species of control + over the legislative body. +But this observation, when examined, will appear rather specious + than solid. The propriety of the thing does not turn upon the + supposition of superior wisdom or virtue in the Executive, but upon + the supposition that the legislature will not be infallible; that + the love of power may sometimes betray it into a disposition to + encroach upon the rights of other members of the government; that a + spirit of faction may sometimes pervert its deliberations; that + impressions of the moment may sometimes hurry it into measures which + itself, on maturer reflexion, would condemn. The primary inducement + to conferring the power in question upon the Executive is, to enable + him to defend himself; the secondary one is to increase the chances + in favor of the community against the passing of bad laws, through + haste, inadvertence, or design. The oftener the measure is brought + under examination, the greater the diversity in the situations of + those who are to examine it, the less must be the danger of those + errors which flow from want of due deliberation, or of those + missteps which proceed from the contagion of some common passion or + interest. It is far less probable, that culpable views of any kind + should infect all the parts of the government at the same moment and + in relation to the same object, than that they should by turns + govern and mislead every one of them. +It may perhaps be said that the power of preventing bad laws + includes that of preventing good ones; and may be used to the one + purpose as well as to the other. But this objection will have + little weight with those who can properly estimate the mischiefs of + that inconstancy and mutability in the laws, which form the greatest + blemish in the character and genius of our governments. They will + consider every institution calculated to restrain the excess of + law-making, and to keep things in the same state in which they + happen to be at any given period, as much more likely to do good + than harm; because it is favorable to greater stability in the + system of legislation. The injury which may possibly be done by + defeating a few good laws, will be amply compensated by the + advantage of preventing a number of bad ones. +Nor is this all. The superior weight and influence of the + legislative body in a free government, and the hazard to the + Executive in a trial of strength with that body, afford a + satisfactory security that the negative would generally be employed + with great caution; and there would oftener be room for a charge of + timidity than of rashness in the exercise of it. A king of Great + Britain, with all his train of sovereign attributes, and with all + the influence he draws from a thousand sources, would, at this day, + hesitate to put a negative upon the joint resolutions of the two + houses of Parliament. He would not fail to exert the utmost + resources of that influence to strangle a measure disagreeable to + him, in its progress to the throne, to avoid being reduced to the + dilemma of permitting it to take effect, or of risking the + displeasure of the nation by an opposition to the sense of the + legislative body. Nor is it probable, that he would ultimately + venture to exert his prerogatives, but in a case of manifest + propriety, or extreme necessity. All well-informed men in that + kingdom will accede to the justness of this remark. A very + considerable period has elapsed since the negative of the crown has + been exercised. +If a magistrate so powerful and so well fortified as a British + monarch, would have scruples about the exercise of the power under + consideration, how much greater caution may be reasonably expected + in a President of the United States, clothed for the short period of + four years with the executive authority of a government wholly and + purely republican? +It is evident that there would be greater danger of his not + using his power when necessary, than of his using it too often, or + too much. An argument, indeed, against its expediency, has been + drawn from this very source. It has been represented, on this + account, as a power odious in appearance, useless in practice. But + it will not follow, that because it might be rarely exercised, it + would never be exercised. In the case for which it is chiefly + designed, that of an immediate attack upon the constitutional rights + of the Executive, or in a case in which the public good was + evidently and palpably sacrificed, a man of tolerable firmness would + avail himself of his constitutional means of defense, and would + listen to the admonitions of duty and responsibility. In the former + supposition, his fortitude would be stimulated by his immediate + interest in the power of his office; in the latter, by the + probability of the sanction of his constituents, who, though they + would naturally incline to the legislative body in a doubtful case, + would hardly suffer their partiality to delude them in a very plain + case. I speak now with an eye to a magistrate possessing only a + common share of firmness. There are men who, under any + circumstances, will have the courage to do their duty at every + hazard. +But the convention have pursued a mean in this business, which + will both facilitate the exercise of the power vested in this + respect in the executive magistrate, and make its efficacy to depend + on the sense of a considerable part of the legislative body. + Instead of an absolute negative, it is proposed to give the + Executive the qualified negative already described. This is a power + which would be much more readily exercised than the other. A man + who might be afraid to defeat a law by his single VETO, might not + scruple to return it for reconsideration; subject to being finally + rejected only in the event of more than one third of each house + concurring in the sufficiency of his objections. He would be + encouraged by the reflection, that if his opposition should prevail, + it would embark in it a very respectable proportion of the + legislative body, whose influence would be united with his in + supporting the propriety of his conduct in the public opinion. A + direct and categorical negative has something in the appearance of + it more harsh, and more apt to irritate, than the mere suggestion of + argumentative objections to be approved or disapproved by those to + whom they are addressed. In proportion as it would be less apt to + offend, it would be more apt to be exercised; and for this very + reason, it may in practice be found more effectual. It is to be + hoped that it will not often happen that improper views will govern + so large a proportion as two thirds of both branches of the + legislature at the same time; and this, too, in spite of the + counterposing weight of the Executive. It is at any rate far less + probable that this should be the case, than that such views should + taint the resolutions and conduct of a bare majority. A power of + this nature in the Executive, will often have a silent and + unperceived, though forcible, operation. When men, engaged in + unjustifiable pursuits, are aware that obstructions may come from a + quarter which they cannot control, they will often be restrained by + the bare apprehension of opposition, from doing what they would with + eagerness rush into, if no such external impediments were to be + feared. +This qualified negative, as has been elsewhere remarked, is in + this State vested in a council, consisting of the governor, with the + chancellor and judges of the Supreme Court, or any two of them. It + has been freely employed upon a variety of occasions, and frequently + with success. And its utility has become so apparent, that persons + who, in compiling the Constitution, were violent opposers of it, + have from experience become its declared admirers.1 +I have in another place remarked, that the convention, in the + formation of this part of their plan, had departed from the model of + the constitution of this State, in favor of that of Massachusetts. + Two strong reasons may be imagined for this preference. One is + that the judges, who are to be the interpreters of the law, might + receive an improper bias, from having given a previous opinion in + their revisionary capacities; the other is that by being often + associated with the Executive, they might be induced to embark too + far in the political views of that magistrate, and thus a dangerous + combination might by degrees be cemented between the executive and + judiciary departments. It is impossible to keep the judges too + distinct from every other avocation than that of expounding the laws. + It is peculiarly dangerous to place them in a situation to be + either corrupted or influenced by the Executive. +PUBLIUS. +1 Mr. Abraham Yates, a warm opponent of the plan of the + convention is of this number. + + +FEDERALIST No. 74 + +The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning + Power of the Executive +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, March 25, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE President of the United States is to be ``commander-in-chief + of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the + several States WHEN CALLED INTO THE ACTUAL SERVICE of the United + States.'' The propriety of this provision is so evident in itself, + and it is, at the same time, so consonant to the precedents of the + State constitutions in general, that little need be said to explain + or enforce it. Even those of them which have, in other respects, + coupled the chief magistrate with a council, have for the most part + concentrated the military authority in him alone. Of all the cares + or concerns of government, the direction of war most peculiarly + demands those qualities which distinguish the exercise of power by a + single hand. The direction of war implies the direction of the + common strength; and the power of directing and employing the + common strength, forms a usual and essential part in the definition + of the executive authority. +``The President may require the opinion, in writing, of the + principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any + subject relating to the duties of their respective officers.'' This + I consider as a mere redundancy in the plan, as the right for which + it provides would result of itself from the office. +He is also to be authorized to grant ``reprieves and pardons for + offenses against the United States, EXCEPT IN CASES OF + IMPEACHMENT.'' Humanity and good policy conspire to dictate, that + the benign prerogative of pardoning should be as little as possible + fettered or embarrassed. The criminal code of every country + partakes so much of necessary severity, that without an easy access + to exceptions in favor of unfortunate guilt, justice would wear a + countenance too sanguinary and cruel. As the sense of + responsibility is always strongest, in proportion as it is + undivided, it may be inferred that a single man would be most ready + to attend to the force of those motives which might plead for a + mitigation of the rigor of the law, and least apt to yield to + considerations which were calculated to shelter a fit object of its + vengeance. The reflection that the fate of a fellow-creature + depended on his sole fiat, would naturally inspire + scrupulousness and caution; the dread of being accused of weakness + or connivance, would beget equal circumspection, though of a + different kind. On the other hand, as men generally derive + confidence from their numbers, they might often encourage each other + in an act of obduracy, and might be less sensible to the + apprehension of suspicion or censure for an injudicious or affected + clemency. On these accounts, one man appears to be a more eligible + dispenser of the mercy of government, than a body of men. +The expediency of vesting the power of pardoning in the + President has, if I mistake not, been only contested in relation to + the crime of treason. This, it has been urged, ought to have + depended upon the assent of one, or both, of the branches of the + legislative body. I shall not deny that there are strong reasons to + be assigned for requiring in this particular the concurrence of that + body, or of a part of it. As treason is a crime levelled at the + immediate being of the society, when the laws have once ascertained + the guilt of the offender, there seems a fitness in referring the + expediency of an act of mercy towards him to the judgment of the + legislature. And this ought the rather to be the case, as the + supposition of the connivance of the Chief Magistrate ought not to + be entirely excluded. But there are also strong objections to such + a plan. It is not to be doubted, that a single man of prudence and + good sense is better fitted, in delicate conjunctures, to balance + the motives which may plead for and against the remission of the + punishment, than any numerous body whatever. It deserves particular + attention, that treason will often be connected with seditions which + embrace a large proportion of the community; as lately happened in + Massachusetts. In every such case, we might expect to see the + representation of the people tainted with the same spirit which had + given birth to the offense. And when parties were pretty equally + matched, the secret sympathy of the friends and favorers of the + condemned person, availing itself of the good-nature and weakness of + others, might frequently bestow impunity where the terror of an + example was necessary. On the other hand, when the sedition had + proceeded from causes which had inflamed the resentments of the + major party, they might often be found obstinate and inexorable, + when policy demanded a conduct of forbearance and clemency. But the + principal argument for reposing the power of pardoning in this case + to the Chief Magistrate is this: in seasons of insurrection or + rebellion, there are often critical moments, when a welltimed offer + of pardon to the insurgents or rebels may restore the tranquillity + of the commonwealth; and which, if suffered to pass unimproved, it + may never be possible afterwards to recall. The dilatory process of + convening the legislature, or one of its branches, for the purpose + of obtaining its sanction to the measure, would frequently be the + occasion of letting slip the golden opportunity. The loss of a + week, a day, an hour, may sometimes be fatal. If it should be + observed, that a discretionary power, with a view to such + contingencies, might be occasionally conferred upon the President, + it may be answered in the first place, that it is questionable, + whether, in a limited Constitution, that power could be delegated by + law; and in the second place, that it would generally be impolitic + beforehand to take any step which might hold out the prospect of + impunity. A proceeding of this kind, out of the usual course, would + be likely to be construed into an argument of timidity or of + weakness, and would have a tendency to embolden guilt. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 75 +The Treaty-Making Power of the Executive +For the Independent Journal. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE President is to have power, ``by and with the advice and + consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the + senators present concur.'' +Though this provision has been assailed, on different grounds, + with no small degree of vehemence, I scruple not to declare my firm + persuasion, that it is one of the best digested and most + unexceptionable parts of the plan. One ground of objection is the + trite topic of the intermixture of powers; some contending that the + President ought alone to possess the power of making treaties; + others, that it ought to have been exclusively deposited in the + Senate. Another source of objection is derived from the small + number of persons by whom a treaty may be made. Of those who + espouse this objection, a part are of opinion that the House of + Representatives ought to have been associated in the business, while + another part seem to think that nothing more was necessary than to + have substituted two thirds of ALL the members of the Senate, to two + thirds of the members PRESENT. As I flatter myself the observations + made in a preceding number upon this part of the plan must have + sufficed to place it, to a discerning eye, in a very favorable + light, I shall here content myself with offering only some + supplementary remarks, principally with a view to the objections + which have been just stated. +With regard to the intermixture of powers, I shall rely upon the + explanations already given in other places, of the true sense of the + rule upon which that objection is founded; and shall take it for + granted, as an inference from them, that the union of the Executive + with the Senate, in the article of treaties, is no infringement of + that rule. I venture to add, that the particular nature of the + power of making treaties indicates a peculiar propriety in that + union. Though several writers on the subject of government place + that power in the class of executive authorities, yet this is + evidently an arbitrary disposition; for if we attend carefully to + its operation, it will be found to partake more of the legislative + than of the executive character, though it does not seem strictly to + fall within the definition of either of them. The essence of the + legislative authority is to enact laws, or, in other words, to + prescribe rules for the regulation of the society; while the + execution of the laws, and the employment of the common strength, + either for this purpose or for the common defense, seem to comprise + all the functions of the executive magistrate. The power of making + treaties is, plainly, neither the one nor the other. It relates + neither to the execution of the subsisting laws, nor to the enaction + of new ones; and still less to an exertion of the common strength. + Its objects are CONTRACTS with foreign nations, which have the + force of law, but derive it from the obligations of good faith. + They are not rules prescribed by the sovereign to the subject, but + agreements between sovereign and sovereign. The power in question + seems therefore to form a distinct department, and to belong, + properly, neither to the legislative nor to the executive. The + qualities elsewhere detailed as indispensable in the management of + foreign negotiations, point out the Executive as the most fit agent + in those transactions; while the vast importance of the trust, and + the operation of treaties as laws, plead strongly for the + participation of the whole or a portion of the legislative body in + the office of making them. +However proper or safe it may be in governments where the + executive magistrate is an hereditary monarch, to commit to him the + entire power of making treaties, it would be utterly unsafe and + improper to intrust that power to an elective magistrate of four + years' duration. It has been remarked, upon another occasion, and + the remark is unquestionably just, that an hereditary monarch, + though often the oppressor of his people, has personally too much + stake in the government to be in any material danger of being + corrupted by foreign powers. But a man raised from the station of a + private citizen to the rank of chief magistrate, possessed of a + moderate or slender fortune, and looking forward to a period not + very remote when he may probably be obliged to return to the station + from which he was taken, might sometimes be under temptations to + sacrifice his duty to his interest, which it would require + superlative virtue to withstand. An avaricious man might be tempted + to betray the interests of the state to the acquisition of wealth. + An ambitious man might make his own aggrandizement, by the aid of a + foreign power, the price of his treachery to his constituents. The + history of human conduct does not warrant that exalted opinion of + human virtue which would make it wise in a nation to commit + interests of so delicate and momentous a kind, as those which + concern its intercourse with the rest of the world, to the sole + disposal of a magistrate created and circumstanced as would be a + President of the United States. +To have intrusted the power of making treaties to the Senate + alone, would have been to relinquish the benefits of the + constitutional agency of the President in the conduct of foreign + negotiations. It is true that the Senate would, in that case, have + the option of employing him in this capacity, but they would also + have the option of letting it alone, and pique or cabal might induce + the latter rather than the former. Besides this, the ministerial + servant of the Senate could not be expected to enjoy the confidence + and respect of foreign powers in the same degree with the + constitutional representatives of the nation, and, of course, would + not be able to act with an equal degree of weight or efficacy. + While the Union would, from this cause, lose a considerable + advantage in the management of its external concerns, the people + would lose the additional security which would result from the + co-operation of the Executive. Though it would be imprudent to + confide in him solely so important a trust, yet it cannot be doubted + that his participation would materially add to the safety of the + society. It must indeed be clear to a demonstration that the joint + possession of the power in question, by the President and Senate, + would afford a greater prospect of security, than the separate + possession of it by either of them. And whoever has maturely + weighed the circumstances which must concur in the appointment of a + President, will be satisfied that the office will always bid fair to + be filled by men of such characters as to render their concurrence + in the formation of treaties peculiarly desirable, as well on the + score of wisdom, as on that of integrity. +The remarks made in a former number, which have been alluded to + in another part of this paper, will apply with conclusive force + against the admission of the House of Representatives to a share in + the formation of treaties. The fluctuating and, taking its future + increase into the account, the multitudinous composition of that + body, forbid us to expect in it those qualities which are essential + to the proper execution of such a trust. Accurate and comprehensive + knowledge of foreign politics; a steady and systematic adherence to + the same views; a nice and uniform sensibility to national + character; decision, SECRECY, and despatch, are incompatible with + the genius of a body so variable and so numerous. The very + complication of the business, by introducing a necessity of the + concurrence of so many different bodies, would of itself afford a + solid objection. The greater frequency of the calls upon the House + of Representatives, and the greater length of time which it would + often be necessary to keep them together when convened, to obtain + their sanction in the progressive stages of a treaty, would be a + source of so great inconvenience and expense as alone ought to + condemn the project. +The only objection which remains to be canvassed, is that which + would substitute the proportion of two thirds of all the members + composing the senatorial body, to that of two thirds of the members + PRESENT. It has been shown, under the second head of our inquiries, + that all provisions which require more than the majority of any body + to its resolutions, have a direct tendency to embarrass the + operations of the government, and an indirect one to subject the + sense of the majority to that of the minority. This consideration + seems sufficient to determine our opinion, that the convention have + gone as far in the endeavor to secure the advantage of numbers in + the formation of treaties as could have been reconciled either with + the activity of the public councils or with a reasonable regard to + the major sense of the community. If two thirds of the whole number + of members had been required, it would, in many cases, from the + non-attendance of a part, amount in practice to a necessity of + unanimity. And the history of every political establishment in + which this principle has prevailed, is a history of impotence, + perplexity, and disorder. Proofs of this position might be adduced + from the examples of the Roman Tribuneship, the Polish Diet, and the + States-General of the Netherlands, did not an example at home render + foreign precedents unnecessary. +To require a fixed proportion of the whole body would not, in + all probability, contribute to the advantages of a numerous agency, + better then merely to require a proportion of the attending members. + The former, by making a determinate number at all times requisite + to a resolution, diminishes the motives to punctual attendance. The + latter, by making the capacity of the body to depend on a PROPORTION + which may be varied by the absence or presence of a single member, + has the contrary effect. And as, by promoting punctuality, it tends + to keep the body complete, there is great likelihood that its + resolutions would generally be dictated by as great a number in this + case as in the other; while there would be much fewer occasions of + delay. It ought not to be forgotten that, under the existing + Confederation, two members MAY, and usually DO, represent a State; + whence it happens that Congress, who now are solely invested with + ALL THE POWERS of the Union, rarely consist of a greater number of + persons than would compose the intended Senate. If we add to this, + that as the members vote by States, and that where there is only a + single member present from a State, his vote is lost, it will + justify a supposition that the active voices in the Senate, where + the members are to vote individually, would rarely fall short in + number of the active voices in the existing Congress. When, in + addition to these considerations, we take into view the co-operation + of the President, we shall not hesitate to infer that the people of + America would have greater security against an improper use of the + power of making treaties, under the new Constitution, than they now + enjoy under the Confederation. And when we proceed still one step + further, and look forward to the probable augmentation of the + Senate, by the erection of new States, we shall not only perceive + ample ground of confidence in the sufficiency of the members to + whose agency that power will be intrusted, but we shall probably be + led to conclude that a body more numerous than the Senate would be + likely to become, would be very little fit for the proper discharge + of the trust. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 76 +The Appointing Power of the Executive +From the New York Packet. +Tuesday, April 1, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE President is ``to NOMINATE, and, by and with the advice and + consent of the Senate, to appoint ambassadors, other public + ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other + officers of the United States whose appointments are not otherwise + provided for in the Constitution. But the Congress may by law vest + the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in + the President alone, or in the courts of law, or in the heads of + departments. The President shall have power to fill up ALL + VACANCIES which may happen DURING THE RECESS OF THE SENATE, by + granting commissions which shall EXPIRE at the end of their next + session.'' +It has been observed in a former paper, that ``the true test of + a good government is its aptitude and tendency to produce a good + administration.'' If the justness of this observation be admitted, + the mode of appointing the officers of the United States contained + in the foregoing clauses, must, when examined, be allowed to be + entitled to particular commendation. It is not easy to conceive a + plan better calculated than this to promote a judicious choice of + men for filling the offices of the Union; and it will not need + proof, that on this point must essentially depend the character of + its administration. +It will be agreed on all hands, that the power of appointment, + in ordinary cases, ought to be modified in one of three ways. It + ought either to be vested in a single man, or in a SELECT assembly + of a moderate number; or in a single man, with the concurrence of + such an assembly. The exercise of it by the people at large will be + readily admitted to be impracticable; as waiving every other + consideration, it would leave them little time to do anything else. + When, therefore, mention is made in the subsequent reasonings of an + assembly or body of men, what is said must be understood to relate + to a select body or assembly, of the description already given. The + people collectively, from their number and from their dispersed + situation, cannot be regulated in their movements by that systematic + spirit of cabal and intrigue, which will be urged as the chief + objections to reposing the power in question in a body of men. +Those who have themselves reflected upon the subject, or who + have attended to the observations made in other parts of these + papers, in relation to the appointment of the President, will, I + presume, agree to the position, that there would always be great + probability of having the place supplied by a man of abilities, at + least respectable. Premising this, I proceed to lay it down as a + rule, that one man of discernment is better fitted to analyze and + estimate the peculiar qualities adapted to particular offices, than + a body of men of equal or perhaps even of superior discernment. +The sole and undivided responsibility of one man will naturally + beget a livelier sense of duty and a more exact regard to reputation. + He will, on this account, feel himself under stronger obligations, + and more interested to investigate with care the qualities requisite + to the stations to be filled, and to prefer with impartiality the + persons who may have the fairest pretensions to them. He will have + FEWER personal attachments to gratify, than a body of men who may + each be supposed to have an equal number; and will be so much the + less liable to be misled by the sentiments of friendship and of + affection. A single well-directed man, by a single understanding, + cannot be distracted and warped by that diversity of views, + feelings, and interests, which frequently distract and warp the + resolutions of a collective body. There is nothing so apt to + agitate the passions of mankind as personal considerations whether + they relate to ourselves or to others, who are to be the objects of + our choice or preference. Hence, in every exercise of the power of + appointing to offices, by an assembly of men, we must expect to see + a full display of all the private and party likings and dislikes, + partialities and antipathies, attachments and animosities, which are + felt by those who compose the assembly. The choice which may at any + time happen to be made under such circumstances, will of course be + the result either of a victory gained by one party over the other, + or of a compromise between the parties. In either case, the + intrinsic merit of the candidate will be too often out of sight. In + the first, the qualifications best adapted to uniting the suffrages + of the party, will be more considered than those which fit the + person for the station. In the last, the coalition will commonly + turn upon some interested equivalent: ``Give us the man we wish for + this office, and you shall have the one you wish for that.'' This + will be the usual condition of the bargain. And it will rarely + happen that the advancement of the public service will be the + primary object either of party victories or of party negotiations. +The truth of the principles here advanced seems to have been + felt by the most intelligent of those who have found fault with the + provision made, in this respect, by the convention. They contend + that the President ought solely to have been authorized to make the + appointments under the federal government. But it is easy to show, + that every advantage to be expected from such an arrangement would, + in substance, be derived from the power of NOMINATION, which is + proposed to be conferred upon him; while several disadvantages + which might attend the absolute power of appointment in the hands of + that officer would be avoided. In the act of nomination, his + judgment alone would be exercised; and as it would be his sole duty + to point out the man who, with the approbation of the Senate, should + fill an office, his responsibility would be as complete as if he + were to make the final appointment. There can, in this view, be no + difference others, who are to be the objects of our choice or + preference. Hence, in every exercise of the power of appointing to + offices, by an assembly of men, we must expect to see a full display + of all the private and party likings and dislikes, partialities and + antipathies, attachments and animosities, which are felt by those + who compose the assembly. The choice which may at any time happen + to be made under such circumstances, will of course be the result + either of a victory gained by one party over the other, or of a + compromise between the parties. In either case, the intrinsic merit + of the candidate will be too often out of sight. In the first, the + qualifications best adapted to uniting the suffrages of the party, + will be more considered than those which fit the person for the + station. In the last, the coalition will commonly turn upon some + interested equivalent: ``Give us the man we wish for this office, + and you shall have the one you wish for that.'' This will be the + usual condition of the bargain. And it will rarely happen that the + advancement of the public service will be the primary object either + of party victories or of party negotiations. +The truth of the principles here advanced seems to have been + felt by the most intelligent of those who have found fault with the + provision made, in this respect, by the convention. They contend + that the President ought solely to have been authorized to make the + appointments under the federal government. But it is easy to show, + that every advantage to be expected from such an arrangement would, + in substance, be derived from the power of NOMINATION, which is + proposed to be conferred upon him; while several disadvantages + which might attend the absolute power of appointment in the hands of + that officer would be avoided. In the act of nomination, his + judgment alone would be exercised; and as it would be his sole duty + to point out the man who, with the approbation of the Senate, should + fill an office, his responsibility would be as complete as if he + were to make the final appointment. There can, in this view, be no + difference between nominating and appointing. The same motives + which would influence a proper discharge of his duty in one case, + would exist in the other. And as no man could be appointed but on + his previous nomination, every man who might be appointed would be, + in fact, his choice. +But might not his nomination be overruled? I grant it might, + yet this could only be to make place for another nomination by + himself. The person ultimately appointed must be the object of his + preference, though perhaps not in the first degree. It is also not + very probable that his nomination would often be overruled. The + Senate could not be tempted, by the preference they might feel to + another, to reject the one proposed; because they could not assure + themselves, that the person they might wish would be brought forward + by a second or by any subsequent nomination. They could not even be + certain, that a future nomination would present a candidate in any + degree more acceptable to them; and as their dissent might cast a + kind of stigma upon the individual rejected, and might have the + appearance of a reflection upon the judgment of the chief + magistrate, it is not likely that their sanction would often be + refused, where there were not special and strong reasons for the + refusal. +To what purpose then require the co-operation of the Senate? I + answer, that the necessity of their concurrence would have a + powerful, though, in general, a silent operation. It would be an + excellent check upon a spirit of favoritism in the President, and + would tend greatly to prevent the appointment of unfit characters + from State prejudice, from family connection, from personal + attachment, or from a view to popularity. In addition to this, it + would be an efficacious source of stability in the administration. +It will readily be comprehended, that a man who had himself the + sole disposition of offices, would be governed much more by his + private inclinations and interests, than when he was bound to submit + the propriety of his choice to the discussion and determination of a + different and independent body, and that body an entier branch of + the legislature. The possibility of rejection would be a strong + motive to care in proposing. The danger to his own reputation, and, + in the case of an elective magistrate, to his political existence, + from betraying a spirit of favoritism, or an unbecoming pursuit of + popularity, to the observation of a body whose opinion would have + great weight in forming that of the public, could not fail to + operate as a barrier to the one and to the other. He would be both + ashamed and afraid to bring forward, for the most distinguished or + lucrative stations, candidates who had no other merit than that of + coming from the same State to which he particularly belonged, or of + being in some way or other personally allied to him, or of + possessing the necessary insignificance and pliancy to render them + the obsequious instruments of his pleasure. +To this reasoning it has been objected that the President, by + the influence of the power of nomination, may secure the + complaisance of the Senate to his views. This supposition of + universal venalty in human nature is little less an error in + political reasoning, than the supposition of universal rectitude. + The institution of delegated power implies, that there is a portion + of virtue and honor among mankind, which may be a reasonable + foundation of confidence; and experience justifies the theory. It + has been found to exist in the most corrupt periods of the most + corrupt governments. The venalty of the British House of Commons + has been long a topic of accusation against that body, in the + country to which they belong as well as in this; and it cannot be + doubted that the charge is, to a considerable extent, well founded. + But it is as little to be doubted, that there is always a large + proportion of the body, which consists of independent and + public-spirited men, who have an influential weight in the councils + of the nation. Hence it is (the present reign not excepted) that + the sense of that body is often seen to control the inclinations of + the monarch, both with regard to men and to measures. Though it + might therefore be allowable to suppose that the Executive might + occasionally influence some individuals in the Senate, yet the + supposition, that he could in general purchase the integrity of the + whole body, would be forced and improbable. A man disposed to view + human nature as it is, without either flattering its virtues or + exaggerating its vices, will see sufficient ground of confidence in + the probity of the Senate, to rest satisfied, not only that it will + be impracticable to the Executive to corrupt or seduce a majority of + its members, but that the necessity of its co-operation, in the + business of appointments, will be a considerable and salutary + restraint upon the conduct of that magistrate. Nor is the integrity + of the Senate the only reliance. The Constitution has provided some + important guards against the danger of executive influence upon the + legislative body: it declares that ``No senator or representative + shall during the time FOR WHICH HE WAS ELECTED, be appointed to any + civil office under the United States, which shall have been created, + or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such + time; and no person, holding any office under the United States, + shall be a member of either house during his continuance in + office.'' +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 77 + +The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive + Considered +From the New York Packet. +Friday, April 4, 1788. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IT HAS been mentioned as one of the advantages to be expected + from the co-operation of the Senate, in the business of + appointments, that it would contribute to the stability of the + administration. The consent of that body would be necessary to + displace as well as to appoint. A change of the Chief Magistrate, + therefore, would not occasion so violent or so general a revolution + in the officers of the government as might be expected, if he were + the sole disposer of offices. Where a man in any station had given + satisfactory evidence of his fitness for it, a new President would + be restrained from attempting a change in favor of a person more + agreeable to him, by the apprehension that a discountenance of the + Senate might frustrate the attempt, and bring some degree of + discredit upon himself. Those who can best estimate the value of a + steady administration, will be most disposed to prize a provision + which connects the official existence of public men with the + approbation or disapprobation of that body which, from the greater + permanency of its own composition, will in all probability be less + subject to inconstancy than any other member of the government. +To this union of the Senate with the President, in the article + of appointments, it has in some cases been suggested that it would + serve to give the President an undue influence over the Senate, and + in others that it would have an opposite tendency, a strong proof + that neither suggestion is true. +To state the first in its proper form, is to refute it. It + amounts to this: the President would have an improper INFLUENCE + OVER the Senate, because the Senate would have the power of + RESTRAINING him. This is an absurdity in terms. It cannot admit of + a doubt that the entire power of appointment would enable him much + more effectually to establish a dangerous empire over that body, + than a mere power of nomination subject to their control. +Let us take a view of the converse of the proposition: ``the + Senate would influence the Executive.'' As I have had occasion to + remark in several other instances, the indistinctness of the + objection forbids a precise answer. In what manner is this + influence to be exerted? In relation to what objects? The power of + influencing a person, in the sense in which it is here used, must + imply a power of conferring a benefit upon him. How could the + Senate confer a benefit upon the President by the manner of + employing their right of negative upon his nominations? If it be + said they might sometimes gratify him by an acquiescence in a + favorite choice, when public motives might dictate a different + conduct, I answer, that the instances in which the President could + be personally interested in the result, would be too few to admit of + his being materially affected by the compliances of the Senate. The + POWER which can ORIGINATE the disposition of honors and emoluments, + is more likely to attract than to be attracted by the POWER which + can merely obstruct their course. If by influencing the President + be meant RESTRAINING him, this is precisely what must have been + intended. And it has been shown that the restraint would be + salutary, at the same time that it would not be such as to destroy a + single advantage to be looked for from the uncontrolled agency of + that Magistrate. The right of nomination would produce all the good + of that of appointment, and would in a great measure avoid its evils. + Upon a comparison of the plan for the appointment of the + officers of the proposed government with that which is established + by the constitution of this State, a decided preference must be + given to the former. In that plan the power of nomination is + unequivocally vested in the Executive. And as there would be a + necessity for submitting each nomination to the judgment of an + entire branch of the legislature, the circumstances attending an + appointment, from the mode of conducting it, would naturally become + matters of notoriety; and the public would be at no loss to + determine what part had been performed by the different actors. The + blame of a bad nomination would fall upon the President singly and + absolutely. The censure of rejecting a good one would lie entirely + at the door of the Senate; aggravated by the consideration of their + having counteracted the good intentions of the Executive. If an ill + appointment should be made, the Executive for nominating, and the + Senate for approving, would participate, though in different + degrees, in the opprobrium and disgrace. +The reverse of all this characterizes the manner of appointment + in this State. The council of appointment consists of from three to + five persons, of whom the governor is always one. This small body, + shut up in a private apartment, impenetrable to the public eye, + proceed to the execution of the trust committed to them. It is + known that the governor claims the right of nomination, upon the + strength of some ambiguous expressions in the constitution; but it + is not known to what extent, or in what manner he exercises it; nor + upon what occasions he is contradicted or opposed. The censure of a + bad appointment, on account of the uncertainty of its author, and + for want of a determinate object, has neither poignancy nor duration. + And while an unbounded field for cabal and intrigue lies open, all + idea of responsibility is lost. The most that the public can know, + is that the governor claims the right of nomination; that TWO out + of the inconsiderable number of FOUR men can too often be managed + without much difficulty; that if some of the members of a + particular council should happen to be of an uncomplying character, + it is frequently not impossible to get rid of their opposition by + regulating the times of meeting in such a manner as to render their + attendance inconvenient; and that from whatever cause it may + proceed, a great number of very improper appointments are from time + to time made. Whether a governor of this State avails himself of + the ascendant he must necessarily have, in this delicate and + important part of the administration, to prefer to offices men who + are best qualified for them, or whether he prostitutes that + advantage to the advancement of persons whose chief merit is their + implicit devotion to his will, and to the support of a despicable + and dangerous system of personal influence, are questions which, + unfortunately for the community, can only be the subjects of + speculation and conjecture. +Every mere council of appointment, however constituted, will be + a conclave, in which cabal and intrigue will have their full scope. + Their number, without an unwarrantable increase of expense, cannot + be large enough to preclude a facility of combination. And as each + member will have his friends and connections to provide for, the + desire of mutual gratification will beget a scandalous bartering of + votes and bargaining for places. The private attachments of one man + might easily be satisfied; but to satisfy the private attachments + of a dozen, or of twenty men, would occasion a monopoly of all the + principal employments of the government in a few families, and would + lead more directly to an aristocracy or an oligarchy than any + measure that could be contrived. If, to avoid an accumulation of + offices, there was to be a frequent change in the persons who were + to compose the council, this would involve the mischiefs of a + mutable administration in their full extent. Such a council would + also be more liable to executive influence than the Senate, because + they would be fewer in number, and would act less immediately under + the public inspection. Such a council, in fine, as a substitute for + the plan of the convention, would be productive of an increase of + expense, a multiplication of the evils which spring from favoritism + and intrigue in the distribution of public honors, a decrease of + stability in the administration of the government, and a diminution + of the security against an undue influence of the Executive. And + yet such a council has been warmly contended for as an essential + amendment in the proposed Constitution. +I could not with propriety conclude my observations on the + subject of appointments without taking notice of a scheme for which + there have appeared some, though but few advocates; I mean that of + uniting the House of Representatives in the power of making them. I + shall, however, do little more than mention it, as I cannot imagine + that it is likely to gain the countenance of any considerable part + of the community. A body so fluctuating and at the same time so + numerous, can never be deemed proper for the exercise of that power. + Its unfitness will appear manifest to all, when it is recollected + that in half a century it may consist of three or four hundred + persons. All the advantages of the stability, both of the Executive + and of the Senate, would be defeated by this union, and infinite + delays and embarrassments would be occasioned. The example of most + of the States in their local constitutions encourages us to + reprobate the idea. +The only remaining powers of the Executive are comprehended in + giving information to Congress of the state of the Union; in + recommending to their consideration such measures as he shall judge + expedient; in convening them, or either branch, upon extraordinary + occasions; in adjourning them when they cannot themselves agree + upon the time of adjournment; in receiving ambassadors and other + public ministers; in faithfully executing the laws; and in + commissioning all the officers of the United States. +Except some cavils about the power of convening EITHER house of + the legislature, and that of receiving ambassadors, no objection has + been made to this class of authorities; nor could they possibly + admit of any. It required, indeed, an insatiable avidity for + censure to invent exceptions to the parts which have been excepted + to. In regard to the power of convening either house of the + legislature, I shall barely remark, that in respect to the Senate at + least, we can readily discover a good reason for it. AS this body + has a concurrent power with the Executive in the article of + treaties, it might often be necessary to call it together with a + view to this object, when it would be unnecessary and improper to + convene the House of Representatives. As to the reception of + ambassadors, what I have said in a former paper will furnish a + sufficient answer. +We have now completed a survey of the structure and powers of + the executive department, which, I have endeavored to show, + combines, as far as republican principles will admit, all the + requisites to energy. The remaining inquiry is: Does it also + combine the requisites to safety, in a republican sense, a due + dependence on the people, a due responsibility? The answer to this + question has been anticipated in the investigation of its other + characteristics, and is satisfactorily deducible from these + circumstances; from the election of the President once in four + years by persons immediately chosen by the people for that purpose; + and from his being at all times liable to impeachment, trial, + dismission from office, incapacity to serve in any other, and to + forfeiture of life and estate by subsequent prosecution in the + common course of law. But these precautions, great as they are, are + not the only ones which the plan of the convention has provided in + favor of the public security. In the only instances in which the + abuse of the executive authority was materially to be feared, the + Chief Magistrate of the United States would, by that plan, be + subjected to the control of a branch of the legislative body. What + more could be desired by an enlightened and reasonable people? +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST No. 78 + +The Judiciary Department +From McLEAN'S Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +WE PROCEED now to an examination of the judiciary department of + the proposed government. +In unfolding the defects of the existing Confederation, the + utility and necessity of a federal judicature have been clearly + pointed out. It is the less necessary to recapitulate the + considerations there urged, as the propriety of the institution in + the abstract is not disputed; the only questions which have been + raised being relative to the manner of constituting it, and to its + extent. To these points, therefore, our observations shall be + confined. +The manner of constituting it seems to embrace these several + objects: 1st. The mode of appointing the judges. 2d. The tenure by + which they are to hold their places. 3d. The partition of the + judiciary authority between different courts, and their relations to + each other. +First. As to the mode of appointing the judges; this is + the same with that of appointing the officers of the Union in + general, and has been so fully discussed in the two last numbers, + that nothing can be said here which would not be useless repetition. +Second. As to the tenure by which the judges are to hold + their places; this chiefly concerns their duration in office; the + provisions for their support; the precautions for their + responsibility. +According to the plan of the convention, all judges who may be + appointed by the United States are to hold their offices DURING GOOD + BEHAVIOR; which is conformable to the most approved of the State + constitutions and among the rest, to that of this State. Its + propriety having been drawn into question by the adversaries of that + plan, is no light symptom of the rage for objection, which disorders + their imaginations and judgments. The standard of good behavior for + the continuance in office of the judicial magistracy, is certainly + one of the most valuable of the modern improvements in the practice + of government. In a monarchy it is an excellent barrier to the + despotism of the prince; in a republic it is a no less excellent + barrier to the encroachments and oppressions of the representative + body. And it is the best expedient which can be devised in any + government, to secure a steady, upright, and impartial + administration of the laws. +Whoever attentively considers the different departments of power + must perceive, that, in a government in which they are separated + from each other, the judiciary, from the nature of its functions, + will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the + Constitution; because it will be least in a capacity to annoy or + injure them. The Executive not only dispenses the honors, but holds + the sword of the community. The legislature not only commands the + purse, but prescribes the rules by which the duties and rights of + every citizen are to be regulated. The judiciary, on the contrary, + has no influence over either the sword or the purse; no direction + either of the strength or of the wealth of the society; and can + take no active resolution whatever. It may truly be said to have + neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment; and must ultimately + depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of + its judgments. +This simple view of the matter suggests several important + consequences. It proves incontestably, that the judiciary is beyond + comparison the weakest of the three departments of power1; that + it can never attack with success either of the other two; and that + all possible care is requisite to enable it to defend itself against + their attacks. It equally proves, that though individual oppression + may now and then proceed from the courts of justice, the general + liberty of the people can never be endangered from that quarter; I + mean so long as the judiciary remains truly distinct from both the + legislature and the Executive. For I agree, that ``there is no + liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the + legislative and executive powers.''2 And it proves, in the last + place, that as liberty can have nothing to fear from the judiciary + alone, but would have every thing to fear from its union with either + of the other departments; that as all the effects of such a union + must ensue from a dependence of the former on the latter, + notwithstanding a nominal and apparent separation; that as, from + the natural feebleness of the judiciary, it is in continual jeopardy + of being overpowered, awed, or influenced by its co-ordinate + branches; and that as nothing can contribute so much to its + firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may + therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its + constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public + justice and the public security. +The complete independence of the courts of justice is peculiarly + essential in a limited Constitution. By a limited Constitution, I + understand one which contains certain specified exceptions to the + legislative authority; such, for instance, as that it shall pass no + bills of attainder, no ex-post-facto laws, and the like. + Limitations of this kind can be preserved in practice no other way + than through the medium of courts of justice, whose duty it must be + to declare all acts contrary to the manifest tenor of the + Constitution void. Without this, all the reservations of particular + rights or privileges would amount to nothing. +Some perplexity respecting the rights of the courts to pronounce + legislative acts void, because contrary to the Constitution, has + arisen from an imagination that the doctrine would imply a + superiority of the judiciary to the legislative power. It is urged + that the authority which can declare the acts of another void, must + necessarily be superior to the one whose acts may be declared void. + As this doctrine is of great importance in all the American + constitutions, a brief discussion of the ground on which it rests + cannot be unacceptable. +There is no position which depends on clearer principles, than + that every act of a delegated authority, contrary to the tenor of + the commission under which it is exercised, is void. No legislative + act, therefore, contrary to the Constitution, can be valid. To deny + this, would be to affirm, that the deputy is greater than his + principal; that the servant is above his master; that the + representatives of the people are superior to the people themselves; + that men acting by virtue of powers, may do not only what their + powers do not authorize, but what they forbid. +If it be said that the legislative body are themselves the + constitutional judges of their own powers, and that the construction + they put upon them is conclusive upon the other departments, it may + be answered, that this cannot be the natural presumption, where it + is not to be collected from any particular provisions in the + Constitution. It is not otherwise to be supposed, that the + Constitution could intend to enable the representatives of the + people to substitute their WILL to that of their constituents. It + is far more rational to suppose, that the courts were designed to be + an intermediate body between the people and the legislature, in + order, among other things, to keep the latter within the limits + assigned to their authority. The interpretation of the laws is the + proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in + fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It + therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the + meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. + If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the + two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of + course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought + to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the + intention of their agents. +Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of + the judicial to the legislative power. It only supposes that the + power of the people is superior to both; and that where the will of + the legislature, declared in its statutes, stands in opposition to + that of the people, declared in the Constitution, the judges ought + to be governed by the latter rather than the former. They ought to + regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws, rather than by + those which are not fundamental. +This exercise of judicial discretion, in determining between two + contradictory laws, is exemplified in a familiar instance. It not + uncommonly happens, that there are two statutes existing at one + time, clashing in whole or in part with each other, and neither of + them containing any repealing clause or expression. In such a case, + it is the province of the courts to liquidate and fix their meaning + and operation. So far as they can, by any fair construction, be + reconciled to each other, reason and law conspire to dictate that + this should be done; where this is impracticable, it becomes a + matter of necessity to give effect to one, in exclusion of the other. + The rule which has obtained in the courts for determining their + relative validity is, that the last in order of time shall be + preferred to the first. But this is a mere rule of construction, + not derived from any positive law, but from the nature and reason of + the thing. It is a rule not enjoined upon the courts by legislative + provision, but adopted by themselves, as consonant to truth and + propriety, for the direction of their conduct as interpreters of the + law. They thought it reasonable, that between the interfering acts + of an EQUAL authority, that which was the last indication of its + will should have the preference. +But in regard to the interfering acts of a superior and + subordinate authority, of an original and derivative power, the + nature and reason of the thing indicate the converse of that rule as + proper to be followed. They teach us that the prior act of a + superior ought to be preferred to the subsequent act of an inferior + and subordinate authority; and that accordingly, whenever a + particular statute contravenes the Constitution, it will be the duty + of the judicial tribunals to adhere to the latter and disregard the + former. +It can be of no weight to say that the courts, on the pretense + of a repugnancy, may substitute their own pleasure to the + constitutional intentions of the legislature. This might as well + happen in the case of two contradictory statutes; or it might as + well happen in every adjudication upon any single statute. The + courts must declare the sense of the law; and if they should be + disposed to exercise WILL instead of JUDGMENT, the consequence would + equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the + legislative body. The observation, if it prove any thing, would + prove that there ought to be no judges distinct from that body. +If, then, the courts of justice are to be considered as the + bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative + encroachments, this consideration will afford a strong argument for + the permanent tenure of judicial offices, since nothing will + contribute so much as this to that independent spirit in the judges + which must be essential to the faithful performance of so arduous a + duty. +This independence of the judges is equally requisite to guard + the Constitution and the rights of individuals from the effects of + those ill humors, which the arts of designing men, or the influence + of particular conjunctures, sometimes disseminate among the people + themselves, and which, though they speedily give place to better + information, and more deliberate reflection, have a tendency, in the + meantime, to occasion dangerous innovations in the government, and + serious oppressions of the minor party in the community. Though I + trust the friends of the proposed Constitution will never concur + with its enemies,3 in questioning that fundamental principle of + republican government, which admits the right of the people to alter + or abolish the established Constitution, whenever they find it + inconsistent with their happiness, yet it is not to be inferred from + this principle, that the representatives of the people, whenever a + momentary inclination happens to lay hold of a majority of their + constituents, incompatible with the provisions in the existing + Constitution, would, on that account, be justifiable in a violation + of those provisions; or that the courts would be under a greater + obligation to connive at infractions in this shape, than when they + had proceeded wholly from the cabals of the representative body. + Until the people have, by some solemn and authoritative act, + annulled or changed the established form, it is binding upon + themselves collectively, as well as individually; and no + presumption, or even knowledge, of their sentiments, can warrant + their representatives in a departure from it, prior to such an act. + But it is easy to see, that it would require an uncommon portion of + fortitude in the judges to do their duty as faithful guardians of + the Constitution, where legislative invasions of it had been + instigated by the major voice of the community. +But it is not with a view to infractions of the Constitution + only, that the independence of the judges may be an essential + safeguard against the effects of occasional ill humors in the + society. These sometimes extend no farther than to the injury of + the private rights of particular classes of citizens, by unjust and + partial laws. Here also the firmness of the judicial magistracy is + of vast importance in mitigating the severity and confining the + operation of such laws. It not only serves to moderate the + immediate mischiefs of those which may have been passed, but it + operates as a check upon the legislative body in passing them; who, + perceiving that obstacles to the success of iniquitous intention are + to be expected from the scruples of the courts, are in a manner + compelled, by the very motives of the injustice they meditate, to + qualify their attempts. This is a circumstance calculated to have + more influence upon the character of our governments, than but few + may be aware of. The benefits of the integrity and moderation of + the judiciary have already been felt in more States than one; and + though they may have displeased those whose sinister expectations + they may have disappointed, they must have commanded the esteem and + applause of all the virtuous and disinterested. Considerate men, of + every description, ought to prize whatever will tend to beget or + fortify that temper in the courts: as no man can be sure that he + may not be to-morrow the victim of a spirit of injustice, by which + he may be a gainer to-day. And every man must now feel, that the + inevitable tendency of such a spirit is to sap the foundations of + public and private confidence, and to introduce in its stead + universal distrust and distress. +That inflexible and uniform adherence to the rights of the + Constitution, and of individuals, which we perceive to be + indispensable in the courts of justice, can certainly not be + expected from judges who hold their offices by a temporary + commission. Periodical appointments, however regulated, or by + whomsoever made, would, in some way or other, be fatal to their + necessary independence. If the power of making them was committed + either to the Executive or legislature, there would be danger of an + improper complaisance to the branch which possessed it; if to both, + there would be an unwillingness to hazard the displeasure of either; + if to the people, or to persons chosen by them for the special + purpose, there would be too great a disposition to consult + popularity, to justify a reliance that nothing would be consulted + but the Constitution and the laws. +There is yet a further and a weightier reason for the permanency + of the judicial offices, which is deducible from the nature of the + qualifications they require. It has been frequently remarked, with + great propriety, that a voluminous code of laws is one of the + inconveniences necessarily connected with the advantages of a free + government. To avoid an arbitrary discretion in the courts, it is + indispensable that they should be bound down by strict rules and + precedents, which serve to define and point out their duty in every + particular case that comes before them; and it will readily be + conceived from the variety of controversies which grow out of the + folly and wickedness of mankind, that the records of those + precedents must unavoidably swell to a very considerable bulk, and + must demand long and laborious study to acquire a competent + knowledge of them. Hence it is, that there can be but few men in + the society who will have sufficient skill in the laws to qualify + them for the stations of judges. And making the proper deductions + for the ordinary depravity of human nature, the number must be still + smaller of those who unite the requisite integrity with the + requisite knowledge. These considerations apprise us, that the + government can have no great option between fit character; and that + a temporary duration in office, which would naturally discourage + such characters from quitting a lucrative line of practice to accept + a seat on the bench, would have a tendency to throw the + administration of justice into hands less able, and less well + qualified, to conduct it with utility and dignity. In the present + circumstances of this country, and in those in which it is likely to + be for a long time to come, the disadvantages on this score would be + greater than they may at first sight appear; but it must be + confessed, that they are far inferior to those which present + themselves under the other aspects of the subject. +Upon the whole, there can be no room to doubt that the + convention acted wisely in copying from the models of those + constitutions which have established GOOD BEHAVIOR as the tenure of + their judicial offices, in point of duration; and that so far from + being blamable on this account, their plan would have been + inexcusably defective, if it had wanted this important feature of + good government. The experience of Great Britain affords an + illustrious comment on the excellence of the institution. +PUBLIUS. +1 The celebrated Montesquieu, speaking of them, says: ``Of the + three powers above mentioned, the judiciary is next to + nothing.'' ``Spirit of Laws.'' vol. i., page 186. +2 Idem, page 181. +3 Vide ``Protest of the Minority of the Convention of + Pennsylvania,'' Martin's Speech, etc. + + +FEDERALIST No. 79 + +The Judiciary Continued +From MCLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +NEXT to permanency in office, nothing can contribute more to the + independence of the judges than a fixed provision for their support. + The remark made in relation to the President is equally applicable + here. In the general course of human nature, A POWER OVER A MAN's + SUBSISTENCE AMOUNTS TO A POWER OVER HIS WILL. And we can never hope + to see realized in practice, the complete separation of the judicial + from the legislative power, in any system which leaves the former + dependent for pecuniary resources on the occasional grants of the + latter. The enlightened friends to good government in every State, + have seen cause to lament the want of precise and explicit + precautions in the State constitutions on this head. Some of these + indeed have declared that PERMANENT1 salaries should be + established for the judges; but the experiment has in some + instances shown that such expressions are not sufficiently definite + to preclude legislative evasions. Something still more positive and + unequivocal has been evinced to be requisite. The plan of the + convention accordingly has provided that the judges of the United + States ``shall at STATED TIMES receive for their services a + compensation which shall not be DIMINISHED during their continuance + in office.'' +This, all circumstances considered, is the most eligible + provision that could have been devised. It will readily be + understood that the fluctuations in the value of money and in the + state of society rendered a fixed rate of compensation in the + Constitution inadmissible. What might be extravagant to-day, might + in half a century become penurious and inadequate. It was therefore + necessary to leave it to the discretion of the legislature to vary + its provisions in conformity to the variations in circumstances, yet + under such restrictions as to put it out of the power of that body + to change the condition of the individual for the worse. A man may + then be sure of the ground upon which he stands, and can never be + deterred from his duty by the apprehension of being placed in a less + eligible situation. The clause which has been quoted combines both + advantages. The salaries of judicial officers may from time to time + be altered, as occasion shall require, yet so as never to lessen the + allowance with which any particular judge comes into office, in + respect to him. It will be observed that a difference has been made + by the convention between the compensation of the President and of + the judges, That of the former can neither be increased nor + diminished; that of the latter can only not be diminished. This + probably arose from the difference in the duration of the respective + offices. As the President is to be elected for no more than four + years, it can rarely happen that an adequate salary, fixed at the + commencement of that period, will not continue to be such to its end. + But with regard to the judges, who, if they behave properly, will + be secured in their places for life, it may well happen, especially + in the early stages of the government, that a stipend, which would + be very sufficient at their first appointment, would become too + small in the progress of their service. +This provision for the support of the judges bears every mark of + prudence and efficacy; and it may be safely affirmed that, together + with the permanent tenure of their offices, it affords a better + prospect of their independence than is discoverable in the + constitutions of any of the States in regard to their own judges. +The precautions for their responsibility are comprised in the + article respecting impeachments. They are liable to be impeached + for malconduct by the House of Representatives, and tried by the + Senate; and, if convicted, may be dismissed from office, and + disqualified for holding any other. This is the only provision on + the point which is consistent with the necessary independence of the + judicial character, and is the only one which we find in our own + Constitution in respect to our own judges. +The want of a provision for removing the judges on account of + inability has been a subject of complaint. But all considerate men + will be sensible that such a provision would either not be practiced + upon or would be more liable to abuse than calculated to answer any + good purpose. The mensuration of the faculties of the mind has, I + believe, no place in the catalogue of known arts. An attempt to fix + the boundary between the regions of ability and inability, would + much oftener give scope to personal and party attachments and + enmities than advance the interests of justice or the public good. + The result, except in the case of insanity, must for the most part + be arbitrary; and insanity, without any formal or express + provision, may be safely pronounced to be a virtual disqualification. +The constitution of New York, to avoid investigations that must + forever be vague and dangerous, has taken a particular age as the + criterion of inability. No man can be a judge beyond sixty. I + believe there are few at present who do not disapprove of this + provision. There is no station, in relation to which it is less + proper than to that of a judge. The deliberating and comparing + faculties generally preserve their strength much beyond that period + in men who survive it; and when, in addition to this circumstance, + we consider how few there are who outlive the season of intellectual + vigor, and how improbable it is that any considerable portion of the + bench, whether more or less numerous, should be in such a situation + at the same time, we shall be ready to conclude that limitations of + this sort have little to recommend them. In a republic, where + fortunes are not affluent, and pensions not expedient, the + dismission of men from stations in which they have served their + country long and usefully, on which they depend for subsistence, and + from which it will be too late to resort to any other occupation for + a livelihood, ought to have some better apology to humanity than is + to be found in the imaginary danger of a superannuated bench. +PUBLIUS. +1 Vide ``Constitution of Massachusetts,'' chapter 2, section + I, article 13. + + +FEDERALIST No. 80 +The Powers of the Judiciary +From McLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +To JUDGE with accuracy of the proper extent of the federal + judicature, it will be necessary to consider, in the first place, + what are its proper objects. +It seems scarcely to admit of controversy, that the judicary + authority of the Union ought to extend to these several descriptions + of cases: 1st, to all those which arise out of the laws of the + United States, passed in pursuance of their just and constitutional + powers of legislation; 2d, to all those which concern the execution + of the provisions expressly contained in the articles of Union; 3d, + to all those in which the United States are a party; 4th, to all + those which involve the PEACE of the CONFEDERACY, whether they + relate to the intercourse between the United States and foreign + nations, or to that between the States themselves; 5th, to all + those which originate on the high seas, and are of admiralty or + maritime jurisdiction; and, lastly, to all those in which the State + tribunals cannot be supposed to be impartial and unbiased. +The first point depends upon this obvious consideration, that + there ought always to be a constitutional method of giving efficacy + to constitutional provisions. What, for instance, would avail + restrictions on the authority of the State legislatures, without + some constitutional mode of enforcing the observance of them? The + States, by the plan of the convention, are prohibited from doing a + variety of things, some of which are incompatible with the interests + of the Union, and others with the principles of good government. + The imposition of duties on imported articles, and the emission of + paper money, are specimens of each kind. No man of sense will + believe, that such prohibitions would be scrupulously regarded, + without some effectual power in the government to restrain or + correct the infractions of them. This power must either be a direct + negative on the State laws, or an authority in the federal courts to + overrule such as might be in manifest contravention of the articles + of Union. There is no third course that I can imagine. The latter + appears to have been thought by the convention preferable to the + former, and, I presume, will be most agreeable to the States. +As to the second point, it is impossible, by any argument or + comment, to make it clearer than it is in itself. If there are such + things as political axioms, the propriety of the judicial power of a + government being coextensive with its legislative, may be ranked + among the number. The mere necessity of uniformity in the + interpretation of the national laws, decides the question. Thirteen + independent courts of final jurisdiction over the same causes, + arising upon the same laws, is a hydra in government, from which + nothing but contradiction and confusion can proceed. +Still less need be said in regard to the third point. + Controversies between the nation and its members or citizens, can + only be properly referred to the national tribunals. Any other plan + would be contrary to reason, to precedent, and to decorum. +The fourth point rests on this plain proposition, that the peace + of the WHOLE ought not to be left at the disposal of a PART. The + Union will undoubtedly be answerable to foreign powers for the + conduct of its members. And the responsibility for an injury ought + ever to be accompanied with the faculty of preventing it. As the + denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well + as in any other manner, is with reason classed among the just causes + of war, it will follow that the federal judiciary ought to have + cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other countries + are concerned. This is not less essential to the preservation of + the public faith, than to the security of the public tranquillity. + A distinction may perhaps be imagined between cases arising upon + treaties and the laws of nations and those which may stand merely on + the footing of the municipal law. The former kind may be supposed + proper for the federal jurisdiction, the latter for that of the + States. But it is at least problematical, whether an unjust + sentence against a foreigner, where the subject of controversy was + wholly relative to the lex loci, would not, if unredressed, be + an aggression upon his sovereign, as well as one which violated the + stipulations of a treaty or the general law of nations. And a still + greater objection to the distinction would result from the immense + difficulty, if not impossibility, of a practical discrimination + between the cases of one complexion and those of the other. So + great a proportion of the cases in which foreigners are parties, + involve national questions, that it is by far most safe and most + expedient to refer all those in which they are concerned to the + national tribunals. +The power of determining causes between two States, between one + State and the citizens of another, and between the citizens of + different States, is perhaps not less essential to the peace of the + Union than that which has been just examined. History gives us a + horrid picture of the dissensions and private wars which distracted + and desolated Germany prior to the institution of the Imperial + Chamber by Maximilian, towards the close of the fifteenth century; + and informs us, at the same time, of the vast influence of that + institution in appeasing the disorders and establishing the + tranquillity of the empire. This was a court invested with + authority to decide finally all differences among the members of the + Germanic body. +A method of terminating territorial disputes between the States, + under the authority of the federal head, was not unattended to, even + in the imperfect system by which they have been hitherto held + together. But there are many other sources, besides interfering + claims of boundary, from which bickerings and animosities may spring + up among the members of the Union. To some of these we have been + witnesses in the course of our past experience. It will readily be + conjectured that I allude to the fraudulent laws which have been + passed in too many of the States. And though the proposed + Constitution establishes particular guards against the repetition of + those instances which have heretofore made their appearance, yet it + is warrantable to apprehend that the spirit which produced them will + assume new shapes, that could not be foreseen nor specifically + provided against. Whatever practices may have a tendency to disturb + the harmony between the States, are proper objects of federal + superintendence and control. +It may be esteemed the basis of the Union, that ``the citizens + of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities + of citizens of the several States.'' And if it be a just principle + that every government OUGHT TO POSSESS THE MEANS OF EXECUTING ITS + OWN PROVISIONS BY ITS OWN AUTHORITY, it will follow, that in order + to the inviolable maintenance of that equality of privileges and + immunities to which the citizens of the Union will be entitled, the + national judiciary ought to preside in all cases in which one State + or its citizens are opposed to another State or its citizens. To + secure the full effect of so fundamental a provision against all + evasion and subterfuge, it is necessary that its construction should + be committed to that tribunal which, having no local attachments, + will be likely to be impartial between the different States and + their citizens, and which, owing its official existence to the + Union, will never be likely to feel any bias inauspicious to the + principles on which it is founded. +The fifth point will demand little animadversion. The most + bigoted idolizers of State authority have not thus far shown a + disposition to deny the national judiciary the cognizances of + maritime causes. These so generally depend on the laws of nations, + and so commonly affect the rights of foreigners, that they fall + within the considerations which are relative to the public peace. + The most important part of them are, by the present Confederation, + submitted to federal jurisdiction. +The reasonableness of the agency of the national courts in cases + in which the State tribunals cannot be supposed to be impartial, + speaks for itself. No man ought certainly to be a judge in his own + cause, or in any cause in respect to which he has the least interest + or bias. This principle has no inconsiderable weight in designating + the federal courts as the proper tribunals for the determination of + controversies between different States and their citizens. And it + ought to have the same operation in regard to some cases between + citizens of the same State. Claims to land under grants of + different States, founded upon adverse pretensions of boundary, are + of this description. The courts of neither of the granting States + could be expected to be unbiased. The laws may have even prejudged + the question, and tied the courts down to decisions in favor of the + grants of the State to which they belonged. And even where this had + not been done, it would be natural that the judges, as men, should + feel a strong predilection to the claims of their own government. +Having thus laid down and discussed the principles which ought + to regulate the constitution of the federal judiciary, we will + proceed to test, by these principles, the particular powers of + which, according to the plan of the convention, it is to be composed. + It is to comprehend ``all cases in law and equity arising under + the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, + or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases + affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all + cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to + which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between + two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; + between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same + State claiming lands and grants of different States; and between a + State or the citizens thereof and foreign states, citizens, and + subjects.'' This constitutes the entire mass of the judicial + authority of the Union. Let us now review it in detail. It is, + then, to extend: +First. To all cases in law and equity, ARISING UNDER THE + CONSTITUTION and THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. This corresponds + with the two first classes of causes, which have been enumerated, as + proper for the jurisdiction of the United States. It has been + asked, what is meant by ``cases arising under the Constitution,'' in + contradiction from those ``arising under the laws of the United + States''? The difference has been already explained. All the + restrictions upon the authority of the State legislatures furnish + examples of it. They are not, for instance, to emit paper money; + but the interdiction results from the Constitution, and will have + no connection with any law of the United States. Should paper + money, notwithstanding, be emited, the controversies concerning it + would be cases arising under the Constitution and not the laws of + the United States, in the ordinary signification of the terms. This + may serve as a sample of the whole. +It has also been asked, what need of the word ``equity What + equitable causes can grow out of the Constitution and laws of the + United States? There is hardly a subject of litigation between + individuals, which may not involve those ingredients of FRAUD, + ACCIDENT, TRUST, or HARDSHIP, which would render the matter an + object of equitable rather than of legal jurisdiction, as the + distinction is known and established in several of the States. It + is the peculiar province, for instance, of a court of equity to + relieve against what are called hard bargains: these are contracts + in which, though there may have been no direct fraud or deceit, + sufficient to invalidate them in a court of law, yet there may have + been some undue and unconscionable advantage taken of the + necessities or misfortunes of one of the parties, which a court of + equity would not tolerate. In such cases, where foreigners were + concerned on either side, it would be impossible for the federal + judicatories to do justice without an equitable as well as a legal + jurisdiction. Agreements to convey lands claimed under the grants + of different States, may afford another example of the necessity of + an equitable jurisdiction in the federal courts. This reasoning may + not be so palpable in those States where the formal and technical + distinction between LAW and EQUITY is not maintained, as in this + State, where it is exemplified by every day's practice. +The judiciary authority of the Union is to extend: +Second. To treaties made, or which shall be made, under the + authority of the United States, and to all cases affecting + ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls. These belong to + the fourth class of the enumerated cases, as they have an evident + connection with the preservation of the national peace. +Third. To cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. + These form, altogether, the fifth of the enumerated classes of + causes proper for the cognizance of the national courts. +Fourth. To controversies to which the United States shall be + a party. These constitute the third of those classes. +Fifth. To controversies between two or more States; between + a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of + different States. These belong to the fourth of those classes, and + partake, in some measure, of the nature of the last. +Sixth. To cases between the citizens of the same State, + CLAIMING LANDS UNDER GRANTS OF DIFFERENT STATES. These fall within + the last class, and ARE THE ONLY INSTANCES IN WHICH THE PROPOSED + CONSTITUTION DIRECTLY CONTEMPLATES THE COGNIZANCE OF DISPUTES + BETWEEN THE CITIZENS OF THE SAME STATE. +Seventh. To cases between a State and the citizens thereof, + and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. These have been already + explained to belong to the fourth of the enumerated classes, and + have been shown to be, in a peculiar manner, the proper subjects of + the national judicature. +From this review of the particular powers of the federal + judiciary, as marked out in the Constitution, it appears that they + are all conformable to the principles which ought to have governed + the structure of that department, and which were necessary to the + perfection of the system. If some partial inconviences should + appear to be connected with the incorporation of any of them into + the plan, it ought to be recollected that the national legislature + will have ample authority to make such EXCEPTIONS, and to prescribe + such regulations as will be calculated to obviate or remove these + inconveniences. The possibility of particular mischiefs can never + be viewed, by a wellinformed mind, as a solid objection to a general + principle, which is calculated to avoid general mischiefs and to + obtain general advantages. +PUBLIUS. + + +FEDERALIST. No. 81 + +The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial + Authority +From McLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +LET US now return to the partition of the judiciary authority + between different courts, and their relations to each other, + ``The judicial power of the United States is'' (by the plan of + the convention) ``to be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such + inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and + establish.''1 +That there ought to be one court of supreme and final + jurisdiction, is a proposition which is not likely to be contested. + The reasons for it have been assigned in another place, and are too + obvious to need repetition. The only question that seems to have + been raised concerning it, is, whether it ought to be a distinct + body or a branch of the legislature. The same contradiction is + observable in regard to this matter which has been remarked in + several other cases. The very men who object to the Senate as a + court of impeachments, on the ground of an improper intermixture of + powers, advocate, by implication at least, the propriety of vesting + the ultimate decision of all causes, in the whole or in a part of + the legislative body. +The arguments, or rather suggestions, upon which this charge is + founded, are to this effect: ``The authority of the proposed + Supreme Court of the United States, which is to be a separate and + independent body, will be superior to that of the legislature. The + power of construing the laws according to the SPIRIT of the + Constitution, will enable that court to mould them into whatever + shape it may think proper; especially as its decisions will not be + in any manner subject to the revision or correction of the + legislative body. This is as unprecedented as it is dangerous. In + Britain, the judical power, in the last resort, resides in the House + of Lords, which is a branch of the legislature; and this part of + the British government has been imitated in the State constitutions + in general. The Parliament of Great Britain, and the legislatures + of the several States, can at any time rectify, by law, the + exceptionable decisions of their respective courts. But the errors + and usurpations of the Supreme Court of the United States will be + uncontrollable and remediless.'' This, upon examination, will be + found to be made up altogether of false reasoning upon misconceived + fact. +In the first place, there is not a syllable in the plan under + consideration which DIRECTLY empowers the national courts to + construe the laws according to the spirit of the Constitution, or + which gives them any greater latitude in this respect than may be + claimed by the courts of every State. I admit, however, that the + Constitution ought to be the standard of construction for the laws, + and that wherever there is an evident opposition, the laws ought to + give place to the Constitution. But this doctrine is not deducible + from any circumstance peculiar to the plan of the convention, but + from the general theory of a limited Constitution; and as far as it + is true, is equally applicable to most, if not to all the State + governments. There can be no objection, therefore, on this account, + to the federal judicature which will not lie against the local + judicatures in general, and which will not serve to condemn every + constitution that attempts to set bounds to legislative discretion. +But perhaps the force of the objection may be thought to consist + in the particular organization of the Supreme Court; in its being + composed of a distinct body of magistrates, instead of being one of + the branches of the legislature, as in the government of Great + Britain and that of the State. To insist upon this point, the + authors of the objection must renounce the meaning they have labored + to annex to the celebrated maxim, requiring a separation of the + departments of power. It shall, nevertheless, be conceded to them, + agreeably to the interpretation given to that maxim in the course of + these papers, that it is not violated by vesting the ultimate power + of judging in a PART of the legislative body. But though this be + not an absolute violation of that excellent rule, yet it verges so + nearly upon it, as on this account alone to be less eligible than + the mode preferred by the convention. From a body which had even a + partial agency in passing bad laws, we could rarely expect a + disposition to temper and moderate them in the application. The + same spirit which had operated in making them, would be too apt in + interpreting them; still less could it be expected that men who had + infringed the Constitution in the character of legislators, would be + disposed to repair the breach in the character of judges. Nor is + this all. Every reason which recommends the tenure of good behavior + for judicial offices, militates against placing the judiciary power, + in the last resort, in a body composed of men chosen for a limited + period. There is an absurdity in referring the determination of + causes, in the first instance, to judges of permanent standing; in + the last, to those of a temporary and mutable constitution. And + there is a still greater absurdity in subjecting the decisions of + men, selected for their knowledge of the laws, acquired by long and + laborious study, to the revision and control of men who, for want of + the same advantage, cannot but be deficient in that knowledge. The + members of the legislature will rarely be chosen with a view to + those qualifications which fit men for the stations of judges; and + as, on this account, there will be great reason to apprehend all the + ill consequences of defective information, so, on account of the + natural propensity of such bodies to party divisions, there will be + no less reason to fear that the pestilential breath of faction may + poison the fountains of justice. The habit of being continually + marshalled on opposite sides will be too apt to stifle the voice + both of law and of equity. +These considerations teach us to applaud the wisdom of those + States who have committed the judicial power, in the last resort, + not to a part of the legislature, but to distinct and independent + bodies of men. Contrary to the supposition of those who have + represented the plan of the convention, in this respect, as novel + and unprecedented, it is but a copy of the constitutions of New + Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, + Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; and the + preference which has been given to those models is highly to be + commended. +It is not true, in the second place, that the Parliament of + Great Britain, or the legislatures of the particular States, can + rectify the exceptionable decisions of their respective courts, in + any other sense than might be done by a future legislature of the + United States. The theory, neither of the British, nor the State + constitutions, authorizes the revisal of a judicial sentence by a + legislative act. Nor is there any thing in the proposed + Constitution, more than in either of them, by which it is forbidden. + In the former, as well as in the latter, the impropriety of the + thing, on the general principles of law and reason, is the sole + obstacle. A legislature, without exceeding its province, cannot + reverse a determination once made in a particular case; though it + may prescribe a new rule for future cases. This is the principle, + and it applies in all its consequences, exactly in the same manner + and extent, to the State governments, as to the national government + now under consideration. Not the least difference can be pointed + out in any view of the subject. +It may in the last place be observed that the supposed danger of + judiciary encroachments on the legislative authority, which has been + upon many occasions reiterated, is in reality a phantom. Particular + misconstructions and contraventions of the will of the legislature + may now and then happen; but they can never be so extensive as to + amount to an inconvenience, or in any sensible degree to affect the + order of the political system. This may be inferred with certainty, + from the general nature of the judicial power, from the objects to + which it relates, from the manner in which it is exercised, from its + comparative weakness, and from its total incapacity to support its + usurpations by force. And the inference is greatly fortified by the + consideration of the important constitutional check which the power + of instituting impeachments in one part of the legislative body, and + of determining upon them in the other, would give to that body upon + the members of the judicial department. This is alone a complete + security. There never can be danger that the judges, by a series of + deliberate usurpations on the authority of the legislature, would + hazard the united resentment of the body intrusted with it, while + this body was possessed of the means of punishing their presumption, + by degrading them from their stations. While this ought to remove + all apprehensions on the subject, it affords, at the same time, a + cogent argument for constituting the Senate a court for the trial of + impeachments. +Having now examined, and, I trust, removed the objections to the + distinct and independent organization of the Supreme Court, I + proceed to consider the propriety of the power of constituting + inferior courts,2 and the relations which will subsist between + these and the former. +The power of constituting inferior courts is evidently + calculated to obviate the necessity of having recourse to the + Supreme Court in every case of federal cognizance. It is intended + to enable the national government to institute or AUTHORUZE, in each + State or district of the United States, a tribunal competent to the + determination of matters of national jurisdiction within its limits. +But why, it is asked, might not the same purpose have been + accomplished by the instrumentality of the State courts? This + admits of different answers. Though the fitness and competency of + those courts should be allowed in the utmost latitude, yet the + substance of the power in question may still be regarded as a + necessary part of the plan, if it were only to empower the national + legislature to commit to them the cognizance of causes arising out + of the national Constitution. To confer the power of determining + such causes upon the existing courts of the several States, would + perhaps be as much ``to constitute tribunals,'' as to create new + courts with the like power. But ought not a more direct and + explicit provision to have been made in favor of the State courts? + There are, in my opinion, substantial reasons against such a + provision: the most discerning cannot foresee how far the + prevalency of a local spirit may be found to disqualify the local + tribunals for the jurisdiction of national causes; whilst every man + may discover, that courts constituted like those of some of the + States would be improper channels of the judicial authority of the + Union. State judges, holding their offices during pleasure, or from + year to year, will be too little independent to be relied upon for + an inflexible execution of the national laws. And if there was a + necessity for confiding the original cognizance of causes arising + under those laws to them there would be a correspondent necessity + for leaving the door of appeal as wide as possible. In proportion + to the grounds of confidence in, or distrust of, the subordinate + tribunals, ought to be the facility or difficulty of appeals. And + well satisfied as I am of the propriety of the appellate + jurisdiction, in the several classes of causes to which it is + extended by the plan of the convention. I should consider every + thing calculated to give, in practice, an UNRESTRAINED COURSE to + appeals, as a source of public and private inconvenience. +I am not sure, but that it will be found highly expedient and + useful, to divide the United States into four or five or half a + dozen districts; and to institute a federal court in each district, + in lieu of one in every State. The judges of these courts, with the + aid of the State judges, may hold circuits for the trial of causes + in the several parts of the respective districts. Justice through + them may be administered with ease and despatch; and appeals may be + safely circumscribed within a narrow compass. This plan appears to + me at present the most eligible of any that could be adopted; and + in order to it, it is necessary that the power of constituting + inferior courts should exist in the full extent in which it is to be + found in the proposed Constitution. +These reasons seem sufficient to satisfy a candid mind, that the + want of such a power would have been a great defect in the plan. + Let us now examine in what manner the judicial authority is to be + distributed between the supreme and the inferior courts of the Union. + The Supreme Court is to be invested with original jurisdiction, + only ``in cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and + consuls, and those in which A STATE shall be a party.'' Public + ministers of every class are the immediate representatives of their + sovereigns. All questions in which they are concerned are so + directly connected with the public peace, that, as well for the + preservation of this, as out of respect to the sovereignties they + represent, it is both expedient and proper that such questions + should be submitted in the first instance to the highest judicatory + of the nation. Though consuls have not in strictness a diplomatic + character, yet as they are the public agents of the nations to which + they belong, the same observation is in a great measure applicable + to them. In cases in which a State might happen to be a party, it + would ill suit its dignity to be turned over to an inferior tribunal. + Though it may rather be a digression from the immediate subject + of this paper, I shall take occasion to mention here a supposition + which has excited some alarm upon very mistaken grounds. It has + been suggested that an assignment of the public securities of one + State to the citizens of another, would enable them to prosecute + that State in the federal courts for the amount of those securities; + a suggestion which the following considerations prove to be without + foundation. +It is inherent in the nature of sovereignty not to be amenable + to the suit of an individual WITHOUT ITS CONSENT. This is the + general sense, and the general practice of mankind; and the + exemption, as one of the attributes of sovereignty, is now enjoyed + by the government of every State in the Union. Unless, therefore, + there is a surrender of this immunity in the plan of the convention, + it will remain with the States, and the danger intimated must be + merely ideal. The circumstances which are necessary to produce an + alienation of State sovereignty were discussed in considering the + article of taxation, and need not be repeated here. A recurrence to + the principles there established will satisfy us, that there is no + color to pretend that the State governments would, by the adoption + of that plan, be divested of the privilege of paying their own debts + in their own way, free from every constraint but that which flows + from the obligations of good faith. The contracts between a nation + and individuals are only binding on the conscience of the sovereign, + and have no pretensions to a compulsive force. They confer no right + of action, independent of the sovereign will. To what purpose would + it be to authorize suits against States for the debts they owe? How + could recoveries be enforced? It is evident, it could not be done + without waging war against the contracting State; and to ascribe to + the federal courts, by mere implication, and in destruction of a + pre-existing right of the State governments, a power which would + involve such a consequence, would be altogether forced and + unwarrantable. +Let us resume the train of our observations. We have seen that + the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court would be confined to + two classes of causes, and those of a nature rarely to occur. In + all other cases of federal cognizance, the original jurisdiction + would appertain to the inferior tribunals; and the Supreme Court + would have nothing more than an appellate jurisdiction, ``with such + EXCEPTIONS and under such REGULATIONS as the Congress shall make.'' +The propriety of this appellate jurisdiction has been scarcely + called in question in regard to matters of law; but the clamors + have been loud against it as applied to matters of fact. Some + well-intentioned men in this State, deriving their notions from the + language and forms which obtain in our courts, have been induced to + consider it as an implied supersedure of the trial by jury, in favor + of the civil-law mode of trial, which prevails in our courts of + admiralty, probate, and chancery. A technical sense has been + affixed to the term ``appellate,'' which, in our law parlance, is + commonly used in reference to appeals in the course of the civil law. + But if I am not misinformed, the same meaning would not be given + to it in any part of New England. There an appeal from one jury to + another, is familiar both in language and practice, and is even a + matter of course, until there have been two verdicts on one side. + The word ``appellate,'' therefore, will not be understood in the + same sense in New England as in New York, which shows the + impropriety of a technical interpretation derived from the + jurisprudence of any particular State. The expression, taken in the + abstract, denotes nothing more than the power of one tribunal to + review the proceedings of another, either as to the law or fact, or + both. The mode of doing it may depend on ancient custom or + legislative provision (in a new government it must depend on the + latter), and may be with or without the aid of a jury, as may be + judged advisable. If, therefore, the re-examination of a fact once + determined by a jury, should in any case be admitted under the + proposed Constitution, it may be so regulated as to be done by a + second jury, either by remanding the cause to the court below for a + second trial of the fact, or by directing an issue immediately out + of the Supreme Court. +But it does not follow that the re-examination of a fact once + ascertained by a jury, will be permitted in the Supreme Court. Why + may not it be said, with the strictest propriety, when a writ of + error is brought from an inferior to a superior court of law in this + State, that the latter has jurisdiction of the fact as well as the + law? It is true it cannot institute a new inquiry concerning the + fact, but it takes cognizance of it as it appears upon the record, + and pronounces the law arising upon it.3 This is jurisdiction + of both fact and law; nor is it even possible to separate them. + Though the common-law courts of this State ascertain disputed facts + by a jury, yet they unquestionably have jurisdiction of both fact + and law; and accordingly when the former is agreed in the + pleadings, they have no recourse to a jury, but proceed at once to + judgment. I contend, therefore, on this ground, that the + expressions, ``appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,'' do + not necessarily imply a re-examination in the Supreme Court of facts + decided by juries in the inferior courts. +The following train of ideas may well be imagined to have + influenced the convention, in relation to this particular provision. + The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (it may have been + argued) will extend to causes determinable in different modes, some + in the course of the COMMON LAW, others in the course of the CIVIL + LAW. In the former, the revision of the law only will be, generally + speaking, the proper province of the Supreme Court; in the latter, + the re-examination of the fact is agreeable to usage, and in some + cases, of which prize causes are an example, might be essential to + the preservation of the public peace. It is therefore necessary + that the appellate jurisdiction should, in certain cases, extend in + the broadest sense to matters of fact. It will not answer to make + an express exception of cases which shall have been originally tried + by a jury, because in the courts of some of the States ALL CAUSES + are tried in this mode4; and such an exception would preclude + the revision of matters of fact, as well where it might be proper, + as where it might be improper. To avoid all inconveniencies, it + will be safest to declare generally, that the Supreme Court shall + possess appellate jurisdiction both as to law and FACT, and that + this jurisdiction shall be subject to such EXCEPTIONS and + regulations as the national legislature may prescribe. This will + enable the government to modify it in such a manner as will best + answer the ends of public justice and security. +This view of the matter, at any rate, puts it out of all doubt + that the supposed ABOLITION of the trial by jury, by the operation + of this provision, is fallacious and untrue. The legislature of the + United States would certainly have full power to provide, that in + appeals to the Supreme Court there should be no re-examination of + facts where they had been tried in the original causes by juries. + This would certainly be an authorized exception; but if, for the + reason already intimated, it should be thought too extensive, it + might be qualified with a limitation to such causes only as are + determinable at common law in that mode of trial. +The amount of the observations hitherto made on the authority of + the judicial department is this: that it has been carefully + restricted to those causes which are manifestly proper for the + cognizance of the national judicature; that in the partition of + this authority a very small portion of original jurisdiction has + been preserved to the Supreme Court, and the rest consigned to the + subordinate tribunals; that the Supreme Court will possess an + appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, in all the cases + referred to them, both subject to any EXCEPTIONS and REGULATIONS + which may be thought advisable; that this appellate jurisdiction + does, in no case, ABOLISH the trial by jury; and that an ordinary + degree of prudence and integrity in the national councils will + insure us solid advantages from the establishment of the proposed + judiciary, without exposing us to any of the inconveniences which + have been predicted from that source. +PUBLIUS. +1 Article 3, sec. I. +2 This power has been absurdly represented as intended to + abolish all the county courts in the several States, which are + commonly called inferior courts. But the expressions of the + Constitution are, to constitute ``tribunals INFERIOR TO THE SUPREME + COURT''; and the evident design of the provision is to enable the + institution of local courts, subordinate to the Supreme, either in + States or larger districts. It is ridiculous to imagine that county + courts were in contemplation. +3 This word is composed of JUS and DICTIO, juris dictio or a + speaking and pronouncing of the law. +4 I hold that the States will have concurrent jurisdiction with + the subordinate federal judicatories, in many cases of federal + cognizance, as will be explained in my next paper. + + +FEDERALIST No. 82 + +The Judiciary Continued +From McLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE erection of a new government, whatever care or wisdom may + distinguish the work, cannot fail to originate questions of + intricacy and nicety; and these may, in a particular manner, be + expected to flow from the establishment of a constitution founded + upon the total or partial incorporation of a number of distinct + sovereignties. 'T is time only that can mature and perfect so + compound a system, can liquidate the meaning of all the parts, and + can adjust them to each other in a harmonious and consistent WHOLE. +Such questions, accordingly, have arisen upon the plan proposed + by the convention, and particularly concerning the judiciary + department. The principal of these respect the situation of the + State courts in regard to those causes which are to be submitted to + federal jurisdiction. Is this to be exclusive, or are those courts + to possess a concurrent jurisdiction? If the latter, in what + relation will they stand to the national tribunals? These are + inquiries which we meet with in the mouths of men of sense, and + which are certainly entitled to attention. +The principles established in a former paper1 teach us that + the States will retain all PRE-EXISTING authorities which may not be + exclusively delegated to the federal head; and that this exclusive + delegation can only exist in one of three cases: where an exclusive + authority is, in express terms, granted to the Union; or where a + particular authority is granted to the Union, and the exercise of a + like authority is prohibited to the States; or where an authority + is granted to the Union, with which a similar authority in the + States would be utterly incompatible. Though these principles may + not apply with the same force to the judiciary as to the legislative + power, yet I am inclined to think that they are, in the main, just + with respect to the former, as well as the latter. And under this + impression, I shall lay it down as a rule, that the State courts + will RETAIN the jurisdiction they now have, unless it appears to be + taken away in one of the enumerated modes. +The only thing in the proposed Constitution, which wears the + appearance of confining the causes of federal cognizance to the + federal courts, is contained in this passage: ``The JUDICIAL POWER + of the United States SHALL BE VESTED in one Supreme Court, and in + SUCH inferior courts as the Congress shall from time to time ordain + and establish.'' This might either be construed to signify, that + the supreme and subordinate courts of the Union should alone have + the power of deciding those causes to which their authority is to + extend; or simply to denote, that the organs of the national + judiciary should be one Supreme Court, and as many subordinate + courts as Congress should think proper to appoint; or in other + words, that the United States should exercise the judicial power + with which they are to be invested, through one supreme tribunal, + and a certain number of inferior ones, to be instituted by them. + The first excludes, the last admits, the concurrent jurisdiction of + the State tribunals; and as the first would amount to an alienation + of State power by implication, the last appears to me the most + natural and the most defensible construction. +But this doctrine of concurrent jurisdiction is only clearly + applicable to those descriptions of causes of which the State courts + have previous cognizance. It is not equally evident in relation to + cases which may grow out of, and be PECULIAR to, the Constitution to + be established; for not to allow the State courts a right of + jurisdiction in such cases, can hardly be considered as the + abridgment of a pre-existing authority. I mean not therefore to + contend that the United States, in the course of legislation upon + the objects intrusted to their direction, may not commit the + decision of causes arising upon a particular regulation to the + federal courts solely, if such a measure should be deemed expedient; + but I hold that the State courts will be divested of no part of + their primitive jurisdiction, further than may relate to an appeal; + and I am even of opinion that in every case in which they were not + expressly excluded by the future acts of the national legislature, + they will of course take cognizance of the causes to which those + acts may give birth. This I infer from the nature of judiciary + power, and from the general genius of the system. The judiciary + power of every government looks beyond its own local or municipal + laws, and in civil cases lays hold of all subjects of litigation + between parties within its jurisdiction, though the causes of + dispute are relative to the laws of the most distant part of the + globe. Those of Japan, not less than of New York, may furnish the + objects of legal discussion to our courts. When in addition to this + we consider the State governments and the national governments, as + they truly are, in the light of kindred systems, and as parts of ONE + WHOLE, the inference seems to be conclusive, that the State courts + would have a concurrent jurisdiction in all cases arising under the + laws of the Union, where it was not expressly prohibited. +Here another question occurs: What relation would subsist + between the national and State courts in these instances of + concurrent jurisdiction? I answer, that an appeal would certainly + lie from the latter, to the Supreme Court of the United States. The + Constitution in direct terms gives an appellate jurisdiction to the + Supreme Court in all the enumerated cases of federal cognizance in + which it is not to have an original one, without a single expression + to confine its operation to the inferior federal courts. The + objects of appeal, not the tribunals from which it is to be made, + are alone contemplated. From this circumstance, and from the reason + of the thing, it ought to be construed to extend to the State + tribunals. Either this must be the case, or the local courts must + be excluded from a concurrent jurisdiction in matters of national + concern, else the judiciary authority of the Union may be eluded at + the pleasure of every plaintiff or prosecutor. Neither of these + consequences ought, without evident necessity, to be involved; the + latter would be entirely inadmissible, as it would defeat some of + the most important and avowed purposes of the proposed government, + and would essentially embarrass its measures. Nor do I perceive any + foundation for such a supposition. Agreeably to the remark already + made, the national and State systems are to be regarded as ONE WHOLE. + The courts of the latter will of course be natural auxiliaries to + the execution of the laws of the Union, and an appeal from them will + as naturally lie to that tribunal which is destined to unite and + assimilate the principles of national justice and the rules of + national decisions. The evident aim of the plan of the convention + is, that all the causes of the specified classes shall, for weighty + public reasons, receive their original or final determination in the + courts of the Union. To confine, therefore, the general expressions + giving appellate jurisdiction to the Supreme Court, to appeals from + the subordinate federal courts, instead of allowing their extension + to the State courts, would be to abridge the latitude of the terms, + in subversion of the intent, contrary to every sound rule of + interpretation. +But could an appeal be made to lie from the State courts to the + subordinate federal judicatories? This is another of the questions + which have been raised, and of greater difficulty than the former. + The following considerations countenance the affirmative. The plan + of the convention, in the first place, authorizes the national + legislature ``to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme + Court.''2 It declares, in the next place, that ``the JUDICIAL + POWER of the United States SHALL BE VESTED in one Supreme Court, and + in such inferior courts as Congress shall ordain and establish''; + and it then proceeds to enumerate the cases to which this judicial + power shall extend. It afterwards divides the jurisdiction of the + Supreme Court into original and appellate, but gives no definition + of that of the subordinate courts. The only outlines described for + them, are that they shall be ``inferior to the Supreme Court,'' and + that they shall not exceed the specified limits of the federal + judiciary. Whether their authority shall be original or appellate, + or both, is not declared. All this seems to be left to the + discretion of the legislature. And this being the case, I perceive + at present no impediment to the establishment of an appeal from the + State courts to the subordinate national tribunals; and many + advantages attending the power of doing it may be imagined. It + would diminish the motives to the multiplication of federal courts, + and would admit of arrangements calculated to contract the appellate + jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The State tribunals may then be + left with a more entire charge of federal causes; and appeals, in + most cases in which they may be deemed proper, instead of being + carried to the Supreme Court, may be made to lie from the State + courts to district courts of the Union. +PUBLIUS. +1 No. 31. +2 Sec. 8th art. 1st. + + +FEDERALIST No. 83 + +The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury +From MCLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +THE objection to the plan of the convention, which has met with + most success in this State, and perhaps in several of the other + States, is THAT RELATIVE TO THE WANT OF A CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION + for the trial by jury in civil cases. The disingenuous form in + which this objection is usually stated has been repeatedly adverted + to and exposed, but continues to be pursued in all the conversations + and writings of the opponents of the plan. The mere silence of the + Constitution in regard to CIVIL CAUSES, is represented as an + abolition of the trial by jury, and the declamations to which it has + afforded a pretext are artfully calculated to induce a persuasion + that this pretended abolition is complete and universal, extending + not only to every species of civil, but even to CRIMINAL CAUSES. To + argue with respect to the latter would, however, be as vain and + fruitless as to attempt the serious proof of the EXISTENCE of + MATTER, or to demonstrate any of those propositions which, by their + own internal evidence, force conviction, when expressed in language + adapted to convey their meaning. +With regard to civil causes, subtleties almost too contemptible + for refutation have been employed to countenance the surmise that a + thing which is only NOT PROVIDED FOR, is entirely ABOLISHED. Every + man of discernment must at once perceive the wide difference between + SILENCE and ABOLITION. But as the inventors of this fallacy have + attempted to support it by certain LEGAL MAXIMS of interpretation, + which they have perverted from their true meaning, it may not be + wholly useless to explore the ground they have taken. +The maxims on which they rely are of this nature: ``A + specification of particulars is an exclusion of generals''; or, + ``The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.'' Hence, + say they, as the Constitution has established the trial by jury in + criminal cases, and is silent in respect to civil, this silence is + an implied prohibition of trial by jury in regard to the latter. +The rules of legal interpretation are rules of COMMONSENSE, + adopted by the courts in the construction of the laws. The true + test, therefore, of a just application of them is its conformity to + the source from which they are derived. This being the case, let me + ask if it is consistent with common-sense to suppose that a + provision obliging the legislative power to commit the trial of + criminal causes to juries, is a privation of its right to authorize + or permit that mode of trial in other cases? Is it natural to + suppose, that a command to do one thing is a prohibition to the + doing of another, which there was a previous power to do, and which + is not incompatible with the thing commanded to be done? If such a + supposition would be unnatural and unreasonable, it cannot be + rational to maintain that an injunction of the trial by jury in + certain cases is an interdiction of it in others. +A power to constitute courts is a power to prescribe the mode of + trial; and consequently, if nothing was said in the Constitution on + the subject of juries, the legislature would be at liberty either to + adopt that institution or to let it alone. This discretion, in + regard to criminal causes, is abridged by the express injunction of + trial by jury in all such cases; but it is, of course, left at + large in relation to civil causes, there being a total silence on + this head. The specification of an obligation to try all criminal + causes in a particular mode, excludes indeed the obligation or + necessity of employing the same mode in civil causes, but does not + abridge THE POWER of the legislature to exercise that mode if it + should be thought proper. The pretense, therefore, that the + national legislature would not be at full liberty to submit all the + civil causes of federal cognizance to the determination of juries, + is a pretense destitute of all just foundation. +From these observations this conclusion results: that the trial + by jury in civil cases would not be abolished; and that the use + attempted to be made of the maxims which have been quoted, is + contrary to reason and common-sense, and therefore not admissible. + Even if these maxims had a precise technical sense, corresponding + with the idea of those who employ them upon the present occasion, + which, however, is not the case, they would still be inapplicable to + a constitution of government. In relation to such a subject, the + natural and obvious sense of its provisions, apart from any + technical rules, is the true criterion of construction. +Having now seen that the maxims relied upon will not bear the + use made of them, let us endeavor to ascertain their proper use and + true meaning. This will be best done by examples. The plan of the + convention declares that the power of Congress, or, in other words, + of the NATIONAL LEGISLATURE, shall extend to certain enumerated + cases. This specification of particulars evidently excludes all + pretension to a general legislative authority, because an + affirmative grant of special powers would be absurd, as well as + useless, if a general authority was intended. +In like manner the judicial authority of the federal judicatures + is declared by the Constitution to comprehend certain cases + particularly specified. The expression of those cases marks the + precise limits, beyond which the federal courts cannot extend their + jurisdiction, because the objects of their cognizance being + enumerated, the specification would be nugatory if it did not + exclude all ideas of more extensive authority. +These examples are sufficient to elucidate the maxims which have + been mentioned, and to designate the manner in which they should be + used. But that there may be no misapprehensions upon this subject, + I shall add one case more, to demonstrate the proper use of these + maxims, and the abuse which has been made of them. +Let us suppose that by the laws of this State a married woman + was incapable of conveying her estate, and that the legislature, + considering this as an evil, should enact that she might dispose of + her property by deed executed in the presence of a magistrate. In + such a case there can be no doubt but the specification would amount + to an exclusion of any other mode of conveyance, because the woman + having no previous power to alienate her property, the specification + determines the particular mode which she is, for that purpose, to + avail herself of. But let us further suppose that in a subsequent + part of the same act it should be declared that no woman should + dispose of any estate of a determinate value without the consent of + three of her nearest relations, signified by their signing the deed; + could it be inferred from this regulation that a married woman + might not procure the approbation of her relations to a deed for + conveying property of inferior value? The position is too absurd to + merit a refutation, and yet this is precisely the position which + those must establish who contend that the trial by juries in civil + cases is abolished, because it is expressly provided for in cases of + a criminal nature. +From these observations it must appear unquestionably true, that + trial by jury is in no case abolished by the proposed Constitution, + and it is equally true, that in those controversies between + individuals in which the great body of the people are likely to be + interested, that institution will remain precisely in the same + situation in which it is placed by the State constitutions, and will + be in no degree altered or influenced by the adoption of the plan + under consideration. The foundation of this assertion is, that the + national judiciary will have no cognizance of them, and of course + they will remain determinable as heretofore by the State courts + only, and in the manner which the State constitutions and laws + prescribe. All land causes, except where claims under the grants of + different States come into question, and all other controversies + between the citizens of the same State, unless where they depend + upon positive violations of the articles of union, by acts of the + State legislatures, will belong exclusively to the jurisdiction of + the State tribunals. Add to this, that admiralty causes, and almost + all those which are of equity jurisdiction, are determinable under + our own government without the intervention of a jury, and the + inference from the whole will be, that this institution, as it + exists with us at present, cannot possibly be affected to any great + extent by the proposed alteration in our system of government. +The friends and adversaries of the plan of the convention, if + they agree in nothing else, concur at least in the value they set + upon the trial by jury; or if there is any difference between them + it consists in this: the former regard it as a valuable safeguard + to liberty; the latter represent it as the very palladium of free + government. For my own part, the more the operation of the + institution has fallen under my observation, the more reason I have + discovered for holding it in high estimation; and it would be + altogether superfluous to examine to what extent it deserves to be + esteemed useful or essential in a representative republic, or how + much more merit it may be entitled to, as a defense against the + oppressions of an hereditary monarch, than as a barrier to the + tyranny of popular magistrates in a popular government. Discussions + of this kind would be more curious than beneficial, as all are + satisfied of the utility of the institution, and of its friendly + aspect to liberty. But I must acknowledge that I cannot readily + discern the inseparable connection between the existence of liberty, + and the trial by jury in civil cases. Arbitrary impeachments, + arbitrary methods of prosecuting pretended offenses, and arbitrary + punishments upon arbitrary convictions, have ever appeared to me to + be the great engines of judicial despotism; and these have all + relation to criminal proceedings. The trial by jury in criminal + cases, aided by the habeas-corpus act, seems therefore to be + alone concerned in the question. And both of these are provided + for, in the most ample manner, in the plan of the convention. +It has been observed, that trial by jury is a safeguard against + an oppressive exercise of the power of taxation. This observation + deserves to be canvassed. +It is evident that it can have no influence upon the + legislature, in regard to the AMOUNT of taxes to be laid, to the + OBJECTS upon which they are to be imposed, or to the RULE by which + they are to be apportioned. If it can have any influence, + therefore, it must be upon the mode of collection, and the conduct + of the officers intrusted with the execution of the revenue laws. +As to the mode of collection in this State, under our own + Constitution, the trial by jury is in most cases out of use. The + taxes are usually levied by the more summary proceeding of distress + and sale, as in cases of rent. And it is acknowledged on all hands, + that this is essential to the efficacy of the revenue laws. The + dilatory course of a trial at law to recover the taxes imposed on + individuals, would neither suit the exigencies of the public nor + promote the convenience of the citizens. It would often occasion an + accumulation of costs, more burdensome than the original sum of the + tax to be levied. +And as to the conduct of the officers of the revenue, the + provision in favor of trial by jury in criminal cases, will afford + the security aimed at. Wilful abuses of a public authority, to the + oppression of the subject, and every species of official extortion, + are offenses against the government, for which the persons who + commit them may be indicted and punished according to the + circumstances of the case. +The excellence of the trial by jury in civil cases appears to + depend on circumstances foreign to the preservation of liberty. The + strongest argument in its favor is, that it is a security against + corruption. As there is always more time and better opportunity to + tamper with a standing body of magistrates than with a jury summoned + for the occasion, there is room to suppose that a corrupt influence + would more easily find its way to the former than to the latter. + The force of this consideration is, however, diminished by others. + The sheriff, who is the summoner of ordinary juries, and the clerks + of courts, who have the nomination of special juries, are themselves + standing officers, and, acting individually, may be supposed more + accessible to the touch of corruption than the judges, who are a + collective body. It is not difficult to see, that it would be in + the power of those officers to select jurors who would serve the + purpose of the party as well as a corrupted bench. In the next + place, it may fairly be supposed, that there would be less + difficulty in gaining some of the jurors promiscuously taken from + the public mass, than in gaining men who had been chosen by the + government for their probity and good character. But making every + deduction for these considerations, the trial by jury must still be + a valuable check upon corruption. It greatly multiplies the + impediments to its success. As matters now stand, it would be + necessary to corrupt both court and jury; for where the jury have + gone evidently wrong, the court will generally grant a new trial, + and it would be in most cases of little use to practice upon the + jury, unless the court could be likewise gained. Here then is a + double security; and it will readily be perceived that this + complicated agency tends to preserve the purity of both institutions. + By increasing the obstacles to success, it discourages attempts to + seduce the integrity of either. The temptations to prostitution + which the judges might have to surmount, must certainly be much + fewer, while the co-operation of a jury is necessary, than they + might be, if they had themselves the exclusive determination of all + causes. +Notwithstanding, therefore, the doubts I have expressed, as to + the essentiality of trial by jury in civil cases to liberty, I admit + that it is in most cases, under proper regulations, an excellent + method of determining questions of property; and that on this + account alone it would be entitled to a constitutional provision in + its favor if it were possible to fix the limits within which it + ought to be comprehended. There is, however, in all cases, great + difficulty in this; and men not blinded by enthusiasm must be + sensible that in a federal government, which is a composition of + societies whose ideas and institutions in relation to the matter + materially vary from each other, that difficulty must be not a + little augmented. For my own part, at every new view I take of the + subject, I become more convinced of the reality of the obstacles + which, we are authoritatively informed, prevented the insertion of a + provision on this head in the plan of the convention. +The great difference between the limits of the jury trial in + different States is not generally understood; and as it must have + considerable influence on the sentence we ought to pass upon the + omission complained of in regard to this point, an explanation of it + is necessary. In this State, our judicial establishments resemble, + more nearly than in any other, those of Great Britain. We have + courts of common law, courts of probates (analogous in certain + matters to the spiritual courts in England), a court of admiralty + and a court of chancery. In the courts of common law only, the + trial by jury prevails, and this with some exceptions. In all the + others a single judge presides, and proceeds in general either + according to the course of the canon or civil law, without the aid + of a jury.1 In New Jersey, there is a court of chancery which + proceeds like ours, but neither courts of admiralty nor of probates, + in the sense in which these last are established with us. In that + State the courts of common law have the cognizance of those causes + which with us are determinable in the courts of admiralty and of + probates, and of course the jury trial is more extensive in New + Jersey than in New York. In Pennsylvania, this is perhaps still + more the case, for there is no court of chancery in that State, and + its common-law courts have equity jurisdiction. It has a court of + admiralty, but none of probates, at least on the plan of ours. + Delaware has in these respects imitated Pennsylvania. Maryland + approaches more nearly to New York, as does also Virginia, except + that the latter has a plurality of chancellors. North Carolina + bears most affinity to Pennsylvania; South Carolina to Virginia. I + believe, however, that in some of those States which have distinct + courts of admiralty, the causes depending in them are triable by + juries. In Georgia there are none but common-law courts, and an + appeal of course lies from the verdict of one jury to another, which + is called a special jury, and for which a particular mode of + appointment is marked out. In Connecticut, they have no distinct + courts either of chancery or of admiralty, and their courts of + probates have no jurisdiction of causes. Their common-law courts + have admiralty and, to a certain extent, equity jurisdiction. In + cases of importance, their General Assembly is the only court of + chancery. In Connecticut, therefore, the trial by jury extends in + PRACTICE further than in any other State yet mentioned. Rhode + Island is, I believe, in this particular, pretty much in the + situation of Connecticut. Massachusetts and New Hampshire, in + regard to the blending of law, equity, and admiralty jurisdictions, + are in a similar predicament. In the four Eastern States, the trial + by jury not only stands upon a broader foundation than in the other + States, but it is attended with a peculiarity unknown, in its full + extent, to any of them. There is an appeal OF COURSE from one jury + to another, till there have been two verdicts out of three on one + side. +From this sketch it appears that there is a material diversity, + as well in the modification as in the extent of the institution of + trial by jury in civil cases, in the several States; and from this + fact these obvious reflections flow: first, that no general rule + could have been fixed upon by the convention which would have + corresponded with the circumstances of all the States; and + secondly, that more or at least as much might have been hazarded by + taking the system of any one State for a standard, as by omitting a + provision altogether and leaving the matter, as has been done, to + legislative regulation. +The propositions which have been made for supplying the omission + have rather served to illustrate than to obviate the difficulty of + the thing. The minority of Pennsylvania have proposed this mode of + expression for the purpose ``Trial by jury shall be as + heretofore'' and this I maintain would be senseless and nugatory. + The United States, in their united or collective capacity, are the + OBJECT to which all general provisions in the Constitution must + necessarily be construed to refer. Now it is evident that though + trial by jury, with various limitations, is known in each State + individually, yet in the United States, AS SUCH, it is at this time + altogether unknown, because the present federal government has no + judiciary power whatever; and consequently there is no proper + antecedent or previous establishment to which the term HERETOFORE + could relate. It would therefore be destitute of a precise meaning, + and inoperative from its uncertainty. +As, on the one hand, the form of the provision would not fulfil + the intent of its proposers, so, on the other, if I apprehend that + intent rightly, it would be in itself inexpedient. I presume it to + be, that causes in the federal courts should be tried by jury, if, + in the State where the courts sat, that mode of trial would obtain + in a similar case in the State courts; that is to say, admiralty + causes should be tried in Connecticut by a jury, in New York without + one. The capricious operation of so dissimilar a method of trial in + the same cases, under the same government, is of itself sufficient + to indispose every wellregulated judgment towards it. Whether the + cause should be tried with or without a jury, would depend, in a + great number of cases, on the accidental situation of the court and + parties. +But this is not, in my estimation, the greatest objection. I + feel a deep and deliberate conviction that there are many cases in + which the trial by jury is an ineligible one. I think it so + particularly in cases which concern the public peace with foreign + nations that is, in most cases where the question turns wholly on + the laws of nations. Of this nature, among others, are all prize + causes. Juries cannot be supposed competent to investigations that + require a thorough knowledge of the laws and usages of nations; and + they will sometimes be under the influence of impressions which will + not suffer them to pay sufficient regard to those considerations of + public policy which ought to guide their inquiries. There would of + course be always danger that the rights of other nations might be + infringed by their decisions, so as to afford occasions of reprisal + and war. Though the proper province of juries be to determine + matters of fact, yet in most cases legal consequences are + complicated with fact in such a manner as to render a separation + impracticable. +It will add great weight to this remark, in relation to prize + causes, to mention that the method of determining them has been + thought worthy of particular regulation in various treaties between + different powers of Europe, and that, pursuant to such treaties, + they are determinable in Great Britain, in the last resort, before + the king himself, in his privy council, where the fact, as well as + the law, undergoes a re-examination. This alone demonstrates the + impolicy of inserting a fundamental provision in the Constitution + which would make the State systems a standard for the national + government in the article under consideration, and the danger of + encumbering the government with any constitutional provisions the + propriety of which is not indisputable. +My convictions are equally strong that great advantages result + from the separation of the equity from the law jurisdiction, and + that the causes which belong to the former would be improperly + committed to juries. The great and primary use of a court of equity + is to give relief IN EXTRAORDINARY CASES, which are EXCEPTIONS2 + to general rules. To unite the jurisdiction of such cases with the + ordinary jurisdiction, must have a tendency to unsettle the general + rules, and to subject every case that arises to a SPECIAL + determination; while a separation of the one from the other has the + contrary effect of rendering one a sentinel over the other, and of + keeping each within the expedient limits. Besides this, the + circumstances that constitute cases proper for courts of equity are + in many instances so nice and intricate, that they are incompatible + with the genius of trials by jury. They require often such long, + deliberate, and critical investigation as would be impracticable to + men called from their occupations, and obliged to decide before they + were permitted to return to them. The simplicity and expedition + which form the distinguishing characters of this mode of trial + require that the matter to be decided should be reduced to some + single and obvious point; while the litigations usual in chancery + frequently comprehend a long train of minute and independent + particulars. +It is true that the separation of the equity from the legal + jurisdiction is peculiar to the English system of jurisprudence: + which is the model that has been followed in several of the States. + But it is equally true that the trial by jury has been unknown in + every case in which they have been united. And the separation is + essential to the preservation of that institution in its pristine + purity. The nature of a court of equity will readily permit the + extension of its jurisdiction to matters of law; but it is not a + little to be suspected, that the attempt to extend the jurisdiction + of the courts of law to matters of equity will not only be + unproductive of the advantages which may be derived from courts of + chancery, on the plan upon which they are established in this State, + but will tend gradually to change the nature of the courts of law, + and to undermine the trial by jury, by introducing questions too + complicated for a decision in that mode. +These appeared to be conclusive reasons against incorporating + the systems of all the States, in the formation of the national + judiciary, according to what may be conjectured to have been the + attempt of the Pennsylvania minority. Let us now examine how far + the proposition of Massachusetts is calculated to remedy the + supposed defect. +It is in this form: ``In civil actions between citizens of + different States, every issue of fact, arising in ACTIONS AT COMMON + LAW, may be tried by a jury if the parties, or either of them + request it.'' +This, at best, is a proposition confined to one description of + causes; and the inference is fair, either that the Massachusetts + convention considered that as the only class of federal causes, in + which the trial by jury would be proper; or that if desirous of a + more extensive provision, they found it impracticable to devise one + which would properly answer the end. If the first, the omission of + a regulation respecting so partial an object can never be considered + as a material imperfection in the system. If the last, it affords a + strong corroboration of the extreme difficulty of the thing. +But this is not all: if we advert to the observations already + made respecting the courts that subsist in the several States of the + Union, and the different powers exercised by them, it will appear + that there are no expressions more vague and indeterminate than + those which have been employed to characterize THAT species of + causes which it is intended shall be entitled to a trial by jury. + In this State, the boundaries between actions at common law and + actions of equitable jurisdiction, are ascertained in conformity to + the rules which prevail in England upon that subject. In many of + the other States the boundaries are less precise. In some of them + every cause is to be tried in a court of common law, and upon that + foundation every action may be considered as an action at common + law, to be determined by a jury, if the parties, or either of them, + choose it. Hence the same irregularity and confusion would be + introduced by a compliance with this proposition, that I have + already noticed as resulting from the regulation proposed by the + Pennsylvania minority. In one State a cause would receive its + determination from a jury, if the parties, or either of them, + requested it; but in another State, a cause exactly similar to the + other, must be decided without the intervention of a jury, because + the State judicatories varied as to common-law jurisdiction. +It is obvious, therefore, that the Massachusetts proposition, + upon this subject cannot operate as a general regulation, until some + uniform plan, with respect to the limits of common-law and equitable + jurisdictions, shall be adopted by the different States. To devise + a plan of that kind is a task arduous in itself, and which it would + require much time and reflection to mature. It would be extremely + difficult, if not impossible, to suggest any general regulation that + would be acceptable to all the States in the Union, or that would + perfectly quadrate with the several State institutions. +It may be asked, Why could not a reference have been made to the + constitution of this State, taking that, which is allowed by me to + be a good one, as a standard for the United States? I answer that + it is not very probable the other States would entertain the same + opinion of our institutions as we do ourselves. It is natural to + suppose that they are hitherto more attached to their own, and that + each would struggle for the preference. If the plan of taking one + State as a model for the whole had been thought of in the + convention, it is to be presumed that the adoption of it in that + body would have been rendered difficult by the predilection of each + representation in favor of its own government; and it must be + uncertain which of the States would have been taken as the model. + It has been shown that many of them would be improper ones. And I + leave it to conjecture, whether, under all circumstances, it is most + likely that New York, or some other State, would have been preferred. + But admit that a judicious selection could have been effected in + the convention, still there would have been great danger of jealousy + and disgust in the other States, at the partiality which had been + shown to the institutions of one. The enemies of the plan would + have been furnished with a fine pretext for raising a host of local + prejudices against it, which perhaps might have hazarded, in no + inconsiderable degree, its final establishment. +To avoid the embarrassments of a definition of the cases which + the trial by jury ought to embrace, it is sometimes suggested by men + of enthusiastic tempers, that a provision might have been inserted + for establishing it in all cases whatsoever. For this I believe, no + precedent is to be found in any member of the Union; and the + considerations which have been stated in discussing the proposition + of the minority of Pennsylvania, must satisfy every sober mind that + the establishment of the trial by jury in ALL cases would have been + an unpardonable error in the plan. +In short, the more it is considered the more arduous will appear + the task of fashioning a provision in such a form as not to express + too little to answer the purpose, or too much to be advisable; or + which might not have opened other sources of opposition to the great + and essential object of introducing a firm national government. +I cannot but persuade myself, on the other hand, that the + different lights in which the subject has been placed in the course + of these observations, will go far towards removing in candid minds + the apprehensions they may have entertained on the point. They have + tended to show that the security of liberty is materially concerned + only in the trial by jury in criminal cases, which is provided for + in the most ample manner in the plan of the convention; that even + in far the greatest proportion of civil cases, and those in which + the great body of the community is interested, that mode of trial + will remain in its full force, as established in the State + constitutions, untouched and unaffected by the plan of the + convention; that it is in no case abolished3 by that plan; and + that there are great if not insurmountable difficulties in the way + of making any precise and proper provision for it in a Constitution + for the United States. +The best judges of the matter will be the least anxious for a + constitutional establishment of the trial by jury in civil cases, + and will be the most ready to admit that the changes which are + continually happening in the affairs of society may render a + different mode of determining questions of property preferable in + many cases in which that mode of trial now prevails. For my part, I + acknowledge myself to be convinced that even in this State it might + be advantageously extended to some cases to which it does not at + present apply, and might as advantageously be abridged in others. + It is conceded by all reasonable men that it ought not to obtain in + all cases. The examples of innovations which contract its ancient + limits, as well in these States as in Great Britain, afford a strong + presumption that its former extent has been found inconvenient, and + give room to suppose that future experience may discover the + propriety and utility of other exceptions. I suspect it to be + impossible in the nature of the thing to fix the salutary point at + which the operation of the institution ought to stop, and this is + with me a strong argument for leaving the matter to the discretion + of the legislature. +This is now clearly understood to be the case in Great Britain, + and it is equally so in the State of Connecticut; and yet it may be + safely affirmed that more numerous encroachments have been made upon + the trial by jury in this State since the Revolution, though + provided for by a positive article of our constitution, than has + happened in the same time either in Connecticut or Great Britain. + It may be added that these encroachments have generally originated + with the men who endeavor to persuade the people they are the + warmest defenders of popular liberty, but who have rarely suffered + constitutional obstacles to arrest them in a favorite career. The + truth is that the general GENIUS of a government is all that can be + substantially relied upon for permanent effects. Particular + provisions, though not altogether useless, have far less virtue and + efficacy than are commonly ascribed to them; and the want of them + will never be, with men of sound discernment, a decisive objection + to any plan which exhibits the leading characters of a good + government. +It certainly sounds not a little harsh and extraordinary to + affirm that there is no security for liberty in a Constitution which + expressly establishes the trial by jury in criminal cases, because + it does not do it in civil also; while it is a notorious fact that + Connecticut, which has been always regarded as the most popular + State in the Union, can boast of no constitutional provision for + either. +PUBLIUS. +1 It has been erroneously insinuated. with regard to the court + of chancery, that this court generally tries disputed facts by a + jury. The truth is, that references to a jury in that court rarely + happen, and are in no case necessary but where the validity of a + devise of land comes into question. +2 It is true that the principles by which that relief is + governed are now reduced to a regular system; but it is not the + less true that they are in the main applicable to SPECIAL + circumstances, which form exceptions to general rules. +3 Vide No. 81, in which the supposition of its being + abolished by the appellate jurisdiction in matters of fact being + vested in the Supreme Court, is examined and refuted. + + +FEDERALIST No. 84 + +Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution + Considered and Answered +From McLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +IN THE course of the foregoing review of the Constitution, I + have taken notice of, and endeavored to answer most of the + objections which have appeared against it. There, however, remain a + few which either did not fall naturally under any particular head or + were forgotten in their proper places. These shall now be + discussed; but as the subject has been drawn into great length, I + shall so far consult brevity as to comprise all my observations on + these miscellaneous points in a single paper. +The most considerable of the remaining objections is that the + plan of the convention contains no bill of rights. Among other + answers given to this, it has been upon different occasions remarked + that the constitutions of several of the States are in a similar + predicament. I add that New York is of the number. And yet the + opposers of the new system, in this State, who profess an unlimited + admiration for its constitution, are among the most intemperate + partisans of a bill of rights. To justify their zeal in this + matter, they allege two things: one is that, though the + constitution of New York has no bill of rights prefixed to it, yet + it contains, in the body of it, various provisions in favor of + particular privileges and rights, which, in substance amount to the + same thing; the other is, that the Constitution adopts, in their + full extent, the common and statute law of Great Britain, by which + many other rights, not expressed in it, are equally secured. +To the first I answer, that the Constitution proposed by the + convention contains, as well as the constitution of this State, a + number of such provisions. +Independent of those which relate to the structure of the + government, we find the following: Article 1, section 3, clause 7 + ``Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to + removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any + office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the + party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to + indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.'' + Section 9, of the same article, clause 2 ``The privilege of the + writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in + cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.'' + Clause 3 ``No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be + passed.'' Clause 7 ``No title of nobility shall be granted by the + United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust + under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of + any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from + any king, prince, or foreign state.'' Article 3, section 2, clause + 3 ``The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall + be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the + said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed + within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the + Congress may by law have directed.'' Section 3, of the same + article ``Treason against the United States shall consist only in + levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving + them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, + unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or + on confession in open court.'' And clause 3, of the same + section ``The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of + treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of + blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.'' + It may well be a question, whether these are not, upon the + whole, of equal importance with any which are to be found in the + constitution of this State. The establishment of the writ of + habeas corpus, the prohibition of ex-post-facto laws, and of + TITLES OF NOBILITY, TO WHICH WE HAVE NO CORRESPONDING PROVISION IN + OUR CONSTITUTION, are perhaps greater securities to liberty and + republicanism than any it contains. The creation of crimes after + the commission of the fact, or, in other words, the subjecting of + men to punishment for things which, when they were done, were + breaches of no law, and the practice of arbitrary imprisonments, + have been, in all ages, the favorite and most formidable instruments + of tyranny. The observations of the judicious Blackstone,1 in + reference to the latter, are well worthy of recital: ``To bereave a + man of life, says he, or by violence to confiscate his estate, + without accusation or trial, would be so gross and notorious an act + of despotism, as must at once convey the alarm of tyranny throughout + the whole nation; but confinement of the person, by secretly + hurrying him to jail, where his sufferings are unknown or forgotten, + is a less public, a less striking, and therefore A MORE DANGEROUS + ENGINE of arbitrary government.'' And as a remedy for this fatal + evil he is everywhere peculiarly emphatical in his encomiums on the + habeas-corpus act, which in one place he calls ``the BULWARK of + the British Constitution.''2 +Nothing need be said to illustrate the importance of the + prohibition of titles of nobility. This may truly be denominated + the corner-stone of republican government; for so long as they are + excluded, there can never be serious danger that the government will + be any other than that of the people. +To the second that is, to the pretended establishment of the + common and state law by the Constitution, I answer, that they are + expressly made subject ``to such alterations and provisions as the + legislature shall from time to time make concerning the same.'' + They are therefore at any moment liable to repeal by the ordinary + legislative power, and of course have no constitutional sanction. + The only use of the declaration was to recognize the ancient law + and to remove doubts which might have been occasioned by the + Revolution. This consequently can be considered as no part of a + declaration of rights, which under our constitutions must be + intended as limitations of the power of the government itself. +It has been several times truly remarked that bills of rights + are, in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, + abridgements of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of + rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was MAGNA CHARTA, + obtained by the barons, sword in hand, from King John. Such were + the subsequent confirmations of that charter by succeeding princes. + Such was the PETITION OF RIGHT assented to by Charles I., in the + beginning of his reign. Such, also, was the Declaration of Right + presented by the Lords and Commons to the Prince of Orange in 1688, + and afterwards thrown into the form of an act of parliament called + the Bill of Rights. It is evident, therefore, that, according to + their primitive signification, they have no application to + constitutions professedly founded upon the power of the people, and + executed by their immediate representatives and servants. Here, in + strictness, the people surrender nothing; and as they retain every + thing they have no need of particular reservations. ``WE, THE + PEOPLE of the United States, to secure the blessings of liberty to + ourselves and our posterity, do ORDAIN and ESTABLISH this + Constitution for the United States of America.'' Here is a better + recognition of popular rights, than volumes of those aphorisms which + make the principal figure in several of our State bills of rights, + and which would sound much better in a treatise of ethics than in a + constitution of government. +But a minute detail of particular rights is certainly far less + applicable to a Constitution like that under consideration, which is + merely intended to regulate the general political interests of the + nation, than to a constitution which has the regulation of every + species of personal and private concerns. If, therefore, the loud + clamors against the plan of the convention, on this score, are well + founded, no epithets of reprobation will be too strong for the + constitution of this State. But the truth is, that both of them + contain all which, in relation to their objects, is reasonably to be + desired. +I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and + to the extent in which they are contended for, are not only + unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but would even be + dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers not + granted; and, on this very account, would afford a colorable + pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that + things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why, for + instance, should it be said that the liberty of the press shall not + be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be + imposed? I will not contend that such a provision would confer a + regulating power; but it is evident that it would furnish, to men + disposed to usurp, a plausible pretense for claiming that power. + They might urge with a semblance of reason, that the Constitution + ought not to be charged with the absurdity of providing against the + abuse of an authority which was not given, and that the provision + against restraining the liberty of the press afforded a clear + implication, that a power to prescribe proper regulations concerning + it was intended to be vested in the national government. This may + serve as a specimen of the numerous handles which would be given to + the doctrine of constructive powers, by the indulgence of an + injudicious zeal for bills of rights. +On the subject of the liberty of the press, as much as has been + said, I cannot forbear adding a remark or two: in the first place, + I observe, that there is not a syllable concerning it in the + constitution of this State; in the next, I contend, that whatever + has been said about it in that of any other State, amounts to + nothing. What signifies a declaration, that ``the liberty of the + press shall be inviolably preserved''? What is the liberty of the + press? Who can give it any definition which would not leave the + utmost latitude for evasion? I hold it to be impracticable; and + from this I infer, that its security, whatever fine declarations may + be inserted in any constitution respecting it, must altogether + depend on public opinion, and on the general spirit of the people + and of the government.3 And here, after all, as is intimated + upon another occasion, must we seek for the only solid basis of all + our rights. +There remains but one other view of this matter to conclude the + point. The truth is, after all the declamations we have heard, that + the Constitution is itself, in every rational sense, and to every + useful purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS. The several bills of rights in + Great Britain form its Constitution, and conversely the constitution + of each State is its bill of rights. And the proposed Constitution, + if adopted, will be the bill of rights of the Union. Is it one + object of a bill of rights to declare and specify the political + privileges of the citizens in the structure and administration of + the government? This is done in the most ample and precise manner + in the plan of the convention; comprehending various precautions + for the public security, which are not to be found in any of the + State constitutions. Is another object of a bill of rights to + define certain immunities and modes of proceeding, which are + relative to personal and private concerns? This we have seen has + also been attended to, in a variety of cases, in the same plan. + Adverting therefore to the substantial meaning of a bill of rights, + it is absurd to allege that it is not to be found in the work of the + convention. It may be said that it does not go far enough, though + it will not be easy to make this appear; but it can with no + propriety be contended that there is no such thing. It certainly + must be immaterial what mode is observed as to the order of + declaring the rights of the citizens, if they are to be found in any + part of the instrument which establishes the government. And hence + it must be apparent, that much of what has been said on this subject + rests merely on verbal and nominal distinctions, entirely foreign + from the substance of the thing. +Another objection which has been made, and which, from the + frequency of its repetition, it is to be presumed is relied on, is + of this nature: ``It is improper say the objectors to confer such + large powers, as are proposed, upon the national government, because + the seat of that government must of necessity be too remote from + many of the States to admit of a proper knowledge on the part of the + constituent, of the conduct of the representative body.'' This + argument, if it proves any thing, proves that there ought to be no + general government whatever. For the powers which, it seems to be + agreed on all hands, ought to be vested in the Union, cannot be + safely intrusted to a body which is not under every requisite + control. But there are satisfactory reasons to show that the + objection is in reality not well founded. There is in most of the + arguments which relate to distance a palpable illusion of the + imagination. What are the sources of information by which the + people in Montgomery County must regulate their judgment of the + conduct of their representatives in the State legislature? Of + personal observation they can have no benefit. This is confined to + the citizens on the spot. They must therefore depend on the + information of intelligent men, in whom they confide; and how must + these men obtain their information? Evidently from the complexion + of public measures, from the public prints, from correspondences + with theirrepresentatives, and with other persons who reside at the + place of their deliberations. This does not apply to Montgomery + County only, but to all the counties at any considerable distance + from the seat of government. +It is equally evident that the same sources of information would + be open to the people in relation to the conduct of their + representatives in the general government, and the impediments to a + prompt communication which distance may be supposed to create, will + be overbalanced by the effects of the vigilance of the State + governments. The executive and legislative bodies of each State + will be so many sentinels over the persons employed in every + department of the national administration; and as it will be in + their power to adopt and pursue a regular and effectual system of + intelligence, they can never be at a loss to know the behavior of + those who represent their constituents in the national councils, and + can readily communicate the same knowledge to the people. Their + disposition to apprise the community of whatever may prejudice its + interests from another quarter, may be relied upon, if it were only + from the rivalship of power. And we may conclude with the fullest + assurance that the people, through that channel, will be better + informed of the conduct of their national representatives, than they + can be by any means they now possess of that of their State + representatives. +It ought also to be remembered that the citizens who inhabit the + country at and near the seat of government will, in all questions + that affect the general liberty and prosperity, have the same + interest with those who are at a distance, and that they will stand + ready to sound the alarm when necessary, and to point out the actors + in any pernicious project. The public papers will be expeditious + messengers of intelligence to the most remote inhabitants of the + Union. +Among the many curious objections which have appeared against + the proposed Constitution, the most extraordinary and the least + colorable is derived from the want of some provision respecting the + debts due TO the United States. This has been represented as a + tacit relinquishment of those debts, and as a wicked contrivance to + screen public defaulters. The newspapers have teemed with the most + inflammatory railings on this head; yet there is nothing clearer + than that the suggestion is entirely void of foundation, the + offspring of extreme ignorance or extreme dishonesty. In addition + to the remarks I have made upon the subject in another place, I + shall only observe that as it is a plain dictate of common-sense, so + it is also an established doctrine of political law, that ``STATES + NEITHER LOSE ANY OF THEIR RIGHTS, NOR ARE DISCHARGED FROM ANY OF + THEIR OBLIGATIONS, BY A CHANGE IN THE FORM OF THEIR CIVIL GOVERNMENT.''4 + The last objection of any consequence, which I at present + recollect, turns upon the article of expense. If it were even true, + that the adoption of the proposed government would occasion a + considerable increase of expense, it would be an objection that + ought to have no weight against the plan. +The great bulk of the citizens of America are with reason + convinced, that Union is the basis of their political happiness. + Men of sense of all parties now, with few exceptions, agree that it + cannot be preserved under the present system, nor without radical + alterations; that new and extensive powers ought to be granted to + the national head, and that these require a different organization + of the federal government a single body being an unsafe depositary + of such ample authorities. In conceding all this, the question of + expense must be given up; for it is impossible, with any degree of + safety, to narrow the foundation upon which the system is to stand. + The two branches of the legislature are, in the first instance, to + consist of only sixty-five persons, which is the same number of + which Congress, under the existing Confederation, may be composed. + It is true that this number is intended to be increased; but this + is to keep pace with the progress of the population and resources of + the country. It is evident that a less number would, even in the + first instance, have been unsafe, and that a continuance of the + present number would, in a more advanced stage of population, be a + very inadequate representation of the people. +Whence is the dreaded augmentation of expense to spring? One + source indicated, is the multiplication of offices under the new + government. Let us examine this a little. +It is evident that the principal departments of the + administration under the present government, are the same which will + be required under the new. There are now a Secretary of War, a + Secretary of Foreign Affairs, a Secretary for Domestic Affairs, a + Board of Treasury, consisting of three persons, a Treasurer, + assistants, clerks, etc. These officers are indispensable under any + system, and will suffice under the new as well as the old. As to + ambassadors and other ministers and agents in foreign countries, the + proposed Constitution can make no other difference than to render + their characters, where they reside, more respectable, and their + services more useful. As to persons to be employed in the + collection of the revenues, it is unquestionably true that these + will form a very considerable addition to the number of federal + officers; but it will not follow that this will occasion an + increase of public expense. It will be in most cases nothing more + than an exchange of State for national officers. In the collection + of all duties, for instance, the persons employed will be wholly of + the latter description. The States individually will stand in no + need of any for this purpose. What difference can it make in point + of expense to pay officers of the customs appointed by the State or + by the United States? There is no good reason to suppose that + either the number or the salaries of the latter will be greater than + those of the former. +Where then are we to seek for those additional articles of + expense which are to swell the account to the enormous size that has + been represented to us? The chief item which occurs to me respects + the support of the judges of the United States. I do not add the + President, because there is now a president of Congress, whose + expenses may not be far, if any thing, short of those which will be + incurred on account of the President of the United States. The + support of the judges will clearly be an extra expense, but to what + extent will depend on the particular plan which may be adopted in + regard to this matter. But upon no reasonable plan can it amount to + a sum which will be an object of material consequence. +Let us now see what there is to counterbalance any extra expense + that may attend the establishment of the proposed government. The + first thing which presents itself is that a great part of the + business which now keeps Congress sitting through the year will be + transacted by the President. Even the management of foreign + negotiations will naturally devolve upon him, according to general + principles concerted with the Senate, and subject to their final + concurrence. Hence it is evident that a portion of the year will + suffice for the session of both the Senate and the House of + Representatives; we may suppose about a fourth for the latter and a + third, or perhaps half, for the former. The extra business of + treaties and appointments may give this extra occupation to the + Senate. From this circumstance we may infer that, until the House + of Representatives shall be increased greatly beyond its present + number, there will be a considerable saving of expense from the + difference between the constant session of the present and the + temporary session of the future Congress. +But there is another circumstance of great importance in the + view of economy. The business of the United States has hitherto + occupied the State legislatures, as well as Congress. The latter + has made requisitions which the former have had to provide for. + Hence it has happened that the sessions of the State legislatures + have been protracted greatly beyond what was necessary for the + execution of the mere local business of the States. More than half + their time has been frequently employed in matters which related to + the United States. Now the members who compose the legislatures of + the several States amount to two thousand and upwards, which number + has hitherto performed what under the new system will be done in the + first instance by sixty-five persons, and probably at no future + period by above a fourth or fifth of that number. The Congress + under the proposed government will do all the business of the United + States themselves, without the intervention of the State + legislatures, who thenceforth will have only to attend to the + affairs of their particular States, and will not have to sit in any + proportion as long as they have heretofore done. This difference in + the time of the sessions of the State legislatures will be clear + gain, and will alone form an article of saving, which may be + regarded as an equivalent for any additional objects of expense that + may be occasioned by the adoption of the new system. +The result from these observations is that the sources of + additional expense from the establishment of the proposed + Constitution are much fewer than may have been imagined; that they + are counterbalanced by considerable objects of saving; and that + while it is questionable on which side the scale will preponderate, + it is certain that a government less expensive would be incompetent + to the purposes of the Union. +PUBLIUS. +1. Vide Blackstone's ``Commentaries,'' vol. 1., p. 136. +2. Vide Blackstone's ``Commentaries,'' vol. iv., p. 438. +3. To show that there is a power in the Constitution by which + the liberty of the press may be affected, recourse has been had to + the power of taxation. It is said that duties may be laid upon the + publications so high as to amount to a prohibition. I know not by + what logic it could be maintained, that the declarations in the + State constitutions, in favor of the freedom of the press, would be + a constitutional impediment to the imposition of duties upon + publications by the State legislatures. It cannot certainly be + pretended that any degree of duties, however low, would be an + abridgment of the liberty of the press. We know that newspapers + are taxed in Great Britain, and yet it is notorious that the press + nowhere enjoys greater liberty than in that country. And if duties + of any kind may be laid without a violation of that liberty, it is + evident that the extent must depend on legislative discretion, + respecting the liberty of the press, will give it no greater + security than it will have without them. The same invasions of it + may be effected under the State constitutions which contain those + declarations through the means of taxation, as under the proposed + Constitution, which has nothing of the kind. It would be quite as + significant to declare that government ought to be free, that taxes + ought not to be excessive, etc., as that the liberty of the press + ought not to be restrained. + + +FEDERALIST No. 85 + +Concluding Remarks +From MCLEAN's Edition, New York. + +HAMILTON + +To the People of the State of New York: +ACCORDING to the formal division of the subject of these papers, + announced in my first number, there would appear still to remain for + discussion two points: ``the analogy of the proposed government to + your own State constitution,'' and ``the additional security which + its adoption will afford to republican government, to liberty, and + to property.'' But these heads have been so fully anticipated and + exhausted in the progress of the work, that it would now scarcely be + possible to do any thing more than repeat, in a more dilated form, + what has been heretofore said, which the advanced stage of the + question, and the time already spent upon it, conspire to forbid. +It is remarkable, that the resemblance of the plan of the + convention to the act which organizes the government of this State + holds, not less with regard to many of the supposed defects, than to + the real excellences of the former. Among the pretended defects are + the re-eligibility of the Executive, the want of a council, the + omission of a formal bill of rights, the omission of a provision + respecting the liberty of the press. These and several others which + have been noted in the course of our inquiries are as much + chargeable on the existing constitution of this State, as on the one + proposed for the Union; and a man must have slender pretensions to + consistency, who can rail at the latter for imperfections which he + finds no difficulty in excusing in the former. Nor indeed can there + be a better proof of the insincerity and affectation of some of the + zealous adversaries of the plan of the convention among us, who + profess to be the devoted admirers of the government under which + they live, than the fury with which they have attacked that plan, + for matters in regard to which our own constitution is equally or + perhaps more vulnerable. +The additional securities to republican government, to liberty + and to property, to be derived from the adoption of the plan under + consideration, consist chiefly in the restraints which the + preservation of the Union will impose on local factions and + insurrections, and on the ambition of powerful individuals in single + States, who may acquire credit and influence enough, from leaders + and favorites, to become the despots of the people; in the + diminution of the opportunities to foreign intrigue, which the + dissolution of the Confederacy would invite and facilitate; in the + prevention of extensive military establishments, which could not + fail to grow out of wars between the States in a disunited + situation; in the express guaranty of a republican form of + government to each; in the absolute and universal exclusion of + titles of nobility; and in the precautions against the repetition + of those practices on the part of the State governments which have + undermined the foundations of property and credit, have planted + mutual distrust in the breasts of all classes of citizens, and have + occasioned an almost universal prostration of morals. +Thus have I, fellow-citizens, executed the task I had assigned + to myself; with what success, your conduct must determine. I trust + at least you will admit that I have not failed in the assurance I + gave you respecting the spirit with which my endeavors should be + conducted. I have addressed myself purely to your judgments, and + have studiously avoided those asperities which are too apt to + disgrace political disputants of all parties, and which have been + not a little provoked by the language and conduct of the opponents + of the Constitution. The charge of a conspiracy against the + liberties of the people, which has been indiscriminately brought + against the advocates of the plan, has something in it too wanton + and too malignant, not to excite the indignation of every man who + feels in his own bosom a refutation of the calumny. The perpetual + changes which have been rung upon the wealthy, the well-born, and + the great, have been such as to inspire the disgust of all sensible + men. And the unwarrantable concealments and misrepresentations + which have been in various ways practiced to keep the truth from the + public eye, have been of a nature to demand the reprobation of all + honest men. It is not impossible that these circumstances may have + occasionally betrayed me into intemperances of expression which I + did not intend; it is certain that I have frequently felt a + struggle between sensibility and moderation; and if the former has + in some instances prevailed, it must be my excuse that it has been + neither often nor much. +Let us now pause and ask ourselves whether, in the course of + these papers, the proposed Constitution has not been satisfactorily + vindicated from the aspersions thrown upon it; and whether it has + not been shown to be worthy of the public approbation, and necessary + to the public safety and prosperity. Every man is bound to answer + these questions to himself, according to the best of his conscience + and understanding, and to act agreeably to the genuine and sober + dictates of his judgment. This is a duty from which nothing can + give him a dispensation. 'T is one that he is called upon, nay, + constrained by all the obligations that form the bands of society, + to discharge sincerely and honestly. No partial motive, no + particular interest, no pride of opinion, no temporary passion or + prejudice, will justify to himself, to his country, or to his + posterity, an improper election of the part he is to act. Let him + beware of an obstinate adherence to party; let him reflect that the + object upon which he is to decide is not a particular interest of + the community, but the very existence of the nation; and let him + remember that a majority of America has already given its sanction + to the plan which he is to approve or reject. +I shall not dissemble that I feel an entire confidence in the + arguments which recommend the proposed system to your adoption, and + that I am unable to discern any real force in those by which it has + been opposed. I am persuaded that it is the best which our + political situation, habits, and opinions will admit, and superior + to any the revolution has produced. +Concessions on the part of the friends of the plan, that it has + not a claim to absolute perfection, have afforded matter of no small + triumph to its enemies. ``Why,'' say they, ``should we adopt an + imperfect thing? Why not amend it and make it perfect before it is + irrevocably established?'' This may be plausible enough, but it is + only plausible. In the first place I remark, that the extent of + these concessions has been greatly exaggerated. They have been + stated as amounting to an admission that the plan is radically + defective, and that without material alterations the rights and the + interests of the community cannot be safely confided to it. This, + as far as I have understood the meaning of those who make the + concessions, is an entire perversion of their sense. No advocate of + the measure can be found, who will not declare as his sentiment, + that the system, though it may not be perfect in every part, is, + upon the whole, a good one; is the best that the present views and + circumstances of the country will permit; and is such an one as + promises every species of security which a reasonable people can + desire. +I answer in the next place, that I should esteem it the extreme + of imprudence to prolong the precarious state of our national + affairs, and to expose the Union to the jeopardy of successive + experiments, in the chimerical pursuit of a perfect plan. I never + expect to see a perfect work from imperfect man. The result of the + deliberations of all collective bodies must necessarily be a + compound, as well of the errors and prejudices, as of the good sense + and wisdom, of the individuals of whom they are composed. The + compacts which are to embrace thirteen distinct States in a common + bond of amity and union, must as necessarily be a compromise of as + many dissimilar interests and inclinations. How can perfection + spring from such materials? +The reasons assigned in an excellent little pamphlet lately + published in this city,1 are unanswerable to show the utter + improbability of assembling a new convention, under circumstances in + any degree so favorable to a happy issue, as those in which the late + convention met, deliberated, and concluded. I will not repeat the + arguments there used, as I presume the production itself has had an + extensive circulation. It is certainly well worthy the perusal of + every friend to his country. There is, however, one point of light + in which the subject of amendments still remains to be considered, + and in which it has not yet been exhibited to public view. I cannot + resolve to conclude without first taking a survey of it in this + aspect. +It appears to me susceptible of absolute demonstration, that it + will be far more easy to obtain subsequent than previous amendments + to the Constitution. The moment an alteration is made in the + present plan, it becomes, to the purpose of adoption, a new one, and + must undergo a new decision of each State. To its complete + establishment throughout the Union, it will therefore require the + concurrence of thirteen States. If, on the contrary, the + Constitution proposed should once be ratified by all the States as + it stands, alterations in it may at any time be effected by nine + States. Here, then, the chances are as thirteen to nine2 in + favor of subsequent amendment, rather than of the original adoption + of an entire system. +This is not all. Every Constitution for the United States must + inevitably consist of a great variety of particulars, in which + thirteen independent States are to be accommodated in their + interests or opinions of interest. We may of course expect to see, + in any body of men charged with its original formation, very + different combinations of the parts upon different points. Many of + those who form a majority on one question, may become the minority + on a second, and an association dissimilar to either may constitute + the majority on a third. Hence the necessity of moulding and + arranging all the particulars which are to compose the whole, in + such a manner as to satisfy all the parties to the compact; and + hence, also, an immense multiplication of difficulties and + casualties in obtaining the collective assent to a final act. The + degree of that multiplication must evidently be in a ratio to the + number of particulars and the number of parties. +But every amendment to the Constitution, if once established, + would be a single proposition, and might be brought forward singly. + There would then be no necessity for management or compromise, in + relation to any other point no giving nor taking. The will of the + requisite number would at once bring the matter to a decisive issue. + And consequently, whenever nine, or rather ten States, were united + in the desire of a particular amendment, that amendment must + infallibly take place. There can, therefore, be no comparison + between the facility of affecting an amendment, and that of + establishing in the first instance a complete Constitution. +In opposition to the probability of subsequent amendments, it + has been urged that the persons delegated to the administration of + the national government will always be disinclined to yield up any + portion of the authority of which they were once possessed. For my + own part I acknowledge a thorough conviction that any amendments + which may, upon mature consideration, be thought useful, will be + applicable to the organization of the government, not to the mass of + its powers; and on this account alone, I think there is no weight + in the observation just stated. I also think there is little weight + in it on another account. The intrinsic difficulty of governing + thirteen States at any rate, independent of calculations upon an + ordinary degree of public spirit and integrity, will, in my opinion + constantly impose on the national rulers the necessity of a spirit + of accommodation to the reasonable expectations of their + constituents. But there is yet a further consideration, which + proves beyond the possibility of a doubt, that the observation is + futile. It is this that the national rulers, whenever nine States + concur, will have no option upon the subject. By the fifth article + of the plan, the Congres will be obliged ``on the application of the + legislatures of two thirds of the States which at present amount to + nine , to call a convention for proposing amendments, which shall be + valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution, + when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the States, or + by conventions in three fourths thereof.'' The words of this + article are peremptory. The Congress ``shall call a convention.'' + Nothing in this particular is left to the discretion of that body. + And of consequence, all the declamation about the disinclination to + a change vanishes in air. Nor however difficult it may be supposed + to unite two thirds or three fourths of the State legislatures, in + amendments which may affect local interests, can there be any room + to apprehend any such difficulty in a union on points which are + merely relative to the general liberty or security of the people. + We may safely rely on the disposition of the State legislatures to + erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority. +If the foregoing argument is a fallacy, certain it is that I am + myself deceived by it, for it is, in my conception, one of those + rare instances in which a political truth can be brought to the test + of a mathematical demonstration. Those who see the matter in the + same light with me, however zealous they may be for amendments, must + agree in the propriety of a previous adoption, as the most direct + road to their own object. +The zeal for attempts to amend, prior to the establishment of + the Constitution, must abate in every man who is ready to accede to + the truth of the following observations of a writer equally solid + and ingenious: ``To balance a large state or society says he , + whether monarchical or republican, on general laws, is a work of so + great difficulty, that no human genius, however comprehensive, is + able, by the mere dint of reason and reflection, to effect it. The + judgments of many must unite in the work; experience must guide + their labor; time must bring it to perfection, and the feeling of + inconveniences must correct the mistakes which they INEVITABLY fall + into in their first trials and experiments.''3 These judicious + reflections contain a lesson of moderation to all the sincere lovers + of the Union, and ought to put them upon their guard against + hazarding anarchy, civil war, a perpetual alienation of the States + from each other, and perhaps the military despotism of a victorious + demagogue, in the pursuit of what they are not likely to obtain, but + from time and experience. It may be in me a defect of political + fortitude, but I acknowledge that I cannot entertain an equal + tranquillity with those who affect to treat the dangers of a longer + continuance in our present situation as imaginary. A nation, + without a national government, is, in my view, an awful spectacle. + The establishment of a Constitution, in time of profound peace, by + the voluntary ocnsent of a whole people, is a prodigy, to the + completion of which I look forward with trembling anxiety. I can + reconcile it to no rules of prudence to let go the hold we now have, + in so arduous an enterprise, upon seven out of the thirteen States, + and after having passed over so considerable a part of the ground, + to recommence the course. I dread the more the consequences of new + attempts, because I know that powerful individuals, in this and in + other States, are enemies to a general national government in every + possible shape. +PUBLIUS. +1 Entitled ``An Address to the People of the State of New + York.'' +2 It may rather be said TEN, for though two thirds may set on + foot the measure, three fourths must ratify. +3 Hume's ``Essays,'' vol. i., page 128: ``The Rise of Arts and + Sciences.'' + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fedres.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fedres.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a64b557 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fedres.txt @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ + + + TAXES AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE + + How would you like to own a business where no one in + government knew who you are . . . where the IRS never + questioned you and only the lowest of lower minor bureau- + crats has his hand in your pocket . . . for real estate + taxes only . . . and no one in government dared to approach + or reproach you ? . . . You are indeed the king of the + mountain and the ignorant American citizens are paying you + over 17 1/2 million dollars PER HOUR OF EVERY DAY! NO taxes + . . no control . . . how sweet. This is not science fiction + nor a story about fairies or leprechauns . . . there is such + an outfit in our country that pays no taxes except real + estate taxes. + If they pay no federal income, state income or other + taxes, guess who has to make up the difference? That's + right . . . you and I are the jerks who pay the 17 mil per + hour and make up their share of taxes. Who is this evader + of taxes? The Federal Reserve System! + But you say they're part of the Federal Government-- + at least under some government control. WRONG! This is + what they want you to believe but it's a fairy tale! The + Fed is NOT an agency of the federal government and neither + does any division of government control their actions or + policies. It has the same relationship to the federal + government as the Federal Express or your local Federal Meat + Market. NONE. It is a privately owned banking system. + The Federal Reserve is a central bank, similar to + central banks around the world. These include the Bank of + England, the Bank of France, the Bundesbank of Germany and + Banco de Mexico. No government in the world controls a + central bank; the opposite is true. These banks tell people + and governments where to go . . what to do and they answer + to no one! + Banks conjure images of vaults overflowing with stacks + of money. What is money? ". . . (a) Standard pieces of + gold, silver, copper, nickel, etc., stamped by government + authority and used as a medium of exchange and measure of + value; coin or coins; also called hard money. (b) any paper + note issued by a government or an authorized bank and used + in the same way; bank notes; bills; also called paper + money." (Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary). + Random House dictionary defines a note as "any of + various types of instruments covering debts, as a promissory + note." Now take a fast look at the dollar bill in your + pocket. It tells you it's a 'Federal Reserve Note'! It's + an instrument covering debt, created out of thin air, only a + credit entry on bank books. This secret outfit controls our + money and tells us what it's worth. + Is that legal? Let's find out. What does our + Constitution have to say about money? First, Congress has + the authority to "borrow money on the credit of the United + States." This corrects a defect in the original Articles of +  + Confederation. Today, we see the result of unrestrained use + of this power when Congress proposes raising the debt + ceiling. + Next we find "Congress shall have the Power . . . To + coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin + . ." + Not one word in our Constitution allows our money to be + a piece of paper with numbers printed on it. To coin money + does not mean to print money. + The colonists had over one hundred years experience + with paper money. They were known as Bills of Credit back + then. Bad money experiences left a nasty taste in the + mouths of most at the Constitutional Convention in Philadel- + phia. Their plan was to stop the use of paper money. They + added a monetary constraint to the document which prohibits + any state from 'making any Thing but gold and silver Coin a + Tender in the Payment of Debts'. This requirement slapped + the responsibility right on the states to keep our money + honest. We have a constitutional right to real money. + Debasement of our money is so complete that we now have + ersatz pennies and coated copper coins replace our silver + coins. This is a travesty! + Paper money is a good deal for government. A worthless + piece of paper with a number printed on it tells us it's + worth ten dollars, one hundred dollars . . . or one thousand + dollars. + In the upper left corner of that paper dollar in your + pocket is the statement, "This note is legal tender for all + debts, public and private". That's a cockeyed lie! Gold + and silver coin are the ONLY legal tender allowed by the + Constitution. + The Coinage Act of 1792 defined our money and specifies + our coins are to be of gold and silver. This is still a + valid act of the Congress . . . Congress has never repealed + it. + Congress is ordered to regulate the value of foreign + coin. Yet today we have foreign exchange markets where the + value of our dollar floats in relationship to foreign + currency. This is so unconstitutional as to border on the + edge of criminal. + How did we get into this situation concerning our + money? Let's unravel a web of intrigue and deceit. Central + banks were common in Europe before World War I and they + decided to set up the same system in the United States. + Earlier in our history, we had two central banks. Fortu- + nately, at those times, we had Presidents who valued and + respected their oath to preserve the Constitution. Our + government did not renew these bank charters and they died a + quiet death. However, there is no charter requiring renewal + under the Federal Reserve Act. They have a perpetual + license to steal. + The late eighteen and early nineteen hundreds saw a + major campaign by international bankers to get a new central + bank established in this country. The first character we +  + find in this story is Paul Moritz Warburg from Hamburg, + Germany. He represented a large European banking family, + the Rothschilds. These are the people who once said, + "Permit me to issue and control the money of a nation, and I + care not who makes the laws!" + The Rothschilds bankrolled Warburg in 1902. His + mission? To convince major bankers and industrialists that + a private central bank was the answer to America's economic + ills. In addition to whatever money Warburg needed to buy + into New York money houses, they paid him half a million a + year . . . a tidy sum even today. Rothschild knew what + fabulous profits there would be after they set up the + private bank. And they were right . . . 17 million bucks + per hour ain't shabby. + Warburg spent eight years around the country preaching + his false economics. There were many conspirators in this + goal to control the United States' economy. One greedy and + powerful character was US Senator Nelson Aldrich. (Yes, + Nelson Rockefeller's grandfather.) Congress often denounced + Aldrich for the disregard of his oath of office as he + devoted his power and energies to the program of inter- + national finance. + Strange happenings began the night of November 22, 1910 + when reporters received a tip that some very important + people from New York city would be arriving at the train + station in Hoboken, New Jersey. Along with Warburg and + Aldrich, reporters identified the biggest names in banking + and industry and included many government officials. These + men controlled the oil, railroads, communications and heavy + industry in this country. + Not one man would talk to reporters. They all dis- + appeared into the last car on the train, a private car owned + by Aldrich. Drawing all shades, they left reporters + scratching their heads on the reason for these movers and + shakers being there. There wasn't a hint on the destination + of the train or reasons for the secrecy. + Thirty years later, some details of that trip emerged. + Jekyll Island, off the coast of Georgia, was where these big + shots travelled and came up with the bill creating the pri- + vately owned bank for United States. True to Rothschilds, + they knew once they had control of our money, it wouldn't + make any difference who makes the laws. + Deception was immediate. The conspirators knew that + the representatives from Southern and Western states would + never agree to any bill suggesting a central bank or control + by Wall Street money. The first try to get the private bank + bill through Congress was called the Aldrich Plan. People + fought back and in 1911, they defeated the bill. + This kind of greed doesn't die. It was only a minor + set back. Their final triumph occurred in 1913. Warburg + insisted the bill go back into Congress as the Federal + Reserve Act to hide that it was the same bill defeated + earlier. + The lackeys pushed the bill through Congress on +  + December 22, 1913 after most members had gone home for the + Christmas holidays. President Woodrow Wilson signed it into + law the very next day. America's independence disappeared. + The preamble to the Federal Reserve Act tells us the + purposes of the Act are "to provide for the establishment of + Federal Reserve Banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to + afford a means of rediscounting commercial paper, to + establish a more effective supervision of banking in the + United States, and for other purposes." + 'Elastic currency'? That's the same as rubber money. + Rediscounting is a system where member banks borrow credit + from the central bank. This allows fluctuations in the + discount rate and enables the Fed to control the money + supply of the nation. Rediscounting influences the total + outstanding credit on commercial paper and government bonds. + In this way, the central reserve bank can expand or contract + the money supply at will. They can now manufacture boom + times or depressions whenever it strikes their fancy. + And with all the bank and Savings and Loan closures, + it's clear they were effective in their duty to exercise + supervision of banking in the United States. Or . . . was + that planned? + 'And for other purposes' -- what does that mean? Is + that the all encompassing clause which removes all restric- + tions? Warburg and his lackeys knew exactly what they were + doing. + The Act gave authority (?) for a private banking system + to create 'money' out of thin air. We find proof of this + from hearings before the House Committee on Banking and + Currency, September 30, 1941. Representative Wright Patman + of Texas asked Federal Reserve Governor Marriner Eccles: + "How did you get the money to buy those two billion dollars + worth of Government securities in 1933?" + Eccles replied: "We created it." + Patman asks: "Out of what?" + Eccles: "Out of the right to issue credit money." + Patman: "And there is nothing behind it, is there, + except our Government's credit?" + Eccles: "That is what our money system is. If there + were no debts in our money system, there wouldn't be any + money." + See now why your dollar bill is called a note? + This interview is from the Congressional Record and is + also in an exceptional book by Eustace Mullins, called The + Federal Reserve Conspiracy, (Omni Publications, Hawthorne, + CA., 1971). + The money we use today has its basis in debt, not + wealth. This funny money, contrived by a private banking + cartel for their profit, now controls our economy. And, + speaking of profit, our government does NOT know who owns + The Federal Reserve system or whether they are even American + citizens for that matter. How does that grab you? + Let's check interest payments again. They demand + payment in full and on time every year. Breaking down the +  + $17.6 million per hour means we shell out over $226,000 + every time your heart beats. Over a quarter of a million of + our bucks! + One requirement of the Federal Reserve Act orders the + system to have an annual public audit. The Fed has NEVER + had a public audit. When questioned about this, the Fed + answers that they are continually audited . . . BY THEM- + SELVES! They do not address the word 'public'. It's like + having the fox count the hens in the chicken house. + When someone questions their legality, the Fed responds + with, "Would you rather have the control of money in the + hands of politicians and politics?" Politicians are, at + least in theory, responsible to the people. But what's more + important, the Constitution orders Congress [politicians] to + control the value of our money! Honest money is a guaran- + tee. There is not one instance in history to show that + politicians have ever destroyed the value of money . . . + it's only been done by international bankers. + We read that Congress shall coin money and regulate its + value. Whenever you see the words 'Congress shall', it's a + COMMAND! There is NO option or permission in our Constitu- + tion to delegate congressional duties to another govern- + mental body, and certainly not to a private cartel. + If this isn't clear thus far, let's take a quick look + at the Tenth Amendment . . THE POWERS NOT DELEGATED TO THE + UNITED STATES BY THE CONSTITUTION, NOR PROHIBITED BY IT TO + THE STATES, ARE RESERVED TO THE STATES RESPECTIVELY OR TO + THE PEOPLE. If we didn't precisely grant the power, they + don't have it. + Our Constitution gives NO authority for the Federal + Reserve system. Neither is there any permission for our + government to be in any type of banking business. (FDIC, + FSLIC, IMF, World Bank, etc, etc.) Congress is breaking the + law . . . and their oath to support our Constitution. As a + result, they saddle us with debt which they call money. + This control of Americans is so thorough, it effects even + the little kid with pennies in a piggy bank. + Write a letter to any Fed Reserve bank and ask a + question about money. The question is unimportant, but pay + attention to the return envelope. It will bear a stamp. + All government mail has a Roman styled eagle printed in the + upper right corner. If the Fed was a government entity, it + would also use a franked envelope! + To show that no one in our government has any say-so in + the activities of the Fed, an under-secretary of the + Treasury appeared on PBS. He said the government would like + to see the Federal Reserve increase the money supply to + allow for a more moderate growth. More wishful thinking is + for the Fed to lower the discount rate . . . the rate they + charge member banks when they borrow money. What drivel! + They have just been forced to lower the discount rate. + It has to be that the economy has gone much more sour than + even the Fed expected. Strange, isn't it? The condition of + the economy is all a result of previous actions by the Fed! +  + There are a lot of theories out there . . . please make up + your own mind as events unfold. + This brings up another point Americans should question + ... ownership of gold by the Federal government. Our gold + is supposedly at Ft. Knox, Kentucky safely stored under- + ground. But, is it? No one really knows and congressmen + have been unable to get into the vaults to be sure of its + existence. Why is it that we've heard nothing about this + alleged storage lately? + These are public monies entrusted to the government. + Just where is our gold? If it's not at Ft. Knox, what + happened to it? Is it possible it's already in a secret + vault under the Seine River in Paris? Letters to the + Secretary of the Treasury and members of Congress might just + revive interest on this crucial issue. Answers should be + very interesting. + Is it also possible that our gold is no longer at Ft. + Knox because of shady manipulations involving the Federal + Reserve System? International bankers have been moving our + gold out of the country for over 100 years. What went wrong + is clear. Our money problems are all a result of a law + which Congress had no power to enact which permits this + financial fiasco. + Question your Senators and Representatives about this + violation of constitutional powers. The only way our + government can make ANY change in the basic operation is + with our consent through the amendment process! We have to + demand that Congress take away the power to create 'money' + from a private bank and fulfill their constitutional duty to + issue honest money. + If Congress refuses to perform its duty, we should + throw them all out of office and elect honest people to the + positions. + Your taxes have gone wild ONLY because of unconstitu- + tional practices by our government. I have pointed out + another one of their illegal deals. When do we get a handle + on this crap? It's up to you! Today we're holding the + dirty end of a short stick! + + + YOUR SUPPORT OF SHAREWARE IS IMPORTANT AND APPRECIATED! + + PLEASE REGISTER . . . ONLY $19.95  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fedtimes.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fedtimes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b33e630 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fedtimes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +** This is an interesting article which appeared in Federal Times +Magazine a few years ago. This article has some good information, but +it also shows how the IRS and the Media work together to spread fear +and misinformation. + + + + + FEDERAL TIMES + + JUNE 3, 1991 + +The Independent Newspaper +For Those in Public Service + + +One Man Who Refuses to Pay Taxes + +NASA Engineer in "Voluntary Non-Compliance" Since 1984 + +By Anne Laurent + + + Have you ever looked at your pay stub and dreamed what it would +be like to take hone the before-tax amount? + + Doug Ross doesn't dream about it, he does it. And he doesn't pay +the income taxes later, either. + + Ross, 35, is a GS-13 electrical engineer with NASA's Goddard +Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. Ross says he take home as much +as most GS-15s because he has neither filed nor paid income taxes +since 1984. + + "The system is based on voluntary compliance, and I stopped +volunteering," Ross said. + + Not only has he stopped paying taxes, but Ross is encouraging +others, including other federal employees, not to file returns or pay +taxes, either. Since 1989, Ross has held seminars on not paying taxes +every other Saturday from September to April. + + Recently, Ross said he spoke to a lunchtime crowd in an +auditorium at Goddard, where the Black History Club presented the +seminar. + + Larry Watson, Goddard general counsel, said there are 40 private +groups operating at Goddard with authority to use the center's +facilities to promote the welfare of employees. The center would not +try to control the speech of any of the groups, Watson said. + + "If people have control over their financial resources over their +financial resources they are essentially slaves and can't prosper in +capitalist society," Ross said. + + Ross said his inspiration not to pay taxes came when he saw Irwin +Schiff (*) on television. Schiff counsels citizens not to pay and has +written books on the subject. "How Anyone Can Stop Paying Income Tax" +was the title that first caught Ross's eye. + + "I called the IRS and asked questions about it, and they hung up +on me. I thought, okay, when the IRS hangs up on you, you must be +asking the right questions," said Ross. + + Ross said he has received innumerable notices of tax liability +and penalties from the IRS, but his salary keeps on coming. + + "They send you notices, but, like I tell people, I get junk mail +every day. Once I stopped filing they sent form letters asking me +why. But we tell people how to respond: "I have no tax liability.'" +Ross said. + + So how does he get away with it? + + Ross said he simply filed a W-4 form with NASA saying he was +exempt from taxes, and they have not been withheld since. + + "When I started, people I work with would say, 'I'll see you in +jail.' Now when I tell people I saved another $18,000 this year, I'm +single and I make over $50,000 a year...I am a government employee. +If I was violating any law my agency would be an accomplice," Ross +said. + + "Also, I'm the easiest type of person to get to. All they would +have to say is 'stop the checks.'" + + In fact, through the tax system is based on voluntary compliance, +citizens are legally bound to pay income taxes if they meet the filing +standards, and employers are required to withhold taxes, according to +Frank Keith, IRS spokesman. + + Only those who had no tax liability for the prior year and expect +none in the current year are candidates for exemption, Keith said. + + Further, employers are supposed to send IRS the W-4s of employees +claiming exemption at a certain salary level, or above, and those +employees claiming an excessive number of withholding allowances. + + IRS determines whether W-4s claiming exemption should be honored +and informs the employer. Employers who fail to withhold may face +penalties, Keith said. + + "The current system is described as voluntary. You complete the +tax form, no one tells you what the tax is. Are you legally required +to pay? Yes," Keith added. + + Thats where Doug Ross disagrees. + + "It's either voluntary or it's not. The attorney general doesn't +say criminal statutes are voluntary. You don't hear of traffic laws +being based on voluntary compliance. + + "Voluntary means done of your own volition without coercion or +legal obligation. No one forces the IRS to say it's voluntary. + + "You don't figure out your own sales, taxes, real estate taxes, +property taxes. You're not required to figure them out, and it's +under your control because you can choose whether or not to buy stuff +or own property," Ross said. + + Nonetheless, Ross is under IRS investigation. + + He said the last IRS report of tax examination changer he +remembers looking at said he owed $15,000 or $16,000 in 1989. + + +SEE TAXES, PAGE 17 + + + TAXES + + From Page 3 + + + Keith said citizens who are liable for taxes and fail to file +face civil prosecution. The IRS can assess taxes using the +information it has about a person's salary level from W-2 forms and +other income reporting forms from financial institutions. + + IRS can levy bank accounts, seize property and take other +collection actions against those who fail to pay taxes. If the agency +determines a willful, egregious intent not to pay, it can refer to +case to the Justice Department for criminal prosecution, Keith said. + + Though the IRS hasn't taken Ross to court, he has a lawsuit +pending against the agency in New York district court. He is fighting +a summons the agency issued against one of his financial institutions +headquartered in New York. + + Ross, who calls himself a "tax system educator," said the best +proof of the correctness of his position is his own experience. + + "The best proof is that I work for the federal government, and +I'm still getting paid," he said. + + In fact, Ross said everything he tells people is straight from +government documents. And Ross is so sure of himself, he plans to +challenge his agency next. + + "I got a [financial] award for a technical brief, and they took +out tax withholding. I'm going to jump on them," he said. + + Goddard's Watson said he could not discuss the specifics of Ross' +case because the Privacy Act forbids it. He did say he has personally +informed Ross he disagrees with Ross' position on taxes. + + Goddard reports employee W-4s to the IRS, Watson said, and it is +up to the tax agency to take action. + + "We have done everything we believe we can," Watson said. + + Watson also said to his knowledge Goddard has not been instructed +to take any "unusual action" regarding an employee W-4s. + + + +** Irwin Schiff is the Author of "How Anyone Can Stop Paying Income +Taxes" A little note, because he published this book and 'embarrassed +' the government he was thrown in jail at a "RIGGED" court hearing. A +txt file will be available soon. + + +These files are free to all, the Sixth Column provides these copied +documents at no charge to the public. In an effort to "Educate" the +public to what the Law actually means. All information is duplicated +EXACTLY as in the original. + + Lestat De Lioncourt + The Sixth Column + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/femaact.txt b/politicalTextFiles/femaact.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c51a41 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/femaact.txt @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ + + +FEMA's activation sets the stage for rule by decree +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By Kathleen Klenetsky + + + "In the developed countries there will be a bitter struggle for + the control of their diminished resources. This struggle will + merely worsen a bad situation; it will somehow have to be + stopped. If left unchecked, it would lead to anarchy and to a + drastic reduction of the size of the population by civil war, + famine, and pestilence, the historic reducers of populations that + have outgrown their means of subsistence. Consequently in all + developed countries, a new way of life -- a severely regimented + way -- will have to be imposed by a ruthless authoritarian + government." + + -- Arnorld Toynbee ("After the age of affluence," _The Skeptic_, + July-Aug 1974) + + +Of all the signs during early November that the Bush administration was +lunging toward a cataclysmic conflict in the Persian Gulf, one of the most +ominous was the five day, closed-door meeting with the Federal Emergency +Management Agency (FEMA) convened in Atlanta during the week of November 5. + +Despite its innocuous-sounding name, FEMA serves as a framework for the +anti-constitutional, authoritarian regime envisioned by British strategic +games master Arnold Toynbee in the article quoted above. It is now +mobilizing for precisely that purpose. + +Since Bush launched his "Operation Desert Shield" in August, preparations +for a FEMA dictatorship, under the guise of a national security crisis +induced by either an oil shortage or a war, have dominated +behind-the-scenes planning at the National Security Council, which controls +FEMA and it's activation. + +The process has been shrouded in secrecy. FEMA spokesmen adamantly refused +to provide any information about the agency's Atlanta meeting, other than +to confirm that it was taking place. However, enough information has leaked +out to fuel speculation that Bush will soon utilize the vast array of +stand-by emergency powers available to him. + +Over the last few weeks, FEMA has drafted new legislation that would expand +its already formidable powers, allowing it, for example, to set up +operations in any state or locality, without the prior permission of local +or state authorities, as is currently required. + +'Emergency' fascism? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +WE are not arguing in this report that emergency preparedness or emergency +measures are unnecessary and inappropriate under any and all circumstances. +What we are saying is that the Bush administration is dead set on using the +pretext of a national security crisis to carry out a set of policies which +violate the U.S. constitution, and are inimical to the interests of the +vast majority of the U.S. population. Bush is being impelled toward +exercising emergency powers by the same circumstances that are behind his +drive for war: the economic collapse of the Anglo-American financial +superstructure. The principle reason that Bush wants a war with Iraq, is to +set a precedent for reviving the savage colonialist policy of looting Third +World countries. + +This is deemed necessary by the Anglo-American elite, because their failed +policies of "post-industrialism" and speculation have made it impossible to +pay Third World countries a just and fair price for their oil, minerals, +and other commodities. Rather than change their own economic policies, +Bush, Thatcher, and their elite controllers have opted for misery on a +global scale. + +By the same token, Bush needs an excuse to wield emergency powers because +of the economic depression in the United States. As exemplified by the +budget wranglings of the past six months, the administration has decided to +deal with the nation's economic woes not by stimulating investment in +agriculture, manufacturing, and hi-tech industries, but by looting the +living standard of the middle, and working class. + +But the depths of the depression the United States has entered will require +austerity on a scale that cannot be accomplished within the framework of +constitutional government -- at least not without risking a popular upsurge +that could overturn the administration and its policies. + +Thus, the Iraq conflict -- which, as EIR has documented, was deliberately +setup by the United States and Great Britain -- has provided Bush with the +long-sought-for chance to ram austerity down the throats of Americans, +while establishing a genocidal U.S. policy towards the nations of the Third +World. + +FEMA's police state +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Should the American people resist, FEMA is prepared to step in with +police-state measures. In its July 5, 1987 issue, the Miami Herald +published a revealing expose on FEMA's plans to rip up the Constitution in +the event of a national crisis. + +Written by Alfonso Chardy, the article reported that between 1982-1984, +FEMA revised its contingency plans for dealing with "nuclear war, +insurrection, or a massive mobilization." [See HERALD.TXT.] + +Chardy reported that National Security Council staffer LT. COL. Oliver +North assisted FEMA in drawing up "a controversial plan to suspend the +constitution in the event of a national crisis, such as nuclear war, +violent and wide spread internal dissent or _national opposition to a U.S. +military invasion abroad_" (Emphasis added). The last eventuality is of +special significance under the present circumstances of growing domestic +opposition to Bush's war plans in the Gulf. + +The Plan "also advocated the roundup and transfer to 'assembly centers or +relocation camps' of at least 21 million" black Americans. In 1984, FEMA +ran its "Rex 84" exercise (one of many such exercises, almost all of them +classifies, which FEMA regularly carries out in conjunction with the +Defense Department), to test its upgraded capabilities and powers. The +"Rex 84" scenario was based on a superpower confrontation over Central +America which would lead to a nuclear war. Included in the scenario was a +roundup of Central American refugees who had poured over the boarders into +the United States, and who were placed in detention camps located on U.S. +military bases. The scenario also called for the imposition of martial law +in the United States, to quell an anti-war movement. + +Substitute Middle East for Central America, and war with Iraq for a +superpower confrontation, and you've got the Bush Administration -- FEMA +script for suppressing any opposition to U.S. participation in the Gulf +conflict. A still-secret National Security Directive decision (No. 52), +issued by President Reagan in August 1982, pertains to the "Use of National +Guard Troops to Quell Disturbances." + +Bush: The American Mussolini +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Bush is the perfect candidate to be the American Mussolini. His patrician +background and intimate ties to the U.S. Intelligence community (he served +as the director of the CIA in the mid-1970s), have inculcated in him a +contempt for constitutional and representational government. That has been +nowhere more evident than in his recent response from pleadings from +Capital Hill that he consult with Congress on the Gulf conflict. In +defiance of the constitutions provision that only Congress has the right to +declare war, Bush has refused. + +During the Reagan years, Bush insinuated himself into the heart of the +administration's vast crisis-planning apparatus, getting himself appointed +the head of Special Situations Group, which effectively placed him in +charge of all crisis management. + +Bush signaled his intention to use crisis management as the means of +imposing emergency police-state rule just a week after the election. One +of his first acts after winning the presidency was to persuade Ronald +Reagan to issue Executive Order 12656, which we excerpted at length in the +_Documentation_ section -- a chilling blueprint for an emergency +dictatorship with FEMA at the helm. + +Blank check for crisis management +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If Bush does decide to use the Gulf crisis as an excuse to declare a +national emergency, he has a virtual blank check to do what he pleases +period. "The President has a broad range of emergency powers available to +him in a crisis," a White House spokesman confirmed. According to Harold +Relyea, a specialist at the Congressional Research Service, the powers +available to the President under conditions of a national security crisis +are "wide open. . . there is probably not a whole lot circumscribing the +Presidents's authority to use certain statutes, some of which require a +declaration of national emergency, some of which don't." + +These powers are based on a huge body of executive orders, national +security directives, and legislation that has evolved since WWII. In +addition to the various executive orders and national security directives +described elsewhere in the report, some of the most important of these +include: + +* the National Security Act of 1947, under which FEMA draws its authority, +among other things, to effect the strategic relocation of industries, +services, government, and other essential activities, and to rationalize the +requirements for manpower, resources, and productive facilities. + +* the 1950 Defense Production Act, which gives the president sweeping +powers over all aspects of the economy; + +* the Act of August 29, 1916, which authorizes the Secretary of the Army, +in time of war, to take possession of any transportation system for +transportation of troops, materiel, or any other purpose related to the +emergency; + +* the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, which enables the +President to seize the property of a Foreign capital or national. + +In addition, numerous measures exist that are specifically designed to be +invoked in event of a cutoff of U.S. energy supplies, which would likely +occur should fighting break out in the Gulf. + +These include: the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, which establishes +the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and establishes separate energy priorities +and allocation authority to be coordinated with the national defense +authorities and allocations system set up by the Defense Production Act; +the Energy Security Act of 1980; the Naval Petroleum Reserve Act, which +establishes the naval petroleum and oil shale reserve and authorizes the +Navy to seize or acquire transportation pipelines to transport the +petroleum; the Export Administration Act and the Trade Expansion Act, which +authorize the President to control exports and imports; and the Energy +Emergency Preparedness Act of 1982. + +EIR, Nov 23, 1990, (pg.20) + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/femabust.txt b/politicalTextFiles/femabust.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31e61da --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/femabust.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + HELP BUNGLED AND DISORGANIZED + + By Martin Mann and George Nicholas + Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT + + +Washington, DC -- One after another, two violent, cataclysmic disasters +struck the United States in the fall of 1989. Hurricane Hugo roared +through the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and the Carolinas in September. +Within weeks, northern California was shaken by the Loma Prieta earthquake +that left hundreds of thousands of victims and billions of dollars in +damage in its wake. + + Having spent "over $25 billion on setting up FEMA," American taxpayers +were entitled to expect "quick and efficient help" from it in the face of +such shattering calamities. But the response by the Federal Emergency +Management Agency (FEMA) to these upheavals was "bungled" and +"disorganized," says Ray Groover, who reported on the hurricane for a San +Juan, Puerto Rico, newspaper and is now studying for a graduate degree in +journalism at Columbia University in New York. + + Since the Disaster Relief Act of 1988, FEMA has been responsible for +coordinating the "[disaster] preparedness, response and recovery actions of +state and local governments." Unable to live up to these responsibilities +during the 1989 crisis, the agency drew sharp criticism from the press and +from Congress, whose leaders assigned the General Accounting Office (GAO) +to conduct the first-ever detailed investigation of FEMA. + + For a year, GAO field examiners interviewed hundreds of disaster +victims, state and local relief workers, journalists and other witnesses. +The agency has assembled a 71-page report on U.S. relief operations. + + WATCHDOG AGENCY RATES FEMA + + Having obtained an advance copy of that survey, a team of SPOTLIGHT +reporters found that the congressional watchdog agency rated FEMA's ability +to deal with natural disasters as being "inefficient," "weak" and +"dilatory." + + Noting that "emergency management includes three phases: +preparedness, response and recovery," GAO probers warned that FEMA failed +to operate "as efficiently as possible" in all these areas. + + There was evidence of "inadequate planning ... inadequate or no +standard operating procedures ... [and a] lack of coordination" wherever +FEMA's bureaucrats intervened, the GAO report concluded. Among the results +of these botched relief attempts were "delays in providing disaster +assistance and duplicate payments for some [of FEMA's] activities," the +congressional overseers discovered. + + One example of FEMA's failure cited by the GAO survey team involved +4,000 low-income units wholly destroyed in California's devastating October +1989 earthquake. "Thirteen months later, only 114 units had been processed +and approved for [rehabilitation] funding," the report reveals. Similarly, +10 months after Hurricane Hugo, most of the families left homeless "had not +yet been provided with housing assistance from FEMA." + + DIRECTORS SHELL GAME + + Warned that the GAO report will expose FEMA as incompetent and +wasteful, President George Bush fired agency Director Julius Becton, an +elderly three-star general, whose principal qualifications for flag rank +was Henry Kissinger's wish to promote "minority" officers, Defense +Department sources say. + + Becton was replace by Wallace Stickney, a former New Hampshire state +official whose colorless and low-profile reputation is expected to dampen +the fireworks the GAO report might otherwise touch off about the inadequacy +of federal relief operations. + + But simply shifting directors "does not answer the real question: If +[FEMA officials] seem uninterested and negligent when it comes to disaster +response, what are FEMA's thousands of bureaucrats working on?" asked +Groover. + + The answer, a SPOTLIGHT investigation has found, is that FEMA's +leadership is developing programs that will not merely "[ensure] the +continuity of the federal government in any national emergency-type +situation," as decreed by President Gerald Ford in Executive Order 11921, +but REPLACE the nation's Constitutional statecraft with a centralized +"command system." + + +----------------- + +Reproduced with permission from a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, +May 25, 1992. This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement +to The Spotlight appears, including this address: + + The SPOTLIGHT + 300 Independence Avenue, SE + Washington, DC 20003 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/femarule.txt b/politicalTextFiles/femarule.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d555ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/femarule.txt @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ + + +FEMA's structure for fascist rule +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By Kathleen Klenetsky and Herbert Quinde + + "You have an authoritarian structure. . .with FEMA." + + --Harold Relyea, chief specialist on presidential + directives at the Congressional Research Service, + in an interview with EIR. + +The Federal Emergency Management Agency was founded during the presidency +of one Trilateral Commission member, Jimmy Carter, and it seems +increasingly likely that its fundamental purpose -- to seize control of the +reins of government through emergency fiat -- will be realized under the +presidency of another, George Bush. + +The Trilateral link is no accident. Together with the other leading +Eastern Establishment think tank, the New York Council on Foreign Relations +(CFR), the Trilateral Commission effectively brought FEMA into existence. + +The leading theoreticians behind the creation of FEMA were Samuel +Huntington, a National Security Council consultant under Carter, and +Zbigniew Brzezinski, who served as Carter's national security advisor. +Before that, Brzezinski was executive director at the Trilateral +Commission, a "New Ager" who envisioned a "technetronic society" in the +United States. Nominally a Democrat, Brzezinski nevertheless became a +leading adviser on strategic policy to George Bush's 1988 campaign, and +continues to serve as an informal consultant to the Bush administration. +Huntington is currently a member of the FEMA Advisory Board. Both +Huntington and Brzezinski belong to the CFR. + +FEMA was established in March 1979 by presidential Review Memorandum 32, +with the mandate to maintain "the continuity of government" (COG) during a +national security emergency. PRM 32 bypassed the U.S. Constitution, and +awarded power to the _unelected_ officials at the National Security Council +to direct U.S. government operations by emergency decree. By placing FEMA +under the NSC's control, Huntington, Brzezinski, et al., turning the NSC +into a shadow technocratic dictatorship, waiting for a real or manufactured +crisis to seize control of the country. + +Although FEMA was sold to Congress and the public as the vehicle through +which the United States could mount an adequate, centralized response to +natural and other disasters, the agency has consistently failed to fulfill +that purpose. In its last major interventions, in 1989's San Francisco +earthquake and Hurricane Hugo, FEMA's ineptness and bungling enraged +disaster victims and local officials. FEMA was more interested in +psychologically profiling the population's response to the disasters, than +it was in assisting their physical survival. That was typical of FEMA's +10-year record, which began with its panic-mongering handling of the Three +Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979. + +Burying the Constitution +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +FEMA has proven by it's own actions that it is not a disaster preparedness +agency. Its true purpose is found in the 1970s policy decisions of the CFR +and the Trilateral Commission, decisions which ushered in the +"post-industrial society" and "limits to growth" era which brought the +United States into the current depression. + +It is clear from viewing these policy decisions, that the Establishment had +made a conscious decision to deal with economic contraction and concomitant +social unrest by resorting to fascist emergency rule and other forms of +"fascism with a democratic face." + +In one of the earliest Trilateral Commission reports, "The Crisis of +Democracy," published in 1975, Huntington demanded that democratic +government be curbed in times of economic crisis. "We have come to +recognize that there are potentially desirable limits to economic growth," +he stated. "There are also potentially desirable _limits to the indefinite +extension of political democracy_. . . . A government which lacks +authority. . .will have little ability, short or cataclysmic crisis to +_impose on its people the sacrifice which may be necessary_" (emphasis +added). + +In 1973, the Council of Foreign Relations launched its "1980s Project," +which it called the "largest single effort in our 55-year history." By its +own account, the 1980s Project was aimed at "describing how world trends +might be steered toward a particular desirable future outcome." Zbigniew +Brzezinski belonged to the 1980s Project's governing body, and Samuel +Huntington served on its coordinating group. + +Among the most important products of the project was _Alternatives to +Monetary Disorder_, by the late Fred Hirsch, senior adviser to the +International Monetary Fund. Hirsch wrote: "A degree of controlled +disintegration in the world of economy is a legitimate objective for the +1980s and may be order. A central normative problem for the international +economic order in the years ahead is how to ensure that the disintegration +indeed occurs in a controlled way and does not rather spiral into damaging +restrictionism." + +"Controlled disintegration" became the policy of Jimmy Carter's Federal +Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker, whose high interest rates wrecked the U.S. +industrial and farm base during the Carter and Reagan years. + +Another Key 1980s Project document was _International Disaster Relief_, by +Stephen Green. It predicted that the future will bring about +"megadisasters" that will "create conditions of political instability and, +in all likelihood, of conflict, which will further erode the capacity of +societies to cope with natural disasters." + +Green recommended rapid implementation of new disaster preparedness +efforts. He called for the creation of a central, global agency, under the +United Nations, with a mandate to intervene in disaster situations, despite +opposition from local governments. "Such a shift," he wrote, "would +reflect increasingly widespread _dissatisfaction with the constraints posed +by the recognition of sovereign national jurisdictions" and the "abstract +notion of national sovereignty" (emphasis added). + +"Disaster relief" thus became an excuse for tossing out existing forms of +government which stand in the way of fascist economic policies (for which +"sacrifice" and "controlled disintegration" are merely euphemisms) which +the Eastern Establishment has decided must be imposed. + +Oliver North and FEMA +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +FEMA's powers have been enhanced during the Reagan and Bush administrations +to the point that the agency is now positioned to take over the country in +the event of a national security crisis, such as a war with Iraq or an +interruption of oil-imports. + +A preview of FEMA dictatorship can be found in the Iran-Contra affair. One +of the key components of the FEMA apparatus is a group of 100 persons it +has positioned throughout the government bureaucracy. Known as the +"continuity of government" (COG) structure, these 100 individuals are +charged with running government departments in times of crisis. One member +of this group was none other than Oliver North -- whom President Bush +called a "national hero." + +Bush was at the center of both the Iran-Contra fiasco, and the broader +FEMA-linked crisis management apparatus set up during the Reagan years. In +early 1982, Reagan created the Special Situations Group (SSG), designating +Vice President Bush as chairman. + +In May 1982, the Reagan administration is sued a memorandum which announced +that the SSG "is charged, _inter alia_ with formulating plans in +anticipation of crisis. In order to facilitate this crisis pre-planned +responsibility, a Standing Crisis Pre-Planning Group (CPPG) is hereby +established." + +North was assigned to the CPPG -- and later helped to write the 1984 "Rex" +exercise for police-state rule in the United States. + +Through an outgrowth of this structure, the Iran-Contra controllers wielded +extraordinary power and ran various foreign and domestic initiates, +including the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines +through what became the Project Democracy apparatus, the Iran-Contra +affair, and the government's effort to jail Lyndon LaRouche, who was +rightly seen as a major threat to the FEMA network's "government by fiat" +scheme. (As EIR has previously reported, Buster Horton, the foreman of the +jury which found LaRouche guilty on trumped-up charges in December 1988, +belonged to the same 100-man COG structure as North.) + +On July 22, 1982, President Reagan issued his National Security Decision +Directive 47 to complement the operations of the SSG and CPPG. Titled +"Emergency Mobilization Preparedness," NSDD 47 defined the responsibilities +of federal departments and branches of the U.S. government to respond to a +national security crisis or domestic emergency. The president charged the +Emergency Mobilization Preparedness Board with implementing the programs +detailed in the directive, which included a restriction of civil rights, +bordering on explicit police-state measures (see accompanying article -- +"12656.TXT"). + +As one of his first acts in office, Bush issued National Security Directive +1, which boosted the powers of the National Security Council, the body that +runs FEMA. + +Bush also stacked the FEMA leadership with "old boys" from the intelligence +and covert operations networks, among them Jerry Jennings, who was +confirmed as a FEMA deputy director in May. Jenning's background includes +nearly a decade of White House service as an advisor to the President's +national security adviser under four administrations, beginning in 1973. +Before that, he worked with the CIA in the Far East during the gear up for +the Vietnam War (1965-68), and for the FBI, where he specialized in drugs. + +EIR Nov 23, 1990 (pg.23) + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fgn-plcy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fgn-plcy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..216319d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fgn-plcy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +FOREIGN POLICY AND FOREIGN WARS + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +When the Founding Fathers wrote and then defended the case for +passage of the Constitution in 1787-1788, they did so with a +strong belief in the natural rights of man, rights that Thomas +Jefferson had so eloquently expressed in the Declaration of +Independence in 1776. But their idealism was tempered with +stark realism, based on historical knowledge and personal +experience, about both human nature and the nature of +governments. + +The separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers +was considered essential if the human inclination toward +political abuse of power was to be prevented. "No political +truth is certainly of greater intrinsic value, or is stamped +with the authority of more enlightened patrons of liberty," +stated James Madison in The Federalist Papers, "than that +. . . [t]he accumulation of all power, legislative, executive +and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or +many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may +justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny." + +Division of power and responsibilities, therefore, was seen as +an essential--though neither a perfect nor guaranteed--tool to +assure that the freedom and property of individuals would not +become political plunder to be devoured by either majorities +or minorities. + +Issues concerning war and peace and individual liberty were of +deep concern to the Founding Fathers for the same reason. When +the matter came up at the convention as to which branch of +government would have the authority to "make war," +disagreement arose. Pierce Butler of South Carolina wanted +that power to reside in the President who, he said, "will have +all the requisite qualities." James Madison and Elbridge Gerry +of Massachusetts were for "leaving to the Executive the power +to repel sudden attacks" but proposed changing the wording to +"declare" rather than "make war," and then only with the +approval of both Houses of Congress. Oliver Ellsworth of +Connecticut agreed, saying that "It should be more easy to get +out of war than into it." And George Mason of Virginia also +was "against giving the power of war to the Executive, because +[he was] not safely to be trusted with it." Mason "was for +clogging rather than facilitating war." + +Thus, in the final, ratified Constitution, the Congress, in +Article I, Section 8, was given the sole authority, "To +Declare War," while the President, in Article II, Section 2, +was made "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the +United States, and the Militia of the several States, when +called into the actual service of the United States." Civilian +authority over the military was established, with +Constitutionally divided power over its application in war: +Congress declared war, and the President oversaw its +execution. + +The Founding Fathers possessed no misconceptions about the +potentially aggressive nature of governments toward their +neighbors. John Jay, in The Federalist Papers, insightfully +enumerated the various motives, rationales and passions that +had led nations down the road to war through the ages. + +But neither did they have any illusions that Americans could +be any less susceptible to similar motives and passions. The +Constitution, through a division of powers, was meant to put +procedural hurdles and delays in the way before the passions +of the moment could result in declarations of war and the +initiation of hostilities against other nations. + +Yet, in spite of these Constitutional restraints, the United +States has participated in four foreign wars in the 20th +century--two World Wars, the Korean "police action" and the +Vietnam conflict--and in three of these, the United States was +neither directly attacked nor threatened by a foreign enemy. +Why, then, did we intervene? + +The answer lies in the ideology of the welfare state. First in +the years preceding World War I, and then again in the 1930s, +American intellectuals and politicians undertook grand +experiments in social engineering. The Progressive Era of +Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and the New Deal days +of Franklin D. Roosevelt, were the crucial decades for the +implementation of the politics of government intervention and +economic regulation. It was the duty and responsibility of the +state to manage, oversee and control the social and economic +affairs of the citizenry. + +The social engineers believed that people left alone to manage +their own affairs invariably went astray, with the result +being poverty, economic exploitation and social decay. +Enlightened leadership, under wise government, would provide +the population with the economic prosperity and social harmony +that the governmental policy-makers knew, in their hearts, +that they had the knowledge and expertise to provide. The +good wanted state power so they could benefit their fellow +men. + +And what was good for Americans at home, surely would be no +less beneficial for the masses of people across the oceans. +Was not Europe a caldron of political intrigue and corruption? +Were not the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America +suffering in squalor and ignorance, the victims of tribal +despots and imperialist exploitors--easy prey to that even +greater threat of communist propaganda and revolution? + +America's first crusade was in 1917, when Woodrow Wilson, +insisting that the United States had the moral duty to take +the lead and "make the world safe for democracy," had asked +for, and got, a declaration of war from Congress. Americans, +however, were repulsed in the years following World War I, +when instead of democracy, they saw that all that came out of +our participation in that noble crusade had been communism in +Russia, fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany and imperialist +spoils for the victorious European allies. + +But World War II seemed to offer the opportunity for a second +chance. The American "arsenal of democracy" would free the +world of Hitler and Imperial Japan and then pursue an +international course of permanent foreign intervention to +create "a better world." What the world got was the Cold War, +with the Soviet Union gaining an Eastern European empire, and +with China being lost behind what became known as the +communist "Bamboo Curtain." + +America's rewards were global commitments that required +hundreds of thousands of American soldiers permanently +stationed in Europe; two bloody wars in Asia that cost the +lives of over a hundred thousand Americans; a huge defense +budget that siphoned off hundreds of billions of dollars from +the private sector for four decades; and even more tens of +billions of dollars in military and foreign aid to any +government, in any part of the world, no matter how corrupt, +just as long as it declared itself "anti-communist." And as +one of the founders of Human Events, Felix Morley, pointed out +in his book, Freedom and Federalism, in the heyday of +Keynesian economics in the 1950s and 1960s, defense spending +became a tool for "priming the pump" and guaranteeing "full +employment" through government expenditures. + +But communism is now dying under the weight of its own +political corruption and economic failures. And the European +and Asian countries that benefited from decades of being on +the American defense and foreign aid dole have decided they +want to grow up and manage their own affairs. + +But rather than be delighted that the Cold War Welfare State +can finally be ended, American political and foreign policy +makers are petrified. The global social engineers in +Washington are suddenly faced with a world that doesn't want +to be under the tutelage of American paternalism and +dominance. They are busy scrambling for some way to "keep +America in Europe," maintain Washington's political control +and influence over international affairs and guarantee that +America will remain "in harm's way," potentially drawn into +numerous controversies and conflicts around the world. + +If it is undesirable for the United States government to +intervene in the economic and social affairs of its citizenry +--as the advocate of individual freedom steadfastly believes +--then it is equally undesirable for the United States +government to intervene in the internal affairs of other +nations, or the conflicts that sometimes arise among nations. + +The first duty of the American government is to protect the +life, liberty and property of the citizens of the United +States from foreign aggressors. Once a government sets itself +the task of trying to rectify the errors and choices of its +own citizens, it soon begins sliding down a slippery slope in +which the end result is state supervision and regulation of +all of its citizens' activities, and all in the name of a +higher "social good." + +Just as our neighbors often do things of which we do not +approve, or which we do not consider good or wise, so do other +nations. But to follow the path of attempting to set the world +straight can lead to nothing but perpetual intervention and +war in the name of world peace and global welfare. And these +have been precisely the results of America's global crusade to +save the world since 1945. + +The end of communism, and the economic growth of Europe and +Asia, give us a new opportunity to foreswear the global +welfare state, free ourselves from foreign political and +military entanglements, and follow George Washington's wise +advice of free commercial relationships with all, but foreign +alliances and intrigues with none. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the November 1990 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fightbck.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fightbck.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04f774e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fightbck.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +WAYS FOR WOMEN TO FIGHT BACK + + +Be aware as you walk down the street. +Be uppity. +Be loud. +Yell strong. +Wear sensible running shoes. +Suround yourself with light. +Teach your children self-defense. +Carry mace, keys, rolling pin or another possible weapon. +Educate yourself and others about male violence. +Educate yourself and others about women's empowerment. +Learn self-defense. +Voice your opinions, feelings, options. +Share stories with other women. +Publicize your anger; write to newspapers, legislators, etc., expressing your +experiences. +Engage in community with other women. +Advocate for and validate each other. +Don't participate in women-hating. +Question men's tastes in women's fashions; stop dressing and dieting to please +men. +Throw your weight around. +Volunteer at the Rape Crisis Center and battered women's shelters. +Stop protecting men. +Be pro-choice. +Have a strong, positive attitude that you are capable. +Recognize and oppose violence in male sports. +Call men on their behavior. +Use graffiti, visual arts, etc. to educate. +Stop giving money to patriarchal causes. +Stop paying taxes; stop supporting our violent male culture. +Read and listen to alternative media sources. +Speak out against racism, sexism, classism, sizeism, homophobia, ableism, +capitalism, heterosexism, etc. +Celebrate women's spirituality. +Name rapists everywhere. +Heal from rape/incest/violence. +Live your politics. +Tell on men. +Support women's businesses. +Don't patronize patriarchy. +Listen to women who are trying to speak. +Make posters and flyers. +Be healers. +Become economically independent. +Leave abusive relationships. +Walk tall. +Demand respect. +Take charge of the situation. +Get physical. +Create women-only space. +Demand justice for rape, murder and bettering crimes. +Don't be accomodating. +Throw out your TV. +Don't buy war toys. +Boycott movies and products that objectify women. +LEARN TO SAY "NO." + + +from Labrys, reprinted in "off our backs" feb 1991 + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/foiasmal.txt b/politicalTextFiles/foiasmal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d59f173 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/foiasmal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ + + How to get YOUR FBI File + by: Frodo + Call The Last Homely House + 314-394-1306 + ========================== +Ok... You have to write a letter. It goes a little something like this.. +Attn: F.B.I. + +This is a request under provisions of Title 5 USC, Sec. 552, the Freedom of +Information Act, and Title 5 USC, Sec 552a, the Privacy Act. + +Please furnish me with copies of all records on me retrievable by the use of +an individual identifier and by the use of any combination of identifiers +(e.g. name + date of birth + social security number, etc.) that are contained +in the following systems of records: + +In order to identify myself and to facilitate your search of records systems, +I provide the following information: + +Name +Address +City, State, Zip +Birthdate +Birthplace +Sex +Social Security Number + +In the event that any part of my records are withheld, I request a complete +list of all records being withheld and the specific exemption claimed for the +withholding of each. + +In the event that the search and copying fees are estimated to exceed $25, I +request an opportunity to review such records, or to have a duly authorized +representative review such records, in order to select those to be copied. + +If you have any questions regarding this request, please telephone me at +(daytime phone number) weekdays or write to me at the above address. + +As provided for by Sec. 552(a)(6)(i) of the Freedom of Information Act, I +shall expect to recieve a reply within ten (10) business days. + +Ok, now on the back of this letter, you must have a NOTARIZED signature, which +means you have to go to a notary (there's one at the DMV), sign it in front of +him/her, and present a picture ID, usually drivers license, and have them +stamp it. + +Send the letter to: + F.B.I. + FOIA Section + 10th Street and Pennsylvania Ave, NW + Room 6296 + Washington, D.C. 20535 +That's it. And please, if anyone else does this, tell me if your envelope was +opened and resealed with fucking scotch tape before it was delivered to you. +Mine was, and it really makes me wonder.. + _FrodO_ + 1 @3473 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/fr9401.txt b/politicalTextFiles/fr9401.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75018fe --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/fr9401.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2526 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + FUTURE REFLECTIONS + + + Winter, 1994 + + + THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLInd + MAGAZINE FOR PARENTS OF BLIND CHILDREN + + + + +Barbara Cheadle, Editor + + + + Published by the + national Federation of the Blind + 1800 Johnson Street + Baltimore, MD 21230 + (410) 659-9314 + + + + +ISSN 0883-3419 + Vol. 13, No. 1Barbara Cheadle, Editor Winter, 1994 +Contents +Snapshots from the 1993 NFB National Convention + +Michigan: Host of the 1994 National Parents Seminar and National +Federation of the Blind Annual Convention + +Reflections from Home: Report on the 1993 National Convention of +the National Federation of the Blind, Dallas, Texas +by Jude Lincicome + +Through the Screen Door +A poem by Nancy Scott + +NFB Recognizes Outstanding Individuals + +Gift of Independence: Teacher Helps Blind Find Their Own Way + +1994 Distinguished Educator of Blind Children Award +by Sharon Maneki + +1994 Application + +Childhood on the Lower East Side +by Dr. Abraham Nemeth + +Meeting the Needs of the Deaf-Blind Child + +1993 Gus Gisser Memorial Braille Readers Contest Report +by Sandy Halverson + +Chesnee Girl Wins Braille Award + +The Scholarship Class of 1993 + +NAPUB Plans National Braille-A-Thon for Detroit +by Jerry Whittle and Betty Niceley + +The Nature of Independence +by Dr. Kenneth Jernigan + + MICHIGAN: HOST OF THE 1994 NATIONAL PARENTS SEMINAR AND NATIONAL +FEDERATION OF THE BLIND ANNUAL CONVENTION + +Each year the National Parents of Blind Children Seminar gets +bigger and better. This day-long seminar has become one of the +traditional kickoff events of the annual convention of the National +Federation of the Blind. Sponsored by the National Organization of +Parents of Blind Children (NOPBC), (formerly the Parents of Blind +Children Division), the seminar attracts parents, educators, and +interested members of the Federation from all over the country, and +a few foreign nations as well. And the 1994 seminar and convention +in Detroit, Michigan, promises to be the best, the biggest, and the +most informative we have ever had. +The focal point of the convention activities will be the Westin +Hotel at the Renaissance Center in Detroit. From Friday, July 1, to +Thursday, July 7, over 2,500 blind people and hundreds of parents +of blind children will converge upon the hotel to listen, learn, +share, discuss, debate, and otherwise participate in the week's +activities. It is a unique opportunity for parents and educators to +learn about blindness from the real experts on blindness the blind +themselves. +For parents, the first big event is the National Parents of Blind +Children Seminar on Friday, July 1. The seminar agenda includes +topics that are always appropriate "Planning Your Child's +Individualized Education Program (IEP)" and "How to Choose the +Right Technology for Your Child" as well as some topics never (or +seldom) explored in previous national parent seminars, such as +"Readers and Drivers: The Other Alternative Techniques" and +"Learning Through Play: A Panel Discussion about Toys, Games, +Hobbies, Recreation, and Sports." Other subjects on the agenda +include: "Parents: The Blind Child's First Mobility Teachers" and +"From Taking Notes to Taking Out the Trash." +Registration for the seminar will begin at 8:00 a.m. The seminar +will begin at 9:00 with the keynote address, "Cheap Mistakes: When +Children Need to Fail." The registration fee for the seminar is +$8.00 per family for those who wish to join, or renew their +membership in, the NOPBC. The fee is $5.00 per person for those who +do not wish to become members. The seminar will conclude at 5:00 +p.m. +As usual, a special field trip has been planned for children ages +five to twelve. Donna Posont of Michigan is organizing and +supervising this year's trip to Greenfield Village. Donna Posont is +a blind mother, an active member of her local chapter and state +affiliate of the NFB, and an active member of the Parents of Blind +Children Division of Michigan as well. She has conducted many local +field trips and other activities for children for the Michigan +parent division. Here is what she has to say about the field trip: + +On Friday, July 1, 1994, children between the ages of five and +twelve are invited to take a field trip to Greenfield Village, +which is one of the most extraordinary places you can visit. It +provides unique educational experiences based on authentic objects, +stories, and lives of America's famous inventors. On this +ninety-three-acre outdoor exhibit stand the Wright brothers' +bicycle shop, Thomas Edison's Menlo Park laboratory, and the Logan +County Courthouse in which Abraham Lincoln worked as a lawyer. +These are not replicas they are the actual buildings. You will also +find a working blacksmith's shop, an 1880's farm, and a 1913 +carousel. These are one-of-a-kind exhibits you don't just look +at you experience them! And, because of a contact we have with a +member of the Greenfield Village staff, we will have a special +guide for our group who will be dressed in colonial costume and who +will explain the exhibits as we examine them. +We will gather in the hotel near the parents' seminar room on +Friday morning between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m. The price for the trip is +$20.00 per child. This includes the cost of transportation and +lunch. We will return by 5:00 p.m. or before. Parents will be told +Friday morning where to pick up their children. +Since the number of children who can be accommodated for this trip +is limited, we urge you to pre-register your child(ren) for the +Greenfield Village daytrip. Children will be accepted on a +first-come, first-served basis. Please contact Donna Posont if you +have any questions about the day-trip, if you want more information +about pre-registration, or if you have a child with special needs. +To pre-register your child(ren), send your check for $20.00 per +child and the names, ages, and indication of special needs of each +youngster (including whether the child is blind or sighted) to +Donna Posont. Her contact information is 20812 Ann Arbor Trail, +Dearborn Heights, Michigan 48127; phone (313) 271-3058. + +Two other very special workshops for qualified parents, teachers, +and other members of the Federation will take place Friday +concurrently with the afternoon session of the 1994 National +Parents of Blind Children Seminar. These workshops, "Braille +Methods," and "The Nature and Nurture of Cane Travel and +Independent Movement in the Early Years" will be conducted from +1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. These workshops are open to two groups of +people: blind adults and parents of blind children who are willing +and able to work within their Federation affiliates to use and +share their new knowledge for the benefit of others and teachers +and others who work professionally with blind children. +The "Braille Methods" workshop will be conducted by Claudell +Stocker, a nationally known Braille expert. The National Library +Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped's (NLS) Literary +Braille Competency Test was developed under her direction as the +former head of the NLS Braille Development Section. Mrs. Stocker +also conducted the very popular "Beginning Braille for Parents" +workshops at our last three national conventions. Participants must +be able to read and write Grade II Braille. A maximum of twenty +persons may register for this workshop. +Joe Cutter, who is both an early childhood specialist and an +orientation and mobility instructor, will be conducting the cane +travel workshop with the help of Carol Castellano, President of the +Parents of Blind Children Division of the NFB of New Jersey, and +George Binder, a children's cane travel instructor in New Mexico. +Mr. Cutter assisted Fred Schroeder with a cane travel workshop at +National Convention a few years ago. He has been a proponent of +giving canes to blind preschoolers, and even toddlers, for many +years. The purpose of this workshop is to train participants in the +concepts, philosophy, and strategies which undergird the successful +nurture of independent movement, confident cane travel, and good +orientation and mobility for young blind children. With this +knowledge participants will be better able to advocate for quality +cane travel and O&M programs for children; and the teachers, O&M +specialists, and other professionals who attend the workshop will +be better prepared to provide these quality programs. The maximum +number of participants in this workshop is fifty. We urge NFB +parent's divisions and state affiliates to consider sending a +representative to this workshop. +To pre-register for either of these workshops, send your name, +address (including city, state, and zip code), telephone number, +and a check in the amount of $10.00 (made payable to National +Organization of Parents of Blind Children) to NOPBC Convention +Workshops, National Federation of the Blind, 1800 Johnson Street, +Baltimore, Maryland 21230. Also, please indicate if you are a +parent, teacher, or other professional and whether you are blind or +sighted. If you are registering for the Braille Workshop, please +describe your level of Braille knowledge or experience. +Other activities during the convention will include an opportunity +for blind youth to get together for a discussion. This will also +take place the afternoon of Friday, July 1. Friday evening the +NOPBC will sponsor a Parent Hospitality Room in the NFB Camp room +from 6:00 to 10:00 p.m. There will be food for everyone (specifics +will be announced at the seminar) and plenty of toys and space for +the kids to play. Susan Benbow of New Mexico and other teachers and +blind adults will be on hand to talk to parents one-on-one about +particular educational concerns. If you wish, they will also +demonstrate the use of the slate and stylus or other simple +activities to you and your child. +As usual, the annual meeting of the NOPBC will also take place +during the convention. The meeting will be on Sunday afternoon, +July 3, from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. An IEP workshop will also be held +for parents on the evening of Monday, July 4, from 7:00 p.m. to +10:00 p.m. + +General Child Care Information +As usual, child care will be available during the 1994 convention. +Again this year the volunteer director of child care services +(christened last year and now known as NFB Camp) is Mary Willows. +Mrs. Willows is an experienced educator, the mother of two +children, and a long-time leader in the National Federation of the +Blind of California. This volunteer job is a major undertaking. It +takes a tremendous amount of time from many Federation parents who +care deeply about making the NFB Convention an enjoyable and +enriching experience for every member of the family who attends. +Child care is provided not only during the parent seminar on +Friday, July 1, 1994, but also during the convention sessions, the +banquet, and other special meeting times (as resources allow). +Parents are asked to make these donations for child care: $50 for +the week (including the banquet) for the first child and $25 for +each additional child. Or, if you do not need the full week of NFB +Camp, $10 per child per day and $10 per child for the banquet +night. Parents who cannot contribute the suggested donation should +contact Mary Willows to discuss what donation they are able to +make. Mary will be available in the NFB Camp room before and after +sessions. Please contact Mary as soon as possible to indicate the +number of youngsters in your family who will be participating in +NFB Camp during the week. Be sure to tell her about each child's +special needs, if any. We also need to know the age of each +youngster and whether each is blind or sighted. Checks for child +care (made payable to NOPBC) and registration information should be +sent to Mary Willows, 3934 Kern Court, Pleasanton, California +94558; (510) 462-8557. Since the suggested donation does not cover +all expenses, other donations from individuals and groups will be +much appreciated. + +Hotel Reservations +As usual, our hotel rates are the envy of all who hear about them. +For the 1994 convention they are: singles, $38; doubles and twins, +$43; triples, $45; and quads, $48. In addition to the room rates, +there will be a tax, which at present is twelve percent. There will +be no charge for children in the room with parents as long as no +extra bed is required. +To make hotel reservations for the 1994 convention you should write +directly to Westin Hotel, Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan +48243, Attention: Reservations; or call (313) 568-8000. Westin has +a national toll-free number, but do not (we emphasize NOT) use it. +Reservations made through this national number will not be valid. +They must be made directly with the Westin in Detroit. The hotel +will want a deposit of $45 or a credit card number. If a credit +card is used, the deposit will be charged against your card +immediately, just as would be the case with a $45 check. If a +reservation is canceled prior to June 20, 1994, the entire amount +of your deposit will be returned to you by the hotel. Requests for +refunds after June 20, 1994, will not be honored. + +Convention Dates and Schedule +Here is the general outline of convention activities: +Friday, July 1 seminars for parents of blind children, blind job +seekers, vendors and merchants, several other workshops and +meetings, and Parents' Hospitality (evening). +Saturday, July 2 convention registration, exhibit hall open for +business, first meeting of the Resolutions Committee (open to +observers), some other committees, and some divisions. +Sunday, July 3 exhibit hall open all day, meeting of the Board of +Directors (open to all), division meetings (including the National +Organization of Parents of Blind Children annual meeting), +committee meetings, continuing registration. +Monday, July 4 opening general session, exhibit hall open before +session and during lunch, evening picnic and gala, and evening IEP +Workshop. +Tuesday, July 5 general sessions, exhibit hall open before session +and all afternoon, tours. +Wednesday, July 6 general sessions, exhibit hall open before +session and during lunch, banquet. +Thursday, July 7 general sessions, exhibit hall open before +session, adjournment. +Miscellaneous Information +NFB information tables will be set up in the hotel (usually near +the hotel registration area). Details about where the Friday, July +1, workshops will be held, location of the NFB Camp for kids, and +so forth will be available at these tables. The complete convention +agenda, in print or Braille, is available to all those who register +for the convention. Registration opens on Saturday, July 2. The fee +is $5 per person. There is no pre-registration for the convention. +Each person must be present to register him- or herself. +Banquet tickets generally do not exceed $25 to $30 and should be +purchased at the time you register. We have a system called the +Banquet Ticket Exchange which gives you the option of selecting in +advance the people with whom you wish to sit at the banquet. The +procedure is explained at registration and again early in the +convention session. +Hospitality and convention information will be available at the +Presidential Suite and the NFB of Michigan Suite throughout the +convention. The location and phone numbers of these suites will be +listed in both the pre-convention and convention agendas. +The NFB of Michigan is putting together some wonderful tour +packages for convention. Details will be in the Braille Monitor and +at the NFB Convention Information table when you arrive. If you do +not get the Monitor and would like some information in advance, +write or call: + +National Organization ofParents of Blind Children Convention +Information 1800 Johnson Street Baltimore, Maryland 21230 (410) +659-9314. +REFLECTIONS FROM HOME Report on the 1993 National Convention of the +National Federation of the Blind Dallas, Texas +by Jude Lincicome +Editor's Note: Jude Lincicome, a parent from Maryland, received a +scholarship from the Parents of Blind Children Division of the NFB +of Maryland (POBC/MD) for herself and her son, Jeremy, to attend +the 1993 NFB Convention. Jude later gave a fascinating report about +their convention experiences to the annual meeting of the POBC/MD. +That report (which was published in Horizons, the Maryland +Parent Division newsletter) became the basis for the following +article. Here is Jude's "Reflections from Home": + +Jeremy and I arrived in Texas on Friday afternoon, July 2, feeling +a little bit of apprehension and a lot of excitement. The Hyatt +Regency DFW was quite comfortable, and we found our room easily. We +stayed in the West Tower. NFB Camp and the swimming pool were also +in the West Tower. Across a quarter-mile corridor was the East +Tower where the majority of convention activities were held. +While parents were attending sessions, children went to NFB Camp, +which was directed by Mary Willows, a blind educator. The week was +abundant with activities in the hotel and about the Dallas area. +The children had a great time not only sharing adventures but +making new friends with true peers other blind children and/or +siblings of blind children. For one week they were just like +everybody else. +Our busy week began early Saturday morning at 8:00 a.m. with the +Parents of Blind Children all-day seminar for parents and teachers, +"Meeting the Needs of the Blind Youngster." How reassuring to hear +speaker after speaker reinforce the importance no, the +necessity for early Braille and cane travel instruction. It was +during this seminar that I realized that I was not demanding enough +independence in cane walking for Jeremy. For those who do not know +us, Jeremy is five years old and attends the Maryland School for +the Blind. How about that! Me, the one most folks who know me say +demands too much from her children, guilty of not expecting enough. +Just for this, the whole trip seemed worthwhile. +The morning included recognition of the Braille Readers Are Leaders +contestants, discussion of the role of parents, blind role models, +and alternative techniques. There was also an excellent panel on +the needs of deaf-blind children. Dr. Abraham Nemeth, inventor of +the Nemeth Braille code for mathematics, spoke of his upbringing +and education as a blind child in an earlier era. Both the progress +we have made and, sadly, the regression since his days as a youth +were most enlightening. +For the afternoon we broke into specialty groups. The choices +included: Current Trends and Legislation in Special Education; +Deaf-Blind Children; Integrating Braille at Home and in the +Classroom; Alternative Techniques for Junior High, Middle, and High +School Students; IEP Workshop; Blind Multiply Handicapped Children; +Cane Travel; and Personal Independence and Daily Living Skills. +Since I write a column for parents of the multiply handicapped +blind child for the POBC of Maryland newsletter, I attended the +group led by Colleen Roth, who chairs the POBC Network for the +Blind Multiply Handicapped Child. +While I was busy learning all I could about how to be my son's best +advocate and how to more effectively meet his needs, Jeremy spent +the day at a Dude Ranch with his friends from NFB Camp. His +favorite story about the trip is about the hayride and what +happened on the way to the petting zoo. "...The wheel came off and +we tipped." What an exciting start of NFB Camp! For me the most +impressive part of the ranch trip was that all the children +participating were given canes (if they did not already have one), +no matter what level of vision they had. What a great message to +everyone about the importance of using a cane. Since this trip, +Jeremy uses his cane everywhere he goes; a habit I've tried for a +year to instill in him. Saturday evening we went to a pizza party +with high-steppin' fiddle music. We made new friends at the party, +then went for a swim before bedtime. +Sunday was less structured, giving us time to go into town for a +whataburger and shop for a few forgotten items. Then it was on to +the convention exhibit hall to shop again -this time for +information, ideas, trinkets, gifts for friends and family, and a +tee shirt in Braille. This was my first of many trips around the +exhibit hall, and I dare say I probably still missed a few things +to see. Registration was quick and easy with one stop to register +and purchase tickets for trips and the banquet. Lines were only a +couple deep despite the fact that over 2,500 persons registered +during the week. Sunday afternoon Jeremy and I took our turn +working the POBC table in the exhibit hall. Toys we thought would +be attractive for kids were a hit with the adults. Our +print/Braille tee shirts with the cartoon Pluggers<191> character +Zacharoo (a blind kangaroo) and the words "Braille is Finger-food +for the Blind," were liked by young and not-so-young. We sold out +of several items the first couple of days. +Monday morning was spent again at the exhibit hall and the Sensory +Safari, a hands-on exhibit of stuffed animals sponsored by the +Safari Club International. Jeremy had a rare and wonderful +opportunity to touch and explore, in detail, huge elephant tusks, +tiny squirrel feet, hippo teeth, wolf fur, mountain lion claws, +monkey tails, and bird feathers, just to name a few. Each animal +had a knowledgeable guide to answer any question. Some animals had +tape recordings of their special call or sound. How many of us can +say they have plunged their whole hand into the mane of a buffalo +or felt the tongue and back teeth of a hyena? +Monday afternoon was our Parents of Blind Children Annual Meeting. +Speakers again reinforced the necessity of Braille and cane +independence for blind children, giving example after example of +kids successful at learning Braille or cane walking. We vicariously +experienced each child's triumph and were all encouraged by these +examples to renew our own resolve to have our child be the best +that he or she can be. +Ruby Ryles, who is currently working on her Ph.D. in the education +of blind children, gave an enlightening presentation of her +research which documents the positive link between Braille literacy +and employment of the blind. Officers and board members were +elected and state POBC reports were given. Networking exchanging +names and addresses was also a highlight of the meeting. +A swim in the pool after dinner was about all the activity Jeremy +and I could handle as by now we were both feeling the effects of +early to rise, late to bed. Reluctantly we missed the "Yah Sure Can +Do Carnival" sponsored by the NFB of Minnesota affiliate and +BLIND, Incorporated (the NFB of Minnesota orientation and training +center for the blind). +Tuesday morning the magnitude of the convention became evident. +Eight halls were joined to form a huge room to accommodate some +2,500 registrants from not only our 50 states, Puerto Rico, and +D.C. but from many other countries, such as Thailand, Japan, +Canada, and Saudi Arabia as well. People of every variety, size, +color, shape, ethnicity, and station who carried canes or used dogs +(and some who used wheelchairs, too) were coming together in one +place for a common cause. It was truly an awesome sight! +As I sat watching the people in the room, it occurred to me that +something seemed to be missing something that perhaps had not +happened yet. Then it came to me. We had been here for four days +now, here in a strange place with people we've never seen before, +doing things we've never done before, among people who like my son +are blind. How strange that my level of stress and anxiety was so +low. There were a few people who during the first days seemed to +carry a lot of emotional baggage. But they, too, seemed to have +been able to leave it behind and join the spirit of our single +purpose learning about blindness and how to be the best that we can +be. And whatever each of us is, is okay. As if this realization was +not exciting enough, the roll call of the states brought my +awareness back to the convention hall. +As each state represented was called forward, conventioneers +responded with a resounding cheer. Our tiny state was third in +numbers attending. Not bad! Albeit, it does seem most fitting that +the state of Maryland, under our President, Sharon Maneki, should +assume a role of leadership since we are the home of the National +Center for the Blind, headquarters of the National Federation of +the Blind. If only we can sustain that enthusiasm when we get home! +Just think what we can accomplish. +The afternoon session was highlighted by the Presidential Report by +Marc Maurer. The scope and power of the National Federation of the +Blind seems to touch us at all levels of our lives. I hope you will +read his report in the Braille Monitor. No less inspiring was an +address by the Honorable Sam Johnson, Member of Congress, Third +District, Texas: "Blindness: Meeting the Challenge Through +Self-Organization and a Fighting Spirit Lessons From One Who +Knows!" Dr. Kenneth Jernigan, President Emeritus of the National +Federation of the Blind, both amused and instructed us with his +presentation of "The Nature of Independence." Dr. Jernigan gave a +very personal, sensitive, and instructive answer to a group of +letters he received from blind students at a training center for +the blind concerned about what they perceived to be a rift between +Dr. Jernigan's choice of using sighted-guide techniques over +independent cane walking at convention, and the position of the +National Federation of the Blind concerning the importance of +independent cane travel. Again, I hope you will read this also. +[Editor's note: This speech is reprinted in this issue on page 44.] + +Tuck Tinsley, III, Ed.D., President of the American Printing House +for the Blind, Louisville, Kentucky, gave us a good look at what we +can expect from the American Printing House in his talk "Tomorrow's +News Today." Some of the joint projects now taking place between +the National Federation of the Blind and the American Printing +House for the Blind will help prepare the future generation to meet +the challenge of competitive employment in the age of computers and +technology. +As my head was reeling with possibilities for my son, I hurried to +pick him up from NFB Camp to go to the Texas Barbecue Under the +Stars. To think I had to travel all the way to Texas to meet the +President of my NFB Baltimore County Chapter. That night Ken +Canterbury met my son Jeremy. This was Ken's first real experience +with a blind child. I have asked Ken to be my son's big brother. +Role models are important for children, and I am glad to find a +blind man for my son to look up to. Just think, several times I +almost gave up on coming to the barbecue. Food, friends, fun, +dancing, and music were abundant. We had a great time. I'm so +grateful we went. +Wednesday morning came all too soon, beginning with election of NFB +Board Members. Greetings from the Congress of the United States +were then delivered to the convention by the Honorable Greg +Laughlin, Congress member from the fourteenth district, Texas. His +remarks were a firm reminder of the responsibility the National +Federation of the Blind has to lead the nation's blind and to +advocate for them and the high regard held for the National +Federation of the Blind by those who govern this great nation. +Turning to other serious matters, the remainder of the morning was +spent in a discussion of issues around "Fair Labor Standards Fact +or Fiction for Blind Workers in the Sheltered Workshop." James +Gashel was moderator of a panel which included: Joe D. Cordova, +Assistant Director of the New Mexico Commission for the Blind and +Administrator of the Industries Division; Richard J. Edlund, Member +of the Kansas House of Representatives; Fred Puente, Chairman of +the Board of Trustees of Blind Industries and Services of +Maryland; Donald Ellisburg, labor lawyer and consultant; William +Gross, Assistant Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the +Employment Standards Administration in the U.S. Department of +Labor; and Austin Murphy, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Labor +Standards, Occupational Health and Safety of the Committee on +Education and Labor in the House of Representatives. +General consensus was that there is a serious double standard in +the wage earnings of blind and sighted employees in workshops for +the blind. Ironically, the majority of the monies allocated to a +workshop go to the salaries of the sighted administrators and +supervisors, and what is left is paid to the blind employees. The +legislation, which was originally designed with the intention of +increasing employment possibilities for the blind by allowing +employers to pay sub-minimum wages, is now responsible for unfairly +keeping blind employees in sub-minimum-wage-paying jobs. However, +studies show that productivity is higher when wages are at or above +minimum-wage standards. This was a very sobering panel. Reality +shock has certainly made me concerned, even frightened for my son's +future. I'm really glad I insisted on a strong Braille component +for Jeremy's IEP this year! His opportunities in the future will be +better with good Braille skills and cane independence. +Wednesday afternoon and evening was left open for Federationists to +relax, enjoy local sights, or do whatever they wished. Our +afternoon was spent riding the train to the airport and exploring +the shops. This was Jeremy's choice, and I'm so proud that he is +telling me what he wants to do. During our afternoon he wanted to +go about with his cane "all by myself." Before, when we were in the +mall or the airport and even when he had his cane, he has always +wanted to touch either myself or his brother's wheelchair. So this +was a real gain. +Most of Thursday morning's general session was devoted to issues of +education. Those speaking included Frank Kurt Cylke, Director of +the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically +Handicapped of the Library of Congress, and Ramona Walhof, +Secretary of the National Federation of the Blind. Mr. Cylke's +presentation was entitled, "Twenty Years of Service and Twenty +Years to Come." Ramona Walhof's inspiring speech was called, +"Braille: A Renaissance." +Next was a panel discussion called "Mainstreaming, Schools for the +Blind, and Full Inclusion: What Shall the Future of Education for +Blind Children Be?" Panel members were: Fred Schroeder, Executive +Director of the New Mexico Commission for the Blind and formerly +Director of Low-Incidence Programs in the Albuquerque Schools; Dr. +Phil Hatlen, Superintendent of the Texas School for the Blind and +Visually Impaired; Dr. Michael Bina, Superintendent of the Indiana +School for the Blind and President of the Association for Education +and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually Impaired (AER); and +Dr. Ralph Bartley, Superintendent of the Arizona State Schools for +the Deaf and the Blind. The morning ended with a presentation by +Patricia Stenger, Senior Vice President of the American Diabetes +Association; the title was "Diabetes: A Leading Cause of Blindness +in the United States." +Issues of modernizing the Social Security and SSI systems were +addressed by Louis Enoff, Acting Commissioner of the Social +Security Administration, first thing during the afternoon session. +Excellence in the workplace was demonstrated by the next panel of +speakers: Richard Realmuto, teacher of technology, Stuyvesant High +School in Manhattan, New York; Kathy Kannenberg, teacher of +mathematics in Raleigh, North Carolina; Michael Gosse, Ph.D., +Electrical Engineer at Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corporation +in Greenbelt, Maryland; and Alan R. Downing, a high-performance +engine builder. Under the topic, "Diversified Tasks: The Blind in +the Workplace," each spoke of their success as blind professionals +in a diverse cross section of employment. +Finally the Honorable Jim Ramstad, Member of Congress, Third +District of Minnesota spoke about pending legislation, the +Americans with Disabilities Business Development Act, and what it +could mean to the blind for self-employment opportunities. Reports +from Dr. Kenneth Jernigan as representative of the World Blind +Union of North America/Caribbean Region were deferred to Friday +because of time. +Thursday night's banquet was a most phenomenal success due to an +incredible banquet address presented by President Marc Maurer. A +look at the past and people's perceptions of blindness were +presented in a hilarious walk through the writings of several +scholars of the day. It was clear that President Maurer enjoyed +presenting his address as much as we enjoyed hearing it. +Neither Jeremy nor I had the energy left for the Colorado Hoe-down +following the banquet. The spirit was ready, the flesh weak. Jeremy +had stayed busy at NFB Camp with trips to the park, puppet shows, +and fun in the Oyngo-Boyngo, a marvelous net-enclosed trampoline. +And Friday would bring with it a field trip to the Science Center +and lunch at McDonald's. +Friday's general session was devoted to the business of running a +big organization. Reports, finances, resolutions, and a report from +our NFB Director of Governmental Affairs, James Gashel, filled both +morning and afternoon sessions. +I made a last trip to the exhibit hall to make sure nothing was +overlooked, then went to the NFB Camp to collect my son for the +last time. The tears in the eyes of his caretakers were a sure sign +of the loving care my son received while at Camp. After exchanging +addresses and promising to write, we left for one more ride on the +airport train, dinner, then bed. +My only disappointment from the entire week was that we had not won +any of the hundreds of door prizes, ranging from chips to $1000 in +a leather briefcase. My secret wish was to take home a box of +Armadillo Droppings, the caramel and pecan confections that had +been taste-tested in general session by President Maurer himself. +Saturday's return trip was spent enjoying the quiet and remembering +the past week with friends. How richly blessed we are by the +vision, wisdom, information, friendships, networking with other +families, and the reassurances we received at the Federation +Convention that after all is said and done, blindness need not be +a crippling handicap. And with Braille literacy and competence in +cane walking, blindness may be reduced to nothing more than a +nuisance. I returned home with a renewed hope for my son and his +future, and a resolve to make certain he has the Braille and cane +skills he must have. I, too, am learning Braille. +In closing I would like to share a funny anecdote from our final +train ride to the airport on Saturday. I sat across from a father +with his young daughter. The man sat staring at me for quite a +while before he spoke. I answered his questions about where we had +been and where we were going. Then he asked "What do you use that +for?" looking at my purse with his eyes. "What do you mean?" I +asked, "That's my purse." +"Then what do you keep in that?" he asked, again pointing with his +eyes, but now at Jeremy's book-bag with noticeable Braille on the +flap. Confused by his odd questions, I said, "It's my son's +book-bag." +"You see well" replied the man, seeming pleased with his test of my +vision. I was simultaneously amused by his `beat-around-the-bush' +way of determining my visual acuity, and offended by his obvious +thought that because I was also carrying a cane (Jeremy's small +cane that we replaced at convention) that he needed to determine by +trickery whether I was really blind or merely pretending by also +carrying a cane. For a brief moment, I felt like I could have been +proud to be blind like Jeremy. And then I wondered if it was that +I would be proud to be blind or proud to be associated with the +blind; for I had just spent eight days in the company of the blind +learning about blindness, and I had been privy to some measure of +their courage, determination, and caring for one another. And I do +feel proud to have been at the convention the National Convention +of the National Federation of the Blind. + + + + + +THROUGH THE SCREEN DOOR +by Nancy Scott + +I am on my back steps, my squirt gun ready, but I need something +good to shoot. I already shot the house. The water thuds if I get +close, but that's no fun anymore. + +I hear the hiss of Mom's iron in the pantry. I could shoot her, but +not really. There's a door for the water to hit so I could shoot +her in my head. I aim at the spitting iron. + +I fire. The water sisses with the force of my wishing. Buzz against +the screen so I know its going where I want. Buzz. Siss. Pull. Feel +the water going from the gun. Siss. Buzz. +"Stop that." What? That's not supposed to happen. Mom must be +hearing me think. I know she can do that sometimes. "There's water +all over the floor." No. There's a door there. + +I'm six and I'm not stupid. "You're shooting through the screen. +Water goes through the door." That can't be. Water is big. It stays +in one place, not like air and noise. I tell her. +Mom sighs from mad to show-and-tell; puts my left hand inside, my +right with the gun out and says "shoot." Pull. Buzz. Wet against +my inside hand. "Yes. Come look." She puts my right hand in the +puddle on the floor. + +I could have shot her after all. How far wouldwater go through the +door? How high could I make it reach? Good thing she isn't hearing +me think. Maybe if I reach real high No, I'll try for the tree. +NFB RECOGNIZES OUTSTANDING INDIVIDUALS + +Three special awards were presented at the 1993 NFB Convention. +They were: the Blind Educator of the Year Award, the Distinguished +Educator of Blind Children Award, and the Golden Keys Award. These +awards are not bestowed lightly. If a worthy recipient does not +emerge from the pool of candidates for a particular award, it is +simply not presented that year. These awards are, therefore, +meaningful expressions of recognition and gratitude to outstanding +individuals who have made a difference in the lives of blind +people. +The Golden Keys Award was presented for the first time in 1993 at +the Convention banquet Thursday evening. The National Association +to Promote the Use of Braille (NAPUB), a division of the National +Federation of the Blind, created the award; and Betty Niceley, +President of NAPUB, made the presentation to the 1993 winner. The +winner had, in Mrs. Niceley's words, " worked for us and with us to +increase the use of Braille. [He] sought us out, wanted our +comments, listened to us, and put into action the suggestions we +made." She then presented a beautiful plaque with seven gold keys +emulating the keyboard of the Braille writer to Deane Blazie, +inventor of the Braille 'n Speak and many other outstanding Braille +products for the blind. +The two educator awards were presented at the Monday morning +meeting of the Board of Directors. Emerson Foulke was the 1993 +winner of the Blind Educator of the Year Award. Stephen Benson, +Chairman of the Selection Committee, described Dr. Foulke's many +accomplishments, then presented him with a plaque and a check for +$500. Dr. Foulke has a Ph.D. in psychology from Washington +University in St. Louis. He has written literally hundreds of +articles, authored and co-authored many books, and taught at the +university level for thirty-three years. He has long been involved +in technical research and research on human perception. Beyond +that, he has done extensive work in Braille and is involved in the +construction of the Braille Code. +Sharon Maneki, Chairperson of the Distinguished Educator of Blind +Children Selection Committee, presented that award. She said: + +We in the National Federation of the Blind constantly challenge +ourselves to find new ways to meet our goals. In 1987 we created +the Distinguished Educator of Blind Children Award because we not +only believed in excellence in education, but we believed that the +best way to help blind people is to make it better for the next +generation. The members of the Committee have a difficult task. +Those members were Jacquilyn Billey, Allen Harris, Fred Schroeder, +Joyce Scanlan, and I. We were able to find a candidate who reflects +what we stand for. She is a candidate who has been teaching for +nine years in the classroom. Some may say that's like combat duty, +but she is a person who believes in students and passes on the +torch, not only of knowledge, but of confidence in their abilities. +This year's Distinguished Educator of Blind Children is a teacher +in Zia Elementary School in the district of Albuquerque, New +Mexico, Gail Katona.[applause] I'm going to present Ms. Katona with +a check for $500 and also with a plaque, and I will read the +plaque: + +DISTINGUISHED EDUCATOR OF BLIND CHILDREN + +The National Federation of the Blind honors +GAIL KATONA +LIST = for your skill in teaching Braille and the use of the white +cane, for generously donating extra time to meet the needs of your +students and for inspiring your students to perform beyond their +expectations. Our colleague, our friend, our ally on the +barricades, you champion our movement, you strengthen our hopes, +you share our dreams. July, 1993 + +After Ms. Katona accepted her plaque, she said: + +I'm overwhelmed. Thank you very much for this wonderful award. It +is a great pleasure and honor to receive it from an organization +such as yourselves. I would like to thank Mrs. Maneki and the +members of the selection committee for selecting me this year. I +would also like to say thank you to Mr. Fred Schroeder, who, when +I was first hired into Albuquerque, was the coordinator of the +program. So Fred was the one who hired me initially and gave me the +opportunity to start the program in Albuquerque and to teach these +wonderful blind children. + +I'm a niece of Karen Mayry from South Dakota, so it's no wonder +that I've been a member of the NFB since I was about sixteen or +seventeen years old, and it is through this organization that I +have learned my philosophy and my attitude about teaching blind +children. Blind children are children first they're kids. They're +little. They need to be taught. Our blind children need to be +taught the skills of blindness. I do my best to make sure that all +of my students get the opportunities to learn and to grow to their +full potential. I think that is done through the use of teaching +Braille so that we have proficient Braille readers, and we always +encourage the use of a long white cane so the students can become +very independent cane travelers. Thank you again. This is a +wonderful honor. +GIFT OF INDEPENDENCE Teacher Helps Blind Find Their Own Way + +From the Albuquerque Journal, September 21, 1993, by Tracy +Dingmann. + +Jefferson Middle School student Jennifer Espinoza shuffles down the +crowded hallway, tapping her white cane uncertainly and hunching +her shoulders as if to shield her body form students charging +around her toward class. Her eyes see nothing, and her ears strain +to hear clues from her cane over the din. +From a spot down the hall, Jennifer's teacher Gail Katona watches +but makes no move to help. "If I walk with her, then she depends on +me," she whispers, as Jennifer slowly makes her way to class. +For the ten years Katona's been teaching visually handicapped +children, that's been her passion: to keep such students from +thinking they must depend on others to live happy, educated, and +successful lives. +This past summer the National Federation of the Blind named Katona +its 1993 Distinguished Educator of Blind Children. The prize means +a lot to a woman who grew up inspired by a blind aunt, a "really +regular, normal person" who skied, golfed and worked as a probation +officer. +"Through her and the National Federation of the Blind, I met blind +people from all walks of life successful, capable people," said +Katona, 30. "Then I met some blind people who were not very +independent, and I tried to figure out what the difference between +them was." +What did she find? "It all boils down to education, attitude, and +the expectations others have of them," she said. +Katona learned Braille at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania and +earned a degree in elementary education of the visually +handicapped. Her first job was at Zia Elementary in Albuquerque, +where she co-founded a program to teach visually handicapped +children from throughout the district in one classroom. The program +is the only one of its kind in New Mexico public schools and has +been nationally recognized, Katona said. It was for her work +there her last year at Zia that Katona won the Federation's top +honor. +This year Katona moved to Jefferson to start a program that +concentrates services for visually handicapped middle school +students at one school. Four students from Zia, including Jennifer, +came with her. +For most of the school day, Katona follows her students to the +classes they attend with regular students, staying to help them +with especially difficult subjects such as math and science. +"Middle school is tough for any kid. It's been a rough transition +for both of us," said Katona last week while watching Jennifer +navigate the crowded halls. +But the Jefferson program makes it easier for such students. +Visually impaired students at other middle schools have only the +help of one part-time special teacher, who travels from school to +school, Katona said. +At Jefferson, Katona also tells staffers about the special needs of +blind students. And she punches out all of her students' lessons in +Braille and translates their work from Braille for their regular +teachers. +Katona spends considerable time dispelling the fears and +stereotypes kids have about blind people. "We sure had some stares +the first week. We had kids stopping dead in the hallway," she +said, smiling wryly. Katona has since talked to all sixth-graders +about what it's like to be blind. "I've had several students say, +`Can you teach me Braille?'" she said. +Kids at the Jefferson program can also look to each other for +support, Katona said. Jennifer and her best friend, Michelle Lopez, +went to school together at Zia for years, and now they help each +other at Jefferson. Michelle is legally blind but can make out +large letters. Like Jennifer, she walks with a cane and reads +Braille. But they can't be together every minute. +Jennifer's sighted lab partner in science class Friday happens to +be Abby Browder. The task looking at various objects through a +microscope. +"You're going to have to be Jennifer's eyes as you actually look at +it," Katona tells Abby. "You've got to give good verbal +descriptions." +"It's veiny," says Abby, peering through the microscope at a leaf. +Abby said later she enjoys working with Jennifer. +"I've never really had any experience with blind people, but +Jennifer's nice," she said. "It's different. It's interesting." +Across the room, Michelle scrutinizes a hair and crystals of salt +with her lab partner. +Jennifer doesn't say much, but bubbly Michelle makes it clear how +they feel about their special teacher."Very fun, very intelligent," +she says. "She's a really neat person." +1994 DISTINGUISHED EDUCATOR OF BLIND CHILDREN AWARD +by Sharon Maneki +Editor's Note: Sharon Maneki is President of the National +Federation of the Blind of Maryland. She also chairs the committee +to select the Distinguished Educator of Blind Children for 1994. + +The National Federation of the Blind will recognize an outstanding +teacher of blind children at our 1994 convention, July 1 to July 8, +in Detroit, Michigan. The winner of this award will receive an +expense-paid trip to the convention, a check for $500, an +appropriate plaque at the banquet, and an opportunity to make a +presentation about the education of blind children to the National +Organization of Parents of Blind Children, a Division of the +National Federation of the Blind, early in the convention. +Anyone who is currently teaching or counseling blind children or +administering a program for blind children is eligible to receive +this award. It is not necessary to be a member of the National +Federation of the Blind to apply. However, the winner must attend +the National Convention. Teachers may be nominated by colleagues, +supervisors, or friends. The letter of nomination should explain +why the teacher is being recommended for this award. +The education of blind children is one of our most important +concerns. Attendance at a National Federation of the Blind +convention will enrich a teacher's experience by affording the +opportunity to meet other teachers who work with blind children, to +meet parents, and to meet blind adults who have had experiences in +a variety of educational programs. Help us recognize a +distinguished teacher by distributing this form and encouraging +teachers to submit their credentials. We are pleased to offer this +award and look forward to applications from many well-qualified +educators. +DISTINGUISHED EDUCATOR OF BLIND CHILDREN AWARD 1994 APPLICATION +Name: +Home address: +City: +State: Zip: +Day phone: Evening phone: +School: +Address: +City: State: Zip: +List your degrees, the institutions from which they were received, and your +major area or areas of study. + +How long and in what programs have you taught blind +children?__________________________________ + + +In what setting do you teach? Itinerant program[ ] Residential school +classroom[ ] Special education classroom [ ] Other [ ] Please +explain____________________________ + +How many students do you teach regularly this +year?____________________________________ +What subjects do you teach?_____________________ + +How many of your students read and write primarily using: Braille [ ] +large print [ ] closed circuit television [ ] recorded materials [ + ] small print [ ]. +Please complete this application and attach your letter of nomination; one +additional recommendation, written by someone who knows your work and +philosophy of teaching; and a personal letter discussing your beliefs and +approach to teaching blind students. You may wish to include such topics as +the following: + +What are your views on the importance to your students of Braille, large +print, and magnification devices, and what issues do you consider when making +recommendations about learning media for your students? +When do you recommend that your students begin the following: reading Braille, +writing with a slate and stylus, using a Braille writer, and learning to +travel independently with a white cane? +How should one determine which children should learn cane travel and which +should not? +When should typing be introduced, and when should a child be expected to hand +in typed assignments? + +Send all material by May 15, 1994, to Sharon Maneki, Chairman, +Teacher Award Committee, 9736 Basket Ring Road, Columbia, Maryland +21045; telephone (410) 992-9608. +CHILDHOOD ON THE LOWER EAST SIDE +y Dr. Abraham Nemeth +From the Editor: A basic ingredient in every NFB National Parents +Seminar is the blind adults who talk about what it is like to grow +up as blind children. Parents including myself, and I have been +organizing and attending these seminars for the last ten +years never get tired of these talks. Year after year I have been +inspired, informed, and challenged by Federationists who are +willing to share their insights into blindness. What I find +especially intriguing is that despite the different circumstances +and environment in which these speakers grew up, they always have +something to say which is relevant to the problems we today's +generation of parents struggle with. +As relevant and as inspiring as any of our speakers was Dr. Abraham +Nemeth who gave the following presentation at the NFB Convention, +July, 1993, Parents Seminar in Dallas, Texas. Dr. Nemeth, +distinguished college math professor and creator of the Nemeth code +for Braille mathematics, grew up on the Lower East Side of +Manhattan, New York nearly 70 years ago. Here is his inspirational +story: + +I was very lucky. I had parents who knew nothing about blindness +but who had an innate understanding of what was necessary to do to +raise a blind child. I was also lucky because I went to the New +York City public schools, where I had a very, very good resource +teacher. Not only was I integrated, but I was really integrated. +Let me tell you a little about that. +The New York City public schools had a resource room for blind kids +in each of the five boroughs. It so happened that the one in +Manhattan was within walking distance of where I lived, so I went +there. Every day my aunt (my father and mother were busy taking +care of the store they operated) walked me to school and walked me +home. We had a wonderful teacher. Her name was Miss Roberts. She +taught me Braille, and she made sure that I learned it. +There were other kids in the resource room; some of them with no +sight, some of them with a lot of sight; and everyone learned +Braille. There was no such a thing as you didn't learn Braille. +Even those who could ride bikes learned Braille. +Now I did not go to the resource room for arithmetic, or geography, +or history. I went to my regular classroom for these subjects. I +went to the resource room during times when the other kids were +doing penmanship, drawing, art, and so forth. It was there that the +resource teacher would teach me blindness skills; for example how +to read a map. I remember one day she put me at a large globe of +the world. This huge globe had nice smooth surfaces for the oceans, +was raised for the land masses, and was even more highly raised for +the mountain areas. And then she put a problem to me. You know the +sun rises in the east and sets in the west, she said. Now, this +globe spins. Which way should the globe spin in order for the sun +to rise in the east and set in the west? Finally I figured that +out, and it was a wonderful educational experience. +My father, (maybe some of you heard me tell this story in Denver +four years ago at the NFB Convention) whenever we were out walking, +he would tell me, "Now we are walking west, and when we make a left +turn, we will be walking south. Listen to the traffic. All of it is +going in the same direction on this street. But when we get to the +next street you will notice that all the traffic starts traveling +in the opposite direction." And he would let me touch mailboxes, +fire hydrants, police call boxes, and fire call boxes and let me +read the lettering on them. You know in our neighborhood on the +Lower East Side the kids would all open the fire hydrants in the +hot summer. He never encouraged me to open a fire hydrant, but he +showed me where and what the firemen would do if they had to open +the fire hydrant. +Anyway, my mother was equally perceptive. She would send me on a +trip to the grocery store. She would give me five or six items to +memorize when I was six years old, tell me exactly what to buy and +in what quantity, and send me to the grocery store for them. Where +was the grocery store? Around the corner, no streets to cross. And +who was the grocer? My grandfather. Anyway, I was very diligent in +remembering every single item and would bring back everything she +sent me for. This was wonderful memory training. +I had an uncle who was a handyman. He taught me how to fish +electrical wire through a wall, how to replace a burnt out bulb and +screw in the new one, and just generally how to do electrical work. +I developed a wonderful sense of mechanics. I knew how things had +to go together. My grandfather, I told you, had a grocery store. +And he had an icebox, not a refrigerator, but an icebox. A large +block of ice kept all the cheeses and butter and things cold. And +from the icebox, which was high overhead, there was a rubber hose. +As the ice melted the water would drain through that rubber hose +into the sink below. Well I was a curious little fellow, and one +day I went around the back of the store and discovered this hose +trailing in the sink. Now my mechanical sense told me that no +mechanical mechanism could work right if there were loose parts +around. Things had to be connected. It was clear to me that the end +of that hose had to be connected somewhere. So, I felt around. Aha, +I thought, the faucet, that's where it goes. So, I connected the +hose to the faucet and, proud of myself for having corrected my +grandfather's obvious oversight, I walked out of the grocery store. +A few hours later I was confronted by my grandfather. I will end +the story at that point. +As a boy I had a tricycle. Now, remember, I had no sight at all. My +father told me that I could ride the tricycle around the block, but +to remember to make a right turn every time I came to a corner. +Ride slowly, he told me, don't bump into anybody, and come back +here. That's what I did. I rode my tricycle around the block and I +came back where I was supposed to. One time my younger brother and +I went on some kind of an expedition. We got separated, and my +brother, who had perfect sight, got lost. I came home. +When I grew up on the Lower East Side I had a wonderful playmate. +We used to filch empty orange crates from the grocery stores, and +then we would go to the junk yards and take the wheels off +discarded baby buggies. Then we would find planks of wood and make +a wagon or a skateboard. I would hop on the back of it, and he +would drive it. Now that little buddy of mine became famous. He was +Zero Mostel. I spent almost every Saturday night in his home. Why +did I spend every Saturday night in his home? Because my father +took me there. What was my father doing? He and all the other men +were poring over the account books. What were they doing in those +account books? They were making interest-free loans to immigrants +coming into this country. After a year or two these people had +acquired furniture and a business and were as affluent as you could +be in those days. They would repay the loan with a little +appreciative addition, and then we would have more money to lend to +more immigrants. And that's what my father and those men were doing +on those Saturday nights keeping records of those free loans. It +was a wonderful experience in morality, in human feeling. And so I +knew all of Zero Mostel's family. I knew his mother and father and +his brothers and sisters and so on. +Because of my family, because of their expectations and what they +taught me, it never occurred to me that I couldn't do whatever I +wanted to do. I just had to think of a way of doing it. +Take this problem, for example. A lady who was blind called me one +day in desperation. She's having a problem. She has a family and +she wants to broil a pan of hamburgers. She knows she has to turn +those hamburgers over. But she can't see which ones she has turned +over and which ones she hasn't. How can she solve this problem? I +told her it's very simple. You make the hamburger patties and you +put them in the broiler pan. Then you take some toothpicks and you +implant one in each patty. You time the hamburgers and when they +are half done you pull out the broiler pan, pick up the spatula, +and feel above the hamburger. When you locate a toothpick, take it +out and turn the burger over. When there are no more toothpicks, +all the burgers have been turned. The lady was very thankful for +this idea. +There are all kinds of ways of doing things. Let your kids +participate in household activities. Let them change a bulb. Let +them do the dishes. Teach them to pour water from a bottle into a +glass. Let them do this over the sink at first if you don't want a +mess. Pretty soon they will be able to pour any liquid hot or +cold without spills. It's not a problem. They will learn if you +expect them to do it and you give them the chance to experiment and +learn. But don't give them the idea that they are wonderful because +they are able to pour a glass of water. Everybody pours a glass of +water. +I once had a teacher, a vision teacher as they call them these +days, who told me I was a genius because I was able to read Braille +at the rate of a high school student. Now maybe I have other +qualifications that would rate me as a genius, but certainly +reading at the rate of a high school student is not one of them! +Expect your kids to do the normal things, and then react normally +when they do. Encourage them and do not overprotect them. +My father did not overprotect me. You know kids will tease a blind +kid in the street particularly on the Lower East Side where I grew +up. They would get after me, and I would want some protection from +my father. I would say, "Pa, he hit me." My father would say, "So, +why didn't he hit me?" In other words, my father was trying to +teach me to fend for myself. Which I was very well able to do. One +time, in the park, a sighted kid was teasing me. When I ran after +him, he shimmied up a ladder on one of these jungle gyms which had +a trapeze, a pair of rings, a chinning bar, and all that stuff. I +went right after him. Well he wanted to get out of my way so with +his hands he grabbed the upper bar and moved himself to the right. +He ended up dangling above the ground some distance from the +ladder. The poor fellow got so scared he was unable to move back to +the ladder and get down. However, I wasn't scared so I did get back +to the ladder and get down. But somebody from the park had to come +with a ladder and get him down. He didn't start up with me too much +after that. +I did participate in physical activities. I was on the high school +swimming team (I'm still a good swimmer). I climbed ropes and +jumped and did all kinds of physical activities. It was very good +for me. +Well, all I can tell you is that I have led quite a normal life. I +think I have been able to do this because I was not overprotected +as a child. I had a wonderful, wonderful support system in the form +of relatives, parents, and teachers who expected me to be normal +and do the normal things. They gave me opportunities to learn. And +that's what made it all possible. And that's what can make it +possible for your kids to have a normal childhood and life, too. +MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE DEAF-BLIND CHILD + +"At first everything looked real bleak for us. We cried a lot the +first few years. But our child is now thirteen and she's absolutely +wonderful!" +Those who met Keri-Ann Ruemmler at the 1993 NFB National Convention +couldn't help but agree with this statement by her mom. Keri-Ann is +a delightful young teenager. Her engaging smile, lively curiosity, +and pleasing personality captivated everyone who crossed her path +at the 1993 NFB National Convention, which she attended with her +mother, Sally Ruemmler of Kansas. Deaf-blindness was certainly no +deterrent to Keri-Ann in making friends and generally having a +great time at the convention. +But it was no easy journey for the Ruemmlers to go from a bleak to +a wonderful outlook for their daughter. It required attitude +adjustment, information, courage, persistence, some very specific +training strategies, alternative techniques in communications and +mobility, and support from the National Federation of the Blind. +Sally Ruemmler shared some of her experiences with other parents at +the NFB Convention through the panel discussion "Meeting the Needs +of the Deaf-blind Child." This panel was one of the items on the +agenda of the all-day Parents Seminar. Sally shared the podium with +Kathy Arthurs, the mother of a three-year-old deaf-blind and +multiply-handicapped daughter; Kathleen Spear; and Don Petty both +of whom are deaf-blind adults who grew up as deaf-blind children. +Julie Hunter, president of the NFB Parents Division in Colorado and +chairman of the Concerns of Parents of Deaf-Blind Children +Committee, moderated the panel discussion. +Julie began the discussion by giving a little bit of background on +deaf-blindness. She pointed out that most of us think immediately +of Helen Keller when we think about deaf-blindness. But this image +is inaccurate. Helen Keller, Julie explained, is representative of +only one of four general categories of deaf-blindness. The four +categories, according to Julie, are based upon when the individual +became deaf, and when he or she became blind. Helen Keller +represents the category made up of those who are born both deaf and +blind or who lose both vision and hearing very early in life, +before the development of language. Another category is made up of +those who are born deaf (or, again, become deaf very early in +life), then later lose their vision. Ushers Syndrome is a common +medical condition among persons in this category. Sally Ruemmler's +daughter, Keri-Ann, fit into this category. Then there are those +who are blind from early childhood and only later in life (after +the development of language) lose a significant amount of hearing. +Julie explained that her teenage daughter, Lauren, fell into this +category. The fourth category consists of adults who became deaf +and blind through disease or injury. These individuals had learned +language and developed life skills as seeing and hearing children. +Julie Hunter explained that the significance of these categories +lies in the manner in which the children who are deaf-blind have +historically received services. What has happened, and still +happens, is that children who are primarily deaf have their special +education programs planned by educators of the deaf, and children +who are primarily blind have their programs initiated and conducted +by educators of the blind and visually impaired. This was the +pattern of education, for example, for both Lauren Hunter and +Keri-Ann Ruemmler. Keri-Ann, being first and primarily deaf, for +many years received services from only the deaf program. Lauren, +who was blind many years before she began to lose her hearing, had +her special education planned by the teachers of the visually +impaired. As a consequence, the programs for these children are +often inadequate. Sally Ruemmler, in her presentation, explained +that it wasn't until her daughter attended a program for the blind +at the Kansas School for the Visually Handicapped, that they +understood the nature of Keri-Ann's vision loss. It turned out that +she has tunnel vision, which affects her mobility (she couldn't see +to the side or straight down without turning her head). This +explained why she frequently fell and bumped into things and why +she had trouble with interpreters who signed so broadly that much +of it was outside her field of vision. +As troublesome as it was for the Ruemmlers to piece together a +program for their daughter, parents of congenitally deaf-blind +children have far more difficulties in finding suitable programs +for their children. Mrs. Hunter pointed out that very little has +been available to these children, in spite of what was learned from +Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan regarding the need for +intensive total-waking-hour intervention. The lack of an +appropriate education for these children, Julie explained, has +often led to a misdiagnosis of mental retardation. This problem +highlights the need, Julie Hunter explained, for public recognition +of the special character of deaf-blindness as a unique disability +distinct from both deafness and blindness. +This basic information set the stage for the four panel speakers. +The first speaker was Kathleen Spear, a congenitally deaf-blind +mother, grandmother, and college graduate. Kathleen addressed the +crowd in her own voice without an interpreter. Kathleen explained +that her parents knew that she was blind by the time she was six +months old. At first, they feared she was also brain-damaged. +Although all but one doctor advised her parents to put her in an +institution, she was raised at home with her six brothers and +sisters. When she was four, her parents were told that there was no +evidence of brain damage but that she was deaf. This was +devastating to her parents. "Until the day my father died," +Kathleen said, "he could not say the word deaf-blind." +Nevertheless, her parents demonstrated considerable insight and +good sense in raising her in those early years. "My dad was an +immigrant, my mother the child of immigrants. Neither had any +experience with disabilities. [But] my first speech therapist, +believe it or not, was my dad, who had the equivalent of a +sixth-grade education. He would sit with me by the window in his +armchair after going through the comics with my brothers. Putting +his hand under my chin, he would point to his pipe and say, `What +is this?' Then he would say, `Who am I?' He would give me the +answers pipe and dad and I would try to emulate him. I didn't do a +very good job then. The only people who could really understand me +were my parents. But it was the beginning of the idea of language +for me." +The frustrations she must have experienced in learning to +communicate as a small child were poignantly expressed in her +description of going to Mass on Sunday. "As a little girl the thing +I looked forward to all week was going to church. In church I could +sit for an hour and watch the glow of the candles (I had some +residual vision in my right eye then) and smell the incense. And +for one solid hour nobody pulled me or pushed me or tried to make +me understand." +Even as a toddler, Kathleen had an independent spirit. "I was a +tenement kid. I learned independence by roaming the neighborhood by +myself. Years later my father would say that I was the only +four-year-old on the block with a police record because sometimes +the cops had to go and find me and bring me home." +Education consisted of a series of five different schools before +she entered an apartment for the deaf-blind at the age of eleven. +By then, however, Kathleen explained, she had learned Braille. "A +blind person can talk about Braille as an alternative technique, +but to me it is not an alternative technique. It is salvation. I +read Braille faster than most people read print. I went through +college using Braille." +Of her college experience, Kathleen said, "I didn't graduate summa +cum laude, but I did graduate in four years with a B average. I can +tell you I didn't sleep much during those four years." +It was while she was in college that Kathleen learned to use a +cane. "I had not learned to use a cane because the deaf-blind +weren't supposed to be able to do this. But while I was in +Manhattan attending Hunter's College I taught myself to use the +cane and went about the city with it." +Of all the successes in her life Kathleen stated that she most +valued the fact that she had been a successful parent. As a child +she never believed she would ever marry or have a child, but she +did. Tragically, however, she was widowed when her son was nine +years old. She raised her son, who is now 30 years old and a +lieutenant in the United States Navy, as a single parent. Kathleen +ended her presentation with a poem she had written about Helen +Keller. In one line of the poem, Kathleen refers to the message of +Helen Keller's life. But she could just as well have been referring +to her own life. Here is the line: "The message that she left to us +who are both deaf and blind is symbolized in hope that life need +not leave us behind. If people would accept us, life wouldn't be so +hard. For we possess potential; who knows how much save God." +Don Petty was our next speaker. When Julie Hunter introduced him +and his wife, Marilyn, (who was interpreting for him), she +explained that Don and his parents, Bob and Charlene Petty, had +written a book called Out of the Shadows. The book described their +difficulties in getting education and services for Don when he was +a child. +Don explained that his speech would be given by reverse +interpretation. He would speak first, then his wife would repeat +his speech for the audience. Don's disability came about because of +a bout of encephalitis he had as a baby. The loss of vision came +first. He learned Braille in the third grade, but he could +understand speech until about the eighth grade. By age eighteen he +was learning to sign. +Don especially emphasized the importance of his parents in his +life. At one point, as a young adult, he was doing nothing but +sitting at home, depressed about his life. His father came into his +room where he was sitting in front of the t.v. and asked him, "Do +you want to spend your life in front of the television?" Don +decided that this was not what he wanted to do with his life. +Today, he is married and has a job. After his brief presentation +Don invited everyone to come and speak with him, his wife, and his +parents at the exhibit hall where they had copies of his book for +sale. +Our first two panelists were living proof of the ability of +deaf-blind children to grow up and become happy, productive adults. +They were representative of what can be if parents dare to dream +and expect the most from their child. +But we all know that dreams are not achieved without hard work and +persistence. Our next panelist, parent Kathy Arthurs, described the +nitty-gritty reality of life with a deaf-blind infant and toddler. +Here is the edited text of her remarks: +My name is Kathy Arthurs. I have two children. Kristin is eight, +and Kaylee is three and a half. Kaylee is here with me at the +convention. She is a spunky three-year-old. You'll hear me calling +her as she runs and runs down the hallway. Kaylee was born blind +deaf. She was born with a cleft-lip palate. She has epilepsy. It's +a depressing thing to hear the doctors tell you that your child +will never see well, hear well, speak well, or even develop +cognitive skills that she'll never do much of anything. Naturally, +I went home depressed. My husband didn't know what to do with me. +But I thought about it, and I came to the conclusion early on that +the only person who should put limitations on my daughter was my +daughter. I decided I had to be positive. I know that's been said +a lot today, but it is so true. You have to be positive. You have +to be positive, and you have to understand what your child needs. +For example, I decided that Kaylee needed to know when I was +around, even when I wasn't touching her. So, from the time she was +a small infant I wore the same perfume so that no matter where I +was, she could smell me. It just seemed like common sense to me +that Kaylee needed to learn to use her hands to explore things +around her. So I wore interesting jewelry and interesting clothing. +I painted t-shirts with fabric paint. I sewed appliques on my +clothing and on hers. I did anything I could so she couldn't avoid +touching different textures from the very earliest age. I had a +rule when she was an infant: If you wanted to admire my baby, you +held my baby. This way she could see your glasses, your beard God +help you if you had false teeth! +When she was a little older, we needed to find a way to get her +interested in moving about. Kaylee does have light perception, so +for stimulation we used a small flashlight. We used it to help her +pick up her head and to motivate her to move across the floor. My +husband would push on her feet, and I would use the light in front +of her. We strung Christmas lights from toy, to toy, to toy. This +really motivated her and got her moving. Then I put my Christmas +lights around my child's room so she could see the perimeter of the +room. This has made for an interesting childhood, let me tell you. +She thinks Christmas is year-round. +Dealing with food was terrible! She was scared to death of touching +her food. So I devised a method of putting plastic wrap across the +food so she could feel the food through the wrap. This way she +could discover a lot of things about the food shape, temperature, +hard, soft, thin, thick, even bumpy or smooth without actually +getting her hands on its surface. And little by little I pulled +back the wrap so that, with a lot of encouragement from me, she +began to feel the unwrapped part. We still have some trouble with +gooey stuff, but for the most part she is feeling everything now. +Very early on I Brailled all of her children's books with clear +contact paper and a slate and stylus. I didn't know Braille well, +so I found a Braille chart a cheat sheet and used that to help me. +When Kaylee started to cruise around and walk on her own at +eighteen months, I gave her a cane. I had three rules: she had to +hold onto it, she had to hold it in front of her, and she had to +keep the point down. I confess my shins were definitely raw for the +first six months or so after she got her cane, but she finally got +the idea. Now she has confidence and independence. The cane is an +extension of herself. She doesn't leave home without it. We keep it +in the same place by the door so when we go someplace she always +knows where it is. +When she runs into something she hasn't seen before, I take the +time to let her feel that object. We spent an hour at last year's +convention on a grate on the sidewalk in downtown Charlotte. +Parents, please, I urge you, get your child a cane. If it doesn't +work at first, put it up for a while and give it to them later. +Education and IEP's what a nightmare it was at first! My school +system said "We've never had a deaf-blind child in our preschool +classroom," and I said that's okay, Kaylee's going to be the first. +I stood my ground and the school system, when they realized they +couldn't push me around or make me change my belief in Kaylee, +backed down. From that experience I learned that parents have +power. This is my advice to parents: Get yourself educated. Know +the rules. Stand your ground. +Kaylee is now in preschool. Regular, ordinary, +toddlers-running-everywhere preschool. For support she has me and +an interpreter in the classroom in addition to the regular +preschool teacher. And all the children in there love her. She has +taught them as much as they have taught her. With the right +support, why not regular preschool for the deaf-blind child? +Everybody asks me how I deal with Kaylee's disabilities, how do I +raise her? The answer is simple. Mostly it's just like raising any +other three-year-old. We go places together as other families do: +to church, to the YMCA, to the park, to the mall, wherever. I don't +tell Kaylee she can't do something. I've always said she can try. +Yes, she can play with other kids in school, the neighborhood, or +at church. Yes, she can ride her tricycle even if it means crashing +into a few things. And Kaylee has rules and regulations to follow +just like other kids her age. She has to pick up her own toys. She +has a regular bedtime. She has chores. For example, she takes the +clothes out of the dryer and puts them in a clothes basket. She +puts the silverware in the drawer. (Mind you, it doesn't always get +in the right place, but it gets in the drawer.) I always remember +that Kaylee is first and foremost a child like any other child. +Yes, she is deaf-blind, but that comes second. First, she is a +child. +In our three-year journey with Kay, I have discovered that I can +still have the same dreams for her that I had before she was born, +before we knew about her physical disabilities. I expect her +...[emotionally overcome and cannot speak for awhile, applause] I'm +sorry. I expect her to get a higher education. I expect her to have +a career, to marry, to have children, and to aid her community. +And if you see my little toddler at this convention, please say +hello to her that is, if you can catch up to her as she's running +through the hallways. [applause] Thank you. +Sally Ruemmler, who was introduced at the beginning of this article +as the mother of deaf-blind teenager, Keri-Ann, concluded the panel +with her remarks. Unlike the other panelists, Keri-Ann was deaf +first. The gradual loss of peripheral vision did more than create +a mobility problem for her. Because of her blindness, she began to +lose friends and was rejected by many in the deaf community. +Interpreters at the public school she attended did not understand +why they needed to modify their signing for her. (Interpreters, +Sally explained, tend to sign widely and Keri-Ann, because of the +loss of her side vision, could only see signs if they were kept +within the very narrow range of her central vision.) +Finally, with the help of their new friends in the Federation, +Keri-Ann got a cane and some mobility training. Her parents +enrolled her in a private residential oral school where her +specific communication needs were accepted and understood. Although +many parents are understandably reluctant to send their child away +from home to school, Sally said that for Keri-Ann this move "was +absolutely the beginning of independence for her." "I am," Sally +explained "the original overprotective mother. Now my child flies +home every other weekend by herself. She is quite independent." To +further increase that independence Keri-Ann, her mother explained, +had enrolled in a summer program for youth at the National +Federation of the Blind's Colorado Center for the Blind. She would +be attending that program after the NFB Convention. "She is very +excited [about going]," Sally said. "She is going to come back more +independent than she left, I'm positive." +Sally concluded her remarks with a declaration of her commitment +and gratitude to the organization the National Federation of the +Blind which truly changed what it means to be deaf-blind for +Keri-Ann and her family. She also invited everyone to take a moment +at the convention to stop and talk with her daughter. "She's quite +a character," Sally proudly boasted. "You will be in for a treat." +It was obvious from the audience's warm, enthusiastic response to +this panel that one did not need to be the parent of a deaf-blind +child to draw inspiration and increased understanding from the +deaf-blind and their parents who have become an important part of +this movement. +FAMILY SUPPORT OF EMERGENT LITERACY PRACTICES FOR CHILDREN WITH +VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS +by Chris Craig +I am a doctoral student in the Special Education department at +Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, majoring in visual +impairment. I strongly believe that research involving families of +children with disabilities should center on the needs of the +family, rather than the needs of the researcher. Thus, I deeply +appreciate the cooperation of the NFB on some research which I hope +will benefit children with visual impairments and their families. +The professional literature has discussed how reading aloud to +children is the most important way to foster literacy development. +Selecting stories with repetitive passages, using tactual books and +material which adequately represents visual concepts, and promoting +Braille awareness through exposure to the medium in a variety of +contexts have all been identified as ways to enhance the shared +reading experience for parents and their children who are blind. In +general, the literature has emphasized the importance of family +involvement in the literacy development of young children with +visual impairments. Unfortunately, there is very little research on +how children with visual impairments "emerge" into literacy or how +home literacy experiences impact on learning to read and write in +either print or Braille. Thus, my doctoral dissertation will +examine the nature of family support of emergent literacy practices +in the homes of children with visual impairments. +Fifteen families attending a week-long preschool evaluation program +at the Tennessee School for the Blind assisted in the development +of a survey instrument for the study. The survey measures family +support of literacy practices, home literacy opportunities, and +parental attitudes toward Braille and low vision devices. Over a +three week period, these families reviewed drafts of the survey and +made suggestions as to how to improve the instrument. In addition, +the research staff at the American Printing House for the Blind +(APH) has provided both technical and financial assistance for this +research, and I am very grateful for their support as well. +During the month of September, 1993, the NFB assisted me in my +research by sending out survey packets to over 250 of its members. +The study includes primarily families who have a child with a +visual impairment ages two to eight and who believe that their +child has the ability to learn to read and write in either print or +Braille at some level. Families who received the packets were asked +to fill out the survey and return it using the self-addressed +stamped envelope enclosed in each packet. +I am very excited about beginning my dissertation as I believe the +outcome of this research will help to increase literacy +opportunities for children with visual impairments. I hope to be +able to share with you the preliminary findings of this study +sometime in 1994 through the Braille Monitor or Future Reflections. +1993 GUS GISSER MEMORIAL BRAILLE READERS CONTEST REPORT +by Sandy Halverson +Editor's Note: Sandy and John Halverson of Kansas City, Missouri, +voluntarily serve as the judges for the annual Braille Readers are +Leaders Contest co-sponsored by the National Association to Promote +the Use of Braille (NAPUB) and the National Organization of Parents +of Blind Children (NOPBC). Sandy is a Braille teacher, and both she +and John have been Braille readers since childhood. + +Ten years ago, the boards of NAPUB and NOPBC established the +Braille Readers Are Leaders Contest for the purpose of promoting +Braille reading among school-age children. The members of our +organizations were appalled by, and deeply concerned about, the +growing Braille illiteracy among our blind youth. Even bright +children were in danger of remaining mediocre or poor Braille +readers. For numerous reasons, blind children were not catching on +to the excitement and thrill of reading via Braille. +We finally decided that if the kids were motivated to read, they +could overcome other obstacles to reading Braille (such as less +instruction time with teachers, fewer books, and so forth). And +they have! Once motivated by the contest we have seen both good +readers and lackadaisical readers catch fire with the excitement +and pleasure of reading. Although originally motivated by the cash +prizes and other awards, the students soon become self-motivated as +reading becomes its own reward. +In the 1993 contest we had 226 contestants our largest number +ever from 35 states plus Canada. We had a nice mixture of students +who have been in the contest off and on for several years, and +students who were entering the contest for the first time. We also +had four deaf-blind contestants who were given special recognition +and prizes in honor of Gus Gisser, a deaf-blind, long-time member +of the National Federation of the Blind. A memorial donation from +the National Federation of the Blind of New York made these special +prizes possible. +Judging for the contest is based entirely upon the number of +Braille pages read by the contestant. All students competed in one +of five categories: grades kindergarten through first, second +through fourth grades, fifth through eighth grades, ninth through +twelfth, and Print to Braille. Those who had participated in +previous contests were also eligible to compete in the Most +Improved category. This category honors students who show the most +improvement in number of Braille pages read from one year to the +next. First-, second-, and third-place winners in each category +receive cash prizes $75, $50, and $25 respectively a contest +t-shirt, and a certificate. Most Improved winners also receive a +cash prize and a certificate. All contestants receive a Braille +certificate and a ribbon of participation. Here is the list of +winners by category: + + +Kindergarten First Grade +First place: Krystle Zamudio 1,656 pages Salinas, California +Second place: Jessica Culley 1,329 pages Steubenville, Ohio +Third place: Amber Jo Kineard 1,268 pages Pineville, Louisiana + +Second Fourth Grade +First place: Blake Earl Roberts 8,366 pages Felton, Delaware +Second place: Gabriela Gonzalez 6,317pages Alexander, Alabama +Third place: Jessica Leigh McCracken 5,678 pages Dorchester, South +Carolina + +Fifth Eighth Grade + First place: Stacy Kruger 13,694 pages Worthington, Minnesota +Second place: James Konechne 12,510 pages White Lake, South Dakota +Third place: Jennifer Espinoza 10,643 pages Albuquerque, New Mexico + + +Ninth Twelfth Grade +First place: Chastity Morse 15,838 pages Anoka, Minnesota +Second place: April Swaim 12,649 pages Arlinton, Texas +Third place: Matthew E. Weaver 6,955 pages Berlin, New Jersey + +Print to Braille +First place: Hillary Anne Bates 2,361 pages Ceville, Indiana +Second place: Joshua Jungwirth 2,044 pages Ishpeming, Michigan +Third place: Laura Ann LaDuke 1,802 pages Frankfort, Michigan + +Most Improved +Jocelyn Dore, Ontario, Canada +J.T. Fetter, Sterling, Virginia +Katherine Gresh, Flourton, Pennsylvania +Melissa Saylor, Kentucky +Jennifer Warner, Green Springs, Ohio + +Deaf-Blind Award Winners +Second Fourth Grade +First place: Robert Riddle 3,498 pages Vancouver, Washington +Fifth Eighth Grade +First place: Janna Nelson 2,699 pages Aliquippa, Pennsylvania +Ninth Twelfth Grade +First place: Jennifer Baker 4,884 pages Rockville, Maryland +Print to Braille +First place: Hillary Anne Bates 2,361 pages Ceville, Indiana +CHESNEE GIRL WINS BRAILLE AWARD + +Editor's Note: The following article by Steven Shultz appeared in +a South Carolina paper, the Spartanburg Herald-Journal. It +was later reprinted in The Palmetto Blind, the newsletter of +the NFB of South Carolina. Jessica is the daughter of Mrs. Sarah +Jane McCracken, president of the Parents of Blind Children Division +of the NFB of South Carolina. The contest is, of course, the +National Federation of the Blind's Braille Readers are Leaders +Contest. Jessica was one of the fifteen national winners in the +1992-1993 annual contest. + +For third-grader Jessica McCracken, learning to read was more than +just another accomplishment on the way through school. Blind since +she was born, Jessica struggled with Braille reading for years. She +and her teachers worked at it month after month with little +success. Then Jessica suddenly had a breakthrough, and the +meaningless mass of bumps that had been so frustrating opened up +into a whole new world of meaning. +Now Jessica reads every spare moment she has. And last week, the +South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind where she studies +honored her for having won third place in the National Braille +Literacy Reading Contest. +Between November and February, Jessica read 5,678 pages of Braille. +She reads stories, poems, children's books everything she can put +her fingertips to. +"She just zooms through everything," her teacher, Terrie Randolph, +said, as Jessica sat nearby, her hand flying over a maze of raised +dots on a white page. She's insatiable for a dot." +Jessica's parents, Joel and Sarah Jane McCracken of Chesnee, said +learning to triumph had changed their daughter's life. +"We thought she'd never learn to read," she said. "Then one day, +after three years, it was like a light came on. It's been so +wonderful." +Both her parents teach in Spartanburg County public schools and +knew the importance of not giving up on teaching Jessica to read. +"She is such a good example," Mrs. McCracken said. "That's what I +tell my students: Reading opens so many doors." +Like other children her age, Jessica reads Nancy Drew mysteries, +the "Ramona" books by Beverly Cleary, and Judy Bloom. +Even though the McCrackens learned a little bit of Braille, +Jessica's abilities are in a different league. Mrs. McCracken said, +"People say, `How on earth is she reading?' And I say I have no +idea. It's a miracle." +THE SCHOLARSHIP CLASS OF 1993 + +Reprinted from the September-October, 1993, issue of the Braille +Monitor. + +The task of the National Federation of the Blind Scholarship +Selection and Award Committees is never easy. During the spring the +members of the selection committee must pore over many hundreds of +scholarship applications to choose the group of finalists, who will +attend the convention to compete for the various awards. Then +during convention week, when there are always at least five things +one wants to do with every free moment, the awards committee +members must find the time to get to know each of the twenty-six +winners in order to make the final judgments in the competition. +This year the job was particularly difficult. The Class of '93 is +talented and energetic. A number of its members are already active +in the Federation, and during the convention many others began to +demonstrate deep interest in and personal response to our +philosophy and commitment to changing what it means to be blind. +Here are the 1993 scholarship winners as they presented themselves +to the Board of Directors at its Monday, July 5, meeting. Peggy +Pinder, Chairman of the Scholarship Committee, introduced each +person and listed first the state from which the winner comes and +then the state in which he or she would be a student this past +fall. This is what the winners had to say in the few seconds they +were given in which to introduce themselves: + +Jack Allord, Wisconsin, Wisconsin: "Good morning, everyone. I'm +Jack Allord from Shawano, Wisconsin. I went to Illinois School of +Technology and studied mechanical engineering. After that I went +into the Army, and they saw fit to make a Korean interpreter out of +me. After the Army I went to Northern Illinois University and got +a degree in biology, studying genetics. After that I went to +Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, and got a doctor of dental +surgery degree. Right now I'm at the University of Wisconsin in +Green Bay, studying administration science. I hope to go into +health care administration. Extracurricularly, I'm on the +Independent Living Council of Wisconsin. I'm a speaker for the +visual impairment program at North Central Technical College. I am +very active in Free Masonry I'll be the Grand Master of Free Masons +in Wisconsin in 1996. Thank you." +Laura Biro, Michigan, Michigan: "Good morning, fellow +Federationists. I'd like to take this opportunity to thank the +National Federation of the Blind not only for honoring me with a +scholarship, but for your continued love and support. I am +currently a junior at Sienna Heights College in Adrian, Michigan, +where I'm pursuing a career in social work. My ultimate goal is to +obtain a master's degree and work with handicapped children. Thank +you." +Matthew Brink, Michigan, Michigan: "Thank you, Miss Pinder, and +good morning to you all. I am presently at Western Michigan +University, academically focused right now in psychology, +specifically working with clients with traumatic brain injury. I +also co-instruct in a class in abnormal psychology and just +finished an internship in Battle Creek. I am also learning from the +National Federation of the Blind, for which I am grateful and hope +to contribute to the '93 convention, as well." +Maren Christensen, Montana, Montana: "Hello. My name is Maren +Christensen. I'm currently a student at the University of Montana. +I'm enrolled in a joint degree program, receiving my law degree and +a master's in public administration. I intend to work as a lawyer +with particular emphasis on implementing progressive public +policies. I am honored to be here. I have enjoyed the last two days +of meeting, talking with, and listening to this group of dynamic, +intelligent, and active, dedicated individuals. I'm real pleased to +be here, and I'm particularly pleased with my new NFB long white +cane. Finally I can move as fast as I want to. Thanks." +Bill Cuttle, Massachusetts, Massachusetts: "Hello, everyone. This +is my first convention. I'm very grateful to be here, not only for +the scholarship, but also I have just met so many nice people. To +be honest, I'm a little overwhelmed with everything that's here. +I'm going to be going to Boston College Law School in September, +and I'm going to be focusing on the field of family and juvenile +law. I received my bachelor's degree at Bridgewater State College +in psychology and a master's degree also in counseling psychology +from the University of Massachusetts and have been working in the +field of mental health for the past seven years as a clinical +director of programs for kids. I'm thirty-one, and I'm going to be +trying a new career. I'm hoping to combine my background with law +to help other people. Thank you." +Marvelena Desha, California, California: "Hello. My name is +Marvelena Desha, and I'm from San Francisco, California. This is my +first convention, and I must say that I am very impressed with the +Federation. In September I am going to be attending the University +of California at Berkeley with a major in linguistics and foreign +language. I hope to pursue a career as a foreign language +interpreter." +Brigid Doherty, Oregon, Oregon: "Good morning, everyone. I am a +junior at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. I am +majoring in international studies. I have been out in the work +force for the past twelve years, working as a legal secretary and +office manager among other things. I'm very pleased to be back in +school, working toward a better understanding between cultures. I +would like very much to work either in a governmental capacity or +in business, helping people to learn to communicate with other +cultures as they are traveling overseas also just to have a better +understanding door to door, neighbor to neighbor. We're all living +in an increasingly interdependent world, and I think it's very, +very important that we learn to understand one another better. I +thank you for the opportunity of being here." +Ann Edie, New York, Massachusetts: "Good morning and thank you all +for the opportunity to be here at the NFB convention. My background +is teaching Asian studies and Chinese. In the fall I'll be going to +Boston College to study teaching of the blind. I hope eventually to +combine these two interests by teaching blind people the skills +that they need, by teaching sighted people Braille and other skills +that will help them understand the abilities of blind people, and +by teaching both sighted and blind people Chinese and Asian studies +and Asian cultures. I'm very happy to be here, and thank you very +much." +Tina Ektermanis, Missouri, Missouri: "Hi. My name is Tina +Ektermanis. I'm a senior at Northwest Missouri State University +with a major in computer science and a minor in mathematics. I +ultimately plan to go on for a master's degree. I'm not exactly +sure where yet, but I plan to work in the field of adaptive +technology or network administration. Thank you." +Al Fogel, New York, (Washington, D.C. this summer) and New Jersey: +"Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is Al Fogel. I've just +completed my first year at Rutgers Law School in Newark, New +Jersey. This summer I'm working at the Department of Justice with +the ADA. I have a bachelor's degree in accounting and Talmudic law. +I hope to be a corporate attorney with an emphasis on bringing more +disabled people into the corporate field. I can say that starting +next year, working with Rutgers, we'll be getting the first +disabled student to go into a New Jersey law firm. I'm glad to be +here. I'd like to thank the Scholarship Committee, and I'd really +like to thank the Texas people for some down-home hospitality. +Thank you." +Christopher Foster, California, California: "Good morning. I'd like +to thank the Federation as well as the committee. This is my first +convention, and I have learned a lot in the last few days. I also +have my brand new long white cane. Again I'd like to thank you all. +I'm going to be a freshman at Sierra Community College in Rockland, +California, where I will start my studies in English and computer +science. I hope to then go on to the University of California at +Davis, where I will continue and hope to get a master's in computer +science. I would like to go into possibly design engineering or +something like that, just to sort things out and do the +follow-through work at companies and things. Thank you very much." +Saeed Golnabi, Ohio, Ohio: "Good morning, everybody. My name is +Saeed Golnabi. I am very happy and pleased to be here. This week I +have had the best experience in my whole thirty-two years. Right +now I am at the University of Cincinnati. I'm working on my Ph.D. +in mathematics, and I hope I will graduate in a couple of years. +Thank you." +Kathleen Hart, New York, Washington: "Thank you. Good morning. I +previously have been a teacher of special education and a +counselor. I hold both a bachelor's and a master's in education. I +am currently a senior at Colgate Rochester Bexley Crozer that is a +seminary. I am working on my master's in divinity and will be +graduating next May 14. I am looking for ordination in the +Episcopal Church as a deacon and have about four more years to go +till that happens. I have been a Federationist for two years. My +first convention was two years ago. About a month after that my +state affiliate's president invited me to a state leadership +conference, and I also met my fiance at my first convention, so the +Federation has been wonderful!" +Denise Howard, Georgia, Georgia: "Good morning. My name is Denise +Howard, and I'm from Savannah, Georgia. I recently graduated from +high school. In the fall I'll be a freshman at Spelman College. I +plan to double major in English and elementary education. Thank +you." +Mary Hurt, Kentucky, Kentucky: "I'm Mary Hurt from Louisville, +Kentucky. My first convention was in '87. I'm a past treasurer of +the Diabetics Division and Kentucky State representative for the +Diabetics Division. In 1991 I raised $10,000 for that group, and I +am a senior at the University of Louisville, studying business +administration. I plan to pursue a career in the world of corporate +finance, and I'm very honored to be here." +Jennifer Lehman, Wisconsin, Minnesota: "Good morning, everyone. My +name is Jennifer Lehman. I'm a recent graduate of BLIND, Inc. in +Minnesota. I am President of the Minnesota Association of Blind +Students, and I was elected last night to be the Secretary of the +National Association of Blind Students. I'm also a member of the +Metro Chapter of the National Federation of the Blind of Minnesota. +Right now I am a junior at the University of Minnesota. My major is +sociology. My minor is communication and speech and hearing +science. I would eventually like to be a speech clinician, working +with preschoolers. I want to say that I am very honored to be a +scholarship winner and very glad to be here for my third +convention." +Zuhair Mah'd, Florida, Florida: "Good morning, fellow +Federationists. I've always been told how hard it was to speak in +public, but I guess I know now what it means. My name is Zuhair, +and I am studying computer science at Florida Atlantic University. +I also work for the Office for Students with Disabilities as a +computer consultant in assistive technology. I'd like to take the +opportunity here to thank the National Federation of the Blind +very, very much for the help and the honor it has bestowed upon me. +I'd like to make a pledge here to be, for everyone else that I +meet, as helpful as the National Federation of the Blind has been +to me. Thank you very much." +Angie Matney, West Virginia, Virginia: "Good morning. My name is +Angie Matney. I recently graduated from Iager High School in Iager, +West Virginia, and I will be attending Washington and Lee +University in the fall, where I plan to major in English and/or +computer science to pursue a career either in post-secondary +education or in the field of adaptive technology for the blind. I +would just like to thank each and every one of you for the +opportunity that you have given me to attend my first NFB +convention as a national scholarship winner and also to thank you +for my new long white cane. Thank you very much." +Janelle McEachern, Arizona, Arizona: "Good morning, everybody, and +greetings from the great state of Arizona, the home of the almost +world champion Phoenix Suns almost, I say. My name is Janelle +McEachern, and I hold my bachelor of arts degree from Arizona State +University. It's a history degree in American and European military +history. I am currently in law school, ASU College of Law. I'm +studying to be a lawyer, and I am also taking my master's degree in +American and British constitutional and legal history. I'm doing +both at the same time, so I'm either desperate or crazy I haven't +figured out which yet. I hope to be both an attorney and a +professor of constitutional and legal history for either American +or British I haven't figured out which. I guess I'll cross that +bridge when I get to it. In my spare time I do disability advocacy. +I am a prospective board member for the Arizona Bridge to +Independent Living. I am a volunteer consultant on ADA +accessibility guidelines for area historical museums and zoos. I +also do local missionary work for my church, and I am a civil war +history buff. Thank you." +Jonathon Mize, Texas, Texas: "Good late morning, close-to-lunch +late morning. Welcome to Texas, where you have wide-open spaces and +always pleasant-smiling faces the only place where it costs a $10 +cab fare just to get out of the airport. My previous background in +education I got an associate in science degree with emphasis in +public administration from South Plains College in Levelland, +Texas, and transferred to Stephen F. Austin University as a junior +majoring in public administration. I will continue to get my +master's degree at the University of Texas at Austin, where I will +also have the public administration master's. In the near future I +plan to be a city manager or work in some of the state +agencies Lord knows they need help. Thank you." +Sally Nemeth, West Virginia, Ohio: "Good morning. How y'all doing +out there? Good, I hope. I thought I'd try a little bit of Texan. +This is my first NFB experience, and I have to say, what an +incredible initiation! My background is in communication and +psychology. I have a strong interest in the area of wellness. I am +a member of the ADA Training and Implementation Network. This fall +I'll be beginning a degree in counseling at the Franciscan +University of Steubenville. I hope eventually to obtain a Ph.D. in +either counseling or counseling psych and with that to teach, to +conduct seminars on a national basis, to write, counsel, engage in +community service, and eventually join the Peace Corps. I thank you +for your generosity in helping me to obtain my goals." +Jim Salas, New Mexico, New Mexico: "Good morning, everybody. I'm +Jim Salas. I'm attending Webster University, pursuing a master's +degree in human resources development. I'm interested in the people +side of organizational effectiveness. For the last four years I've +been the associates program chairman in New Mexico. Over that +period of time we've quadrupled the number of associate recruiters, +and we are the two-time defending national champion. They're going +to be telling us in a little while who the champion is for this +year, and we have some pretty good numbers again. If we win, great, +congratulations to us. If Missouri or Maryland or California or one +of those pretenders happens to get in this year, well +congratulations to them; but remember there is always next year! In +the immortal words of Arnold Schwarzenegger, `Vi'll be back!'" +Carolyn Scharkey, Missouri, Missouri: "Hi. It's good to be here. I +was the first licensed hairdresser in the state of Missouri as a +blind person, and I then had three children of my own, two foster +children, and just loved people. I decided to go into social work +so will be entering the University of Missouri, St. Louis, in the +fall. Thank you." +Christopher Smith, New Jersey, Rhode Island: "I just recently +graduated from Ridgewood High School in northern New Jersey. I'll +be a freshman at Brown University this September, and I plan to +major in English, creative writing, with the goal to become a +professional writer. This is my first experience with the +Federation. I'd like to thank everyone for their truly sincere +welcome, and I look forward to a long and committed future with the +Federation. Thank you." +Chuck Strickland, California, California: "I have a master's degree +in physics with a minor in computer science from Southwest Texas +State University, which is where I've mostly been, in Texas. I was +a participant in the Young Scholars program sponsored by the +National Science Foundation, and I was a science counselor there. +It was held at SWT. I'm now going for a Ph.D. in physics. I hope to +teach at the university level and do theoretical physics, make some +contribution. I'm attending the University of California at +Riverside. Thanks for your consideration." +Colleen Wunderlich, Illinois, Indiana: "Good morning. I would like +to begin by thanking the Federation for the opportunity they have +given me to be here today. I feel very fortunate to have received +influence from these Federationists. I feel that they have a great +sense of inner strength and pride, and I hope that I will achieve +my dream of becoming a psychiatrist. Right now I will be attending +Purdue University in the fall, where I will major in pre-med and +psychology. Then I plan to go to medical school. I believe that the +Federation will be here to help me achieve my dream. When I do so, +I'd like to give that back to future generations to come. Thank you +very much." + +Peggy Pinder: "And there, Mr. President and members of the National +Federation of the Blind, are the twenty-six scholarship winners +this year." + +As you will observe, it was an impressive group of students this +year. Here are the awards they received: +$2,000 NFB Merit Scholarships: Marvelena Desha, Tina Ektermanis, Al +Fogel, Saeed Golnabi, Kathleen Hart, Denise Howard, Jonathon Mize, +Christopher Smith, and James Strickland. +$2,000 Ellen Setterfield Memorial Scholarship: Janelle McEachern, +$2,000 Hermione Grant Calhoun Scholarship: Angela Matney. +$2,000 Kuchler-Killian Memorial Scholarship: Ann Edie. +$2,500 NFB Scholarships: Jack Allord, William Cuttle, Christopher +Foster, Mary Hurt, and Zuhair Mah'd. +$2,500 NFB Educator of Tomorrow Scholarship: Sally Nemeth. +$2,500 NFB Humanities Scholarship: Colleen Wunderlich. +$2,500 Frank Walton Horn Memorial Scholarship: Carolyn Scharkey. +$2,500 Howard Brown Rickard Scholarship: Maren Christensen. +$3,000 Melva T. Owen Memorial Scholarship: Matthew Brink. +$4,000 NFB Scholarships: Brigid Doherty and James Salas. +$4,000 Anne Pekar Memorial Scholarship: Laura Biro. +$10,000 American Action Fund Scholarship: Jennifer Lehman + +In introducing Jennifer during the banquet for brief remarks, Peggy +Pinder said: +Jennifer took time out during her undergraduate years to go to a +training center for blind people when she met the Federation and +realized that she needed what the Federation and its training +centers have. She hasn't been in school this last year. She's going +for the first time to the University of Minnesota (ranked as a +junior), where she is earning a bachelor of science degree in +sociology. As I think many of you know, Jennifer is an active and +loved member of both the Minnesota and the Wisconsin affiliates and +intends to be a pre-school speech clinician. Now here, for a few +remarks, is this year's $10,000 scholarship winner, Jennifer +Lehman. +Jennifer Lehman: Thank you all so much. I am very, very honored to +be chosen as this year's top scholarship winner. I want to thank +President Maurer and Dr. Jernigan and everyone in the National +Federation of the Blind for all the help and support you have given +me during the past three years. +I would not have been able to make it through a lot of situations +that have happened in the past three years if it had not been for +all the support from the members of the Federation family. I can't +even tell you how I feel right now or how much the NFB means to me. +So I just want to say that I will continue to be active in this +organization and help to change what it means to be blind. I want +to help get more people into the movement so that everyone's life +can be changed as much as mine has been by this wonderful +organization. Thank you all.[applause] +NAPUB PLANS NATIONAL BRAILLE-A-THON FOR DETROIT +by Jerry Whittle and Betty Niceley +For the past five years, the National Federation of the Blind of +Louisiana has held a Braille-A-Thon at its state convention as a +means both to promote Braille literacy and to raise funds for the +state affiliate. During the past five years, the NFBL has raised +over five thousand dollars and has received some excellent +publicity about Braille literacy in almost every major city in +Louisiana. +Volunteer Braille readers pledge to read a set number of Braille +pages between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. on the Friday before a state +convention begins. For several weeks prior to the state convention, +these volunteer readers procure sponsors, and then the volunteers +gather in a large room in the hotel where the state convention is +held and complete their page goals. Some read as many as three +hundred pages, and others read just a few pages. For example, +Harold Wilson raised over $1,300 on just ten pages the first year +the event was held. +Because of the success of the Louisiana Braille-A-Thon, the +National Association to Promote the use of Braille (NAPUB) has +decided to hold a similar event at the 1994 NFB Convention in +Detroit, and if successful, it will be continued at each National +Convention. "We expect to have excellent Braille readers and +brand-new Braille readers participating on Saturday from 9:00 a.m. +to 4:00 p.m. in Detroit," said Betty Niceley, President of NAPUB. +"We should have at least two hundred people reading Braille in one +room in Detroit, and we will try our best to have every major +television station and newspaper in the Detroit area there to cover +the event. We will be calling on our membership in NAPUB to pledge +to read their pages and to find sponsors in their home states who +would be willing to pay them handsomely for their hard work. Half +of the money will go to NAPUB and half will go to the national +organization. If Louisiana can raise two thousand for state +convention, there is no reason why we couldn't raise over one +hundred thousand for national Braille-A-Thon," said Niceley, +smiling. "We want to make this an annual event. I bet it will be +one of the quietest fund raisers we could ever have." +If you would like to participate and receive some sponsor sheets, +you may contact either Betty Niceley, 3618 Dayton Avenue, +Louisville, Kentucky 70402, (502) 897-2632, or Jerry Whittle, 101 +South Trenton Street, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, 1-(800)-234-4166. +THE NATURE OF INDEPENDENCE +An Address Delivered By Kenneth Jernigan At the Convention of the +National Federation of the Blind Dallas, Texas, July 6, 1993 +Shortly after last year's convention, I received a number of +letters from students at the Louisiana Center for the Blind. It was +clear that the letters were written as the result of discussions +held at the Center and that, although the apparent topic was +independent mobility, the real issue was independence in general, +and how blind persons should live and behave. I want to share those +letters with you, then tell you how I answered them, and finally +say a few things about what I think independence really is. The +letters are all dated July 23, 1992. Here is a composite of them: + +Dear Dr. Jernigan: +I am a sophomore in high school. Right now, I am in a teenage +program that the Louisiana Center for the Blind is sponsoring. It +is the STEP program. That means Summer Training and Employment +Project. We are allowed to get jobs and make money as well as have +classes. +A few weeks ago I attended the national convention. I really +enjoyed all your speeches and everything. People noticed that you +and Mr. Maurer walked sighted guide sometimes, [I interrupt to call +your attention to the almost code-word use of the term "sighted +guide." Not "walking with a sighted guide" or "walking with a +sighted person" or "holding the arm of a sighted person," but +"walking sighted guide." This makes it clear that the concept of +"sighted guide" has been the topic of considerable conversation. +But back to the letter.] and we thought you all would never walk +sighted guide, because you all are so highly involved in the NFB. +I never thought sighted guide was OK until then. So why did you all +use sighted guide? I know there are many reasons why this might be. +We discussed this in one of our talk times and came up with one +reason this might be. We know that you all have to be at meetings +all the time, and it would be faster if you would use sighted +guide. [I interrupt again to call your attention to the use in the +following sentences of the depersonalized "it." Now, back to the +letter.] I am sure you don't use it so much that you lose your cane +travel skills. I am not trying to say this is wrong. I was just +wondering why you do this. Someone brought up that if we, as the +people being trained at the moment, were caught using sighted +guide, they would fuss at us. And I realize that you are not the +one in training, so it is not wrong. We couldn't use sighted guide, +because we might want to use it more than the cane if we use too +much of it. + +Yours truly, ____________________ + +Dear Dr. Jernigan: +During this past convention in North Carolina some of us noticed +that you did not walk with a cane. I do not understand this at all. +I can understand that you have to be in many places in a short +amount of time at the conventions, and that might be the reason you +went sighted guide. But I also know that when you came for a tour +of the Center, you also went sighted guide. We do not understand +this. +We all have our own theories as to why you went sighted guide, but +we want to get the correct answer straight from the horse's mouth. + +Your fellow Federationist, ____________________ +That's a very clear-cut letter, and I am pleased to be called that +end of the horse. Here is the last one: +Dear Dr. Jernigan: +This year I came to Charlotte to attend my third national +convention of the NFB. I am currently a student at the Louisiana +Center for the Blind in the STEP program for blind teenagers. This +program stresses cane use, Braille literacy, employment readiness, +and self-confidence based on achievement. While at the convention +I heard from a friend that you were never actually seen using your +cane. I discussed this with a group of friends, and it was decided +that you most likely had many places to go and had to get to them +quickly. This made sense, and the question seemed settled. Then one +of the group remembered you using sighted guide during a tour you +took of the Center while passing through Ruston on the way to the +Dallas convention in 1990. This was such a hectic situation, and +the question was no longer settled because the only alternative +travel technique anyone noticed you using was sighted guide. +I do not mean this letter to imply any disrespect towards you, the +Federation, or its many achievements. If the Federation had not +pushed so hard for independence for the blind, I would have no +grounds on which to write this letter. It is because of my own +personal convictions about independence that I ask why the +figurehead of the NFB is not himself using the alternative +techniques that his student, Joanne Wilson, has been teaching for +nearly ten years in Ruston. +I would prefer to end the letter on a positive note. I realize that +you are responsible for the training I am currently receiving, and +I am grateful for it. I am not implying that you have no cane +skills, because I do not honestly know. +Sincerely, ____________________ +These are straightforward letters, seriously written. They raise +fundamental questions, questions that deserve a reasoned answer. +Here is the expanded substance of what I wrote: +Baltimore, Maryland July 29, 1992 +Under date of July 23, 1992, the three of you wrote to ask me why +I didn't travel alone with a cane during the national convention in +Charlotte and why on a visit to the Louisiana Center in 1990 I took +a sighted person's arm instead of walking alone with a cane. I +appreciate your letters and will tell you why I do what I do. +In the first place let us assume that I didn't have any cane travel +skills at all. This might be comparable to the situation of a +parent who had no education but dreamed of an education for his or +her child. That parent might preach the value of education and +might work to send the child to high school and then to college. +The parent might, though personally uneducated, feel tremendous +satisfaction at the learning and accomplishment which his or her +effort had made possible. In such circumstances what attitude +should the child have toward the parent? The child might be +critical of the parent for his or her poor grammar and lack of +education and might even be ashamed to associate with the parent or +the child might feel gratitude for the sacrifice and the work that +had made the education possible. +This is not an apt analogy since I have perfectly good cane skills, +but it has elements of truth about it. When I was a child, there +were no orientation centers or mobility training. The only canes +available were the short, heavy, wooden type, and we youngsters +associated carrying a cane with begging, shuffling along, and being +helpless. +It was not until I finished college and had taught for four years +in Tennessee that I first carried a cane. It was made of wood and +had a crook handle. I might also say that it was longer than most +of those in vogue at the time, forty inches. I started using it in +1953, just before going to California to work at the newly +established state orientation center for the blind. The Center had +been in operation for only a few months and had enrolled only four +or five students by the time of my arrival. +In those days the California Center was using 42-inch aluminum +canes. They were a tremendous improvement over the 40-inch wooden +cane I had been carrying, and I immediately adopted the new model. +Even so, it seemed that something better was needed. I worked with +the person who had been employed as the travel teacher, and we +experimented with different techniques and canes. +In the mid-1950's the solid fiberglass cane was developed. It was +first made by a blind man in Kansas, but we at the California +Center popularized it and brought it into general use. We also +worked to improve the tip. Our students received intensive +training, those with any sight using blindfolds (or, as we called +them, sleep shades), and our students and graduates were +identifiable in any group of blind persons because of their +competence and ease in travel. Since they had enjoyed the benefit +of our study and experimentation, as well as intensive instruction +and the time to practice, many of them probably became better +travelers than I and I felt pride and satisfaction in the fact. We +were advancing on the road to freedom and independence. +In 1958 I went to Iowa as director of the state commission for the +blind, and I carried with me the experience and knowledge I had +acquired in California plus a 48-inch fiberglass cane and a head +full of new ideas and hopes for the future. I hired a young sighted +man who had no experience at all with blindness and spent several +days giving him preliminary instruction in mobility, using blind +techniques. First I had him follow me all over Des Moines, watching +me use the cane while crossing streets and going to various places. +Then, he put on sleep shades, and I worked with him to learn basic +skills. Next I sent him to California for three or four weeks to +gain further experience and to compare what I had taught him with +what the California Center was doing. Finally he came back to Des +Moines, and I spent several more weeks working with him until +(though sighted) he could (under blindfold) go anywhere he wanted +safely and comfortably using a cane. +During all of that time I worked with him on attitudes, for unless +one believes that he or she is capable of independence as a blind +person, independence in travel (as in other areas) is not truly +achievable. This travel instructor's name is Jim Witte, and he +developed into one of the best I have ever known. +Iowa students rapidly became the envy of the nation. You could +single them out in any group because of their bearing, their +confidence, and their skill in travel. As had been the case in +California, some of them undoubtedly traveled better than I, and I +felt a deep sense of fulfillment in the fact. Joanne Wilson (the +director of your own Louisiana Center) was one of those students, +and I am sure she has told you how it was at the Iowa Center how +students were treated, what was expected of them, the relationship +between staff and students, our dreams for the future, and how we +set about accomplishing those dreams. Arlene Hill (one of your +teachers) was also an Iowa student. Both Joanne and Arlene are +living examples of what we taught and how it worked. So are +President Maurer, Mrs. Maurer, Peggy Pinder, Ramona Walhof, Jim +Gashel, Jim Omvig, and at least fifty others in this audience. +It was in Iowa that we developed the hollow fiberglass cane. It was +an improvement over the solid cane, lighter and more flexible. We +also gradually began to use longer and longer canes. They enabled +us to walk faster without diminishing either safety or grace. As I +have already told you, I started with a 40-inch wooden cane. Then +I went to 42-inch aluminum and after that to solid fiberglass, then +to hollow fiberglass, and (three or four years ago) to hollow +carbon fiber. As to length, I went from 40 inches to 42, then to +45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 55, and 57. At present I use a 59-inch cane. It +seems about right to me for my height and speed of travel. Will I +ever use a still longer cane? I don't know but at this stage I +don't think so. Obviously there comes a time when a longer cane is +a disadvantage instead of a help. +I've told you all of this so that you may understand something of +my background and approach to independence in travel, and +independence in general. The doctors who established the medical +schools a hundred years ago were (with notable exceptions) not +generally as competent and skilled as the doctors they trained, for +they did not have the benefit of the kind of concentrated teaching +they themselves were providing. Obviously they could not stand on +their own shoulders. Through their students they extended their +dreams into the future, building possibilities that they themselves +had not known and could never hope to realize. +So it is with me in relation to you. You are the third generation +of our mobility trainees, having the benefit of what I have learned +and also of what Joanne and the other Iowa graduates have learned. +Unless you make advances over what we have done, you will, in a +very real sense, fail to keep faith with those who have gone before +you and those who will follow. In this context I would expect and +hope that some of you will become better travelers (and, perhaps, +better philosophers and teachers) than I, and if you do, I will +take joy in it. +Having said all of this, let me come back to my own travel skills. +During the 1950's I traveled completely alone on a constant basis +throughout this entire country, going to almost every state and +dealing with almost every kind of environment urban area, city bus, +taxi, complicated street crossing, rural setting, hired private +car, country road, and almost anything else you can imagine. During +late December and early January of 1956 and 1957, for example, I +traveled alone to fourteen states in eleven days, writing testimony +for the NFB's Right to Organize bill. It was no big deal, and not +something I thought about very much. It was simply a job that had +to be done, and the travel was incidental and taken for granted. I +have taught travel instructors and have developed new techniques +and canes. I travel whenever and wherever I want to go in the most +convenient way to get there and sometimes that means alone, using +a cane. +Once when I was in Iowa, students observed that I walked to a +barber shop one day with another staff member, and they raised with +me some of the same questions you have raised. That afternoon in +our business class (you may call it by some other name philosophy +or something else) I dealt with the matter. I told the students +some of the things I have told you, and then I went on to say +something like this: +"Although what I have told you should mean that even if I couldn't +travel with much skill at all I might still not merit your +criticism, we don't need to leave it at that. Follow me. We are +going to take a walk through downtown traffic and see that you keep +up." +I took the lead, and we walked for eight or ten blocks at a fast +clip. When we got back to the classroom, I didn't need to tell them +what kind of travel skills I had. They knew. +Then, we talked about why I had walked to the barber shop with +another staff member. In that particular instance I had matters to +discuss, and I felt I couldn't afford the luxury of doing nothing +while going for a hair cut. As a matter of fact, in those days I +often made a practice of taking my secretary with me to the barber +shop and dictating letters while getting my hair cut. Of course, I +could have made a point of walking alone each time just to make a +visible demonstration of my independence, but somehow I think that +such insecurity might have made the opposite point and would +certainly have been counterproductive. +In the Iowa days I was not only director of the state Commission +for the Blind but also First Vice President and then President of +the National Federation of the Blind. Both were full-time jobs, +requiring me to use to best advantage every waking minute. +I was up before 6:00 to go to the gym with the men students; I +wrote over a hundred letters a week; I entertained legislators and +other civic leaders an average of two or three nights a week to +gain support for our program; I traveled throughout the state to +make speeches; and I spent long hours working individually with +students. Besides that, I handled the administrative details of the +Commission and the NFB on a daily basis. At the same time I was +doing organizing in other states and dealing with problems brought +to me by Federationists throughout the country. +In that context it would have been a bad use of my time (and both +Federationists and Iowa students and staff would have thought so) +for me to spend much of my day walking down the street to make a +visible show of my independent travel skills. I traveled alone when +I needed to, and I gave demonstrations to students, legislators, +and others when I needed to do that but I never did either to +convince myself or to establish in my own mind the fact of my +capacity or independence. It didn't seem necessary. +So what about the NFB convention in Charlotte? I was in charge of +convention organization and arrangements, and there were a thousand +details to handle. There were four hotels and a convention center, +each with its own staff and each requiring separate handling and a +myriad of decisions. Sometimes I had not only one but two or three +people with me as I went from place to place, talking about what +had to be done and sending this person here and that person yonder. +Even so, I might (you may say) have refused to take the arm of one +of the persons with me and used my cane to walk alone. But for what +reason? When a blind person is walking through a crowd or down a +street with somebody else and trying to carry on a meaningful +conversation, it is easier to take the other person's arm. This is +true even if you are the best traveler in the world and even if +both of you are blind. +In fact, I contend that there are times when refusing to take an +arm that is offered may constitute the very opposite of +independence. If, for instance, you are a blind person accompanying +a sighted person through a busy restaurant closely packed with +tables and chairs, do you create a better image of independence by +trying to get through the maze alone, with the sighted person going +in front and constantly calling back, "This way! This way!" or by +simply taking the sighted person's arm and going to the table? What +is better about following a voice than following an arm? From what +I have said, I presume it is clear which method I favor. Of course, +if no arm is conveniently available, you should be prepared to use +another method, regardless of how crowded the restaurant or how +labyrinthine the path. In either case you should do it without +losing your cool. But I'll tell you what alternative is not +acceptable in such circumstance pretending that you don't want +anything to eat and not going at all. That's not acceptable. +But back to the convention. When you are trying to get through +crowds quickly to go from meeting to meeting, and possibly also +trying to find different people in those crowds in a hurry, the +efficiency of sighted assistance multiplies. Incidentally, even if +I were sighted and doing the things I do at national conventions, +I would want two or three persons with me to look for people in +crowds, to send for this and that, and to talk and advise with. +As an example, consider what happened at last year's convention +with respect to Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander. He has +normal eyesight and is in every other way, so far as I know, +able-bodied and energetic. I am sure that he can drive a car and +walk vigorously. Yet, he sent an assistant to Charlotte a day in +advance of his arrival. The assistant scouted out the convention +and then went to the airport to meet the Secretary. The assistant +drove the car from the airport to the convention, accompanied the +Secretary into the meeting hall, went with him to the platform, met +him at the edge of the platform when he finished speaking, and +drove him back to the airport. If the Secretary had been blind, I +wonder if somebody would have said, "Just look! He's not +independent. He has to have a sighted person with him at all times, +accompanying him everywhere he goes and driving his car." +Since I am not a student trying to learn to travel independently or +to establish within my own mind that I can compete on terms of +equality with others, and since I can and do travel by myself when +that is most convenient, I feel no particular obligation to make a +demonstration when it is more efficient to do otherwise. If I were +a student, I should and would behave differently. As an example, I +think a student should always use a rigid (not a collapsible) cane. +But I generally use one that is collapsible. Why? Students often +are uncomfortable with canes, and if they are allowed to use those +that fold or telescope, they may tend to hide or conceal them +because they think (even if subconsciously) that it will make them +look less conspicuous. I have carried a cane for so long that I +would feel naked without it, and I always carry one whether I am +with somebody or not. Because they were so rickety, I refused to +carry a collapsible cane until we developed the telescoping carbon +fiber model. I pull it to such a tight fit that it doesn't collapse +as I use it, and I almost never collapse it unless I'm in close +quarters. Again, it is a convenience, and my sense of independence +is not so brittle that I think I have to carry the rigid cane to +prove to myself or others that I am not ashamed to be seen with it +or uncomfortable about blindness. +When I was teaching orientation classes in California and Iowa, I +often said to those in attendance that students at a center tend to +go through three stages: fear and insecurity, rebellious +independence, and normal independence FI, RI, and NI. During fear +and insecurity one tends to be ultracautious and afraid of +everything, even if at times putting on a good front. During +rebellious independence one tends to be overly touchy, resenting +anybody who attempts to offer him or her any kind of assistance at +all, even when the assistance is appropriate and needed. In the +rebellious independence stage one is likely to be a pain in the +neck, both to himself or herself and others but this is a necessary +step on the road from fear and insecurity to normal independence. +Unfortunately some people never get beyond it. +Hopefully one will eventually arrive at the stage of normal +independence, with relatively little need constantly to prove +either to oneself or others that one is capable of independence and +first-class citizenship. This means maturity in dealing with +condescending treatment, and it also means flexibility in accepting +or rejecting offers of assistance, kindness, or generosity. +Sometimes such things should be graciously or silently taken, +sometimes endured, and sometimes rejected out of hand but the +reason should never be because you doubt your own worth, have inner +feelings of insecurity, or wonder whether you are inferior because +of blindness. +Normal independence also means not rationalizing your fear or +inability by saying that you are just doing what is convenient and +efficient and that you don't feel the need to prove something when +in reality you are just covering up the fact that you are as +helpless as a baby and it means not going so far the other way and +being so touchy about your so-called independence that nobody can +stand to be around you. It means getting to the place where you are +comfortable enough with yourself and secure enough with your own +inner feelings that you don't have to spend much time bothering +about the matter one way or another. It means reducing blindness to +the level of a mere inconvenience and making it just one more of +your everyday characteristics a characteristic with which you must +deal just as you do with how strong you are, how old you are, how +smart you are, how personable you are, and how much money you have. +These are the goals, and probably none of us ever achieves all of +them all of the time. Nevertheless, we are making tremendous +progress and we are farther along the road now than we have ever +been. +I am pleased that you wrote me, and I am especially pleased that +you are able to receive training at the Louisiana Center. It is +grounded in Federation philosophy, and it is one of the best. You +are getting the chance while you are young to learn what blindness +is really like, and what it isn't like. You have the opportunity to +profit from the collective experience of all of us the things we +tried that didn't work, and those that did. On the foundation of +love and organizational structure which we have established, you +can make for yourselves better opportunities than we have ever +known and I pray that you will. The future is in the hands of your +generation, and I hope you will dream and work and build wisely and +well. +Sincerely, - Ask for paper instead of plastic bags at the supermarket. + +Bring your own sturdy, reusable bag(s) (backpacks work very well). +(Note: this is the norm in Europe, from what my German teacher said.) + +Actually asking for paper bags at the supermarket is not really the +answer. The brown paper bags are composed of paper with the longest +fibers which only come from fresh trees. Bags like this are not made +of recycled paper, but they can be recycled. The newest plastic ones +(with cornstarch) do degrade faster in the environment than the old +ones, however, the above suggestion is the best. + Chaos + +> - Carpool. Use public transit. +> Compromise: buy a fuel-efficient car. + +Compromise: buy a motorcycle, scooter, or moped. They're generally +far more fuel-efficient, from what little I've seen. (Best of all, +walk or bicycle, but that was mentioned in a suggestion I clipped. . . + +> - Avoid clothes that need dry cleaning. + +Don't buy synthetics -- cotton is generally more comfortable, anyway. + +> - Discourage over reliance on technological fixes. + +Depends on what the "technological fix" is. Wind power is a TF, +as is the bicycle. Also houses/apartments, telephones, mail- +order shopping. . . . +(i.e. Think about the technology you use, not all technology is +environmentally damaging.) + +>Avoid products made of animal parts (ivory, leather wallets and +belts, snake skin boots, etc, etc). + +While I (mostly) agree, this has more to do with being kind to animals +than helping the environment. Leather, after all, is a durable and +non-environmentally-harmful material (as opposed to, say, nylon or +rayon). The leather belt I'm wearing has been in daily use for about +the past fifteen (15) years, and is still in good condition; it may +well last five more. On the other hand, if a company is doing animal +testing, chances are their product isn't exactly what one would call +environmentally safe. Cosmetics, Drano. . . . Yeesh. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hacking.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hacking.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a067e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hacking.txt @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ +Mail-From: ARPAnet host SRI-CSL rcvd at Wed Sep 28 15:58-PDT +Date: 26 Sep 1983 20:08-PDT +Sender: GEOFF@SRI-CSL +Subject: Telecommunications Security and Privacy. +From: the tty of Geoffrey S. Goodfellow +Reply-To: Geoff@SRI-CSL +To: Human-nets:, +To: Telecom:, +To: Security-Forum:, +To: Info-Micro: +Cc: csl:, +Cc: others: +Message-ID: <[SRI-CSL]26-Sep-83 20:08:20.GEOFF> +Redistributed-To: dist: +Redistributed-By: GEOFF at SRI-CSL +Redistributed-Date: 28 Sep 1983 + +On Monday, September 26th, I appeared before and presented invited +testimony at the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on +Transportation, Aviation and Materials on the subject of Telecommunications +Security and Privacy. + +Due to the activities of the Milwaukee 414s and the subsequent hoopla that +has been generated in the media, HACKING has been getting a bad name. I +therefore decided to address my testimony to the TRUE nature of computer +hackers and hacking (in an attempt to put the entire situation in some type +of perspective). I also addressed what can and should be done to help +abate the 'unsavory' hacking problem. And lastly, how low tech the current +hackings have been and what we might be seeing more of in the future. + +I'm told the hearings went out live over CNN -- there were at least 16 +video cameras that I could count and the rest of the room was jammed to +standing room only with reporters and other media. + +Individuals who presented testimony were: Neal Patrick (of the 414s); Jimmy +McClary (Los Alamos Division leader for Security); Donn Parker and myself +(from SRI); and Steve Walker (formerly of DARPA/Pentagon). + +Those interested in what I had to say about hacking and such are invited to +FTP a copy of my prepared testimony from [SRI-CSL]HOUSE.DOC; There +is also a .LPT version with line-printer overstriking, should you want +that. If you cannot FTP a copy for whatever reason, I'll be able to send +one by netmail if you mail a request to Geoff@SRI-CSL. + +Geoff +............................................................................... +............................................................................... + + + + + TESTIMONY BY GEOFFREY S. GOODFELLOW + + Before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation and Materials +on the subject of Telecommunications Security and Privacy. + + 26 September 1983 + + + +1. Introduction + +My name is Geoffrey S. Goodfellow. I am primarily employed by the +Computer Science Laboratory at SRI International, Menlo Park, California. +For the past 10 years at SRI, I have been involved in research efforts +related with packet switched computer network communication systems, +protocols and security technologies. I have also been involved in +various operating and sub-system development projects. Currently, my +responsibilities include a position as Principle Investigator of SRI's +involvement in a Department of Defense program aimed at developing and +proving secure computer systems, that operate at different security +levels and communicate via networks. A detailed biography of my career +from 7th grade school where I discovered computers (which +eventually lead to my permanent abandonment of the formal educational +system during high school) to how I got to where I am today with no +degrees or any type of equivalency to my name is included at the end of +my testimony. + +I am a coauthor of the Hacker's Dictionary -- A Guide to the World of +Computer Wizards, a new book being published this fall. + +THE STATEMENTS INCLUDED HEREIN ARE MY OWN AND DO NOT NECESSARILY +REPRESENT THOSE OF SRI INTERNATIONAL OR ANY CLIENTS OF SRI. + +2. The Nature of Computer Hackers and Hacking. + +The primary nature of a computer hacker can be defined as follows: + + - A person who enjoys learning or knowing the details of computer + systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most + users of computers, who prefer to learn or know only the minimum + amount necessary in order to get their job done. + + - One who programs computers enthusiastically, for the sheer fun of it, + and gets a non professional amount of enjoyment out of using them. + + - A person capable of appreciating the irony and beauty (i.e. `hack + value') of a program. + + - A person who is good at programming quickly or is an expert on a + particular program. (This definition and the proceeding ones are + correlated, and people who fit them congregate). + +Unfortunately, though, hacking has an unsavory faction to it: + + - A malicious or inquisitive meddler (i.e. `poacher') who tries to + discover information by poking around. For example, a "password + hacker" is one who tries, possibly by deceptive or illegal means, to + discover other people's computer passwords. A "network hacker" is + one who tries to learn about the computer network (possibly because + he wants to interfere--one can tell the difference only by context, + tone of voice and manner of approach). + +Hackers of all factions, whether benign or of the unsavory flavor, +consider themselves somewhat of an elite, though one to which new members +are gladly welcome. Hacking is meritocracy based on ability. +There is a certain self-satisfaction in identifying yourself as a hacker +(but if you claim to be one and are not, you'll quickly be labelled +`bogus'). + +The hacker is intensely interested in technology and is a very +inquisitive person. Many are social outcasts who don't enjoy the same +things as most other kids their age. Hackers of the unsavory flavor are a +very curious breed of individual -- many can best be described as +loners looking for someone to appreciate their talents. They know full +well that what they're doing errs on the `dark side (of the force)' -- +to coin a phrase. Unsavory hackers want to get caught so they can be given +the appreciation they desire -- and the process of getting caught adds an +essence of thrill to their endeavor. + +I would like to state for the record, that benign hackers, such as I, +deplore the unsanctioned entry and subsequent rummaging of mainframe +computer systems and networks. These types of activities are tarnishing +the profession of hacking and giving it a bad name. + +In the Real World, computer system organizations are generally run +like totalitarian police states. This unfortunate reality fosters +resentment in hackers and a desire to challenge the reverence of +authority develops. As a result, the way hackers bring themselves to a +system managers attention is via the medium they know and relate to best: +a terminal and modem and your computer system. In most cases, the hacker +wouldn't personally think of or know how to go about calling up the +director of a computer system and offering his services to you as a bright +young guy for the fear of reprisals or not being taken seriously. +Instead, they choose to `introduce' you to them by meddling with your +computer system, cavalierly circumventing security and protection +mechanisms, in order to satiate their hunger for knowledge and +develop an understanding of how things work. + +The organization will respond in kind by trying to `plug the leak' of +an intrusion into their system by erecting barriers. This type of +reaction is precisely the wrong approach to take, because the hacker +will notice the beefed-up defenses and see them as a further +challenge of his prowess and ingenuity and legitimate users are subjected +to greater inconvenience. + +Instead, what an organization should do is try to befriend hackers which +have penetrated their inner sanctums. The perspective that should be +taken is one of "Is it helpful or useful for you to do this?" rather +than "Are you authorized to do this?". You must in effect come down to +the hackers level and circulate among them. Show them that you appreciate +their talents. If you ask them nonforeboding questions and take a genuine +interest in what they're doing, most of the time you'll find they're more +than happy to tell you exactly what it is they're looking for or +interested in. The hacker wants to learn and you can be their +guide/teacher. This is how I was dealt with by the firm that caught +me during my unsavory hacking days in 1973 when I breached security on a +large commercial timesharing network and many of its host computer +systems. I was very much inspired by this method of catching and steering +unsavory hackers towards more constructive use of their talents. + +There is, however, a more virulent strain of the unsavory faction, namely +the electronic vandals or joy-riders (N.B. NOT HACKERS). This strain +includes, for example, kids whose parents are of an affluent nature. As a +result, these kids have an inflated world picture and little or no true +sense of reality, due to the nature of their care-free life styles and +upbringing. These kids plague computer systems and networks as they +would spray paint on school walls, t-p someone's house, or engage in the +use of so called 'recreational' drugs. In other words, these illicit +activities are engaged in with absolute reckless abandon and disregard for +the rights or sovereignty of other people's property. As with regular +vandalism, the primary motivators seems to be simply doing it because +they can get away with it, and because of the respect it brings them +among their equally disrespectful peers. This differs from the unsavory +hacker in that there is no constructive purpose or motive involved, such +as learning or acquiring knowledge. This problem is further +exacerbated by the juvenile age of the perpetrators and the unlikelihood of +prosecution, even if caught. The perpetrators are smugly aware of their +immunity in most cases! + +3. What Can and Should Be Done to Help Abate The Unsavory Hacking Problem? + +From my own observations and inspections of systems and from what I have +been reading in the press, I have come to the conclusion that +computer site administrators are not taking reasonable and prudent +measures to protect their computer systems from even the most casual +methods of circumvention. A rather egregious example of this would be the +installation of which the 414s allegedly logged into with username "test" +and password "test". Usernames and passwords of this sort are not uncommon +and sites which set up logins like this are just asking for a break in +-- just as someone who would leave a key in the lock on the front door of +their house, complete with the WELCOME! mat out for all to see, invites +the casual burglar. + +The way I view `reasonable and prudent' measures of protection from the +casual penetration is by drawing a paradigm with the way DoD classified +information is handled. + +With respect to the handling and use of classified information, it is +the responsibility of the organization to which you belong, in conformance +with DoD guidelines, to provide you with rules and regulations in +the handling of classified information. It is also the responsibility of +your organization to provide you with a safe place (i.e. a vault) to +store said information and to provide adequate safeguards (such as alarm +systems, security personnel and patrols) to prevent unauthorized access. + +The same methodology should be taken to heart by administrators of +computer systems. It's their responsibility to provide reasonable and +prudent measures to prevent unauthorized access attempts from gaining +access to the system. This means a few very basic things like: + + - Forcing users to choose reasonable passwords - not their spouse's + name or their dog's name. + + - Setting up proper modem controls on dial-up/remote access ports so + that disconnection causes any jobs (or trojan horses left on the + port) to be flushed and results in resetting the port to not-logged + in status. + + - Reporting incorrect password attempts to the system console or log + file. + + - Causing line disconnection after a few successively repeated + incorrect password attempts. + + - Using encrypted passwords, so it is not possible to compromise an + entire systems password list when circumvention of a systems + protection mechanisms is attained. This is analogous to the DoD's + compartmentalization of information -- so a breach in one area does + not sacrifice security in all areas. + +The second facet of the paradigm is the users' responsibility. I don't go +out to lunch and leave my secrets sitting on my desk. I put them in a +vault. And I don't go throwing them over the embassy walls. So it is +the same for the computer system user. It is the users +responsibility to choose reasonable passwords and not leave them written +down anywhere, such as on their desk blotter or white board or to +pass them out to others. + +The third matter is a paradigm of a different nature. This has to do +with socially acceptable values. Namely, when I was brought up, I was +taught about trespassing. If I went to someone's house and found the front +door wide open, I don't really know of anyone who would walk right in +and look around. They would instead stand at the door, ring the doorbell +or knock or call out. This type of responsibility or sense of morals +has to be applied to the computer technology field. + +Research into methods of improving the safeguarding of information flow +through technology should be pursued. One such project is the one of which +I am the Principle Investigator of at SRI, which has to do with this type +of technology. Our involvement has to do with developing and proving +technologies that will absolutely assure that I will only have access to +information in a computer system database of which my clearance and +my `need to know' entitles me too, while prohibiting me from information I +am not cleared or permitted to access. However, one must carefully weigh +the value of increased security with the cost in user convenience and +flexibility. + +Explicit federal and state criminal statutes should be enacted to +allow a vehicle for vigorous prosecution, should it be warranted or +desired, by injured parties. These explicit laws would also hopefully +act as a method of deterrence. + +4. Let Us Not Lull Ourselves into a False Sense of Security. + +In general unsanctioned computer system penetrations can be +performed by individuals who possess three basic aspects of computer +knowledge: access, skill and information. + +Access can be defined as a terminal and modem. Skill can be +defined as ingenuity or familiarity with computer systems, especially +with the given system type that the penetration is directed +towards. Information can be defined as dial-up phone numbers, network +address or means of accessing a given computer system -- perhaps even +physical. Information can also include various methods, most likely in the +form of 'bugs' (i.e. shortcomings) or 'features' (i.e. an aspect +inherent to the hardware or software design of the system) which will +permit the holder to circumvent the operating system security and +protection mechanisms, and in effect gain carte blanche access to the +computer. Carte blanche can be defined as allowing the holder to override +file security and protection considerations, in that you can read or alter +any data and even change the nature of the computer operating system +software itself. + +In the good ol' days such skill and information was not widely known. +However, with the ever increasing number of computer systems, both +personal and mainframe alike, information and skill is spreading to an +ever increasing number of individuals and institutions. +Unfortunately, not all of the individuals are as scrupulous as they +should be. Such instruments as `Pirate Bulletin Board' systems are +being used to disseminate this information on a nationwide, on-call, as +needed basis. + +What does this mean? + +Up until now most unsanctioned computer system penetrations have not been +the high technological acts of chicanery the media has made them out to +be. They were primarily performed by individuals who were as familiar +with computer technology as, say, an auto enthusiast is with what goes +on under the hood of your car. The 'auto whiz' has the breadth of +knowledge necessary to 'hot wire' a motor vehicle, just as your computer +literate individual has the breadth necessary to perform a +technological 'hot wire' inside a computer system. + +However, the current low to medium technological approaches to +system penetrations are likely to change. + +I define the technological levels as follows: high tech is defined as a +new method of circumvention. High tech methods are primarily +invented by individuals or a group of individuals who have an in depth +understanding of the desired technology the caper is directed against. +Medium tech can be defined as an individual who has the same basic level +of understanding as the high tech guy, but uses the knowledge and +perhaps fine tunes or refines it a bit (i.e. the medium tech individual is +a knowledgeable user). The low tech individual is just a user of +the knowledge with little or no understanding of what is involved in making +the technology perform its desired function. + +In the not to distant future with higher stakes, increased levels of +knowledge and other aspects better understood, I believe we will see a +trend towards a more 'higher tech' level of system penetrations and +circumventions. These capers will be harder to detect and deter. + +The further development of formal specification and verification techniques +and associated technologies will permit the system developers, +reviewers or specifier himself to verify that a given system +specification is consistent with a given model of desired operation. + +5. Recommendations + +In conclusion, I would like to say that I believe the scale of the +hacking problem is going to escalate dramatically as more of the technology +makes its way into the mass market. There is no one easy solution to +these problems. The directions that need to be taken are technological, +ethical/moral and social. Hopefully an increased awareness of the +vulnerability of our systems to penetration and circumvention will allow us +to see the light, in the form of solutions, at the end of the tunnel. And +hopefully that light, is not a train. + +6. Biography (The Making of a Hacker) + +My first experience with computers (and the world of `hacking') +manifested itself during my 7th grade school when I discovered a room +full of teletypes connected to a computer system at Stanford University +which offered Computer Assisted Instruction/drill programs. + +Having discovered `The Computer Room', I started arriving at school early +each day to be able to play with them. I would also spend the lunch +hour, recess and as long as I could after school in the computer room, as +well. + +Luckily, that summer I was permitted to hang-out at the Stanford facility +which had the computer system that served our school and others. This +allowed me the opportunity to interact with the system designers and +learn how everything worked. At the facility, I quickly began to +develop a keen interest in system-level software, such as the +operating system and privileged type programs which only `the wizards' +could run or know the inner workings of. However, I did not let this +fact keep me from learning about the system. + +During the 8th grade, my parents wishing to contribute to their son's +apparent avid absorption of computer technology, procured a used teletype +machine and modem from a large time-sharing computer firm. I don't +know how, but in the process, they managed to talk the firm out of `free' +account for after hours and weekend use. The firm then promptly +forgot about me. After running the usual course of computer games, which +quickly became quite boring, my attention turned towards the operating +system and its protection mechanism, which I took delight in finding +ways around. This of course, was noticed by the time-sharing +company and one summer evening, after they were sure it was me inside +their system, their vice president and district manager came knocking at +our door, and in effect said, "gotcha!". The result of being caught was +that I was hired for the summer to help them make their system more +secure and plug the holes that I had uncovered in my wanderings. + +While employed for the summer, 1973, I chanced to meet up with another +summer hire who had done some work at NASA-AMES and had knowledge of a +Department of Defense computer network, called the ARPANET, which linked +together computers all over the country at various research +establishments, universities and military bases. My new-found friend +passed me a dial-up number, and on a scrap of paper, wrote a few commands +that would allow me to connect up to various systems on the network. + +In these early days of the ARPANET (which pioneered packet +switching technology, a method for allowing computers of different flavors +and types to `talk' to one-another), the majority of the computers had +`guest' accounts on them with purposefully obvious and published passwords. +This was done in order to promote the free use of resources at other host +systems and to let users of the network have a chance to explore, learn and +use said systems. + +Needless to say, this was a gold mine that no hacker, such as myself, +could pass up. So I spent the better part of the summer learning and +using as many different computer systems as possible, all over the country. + +One of my favorite systems to use was the guest login account on a host +called SRI-AI, a PDP-10 running the Tenex operating system, which +belonged to the Stanford Research Institute's Artificial Intelligence +Center. I thought it nice to have a system right in my very own home +town. I made it a point to get to know the operations of this system as +well as I could in hopes that perhaps someday I might have a login account +of my own to use and it would be nice to be familiar with it in such an +event. + +Well, that day came when, as usual, I logged into the public guest account, +and out popped a message of the form "Welcome to the SRI-AI computer +public guest account. If you think you have a need for your own account, +send a note (with the on-line electronic mail program, of course) to +the system administrator, explaining your need." + +Such an invitation was just to good to pass up and having my very own +login account is something I had dreamed about. So, I took it upon myself +to send a message saying I was a hacker who had been spending time on the +public guest account learning about their system and wanted to have an +increased level of access and login area of my own to store files. In +return, I would freely help improve the systems capabilities thru my +hacking. + +After some initial trepidation on the part of the systems administrator +was overcome, my account was granted. This allowed me to make SRI-AI my +home base of network operations. I immediately proceeded to hack +away to my heart's content, now that, in effect, I had become a legitimate +network user. + +After demonstrating my competence and some semblance of responsibility, I +was granted system privileges (i.e. carte blanche access to all system +resources). This permitted me to learn and develop a further understanding +of the system. + +So, I hung around SRI for about 9 months. I was given a building pass, so +as to have physical as well as electronic (remote) access to the computer +systems. This allowed me to come and go at odd hours, which are the +hours hackers are best known to keep. + +Then, there was an opening for a part-time weekend computer operator's job, +and since I had demonstrated my competence, I was immediately hired +for the position. I was now in my senior year of high school, and as a +result of my increased access to computers, my grade average followed the +typical hacker curve, i.e. down. until, two weeks into the final quarter +of my senior year in high school, I dropped out, and became full-time at +SRI. I have never returned to a classroom since the day I left school in +1974. +I dropped out, and became full-time at +SRI. I have never re \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hardones.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hardones.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fba2ee --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hardones.txt @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ + ANSWERING THE HARD QUESTIONS + by Larry Dodge + + While on my road trips, in meetings, talk shows, and media +interviews, the same or similar questions come up again and +again, which has encouraged me to come up with a repertoire of +satisfying answers. These I want to share with you, since you +may need to answer similar questions during the campaigns ahead, +though I make no claim that mine are the best or only answers. + + +Won't FIJA lead to anarchy, with juries judging the law? + + FIJA is actually an antidote to the anarchy we've already +got, where there are too many laws for people to obey, and we're +experiencing soaring crime rates and overcrowded prisons as +direct results. When juries consistently refuse to convict +people of breaking a certain law, the incentive is for lawmakers +to change or erase it, lest they lose the next election. When +the law books are cleansed of unpopular laws, the rate of +obedience to the remaining laws will be high, thus reducing +anarchy. + + Likewise, whenever jurors feel compelled to apologize to a +defendant for convicting him (which is quite often, nowadays), +and then later find out they had the authority to vote according +to conscience, but weren't told about it, their own respect for +the law and our legal system can only diminish. In other words, +failure to inform juries of their rights breeds anarchy. + + Four states (Indiana, Oregon, Maryland, and Georgia) already +have general provisions in their constitutions acknowledging that +juries may judge law, and 26 states have the same provision +included in their sections on freedom of speech and libel. To my +knowledge, no chaos has resulted because of these provisions. + + +Couldn't the jury convict someone of a worse crime than the one +he is charged with? + + No. Juries do not and would not have the power to escalate +charges against a defendant. Their power may only be exerted in +the direction of mercy, never of vengeance. Nor can juries "make +law" by which to convict a defendant. That remains the job of +the legislature. They may, however, reduce charges against an +accused person, provided the lower charge is a less serious form +of the same crime he was originally charged with. The decisions +of juries do not and would not establish precedent for future +cases. + + +What if the jury is prejudiced in favor of the defendant, and +lets him go even though he's clearly guilty? + + This is the "corrupt jury" problem, and happens periodically +with or without jury instruction in the right to judge law. Any +jury so poorly selected that all its members are determined to +acquit a guilty person is likely to do just that, no matter what +it's told or not told. For this to happen virtually requires +that both the prosecutor and judge be corrupt, as well, taking no +steps to see that at least some of the jurors are not prejudiced. +In short, if the defendant faces fourteen people, all of whom +favor letting him go free regardless of the evidence, he will go +free. + + Even under these circumstances, if jurors were instructed +that each of them could vote according to his own conscience, as +FIJA provides, there is at least a possibility that one or more +jurors would not go along with the rest, thus hanging the jury +with one or more guilty votes. Chances for justice might then +improve, via another trial, perhaps a change of venue, or a +different judge, and certainly another jury. + + Further, victims of crimes who do not find satisfaction in a +criminal trial verdict have, with fair success, been able to sue +perpetrators for damages. In other instances, crime victims who +were unhappy with verdicts handed down in state courts have been +able to have defendants tried in federal courts on other charges, +often for violating their civil rights. + + +Do jurors have the right, or just the power, to judge the law?" + + They have both. They have the power, because in a jury +system, no one can tell the jury what verdict it must reach, nor +restrict what goes on in jury-room deliberations, nor punish +jurors for the verdict they bring in, nor demand to know why they +reached that verdict. + + They have the right, because each juror is partially +responsible for the verdict returned, thus for the fate of the +accused individual--and for every responsibility there is a +corresponding right. In this case, that is the right to consider +everything necessary for him or her to vote for a just verdict. +That includes evidence, the defendant's motives, testimony, law, +circumstances--whatever, including the juror's own conscience. + + Additionally, any restrictions placed upon the options the +jury may exercise in fulfilling its responsibility to judge the +defendant may be considered violations of his or her right to a +fair trial. + + Finally, when one gets right down to it, there is precious +little difference, except in academic legal discourse, between a +right and a power. Most dictionaries recognize this by listing +them as synonyms. + + +Wouldn't our courts be flooded with jury trials if FIJA were to +become law?" + + It's possible that trials involving some of the worst and +most frequently broken laws would increase, until prosecutors +began choosing not to attempt convictions on them any more, +police began letting up on enforcement, and legislators began +reading the writing on the jury-room walls. But the peak should +soon pass. And appeals to higher courts should soon diminish, +since more people would feel they'd received justice from their +original trials. + + Ultimately, though, one must ask what's more important, fast +service at the courthouse, or justice for the individual and +real-world feedback to the lawmakers? + + + Wouldn't there be a lot of variation from place to place in +jury verdicts, according to community standards? + + Perhaps, though it could hardly compete with the variations +in verdicts and sentences handed down by different judges... + + It may prove true that jury verdicts would vary more from +place to place with respect to certain types of offenses. +Abortion, drugs, pornography, gun ownership, etc. might find more +acceptance in some communities than others. But then, what's the +merit in trying to force a diverse society into a homogeneous +mold, in obliging every person or every community to conform to +some centralized notion of how to behave? We suggest that if +your act doesn't go over locally, walk. + + Actually, the overall thrust and effect of FIJA should be to +promote consistency--in the form of tolerance--everywhere. It's +already happening, as "unholy" coalitions form to make FIJA into +law. Most people, it turns out, would rather secure their own +liberty than damage someone else's--it's just that currently, our +political system fosters competing interest groups, where one +group's gain is generally another's loss. Beyond unstrategic, +FIJA will also make it more difficult for majorities to deny the +rights of minorities, because any minority (and we're all +minorities) will be able to defend itself via jury veto power. + + The real payoff is that government, which grows in power and +intrusiveness with every escalation of distrust and intolerance +between warring factions of citizens, may lose its grip as trial +juries resume their check-and-balance function, and "live and let +live" re-emerges as the American ethos. + + + What happens if the jury nullifies a good law? + + This is not generally a problem. We have centuries of +experience with jury veto power, and generally laws that protect +people against invasions of their property or threats against +their safety, are supported by the community as a whole, and are +enforced by jurors. Maryland and Indiana report good success +with nullification instructions. + + It is elitist to accuse the ordinary people of this country +of not being able to govern themselves. Political science +studies demonstrate that rarely do people exhibit such +conscientious concern, such caution and such responsible +behavior, as when they sit on a jury. + + +What would become of the practice of basing verdicts upon legal +precedents? + + The role of case law, or precedent, would remain useful as +advice for all parties to a trial, but its use as a basis for +verdicts in current jury trials would end. A major objective in +fully informing juries of their rights and powers is to provide +ever-evolving feedback to our lawmakers, so that regular +adjustments can be made in the rules that we live by. + + The idea is to match our laws to our standards of right and +wrong on an ongoing basis, so that gaps no longer develop between +them. This kind of consistency cannot be had when "precedent +requires" that the same verdict be found for a modern case as was +found in similar cases in the past. When gaps between what's +moral and what's legal get too large, we risk "anarchy" on the +one hand, totalitarian intervention on the other. + + +Would FIJA violate our fourteenth amendment right to equal +protection under the law?" + + "Equal protection" is already tough to guarantee, given the +differences in quality between judges, prosecutors and defenders +who may come to play in any given case. Add to them our media- +assisted fads and fashions in law enforcement, and the very +unequal kinds of deals which are regularly pushed upon defendants +by prosecutors and judges outside the courtroom (often based upon +the accused person's appearance, background, and ability to pay), +and "equal protection" takes on the appearance of an ideal which +draws a lot more lip service than real concern. + + Juries generally become part of the problem only to the +extent that both prosecution and defense have done everything in +their power to select the least knowledgeable and most +manipulable jurors possible. That is, equal treatment by trial +juries, when it happens at all, may do so as much by default as +design. + + Still, chances of equal treatment of defendants would appear +to increase if the jury were to receive complete and accurate +instruction in its veto powers, not because information begets +fairness, but for at least two other reasons: (1) if jurors are +lied to (equally) about their rights and powers, a certain +percentage of them can be expected to see through the lie, then +to rationalize reciprocating that dishonesty by lying to one or +both attorneys and the judge during the selection process. What +they may be covering up, and why, will certainly vary from jury +to jury, and that's exactly what the doctrine of equal protection +rails against; + + (2) When both prosecution and defense know in advance that the +jurors will be fully informed of their power to judge both law +and fact, their jury selection criteria can be expected to change +accordingly. Both sides would face an incentive to find jurors +capable and willing to consider not only factual but also moral- +philosophical questions in search of justice, especially in those +cases where the merits or the applicability of the law may be at +issue. The result should be both better quality juries and more +equality under the laws that they work with. + + +Wouldn't FIJA cause a great increase in the number of hung +juries?" + + Probably yes, at least in the short run, as laws which are +hard for people to understand, identify with, or apply came into +question by juries. But juries always face a built-in incentive +for consensus, because their members generally have to explain +themselves afterward in their communities. On the one hand, they +are, sociologically speaking, a mercy buffer between the power of +the state and the accused individual. But on the other, they +have a responsibility sanction people who damage the social +fabric of their communities. Fully informed or otherwise, they +can be expected to try to achieve unanimity. + + Additionally, a series of hung juries on cases involving a +particular law sends a powerful message to lawmakers that reform +is necessary. Such a series may clamor for more precision, +fairness, latitude, appropriateness or other attributes of the +law, but the beauty of feedback from juries is that it is rarely +a statement of special interest: hardly ever do all twelve people +on a jury share a single political goal or viewpoint, and the +chances that all the people on a series of juries will do so are +infinitesimal. + + The relative frequency of hung juries should therefore be +read as a valuable measurement of public sentiment about the law. +The more responsive the legislature is to that measurement, the +closer the association between community moral standards and the +law will become, and the fewer hung juries there will be. + + + +Larry Dodge is the National Field Representative for the Fully +Informed Jury Association, P.O. Box 59, Helmville, Montana 59843. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hawaii.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hawaii.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1b91a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hawaii.txt @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ + + + + CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF HAWAII + (as amended to 1968) + + PREAMBLE + + We, the people of the State of Hawaii, grateful for Divine + Guidance, and mindful of our Hawaiian heritage, reaffirm our + belief in a government of the people, by the people and for + the people, and with an understanding heart toward all + peoples of the earth do hereby ordain and establish this + constitution for the State of Hawaii. + + FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ADOPTED + + The Constitution of the United States of America is adopted + on behalf of the people of the State of Hawaii. + + ARTICLE I + + BILL OF RIGHTS + +Sec. 1. All political power of this State is inherent in the people; + and the responsibility for the exercise thereof rests with + the people. All government is founded on this authority. + +Sec. 2. All persons are free by nature and are equal in their inher- + ent and inalienable rights. Among these rights are the en- + joyment of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and + the acquiring and possessing property. These rights cannot + endure unless the people recognize their corresponding obli- + gations and responsibilities. + +Sec. 3. No law shall be enacted respecting an establishment of reli- + gion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging + the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the + people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government + for a redress of grievances. + +Sec. 4. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property + without due process of law, nor be denied the equal protec- + tion of the laws, nor be denied the enjoyment of his civil + rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof + because of race, religion, sex or ancestry. + +Sec. 5. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches, + seizures, and invasions of privacy shall not be violated; + and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, sup- + ported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the + place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized + or the communications sought to be intercepted. + +Sec. 6. No citizen shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the + rights or privileges secured to other citizens, unless by + the law of the land. + +Sec. 7. No citizen shall be denied enlistment in any military organ- + ization of this State nor be segregated therein because of + race, religious principles or ancestry. + +Sec. 8 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise + infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a + grand jury, except in cases arising in the armed forces when + in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall + any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put + in jeopardy; nor shall any person be compelled in any crimi- + nal case to be a witness against himself. + +Sec. 9. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines + imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. The + court may dispense with bail if reasonably satisfied that + the defendant or witness will appear when directed, except + for a defendant charged with an offense punishable by life + imprisonment. + +Sec. 10. In suits at common law where the value in controversy shall + exceed one hundred dollars, the right of trial by jury shall + be preserved. The legislature may provide for a verdict by + not less than three-fourths of the members of the jury. + +Sec. 11. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the + right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of + the district wherein the crime shall have been committed, + which district shall have been previously ascertained by + law, or of such other district to which the prosecution may + be removed with the consent of the accused; to be informed + of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted + with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process + for obtaining witnesses in his favor; to have the assistance + of counsel for his defense. The State shall provide counsel + for an indigent defendant charged with an offense punishable + by imprisonment for more than sixty days. + +Sec. 12. No person shall be disqualified to serve as a juror because + of sex. + +Sec. 13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- + pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the + public safety may require it. The power of suspending the + privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the laws or the + execution thereof, shall never be exercised except by the + legislature, or by authority derived from it to be exer- + cised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall + expressly prescribe. + +Sec. 14. The military shall be held in strict subordination to the + civil power. + +Sec. 15. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of + a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms + shall not be infringed. + +Sec. 16. No soldier or member of the militia shall, in time of peace, + be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner + or occupant, nor in time of war, except in a manner pre- + scribed by law. + +Sec. 17. There shall be no imprisonment for debt. + +Sec. 18. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public + use without just compensation. (amended 1968) + +Sec. 19. The power of the State to act in the general welfare shall + never be impaired by the making of any irrevocable grant of + special privileges or immunities. + +Sec. 20. The enumeration of rights and privileges shall not be con- + strued to impair or deny others retained by the people. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hcinews.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hcinews.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b1b0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hcinews.txt @@ -0,0 +1,797 @@ + +Subject: HCI Semi-Annual Progress Report + + Handgun Control Semi-Annual Progress Report + December 1992 + +X HCI's agenda for action in the 103rd Congress detailed - the Brady Bill + and beyond! + +X HCI's '92 PAC victories: Welcoming new friends + +X Hollywood celebs highlight Center to Prevent Handgun Violence's + first Washington, DC, gala, honoring Jim Brady + +X Center's anti-violence curriculum launched in key school districts + across country + +X Gun dealers beware: CPHV's Legal Action Project is watching you + +X It's not too late to vote! HCI's Board of Directors ballot enclosed + +X HCI lobbyists shut out the NRA hired guns on the state level this year + +X Sign up for HCI's '93 Annual Members' Meeting + +------ + +"Free the Brady Bill" Succeeds, But Measure Left Unfinished as +Congress Adjourns + + Despite getting off to a great start in the 102nd Congress, with +passage of the Brady Bill - for the first time - in the U.S. House of +Representatives in May 1991, the 102nd Congress adjourned without +sending this important bill to the President. + + The U.S. Senate, which had passed the Brady Bill as part of its +larger, more comprehensive omnibus crime bill, ultimately failed to get +enough votes to send the conference (final version) crime bill to the +President in the last days of the session. Senate leaders had tried +unsuccessfully throughout 1992 to break a Republican filibuster to move +the bill. The U.S. House passed the conference version ten months +earlier. + + When it became clear that the Brady Bill was being held hostage to a +stalled crime bill, Handgun Control launched a massive, national +grassroots effort to "Free the Brady Bill" and move it separately. At +more than three dozen news conferences from coast to coast during the +month of September, local handgun control advocates, doctors, teachers, +mayors, law enforcement officers, clergy and victims joined together in +an unprecedented effort to persuade Congress to send the Brady Bill to +the President. On the kick-off day, Sarah Brady joined Coretta Scott +King and other civil rights leaders in Atlanta, and Jim Brady joined +Mayor David Dinkins and law enforcement leaders in New York City to call +for action. Ten other cities from Los Angeles to Portland, Maine, +hosted events that first day. + + Our efforts paid off when, on September 28th, Senate Majority Leader +George Mitchell (ME) "freed" the Brady Bill, by reintroducing it as a +free-standing measure. However, under strong threat of a filibuster, +orchestrated by NRA-backed Senators Phil Gramm (R-TX) and Larry Craig +(R-ID), an NRA Board Member, Mitchell was not able to bring the bill up +for a separate vote before adjournment. + + While a handful of Republican Senators blocked votes on both the +crime bill containing the Brady Bill, and the Brady Bill as a separate +measure, President Bush attempted to posture himself as "moderate" on +the Brady Bill. Appearing on a national television talk show, Bush said +that he supported the Mitchell-Dole measure (the final Senate Brady +Bill language). However, his true position became clear when on October +2nd, the day the Senate failed to move the omnibus crime bill, NBC News +reported that "the President's aides have told Senate Republicans to +stand firm - no separate vote on handgun controls, no action this year." + + With President Bush no longer able to clock this important bill, we +are confident we will see the Brady Bill become law very soon. + + [picture] Coretta Scott King joins Sarah Brady in Atlanta for kick-off + "Free the Brady Bill" news conference. + +------ + + 102nd Congress Yields Gun Control Victories + + Although the 102nd Congress adjourned without sending the Brady Bill +to the President, it did produce two key gun control victories. + + Congress stopped the restoration of gun rights to convicted felons, a +program which had been administered by the federal Bureau of Alcohol, +Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). This program, which cost ATF more than $4 +million per year, and involved more than 40 full-time federal employees, +had restored the right to possess firearms to more than 2,000 felons +between 1985 and 1990. In committee, Rep. Larry Smith (D-FL) added a +provision to the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government +Appropriations Bill which forbids ATF from spending any money on this +program. The bill subsequently cleared both Houses of Congress, was +signed into law, and the money and staff will now be directed toward +enforcing federal gun laws. + + And, in a major victory for District of Columbia residents, who +overwhelmingly passed an assault weapon dealer liability law a year ago, +a serious challenge to this landmark law was rebuffed. NRA supporter, +Sen. Bob Smith (R-NH), offered an amendment to repeal the District's +law to the Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary Appropriations Bill on +the Senate floor, where it was adopted. Fortunately, Sen. Howard +Metzenbaum (D-OH) crafted an agreement to get the repeal language +removed from the final appropriations bill, saving the law, which holds +that gun dealers and sellers can be held civilly liable for the deaths +and injuries caused by assault weapons in Washington, D.C. + +------ + +HCI On The Move Across America + +In 1992, Handgun Control state legislative efforts resulted in a shutout +against the National Rifle Association. In every previous year, the NRA +has passed at least one state bill - preemption legislation, carrying +concealed weapons legislation, or Constitutional "right to bear arms" +amendments. This year, Handgun Control, Inc., and our allies have +defeated the NRA's legislation in every state, with major battles +occurring Indiana, Louisiana and Missouri. On the state and local +level, we are beating the NRA across the nation. In what appears to be +an important trend toward saving the lives of children, many states have +passed child accident protection (CAP) laws, which hold adults liable if +a child gets hold of a loaded, accessible handgun. + +FLORIDA The legislature passed a bill banning shotgun ammunition +marketed as "Dragon's Breath." + +HAWAII Capping a two-year effort, the legislature passed a landmark bill +banning assault pistols and pistol ammunition magazines holding more +than ten rounds. This bill is significant because it is the first +_state_ law to use a generic definition of assault weapons, and its +magazine ban is the most restrictive in the nation. The legislature +also passed a child accident prevention bill and a bill to increase the +State's waiting period to 14 days. After meeting with Sarah Brady in +Washington, D.C., Governor John Waihee signed all three bills last +spring. + +INDIANA After the Senate passed an NRA bill which would have preempted +all local gun control laws, we focussed attention on how absurd it was +to wipe out effective laws when crime is on the rise, and managed to +defeat the NRA proposal on the House floor. + +LOUISIANA The NRA suffered a tremendous setback in the South when the +Louisiana House of Representatives defeated a bill to allow citizens to +carry concealed weapons. The measure was the subject of an intense +lobbying effort by HCI, law enforcement, and activists in the State. + +MARYLAND The legislature passed, and the Governor signed into law, the +broadest state child accident prevention law to date, stating that +adults can be held liable even if no injury occurs. HCI worked closely +with Governor Schaefer and Marylanders Against Handgun Abuse in this +successful two-year effort. + +MINNESOTA The Minnesota legislature passed a first-in-the-nation law +prohibiting the sale of firearms to persons convicted of spousal abuse. +This new law was skillfully ushered through the legislature by Citizens +for a Safer Minnesota. + +MISSOURI An NRA bill to allow citizens to carry concealed weapons passed +the House, but was killed in a Senate committee after HCI worked with +the local law enforcement community to explain how dangerous this +measure was to the public safety. + +NEW JERSEY Completing a two-year effort, the legislature passed, and the +Governor signed into law, a child accident prevention bill. + + Also in New Jersey, it appears that the legislature will not succeed +in its NRA-backed effort to overturn Governor Florio's veto of +legislation designed to repeal the State's historic ban on assault +weapons. However, since the NRA has invested more than $300,000 in a +attempt to elect pro-gun lawmakers, we must be prepared for another +attempt to defeat this public safety law. + +WISCONSIN Completing a three-year effort, the legislature passed, and +Governor Tommy Thompson signed into law, a child accident prevention +bill. + +CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The City of Chicago enacted a ban on the possession +of both assault weapons and ammunition magazines holding more than 12 +rounds. + +HOUSTON, TEXAS In response to a series of tragedies, the City Council +passed a strong child accident prevention bill. + +------ + +HCI's Legislative Agenda for the 103rd Congress + + HCI lobbyists will hit the ground running in January, as the new +Congress convenes. With a new Administration and many new advocates in +Congress, we have an unprecedented opportunity to advance out +life-saving agenda. + + First we must quickly pass the Brady Bill, the cornerstone of an +effective federal gun policy. In 1991, we stunned the gun lobby by +pushing this important measure through both the House and Senate by huge +margins. We must ensure that this bill becomes law early in the +session. + + The Brady Bill alone will save many, many lives and prevent countless +injuries. But after this measure is law, we have many other important +battles to fight. + +Banning Crime Guns + + There are whole categories of guns and gun accessories which are +primarily used in crime - not for law enforcement, sport, or +self-protection. In the next Congress we will work to: + +* Ban military-style, semi-automatic assault weapons like the UZI and +the AK-47. + +* Ban large-capacity ammunition magazines, such as "banana clips," which +hold 30-40 rounds, and "drum" magazines, which hold 75-90 rounds of +ammunition at a time. + +* Ban low-quality, easily concealable Saturday Night Special handguns. +These are already banned from import. They should not be produced +domestically. + +Curbing Interstate Gun Running + + The Brady Bill will make it much tougher for gun traffickers to buy +weapons on a "cash-and-carry" basis in one state and take them to +another to sell on the black market. But we will also work for +legislation to: + +* Stop the sale of unlimited numbers of handguns to the same buyer. + +* Stop the issuance of federal gun licenses to individuals who are not +operating retail businesses. + +* Stop unregulated private sales of handguns, such as sales by +unlicensed individuals at gun shows. + +Protecting Children Through Safety Requirements + + Too many children are killed or maimed in gun accidents every year. +HCI lobbyists will work to: + +* Require safety devices be built into all new guns, to minimize the +chances of accidental shootings. + +* Require handgun buyers to complete a training course on safety, just +as automobile drivers must do to obtain licenses. + + Finally, we know the ever-more-extreme NRA will not sit idle next +year. Over the past year, their aggressive membership drive, which +played on fears over the L.A. riots, has recruited many new members and +raised millions of dollars. The new NRA President, Bob Corbin, has +vowed to double the NRA membership - to over 5 million. The NRA will +continue to be a formidable foe in our fight for a sensible national gun +policy. + + But the future is bright, and with hard work and your help, we will +succeed. + +------ + +HCI/CPHV Name New President + + Richard Aborn, a New York City-based attorney was elected President +of Handgun Control and its sister organization, The Center to Prevent +Handgun Violence, in June. Aborn, who had served on HCI's Board of +Directors for four years and the Center's for one, has been involved in +the gun control movement since 1979. A former homicide prosecutor in +the Manhattan District Attorney's Office, Aborn has been directly +involved in a wide range of activities promoting gun control - from +testifying in support of legislation to lobbying on Capitol Hill. Aborn +has served to two commissions dedicated to utilizing the public health +profession in violence prevention, and has worked with law enforcement +on methods to stop illegal gun trafficking. + +------ + +Guns Don't Die... People Do + +> In Tampa, FL, at their wedding reception, an angry bride threw a plate +of macaroni at her new husband, who responded by shooting her in the +stomach with a handgun. + +> A 16-year-old Japanese exchange student living in Baton Rouge, LA, was +shot to death when he failed to understand a warning to "Freeze!" after +mistakenly approaching the wrong house for a Halloween party. + +> A Milwaukee man said he was "just being stupid" when he tried to shoot +a beer can off the head of a 16-year-old, who died from the stunt. + +> A 15-year-old honor student was murdered while gardening at his +Washington, D.C., home. He was apparently chosen at random by a gunman +who said he "had the urge to do it." + +> A Philadelphia, PA, executive fatally shot himself at his New Mexico +ranch while apparently using a loaded shotgun as a crutch. + +> A Miami, FL, clubgoer who was chased into a men's room and doused with +beer by a woman, shot a man to death for laughing at him. + +> "I'm the NRA" posterboy, actor Jameson Parker, was shot in a dispute +with his neighbor over dog waste. + +------ + +Members' Page + +New Materials to Help Spread Message + + Our 1990 "God Bless America" poster is now available. As in years +past, it makes a powerful statement on the need for sensible gun laws. +If you would like a copy, please contact Shawn Taylor at (202) 898-0792. + + HCI bumper stickers are here! Show your support by putting one on +your car, hanging it in your office, or passing them out to your +friends. To receive a bumper sticker, send a stamped, self-addressed +envelope to "Bumper Sticker," 1225 Eye Street, NW, Suite 1100. +Washington, D.C. 20005 + +[poster] IN 1990, HANDGUNS KILLED + 22 PEOPLE IN GREAT BRITAIN + 13 IN SWEDEN + 91 IN SWITZERLAND + 87 IN JAPAN + 10 IN AUSTRALIA + 68 IN CANADA + AND 10,567 IN THE UNITED STATES. + + GOD BLESS AMERICA. + +[snub-nose revolver painted red, white, and blue] +[fine print unreadable in newsletter] + + STOP HANDGUNS BEFORE THEY STOP YOU. + +------ + +HCI Rocks at Lollapalooza + + Once again, HCI participated in the summer concert series, +Lollapalooza, in an effort to reach America's young people - those most +at risk of gun violence. Lollapalooza was organized by former Jane's +Addiction lead singer Perry Farrell to promote political activism among +young, progressive music lovers. The 32-date tour travelled from San +Francisco to Florida, featuring bands, local artists, local musicians, +and performers. HCI staff and volunteers distributed "NRA-NOT!" and +"I'm for Gun Control and I Vote" stickers and HCI material to the +concert-goers. + + We'd like to thank everyone who volunteered at our booths, all across +the country. We couldn't have done it without you. See you again, next +year! + +------ + +Citizen Action Groups Form in Wake of Gun Violence. + + Gun control advocates are countering the powerful lobbying efforts of +the NRA with grassroots citizen action. + + "Virginians Against Handgun Violence" was formed earlier this year by +citizens outraged at the rising incidents of gun violence in the +Tidewater area. Armed with HCI's House Party video kits, VAHV enlisted +more than 200 new HCI members in less than 60 days! VAHV is now +actively building coalitions around the state to encourage state +legislators to enact tougher gun laws. + + In Iowa, the "November First Coalition" was formed in the wake of a +gunman's shooting spree on the University of Iowa campus, which left +five people dead and one woman permanently paralyzed. Organizer Dennis +Smith declared, "A statewide network of concerned citizens has a +profound influence with lawmakers and a tremendous education impact on +local communities." + + Gun violence prevention and education groups have also formed this +year in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. They join +already established groups in Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, +Ohio, Oregon, Minnesota, Missouri, and Washington, which have become an +indispensable part of our grassroots campaign. Kudos to all of you! + + For more information on HCI's House Party video kit, call Jane Kelso +at 202-989-0792. + +------ + +Don't Miss the 1993 Handgun Control, Inc. Members' Meeting and Lobby Day + +Annual Members' Meeting - Monday, June 7th +Lobby Day - Tuesday, June 8th + + The Annual Member's Meeting and Lobby day are two days of valuable +information on the gun control movement and HCI's lobbying strategy. +You can attend workshops led by HCI Chair Sarah Brady and HCI staff, +learn more about the education and legal action work of the Center to +Prevent Handgun Violence, and visit your federal legislators. It's also +a great time to meet other gun violence victims and gun control +advocates to share views and ideas on how to build our movement. You +don't want to miss it! + + [] I'd like more information on HCI's Annual Member's Meeting and +Lobby Day. Please send an information packet to me at the address +listed below. [space for Name, Address, City/State/Zip, Phone Number] +Return these coupons to: Handgun Control, 1225 Eye St., NW, Room 1100, +Washington, DC 20005 + +------ + +Dear Sarah, + +I want to help you and Jim in your lobbying efforts to enact the Brady +Bill and an assault weapons ban early in the 103rd Congress. + +I'm enclosing a special contribution to assist Handgun Control, Inc., in +its aggressive lobbying campaign for 1993 and beyond. + +Enclosed is my contribution for: [check-off boxes for $15/25/50/other] +[space for Name, Address, City/State/Zip, Phone Number] + +------ + +CENTER TO PREVENT HANDGUN VIOLENCE +CENTER REPORT + +[picture of baby playing with pistol] + + Founded in 1983 by Pete Shields, also a founder of Handgun Control, +Inc., the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence is a national 501 (c)(3) +education, research and legal action organization. Its mission is to +educate the public about the scope of handgun violence and ways to +prevent it. + + This initiative is base on the Center's recognition that fundamental +change in public attitudes - and an increased level of public outrage - +is necessary to reduce the wave of gun violence endangering today's +society. + +LAP Outgunning NRA + + In its first three years of existence, the Center's Legal Action +Project (LAP) has become the guardian of our nation's gun control laws +and the champion of the legal rights of victims against the gun +industry. + + Facing a relentless gun lobby legal attack on new state and local gun +laws passed with HCI support, Legal Action Project lawyers have been in +courtrooms from coast to coast defending these hardwon legislative +victories. + +> California: A federal appeals court upheld California's assault +weapon ban, dismissing the NRA's lawsuit attempting to overturn the law. +The Legal Action Project had filed a brief in support of the law, along +with a coalition of nine police groups. _The_NRA_is_expected_to_ +_appeal_the_decision_to_the_Supreme_Court_. + +> New York City: A federal judge rebuffed the NRA's attempt to stop New +York's assault rifle ban from going into effect. The Legal Action +Project entered the case as amicus curiae, with eight New York police +groups. + +> Columbus, Ohio: With the Project's help, the Columbus assault weapon +ban survived a federal suit by gun makers Colt's Manufacturing and +Springfield Armory. + + The Legal Action Project is also taking the offensive against gun +violence by helping victims and their families in liability lawsuits +against irresponsible gun dealers. In Farley v. Guns Unlimited, in +Virginia Beach, Virginia, Project lawyers helped to achieve the +nation's first jury verdict against a gun dealer for selling a pistol +to a minor through an adult "straw purchaser." The Project's help also +was instrumental in the Goldfarb v. The Grant Boys case, which resulted +in a $900,000 settlement against a California dealer who sold a shotgun +to a woman who showed obvious signs of mental instability while in the +gun shop. The woman shot and killed an acquaintance several hours +later. The price tag was still attached to the gun. + + Groundbreaking victims' cases like these are sending a strong message +to the gun industry: putting profit ahead of public safety can carry a +high price. As a Washington Post editorial put it, "Those who supply +these weapons must bear the costs of marketing decisions that expose +society to extraordinary risks." + + Finally, Project lawyers are exposing NRA lies and distortions of the +Second Amendment wherever they are found. Last year, the Center's +landmark study of high school social studies texts found widespread +ignorance by textbook writers about court decisions limiting the Second +Amendment right to the "well-regulated militia." We are working to +ensure that those who publish textbooks, and the educators who by them, +understand the truth: that the Second Amendment _does_not_ guarantee an +individual right to own guns. + +------ + +First CPHV Gala a Smashing Success + + "Be a Life Saver - Help Stop the Violence" was the theme of the +Center's first-ever Washington fundraising gala, held on June 8th. +Actor Beau Bridges emceed the event, which honored Former White House +Press Secretary James Brady. Mr. Brady received the first annual "Pete +Shields" award, which recognizes the outstanding work of one individual +who has made a difference in the campaign for a safer America. The +award, named for the Center's founder, Pete Shields, was presented to +Jim by Pete's wife, Jeanne. Mrs. Shields expressed Pete's regrets that +he was unable to attend. + + Hundreds of supporters showed up, including Washington, D.C. Mayor +Sharon Pratt Kelly, Senator Paul Simon (D-IL), D.C. Delegate Eleanor +Holmes Norton, Daniel Shea, President of the American Academy of +Pediatrics, and D.C. Police Chief Isaac Fulwood. Entertainment was +provided by Comedy Central's Paul Provenza. + +[picture] Actress Mariette Hartley, Wendy Bridges, Beau Bridges and D.C. + Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton greet Jim Brady at CPHV gala. + +------ + +Docs Help Parents Keep Kids Safe + + Parents can now learn from the pediatricians how to prevent childhood +gun injuries, a leading cause of death for children. Under a new +partnership program of the Center and the American Academy of Pediatrics +(AAP), pediatricians across the country will be counseling parents and +distributing safety information. + + Just as doctors warn parents of other household dangers and potential +hazards, they will explain to parents that guns in the home are a danger +to children and that their children may be at risk where they play and +visit, as well. Doctors will counsel parents on the risks guns in the +home present to children, and provide clear prevention steps to avoid +gun accidents. + + The Center worked with the AAP, with its 44,000 member pediatricians, +to develop effective educational tools for doctors, and for parents. +Pediatricians will be provided with a kit containing posters for their +waiting rooms, brochures to distribute to parents, and background +information for their use, including an audiotape discussion by C. +Everett Koop, MD, former U.S. Surgeon General. + + In November, "Child Safety and Protection Month," the Center and the +AAP began distributing these educational kits to a random sample of +pediatric practices nationwide to evaluate the materials before +embarking on a large scale national distribution. + +------ + +"Straight Talk" About Guns and Kids + +[picture] Jim Brady is joined by school children + at STAR kick-off in New York City + + Daily headlines are a harrowing reminder of the violence striking our +children, our communities and our schools. Every day, 12 American +children under the age of 19 are killed in gun homicides, suicides and +accidents. Many more are wounded. + + The Center has undertaken a multi-year effort to educate American +schoolchildren about avoiding the danger of guns and to provide ways to +prevent gun violence. We have developed and introduced the nation's +first comprehensive gun violence prevention program for Pre-K-12 +students. + + Straight Talk About Risks (STAR) helps students build life-saving +skills, such as critical thinking, problem solving, resisting peer +pressure and managing anger or conflicts nonviolently. STAR +demonstrates that gun fights and shooting accidents between children and +teens _can_ be prevented - when young children recognize the dangers of +guns and know how to stay away from them - when teens learn to resist +peer pressure to carry or handle weapons - and when parents unload and +lock up guns in the home, away from children. + + The STAR program is considered by school teachers and administrators +across the country as a proactive step towards reducing gun violence +among children, both at home and in the community. New York City public +schools adopted STAR last spring to combat a rising tide of gun violence +in schools. The State of New Jersey followed by putting STAR in more +than 25 middle schools, statewide. STAR is also reaching thousands of +students in Los Angeles, San Diego, Oakland and Ventura County, +California. Plans for a national expansion are underway. + + STAR services and materials, often paid for by grant funding, include +teacher training, a curriculum guide for teachers, videos for middle and +high school students, and tools for educating parents. STAR is +available in English and Spanish to maximize student and parent +involvement. + +------ + +Entertainers Join Fight Against Gun Violence + + The Center's Los Angeles-base Entertainment Resources Division is +working with entertainers, writers and producers in an effort to get gun +violence prevention themes incorporated into television, music and +films. + + In August, the Center held its first "lot briefing" at Universal +Studios, attended by more than 100 writers, producers, actors, and +entertainment executives, to familiarize them with the issue of gun +violence and to share ideas. CPHV Chair Sarah Brady was joined by +Michael Chitwood, Police Chief of Portland, Maine, and Garen Wintemute, +MD, a nationally recognized health and gun violence prevention expert. +The briefing included motivating and informative sessions on the issues +of guns in the home, guns in schools, guns and self-protection, and +children and guns. + + A similar briefing was held in November at Warner Brothers Studios. +The Entertainment Resources Division will continue to encourage industry +professionals to portray the tragic consequences of gun violence in +their creative projects. + +------ + +Where There's a Will, There's a Way + + Through your will or through planned giving of assets, you guarantee +that your commitment to preventing gun violence will carry into the +future and become a lasting memorial for a safer society. + + If you would like to receive additional information on giving through +your will - or through other giving plans - please complete the +information, right, and mail to our Development Office at 1225 Eye +Street, N.W., Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20005 or call us as (202) +289-7319. All gifts made to the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence are +tax deductible to the full extent of the law. + +[space for Name, Address, City/State/Zip, Daytime telephone] + +------ + +NRA Fails to "Clinton-Proof" 103rd Congress + +New Gun Control Supporters Elected + + Long before the first ballots were cast in this year's Presidential +election, the NRA had already conceded the contest to Arkansas Governor +Bill Clinton, an outspoken advocate of the Brady Bill and a ban on +semi-automatic assault weapons. + + With their grip on the White House slipping away, the NRA focussed +its efforts on the U.S. Congressional races, with a nearly $3 million +campaign to "Clinton-proof" the Congress. + + The NRA's goal was to win enough seats in the House and Senate to +block any new control proposals. They did not succeed. + + In the Senate, the NRA failed to make any significant gains. Of the +36 seats up this year, Brady Bill supports won 18 - a not loss of only +one for us. However, we expect we'll have to face a major battle to +defeat an NRA-backed effort to substitute legislation for the Brady +Bill, and may still have to fight a filibuster. + + Newly elected HCI supporters include Senators-elect Carol Moseley +Braun (D-IL), Barbara Boxer (D-CA), Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), Patty +Murray (D-WA), and Bruce Feingold (D-WI). + + In the House, of the top 24 incumbents in the NRA's "hit list," +_only_two_were_defeated_. Gun control leaders like Congressmen Bill +Hughes (D-NJ), Herb Bateman (R-VA), Vic Fazio (D-CA), and Tom Andrews +(D-ME) all beat back fierce challenges by well-funded, pro-NRA +candidates. + + HCI's Voter Education Fund ran hard-hitting radio and print ads in a +number of key House and Senate races, highlighting the candidates' +positions on the gu issue. We won in four of the six most hotly +contested House races. + + Governor Clinton's victory, and his strong support for sensible gun +laws, greatly improves the chances for passing meaningful legislation in +the 103rd Congress. And while we still face tremendous opposition from +the NRA, we no longer need to overcome the added obstacle of an +administration bent on frustrating our efforts. + +[picture] Senator-Elect Carol Moseley Braun, a strong handgun control + advocate, was endorsed by Illinois native Jim Brady in September. + +------ + +Ballot: Handgun Control, Inc., Board of Directors + +Please detach and mail this entire page by December 31. +Return to: Handgun Control, Inc., 1225 Eye Street, NW, Suite 1100, +Washington, D.C. 20005 +Vote for ONE candidate: To ensure that the gun lobby cannot disrupt +this election, only original ballots will be accepted. Please do not +return copies of this page. + + +[] WILLIAM BLOOMFIELD, Jr. Los Angeles, California + + President of Web Service Company, Inc. Raised in Los Angeles, +degrees from University of California Berkeley & Harvard University. + + "I am involved in Handgun Control to help level the playing field. +The NRA's deleterious effect on the legislative process needs to be +neutralized so the people can be protected by the firearm legislation +they need. + + I purchased a billboard on Santa Monica Boulevard. It ran for seven +months on one of the busiest streets in Los Angeles. Hundreds of +thousands of area residents witnessed Handgun Control's powerful +message. I will bring to the Board my experience gained from running a +large, successful corporation, and my passion for the cause." + + +[] VINCENT DEMARCO Baltimore, Maryland + + Assistant Attorney General of Maryland; Author of Maryland's landmark +law banning Saturday Night Special handguns. Baltimore _Sunpapers_ +"Marylander of the Year," 1988. Current Chairman of Marylanders Against +Handgun Abuse. + + "I first became seriously involved in the gun control movement in +late 1985. Our preemptive lobbying paid off when, as predicted, the NRA +mounted a massive effort for a bill in the 1986 Session of the Maryland +General Assembly to overturn the _Kelley_ case, the MD Court of Appeals +decision holding distributors of Saturday Night Special handguns liable +for damages caused by these crime guns. + + The bill to ban Saturday Night Specials was presented to the 1988 +General Assembly and passed by wide margins in both Houses and was +signed by the Governor. This new measure was recognized around the +country as a landmark gun control law. During the 1992 session, I +organized a coalition of law enforcement, community, religious, +education, medical, and child advocacy groups behind a landmark child +accident prevention law. Our new law took effect on October 1, 1992." + + +[] MICHAEL GARNER Seattle, Washington + + Partner, Short, Cressman & Burgess; volunteer attorney with the +Center to Prevent Handgun Violence + + "I see Handgun Control's agenda as having three key items - to +educate, to persuade and to advocate. The educational process has +largely succeeded, but must continue. However, our next step is to +persuade our lawmakers to enact legislation we so desperately need. +This requires marshalling public efforts and one-on-one meetings with +our representatives. The third stage will be to provide the legal +defense necessary to withstand the inevitable attacks which come on the +constitutionality of the legislation after it has been enacted. + + We need to move more aggressively and confidently into the second and +third areas. As a lawyer, I have had a chance to work with legislators +and defend legislation in our courts. I believe I can contribute my +professional experience and personal commitment to serve Handgun +Control, and would welcome the opportunity to do so." + + +[] NELSON GOODMAN, MD Crownsville, Maryland + + Doctor since 1954; Bowie Internal Medicine Associates, 1970 to +present. Member since 1982 and long-time HCI Network Activist. + + "As a physician, I have witnessed firsthand the results of handgun +violence, and have sought to emphasize the medical aspects of the +handgun problem. I have sought support for study, dialogue, and +legislative initiatives on the part of organized medicine to promote +handgun control. I have been successful (along with others) in gaining +AMA endorsement of gun control statutes on a national level, and Med Chi +(the state medical society of Maryland) help, locally. + + As a native of Baltimore, I have long recognized the need to control +the distribution and the use of handguns because of the devastation they +wreak and the fear the engender. The are a major factor in the decline +of our cities; and their havoc continues to escalate and spread. + + I have written many letters and resolutions, have testified before +the Maryland legislature several times, and currently work for control +of handguns on several committees of the Medical Society." + + +[] DANIEL SEIGEL Havertown, Pennsylvania + + Attorney, Gay & Chacker, Member since 1983 and along-time HCI Network +Activist and local spokesperson. + + "I frequently participate - both on my own and at HCI's request - in +radio and television programs discussing the issue of gun control. + + In addition, I write extensively about both gun control and Second +Amendment issues. Last year, I authored "The Second Amendment: +Judicial Unanimity, Gun Owner Dissent," a chapter in The Bill of Rights: +a Bicentennial View, a book published by the Pennsylvania Bar +Association. + + My legal practice provides me with an opportunity to assist and +represent victims of handgun violence. In these cases, it becomes +increasingly obvious why we need laws to prevent persons who should not +have guns from obtaining them. Stiff sentences for crimes committed +with a gun may remove the criminal from the streets, but they do +absolutely nothing for the innocent victim. The only thing that could +have assisted the victim is a pre-sale background check. My diverse +experience will be an asset to HCI's Board." + +------ + +VOTE! + +------ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hckrslg.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hckrslg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68ff59d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hckrslg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +The Hacker's League +Lee Felsenstein +18 March 1992 + +Theory + + The Hacker's League is modeled loosely after the American +Radio Relay League (A.R.R.L.), an organization of technological +adventurers of the Edwardian period. In its heyday, the radio +amateurs moved from being nuisances to being important +contributors to the development of radio technology. In a field +which demanded governmental regulation for orderly operation, the +A.R.R.L. represented the interests of amateurs in the councils of +government and organized ongoing educational activities through +which newcomers to the field could learn not only the technology +involved, but also the human interactions which connect the +technology to the outside world. + + The most recent triumph of radio amateurs has been the +development of packet radio, which has recently been adopted by +Motorola as the basis for its "wireless local loop" for wireless +telephone operation. Thanks to the amateurs, it was developed +and tried out in an open environment outside of commercial +pressures which tend toward secrecy and exclusion. + + In the area of computers and telecommunication, there are +several parallels between today's hackers and the radio amateurs +of 1915. Hackers are seen by the respectable technological +players as nuisances capable of doing great damage and generally +without redeeming qualitites. They were indistinguishable from +rogue broadcasters who trampled on other signals in their urge to +cover the longest distance. In the corridors of power there was +a movement toward outlawing them. Nontechnical people did not +know quite what to think about this problem and its suggested +solution. + + The A.R.R.L. was more than a lobbying organization, though. +It provided a means for the mutual education essential to the +growth of any technology, a route of entry open to all comers, +and a social scene to accompany the technological forum. Through +the A.R.R.L. green kids could encounter grizzled oldtimers who +would be unapproachable in their positions the industry. At +field days and other events the cameraderie of being explorers +overcame the barriers of class and position as well as those +engendered by commercial competition. Networking was possible in +the amateur environment which forwarded the operation in the +commercial and professional environments. + + The concept of the Hacker's League is similar but different +as befits the different nature of the technology. The aim is to +provide a situation in which otherwise unqualified entrants to +the field can engage in informal learning situations, test their +skills as a means of exercising their craft, gain hands-on +experience with systems which would be unobtainable otherwise, +and participate on both sides of mentoring and tutorial +relationships. + + The Hacker's League would provide an outlet for the creative +energies which are otherwise expended making life worse for +perceived or imagined enemies through unauthorized entry to +systems and other illegal or unethical conduct. Such energies +would be turned toward projects which advance the state of the +art, and in a way which undermines the arrogance and exclusivity +of the corporate managers which hackers find so tempting a +target. + + To the charge that the Hacker's League would become a front +for the interests of industry may be raised the defense that by +exploiting industry's fear of low-level disorder it would provide +an organizing platform for higher-level attack upon the +technological underpinnings of the existing structure. Consider +the difference between outcomes had hackers in the 1970's been +content to organize politically for access to mainframes. There +would have been no personal computer industry, and the power +relationships would not have undergone the radical changes +brought about by the triumph of open architecture. One might +well have said then that the amateur computer activity was a +distraction from the true task of tugging at the sleeve of power, +yet we can all see the effects of that activity. + + The Hacker's League could be seen as a guild serving to +restrict entry to the membership of the technical elite. In +fact, the League would be far more open than the current system +of university education. It would provide a means of testing to +see whether one is suited to the demands of the technology +without exacting years of commitment to learning prerequisites. +Within the Hacker's League there would be much more mobility +among specialties than exists in university curricula, and the +doors would be open to underage entrants and those who come later +in life after entrance to a university becomes difficult or +impossible. + + Still, the human tendencies which lead toward exclusivity +and the formation of cliques will always be with us, and we must +bear themin mind as we proceed in conceptualizing and realizing +the Hacker's League. The technology in which we work tends to +eliminate the need for centralization, and one of the important +outcomes of the Leagues's development would be the demonstration +of the decentralized mode of organization, as noble an +exploration as might be contemplated, int he opinion of many. + + After all, the primary challenge is not so much in the +hardware, or the physical form of the systems of +intercommunication and interaction around which society develops. +The important work is in developing the social forms of use of +this technology which forwards the common good as well as that of +the individual. New ways of thinking, as Einstein said, are the +urgently needed ingredient for the humanization and survivalof +society. The Hacker's League would not only provide a +development bed for social innovations involving the use of +information technology, but it would empower those innovations +through the parallel development of the technology and, most +importantly, of the human network through which the technology is +made to come alive. + +Practice + + The Hacker's League would be membership organization open +to nonmembers for certain functions. It would be organized as a +nonprofit educational and scientific organization. Its +publications would be freely available to all interested readers. + + The League would hold periodic local events demonstrating +technical achievements of members or chapters, and offering +places for individuals outside the League to exhibit or to engage +in low-level trade, such as swap meets. A newcomer would most +probably make first contact at such events, and might decide to +attend a local chapter meeting. + + Meetings of local chapters would be high in information +exchange and low in structure. Newcomers would be acknowledged +and provided with a brief orientation so that they would not feel +put off by displays of technical virtuosity or cliquishness. If +the newcomer desired further involvement, there would be a set of +course tracks available as suggested paths for establishing, +through achievement, one's level of skill. These might be +thought of as Scout Merit Badges, although the name would +probably not be used. + + In the early stages of involvement, the newcomer might +interact with a designated instructor who is also working to +establish skill in teaching and coaching. Later, as the newcomer +gains skill and established competence, he or she would be +recommended for more individual instruction and consultation from +more highly skilled mentors. Such mentoring relationships would +be an important feature of the League, both as a means and and +end. + + The League at the local level would acquire maintain +obsolescent equipment which would be operated and imporved by the +members through development projects proposed from the +membership. Telecommunication resource would also be solicited +as donations from carriers, on the none-too-subtle suggestion +that the availability of such resource in such a context is +conducive to the developmentof skilled citizens instead of +antisocial attackers. Through this resource the League would +maintain its larger structure, which would be a communication- +based overlay of networks and ad-hocracies. + + Through these structures conflicitng positions could be +discussed and debated in a functioning participatory democracy. +Informed plebiscites would be conducted both as a means of +determining the senseof the League on issues of importsnce and as +development projects testing the capabilities of information +technology under various arrangements of use. The highest +structure of orgnization would be at the local level, and the +administrators at wider levels might be given titles, such as +Janitor, which tend to prevent puffery and self-glorification. +Sapiential authority would be fostered within the League as +opposed to positional authority. + + The newcomer would progress from establishing his or her +level of skill to a process of exploring the available courses of +self-development. It would be possible to propose a specific +course different from the recommended courses. The newcomer +would then engage in projects which require the improvement in +skill level under the supervision or review of competent skilled +members. + + This should be seen as professional development (where the +word has no connotation of "earning a livelihood") and since it +is a responsibility of all professionals to teach adn transmit +their skills, the newcomer would along the way be expected to +perform as an instructor and later a supervisor and mentor to future +newcomers. Thus, progress in self-development would not be +simply a matter of the "neat hacks" one could accomplish, but +would require an integration into the society first of hackers, +then the broader society. There is no reason why technologists +must rely on others to represent their work to the public or the +polity. + + One of the public service functions performed by the +members of the Hacker's League (and this performance would be +explicitly carried out by the members and not by the +"organization") would be consultation on informational security +and integrity of communications within everyday society. Members +of the League would provide a service of analysis of proposals, +investigations of system misuse and pursuit of abusers which +would rest on itsown professional foundation rather than serving +direct commercial ends which might distort the conclusions of +investigations. + + To use a popular metaphor, members ofthe HAcker's League +might be compared to doctors on the Electronic Frontier, with +their own loose medical association to keep quackery at bay and +serving a public health function. Or perhaps the analogy might +be to schoolteachers who also write literature and literary +criticism, as well as turningout works of art and organizing +criticism of the same. Obviously, this metaphoric space needs +work. + + One can expect to betterone's material condition through +participating inthe networks of relationships which would be the +Hacker's League, if one has the skill and aptitude to improve +one's skills. If not, it would be no shame to cease +participation. An important function of the League would be to +encourage the incompetent to go elsewhere without opprobium. +They may well turn up as administrators within industry, and it +is in no ones' interest for there to be hostile relations based +upon "loser" status. + + In fact, the Hacker's League would be a way to do away with +the "winner/loser" dichotomy. If you try, you win to some +degree, and younger members less secure in themselves need to +learn this, at times to a desperate degree. One can take on more +thnone can handle, be allowed to fail with support from those +more experienced, and not incur actual or emotional costs which +would otherwise drive one away from such experimentation. The +Hacker's League wouldn't be working without a measurable degree +of honestly won failure on the partofits members. + + What types of projects would be undertaken? Perhaps the +development of distributed operating systems suitable for +networks of variegated intelligent devices; elegant user front- +ends and development environments for intuitive system +configuration; pidgin speech (unnatural language) recognition +systems; new structures of groupware; posibly neural networks at +higher levels. + + But these are my own conjectures, and what would actually +transpire would almost certainly make these guesses look +ridiculously quaint and primitive. Let's give it a chance to +happen. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/health.txt b/politicalTextFiles/health.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84ea962 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/health.txt @@ -0,0 +1,538 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please Redistribute. + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON + AFFORDABLE, QUALITY HEALTH CARE + + + +We can't afford four more years without a president +with a plan and the will to guarantee affordable, +quality health care for every American. The +American health care system costs too much and does +not work. It leaves 60 million Americans without +adequate health insurance and bankrupts our +families, our businesses, and our federal budget. +Instead of putting people first, Washington favors +the insurance companies the drug companies, and the +health care bureaucracies. They are strangling the +most advanced health care system in the world. + +And working Americans are paying the price. Since +1980, the average cost of individual health +insurance rose from $1000 to $3000 a year. Today +health care costs are the number one cause of +labor disputes, bankruptcies, and growth in the +federal deficit. People can't change jobs because +insurance companies will deny them coverage because +of "pre-existing conditions." Small businesses are +caught between going broke and doing right by their +employees. Working men and women are forced to pay +more while their employers cover less. + +Health care should be a right, not a privilege. +And it can be. We are going to preserve what's +best in our system: your family's right to choose +who provides care and coverage, American innovation +and technology, and the world's best private +doctors and hospitals. But we will take on the +bureaucracies and corporate interests to make +health care accessible to every American. + +The United States is the only advanced country in +the world without a national health care plan. In +the first year of a Clinton/Gore Administration, +that will change. We will send a national health +care plan to Congress, and we will fight to pass +it. No American family should have to go from the +doctor's office to the poorhouse. + +Cap national spending to control health care costs + +* Create a health standards board made up of + consumers, providers, business, labor and + government. The health standards board will + establish an annual health budget for the + nation to limit both public and private + expenditures. + +* Crack down on billing fraud and eliminate + incentives that invite abuse. + +Take on the insurance industry + +* Ban underwriting practices that waste billions + trying to discover which patients are bad + risks; prohibit companies from denying + coverage to individuals with pre-existing + conditions. + +* Protect small businesses through "community + rating," which requires insurers to spread + risks evenly among all companies. + +* Shut down the "paper hospital" and replace + expensive and complex financial forms and + accounting procedures with a simplified, + streamlined billing system with one claim + form. Under the current system, 1,500 + companies waste millions of dollars processing + 1,500 sets of forms. + +* Work to provide everyone with "smart cards" + coded with personal medical information. + +Stop drug price gouging + +* Eliminate tax breaks for drug companies that + raise their prices faster than Americans + incomes rise to protect American consumers and + bring down prescription drug prices. + +* Discourage drug companies from spending more + on marketing than on research and development + because saving lives must come before making + money. + +Establish a core benefits package + +* Through the health standards board, guarantee + a basic health benefits package that includes + ambulatory physician care, inpatient hospital + care, prescription drugs, and basic mental + health services. The package will also + include expanded preventive treatments such as + pre-natal care, mammograms, and routine health + screenings. + +* Allow consumers to choose where they receive + care to ensure a better fit between provider + strengths and consumer needs. + +* Expand Medicare for elderly and disabled + Americans to include more long-term care; + place special emphasis on home- and + community-based care, and make funding + flexible so that those who need care can + decide what serves them best. + +Develop health networks + +* Give consumers access to a variety of local + health networks made up of insurers, + hospitals, clinics and doctors to end the + costly duplication of services and encourage + the shared use of key technologies. + +* Allocate to networks a fixed amount of money + for each consumer, the networks the necessary + incentive to control costs. + +Guarantee universal coverage + +* Guarantee every American a core benefits + package set by the health standards board + either through their employer or by buying + into a high-quality public program. No one + will be cut off, cancelled, denied or forced + to accept inferior care. + +* Limit costs for small employers by allowing + them to group together and form larger groups + to purchase less costly health insurance, or + to buy into the public program if it is the + cheapest option. + +* Phase in business responsibilities, covering + employees through the public program until the + transition is complete. + +* Improve preventive and primary care through + community-based health solutions. A + successful health plan must provide all + Americans with adequate access to health + facilities. The Clinton/Gore plan will expand + school-based clinics and community health + centers in medically under-served areas. + +Giving children a healthier future + +* Bill Clinton provided outspoken support for + school-based health clinics. The state now + funds 21 such clinics reaching thousands of + Arkansas children who wouldn't otherwise have + access to health care. Clinic services range + from health screenings to immunizations to + education. + +* Increased Early Periodic Screenings, Diagnosis + and Treatment (EPSDT) screenings by more than + 2,000 percent. + +* Helped reduce the Arkansas infant mortality + rate by 43 percent. Arkansas' infant + mortality rate dropped from 20 percent above + the national average in 1978 to virtual parity + in 1990. + +* Introduced the Healthy Beginnings/Nurse + Midwife Program to provide low-income women in + East Arkansas with access to comprehensive + maternity care. + +* Established the "Good Beginnings" program, + which took advantage of new federal + regulations to provide basic health services + to more low-income women and their children; + Arkansas was the first state to launch such a + program. + +* Proposed and passed a "Health Care Access Law" + designed, among other things, to provide + universal health coverage for all Arkansas + children under age 16, regardless of family + income. The law emphasizes preventive and + primary care. + +* Senator Gore was the principal sponsor of the + Infant Formula Act to improve nutrition and + safety standards. + + +Providing better care and more choice for the +elderly + +* Bill Clinton established the ElderChoices + program to allow the state Department of Human + Services to give senior citizens alternatives + to nursing home care -- including personal and + home health care, adult day-care services, and + more -- with funds formerly available only for + nursing home care. + +* Imposed strict regulations on nursing homes in + his first term, before strict federal + regulations were implemented, and has since + strengthened these regulations. + +* Initiated a broad range of cost-effective + in-home health care and supportive services + for people recovering from serious or chronic + illnesses, or who require assistance with + daily living activities, to avoid + institutionalization. + +* Increased funding for in-home services from + $2.4 million in fiscal year 1981 to a budgeted + $38 million for 1992-93. + +* Senator Gore led the fight for the "Medigap" + law to protect seniors from buying worthless + insurance coverage. + +* Sponsored a law establishing Alzheimer's + treatment centers. + +* Senator Gore was a leader in the fight to make + generic drugs more available and reduce the + cost of prescription drugs. + +Responding to the AIDS crisis + +* As chairman of the National Governors' + Association, Governor Clinton formed the first + working group of governors to develop an AIDS + policy. Clinton was a moving force in the + creation of an AIDS action plan adopted by the + Governors' Association, which called for + education and prevention efforts at the local, + state and federal levels. + +* Established the AIDS Advisory Committee for + Arkansas, which makes recommendations on HIV + policy and program services. + +* Developed confidential AIDS testing in all 75 + Arkansas counties. + +* Al Gore supported funding for Ryan White AIDS + programs, including research and education. + +* Voted to provide emergency relief to + metropolitan areas hardest hit by AIDS. + +* Promoted development of a full range of + services including in-home assistance such as + chore services, personal care, home nursing + care, and home delivered meals, and + community-based services such as + transportation, respite care, and friendly + visiting. + +Improving the health of all Americans + +* Strengthened the Arkansas State Employees + Health Insurance Program. Between 1982 and + 1991, Arkansas' contribution increased by 335 + percent while the state employees' premium for + family coverage grew by only 89 percent. + Because the program is self-insured, it does + not pay premium taxes or produce a profit. + Currently, for every $1 collected, 97 cents + are paid in claims and only 3 cent in + administrative fees. The $200 yearly + deductible, 80/20 co-payment scheme and $5,000 + Stop-Loss provision provide some of the best + coverage in the nation to current and retired + public employees. + +* Proposed and passed a "bare bones" health + insurance coverage program, which will allow + employers who have not provided employee + health insurance for the previous 12 months to + offer a package without some services usually + thought to increase costs for employers and + employees. + +* Developed key programs to improve rural + health: the Rural Physician Recruitment and + Retention Program encourages physicians to + locate and practice family medicine in small + Arkansas communities; Rural Medical Practice + Student Loans and Scholarships provide support + for medical students agreeing to practice in + rural communities. + +* Enacted a 1989 law requiring the Director of + the Department of Health to establish and + administer quality standards for X-ray + facilities conducting mammography. + +* Appointed Dr. Joycelyn Elders State Health + Department Director. She has received the + National Governors' Association Distinguished + Service Award, the National Endowment of the + Arts' Mary Futrell Award for Creative + Leadership in Women's Rights, and the American + Medical Association's Dr. Nathan Davis Award. + +* In August 1992, Arkansas was one of twelve + states which received funding as part of the + Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's State + Initiatives in Health Care Financing Reform + Programs. Arkansas was chosen for its + innovative approach to increase health + insurance coverage to residents and to contain + the escalating costs of health care. + +* Senator Gore conducted hearings that led to + the passage of the National Organ Transplant + Act, which Gore also helped write. The Act + established a national network to match organ + donors and recipients. + +* Led efforts to establish and expand the + National Bone Marrow Donor Registry, which now + lists more than 200,000 potential donors. + +* Co-sponsored legislation to help strengthen + rural hospitals. + +* Wrote and steered to passage the Cigarette + Labeling Act to require stronger warning + labels on the health effects of smoking. + +Giving children a healthier future + +* Bill Clinton provided outspoken support for + school-based health clinics. The state now + funds 21 such clinics reaching thousands of + Arkansas children who wouldn't otherwise have + access to health care. Clinic services range + from health screenings to immunizations to + education. + +* Increased Early Periodic Screenings, Diagnosis + and Treatment (EPSDT) screenings by more than + 2,000 percent. + +* Helped reduce the Arkansas infant mortality + rate by 43 percent. Arkansas' infant + mortality rate dropped from 20 percent above + the national average in 1978 to virtual parity + in 1990. + +* Introduced the Healthy Beginnings/Nurse + Midwife Program to provide low-income women in + East Arkansas with access to comprehensive + maternity care. + +* Established the "Good Beginnings" program, + which took advantage of new federal + regulations to provide basic health services + to more low-income women and their children; + Arkansas was the first state to launch such a + program. + +* Proposed and passed a "Health Care Access Law" + designed, among other things, to provide + universal health coverage for all Arkansas + children under age 16, regardless of family + income. The law emphasizes preventive and + primary care. + +* Senator Gore was the principal sponsor of the + Infant Formula Act to improve nutrition and + safety standards. + + +Providing better care and more choice for the +elderly + +* Bill Clinton established the ElderChoices + program to allow the state Department of Human + Services to give senior citizens alternatives + to nursing home care -- including personal and + home health care, adult day-care services, and + more -- with funds formerly available only for + nursing home care. + +* Imposed strict regulations on nursing homes in + his first term, before strict federal + regulations were implemented, and has since + strengthened these regulations. + +* Initiated a broad range of cost-effective + in-home health care and supportive services + for people recovering from serious or chronic + illnesses, or who require assistance with + daily living activities, to avoid + institutionalization. + +* Increased funding for in-home services from + $2.4 million in fiscal year 1981 to a budgeted + $38 million for 1992-93. + +* Senator Gore led the fight for the "Medigap" + law to protect seniors from buying worthless + insurance coverage. + +* Sponsored a law establishing Alzheimer's + treatment centers. + +* Senator Gore was a leader in the fight to make + generic drugs more available and reduce the + cost of prescription drugs. + +Responding to the AIDS crisis + +* As chairman of the National Governors' + Association, Governor Clinton formed the first + working group of governors to develop an AIDS + policy. Clinton was a moving force in the + creation of an AIDS action plan adopted by the + Governors' Association, which called for + education and prevention efforts at the local, + state and federal levels. + +* Established the AIDS Advisory Committee for + Arkansas, which makes recommendations on HIV + policy and program services. + +* Developed confidential AIDS testing in all 75 + Arkansas counties. + +* Al Gore supported funding for Ryan White AIDS + programs, including research and education. + +* Voted to provide emergency relief to + metropolitan areas hardest hit by AIDS. + +* Promoted development of a full range of + services including in-home assistance such as + chore services, personal care, home nursing + care, and home delivered meals, and + community-based services such as + transportation, respite care, and friendly + visiting. + +Improving the health of all Americans + +* Strengthened the Arkansas State Employees + Health Insurance Program. Between 1982 and + 1991, Arkansas' contribution increased by 335 + percent while the state employees' premium for + family coverage grew by only 89 percent. + Because the program is self-insured, it does + not pay premium taxes or produce a profit. + Currently, for every $1 collected, 97 cents + are paid in claims and only 3 cent in + administrative fees. The $200 yearly + deductible, 80/20 co-payment scheme and $5,000 + Stop-Loss provision provide some of the best + coverage in the nation to current and retired + public employees. + +* Proposed and passed a "bare bones" health + insurance coverage program, which will allow + employers who have not provided employee + health insurance for the previous 12 months to + offer a package without some services usually + thought to increase costs for employers and + employees. + +* Developed key programs to improve rural + health: the Rural Physician Recruitment and + Retention Program encourages physicians to + locate and practice family medicine in small + Arkansas communities; Rural Medical Practice + Student Loans and Scholarships provide support + for medical students agreeing to practice in + rural communities. + +* Enacted a 1989 law requiring the Director of + the Department of Health to establish and + administer quality standards for X-ray + facilities conducting mammography. + +* Appointed Dr. Joycelyn Elders State Health + Department Director. She has received the + National Governors' Assocation Distinguished + Service Award, the National Endowment of the + Arts' Mary Futrell Award for Creative + Leadership in Women's Rights, and the American + Medical Association's Dr. Nathan Davis Award. + +* In August 1992, Arkansas was one of twelve + states which received funding as part of the + Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's State + Initiatives in Health Care Financing Reform + Programs. Arkansas was chosen for its + innovative approach to increase health + insurance coverage to residents and to contain + the escalating costs of health care. + +* Senator Gore conducted hearings that led to + the passage of the National Organ Transplant + Act, which Gore also helped write. The Act + established a national network to match organ + donors and recipients. +* Led efforts to establish and expand the + National Bone Marrow Donor Registry, which now + lists more than 200,000 potential donors. + +* Co-sponsored legislation to help strengthen + rural hospitals. + +* Wrote and steered to passage the Cigarette + Labeling Act to require stronger warning + labels on the health effects of smoking. + +* Gore authored and helped enact into law the + Trauma Core Revitalization Act, which makes + grants to hospital trauma incurring + substantial uncompensated costs in providing + trauma care in areas of high rates of crime + related drug trafficking. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hertecon.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hertecon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81627b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hertecon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +THE HERITAGE OF ECONOMIC LIBERTY + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +For the Founding Fathers, economic liberty was inseparable +from the case for political freedom. Many of the grievances +enumerated in the Declaration of Independence concern British +infringements on the free movement of goods and men between +the thirteen colonies and the rest of the world. + +It was not a coincidence that the same year that saw the +Declaration of Independence also saw the publication of Adam +Smith's Wealth of Nations. Both represented the ideas of the +age. When Smith spoke of a "system of natural liberty" in +which, "every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of +justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interests +his own way and to bring both his industry and capital into +competition with those of other men," he was expressing the +economic vision of most of those who fought for freedom from +British imperialism in the thirteen colonies. + +Following independence, the thirteen independent states were +loosely bound together by the Articles of Confederation. Many +of the Founding Fathers, however, raised concerns about +economic policies which the sovereign states were +implementing. They had introduced various forms of economic +nationalism into their relationships with not only European +countries, but also among themselves. + +They imposed tariffs against the goods of other states. They +gave monopoly trading privileges to their respective citizens +in various lines of manufacturing and commerce. They passed +legal tender laws excluding or hampering the free choice in +media of exchange by private individuals. They entered into +trade wars with each other. Having broken free from the +shackles of British mercantilism when they declared their +independence in 1776, by the late 1780s the sovereign states +were all practicing that against which they had fought in the +war for independence. + +To overcome these economic barriers, the writers of the +Constitution (that replaced the Articles of Confederation in +1787) included in Article 1, Section 8 that, "the Congress +shall have the Power . . . To regulate Commerce with foreign +Nations, and among the several States . . ." + +For many, the meaning of "to regulate" in the Constitution was +meant to prohibit economic nationalism and make the several +states a single, unified free trade area. Most of the Founding +Fathers were very familiar with the free trade ideas of +Scotsmen like Adam Smith and David Hume and their French +colleagues, the Physiocrats. They knew that these free traders +were correct when they advocated the free movement of goods, +men, and ideas from one part of the globe to another. Freedom +and prosperity were to be linked together in one system of +human liberty. + +The philosophy of wide economic freedom was believed in and +advocated during most of the 19th century. Said Daniel +Webster, for example, in 1814: "It is the true policy of +government to suffer the different pursuits of society to take +their own course, and not to give excessive bounty or +encouragement to one over another. This also is the true +spirit of the Constitution. It has not, in my opinion, +conferred on the government the power of changing the +occupation of the people of different states and sections and +of forcing them into other employments." + +The same view was still respectable and defended toward the +end of the nineteenth century. President Grover Cleveland, in +his 1893 inaugural address, "condemned the injustice of +maintaining protection . . . . It perverts the patriotic +sentiment of our countrymen, and tempts them to a pitiful +calculation of the sordid gain to be derived from their +government maintenance. It undermines the self-reliance of our +people, and substitutes in its place dependence upon +governmental favoritism." It created, President Cleveland +said, the spirit of governmental "paternalism." + +While the United States government never completely removed +itself from the economic affairs of the people, broad economic +freedom was more the rule than the exception in the last +century. Why? To quote Daniel Webster once more, "The general +sense of this age sets with a strong current in favor of +freedom of commercial intercourse and unrestrained action." +Economic liberty, Webster argued, was "the general tide of +opinion." + +In our time, the general tide of opinion in the United States +has not been kind to either freedom of commercial intercourse +or unrestrained individual action. The reverse has been the +case. Listen to two voices from the contemporary business +community. + +Lee Iacocca believes that, "the 1980s were a time of quick +bucks, greed, and a lot of corruption . . . . [W]e've got to +work and pull this country up by its bootstrap." And Mr. +Iacocca sees an important role for government in guiding us +away from our "lustful and greedy" ways. + +Steve Jobs, founder of Apple Computer, argues that, "getting +rid of General Noriega is important, but I wish the computer +industry would get a tenth of the space on our national agenda +that he has. We have to make these issues national +priorities." Technological achievements are still possible for +America, he believes, through "government leadership." The +problem is that "the private sector [is] dancing to its short- +run tune," while government leadership can offer us the long- +term vision for intelligent decision-making. + +Many economists no longer share Adam Smith's vision. Lester +Thurow, dean of the Sloan School of Management at MIT, says +that the Japanese "pick out an industry to conquer" and unless +we (read: the government) do something to stop their invasion +of America, "they" will own and control and "we" will work and +obey. Edward Ellwood, of the Harvard John F. Kennedy School of +Government, insists that, "We also need to make sure everybody +has medical protection outside of the welfare state. Every +other major industrialized country has found a way to do this. +In the next ten years, we will do the same . . . . We ought to +move toward a uniform national system of child support with +payments deducted automatically by the government from the +employer." + +For one hundred years, Adam Smith's economic system of natural +liberty has been under attack. The idea that men, left to +their own decisions, can make better choices for themselves +than a paternalistic government, and that free men interacting +with each other through voluntary exchange can produce more +wealth and prosperity than any form of government planning or +intervention, has been denied and often ridiculed. + +At the same time, the Marxist view of society has permeated +the conscience of the world, including America. Great wealth +and financial success bear the stigma of unscrupulous behavior +and deceitful conduct. How could a person or company have +accumulated so much wealth and influence in a market unless +they have been dishonest and exploitive? Besides, why does +anyone need so much while so many in the society still have so +little? + +The only solution to government regulation and redistribution +of wealth in 20th century America is an amendment to the +Constitution that recognizes and guarantees a separation of +the economy and the State. Only the establishment of economic +freedom on a par with freedom of speech, religion and the +press can assure that there will be fewer ambiguities +concerning the rights of the people and their economic +affairs. + +But such a constitutional reform will not be possible until +there occurs a change in "the general tide of opinion." Not +until people fully realize that the cherished freedoms under +the Constitution are truly protected only with inviolatable +private ownership of all property; not until people are +convinced that each man is a better judge of his own affairs +than any economic planner or social engineer; not until there +is a firm belief that a man has a right to that which he has +honestly produced or acquired through voluntary exchange; not +until it is recognized that redistribution of wealth through +the political process is merely one person plundering another +via the use of an elected middle man--will we be able to +remove the power of Congress to regulate and intrude into +peaceful and mutually-beneficial economic activities of the +American people. + +This Fourth of July, as we wave the flag and watch the rockets +red glare, let us also, as the Founding Fathers, "mutually +pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred +Honor" to awaken in ourselves, and all those with whom we +interact, a renewed faith in free men and an understanding of +the peace and prosperity that can only come from unhampered +free markets and free trade. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College in Michigan and also serves as +Vice-President of Academic Affairs of The Future of Freedom +Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the July 1990 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hogs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hogs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4c4518 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hogs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ + Honorable Secretary of Agriculture + Washington, DC + + Dear Sir: + + My friend, Ed Peterson, over at Wells, Iowa, received a check + for $1,000.00 from the government for not raising hogs. So, I + want to go into the "not raising hogs" business next year. + + What I want to know is, in your opinion, what is the best kind + of farm not to raise hogs on, and what is the best breed of hogs + not to raise? I want to be sure that I approach this endeavor in + keeping with all government policies. I would prefer not to raise + Razorbacks, but if that is not a good breed not to raise, then I + will just as gladly not raise Yorkshires or Durocs. + + As I see it, the hardest part of this program will be keeping + an accurate inventory of how many hogs I haven't raised. + + My friend, Peterson, is very joyful about the futures of the + business. He has been raising hogs for twenty years or so, and + the best he ever made on them was $422.00 in 1968, until this + year, when he got your check for $1000.00 for not raising hogs. + + If I get $1,000.00 for not raising 50 hogs, will I get $2,000. + for not raising 100 hogs? I plan to operate on a small scale at + first, holding myself down to about 4,000 hogs not raised, which + will mean about $80,000.00 for the first year. Then I can afford + an airplane. + + Now another thing, these hogs that I will not raise, will not + eat 100,000 bushels of corn. I understand that you pay farmers + not to raise corn and wheat. Will I qualify for payments for not + raising corn and wheat not to feed the 4,000 hogs I am not going + to raise? + + Also, I am considering the "not milking cows" business, so + send me any information you have on that also. + + In view of these circumstances, you understand that I will be + totally unemployed and plan to file for unemployment and food + stamps. + + Be assured you will have my vote in the coming election. + + Patriotically yours: + + xxxxxxxxx + + P.S. Would you please notify me when you plan to distribute + more free cheese?? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/hous95.txt b/politicalTextFiles/hous95.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..256c821 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/hous95.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1391 @@ + 5-23-95 + + UNITED STATES CONGRESS + + HOUSE DIRECTORY + + 104th Congress + 1995-96 + + + Cannon=Cannon Building + LHOB=Longworth House Office Bulding + RHOB=Rayburn House Office Building + + Address: Washington, D.C. 20515 + + E-Mail correspondence may be limited to constituents. Include your + mailing address with your e-mail message if a response is desired. + + + DS ST Representative (Party) Phone & E-Mail Fax + == == ============================= ============== ============== + + 0 AK Young, Don (R) 1-202-225-5765 1-202-225-0425 + 2331 RHOB + + 1 AL Callahan, H. L. (R) 1-202-225-4931 1-202-225-0562 + 2418 RHOB + + 2 AL Everett, Terry (R) 1-202-225-2901 na + 208 Cannon everett@hr.house.gov + + 3 AL Browder, Glen (D) 1-202-225-3261 1-202-225-9020 + 2344 RHOB + + 4 AL Bevill, Thomas (D) 1-202-225-4876 1-202-225-1604 + 2302 RHOB + + 5 AL Cramer Jr, Robert E. (D) 1-202-225-4801 1-202-225-4392 + 236 Cannon budmail@hr.house.gov + + 6 AL Bachus, Spencer (R) 1-202-225-4921 1-202-225-2082 + 127 Cannon + + 7 AL Hilliard, Earl F. (D) 1-202-225-2665 1-202-226-0772 + 1007 LHOB + + + 1 AR Lincoln, Blanche Lambert (D) 1-202-225-4076 1-202-225-4654 + 1204 LHOB + + 2 AR Thornton, Raymond (D) 1-202-225-2506 1-202-225-9273 + 1214 LHOB + + 3 AR Hutchinson, Tim (R) 1-202-225-4301 1-202-226-1163 + 1005 LHOB + + 4 AR Dickey, Jay (R) 1-202-225-3772 1-202-225-1314 + 230 Cannon jdickey@hr.house.gov + + + AS Faleomavaega, Eni F.H. (D) 1-202-225-8577 1-202-225-8757 + 2422 RHOB + + + 1 AZ Salmon, Matthew (R) 1-202-225-2635 1-202-225-3405 + 115 Cannon + + 2 AZ Pastor, Ed (D) 1-202-225-4065 1-202-225-1655 + 223 Cannon edpastor@hr.house.gov + + 3 AZ Stump, Robert (R) 1-202-225-4576 1-202-225-6328 + 211 Cannon + + 4 AZ Shadegg, John (R) 1-202-225-3361 1-202-225-3462 + 503 Cannon + + 5 AZ Kolbe, James T. (R) 1-202-225-2542 1-202-225-0378 + 205 Cannon + + 6 AZ Hayworth, John (R) 1-202-225-2190 1-202-225-3263 + 1023 LHOB + + 1 CA Riggs, Frank (R) 1-202-225-3311 1-202-225-3403 + 1714 LHOB + + 2 CA Herger, Walter W. (R) 1-202-225-3076 1-202-225-3245 + 2433 RHOB + + 3 CA Fazio, Vic (D) 1-202-225-5716 1-202-225-0354 + 2113 RHOB + + 4 CA Doolittle, John T. (R) 1-202-225-2511 1-202-225-5444 + 1526 LHOB + + 5 CA Matsui, Robert T. (D) 1-202-225-7163 1-202-225-0566 + 2311 RHOB + + 6 CA Woolsey, Lynn (D) 1-202-225-5161 1-202-225-5163 + 439 Cannon woolsey@hr.house.gov + + 7 CA Miller, George (D) 1-202-225-2095 1-202-225-5609 + 2205 RHOB gmiller@hr.house.gov + + 8 CA Pelosi, Nancy (D) 1-202-225-4965 1-202-225-8259 + 2457 RHOB sfnancy@hr.house.gov + + 9 CA Dellums, Ronald V. (D) 1-202-225-2661 1-202-225-9817 + 2108 RHOB + http://www.house.gov/dellums/welcome.html + + 10 CA Baker, Bill (R) 1-202-225-1880 1-202-225-2150 + 1724 LHOB + + 11 CA Pombo, Richard (R) 1-202-225-1947 1-202-226-0861 + 1519 LHOB + + 12 CA Lantos, Thomas (D) 1-202-225-3531 1-202-225-3127 + 2217 RHOB talk2tom@hr.house.gov + + 13 CA Stark, Pete (D) 1-202-225-5065 1-202-225-0902 + 239 Cannon petemail@hr.house.gov + + 14 CA Eshoo, Anna G. (D) 1-202-225-8104 1-202-225-8890 + 308 Cannon annagram@hr.house.gov + + 15 CA Mineta, Norman Y. (D) 1-202-225-2631 na + 2221 RHOB tellnorm@hr.house.gov + + 16 CA Lofgren, Zoe (D) 1-202-225-3072 1-202-225-3336 + 118 Cannon + + 17 CA Farr, Sam (D) 1-202-225-2861 1-202-225-6791 + 1117 LHOB samfarr@hr.house.gov + + 18 CA Condit, Gary (D) 1-202-225-6131 1-202-225-0819 + 2444 RHOB + + 19 CA Radanovich, George (R) 1-202-225-4540 1-202-225-3402 + 313 Cannon george@hr.house.gov + + 20 CA Dooley, Calvin M. (D) 1-202-225-3341 1-202-225-9308 + 1227 LHOB + + 21 CA Thomas, Bill (R) 1-202-225-2915 1-202-225-8798 + 2208 RHOB + + 22 CA Seastrand, Andrea (R) 1-202-225-3601 1-202-225-3426 + 1216 RHOB andrea22@hr.house.gov + + 23 CA Gallegly, Elton (R) 1-202-225-5811 1-202-225-1100 + 2441 RHOB + + 24 CA Beilenson, Anthony (D) 1-202-225-5911 na + 2465 RHOB + + 25 CA McKeon, Howard P. (R) 1-202-225-1956 1-202-226-0683 + 307 Cannon tellbuck@hr.house.gov + + 26 CA Berman, Howard L. (D) 1-202-225-4695 1-202-225-5279 + 2231 RHOB + + 27 CA Moorhead, Carlos J. (R) 1-202-225-4176 1-202-226-1279 + 2346 RHOB + + 28 CA Dreier, David (R) 1-202-225-2305 1-202-225-4745 + 411 Cannon + + 29 CA Waxman, Henry A. (D) 1-202-225-3976 1-202-225-4099 + 2408 RHOB + + 30 CA Becerra, Xavier (D) 1-202-225-6235 1-202-225-2202 + 1119 LHOB + + 31 CA Martinez, Matthew G. (D) 1-202-225-5464 1-202-225-5467 + 2239 RHOB + + 32 CA Dixon, Julian C. (D) 1-202-225-7084 1-202-225-4091 + 2252 RHOB + + 33 CA Roybal-Allard, Lucille (D) 1-202-225-1766 1-202-226-0350 + 324 Cannon + + 34 CA Torres, Esteban E. (D) 1-202-225-5256 1-202-225-9711 + 2368 RHOB + + 35 CA Waters, Maxine (D) 1-202-225-2201 1-202-225-7854 + 330 Cannon + + 36 CA Harman, Jane (D) 1-202-225-8220 1-202-226-0684 + 325 Cannon jharman@hr.house.gov + + 37 CA Tucker III, Walter R. (D) 1-202-225-7924 1-202-225-7926 + 419 Cannon tucker96@hr.house.gov + http://www.house.gov/tucker/welcome.html + + 38 CA Horn, Steve (R) 1-202-225-6676 1-202-226-1012 + 129 Cannon + + 39 CA Royce, Ed (R) 1-202-225-4111 1-202-226-0335 + 1133 LHOB + + 40 CA Lewis, Jerry (R) 1-202-225-5861 1-202-225-6498 + 2112 RHOB + + 41 CA Kim, Jay C. (R) 1-202-225-3201 1-202-226-1485 + 435 Cannon + + 42 CA Brown Jr., George E. (D) 1-202-225-6161 1-202-225-8671 + 2300 RHOB + + 43 CA Calvert, Ken (R) 1-202-225-1986 1-202-225-2004 + 1034 LHOB + + 44 CA Bono, Sonny (R) 1-202-225-5330 1-202-225-2961 + 512 Cannon + + 45 CA Rohrabacher, Dana (R) 1-202-225-2415 1-202-225-0145 + 2338 RHOB + + 46 CA Dornan, Robert K. 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(R) 1-202-225-5136 1-202-225-0437 + 241 Cannon + + 11 VA Davis, Thomas (R) 1-202-225-1492 1-202-225-3071 + 415 Cannon + + VI Frazer, Victor (I) 1-202-225-1790 1-202-225-3171 + 1711 LHOB + + VT Sanders, Bernard (I) 1-202-225-4115 1-202-225-6790 + 213 Cannon bsanders@igc.apc.org + + 1 WA White, Rick (R) 1-202-225-6311 1-202-225-3524 + 116 Cannon repwhite@hr.house.gov + + 2 WA Metcalf, Jack (R) 1-202-225-2605 1-202-225-4420 + 507 Cannon + + 3 WA Smith, Linda (R) 1-202-225-3536 1-202-225-3478 + 1217 LHOB asklinda@hr.house.gov + + 4 WA Hastings, Doc (R) 1-202-225-5816 1-202-225-3252 + 1229 LHOB + + 5 WA Nethercutt, George (R) 1-202-225-2006 1-202-225-3392 + 1527 LHOB + + 6 WA Dicks, Norman D. (D) 1-202-225-5916 1-202-226-1176 + 2467 RHOB + + 7 WA McDermott, James A. (D) 1-202-225-3106 1-202-225-9212 + 2349 RHOB + + 8 WA Dunn, Jennifer (R) 1-202-225-7761 1-202-225-8673 + 432 Cannon dunnwa08@hr.house.gov + + 9 WA Tate, Randy (R) 1-202-225-8901 1-202-225-3484 + 1118 LHOB rtate@hr.house.gov + + 1 WI Neumann, Mark (R) 1-202-225-3031 1-202-225-3393 + 1725 LHOB + + 2 WI Klug, Scott (R) 1-202-225-2906 1-202-225-6942 + 1113 LHOB + + 3 WI Gunderson, Steve (R) 1-202-225-5506 1-202-225-6195 + 2185 RHOB + + 4 WI Kleczka, Gerald D. (D) 1-202-225-4572 1-202-225-8135 + 2301 RHOB + + 5 WI Barrett, Thomas M. (D) 1-202-225-3571 1-202-225-2185 + 1224 LHOB + + 6 WI Petri, Thomas E. (R) 1-202-225-2476 1-202-225-2356 + 2262 RHOB + + 7 WI Obey, David R. (D) 1-202-225-3365 1-202-225-3240 + 2462 RHOB + + 8 WI Roth, Toby (R) 1-202-225-5665 1-202-225-0087 + 2234 RHOB + + 9 WI Sensenbrenner, F. J. (R) 1-202-225-5101 1-202-225-3190 + 2332 RHOB + + 1 WV Mollohan, Alan B. (D) 1-202-225-4172 1-202-225-7564 + 2427 RHOB + + 2 WV Wise Jr., Robert E. (D) 1-202-225-2711 1-202-225-7856 + 2434 RHOB + + 3 WV Rahall II, Nick Joe (D) 1-202-225-3452 1-202-225-9061 + 2269 RHOB + + + WY Cubin, Barbara (R) 1-202-225-2311 1-202-225-3057 + 1338 LHOB + + + corrections to grace.york@um.cc.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/housing.txt b/politicalTextFiles/housing.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7547c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/housing.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + + CLINTON/GORE + ON AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR ALL AMERICANS + + + +Home ownership and decent housing are an essential +part of the American Dream. For too many +Americans, that dream is unobtainable. + +Home prices have climbed out of the reach of +middle class Americans. Affordable housing is +often difficult to find for the working poor and +urban residents. During the Reagan-Bush years, +federal appropriations for low-income housing +assistance has dropped dramatically -- and a +massive housing shortage has been the result. +Millions of Americans have been left homeless on +our streets. + +We can reverse the trend by renewing our commitment +to provide decent, safe and affordable homes to all +Americans, and by forging a new alliance between +federal officials, local community leaders, +residents, and housing professionals. Bill Clinton +and Al Gore have a plan to make home ownership more +than a dream for millions of hard-working +Americans. We can't afford to do without it. + +Make home ownership a reality + +* Raise the ceiling on FHA mortgage insurance to + 95 percent of the price of a home in an + average metropolitan area. The increase will + enable half a million American families to buy + their first homes. + +* Make home ownership possible for more + Americans through federal support for + low-income, long-term housing buyout programs, + like Tampa's innovative Resurrection of + Affordable Housing Program. Innovative + packages of long-term subsidized financing + encourage low-income buyers to purchase, + restore and sell condemned housing. + +* Require HUD and the Department of Justice + Civil Rights Division to aggressively enforce + existing fair housing civil rights laws, to + open up housing opportunities currently closed + by discrimination. + +* Maintain the mortgage revenue bond program to + make affordable housing a reality for + thousands of Americans. + +Help America's renters + +* Strengthen the HOME program by giving more + authority and flexibility to the state and + local officials who administer it. Congress + created HOME in 1990 to provide additional, + quality rental housing for low-income + Americans, but at the Administrations urging + it limited localities choices in the use of + HOME funds. + +* Permanently extend the Low Income Housing Tax + Credit to spur private development of low- and + very low-income housing; the credit helps + produce more than 120,000 homes a year. + +Revitalize America through community development + + +* Put neighborhoods at the center of our efforts + to revitalize America by coordinating existing + housing, education, employment training, + health care, drug treatment and crime + prevention programs. Target resources + community by community to make the most of + scarce federal housing funds. + +* Create a nationwide network of community + development banks to provide small loans to + low-income businesses and entrepreneurs in the + inner cities. These banks will also invest in + affordable housing, and help mobilize private + lenders. + +* Create urban enterprise zones in stagnant + inner cities, but only for companies willing + to take responsibility. Business taxes and + federal regulations will be minimized to + provide incentives to set up shop. In return, + companies will have to make jobs for local + residents a top priority. + +* Ease the credit crunch in our inner cities by + passing a more progressive Community + Reinvestment Act to prevent redlining ; + require financial institutions to invest in + homes in their communities. + +New hope for low-income housing and public housing +residents + +* Empower low-income housing residents to expel + drug dealers and criminals from the buildings + in which they live: encourage programs like + the Chicago Housing Authorities Operation + Clean Sweep, which has helped housing + residents clean up buildings and kick out + criminals; give tenants a greater role in + building management to instill pride and + responsibility, and reduce bureaucracy. +* Preserve our nations multi-billion dollar + investment in public housing by ensuring that + adequate funding for maintenance and upkeep is + included in the HUD budget. + +Fighting homelessness + +* Transfer 10 percent of HUD and other + government-controlled housing to community + non-profit organizations and churches to house + the homeless. + +* Use the housing available at closed military + bases to house the homeless, giving preference + to homeless military veterans. + +* Develop targeted strategies to help different + homeless populations those who need + supported living environments, those who need + residential drug and alcohol treatment, and + those who need housing for their families + because they can't afford it. + +* Hold a Housing and Homelessness Summit with + urban leaders and mayors to create a new + consensus for poverty programs, funding + levels, and federal assistance for innovative + housing crisis solutions. + +The Record + +* Governor Clinton created the Arkansas + Development Finance Authority in 1985. ADFA + has a national reputation for developing + innovative and result-oriented housing + programs which have made possible the purchase + of thousands of homes for low and moderate + income Arkansans. ADFA also initiated a + five-state, first-of-its-kind bond issue which + preserved 46,000 low-income housing units + across the nation. + +* Founded the Arkansas Interagency Council for + the Homeless in order to prepare a plan to + address homelessness in Arkansas. As a + result, thirty state agencies have worked + together in efforts to help the homeless. + +* Senator Gore was an active supporter and + cosponsor of the National Affordable Housing + Act, which provides more affordable housing + for all Americans. The legislation also + encourages more partnerships between the + federal government, the private sector, and + state and local governments. + +* Cosponsored Fair Housing Amendments which add + families and handicapped individuals to the + list of protected groups and streamline the + procedures for enforcing fair housing + legislation. + +* Coauthored the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless + Assistance Act which authorized health care, + emergency food and shelter, child care + services and training for the homeless. + Senator Gore was also an original cosponsor + of the Stewart McKinney Reauthorization Act. + As the number of Americans who are homeless + increases, Senator Gore continues the effort + to fully fund Stewart McKinney homeless + assistance programs. + +* Cosponsored the Rural Homelessness Assistance + Act, which creates a grant program to treat + and prevent rural homelessness. The + legislation also makes FHA inventory housing + available for use as transitional permanent + housing. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/imps-soc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/imps-soc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1e1383 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/imps-soc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF SOCIALISM + +BY RICHARD M. EBELING + +In May, 1988, the Soviet newspaper, Pravda, ran an article +which summarized the condition of the Soviet socialist +economy: "Not one of the 170 essential sectors has fulfilled +the objectives of the Plan a single time over the last 20 +years . . . this has brought about a chain reaction of +hardship and imbalance which has led to 'planned anarchy' +. . . the disequilibrium has affected every pore of our +economy, and has become legendary." + +The term used in the article -- "planned anarchy" -- captures +the essence of socialism. But it also rings out as a +vindication of one of the greatest critics of socialism in the +20th century: the Austrian economist, Ludwig von Mises. + +Seventy years ago, in 1920, the Soviet experience was only +three years old. But already, under the name of "War +Communism," Lenin's Bolsheviks had nationalized industry, done +away with market prices and wages, declared the end of a money +economy and introduced planning in the form of a centrally- +directed command economy. + +That same year, 1920, Ludwig von Mises published one of the +most important essays in the history of economics: "Economic +Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth." In less than fifty +pages, Mises demonstrated clearly and irrefutably that +socialism was doomed to fail. He incorporated his argument +into his 1922 treatise, Socialism, An Economic and +Sociological Analysis. Here, the economic principles of a +socialist system were analyzed in the wider context of the +social, political and cultural pathologies of a collectivist +order. + +It is not an accident that every experiment with socialism has +created what Pravda called "planned anarchy," or as Mises +entitled one of his own books in the 1940s, Planned Chaos. +Even if we ignore the fact that the rulers of socialist +countries have cared very little for the welfare of their own +subjects; even if we discount the lack of personal incentives +in socialist economies; and even if we disregard the total +lack of concern for the consumer under socialism; the basic +problem remains the same: the most well-intentioned socialist +planner just does not know what to do. + +The heart of Mises' argument against socialism is that central +planning by the government destroys the essential tool -- +competitively-formed market prices -- by which people in a +society make rational economic decisions. + +A modern economy with an advanced system of division of labor, +sophisticated technologies and a wide variety of capital +equipment is just too complex for planners to successfully +organize and oversee. There is just too much knowledge (and +too many different types of knowledge) dispersed among too +many people. The planner is unable to centralize all of the +relevant and ever-changing information in a complex society. +He is unable to arrange everything in the economy in just the +right way in order to "get it right." + +Mises explained that in a market economy free of government +intervention, this problem which the socialist planner faces +is non-existent. The key, Mises said, is private property and +individual freedom. In a system of division of labor, in which +all of the transactions require the voluntary consent of +buyers and sellers, self-interest is (as Adam Smith argued +long ago) harnessed to the common good. No one can acquire +what someone else possesses unless he, in turn, offers that +person something he is willing to take in trade. Thus, +improvement in each individual's condition requires that he +consider the wants and desires of his fellow men. + +But in a far-flung, world-encompassing system of division of +labor, in which potential trading partners are separated by +time and space, how do people discover what they should +produce in order to satisfy the consumer demands of others? +And how do they produce efficiently, i.e., with the least +economic waste? + +Mises explained that the institution of private property made +all of this possible. Ownership and voluntary exchange create +opportunities for gains from trade. Competitive bids and +offers for various goods and services generate market prices +at which transactions are consummated. And these prices convey +useful information to everyone in the market about what +products are in demand in the rest of the world. + +At the same time, private ownership of the means of production +permits the acquisition and hire of resources and labor for +the production of goods that consumers may desire to purchase. +The competitive bids of entrepreneurs for the purchase of +those means of production generate market prices for the +necessary resources. These prices enable businessmen to +evaluate the relative value and profitability of using means +of production in alternative ways. They provide the means to +determine which products to produce in the economically least- +costly manner. + +Also, since money serves as the common medium through which +all transactions are undertaken, the market value of all goods +and services, and all means of production, are reduced to a +common denominator for simplified comparison and evaluation -- +their money prices on the market. + +This, Mises said, is what makes possible "economic +calculation" in a market economy. Men are free to make their +own choices. Market prices that arise out of those choices +enable each individual to acquire and share information about +what others desire in the market. The market provides the +method by which people can make their own free decisions in an +economically efficient manner. The entire process redounds to +the benefit of society as a whole. + +The problem with socialism, Mises insisted, is that it short- +circuits the "economic calculation" process. And it does so by +abolishing private ownership of the means of production and +eliminating peaceful, voluntary exchange. With no legal right +of ownership, there is neither ability nor incentive to buy +and sell; with nothing to buy and sell, there are no bids and +offers for commodities or resources; with no bids and offers, +there are no consummated exchanges; with no consummated +exchanges, there arise no market prices; and without market +prices expressing the relative values of commodities and +resources, there exists no rational way of knowing what they +are actually worth to people; therefore, businessmen cannot +know how they should economically and efficiently be used to +satisfy the wants and desires of the consuming public. + +The socialist planner, therefore, is left trying to steer the +collectivist economy blindfolded. He cannot know what products +to produce, the relative quantities to produce, and the +economically most appropriate way to produce them with the +resources and labor at his central command. This leads to +"planned chaos," as Mises called it, or to "planned anarchy" +to which Pravda referred. + +Ludwig von Mises was born on September 29, 1881. This month +marks the 109th anniversary of his birth. (He died on October +10, 1973 at the age of 92.) His greatest work, Human Action, A +Treatise on Economics, was published on September 14, 1949, +forty-one years ago this month. Throughout most of his life, +he was one of the most uncompromising defenders of human +liberty and the free market economy. And he was the most +important critic of socialism in the 20th century. + +But during his life, he was vilified and hated by a large part +of the intellectual community, including many in the economics +profession, around the world. What was his "crime"? In an era +in which the reigning ideology has been collectivism of one +form or another, in which the State has been worshipped as a +god, and in which unswerving obedience to the State is to be +given, Ludwig von Mises defended the individual and his +freedom against omnipotent governments. + +But he did more than that. He also tore to shreds the +socialist fantasy that proclaimed that prosperity could come +from central planning. He not only argued that prosperity and +freedom were compatible, he proved that prosperity could come +only through freedom and free markets. Socialism as a means +for improving the condition of man is impossible. + +Socialism is dying around the world. Those who have lived +under socialism are trying to rediscover the rules and +institutions of a market economy. Ludwig von Mises' life was +dedicated to showing why socialism had to die and why there is +no substitute for a free economy. His courage and devotion to +the principles of freedom shall stand as a model and ideal for +all of us to emulate in future ages. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College and also serves as Vice- +President of Academic Affairs of The Future of Freedom +Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the September 1990 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/independ.txt b/politicalTextFiles/independ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..040bd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/independ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ + + + + DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE + In Congress July 4, 1776 + +The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America + + When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one +people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them +with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate +and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God +entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that +they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. + + We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created +equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable +rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of +happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted +among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; +that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, +it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to +institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and +organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely +to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate +that governments long established should not be changed for light and +transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that +mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to +right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. +But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably +the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute +despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such +government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such +has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the +necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of +government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a +history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct +object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To +prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. + + He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary +for the public good. + + He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and +pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his +assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly +neglected to attend to them. + + He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large +districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of +representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them, and +formidable to tyrants only. + + He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual +uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public +records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with +his measures. + + He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, +with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. + + He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause +others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of +annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; +the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of +invasions from without and convulsions within. + + He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for +that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; +refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and +raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. + + He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his +assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. + + He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of +their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. + + He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of +officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. + + He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the +consent of our legislatures. + + He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior +to, the civil power. + + He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign +to our Constitution and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent +to their acts of pretended legislation: + + For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; + + For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders + which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states; + For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; + For imposing taxes on us without our consent; + For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; + For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses; + For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, + establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging + its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit + instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; + For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, + and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments; + For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested + with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. + + He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his + protection and waging war against us. + + He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and +destroyed the lives of our people. + + He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries +to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun +with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the +most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized +nation. + + He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high +seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners +of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. + + He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to +bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, +whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all +ages, sexes, and conditions. + + In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in +the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only +by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every +act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free +people. + + Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. +We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their +legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have +reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement +here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we +have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these +usurpations which would inevitably interrupt our connections and +correspondence. They too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of +consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which +denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, +enemies in war, in peace friends. + + We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, +in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the +world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the +authority of the good people of these colonies solemnly publish and +declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE +AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved from all allegiance to +the British crown and that all political connection between them and +the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and +that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, +conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all +other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And +for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the +protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our +lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. + +[Signed by] JOHN HANCOCK [President] + [and fifty-five others] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/infohway.txt b/politicalTextFiles/infohway.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8cefdd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/infohway.txt @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ + + The Information Superhighways of Tomorrow + +Albert Gore, Jr. (C) ACADEMIC COMPUTING Magazine +U.S. Senate from November 1989 Volume 4 Number 3 +Tennessee Reprinted by permission + + In the next decade, we'll face many great challenges -- from finding +shelter for two million homeless men, women, and children to giving the +next generation of Americans the best schools on earth. But there will +be no greater economic challenge than the battle to ensure America's +leadership in advanced computer technology. + Supercomputers and networks to connect them are not just another +modern convience. I believe they will soon prove to ge the steam engines +of the Information Age. + In the next century, American competitiveness will depend largely on +how well we exploit our advantage in high performance computing. Super- +computers are going to change the way America thinks and does business. +In the next few years, supercomputers will enable us to design more +efficent car engines and home appliances, forcast the weather more +accurately and further in advance, test new kinds of molecules with +miraculous medical potential, and enhance oil recovery. With high speed +computer networks, a surgeon in Nashville can send a CAT-scan picture +to a colleague at the Mayo Clinic and get a second opinion instantly. +We'll even be able to use computers to design better chips. + But supercomputers will never be able to do all these things in the +future unless we increase access through high speed networks right away. +Last year, I chaired the first major Senate hearing on the state of +supercomputer technology and policy. The message of that hearing was +overwhelmingly clear: If the United States is going to be a supercomputer +superpower in the 1990's we had better start building a high capacity +national research computer network today. + Three years ago, I sponcered the Supercomputer Network Study Act to +explore a fiber optic network to link the nation's supercomputers into +one system. I introduced the bill on the 30th anniversary of the +Interstate Highway System because I believe that high capacity fiber +optic netowrks will be the information superhighways of tomorrow. I +envision a national network linking academic researchers and industry, +clustering research centers and businesses arund network interchanges, +and using the nation's vast data banks as the building blocks for +increasing industrial productivity and creating new products. My +legislation, which was passed as part of the 1986 National Science +Foundation authorization, led to a wide-ranging report on high performance +and supercomputer networks by the Office of Science and Technology Policy. + There are more than one hundred networks in the country, but coordination +among them is limited. The OSTP report found that these superhighways of +tomorrow were more like left-turn lanes at rush hour today -- low capacity, +overloaded, and unable to keep up with demand. Anyone who has used one +can attest to the difficulty of shifting from network to network to find +the right data bank, supercomputer, or colleague. + Dr. John Connolly from the University of Kentucky's Center for +Computational Sciences testified at my hearing that computer users will +be able to send high quality pictures and graphics through supercomputer +networks, but that demand for capacity far exceeds supply. He said the +nation may soon find itself in a "graphic jam". + Obviously, we cannot afford to let American competitiveness die of +frustration on the turnpike. We're making some progress. NSFNET, which +links regional networks to the five national supercomputer centers, now +transmits 1.5 megabits -- the equivalent of 50 pages of single spaced text +per second. By next year, the NSF expects to be running this network 45 +megabits, or an entire Sunday newspaper every second. + The Office of Science and Technology Policy and the National Academy of +Sciences have proposed a three-stage, multibillion-dollar program to +boost data transmission speed on the national research network to 3 gigabits +per second - 2,000 times the current speed -- over the next 15 years. In +my legislation, I called for making the 3-gigabit network a top priority. + The federal government is going to have to take the lead in making sure +our high-performance computing needs are met. We cannot afford to be +Complacement. Can we rely on the market system to provide this kind of +infastructure? We certianly couldn't where the Interstate Highway System +was concerned. Private industry benefited a great deal from the government's +leadership and investment. If companies are not yet interested in building +the networks we need, the federal government needs to get them interested. + This year, in May, I introduced the National High-Preformance Computer +Technology Act of 1989 which will accelerate the development of a national +information infrastructure. We must promote networks, services, databases, +and the common standards to develope a coherent national network. We must +forge ahead with research and development into artificial intelligence, +software, and hardware. And we must train our students to use and apply +technology. We must also examine telecommunicatins regulations that may +hinder the development of a network, and ease any unnecessary restrictions +that may stand in the way. + We manufacture 72 percent of the supercomputers in the world and we like +to tell ourselves that we're "ahead". But the real benifits of super- +computing don't come from making the machines. They come from using the +machines. + That is something our competitors understand. In France, for example, the +Minitel network of small home computer terminals has become a national +obsession. In Japan, the organization that targets key technologies came +up with a list of top priority projects that include a ten billion bit per +second fiber optic network. + Another reason to begin developing a bigger, faster, national network is +that our progress in other scientific fields is generating unprecedented +amounts of data. For instance, the mission to Planet Earth, an immensely +important project ot study the earth's environment from space, is going to +provide more information about the planet than we can handle. The Magellan +probe scheduled to depart for Venus later this year will send back a +trillion bytes of data -- enough information to fill 25,000 hard disks, +with more image data than has been collected by all previous planetary +probes combined. + America has made great strides in computer network technology and +development in the recent years. But for all our progress, we are still +just a few steps ahead of our competitors. + When you're in high speed, high stakes competition with the Japenese, +words of encouragement aren't good enough. Those who invent, build, perfect, +and apply the supercomputers that are going to make the American economy +more productive tomorrow deserve to know that the United States government +is ready to go all out for them today. + The Japenese have proved what a nation can accomplish with one powerful +idea and boundless determination. Now, it's America's turn to do the same - +- and after all, we were the ones who showed them how. Its up to us to renew +the American spirit, and make sure that the American people are ready for +the choice:to ride the bullet train of technological progress or shake our +heads in wonder as we watch it whizzing by. + +Note: This article is based on remarks prepared for National Net `89. +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Albert Gore, Jr +U.S. Senate +Tennessee + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/intabort.txt b/politicalTextFiles/intabort.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9fc0de --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/intabort.txt @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ + "Each day of the week this medical drama, or one very similar is + enacted in communities. Perhaps it is taking place at this very minute + in your town or city. + + Mr. and Mrs. R. live in a northern Ontario city, have three + children and sought permanent protection against unwanted + pregnancy. Mr. R. had a vasectomy, and although he was found to + be infertile on a subsequent sperm count, Mrs. R. became + pregnant a few months later. A repeat sperm count was positive + and a physical examination showed that the vans deferens, had + been severed on one side only. The other side had been + temporarily occluded due to swelling at the operative site,thus + leading to the previously false negative sperm count. + Mrs. R. sough an abortion of this pregnancy that she and her + husband had tried so hard to prevent. He physician informed her + that this was not possible in their city since the theraputic + abortion committee passed very few applications, and then only + in instances where the woman already had six or more children, + or where a psychiatrist had concluded that she was likely to + become insane if she could not have an abortion. + Mrs. R. was forced to make two trips to Toronto, hundreds of + miles away, at her own expense, to procure an abortion. The + first trip was necessary in order for her to be seen by the + gynecologist. She then returned home to await the deliberation + of the the theraputic abortion committee. On the second trip the + procedure was carried out in a Toronto hospital. + + Mr. and Mrs. R. were fortunate. They had the financial resources +that enabled Mrs. R. to go to such extraordinary lengths to get the help +she needed. But many Canadians are not so fortunate. These are the women +who do not have the money to travel great distances to get abortions +denied them in their own communities. They include married women who +have children and whose contraceptive methods prove ineffective, as well +as adolescent girls who get pregnant unwittingly, out of sexual +ignorance. + What are the options open to such a woman? She is unable to get +a legal medical service from her local hospital because that instution +interprets our abortion law in a manner which denies her the treatment +that her physician recommends. Keep in mind that her health insurance +premiums support that hospital. She cannot afford to travel to a larger +centre where the same abortion law is interpreted in a manner which +might enable her to receive help. + Her list of options has already shrunk considerably. Unless she +is willing to seek out and pay for the services of an illegal +abortionist, she must submit to a state of compulsory pregnancy. Since +very few married women with children are prepared to give up their +new-born babies for adoption, this woman and her mate become, by +definition, parents by compulsion. + As Garret Hardin ("Abortion - Or Compulsory Pregnancy?" Journal +of Marriage and the Family, xxx (May, 1968) 246-251) has pointed out, if +the state denies a woman a safe legal abortion in the early stages of +pregnancy before viability, it is accurate to say that she enters a +state of compulsory pregnancy. By the same token, abortion laws which +allow hospital abortion committees to deny women safe legal abortions +are actually compulsory pregnancy laws, even thought that legislation is +interpreted elsewhere in a way which makes abortion services available +to unwillingly pregnant women. + At first glance, the label "compulsory pregnancy" seems unduly +emotive. Phrases like "pro-abortion" and "pro-life" inflame the passions +and raise the temperature of the debate as well as the blood pressure of +the debaters, but they shed little light on this complex subject. Is the +term "compulsory pregnancy" all that inflammatory? It is true that the +state did not force these couples to have sexual intercourse on the +night that the woman became unwillingly pregnant; nor did the physicians +on the theraputic abortion committee do anything to thwart the couple's +attempts to contracept. Yet a hospital's legally constituted theraputic +abortion committee, in denying any woman a safe medical abortion in the +early stages of pregnancy, clearly intends her to remain pregnant +against her will. Is not the label "compulsory pregnant" an appropriate +one to attach to that state of affairs?" + +Compulsory Parenthood - The Truth about Abortion +(Wendell W. Watters, M.D.) 1976 + + Family planning has been called "a new and important freedom in +the world." (Frank W. Notestein, "Zero Population Growth: What is it?" +Family Planning Perspective, II, (June 1970) No. 3, 22.) In 1968 the UN +International Conference on Human Rights declared that "Any choice or +decision with regard to the size of the family must irrevocably rest +with the family itself and cannot be made by anyone else." It then went +on to state that this parental right to free choice would remain +illusory unless couples were aware of the alternatives. + On the basis of availability fo adequate educational and +clinical services alone, family planning has a long way to go. Any +freedom of choice is only a paper right unless the individual has the +knowledge and the tools with which to exercise that freedom. But even if +adequated educational and clinical services were universally available, +would family planning, in the presence of restrictive abortion laws, +become the human freedom envisioned in the United Nations Declaration of +Human Rights? Contraceptives are not always available, unwanted +pregnancy still occurs because of human fallibility, and because no +known method of contraception is completely foolproof, a fact to which +thousands of couples can testify. In family planning, a freedom that +stops at conception is a non-freedom. Until safe legal abortion +services, completely free of all medico-legal harassment, are available +to all womean who choose to use the abortion option, the UN +Declaration's family planning clause confers a paper right on the women +of the world. + + (Cont'd next message) +Compulsory Parenthood - The Truth about Abortion +Wendell W. Watters, M.D. (1976) + + In a few jurisdictions abortion is available on the request +of the woman herself, and at the recommendation of her physician. In +many countries abortion is illegal under all circumstances. In other +countries it is legal under certain circumstances, but never simply on +the grounds that the woman wishes not to be pregnant. IN CANADA, FOR +EXAMPLE, UNDER SECTION 251 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE, ABORTIONS ARE LEGAL IF +THERE IS A RISK TO THE WOMAN'S HEALTH IN CONTINUING THE PREGNANCY, AND +ONLY IF THE ABORTION IS APPROVED BY A THERAPUTIC ABORTION COMMITTEE IN A +HOSPITAL. + The criteria by which a committee operates are never made public +and the committees rarely interview the women herself who, +interestingly, cannot appeal a negative decision. The physician members +of a committee that denies a woman a safe, legal abortion are not +charged with any medico-legal responsibility for her subsequent welfare +of that of the child. Peculiarly, this responsibility continues to +reside with her own physician, whose attempts to have the pregnancy +terminated have been blocked. Few Canadians realize how effectively the +government and various power blocs make it almost impossible for many +Canadian women to take advantage of our ostensibly liberal abortion law. +The law does not require a hospital to provide abortion services, and +many do not, especially in areas where anti-abortion power blocs control +local hospital policies. + + Abortion is a moral issue; more accurately, it is many moral +issues. The central question is the value placed on the foetus. Can +there be such a thing as foetal rights? This one question has pushed +aside other ethical issues. + Abortion is not an acceptable means of birth control, nor is it +individually or socially desirable. We need to reduce the need for +abortion through improved sex education programs in schools, additional +training for health-care professionals in family planning, and research +into contraceptive technology. Unless a technically perfect +contraceptive, and a perfectly motivated human being are developed, the +need for abortion services will stay. + The abortion issue also forces us to deal with other questions +about human reproductivity; questions that go beyond the matter of +whether a nonviable foetus is human or has a soul. How important is the +act of creating a new human life? Should society persist in the +'laissea-faire' approach in which a new life is an almost automatic +consequence of unprotected sex? Or should society expect some judgment +on the part of the sexually active couple who choose to become parents? + + +-(Compulsory Parenthood - The Truth about Abortion) +Author: Wendell W. Watters, M.D. 1976 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/iraqhist.txt b/politicalTextFiles/iraqhist.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf76832 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/iraqhist.txt @@ -0,0 +1,299 @@ + What follows is a short history lesson about the peoples and +countries of the mid-east. The present conflict did not start in +August of 1990 but rather began about 4000 years ago. In addition to +territory claims by the different people in the area this conflict also +is spiritual. Three major religious systems are clashing, they are +Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. + + The mid-east is the center of Islam, or Moslem people, the western +people come from a Christian heritage, and of course Israel is a +predominately Jewish nation. These differences have lead to mistrust +and actual hatred between people in the past that continues to some +extent today. + + During the last 4000 years many different people and nations have +called the same lands home. Many of the present boundaries were not +drawn up until after World War I, and in some cases after World War +II. + + Some of the problems that now exist are because outside powers +imposed borders and created countries without fully understanding the +area. This is not just limited to this immediate area, but also +includes for instance West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan +(now Bangladesh). We tend to think that we can group people together +just because they are the same color or religion. The people of the +mid-east are just as diverse as we are. We have problems getting along +with each other as well. + + I do not claim to be an expert in this area, but thought that I +could share some information from a different perspective than seen on +the evening news. The goal of this article is to help us understand +the situation in an historical context and help us to pray +effectively. I am a Christian. I believe that we need God's wisdom +and patience to bring lasting peace to the area. I am not making a +judgment on our need to be there, or the actions we need to take. + + + A Middle Eastern Time Line + + +Note: Early dates are approximate + The flood occurs, Noah's + Ark runs aground in what is now + Turkey. + + Gen 9:22-27 Ham cursed for + shaming his father Noah. Ham's + descendants are the Canaanites + who later intermarry w + Ishmeal's + descendants to become the Arab + peoples. + + Genesis 10:10 Nimrod, Noah's + son, founds Babylon. + +>2700 BC The tower of Babel built in + what is now Iraq. Ruin is + between the present cities of + Baghdad and Bazra. + +2150 BC Abraham born + Abraham leaves Ur which is + south east of Babylon by + about 150 mi. to go to Caanan + +2080 BC Abraham enters Canaan Abraham is promised the land + of Canaan by God as his + inheritance in Gen 12:7. + + Famine forces Abraham to flee + to Egypt. Has run in with + Pharaoh over wife. Diseases + sent by the Lord. Gen 12:10-20 + + Area City states in constant + state of war. Alliances change + every few years. Abraham + rescues his relative, Lot, from + the fighting. + + Abraham in a bid to take + matters into his own hands has + son Ishmael by Egyptian + maidservant Hagar. Sarai + Abraham's wife mistreates both. + Ishmael receives blessing from + God that his descendants will + be to numerous to count. + Descendants are the Arabs. +1880 BC Jacobs family enters Egypt + because of famine. In the beginning Jacob's family + enjoys the best of the land + because of God's blessing of + Egypt through Jacob. In time + later rulers forget this. + +1450 BC The Exodus of Israel from Israel moves out of Egypt to + Egypt. posses their promised land. + This of course was not good + news to the people living there + at the time. Israel almost + immediately attacked by the + Amalekites who are defeated + with God's help. +1400 BC The conquest of Canaan by + Israel begins. + + + +980 BC Solomon begins his reign, Under Solomon the nation grows + After several years he in size, power, and wealth. + starts the temple building Territory extended to tip of + gulf of Agaba, north to beyond + Damascus. The area governed is + now Israel and Jordan, and part + of Syria, Egypt, and Lebanon. +900 BC Damascus rises to power + +825 BC Hazael of Syria oppresses + Israel. + +730 BC The fall of Damascus + +625 BC The rise of Babylon + +600 BC Assyria collapses + +580 BC Kingdom of Judah falls + to Nebuchadnezzar + +540 BC Babylon falls to Cyrus + Egypt falls under control of + Persians. Independent nation + of Israel ceases to exist. +485 BC The Persians are defeated + by the Greeks. + Nehemmiah allowed to rebuild + Jerusalem. + +325 BC Alexander the Great de- + feats Darius III. + + +50 BC The Romans take Palestine + Roman rule of area during this + time enabled new ideas, and +0 Christ is born trade to flourish. Had much to + do with enabling rapid spread + of Christianity. +33 AD Christ crucified + +500s Roman empire in decline + +570 Mohammed is born in Mecca Islam which means "submission + to Allah" is based on the + revelations of Mohammed. He + did not read or write, his + ideas were recorded by his + followers who had committed + them to memory. + +600s Arabs overrun area + Baghdad is made the capital + in 762. +1258 Mongols devastate country + +1401 Mongols again conquer area + +1534 Ottoman Turks capture Ottoman Turks capture Egypt + Baghdad, stayed under Turkish + control till WW I. Kuwait founded by Arab nomads + +1798 Napoleon invades Egypt + British protect Kuwait from a + holy war from another Muslim + sect. +1869 Suez canal completed by French + Later purchased by British + Egypt revolts, Britain sends +1897 Kuwait becomes a British forces to protect interests and + protectorate remains in control till 1922 + +1918 Britain and the sharif of Country of Trans-Jordan formed + Mecca gain control and Iraq by Britain from Biblical lands + is formed as a country of Ammon, Bashan, Edom, and + Moab. +1919 Saudi Arabia invades Kuwait + British repel Saudis, who + blockade country for 20 yrs. + +1920 League of Nations made Iraq Islam first brought to US. + a territory under British + administration + + +1932 League of Nations mandate + ends, Iraq gains independence + Jordan receives independence. + +1947 UN creates two nations from First Arab Israeli war. + Palestine, one Jewish, and + one Arabic. On the same day + that British withdraw Arab + countries attack. + +1952 Iraq renews ancient claim to + Kuwait. Rejected by British. + +1955 Pro western Iraqi president + Nuri es-Said joins Turkey, + Iran, Pakistan, and Britain Second Arab-Israeli war + in opposition of Egypt in + "Baghdad Pact". + +1958 Gen. Kassem overthrows govt. + Later withdraws Iraq from pact. + +1961 Kuwait becomes independent + +1963 Military coup overthrows + Kassem. Arab Baath Party + gains control. Abdul Salem + Arif as president. + +1966 Abdul Salem Arif dies in + Helicopter crash, succeeded Third Arab-Israeli war + by his brother. + +1968 Bloodless coup installes + former premier Ahmed Hassan + al-Bakr as president. + +1969 Kuwait and Saudi Arabia agree + on a boundary in the disputed + area from 1919. + +1973 Iraq joins war against Forth Arab-Israeli war + Israel + +1973 Iraq invades Kuwait, withdraws + after Saudi Arabia sends 15000 + Troops to aid Kuwait. + +1975 Iran agrees to stop providing + arms to rebelling Kurdish + minority in Iraq. + + +1976 Iraq and Syria at odds over + Syria's intervention in + Lebanon. + + +1977 UN states that Iraq is sys- + tematically destroying + Kurdish minority. + +1978 Iraq plans to spend $36 mil + to restore ancient city of + Babylon, about 55 mi south + of Baghdad. + +1979 Gen Saddam Hussein becomes + president, Bakr resigns due + to illness. + +1980 Iraq and Iran begin open war Israel moves capitol to + after skermishing for 10 Jerusalem which is supposed to + months. Iraq has early be a shared city. + Success. + Israel bombs Iraqi reactor +1982 Iraq has been pushed back to + pre-war boundary. + +1984 War expands into gulf area + Shipping threatened. + +1987 USS Stark hit by missile from + Iraqi plane. 37 sailors die, + Iraq apologises for mistaken. + launch of missile. + +1988 Iran and Iraq begin cease + fire. + +1990 Iraq invades Kuwait in dis- An oil field extends across + pute over oil field and the Kuwait-Iraq border with + shipping access to gulf. both countries pumping from + it. Iraq has been demanding + that Kuwait decrease production + to help increase oil price. +1991 UN forces attack Iraq + 17 hours after UN deadline + for Iraqi withdrawal from + Kuwait expires. + +Compiled by Herb Guenther from NIV Holy Bible, 1980 Reader's Digest +Almanac, The World Almanac and Book of Facts - 1988, and other +sources. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/iroquois.txt b/politicalTextFiles/iroquois.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77579b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/iroquois.txt @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +Newsgroups: freenet.shrine.songs +From: aa300 (Jerry Murphy) +Subject: Speech by Dr. Grinde +Date: Wed, 24 Jan 90 15:35:39 EST + + +THE IROQUOIS AND THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY + +Speech by Dr. Donald A. Grinde, Jr., Distinguished Professor of Interdiscipli- +nary Studies, Gettysburg College, and Crawford Research Fellow, 1987-1988. +Delivered at Cornell University September 11, 1987. + +(To be published by the Native American Studies Program at Cornell +University in "Northeast Indian Quarterly, V (Winter, 1988)) + +Permission granted by the author to post in the Cleveland Free- +Net in a letter of May 6, 1988, addressed to Mr. Jerry Murphy. + +------------------------- + +First of all, I would like to thank the Iroquois people that I worked with some +fifteen or more years ago. They gave me encouragement in this project since I +did not receive much encouragement outside of the Iroquois people. I want to +also thank the Indian Historian Press whose stated purpose, then as well as now, +is to publish works by American Indian scholars and others that contribute to +new viewpoints on American Indian history. Finally, I would like to thank +Americans for Indian Opportunity and the Meredith Fund for research funds that +made my present research possible. + +Today, I would like to share with you some of the new data that I have found in +the last year or so that supplements my earlier findings. I will focus on four +items: + + 1) The Treaty Congress at Albany in August of 1775 + 2) Benjamin Franklin and his ideas about the Covenant Chain + of the Iroquois. + 3) Thomas Paine and some of the things that he wrote that + have not been attributed to him. + 4) John Rutledge of South Carolina and how he learned of the + Great Law of the Iroquois, and how he helped to write the first + draft of the U. S. Constitution. + +As Eugene Crawford Memorial Fellow for 1987-1988, my purpose will be to analyze, +from a historian's viewpoint, the extent and impact of the Iroquois ideas on +American democracy. This analysis will include, of course, the U. S. Constitu- +tion. I want to make this study an integral part of the analysis of the +Constitution. In the future, I want to make sure that when people talk about +the roots of the Constitution, they include the ideas of the Iroquois. Ancient +Greece and Rome, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, no doubt, influenced the +thinking of the Founding Fathers, but Iroquois concepts had a profound influence +upon the formation of our government as well. The ideas of the Iroquois +influenced the thinking of the English and the French theorists of the eigh- +teenth century also. I will also attempt to approach the Founding Fathers +as human beings, and this is extremely important since I have found that it is +the best way to look at them. When one looks for Iroquois ideas in the Founding +Fathers, I have to always remember that these men were politicians.. Many of +them, of course, had a good education for the times and were wealthy. However, +most of them had a fairly long history of political activity in one way or +another. + +The noted Cherokee humorist, Will Rogers, said that politicians are like fog- +horns; they call attention to the problems but they don't do a damned thing +about them. When I read the Records of the Constitutional Convention and other +materials leading up to the first draft of the Constitution, I see a lot of +foghorn stuff. What about the problem of money and debts? What about the +executive and legislative powers? How can we secure a stronger union? For +brevity's sake, I will not go back to the Albany Plan of Union because I think +that it will be discussed later, but Albany is an important place to begin the +discussion of the Iroquois' influence on American democracy. + +In August of 1775, before the Declaration of Independence, the Continental +Congress sent a group of treaty commissioners to speak with the Six Nations of +the Iroquois Confederacy at Albany, New York. The Congress and the American +people were contemplating independence and a long war. Already, there was much +tension and the Congress did not want to fight a two front war against the +British in the East and the Indians in the West. In the spring of 1775, +Congress began to formulate a speech that was to be sent to the Iroquois in the +summer of 1775. Signed by John Hancock, this speech recalls the history of the +relations between the Iroquois and the American colonists since the 1740s. The +speech quotes the Iroquois chief, Cannassatego, at the Treaty of Lancaster in +1744. In that speech, Cannassatego admonishes the Americans to unite and become +strong as the forefathers of the Iroquois had done under the Great Law. The +speech from the Continental Congress said that the American people are united +and have taken the advice of the Iroquois. The U. S. treaty commissioners +added: + + "...the advice was good, it was kind. They said to one + another, the Six Nations are a wise people, let us hearken + to their Council and teach our children to follow it. Our + old men have done so. They have frequently taken a single + arrow and said, children, see how easy it is broken, then + they have tied twelve together with strong cords--And our + strongest men could not break them--See said they--this is + what the Six Nations mean. Divided a single man may destroy + you--United, you are a match for the whole world." + +Unity is a major concept in this speech by the Congress, and it is one of the +foremost concepts of the Iroquois Great Law. Unity is not a novel concept, but +the way in which the Iroquois did it, fascinated Europeans and particularly, +American colonists. Hence, the treaty commissioners at Albany, in 1775, were +not just engaging in the rhetoric of Iroquois diplomacy, they were demonstrating +that they had a knowledge of and were using parts of the Great Law in their +deliberations even before independence was declared. The speech goes on to +point out that the American people have delegated leaders to go to Philadelphia +and kindle a great fire and plant a Great Tree to become strong like the +Iroquois. At the conclusion of the analogy, the treaty commissioners invited +the Iroquois to come to Philadelphia to their "Grand Council". + +A few days after this speech, the treaty commissioners tell the Iroquois that: + + "We live upon the same ground with you--the same island is + our common birthplace. We desire to sit down under the + same Tree of Peace with you; let us water its roots and + cherish its growth, till the large leaves and flourishing + branches shall extend to the setting sun and reach the skies." + +In some more references to Iroquois cosmology, the Americans say when this + + "island began to shake and tremble along the Eastern Shore, + and the Sun darkened by a Black cloud which arose from + beyond the great water, we kindled up a Great Council Fire + at Philadelphia...so...that we are now twelve colonies + united as one man...And...As God has put it into our hearts + to love the Six Nations...we now make the chain of + friendship so that nothing but an evil spirit can or will + attempt to break it." + +Through these words, we can see the extent of the Continental Congress' knowl- +edge of the Great Law of the Iroquois and its cosmology a year before the +Declaration of Independence. In an analysis of this cultural and intellectual +exchange, it is significant (since it often goes unnoticed) that the Iroquois +people delegated leaders or had self-appointed people to educate the colonists +to the wisdom of unity. + +A generation before the conference at Albany in 1775, the Mohawk Chief, Hend- +rick, had admonished the colonists to unify. In August of 1775, when the +Iroquois chiefs had asked the Americans who should speak for the Iroquois at the +conference, the Americans immediately asked that Abraham be appointed the main +speaker. Abraham was the adopted brother of Hendrick, and the Americans +remembered his words urging unity at the Albany conference in 1754. It should +be noted that the treaty commissioners recognized that Abraham and Hendrick were +part of an Iroquois tradition to teach the American people strength through +unity. After he is made speaker, Abraham rose and stated that he was glad that +"...your grandfathers had inculcated the doctrine into their children...". He +noted that an invitation had been extended to go to Philadelphia where the Great +Tree was planted and "...sit under it and water its roots, till the branches +should flourish and reach to heaven...". Abraham said, "This the Six Nations +say shall be done." In May of 1776, the Iroquois chiefs would go to Philadel- +phia as the Continental Congress was readying itself for independence (the +Iroquois camped outside of Independence Hall in the square). After John Hancock +welcomed the Iroquois chiefs to the Congress as "brothers", an Onondaga chief +named the President of the Continental Congress, (John Hancock), "Karanduawn, or +the Great Tree", on June 11, 1776. + +In effect, the Iroquois were present during the debates on independence and when +a draft of the Articles of Confederation was introduced (this draft was a +revision of Franklin's Albany Plan and it has been demonstrated that it was +borrowed from the Iroquois Great Law). With the Iroquois in the halls of +government on the eve of independence, it is no longer a question of whether the +Iroquois had an impact on the nature of American government but rather it now +becomes a question of degree. We can now see that both the Americans and the +Iroquois were aware of the interchange of ideas for over a generation. Essen- +tially, the Iroquois had a tradition of instructing, cajoling and admonishing +the colonies to unity, and the Americans were cognizant of this process in some +very profound ways. + +Now, I would like to discuss Benjamin Franklin and his knowledge of Iroquois +imagery and ideas. Franklin, of course, was the author of the Albany Plan of +Union. However, an examination of the oral traditions about Franklin has +yielded some interesting insights into Franklin's use of Iroquois ideas. By +looking at the record of the people that knew Franklin in England before the +Revolution and in France during the Revolution, it is apparent that Franklin +talked a great deal about the Iroquois. In England, Franklin's circle of +friends gave him a silver tea service that was engraved "keep bright the chain" +because it was one of his favorite phrases. His friends remarked that he used +it often and that they sought Franklin's ideas about American Indians. + +When Franklin goes to France in late 1776 as the Congress' Minister to France, +he was welcomed as a hero. There was a rumor that he was coming with 100 +American Indian warriors. Once in France, Franklin "...loved to cite and to +practice faithfully the proverb of his friends, the American Indians, "Keep the +chain of friendship bright and shining", when discussing the concept of liberty +among distinguished French philosophers like Turgot, Helvetius, La Rochefoucault +and Condorcet. French observers in the salons stated that Franklin would dis- +cuss the politics of the Indians with great exactness and interest. Further- +more, Franklin thought the ways of American Indians more conducive to the good +life than the ways of "...Civilized Nations". Frequently, Franklin used the +French curiosity about Native Americans and particularly the Iroquois to his +personal and diplomatic advantage. + +When Franklin came back to America after the Revolution, he became a member in +the Constitutional Sons of Saint Tammany in Philadelphia. This was a society of +non-Indians that dressed up as Indians, entertained Indian delegations to Phila- +delphia, stood for a unicameral legislature like Franklin, and freely used +Iroquois ideas and imagery in its rhetoric. In 1785, George Washington attended +a St. Tammany society meeting in Richmond, Virginia. Washington was called our +"Great Grand Sachem" and our "brother" by the society. Franklin was often +toasted as "brother" also. During the Constitutional Convention, Franklin +wrote several letters to American Indians like "the old chief", "the...Beloved +Indian Woman", and the "Cornstalk". These terms and names were used by the +Constitutional Sons of Saint Tammany. Since they were written on June 30, 1787 +after the bitter controversy over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans were +resolved, they may well be "coded" letters to the Constitutional Sons of Saint +Tammany. The Saint Tammany Society was intensely interested in the outcome of +the Constitutional Convention and the structure of the new government. At any +rate, Franklin stated in one of these letters that: + + "I am sorry that the Great Council fire of our nation is + not now burning, so that you cannot do business there. + In a few months, the coals will be rak'd out of the ashes + and will again be rekindled." + +Franklin also had designed currency using the Iroquois Covenant Chain at the +beginning of the Revolution that was reissued in 1787. The currency depicted a +Covenant Chain of thirteen links with an admonition to unite. Hence, there is +plenty of evidence that Franklin continued and cultivated his interest in the +Iroquois after he used their ideas of unity to forge the Albany Plan of Union in +1754. + +Thomas Paine was also influenced by the Iroquois. Although it is generally not +acknowledged, Thomas Paine was a secretary to an Iroquois Treaty at Easton, +Pennsylvania in early 1777. It appears that Paine heard an Iroquois prophecy +about struggling beasts that would shake the very foundation of the League of +the Iroquois. In the end, lesser beast (the Americans) would win and take up +the ideas of the Iroquois. A pamphlet published by the Continental Congress +recounts a similar prophecy. It is printed in France in 1777 before the French +publicly began to support the American cause. Thomas Paine was appointed to the +Committee for Foreign Affairs of the Continental Congress in April of 1777. He +may have sent over to Franklin an account of the prophecy since Franklin and the +other American ministers to France were constantly asking for good news (the +good news would come late in 1777 with the victory at Saratoga). Again, it is +important to note that the Continental Congress is writing propaganda using the +imagery and prophecies of the Iroquois since they knew that the French were +fascinated by Iroquois ideas. After Paine leaves America for France, he was +reputed to have talked a great deal about the Iroquois. + +Finally, there is John Rutledge of South Carolina, chairman of the Committee of +Detail that writes the first draft of the U. S. Constitution. According to his +biographer, Rutledge learned of the Great Law while attending the Stamp Act +Congress in New York City as a young man. During the Stamp Act Congress, Rut- +ledge rented a cab and rode out to see Sir William Johnson and some Mohawks +camped on the edge of Greenwich Village. Sir William Johnson was upset about +the Stamp Act because it was cutting into his Indian trade. Sir William Johnson +had come down in the fall from Albany to get supplies for the Indian trade. +Johnson greeted Rutledge by saying: "I see you've come to comb the King's hair", +and Rutledge was puzzled by this phrase (an obvious allusion to the evil +Onondaga wizard, Tadodaho, that Hiawatha tamed to pave the way for the creation +of the Great Law of the Iroquois). In this way, Johnson characterized the Stamp +Act Congress as attempting to pacify the King's mind about taxation and other +things. With this opening remark, John Rutledge sits down and has a few glasses +of rum with Johnson and the Mohawks and gets his first lesson about the Great +Law of the Iroquois. + +In late July, 1787, twenty years after the Stamp Act Congress, John Rutledge +found himself chairing the Committee of Detail at the Constitutional Convention. +The Committee was charged with taking all of the resolutions that had been +passed in Convention and drafting a document that could be polished and refined +through debate on the floor of the convention. Rutledge's biographer states +that he opened the meeting with some passages from the Great Law of the Iro- +quois. The main passages relate to the sovereignty of the people, peace and +unity. Rutledge had asserted earlier that a great empire was being created so +it must be firmly rooted in American soil. With this said, Rutledge bent over +and began the task of drafting the Constitution. + +Pressure in the printed media was already being brought to bear upon the Framers +of the U. S. Constitution. In the August, 1787 issue of The American Museum (a +Philadelphia magazine), "A Fable - Addressed to the Federal Convention" was +printed that used the bundle of arrows imagery of the Iroquois Constitution +(Section 57) and styled the Iroquois as "fathers" urging unity to their "sons". +No doubt, the Constitutional Sons of Saint Tammany were, in part responsible for +this reference. Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist No. 69, felt compelled to +address an editorial written by 'Tamony' that expressed reservations about the +executive powers in the proposed constitution. Appearing in Virginia and +Pennsylvania newspapers, the editorial clearly represented the fears of the St. +Tammany Society of a strong executive in peacetime. These examples are but a +few of the references to the Iroquois roots of American government. + +The major thing to remember is that if you know the code words like "combing the +King's hair" or "keep the chain bright" the Iroquois influence can be easily +seen. Indeed, there seems to be a kind of ignoring of these references in the +records. This ignoring of important references glosses over the fact that +Iroquois images were used frequently in eighteenth century America. + +But to modern scholars such references probably appear as anomalies since many +people are unfamiliar with the rhetoric and imagery of the Iroquois. In short, +the attitude might be: "What's this, Thomas Paine writing an Indian treaty?" +What does this have to do with political theory or his ideas? + +In conclusion, I think that the concept of unity was an important transference +that went on for generations bewteen the colonists and the Iroquois. Rutledge +recalled that exchange as he began to write the first draft of the Constitution +(the press of Philadelphia and the Saint Tammany society were also bound to +remind him and the other delegates to the convention of the American roots of +our unity and freedom). Federalism is another important concept here. The +Iroquois had a working federalism that gave maximum internal freedom while +providing for a strong defense. + +I think it is time to take away the veil that has deprived Americans from +realizing the Iroquois roots of American democracy. The new evidence that we +have all brought to bear here is extremely exciting. I hope that it will +convince people that when they look at the origins of American democracy that +one can no longer look only to the ancient Greeks and John Locke for sources but +you must also look to the Great Law of the Iroquois as a valid source of +ideas for the formation of our nation. With evidence at hand, the question is +not whether the Iroquois had an influence on formation of the American govern- +ment but to what degree. + +The next job. after this conference, is to increase cross-cultural kinds of +studies. I think that research funds in the institutions that study Indians +should be allocated in ways that reflect more the interests and questions that +are important to Indian people. Certainly, American Indian people and American +Indian scholars should have a greater say over research priorities and the +allocation of funds in places like the Smithsonian Institution. In the final +analysis, it was the Iroquois people that came to me and said "we're interested +in this, are you interested in the Iroquois roots of American democracy?" In +the future, questions that American Indian people deem important should have a +great deal of validity in institutions of culture and learning, i.e. the +National Endowment for the Humanities and the Smithsonian. Let us hope that the +call is heeded. Why can't people recognize that Native Americans have priorit- +ies about their history? American Indian people should not be ignored in their +pursuit of a new Native American history. + +Thank you. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ita_bc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ita_bc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc41953 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ita_bc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1937 @@ + + An Introduction to the Anarchist Movement Û² + - by Brian Crabtree - Û² + + Anti-Copyright 1993: + + This work may be freely reproduced, by any means, in + whole or in part, but may not be copyrighted by + any other individual or corporate entity. + + +Contents: + + 1. Introduction + 2. Anarchist Principles + 2.1 Anarchist Ideals + 3. Anarchist Society + 3.1 A Model of an Anarchist Community? + 3.2 Technology and Anarchy + 4. The Case For Anarchism + 4.1 The Problem Exists + 4.2 The Problem Is Inherent + 4.3 Anarchy Will Solve the Problem + 5. The History of Anarchism + 5.1 Proudhon and the Mutualists + 5.2 Bakunin and Collectivism + 5.3 Peter Kropotkin + 5.4 The Anarchist Movement + 6. Anarchy As a Way of Life + 6.1 Civil Disobedience + 6.2 D-I-Y + 7. Modern Anarchist Activism + 7.1 Direct Action + 7.2 Propaganda + 7.3 Anarchist Networking + 7.31 The Zine Network + 7.32 Electronic Networking + 8. Conclusion + 9. Appendices: Getting Connected + 9.1 Anarchist Periodicals + 9.2 Anarchist Organizations + 9.3 Anarchist Publishing and Distribution + 9.4 Anarchist Electronic Contacts + 9.5 Sources For Further Information About Anarchism + 9.6 Contacting the Author + + + + + Introduction + + What comes to mind when you hear the word "anarchy"? Chaos and +disorder? Bomb throwers and assassins? Wearing black clothes and combat +boots? None of these popular conceptions adequately describes anarchism or the +anarchist movement. + Over the years, there have probably been more nonsense and +misconceptions about anarchism than about any other political theory or +ideology. To this very day, if you look up "anarchism" in the Reader's Guide +to Periodical Literature, you will be told to "See also: Terrorism". Anarchism +is not terrorism, nor is it a fad or style of dress, nor is it necessarily +chaotic or violent. Anarchy is a viable system of non-hierarchical +organization - a method of voluntary human interaction. The words "anarchy", +"anarchism", and "anarchist" should be used to refer to this, not to be used as +a catch-all term for "people and ideas that the government doesn't like". + Dissenters have always been persecuted by the majority. In this book I +will attempt to resolve some of the fears, misconceptions, and outright lies +that have been propagated about anarchism. This is in no way an attempt to +speak for all anarchists. It has been said that there as many definitions of +anarchy as there are anarchists, and I want this book to reflect that. As you +read this, be careful not to fall into the trap of classifying people with +labels. Everyone has their own ideas and morals, and will behave differently. +The purpose of this book is to promote a better understanding of anarchism. + + + + + Anarchist Principles + + Government is an evil and unnecessary institution. The utilization of +government as a control device for the population of an area is immoral and +inefficient. Anarchy is the alternative to this artificially imposed order. +Anarchists envision a libertarian and egalitarian society in which +participation is voluntary and mutual aid replaces coercion as the binding +force between individuals. Everyone must be allowed to judge for themselves +wwhat is right and wrong, and act according to reason and ethics instead of +laws and pre-packaged morality. Whose ethics? Each person's conscience. My +ethics are: If what you do infringes the rights of someone else, then it is +wrong. Anything else is acceptable. + Some anarchists believe that anarchy is not disorderly - that it is a +much more complex form of organization than the simple hierarchical structure +imposed on us by government. Still others view organization as just another +tool used my the state to control us. + + - Anarchist Ideals - + + Liberty. Freedom. Freedom of conscience, or as Thomas Jefferson said +it, the right to "the persuit of happiness", is said to be the basis for all +other freedoms; freedom is the highest ideal of anarchists. With liberty comes +equality. Liberty does not truly exist unless it exists for everyone, +regardless of race, age, gender, sexual preference, or ideology. All people +are born equal, it is existing society that forces us into groups and classes. + Government takes away rights. If it did any less it would not be +government. Our government takes away our right to bear arms, our right to +persue happiness in whatever form we find it, our freedom of expression, and +our freedom to choose what is best for ourselves. Government takes away our +liberty. Government also denies us equality, another fundamental freedom, by +separating us into classes and discouraging interaction between the classes. +If you are born into a poor family, you will probably stay poor; if you are +born into a rich family, you will probably be no worse off than your parents. +The rich stay in control, and the workers continue to sell their lives to the +system. + Government also prevents free association by placing arbitrary +political barriers between members of different countries as well +as economic barriers between members of the same country. Militarism is a +tragic example of the barriers between countries. If countries would spend as +much effort trying to get along with each other as they spend trying to keep +their own affairs in order, there would be much less war. There would also be +less war if we settled disagreements between countries by putting the leaders +of the countries in the ring and let them fight it out themselves. I'm sure +all of us would agree that that method of war is absolutely absurd, but this is +almost exactly what we are doing by fighting wars in the first place. Brute +strength is no way to settle an argument. By what logic is the more powerful +country correct? More often than not, the citizens of one country have no +grudge against the citizens of the opposing country, but their governments turn +them against each other with propaganda and lies. Soldiers don't stop to think +that they are actually taking a human life. If every soldier in the world woke +up one morning and decided that how many people one has killed is not really +the best way to keep score, we'd all be a lot better off. + + + + Anarchist Society + + There are many differing points of view concerning how an anarchist +society should be organized, including communist anarchy, collectivist anarchy, +Proudhon's anarchy (which consisted of a federal system of autonomous +villages), and even capitalist anarchy (an oxymoron in itself). + In a communist anarchy, all property is owned by everyone. Theft is +therefore eliminated because everyone owns everything; everyone shares common +property. + Some anarchists criticize all order and restraint, and that all +interaction is good because good and evil are arbitrarily defined. Ontological +anarchists believe that chaos is the solution - that the hidden order inherent +in human interaction will emerge when artificial barriers are completely +eliminated. + I feel that the most probable and the most truly anarchic of all the +systems is individualist anarchy. Individualist anarchists often criticize the +tendency to place people into groups, such as blacks, whites, women, men, +anarchist, feminists, homosexuals, etc., and expecting that all of the members +of a defined group will think or behave in the same way. In fact, everyone is +unique and no system will be right for everyone. In an individualist anarchy, +people can form whatever kind of community suits them best. An anarchy in +which every community was identical would be almost as coercive as majority +rule. + + - A Model of an Anarchist Community? - + + There is no set model of an anarchist community. In an individualist +anarchy, there could be many different systems. If you ask most anarchists, +however, they will reply with words like "mutual aid" and "voluntary +association". The idea is that people should work with each other instead of +for each other, and that an anarchist society would be organized in a more +complex way than modern society. Instead of some people being leaders and +others followers, people cooperate. Attempts to model anarchist communities +before-the-fact cannot be only theoretical, so I will instead answer some +questions about an anarchist society which will help to define what an +anarchist society could be. The following is taken from Objections to +Anarchism, by George Barrett, which appeares in The Raven (#12), an anarchist +journal published by Freedom Press in London. Freedom Press can be reached at +84B Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7QX. + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + +1. What will you do with the man who will not work? + +First of all, let us notice that this question belongs to a class to which +many others belong. All social theories must obviously be based on the +assumption that men are social: that is, that they will live and work +together naturally, because by so doing they can individually better enjoy +their lives. Therefore all such difficulties, which are really based on the +supposition that men are not social, can be raised not against anarchism +alone, but against any system of society that one chooses to suggest. + Questions 11, 12, 13 and 15 belong to this class, which are merely +based on supposition. My opponents will realise how futile they are if I +use a similar kind of argument against their system of government. Suppose, +I argue, that having sent your representatives into the House of Commons +they will not sit down and legislate but that they will just play the fool, +or, perhaps, vote themselves comfortable incomes, instead of looking after +your welfare. It will be answered to this that they are sent there to +legislate, and that in all human probability they will do so. Quite so; but +we may still say 'Yes, but suppose they don't?' and whatever arguments are +brought forward in favour of government they can always, by simply +supposing, be rendered quite useless, since those who oppose us would never +be able to actually guarantee that our governors would govern. Such an +argument would be absurd, it is quite true; for though it may happen that +occasionally legislators will sit down and vote themselves incomes instead +of attending to the affairs of the nation, yet we could not use this as a +logical argument against the government system. + Similarly, when we are putting forward our ideas of free +co-operation of anarchism, it is not good enough to argue, 'Yes, but +suppose your co-operators will not co-operate?' for that is what questions +of this class amount to. + It is because we claim to be able to show that it is wrong in +principle that we, as anarchists, are against government. In the same way, +then, those who oppose anarchism ought not to do so by simply supposing +that a man will do this, or won't do that, but they ought to set themselves +to show that anarchism is in principle opposed to the welfare of mankind. + The second interesting point to notice about the question is that +it is generally asked by a Socialist. Behind the question there is +obviously the implication that he who asks it has in his mind some way of +forcing men to work. Now the most obvious of all those who will not work is +the man who is on strike, and if you have a method of dealing with the man +who will not work it simply means that you are going to organise a system +of society where the government will be so all-powerful that the rebel and +the striker will be completely crushed out. You will have a government +class dictating to a working class the conditions under which it must +labour, which is exactly what both anarchists and Socialists are supposed +to be struggling against to-day. + In a free society the man who will not work, if he should exist at +all, is at least brought on equal terms with the man who will. He is not +placed in a position of privilege so that he need not work, but on the +contrary the argument which is so often used against anarchism comes very +neatly into play here in its favour. It is often urged that it is necessary +to organise in order to live. Quite so, and for this reason the struggle +for life compels us to organise, and there is no need for any further +compulsion on the part of the government. Since to organise in society is +really to work in society, it is the law of life which constantly tends to +make men work, whilst it is the artificial laws of privilege which put men +in such a position that they need not work. Anarchism would do away with +these artificial laws, and thus it is the only system which constantly +tends to eliminate the man who will not work. + We might perhaps here quote John Stuart Mill's answer to this objection: + +The objection ordinarily made to a system of community of property and +equal distribution of produce-'that each person would be incessantly +occupied in evading his share of the work'-is, I think, in general, +considerably overstated . . . Neither in a rude nor in a civilised society +has the supposed difficulty been experienced. In no community has idleness +ever been a cause of failure. [1] +... + +4. It is necessary to organise in order to live, and to organise means +Government; therefore anarchism is impossible. + +It is true that it is necessary to organise in order to live, and since we +all wish to live we shall all of our own free will organise, and do not +need the compulsion of government to make us do so. Organisation does not +mean government. All through our ordinary daily work we are organising +without government. If two of us lift a table from one side of the room to +the other, we naturally take hold one at each end, and we need no +government to tell us that we must not overbalance it by both rushing to +the same end; the reason why we agree silently, and organise ourselves to +the correct positions, is because we both have a common purpose: we both +wish to see the table moved. In more complex organisations the same thing +takes place. So long as organisations are held together only by a common +purpose they will automatically do their work smoothly. But when, in spite +of conflicting interests, you have people held together in a common +organisation, internal conflict results, and some outside force becomes +necessary to preserve order; you have, in fact, governmental society. It is +the anarchist's purpose to so organise society that the conflict of +interests will cease, and men will co-operate and work together simply +because they have interests in common. In such a society the organisations +or institutions which they will form will be exactly in accordance with +their needs; in fact, it will be a representative society. +Free organisation is more fully discussed in answer to Questions 5 and 23. + + +5. How would you regulate the traffic? + +We should not regulate it. It would be left to those whose business it was +to concern themselves in the matter. It would pay those who use the roads +(and therefore had, in the main, interests in common in the matter) to come +together and discuss and make agreements as to the rules of the road. Such +rules in fact which at present exist have been established by custom and +not by law, though the law may sometimes take it on itself to enforce them. + This question we see very practically answered to-day by the great +motor clubs, which are entered voluntarily, and which study the interest of +this portion of the traffic. At dangerous or busy corners a sentry is +stationed who with a wave of the hand signals if the coast is clear, or if +it is necessary to go slowly. First-aid boxes and repair shops are +established all along the road, and arrangements are made for conveying +home motorists whose cars are broken down. + A very different section of road users, the carters, have found an +equally practical answer to the question. There are, even to-day, all kinds +of understandings and agreements amongst these men as to which goes first, +and as to the position each shall take up in the yards and buildings where +they work. Amongst the cabmen and taxi-drivers the same written and +unwritten agreements exist, which are as rigidly maintained by free +understandings as they would be by the penalties of law. + Suppose now the influence of government were withdrawn from our +drivers. Does anyone believe that the result would be chaos? Is it not +infinitely more likely that the free agreements at present existing would +extend to cover the whole necessary field? And those few useful duties now +undertaken by the government in the matter: would they not be much more +effectively carried out by free organisation among the drivers? + This question has been much more fully answered by Kropotkin in The +Conquest of Bread. In this he shows how on the canals in Holland the +traffic (so vital to the life of that nation) is controlled by free +agreements, to the perfect satisfaction of all concerned. The railways of +Europe, he points out, also, are brought into co-operation with one another +and thus welded into one system, not by a centralised administration, but +by agreements and counter-agreements between the various companies. + If free agreement is able to do so much even now, in a system of +competition and government, how much more could it do when competition +disappears, and when we trust to our own organisation instead of to that of +a paternal government. +... + +7. If you abolish competition you abolish the incentive to work. + +One of the strangest things about society to-day is that whilst we show a +wonderful power to produce abundant wealth and luxury, we fail to bring +forth the simplest necessities. Everyone, no matter what his political, +religious or social opinions may be, will agree in this. It is too obvious +to be disputed. On the one hand there are children without boots; on the +other hand are the boot-makers crying out that they cannot sell their +stock. On the one hand there are people starving or living upon unwholesome +food, and on the other hand provision merchants complain of bad trade. Here +are homeless men and women sleeping on the pavements and wandering nightly +through our great cities, and here again are property-owners complaining +that no one will come and live in their houses. And in all these cases +production is held up because there is no demand. Is not this an +intolerable state of affairs? What now shall we say about the incentive to +work? Is it not obvious that the present incentive is wrong and mischievous +up to the point of starvation and ruination. That which induces us to +produce silks and diamonds and dreadnoughts and toy pomeranians, whilst +bread and boots and houses are needed, is wholly and absolutely wrong. + To-day the scramble is to compete for the greatest profits. If +there is more profit to be made in satisfying my lady's passing whim than +there is in feeding hungry children, then competition brings us in feverish +haste to supply the former, whilst cold charity or the poor law can supply +the latter, or leave it unsupplied, just as it feels disposed. That is how +it works out. This is the reason: the producer and the consumer are the two +essentials; a constant flow of wealth passes from one to the other, but +between them stands the profit-maker and his competition system, and he is +able to divert that stream into what channel best pleases him. Sweep him +away and the producer and the consumer are brought into direct relationship +with one another. When he and his competitive system are gone there will +still remain the only useful incentive to work, and that will be the needs +of the people. The need for the common necessities and the highest luxuries +of life will be not only fundamental as it is to-day, but the direct motive +power behind all production and distribution. It is obvious, I think, that +this is the ideal to be aimed at, for it is only in such circumstances that +production and distribution will be carried on for its legitimate +purpose-to satisfy the needs of the people; and for no other reason. +... + +9. Under anarchism the country would be invaded by a foreign enemy. + +At present the country is held by that which we consider to be an enemy +-the landlord and capitalist class. If we are able to free ourselves from +this, which is well established and at home on the land, surely we should +be able to make shift against a foreign invading force of men, who are +fighting, not for their own country, but for their weekly wage. + It must be remembered, too, that anarchism is an international +movement, and if we do establish a revolution in this country, in other +countries the people would have become at least sufficiently rebellious for +their master class to consider it advisable to keep their armies at home. +... + +11. If two people want the same piece of land under anarchism, how will you +settle the dispute? + +First of all, it is well to notice here that Questions 11, 12 and 13 all +belong to the same class. No. 11, at least, is based upon a fallacy. If +there are two persons who want the exclusive right to the same thing, it is +quite obvious that there is no satisfactory solution to the problem. It +does not matter in the least what system of society you suggest, you cannot +possibly satisfy that position. It is exactly as if I were suggesting a new +system of mathematics, and someone asked me: 'Yes, but under this new +system suppose you want to make ten go into one hundred eleven times?' The +truth is that if you do a problem by arithmetic, or if you do it by +algebra, or trigonometry, or by any other method, the same answer must be +produced for the given problem; and just as you cannot make ten go into one +hundred more than ten times, so you cannot make more than one person have +the exclusive right to one thing. If two people want it, then at least one +must remain in want, whatever may be the form of society in which they are +living. Therefore, to begin with, we see that there cannot be a +satisfactory way of settling this trouble, for the objection has been +raised by simply supposing an unsatisfactory state of affairs. + All that we can say is that such disputes are very much better +settled without the interference of authority. If the two were reasonable, +they would probably mutually agree to allow their dispute to be settled by +some mutual friend whose judgement they could trust. But if instead of +taking this sane course they decide to set up a fixed authority, disaster +will be the inevitable result. In the first place, this authority will have +to be given power wherewith to enforce its judgement in such matters. What +will then take place? The answer is quite simple. Feeling it is a superior +force, it will naturally in each case take to itself the best of what is +disputed, and allot the rest to its friends. + What a strange question is this. It supposes that two people who +meet on terms of equality and disagree could not be reasonable or just. +But, on the other hand, it supposes that a third party, starting with an +unfair advantage, and backed up by violence, will be the incarnation of +justice itself. Commonsense should certainly warn us against such a +supposition, and if we are lacking in this commodity, then we may learn the +lesson by turning to the facts of life. There we see everywhere Authority +standing by, and in the name of justice and fair play using its organised +violence in order to take the lion's share of the world's wealth for the +governmental class. + We can only say, then, in answer to such a question, that if people +are going to be quarrelsome and constantly disagree then, of course, no +state of society will suit them, for they are unsocial animals. If they are +only occasionally so, then each case must stand on its merits and be +settled by those concerned. +... + +12. Suppose one district wants to construct a railway to pass through a +neighbouring community, which opposes it. How would you settle this? + +It is curious that this question is not only asked by those who support the +present system, but it is also frequently put by the Socialists. Yet surely +it implies at once the aggressive spirit of Capitalism, for is it not the +capitalist who talks of opening up the various countries of the world, and +does he not do this in the very first instance by having a war in order +that he may run his railways through, in spite of the local opposition by +the natives? Now, if you have a country in which there are various +communes, it stands to reason that the people in those communes will want +facilities for travelling, and for receiving and sending their goods. That +will not be much more true of one little community than of another. This, +then, not only implies a local railway, but a continuous railway running +from one end of the country to the other. If a certain district, then, is +going to object to have such a valuable asset given to it, it will surely +be that there is some reason for such an objection. That being so, would it +not be folly to have an authority to force that community to submit to the +railway passing through? + If this reason does not exist, we are simply supposing a society of +unreasonable people and asking how they should co-operate together. The +truth is that they could not co-operate together, and it is quite useless +to look for any state of society which will suit such a people. The +objection, therefore, need not be raised against anarchism, hut against +society itself. What would a government society propose to do? Would it +start a civil war over the matter? Would it build a prison large enough to +enclose this community, and imprison all the people for resisting the law? +In fact, what power has any authority to deal with the matter which the +anarchists have not got? + The question is childish. It is simply based on the supposition +that people are unreasonable, and if such suppositions are allowed to pass +as arguments, then any proposed state of society may be easily argued out +of existence. I must repeat that many of these questions are of this type, +and a reader with a due sense of logic will be able to see how worthless +they are, and will not need to read the particular answers I have given to +them. + + +13. Suppose your free people want to build a bridge across a river, but +they disagree as to position. How will you settle it? + +To begin with, it is obvious, but important, to notice that it is not I, +but they, who would settle it. The way it would work out, I imagine, is +something like this: +We will call the two groups who differ A and B. Then- +1 A may be of opinion that the B scheme would be utterly useless to it, +and that the only possible position for the bridge is where it has +suggested. In which case it will say: 'Help our scheme, or don't co-operate +at all.' +2 A may be of opinion that the B scheme is useless, but, recognising +the value of B's help, it may be willing to budge a few yards, and so +effect a compromise with B. +3 A, finding it can get no help from B unless it gives way altogether, may +do so, believing that the help thus obtained is worth more than the +sacrifice of position. +These are, I think, the three courses open to A. The same three are open to +B. I will leave it to the reader to combine the two, and I think he will +find the result will be either: +1 That the bridge is built in the A position, with, we will say, the +half-hearted support of B; +or +2 The same thing, but with letters A and B reversed; +or +3 The bridge is built somewhere between, with the partial support of +both parties; +or +4 Each party pursues its own course, independent of the other. + In any case it will be seen, I hope, that the final structure will +be representative, and that, on the other hand, if one party was able to +force the other to pay for what it did not want, the result would not be +representative or just. + The usefulness of this somewhat dreary argument will be seen if it +be applied not merely to bridge-building but to all the activities of life. +By so doing we are able to imagine growing into existence a state of +society where groups of people work together so far as they agree, and work +separately when they do not. The institutions they construct will be in +accord with their wishes and needs. It will indeed be representative. How +different is this from the politician's view of things, who always wants to +force the people to co-operate in running his idea of society! + + +14. What would you do with the criminal? + +There is an important question which should come before this, but which our +opponents never seem to care to ask. First of all, we have to decide who +are the criminals, or rather, even before this, we have to come to an +understanding as to who is to decide who are the criminals? To-day the rich +man says to the poor man: 'If we were not here as your guardians you would +be beset by robbers who would take away from you all your possessions.' But +the rich man has all the wealth and luxury that the poor man has produced, +and whilst he claims to have protected the people from robbery he has +secured for himself the lion's share in the name of the law. Surely then it +becomes a question for the poor man which he has occasion to dread most-the +robber, who is very unlikely to take anything from him, or the law, which +allows the rich man to take all the best of that which is manufactured. + To the majority of people the criminals in society are not to be +very much dreaded even to-day, for they are for the most part people who +are at war with those who own the land and have captured all the means of +life. In a free society, where no such ownership existed, and where all +that is necessary could be obtained by all that have any need, the criminal +will always tend to die out. To-day, under our present system, he is always +tending to become more numerous. + + +15. It is necessary for every great town to have a drainage. Suppose +someone refuses to connect up, what would you do with him? + +This objection is another of the 'supposition' class, all of which have +really been answered in dealing with question No. 1. It is based on the +unsocial man, whereas all systems of society must be organised for social +people. The truth, of course, is that in a free society the experts on +sanitation would get together and organise our drainage system, and the +people who lived in the district would be only too glad to find these +convenient arrangements made for them. But still it is possible to suppose +that somebody will not agree to this; what then will you do with him? What +do our government friends suggest? + The only thing that they can do which in our anarchist society we +would not do, is to put him in prison, for we can use all the arguments to +persuade him that they can. How much would the town gain by doing this? +Here is a description of an up-to-date prison cell into which he might be +thrown: + +I slept in one of the ordinary cells, which have sliding panes, leaving at +the best two openings about six inches square. The windows are set in the +wall high up and are 3 by I l/2 or 2 feet area. Added to this they are very +dirty, so that the light in the cell is always dim. After the prisoner has +been locked in the cell all night the air is unbearable, and its +unhealthiness is increased by damp. + The 'convenience' supplied in the cell is totally inadequate, and +even if it be of a proper size and does not leak, the fact that it remains +unemptied from evening till morning is, in case of illness especially, very +insanitary and dangerous to health. 'Lavatory time' is permitted only at a +fixed hour twice a day, only one water-closet being provided for twenty +three cells. [2] + +Thus we see that whilst we are going to guarantee this man being cleanly by +means of violence, we have no guarantee that the very violence itself which +we use will not be filthy. + But there is another way of looking at this question. Mr Charles +Mayl, MB (Bachelor of Medicine) of New College, Oxford, after an outbreak +of typhoid fever, was asked to examine the drainage of Windsor; he stated +that: + +In a previous visitation of typhoid fever the poorest and lowest parts of +the town had entirely escaped, whilst the epidemic had been very fatal in +good houses. The difference was that whilst the better houses were all +connected with sewers the poor part of the town had not drains, but made +use of cesspools in the gardens. And this is by no means an isolated +instance. + +It would not be out of place to quote Herbert Spencer here: + +One part of our Sanitary Administration having insisted upon a drainage +system by which Oxford, Reading, Maidenhead, Windsor, etc, pollute the +water which Londoners have to drink, another part of our Sanitary +Administration makes loud protests against the impurity of water which he +charges with causing diseases -not remarking, however, that law-enforced +arrangements have produced the impurity. + + We begin to see therefore that the man who objected to connecting +his house with the drains would probably be a man who is interested in the +subject, and who knows something about sanitation. It would be of the +utmost importance that he should be listened to and his objections removed, +instead of shutting him up in an unhealthy prison. The fact is, the rebel +is here just as important as he is in other matters, and he can only +profitably be eliminated by giving him satisfaction, not by trying to crush +him out. + As the man of the drains has only been taken as an example by our +objector, it would be interesting here to quote a similar case where the +regulations for stamping out cattle diseases were objected to by someone +who was importing cattle. In a letter to the Times, signed 'Landowner', +dated 2nd August, 1872, the writer tells how he bought 'ten fine young +steers, perfectly free from any symptom of disease, and passed sound by the +inspector of foreign stock'. Soon after their arrival in England they were +attacked by foot and mouth disease. On inquiry he found that foreign stock, +however healthy, 'mostly all go down with it after the passage'. The +government regulations for stamping out this disease were that the stock +should be driven from the steamer into the pens for a limited number of +hours. There seems therefore very little doubt that it was in this +quarantine that the healthy animals contracted the disease and spread it +among the English cattle. [3] + +Every new drove of cattle is kept for hours in an infected pen. Unless the +successive droves have been all healthy (which the very institution of the +quarantine implies that they have not been) some of them have left in the +pen disease matter from their mouths and feet. Even if disinfectants are +used after each occupation, the risk is great-the disinfectant is almost +certain to be inadequate. Nay, even if the pen is adequately disinfected +every time, yet if there is not also a complete disinfection of the landing +appliances, the landing-stage and the track to the pen, the disease will be +communicated . . . The quarantine regulations . . . might properly be +called regulations for the better diffusion of cattle diseases'. + +Would our objector to anarchism suggest that the man who refuses to put his +cattle in these pens should be sent to prison? +... + +18. We cannot all agree and think alike and be perfect, and therefore laws +are necessary, or we shall have chaos. + +It is because we cannot all agree that anarchism becomes necessary. If we +all thought alike it would not matter in the least if we had one common law +to which we must all submit. But as many of us think differently, it +becomes absurd to try to force us to act the same by means of the +government which we are silly enough to call representative. + A very important point is touched upon here. It is because +anarchists recognise the absolute necessity of allowing for this difference +among men that they are anarchists. The truth is that all progress is +accompanied by a process of differentiation, or of the increasing +difference of parts. If we take the most primitive organism we can find it +is simply a tiny globule of plasm, that is, of living substance. It is +entirely undifferentiated: that is to say, all its parts are alike. An +organism next above this in the evolutionary scale will be found to have +developed a nucleus. And now the tiny living thing is composed of two +distinctly different parts, the cell-body and its nucleus. If we went on +comparing various organisms we should find that all those of a more complex +nature were made up of clusters of these tiny organisms or cells. In the +most primitive of these clusters there would be very little difference +between one cell and another. As we get a little higher we find that +certain cells in the clusters have taken upon themselves certain duties, +and for this purpose have arranged themselves in special ways. By and by, +when we get to the higher animals, we shall find that this process has +advanced so far that some cells have grouped together to form the breathing +apparatus, that is, the lungs; others are responsible for the circulation +of the blood; others make up the nervous tissue; and so on, so that we say +they form the various 'organs' of the body. The point we have to notice is +that the higher we get in the animal or vegetable kingdom, the more +difference we find between the tiny units or cells which compose the body +or organism. Applying this argument to the social body or organism which we +call society, it is clear that the more highly developed that organism +becomes, the more different will be the units (ie the people) and organs +(ie institutions and clubs) which compose it. + (For an answer to the argument based on the supposed need of a +controlling centre for the 'social organism', see Objection No. 21.) + When, therefore, we want progress we must allow people to differ. +This is the very essential difference between the anarchists and the +governmentalists. The government is always endeavouring to make men +uniform. So literally true is this that in most countries it actually +forces them into the uniform of the soldier or the convict. Thus government +shows itself as the great reactionary tendency. The anarchist, on the other +hand, would break down this and would allow always for the development of +new ideas, new growth, and new institutions; so that society would be +responsive always to the influence of its really greatest men, and to the +surrounding influences, whatever they may be. + It would be easier to get at this argument from a simpler +standpoint. It is really quite clear that if we were all agreed, or if we +were forced to act as if we did agree, we could not have any progress +whatever. Change can take place only when someone disagrees with what is, +and with the help of a small minority succeeds in putting that disagreement +into practice. No government makes allowance for this fact, and +consequently all progress which is made has to come in spite of +governments, not by their agency. + I am tempted to touch upon yet another argument here, although I +have already given this question too much space. Let me add just one +example of the findings of modern science. Everyone knows that there is sex +relationship and sex romance in plant life just as there is in the animal +world, and it is the hasty conclusion with most of us that sex has been +evolved for the purposes of reproduction of the species. A study of the +subject, however, proves that plants were amply provided with the means of +reproduction before the first signs of sex appeared. Science then has had +to ask itself: what was the utility of sex evolution? The answer to this +conundrum it has been found lies in the fact that 'the sexual method of +reproduction multiplies variation as no other method of reproduction can.' +[4] + If I have over-elaborated this answer it is because I have wished +to interest (but by no means to satisfy) anyone who may see the importance +of the subject. A useful work is waiting to be accomplished by some +enthusiast who will study differentiation scientifically, and show the +bearing of the facts on the organisation of human society. + + +19. If you abolish government, you will do away with the marriage laws. + +We shall. + + +20. How will you regulate sexual relationship and family affairs? + +It is curious that sentimental people will declare that love is our +greatest attribute, and that freedom is the highest possible condition. Yet +if we propose that love shall go free they are shocked and horrified. + There is one really genuine difficulty, however, which people do +meet in regard to this question. With a very limited understanding they +look at things as they are to-day, and see all kinds of repulsive +happenings: unwanted children, husbands longing to be free from their +wives, and-there is no need to enumerate them. For all this, the sincere +thinker is able to see the marriage law is no remedy; but, on the other +hand, he sees also that the abolition of that law would also in itself be +no remedy. + This is true, no doubt. We cannot expect a well-balanced humanity +if we give freedom on one point and slavery on the remainder. The movement +towards free love is only logical and useful if it takes its place as part +of the general movement towards emancipation. + Love will only come to a normal and healthy condition when it is +set in a world without slums and poverty, and without all the incentives to +crime which exist to-day. When such a condition is reached it will be folly +to bind men and women together, or keep them apart, by laws. Liberty and +free agreement must be the basis of this most essential relationship as +surely as it must be of all others. +... + +22. You can't change human nature. + +To begin with, let me point out that I am a part of human nature, and by +all my own development I am contributing to and helping in the development +and modification of human nature. + If the argument is that I cannot change human nature and mould it +into any form at will, then, of course, it is quite true. If, on the other +hand, it is intended to suggest that human nature remains ever the same, +then the argument is hopelessly unsound. Change seems to be one of the +fundamental laws of existence, and especially of organic nature. Man has +developed from the lowest animals, and who can say that he has reached the +limits of his possibilities? + However, as it so happens, social reformers and revolutionists do +not so much rely on the fact that human nature will change as they do upon +the theory that the same nature will act differently under different +circumstances. + A man becomes an outlaw and a criminal to-day because he steals to +feed his family. In a free society there would be no such reason for theft, +and consequently this same criminal born into such a world might become a +respectable family man. A change for the worse? Possibly; but the point is +that it is a change. The same character acts differently under the new +circumstances. + To sum up, then: +1 Human nature does change and develop along certain lines, the + direction of which we may influence; +2 The fundamental fact is that nature acts according to the condition in +which it finds itself. + The latter part of the next answer (No. 23) will be found to apply +equally here. + + +23. Who would do the dirty work under anarchism? + +To-day machinery is introduced to replace, as far as possible, the highly +paid man. It can only do this very partially, but it is obvious that since +machinery is to save the cost of production it will be applied to those +things where the cost is considerable. In those branches where labour is +very cheap there is not the same incentive to supersede it by machines. + Now things are so strangely organised at present that it is just +the dirty and disagreeable work that men will do cheaply, and consequently +there is no great rush to invent machines to take their place. In a free +society, on the other hand, it is clear that the disagreeable work will be +one of the first things that machinery will be called upon to eliminate. It +is quite fair to argue, therefore, that the disagreeable work will, to a +large extent, disappear in a state of anarchism. + This, however, leaves the question only partially answered. Some +time ago, during a strike at Leeds, the roadmen and scavengers refused to +do their work. The respectable inhabitants of Leeds recognised the danger +of this state of affairs, and organised themselves to do the dirty work. +University students were sweeping the streets and carrying boxes of refuse. +They answered the question better than I can. They have taught us that a +free people would recognise the necessity of such work being done, and +would one way or another organise to do it. + Let me give another example more interesting than this and widely +differing from it, thus showing how universally true is my answer. + Within civilised society probably it would be difficult to find two +classes differing more widely than the University student of to-day and the +labourer of Western Ireland nearly a hundred years ago. At Ralahine in 1830 +was started the most successful of the many Co-operative or Communist +experiments for which that period was remarkable. There, on the poorest of +bog-soil, amongst 'the lowest order of Irish poor, discontented, disorderly +and vicious, and under the worst circumstances imaginable', an ideal little +experimental community was formed. Among the agreements entered into by +these practical impossibilists was one which said that 'no member be +expected to perform any service or work but such as is agreeable to his or +her feelings', yet certain it is that the disagreeable work was daily +performed. The following dialogue between a passing stage-coach passenger +and a member of the community, whom he found working in water which reached +his middle, is recorded: + +'Are you working by yourself?' inquired the traveller. 'Yes', was the +answer. 'Where is your steward?' 'We have no steward.' 'Who is your +master?' 'We have no master. We are on a new system.' 'Then who sent you to +do this work?' 'The committee', replied the man in the dam. 'Who is the +committee?' asked the mail-coach visitor. 'Some of the members.' 'What +members do you mean?' 'The ploughmen and labourers who are appointed by us +as a committee. I belong to the new systemites.' + + Members of this community were elected by ballot among the peasants +of Ralahine. 'There was no inequality established among them', says G. J. +Holyoake, [5] to whom I am indebted for the above description. He adds: 'It +seems incredible that this simple and reasonable form of government [6] +should supersede the government of the bludgeon and the blunderbuss-the +customary mode by which Irish labourers of that day regulated their +industrial affairs. Yet peace and prosperity prevailed through an +arrangement of equity.' + The community was successful for three and a half years, and then +its end was brought about by causes entirely external. The man who had +given his land up for the purposes of the experiment lost his money by +gambling, and the colony of 618 acres had to be forfeited. This example of +the introduction of a new system among such unpromising circumstances might +well have been used in answer to Objection No. 22 -'You can't change human +nature'. + +1. J. S. Mill, Political Economy Vol. I, p.251. +2. Women end Prisons Fabian Tract No. 16. +3. The typhoid and the cattle disease cases are both quoted in the notes to +Herbert Spencer's The Study of Sociology. +4. The Evolution of Sex in Plants by Professor J. Merle Coulter. It is +interesting to add that he closes his book with these words: 'Its +[sexuality's] significance lies in the fact that it makes organic evolution +more rapid and far more varied. ' +5. History of Co-operation. +6. I need not, I think, stay to explain the sense in which this word is +used. The committee were workers, not specialised advisers; above all, they +had no authority and could only suggest and not issue orders. They were, +therefore, not a Government. + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - Technology and Anarchy - + + Some anachists, such as "anarcho-primitivists", denounce technology as +slavery. I firmly believe that technology - using tools to improve quality of +life - is a basic characteristic of all human beings. While we must not +completely rely on technology and government-funded research for survival, +technology and its advancement are important parts of any society. Government +is not responsible for scientific advancement. Almost all of the great +historical scientific discoveries were made without the "benefit" of government +grants. Government funding only allows scientists to be exploited and made to +do science to suit the state's purposes. Science should be done for the good +of humanity, not the good of the government - you can always depend on +government to find a way to make a weapon out of any new technology. When +resources are readily accessible to everyone, technology will be free to +advance as rapidly as it does now. + + + + + The Case For Anarchism + + To prove a need for change, one must prove that a problem exists with +the status quo, that the problem is inherent in the status quo, that the harm +is sufficient to cause concern, and that the proposed change will solve the +problem and eliminate the harm. In the following paragraphs I will show that a +change to anarchy is preferable to the status quo: coercion. + + - The Problem Exists - + + There are many problems with government as a foundation of society. +Aside from coercion being unethical, there are many practical reasons why +anarchy will work better. + #1: Power corrupts. Anyone put in a position of power is highly likely +to use that power to use that power to their own ends, and will not be able to +fairly represent the interests of everyone that he or she is supposed to +"represent". + #2: The majority does not necessarily know better than the minority. +Truth does not change simply because 51% of the people think differently. The +majority, who simply think along with the most popular opinion of the day, +cannot possibly be placed in charge and expected to look after the rights of +the minority. The only way everyone's rights can be protected is if every +person is his or her own government, and be restrained only by conscience and +reason. We are perfectly capable of making our own conscious choices, and have +our decisions made for us by someone else. In this age we have been +conditioned to blindly accept coercion as the only way of life. + #3: The class system restrains the rights of indivisuals by forcing +them into positions in society that they may not be best suited for. Someone +who is born into the working class will, in all likelyhood, do no better than +their parents. People born into the upper class can afford to do no work at +all while depending upon the exploitation of the working class to support them. + #4: Capitalism is a zero-sum game. Capitalism is a pyramid sceme, +based on the assumption that property accumulated by the rich will "trickle +down", eventually reaching the even the poorest citizen. it is also based on +the assumption that people are by nature competitive, and that a community will +be better off if everyone is continually fighting everyone else and no one +cares about anyone but him or her self. This is about as foolish as putting +thirty people into a locked room with thirty baseball bats and telling them +that to "win", they have to hit everyone else harder than they get hit. It +won't take them long to realize that they would really all win if no one hit +anyone else at all: if they cooperate rather than compete. Capitalism assumes +that for one person to be happy (by a capitalist definition, read: rich and +powerful), someone else must be made miserable (read: poor and powerless). For +the anarchist, happiness does not come from having the most money (dollars, +gold, cattle) or having the most control over others. In an anarchist society, +no one has to be stepped on in order for everyone to profit. In a capitalist +society, everyone does as little work as they possibly can - time is money, +after all. An anarchist society, in which everyone is equal and no one can +profit from the slavery of others, would be much more efficient. + #5. Government is a wasteful bureaucracy. Government and the ruling +class waste the products of the working class's labor, through taxes, +enforcement of unnecessary laws, and the rich living in luxury while the poor +suffer. The American government pays social security to old rich people, while +young poor children are dying on the streets of easily treatable illnesses. + #6. Supply/demand economics doesn't work. The pyramid scheme must +eventually collapse. If capitalism works, then why are there people struggling +to earn or steal enough to buy enough shoes for all of their children when shoe +store owners are complaining that they can't sell enough shoes? + #7. Government creates crime. The government prohibits, and +prohibition creates crime. The status quo creates poverty and poverty creates +crime. The government artificially increases the prices of drugs by +criminalizing them. As Emma Goldman said, "The most absurd apology for +authority and law is that they serve to diminish crime. Aside from the fact +that the state itself is the greatest criminal, breaking every written and +natural law, stealing in the form of taxes, killing in the form of war and +capital punishment, it has come to an absolute standstill in coping with crime. +It has failed utterly to destroy or even minimize the terrible scourge of its +own creation." The government only protects those in control, and cares little +about the lower classes. Do you feel that you are protected when you walk +through the streets in the "bad" part of town? The government places little +value in the poor and inner-city youth. + + There is harm in the status quo, and certainly they are enough to cause +concern. Society is degrading every day because of classism, racism, ageism, +sexism, and innumerable other -isms. Every day, the government seizes more +power, supposedly for our own protection. We don't need to be protected from +ourselves and we don't need to be protected from each other. + + - The Problem Is Inherent - + + These problems are inherent in any system based on coercion or +competition. They cannot be solved within the present system, partly because +of people's attitudes and partly because of the structure of authoritarian +government itself. + #1. Power is always corruptive, no matter if the power is in the hands +of a dictator, a congress, or a majority. + #2. While we agree that the majority does not have any more right to +rule than the minority, a system of minority rule would still by tyranny. No +individual or group should be given the right to control any other. + #3. The class system does not have to be imposed directly. Under a +capitalist, democratic, "free" society, classes are imposed more subtly, by +allowing certain people to accumulate more property than others and allowing +them to use it to exploit the rest of the people. + #4. Not just capitalism, but any money economy is based on the passing +around of a fixed amount of money. Even if the value of a country's monetary +unit gains value, that money is coming from somewhere. Specifically, the money +is either coming from other countries or people are doing more work for less +money. Any time anyone makes money, they are indirectly taking it away from +someone else. + #5. All governments require the expenditure of wealth to operate: to +feed their armies, to build killing machines, and to hire police to control +their citizens and extort money from them. In an anarchist society, the +workers get to reap all the benefits of their labor, without their employers +and government taking it away from them. + #6. Poverty is a problem in every country. In an anarchist community, +people would trade freely with each other and with the local shoe-makers, and +every person would have everything he or she needs. When money and the +accumulation of property have been abolished, so too will poverty. + #7. Crime is created by government because all authority causes us to +substitute laws for ethics and act only according to what is legal rather than +what is acceptable by our conscience. + + - Anarchy Will Solve the Problem - + + Will anarchy solve these problems? Yes. Power will not be corruptive +because power will not exist. Neither the majority nor the minority will rule +because each person will govern themselves. Class will finally be eliminated +forever, and equality will finally be realized. Political and economic slavery +will be abolished. A capitalist society would not simply spring up again +because the only people who would want to become members of such a society are +the rich, and a capitalist society depends on the exploitation of the working +class for its survival. Poverty would be resolved. There are enough goods to +go around; the problem not is that the upper 1% of households control more of +it than the lower 90%. In an anarchist society, people would not have to be +exploited in order for people to profit and society to advance. Voluntary +association and mutual aid are certainly preferable to force. Humanity's full +potential may finally be realized if we only stop fighting each other and +trying to control one another. Anarchy will solve the problems of the status +quo, eliminate the harm, and open up immeasurable possibilities. + + + + + The History of Anarchism + + The rejection of authority dates back to the Stoics and Cynics, and +has been around for millenia. However, the terms anarchist, anarchism, and +anarchy, from the Greek "an archos" (without a rule), were used entirely in a +negative manner before the nineteenth century. + + - Proudhon and the Mutualists - + + In 1840, in his controversial "What Is Property", French political +writer and socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon became the first person to call +himself an anarchist. In this book, Proudhon stated that the real laws of +society have nothing to do with authority, but stem instead from the nature of +society itself. He also predicted the eventual dissolve of authority and the +appearence of a natural social order. "As man seeks justice in equality, so +society seeks justice in anarchy. Anarchy - the absence of a sovereign - such +is the form of government to which we are every day approximating." He was a +'peaceful anarchist'; he believed that within existing society, the +organizations could be created that would eventually replace it. Proudhon was +born in 1809, originally a peasant, the son of a brewer. His "What Is Property" +and "System of Economic Contradictions" established him in the socialist +community. Later he went on to write "The Federal Principle" and "The +Political Capability of the Working Class". + + Although he declared in "What Is Property" that "property is theft", +he did not support communism, and regarded the right of workers to control the +means of production as an important part of freedom. He never considered +himself the originator of a movement, but he did propose a federal system of +autonomous communes. He had many followers, but they preferred the title +'Mutualists' to 'Anarchists'; anarchism still bore a negative connotation. +Proudhon and the Mutualists, along with British tradeunionists and socialists, +formed the First International Workingmen's Association. + + - Bakunin and Collectivism - + + "The passion for destruction is also a creative passion" - These words +would accurately summarize the position of Mikail Bakunin and the +Collectivists. Bakunin believed that anarchy was only possible through a +violent revolution, obliterating all existing institutions. He was originally +a nobleman, but became a revolutionary and joined the International in the +1860's, after founding the Social Democratic Alliance and modifying Proudhon's +teachings into a new doctrine known as Collectivism. Bakunin taught that +property rights were impractical and that the means of production should be +owned collectively. He was strongly opposed to Karl Marx, also a member of +the International, and his ideas of a proletarian dictatorship. This conlict +eventually tore the International apart in 1872. He died in 1876, but the +next International that he and the Collectivists started in 1873 lasted for +another year. Later, his followers finally accepted the title of 'anarchist'. + + - Peter Kropotkin - + + In 1876, when he became a revolutionary, Peter Kropotkin renounced his +title of Prince and became successor to Mikail Bakunin. He developed the +theory of anarchist communism: not only should the means of production be owned +collectively, but the products should be completely communized as well. This +revised Thomas More's Utopian idea of storehouses, "From each according to his +means, to each according to his needs." Kropotkin wrote "The Conquest of +Bread" in 1892, in which he sketched his vision of a federation of free +Communist groups. In 1899 he wrote "Memoirs of a Revolutionist", an +autobiographical work, and "Fields, Factories, and Workshops", which put +forward ideas on the decentralization of industry necessary for an anarchist +society. He later proved by biological and sociological evidence that +cooperation is more natural than coercion ("Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution" +- 1902). Kropotkin's writings completed the vision of the Anarchist future, +and little new has been added since. + + - The Anarchist Movement - + + Even before Proudhon entered the scene, anarchist activism was going +on. The first plans for an anarchist commonwealth were made by an Englishman +named Gerrard Winstanley, who founded the tiny Digger movement. In his 1649 +pamphlet, "Truth Lifting Up Its Head Above Scandals", he wrote that power +corrupts, that property is incompatible with freedom, and that men can only be +free and happy in a society without governmental interference, where work and +its products are shared (what was to become the foundation for anarchist +theory in the years to come). He led a group of followers to a hillside where +they established an anarchist village, but this experiment was quickly +destroyed by local opposition. Later another Englishman, William Godwin, +would write 'Political Justice', which said that authority was against nature, +and that social evils exist because men are not free to act according to +reason. + + Among Italian anarchists, an active attitude was prevalent. Said +Errico Malatesta in 1876, "The insurrectionary deed, destined to affirm +socialist principles by acts, is the most efficacious means of propaganda." +The first acts were rural insurrections, meant to arouse the uneducated +citizens of the Italian countryside, but these were unsuccessful. Afterward +this activism tended to take the form of individual acts of protest by +'terrorists', who attempted to assassinate ruling figures in the hope of +demonstrating the vulnerability of the structure of authority and inspiring +others by their self-sacrifice. From 1890- 1901, a chain of assassinations +took place: King Umberto I, Italy; Empress Elizabeth, Austria; President +Carnot, France; President McKinley, United Stated; and Spanish Prime Minister +Antonio C novas del Castillo. Unfortunately, these acts had the opposite +effect of what was intended- they established the idea of the anarchist as a +mindless destroyer. + + Also during the 1890's, many French painters, writers, and other +artists discovered anarchism, and were attracted to it because of its +individualist ideas. In England, writer Oscar Wilde became an anarchist, and +in 1891 wrote "The Soul of Man Under Socialism". + + Anarchism was a strong movement Spain. The first anarchist journal, +"El Porvenir", was published in 1845, but was quickly silenced. Branches of +the International were established by Guiseppe Fanelli in Barcelona and +Madrid. By 1870, there were over 40,000 Spanish anarchists members; by 1873, +60,000, mostly organized in workingmen's associations, but in 1874 the +movement was forced underground. In the 1880's and '90's, the Spanish +anarchist movement tended toward terrorism and insurrections. + + The Spanish civil war was the perfect opportunity to finally put ideas +into action on a large scale. Factories and railways were taken over. In +Andalusia, Catalonia, and Levante, peasents seized the land. Autonomous +libertarian villages were set up, like those described in Kropotkin's 'The +Conquest of Bread'. Internal use of money was abolished, the land was tilled +collectively, the village products were sold or exchanged on behalf of the +entire community, and each family recieved an equal share of necessities they +could not produce themselves. Many of these such communes were even more +efficient than the other villages. Although the Spanish anarchists failed +because they did not have the ability to carry out sustained warfare, they +succeeded in inspiring many and showing that anarchy can work efficiently. + + Although two of the greatest anarchist leaders, Bakunin and Kropotkin, +were Russian, totalitarian censorship managed to supress most of the movement, +and it was never very strong in Russia. Only one revolutionary, N.I. Makhno, a +peasant, managed to raise an insurrectionary army and, by brilliant guerilla +tactics, took temporary control of a large part of the Ukraine from both Red +and White armies. His exile in 1921 marked the death of the anarchist +movement in Russia. + + Throughout American history, there has been a tradition of both +violent and pacifist anarchism. Henry David Thoreau, a nonviolent Anarchist +writer, and Emma Goldman, an anarchist activist, are a couple of examples. +activist anarchism, however, was mainly sustained by immigrants from Europe. +In the late 1800's, anarchism was a part of life for many. In 1886, four +anarchists were wrongfully executed for alleged involvement in the Haymarket +bombing, in which seven policemen were killed. President McKinley was +assassinated in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, a Polish Anarchist. + + Especially since 1917, anarchism has appealed to intellectuals. In +1932, Aldous Huxley wrote "Brave New World", which warned of a mindless, +materialistic existence a modernized society could produce, and in the +'Foreword' of the 1946 edition, he said that he believed that only through +radical decentralization and a politics that was "Kropotkinesque and +cooperative" could the dangers of modern society be escaped. After World War +][, anarchist groups reappeared in almost all countries where they had once +existed, excepting Spain and the Soviet Union. In the 1970's, anarchism drew +much attention and interest, and rebellious students often started collectives. +Still published is a monthly British publication, called "Anarchy", which +applies anarchist principles to modern life. + + Anarchism, although often mistakenly thought of a violent and +destructive, is not that at all. Anarchists, though some may advocate a +swift and violent revolution, envision a peaceful and harmonious society, +based on a natural order rather than an artificial system based on coercion. + + + + + Anarchy As a Way of Life + + At first glance, you'd expect that people living in a society would be +happier if they agreed with the way they were being governed. Quite the +opposite is actually true, however - anarchists refuse to let the state get +them down. To prepare for the revolution, which can only be by changing +popular opinion, we must live anarchy every day. + We must remain committed to our ideals no matter what the +circumstances. Every time you laugh at a discriminatory joke, every time you +don't speak up when you should - you contribute to the problem. + Intellectual freedom - the freedom to think for one's self - is one of +the foundations for other freedoms. Freedom of expression is integral to art +and creativity. Anarchists should oppose the idea of intellectual property and +copyrights, as these only block the free flow of information. Express yourself +freely and don't copyright your work. + No one, least of all government, has any right to control you. Show +the anarchist spirit in your attitude and actions. Perhaps most importantly, +don't follow the crowd. Be yourself. + + - Civil Disobedience - + + Many laws are around todat because no one will stand up and break them +and say, "this law is unjust!" Practice civil disobedience in your daily life; +don't let the government's arbitrarily defined guidelines confine you. + + - D-I-Y - + + Do-it-yourself rather than relying on government or large corporations +whenever possible. If you are a musician, consider recording independently. +If you are a writer, consider publishing independently and not copyrighting +your work. + + + + + Modern Anarchist Activism + + - Direct Action - + + Anarchists, for the most part, are opposed to voting. Not only are +you, by voting, agreeing to having someone make your decisions for you, but you +are contributing to the illusion that voting actually makes a difference. The +best way to effect real change is by direct action. Direct action may take the +form of strikes, protests... anything that directly fights coercion. To quote +the I.W.W.: "It [the General Strike] debunks the myth that power flows +downward, and proves instead that all teal power still resides at the +grassroots level, if we only choose to excersize it." + Anarchists are often present at political marches and protests. The +gay/lesbian march for equal rights in Washington, D.C. drew about a hundred +marching with the anarchist contingent. + The I.W.W., an anti-capitalist labor union, supports sabotage in the +workplace - not necessarily destructivem just a concious slowing down of +production. + The most direct for of direct action is shown in clinic defense (the +protection of women's clinics from anti-choice groups such as "Operation +Rescue") - actually, physicalls fighting coercion. + Food Not Bombs is another direct action group working for rights for +the poor in San Francisco. They distribute free, hot, vegetarian meals to the +homeless, and many of them were arrested because they had no permit (when in +fact it would have been impossible for them to get a permit in the first +place). Propositions have been introduced that would make Food Not Bombs +illegal. In October 1993, a ruling was made that allowed FNB to continue +distributing free food, but the individual charges against the members were not +dropped. + + - Propaganda - + + Propaganda is an important part of anarchist activism. Some anarchists +believe that a revolution now would be pointless - people today have been so +indoctrinated with authoritarian dogmas that a revolution now really would +cause chaos. A revolution can only take place when a significant portion of +the population are tired of being told what to do and decide that they aren't +going to obey the government anymore. As Bakunin said, "The end justifies the +means, but the means determine the end." An anarchist revolution must be by +the people and not by a vanguard. Others believe that freedom is a +precondition for the development of the maturity necessary for freedom. Either +way, one of the most revolutionary things we can do right now is to encourage +people to think for themselves. Posters, flyers, and articles about anarchism +help to spread the word and get people thinking. Effective flyers get the +point across as quickly as possible, but allow the reader to come to his/her +own conclusions, without forcing ideas on anyone. Here is the text of a +general purpose anarchist flyer I put together. + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + Are you a patriotic American? + Do you believe in the "American Way"? + + Just what is the "American Way?" America supposely represents +freedom and equality. Patriots continually praise the American system for +giving rights to everyone. The fact is that basic human rights are the same +whether we have a government or not. All governments can do is try to take +rights away from us. + + - The "American Way" - + + What is free about democracy? Why should 51% of the people, who have +been almost completely brainwashed by the power elite, get to impose +their will on the remaining 49%, and have their views enforced by police and +the military? Truth is not dependent on whether or not the majority agrees +with it. To wish to think along with the majority, simply because the majority is the +majority, only proves that one is unable think for oneself. Democracy has been +compared to two wolves and a sheep trying to decide what's going to be for +dinner. It would be more accurate to compare it to two wolves, a sheep, a +bird, and a fish. The sheep can form a coalition with the fish and the bird to +beat the wolves, but there's really no reason they should all be eating the +same thing in the first place. Democracy is a way of giving citizens the +illusion that they have control while opressing them behind their backs. + + - Class Struggle - + + What does free market capitalism have to do with equality? "Free" +indeed. Capitalism is just as tyrannical as feudalism. Some ninty thousand +hours of your life will be sold to someone else - to someone who has +accumulated more wealth and property than you have and will use it to exploit +you every chance he/she gets. The working class does all the work and the +upper class profits. A member of the poorer class is only trying to survive, +while a member of the working class spends all of his/her time trying to become +a member of the upper class, so that s/he can in turn exploit his/her fellow +workers. All of this is presented to you as equality. If you still insist +that we are equal under democracy and capitalism, ask yourself: when was the +last time we had a poor president? A poor governor? A mayor? The reason for +this is that only the rich have the money to do the extensive campaigning +necessary to win an election, and many make a career out of politics. What's +more, the rich control the media, and have a great influence over the ideas of +the masses. If you don't think there is a definite ruling class in America, +think again. + + - Where To From Here? - + + What is the answer? Socialism? Communism? The problems of America are +the same problems that are inherent in any government system based on coercion +and enforcement by police. Simply put, power corrupts. No person should have +control over any other person. The solution is a completely new society, based +on mutual aid, cooperation, and voluntary association, rather than force and +government authority. Peaceful cooperation can only exist when people are free +to act according to reason - according to ethics instead of laws. Crime exists +only because the government prohibits. For example, how many thousands of +robberies, shootings, and deaths each year would be prevented if drugs were +legalized, normalizing their artificially inflated prices? The state is the +greatest criminal of all, violating our individual liberty by stealing in the +form of taxes and property seizures, and murdering in the form of execution and +war. Despite this fact, government has come to a complete standstill in coping +with crime. We don't need a government to protect us from ourselves and we +don't need a government to protect us from each other. Government is a +completely artificial institution which restricts human interaction. + + - What You Can Do To Help - + + We're not ready for a revolution yet. People have grown too accustommed +to having their decisions made for them. They don't know how to live without +government intervention. Government restrictions have caused them to +substitute laws for ethics. They've lost the ability to make their own +choices. The most revolutionary thing we can do right now is to encourage +people to think for themselves. Get involved. We are a Dallas-based group of +anarchists who want to get the word out and get people involved. If you want +to learn more or recieve anarchist literature by mail, write to: + + Digital Revolution + 11111-A N. Central Expwy + Dallas, TX 75243 + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - Anarchist Networking - + + Unity among anarchists is not often emphasized because to unite, we +must, to some extent, sacrifice our individuality. There are, however, many +anarchist gatherings every year. To organize and exchange ideas, anarchists +must form loose connections through networks rather than getting involved in +hierarchical organizations. Some anarchists form collectives; others are just +part of affinity groups - small, non-hierarchical groups of individuals with +common interests. + + The Zine Network + + Zines are small, low-budget, independently published magazines. +Anarchist zines are usually specifically anti-copyright, to encourage +rprinting of articles. A lot of information gets traded around the global +anarchist community in this way. What makes the zine network so unique is that +you can't really tell the average zine editor from the average zine reader. +Anyone with time and a copier can do a zine. + + Electronic Networking + + Another useful tool for networking is the telecommunications network. With +only a few hundred dollars worth of computer equipment, anyone can tap into +immeasurable online resources. Electronic publishers can "print" zines in +text-file format without any costs for paper and stamps. Almost all electronic +magazines are free, since it is virtually impossible to curb their +distribution. There are also file transfer sites, such as SPUNK Press, which +are directly connected to the internet, and provide archives of electronic +magazines, articles, essays by anarchist writers, and even scanned-in books. +If you have an internet email account, you can subscribe to mailing lists, +which send all submissions to all subscribed accounts. Users who can get +usenet also probably have access to such newsgroups as alt.society.anarchy and +alt.society.revolution. + + + + + Conclusion + + We're sick and tired of being pushed around by the ruling class. If +you want to get involved and start taking action to end coercion, see the +appendices for information and addresses useful to get connected with other +anarchists across the country and across the world. + + + + + Appendix 1 + - Anarchist Periodicals - + +Anarchy / POBox 1446 / Columbia, MO 65205-1446 +Anti-Power / 1961 Pike Place #12-367 / Seattle, WA 98101 +Bayou La Rose / POBox 5464 / Tacoma, WA 98415-0464 +Beyond the Wall of Injustice / POBox 6188 / Fullerton, CA 92634 +Class War / POBox 1021 / Edinburgh EH8 9PW / Scotland Britain +Fifth Estate / 4632 Second Ave. / Detroit, MI 48201 +Free Society / POBox 7293 / Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Green Anarchist / POBox H / 34 Crowley Rd. / Oxford OX4 1HZ / U.K. +Infinite Onion / POBox 263 / Colorado Springs, CO 80901-0263 +Kaboom! / POBox 4472 / Long Beach, CA 90804-0472 +Libertarian Labor Review / POBox 2824 / Champaign, IL 61825 +Love and Rage / POBox 3 / Prince St. Station / New York, NY 10012 +Madworld Survival Guide / POBox 791377 / New Orleans, LA 70179 +Plain Words / POBox 832 / Haledon, NJ 0780-832 +Practical Anarchy / POBox 173 / Madison, WI 3701-0173 +Profane Existence / POBox 8722 / Minneapolis, MN 55408 +Slingshot / 700 Eshleman Hall / Berkeley, CA 94720 +Wind Chill Factor / POBox 2824 / Champaign, IL 60681 +Workers' Solidarity / POBox 40400 / San Francisco, CA 94140 + + [Taken from Anarchism Everywhere: a contact list for the + revolutionary community, from the United Anarchist Front.] + + + + + Appendix 2 + - Anarchist Organizations - + +Amor y Rabia Apartado Postal / 11-351 C.P. / 06101 Mexico D.F. / Mexico +Anarchist Black Cross / POBox ABC / 121 Raiton Rd. / London, SE24 OLR UK +Anarchist Youth Federation / POBox 365 / New York, NY 10013-0365 +AWOL / POBox 7293 / Minneapolis, MN / 55407 +Bloomington Anarchist Union / POBox 3207 / Bloomington, IN 47042 +The Germinal UCSD Student Coop Center / B-0323-Z / La Jolla, CA 92093 +Impulse / Route 1 / Redwing, MN 55066 +Midwest Eco-Anarchist Network/ POBox 7511 / Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Neither East nor West / 528 5th St. / Brooklyn, NY 11215 +Patterson Anarchist Collective / POBox 8532 Haledon, NJ 07508 +United Anarchist Front / POBox 1115 / Whittier, CA 90609 +United Anarchist Front / POBox 3941 / Fullerton, CA 92634 +The Web Collective / POBox 40890 / San Francisco, CA 94117 +Worker's Solidarity Alliance / 339 Lafayette St. Rm 202 / New York, NY 10012 + + [Taken from Anarchism Everywhere: a contact list for the + revolutionary community, from the United Anarchist Front.] + + + + + Appendix 3 + - Anarchist Publishing and Distribution - + +AK Distribution / 3 Balmoral Place / Stirling FK8 2RD / Scotland +Anarchist Archives Project / POBox 1323 / Cambridge, MA 02238 +@ Distribution / POBox 021835 / Brooklyn, NY 11012 +Anok and Peace Collective / 3332 Peachtree Place / Lima, OH 45805 +Bound Together Books / 1369 Haight St. / San Francisco, CA 94117 +Collective Chaos Distribution / POBox 81961 / Chicago, IL 60681 +Left Bank Books / 92 Pike St. / Seattle, WA 98101 +Librarie Alternative / 2035 Boulevard St. Laurent / + Montreal, Quebec H2X 2T3 Canada +Never Ending Vegetable / POBox 263 / Colorado Springs, CO 80901 +Profane Existence Mailorder / POBox 8722 / Minneapolis, MN 55408 +Silid Aklatan / POBox 187 / N. Hollywood, CA 91603 + + [Taken from Anarchism Everywhere: a contact list for the + revolutionary community, from the United Anarchist Front.] + + + + + Appendix 4 + - Anarchist Electronic Contact List v1.7 - + +Newsgroups: + + alt.society.anarchy + alt.politics.radical-left + alt.society.revolution + talk.politics.theory + talk.philosophy.misc + alt.postmodern + alt.amateur-comp + + +Anonymous ftp sites: + + Site: Contact: Paul Southworth(pauls@umich.edu) + + This site carries most, if not all, + of the electrnonic newsletters and other + material listed below. + + +Electronic newsletters and distribution: + + Autonome Forum (Various) + aforum@moose.uvm.edu + + Practical Anarchy Online (electronic newsletter) + cmunson@macc.wisc.edu + cardell@lysator.liu.se + + Spunk Press Distribution List (Anarchist Literature) + spunk-info-request@lysator.liu.se + + Love & Rage: (electronic newsletter) + loveandrage@org.igc (Todd Prane) + + Baklava Autonomist Collective, WIND CHILL FACTOR paper/zine + thak@midway.uchicago.edu + +Mailing lists: + + Anarchy mailing list: + Organiser: jack@cwi.nl + List address: anarchy-list-request@cwi.nl + + 1-Union Mailing List (Syndicalist) + Organizer: mlepore@mcimail.com + List address: 1-union-request@uvmvm.bitnet + + Non Serviam mailing list + solan@math.uio.no + + Libertarian mailing list + Coordinators: Barry Fagin + June Genis + List Address:LIBERNET@DARTMOUTH.EDU + + Anarchocapitalists mailing lists + extropians-request@gnu.ai.mit.edu + + pnews Mailing List + Organise:odin@world.std.com + pnews-request@world.std.com + + +Magazines: + + Processed World + pwmag@well.sf.ca + + 2600 Magazine (The Hacker Quarterly) + 2600@well.sf.ca.us + + Here and Now (Leeds, U.K.) + Alastair Dickson + +Contacts: + + San Francisco IWW + iww@igc.apc.org (Mike Ballard) + BEKKENJ@snycorva.bitnet (Jon Bekken) + + Chicago Anarchist Black Cross + 74230.1540@compuserve.com (Tony Atoms) + + Boston Anarchists' Drinking Brigade + bbrigade@world.std.com. + + Worker's Solidarity Movement (Ireland) + Andrew Flood + + Omega (contact for infoshops in Berlin) + omega@ibb.berlinet.in-berlin.de + + Anarchist Communist Federation (U.K.) + is_s425@ceres.king.ac.uk (Chris Hutchinson) + + Edinburgh Class War (U.K.) + rar@castle.ed.ac.uk + + Glasgow Anarchists (U.K.) + Ian Heavens + +Miscellaneous: + + Jerry Mintz + jmintz@igc.apc.org + + + + + Appendix 5 + - Sources For Further Information About Anarchism - + +General: + +'Anarchism Today', David E. Apter and James Joll, MacMillan (ISBN 333 12041 +8), has chapters on various movements and a bibliography of Anarchism in +print. George Woodcock's Anarchist Reader and Anarchism also have useful +bibliographies. Daniel Guerin's 'Anarchism' (Monthly Review Press, +ISBN 85345-175-3) takes an anarchosyndicalist point of view (and has +a bibliography). + +'Classics': + +'The ABC of Anarchism' - Alexander Berkman +'Civil Disobedience' - Thoreau +'Anarchy' - Malatesta +Anything by Kropotkin, Bakunin, Proudhon. +'Enquiry Concerning Political Justice' - William Godwin. + +On individualism: Max Stirner's 'The Ego And His Own' + +On the situationists: + +BAMN:By Any Means Necessary, Penguin (out of print, cannot remember the +author - I'd like to get hold of a copy of this). + +Raoul Vaneigem's 'The Revolution of Everyday Life' +Guy Debord's 'The Society of the Spectacle' + +Also, 'The Situationist Anthology' (editor??) + +On the squatters' movement: + +'The Squatters' by Ron Bailey. + +- Visions of utopia: + +'Journey to Utopia' by Marie Bernelli (an anthology) +'News from Nowhere' by William Morris +'The Dispossessed' - Ursula Le Guin + +Anarchosyndicalism: + +IWW: + +'The Living Spirit of the Wobblies' by Len de Caux, International +Publishers, 381 Park Avenue South, New York 10016, ISBN. This has +an extensive bibliography on the IWW. + +Also, 'The Case of Joe Hill', Philip S.Foner, same publisher. + + +Spain: + +Books published outside the anarchist press on the Spanish revolution +are in the above bibliographies. George Orwell's 'Homage to Catalonia' +is a good introduction to the Civil War. + +The definitive work is 'Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution' Jose +Peirats, Freedom Press (ISBN 0 900 384 53 0), also see 'Collectives in the +Spanish Revolution', Gaston Leval, Freedom Press (ISBN 0 900384 11 5), +'Anarchist Organisation:the History of the F.A.I', by Juan Gomez Casas, +Black Rose Books (Quebec), (ISBN 0-920057-38-1), plus others by +Freedom Press and Black Rose Books, e.g. +'Spain 1936-1939:Social Revolution-Counter Revolution', Freedom Press +(ISBN 0 900384 54-9) + +[ NB Freedom Press titles are nice and cheap, and only 10% for +overseas postage; they're at 84B Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7QX +(Tel 081-247-9249) ] + +Latin America: + +'Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class 1860-1931', John M. Hart, +Univ. of Texas press (ISBN 0 292 70400 3). + +Chapter on Argentina and Uruguay in 'Anarchism Today' (above) + +'The Cuban Revolution' by Sam Dolgoff + +Britain: + +'The Slow Burning Fuse' by John Quail (also see bibliography in the +Anarchist Reader) + +Russian: + +I don't know which of these are anarchosyndicalist, there are a number +listed in the above bibliographies, esp. Voline's 'The Unknown Revolution' +Paul Avrich's 'The Russian Anarchists' and Peter Arshinov's 'History +of the Makhnovist movement'. Emma Goldman wrote a fair bit, in +'Living My Life', volume 2, 'My Disillusionment with Russia', etc. + +[From Ian Heavens] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Appendix 6 + - Contacting the Author - + +BBS's: The Subversive Anarchist and cyberpunk discussion, + (USA)+214/224.7858 electronic magazines, + 14.4kbps - N/8/1 electronic publishing. + SysOp: Brian Crabtree + +Zines: Digital Revolution News from the anarchist front, + attn: Brian Crabtree some artwork, poetry, articles, + 11111-A N. Central Expwy. cyberpunk stuff. $1 or three + Dallas, TX 75243 stamps suggested for sample copy, + Editor: Brian Crabtree $6-7 for a ten-issue subscription. + +Internet addresses: + + Brian Crabtree: subv@netcom.com, + brian.crabtree@chrysalis.com, + bri@sdf.lonestar.org. + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/japan.txt b/politicalTextFiles/japan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b583c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/japan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3177 @@ + + + THE JAPAN THAT CAN SAY NO + + INTRODUCTORY NOTE + + This is ... a translation of a best-selling Japanese book called "The + Japan That Can Say No." If you read no further in this introductory + note, please at least read this: the group that has typed in and + posted this translation wishes to secure for it the widest possible + distribution. Please ... mail [this document] either in print or + electronically, to colleagues, newspaper editors, members of the + national and local government, academics, radio talk-show hosts, + friends, and family; hand them out at work; leave piles of them by + the coffee machine. Note that the book is rather short, and so can + be conveniently Xerox-copied. + + This book has been a best-seller in Japan, and has been the subject + of some attention in the United States; members of Congress have read + it, and some spoke of reading it into the Congressional Record, but + none of them ever did that. It has been excerpted in newspaper + articles and Usenet postings, but these excerpts are always the same, + because nearly no one has available the full text of a translation. + + This has not been an oversight on the part of the authors, Akio + Morita and Shintaro Ishihara. Akio Morita is the chairman of Sony, + the very large electronics conglomerate that has recently purchased + Columbia Pictures. Shintaro Ishihara has been described in some news + accounts as a right-wing extremist, and Morita's association with him + has been described as a foolish mistake. These accounts are very + misleading; so nearly as I can tell, Mr. Ishihara is no more an + extremist in his country than, say, Bob Dole is in ours. He is a + somewhat right-of-center, charismatic and powerful member of the + ruling Liberal Democratic Party who placed third in the race to + succeed Prime Minister Sosuke Uno this past August. Ishihara has + served as the Minister of Transport, and is currently a member of the + Diet, Japan's legislative body. + + The writers of American news accounts that call Mr. Morita's + co-authorship of the book with Mr. Ishihara a foolish mistake are + making a basic error of a sort that has complicated our understanding + of the relationship between the United States and Japan: they are + imagining that the reception the book would be given in the United + States should have played a major factor in Morita's decision. But + this book was not written to be read in the United States (and, so + far, it has not been); it was written to be read by a Japanese public + that questions the nature of the post-war political relationship + between the United States and Japan. It is a political instrument + that has helped to define for the public the positions of its authors + in much the same way that a popular book of political essays might do + so for an up-and-coming politician in the United States, and more so, + because the Japanese read such books more avidly than does the + American public. + + The book's publisher, Kobunsha Publishing Ltd., has said that it has + no plans to publish the book in English and has authorized no + translations. Ishihara and Morita have spoken of how the United + States government has violated their copyright in distributing + translations of the book to members of Congress, and Morita has gone + on record as saying that he does not want to publish the book in the + United States, as this might inflame relations between the two + countries. + + According to rumor, the translations available in Washington have + been written by either DARPA or the CIA. We have no idea if this is + true, or which translation this might be; however, it is one of those + circulated in Washington. It was apparently done in haste (and + perhaps by non-native speakers of English), as it contains numerous + typographical errors, errors of grammar, and errors of diction, which + we have made no attempt to rectify. + + This translation has been entered and electronically distributed by a + group that wishes to remain anonymous. This is because we have no + wish to be bear-hugged in court by a powerful Japanese politician and + the CEO of an immense Japanese conglomerate, all under the approving + eye of the U.S. Department of State. However, we should like to + explain why we wished to embark on a project whose success could only + worsen the trade relationship, and even the political relationship + between the United States and Japan. + + We Americans live in a country controlled by a variety of interests. + Over the past ten years we have repeatedly put into government a + group of people who cannot even make up their minds as to whether + public education should be funded; who are against the creation of a + national industrial policy; and who do not believe that the + government should take any steps to ensure that manufacturing jobs + should continue to exist in the United States. + + Like many Americans, those of us who have undertaken to distribute + this book are able to make up our minds about all of these issues. + We believe that public education should be one of the first national + priorities and that the United States should have national industrial + and trade policies to ensure the continued existence of domestic + manufacturing. Our feelings about this are based on a simple desire + to see the United States maintain a decent standard of living for its + citizens. People who flip burgers are able to realize fewer of their + dreams than are skilled laborers who build things, not least because + people who flip burgers create less value for the economy and so make + less money. + + How does "The Japan That Can Say No" figure in this? Our country is + obsessed with feeling good, to the exclusion of good sense. The + popular conception of our time runs something like this: + "Everything's great, just like the president says. Those crazy folks + on Wall Street go up and down, but they do okay, and if some more + factories close, if a few shiftless characters can't afford housing, + what the hell, huh? And those clever Japanese, what will they think + of next? They're always thinking of neat new toys to make for us." + + The reality is much more grim. It seems very possible that in ten or + twenty years there will be no sector in which American-made products + are internationally competitive. Many American industrial concerns + no longer establish domestic manufacturing plants because they are + unable to find laborers sufficiently skilled to operate them + efficiently. We educate fewer and fewer engineers each year. Much + of American commerce is controlled by a managerial class that has + been trained mostly in marketing, has trouble with simple technical + concepts, and prefers the ease of marketing foreign products to the + complexities of managing manufacturing and development. Meanwhile, + many American citizens are unable to make ends meet, and their number + is clearly increasing. + + All of these points are made regularly by domestic policy analysts, + to absolutely no significant effect. We were struck by the fact that + they are also made repeatedly in "The Japan That Can Say No," + although here they are often couched in racist and belligerent + language. Ishihara and Morita wrote their book for domestic + consumption, to promote themselves and particular Japanese national + policies. We wish to use the book for an analogous purpose: we hope + that reading "The Japan That Can Say No" will help to jolt Americans + out of their complacency. + + We believe that the urgency of our country's situation justifies our + disregard for the wishes of the book's authors. Their interest in + analyzing the United States' problems seems to be motivated at best + by a penchant for self-congratulation and at worst by one for + jingoistic sentiment and self-promotion. The fact that they are + attempting to ensure that their audience remains exclusively Japanese + reinforces our sense that they do not see our country's interests as + theirs. Still, much of what they say is accurate, and we believe + that reading it may help our country to act in its own interests. + + Consider the analogy of a family who make their living by farming, + and who are in domestic trouble. The head of the family (say the + father) is a compulsive gambler, and, although some family members do + their best to wake him up to the fact that he is destroying the + family's livelihood, he pays no attention, selling off the tractor, + the truck, the cows, mortgaging the house and the fields. He points + out to his family that his good friends in town who run the bank, the + general store, and the casino are still happy to do business with + him. The bank still gives him mortgages, the general store still + buys what's left of the farming equipment, and the casino always lets + him in to play. + + Perhaps if the farmer knew he was the laugh of the town, he'd pay + some attention. If he heard his friends clucking their tongues and + saying that it was an awful shame, what he was doing to his family + and that they didn't think he'd ever again get back on his feet, even + as they eagerly bought his tractor and his fields and continued + taking his money at the casino, he might think twice. Maybe he'd + even realize how far he'd fallen, and set about the difficult work of + putting his farm back in order. + + + If this makes sense to you, please work to disseminate copies of this + book as much as possible, especially to people outside of the Usenet + community -- those of us with access to networks are, after all, a + small minority of the national community. Please feel free to + disseminate as well this introductory note. + + + + + + THE JAPAN THAT CAN SAY NO + The New U.S.-Japan Relations Card + by + Akio Morita + Shintaro Ishihara + + + Published in Japan by Kobunsha Publishing Ltd. + + [the cover sheet then says:] + Kappa-Holmes + + + Translator's Note: The material written by Mr. Morita is very + straightforward; however, Mr. Ishihara tends to ramble, change from + one subject to another without much transition, and uses a great deal + of sayings and proverbs which when directly translated to English make + no sense. What has been translated is the closest equivalent in + English we could get. + + Editor's Note: This material was given numbered section headings and + reformatted for easier reading. Also, a number of small misspellings + were corrected. + + + 1.0 THE NECESSITY FOR PRESENT DAY JAPANESE TO REFORM THEIR CONSCIOUSNESS + (Ishihara) + + 1.1 Japanese People Have Become Top Heavy + + Each month, there is the Cabinet meeting for the economic report. I + am one of those kinds of guys who gets up early and goes before the + cabinet meeting, which winds up by 9 a.m., or 8 at the earliest. + While rubbing my sleepy eyes, I go over the reports by the Bureau + Chief of the Economic Planning Agency and by the Director of the Bank + of Japan. Each month, the reports are almost identical. Generally, + the Cabinet ministers sleep through it. When I suggested to the Chief + Cabinet Secretary that in this age of governmental administra- tive + reform, why not give up these meetings, the reponse, not entirely + unexpected on my part, was that these were absolutely necessary, even + if there were some Party executives who did not attend. + + Thus, each month, there is a repetition of a nearly identical report. + + The Bureau Chief of the Economic Planning Agency said this month, just + as he did last month, that the magnitude of Japan's surplus in + international revenues was tending to shrink. In other words, this + means he is saying that it is perfectly alright for business not to be + so good. The Cabinet members all nod and underline this in red. + + Myself, I thought this was a really strange phenomenon, so I turned to + the Minister for Home Affairs, Mr. Kajiyama, who was sitting beside + me, and asked what was going on here. Everybody is thinking it's just + great that business isn't prospering that much and eagerly red-lining + that information. Couldn't you say, however, that a country like that + won't last long? Words, words -- if the meaning of words keeps + changing, you can never be really sure what is being said. In other + words, aren't our values changing? + + If we take Japan's vast trade surpluses as one type of crisis + situation, then this points to the necessity of changing Japan's + economic and industrial structure. While leaving undetermined for the + moment whether or not the conclusions of the Maekawa Report were + valid, it is true that the "comprehensive and vast" industries are + tending to recede and the lean and mean knowledge-intensive types are + coming into their own. When the term "comprehensive and vast" + (jukochodai) is applied to human beings, it is a form of praise, while + the opposite, "light and small" would be to berate the same. However, + when these terms are applied to the industrial structure, their + meaning has come to change. + + What matters, however, is whether or not this is good. Should we all + be at ease, not that we are not dirtying our hands and sweating in + order to make things with our own hands? Certainly know-how comes + about from one type of mental activity, and coming up with it is a + work worthy of respect. Looking at history, however, in cases where + the whole society of the country was using their brains instead of + their hands, not one has lasted to prosper today. In some sense, it + may be true that the Japanese people are being forced into a new + historical experience, but can we go on now, as we are, thinking we + are the chosen people? + + When looking at the actions of the Japanese people these days, I + recall that these seem similar to ET, the extra-terrestrial, in the + Speilburg films. I feel that it may well be the Japanese people will + evolve into something like ET with pronounced eyes and noses and a big + head making them top-heavy, over an abnormally thin body and slender + arms and legs. + + Therefore, it was impossible for Japan to get more than a few gold + medals at the Seoul Olympics, which many Japanese read as being + abnormal. While it may be that this is a sign that a new people has + arisen to make contributions in other areas, it seems more natural to + me that our descendants would be able to continue to sweat and work to + keep the country strong. + + + 1.2 Japan's Advanced Technology Is at the Heart of Military Strength + + This is something advocated by Mr. Morita, who is a company leader + that has driven Japan's advanced technology and who is known for + manufacturing excellent products. He pointed out that the INF + limitations (the restrictions on intermediate range nuclear forces) + was something that the Soviet and American leaders came to each other + on. While this was an epoch-making event, it was certainly not done + because Americans and Russians had a new sense of the danger of + nuclear weapons, they were not acting from the standpoint of human + morality. + + There may be some people who took the INF negotiaions as a sign that + both countries were beginning to act from their sense of humanity, but + I think the reason why they got together on this is different. + + Whether it be mid-range nuclear weapons or inter-continental ballistic + missiles, what ensures the accuracy of weapons is none other than + compact, high-precision computers. As everyone knows, current ICBMs + use the MIRV concept where there are multiple warheads. When an + attacking missile gets near enough to be detected, the warhead splits + into 8 or 9 separate heads. Not all of them contain hydrogen bombs, + however, some are dummies designed just to dupe the enemy. + + The remaining warheads lose speed, reenter from space, fall, run + sideways and follow complicated paths, but in the end, they hit the + targets picked for them by spy satellites and destroy them to within 1 + second of latitudinal and longitudinal accuracy. For a Soviet ICBM, + this would mean hitting the silo containing the retaliatory ICBM in + Vandenburg AFB California. + + These silos go 50 or 60 meters underground and are strong fortresses + having thick walls of reinforced concrete. If a direct hit is not + scored upon them, one cannot destroy the hydrogen bombs inside. The + equipment will not even be affected as much as it is in an earthquake + if a direct hit is not made. Thus, it is absolutely vital that a + direct hit is made. + + At the present time, Soviet technology allows these missiles to hit + within a 60 meter accuracy, while for the U.S., it is 15 meters, and + there is concern that this 15 meters has to be brought down to zero. + This type of precision calls for a more complex orbit the further the + attack proceeds, and only artificial intelligence can ensure accuracy. + It may well be that America was the 4th generation leader and that the + 1 megabit and several megabit devices which will support the next, the + 5th generation, can be developed by American know-how. However, to + use this know-how across diverse applications, including weapons, + requires a country with dramatically advanced production management; + it is only Japan that can deliver on it. + + In sum, if Japanese semiconductors are not used, this accuracy cannot + be assured. It has come to the point that no matter how much they + continue military expansion, if Japan stopped selling them the chips, + there would be nothing more they could do. + + If, for example, Japan sold chips to the Soviet Union and stopped + selling them to the U.S., this would upset the entire military + balance. Some Americans say that if Japan were thinking of doing + that, it would be occupied. Certainly, this is an age where things + could come to that. The more technology advances, the more the U.S. + and the Soviet Union will become dependent upon the initiative of the + Japanese people -- this is getting crazy now, but the point is clear. + + The U.S. Defense Department's Science Commission recently prepared a + huge classified report on electronic engineering. Looking at this, + one can well understand the sense of crisis that the U.S. has with + respect to Japan. + + The report states that if Japan is left to go as it is, it will be + impossible to get the lead back. This report is very accurate in + assessing the areas of weakness in the U.S. and the strengths in + Japan, but only the President and a few select people have seen the + report. If it were seen by the general public, it would certainly + raise quite a commotion. It is in this area where the U.S. + specialists have their greatest sense of danger, primarily centering + on Japan's semiconductor technology. + + -- We have grown very dependent upon America's technological + superiority in military strength. In that technology, electronic + equipment is the most effective technology. Semiconductors are the + "key" to preserving this superiority in electronic equipment, they are + the "heart of the equipment." If competitive, mass production of + semiconductors is the key, then this is in turn dependent upon having + the market to support mass production. -- + + This dependence on the market for supporting mass production can be + seen in that America did not have the vast and diverse needs for + semiconductors, as Japan did in rice cookers and other household + appliances. In Japan, these sizable and diverse needs created the + market for semiconductor production. The report continues: + + -- American's Semiconductor Industry for its commercial mass + production is losing its superiority minute by minute. There is a + strong relationship between superiority in production technology and + superiority in semiconductor technology, this is being transferred to + foreign countries minute by minute. Very soon now, the defense of + America will become dependent upon supply sources abroad. It is the + opinion of the task team that this is something which is absolutely + unacceptable for the United States. -- + + What is meant in the report by "foreign supply sources" is none other + than Japan. Further, they seem to worry about the following: + + -- What is more problematic is that the electronic equipment systems + are being transferred abroad, where they could more easily get + transferred into the hands of the Soviet Union. -- + + In other words, their sense of crisis stems from the fact that the + semiconductor technology is absolutely vital in maintaining military + superiority, and that this might flow from Japan to the Soviet Union. + I feel that what is behind this abnormal hysteria on the part of this + country is that this pivotal military technology is in the hands of + another country, not even Europe, but in the hands of an Asian + country, Japan. + + Toshiba, etc. which was speared by COCOM is the fault of this hysteria + by the U.S. If that had been criticism from the pure perspective of + the law, it would not for a moment have any basis at all. + + The 1 megabit semiconductors which are used in the hearts of + computers, which carry hundreds of millions of circuits in an area + which is one-third the size of your little fingernail, are only made + in Japan. Japan has nearly a 100 percent share of these 1 megabit + semiconductors. + + The United States has the know-how to make them, but when it comes + down to actual production, they don't have the technicians; they don't + have the employees. Further, they don't have the production + management. Because they don't have development and production linked + into one unit, they guard know-how like a jewel. + + America went after cheap labor and set up factories in Southeast Asia, + where they could make 256k chips (1/4 the capacity of 1 megabit + chips), but they could not catch Japan. Now, Japan is at least 5 + years ahead of the U.S. in this area and the gap is widening. There + is even some kinds of basic research which cannot be accomplished + without using one of these advanced computers. It take excellent + computers in order to develop other advanced computers -- it is a + cycle of technology. In other words, the bigger the gap in advanced + computer technology, the more difficult it is to catch up. + + The current situation in the world is that those kinds of computers + are central to military strength and therefore central to national + power. This is why the U.S. is being driven so hard. For example, in + performing simulations of what elements would be needed by aircraft + flying at mach 2, a regular computer might take 40 years to perform + the necessary computations. If the same query is put to a new, + advanced, computer, however, the answer will come out in a year. + Japan has almost the total share of the 1 megabit chips which are at + the heart of these computers. In that sense, Japan has become a very + important country. + + + 1.3 There Is A Need for Japanese to Change Their Consciousness in Light + of High Technology + + As the world goes smaller, and issues in the world further settle + down, whether it be China or Siberia, development will proceed. In + order to get the needed access (participation in the market), the most + important possibility lies in linear technology. Japan and West + Germany are the most advanced countries in this research and + development, and the theoretical base of Japanese technology is far + superior. West Germany has given up in research on superconducting, + but Japan has cleared three technological obstacles which were + envisioned by West Germany. + + To make a long story short, the West German magnetic floating train + development realized a levitation of only 8mm, but Japan's "Maglevel" + superconducting linear motorcar realized a levitation of 10 + centimeters, and speeds of 500 kilometers per hour. This type of + technology does not exist anywhere in the Soviet Union or the United + States, it only exists in Japan and West Germany. If the giants in + the economic field and the politicians can join together around this + type of technology, it would open up new possibilities for our + advancement. Whether or not this can be achieved depends upon our + large and small choices in the future; in sum, it is a question + involving the sensibilities of our politicians. + + There is a Jiyu Shakai Kenkyu-kai (Free Society Research Association) + which is presided over by Mr. Morita. This was formed more than 10 + years ago as an association of politicians and businessmen. I am the + youngest, but I also participate. We get together for discussions one + or twice per year. + + Recently, Mr. Kissinger predicted that Japan might become a military + superpower. This, however, was not the foolish step of Japan getting + ICBMs and refurbishing the old Yamato battleship, it pointed to the + danger that no matter how much the U.S. or Soviet Union developed + space, equippped themselves with space platform weapons, the military + initiative to control these would be dependent upon Japanese + technology. The question now is whether Japan has politicians who + accurately understand the history behind what we have now become. + + We Japanese now face choices on whether we can boldly proceed or stand + back quietly. It may be possible that Japan can secure a new culture + for itself based upon the skeleton of the development of high + technology. We must not restrain ourselves to what we have done up to + this point. The dregs of the postwar period are too prominent in the + consciousness of Japanese. I feel that however hesitatingly, the + revolution in our consciousness has already begun. + + The Soviet Union implemented a revolution in consciousness with its + criticism of Stalinism, and China achieved the Great Cultural + Revolution. The United States also realized a type of consciousness + reform through its bitter experiences in the Vietnam War. Japan is + the only one which has not felt the need for some kind of reform since + the end of the war. We do not need a drastic reform of consciousness, + but rather, a smooth reform based upon the technology that we have + developed for ourselves. I think that only by doing this will we + realize a society which is mature in the true sense of the word. + + + 2.0 THE DECLINE OF AN AMERICAN WHICH CAN ONLY SEE 10 MINUTES AHEAD (Morita) + + 2.1 American Neglects the Significance of Production + + The gist of the Ishihara message is the importance of production + activities. + + I have had frequent occasion to deliver speeches, both in Europe and + in the United States, due to the nature of my business activities, and + have involved myself in many debates at international conferences. As + a result of my conversations with Europeans and Americans, I have + become very aware of and concerned about the fact that they appear to + have forgotten the importance of production acitivities. + + Americans make money by playing "money games," namely M&A (mergers and + acquistions), by simply moving money back and forth. If you look at + the exchange rate, for example, the dollar is now worth about 120 + Japanese yen, and enormous and quick profits are made by just moving + money by computer, satellite, and even by telephone. + + The summer before last, I had the opportunity to talk to a group of + three thousand foreign currency dealers, who specialize in buying and + selling money, at a conference on the future of money transfers and + financing. I have been known to be critical of the floating exchange + rate system. Talking to money dealers about my ideas was like telling + stockbrokers that the movement of stock prices if wrong; it takes a + lot of courage. I stressed that money should not be the subject of + speculation, because the fundamental function of money should not be + to enrich banks and security companies, but to smooth the path of + production activities. It has been said that America is entering a + so-called post-industrialist society where the weight of the service + industry sector is growing. Yet, when people forget how to produce + goods, and that appears to be the case in America, they will not be + able to supply themselves even with their most basic needs. + + Last summer, a friend of mine who is always criticizing Japan for + being "unfair" invited me to his summer home to play golf. At the + first tee, I pulled out my MacGregor driver whereas my friend had a + Japanese Yonex club. I criticized him for using Japanese clubs since + he had been telling everyone not to buy Japanese products. He + responded simply: "These clubs give me better distance." Well, I was + not able to sacrifice distance and so I kept quiet. After the game, he + invited me to his house and while his wife was preparing dinner, he + showed me around. In the garage, I saw a Kawasaki snowmobile, which + he said he needed because winters in the northern part of New York + State have a lot of snow. Next to it was a Japanese motor boat, which + he said he needs because his house is surrounded by lakes. I also saw + an off-road vehicle made in Japan. + + Finally, dinner was ready and as I went into the house, I saw a Sony + television and numerous other Japanese-made products. I said, "You + criticize us all the time for not buying American products while it's + obvious that you prefer Japanese products. Are you asking us to buy + something you won't buy yourself?" + + Americans today make money by "handling" money and shuffling it + around, instead of creating and producing goods with some actual + value. + + + 2.2 America Looks 10 Minutes Ahead; Japan Looks 10 Years + + I delivered a speech in Chicago entitled "Ten Minutes vs. Ten Years." + I stated that we Japanese plan and develop our business strategies ten + years ahead. When I asked an American money trader, "how far ahead do + you plan...one week?" The reply was "no, no...ten minutes." He was + moving money through a computer, targeting the fate of that + transaction ten minutes later. So, as I told the Americans, we are + focusing on business ten years in advance, while you seem to be + concerned only with profits ten minutes from now. At that rate, you + may well never be able to compete with us. + + A well-known economist, Peter Drucker, wrote recently: "Americans + cannot live in a symbol economy where businessmen play only with + numbers; Americans should come back to a real economy where money + moves in accordance with real production acitivities." + + Unfortunately, in America, stocks are owned and handled by + institutional investors whose fund managers actually buy and sell + stocks in huge numbers in an attempt to maximize profits in a given + short period of time. At the slightest increase in stock prices, they + sell, and when the profit margin of any company declines as a result + of poor management, they sell before the company's stock prices begin + to decline. For them, the name of the game of nothing but quick + profits. + + It is expected that the American service industry will flourish. This + includes finance and financial services, where entrepreneurs and + investors alike do not leave their money in long-term projects, such + as the ten-year projects that have been implemented in Japan. The + American economy is, then, an economy without substance. It must + return to a real production economy. + + In America, R&D is closely linked to the military budget. R&D in the + private sector is heavily dependent on military expenditure. As a + result, a corporation can engage in the development of a new fighter + without worrying about profit or loss. On the other hand, budget + constraints on NASA and the military agencies will directly reduce the + volume of R&D. + + A ten-minute profit cycle economy does not permit companies to invest + in long term development. There are some exceptions, such as IBM, + AT&T, DuPont, and some others. But they do not represent the + mainstream of American business nowadays. Gradually but surely, + American business is shifting toward a symbol economy. In addition, + it seems fashionable to call the service industry the "futuristic + third wave" and information and intelligence is the business of the + future. But these produce nothing. Business, in my mind, is nothing + but "value added;" we must add value and wisdom to things and this is + what America seems to have forgotten. And this is the most deplorable + aspect of America today. + + Japan will do fine as long as it continues to develop and produce + things of tangible value; a shift from high-technology industry to + quick profits from the money game will only serve to accelerate the + degeneration of the country. We must take precautions against such + developments, providing for, for example, tax advantages for long term + investments. + + It is even more the case in America. A quick profit from a stock deal + should be taxed at a higher rate than those on long term investments. + Capital gains should be subject to a lower rate of taxation. + + Recently I said, "America is supposedly the number one industrial + country in the world. Why don't you have a Department of Industry?" + Seated next to me was the chairman of the Ford Motor Corporation, Mr. + Caldwell, who replied, "that's right - we are supervised by the + Department of Transportation." The Department of Transportation is + interested in emissions control and highway safety, but has no + interest or jurisdiction over the future of the automobile industry in + the United States. + + America is the only nation among the advanced industrial countries + that does not have a Department of Industry which is responsible for + industrial policy. Instead, the Department of Commerce and U.S.T.R. + preside and their only real concern is trade-related matters and they + criticize others for the failure of American industry. + + + 2.3 Japan's Impact on the World Economy Will Be Recognized + + The American Economy appears to be deteriorating. I assume that the + Bush administration will take steps to tackle the present problems, + but the country as a whole seems to be extremely nonchalant about the + so-called twin deficits: budget and trade. + + There seems to be the feeling that Reaganomics raised the standard of + living, taxes are relatively low, and they can buy goods from all over + the world. When the Republicans captured the White House again, I + began to wonder if there was any sector in America which was truly + concerned about the twin deficits since Bush repeatedly denies any + possibility of a tax increase. How in the world do the Americans + expect to restore their economy? + + Let's examine the price of gasoline. Consumption of gasoline is + growing rapidly, yet the price is still below a dollar a gallon. The + ongoing world price per gallon is $4 U.S. A one-cent per gallon tax + increase means an additional $10 billion; think what the government + could get if they levied an additional 25 cents per gallon. Yet the + government will not even begin to initiate such a move. + + In fact, even with such an additional tax, American gasoline prices + will still remain less than international prices. Politicians are + simply afraid of losing votes by adopting unpopular policies. Some of + my closest American friends have said that Bush could have been + elected without promising not to raise taxes. He has so firmly + committed himself and his Administration to not raising taxes, yet it + is so obvious that the twin deficits cannot be solved without + additional national revenue. + + Bush should have been more realistic if he was, and is, honestly + concerned with the American bugdet crisis. Tactically, he could have + said early on that he would not raise taxes, but as he gained support, + he should have become more honest and direct, and told the people that + it was necessary to pursue a more realistic financial policy. On the + contrary, he confirmed his pledge even after he was elected. + Solutions to the deficit problem seem even more remote. + + This being the case, the U.S. dollar has continued to decline, and the + U.S. has had to increase interest rates to further attract foreign + money to the U.S., for which it will have to pay a great deal of + interest. The result is an increasingly vicious circle. + + The U.S. inflation situation might well become an even more chronic + phenomenon. Economic growth without inflation is ideal, whereas + endless inflation might well bring the dollar's value to the level of + trash. This, in turn will make European and Japanese assets trash + since sizable asset of both are in U.S. dollars. + + Both the Europeans and the Japanese cannot sit idly by, ignoring or + overlooking the trend in the American economy. At one time, when the + U.S. dollar was very high, the Japanese and Europeans asked Americans + if "they could absorb the trade deficit caused by the high dollar?" + At that time, Treasury Secretary Regan was of the opinion that the + U.S. dollar should stay high and strong. When James Baker became the + new Secretary of the Treasury, he recognized the problem and entered + into the Plaza Accord to lower the value of the dollar. + + The American economy does not stand alone. It is not only a domestic + issue. The collapse of the American economy would cause a worldwide + disaster. 1987's Black Monday chilled all nations momentarily. I am + not a pessimist, but I cannot help thinking that unless the Bush + Adminstration handles economic issues very seriously, a worldwide + collapse is not just a worry, but a very real possibility. The + ever-growing American inflation and thus its economic crisis will not + only make other nations catch cold, but bring their economies into + crisis as well. + + It is said that Japan contributed to efforts to stop a possible + disastrous chain reaction ignited by Black Monday which began in + America and soon affected the London stock market as well. At that + point, the Japanese Ministry of Finance asked Japanese institutional + investors to support prices for a time, which instantly normalized + Japanese stock prices. Later, the chairman of one of the major U.S. + banks, who was visiting Japan, told me, "It was Japan who put a stop + to the chain reaction and it was the Ministry of Finance who was able + to move the Tokyo stock market. The Japanese government now has the + clout to sustain Wall Street and the City of London. So-called + Japanese guidance is truly powerful." + + This gentlemen went on to say, "we are worried about the fact that the + Japanese people are unaware of the fact that they have a significant + impact on the world economy. And I believe that it is true that + Japan's economic status has been much enhanced." + + Like it or not, this is the picture held by Americans, and the + Japanese people have to recognize it and, inevitably, they have to + behave in accordance with that status in the world community today. + + + 3.0 RACIAL PREJUDICE IS AT THE ROOT OF JAPAN BASHING (Ishihara) + + 3.1 America Will Never Hold Its World Leadership Position Unless It Ends + Its Racial Prejudice + + I had the opportunity to visit Washingotn, D.C. in April a year ago, + and was suprised at the very hostile atmosphere. It was only five + days after Congress passed the resolution condemning Japan on the + semiconductor issue. I met some of my old friends, senators and + congressmen, who with subtle smiles admitted that racial + considerations, or more directly, racial prejudice, played a role in + U.S.-Japan relations. This was after I had discussed several concrete + examples with them. Although they shied away from the subject of + racial prejudice as if it were taboo, they did admit that it is there. + + Initially, they violently denied my allegations, citing that the + Pacific War of 40-some years ago as the only real source of prejudice + against the Japanese. I declared that it was not as simple as that. + It appears that the Americans were firmly of the opinion that it was + the West, namely Euro-Americans, who established modernism. My + reaction was as follows. + + It may be true that the modern era is a creation of the white race, + but you have become somewhat presumptous about it. In the pre-modern + era, Asiatic races such as Genghis Khan and his armies raided the + European continent, destroying towns and villages, looting and raping. + Yet at that time, many Europeans actually imitated the style and + behavior of Khan's hordes, cutting their hair short, shaving their + eyebrows, and walking menacingly with knees apart. That was nothing + compared to the strange ways modern Europeans and American adopt the + style and fashions of some of the present era's heros, such as the + Beatles and Michael Jackson. Even Asian kids do this. Probably Khan + was some kind of cult figure then and while women regarded him as a + "hero" of sorts. + + Some say that the roots of the so-called "yellow peril" can be traced + back to the atrocities committed by Khan and his men. At any rate, we + should keep in mind that there is prejudice committed by Khan and his + men. At any rate, we should keep in mind that there is prejudice + against Orientals, as the following episode illustrates. + + I had a chance to talk with the Secretary of the Navy about the Amber + System. Amber is supposed to be the color of caution and danger and + this system is named for this concept. Under the Amber System, + ordinary vessels such as tankers and container ships, are equipped + with sonar on their bows. The sonar can detect underwater objects. + Some objects are rocks, etc. which navigational charts will show. + What the system is looking for are nuclear submarines. +l + The Amber System alone cannot detect the nationality of the submarines + detected; it cannot tell if they are American, Russian, or whatever. + It simply detects the presence of some foreign object and this + information is relayed directly to the Pentagon, which knows what is + on the navigational charts and also where U.S. subs are located, so + they will be able to ascertain whether the particular sub is American + or not. + + I suggested that the Navy equip all Japanese commerical vessels with + this system. Japanese seamen are reliable and the Japanese merchant + marine travels all the oceans and seas. Japanese vessels, including + our oil tankers, could gather information along vital cargo routes and + the U.S. could analyze the information received from the Japanese + ships. + + To my suprise, the Americans said that it was none of Japan's + business. I asked that how, in light of the very limited number of + U.S. ships, how can you deny the need for such assistance. Their + answer: "We cannot leave such a critical matter with Japan." I asked + if it was appropriate to involve the British and the Germans, and they + said it would be. + + The fact of the matter is that Americans do not trust Japan. Japan + would have no basis with which to analyze the information collected by + the Amber System, yet they were still worried about the Japanese + reliability in merely collecting the information. It seems that in + their minds, even the Soviets are more trustworthy than the Japanese. + American racial prejudice toward Japan is very fundamental and we + should always keep it in mind when dealing with the Americans. + + During the Second World War, Americans bombed civilian targets in + Germany, but only on Japan did they use the atomic bomb. While they + refuse to admit it, the only reason they could use the atomic bomb on + Japan was because of their racial attitude toward Japan. The fact + that they actually dropped the atomic bomb on Japan is sufficient + indication that racial prejudice was a factor. + + It is my firm conviction that the roots of the U.S.-Japan friction lie + in the soil of racial prejudice. American racial prejudice is based + upon the cultural belief that the modern era is the creation of the + white race, including Americans. This confidence appears a bit + overwhelming, probably due to America's relative youth as a nation, + which tends to blind it to other cultures. If Americans were ever to + be made aware of the presence of a real Japanese culture in the + Azuchi-Momoyama period as did the Spanish and Portuguese missionaries, + they might develop some respect for Japanese cultural history. + Unfortunately, the present American education system does not teach + children the value of other cultures. In the period noted above, + there were over 20,000 "terakoya" schools all over Japan. No other + nation had such an extensive schooling system at such an early point + in their history. + + During the Edo period, even farmers and peasants were able to read and + write at least one or two thousand characters, including hiragana and + katakana. Japan already, at that time, had a complete postal network, + called "hikyaku" as far as the southernmost end of Kyushu. Documents + and information of various kinds were available in libraries in many + cities and towns. + + This is the kind of information I give to Americans who exhibit + ignorance of our culture. Unfortunately, most Americans don't like to + see these facts, and they tend to change the subject. In short, their + historical prejudice and cultural narrowness has reached a point where + they cannot see another's point or see the value of another culture. + All this has made Americans, in the post war period, very irritable on + the issue. + + The American position at this point seems to be that the British and + Germans can play whatever role the Japanese could, and can do so + without irritating the U.S. Americans are essentially an honest + people, and in fact do admit to the existence of racial prejudice, if + they are pressed on the subject, which I do. However, this is not + enough. They should also admit that prejudice does not hold any + solutions to the problems developing in the world today. It is + important that they face the situation, aware of the historical + context, seeing that the reality is that the power in the world, + including the economic power, is shifting gradually from West to East. + It may not be as strong a shift as is expressed in the expression the + "Pacific era," but at any rate it is in America's interest to rid + itself of prejudice against Asis, including that against Japan, in + order to maintain a position of leadership in the world. + + + 3.2 Japan Should Become More Cosmopolitan + + The calendar clearly indicates that we are moving toward the end of a + century, and with it is coming the end of the modern era as developed + by white Westerners. History is entering a period of new genesis. + The promoter of this era is Japan as well as the U.S. It is a + historical development which America's political leaders should make + known, so that America will be better equipped to meet the tasks of + the future. + + The Japanese have their own problems. They may have to go through a + mental evolution to meet the needs of this new era. As Mr. Morita has + pride and confidence in the products of his company, and attitude + which has made him a truly cosmopolitan man, so must the Japanese + develop pride and confidence in our culture and our technology. We + cannot become overbearing, which will not be tolerated in the new era, + but by the same token, an inferiority complex is equally harmful. The + Japanese people must move out of their current mental stagnation; I + feel this is especially important for Japanese diplomats. + + Except for the young and especially qualified, most Japanese diplomats + suffer from a peculiar inferiority complex [and] as a result are + spreading the seeds of misunderstanding throughout the world. When I + was young, I had the opportunity to live with one of Japan's + ambassadors and his family. He was a hell of a nice guy -- a really + wonderful human being. However, he seldom socialized with anyone. At + the end of a game of golf, if someone suggested dropping into the + lounge for beer, he would refuse, saying that he preferred to have one + when he got home. This is the same attitude that some Japanese have + when they won't even accept a cup of tea while a guest in another's + home. It may be for most Japanese that only in his home and only with + his family can he really relax. If this is true, then the Japanese + can never truly be cosmopolitan. When the heads of some of Japan's + top trading companies, such as Mitsubishi and Mitsui, wanted to join + prestigious country clubs in the countries in which they were + stationed, their applications were rejected because it was felt that + Japanese were too parochial, staying to themselves and not socializing + with others. Some Japanese diplomats don't hesitate to show their + inferiority complex. One ambassador even publicly said that the + Japanese were a race a "pygmies." Such things happen all the time! + + The Ministry of Foreign Affairs tried to cover up the news of the + firing training by an American cruiser (the Towers, 3370 tons) last + year in Tokyo Bay. A single cannon on the Towers, the Mark 42, can + send a 32kg ball over 23 kilometers at 36 rounds per minute. American + authorities said non-explosive training ammunition was being used. + But even these could easily damage of Uraga class Japanese Coast Guard + frigate (33231 [sic] tons), not to mention what it could do to small + fishing vessels. Tokyo Bay is a busy commerical harbor, similar to + New York Harbor inside the Verrazano Bridge. American television + reported that the American people would be furious if that happened in + their country. + + The Ministry of Foreign Affairs asked the Japanese media to hold the + story until further notice, since that event was incidental. I was + very angry and protested, saying that I would release the news on my + own. This happened on Japanese soverign territory in an area clearly + barred from such firings due to the fact it was a vital maritime + channel. It was a clear violation of Japan's sovereign rights. I + observed that "It was like seeing a ranking Self Defense Agency + official firing his service revolver at the Ginza junction." I still + feel the same way. + + Americans can say that they are here to protect Japan under the + U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. But at times, it appears to me that the + Americans behave more like mad dogs instead of watch dogs. + + I use the term "mad dogs" when referring to the Americans recalling + that Mr. Shiina, Deputy President of the LDP, used it when he was + Foreign Minister. This is another instance where "no" clearly [must + be] said when that is what is meant [and] would be useful. One must + say "no" when he means "no" and failure to do so reduces credibility. + In the case of the U.S.-Japan relationship, such an attitude only + further increases American racial prejudice. The Japanese people + should know that they are in essence protecting American interests as + the new era in international relations begins, something the Americans + seem quicker to sense. This is the reality of the U.S.-Japan + relationship today. + + + 4.0 BASHING JAPAN GETS VOTES (Morita) + + 4.1 The Paradox of Welcoming Investment but Criticism of Japan + + I am worried about the tide of attitude in America with respect to + Japan. The U.S. Government and the Congress have adopted a number of + harsh policies with respect to Japan. Some 37 states in the U.S. have + established offices in Tokyo. Since I am responsible for + investment-related matters in the Keidanren (Federation of Economic + Organizations), when the state governors visit, I am the one to meet + with them, if my time permits. + + It never fails, they are always coming to Japan saying, "invest, + please invest." Just when I am about to assume that America welcomes + Japanese, U.S. congressmen elected from these same states are bashing + Japan. The state government has no involvement with this, of course, + but they are saying to Japan's big business, "come on, come on." + + "What in the world is the meaning of this?" I wonder. In addition, + recently a number of famous academics and journalists have published + books which are critical of Japan. Recently, there has been a book, + "Buying into America" which suggests that Japan is buying up America, + and there is a book called "Yen" which envisions a future after the + year 200 in which Japan uses its financial power to control the world. + The latter is rather calm in its perspective, but both books reveal a + clear Japanese menace - the tides have really shifted since "Japan As + Number One" was published. + + A book written by a famous journalist which depicts Japan in a very + harsh light has become a best seller, so this is indicative of the + critical attitude on Japan held by the American masses. The more this + attitude increases, politicians will beat up on Japan in an attempt to + make votes for themselves, because getting votes is the most important + aspect of being a politician. + + The politicians themselves are not at all concerned, however. When + asked why they bash Japan, they respond that if they say "Japan is + good," votes will drop off. If Japan is bashed, further, if a Toshiba + radio-cassette player is smashed, this is not indicative of hating + Toshiba, but they think if they do such things, votes will increase. + + The state governments welcome Japanese industry because if they invest + in their state, tax collections increase, along with employment, but + among the American people, the attitude with respect to Japan is + becomming more and more critical. + + The Keidanren has established a "Council for Better Investment in the + United States," which is the English language name of the council + (literally it is the "Council for Investment in the U.S." - + translator). What we mean by "better investment" is the type of + investment which will get Americans on Japan's side. If the number of + Americans who view things the way Japan does increases, then bashing + Japan will cause lower vote counts. That would probably make + politicians stop bashing Japan. + + I think that it is vital that we help build a feeling of friendship + among the American masses with respect to Japan. At the present time, + everyone buys Japanese goods and is delighted with them. They do not + hate Japanese products. What makes them hate Japan, however, is that + when Japanese businesses enter the American society, they have the + feeling that foreigners are coming. + + + 4.2 Japanese Industries in the U.S. Should Work at Community Service + + Direct investment in the United States is currently expanding very + rapidly. The end result of this is that Japanese companies, including + Sony, have established themselves in local districts throughout the + country. When the English or French invest in a local area, the + communities and local society do not see this as an invasion of + foreigners. However, when the Japanese come, they feel that + strangers, or something foreign has entered their midst. This gives + them strong feelings of fear and anxiety. + + To give a simple example, when Japanese go to the U.S., their children + go to schools. The schools have an organization, the P.T.A. This + stands for Parent and Teachers Association. The corresponding + organization in Japan is called the "Fathers and Brothers Association" + but no fathers and brothers participate, it is more of a "mothers and + sisters" association. Myself, I have never attended the Fathers and + Brothers Association in Japan. In the case of America, however, + husbands go with their wives to attend meetings for their elementary + school or local area school and discuss how those schools should be + run. In Japan, it is the mother's duty to take care of educational + matters for the children, so the father does not attend. In America, + however, when the father takes off work to attend a PTA meeting, his + company does not charge him leave. The man, therefore, must go to the + PTA meetings. + + When I was living in the U.S., I went to PTA meetings where I was able + to associate with persons from various walks of life. My daughter + went to the Nightingale Bonford School in Manhattan and my son went to + St. Bernards. I got to know Stokowski (the late) conductor at one of + the PTA meetings. John Gunther, a very influential behind-the-scenes + man was also someone I met through [the] PTA; he is now the Ambassador + to Austria. Henry Grunwald, the editor of Time, was [the father of] a + classmate of my daughter's who I also got to know. + + At a gathering of Japanese businessment in the United States, I got up + and told them "to go as a couple to the PTA to get to know the other + people involved and to start getting personally involved in the + school." The people I was speaking to made such remarks as "I don't + like to hear that," or "Why do we have to do that?" When I told them + there was actually a meeting the other night and asked what they did, + the responses were "I was too busy, I sent my wife," or "My wife can't + speak English, so she just gossiped with the other Japanese women and + came home." Because of instances like this, there is no doubt that + the PTA would view them as the foreigners who'd come to town. + + Also, when Sunday morning came, the whole community dresses up and + goes to church. At that time, however, the Japanese are all walking in + the opposite direction to the country club. When they are asked why + they are not going to church, they are likely to respond that "I'm a + Buddhist," or a similar reply. I'm not saying that they should + necessarily go to church, but it is natural for the people in the + community to think that some really strange foreigners are in their + midst when they see them all trotting off to the golf course on Sunday + morning. + + I golf in America too. But I always do it with foreigners. When + Saturday night comes, I take my wife to the country club, have dinner + and talk with the other members. However, golf for Japanese is + usually a business-related event; there are usually guests from Japan + and a group solely composed of Japanese people plays the course. This + is another way in which a strange image is transmitted to the local + community. + + Another example is that American wives often volunteer their spare + time for community service activities, such as preparing Braille for + the visually handicapped. Japanese housewives normally do not + participate in such activities. + + There are also public fund-raising dinner parties for local community + centers, which do not involve mere contributions, it is a major social + event where funds are raised. Tickets for the party are $30, $50, + $100 and $200 which represent contributions to the fund-raising event. + They view participation in these events as a contribution to their + local society. While this is a little different than the golf example + above, it is another area where Japanese isolate themselves as strange + foreigners. + + It is vital that we participate in the local society in order to + resolve any racial problems. When Japanese build factories in the + United States, these usually go to the regional or rural areas due to + the large amount of space they require. In such a small community + context, if Japanese avoid contributing to the local community, they + will be disliked in the area, and then the people of that area will + cast their votes for Japan-bashing politicians. + + One Japanese company that had established in the U.S. had its + headquarters in Japan make a very substantial contribution to build a + community center, in an effort to counter any adverse prejudice, even + though the local company had not yet become profitable. The local + community was delighted and named the hall after the company that had + contributed. When the plant manager was reassigned back to Japan, the + whole community threw a "sayonara" party for him. + + I am not saying that all Japanese companies coming to the United + States are bad, but just a little kindness and consideration can turn + around attitudes about Japanese people. The Council for Better + Investment in the United States is trying very hard to get this + information out in an effort to have the Japanese company weave itself + into the fabric of the local community in which it is locating. + + At the current time, two hundred and forty or fifty companies who have + invested in the U.S. are members of the Council, but it aims to + attract even more members. + + Information about these efforts is gradually becoming known in the + U.S., and this has already done much to change perceptions there. I + think Japanese people in the U.S. are also making better efforts. + + + 4.3 Let's Build an American Society Where Japan Bashing Causes Votes to + Decline + + Therefore, I think that the only way to erase the perception Mr. + Ishihara points to where Japanese are disliked just for being Japanese + is to make the above types of efforts. This is because they + [Americans] are stubborn and not likely to be induced by saying "you + guys change." + + I have so many American friends myself that I have been accused of + being an American. Since I have lived in America and have been + counted as a friend by many Americans, I am not overly sensitive to + what is said about me. As Ishihara has said, to Americans, they feel + that because their hair color is different, it is difficult for them + to know what Japanese are thinking. I think there is another + important point. The structure of the Japanese language and English + is different, and this affects our discussions together. + + I have written this elsewhere in a book, but when Japanese read + Chinese, they put in arrows and symbols to change word order, but + Chinese read it directly and understand the meaning of the sentence + immediately. English is the same kind of language, which is read one + word after another. In sum, this means that Americans have a + different sequential order in thought processes. Therefore, no matter + if you use interpreters, it is impossible to interpret in the same + sequential order as the thought processes that that generated the + words in Japanese. Thus, when a message is to be delivered, it is + regrettable but true, that the sequential thought process of Japanese + is in the minority in the world. When communicating with occidentals, + who are in the majority, if things are not communicated in an order + they can comprehend, they do not understand what we are saying. It is + necessary that we be cognizant of this disadvantage that Japan has in + this area. + + While the color of our hair will never be identical to Americans, from + the point of view of practical businessmen, I think we must recognize + that if the current trade imbalance with the U.S. is not rectified, + America will always say Japan is at fault. If Japanese business does + not go to the U.S. with manufacturing and sales to bring down the + imbalance, there is no way the problem will be rectified. We must + bring our factories to foreign shores, and invest in these areas where + our goods are sold. + + At this point, if there are any racial problems, it would be the fault + of the Americans, but that does nothing to resolve them. Through the + success of Japanese-American citizens' groups, racial problems are not + so prominent anymore. When the Second World War began, all + Japanese-Americans were placed in detention camps. + + In the United States, people having different colored skin have + realized great successes. An example is the Wang company which was + founded by a Chinese. In our quest to find out why it is only Japan + that is bashed, it would be a bit strange to say it is because Japan + is not internationalized, but it is really because we have been lax in + not following the "when in Rome, do as the Romans do" in incorporating + ourselves in the local community. I think this is why we remain + foreign. That is exactly why I am saying we need to make such + efforts. I am not saying that everything they do is alright, but I am + saying there is a need for internationalization by both parties, and + we have the need to do business. + + The internment of Japanese-Americans during the war was a prime + example of the emotionalism that the U.S. displayed with respect to + Japan. After the passage of 40 years, the President has finally + publicly recognized that this was wrong. It would be nice if + emotionalism with respect to Japan ended right there, but that is not + the case. An example is the Toshiba clause included in the Omnibus + Trade and Competitiveness Bill -- no buying of Toshiba products -- + Toshiba Machine is bad. + + I said in a speech that this was a violation of the U.S. Constitution. + This was due to the provision in the Constitution that proscribes the + enactment of laws which would deal retroactively with crimes. It also + allows anyone accused of a crime the opportunity to defend himself. + In the process of compiling this bill, sanctions were put on Toshiba + for its crime. Toshiba had already been punished for its crime under + Japanese law; but by adopting these sanctions restricting Toshiba's + business activities, the Bill would impose retroactive punishment. + + When I recently spoke in Seattle, I suggested that this Bill was + unconstitutional, that it was an emotional response, and that it + should be treated as an emotional international issue, which was + similar in substance to the internment of Japanese-Americans during + the war. + + When something can become this emotional, perhaps Mr. Ishihara is + right in his contention that racial problems lie at the root of the + problem. During the occupation era, the Americans built fences and + stayed inside and didn't mingle too much with the Japanese people. + This created an unpleasant atmosphere. Now, however, there are no + occupation zones and we are at peace, we must behave appropriately and + associate with each other. + + If we do make efforts in this direction I have indicated to establish + a framework where Japan-bashing politicians are rewarded by fewer + votes for their efforts, there is no doubt that political pressure + will be exerted to the point where there can be no reduction in + frictions between the countries. + + Thus, it is my way of thinking that Japan must take the kind of action + this situation calls for. + + + 5.0 THE CRITICISM OF JAPAN AS AN IMITATOR IS OFF THE MARK (Ishihara) + + 5.1 The America Which Closes Its Eyes to Its Own Unfairness, and Criticizes + Japan + + The more I hear Americans bellowing complaints that Japan is unfair, + the more I would like them to calm down and think. An example is a + harsh exchange between myself and the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. It + was a coincidence, but at the time when Commerce Secretary Verity + visited Japan, there had been an agreement for an American company to + participate in the second phase construction at Haneda International + Airport. Verity was in Japan, and his mission included offering his + thanks for this deal. However, I threw some cold water on him by + saying that this would be the only time I would permit such a big + commotion over such an issue. + + The U.S. Congress had been criticizing Japan for having a "closed" + market in large construction projects. In fact, however, there was + only one U.S. construction firm that had been licensed to work in + Japan - two, if you count pending applications. They say that the + barriers are too thick, but I think that anyone wishing to do business + in a foreign country has to make some adjustments to correspond to the + local conditions. + + After we went back and forth along that line, I commented that Japan's + design for the Airport Building and the Shinkansen [bullet train] + station, including the interior was poor -- not refined enough and too + idiosyncratic. I went on to say that this might well be something + which could be consigned to a foreign country. + + This was true of Narita International Airport too. I noticed the + other day that the pillars were painted with rust-proofing primer + coat. When I suggested to the person in charge that he get busy and + have them painted, he said, "Mr. Minister, did you just notice this? + They have been that way since the airport was completed." When I + asked why, he replied that it was OK this way because of the contrast + between the red, white and black. When I asked whose design that was, + he calmly replied that the painting contractor had made the + determination. + + Actually, there is not even a bar in the whole airport. One might + like to have a drink to ease one's tension about flying before the + flight, or one after to relax. Foreign airports always have a place + where you can get a drink. Day or night, there is a place where the + customer can get a drink. This is an integral part of air travel. + + When I relayed these stories, Secretary Verity nodded his head, + indicating that he understood my point. You could tell he was the + Commerce Secretary, because when we went on to discuss the Kansai + Airport, he said it would be a great idea if American companies could + do the design. + + Just that would be nice, he went on, but after it is completed, he + said that the same number of U.S. aircraft should be permitted to fly + from the airport as was permitted by Japanese carriers. I replied + sharply, "No, that won't do." He turned colors and asked back, "Why + not?" + + There is an aviation treaty between the U.S. and Japan. It is a relic + of the occupation era. Not only is it not balanced, it is outright + unfair. + + Among the mutually agreed upon rights in this treaty is the right for + air transport to points in the signatory country, and for rights from + those airports to points beyond in third countries. These rights are + all rights held unilaterally by the U.S. side. American can fly into + whatever Japanese airport it pleases and then fly to anywhere else. + In other words, it has unlimited rights to fly through Japan to + destinations beyond. + + Japan, however, only has the right to navigate through limited + airports, the economically unprofitable routes from San Francisco->New + York->Europe. Actually, these routes are not even being used. During + the U.S.-Japan Summit in 1982, we were allowed two flights per week + from Los Angeles to Rio and San Paulo, Brazil. One of the concerns on + the Japan side is that Nippon Cargo Airlines (NCA) was finally + obtaining 9 flights weekly in 1985 on the Tokyo->San Francisco->New + York route. + + However, in exchange for this, America got the right to land jumbo + jets in Japan, and then fly from there further in small cargo aircraft + to Manila, Taiwan, and Korea. The most profitable rights went to the + U.S. in this agreement too. In the midst of all this, Japan cannot + get the right to fly a cargo aircraft in and out of Chicago. + + While points of origin are limited by land space, Japan is restricted + to just three points, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka. America can fly to + Japan from 19 airports. Looking at the number of flights, according + to a study made in November of 1988, Japan had 204.5 and the U.S. 371 + passenger flights, and 60 cargo flights for Japan versus 170 for the + U.S. This is really unfair of the U.S. to be party to the U.S.-Japan + Aviation Treaty which gives it so overwhelming of an advantage. + + American specialists are well aware of this situation, so they do not + want to engage in further negotiations. This type of situation + continues while the U.S makes selfish assertions. + + I explained to the Secretary that since the U.S. maintained that + attitude, it was at fault. The Secretary said he knew nothing of + these matters. I pointed out to him that we couldn't even begin + talking about getting negotiations started if he knew nothing about + these matters. + + An official from the State Department was accompanying the Secretary + on his visit. He was an honest guy, and told the Secretary that the + Treaty was indeed unfair. Secretary Verity became troubled. It was a + very strange atmosphere between the Commerce Secretary and the + official from the State Department, standing there in front of me, a + Japanese. America is not the solid rock we thought it to be. + + For example, relations are extremely poor between the Department of + Commerce and the U.S. Trade Representative. Yeutter and Verity + quarreled like dogs and monkeys, they never got along and were always + bad mouthing each other. While none of these references about these + two went on in front of me, there was an official from the U.S.T.R in + the delegation who was there to keep an eye on things. + + Anyway, once the potential for a scene between the Secretary and me + had quieted down, the "spy" from the U.S.T.R. caught my eye and said + "Hang in there." I laughed, thinking what an interesting country the + U.S. was. + + + 5.2 Japan, A Country Where Each Person Is Highly Creative + + America closes its eyes to its own unfairness and criticizes others. + I think that it should not be forgotten what such a shifty country has + done. + + As Mr. Morita has pointed out, it is off the mark to say that Japan + has relied on the U.S. for the creativity to develop technology, and + then has just cleverly developed and marketed it. Americans and + Europeans say that Japan can do nothing but imitate, but it is not + right for Japanese themselves to begin to agree with such a statement. + The Japanese people have been possessed of creativity for ages. + + There has been a gradual increase in the number of Americans and + Europeans who recognize creativity in the Japanese. The same can be + said for cultural creativity. + + Take the field of literature. Some while ago, the French did not + recognize Japanese literature at all. They did not think it had any + value. More recently, however, the French have grown to appreciate + Japanese literature more and more. The reason for this is quite + interesting; it came about because of Japan's high technology. That + is, foreigners who were interested in Japan's high technology began + studying the Japanese language and started reading modern Japanese + novels. + + They recognized that modern Japanese literature was indeed quite + interesting. It was not their masters of literature or translators + who pointed this out, but the intelligentsia who were coming from + scientific backgrounds. + + In any case, I do not think we should stand still and agree that + outside of literature, we are still nothing but imitators as the + Americans say. It is time that Japanese take pride in their own + spontaneous creativity and march forward. + + Sony developed the transistor [possible ambiguity in translation -- as + Morita notes in essay 4, Sony licensed the transistor from Bell + Laboratories in 1953] and took it to the U.S. market and changed the + way Americans thought. In other words, they ripped apart the immutable + principle of one radio per each family. The concept of making radios + a personal appliance was nothing other than an exhibition of + creativity on the order of that shown by Columbus. + + The bountiful creativity of the Japanese is not something which can + only be seen in a few of the elite, but something which can be broadly + witnessed across the board in the general citizenry. + + Japanese technology has found its way to the very heart of the world's + military forces. I think this the product of the integration of our + creativity. + + Even if you have one creative genius, unless you can produce the + product of his creativity in a factory, it will not come to anything. + It takes a large number of excellent general technicians and excellent + employees or one will not begin to see the light of day. + + + 5.3 The Excellence of Japanese Products Relates to the Educational High + Level of the Employees + + One can partially grasp the superiority of Japan's technological + ability in the low rate of breakdown in Japanese products. The vital + element in the excellence of technology and in tackling the problem of + product breakdowns is possible because of the excellence in abilities + of the general employees. + + The U.S. Boeing Corporation which was scrutinized due to an aircraft + crash was found to have problems with its employees' work methods, and + they quickly set about making improvements. Certainly the + re-education of the management could be undertaken quickly to the + satisfaction of Japan and other countries, but since the level of the + general employees was so low, concern remains in that area. When the + president of Boeing's Seattle plant was asked: "How long will it take + after re-education has begun before the technological strength [of + your company] will begin bearing fruit?" His answer was seven years. + Seven years! How can we ride around in jumbo jets for seven years not + knowing what types of defects they might have? + + As we learned from the tragic Boeing crash in Japan, all of those + responsible got off, bearing no criminal responsibility. The legal + systems in Japan and the U.S. are different: in Japan, a national + inspector is sent out, but in America, aircraft manufacturers are not + held responsible. The Boeing company did not even name the + responsible persons. They say that it is better to prevent a + recurrence than to spend all of their energies in finding fault, but + the thinking that exemption from prosecution is the only way the truth + can be told is something that is very hard to take for the families of + those killed in the accident. According to an investigation by the + Japanese police, there were four Boeing employees who should have been + further pursued to assess their responsibility. The U.S. side + acknowledges this. + + The Boeing accident was nothing more than a worker's mistake -- it + happened well before the crash. There was no follow up after the + crash except to say that the maintenance operations were sloppily + done. While the specifications had called for three thick divider + walls to be tightly bolted on, it just was not done. + + Bolts had been placed on the left and right, but they did not reach + through the three sheets, just to the second one. This caused a + serious weakening of the aircraft strength. This tells the story of + the low level of the people who are performing maintenance. + + Despite the fact that they are employees of the Boeing Corporation, a + world-class manufacturer of aircraft, it would still take 7 years to + re-educate them. This is a story which could not be comprehended in + Japan's industrial circles. + + The United States wants everyone to buy American-made semiconductors, + and these are even being used in Japan, but the number of defective + ones is amazingly high. When we complain, the answer is: Japan is the + only country that is complaining, nobody else has any complaints. It + leads me to think that there is no hope for the U.S. + + The manufacturing defect rate in the United States has improved + somewhat recently, but it is still 5 to 6 times higher than that in + Japan - it used to be 10 times higher. The report by the task team in + the Pentagon also admits this. + + To contrast this with Japan, I would like to insert the following + episode. + + This is an episode illustrating the exceptional knowledge and decision + making capability of one female employee of the Kumamoto plant of + Nippon Electric Corporation(NEC). For one reason or the other, the + rate of rejects at the Kumamoto plant had been higher than it was at + other NEC plants. No matter how hard they tried, they could not get + the reject rate down. If it could be done in other plants, why + couldn't it be done in Kumamoto? There were all-hands meetings with + the plant supervisor daily on this problem. + + One day, a female shift worker at the plant stopped at a crossing for + the Kagoshima Line which ran in front of the factory. This was on her + way to work. It was a rare event, but this day, she had to wait while + a long freight train passed. Rumbling vibrations were sent through + her legs as the train passed. The thought crossed her mind that these + vibrations might have some sort of adverse effect on the products made + at the plant. While she was working, she paid attention to the time + and stopped when a train was scheduled to pass by. In the factory, + however, she couldn't feel anything unusual. She still wondered, + however, if the machines were not being affected. She reported her + concerns to the foreman, suggesting that the precision machinery in + the plant might be so affected. + + The plant supervisor said, "That's it." He reacted immediately by + digging a large ditch between the plant and the railroad tracks and + filling it with water. The result was a drastic decline in the number + of rejects. + + That woman was 18 years old. This woman took pride in the products + made by her company and identified with it. It is my feeling that + this type of result is due to the vast differences in our formal + education system. + + In any case, when it comes to economics among the free world + countries, the basis for existence is economic warfare, or, if that is + too harsh of [a] word, in economic competition. It is probably + natural, therefore, that various cheerleading groups of the other + party will rough you up by calling you unfair, but we cannot stand + still and be defeated just because our adversary is making a lot of + noise. This is exactly the position Japan is in today. + + + 6.0 IS AMERICA A COUNTRY WHICH PROTECTS HUMAN RIGHTS? (Morita) + + 6.1 Workers' Rights Are Ignored by American Companies + + American demands of Japan may increase in the future but America has a + great many defects of its own, to which we must continuously direct + its attention. + + My long observation of American corporations leaves me puzzled about + American human rights legitimacy. Human rights are held to be such + high moral values in America and it preaches on the subject + continuously all over the world. America has been criticizing and + condemning nations such as South Africa and Afghanistan on human + rights issues; however, I must ask Americans if they are applying + these same standards to their own workers. + + American corporations hire workers right and left and build new plants + all over whenever the market is bullish, in an attempt to maximize + their profits. Yet once the tide shifts, they lay off workers simply + to protect company profits. These laid-off workers have nothing to do + with poor market conditions. + + American corporate executives are of the opinion that it is a + corporate right to pursue maximum profits and that fired workers + should be able to live on their savings. However, people do not work + for wages alone. Work has more meaning to most people than just as a + means of subsistence. A Japanese worker has a sense of mission in + holding his job for his lifetime as well as supporting the corporation + which provides him with meaning to his life. This may well not be the + case in America. American workers may only expect a comfortable wage + for their work. However, this attitude could change. People can + easily develop loyalty to a group or to a company to which they + belong, depending upon conditions and guidance provided. This sense + of loyalty to the company is a formidable asset. Repetitive hiring + and firing denies any possibility of cultivating a sense of loyalty. + + I must ask American executives if they regard workers as mere tools + which they can use to assure profits and then dump whenever the market + sags. It seems that workers are treated simply as resources or tools + rather than as human beings with inalienable rights. I would like to + suggest that they should first do something to protect the human + rights of workers in America before they start asking other nations to + protect and enhance the human rights of their citizens. There are + good reasons why American labor unions must be confrontational in + protecting their members and attempting to assure maximum wages during + periods of employment since they have no assurance that the jobs will + continue. Attitudes of executives are not actually much different + than those of the union to the extent that they grab whatever they can + - as much as half the company's annual profits in the form of huge + bonuses, claiming that this is just since they were responsible for + the profits. + + A corporate chairman with whom I am acquainted, complained that he has + no use for all the money he receives. His company is doing well and + his income is in the multi-million dollar a year range. His children + are all grown and he and his wife already have vacation villas, a + yacht and a private airplane; he said they just have no way to spend + any more money on themselves. + + Japanese executives work morning to night to improve the position of + their companies, and yet the majority of their salaries are wiped out + by taxes. The income gap between American and Japanese business + executives is astounding. In Japan, even if one works very hard to + increase his income to assure himself of some of the amenities of + life, there is no way that he could expect to equal the luxuries + enjoyed by American executives. Mr. Matsushita, probably the + wealthiest man in Japan, when traveling abroad with his secretary, + uses regular commercial flights. Having a private plane is simply out + of his realm of consideration. + + There is some talk in Japan concerning levying taxes on profits + generated by the founder of a corporation. I am opposed to this + proposal as I believe the spirit of free enterprise must be protected. + While an unbridled pursuit of personal gain is not ideal, those who + have created new business through extraordinary effort and who have + made this contribution to society, should be rewarded financially to a + certain extent as this will provide encouragement to young people, + motivating them to follow their dreams and create new industries. + + The current popular idea that everyone belongs in the middle class and + the wealthy are suspect may undermine the very basis of a free + economy. The Liberal Democratic Party, however, tends to accept this + premise, as put forth by the opposition for the sole purpose of + parliamentary manipulation, which is a shame since they have a + 300-seat majority. + + Japan has been a practicing free economy and a good majority of the + people do in fact belong to the so-called middle class, which I think + is marvelous. We have no real social classes and everyone is free to + choose whatever profession or occupation they wish. + + Today in Japan, nearly all company executives dine out on company + accounts and ride in corporate-owned cars. As a child, I never saw + this kind of lavish living by corporate executives such as my father. + He had a car and a chauffeur, but they were financed directly by him, + out of his own pocket. It would be beyond his comprehension to use a + company car and driver for his personal use. I am not particularly + opposed to such benefits enjoyed by today's executives, as they can be + correct rewards and incentives. + + American corporate practices, from my personal observations, are + extreme. An example is the so-called "golden parachute," which is the + ultimate executive privilege. When one's reputation as an executive + is well established, and he is hired by another company, his contract + may well contain these "golden parachutes." The executive may demand + a certain percentage of corporate profits as his bonus, or perhaps + some stock options. Upon retirement, he may still receive his salary + for a number of years. Should he pass away during this period, his + wife may be entitled to receive all or a percentage of these benefits. + Should he be fired, for whatever reason, he may still collect his + salary under his contract. A contract is a contract and "golden + parachutes" are a part of the system. + + So even though the corporation may stall or crash, the executive is + equipped with his "golden parachute" and is thereby guaranteed to land + safely and comfortably. He may go to Florida and elsewhere to enjoy a + rich retirement life. Who suffers? Who suffers is America: the + American economy suffers from this outrageous system. + + + 6.2 American Executives Prefer Immediate Rewards + + Poverty is very visible all over America, particularly among blacks + and Hispanics. The minority issue is a crucial one in America. The + gap between rich and poor is enormous. Only one percent of the + population controls 36% of the national wealth, an outrageous + condition that should somehow be corrected. + + A free economy basically should assure profit to anyone who works. + Yet if an individual's gains go to the extreme, he becomes a celebrity + and an egotist. This is what I have seen to be the case in many + corporations today. + + Such individuals regard their employees as their own tools to enhance + their personal performance for which they collect all the rewards. + Should one fail and be fired, he will land comfortable on his feet, + thanks to his golden parachute. As an example of an extreme case of + such, a friend of mine mismanaged his company while he was its + chairman. The company failed, but he and his wife are leading a + luxurious life, something that would never happen in Japan. This man + simply played the American game. He had no real intention of + remaining with that company in any case; he was only working to + maximize his personal income during that time. + + I have been involved in a number of joint venture projects in America. + I make every effort to improve my joint venture situations. I want to + close the deal as quickly as possible whenever we are involved in + substantial capital investment. When we spend capital on facilities + investment, we are entitled to tax benefits. I like to utilize the + extra profits generated by these tax benefits to get rid of debt + service. Whenever I suggest that, my partners ask "why do we have to + sacrifice our profits for people in the future?" + + For me, the most crucial objective is to make the company healthy and + free of debt service, hoping that our successors will do the same for + their successors by availing whatever profits we get from repaying the + debt, while my joint venture partners feel that their personal gains + should not be so sacrificed. They have no intention of remaining with + these companies for very long and so they want to increase their + personal income by maximizing disposable company profits in the short + run. + + For example, they moved production facilities to Singapore or Japan + when the U.S. dollar was high because they could not expect to + maintain high profits when production costs were high. + + This is the case in the semiconductor industry as well. Production + has been moved out of the U.S., leaving production primarily with + Japan. This has deprived America of the capacity for anything other + than 256K bit chips. It is cheaper and easier to buy them from Japan + rather than dealing with expensive, unionized workers in America. + These very same business executives have been blaming the trade + imbalance and the Japanese trade surplus for their difficulties while + at the same time choosing to import these products from Japan. Japan + has not forced them to buy its products, but it cannot begin to catch + up on orders placed by American firms. + + + 6.3 A Japanese Corporation is a Community Bound Together by a Common + Destiny + + The fundamental principles which govern a Japanese corporation are + basically different from those of an American corporation, from the + viewpoint of both executives and workers. + + The structure of pre-war Japanese corporations bear some resemblance + to American corporations today to the extent that the president could + fire anyone at his discretion. A variety of labor activities were + implemented to meet such situations. Taxes were low and executives + were leading comfortable lives, able to have company stock allocated, + assuring themselves of a comfortable retirement. A top executive was + able to buy a house with just one bonus. By the time he retired, he + could have several houses for rental, which alone would have ensured a + luxurious life. + + After the war, General MacArthur changed Japanese labor laws as well + as tax laws, among other things, which put Japanese business + executives in a different situation. First, they were now unable to + fire employees at their discretion, not even to reduce the size of + their labor force. At times a company must reduce the size of the + work force if it cannot afford to keep them or if they are + unproductive. + + When I first found that American companies can hire and fire and + rehire at will, I wondered perhaps if Japanese companies were more + charitable organizations than profit making institutions. However, + Japanese managers have developed a concept which, in essence binds the + company, workers, and management, into a community with a common fate + or destiny. I have explained to American corporate managers that in + Japan, once an individual is hired, he has been hired for life and + unless he commits some serious offense, the company cannot fire him. + Americans want to know how in the world we are capable of operating + profitably. I say that since a Japanese company is a community bound + together by a common destiny, like the relationship between a married + couple, all must work together to solve common problems. + + This concept of a fate-sharing community might sound particular to + Japan. However, recently, it appears to have had some impact on + American corporations, which are showing interest in the Japanese + corporate management system. They seem anxious to absorb some of the + positive elements of the Japanese system. + + When I find an employee who turns out to be wrong for a job, I feel it + is my fault because I made the decision to hire him. Generally, I + would invest in additional training, education, or change of duty, + even perhaps sending him overseas for additional experience. As a + result, he will usually turn out to be an asset in the long run. Even + if the positive return is only one out of every five, that one + individual's productivity will cover the losses incurred by the other + four. It is a greater loss to lose that one productive person than to + maintain the presence of the four incompetents. + + In a fate-sharing corporation, one capable individual can easily carry + a number of other not-so-capable individuals. The confidence of + Japanese employees in their company, knowing that he is employed for + life, means that he will develop a strong sense of dedication to that + company. For these reasons, Japanese corporate executives are anxious + to train their employees well, as they will be their successors. + + As the chief executive officer, it is my responsibility not only to + pursue profit, but also to create a community where those I have + employed can complete their careers 20-30 years from now with the + feeling that he had truly made a good life with the company. + + Japanese company employees know that they are members of a community + bound together by a mutual fate for which they bear the hardships of + today in anticipation of a better future. There are many company + presidents today in Japan who at one time or another served as union + leaders. This fact makes present union leaders feel that they too + may, sometime in the future, move into management positions within + their company, and therefore their long term interests are closely + tied to the company. They do not pursue short term, myopic profits + for the immediate future. When the company proposes a plan to save a + certain portion of profits for facility investment or to pool to the + following year, unions may well be willing to make compromises, + because they know that the future of the workers is tied to the future + of the corporation. I would like to ask presidents of American + corporations if they ever heard of any American union leaders who have + become heads of corporations. Japanese executives have a + categorically different corporate philosophy than do American + executives, who are more anxious to demonstrate profitability to + please stockholders. I have asked Americans what, in their minds, is + the meaning of "company." In my mind, it is a group of people + conforming where interests are shared. I must point out that in the + American interpretation of company, this concept does not exist. It + is my firm conviction that man is created equal, irrespective of color + of skin or nationality and it is natural that my concept of company + includes the employees of my overseas Sony operations. My California + plant opened in 1972, initially with 250 employees. Soon after the + plant opened, we were hit with the worldwide oil crisis, which caused + a recession. The California plant was not immune to this development + and the facility lost business and was unable to support its 250 + employees. + + The president of Sony America was, of course, an American and he came + to me saying that there was no other choice but to lay off some of the + employees. I refused his proposal, telling him that I would take the + responsibility for possible losses in order to retain the employees. + We sent capital from the Japanese headquarters to sustain the 250 + person work force for some time. During this period, there was not + enough work to keep everyone busy, so we developed educational + programs, out of which grew not only a sense of appreciation, but also + a real emotional involvement with the company. They began to feel + that the plant was their home, and began to clean and polish the + facilities, and take care of their work sites on their own. These + people became the central core of the California plant, which now + employs 1500 people. They don't even talk about unionizing + themselves. American unions are basically industrial, which means + that there is always active union leaders from outside who attempt to + unionize our plant. Our workers had T-shirts made, with their own + money, saying "WE DON'T NEED THE UNION." + + The United Kingdom has a unique law which unionizes every company. + Sony U.K. is no exception. Yet our women union members insisted, in + an interview on the BBC, that their union is different than other, + ordinary ones. This is a positive demonstration of the feeling that + we all share the same fate, no matter where we are in the world. + + In the U.S. and the U.K., most employees never have even seen their + top executives. When I go to one of our plants, I normally mingle + with the employees and eat together with them in the company + cafeteria. This helps in developing communication and trust. It may + be a bit difficult to expect the same response from foreign employees, + but it is still the best approach. The Japanese system is not + completely applicable to the American system, of course. Yet patient + demonstration to show that the company truly wishes to protect their + interests, even when business is at its worst, will show results. + People tend to develop trust under these circumstances. The best + thing a company can do is to treat its employees as dignified human + beings. + + + 6.4 The Japanese Approach Can Be Used Worldwide + + European corporations appear to be treating their employees more + humanely than their American counterparts, although they are still far + from the concept of lifetime employment. Large corporations do not + hesitate to lay off employees whenever business is down; they even + close operations without notice or sell out, treating employees as if + they were tools or equipment. + + There is also obvious class discrimination within companies. + Engineers, for example, wear white collars, stay in their offices, and + seldom show up in the factories. They want to tell workers what to + do, rather than donning blues and showing them. In my company, all + workers wear the same uniforms. I also wear the same uniform, not + only in the plants, but also at company headquarters. All our plant + managers do the same. Those who are in training have been instructed + to walk through the plant frequently, establishing personal contacts + with the workers. Those who become foremen or section managers are + encouraged to hold brief meetings each morning with their subordinates + to read their mood and detect problems in advance. They are + instructed to talk with those who seem ill or depressed, to find out + if they need medical care or if they are having family or personal + problems. Should this be the case, they should be allowed to take + time off and deal with these problems first, while the other workers + cover for them. This also helps the sense of togetherness among + workers. + + On the occasion of 20th and 25th anniversaries of Sony America, my + wife and I visited all our American plants, gave talks, had dinner + with our employees and shook the hands of all our workers. Since at + some plants we had three shifts, we had dinner three times in one day, + with the night shift taking their turn at 4:00a.m. I told everyone + that we greatly appreciated their contributions which helped make the + 25th anniversary a celebration and shook everyone's hand. I was able + to feel their response even physically. These employees told me that + this experience was something they never would have had in an American + company. I felt our Japanese approach was not foreign to them at all! + + One episode made me particularly happy. I visited one of our rather + small laboratories, and said that I wanted to meet all of its members, + [when] the head of the lab asked if he could take my picture. He took + his camera from his desk drawer and took me to each member of his + staff, introducing me to him or her and taking our picture as we shook + hands. There were almost 80 people at this facility and he promised + to make a print for each person. I was surprised that this typically + Japanese activity was taking place in a facility where there were no + Japanese! There again, I felt that we are all basically the same, + irrespective of national and cultural differences. + + Our style and our efforts have a ripple effect and make other members + of our company feel the Sony spirit. I am not saying that whatever + style and customs we have developed are automatically good and + acceptable everywhere. What I am emphasizing here is that the basic + attitude of a corporation and its philosophy can be understood + worldwide, and certain aspects of Japanese tradition and style can be + rooted overseas. + + On the other hand, I recognize fully that certain aspects of American + business administration, such as numerical and analytical operations, + are excellent as we have sent many individuals from our company to + American business schools to learn such matters. Combining good + traditions and practices of both the Japanese and American systems + will, I believe, make for a very strong corporation. + + + 7.0 LET'S BECOME A JAPAN THAT CAN SAY NO (Morita) + + 7.1 Saying "No" Actually Represents a Deepening of Mutual Understanding + + It is inevitable that Japanese companies have been establishing + American operations. America after the era of Reaganomics is now + responding to that trend with new Bush Administration policies. In + response, Japan should now begin to make it a habit to say no when its + position is clearly negative. It [is] the rule in the West to say + "no" whenever one's position is clearly negative. We are in a + business environment where "well" or "probably" have no place in + normal business conduct. I have been saying "no" to foreigners for + the last thirty years. Clearly, the Japanese Government has missed + many, many opportunities to say "no." + + Take the auto trade issue, for example. America forced Japan to limit + its auto exports to two million units per year under the guise of + voluntary restrictions. When the American market became more + lucrative, and the number of imported cars could have been increased, + American auto manufacturers demanded that the quota be tripled. MITI + and the Prime Minister gave in to American demands. + + In my opinion, this was a great mistake. Both the MITI minister and + the prime minister at that time should have taken the position that + the American demands were unfair. The Big Three had already increased + their profits enormously and individuals such as Lee Iacocca and Roger + Smith were receiving more than a million dollars each in bonuses. + They simply demanded special treatment in order to increase profits + from the Japanese imports which they sold under their company brands + when they requested that the quotas be tripled. That was the time for + Japan to have said "you are being hypocritical, criticizing others as + unfair when in fact what you are demanding is what is really unfair." + The timing was crucial; unless one registers opposition or negative + reaction at precisely the right time, Americans take the situation for + granted and later insist that they were right as no opposition was + registered at the time of the demand. This has always been the case + in the past. + + The trade imbalance is another case which should be scrutinized as to + whether or not American demands are based on fact and reality. I once + asked Americans to investigate what Americans had been importing from + Japan. + + American imports from Japan are mostly products which require a high + tech capacity to produce. Many of these products fall into the area + of military procurement, but it is true that even the private sector + is buying Japanese products which are technologically indispensable. + Even some of the inexpensive home electrical appliances may be + obtained from Japanese manufacturers within a short time frame if they + require high technological skills in the production process. + + America has left the production responsibility with Japan, resulting + in a heavy dependency upon Japan. American politicians only talk + about the results of this situation, blaming Japan for the trade + deficit to get votes. Yet it seems that these same politicians don't + even know specifically what it is that America buys from Japan. If + they took the time and the effort to seriously investigate the matter, + they could not condemn Japan so out of hand. + + Japan should tell America that it may buy these quality products + irrespective of the exchange rates, even when the U.S. dollar falls to + the 100 [presumably yen] to 1 ratio. Artificial manipulation of the + exchange rate does not benefit the American economy. Such products as + transistors, which Sony originally marketed, may today be purchased + anywhere outside Japan, and so are not a matter of friction between + the U.S. and Japan. Products recently developed in Japan are not as + easily obtained elsewhere. There are some things that can only be + found in Japan and Japan cannot be blamed for over-exporting. Those + who say otherwise simply do not know the facts. + + Computer terminals are in short supply and are being rapidly developed + in Japan. Japan should let America know what the situation is and + make the U.S. realize that the relationship between the two nations is + increasingly mutually dependent. + + My purpose in advocating saying "no" is to promote that awareness. + "No" is not the beginning of a disagreement or a serious argument. On + the contrary, "no" is the beginning of a new collaboration. If Japan + truly says "no" when it means "no" it will serve as a means of + improving the U.S.-Japan relationship. + + + 7.2 National Characteristics Which Make It Difficult for the Japanese to + Say "No" + + The question arises as to who should say "no?" Japan's Confucian + background makes it very difficult for its people to say "no" within + the context of normal human relationships. In a traditional + hierarchy, subordinates dare not say "no" to higher-ups without + violating normal courtesy. The higher-up takes a "no" from a + subordinate as insubordination. In a staff relationship, "no" is + something to be avoided in order to maintain smooth human + relationships. + + Living in a homogeneous society since childhood, we Japanese have + grown up without practical experience in quarreling and fighting in a + heterocultural environment. Many of us feel that others will + eventually understand our true feelings on an issue without [our] + verbalizing them. In short, we expect a lot when it comes to mutual + understanding. Americans may go directly to their boss to offer an + explanation when they feel they are not properly understood. Japanese, + on the other fand, even if they feel they are not properly understood, + remain hopeful that they will eventually be understood or that the + truth will reveal itself sooner or later. They do the same with + foreigners in foreign countries. They feel that sincerity and effort + should automatically be reciprocated. In my mind, this can only + happen in Japan, but never in foreign countries. Wordless + communication and telepathy will just not happen. + + I admit that I may be more westernized than most Japanese, since I + believe that we should be more straightforward as we become closer, + and that a serious quarrel need not destroy a friendship. This may + not be accepted in a traditional Japanese relationship; we avoid + serious confrontation by turning away from the cold facts. Instead, + we tend to make loose compromises. It is quite simply not our + tradition to say "no" to our friends. + + We should not expect to find a similar understanding from foreigners + concerning this particular Japanese mentality. It is too easy to + expect understanding of one's opposition without using "no." I could + say it is a Japanese defect to expect something without using the + rational verbal procedures. + + If you stay silent when you have a particular demand or an opposing + position to express, the other party will take it for granted that you + have no demands or opposition. When you close your mind to the + outside, remaining in a uniquely Japanese mental framework, you will + be isolated in this modern, interdependent world. + + + 8.0 LET'S NOT GIVE IN TO AMERICA'S BLUSTER (Ishihara) + + 8.1 Statesmen Ought to Make Best Use of All Available Cards + + America has renewed its bluster in the last year. Politicians must + sense that they will win more votes bashing Japan than bashing the + Soviet Union. Criticism of Japan by U.S. politicians has taken on a + rather hysterical tone these days. I experienced it personally when I + was there and met with politicians who told me that there was a new + power shift between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., as if this development + should scare Japan somehow. These same politicians indicated that + since both Americans and the Soviets are white, at a final + confrontation, they might gang up against a non-white Japan. + + Japan should never give in to such irrational threats. Japan also + holds very strong cards in high technology capabilities which are + indispensable to military equipment in both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Yet + Japan has never played this card to improve its position vis-a-vis the + U.S. Japan could well have said "no" to making available specific + technology. Japan has substantial national strength to deal with + other nations, yet some of the powerful cards it holds have been + wasted diplomatically. + + I happened to be in America at the time the U.S. Congress passed a + resolution to impose sanctions on Japan on the semiconductor issue. + Congress seemed to be very excited, almost in the same mood as was the + League of Nations when it sent the Litton Mission to Manchuria to + observe Japanese activities there in relation to the Manchukuo + incident. + + I talked with members of Congress in this tense atmosphere, and I did + not feel they were conducting matters on a rational basis. Some + Congressmen were actually brandishing sledgehammers, smashing Toshiba + electronic equipment, with their sleeves rolled up. It was just ugly + to watch them behave so. + + I commented at that time that the U.S. Congress is too hysterical to + trust. their faces turned red in anger and they demanded an + explanation. I told them: "Look -- only a few decades ago you passed + the Prohibition Amendment. No sincere Congress would ever pass such + irrational legislation." They all just grinned at me in response. + + Yet I must admit, that it was Japan who aggravated the semiconductor + issue to such a low level, by not saying "no" on the appropriate + occasions. + + After he was elected to a second term, Mr. Nakasone promised America + that Japan would avail highly strategic technology without giving + adequate thought to the significance of that kind of commitment. The + strongest card, which he should have played, was virtually given away + free to America. He probably wanted to impress America, hoping for a + tacit reciprocity from a thankful U.S. Unfortunately, it was only Mr. + Nakasone who recognized the value of that card at the time. Both the + Liberal Democrats and opposition parties overlooked the significance + of this issue. I assume that the leaders of those parties, such as + Takeshita, Miyazawa and Abe did not know it either. It is such a pity + that Japan's politicians are not aware of the political significance + of Japan's high technology capabilities. + + In reality, Japanese technology has advanced so much that America gets + hysterical, an indication of the tremendous value of that card -- + perhaps our ace. My frustration stems from the fact that Japan has + not, so far, utilized that powerful card in the arena of international + relations. + + What Mr. Nakasone got out of the free gift was Reagan's friendship, + so-called. We all know that love and friendship alone cannot solve + international conflicts and hardships. + + + 8.2 Nakasone Bungled the Relationship + + I truly regret that Japanese diplomacy has been based on a series of + "yesses" instead of skillful manipulation of strong ace cards. Former + prime minister Nakasone has done a substantial disservice to Japan in + terms of his handling of relations with the U.S. These are among his + most unfortunate mistakes. He boasted of the so-called "Ron-Yasu" + relationship as if he had succeeded in bringing about a skillful + policy toward the U.S. In reality, he was simply a lowly yes-man to + Reagan. + + It was actually I who introduced Mr. Nakasone to Mr. Reagan. I asked + one of Mr. Reagan's assistants if he ever recalled a "no" from + Nakasone to reagan. He immediately replied he did not know of any, and + Mr. Nakasone was a "nice guy with a sardonic smile." + + Former Prime Minister Nakasone was in a position to know that Japan's + leading edge technology was superior to that of the U.S.; so much so + that Americans had become nervous concerning the magnitude of Japan's + superiority in the area. Yet he still did not say "no." Was he taken + advantage of? Did he have some weak spot as did the prime minister + (Tanaka) at the time of the Lockheed scandal during the Nixon + Administration? Otherwise, Japanese leaders who hold such high cards + should be able to play them in dealing with American demands. + + The FSX, the next generation of fighters, developed by Mitsubishi + Heavy Industries during the Nakasone era, has become another source of + controversy in the U.S. as it relates to defense matters. Further + development of the FSX appears to be quashed by the U.S. I am unaware + of any deals made under the table, but there is considerable + frustration in Japan over the matter. + + Mitsubishi Heavy industries is a conglomerate with a wide variety of + technology used in manufacturing advanced products. The chief + engineer there is a contemporary of mine who developed the most + advanced land-to-air missile. He is also the man responsible for the + design of the next generation fighter and he believes that Japan + should have its own capacity to provide such equipment, which of + course astonishes Americans. + + The FSX is a marvelous and formidable fighter. No existing fighter, + including the F-15 and F-16 can match it in a dog fight. I recall + when Secretary of Defense Weinberger became serious about quashing the + FSX Japanese development plan, simply out of fear. + + Unfortunately, Japan has not yet developed a powerful enough jet + engine, although I advocated such development while I was a member of + the Upper House. Japan still must purchase jet engines, which are + mounted on the F-15 and F-16. If America gets really nasty, Japan + could buy engines from France, which is quite anxious to export + military equipment (at the same time that that country's president is + advocating truces all over the world, I might add). If France is + reluctant to sell what we need, I would not mind going to the Soviet + Union, although the quality of the Russian engines is not particularly + impressive. + + New Mitsubishi-designed jet fighters equipped with Russian engines may + only have a top speed of 95% of existing F-15 and -16 class fighters, + so one might think them inferior. On the contrary: their combat + capability is far superior in a dogfight situation. It can make a 380 + degree turn [sic] with a third of the diameter needed by other top + fighters. The F-15 and -16 require 5000 meters; the Mitsubishi + fighter only requires 1600 meters. Just think of war as a game of + tag. What is necessary is not maximum speed but great maneuver- + ability. Mitsubishi's FSX fighter can get right on an enemy plane + and send heat-seeking missiles with 100% accuracy. Incidentally, + there are two types of air-to-air missiles, heat-seeking and + radar-controlled. The radar-controlled type may even fail to hit a + jumbo jet, while the heat-tracing type can fine-tune its direction to + head for the enemy's source of heat. + + The FSX was a surprise to Americans, as were to Zero fighters at the + beginning of the Second World War. They never expected to see such an + advanced fighter as the Zero, which virtually controlled the air at + the beginning of the war. That such a formidable weapon as the FSX is + in production today outside the U.S. came as a shock to Americans. + The Japanese FSX is equipped with four vertical fins, similar to a + shark's fins. Each acts as a steering mechanism, like the steering + wheel of a four wheel drive [four-wheel steering intended, presumably] + automobile that can make a complete turn in a small area without + moving back and forth. Such a marvelous idea probably is not the + monopoly of Japan, but it was a Japanese manufacturer who developed + the idea to reality, thanks to Japanese advanced high technology. + + Russian fighters are also equipped using Japanese know-how, especially + in the areas of ceramics and carbon fibers. Special paints on + American reconaissance planes which assist in avoiding radar detection + are also made in Japan. + + Shocked by the high standards of the FSX, I guess that the U.S. + pressured Mr. Nakasone, probably citing his earlier commitment on + technology. His submission to American pressure eventually caused the + mothballing of the FSX, to be replaced by future products of a joint + U.S.-Japan development plan. In November 1988, the governments signed + an agreement that set the course for the joint development of the FSX; + an agreement which leaves many unsolved problems at the industry + level. + + One of the manufacturers involved, General Dynamics, was very anxious + to assume the initiative on the project, dividing it up among others. + It met with resistance from Mitsubishi, and General Dynamics came up + with a plan that would separate the development of the left and right + wing -- a very peculiar approach. + + In short, America wants to steal Japanese know-how. They cannot + manufacture the most technologically advanced fighters without + advanced ceramic and carbon fiber technology from Japan. That is why + America is applying so much pressure, attempting to force Japan to + come to American terms. Some of Japan's industry representatives + appear willing to deal with the Americans under the table, probably + with the good intentions of smoothing U.S.-Japan relations on the + issue. I happen to disagree with such an approach. We just cannot + give in on this issue. We must be persistent -- to the maximum + degree. If America does not appreciate a rational division of labor + on the project, we should discontinue the project and start all over + from scratch. + + The joint development idea is a legacy of the Reagan-Nakasone era. + Both men are now out of power and we can retract the whole thing and + tell the U.S. that we have decided to develop our own project without + its participation. It is our choice. We must bluff to counter + American bluff, otherwise we will continue to be the loser. + + I brought this subject up the other day to Mr. Nakasone. He + responded, "Well, you had a pretty sharp interest in that issue at + that time." I said that I was "probably the only one concerned about + the issue at the time." Mr. Nakasone then insisted that he made the + decision to compromise in order to maintain good U.S.-Japan relations. + He also admitted that America was then already very much afraid of + further Japanese technical advances. Well, compromise is fine, but in + reality this was not a compromise: it was a sell-out -- a simple + sell-out of Japan's interests. + + I don't regret it any less when we make the silly mistake of not + saying "no" especially when we hold the strong cards. Such freebies + are now taken for granted and America comes back with more bluff. On + the record, U.S.T.R.'s Yeutter stated that the "application of high + pressure is the best way to manipulate Japan." + + My position may draw some criticism in Japan, where it probably will + be said that I am playing with dynamite in dealing with America in + this fashion. It goes without saying that an equal partnership must be + carried out without humiliating pressure or compromise as the result + of such pressure. This is the reason I am advocating that Japan say + "no." "No" is an important instrument in the bargaining process. + + + 8.3 Diplomacy Should Be Free of External Pressures + + Diplomacy which lacks the "no" factor cannot be diplomacy for the + benefit of Japan. Japan has a solid basis for saying "no" on many + occasions. All we must do is play our cards wisely, playing our ace + intelligently. Japan is very poor at diplomatic tactics. It is a + wonder too me that Japan has failed to recognize that its initiatives + are instrumental in the ultimate decision-making process in the + international arena. + + Mr. Glen Fukushima, an American of Japanese descent in the office of + the U.S.T.R. (Deputy Assistant U.S.T.R. for Japan and China), who was + acquainted with Senator Aquino of the Philippines while both were at + Harvard, is one of the most capable Asian specialists. His wife is an + intellectual Keio University graduate, who prefers to live in Japan, + forcing Glen to commute to Japan two or three times a month. + + On one occasion, I had dinner with him and asked him what America's + next Japan-bashing scenario would entail. He replied that the U.S. + would take up the distribution issue since this cannot be rectified by + Japanese politicians without pressure from the U.S. I have to use + American pressure in order to accomplish a national objective, yet, I + must admit that the distribution system is one of Japan's biggest + headaches today. There is no question that the high prices in Japan + are caused by the distribution system itself, which is made worse by + Japanese politicians. + + There are domestic areas where we Japanese must say "no" also, even + before we say "no" to outsiders. The liberalization of rice is one + such issue. Opinions on the rice issue sharply divide politicians such + as I, whose constituents are urban, from those representing farmers. + + Former Minister of Agriculture Sato is a good friend of mine, but his + advocacy of food security is becoming diminished. Inevitably, mutual + dependence is becoming more and more a reality in our world today. + America was not even able to place [a] ban on exports of grain to the + Soviet Union when the Russians invaded Afghanistan. There would have + been too much pressure from American farmers. If that is the case, it + would probably be practically impossible to put a ban on agricultural + exports to Japan. The rice issue has its sentimental aspects in Japan + as well as its practical aspects, which make the overall issue more + complicated. Yet it is obvious that we must liberalize the market. + Such is also true of construction projects. It is inevitable that we + allow foreign construction firms to participate in Japanese public + construction projects. Japanese general contractors have been + maintaining prices as much as 40% higher in comparison to foreign + bidders, due to bid-rigging traditions to assure a monopoly on + business for themselves. There is no way these practices could ever + be free of foreign criticism. + + In the course of my conversation with Glen Fukushima, I asked whom + among the Japanese negotiators he considers the best. He immediately + came up with the name of MITI's Kuroda, whom the Japanese press used + to criticize for his tough positions. The press claimed that his + participation aggravated the problems with the U.S. The Americans + criticized him for being stubborn. Strabgely, the American negotiator + named him the most effective. He is stubborn and is able to say "no" + decisively whenever he should do so. The Americans usually try to + overpower negotiations by increasing pressure. But Kuroda does not + feel that he must say "yes" to American pressure. America is a giant + in many ways, and, in many ways, Japan is a dwarf. This obvious + contrast has been exploited by the Americans often in the past. + + Mr. Kuroda kept pointing out that irrational pressure is not always + the result of reason or logic, and reinforced this position by + withstanding increased pressure. His "no" is not a no for its own + sake; he always states his reasons. This is the proper approach and + attitude in negotiations. In the past, there have been allegations + that Japanese logic and opinions have not made any sense to the other + side. + + When the opposing side points out that Japanese opinions and demands + have no logical basis, all of a sudden the illogical Japanese start + saying "yes, yes, yes..." in a panic. But these "yesses" do not + necessarily mean yes in the sense of positive assertion. At any rate, + the other side then comes to the conclusion that Japan will not take + action unless pressure is placed on them. This is a rather unfortunate + situation for the people of Japan. The Japanese image of being soft + in the face of pressure does not help Japan's diplomatic efforts at + all. + + I have often suggested that at least half of Japan's diplomats + stationed abroad be civilians. Those who are in business and other + professions who have dealt with foreigners are in a better position to + represent the interests of Japan than are career diplomats. Send Mr. + Morita to America as our ambassador: a brilliant idea! But it should + not be just an idea. I truly believe that it would be most beneficial + to the U.S.-Japan relationship to have such an ambassador from Japan + to the U.S. + + + 9.0 THE U.S. AND JAPAN ARE "INESCAPABLY INTERDEPENDENT" (Morita) + + 9.1 No Way To Avoid the Trade Frictions + + Recently the expression, "inescapable interdependence" has been heard + quite often among Americans. If we dare to explain this concept in a + more extreme way, perhaps we can say it's a "fatal attraction". With + this trend now prevailing in the world, we have no choice but to live + cooperatively. Everyone on earth, not just the United States and + Japan, is mutually dependent and this is unavoidable. This is the + times that we are facing now. What does cooperation mean? + + A Japanese tends to say, "Let's work together". But I often wonder + whether they really understand its meaning. This can be applicable to + Americans as well. We are at home using this expression but it seems + to only be used as a convenience. Furthermore it is out of the + question to force "cooperation" through threats. + + To cooperate means to maintain harmony. It is not harmonious to force + your adversary. When they cope with you, you too, must cope with + them. You have to give up some of your interests; you must abandon + something. + + I tell people whenever I have a chance that we know what it is to be + selfish but hardly anybody is aware when he himself is being selfish. + We say that one is selfish but actually this person probably has no + idea that he is perceived as such. In this sense, Japan also can be + thought a little bit selfish by other countries, although we hardly + have such ideas. + + Looking for the reason, we are so perceived, the opening of the + domestic market can be one example. Everyone agrees that we should + open our markets to foreign traders, but when it comes to individual, + this is hard to actualize since someone says, "no, I cannot accept + this", and then someone says, "no, I cannot accept that." Although at + summit meetings, Japanese leaders assure others that they will do + their best, and they actually do try to open the market. In the end, + however, this is never actualized since their promise goes against + domestic interest groups and they are forced to back down. Only + lip-service followed by no achievement might result in being called + "liars" and this is surely worse than "selfish". + + The development of communication technologies means this is a + shrinking world and any country will be left alone if it does not talk + frankly to its people and friendly countries about the compromises + that they must accept. + + Free people in the free world ask for their freedom but at the same + time they respect the freedom of others. And I think it is genuine + freedom to think "we should abandon some so that we can respect + others." It will simply increase friction if we just look out for our + own benefit, and put priority on winning the race based on the premise + that we simply can focus on our interests alone since we are in the + world of free economy. + + We should also recognize that friction seldom occurs with those who + are far from you. Friction occurs as we move closer. We cannot + escape from the trade friction as long as we belong to the world of + "inescapable interdependence". + + + 9.2 Japan's Central Role is Asia + + The closer we become, the harsher the friction can be. So it would be + wise for us to prepare for problems with neighboring Asian countries. + + I went to Singapore recently to attend a ceremony marking the opening + of our new plant, and had a chance to talk with President Lee Kuan Yew + who has been a friend for a long time. He invited me to his home, we + talked over dinner and I stayed with him. + + The plant our company opened this time in Singapore is operated + automatically by robots. We use materials Singapore supplies and + employ able engineers graduated from good schools in Singapore, + producing special parts in large numbers. The plant itself will be a + foothold to supply the products all over the world. When I proudly + held forth my new plant, he was very pleased and said that in the past + when Japanese firms opened plants in his country, they needed a large + number of employees, where they in fact have never had enough + personnel. Because of the nature of his country, that is, Singapore + is a small island, this caused wage increases at a drastic pace. This + is what they had wanted; a plant with sophisticated technology. + + Transferring our technologies, not teaching management, I believe, is + the best way to alleviate friction between Southeast Asian countries + and Japan. These countries, NICS, then NIES, are now the Four Tigers + or Five Tigers. It might be too much to say they developed thanks to + the Japanese economy and industrial technologies, but I believe we + contributed to them in such a way that contributed to their current + prosperity. From now on Japan will need to take a major role in Asia. + You are already able to see this is happening when you recognize that + Tokyo has taken on a major role as a finance and money center like New + York and London. + + In the past, we yearned to go to New York when we were young. + Similarly, the youth of Southeast Asia yearn to visit Tokyo or + Disneyland in Japan. I should avoid the expression, "leadership", but + Japan has begun to assume that role as a center in Asia. + + To take on the role as an initiator means we must also be able to take + on the role of arbitrator. That is, we must think carefully what + constitutes a real leadership role in this mutually dependent world. + + + 9.3 America, You Had Better Give Up Certain Arrogance + + As you (Mr. Ishihara) mentioned before, rapprochement between the + United States and the Soviet Union and Japan's involvement in their + military strategies because of its highly-sophisticated technology + directly affects new trends on the world scene. + + I do not think anybody imagined a decade ago that these two + superpowers would be mutually dependent on each other in a military + sense and that there would be a strange structure in the power balance + among the United States, the Soviet Union, and Japan. Nobody can deny + that we are going to have a totally new configuration in the balance + of power in the world. + + Facing this, most important to Japan in the practical sense is the + relationship between Japan and the United States. Japan needs the + United States. I think the United States need Japan as well. It is a + bond we can never cut, and this might be the "fatal attraction" + between us. Since we can never seperate, we had better look for the + way to develop through cooperation a healthy relationship through + cooperation. And we want to ask you Americans, "what is going on now + in your country? Do Americans really understand the meaning of + 'freedom' and the role of Japan which is so necessary to the United + States?." When you see present conditions, it is obvious that the + United States is not strong enough in a fundamental and structural + sense. So, I think what is most important is that we ask them frankly + as equal and not as a subordinate, "Are you really sure that you are + all right?" We will be in trouble as will the whole world if the + United States is not strong enough in the fundamentals and this means + more than talking about something that is current. It must be + recognized by Mr. Bush as well. In this sense, it is important for + Mr. Takeshita to deliver our message correctly at the coming summit. + In my understanding, however, these summit meetings are held according + to an itinerary prepared at the working level and they decided what + was supposed to be said by the leaders. In negotiations among + business leaders, we, top management hold discussions face to face, + saying "yes" or "no", or "if you do that we will do this." However, + we have a tendency to prepare answers for negotiations even in + business world in Japan. Take my case, for example. Once a chairman + of a large Japanese firm was vistiting me and I planned to talk to him + face to face. Then, someone from that office called us and asked what + I was going to talk about when we met. "Our chairman is going to say + such and such. How will you respond?" They wanted to prepare all + answers beforehand. I do not think we need to have meetings if the + content is planned beforehand. I want Mr. Takeshita to say correctly + how we, Japanese, see the present situation in the United States and + tell them clearly what we want to do. I think we should tell them, + "please do not cling to the image that you are the superpower, but + rather look for the way to get your economy on the road to recovery." + We should tell them, "we are going to back up your dollar, so face the + fact and issue yen-bonds, for example, as Carter Administration issued + pound-bonds." Americans have to abandon the idea, such as, "our + federal obligations do not bother us since we can print more green + backs." They have to change the way they think about their own + economy. To this end, we Japanese must deliver the message, "if you + cannot make both ends meet, we cannot either." We must do this even + if it takes time to make them understand. + + It is high time to let them know we might go bankrupt together if + things are not worked. The United States and Japan relationship is in + serious trouble. Because of our historical discipline, Japan has + adhered to the principle that "silence is golden," but I believe Japan + must insist that the United States do what must be done. An outspoken + person like me is easily criticized from every corner and I am sure + Mr. Ishihara has had the same experience since he is also very + outspoken. But to be silent and to put up with things do not work at + all in the West. As Ishihara has suggested, I think we should say + what we have to say. If not, I am afraid we will lose our own + identity as Japanese in the world. + + + 10.0 AMERICAN ITSELF IS UNFAIR (Morita) + + 10.1 America Lacks Business Creativity + + Americans and Europeans are always saying "We're getting ripped off by + Japan. They take the ideas we have invented, make products, and then + the onslaught comes. We are being damaged, they're disgraceful." + Japan has certainly done better more recently, but the U.S. and Europe + are very much advanced in basic research. + + Last year, I was invited to speak to about 100 researchers who worked + at the Bell Laboratories at ATT. + + The Bell Laboratories have about 7 people who have won the Nobel + Prize. To me, it seemed that I would be speaking before some of the + greatest men of our time. Prior to the speech, I was shown around the + Bell Laboratories, where a number of wonderful research projects were + underway. + + As you must know, the transistor and the semiconductor, which are at + the root of the current revolution in industry were invented at the + Bell Laboratories. It really brought home to me how wonderful America + was. + + The basic message I brought that day was that this type of research + was extremely significant academically in terms of both science and + culture, but to be significant from the standpoint of business and + industry, two other types of creativity, in addition to the creativity + required to make the original invention, were absolutely necessary. + + Industry requires three types of creativity. The first, of course, is + the basic creativity necessary to make technological inventions and + discoveries. This alone, however, does not make for good business or + good industry. + + The second type of creativity that is necessary is that involving how + to use this new technology, and how to use it in large quantities and + in a manner that is appropriate. In English, this would be called + "product planning and production creativity." + + The third type of creativity is in marketing. That is, selling the + things you have produced. Even if you succeed in manufacturing + something, it takes marketing to put that article into actual use + before you have a business. + + The strength in Japanese industry is in finding many ways to turn + basic technology into products and using basic technology. In basic + technology, it is true that Japan has relied on a number of foreign + sources. Turning technology into products is where Japan is number 1 + in the world. + + Sony was the first company in Japan to license the transistor patent + from Bell Laboratories, back in 1953. At that time, the transistor + was only being used in hearing aids. We were repeatedly told to take + this transistor and manufacture hearing aids. + + When we brought this new transistor back to Japan, however, Mr. Ibuka + of Sony said, "There is not much potential in hearing aids, let's make + a new transistor and build radios." At that point, we put all of our + energies each day in developing radios which used transistors. One of + our researchers during this development effort, Mr. Esaki, + subsequently went to work for IBM where he earned a Nobel Prize, but + it was at our company where he did work worthy of the Prize. There + are a number of Japanese who have received Nobel Prizes, but Esaki was + the only one who worked for a research laboratory of a company. We + poured money into development of new transistors, and developed small + radios for the market, an effort that was worthy of the Nobel Prize. + + It was an American company, however, who made the first transistor + radio. I became a salesman, and took my product with full confidence + to the United States to sell it. Prior to this sales effort, the + newest invention was a vacuum tube type of amplifier which required a + lot of space. When the American company, which was a famous radio + manufacturer, was initially rebuffed by people telling him "since we + have this great sound and large speakers, who would want to buy your + little radio?", that company just quit trying to manufacture + transistor radios. + + We, however, had something else in mind as a way to sell these radios. + "Currently in New York, there are 20 radio stations broadcasting 20 + different programs during the same time frame. If everyone had their + own radio, then each person could tune in to the program he or she + wanted to listen to. Don't be satisfied with one radio for the whole + family, get your own radio. The next step was to do the same for + televisions." This was a new marketing concept. One radio for one + person became a kind of catch phrase in this campaign and the result + was that Sony transistor radios became famous throughout the world. + + While it was true that Sony was second in developing the transistor + radio, the company who did it first lacked the marketing creativity, + so without much thought, they simply quit and pulled out of the + market. + + America has stopped manufacturing things, but this does not mean that + they do not have the technology. The reason why the link between this + technology and business has not been firmly connected is because they + lack the second and third types of creativity, turning products made + with the new technology into a business. I feel that this is a big + problem for them. This exact area happens to be Japan's stronghold + for the moment. + + When I went to speak at the Bell Laboratories, I got the chance to + look at a lot of their research on advanced technology. I felt that + they may well come up with something new that was even more important + than the transistor, but since Bell Labs is a part of ATT, they are + not thinking of anything except telecommunications applications. + There is not one person there who is thinking about how to use the new + technology they are developing as a business. I think that this is + one area where the U.S. comes up wanting. It is my feeling that even + though times are good in American now and employment is up, the time + will never again come when America will regain its strength in + industry. + + There is a television network in the U.S. called CBS. CBS has a + weekly program which airs every Sunday evening called "60 Minutes," + which has a very high viewership rating. This is a news program which + devotes segments just under 20 minutes to various stories and opinion + from around the whole world. More than 10 years ago, I was on the + program. This is a program that takes a lot of money to produce. A + crew followed me around Europe for about 6 months to prepare the + segment. + + Now they want me to do another one. A cameraman followed me to + London, and when I went to Singapore, they followed me there too. + The other day, a famous and beautiful interviewer in the U.S., Diane + Sawyer, came to Japan to interview me for the program. We spent a + long time in front of the TV cameras, and the questions grew sharper. + This made me mad and at the end, it was like we were in a fight. + + She asked me what I thought of Lee Iacocca. Since this is a program + he would be sure to see, I was frank in my statements. I said he was + a disgrace, and that he was unfair. Iacocca comes to Japan and says + Japanese are unfair. Very recently, he headed his sentence with, "Let + me make myself very clear," and then he went on to slander Japan. I + know he wrote that book which labeled Japan as "unfair" but I think it + is Iacocca who is unfair, and that is what I said. + + When I was asked why he was unfair, I answered clearly, in front of + the camera. + + The president of a Chrysler company came to Japan. I had met this + person before. I knew he was involved in selling Chrysler auto- + mobiles, so I asked him how sales were going. He turned to me and + said quite plainly that he had not come to Japan to sell cars, but he + had come to purchase Japanese parts and engines. He said he had come + to Japan to buy Japanese products so they could sell them in the U.S. + + At the present time, the three big automobile manufacturers have + purchased 250,000 automobiles from Japan in 1987. How many have they + sold to Japan? Only 4,000. They make no effort at all to sell their + cars in Japan, and then call Japan unfair because Japan sells too much + in the U.S. and Japan will not buy their products. + + One of the reasons why U.S.-Japan relations are in such a mess is that + Japan has not told the U.S. the things that need to be said. + + + 10.2 Japan Has Not Forced Its Sales on the U.S. + + When I go to foreign countries, I hear that Japanese work too much. + But why is working too hard so bad? Our society cannot continue to + eat unless we keep producing products. People have to have products + in order to live. They use golf clubs, and drive automobiles. If + they want these products and do not wish to import them, they must + manufacture them. I am a businessman. I am not forcing my customers + to buy things from me. We expend our energies on how to make our + products most attractive to the customer. + + The Americans say that there is a U.S.-Japan trade imbalance, and it + is not because Japan is not buying U.S. products or because Japan is + forcibly selling the products. There are few things in the U.S. that + Japanese want to buy, but there are a lot of things in Japan that + Americans want to buy. This is at the root of the trade imbalance. + The problem arises in that American politicians fail to understand + this simple fact. It could never be the case that we are selling too + much; it is not because we are exporting; the imbalance arises as a + result of commercial transactions based on preferences. + + Therefore, the only thing that Americans or Europeans can do to + correct this imbalance is reassess themselves and make an effort to + produce products which are attractive to Japanese consumers. It is in + this area where I would like to see Japanese politicians get courage + enough to expound abroad to our trading partners. + + Recently, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Verity brought representatives of + 25 companies to Japan who wanted to sell their company's products in + Japan. I was the person responsible for welcoming this group, and I + told them Japan would do its best to help out. I remarked, however, + that I had been doing my best to sell Japanese products in the United + States over the past 30 years. Yet, not once had the Minister of + International Trade and Industry accompanied me and helped out in my + efforts. I asked the Secretary of Commerce if it was his intention to + create an "America Incorporated." Secretary Verity smiled, but + everyone else laughed out loud. + + The Government of Japan has, in both the good sense and the bad sense, + passed along various types of administrative guidance, which have been + criticized by foreign countries as being an alliance between + government and business -- even if the Minister of international Trade + and Industry does not go on trade missions. + + One of the Americans in the group then asked me why the Japanese + government backed up Japanese industry. Let's think about it. Even + though the government does not own one share of my stock, I pay more + than half of my profits to the government in taxes. If my business + does not do well, the government does not receive more revenues. + Thus, the government, we feel, is a kind of partner. I asked them why + American industries, which are paying taxes to the government say, + "the government is trying to control industry; don't touch us." Your + viewing of the government as the enemy seems strange. + + During this visit, Secretary Verity did voice his support for + cooperation between government and business to sell products, but it + is my feeling that the establishment of a framework for this type of + cooperation is still a long way off. + + + 10.3 Let Us Think About the Role Japan Should Play in the World + + On the other side of the question, however, there are certainly + aspects of Japan which are "unfair" when viewed from the U.S. + perspective. When you consider what Japan has done for the world in + the course of its becoming the second largest economy, I think this is + an area where Japan is in line for some critical reflection. + + Recently, since the time of Prime Minister Takeshita, Japan has been + making enormous efforts to become the second most open country in the + world for trading. The long-boiling problems over beef and citrus + imports were gradually resolved through efforts directed at those + problems. However, from the perspective of Americans, Japan has still + not done what it should do. I am not saying we should put more money + in defense spending, but if we are not to exceed 1% of GNP on defense, + then the government should put more money into Official Development + Assistance (ODA) (foreign aid), which helps the other countries of the + world. + + In addressing the ODA to GNP ratio, of the 18 countries in the world + who provide foreign aid, Japan is number 15. Also, if we look at the + amount of non-loan foreign aid for which there is no remuneration, + Japan is number eighteen of eighteen. I shrink when I am asked + whether that record is something Japan can be proud of. + + Almost all U.S. corporations make donations of about 1 percent of + their pre-tax profits to the community -- using some of their money + for the community is a kind of custom with them. In Japan too, we + also make some contributions to return money to society, and at the + current time many Japanese companies are returning more than 1 + percent. + + But when Japan is looked at as a state, it is perceived as unfair by + the rest of the world because it is not returning some of the benefits + it reaps from the world back into the world society. + + Therefore, when I speak before Japanese groups, I emphasize what is + meant when America says Japan is acting disgracefully. I tell them, + "Shouldn't we review what we are doing once again?" Japan should be + bold in telling the U.S. what it needs to be told, but at the same + time, Japan must establish a code of standards for the role it should + be playing in the world. + + Japan should open its markets to the extent where there would be no + room for their complaints, and money that Japan has should be provided + to help developing countries where people are not being oppressed. + This would be a magnificaent behavior on Japan's part, and I think + that Japan needs to become aware of its responsibilities. + + Certainly the full opening of our markets and advancing large sums of + money for developing countries is very painful. However, things will + not get better in the world until the pain is shared more equitably. + How much pain do you think was involved during the Meiji Restoration + where the privileged class of samurai gave up their power, cut their + special hair styles, and tossed out their swords? It allowed a + bloodless revolution to take place within Japan. + + Mr. Ishihara has said there is a need for a reform of consciousness in + Japan. He is exactly on the mark. If we do not reorient our + consciousness from the perspective of being international people, then + I do not feel Japan will be able to continue to walk the globe as an + economic power. + + + 11.0 JAPAN SHOULD LIVE IN HARMONY WITH ASIA (Ishihara) + + 11.1 Restrain America! + + When the time comes when Japan does say "no" decisively on a + particular issue, there may be a dramatic reaction. It could come as + a shock to the Americans, and a number of different reactions would be + possible. Even now, some Americans suggest the possible physical + occupation of Japan in case Japan engages in semicondcutor trade with + the Soviet Union. + + Yet when the time comes, we may well dare say "no." The relationship + between Japan and the U.S., as Mr. Morita describes it, is unbreakable. + However, the whole world does not exist for the sake of Japan and the + U.S. Japan's relationship with the rest of the world does not exist + only in relation to or through the U.S. Should America behave + unreasonably toward Japan, Japan must open channels to deal with the + rest of the world from a different standpoint than on the basis of the + U.S.-Japan relationship and it must show that it is doing this to the + Americans. + + America itself has already exhibited certain indications that it is + shifting towards a closer relationship with the Soviet Union, as Alvin + Toffler stated, insinuating that Japan will be threatened once the + U.S. establishes a more collaborative realetionship with the Soviet + Union similar to the case of the U.S. movement toward China, which burst + forth in December 1978, there was also an astonishing high technolgy + demostration. + + I for one had a chance to observe some of that demonstration. It + began with a set of satellte photos which Dr. Kissinger brought to + China. At that time Viet Nam was engaged in a military conflict with + China, subsequent to the fall of the Saigon government in April 1970 + and the Cambodian war. The Sino-Vietnamese war was recklessly + provoked by Deng Shoa Ping, chief of staff in China. In the initial + encounters, China was severely defeated. The real power behind Viet + Nam was the Soviet Union. The Soviets provided Viet Nam with detailed + satellite photos illustrating the movements of the Chinese military, + the number of soldiers and divisions, the number of tanks unloaded at + Kuang Tong station and which direction all these troops took. Taking + adavantage of the superior information available to them, as provided + by the Soviet Union, Viet Nam was able to lure the Chinese troops deep + into the mountains, then desroy them with anti-tank missiles. This + miserable battle was all recorded by American satellites, which Dr. + Kissinger presented to the Chinese with the comment "what a silly war + you have conducted." + + Needless to say, it was a shock to the Chinese leaders to see how step + by step their military was demolished. + + I assume that the Americans showed another series of satellite + pictures showing the horrible massacre of Chinese soldiers at the + siege of Damansky Island (in Russian) or Chin Pao Island (in Chinese), + which is located in the middle of the Amur (phonetic rendering) River. + At first, only a small number of Russian soldiers occupied the island + and they were soon driven off by the Chinese, who had many more troops + than did the Russians. The Russians returned in greater numbers and + recaptured the island. Fianlly, the Chinese sent the equivalent of a + human wave of troops, almost flooding the island with soldiers. As + the Chinese shouted victory, the island was surrounded by a sudden + mist and eventually it was covered by a dense fog. The Russians + exploited this climactic assistance, surrounding the island with tanks + and opening a salvo. At dawn, there were a great many dead Chinese + troops. The Russians landed their tanks, rolling over the dead, + wounded, and living, reducing all to nothing. + + The Americans showed clear pictures of the events, illustrating what + had taken place using satellite pictures, a great demonstration of the + combination of technology and intelligence gathering. China was + shocked and disturbed that it could not effectively counter a + situation like that as they simply did not have access to the + technology required. They listened to the Americans, and agreed to + the development of a bilateral relationship with the U.S. on American + terms. America had played its high tech card quite effectively. + + The normalization of relations with China, by-passing Japan, set a + precedent and provided a basis for other such threats to Japan by the + U.S. America can bluff Japan by indicating that it can develop a + similar relationship with the Soviet Union, without consultation, so + that Japan would be less needed within the framework of U.S. global + strategy. But Japan has a similar card to play, counter to the + American bluff. + + Some of Japan's business leaders have long had an interest in Siberian + development, which now appears to be a realistic possibility. Some of + them are of the opinion that Japan could go neutral, revoking the + U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, if the Soviets will return the northern + islands, granted that Japan would be given the right to develop + Siberian resources. + + This may be a realistice choice from the Soviet point of view since + some critical technologies such as linear technology are available + from Japan. The U.S. simply does not have them. Japan had better + start sending some signals of its own to America. My American friends + comment that my behavior in the U.S. is too provocative; I feel that + more of us should speak out like this more often. + + Japan could have the Soviets formally request Japan's linear + technolgy. The COCOM would claim that it is illegal for Japan to + provide this technology. Japan would then mount a public relations + campaign, appealing to the rest of the world that the use of its + linear technology is simply to enhance the efficiency of the Soviet + railroad system in Siberia so that travel time is shortened and the + whole thing will be rationalized as an attempt to restrain American + intervention. In fact, the U.K. and France are champions at this kind + of public relations game, in combination with diplomacy. We need more + skillful players in the game to counter the formidable American + challenges in the international arena. + + + 11.2 Japan Is Not a Free Ride on the U.S.-Japan Security Pact + + It goes witout saying that the U.S.-Japan relationship is a vital one. + The security treaty has certainly been helpful to Japan. America, + however, has chosen to become involved for American interests; it did + not want to see the restoration of Japanese military power. However, + the so-called American nuclear umbrella as a deterent power for Japan + is not as valuable as the Americans have said. I verified this myself + twenty years ago and put it into the official record. The American + nuclear umbrella is just an illusion as far as the Japanese people are + concerned. Also, the so-called "free ride" on the U.S.-Japan Security + treaty is no such thing and has no earthly basis. I have stated this + repeatedly. The Japanese people have been forced to thank the U.S. + for an illusion. Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. had to enter the INF + agreement due to the nature of a changing power shift in the world, + which on the bottom line, is inevitable in light of the high tech- + nology dominance by Japan. This has been clearly seen by individuals + such as Dr. Kissinger, who even foresaw the situation today long ago, + a position he has stated on a number of occasions. Poor Japanese + politicians have never studied these issues systematically and + therefore can never provide a rebuttal to American allegations. + Americans, for their part, seem to have emotional and intellectual + difficulties in admitting to changes and new developments. + + A Pentagon task force sent a warning on electronics, with particular + emphasis on semiconductors, those who have nothing to worry about but + Japan [sic]. America is very seriously concerned about losing power + of any kind to Japan. Some Americans have been raising their voices + in advocation of an increased Japanese defense capacity. This may be + a worthwile suggestion. We should overhaul our current defense + system, although I am not advocating an abrupt cutting of ties with + the U.S. We have accepted this absurd defense formal [formula?] + consisting of three defense forces. This system must be completely + overhauled to suit present realities, including a much greater + deterrent capacity, exploiting our high technology to the maximum. We + should develop the most persuasive and demonstratable deterrent + formula which would, without any doubt, show our adversaries that any + attack on Japn will end with unbearable damage to the aggressor from + both a stategic and a tactical viewpoint. + + Production and maintenance of escort ships which can only exhaust + their missiles and ammunition in a few minutes, and then sit and wait + for death is absurd. Participation in RIMPAC with such equipment + makes no sense. RIMPAC has nothing to do with the concept of active + defense. + + In a lecture that the Defense College of Japan, the commander of the + U.S. 7th Fleet declared it 100% unlikely that Soviet forces could land + on Japanese territory. This is [an] honest -- but stupid -- comment. + Some time ago we invited a famous Israeli tank division commander + named Tam (phonetic rendering) to Japan. He kept annoying the Defense + Agency by asking why Japan was building tanks. He was considered to + be one of the top tank strategists in the world, and he told us that + even on Hokkaido there is no need [for] tanks for defense. He said + that Soviet attacks would have to be destroyed at sea. He also + expressed doubt in the value of escort ships. + + His points are absolutely valid. Tanks and escort ships were built + and maintained at the direction of the Americans. America has imposed + its defense formula for Japan on Japan, reproducing its own defense + formula within Japan. Thus, Japan has ended up with the defense system + it has simply because of one-sided, pro-American diplomacy: one in + which Japan says only "yes." + + I conducted my own cost analysis of Japanese defense systems and + discovered that the whole thing would be far less expensive if Japan + developed its own system in accordance with its own initiative and + planning, in comparison to the expenditures forced on us today by the + U.S. Despite the bowing under to American will by Japan, it is still + the target of American politicians such as McClosky who charge that + "Japan is protected by American bloodshed in the Persian Gulf." + + The time has come for Japan to tell the U.S. that we do not need + American protection. Japan will protect itself with its own power and + wisdom. This will require a strong commitment and will on our part. + We can do it as long as there is a national consensus to do so. There + may be some political difficulties at this point in forming this + consensus. From both a financial and technological point of view, + there are no barriers to accomplishing this goal in the near future. + We can develop a more effective and efficient defense capability at + less than we are paying today. + + In reality, the abrupt cancellation of the security treaty is not + feasible. But it is a diplomatic option and a powerful card. + Outright refusal to consider such an option means giving up a valuable + diplomatic card. The fact remains that we do not necessarily need the + security treaty and a security system which will meet Japanese [needs] + can be built by Japan alone. + + Both the right and left on this issue tend to become fanatical on the + security treaty debate. It is most regrettable that we do not have a + cool and rational forum where the objective profit and loss aspects of + the issue can be analyzed. But the time will come when we will have + to face this issue and this time is in the near future. + + The current state of the Liberal Democratic Party means that it cannot + afford a serious deliberation on this issue. Once the opposition + parties disassociate themselves from a one-sided pro Russian and + Chinese policy and demonstrate their capacity to be able to replace + the LDP as alternative political parties fully recognized by the + voters, we will be in the position to examine our options with greater + flexibility. + + + 11.3 Japan Should Live in Harmony With Asia + + Japanese popular songs are heard all over Asia these days; it reminds + me of the time when Japanese became so interested in American pop + music, which, at the time, conditioned our psycho-emotional base so + that post-war Japan evolved into a consumer-oriented society. + Structurally, there must be similar powers during such social + phenomena and I wonder what it is today. + + As a matter of fact, it has always been some technological + breakthrough which has moved history into the next stage, during any + given era, even as far back as the stone age or the copper epoch. + Technology has always set the pace of civilization and cultures + flourish on this basis. When we start seeing only the pretty flowers + that are the result of this flourishing, and forget about the roots + that nourish the blossoms, we soon experience the decline of the + civilization, as has been the case of nations in the past. This is + the way I interpret history, in cool and orthodox terms. + + With respect to the development of commercial uses of the + semiconductor, materialized by Japan in Asia, I must say that we can + easily understand the reason why this happened. When the French + minister of culture, Andre Malroux, came to Japan, he pointed out the + distinction between Western religious artifacts and those of Japan. + He told an audience that the Western expression of a crucified Christ + is bloody and even grotesque and might well discourage a religious + attachment to Christ. However, he said, the Miroku Buddha at the + Horiyuji Temple emits such a sublime beauty, beyond the barriers of + race and religion, that it is raised to the level of an eternal or + ultimate object to be revered. + + What he meant was that the type of beauty and the impression given in + such an artifact as the Miroku Buddha or the Horiyuji Temple attract + interest and respect from all over the world, beyond national, racial, + and cultual boundaries. These are products of refinement from the + Japanese people. The original image of Buddha came from India, by way + of China and the Korean peninsula. The image of Buddha in Japan is + the product of refinement of Japanese art. The process has been + constantly refined and it becomes a product of Japanese intellectual + processes, as the Minister explained, it is clearly Japanese. + + In my judgement, Japan has acquired this ability primarily because of + the particular geographical environment surrounding the Japanese + archipelago. In the long journey from West to East, Japan is located + at a dead end; there is nothing beyond except the Pacific Ocean. + Japan is in no position to pass on to other nations what it has + received; it must live with what it receives for the rest of history. + Everything stops at Japan; the Japanese people refine what has come + their way; Japan is the last stop in cultural transition. + + Among Japanese statesmen, Mr. Minoru Genda is one I truly respect. He + once said that Western swords were basically instruments of killing, + although there are some variations, such as those used in the sport of + fencing. But these swords are just tools and we cannot be impressed + looking at Western swords. Japanese swords make viewers feel they are + looking at artifacts and that they are being invited in the world of + art and mystery. He went on to say that the Japanese people have + converted these awful tools, made originally to butcher other people, + into art objects. + + Another time, Mr Genda told me: "Mr Ishihara -- after all, in the end, + Japan will be all right. It is able to defend itself." When I + replied, "how," he said that "Japan's technology can be the basis of + Japan's defense." What he pointed out was that Japanese technology, + which has been refined and polished to the ultimate extent, just like + the swords, would provide the basis for Japan's future existence. + + Mr. Genda also affirmed the points I made, suggesting that in certain + crucial technological areas, Japan should move at least five years + ahead of other nations and if possible, further, to at least ten + years. As long as Japan maintains that ten year advance, it will be + in a safe position for the first twenty-five years of the 21st + century. And this can be accomplished if politicians use their ace + card wisely. + + I had an argument with an American correspondent recently. I asked + him to look at those developing nations which were under American + auspices. The Philippines and those in Africa, Central and South + America are all in hopeless situations. Americans once called the + Philippines "a showcase for democracy." I said that Americans are + mistaken. + + While the Philippines may have felt more comfortable under American + administration than under Spanish colonial rule, and while they still + listen to America, the U.S. never really imparted to them an under- + standing of genuine democracy. The chairman of the House Subcommittee + on Southeast Asia once suggested to me that the U.S. and Japan should + split the cost of financial aid to the Philippines. I responded + "You're kidding!" He said that money alone cannot improve the + situation in the Pilippines because of the internal situation. The + U.S. does not even know where its aid money actually ends up. And most + fundamentally, social conflict in a nation cannot be solved with an + outsider's cash. + + The most crucial task in the Philippines if to face the cause of + social turmoil there. The cause is the role of the landowners; + Philippine landowners have accumulated incredible power and wealth, + siphoning everything from the ordinary people. These landowners will + get no sympathy from me. The Philippines must act to redistribute the + land and wealth in much the same manner as took place in Japan after + the war. Landowners cannot remain landowners unless the country is + stabilized. Should a military junta take power, and decide upon a + socialist economic policy, these landowners would be wiped out. + + Usurpers must be removed, otherwise there is no way the seeds of + democracy can be planted. This so-called "showcase of democracy" is + empty. And pouring additonal aid money into the hands of the + landowners in the form of compensation for losing their land is not + only a utter waste of funds, but also ruins any basis for self-help + and self-motivation. + + There is a chieftan in the Truk Islands, who speaks Japanese, and who + said that since the Japanese left, their children have only learned to + be lazy as the Americans give aid-money and things which spoil human + beings. If you give people lettuce seeds, they will learn to grow + lettuce, but if you give them money they will simply import lettuce + and learn nothing. + + America is reluctant to recognize the importance and value of local + cultures. Christian missionaries do not permit the natives to chant + their charms and they prohibit the use of herbs as medicine -- herbs + that have traditionally been used in healing sicknesses, found in + certain localities and used according to local customs. Local + festivals are banned so that traditional songs and dances are + forgotten. Tradition is dismantled. Americans force other cultures to + give up their traditional value and impose American culture upon them. + And they do not even recognize that this is an atrocity -- a barbaric + act! + + Natives who once had a traditional festival similar to Japan's + ceremony of tasting the fruits of the first harvest. (Our ancestors + may well have come from these southern islands, by the way). The + festival was held on the night of the full moon. Beating drums and + dancing, the people indulged in open sex as the festival had by its + nature this element of fertility. Christian priests prohibited these + festivals and instructed the natives to bring the fruits of the + harvest to the church altar. One hour after this was done, the + priests ate the gifts. The chieftan, still speaking Japanese, + complained "we did not grow this to feed priests." This kind of + misunderstanding goes on and on and Americans don't even realize it. + + Those Asian nations where the economy has been a success story, such + as Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, were all, at one time or another, + under Japanese administration. We are aware that some negative things + happened under the Japanese administration, but it cannot be denied + that many positive changes were left behind. + + Among the resource-supplying nations, the only Southeast Asian nations + which have developed stable socio-economic systems are those where + Japan has cooperated as a fellow Asian country. I pointed this out to + that correspondent with whom I had the argument; in return he only + kept silent. + + In any case, these NICS are turning into NIES who are catching up to + Japan, which make Japan nervous. However, this is fine with me. + Japan should work more positively, basing its approach on the premise + that we must live in harmony with other Asian nations, developing + constructive political strategies to assist these countries + economically and politically. Entering a new era -- the Pacific Age + -- Japan cannot remain prosperous without the rest of Asia. We need + Asia more than we need America. + + + 11.4 Japan Can Be Admitted to the World Community by Saying "No" + + Japan is not quite the tiny country most Japanese think it is. We + should not be presumptuous or arrogant, ending up hated by others, but + we should have pride and dignity as a respected memeber of the world + community. + + Our world view appears to be very peculiar, conditioned in part by our + geography and our climate. In our mind, Japan and the rest of the + world do not exist in a concentric circle. The rest of the world has + its center and the center of Japan is somewhere outside this. I feel + it is time to overhaul this concept and enter into the concentric + world. + + We want to enter that arena not through the kind is individual + performance as given by Mr. Nakasone [sic], but rather by saying "no" + decisively. The Japanese people will define their position in facing + the consequences and significance of their "no" and will be able to + join the world community in the concentric circle as a true "adult" + member. It is therefore imperative to normalize our relationship with + the U.S., so we can get on with becoming a true member of the world + community + + I often suggested a G2 conference with the U.S. This would help + establish Japan's status and America might welcome the suggestion. + When there are only two parties meeting, Japan will have no choice but + to say "yes" or "no" without resorting to gray areas. Japan must be + equipped with logic and reason whenever it says "no." Best of all, by + holding a G2, Japan will only have itself and the U.S. with which to + be concerned, making it easier to stick to the "no." No other nation + will pay attention to Japan if Japan cannot say "no" to the U.S. A + good example is China. + + Japan is flattered by many nations these days for no reason than its + wealth. Money is important, but Japan has many more valuable assets, + such as tradition, culture, creativity, as well as powerful high + technology; this last item is one that even the U.S. and U.S.S.R. + cannot afford to ignore. In order to make the rest of the world + realize that Japan has much more to offer than wealth, we must develop + the logic and reasoning to be able to say "no", explain why, and stick + to it at certain crucial moments. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/japsafe.txt b/politicalTextFiles/japsafe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44a89fb --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/japsafe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ + HOW DOES JAPAN GET THAT LOW CRIME RATE, ANYWAY? + + Today's \Los Angeles Times\ has an article that + illuminates the difficulty of citing Japan's low crime rate + as evidence that gun-control is a factor. + + In a Column One story titled "Victims of a Safe + Society," the \Los Angeles Times\ details how the relatively + low rate of private criminality in Japan is achieved by + massive police criminality: beating suspects so severely + that they are permanently crippled in order to obtain + confessions, a massively high rate of false executions and + imprisonment, and virtually no penalties for police who + commit these crimes. + + "Many foreign people think Japan is a highly + developed, advanced, democratic country, and it is," says + Hideyuki Kayanuma, an attorney for an American entertainer + who was permanently crippled by Japanese police who + suspected him of drug possession. "But especially in the + field of criminal justice, it's a Third World country. + There are no human rights." + + Civil-rights attorney Kensuke Onuki says, "It's almost + like 'Midnight Express.'" + + In addition to beating of suspects, sleep deprivation + to achieve confessions, and common torture of arrestees, + the article describes a Japanese criminal justice system + with virtually no bail, strip searches for traffic + violations, and a conviction rate of 98% -- about that of + Stalinist USSR. In contrast, of 12,615 complaints of + torture and abuse filed against police over the last 40 + years, only 15 cases were tried, and only \half\ of that 15 + resulted in punishment for police officers. + + Citing "a typical example," of Japanese justice, the + article tells of a day laborer released after 16 years in + prison. The laborer was coerced into a false confession + during six months of detention in three different police + stations outside Tokyo. During that time, the laborer + says, "officers beat him on the head with fists, trampled + his thighs, and ordered him to 'apologize' to a photo of + the dead woman as they burned incense for her spirit in the + interrogation room. They interrogated him for a total of + 172 days as much as 13 hours a day." + + Other methods of interrogation, according to the + \Times\ article, involve telling suspects that their + families will suffer if they don't confess or that an + interrogation won't end without a confession. The article + cites human rights attorneys who have estimated forced + confessions to be as high as 50%. Suspects may be held in + custody for up to 23 days with no charges, bail, right to + an attorney, or court supervision. + + Nor is there much objection to this brutality by the + Japanese public. The Japanese Civil Liberties Union has + only 600 members, as compared to 280,000 ACLU members. + Instead, says the \Times\ article, "most Japanese place a + high degree of confidence and trust in police and assume + that suspects under arrest probably committed the crime." + + Those who wish to cite Japan's low murder rate as + proof that gun control works, had better think again. + And if after reconsidering the issue they still advocate + the Japanese approach, those Americans who value the + concepts of fairness and justice would do well to + understand what the goal of those who advocate gun control + actually is: the importation of fascism to America. + + ## diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jbissu.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jbissu.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4bb102 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jbissu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,525 @@ +We the People... An Index of Issues + +Excerpts from the Record and Speeches of Governor Brown + +Our cause is clear. We must restore commitment to our nation, +vitality to the values of our society, vigor to our economy, +real democracy to our government, and purpose to our national +life. Above all, we must secure our childrens birthright of a +greater America than we ourselves inherited. + +At the heart of my campaign is a Family Bill of Rights with +this commitment: Every person has the right to a living wage. +Every person has the right to health care. Every person has the +right to shelter. Every person has the right to an education. +Every person has the right to be free from economic insecurity +in their old age. That is my commitment and if you join, it will +be our commitment. And it will be done. + + +Agriculture/Farm + +As governor, created Farm Workers Health Services Program to +increase health care to migrant workers and their families. We +have to design policies that recognize the stewardship of the +land, the continuity of families, and that means cooperatives, +marketing orders, expert assistance, and a recognition that +there is a value in making the same kinds of assistance +available to our own family farmers as we do to places like +Poland, or Egypt...where [loans are renegotiated, not +foreclosed]. When times get tough on the farm, its foreclosure. +I think we have to have a policy that...treats American citizens +and family farmers [better than] we do so many foreign +countries. + +AIDS + +Recently assisted Mother Teresa in opening AIDS hospice in San +Francisco. I think it ought to be at the top of the national +health care agenda. The President barely mentions it. Youve got +a million and a half people dying of AIDS; youve got good +research projects that are not even being funded; youve got +people who, while we're waiting for one or the other of these +health care plans, can't get covered. They are suffering, and no +other country, at least developed countries, would let that +happen. I think the Presidents got to stand up and say, `Look, +we've got a plague on our hands. We've got to talk about it- how +it's transmitted. We've got to warn people and we've got to pay +the money so that we don't abandon people who are suffering and +dying in every community in America. + +Bush/Reagan Era + +There has been unfair and unequal gain of wealth by the few at +the expense of the many. The stunning gains by the very rich did +not result from the success of hard work or a reward earned by +creative enhancement of the nation's prosperity. No, to the +contrary, this result reflects a decade of unfair tax breaks for +the privileged disguised as relief for all, the looting of the +National Treasury, the rigging of our free market economy, and a +host of successful scams and rip-offs best exemplified by +corporate take-overs on Wall Street and savings and loan +disasters on Main Street....The richest 1% increased their share +of the National income by almost $200 billion a yearand they +took it from the poor and the middle class without apology. +Truly, we have seen a class war and the redistribution of +income...by the self-interested and greedy who have manipulated +the tax codes for their own benefit. + +Business + +I believe the corporations should be encouraged to plow back +more of their money into what they're doing. What we need to +do is have an industrial...economic strategy like the Japanese +have to target areas of opportunity for environmentally sound, +resource efficient growth. And I would see that in space, in +bioscience, in electronics, in telecommunications, in materials +science. + +Campaign Financing + +The chokehold which campaign contributions have on the political +process must be broken. We need real and meaningful campaign +reforms, and not just regarding campaign finance. Equally +imperative, candidates must have free access to the means of +mass communication in a modern society. In terms of executive +orders...I'd find people for the Federal Communications +Commission who will develop a program of free television time so +candidates dont have to spend so much of their campaigning +raising huge [sums of] money to buy time on television to +manipulate voters. (Every Presidential campaign, hundreds of +millions of dollars go to consultants, advertising firms, and +the media.) + +Crime/Punishment + +As governor, mandatory prison terms for use of gun in a crime, +for repeat felons, for crimes against elderly and handicapped, +for heroin pushers; signed legislation creating Victim/Witness +assistance program and Rape Crisis Centers. We've tripled the +prison population...Every prison causes the need for another +prison two-thirds as large because of the 60% recidivistic rate. +But if you took that money, and you invested in children, and +child care, and Head Start, and jobs...you will see this country +prosper and flourish. You're never going to stop crime unless +there is an adequate opportunity for jobs and income for every +person. Opposes capital punishment. + +Defense - See Military/Defense + +Domestic Policy + +We have to be prepared to knit together a governing coalition of +labor, business, minorities, and people who represent +environmental concerns in a way that will allow investment in +our own people. I put that investment in three categories: in +human capital, which is education, job training and the +acquisition of skills; in technological capital, which provides +the competitive edge while allowing us to maintain our position +in the world; and in environmental capital, which will maintain +and enhance our forests, fisheries, agricultural land and air. +We need real reform. I think we have to reform the politics, +the tax code, the industrial policy, our health system. And as +we do that, we will be not only on the verge, but in the +beginning and the duration of a golden age. + +Drugs + +Decriminalized possession of less than one ounce of marijuana in +California. Favors drug treatment on demand. Would not legalize +marijuana. + +Economy + +Number One, I would cut payroll taxes so that the withholding on +the people of America would go down in the next two weeks. +Secondly, I'd move off the backlog every single public works +project in America to put people to work. Number three, I would +take some of the money were now spending abroad and invest it +here at home in things that will create efficiency and a more +innovative economy. One more thing, I would fully fund Head +Start. Youve got to put an income floor under those families +that are under stress...[Create] enterprise zones. Take 50 of +the hardest-pressed areas in America, cut out the taxes to any +business that will go in there and hire people. [For] people who +are on public assistance, let them take their government check +and turn it into a voucher so they can turn it into a job, so +that the employer adds more to it. Anything that will make sure +that every American has a living family wage... + +Education + +As governor, tripled K-12 education budget; opposed charging +tuition at state colleges and universities; raised standards for +high school graduation and college entrance; Worksite Education +and Training Act to put people to work in skilled labor +positions; MESA Program to motivate women and minorities to +complete college degrees in math, engineering, and the sciences. +The public school is the major integrating institution in our +society...I want to make sure its fully funded. We can put a +computer in front of every school child...and have learning +programs from Kindergarten through the 12th grade. The same +people who are designing the Star Wars defense....that level of +commitment and skill and money...can revolutionize American +education. + +Energy + +Our current energy policy...depends on foreign oil, on +squandering resources, on promoting nuclear power and wrecking +the environment both offshore and in wilderness areas. I say +its time for the President to say `no to future nuclear power +and `yes to solar, biomass conversion, synthetic fuels, wind +powerto a whole array of energy sources that are safer, more +economically secure, that will not lead to the disaster that +nuclear is now taking us. If we commit ourselves to an energy +system no more wasteful than in Germany and Japan, we would save +more money than were spending on the entire defense +system....you can invest in new engines, lights, retrofitting +buildings. And...youll reduce the energy spending that will +free us from dependence on foreign oil, protect the environment +and put millions of Americans to work. + +Environment/Ecology + +As governor, led the nation in creating and enforcing clean-air +laws, enacting legislation to curb toxic wastes, and promoting +environmental awareness. Despite opposition from special +interest groups and Federal Bureaucracy, his administration +accomplished much in the area of environmental protection and +preservation by instituting a strict climate of regulatory +compliance. Favors clean renewable alternate energy sources; +i.e. wind, solar, cogeneration, geothermal. + +Equal Opportunity + +As governor, strongest commitment to affirmative action anywhere +in country; prohibited payment of different wages for jobs +requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility; promoted +training of women for job classifications in which 70% of +employees were men; prohibited sex or marital status as factor +in denial of credit; designated sexual harassment as unfair +employment practice; banned mandatory retirement; made age +discrimination illegal. Brown appointed 287 Asians, 435 +African-Americans, 549 Hispanics, and 46 Native Americans to +government positions. + +Federal Spending + +As governor, reduced government costs and the growth of +government while saving money for taxpayers and delivering +exceptional service to citizens. Every year the federal +government takes at least half a trillion dollars and, +essentially, dumps it in the trash. There is enough money to +do what is needed to be done, and what must be done, and the +dying of cities and the destruction of a whole generation of +Americans right before our eyes is every bit as much a threat to +each of us and to our society as the collapse of the banking +system. + +Foreign Policy + +We ought to be able to find ways where people have the sense and +the power of their own national identity, but are harmoniously +integrated in regional economic and federal units...I would do +everything I could to bring together parties that are so far +apart and so different as the people there in the Middle East, +Israel, and its Arab neighbors...There is real fear and +insecurity and we have an historic relationship with Israel that +we must maintain.... Supports loan guarantees (the assurance +that Israel's loans will be repaid.) + +Foreign Trade + +Will we prosper as a virtual colony to the rest of the world by +supplying raw materials in exchange for imported, finished goods +of high value such as cars, TVs, steel and calculators? No, a +hundred times no. We will prosper by consciously setting forth +an economic agenda that will build for the future, not steal +from it. We have got to have better products...so the people +want it and have to have it. Then we'll go to Japan and we'll +open up their markets. How do you do trade? Not like we did in +the Gulf War 70% of the goods that we shipped over there for +that war were in foreign ships. You first build up your ports; +36 states in this nation have access to navigable waters. You +link it with trains, with rail...and then youre prepared to +enter into the vast growth of world trade, which can generate +the wealth. + +Gay/Lesbian + +As governor, repealed criminal penalties from private sexual +acts between consenting adults; signed executive order banning +discrimination based on sexual orientation. Favors passage of +the Gay Rights Bill. + +Global Ecology + +Global warming indicates that we have to reduce our fossil fuel +use dramatically...we have to get about the business of +alternative energy. As a small minority of the world's basic +resources for but a few percent of its people, but we can learn +to place quality above quatity and caring above consumption. + +Gun Control + +Believes in the right to bear arms but that automatic weapons +and Saturday Night Specials should be rigidly controlled. +Favors waiting periods, at least in accordance with California +laws. + +Handicapped + +As governor, instituted $25,000 tax deduction for remodeling for +handicapped access; created more than 25 living centers for the +disabled. + +Health Care + +As governor, developed health ed programs for students and +seniors; created Department of Alcohol and Drug Abuse; created +many programs for prevention, education, training, etc.; funded +program of preventive health care for seniors. As governor, I +signed bills to let people compete with managed health care +plans, health maintenance organizations; there's 13 million +people in California that are now in them. I believe health +care should be available to all Americans, and...I believe that +should be a top priority for the next US Senate, and I would +make it mine. We should have a single payor, universal health +care, emphasizing wellness and prevention and including the +choice of different healing arts whether it's acupuncture or +chiropractic. In Canada, people are spending $500 less per +capita than we are, and they're living two years longer, and +they are covering every single citizen...[The Canadia system +would] save over $100 billion a year. A man standing out in +the street, homeless, and President Reagan ought to all be in +the same health care system. You bet it will be a good one. + +Homelessness + +Homelessness is a social phenomenon created by neglect. +Available housing, a mental health system that really takes care +of people, reducing alcohol and drug dependency, and providing +jobs and income among those people in society that are +increasingly in the backwater - all these things have to be done +to really get at homelessness. [We] would state as a premise +that every American has a right to shelter, and then we go from +there...we talk about the $10 billion loan guarantee for Israel. +[I would] link in the same legislation, a loan guarantee for +every single American...so we take care of our first +responsibility. + +Jobs + +The World Watch Institute has said that if you weatherize every +house in this country, you would cut energy consumption by +enough to pay for...that work and create 7 million jobs. [In +the Pentagon Budget there is] $300 billion a year of +unnecessary, wasteful and polluting envergy consumption...by +spending $300 billion to accomplish the goals of fuel efficient +homes, motors, refrigerators, fuel efficient cars, high speed +trains...you dont have to raise taxes one penny...If there was +a commitment, and if the oil companies...and the power companies +would stand aside...you would have seven million new jobs. We +need to make the commitment to make sure people have +jobs...whether it be building the infrastructure for high-speed +trains, or creating things like the Civilian Conservation Corps +to get young people out of adverse circumstances and give them +an opportunity. + +Military/Defense + +Favors cutting the defense budget by half the first year. +Examine the absurdity of what's happening: When the Soviet +Union agreed to pull troops out of Germany, the Germans [agreed +to] pay the Russians $5 billion over the next several years to +[care for the] troops...And we're spending tens of billions to +defend Germany against those same soldiers. + +Minorities + +I picked...the first black appointed to the California Supreme +Court. And then I appointed the second African-American...to the +California Supreme Court. And I appointed the first +Hispanic...and the first woman...to be Chief Justice of that +court. + +Native Americans + +As governor, provided financial assistance to health care +programs; appointed 46 to government positions. + +PACs/Lobbying I will tell you who is supporting the anti-term +limits. Phillip Morris gave $25,000 and the National Rifle +Association is the second biggest giver...if every 6 years +there's a new Congressman, somehow the clout is going to be gone. +`The clout - well, is that the clout for the tobacco company so +more kids can learn to be addicted to a Cancer causing +substance? Is that the clout we might lose? Then I say great, +the sooner, the better. + +Pay Raises + +That form of legalized bribery [honorarium] was something that +the individual senator took or not. And you took it, and now +you've given yourself a $40,000 pay raise in order to give up +$30,000 in honoraria. Now, you explain that one to me. I +disagree with you, I disagree very strongly...As governor, I +fought a pay raise eight out of eight years. + +Privacy + +As governor, signed legislation ensuring comprehensive right to +privacy for Californians. + +Qualifications + +I have the experience of being the chief executive of the +largest state in the country. That economy in California is +equivalent to the 8th largest country in the world. Just in our +medical budget alone we spent $5 billion a year. All the +problems we're talking about -- national service--we started. +The California Conservation corps--50,000 young men and women +have gone through it. Wellness and prevention--the first state +Wellness Commission, we did it there. Pioneering in controlling +toxics--the best environmental record anywhere in the country. +So I think there's a record there. for the future, I would say +the essence of what I'm doing here is reform. reform of the tax +code, reform of the politics. Of all the candidates, I have +more experience...and I have the message for 1992...What I am +trying to do is to transform the party that I belong to and +transform the country. Anything short of that is just going to +compound and continue the decline and the suffering and the +injustice that is spreading all around the country. + +Secrecy + +Believes that for the people to govern, they must be informed. +Favors opening the JFK files. + +Space + +We should be investing in projecting human beings into space; it +ought to be done on a multinational basis...as we create more +shared working and experimental opportunities for human beings. +Space research can break down political barriers as well as push +back scientific frontiers. And it's a crucial part of the +investment strategy of this nation. + +Taxes + +As governor, reduced tax burden, moving Californians from 3rd +highest to 24th ranking among states. Eliminated longstanding +oil and insurance company tax breaks. + +The tax code is a veritable feast of fundraising, corruption, +lobbying, and activities...a moneymaker for the people down in +congress. I know if we were to abolish the income tax, the +Social Security payroll tax, the gasoline tax, the airline +ticket tax, the corporate tax, and the estate and gift tax, we +can replace it with a simple 13% flat tax on gross income and +business added. With that, you'll get economic efficiency, +you'll see the stock market go, you'll see jobs being produced, +and I believe with that we'll be able to afford a national +health care system modeled on the Canadian variety. If you +apply [the 13% flat tax] on the business value added and the +personal adjusted gross income, it equals about $8 trillion. You +multiply something about 12.5% and you will come out with what +was collected last year...Three deductions only--rent, charity, +and home mortgage. That's it. (Federal excise taxes to remain +on cigarettes and alcohol.) + +Term Limits + +The problem is not that the president serves two terms, it's +that senators are down there for 30...for 40 years. That's not +right, and especially it's not right when you look at the +judiciary panel and you see those men there. Is that America? + +Voting + +As governor, signed into law the postcard registration +procedure. Bills to allow people to vote ought to be passed +forthwith...Let's have same-day voter registration...an election +holiday...so that every citizen in this country is invited and +empowered to vote. + +Welfare + +As governor, program assisted families to move from welfare to +self-support; provided job search assistance; Project Intercept +to collect child support payments; adoption programs. Favors +voucher system for promoting employment of welfare recipients by +private business. [The problem isn't] some Welfare Queenmaking +a few thousand dollars a month...The Welfare King' is the former +president of General Motors...[He helped] drive General Motors +into the ground, and he gets $1.2 million for the rest of his +life. That's the kind of privilege that is at the heart of +what's ailing America." + +Women's Issues + +As governor, supported women's right to personal choice +concerning her body and her reproductive system; extended child +care and unemployment disability benefits to all working women; +granted state employees one year of leave for purposes of +pregnancy, childbirth, and recovery; mandated against +discrimination in hiring based upon pregnancy; empowered +enforcement for child support payments; named women to fill +nearly one third of appointed posts, including 131 judges, 5 +cabinet members, 22 department directors, and 10 deputy +directors; appointed the first woman Chief Justice of Supreme +Court, the first African-American woman to the men's prison +system...the first woman in charge of the Highway Department, +the Business Department, the Finance Department, the Health +Department, the Veteran's Affairs Department. Regarding +abortion: "I support the right of a woman to make this decision +totally free from any pressure or inducement from the federal +government." Supports Roe v. Wad, the Freedom of Choice Act, +overturn of the "Gag Rule," Medicaid funding; opposes +Constitutional amendment outlawing abortion, mandatory parental +notification/consent laws. + +Workers + +As governor, increased unemployment insurance benefits; +collective bargaining for farm workers; collective bargaining +for teachers; Occupational Carcinogen Control Act required +registration of carcinogens; increased benefits for employment +disability; increased minimum wage above the federal minimum; +tripled job training programs, including health and vocational +apprenticeships; provided Californians 25% of all the new jobs +in the nation. "Banning the replacement of people who go out on +strike is nothing more than giving reality to the strikers +ultimate weapon--to withhold one's labor...when management can +just replace strikers, you've essentially destroyed organized +labor...a pillar of progressive politics since the '30s." + +What Would This Cost? + +Debate Moderator: "OK, you become president...What is the cost +of your program, of transforming it?" + +Governor Brown: "I'd say three things: On defense...[I could] +show a $700 billion saving between now and the next ten +years...The second point is that the tax amnesty...could +recapture 1%. You tell people in the underground +economy...who've not paid their taxes, that if they come back +in...we'll work out an installment plan. There have been about +$8 trillion in taxes paid in this country in the last six years. +If we could get 1% of that, that's somewhere in the neighborhood +of $80 billion. The third thing is that I recommend that you +eliminate the gasoline tax, the social security tax, all these +federal taxes and replace them with a simple, stable flat tax, +that's fair, that'll give stability over time, that will give +that longer horizon for investment and saving that every +economist says is needed if we're going to produce the +productivity that we need." + +Authorized by Brown for President/Labor Donated + +2121 Cloverfield, Suite 120 +Santa Monica, CA 90404-5277 Voice: +(310) 449-1992 Fax: (310) 449-1903 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jeff3_13.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jeff3_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca0f206 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jeff3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Jeff Cooper's Commentaries + +Previously Gunsite Gossip + +Vol. 3, No. 13 November, 1995 + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Indian Summer, 1995 + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +The annual Gunsite Reunion and Theodore Roosevelt Memorial held at +Whittington Center in honor of the great man's birthday was even more of a +success than in the past. The shooting, conducted by Rich Wyatt, John +Gannaway and David Kahn, was great fun. The declamations were inspiring, as +always, but perhaps the greatest exhilaration of the meeting was the sense +of unity and comradeship experienced by Orange Gunsite comrades, who in +many instances are forced by circumstance to dwell amongst the +unenlightened. + +While most of our people were from various parts of the United States, we +had members from England, Switzerland, and even way up in Darkest New +England. It is a long, long way to Whittington, but it is worth it when you +get there. The weather was absolutely gorgeous, at the very peak of the +western autumn colors, and we were troubled by neither heat nor cold nor +wind until Sunday afternoon when we were breaking up. + +With all the family hard at work shooting, it was impossible for me to +single out every distinguished performance, but a couple that stick in my +mind were Finn Aagaard's erasing of two helium balloons with one shot as +they lined up, and Marc Heim's impressive performance on clay birds with +his "Kansas City Special." (That's a 16-inch iron-sighted lever gun in +caliber 44 Magnum.) Dr. Manning Picket also showed off with his +open-sighted 350 Magnum, and daughter Lindy managed to break four in a row +on sporting clays. + +We had occasion to break out the "Gunsite zeroing target" for the first +time on public display, and, not to my surprise, it worked very well. I +commend this target to all the faithful as the most efficient thing of its +kind I know. + +Dan Dennehy treated us to his usual knife throwing demonstration, as well +as to his rendition of "The Lure of the Tropics." + +Both Don Davis and Marc Heim showed us how to use a lever-gun from a +Condition 3 Ready, which is a technique not fully appreciated in the Age of +High Tech. + +Lindy's poetry is developing to astonishing levels, and we are approaching +the point where a bound volume of her collected works may be in order. +Prior to that, however, her prose work, "Wisdom on Cooper," must be put to +bed, published and out on the market. + +As always, the wildlife display at Whittington was delightful, with lots of +deer and elk, including one big bull, plus pronghorns and turkeys. Nobody +saw a cougar, but as these cats are becoming less and less secretive +year-by-year we may expect to sight one or more at the next event of +October '96. + +The Whittington Center cannot accommodate as many of you as we might wish, +so fix the date for '96 and plan to join us then. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +On a T-shirt we saw at the reunion was displayed the pungent phrase, + + "Visualize no Liberals!" + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +I have had the opportunity now for a couple of years to evaluate the Glock +pistol with sufficient care to give me justification in an opinion. I have +not used one much myself, but just enough to know that it is not for me. +However, I have some good friends in law enforcement who have pretty much +set matters straight. My conclusion is that the Glock pistol is a very good +choice for hired hands, but not for serious pistoleros. Its proper place +lies in the public sector, and the dedicated shottist is rarely found +therein. (Note: That is shottist rather than shootist. Look it up.) +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +It is with profound sorrow that we must report the death of our old friend +and comrade Milt Sparks, on 8 September 1995. Milt was a man of great +talent and he contributed measurably to American pistolcraft. + +He was a good artisan, a good shot, and a good man. He is sadly missed. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +We learn that the Chicoms placed an order for 10 million copies of the AUG +with Steyr-Mannlicher. How interesting that the commies could dream up a +demand for 10 million 22-caliber squirt guns! Apparently we will not +discover what they wanted with those pieces since the Austrian government +queered the deal, but if we are now hunting around for the next war, we may +have some hints here. Incidentally, while the American law enforcement +establishment refers to the piece in question as the AUG (pronounced OG), +not too many of our people know what the letters stand for. AUG signifies +Armee Universal Gewehr, which may be an exaggeration, but no more so than +"high power" tacked onto the 9-millimeter Belgian Browning. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +The columnist Tony Snow offers us a good campaign slogan for the Billary +Gang in '96: + + "We can't fool all the people all the time, but twice would be + nice." + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +I have almost passed the point at which I can be shocked anymore, but I was +perhaps amazed at a report from England about a lawsuit brought by a woman +against an importer of toys because when her little boy flung a boomerang +it came back and hit him on the head. Apparently she holds that the package +in which the toy was packed should have contained a statement to the effect +that the instrument actually worked as designed. I suppose the next step is +for someone to sue a gunmaker because when the gun fired it made a loud +noise which startled him. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Perhaps all is not lost. In Washington, D.C., of all places, family member +Bill O'Connor recently overheard the following comment from the driver of a +child-filled station wagon: + + "There are more armed men in the woods on opening day of deer + season in Pennsylvania than there are federal agents, and that + gives me a feeling of great comfort." + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Note that the new issue Burris Scoutscope is distinguished by a slightly +enlarged bell at the front end. There are other structural differences as +well, and up til now, the new glass has demonstrated increased honesty over +previous products. An "honest" telescope is one that does what you tell it, +in both planes, every time. When you dial in "left 4, up 6" that is what +you should get, but all too often you do not. The new Burris, however, in +samples inspected, has been quite satisfactory so far. We wish it a bright +future. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Sometimes I am convinced that the world is actually getting worse, and it +is not just my advanced age which makes it seem so. Consider the case +reported in the shooting industry magazine of a customer who bought a rifle +only to return it in a matter of days. He claimed that when he fired it and +opened the bolt a piece fell out, and he displayed an empty case to prove +it. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +From a recent issue of Tailhook magazine, we discover that Naval pilots +going into the Gulf War received no training nor familiarisation whatever +with sidearms. Furthermore, they were forbidden to bring their own. As one +post-modern bureaucrat sounded off, "This is war! You can't bring your own +guns!" + +Of course it maybe adduced that if a flier loses a 30-million-dollar +airplane, the taxpayer really should not be concerned about whether or not +he can shoot his way to safety on the ground. It may, of course, be of some +concern to him. + +Many years ago I was invited to a conference at the academy in Colorado +Springs on just this point. The colonels sat there and shot the breeze all +day without coming up with an answer to the question of what a combat pilot +needs a pistol for. One school holds that he should be able to sneak around +on the ground and put chickens in the pot. Another says he should stay on +top of his hill and threaten the bad guys at the bottom until the chopper +can come and pick him up. As many of you know, G ring's answer in World War +II was to supply his combat pilots with beautifully made "drillings," +featuring two shotgun barrels and one rifle. I have no authoritative +accounts about how good an idea this was, but it is a lot different from +those manifest by the Navy in Desert Storm. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +As to the Vince Foster murder, Hillary does not want to hear any more about +it. So there! +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +In re-reading McBride for perhaps the tenth time, we discover again that a +heart shot is by no means necessarily a quick stop. A beast shot through +the heart will always die, and a man nearly always, unless he is wheeled +into thoracic surgery within a couple of minutes, but he will not +necessarily drop when hit. An armed antagonist can frequently shoot back, +and a charging lion may easily bite you dead between the time the shot is +delivered and the victim is no longer able to fight. + +From the collected writings I conclude that the larger the caliber the more +quickly a heart shot will stop the action, and this is a matter of some +interest in this day when the governments of the world seem determined to +reduce calibers as much as possible. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +At Whittington we had a long and thoughtful session about the matter of Spc +New, the soldier who maintains that he is not required to fight for the +United Nations. The issue here is the most important one that I can recall +during my lifetime. Can the Commander-in-Chief of American armed forces +order an American fighting man to obey orders issued by a foreign +sovereignty? In all the long history of mercenary soldiering it has been +accepted that a soldier may indeed fight for a foreign power, but only if +he volunteers for that duty. If we follow the example of the Swiss +mercenaries of the Renaissance we discover that the contract specifically +exempted the soldier from the obligation to fight against his own country. +I do not believe any of this has been taken up properly by the lawmen as of +yet. A soldier absolutely must do what he is told, but what happens if his +foreign commander orders him to fight against his own country? + +It appears that our masters in Washington are doing their best to sweep +this matter under the rug, just as they have done with other recent federal +transgressions, but this is a matter of enormous importance, and we the +people must demand an answer. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +On the occasion of the recent demonstration in Washington, engineered by +Louis Farrakhan and others, one of his lieutenants (sporting the +unimaginative name of Khalid Mohammed) is quoted in Human Events as +shouting, "This is the time of blackman's rise and the whiteman's demise." +Being genetically placed on one side of that confrontation, I apparently +have no choice but to join the fray. This being the case I am reminded of +the statement attributed to John Parker at Lexington on 19 April 1775, to +wit: "If they mean to have a war, let it begin here!" +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Daughter Lindy's pseudo-Scout, constructed by Robbie Barrkman on a +Springfield base, worked very well for her at Whittington, except that the +shortened stock permitted the cocking piece to bang her on the cheek bone. +When I was a lad we were all intimately introduced to the 03 Springfield, +which naturally featured a stock short enough for even very close-coupled +soldiers. We got banged, though I did learn to keep my thumb over on the +right side of the stock out of the way, and to open my firing hand a tad so +that my fingernails would not gouge my chin. When the rifle is private +property, however, and not government issue, another solution maybe +somewhat better. Simply saw the cocking piece off. + +It has long been claimed that the flared cocking piece on the 03, and the +Krag, and some other actions, is a safety feature in that it deflects hot +gas which may result from a punctured primer. I know from personal +experience on the 1917 action that if hot gas travels back along the +striker it ejects from the bolt an inch or so below the line of sight - +even an open sight. I sported a neat black tattoo on my right cheek for a +couple of months to illustrate this. When asked about it I found it very +macho to say casually, "Blown primer on my 30-06." + +I have never worn a really good facial scar, but those who have are one up +on the rest of us, if their narrative is sufficiently dramatic. The actor, +George McCready, was able to say when asked about a clean white scar on his +jaw bone that he got it when he flipped his Bugatti at LeMans, which is +exactly what happened. (At this point I think the feminists in the group +will drop out of the conversation.) +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Arizona T-shirt sign: + + "I will rope for beer." + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +On the subject of Africa, it is not too soon to start setting up schedules. +We are committed to be on station in Pretoria by 19 March, and to be back +here in the states by 18 April. Just what happens in the interim is yet to +be worked out, but our African adventures have been so totally successful +in the past that we do not foresee any problems. + +We are informed that the street scene in Johannesburg is bad and +degenerating, but that is true of any big city you can name. We expect to +get out into the country at once and thus be well clear of social strife, +if any. + +As to that, one thing that we have always liked about Africa is that if you +are attacked you may legally defend yourself, which is not true of London +or Toronto or Tokyo. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + "The rifleman, being a hunter, naturally always has an eye, and + an ear, for game. The great game movement along the front took + place at night. That in the back areas, of course, could only be + deduced, from daytime observation, and at night became the + business of the artillery and machine guns. But no-man's-land, in + quiet times, was the scene of an almost purely nocturnal life. + The sniper was lucky if, during the day, he spotted a couple of + Germans; but if he really cared for hunting he might have a dozen + pass within as many feet of him at night. He can well afford to + abandon his rifle for this - if he can still find time to get the + necessary sleep. There is nothing just like it for making one + feel at home in the trench areas. To spend the night in a funky + dugout or musty cellar, whether in the front line, supports or + reserves, is like closing the tent-fly at nightfall as soon as + you have made camp on the mountainside overlooking a pleasant - + and unknown - valley. Much better to get outside and see what's + happening." + + from A Rifleman Went to War by Captain Herbert W. McBride + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Danie van Graan, our good friend from the Low Veldt, has just shown us an +interesting photograph of a Burris Scoutscope mounted on an Enfield Combat +Rifle. The assembly looks good. It is not a Scout, being overweight and +overlong, but it is handy, powerful and easy to feed. Since it has a +full-weight barrel the base may be fastened thereto with screws with no +need for a custom forward extrusion. We hope to play with this piece next +year in Africa, and we expect that it will prove out well. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Family member Tom Berger sends us an extract from a piece of fiction called +"Flying Finish," by Dick Francis, which points up a peculiar aspect of +post-modern sociology that I had not thought about before. The idea is that +in an emasculated society there is no accepted outlet for the natural +combativeness of the young male, except in crime. Apparently it is +considered uncouth for a young man to say that he wants to fight, no matter +how much he does. This poses no problem for the counterculture, whose +members grow to adolescence with no ethical or moral base, but it becomes +an increasing affliction for young men brought up by decent parents. If +Louis Farrakhan gets his way, this difficulty may straighten itself out in +fairly short order. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + "This situation has turned congressional hearings into somewhat + of a joke and has made it obvious that federal law enforcement + cannot be expected to investigate itself." + + Robert K. Brown + in Soldier of Fortune, December 1995 + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + "The government against which our ancestors took up arms was a + mild and distant irritant compared to the federal scourge that + rules us today. Constitutional restraints on tyranny are to our + masters only a hazy memory as they exercise powers beyond the + dreams of history's most famous dictators. Louis the XIV never + required an annual accounting of every centime every Frenchman + earned. He would never have dared then to demand a third of it in + yearly tribute. Ivan the Terrible never told Russian merchants + whom they could or could not hire, nor, heaven help us, where + they could have a smoke." + + Jared Taylor, Louisville, Kentucky + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + "If the wound is large, the weapon with which the patient has + been wounded should be anointed daily: otherwise every two or + three days. The weapon should be kept in pure linen and a warm + place, but not too hot to scald lest the patient suffer harm." + +That was written in 1662, and after three hundred years some of our +legislators still insist on treating the weapon rather than the wound. (We +get this from David Kopel at a presentation at the University of Oklahoma.) +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Cross-eyed shooting - that is shooting right-handed and left-eyed, or vice +versa, is not difficult with a pistol, and it is not much of a problem in +slow-fire rifle shooting. It does become difficult with the rifle snapshot. +The shooter can dim his weaker eye by taping over his shooting glasses, or +by wearing a bandanna or eye patch, but while these expedients suffice for +the target range they are unlikely to be useful in the field. We can take +some comfort from observing that the snapshot with a rifle is a rare +occurrence, but the problem is still there and I do not have an answer for +it. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +All of this "whingeing" (British word) about our termination of the war in +the Pacific is interesting in view of McBride's observation about his +sniping in World War I. "We killed them when we could and we damned them +all to Hell. They started it and by God we finished it!" This calls to mind +the advice of Gunsite's Grand Patron Theodore Roosevelt to the effect that +you should never start a fight, but once you are in it you should finish +it. This is a principle which a series of recent American presidents seem +to have missed. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Family member and military historian Barrett Tillman tells us that Jim +Coxen, who did a tour with the 5th Marines, has now been shooting with new +devices and new techniques for sport. He maintains that he wished he had a +Scout rifle up in I CORPS. He feels that he would definitely have bagged +more bad guys. Well sure! Wouldn't you prefer a properly set up Scout to an +M16? +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Despite the best efforts of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, we now +have access to a photograph of Lon Horiuchi, who shot Vickie Weaver in the +face but who still has not been brought to justice. Col. Bob Brown ran it +down in a West Point yearbook and it appears on page 38 of the December +issue of Soldier of Fortune magazine. It is not very clear, and it is +twenty years old, but it is better than nothing. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +An Indian Summer here in the Arizona highlands maybe assessed as evidence +of God's goodwill to men. We count our blessings. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Please Note. These "Commentaries" are for personal use only. Not for +publication. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jefferso.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jefferso.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfe768f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jefferso.txt @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +THOMAS JEFFERSON'S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS: + + +Called upon to undertake the duties of the first +executive office of our country, I avail myself of the +presence of that portion of my fellow citizens which +is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for +the favor with which they have been pleased to look +toward me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the +task is above my talents, and that I approach it with +those anxious and awful presentiments which the +greatness of the charge and the weakness of my powers +so justly inspire. A rising nation, spread over a +wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with +the rich productions of their industry, engaged in +commerce with nations who feel power and forget right, +advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of +mortal eye, when I contemplate these transcendent +objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the +hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue, +and the auspices of this day, I shrink from the +contemplation, and humble myself before the magnitude +of the undertaking. Utterly, indeed, should I despair +did not the presence of many whom I see here remind me +that in the other high authorities provided by our +Constitution I shall find resources of wisdom, of +virtue, and of zeal on which to rely under all +difficulties. To you, then, gentlemen, who are +charged with the sovereign functions of legislation, +and to those associate with you, I look with +encouragement for that guidance and support which may +enable us to steer with safety the vessel in which we +are all embarked amidst the conflicting elements of a +troubled world. + During the contest of opinion through which we +have passed the animation of discussions and of +exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might +impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak +and to write what they think; but this being now +decided by the voice of the nation, announced according +to the rules of the Constitution, all will of course +arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite +in common efforts for the common good. All, too, will +bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the +will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that +will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the +minority possesses their equal rights, which equal law +must protect, and to violate would be oppression. Let +us, then, fellow citizens, unite with one heart and +one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that +harmony and affection without which liberty and even +life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect +that, having banished from our land that religious +intolerance under which mankind so long bled and +suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance +a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and +capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During +the throes and convulsions of the ancient world, during +the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking through +blood and slaughter his long lost liberty, it was not +wonderful that the agitation of the billows should +reach even this distant and peaceful shore; that this +should be more felt and feared by some and less by +others, and should divide opinions as to measures of +safety. But every difference of opinion is not a +difference of principle. We have called by different +names brethren of the same principle. We are all +republicans, we are all federalists. If there be any +among us who would wish to dissolve the Union or to +change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed +as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion +may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat +it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a +republican government can not be strong, that this +Government is not strong enough; but would the honest +patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, +abandon a government which has so far kept us free and +firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this +Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility +want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I +believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government +on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, +at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of +the law, and would meet invasions of the public order +as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that +man cannot be trusted with the government of himself. +Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others? +Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern +him? Let history answer this question. + Let us, then, with courage and confidence pursue +our own Federal and Republican principles, our +attachment to union and representative government. +Kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the +exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe; too +high-minded to endure the degradations of the others; +possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our +descendants to the thousandth and thousandth +generation; entertaining a due sense of our equal right +to the use of our own faculties, to the acquisitions of +our own industry, to honor and confidence from our +fellow citizens, resulting not from birth, but from our +actions and their sense of them; enlightened by a +benign religion, professed, indeed, and practiced in +various forms, yet all of them inculcating honesty, +truth, temperance, gratitude, and the love of man; +acknowledging and adoring an overruling Providence, +which by all its dispensations proves that it delights +in the happiness of man here and his greater happiness +hereafter, with all these blessings, what more is +necessary to make us a happy and a prosperous people? +Still one thing more, fellow citizens, a wise and +frugal Government, which shall restrain men from +injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free +to regulate their own pursuits of industry and +improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor +the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good +government, and this is necessary to close the circle +of our felicities. + About to enter, fellow citizens, on the exercise +of duties which comprehend everything dear and valuable +to you, it is proper you should understand what I deem +the essential principles of our Government, and +consequently those which ought to shape its +Administration. I will compress them within the +narrowest compass they will bear, stating the general +principle, but not all its limitations. Equal and +exact justice to all men, of whatever state or +persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, +and honest friendship with all nations, entangling +alliances with none; the support of the State +governments in all their rights, as the most competent +administrations for our domestic concerns and the +surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies; the +preservation of the General Government in its whole +constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace +at home and safety abroad; a jealous care of the right +of election by the people, a mild and safe corrective +of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution +where peaceable remedies are unprovided; absolute +acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the +vital principle of republics, from which is no appeal +but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent +of despotism; a well disciplined militia, our best +reliance in peace and for the first moments of war, +till regulars may relieve them; the supremacy of the +civil over the military authority; economy in the public +expense, that labor may be lightly burthened; the honest +payment of our debts and sacred preservation of the +public faith; encouragement of agriculture, and of +commerce as its handmaid; the diffusion of information +and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public +reason; freedom of religion; freedom of the press, and +freedom of person under the protection of the habeas +corpus, and trial by juries impartially selected. +These principles form the bright constellation which +has gone before us and guided our steps through an age +of revolution and reformation. The wisdom of our +sages and blood of our heroes have been devoted to +their attainment. They should be the creed of our +political faith, the text of civic instruction, the +touchstone by which to try the services of those we +trust; and should we wander from them in moments of +error or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps +and to regain the road which alone leads to peace, +liberty, and safety. + I repair, then, fellow citizens, to the post you +have assigned me. With experience enough in +subordinate offices to have seen the difficulties of +this the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect that +it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to +retire from this station with the reputation and the +favor which bring him into it. Without pretensions to +that high confidence you reposed in our first and +greatest revolutionary character, whose preeminent +services had entitled him to the first place in his +country's love and destined for him the fairest page +in the volume of faithful history, I ask so much +confidence only as may give firmness and effect to the +legal administration of your affairs. I shall often go +wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall +often be thought wrong by those whose positions will +not command a view of the whole ground. I ask your +indulgence for my own errors, which will never be +intentional, and your support against the errors of +others, who may condemn what they would not if seen in +all its parts. The approbation implied by your +suffrage is a great consolation to me for the past, and +my future solicitude will be to retain the good opinion +of those who have bestowed it in advance, to conciliate +that of others by doing them all the good in my power, +and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom of +all. + Relying, then, on the patronage of your good will, +I advance with obedience to the work, ready to retire +from it whenever you become sensible how much better +choice it is in your power to make. And may that +Infinite Power which rules the destinies of the +universe lead our councils to what is best, and give +them a favorable issue for your peace and prosperity. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Nancy Troutman (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa345) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jesus-ab.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jesus-ab.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c077863 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jesus-ab.txt @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ + Jesus Should Have Been Aborted + by + Jenn Shreve + + I remember my mother, an active member of the pro-life movement, +taking me aside and in a serious whisper telling me: "What if the Virgin +Mary had had an abortion? She certainly had a lot of reason too. Where +would we all be then?" She was using this statement to prove how +horrible an abortion could be. That even the savior of the world was +subject to surgical removal. That an abortion was, in essence, the +potential wiping out the greatest person to ever die. Unfortunately +for her, I suppose, I didn't share here respect for the life of christ +or the results of his ultimate and untimely death. + When I turned over this statement in my mind, I considered why +Mary would want an abortion and decided she should, by all means have +had one, if she had so desired. The, I considered, the results of +Christ's life and death and could not fathom one truly good thing +accomplished by it. That was not necessarily his fault. I have the +feeling that Jesus himself wasn't all that bad, just a little misguided +into believing he was the Son of God. What resulted after the fact, +however, has turned into the nightmare of western civilization. + Christ should have been aborted. To begin with, Mary was raped +by the Holy Spirit. There was no consent, just a mere warning by the +Angel Gabriel. "Hey Mary, you've been chosen to get knocked up by God! +Have fun! Got some shepherds to scare, so see ya! And he was gone. +Sure enough, the Holy Spirit showed up while she was sleeping (so she +couldn't protest) and impregnated her. This was rape and it was wrong. +She was violated and had every right to choose to suffer less for what +was done to her. + One must also consider Mary's personal situation. She was an +unwed mother of 14 living in a society where women who lost their +virginity outside of marriage were stoned to death. Even the staunchest +of pro-life activists will often concede that abortion should be allowed +when the mother's life is at risk. In Mary's case, it most definitely +was. Furthermore, barring the risk of stoning, she had no way to +support the child. Women didn't earn money for their labors in those +days. Joseph bailed her out of the dilemma, proving himself to be quite +and exceptional male considering the times in which he lived. Most guys +would be searching for the largest rock. + So they married but didn't consummate and went to Bethlehem to +register for a census. They didn't have adequate health care, so they +were forced to birth the child in the filthiest of places, a barn. +Needless to say, Mary's life was once again at risk here, and +considering that, theoretically, she was still a virgin, the pain +involved in childbirth must have been doubled. ouch! She should have +died, but must have been some sort of wonder woman amazon to survive the +whole ordeal. + Besides the fact the child compromised Mary's life in every way, +there is another reason May should have considered an abortion. She +knew, as did every other good hebrew person at the time, that the +Messiah was destined to suffer horribly-- to be sacrificed like a fuzzy +little lamb. Gabriel informed her, prior to rape, of just whom she was +going to be pregnant with. Seeing how she was most certainly familiar +enough with the Scriptures, she easily could have figured out just how +this future life would end. it is imperative to ask the question +whether it is indeed moral to bring a fetus to term. giving life to a +child whose entire purpose in life is to be sentenced to die at the whim +of a hysterical mob. It seems almost malicious to bring into the world +a person who can know no joy of living, who will be tortured, +humiliated, beaten, then executed in the most inhumane way ever invented +by mankind. She could have spared herself and her child heaps of misery +if she had decided to end theses possibilities during the fetal phases +of development. + But what does all this matter now? Today Mary's trials and +tribulations seem small and insignificant to us. However, one can't +deny that the life and death of Jesus weighs heavily on our history and +our modern society. Scanning the records of the ages since his death, +there stands an overwhelming pattern that is rather difficult to +overlook. Christ followers have, in his name, raped, pillaged, +,murdered, tortured, and destroyed nations and people up to this very +day. yesterday there were religious wars waged against Muslims, +Protestants, Catholics, and presumed witches--the Spanish Inquisition +the Protestant Reformation, the Crusades, the numerous witch trials to +name a few. It continues today with the harassment and murders of +doctors who perform abortions. It will not stop there. History is +proof of that. + I don't believe Christ would have advocated all this evil, but +because he existed, it happened. It's almost impossible, now, to +imagine a world without a New Testament, but stretching as deep into my +imagination as I can, I can pretty easily assume it couldn't have been +much worse. If Mary had simply chosen and abortion, infinite amounts of +suffering could have been alleviated. She didn't make that choice. I'm +not even entirely sure that abortions were possible 2,000 years ago, but +if they were, she would have been totally justified in pursuing one. + I do know and am happy to say that abortion is still an option +for most women in the world today, but that right is being threatened +daily. Choosing Christ, patron saint of the pro-life movement, as a +case study is an extreme example, meant to take a stab back at the +pro-lifers who are attempting, as I write, to strip me of my personal +rights and freedoms as a woman--to send me back to Mary's time when +there were no choices. Obviously, there are times when it is good to +carry a child to term. There are other situations when it is better to +have an abortion, for yourself, for the fetus that will one day bear the +burden of life, and perhaps for all humanity, as was the case with Mary. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jesusall.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jesusall.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8cca96 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jesusall.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6891 @@ + 106 page printout + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + THE TRUTH ABOUT JESUS + + Is He a Myth? + + by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Independent Religious Society + + ORCHESTRA HALL + CHICAGO + + 1909 + + By education most have been misled, + So they believe because they were so bred; + The priest continues what the nurse began, + And thus the child imposes on the man. + DRYDEN. + Preface + + The following work offers in book form the series of studies +on the question of the historicity of Jesus, presented from time to +time before the Independent Religious Society in Orchestra Hall. No +effort has been made to change the manner of the spoken word into +the more regular form of the written word. + + M.M. MANGASAIRIAN. + ORCHESTRA HALL + CHICAGO + + PART I. + + A PARABLE + + I am today twenty-five hundred years old. I have been dead for +nearly as many years. My place of birth was Athens; my grave was +not far from those of Xenophon and Plato, within view of the white +glory of Athens and the shimmering waters of the Aegean sea. + + After sleeping in my grave for many centuries I awoke suddenly +-- I cannot tell how nor why -- and was transported by a force +beyond my control to this new day and this new city. I arrived here +at daybreak, when the sky was still dull and drowsy. As I +approached the city I heard bells ringing, and a little later I +found the streets astir with throngs of well dressed people in +family groups wending their way hither and thither. Evidently they +were not going to work, for they were accompanied by their children +in their best clothes, and a pleasant expression was upon their +faces. + + "This must be a day of festival and worship, devoted to one of +their gods," I murmured to myself + + Looking about me I saw a gentleman in a neat black dress, +smiling, and his hand extended to me with great cordiality. He must +have realized I was a stranger and wished to tender his hospitality +to me. I accepted it gratefully. I clasped his hand. He pressed + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +mine. We gazed for a moment into each other's eyes. He understood +my bewilderment amid my novel surroundings, and offered to +enlighten me. He explained to me the ringing of the bells and +meaning of the holiday crowds moving in the streets. It was Sunday +-- Sunday before Christmas, and the people were going to "the House +of God." + + "Of course you are going there, too," I said to my friendly +guide. + + "Yes," he answered, "I conduct the worship. I am a priest." + + "A priest of Apollo?" I interrogated. + + "No, no," he replied, raising his hand to command silence, +"Apollo is not a god; he was only an idol." + + "Am idol?" I whispered, taken by surprise. + + "I perceive you are a Greek," he said to me, "and the Greeks," +he continued, "notwithstanding their distinguished accomplishments, +were an idolatrous people. They worshipped gods that did not exist. +They built temples to divinities which were merely empty names -- +empty names," he repeated. "Apollo and Athene -- and the entire +Olympian lot were no more than inventions of the fancy." + + "But the Greeks loved their gods," I protested, my heart +clamoring in my breast. + + "They were not gods, they were idols, and the difference +between a god and an idol is this: an idol is a thing; God is a +living being. When you cannot prove the existence of your god, when +you have never seen him, nor heard his voice, nor touched him -- +when you have nothing provable about him, he is an idol. Have you +seen Apollo? Have you heard him? Have you touched him?" + + "No," I said, in a low voice. + + "Do you know of any one who has?" + + I had to admit that I did not. + "He was an idol, then, and not a god." + + "But many of us Greeks," I said, "have felt Apollo in our +hearts and have been inspired by him." + + "You imagine you have," returned my guide. "If he were really +divine be would be living to this day. + + "Is he, then, dead?" I asked. + + "He never lived; and for the last two thousand years or more +his temple has been a heap of ruins." + + I wept to hear that Apollo, the god of light and music, was no +more -- that his fair temple had fallen into ruins and the fire +upon his altar had been extinguished; then, wiping a tear from my +eyes, I said, "Oh, but our gods were fair and beautiful; our + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +religion was rich and picturesque. It made the Greeks a nation of +poets, orators, artists, warriors, thinkers. It made Athens a city +of light; it created the beautiful, the true, the good -- yes, our +religion was divine." + + "It had only one fault"' interrupted my guide. + + "What was that?" I inquired, without knowing what his answer +would be. + + "It was not true." + + "But I still believe in Apollo," I exclaimed; "he is not dead, +I know he is alive." + + "Prove it," he said to me; then, pausing for a moment, "if you +produce him," he said, "we shall all fall down and worship him. +Produce Apollo and be shall be our god." + + "Produce him!" I whispered to myself. "What blasphemy!" Then, +taking heart, I told my guide how more than once I had felt +Apollo's radiant presence in my heart, and told him of the immortal +lines of Homer concerning the divine Apollo. "Do you doubt Homer?" +I said to him; "Homer, the inspired bard? Homer, whose ink-well was +as big as the sea; whose imperishable page was Time? Homer, whose +every word was a drop of light?" Then I proceeded to quote from +Homer's Iliad, the Greek Bible, worshipped by all the Hellenes as +the rarest Manuscript between heaven and earth. I quoted his +description of Apollo, than whose lyre nothing is more musical, +than whose speech even honey is not sweeter. I recited how his +mother went from town to town to select a worthy place to give +birth to the young god, son of Zeus, the Supreme Being, and how he +was born and cradled amid the ministrations of all the goddesses, +who bathed him in the running stream and fed him with nectar and +ambrosia from Olympus. Then I recited the lines which picture +Apollo bursting his bands, leaping forth from his cradle, and +spreading his wings like a swan, soaring sun-ward, declaring that +he had come to announce to mortals the will of God. "Is it +possible," I asked, "that all this is pure fabrication, a fantasy +of the brain, as unsubstantial as the air? No, no, Apollo is not an +idol. He is a god, and the son of a god. The whole Greek world will +bear me witness that I am telling the truth." Then I looked at my +guide to see what impression this outburst of sincere enthusiasm +had produced upon him, and I saw a cold smile upon his lips that +cut me to the heart. It seemed as if he wished to say to me, "You +poor deluded pagan! You are not intelligent enough to know that +Homer was only a mortal after all, and that he was writing a play +in which he manufactured the gods of whom he sang -- that these +gods existed only in his imagination, and that today they are as +dead as is their inventer -- the poet." + + By this time we stood at the entrance of a large edifice which +my guide said was "the House of God." As we walked in I saw +innumerable little lights blinking and winking all over the +spacious interior. There were, besides, pictures, altars and images +all around me. The air was heavy with incense; a number of men in +gorgeous vestments were passing to and fro, bowing and kneeling +before the various lights and images. The audience was upon its + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +knees enveloped in silence -- a silence so solemn that it awed me. +Observing my anxiety to understand the meaning of all this, my +guide took me aside and in a whisper told me that the people were +celebrating the anniversary of the birthday of their beautiful +Savior -- Jesus, the Son of God. + + "So was Apollo the son of God," I replied, thinking perhaps +that after all we might find ourselves in agreement with one +another. + + "Forget Apollo," he said, with a suggestion of severity in his +voice. "There is no such person. He was only an idol. If you were +to search for Apollo in all the universe you would never find any +one answering to his name or description. Jesus," he resumed, "is +the Son of God. He came to our earth and was born of a virgin." + Again I was tempted to tell my guide that that was how Apollo +became incarnate; but I restrained myself. + + "Then Jesus grew up to be a man," continued my guide, +"performing unheard-of wonders, such as treading the seas, giving +sight, hearing and speech to the blind, the deaf and the dumb, +converting water into wine, feeding the multitudes miraculously, +predicting coming events and resurrecting the dead." + + "Of course, of your gods, too," he added, "it is claimed that +they performed miracles, and of your oracles that they foretold the +future, but there is this difference -- the things related of your +gods are a fiction, the things told of Jesus are a fact, and the +difference between Paganism and Christianity is the difference +between fiction and fact." + + Just then I heard a wave of murmur, like the rustling of +leaves in a forest, sweep over the bowed audience. I turned about +and unconsciously, my Greek curiosity impelling me, I pushed +forward toward where the greater candle lights were blazing. I felt +that perhaps the commotion in the house was the announcement that +the God Jesus was about to make his appearance, and I wanted to see +him. I wanted to touch him, or, if the crowd were too large to +allow me that privilege, I wanted, at least, to hear his voice. I, +who had never seen a god, never touched one, never heard one speak, +I who had believed in Apollo without ever having known anything +provable about him, I wanted to see the real God, Jesus. + + But my guide placed his hand quickly upon my shoulder, and +held me back. + + "I want to see Jesus," I hastened, turning toward him. I said +this reverently and in good faith. "Will he not be here this +morning? Will he not speak to his worshippers?" I asked again. +"Will he not permit them to touch him, to caress his hand, to clasp +his divine feet, to inhale the ambrosial fragrance of his breath, +to bask in the golden light of his eyes, to hear the music of his +immaculate accents? Let me, too, see Jesus," I pleaded. + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + "You cannot see him," answered my guide, with a trace of +embarrassment in his voice. "He does not show himself any more." + + I was too much surprised at this to make any immediate reply. + + "For the last two thousand years," my guide continued, "it has +not pleased Jesus to show himself to any one; neither has he been +heard from for the same number of years." + + "For two thousand years no one has either seen or heard +Jesus?" I asked, my eyes filled with wonder and my voice quivering +with excitement. + + "No," he answered. + + "Would not that, then," I ventured to ask, impatiently, "make +Jesus as much of an idol as Apollo? And are not these people on +their knees before a god of whose existence they are as much in the +dark as were the Greeks of fair Apollo, and of whose past they have +only rumors such as Homer reports of our Olympian gods -- as +idolatrous as the Athenians? What would you say," I asked my guide, +"if I were to demand that you should produce Jesus and prove him to +my eyes and ears as you have asked me to produce and prove Apollo? +What is the difference between a ceremony performed in honor of +Apollo and one performed in honor of Jesus, since it is as +impossible to give oracular demonstration of the existence of the +one as of the other? If Jesus is alive and a god, and Apollo is an +idol and dead, what is the evidence, since the one is as invisible, +as inaccessible, and as unproducible as the other? And, if faith +that Jesus is a god proves him a god, why will not faith in Apollo +make him a god? But if worshipping Jesus, whom for the best part of +the last two thousand years no man has seen, heard or touched; if +building temples to him, burning incense upon his altars, bowing at +his shrine and calling him "God," is not idolatry, neither is it +idolatry to kindle fire upon the luminous altars of the Greek +Apollo, -- God of the dawn, master of the enchanted lyre -- he with +the bow and arrow tipped with fire! I am not denying," I said, +"that Jesus ever lived. He may have been alive two thousand years +ago, but if he has not been heard from since, if the same thing +that happened to the people living at the time he lived has +happened to him, namely -- if he is dead, then you are worshipping +the dead, which fact stamps your religion as idolatrous." + + And, then, remembering what he had said to me about the Greek +mythology being beautiful but not true, I said to him: "Your +temples are indeed gorgeous and costly; your music is grand your +altars are superb; your litany is exquisite; your chants are +melting; your incense, and bells and flowers, your gold and silver +vessels are all in rare taste, and I dare say your dogmas are +subtle and your preachers eloquent, but your religion has one fault +-- it is not true." + + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + IN CONFIDENCE + + I shall speak in a straightforward way, and shall say today +what perhaps I should say tomorrow, or ten years from now, -- but +shall say it today, because I cannot keep it back, because I have +nothing better to say than the truth, or what I hold to be the +truth. But why seek truths that are not pleasant? We cannot help +it. No man can suppress the truth. Truth finds a crack or crevice +to crop out of; it bobs up to the surface and all the volume and +weight of waters can not keep it down. Truth prevails! Life, death, +truth -- behold, these three no power can keep back. And since we +are doomed to know the truth, let us cultivate a love for it. It is +of no avail to cry over lost illusions, to long for vanished +dreams, or to call to the departing gods to come back. It may be +pleasant to play with toys and dolls all our life, but evidently we +are not meant to remain Children always. The time comes when we +must put away childish things and obey the summons of truth, stern +and high. A people who fear the truth can never be a free people. +If what I will say is the truth, do you know of any good reason why +I should not say it? And if for prudential reasons I should +sometimes hold back the truth, how would you know when I am telling +what I believe to be the truth, and when I am holding it back for +reasons of policy? + + The truth, however unwelcome, is not injurious; it is error +which raises false hopes, which destroys, degrades and pollutes, +and which, sooner or later, must be abandoned. Was it not Spencer, +whom Darwin called "our great philosopher," who said, "Repulsive as +is its aspect, the hard fact which dissipates a cherished illusion +is presently found to contain the germ of a more salutary belief?" +Spain is decaying today because her teachers, for policy's sake, +are withholding the disagreeable truth from the people. Holy water +and sainted bones can give a nation illusions and dreams, but +never, -- strength. + + A difficult subject is in the nature of a challenge to the +mind. One difficult task attempted is worth a thousand commonplace +efforts completed. The majority of people avoid the difficult and +fear danger. But he who would progress must even court danger. +Political and religious liberty were discovered through peril and +struggle. The world owes its emancipation to human daring. Had +Columbus feared danger, America might have slept for another +thousand years. + + I have a difficult subject in hand. It is also a delicate one. +But I am determined not only to know, if it is possible, the whole +truth about Jesus, but also to communicate that truth to others. +Some people can keep their minds shut. I cannot; I must share my +intellectual life with the world. If I lived a thousand years ago, +I might have collapsed at the sight of the burning stake, but I +feel sure I would have deserved the stake. + + People say to me, sometimes, Why do you not confine yourself +to moral and religious exhortation, such as, 'Be kind, do good, +love one another, etc.'?" But there is more of a moral tonic in the +open and candid discussion of a subject like the one in hand, than +in a multitude of platitudes. We feel our moral fiber stiffen into +force and purpose under the inspiration of a peril dared for the +advancement of truth. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + "Tell us what you believe," is one of the requests frequently +addressed to me. I never deliver a lecture in which I do not, +either directly or indirectly, give full and free expression to my +faith in everything that is worthy of faith. If I do not believe in +dogma, it is because I believe in freedom. If I do not believe in +one inspired book, it is because I believe that all truth and only +truth is inspired. If I do not ask the gods to help us, it is +because I believe in human help, so much more real than +supernatural help. If I do not believe in standing still, it is +because I believe in progress. If I am not attracted by the vision +of a distant heaven, it is because I believe in human happiness, +now and here. If I do not say "Lord, Lord!" to Jesus, it is because +I bow my head to a greater Power than Jesus, to a more efficient +Savior than he has ever been -- Science! + + "Oh, he tears down, but does not build up," is another +criticism about my work. it is not true. No preacher or priest is +more constructive. To build up their churches and maintain their +creeds the priests pulled down and destroyed the magnificent +civilization of Greece and Rome, plunging Europe into the dark and +sterile ages which lasted over a thousand years. When Galileo waved +his hands for joy because he believed be had enriched humanity with +a new truth and extended the sphere of knowledge, what did the +church do to him? It conspired to destroy him. It shut him up in a +dungeon! Clapping truth into jail; gagging the mouth of the student +-- is that building up or tearing down? When Bruno lighted a new +torch to increase the light of the world what was his reward? The +stake! During all the ages that the church had the power to police +the world, every time a thinker raised his head he was clubbed to +death. Do you think it is kind of us -- does it square with our +sense of justice to call the priest constructive, and the +scientists and philosophers who have helped people to their feet -- +helped them to self-government in politics, and to self-help in +life, -- destructive? Count your rights -- political, religious, +social, intellectual -- and tell me which of them was conquered for +you by the priest. + + "He is irreverent," is still another hasty criticism I have +heard advanced against the rationalist. I wish to tell you +something. But first let us be impersonal. The epithets +"irreverent," "blasphemer," "atheist," and "infidel," are flung at +a man, not from pity, but from envy. Not having the courage or the +industry of our neighbor who works like a busy bee in the world of +men and books, searching with the sweat of his brow for the real +bread of life, wetting the open page before him with his tears, +pushing into the "wee" hours of the night his quest, animated by +the fairest of all loves, the love of truth, -- we ease our own +indolent conscience by calling him names. We pretend that it is not +because we are too lazy or too selfish to work as hard or think as +freely as he does, but because we do not want to be as irreverent +as he is that we keep the windows of our minds shut. To excuse our +own mediocrity we call the man who tries to get out of the rut a +"blasphemer." And so we ask the world to praise our indifference as +a great virtue, and to denounce the conscientious toil and thought +of another, as "blasphemy." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + IS JESUS A MYTH? + + What is a myth? A myth is a fanciful explanation of a given +phenomenon. Observing the sun, the moon, and the stars overhead, +the primitive man wished to account for them. This was natural. The +mind craves for knowledge. The child asks questions because of an +inborn desire to know. Man feels ill at ease with a sense of a +mental vacuum, until his questions are answered. Before the days of +science, a fanciful answer was all that could be given to man's +questions about the physical world. The primitive man guessed where +knowledge failed him -- what else could he do? A myth, then, is a +guess, a story, a speculation, or a fanciful explanation of a +phenomenon, in the absence of accurate information. + + Many are the myths about the heavenly bodies, which, while we +call them myths, because we know better, were to the ancients +truths. The Sun and Moon were once brother and sister, thought the +child-man; but there arose a dispute between them; the woman ran +away, and the man ran after her, until they came to the end of the +earth where land and sky met. The woman jumped into the sky, and +the man after her, where they kept chasing each other forever, as +Sun and Moon. Now and then they came close enough to snap at each +other. That was their explanation of an eclipse. [Childhood of the +World, by Edward Clodd.] With this myth, the primitive man was +satisfied, until his developing intelligence realized its +inadequacy. Science was born of that realization. + + During the middle ages it was believed by Europeans that in +certain parts of the World, in India, for instance, there were +people who had only one eye in the middle of their foreheads, and +were more like monsters than humans. This was imaginary knowledge, +which travel and research have corrected. The myth of a one-eyed +people living in India has been replaced by accurate information +concerning the Hindoos. Likewise, before the science of ancient +languages was perfected -- before archaeology had dug up buried +cities and deciphered the hieroglyphics on the monuments of +antiquity, most of our knowledge concerning the earlier ages was +mythical, that is to say, it was knowledge not based on +investigation, but made to order. Just as the theologians still +speculate about the other world, primitive man speculated about +this world. Even we moderns, not very long ago, believed, for +instance, that the land of Egypt was visited by ten fantastic +plagues; that in one bloody night every first born in the land was +slain; that the angel of a tribal-god dipped his hand in blood and +printed a red mark upon the doors of the houses of the Jews to +protect them from harm; that Pharaoh and his armies were drowned in +the Red Sea; that the children of Israel wandered for forty years +around Mourit Sinai; and so forth, and so forth. But now that we +can read the inscriptions on the stone ages dug out of ancient +ruins; now that we can compel a buried world to reveal its secret +and to tell us its story, we do not have to go on making myths +about the ancients. Myths die when history is born. + + It will be seen from these examples that there is no harm in +myth-making if the myth is called a myth. It is when we use our +fanciful knowledge to deny or to shut out real and scientific +knowledge that the myth becomes a stumbling block. And this is + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +precisely the use to which myths have been put. The king with his +sword and the priest with his curses, have supported the myth +against science. When a man pretends to believe that the Santa +Claus of his childhood is real, and tries to compel also others to +play a part, he becomes positively immoral. There is no harm in +believing in Santa Claus as a myth, but there is in pretending that +he is real, because such an attitude of mind makes truth +unnecessary and not at all vital. + + Is Jesus a myth? There is in man a faculty for fiction. Before +history was born, there was myth; before men could think, they +dreamed. It was with the human race in its infancy as it is with +the child. The child's imagination is more active than its reason. +It is easier for it to fancy even than to see. It thinks less than +it guesses. This wild flight of fancy is checked only by +experience. It is reflection which introduces a bit into the mouth +of imagination, curbing its pace and subduing its restless spirit. +It is, then, as we grow older, and, if I may use the word, riper, +that we learn to distinguish between fact and fiction, between +history and myth. + + In childhood we need playthings, and the more fantastic and +bizarre they are, the better we are pleased with them. We dream, +for instance, of castles in the air -- gorgeous and clothed with +the azure hue of the skies. We fill the space about and over us +with spirits, fairies, gods, and other invisible and airy beings. +We covet the rainbow. We reach out for the moon. Our feet do not +really begin to touch the firm ground until we have reached the +years of discretion. + + I know there are those who wish they could always remain +children, -- living in dreamland. But even if this were desirable, +it is not possible. Evolution is our destiny; of what use is it, +then, to take up arms against destiny? + + Let it be borne in mind that all the religions of the world +were born in the childhood of the race. + + Science was not born until man had matured. There is in this +thought a world of meaning. + + Children make religions. + + Grown up people create science. + + The cradle is the womb of all the fairies and faiths of +mankind. + + The school is the birthplace of science. + + Religion is the science of the child. + + Science is the religion of the matured man. + + In the discussion of this subject, I appeal to the mature, not +to the child mind. I appeal to those who have cultivated a taste +for truth -- who are not easily scared, but who can "screw their + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +courage to the sticking point" and follow to the end truth's +leading. The multitude is ever joined to its idols; let them alone. +I speak to the discerning few. + + There is an important difference between a lecturer and an +ordained preacher. The latter can command a hearing in the name of +God, or in the name of the Bible. He does not have to satisfy his +hearers about the reasonableness of what he preaches. He is God's +mouthpiece, and no one may disagree with him. He can also invoke +the authority of the church and of the Christian world to enforce +acceptance of his teaching. The only way I may command your respect +is to be reasonable. You will not listen to me for God's sake, nor +for the Bible's sake, nor yet for the love of heaven, or the fear +of hell. My only protection is to be rational -- to be truthful. In +other words, the preacher can afford to ignore common sense in the +name of Revelation. But if I depart from it in the least, or am +caught once playing fast and loose with the facts, I will +irretrievably lose my standing. + + Our answer to the question, Is Jesus a Myth? must depend more +or less upon original research, as there is very little written on +the subject. The majority of writers assume that a person answering +to the description of Jesus lived some two thousand years ago. Even +the few who entertain doubts on the subject, seem to hold that +while there is a large mythical element in the Jesus story, +nevertheless there is a historical nucleus round which has +clustered the elaborate legend of the Christ. In all probability, +they argue, there was a man called Jesus, who said many helpful +things, and led an exemplary life, and all the miracles and wonders +represent the accretions of fond and pious ages. + + Let us place ourselves entirely in the hands of the evidence. +As far as possible, let us, be passive, showing no predisposition +one way or another. We can afford to be independent. If the +evidence proves the historicity of Jesus, well and good; if the +evidence is not sufficient to prove it, there is no reason why we +should fear to say so; besides, it is our duty to inform ourselves +on this question. As intelligent beings we desire to know whether +this Jesus, whose worship is not only costing the world millions of +the people's money, but which is also drawing to his service the +time, the energies, the affection, the devotion, and the labor of +humanity, -- is a myth, or a reality. We believe that an religious +persecutions, all sectarian wars, hatreds and intolerance, which +still cramp and embitter our humanity, would be replaced by love +and brotherhood, if the sects could be made to see that the God- +Jesus they are quarreling over is a myth, a shadow to which +credulity alone gives substance. Like people who have been fighting +in the dark, fearing some danger, the sects, once relieved of the +thraldom of a tradition which has been handed down to them by a +childish age and country, will turn around and embrace one another. +In every sense, the subject is an all-absorbing one. It goes to the +root of things; it touches the vital parts, and it means life or +death to the Christian religion. + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + THE PROBLEM STATED + + Let me now give an idea of the method I propose to follow in +the study of this subject. Let us suppose that a student living in +the year 3000 desired to make sure that such a man as Abraham +Lincoln really lived and did the things attributed to him. How +would he go about it? + + A man must have a birthplace and a birthday. All the records +agree as to where and when Lincoln was born. This is not enough to +prove his historicity but it is an important link in the chain. + + Neither the place nor the time of Jesus' birth is known. There +has never been any unanimity about this matter. There has been +considerable confusion and contradiction about it. It cannot be +proved that the twenty-fifth of December is his birthday. A number +of other dates were observed by the Christian church at various +times as the birthday of Jesus. The Gospels give no date, and +appear to be quite uncertain - really ignorant about it. When it is +remembered that the Gospels purport to have been written by Jesus' +intimate companions, and during the lifetime of his brothers and +mother, their silence on this matter becomes significant. The +selection of the twenty-fifth of December as his birthday is not +only an arbitrary one, but that date, having been from time +immemorial dedicated to the Sun, the inference is that the Son of +God and the Sun of heaven enjoying the same birthday, were at one +time identical beings. The fact that Jesus' death was accompanied +with the darkening of the Sun, and that the date of his +resurrection is also associated with the position of the Sun at the +time of the vernal equinox, is a further intimation that we have in +the story of the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus, an +ancient and nearly universal Sun-myth, instead of verifiable +historical events. The story of Jesus for three days in the heart +of the earth; of Jonah, three days in the belly of a fish; of +Hercules, three days in the belly of a whale, and of Little Red +Riding Hood, sleeping in the belly of a great black wolf, represent +the attempt of primitive man to explain the phenomenon of Day and +Night. The Sun is swallowed by a dragon, a wolf, or a whale, which +plunges the world into darkness; but the dragon is killed, and the +Sun rises triumphant to make another Day. This ancient Sun myth is +the starting point of nearly an miraculous religions, from the days +of Egypt to the twentieth century. + + The story which Matthew relates about a remarkable star, which +sailing in the air pointed out to some unnamed magicians the cradle +or cave in which the wonder-child was born, helps further to +identify Jesus with the Sun. What became of this "Performing" star, +or of the magicians, and their costly gifts, the records do not +say. It is more likely that it was the astrological predilections +of the gospel writer which led him to assign to his God-child a +star in the heavens. The belief that the stars determine human +destinies is a very ancient one. Such expressions in our language +as "ill starred," "a lucky star," "disaster," "lunacy," and so on, +indicate the hold which astrology once enjoyed upon the human mind. +We still call a melancholy man, Saturnine; a cheerful man, Jovial; +a quick-tempered man, Mercurial; Showing how closely our ancestors +associated the movements of celestial bodies with human affairs. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +[Childhood of the World. -- Edward Clodd.] The prominence, +therefore, of the sun and stars in the Gospel story tends to show +that Jesus is an astrological rather than a historical character. + + That the time of his birth, his death, and supposed +resurrection is not verifiable is generally admitted. + + This uncertainty robs the story of Jesus, to an extent at +least, of the atmosphere of reality. + + The twenty-fifth of December is celebrated as his birthday. +Yet there is no evidence that he was born on that day. Although the +Gospels are silent as to the date on which Jesus was born, there is +circumstantial evidence in the accounts given of the event to show +that the twenty-fifth of December could not have been his birthday. +It snows in Palestine, though a warmer country, and we know that in +December there are no shepherds tending their flocks in the night +time in that country. Often at this time of the year the fields and +hills are covered with snow. Hence, if the shepherds sleeping in +the fields really saw the heavens open and heard the. angel-song, +in all probability it was in some other month of the year, and not +late in December. We know, also, that early in the history of +Christianity the months of May and June enjoyed the honor of +containing the day of Jesus' birth. + + Of course, it is immaterial on which day Jesus was born, but +why is it not known? Yet not only is the date of his birth a matter +of conjecture, but also the year in which he was born. Matthew, one +of the Evangelists, suggests that Jesus was born in King Herod's +time, for it was this king who, hearing from the Magi that a King +of the Jews was born, decided to destroy him; but Luke, another +Evangelist, intimates that Jesus was born when Quirinus was ruler +of Judea, which makes the date of Jesus' birth about fourteen years +later than the date given by Matthew. Why this discrepancy in a +historical document, to say nothing about inspiration? The +theologian might say that this little difficulty was introduced +purposely into the scriptures to establish its infallibility, but +it is only religious books that are pronounced infallible on the +strength of the contradictions they contain. + + Again, Matthew says that to escape the evil designs of Herod, +Mary and Joseph, with the infant Jesus, fled into Egypt, Luke says +nothing about this hurried flight, nor of Herod's intention to kill +the infant Messiah. On the contrary he tells us that after the +forty days of purification were over Jesus was publicly presented +at the temple, where Herod, if he really, as Matthew relates, +wished to seize him, could have done so without difficulty. It is +impossible to reconcile the flight to Egypt with the presentation +in the temple, and this inconsistency is certainly insurmountable +and makes it look as if the narrative had no value whatever as +history. + + When we come to the more important chapters about Jesus, we +meet with greater difficulties. Have you ever noticed that the day +on which Jesus is supposed to have died falls invariably on a +Friday? What is the reason for this? It is evident that nobody +knows, and nobody ever knew the date on which the Crucifixion took + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +place, if it ever took place. It is so obscure and so mythical that +an artificial day has been fixed by the Ecclesiastical councils. +While it is always on a Friday that the Crucifixion is +commemorated, the week in which the day occurs varies from year to +year. "Good Friday" falls not before the spring equinox, but as +soon after the spring equinox as the full moon allows, thus making +the calculation to depend upon the position of the sun in the +Zodiac and the phases of the moon. But that was precisely the way +the day for the festival of the pagan goddess Oestera was +determined. The Pagan Oestera has become the Christian Easter. Does +not this fact, as well as those already touched upon, make the +story of Jesus to read very much like the stories of the Pagan +deities. + + The early Christians, Origin, for instance, in his reply to +the rationalist Celsus who questioned the reality of Jesus, instead +of producing evidence of a historical nature, appealed to the +mythology of the pagans to prove that the story of Jesus was no +more incredible than those of the Greek and Roman gods. This is so +important that we refer our readers to Origin's own words on the +subject. "Before replying to Celsus, it is necessary to admit that +in the matter of history, however true it might be," writes this +Christian Father, "it is often very difficult and sometimes quite +impossible to establish its truth by evidence which shall be +considered sufficient" [Origin Contre Celsus. 1. 58 et Suiv.] This +is a plain admission that, as early as the second and third +centuries the claims put forth about Jesus did not admit of +positive historical demonstration. But in the absence of evidence +Origin offers the following metaphysical arguments against the +skeptical Celsus: 1. Such stories as are told of Jesus are admitted +to be true when told of pagan divinities, why can they not also be +true when told of the Christian Messiah? 2. They must be true +because they are the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies +[Ibid.] In other words, the only proofs Origin can bring forth +against the rationalistic criticism of Celsus is, that to deny +Jesus would be equivalent to denying both the Pagan and Jewish +mythologies. If Jesus is not real, says Origin, then Apollo was not +real, and the Old Testament prophecies have not been fulfilled. If +we are to have any mythology at all, he seems to argue, why object +to adding to it the myths of Jesus? There could not be a more +damaging admission than this from one of the most conspicuous +defenders of Jesus' story against early criticism. + + Justin Martyr, another early Father, offers the following +argument against unbelievers in the Christian legend: "When we say +also that the Word, which is the first birth of God, was produced +without sexual union, and that he, Jesus Christ, our teacher, was +crucified, died, and rose again, and ascended into heaven, we +propound nothing different from what you believe regarding those +whom you esteem sons of Jupiter." [ +First Apology, Chapter xxi (Anti-Niacin Library.] Which is another +way of saying that the Christian myths is very similar to the +pagan, and should therefore be equally true. Pressing his argument +further, this interesting Father discovers many resemblances +between what he himself is preaching and the pagans have always +believed: "For you know how many sons your esteemed writers ascribe +to Jupiter. Mercury, the interpreting word (he spells this word + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +with small w, while in the above quotation he uses w to denote the +Christian incarnation) and teacher of all; Aesculapius ... to +heaven; one Hercules ... and Perseus; ... and Bellerophon, who, +from mortals, rose to heaven on the horses of Pegasus." [Ibid.] If +Jupiter can have, Justin Martyr seems to reason, half a dozen +divine sons, why cannot Jehovah have at least one? + + Instead of producing historical evidence or appealing to +creditable documents, as one would to prove the existence of a +Caesar or an Alexander, Justin Martyr draws upon pagan mythology in +his reply to the critics of Christianity. All he seems to ask for +is that Jesus be given a higher place among the divinities of the +ancient world. + + To help their cause the Christian apologists not infrequently +also changed the sense of certain Old Testament passages to make +them support the miraculous stories in the New Testament. For +example, having borrowed from Oriental books the story of the god +in a manger, surrounded by staring animals, the Christian fathers +introduced a prediction of this event into the following text from +the book of Habakkuk in the Bible: "Accomplish thy work in the +midst of the years, in the midst of the years make known, etc." +[Heb. iii. 2.] This Old Testament text appeared in the Greek +translation as follows: "Thou shalt manifest thyself in the midst +of two animals," which was fulfilled of course when Jesus was born +in a stable. How weak must be one's case to resort to such tactics +in order to command a following! And when it is remembered that +these follies were deemed necessary to prove the reality of what +has been claimed as the most stupendous event in all history, one +can readily see upon how fragile a foundation is built the story of +the Christian God-man. + + Let us continue: Abraham Lincoln's associates and +contemporaries are all known to history. The immediate companions +of Jesus appear to be, on the other hand, as mythical as he is +himself. Who was Matthew? Who was Mark? Who were John, Peter, +Judas, and Mary? There is absolutely no evidence that they ever +existed. They are not mentioned except in the New Testament books, +which, as we shall see, are "supposed" copies of "supposed" +originals. If Peter ever went to Rome with a new doctrine, how is +it that no historian has taken note of him? If Paul visited Athens +and preached from Mars Hill, how is it that there is no mention of +him or of his strange Gospel in the Athenian chronicles? For all we +know, both Peter and Paul may have really existed, but it is only +a guess, as we have no means of ascertaining. The uncertainty about +the apostles of Jesus is quite in keeping with the uncertainty +about Jesus himself. + + The report that Jesus had twelve apostles seems also mythical. +The number twelve, like the number seven, or three, or forty, plays +an important role in all Sun-myths, and points to the twelve signs +of the Zodiac. Jacob had twelve sons; there were twelve tribes of +Israel; twelve months in the year; twelve gates or pillars of +heaven, etc. In many of the religions of the world, the number +twelve is sacred. There have been few god-saviors who did not have +twelve apostles or messengers. In one or two places, in the New +Testament, Jesus is made to send out "the seventy" to evangelize + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +the world. Here again we see the presence of a myth. It was +believed that there were seventy different nations in the world -- +to each nation an apostle. Seventy wise men are supposed to have +translated the Old Testament, sitting in seventy different cells. +That is why their translation is called "the Septuagint." But it is +all a legend, as there is no evidence of seventy scholars working +in seventy individual cells on the Hebrew Bible. One of the Church +Fathers declares that he saw these seventy cells with his own eyes. +He was the only one who saw them. + + That the "Twelve Apostles" are fanciful may be inferred from +the obscurity in which the greater number of them have remained. +Peter, Paul, John, James, Judas, occupy the stage almost +exclusively. If Paul was an apostle, we have fourteen, instead of +twelve. Leaving out Judas, and counting Matthias, who was elected +in his place, we have thirteen apostles. + + The number forty figures also in many primitive myths. The +Jews were in the wilderness for forty years; Jesus fasted for forty +days; from the resurrection to the ascension were forty days; Moses +was on the mountain with God for forty days. An account in which +such scrupulous attention is shown to supposed sacred numbers is +apt to be more artificial than real. The biographers of Lincoln or +of Socrates do not seem to be interested in numbers. They write +history, not stories. + + Again, many of the contemporaries of Lincoln bear written +witness to his existence. The historians of the time, the +statesmen, the publicists, the chroniclers -- all seem to be +acquainted with him,or to have heard of him. It is impossible to +explain why the contemporaries of Jesus, the authors and historians +of his time, do not take notice of him. If Abraham Lincoln was +important enough to have attracted the attention of his +contemporaries, how much more Jesus. -- Is it reasonable to suppose +that these Pagan and Jewish writers knew of Jesus, -- had heard of +his incomparably great works and sayings, -- but omitted to give +him a page or a line? Could they have been in a conspiracy against +him? How else is this unanimous silence to be accounted for? Is it +not more likely that the wonder-working Jesus was unknown to them? +And he was unknown to them because no such Jesus existed in their +day. + + Should the student, looking into Abraham Lincoln's history, +discover that no one of his biographers knew positively just when +he lived or where he was born, he would have reason to conclude +that because of this uncertainty on the part of the biographers, he +must be more exacting than he otherwise would have been. That is +precisely our position. Of course, there are in history great men +of whose birthplaces or birthdays we are equally uncertain. But we +believe in their existence, not because no one seems to know +exactly when and where they were born, but because there is +overwhelming evidence corroborating the other reports about them, +and which is sufficient to remove the suspicion suggested by the +darkness hanging over their nativity. Is there any evidence strong +enough to prove the historicity of Jesus, in spite of the fact that +not even his supposed companions, writing during the lifetime of +Jesus' mother, have any definite information to give. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + But let us continue. The reports current about a man like +Lincoln are verifiable, while many of those about Jesus are of a +nature that no amount of evidence can confirm. That Lincoln was +President of these United States, that he signed the Emancipation +Proclamation, and that he was assassinated, can be readily +authenticated. + + But how can any amount of evidence satisfy one's self that +Jesus was born of a virgin, for instance? Such a report or rumor +can never even be examined; it does not lend itself to evidence; it +is beyond the sphere of history; it is not a legitimate question +for investigation. It belongs to mythology. Indeed, to put forth a +report of that nature is to forbid the use of evidence, and to +command forcible acquiescence, which, to say the least, is a very +suspicious circumstance, calculated to hurt rather than to help the +Jesus story. + + The report that Jesus was God is equally impossible of +verification. How are we to prove whether or not a certain person +was God? Jesus may have been a wonderful man, but is every +wonderful man a God? Jesus may have claimed to have been a God, but +is every one who puts forth such a claim a God? How, then, are we +to decide which of the numerous candidates for divine honors should +be given our votes? And can we by voting for Jesus make him a God? +Observe to what confusion the mere attempt to follow such a report +leads us. + + A human Jesus may or may not have existed, but we are as sure +as we can be of anything, that a virgin-born God, named Jesus, such +as we must believe in or be eternally lost, is an impossibility -- +except to credulity. But credulity is no evidence at all, even when +it is dignified by the name of FAITH. + + Let us pause for a moment to reflect: The final argument for +the existence of the miraculous Jesus, preached in church and +Sunday-school, these two thousand years, as the sole savior of the +world, is an appeal to faith -- the same to which Mohammed resorts +to establish his claims, and Joseph Smith, to prove his revelation. +There is no other possible way by which the virgin-birth or the +godhood of a man can be established. And such a faith is never +free, it is always maintained by the sword now, and by hell-fire +hereafter. + + Once more, if it had been reported of Abraham Lincoln that he +predicted his own assassination; that be promised some of his +friends they would not die until they saw him coming again upon the +clouds of heaven; that he would give them thrones to sit upon; that +they could safely drink deadly poisons in his name, or that he +would grant them any request which they might make, provided they +asked it for his sake, we would be justified in concluding that +such a Lincoln never existed. Yet the most impossible utterances +are put in Jesus' mouth. He is made to say: "Whatsoever ye shall +ask in my name that will I do." No man who makes such a promise can +keep it. It is not sayings like the above that can prove a man a +God. Has Jesus kept his promise? Does he give his people +everything, or "whatsoever" they ask of him? But, it is answered, +"Jesus only meant to say that he would give whatever he himself + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +considered good for his friends to have." Indeed! Is that the way +to crawl out of a contract? If that is what he meant, why did he +say something else? Could he not have said just what he meant, in +the first place? Would it not have been fairer not to have given +his friends any occasion for false expectations? Better to promise +a little and do more, than to promise everything and do nothing. +But to say that Jesus really entered into any such agreement is to +throw doubt upon his existence. Such a character is too wild to be +real. Only a mythical Jesus could virtually hand over the +government of the universe to courtier who have petitions to press +upon his attention. Moreover, if Jesus could keep his promise, +there would be today no misery in the world, no orphans, no +childless mothers no shipwrecks, no floods, no famines, no disease, +no crippled children, no insanity, no wars, no crime, no wrong! +Have not a thousand, thousand prayers been offered in Jesus' name +against every evil which has ploughed the face of our earth? Have +these prayers been answered? Then why is there discontent in the +world? Can the followers of Jesus move mountains, drink deadly +poisons, touch serpents, or work greater miracles than are ascribed +to Jesus, as it was promised that they would do? How many self- +deluded prophets these extravagant claims have produced! And who +can number the bitter disappointments caused by such impossible +promises? + + George Jacob Holyoake, of England, tells how in the days of +utter poverty, his believing mother asked the Lord, again and again +-- on her knees, with tears streaming from her eyes, and with +absolute faith in Jesus' ability to keep His promise, -- to give +her starving children their daily bread. But the more fervently she +prayed the heavier grew the burden of her life. A stone or wooden +idol could not have been more indifferent to a mother's tears. "My +mind aches as I think of those days," writes Mr. Holyoake. One day +he went to see the Rev. Mr. Cribbace, who had invited inquirers to +his house. "Do you really believe," asked young Holyoake to the +clergyman, "that what we ask in faith we shall receive?" "It never +struck me," continues Mr. Holyoake, "that the preacher's threadbare +dress, his half-famished look, and necessity of taking up a +collection the previous night to pay expense's showed that faith +was not a source of income to him. It never struck me that if help +could be obtained by prayer no church would be needy, no believer +would be poor." What answer did the preacher give to Holyoake's +earnest question? The same which the preachers of today give: "He +parried his answer with many words, and at length said that the +promise was to be taken with the provision that what we asked for +would be given, if God thought it for our good." Why then, did not +Jesus explain that important proviso when he made the promise? Was +Jesus only making a half statement, the other half of which he +would reveal later to protect himself against disappointed +petitioners. But he said: "If ye ask anything in my name, I will do +it," and "If it were not so, I would have told you." Did he not +mean just what be said? The truth is that no historical person in +his senses ever made such extraordinary, such impossible promises, +and the report that Jesus made them only goes to confirm that their +author is only a legendary being. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + When this truth dawned upon Mr. Holyoake he ceased to petition +Heaven, which was like "dropping a bucket into an empty well," and +began to look elsewhere for help. [Bygones Worth Remembering. -- +George Jacob Holyoake.] The world owes its advancement to the fact +that men no longer look to Heaven for help, but help themselves. +Self-effort, and not prayer, is the remedy against ignorance, +slavery, poverty, and moral degradation. Fortunately, by bolding up +before us an impossible Jesus, with his impossible promises, the +churches have succeeded only in postponing, but not in preventing, +the progress of man. This is a compliment to human nature, and it +is well earned. It is also a promise that in time humanity will be +completely emancipated from every phantom which in the past has +scared it into silence or submission, and + + "A loftier race than e'er the world + Hath known shall rise + With flame of liberty in their souls, + And light of science in their eyes." + + THE CHRISTIAN DOCUMENTS + + The documents containing the story of Jesus are so unlike +those about Lincoln or any other historical character, that we must +be doubly vigilant in our investigation. + + The Christians rely mainly on the four Gospels for the +historicity of Jesus. But the original documents of which the books +in the New Testament are claimed to be faithful copies are not in +existence. There is absolutely no evidence that they ever were in +existence. This is a statement which can not be controverted. Is it +conceivable that the early believers lost through carelessness or +purposely every document written by an apostle, while guarding with +all protecting jealousy and zeal the writings of anonymous persons? +Is there any valid reason why the contributions to Christian +literature of an inspired apostle should perish while those of a +nameless scribe are preserved, why the original Gospel of Matthew +should drop quietly out of sight, no one knows how, while a +supposed copy of it in an alien language is preserved for many +centuries? Jesus himself, it is admitted, did not write a single +line. He bad come, according to popular belief, to reveal the will +of God -- a most important mission indeed, and yet he not only did +not put this revelation in writing during his lifetime, and with +his own hand, which it is natural to suppose that a divine teacher, +expressly come from heaven, would have done, but he left this all- +important duty to anonymous chroniclers, who, naturally, made +enough mistakes to split up Christendom into innumerable factions. +It is worth a moment's pause to think of the persecutions, the +cruel wars, and the centuries of hatred and bitterness which would +have been spared our unfortunate humanity, if Jesus himself had +written down his message in the clearest and plainest manner, +instead of leaving it to his supposed disciples to publish it to +the world, when he could no longer correct their mistakes. + + Moreover, not only did Jesus not write himself, but he has not +even taken any pains to preserve the writings of his "apostles." It +is well known that the original manuscripts, if there were any, are +nowhere to be found. This is a grave matter. We have only supposed + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +copies of supposed original manuscripts. Who copied them? When were +they copied? How can we be sure that these copies are reliable? And +why are there thousands upon thousands of various readings in these +numerous supposed copies? What means have we of deciding which +version or reading to accept? Is it possible that as the result of +Jesus' advent into our world, we have only a basketful of nameless +and dateless copies and documents? Is it conceivable, I ask, that +a God would send his Son to us, and then leave us to wander through +a pile of dusty manuscripts to find out why He sent His Son, and +what He taught when on earth? + + The only answer the Christian church can give to this question +is that the original writings were purposely allowed to perish. +When a precious document containing the testament of Almighty God, +and inscribed for an eternal purpose by the Holy Ghost, disappears +altogether there is absolutely no other way of accounting for its +disappearance than by saying, as we have suggested, that its divine +author must have intentionally withdrawn it from circulation. "God +moves in a mysterious way" is the last resort of the believer. This +is the one argument which is left to theology to fight science +with. Unfortunately it is an argument which would prove every cult +and "ism" under the heavens true. The Mohammedan, the Mazdaian, and +the Pagan may also fall back upon faith. There is nothing which +faith can not cover up from the light. But if a faith which ignores +evidence be not a superstition, what then is superstition? + + I wonder if the Catholic Church, which pretends to believe -- +and which derives quite an income from the belief -- that God has +miraculously preserved the wood of the cross, the Holy Sepulchre, +in Jerusalem, the coat of Jesus, and quite a number of other +mementos, can explain why the original manuscripts were lost. I +have a suspicion that there were no "original" manuscripts. I am +not sure of this, of course, but if nails, bones and holy places +could be miraculously preserved, why not also manuscripts? It is +reasonable to suppose that the Deity would not have permitted the +most important documents containing His Revelation to drop into +some hole and disappear, or to be gnawed into dust by the insects, +after having had them written by special inspiration. + + Again, when these documents, such as we find them, are +examined, it will be observed that, even in the most elementary +intelligence which they pretend to furnish, they are hopelessly at +variance with one another. It is, for example, utterly impossible +to reconcile Matthew's genealogy of Jesus with the one given by +Luke. In copying the names of the supposed ancestors of Jesus they +tamper with the list as given in book of Chronicles, in the Old +Testament, and thereby justly expose themselves to the charge of +bad faith. One evangelist says Jesus was descended from Solomon, +born of "her that had been the wife of Urias." It will be +remembered that David ordered Urias killed in a cowardly manner, +that may marry his widow, whom he coveted. According to Matthew, +Jesus is one of the offspring of this adulterous relation. + + According to Luke, it is not through Solomon, but through +Nathan, that Jesus is connected with the house of David. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Again, Luke tells us that the name of the father of Joseph was +Heli; Matthew says it was Jacob. If the writers of the gospels were +contemporaries of Joseph they could have easily learned the exact +name of his father. + + Again, why do these biographers of Jesus give us the genealogy +of Joseph if he was not the father of Jesus? It is the genealogy of +Mary which they should have given to prove the descent of Jesus +from the house of David, and not that of Joseph. These +irreconcilable differences between Luke, Matthew and the other +evangelists, go to prove that these authors possessed no reliable +information concerning the subjects they were writing about. For if +Jesus is a historical character, and these biographers were really +his immediate associates, and were inspired besides, how are we to +explain their blunders and contradictions about his genealogy? + + A good illustration of the mythical or unhistorical character +of the New Testament is furnished by the story of John the Baptist. +He is first represented as confessing publicly that Jesus is the +Christ; that he himself is not worthy to unloose the latchet of his +shoes; and that Jesus is the Lamb of God, "who taketh away the sins +of the. world." John was also present, the gospels say, when the +heavens opened and a dove descended on Jesus' head, and he heard +the voice from the skies, crying: "He is my beloved Son, in whom I +am well pleased." + + Is it possible that, a few chapters later, this same John +forgets his public confession, -- the dove and the voice from +heaven, -- and actually sends two of his disciples to find out who +this Jesus is. [Matthew xi.] The only way we can account for such +strange conduct is that the compiler or editor in question had two +different myths or stories before him, and he wished to use them +both. + + A further proof of the loose and extravagant style of the +Gospel writers is furnished by the concluding verse of the Fourth +Gospel: "There are also many other things which Jesus did, the +which, if they should be written, every one, I Suppose that even +the world itself could not contain the books that should be +written." This is more like the language of a myth-maker than of a +historian. How much reliance can we put in a reporter who is given +to such exaggeration? To say that the world itself would be too +small to contain the unreported sayings and doings of a teacher +whose public life possibly did not last longer than a year, and +whose reported words and deeds fill only a few pages, is to prove +one's statements unworthy of serious consideration. + + And it is worth oar while to note also that the documents +which have come down to our time and which purport to be the +biographies of Jesus, are not only written in an alien language, +that is to say, in a language which was not that of Jesus and his +disciples, but neither are they dated or signed. Jesus and his +twelve apostles were Jews; why are all the four Gospels written in +Greek? If they were originally written in Hebrew, how can we tell +that the Greek translation is accurate, since we can not compare it +with the originals? And why are these Gospels anonymous? Why are +they not dated? But as we shall say something more on this subject + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +in the present volume, we confine ourselves at this point to +reproducing a fragment of the manuscript pages from which our Greek +Translations have been made. It is admitted by scholars that owing +to the difficulty of reading these ancient and imperfect and also +conflicting texts, an accurate translation is impossible. But this +is another way of saying that what the churches call the Word of +God is not only the word of man, but a very imperfect word, at +that. + + The belief in Jesus, then, is founded on secondary documents, +altered and edited by various hands; on lost originals, and on +anonymous manuscripts of an age considerably later than the events +therein related -- manuscripts which contradict each other as well +as themselves. Such is clearly and undeniably the basis for the +belief in a historical Jesus. It was this sense of the +insufficiency of the evidence which drove the missionaries of +Christianity to commit forgeries. + + If there was ample evidence for the historicity of Jesus, why +did his biographers resort to forgery? The following admissions by +Christian writers themselves show the helplessness of the early +preachers in the presence of inquirers who asked for proofs. The +church historian, Mosheim, writes that, "The Christian Fathers +deemed it a pious act to employ deception and fraud." +[Ecclesiastical Hist., Vol. I, p. 347.] Again, he says: "The +greatest and most pious teachers were nearly all of them infected +with this leprosy." Will not some believer tell us why forgery and +fraud were necessary to prove the historicity of Jesus. + + Another historian, Milman, writes that, "Pious fraud was +admitted and avowed" by the early missionaries of Jesus. "It was an +age of literary frauds," writes Bishop Ellicott, speaking of the +times immediately following the alleged crucifixion of Jesus. Dr. +Giles declares that, "There can be no doubt that great numbers of +books were written with no other purpose than to deceive." And it +is the opinion of Dr. Robertson Smith that, "There was an enormous +floating mass of spurious literature created to suit party views." +Books which are now rejected as apocryphal were at one time +received as inspired, and books which are now believed to be +infallible were at one tune regarded as of no authority in the +Christian world. It certainly is puzzling that there should be a +whole literature of fraud and forgery in the name of a historical +person. But if Jesus was a myth, we can easily explain the legends +and traditions springing up in his name. + + The early followers of Jesus, then, realizing the force of +this objection, did actually resort to interpolation and forgery in +order to prove that Jesus was a historical character. + + One of the oldest critics of the Christian religion was a +Pagan, known to history under the name of Porphyry; yet, the early +Fathers did not hesitate to tamper even with the writings of an +avowed opponent of their religion. After issuing an edict to +destroy, among others, the writings of this philosopher, a work, +called Philosophy of Oracles, was produced, in which the author is +made to write almost as a Christian; and the name of Porphyry was +signed to it as its author. St. Augustine was one of the first to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +reject it as a forgery. [Geo. W. Foote. Crimes of Christianity.] A +more astounding invention than this alleged work of a heathen +bearing witness to Christ is difficult to produce. Do these +forgeries, these apocryphal writings, these interpolations, freely +admitted to have been the prevailing practice of the early +Christians, help to prove the existence of Jesus? And when to this +wholesale manufacture of doubtful evidence is added the terrible +vandalism which nearly destroyed every great Pagan classic, we can +form an idea of the desperate means to which the early Christians +resorted to prove that Jesus was not a myth. It all goes to show +how difficult it is to make a man out of a myth. + + VIRGIN BIRTHS + + Stories of gods born of virgins are to be found in nearly +every age and country. There have been many virgin mothers, and +Mary with her child is but a recent version of a very old and +universal myth. In China and India, in Babylonia and Egypt, in +Greece and Rome, "divine" beings selected from among the daughters +of men the purest and most beautiful to serve them as a means of +entrance into the world of mortals. Wishing to take upon themselves +the human form, while retaining at the same time their "divinity," +this compromise -- of an earthly mother with a "divine" father -- +was effected. In the form of a swan Jupiter approached Leda, as in +the guise of a dove, or a Paracletug, Jehovah "overshadowed" Mary. + + A nymph bathing in a river in China is touched by a lotus +plant, and the divine Fohi is born. + + In Siam, a wandering sunbeam caresses a girl in her teens, and +the great and wonderful deliverer, Codom, is born. In the life of +Buddha we read that he descended on his mother Maya, "in likeness +as the heavenly queen, and entered her womb," and was born from her +right side, to save the world." [Stories of Virgin Births. +Reference: Lord Macartney. Voyage dans 'interview de la Chine et en +Tartarie. Vol. I p. 48. See also Les Vierges Meres et les Naissance +Miraculeuse. P. Saintyves. p. 19, etc.] In Greece, the young god +Apollo visits a fair maid of Athens, and a Plato is ushered into +the world. + + In ancient Mexico, as well as in Babylonia, and in modern +Corea, as in modern Palestine, as in the legends of all lands, +virgins gave birth and became divine mothers. But the real home of +virgin births is the land of the Nile. Eighteen hundred years +before Christ, we find carved on one of the walls of the great +temple of Luxor a picture of the annunciation, conception and birth +of King Amunothph III, an almost exact copy of the annunciation, +conception and birth of the Christian God. Of course no one will +think of maintaining that the Egyptians borrowed the idea from the +Catholics nearly two thousand years before the Christian era. "The +story in the Gospel of Luke, the first and second chapters is," +says Malvert, "a reproduction, 'point by point,' of the story in +stone of the miraculous birth of Amunothph." [Science and Religion. +p. 96.] + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Sharpe in his Egyptian Mythology, page 19, gives the following +description of the, Luxor picture, quoted by G.W. Foote in his +'Bible Romances,' page 126: "In this picture we have the +annunciation, the conception, the birth and the adoration, as +described in the first and second chapters of Luke's Gospel." +Massey gives a more minute description of the Luxor picture. "The +first scene on the left hand shows the god Taht, the divine Wolrd +or Loges, in the act of hailing the virgin queen, announcing to her +that she is to give birth to a son. In the second scene the god +Kneph (assisted by Hathor) gives life to her. This is the Holy +Ghost, or Spirit that causes conception. ... Next the mother is +seated on the midwife's stool, and the child is supported in the +hands of one of the nurses. The fourth scene is that of the +adoration. Here the child is enthroned, receiving homage from the +gods and gifts from men." [Natural Geneses. Massey, Vol. II, p. +398.] The picture on the wall of the Luxor temple, then, is one of +the sources to which the anonymous writers of the Gospels went for +their miraculous story. It is no wonder they suppressed their own +identity as well as the source from which they borrowed their +material. + + Not only the idea of a virgin mother, but all the other +miraculous events, such as the stable cradle, the guiding star, the +massacre of the children, the flight to Egypt, and the resurrection +and bodily ascension toward the clouds, have not only been +borrowed, but are even scarcely altered in the New Testament story +of Jesus. + + That the early Christians borrowed the legend of Jesus from +earthly sources is too evident to be even questioned. Gerald Massey +in his great work on Egyptian origins demonstrates the identity of +Mary, the mother of Jesus, with Isis, the mother of Horus. He says: +"The most ancient, goldbedizened, smoke-stained Byzantine pictures +of the virgin and child represent the mythical mother as Isis, and +not as a human mother of Nazareth. [Vol. II, p. 487.] Science and +research have made this fact so certain that, on the one hand +ignorance, and on the other interest only, can continue to claim +inspiration for the authors of the undated and unsigned fragmentary +documents which pass for the Word of God. If, then, Jesus is +stripped of all the borrowed legends and miracles of which he is +the subject; and if we also take away from him all the teachings +which collected from Jewish and Pagan sources have been attributed +to him -- what will be left of him? That the ideas put in his mouth +have been culled and compiled from other sources is as demonstrable +as the Pagan origin of the legends related of him. + + Nearly every one of the dogmas and ceremonies in the Christian +cult were borrowed from other and older religions. The resurrection +myth, the ascension, the eucharist, baptism, worship by kneeling or +prostration, the folding of the hands on the breast, the ringing of +bells and the burning of incense, the vestments and vessels used in +church, the candles, "holy" water, -- even the word Mass, were all +adopted and adapted by the Christians from the religions of the +ancients. The Trinity is as much Pagan, as much Indian or Buddhist, +as it is Christian. The idea of a Son of God is as old as 'the +oldest cult. The sun is the son of heaven in all primitive faiths. +The physical sun becomes in the course of evolution, the Son of +Righteousness, or the Son of God, and heaven is personified as the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +Father on High. The halo around the head of Jesus, the horns of the +older deities, the rays of light radiating from the heads of Hindu +and Pagan gods are incontrovertible evidence that all gods were at +one time -- the sun in heaven. + + THE ORIGIN OF THE CROSS + + Only the uninformed, of whom, we regret to say, there are a +great many, and who are the main support of the old religions, +still believe that the cross originated with Christianity. Like the +dogmas of the Trinity, the virgin birth, and the resurrection, the +sign of the cross or the cross as an emblem or a symbol was +borrowed from the more ancient faiths of Asia. Perhaps one of the +most important discoveries which primitive man felt obliged never +to be ungrateful enough to forget, was the production of fire by +the friction of two sticks placed across each other in the form of +a cross. As early as the stone age we find the cross carved on +monuments which have been dug out of the earth and which can be +seen in the museums of Europe. On the coins of later generations as +well as on the altars of prehistoric times we find the "sacred" +symbol of the cross. The dead in ancient cemeteries slept under the +cross as they do in our day in Catholic churchyards. + + In ancient Egypt, as in modern China, India, Corea, the cross +is venerated by the masses as a charm of great power. In the Musee +Guimet, in Paris, we have seen specimens of pre-Christian crosses. +In the Louvre Museum one of the "heathen" gods carries a cross on +his head. During his second journey to New Zealand, Cook was +surprised to find the natives marking the graves of their dead with +the cross. We saw, in the Museum of St. Germain, an ancient +divinity of Gaul, before the conquest of the country by Julius +Caesar, wearing a garment on which was woven a cross. In the same +museum an ancient, altar of Gaul under Paganism, had a cross carved +upon it. That the cross was not adopted by the followers of Jesus +until a later date may be inferred from the silence of the earlier +disciples, Matthew, Mark and Luke, on the details of the +crucifixion, which is more fully developed in the later gospel of +John. The first three evangelists say nothing about the nails or +the blood, and give the impression that he was hanged. Writing of +the two thieves who were sentenced to receive the same punishment, +Luke says, "One of the malefactors that was hanged with him." The +idea of a bleeding Christ, such as we see on crosses in Catholic +churches, is not present in these earlier descriptions of the +crucifixion; the Christians of the time of Origin were called "the +followers of the god who was hanged." In the fourth gospel we see +the beginnings of the legend of the cross, of Jesus carrying or +falling under the weight of the cross, of the nail prints in his +hands and feet, of the spear drawing the blood from his side and +smearing his body. Of all this, the first three evangelists are +quite ignorant. + + Let it be further noted that it was not until eight hundred +years after the supposed crucifixion that Jesus is seen in the form +of a human being on the cross. Not in any of the paintings on the +ancient catacombs is found a crucified Christ. The earliest cross +bearing a human being is of the eighth century. For a long time a +lamb with a cross, or on a cross, was the Christian symbol, and it + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +is a lamb which we see entombed in the "holy sepulchre." In more +than one mosaic of early Christian times, it is not Jesus, but a +lamb, which is bleeding for the salvation of the world. How a lamb +came to play so important a role in Christianity is variously +explained. The similarity between the name of the Hindu god, Agni +and the meaning of the same word in Latin, which is a lamb, is one +theory. Another is that a ram, one of the signs of the zodiac, +often confounded by the ancients with a lamb, is the origin of the +popular reverence for the lamb as a symbol -- a reverence which all +religions based on sun-worship shared. The lamb in Christianity +takes away the sins of the people, just as the paschal lamb did in +the Old Testament, and earlier still, just as it did in Babylonia. + + To the same effect is the following letter of the bishop of +Mende, in France, bearing date of the year 800 A.D.: "Because the +darkness has disappeared, and because also Christ is a real man, +Pope Adrian commands us to paint him under the form of a man. The +lamb of God must not any longer be painted on a cross, but after a +human form has been placed on the cross, there is no objection to +have a lamb also represented with it, either at the foot of the +cross or on the opposite side." [Translated from the French of +Didron. Quoted by Malvert.] We leave it to our readers to draw the +necessary conclusions from the above letter. How did a lamb hold +its place on the cross for eight hundred years? If Jesus was really +crucified, and that fact was a matter of history, why did it take +eight hundred years for a Christian bishop to write, "now that +Christ is a real man," etc.? Today, it would be considered a +blasphemy to place a lamb on a cross. + + On the tombstones of Christians of the fourth century are +pictures representing, not Jesus, but a lamb, working the miracles +mentioned in the gospels, such as multiplying the loaves and +fishes, and raising Lazarus from the dead. + + The first representations of a human form on the cross differ +considerably from those which prevail at the present time. While +the figure on the modern cross is almost naked, those on the +earlier ones are clothed and completely covered. Wearing a flowing +tunic, Jesus is standing straight against the cross with his arms +outstretched, as though in the act of delivering an address. +Frequently, at his feet, on the cross, there is still painted the +figure of a lamb, which by and by, he is going to replace +altogether. Gradually the robe disappears from the crucified one, +until we see him crucified, as in the adjoining picture, with +hardly any clothes on, and wearing an expression of great agony. + + THE SILENCE OF PROFANE WRITERS + + In all historical matters, we cannot ask for more than a +reasonable assurance concerning any question. In fact, absolute +certainty in any branch of human knowledge, with the exception of +mathematics, perhaps, is impossible. We are finite beings, limited +in all our powers, and, hence, our conclusions are not only +relative, but they should ever be held subject to correction. When +our law courts send a man to the gallows, they can have no more +than a reasonable assurance that he is guilty; when they acquit +him, they can have no more than a reasonable assurance that he is + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +innocent. Positive assurance is unattainable. The dogmatist is the +only one who claims to possess absolute certainty. But his claim is +no more than a groundless assumption. When, therefore, we learn +that Josephus, for instance, who lived in the same country and +about the same time as Jesus, and wrote an extensive history of the +men and events of his day and country, does not mention Jesus, +except by interpolation, which even a Christian clergyman, Bishop +Warburton, calls "a rank forgery, and a very stupid one, too," we +can be reasonably sure that no such Jesus as is described in the +New Testament, lived about the same time and in the same country +with Josephus. + + The failure of such a historian as Josephus to mention Jesus +tends to make the existence of Jesus at least reasonably doubtful. + + Few Christians now place any reliance upon the evidence from +Josephus. The early Fathers made this Jew admit that Jesus was the +Son of God. Of course, the admission was a forgery. De Quincey says +the passage is known to be "a forgery by all men not lunatics." Of +one other supposed reference in Josephus, Canon Farrar says: "This +passage was early tampered with by the Christians." The same writer +says this of a third passage: "Respecting the third passage in +Josephus, the only question is whether it be partly or entirely +spurious." Lardner, the great English theologian, was the first man +to prove that Josephus was a poor witness for Christ. + + In examining the evidence from profane writers we must +remember that the silence of one contemporary author is more +important than the supposed testimony of another. There was living +in the same time with Jesus a great Jewish scholar by the name of +Philo. He was an Alexandrian Jew, and he visited Jerusalem while +Jesus was teaching and working miracles in the holy city. Yet Philo +in all his works never once mentions Jesus. He does not seem to +have heard of him. He could not have helped mentioning him if he +had really seen him or heard of him. In one place in his works +Philo is describing the difference between two Jewish names, Hosea +and Jesus. Jesus he says, means Savior of the people. What a fine +opportunity for him to have said that, at that very time, there was +living in Jerusalem a savior by the name of Jesus, or one supposed +to be, or claiming to be, a savior. He could not have helped +mentioning Jesus if he had ever seen or heard of him. + + We have elsewhere referred to the significant silence of the +Pagan historians and miscellaneous writers on the wonderful events +narrated in the New Testament. But a few remarks may be added here +in explanation of the supposed testimony of Tacitus. + + The quotation from Tacitus is an important one. That part of +the passage which concerns us is something like this: "They have +their denomination from Chrestus, put to death as a criminal by +Pontius Pilate during the reign of Tiberius." I wish to say in the +first place that this passage is not in the History of Tacitus, +known to the ancients, but in his Annals, which is not quoted by +any ancient writer. The Annals of Tacitus were not known to be in +existence until the year 1468. An English writer, Mr. Ross, has +undertaken, in an interesting volume, to show that the Annals were +forged by an Italian, Bracciolini. I am not competent to say + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +whether or not Mr. Ross proves his point. But is it conceivable +that the early Christians would have ignored so valuable a +testimony had they known of its existence, and would they not have +known of it had it really existed? The Christian Fathers, who not +only collected assiduously all that they could use to establish the +reality of Jesus -- but who did not hesitate even to forge +passages, to invent documents, and also to destroy the testimony of +witnesses unfavorable to their cause -- would have certainly used +the Tacitus passage had it been in existence in their day. Not one +of the Christian Fathers in his controversy with the unbelievers +has quoted the passage from Tacitus, which passage is the church's +strongest proof of the historicity of Jesus, outside the gospels. + + But, to begin with, this passage has the appearance, at least, +of being penned by a Christian. It speaks of such persecutions of +the Christians in Rome which contradict all that we know of Roman +civilization. The abuse of Christians in the same passage may have +been introduced purposely to cover up the identity of the writer, +The terrible outrages against the Christians mentioned in the text +from Tacitus are supposed to have taken place in the year 64 A.D. +According to the New Testament, Paul was in Rome from the year 63 +to the year 65, and must, therefore, have been an eye-witness of +the persecution under Nero. Let me quote from the Bible to show +that there could have been no such persecution as the Tacitus +passage describes. The last verse in the book of Acts reads: "And +he (Paul) abode two whole years in his own hired dwelling, and +received all that went in unto him, preaching the kingdom of God, +and teaching things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all +boldness, none forbidding him." How is this picture of peace and +tranquility to be reconciled with the charge that the Romans rolled +up the Christians in straw mats and burned them to illuminate the +streets at night, and also that the lions were let loose upon the +disciples of Jesus? + + Moreover, it is generally known that the Romans were +indifferent to religious propaganda, and never persecuted any sect +or party in the name of religion. In Rome, the Jews were free to be +Jews; why should the Jewish Christians -- and the early Christians +were Jews -- have been thrown to the lions? In all probability the +persecutions were much milder than the Tacitus passage describes, +and politics was the real cause. + + Until not very long ago, it was universally believed that +William Tell was a historical character. But it is now proven +beyond any reasonable doubt, that Tell and his apple are altogether +mythical. Notwithstanding that a great poet has made the theme of +a powerful drama, and a great composer devoted one of his operas to +his heroic achievements; notwithstanding also that the Swiss show +the crossbow with which he is supposed to have shot at the apple on +his son's head -- he is now admitted to be only a legendary hero. +The principal arguments which have led the educated world to revise +its views concerning William Tell are that, the Swiss historians, +Faber an Hamurbin, who lived shortly after the "hero." and who +wrote the history of the country, as Josephus did that of his, do +not mention Tell. Had such a man existed before their time, they +could not have failed to refer to him. Their complete silence +damaging beyond help to the historicity of Tell. Neither does the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +historian, who was an eye witness of the battle of Morgarten in +1315, mention the name of Tell. The Zurich Chronicle of 1497, also +omits to refer to his story. In the accounts of the struggle of the +Swiss against Austria, which drove the former into rebellion and +ultimate independence, Tell's name cannot be found. Yet all these +arguments are not half so damaging to the William Tell story, as +the silence of Josephus is to the Jesus story. Jesus was supposed +to have worked greater wonders and to have created a wider +sensation than Tell; therefore, it is more difficult to explain the +silence of historians like Josephus, Pliny and Quintilian; or of +philosophers like Philo, Seneca and Epictetus, concerning Jesus, +than to explain the silence of the Swiss chroniclers concerning +Tell. + + THE JESUS STORY A RELIGIOUS DRAMA + + We have now progressed far enough in our investigation to +pause a moment for reflection before we proceed any further. I am +conscious of no intentional misrepresentation or suppression of the +facts relating to the question in hand. If I have erred through +ignorance, I shall correct any mistake I may have made, if some +good reader will take the trouble to enlighten me. I am also +satisfied that I have not commanded the evidence, but have allowed +the evidence to command me. I am not interested in either proving +or in disproving the existence of the New-Testament Jesus. I am not +an advocate, I am rather an umpire, who hears the evidence and +pronounces his decision accordingly. Let the lawyers or the +advocates argue pro and con, I only weigh, -- and I am sure, +impartially, -- the evidence which the witnesses offer. We have +heard and examined quite a number of these, and I, at least, am +compelled to say, that unless stronger evidence be forthcoming, a +historical Jesus has not been proven by the evidence thus far taken +in. This does not mean that there is no evidence whatever that +Jesus was a real existence, but that the evidence is not enough to +prove it. + + To condemn or to acquit a man in a court of law, there must +not only be evidence, but enough of it to justify a decision. There +is some evidence for almost any imaginable proposition; but that is +not enough -- the evidence already examined fail to give this a +reasonable assurance. Not only does the evidence already examined +fail to give this assurance, but, on the contrary, it lends much +support to the opposite supposition, namely, that in all +probability, Jesus was a myth -- even as Mithra, Osiris, Isis, +Hercules, Sampson, Adonis, Moses, Attis, Hermes, Heracles, Apollo +of Tyanna, Chrishna, and Indra, were myths. + + The story of Jesus, we are constrained to say, possesses all +the characteristics of the religious drama, full of startling +episodes, thrilling situations, dramatic action and denouement. It +reads more like a play than plain history. From such evidence as +the gospels themselves furnish, the conclusion that he was no more +than the principal character in a religious play receives much +support. Mystery and morality plays are of a very ancient origin. +In earlier times, almost all popular instruction was by means of +Tableaux vivant. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + As a great scenic or dramatic performance, with Jesus as the +hero, Judas as the villain -- with conspiracy as its plot, and the +trial, the resurrection and ascension as its finale, the story is +intelligent enough. For instance, as the curtain rises, it +discloses upon the stage shepherds tending their flocks in the +green fields under the moonlit sky; again, as the scene shifts, the +clouds break, the heavens open, and voices are heard from above, +with a white-winged chorus chanting an anthem. The next scene +suggests a stable with the cattle in their stalls, munching hay. In +a corner of the stable, close to a manger, imagine a young woman, +stooping to kiss a newly born babe. Anon appear three bearded and +richly costumed men, with presents in their hands, bowing their +heads in ecstatic adoration. Surely enough this is not history. It +does not read like history. The element of fiction runs through the +entire Gospels, and is its warp and woof. A careful analysis of the +various incidents in this ensemble will not fail to convince the +unprejudiced reader that while they possess an the essentials for +dramatic presentation, they lack the requirements of real history. + + The "opened-heavens," "angel-choirs," "grazing flocks," +"watchful shepherds," "worshiping magicians," "the stable crib," +"the mother and child," "the wonderful star." "the presents," "the +anthem" -- all these, while they fit admirably as stage setting, +are questionable material for history. No historical person was +ever born in so spectacular a manner. The Gospel account of Jesus +is an embellished, ornamental, even sensationally dramatic creation +to serve as an introduction for a legendary hero. Similar +theatrical furniture has been used thousands of times to introduce +other legendary characters. All the Savior Gods were born +supernaturally. They were a all half god, half man. They were all +of royal descent. Miracles and wonders attended their birth. Jesus +was not an exception. We reject as mythical the birth-stories about +Mithra, and Apollo. Why accept as history those about Jesus? It +rests with the preachers of Christianity to show that while the +god-man of Persia, or of Greece, for example, was a myth, the god- +man of Palestine is historical. + + The dramatic element is again plainly seen in the account of +the betrayal of Jesus. Jesus, who preaches daily in the temples, +and in the public places; who talks to the multitude on the +mountain and at the seaside; who feeds thousands by miracle; the +report of whose wonderful cures has reached the ends of the earth, +and who is often followed by such a crush that to reach him an +opening has to be made in the ceiling of the house where he is +stopping; who goes in and out before the people and is constantly +disputing with the elders and leaders of the nation -- is, +nevertheless, represented as being so unknown that his enemies have +to resort to the device of bribing with thirty silver coins one of +his disciples to point him out to them, and which is to be done by +a kiss. This might make a great scene upon the stage, but it is not +the way things happen in life. + + Then read how Jesus is carried before Pilate the Roman +governor, and how while he is being tried a courier rushes in with +a letter from Pilate's wife which is dramatically torn open and +read aloud in the presence of the crowded court. The letter it is +said, was about a dream of Pilate' wife, in which some ghost tells + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +her that Jesus is innocent, and that her husband should not proceed +against him. Is this history? Roman jurisprudence had not +degenerated to that extent as to permit the dreams of a woman or of +a man to influence the course of justice. But this letter episode +was invented by the playwright -- if I may use the phrase -- to +prolong the dramatic suspense, to complicate the situation, to +twist the plot, and thereby render the impression produced by his +"piece" more lasting. The letter and the dream did not save Jesus. +Pilate was not influenced by his dreaming wife. She dreamed in +vain. + + In the next place we hear Pilate pronouncing Jesus guiltless; +but, forthwith, he hands him over to the Jews to be killed. Does +this read like history? Did ever a Roman court witness such a +trial? To pronounce a man innocent and then to say to his +prosecutors: "If you wish to kill him, you may do so," is +extraordinary conduct. Then, proceeding, Pilate takes water and +ostentatiously washes his hands, a proceeding introduced by a Greek +or Latin scribe, who wished, in all probability, to throw the blame +of the crucifixion entirely upon the Jews. Pilate, representing the +Gentile world, washes his hands of the responsibility for the death +of Jesus, while the Jews are made to say, "His blood be upon us and +our children." + + Imagine the clamoring, howling Jews, trampling on one another, +gesticulating furiously, gnashing their teeth, foaming at the +mouth, and spitting in one another's face as they shout, "Crucify +him! Crucify him!" A very powerful stage setting, to be sure -- but +it is impossible to imagine that such disorder, such anarchy could +be permitted in any court of justice. But think once more of those +terrible words placed in the mouths of the Jews, "His blood be upon +us and our children." Think of a people openly cursing themselves +and asking the whole Christian world to persecute them forever -- +"His blood be upon us and our children." + + Next, the composers of the gospels conduct us to the Garden of +Gethsemane, that we may see there the hero of the play in his +agony, fighting the great battle of his life alone, with neither +help nor sympathy from his distracted followers. He is shown to us +there, on his knees, crying tears of blood -- sobbing and groaning +under the shadow of an almost crushing fear. Tremblingly he prays, +"Let this cup pass from me -- if it be possible;" and then, +yielding to the terror crowding in upon him, he sighs in the +hearing of all the ages, "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is +weak," precisely the excuse. given by everybody for not doing what +they would do if they could. Now, we ask in all seriousness, is it +likely that a God who has come down from heaven purposely to drink +that cup and to be the martyr-Savior of humanity -- would seek to +be spared the fate for which he was ordained from all eternity? + + The objection that Jesus' hesitation on the eve of the +crucifixion, as well as his cry of despair on the cross, were meant +to show that he was as human as he was divine, does not solve the +difficulty. In that event Jesus, then, was merely acting -- +feigning a fear which he did not feel, and pretending to dread a +death which he knew could not hurt him. If, however, Jesus really +felt alarmed at the approach of death, how much braver, then, were + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +many of his followers who afterwards faced dangers and tortures far +more cruel than his own! We honestly think that to have put in +Jesus' mouth the words above quoted, and also to have represented +him as closing his public career with a shriek on the cross: "My +God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" was tantamount to an +admission by the writers that they were dealing with a symbolic +Christ, an ideal figure., the hero of a play, and not a historical +character. + + It is highly dramatic, to be sure, to see the sun darkened, to +feel the whole earth quaking, to behold the graves ripped open and +the dead reappear in their shrouds -- to hear the hero himself +tearing his own heart with that cry of shuddering anguish, "My God! +my God!" -- but it is not history. If such a man as Jesus really +lived, then his biographers have only given us a caricature of him. +However beautiful some of the sayings attributed to Jesus, and +whatever the source they may have been borrowed from, they are not +enough to prove his historicity. But even as the Ten Commandments +do not prove Moses to have been a historical personage or the +author of the books and deeds attributed to him, neither do the +parables and miracles of Jesus prove him to have once visited this +earth as a god, or to have even existed as a man. + + Socrates and Jesus! Compare the quite natural behavior of +Socrates in prison with that of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. +The Greek sage is serene. Jesus is alarmed. The night agony of his +soul, his tears of blood, his pitiful collapse when he prays, "if +it be possible let this cup pass from me," -- all this would be +very impressive on the boards, but they seem incredible of a real +man engaged in saving a world. Once more we say that the defense +that it was the man in Jesus and not the god in him that broke +down, would be unjust to the memory of thousands of martyrs who +died by a more terrible death than that of Jesus. As elsewhere +stated, but which cannot be too often emphasized, what man would +not have embraced death with enthusiasm, -- without a moment's +misgiving, did he think that by his death, death and sin would be +no more! Who would shrink from a cross which is going to save +millions to millions added from eternal burnings. He must be a +phantom, indeed, who trembles and cries like a frightened child +because be cannot have the crown without the cross! What a +spectacle for the real heroes crowding the galleries of history! It +is difficult to see the shrinking and shuddering Savior of the +world, his face bathed in perspiration, blood oozing out of his +forehead, his lips pale, his voice breaking into a shriek, "My God, +my God, why hast thou forsaken me!" -- it is difficult to witness +all this and not to pity him. Poor Jesus! he is going to save the +world, but who is going to save him? + + If we compare the trial of Jesus with that of Socrates, the +fictitious nature of the former cannot possibly escape detection. +Socrates was so well known in Athens, that it was not necessary for +his accusers to bribe one of his disciples to betray him. Jesus +should have been even better known in Jerusalem than Socrates was +in Athens. He was daily preaching in the synagogues, and his +miracles had given him an eclat which Socrates did not enjoy. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Socrates is not taken to court at night, bound hand and feet. +Jesus is arrested in the glare of torchlights, after he is betrayed +by Judas with a kiss; then he is bound and forced into the high +priest's presence. All this is admirable setting for a stage, but +they are no more than that. + + The disciples of Socrates behave like real men, those of Jesus +are actors. They run away; they hide and follow at a distance. One +of them curses him. The cock crows, the apostate repents. This +reads like a play. + + In the presence of his judges, Socrates makes his own defense. +One by one he meets the charges. Jesus refused, according to two of +the evangelists, to open his mouth at his trial. This is dramatic, +but it is not history. It is not conceivable that a real person +accused as Jesus was, would have refused a great opportunity to +disprove the charges against him. Socrates' defense of himself is +one of the classics. Jesus' silence is a conundrum. "But he +answered nothing," "But Jesus as yet answered nothing", "And he +answered him never a word," is the report of two of his +biographers. The other two evangelists, as is usual, contradict the +former and produce the following dialogues between Jesus and his +judges, which from beginning to end possess all the marks of +unreality: + + Pilate. -- "Art thou the King of the Jews?" + + Jesus. -- "Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others +tell it thee of me?" + + Pilate. -- "Art thou a King?" + + Jesus. -- "Thou sayest that I am a King." + + Is it possible that a real man, not to say the Savior of the +world, would give such unmeaning and evasive replies to straight- +forward questions? Does it not read like a page from fiction? + + In the presence of the priests of his own race Jesus is as +indefinite and sophistical as he is before the Roman Pilate. + + The Priests. -- "Art thou the Christ -- tell us?" + + Jesus. -- "If I tell you ye will not believe me." + + The Priests. -- "Art thou the Son o God?" + + Jesus. -- "Ye say that I am." + + In the first answer he refuses to reveal himself because he +does not think he can command belief in himself; in his second +answer be either blames them for saying he was the Son of God, or +quotes their own testimony to prove that he is the Son of God. But +if they believed he was God, would they try to kill him? Is it not +unthinkable? He intimates that the priests believe he is the Son of +God -- "Ye say that I am." Surely, it is more probable that these +dialogues were invented by his anonymous biographers than that they +really represent an actual conversation between Jesus and his +judges. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Compare in the next place the manner in which the public +trials of Socrates and Jesus are conducted. There is order in the +Athenian court; there is anarchy in the Jerusalem court. Witnesses +and accusers walk up to Jesus and slap him on the face, and the +judge does not reprove them for it. The court is in the hands of +rowdies and hoodlums, who shout "Crucify him," and again, "Crucify +him." A Roman judge, while admitting that he finds no guilt in +Jesus deserving of death, is nevertheless represented as handing +him over to the mob to be killed, after he has himself scourged +him. No Roman judge could have behaved as this Pilate is reported +to have behaved toward an accused person on trial for his life. All +that we know of civilized government, all that we know of the +jurisprudence of Rome, contradicts this "inspired" account of a +pretended historical event. If Jesus was ever tried and condemned +to death in a Roman court, an account of it that can command belief +has yet to be written. + + Again, when we come to consider the random, disconnected and +fragmentary form in which the teachings of Jesus are presented, we +cannot avoid the conclusion that he is a dramatis persona brought +upon the stage to give expression not to a consistent, connected +and carefully worked-out thought, but to voice with many breaks an +interruptions, the ideas of his changing managers. He is made to +play a number of contradictory roles, and appears in the same story +in totally different characters. + + One editor or compiler of the Gospel describes Jesus as an +ascetic and a mendicant, wandering from place to place, without +"roof over his head, and crawling at eventide into his cave in the +Mount of Olives. He introduces him as the "Man of Sorrows," fasting +in the wilderness, counseling people to part with their riches, and +promising the Kingdom of Heaven to Lazarus, the beggar. + + Another redactor announces him as "eating and drinking" at the +banquets of "publicans and sinners," -- a "wine-bibbing" Son of +Man. "John the Baptist came neither eating nor drinking, but the +Son of Man came both eating and drinking," which, if it means +anything, means that Jesus was the very opposite of the ascetic +John. + + A partisan of the doctrine of non-resistance puts in Jesus' +mouth the words: "Resist not evil;" "The meek shall inherit the +earth," etc., and counsels that he who smites us on the one cheek +should be permitted to strike us also on the other, and that to him +who robs us of an undergarment, we should also hand over our outer +garments. + + Another draws the picture of a militant Jesus who could never +endorse such precepts of indolence and resignation. "The kingdom of +heaven is taken by violence," cries this new Jesus, and intimates +that no such beggar like Lazarus, sitting all day long with the +dogs and his sores, can ever earn so great a prize. With a scourge +in his hands this Jesus rushes upon the traders in the temple- +court, upturns their tables and whips their owners into the +streets. Surely this was resistance of the most pronounced type. +The right to use physical force could not have been given a better +endorsement than by this example of Jesus. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + It will not help matters to say that these money-changers were +violating a divine law, and needed chastisement with a whip. Is not +the man who smites us upon the cheek, or robs us of our clothing, +equally guilty? Moreover, these traders in the outer courts of the +synagogue were rendering the worshipers a useful service. Just as +candles, rosaries, images and literature are sold in church +vestibules for the accommodation of Catholics, so were doves, +pigeons and Hebrew coins, necessary to the Jewish sacrifices, sold +in the temple-courts for the Jewish worshiper. The money changer +who supplied the pious Jew with the only sacred coin which the +priests would accept was not very much less important to the Jewish +religion than the rabbi. To have fallen upon these traders with a +weapon, and to have caused them the loss of their property, was +certainly the most inconsistent thing that "meek" and "lowly" Jesus +preaching non-resistance could have done. + + Again; one writer makes Jesus the teacher 'par excellence' of +peace. He counsels forgiveness of injuries not seven time but +seventy times that number -- meaning unlimited love and charity. +"Love your enemies," "Bless them that curse you," is his unusual +advice. But another hand retouches this picture, and we have a +Jesus who breaks his own golden rule. This other Jesus heaps abuse +upon the people who displease him; calls his enemies "vipers," +"serpents," "devils," and predicts for them eternal burnings in +sulphur and brimstone. How could he who said, "Come unto me all ye +that are heavy laden," say also, "Depart from me ye cursed?" Who +curses them? How can there be an everlasting hell in a universe +whose author advises us to love our enemies, to bless them that +curse us, and to forgive seventy times seven? How could the same +Jesus who said, "Blessed are the peacemakers," say also, "I came +not to bring peace, but a sword?" Is it possible that the same +Jesus who commands us to love our enemies, commands us also to +"hate" father, mother, wife and child, for "his name's sake?" Yes! +the same Jesus who said, "Put up thy sword in its sheath," also +commands us to sell our effects and "buy a sword." + + Once more: A believer in the divinity of Jesus -- I am going +to say -- invents the following text: "The Father and I are one." +An opponent to this Trinitarian dogma introduces a correction which +robs the above text of its authority: "The Father is greater than +I," and makes Jesus admit openly that there are some things known +to the father only. It is not difficult not to see in these +passages the beginnings of the terrible controversies which, +starting with Peter and Paul, have come down to our day and which +will not end until Jesus shall take his place among the mythical +saviors of the world. + + To harmonize these many and different Jesuses into something +like unity or consistency a thousand books have been written by the +clergy. They have not succeeded. How can a Jesus represented at one +time as the image of divine perfection, and at another as +protesting against being called "good," for "none is good, save +one, God," -- how can these two conceptions be reconciled except by +a resort to artificial an arbitrary interpretations? If such +insurmountable contradictions in the teaching and character of + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +another would weaken our faith in his historicity, then we are +justified in inferring that in all probability Jesus was only a +name -- the name of an imaginary stage hero, uttering the +conflicting thoughts of his prompters. + + Again, such phrases as, "and he was caught up in a cloud," -- +describing the ascension and consequent disappearance of Jesus, +betray the anxiety of the authors of the Gospels to bring their +marvelous story to a close. Not knowing how to terminate the career +of an imaginary Messiah, his creators invented the above method of +dispatching him. "He was caught up in a cloud," -- but for that, +the narrators would have been obliged to continue their story +indefinitely. + + In tragedy the play ends with the death of the hero, but if +the biographers of Jesus had given a similar excuse for bringing +their narrative to a finale, there would have been the danger of +their being asked to point out his grave. "He was caught up in a +cloud," relieved them of all responsibility to produce his remains +if called upon to do so, and, at the same time, furnished them with +an excuse to bring their story to a close. + + It would hardly be necessary, were we all unbiased, to look +for any further proofs of the mythical and fanciful nature of the +Gospel narratives than this expedient to which the writers +resorted. To questions, "Where is Jesus?" "What became of his +body?" etc., they could answer, "He was caught up in a cloud." But +a career that ends in the clouds was never begun on the earth. + + Let us imagine ourselves in Jerusalem in the year One, of the +Christian era, when the apostles, as it is claimed, were +proclaiming Jesus as the Messiah, crucified and risen. Desiring to +be convinced before believing in the strange story, let us suppose +the following conversation between the apostles and ourselves. We +ask: + + How long have you known Jesus? + + I have known him for one year. + + And I for two. + + And I for three. + + Has any of you known him for more than three years? + + No. + + Was he with his apostles for one year or for three? + +For one. + + No, for three. + + You are not certain, then, how long Jesus was with his +apostles. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + No. + + How old was Jesus when crucified? + + About thirty-one. + + No. about thirty-three. + + No, he was much older, about fifty. + + You cannot tell with any certainty, then, his age at the time +of his death. + + No. + + You say he was tried and crucified in Jerusalem before your +own eyes, can you remember the date of this great event? + + We cannot. + + Were you present when Jesus was taken down from the cross? + + We were not. + + You cannot tell, then, whether he was dead when taken down. + + We have no personal knowledge. + + Were you present when be was buried? + + We were not, because we were in hiding for our lives. + + You do not know, therefore, whether he was actually buried, or +where he was buried. + + We do not. + + Were any of you present when Jesus came forth from the +grave? + + Not one of us was present. + + Then, you were not with him when he was taken down from the +cross; you were not with him when he was interred, and you were not +present when he rose from the grave. + + We were not. + + When, therefore, you say, he was dead, buried and rose again, +you are relying upon the testimony of others? + + We are. + + Will you mention the names of some of the witnesses who saw +Jesus come forth from the tomb? + + Mary Magdalene, and she is here and may be questioned. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Were you present, Mary, when the angels rolled away the stone, +and when Jesus came forth from the dead? + + No, when I reached the burying place early in the morning, the +grave had already been vacated, and there was no one sleeping in +it. + + You saw him, then, as the apostles did after he had risen? + + Yes. + + But you did not see anybody rise out of the grave. + + I did not. + + Are there any witnesses who saw the resurrection? + + There are many who saw him after the resurrection. + + But if neither they nor you saw him dead, and buried, and did +not see him rise, either, how can you tell that a most astounding +and supposedly impossible miracle had taken place between the time +you saw him last and when you saw him again two or three days +after? Is it not more natural to suppose that, being in a hurry on +account of the approaching Sabbath, Jesus, if ever crucified, was +taken down from the cross before he had really died, and that he +was not buried, as rumor states, but remained in hiding; and his +showing himself to you under cover of darkness and in secluded +spots and in the dead of night only, would seem to confirm this +explanation. + + You admit also that the risen Jesus did not present himself at +the synagogue of the people, in the public streets, or at the +palace of the High Priest to convince them of his Messiahship. Do +you not think that if he had done this, it would then have been +impossible to deny his resurrection? Why, then, did Jesus hide +himself after he came out of the grave? Why did be not show himself +also to his enemies? Was he still afraid of them, or did he not +care whether they believed or not? If so, why are you trying to +convert them? The question waits for a reasonable answer; why did +not Jesus challenge the whole world with the evidence of his +resurrection? You say you saw him occasionally, a few moments at a +time, now here, and now there, and finally on the top of a mountain +whence he was caught up in a cloud and disappeared altogether. But +that "cloud" has melted away, the sky is clear, and there is no +Jesus visible there. The cloud, then, had nothing to hide. It was +unnecessary to call in a cloud to close the career of your Christ. +The grave is empty, the cloud has vanished. Where is Christ? In +heaven! Ah, you have at last removed him to a world unknown, to the +undiscovered country. Leave him there Criticism, doubt, +investigation, the light of day, cannot cross its shores. Leave him +there!" + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + THE JESUS OF PAUL + + The central figure of the New Testament is Jesus, and the +question we are trying to answer is, whether we have sufficient +evidence to prove to the unbiased mind that he is historical. An +idea of the intellectual caliber of the average churchman may be +had by the nature of the evidence he offers to justify his faith in +the historical Jesus. "The whole world celebrates annually the +nativity of Jesus; how could there be a Christmas celebration if +there never was a Christ?" asks a Chicago clergyman. The simplicity +of this plea would be touching were it not that it calls attention +to the painful inefficiency of the pulpit as an educator. The +church goer is trained to believe, not to think. The truth is +withheld from him under the pious pretense that faith, and not +knowledge, is the essential thing. A habit of untruthfulness is +cultivated by systematically sacrificing everything to orthodoxy. +This habit in the end destroys one's conscience for any truths +which are prejudicial to one's interest. But is it true that the +Christmas celebration proves a historical Jesus? + + We can only offer a few additional remarks to what we have +already said elsewhere in these pages on the Pagan origin of +Christmas. It will make us grateful to remember that just as we +have to go to the Pagans for the origins of our civilized +institutions -- our courts of justice, our art and literature, and +our political and religious liberties -- we must thank them also +for our merry festivals, such as Christmas and Easter. The +ignorant, of course, do not know anything about the value and +wealth of the legacy bequeathed to us by our glorious ancestors of +Greek and Roman times, but the educated can have no excuse for any +failure to own their everlasting indebtedness to the Pagans. It +will be impossible today to write the history of civilization +without giving to the classical world the leading role. But while +accepting the gifts of the Pagan peoples we have abused the givers. +A beneficiary who will defame a bounteous benefactor is unworthy of +his good fortune. I regret to say that the Christian church, +notwithstanding that it owes many of its most precious privileges +to the Pagans, has returned for service rendered insolence and +vituperation. No generous or just institution would treat a rival +as Christianity has treated Paganism. + + Both Christmas and Easter are Pagan festivals. We do not know, +no one knows, when Jesus was born; but we know the time of the +winter solstice when the sun begins to retrace his steps, turning +his radiant face toward our earth once more. It was this event, a +natural, demonstrable, universal, event, that our European +ancestors celebrated with song and dance -- with green branches, +through which twinkled a thousand lighted candles, and with the +exchange of good wishes and gifts. Has the church had the courage +to tell its people that Christmas is a Pagan festival which was +adopted and adapted by the Christian world, reluctantly at first, +and in the end as a measure of compromise only? The Protestants, +especially, conveniently forget the severe Puritanic legislation +against the observance of this Pagan festival, both in England an +America. It is the return to Paganism which has given to Christmas +and Easter their great popularity, as it is the revival of Paganism +which is everywhere replacing the Bible ideas of monarchic + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +government republicanism. And yet, repeatedly, an without any +scruples of conscience, preach and people claim these festivals as +the gift of their creed to humanity, and quote them further to +prove the historical existence of their god-man, Jesus. It was this +open an persistent perversion of history by church, the manufacture +of evidence on the one hand, the suppression of witnesses +prejudiced to her interests on the other, and the deliberate +forging of documents, which provoked Carlyle into referring to one +of its branches as the great lying Church. + + We have said enough to show that, in all probability -- for +let us not be dogmatic -- the story of Jesus, -- his birth and +betrayal by one of his own disciples, his trial in a Roman court, +his crucifixion, resurrection and ascension, -- belongs to the +order of imaginative literature. Conceived at first as a religious +drama, it received many new accretions as it traveled from country +to country and from age to age. The "piece" shows signs of having +been touched and retouched to make it acceptable to the different +countries in which it was played. The hand of the adapter, the +interpolator and the reviser is unmistakably present. As an +allegory, or as a dramatic composition, meant for the religious +stage, it proved one of the strongest productions of Pagan or +Christian times. But as real history, it lacks the fundamental +requisite -- probability. As a play, it is stirring and strong; as +history, it lacks naturalness and consistency. The miraculous is +ever outside the province of history. Jesus was a miracle, and as +such, at least, we are safe in declaring him unhistorical. + + We pass on now to the presentation of evidence which we +venture to think demonstrates with an almost mathematic precision, +that the Jesus of the four gospels is a legendary hero, as +unhistorical as William Tell of Switzerland. This evidence is +furnished by the epistles bearing the signature of Paul. He has +been accepted as not only the greatest apostle of Christianity, but +in a sense also the author of its theology. It is generally +admitted that the epistles bearing the name of Paul are among the +oldest apostolical writings. They are older than the gospels. This +is very important information. When Paul was preaching, the four +gospels had not yet been written. From the epistles of Paul, of +which there are about thirteen in the Bible -- making the New +Testament largely the work of this one apostle -- we learn that +there were in different parts of Asia, a number of Christian +churches already established. Not only Paul, then, but also the +Christian church was in existence before the gospels were composed. +It would be natural to infer that it was not the gospels which +created the church, but the church which produced the gospels. Do +not lose sight of the fact that when Paul was preaching to the +Christians there was no written biography of Jesus in existence. +There was a church without a book. + + In comparing the Jesus of Paul with the Jesus whose portrait +is drawn for us in the gospels, we find that they are not the same +persons at all. This is decisive. Paul knows nothing about a +miraculously born savior. He does not mention a single time, in all +his thirteen epistles, that Jesus was born of a virgin, or that his +birth was accompanied with heavenly signs and wonders. He knew +nothing of a Jesus born after the manner of the gospel writers. It + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +is not imaginable that he knew the facts, but suppressed them, or +that he considered them unimportant, or that he forgot to refer to +them in any of his public utterances. Today, a preacher is expelled +from his denomination if he suppresses or ignores the miraculous +conception of the Son of God; but Paul was guilty of that very +heresy. How explain it? It is quite simple: The virgin-born Jesus +was not yet invented when Paul was preaching Christianity. Neither +he, nor the churches he had organized, had ever heard of such a +person. The virgin-born Jesus was of later origin than the Apostle +Paul. + + Let the meaning of this discrepancy between the Jesus of Paul, +that is to say, the earliest portrait of Jesus, and the Jesus of +the four evangelists, be fully grasped by the student, and it +should prove beyond a doubt that in Paul's time the story of Jesus' +birth from the virgin-mother and the Holy Ghost, which has since +become a cardinal dogma of the Christian church, was not yet in +circulation. Jesus had not yet been Hellenized; he was still a +Jewish Messiah whose coming was foretold in the Old Testament, and +who was to be a prophet like unto Moses, without the remotest +suggestion of a supernatural origin. + + No proposition in Euclid is safer from contradiction than +that, if Paul knew what the gospels tell about Jesus, he would +have, at least once or twice during his long ministry, given +evidence of his knowledge of it. The conclusion is inevitable that +the gospel Jesus is later than Paul and his churches. Paul stood +nearest to the time of Jesus of those whose writings are supposed +to have come down to us, he is the most representative, and his +epistles are the first literature of the new religion. And yet +there is absolutely not a single hint or suggestion in them of such +a Jesus as is depicted in the gospels. The gospel Jesus was not yet +put together or compiled, when Paul was preaching. + + Once more; if we peruse carefully critically the writings of +Paul, the earliest and greatest Christian apostle and missionary, +we find that he is not only ignorant of the gospel stories about +the birth and miracles of Jesus, but he is equally and just as +innocently ignorant of the teachings of Jesus. In the gospels Jesus +is the author of the Sermon on the Mount, the Lord's Prayer, the +Parable of the Prodigal Son, the Story of Dives, the Good +Samaritan, etc. Is it conceivable that a preacher of Jesus could go +throughout the world to convert people to the teachings of Jesus, +as Paul did, without ever quoting a single one of his sayings? Had +Paul known that Jesus had preached a sermon, or formulated a +prayer, or said many inspired things about the here and the +hereafter, he could not have helped quoting, now and then, from the +words of his master. If Christianity could have been established +without a knowledge of the teachings of Jesus, why then, did Jesus +come to teach, and why were his teachings preserved by divine +inspiration? But if a knowledge of these teachings of Jesus is +indispensable to making converts, Paul gives not the least evidence +that he possessed such knowledge. + + But the Apostle Paul, judging from his many epistles to the +earliest converts to Christianity which are really his testimony, +supposed to have been sealed by his blood, appears to be quite as + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +ignorant of a Jesus who went about working miracles, -- opening the +eyes of the blind, giving health to the sick, hearing to the deaf, +and life to the dead, -- as he is of a Jesus born of a virgin woman +and the Holy Ghost. Is not this remarkable? Does it not lend strong +confirmation to the idea that the miracle-working Jesus of the +gospels was not known in Paul's time, that is to say, the earliest +Jesus known to the churches was a person altogether different from +his namesake in the four evangelists. If Paul knew of a miracle- +working Jesus, one who could feed the multitude with a few loaves +and fishes -- who could command the grave to open, who could cast +out devils, and cleanse the land of the foulest disease of leprosy, +who could, and did, perform many other wonderful works to convince +the unbelieving generation of his divinity, -- is it conceivable +that either intentionally or inadvertently he would have never once +referred to them in all his preaching? Is it not almost certain +that, if the earliest Christians knew of the miracles of Jesus, +they would have been greatly surprised at the failure of Paul to +refer to them a single time? And would not Paul have told them of +the promise of Jesus to give power to work even greater miracles +than his own, had he known of such a promise. Could Paul really +have left out of his ministry so essential a chapter from the life +of Jesus, had he been acquainted with it? The miraculous fills up +the greater portion of the four gospels, and if these documents +were dictated by the Holy Ghost, it means that they were too +important to be left out. Why, then, does not Paul speak of them at +all? There is only one reasonable answer: A miracle-working Jesus +was unknown to Paul. + + What would we say of a disciple of Tolstoy, for example, who +came to America to make converts to Count Tolstoy and never once +quoted anything that Tolstoy had said? Or what would we think of +the Christian missionaries who go to India, China, Japan and Africa +to preach the gospel, if they never mentioned to the people of +these countries the Sermon on the Mount, the Parable of the +Prodigal Son, the Lord's Prayer -- nor quoted a single text from +the gospels? Yet Paul, the first missionary, did the very thing +which would be inexplicable in a modern missionary. There is only +one rational explanation for this: The Jesus of Paul was not born +of a virgin; he did not work miracles; and he was not a teacher. It +was after his day that such a Jesus was -- I have to use again a +strong word -- invented. + + It has been hinted by certain professional defenders of +Christianity that Paul's specific mission was to introduce +Christianity among the Gentiles, and not to call attention to the +miraculous element in the life of his Master. But this is a very +lame defense. What is Christianity, but the life and teachings of +Jesus? And how can it be introduced among the Gentiles without a +knowledge of the doctrines and works of its founder? Paul gives no +evidence of possessing any knowledge of the teachings of Jesus, how +could he, then, be a missionary of Christianity to the heathen? +There is no other answer which can be given than that the +Christianity of Paul was something radically different from the +Christianity of the later gospel writers, who in all probability +were Greeks and not Jews. Moreover, it is known that Paul was +reprimanded by his fellow-apostles for carrying Christianity to the +Gentiles. What better defense could Paul have given for his conduct +than to have quoted the commandment of Jesus -- "Go ye into all the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +world and preach the gospel to every creature." And he would have +quoted the "divine" text had he been familiar with it. Nay, the +other apostles would not have taken him to task for obeying the +commandment of Jesus had they been familiar with such a +commandment. It all goes to support the proposition that the gospel +Jesus was of a date later than the apostolic times. + + That the authorities of the church realize how damaging to the +reality of the gospel Jesus is the inexplicable silence of Paul +concerning him, may be seen in their vain effort to find in a +passage put in Paul's mouth by the unknown author of the book of +Acts, evidence that Paul does quote the sayings of Jesus. The +passage referred to is the following: "It is more blessed to give +than to receive." Paul is made to state that this was a saying of +Jesus. In the first place, this quotation is not in the epistles of +Paul, but in the Acts, of which Paul was not the author; in the +second place, there is no such quotation in the gospels. The +position, then, that there is not a single saying of Jesus in the +gospels which is quoted by Paul in his many epistles is +unassailable, and certainly fatal to the historicity of the gospel +Jesus. + + Again, from Paul himself we learn that he was a zealous +Hebrew, a Pharisee of Pharisees, studying with Gamaliel in +Jerusalem, presumably to become a rabbi. Is it possible that such +a man could remain totally ignorant of a miracle worker an teacher +like Jesus, living in the same city with him? If Jesus really +raised Lazarus from the grave, and entered Jerusalem a the head of +a procession, waving branches and shouting, "hosanna" -- if he was +really crucified in Jerusalem, and ascended from one of its +environs -- is it possible that Paul neither saw Jesus nor heard +anything about these miracles? But if he knew all these things +about Jesus, is it possible that he could go through the world +preaching Christ and never once speak of them? It is more likely +that when Paul was studying in Jerusalem there was no miraculous +Jesus living or teaching in any part of Judea. + + If men make their gods they also make their Christs. +[Christianity and Mythology. J.M. Robertson, to whom the author +acknowledges his indebtedness, for the difference between Paul's +Jesus and that of the Gospels.] It is frequently urged that it was +impossible for a band of illiterate fishermen to have created out +of their own fancy so glorious a character as that of Jesus, and +that it would be more miraculous to suppose that the unique sayings +of Jesus and his incomparably perfect life were invented by a few +plain people than to believe in his actual existence. But it is not +honest to throw the question into that form. We do not know who +were the authors of the gospels. It is pure assumption that they +were written by plain fishermen. The authors of the gospels do not +disclose their identity. The words, according to Matthew, Mark, +etc., represent only the guesses or opinions of translators and +copyists. + + Both in the gospels and in Christian history the apostles are +represented as illiterate men. But if they spoke Greek, and could +also write in Greek, they could not have been just plain fishermen. +That they were Greeks, not Jews, and more or less educated, may be + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +safely inferred from the fact that they all write in Greek, and one +of them at least seems to be acquainted with the Alexandrian school +of philosophy. Jesus was supposedly a Jew, his twelve apostles all +Jews -- how is it, then, that the only biographies of him extant +are all in Greek? If his fishermen disciples were capable of +composition in Greek, they could not have been illiterate men, if +they could not have written in Greek -- which was a rare +accomplishment for a Jew, according to what Josephus says -- then +the gospels were not written by the apostles of Jesus. But the fact +that thou these documents are in a language alien both to Jesus and +his disciples, they are unsigned and undated, goes to prove, we +think, that their editors or authors wished to conceal their +identity that they may be taken for the apostles themselves. + + In the next place it is equally an assumption that the +portrait of Jesus is incomparable. It is now proven beyond a doubt +that there is not a single saying of Jesus, I say this +deliberately, which had not already been known both among the Jews +and Pagans. [Sometimes it is urged by pettifogging clergymen that +while it is true that Confucius gave the Golden Rule six hundred +years before Jesus, it was in a negative form. Confucius said, "Do +not unto another what you would not another to do unto you." Jesus +said, "Do unto others," etc. But every negative has its +corresponding affirmation. Moreover, are not the Ten Commandments +in the negative? But the Greek sages gave the Golden Rule in as +positive a form as we find it in the Gospels. "And may I do to +others as I would that others should do to me," said Plato. -- +Jowett Trans., V. 483. P. + + Besides if the only difference between Jesus and Confucius, +the one a God, the other a mere man, was that they both said the +same thing, the one in the negative, the other in the positive, it +is not enough to prove Jesus infinitely superior to Confucius. Many +of Jesus' own communications are in the negative: [Resist not +evil," for instance.] And as to his life; it is in no sense +superior or even as large and as many sided as that of Socrates. I +know some consider it blaphemy to compare Jesus with Socrates, but +that must be attributed to prejudice rather than to reason. + + And to the question that if Jesus be mythical, we cannot +account for the rise and progress of the Christian church, we +answer that the Pagan gods who occupied Mount Olympus were all +mythical beings -- mere shadows, and yet Paganism was the religion +of the most advanced and cultured nations of antiquity. How could +an imaginary Zeus, or Jupiter, draw to his temple the elite of +Greece and Rome? And if there is nothing strange in the rise and +spread of the Pagan church; in the rapid progress of the worship of +Osiris, who never existed; in the wonderful success of the religion +of Mithra, who is but a name; if the worship of Adonis, of Attis, +of Isis, and the legends of Heracles, Prometheus, Hercules, and the +Hindu trinity, -- Brahma, Shiva, Chrishna, -- with their rock-hewn +temples, can be explained without believing in the actual existence +of these gods -- why not Christianity? Religions, like everything +else, are born, they grow and die. They show the handiwork of whole +races, and of different epochs, rather than of one man or of age. +Time gives them birth, and changing environments determine their +career. Just as the portrait of Jesus we see in shops and churches +is an invention, so is his character. The artist gave him his +features, the theologian his attributes. + + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + What are the elements out of which the Jesus story was +evolved? The Jewish people were in constant expectation of a +Messiah. The belief prevailed that his name would be Joshua, which +in English is Jesus. The meaning of the word is savior. In ancient +Syrian mythology, Joshua was a Sun God. The Old-Testament Joshua, +who "stopped the Sun," was in all probability this same Syria, +divinity. According to tradition this Joshua, or Jesus, was the Son +of Mary, a name which with slight variations is found in nearly all +the old mythologies. Greek and Hindu divinities were mothered by +either a Mary, Meriam, Myrrah, or Merri, Maria or Mares is the +oldest word for sea -- the earliest source of life. The ancients +looked upon the sea-water as the mother of every living thing. +"Joshua (or Jesus), son of Mary," was already a part of the +religious outfit of the Asiatic world when Paul began his +missionary tours. His Jesus, or anointed one, crucified or slain, +did in no sense represent a new or original message. It is no more +strange that Paul's mythological "savior" should loom into +prominence and cast a spell over all the world, than that a +mythical Apollo or Jupiter should rule for thousands of years over +the fairest portions of the earth. + + It is also well known that there is in the Talmud the story of +a Jesus, Ben, or son, of Pandira, who lived about a hundred years +before the Gospel Jesus, and who was hanged from a tree. I believe +this Jesus is quite as legendary as the Syrian Hesous, or Joshua. +But may it not be that such a legend accepted as true -- to the +ancients all legends were true -- contributed its share toward +marking the outlines of the later Jesus, hanged on a cross? My idea +has been to show that the materials for a Jesus myth were at hand, +and that, therefore, to account for the rise and progress of the +Christian cult is no more difficult than to explain the widely +spread religion of the Indian Chrishna, or of the Persian Mithra. +[For a fuller discussion of the various "christs" in mythology read +Robertson's Christianity and Mythology and his Pagan Christs.] + + Now, why have I given these conclusions to the world? Would I +not have made more friends -- provoked a warmer response from the +public at large -- had I repeated in pleasant accents the familiar +phrases about the glory and beauty and sweetness of the Savior God, +the Virgin-born Christ? Instead of that, I have run the risk of +alienating the sympathies of my fellows by intimating that this +Jesus whom Christendom worships today as a god, this Jesus at whose +altar the Christian world bends its knees and bows its head, is as +much of an idol as was Apollo of the Greeks; and that we -- we +Americans of the twentieth century -- are an idolatrous people, +inasmuch as we worship a name, or at most, a man of whom we know +nothing provable. + + IS CHRISTIANITY REAL? + + It is assumed, without foundation, as I hope to show, that the +religion of Jesus alone can save the world. We are not surprised at +the claim, because there has never been a religion which has been +too modest to make a similar claim. No religion has ever been +satisfied to be one of the saviors of man. Each religion wants to +be the only savior of man. There is no monopoly like religious +monopoly. The industrial corporations with all their greed are less + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +exacting than the Catholic church, for instance, which keeps heaven +itself under lock and key. + + But what is meant by salvation? Let us consider its religious +meaning first. An unbiased investigation of the dogmas and their +supposed historical foundations will prove that the salvation which +Christianity offers, and the means by which it proposes to effect +the world's salvation, are extremely fanciful in nature. If this +point could be made clear, there will be less reluctance on the +part of the public to listen to the evidence on the unhistoricity +of the founder of Christianity. + + We are told that God, who is perfect, created this world +about half a hundred centuries ago. Of course, being perfect +himself the world which he created was perfect, too. But the +world did not stay perfect very long. Nay, from the heights it +fell, not slowly, but suddenly, into the lowest depths of +degradation. How a world which God had created perfect, could in +the twinkling of an eye become so vile as to be cursed by the +same being who a moment before had pronounced it "good," and +besides be handed the devil as fuel for eternal burnings, only +credulity can explain. I am giving the story of what is called +the "plan of salvation," in order to show its mythical nature. In +the preceding pages we have discussed the question, Is Jesus a +Myth, but I believe that when we have reflected upon the story of +man's fall and his supposed subsequent salvation by the blood of +Jesus, we shall conclude that the function, or the office, which +Jesus is said to perform, is as mythical as his person. + + The story of Eden possesses all the marks of an allegory. +Adam and Eve, and a perfect world suddenly plunged from a snowy +whiteness into the blackness of hell, are the thoughts of a child +who exaggerates because of an as yet undisciplined fancy. Yet, if +Adam and Eve are unreal, theologically speaking, Jesus is unreal. +If they are allegory and myth, so is Jesus. It is claimed that it +was the fall of Adam which necessitated the death of Jesus, but +if Adam's fall be a fiction, as we know it is, Jesus' death as an +atonement must also be a fiction. + + In the fall of Adam, we are told, humanity itself fell. +Could anything be more fanciful than that? And what was Adam's +sin? He coveted knowledge. He wished to improve his mind. He +experimented with forbidden things. He dared to take the +initiative. And for that imaginary crime, even the generations +not yet born are to be forever blighted. Even the animals, the +flowers and vegetables were cursed for it. Can you conceive of +anything more mythical than that? one of the English divines of +the age of Calvin declared that original sin, -- Adam's sin +imputed to us, -- was so awful, that "if a man had never been +born he would yet have been damned for it." It is from this +mythical sin that a mythical Savior saves us. And how does he do +it? In a very mythical way, as we shall see. + + When the world fell, it fell into the devil's hands. To +redeem a part of it, at least, the deity concludes to give up his +only son for a ransom. This is interesting. God is represented as +being greatly offended, because the world which he had created +perfect was all in a heap before him. To placate himself he +sacrificed his son -- not himself. + + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + But, as intimated above, he does not intend to restore the +whole world to its pristine purity, but only a part of it. This +is alarming. He creates the whole world perfect, but now he is +satisfied to have only a portion of it redeemed from the devil. +If he can save at all, pray, why not save all? This is not an +irrelevant question when it is remembered that the whole world +was created perfect in the first place. + + The refusal of the deity to save all of his world from the +devil would lead one to believe that even when God created the +world perfect he did not mean to keep all of it to himself, but +meant that some of it, the greater part of it, as some +theologians contend, should go to the devil! Surely this is +nothing but myth. Let us hope for the sake of our ideals that all +this is no more than the childish prattle of primitive man. + + But let us return to the story of the fall of man; God +decides to save a part of his ruined perfect world by the +sacrifice of his son. The latter is supposed to have said to his +father: "Punish me, kill me, accept my blood, and let it pay for +the sins of man." He thus interceded for the elect, and the deity +was mollified. As Jesus is also God, it follows that one God +tried to pacify another, which is. pure myth. Some theologians +have another theory -- there is room here for many theories. +According to these, God gave up his son as a ransom, not to +himself, but to the devil, who now claimed the world as his own. +I heard a distinguished minister explain this in the following +manner: A poor man whose house is mortgaged hears that some +philanthropist has redeemed the property by paying off the +mortgage. The soul of man was by the fall of Adam mortgaged to +the devil. God has raised the mortgage by abandoning his son to +be killed to satisfy the devil who held the mortgage. The debt +which we owed ha been paid by Jesus. By this arrangement the +devil loses his legal right to our souls and we are saved. All we +need to do is to believe in this story and we'll be sure to go to +heaven. And to think that intelligent Americans not only accept +all this as inspired, but denounce the man who venture to +intimate modestly that it might be a myth as a blasphemer! "O, +judgment!" cries Shakespeare, "thou hast fled to brutish beasts, +and men have lost their reason." + + The morality which the Christian church teaches is of as +mythical a nature as the story of the fall, and the blood- +atonement. It is not natural morality, but something quite +unintelligible and fictitious. For instance, we are told that we +cannot of our selves be righteous. We must first have the grace +of God. Then we are told that we cannot have the grace of God +unless he gives it to us. And he will not give it us unless we +ask for it. But we cannot ask for it, unless he moves us to ask +for it. And there we are. We shall be damned if we do not come to +God, and we cannot come to God unless he calls us. Besides, could +anything be more mythical than a righteousness which can only be +imputed to us, -- any righteousness of our own being but "filthy +rags?" + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + The Christian religion has the appearance of being one great +myth, constructed out of many minor myths. It is the same with +Mohammedanism, or Judaism, which latter is the mischievous parent +of both the Mohammedan and the Christian faiths. It is the same +with all supernatural creeds. Myth is the dominating element in +them all. Compared with these Asiatic religions how glorious is +science! How wholesome, helpful, and luminous, are her +commandments! + + If I were to command you to believe that Mount Olympus was +once tenanted by blue eyed gods and their consorts, -- sipping +nectar and ambrosia the live-long day, -- You will answer, "Oh, +that is only mythology." If I were to tell you that you cannot be +saved unless you believe that Minerva was born full-fledged from +the brain of Jupiter, you will laugh at me. If I were to tell you +that you must punish your innocent sons for the guilt of their +brothers and sisters, you will answer that I insult your moral +sense. + + And yet, every Sunday, the preacher repeats the myth of Adam +and Eve, and how God killed his innocent son to please himself, +or to satisfy the devil, and with bated breath, and on your +knees, you whisper, Amen. + + How is it that when you read the literature of the Greeks, +the literature of the Persians, the literature of Hindostan, or +of the Mohammedan world, you discriminate between fact and +fiction, between history and myth, but when it comes to the +literature of the Jews, you stammer, you stutter, you bite your +lips, you turn pale, and fall upon your face before it as the +savage before his fetish? You would consider it unreasonable to +believe that everything a Greek, or a Roman, or an Arab ever said +was inspired. And yet, men have been hounded to death for not +believing everything that a Jew ever said in olden times was +inspired. + + I do not have to use arguments, I hope, to prove to an +intelligent public that an infallible book is as much a myth as +the Garden of Eden, or the Star of Bethlehem. A mythical Savior, +a mythical Bible, a mythical plan of salvation! + + When we subject what are called religious truths to the same +tests by which we determine scientific or historical truths, we +discover that they are not truths at all; they are only opinions. +Any statement which snaps under the strain of reason is unworthy +of credence. But it is claimed that religious truth is discovered +by intuition and not by investigation. The believer, it is +claimed, feels in his own soul -- he has the witness of the +spirit, that the Bible is infallible, and that Jesus is the +Savior of man. The Christian does not have to look into the +arguments for or against his religion it is said, before he makes +up his mind; he knows by an inward assurance; he has proved it to +his own deepermost being that Jesus is real and that he is the +only Savior. But what is that but another kind of argument? The +argument is quite inadequate to inspire assurance, as you will +presently see, but it is an argument nevertheless. To say that we +must believe and not reason is a kind of reasoning, This device + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +of reasoning against reasoning is resorted to by people who have +been compelled by modern thought to give up, one after another, +the strongholds of their position. They run under shelter of what +they call faith, or the "inward witness of the spirit," or the +intuitive argument, hoping thereby to escape the enemy's fire, if +I may use so objectionable a phrase. + + What is called faith, then, or an intuitive spiritual +assurance, is a Species of reasoning; let its worth be tested +honestly. + + In the first place, faith or the intuitive argument would +prove too much. If Jesus is real, notwithstanding that there is +no reliable historical data to warrant the belief, because the +believer feels in his own soul that He is real and divine, I +answer that, the same mode of reasoning -- and let us not forget, +it is a kind of reasoning -- would prove Mohammed a divine +savior, and the wooden idol of the savage a god. The African +Bushman trembles before an image, because he feels in his own +soul that the thing is real. Does that make it real? The Moslem +cries unto Mohammed, because he believes in his innermost heart +that Mohammed is near and can hear him. He will risk his life on +that assurance. To quote to him history and science to prove that +Mohammed is dead and unable to save, would be of no avail, for he +has the witness of the spirit in him, an intuitive assurance, +that the great prophet sits on the right hand of Allah. An +argument which proves too much, proves nothing. + + In the second place, an intuition is not communicable. I may +have an intuition that I see spirits all about me this morning. +They come, they go, they nod, they brush my forehead with their +wings. But do you see them, too, because I see them? There is the +difference between a scientific demonstration and a purely +metaphysical assumption. I could go to the blackboard and assure +you, as I am myself assured, that two parallel lines running in +the same direction will not and cannot meet. That is +demonstration. A fever patient when in a state of delirium, and a +frightened child in the dark, see things. We do not deny that +they do, but their testimony does not prove that the things they +see are real. + + "What is this I see before me?" cries Macbeth, the murderer, +and be shrieks and shakes from head to foot -- he draws his sword +and rushes upon Banquo's ghost, which be sees coldly staring at +him. But is that any proof that what he saw we could see also? +Yes, we could, if we were in the same frenzy! And it is the +revivalist's aim, by creating a general excitement, to make +everybody see things. "Doctor, Doctor, help! they are coming to +kill me; there they are the assassins, -- one, two, three -- oh, +help," and the patient jumps out of bed to escape the banditti +crowding in upon him. But is that any reason why the attending +physician, his pulse normal and his brow cool should believe that +the room is filling up with assassins? I observe people jump up +and down, as they do in holiness meetings; I hear them say they +see angels, they see Jesus, they feel his presence. But is that +any evidence for you or me? An intuitive argument is not +communicable, and, therefore, it is no argument at all. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Our orthodox friends are finally driven by modern thought, +which is growing bolder every day, to the only refuge left for +them. It is the one already mentioned. Granted that Jesus was an +imaginary character, even then, as an ideal, they argue, he is an +inspiration, and the most effective moral force the world has +ever known. We do not care, they say, whether the story of his +birth, trial, death, and resurrection is myth or actual history; +such a man as Jesus may never have existed, the things he is +reported as saying may have been put in his mouth by others, but +what of that -- is not the picture of his character perfect? Are +not the Beatitudes beautiful -- no matter who said them? To +strengthen this position they call our attention to Shakespeare's +creations, the majority of whom -- Hamlet, Othello, Lear, Portia, +Imogen, Desdemona, are fictitious. Yet where are there grander +men, or finer women? These children of Shakespeare may never have +lived, but, surely, they will never die. In the same sense, Jesus +may be just as ideal a character as those of Shakespeare, they +say, and still be "the light of the world." A New York preacher +is reported as saying that if Christianity is a lie, it is a +"glorious lie." + + My answer to the above is that such an argument evades +instead of facing the question. It is receding from a position +under cover of a rhetorical manoeuvre. It is a retreat in +disguise. If Christianity is a "glorious lie," then call it such. +The question under discussion is, Is Jesus Historical? To answer +that it is immaterial whether or not he is historical, is to +admit that there is no evidence that he is historical. To urge +that, unhistorical though he be, he, is, nevertheless, the only +savior of the world, is, I regret to say, not only evasive, -- +not only does it beg the question, but it is also clearly +dishonest. How long will the tremendous ecclesiastical machinery +last, if it were candidly avowed that it is doubtful whether +there ever was such a historical character as Jesus, or that in +all probability he is no more real than one of Shakespeare's +creations? What! all these prayers, these churches, these +denominations, these sectarian wars which have shed oceans of +human blood -- these unfortunate persecutions which have +blackened the face of man -- the fear of hell and the devil which +has blasted millions of lives -- all these for a Christ who may, +after all, be only a picturer! + + Neither is it true that this pictorial Jesus saved the +world. He has had two thousand years to do it in, but as +missionaries are still being sent out, it follows that the world +is yet to be saved. The argument presented elsewhere in these +pages may here be recapitulated. + + There was war before Christianity; has Jesus abolished war? + + There was poverty and misery in the world before +Christianity; has Jesus removed these evils? + + There was ignorance in the world before Christianity; has +Jesus destroyed ignorance? + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + There were disease, crime, persecution, oppression, slavery, +massacres, and bloodshed in the world before Christianity; alas, +are they not still with us? + + When Jesus shall succeed in pacifying his own disciples; in +healing the sectarian world of its endless and bitter quarrels, +then it will be time to ask what else Jesus has done for +humanity. + + If the world is improving at all, and we believe it is, the +progress is due to the fact that man pays now more attention to +this life than formerly. He is thinking less of the other world +and more of this. He no longer sings with John Wesley: + + The world is all a fleeting show + For man's delusion given. + Its smiles of joy, its tears of woe, + Deceitful shine, deceitful flow, + There's nothing true but heaven. + + How could people with such feelings labor to improve a world +they hated? How could they be in the least interested in social +or political reforms when they were constantly repeating to +themselves -- + + I'm a pilgrim, and I'm a stranger -- + I can tarry, I can tarry, but a night. + + That these same people should now claim not only a part of +the credit for the many improvements, but all of it -- saying +that but for their religion the "world would now have been a +hell," [Rev. Frank Gunsaulus, of the Central Church, Chicago.] +is really a little too much for even the most serene temperament. + + Which of the religions has persecuted as long and as +relentlessly as Christianity? + + Which of the many faiths of the world has opposed Science as +stubbornly and as bitterly as Christianity? + + In the name of what other prophets have more people been +burned at the stake than in the names of Jesus and Moses? + + What other revelation has given rise to so many sects, +hostile and irreconcilable, as the Christian? + + Which religion has furnished as many effective texts for +political oppression, polygamy, slavery, and the subjection of +woman [See A New Catechism. -- M.M. Mangasarian.] as the +religion of Jesus and Paul? + + Is there, -- has there ever been another creed which makes +salvation dependent on belief, -- thereby encouraging hypocrisy, +and making honest inquiry a crime? + + To send a thief to heaven from the gallows because he +believes, and an honest man to hell because he doubts, is that +the virtue which is going to save the world? + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + The claim that Jesus has saved the world is another myth. + + A pictorial Christ, then, has not done anything for humanity +to deserve the tremendous expenditure of time, energy, love, and +devotion, which has for two thousand years taxed the resources of +civilization. + + The passing away of this imaginary savior will relieve the +world of an unproductive investment. + + We conclude: Honesty, like charity, must begin at home. +Unless we can tell the truth in our churches we will never tell +the truth in our shops. Unless our teachers, the ministers of +God, are honest, our insurance companies and corporations will +have to be watched. Permit sham in your religious life, and the +disease will spread to every member of the social body. If you +may keep religion in the dark, and cry "hush," "hush," when +people ask that it be brought out into the light, why may not +polities or business cultivate a similar partiality for darkness? +If the king cries, "rebel," when a citizen asks for justice, it +is because he has heard the priest cry, "infidel," when a member +of his church asked for evidence. Religious hypocrisy is the +mother of all hypocrisies. Cure a man of that, and the human +world will recover its health. + + Not so long ago, nearly everybody believed in the existence +of a personal devil. People saw him, heard him, described him, +danced with him, and claimed, besides, to have whipped him. +Luther hurled his ink-stand at him, and American women accused as +witches were put to death in the name of the devil. Yet all this +"evidence" has not saved the devil from passing out of existence. +What has happened to the devil will happen to the gods. Man is +the only real savior. If he is not a savior, there is no other. + + PART II. + + IS THE WORLD INDEBTED TO CHRISTIANITY? + + "But," says the believer, again, as a last resort, "Jesus, +whether real or mythical, has certainly saved the world, and is +its only hope." If this assertion can be supported with facts, +then surely it would matter very little whether Jesus really +lived and taught, or whether he is a mere picture. Although even +then it would be more truthful to say we have no satisfactory +evidence that such a teacher as Jesus ever lived, than to affirm +dogmatically his existence, as it is now done. Whatever Jesus may +have done for the world, he has certainly not freed us from the +obligation of telling the truth. I call special attention to this +point. Because Jesus has saved the world, granting for the moment +that he has, is no reason why we should be indifferent to the +truth. Nay, it would show that Jesus has not saved the world, if +we can go on and speak of him as an actual existence, born of a +virgin and risen from the dead, and in his name persecute one +another -- oppose the advance of science, deny freedom of +thought, terrorize children and women with pictures of hellfire +and seek to establish a spiritual monopoly in the world, when the +evidence in hand seems clearly to indicate that such a person +never existed. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + We shall quote a chapter from Christian history to give our +readers an idea of how much the religion of Jesus, when +implicitly believed in, can do for the world. We have gone to the +earliest centuries for our examples of the influence exerted by +Christianity upon the ambitions and passions of human nature +because it is generally supposed that Christianity was then at +its best. Let us, then, present a picture of the world, strictly +speaking, of the Roman Empire, during the first four or five +hundred years after its conversion to Christianity. + + We select this specific period, because Christianity was at +this time fifteen hundred years nearer to its source, and was +more virile and aggressive than it has ever been since. + + Shakespeare speaks of the uses of adversity; but the uses of +prosperity are even greater. The proverb says that "adversity +tries a man." While there is considerable truth in this, the fact +is that prosperity is a much surer criterion of character. It is +impossible to tell for instance, what a man will do who has +neither the power nor the opportunity to do anything. +"Opportunity," says a French writer; "is the cleverest devil." +Both our good and bad qualities wait upon opportunity to show +themselves. It is quite easy to be virtuous when the opportunity +to do evil is lacking. Behind the prison bars, every criminal is +a penitent, but the credit belongs to the iron bars and not to +the criminal. To be good when one cannot be bad, is an +indifferent virtue. + + It is with institutions and religions as with individuals -- +they should be judged not by what they pretend in their weakness, +but by what they do when they are strong. Christianity, +Mohammedanism and Judaism, the three kindred religions -- we call +them kindred because they are related in blood and are the +offspring of the same soil and climate -- these three kindred +religions must be interpreted not by what they profess today, but +by what they did when they had both the power and the opportunity +to do as they wished. + + When Christianity, or Mohammedanism, was professed only by a +small handful of men -- twelve fishermen, or a dozen camel- +drivers of the desert -- neither party advocated persecution. The +worst punishment which either religion held out was a distant and +a future punishment; but as soon as Christianity converted an +Emperor, or Mohammed became the victorious warrior, that is to +say, as soon as, springing forth, they picked up the sword and +felt their grip sure upon its hilt, this future and distant +punishment materialized into a present and persistent persecution +of their opponents. Is not that suggestive? Then, again, when in +the course of human evolution, both Christianity and +Mohammedanism lost the secular support -- the throne, the favor +of the courts, the imperial treasury -- they fell back once more +upon future penalties as the sole menace against an unbelieving +world. As religion grows, secularly speaking, weaker and is more +completely divorced from the temporal, even the future penalties, +from being both literal and frightful, pale into harmless figures +of speech. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + It was but a short time after the conversion of the Emperor +Constantine, that the following edict was published throughout +the provinces of the Roman Empire: + + "O ye enemies of truth, authors and counsellors of + death -- we enact by this law that none of you dare + hereafter to meet at your conventicles ... nor keep any + meetings either in public buildings or private houses. We + have commanded that all your places of meeting -- your + temples -- be pulled down or confiscated to the Catholic + Church." + + The man who affixed his signature to this edict was a +monarch, that is to say, a man who had the power to do as he +liked. The man and monarch, then, who affixed his imperial +signature to this first document of persecution in Europe -- the +first, because, as Renan has beautifully remarked, "We may search +in vain the whole Roman law before Constantine for a single +passage against freedom of thought, and the history of the +imperial government furnishes no instance of a prosecution for +entertaining an abstract doctrine," -- this is glory enough for +the civilization which we call Pagan and which was replaced by +the Asiatic religion -- the man and the monarch who fathered the +first instrument of persecution in our Europe, who introduced +into our midst the crazed hounds of religious wars, unknown +either in Greece or Rome, Constantine, has been held up by +Cardinal Newman as "a pattern to all succeeding monarchs." Only +an Englishman, a European, infected with the malady of the East, +could hold up the author of such an edict, -- an edict which +prostitutes the State to the service of a fad -- as "a pattern." + + If we asked for a modern illustration of what a church will +do when it has the power, of Russia. there is the example of +Russia. Russia is today centuries behind the other European +nations. She is the most unfortunate, the most ignorant, the most +poverty-pinched country, with the most orthodox type of +Christianity. What is the difference between Greek Christianity, +such as prevails in Russia, and American Christianity? Only this: +The Christian Church in Russia has both the power and the +opportunity to do things, while the Christian church in America +or in France has not. We must judge Christianity as a religion by +what it does in Russia, more than by what it does not do in +France or America. There was a time when the church did in France +and in England what it is doing now in Russia, which is a further +confirmation of the fact that a religion must be judged not by +what it pretends in its weakness, but by what it does when it +can. In Russia, the priest can tie a man's hands and feet and +deliver him up to the government; and it does so. In Protestant +countries, the church, being deprived of all its badges and +prerogatives, is more modest and humble. The poet Heine gives +eloquent expression to this idea when be says: "Religion comes +begging to us, when it can no longer burn us." + + There will be no revolution in Russia, nor even any radical +improvement of existing conditions, so long as the Greek Church +has the education of the masses in charge. To become politically +free, men must first be intellectually emancipated. If a Russian + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +is not permitted to choose his own religion, will he be permitted +to choose his own form of government? If he will allow a priest +to impose his religion upon him, why may he not permit the Czar +to impose despotism upon him? If it is wrong for him to question +the tenets of his religion, is it not equally wrong for him to +discuss the laws of his government? If a slave of the church, why +may he not be a slave of the state? If there is room upon his +neck for the yoke of the church, there will be room, also, for +the yoke of the autocracy. If he is in the habit of bending his +knees, what difference does it make to how many or to whom he +bends them? + + Not until Russia has become religiously emancipated, will +she conquer political freedom. She must first cast out of her +mind the fear of the church, before she can enter into the +glorious fellowship of the free. In Turkey, all the misery of the +people will not so much as cause a ripple of discontent, because +the Moslem has been brought up to submit to the Sultan as to the +shadow on earth of Allah. Both in Russia and Turkey, the +protestants are the heretics. The orthodox Turk and the orthodox +Christian permit without a murmur both the priest and the king to +impose upon them at the point of a bayonet, the one his religion, +and the other his government. It is only by taking the education +of the masses out of the hands of the clergy that either country +can enjoy any prosperity. Orthodoxy and autocracy are twins. + + Let me now try to present to you a picture of the world +under Christianity about the year 400 of the present era. Let us +discuss this phase of the subject in a liberal spirit, +extenuating nothing, nor setting down aught in malice. Please +interpret what I say in the next few minutes metaphorically, and +pardon me if my picture is a repellant one. + + We are in the year of our Lord, 400: + + I rose up early this morning to go to church. As I +approached the building, I saw there a great multitude of people +unable to secure admission into the edifice. The huge iron doors +were closed, and upon them was affixed a notice from the +authorities, to the effect that all who worshiped in this church +would, by the authority of the state, be known and treated +hereafter as "infamous heretics," and be exposed to the extreme +penalty of the law if they persisted in holding services there. +But the party to which I belonged heeded not the prohibition, but +beat against the doors furiously and effected an entrance into +the church. The excitement ran high; men and, leaders shouted, +gesticulated and came to blows. The Archbishop was urged to +ascend his episcopal throne and officiate at the altar in spite +of the formal interdiction against him. He consented. But he had +not proceeded far when soldiers, with a wild rush, poured into +the building and began to discharge arrows at the panic-stricken +people. Instantly pandemonium was let loose. The officers +commanding the soldiers demanded the head of the offending +Archbishop. The worshipers made a attempt to resist; then blood +was shed, the sight of which reeled people's heads, and in an +instant, the sanctuary was turned into a house of murder. Taking +advantage of the uproar, the Archbishop, assisted by his + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +secretaries, escaped through a secret door behind the altar. +On my way home from this terrible scene, I fell upon a procession +of monks. They were carrying images and relies, and a banner upon +which were inscribed these words: "The Virgin Mary, Mother of +God." As they marched on, their number increased by new +additions. But suddenly they encountered another band of monks, +carrying a different banner, bearing the same words which were on +the other party's banner, but instead of "The Virgin Mary, Mother +of God," their banner read: "The Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus +Christ." The two processions clashed, and a bloody encounter +followed; in an instant images, relies and banners were all in an +indiscriminate heap. The troops were called out again, but Such +was the zeal of the conflicting parties that not until the +majority of them were disabled and exhausted, was tranquility +restored. + + Looking about me, I saw the spire of neighboring church. My +curiosity prompted me to wend my steps thither. As soon as I +entered, I was recognized as belonging to the forbidden sect, and +in an instant a hundred fists rained down blows upon head. "He +has polluted the sanctuary,' they cried. "He has committed +sacrilege." "No quarter to the enemies of the true church," cried +others, and it was a miracle that, beaten, bruised, my clothes +torn from my back, I regained the street. A few seconds later, +looking up the streets, I saw another troop of soldiers, rushing +down toward this church at full speed. It seems that while I was +being beaten in the main auditorium, in the baptistery of the +church they were killing, in cold blood, the Archbishop, who was +suspected of a predilection for the opposite party, and who had +refused to retract or resign from his office. The next day I +heard that one hundred and thirty-seven bodies were taken out of +this building. + + Seized with terror, I now began to run, but, alas, I had +worse experiences in store for me. I was compelled to pass the +principal square in the center of the city before I could reach a +place of safety. When I reached this square, it had the +appearance of a veritable battlefield. It was Sunday morning, and +the partisans of rival bishops, differing in their interpretation +of theological doctrines, were fighting each other like maddened, +malignant creatures. One could hear, over the babel of discordant +yells, scriptural phrases. The words, "The Son is equal to the +Father," "The Father is greater than the Son," "He is begotten of +the same substance as the Father," "He is of like substance, but +not of the same substance," "You are a heretic," "You are an +atheist," were invariably accompanied with blows, stabs and sword +thrusts, until, as an eye-witness, I can take an oath that I saw +the streets leading out of the square deluged with palpitating +human blood. Suddenly the commander of the cavalry, Hermogenes, +rode upon the scene of feud and bloodshed. He ordered the +followers of the rival bishops to disperse, but instead of +minding his authority, the zealots of both sides rushed upon his +horse, tore the rider from the saddle and began to beat him with +clubs and stones which they picked up from the street. He managed +to escape into a house close by, but the religious rabble +surrounded the house and set fire to it. Hermogenes appeared at +the window, begging for his life. He was attacked again, an +killed, and his mangled body dragged through the streets and +rushed into a ditch. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + The spectacle inflamed me, being a sectarian myself. I felt +ashamed that I was not showing an equal zeal for my party I, too, +longed to fight, to kill, to be killed for my religion. And, +anon! the opportunity presented itself. I saw, looking up the +street to my right, a group of my fellow-believers, who, like +myself, shut out of their own church by the orthodox authorities, +armed with whips loaded with lead and with clubs, were entering a +house. I followed them. As we went in, we commanded the head of +the family and his wife to appear. When they did, we asked them +if it was true that in their prayers to Mary they had refrained +from the use of the words, "The mother of God." They hesitated to +give a direct answer, whereupon we used the club, and then, the +scourge. Then they said they believed in and revered the blessed +virgin, but would not, even if we killed them, say that she was +the mother of God. This obstinacy exasperated us and we felt it +to be our religious duty, for the honor of our, divine Queen, to +perpetrate such cruelties upon them as would shock your gentle +ears to hear. We held them over slowly burning fires, flung lime +into their eyes, applied roasted eggs and hot irons to the +sensitive parts of their bodies, and even gagged them to force +the sacrament into their mouths. ... As we went from house to +house, bent upon our mission, I remember an expression of one of +the party who said to the poor woman who was begging for mercy: +"What! shall I be guilty of defrauding the vengeance of God of +its victims?" A sudden chill ran down my back. I felt my flesh +creep. Like a drop of poison the thought embodied in those words +perverted whatever of pity or humanity was left in me, and I felt +that I was only helping to secure victims with which to feed the +vengeance of God! + + I was willing to be a monster for the glory of God! + + The Christian sect to which I belonged was one of the oldest +in Christendom. Our ancestors were called the Puritans of the +fourth and fifth centuries. We believe that no one can be saved +outside of our communion. When a Christian of another church +joins us, we re-baptize him, for we do not believe in the +validity of other baptisms. We are so particular that we deny our +cemeteries to any other Christians than our own members. If we +find that we have, by mistake, buried a member of another church +in our cemetery, we dig up his bones, that he may not pollute the +soil. When one of the churches of another denomination falls into +our hands, we first fumigate the building, and with a sharp knife +we scrape the wood off the altars upon which other Christian +priests have offered prayers. We under no consideration, allow a +brother Christian from another church to commune with us; if by +stealth anyone does, we spare not his life. But we are persecuted +just as severely as we persecute, ourselves. [This sect +(Donatist) and others, lasted for a long time, and made Asia and +Africa a hornet's nest, -- a blood-stained arena, of feud and +riot and massacre, until Mohammedanism put an end, In these parts +of the world, not only to these sects, but to Christianity +itself.] + + As the sun was setting, fatigued with the holy Sabbath's +religious duties, I started to go home. On my way back, I saw +even wilder, bloodier scenes, between rival ecclesiastical +factions, streets even redder with blood, if possible, yea, + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +certain sections of the city seemed as if a storm of hail, or +tongues of flame had swept over them. Churches were on fire, +cowled monks attacking bishops' residences, rival prelates +holding uproarious debates, which almost always terminated in +bloodshed and, to cap the day of many vicissitudes, I saw a bear +on exhibition which bad been given its freedom by the ruler, as a +reward for his faithful services in devouring heretics. The +Christian ruler kept two fierce bears by his own chamber, to +which those who did not bold the orthodox faith were thrown in +his presence while he listened with delight to their groans. + + When I reached home, I was panting for breath. I had lived +through another Sabbath day. [If the reader will take the pains +to read Dean Milman's History of Christianity, and his History of +Latin Christianity; also Gibbon's Downfall of the Roman Empire, +and Mosheim's History of Christianity, he will see that we have +exaggerated nothing. The Athanasian and the Arian, the Donstist +and Sabellian, the Nestorian and Alexandrian factions converted +the early centuries into a long reign of terror.] + + I feel like covering my face for telling you so grewsome a +tale. But if this were the fourth or the fifth century, instead +of the twentieth, and this were Constantinople, or Alexandria, or +Antioch, instead of Chicago, I would have spent just such a +Sunday as I have described to you. In giving you this +concentrated view of human society in the great capitals of +Christendom in the year 400, I have restrained, rather than +spurred, my imagination. Remember, also that I have excluded from +my generalization all reference to the centuries of religious +wars which tore Europe limb from limb, -- the wholesale +exterminations, the crusades, which represented one of the +maddest spells of misguided and costly zeal which ever, shuck our +earth, the persecution of the Huguenots, the extermination of the +Albigenses and of the Waldenses, -- the massacre of St. +Bartholomew, the Inquisition with its red hand upon the intellect +of Europe, the Antibaptist outrages in Germany, the smithfield +fires in England, the religious outrages in Scotland, the Puritan +excesses in America, -- the reign of witchcraft and superstition +throughout the twenty centuries -- I have not touched my picture +with any colors borrowed from these terrible chapters in the +history of our unfortunate earth. I have also left out all +reference to Papal Rome, with its dungeons, its stakes, its +massacres and its burnings. I have said nothing of Galileo, +Vanini, Campanella or Bruno. I have passed over all this in +silence. You can imagine, now, how much more repellant and +appalling this representation of the Roman world under +Christianity would have been had I stretched my canvas to include +also these later centuries. + + But I tremble to be one-sided or unjust, and so I hasten to +say that during the twenty centuries reign of our religion, the +world has also seen some of the fairest flowers spring out of the +soil of our earth. During the past twenty centuries there have +been men and women, calling themselves Christians, who have been +as generous, as heroic and as deeply consecrated to high ideals +as any the world has ever produced. Christianity has in many +instances, softened the manners of barbarians and elevated the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +moral tone of primitive peoples. It gives us more pleasure to +speak of the good which religions have accomplished than to call +attention to the evil they have caused. But this raises a very +important question. "Why do you not confine yourself," we are +often asked, "to the virtues you find in Christianity or +Mohammedanism, instead of discussing so frequently their +short-comings? Is it not better to praise than to blame, to +recommend than to find fault?" This is a fair question, and we +may just as well meet it now as at any other time. + + Such is the economy of nature that no man, or institution or +religion, can be altogether evil. The poet spoke the truth when +he said: "There is a soul of goodness in things evil." Evil, in a +large sense, is the raw material of the good. All things +contribute to the education of man. The question, then, whether +an institution is helpful or hurtful, is a relative one. The +character of an institution, as that of an individual, is +determined by its ruling passion. Despotism, for instance, is +generally considered to be an evil. And yet, a hundred good +things can be said of despotism. The French people, over a +hundred years ago, overthrew the monarchy. And yet the monarchy +had rendered a thousand services to France, It was the monarchy +that created France, that extended her territory, developed her +commerce, built her great cities, defended her frontiers against +foreign invasion, and gave her a place among the first-class +nations of Europe. Was it just, then, to pull down an institution +that had done so much for France? + + Why did the Americans overthrow British rule in this +country? Had not England rendered innumerable services to the +colony? Was she not one of the most progressive, most civilizing +influences in the modern world? Was it just, then, that we should +have beaten out of the land a government that had performed for +us so many friendly acts? + + Referring once more to the case of Russia: Why do the +awakened people in that country demand the overthrow of the +autocracy? Is there nothing good to be said of Russian autocracy? +Have not the Czars loved their country and fought for her +prosperity? Have they not brought Russia up to her present size, +population and political influence in Europe? Have they not +beautified her cities and enacted laws for the protection of +their subjects? Is it right, then, in spite of all these things +that autocracy has done for Russia, to seek to overthrow it? + + Once more: Why do the missionaries go into India and China +and Japan trying to replace the ancestral religion of these +people with the Christian faith? Why does the missionary labor to +overthrow the worship of Buddha, Confucius and Zoroaster? Have +not these great teachers helped humanity? Have they not rendered +any services to their countrymen? Are there no truths in their +teachings? Are there no virtues in their lives? Is it right, +then, that the missionary should criticize these ancient faiths? + + Let us take an example from nearer home. We were talking +some years ago with a gentleman who had just returned from +Dowie's Zion. He was surprised to find there a clean, orderly and +well-behaved people, apparently quite happy. He said that after + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +his experience there, he would rather do business with Dowie and +his men than with the average member of other religious bodies. +He found the Dowieites honest, reliable and peaceful. Now, all +this may be true, and I hope it is; but what of it? Dowieism is +an evil, notwithstanding this recital of its virtues. It is an +evil, because it arrests the intellectual development of man, +because it makes dwarfs of the people it converts, because it +pinches the forehead of each convert into that of either a +charlatan or an idiot. We regret to have to use these harsh +terms. But Dowieism is denounced, because it brings up human +beings as if they were sheep, because it robs them of the most +glorious gift of life, the freedom to grow, Dowieism is an evil, +because it makes the human race mediocre by contracting its +intellect down to the measure of a creed. We would much rather +that the Dowieites smoked and drank and swore, than that they +should fear to think. There is hope for a bad man. There is no +hope for the stupid. + + In the case of an institution or a religion, then, it is not +by adding up the debit and credit columns and striking a balance +sheet that the question whether it has helped or hurt mankind is +to be determined. We cannot, for instance, place ninety-nine +vices in one column, and a hundred virtues in another, and +conclude therefrom that the institution or the religion should be +preserved. Nor, conversely speaking, can we place a hundred vices +against ninety-nine virtues, and, therefore, condemn the +institution. Even as a man is hanged for one act in his life, in +spite of the thousand good acts which may be quoted against the +one evil deed, so an institution or a religion is honored or +condemned, as we said above, for its ruling passion. +Mohammedanism, Judaism and Christianity have done much good, just +as other religions have, but they are condemned today by modern +thought, because they are a conspiracy against reason -- because +they combat progress, as if it were a crime! + + Another criticism frequently advanced against us is that we +fail to realize that all the evil of which Christianity is said +to have been the cause, is only the result of human ignorance and +passion. When attention is called, for instance, to the +intolerance and stubborn opposition to science, of Christianity, +the answer given is, that this conduct is not only not inspired +by the spirit of Christianity, but that it is in direct +contradiction to its teachings. The Christians claim that all the +luminous chapters in history have been inspired by their +religion, all its sorrowful and black pages have been written by +the passions of men. But this apology, which, we regret to say, +is in every preacher's mouth, is not an honest one. In our +opinion, both Mohammedanism and Christianity, as also Judaism, +are responsible for the evil as well as the good they have +accomplished in the world. They are responsible for the lives +they have destroyed, as for the lives they have saved. They are +responsible for the passions they have aroused, -- for the +hatred, the persecutions and the religious wars of the centuries, +as for the piety and charity they have encouraged. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 59 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + The central idea in all the three religions mentioned above, +is that God has revealed his will to man. There is, we say +frankly, the root of all the evil which religion has inflicted +upon our unfortunate earth. The poison is in both the flower and +the fruit which that idea brings forth. If it be true that God +has revealed his will, that he has told us, for instance, to +believe in the Trinity, the atonement, the fall of man, and the +dogma of eternal punishment, and we refuse to do so, will we not, +then, be regarded as the most odious, the most heinous, the most +rebellious, the most sacrilegious, the most stiff-necked, the +most criminal people in the world? Think of refusing to believe +as God has dictated to us! Think of saying no! to one's Creator +and Father in Heaven I Think of the consequences of differing +with God, and tempting others to do the same! Is it at all +strange that during the early centuries of Christianity, the +people who hesitated to agree with the deity, or to believe as he +wanted them to, were looked upon as incarnate fiends, as the +accomplices of the devil and the enemies of the human race, and +were treated accordingly? + +The doctrine of salvation by faith makes persecution inevitable. +If to refuse to believe in the Trinity, or in the divinity of +Christ, is a crime against God and will be punished by an +eternity of hell in the next world, and if such a man endangers +the eternal salvation of his fellows, is it not the duty of all +religious people to endeavor to exterminate him and his race, now +and here? How can Christian people tolerate the rebel against +their God, when God himself has pronounced sentence of death +against him? Why not follow the example of the deity, as set +forth in the persecutions of the Old Testament? + + When we have a God for a teacher, the highest and surest +virtue is unconditional acquiescence. Judaism, Mohaemmedanism and +Christianity, in giving us a God for a teacher, have taken away +from us the liberty to think for ourselves. Each one of these +three religions makes unconditional obedience the price of the +salvation it offers, but do you know what other word in the +English language unconditional obedience is a synonym of? -- +Silence! A dumb world, a tongue-tied humanity alone can be saved! +The good man is the man on his knees with his mouth in the dust. +But silence is sterility! Silence is slavery! Think, then, of the +character of a religion which makes free speech, free thought, a +crime -- which hurls hell against the Protestant! + + There is a third question to be answered: It is true, they +say to us, that there are many things in the Koran, the Old +Testament and the New, which are really injurious, and which +ought to be discarded, but there are also many beautiful +principles, noble sentiments and high educational maxims in these +scriptures. Why not, then, dwell upon these, and pass in silence +over the objectionable teachings of these religions? + + It is not necessary to repeat again that in all so-called +sacred scriptures, there are glorious truths. It could not have +been otherwise. All literature, whether secular or religious, is +the voice of man and sweeps the whole compass of human love and +hope. We have no objection to quoting from the Veddas, the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 60 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +Avestas, the Koran or the Bible; nor do we hesitate to admire and +enjoy and praise generously the ravishingly beautiful utterances +of the poets and prophets of all times and climes. Nevertheless, +it remains true that the modern world finds more practical help +and inspiration in secular authors, in the books of science and +philosophy, than in these so-called inspired scriptures. Jesus, +who is popularly believed to have preached the Sermon on the +Mount, has said little or nothing which can help the modern world +as much as the scientific revelations of a student like Darwin, +or of a philosopher like Herbert Spencer, or of a poet like +Goethe or Shakespeare. We know this will sound like blasphemy to +the believer, but a moment's honest and fearless reflection will +convince everyone of the fact that neither Mohammed nor Jesus had +in view modern conditions when they delivered their sermons. +Jesus could have had no idea of a world outside of his little +Palestine. The thought of the many races of the world mingling +together in one country could never have occurred to him. His +vision did not embrace the vista of two thousand years, nor did +his mind rise to the level of the problems which today tax the +brain and heart of man. Jesus believed implicitly that the world +would speedily come to an end, that the sun and the moon would +soon fall from the face of the sky, and that people living then +in Palestine would not taste of death before they saw "the Son of +Man return upon the clouds." Jesus had no idea of a progressive +evolution of humanity. It was beyond him to conceive the +consolidation of the nations into one fellowship, the new +resources which science would tap, or the new energies which +human industry would challenge. Jesus was in peaceful ignorance +of the social and international problems which confront the world +of today. The Sermon on the Mount, then, which is said to be the +best in our gospels, can be of little help to us, for it could +not have been meant for us. And it is very easy to show that the +modern world ignores, not out of disrespect to Jesus, but by the +force of circumstances and the evolution of society, the +principles contained in that renowned sermon. + + I was waiting for transportation at the corner of one of the +principal streets of Chicago, the other day, when, looking about +me, I saw the tremendous building's which commerce and wealth +have reared in our midst. On one hand was a savings bank, on the +other a colossal national bank, and up and down the street a +thousand equally solid and substantial buildings, devoted to the +interests of commerce and civilization. To bring out and +emphasize the wide breach between the man who preached the Sermon +on the Mount, and progressive and aggressive, busy and wealthy, +modern Chicago, I took the words of Jesus and mentally inscribed +them upon the walls of these buildings. Upon the savings bank -- +and a savings bank represents economy, frugality, self-sacrifice, +self-restraint, -- the desire of the people to provide for the +uncertainties of the future, to lay by something for the +education of their children, for the maintenance of their +families when they themselves have ceased to live, -- I printed +upon the facade of this institution, figuratively speaking, these +words of the Oriental Jesus: + + "Take no thought of the morrow, for the morrow + will take care of itself." + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 61 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + And upon the imposing front of the national bank, I wrote: + + "Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth." + + If we followed these teachings, would not our industrial and +social life sink at once to the level of the stagnating Ascetics? + + Pursuing this comparison between Jesus and modern life, I +inscribed upon the handsome churches whose pews bring enormous +incomes, and on the palatial residences of Bishops with salaries +of from twenty-five to a hundred thousand dollars, (this was 1909 +folks! EFF) these words: + + "How hardly shall a rich man enter into the + kingdom of Heaven," and, "It is easier for a camel to + go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to + enter the kingdom of Heaven." + + In plain words, the gospel condemns wealth, and cries, "Woe +unto you rick," and "Sell all thou hast and give it to the poor," +which, by the way, would only be shifting the temptation of +wealth from one class to another. Buckle was nearer the truth, +and more modem in spirit, when he ascribed the progress of man to +the pursuit of truth and the acquisition of wealth. + + But let us apply the teachings of Jesus to still other +phases of modern life. Some years ago our Cuban neighbors +appealed to the United States for protection against the cruelty +and tyranny of Spanish rule. We sent soldiers over to aid the +oppressed and down-trodden people in the Island. Now, suppose, +instead of sending iron-clads and admirals, -- Schley, Sampson +and Dewey,-- we had advised the Cubans to "resist not evil," and +to "submit to the powers that be," or suppose the General of our +army, or the Secretary of our navy, had counseled seriously our +soldiers to remember the words of Jesus when fighting the +Spaniards: "If a man smite thee on one cheek," etc. + + Write upon our halls of justice and court-houses and statute +books, and on every lawyer's desk, these solemn words of Jesus: +"He that taketh away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also." + + Introduce into our Constitution, the pride and bulwark of +our liberties, guaranteeing religious freedom unto all, -- these +words of Paul: "If any man preach any other gospel than that +which I have preached unto you, let him be accursed." Think of +placing nearly fifty millions of our American population under a +curse! + + Tell this to the workers in organized charities: "Give to +every man that asketh of thee," which, if followed, would make a +science of charity impossible. + + To the workingmen, or the oppressed seeking redress and +protesting against evil, tell this: "Blessed are they that are +persecuted," which is equivalent to encouraging them to submit +to, rather than to resist, oppression. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 62 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Or upon our colleges and universities, our libraries and +laboratories consecrated to science, write the words: "The wisdom +of this world is foolishness with God," and "God has chosen the +foolish to confound the wise." Ah, yes, the foolish of Asia, it +is true, succeeded in confounding the philosophers of Europe. +Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Jesus, did replace Socrates, Plato, +Aristotle, Seneca, Cicero, Caesar and the Antonines! But it was a +trance, a spell, a delirium only, and it did not last, -- it +could not last. The charm is at last broken. Europe is forever +free from the exorcism of Asia. + + I believe the health and sanity and virtue of our Europe +would increase a hundred fold, if we could, from this day forth, +cease to pretend professing by word of mouth what in our own +hearts and lives we have completely outgrown. If we could be cere +and brave; if our leaders and teachers would only be honest with +themselves and, honest with the modern world, there would, +indeed, be a new earth and a new humanity -- But the past is +past. It is for us to sow the seeds which in the day of their +fruition shall emancipate humanity from the pressing yoke of a +stubborn Asiatic superstition, and push the future even beyond +the beauty and liberty of the old Pagan world! + + CHRISTIANITY AND PAGANISM + + Christianity as an Asiatic cult is not suitable to European +races. To prove this, let us make a careful comparison between +Paganism and Christianity. There are many foolish things, and +many excellent things, in both the Pagan and the Christian +religions. We are not concerned with particular beliefs and +rites; it is Paganism as a philosophy of life, and Christianity +as a philosophy of life, that we desire to investigate. And at +the threshold of our investigation we must bear in mind that +Paganism was born and grew into maturity in Europe, while Asia +was the cradle of Christianity. It would be superfluous to +undertake to prove that in politics, in government, in +literature, in art, in science, in the general culture of the +people, Europe was always in advance of Asia. Do we know of any +good reason, when it comes to religion, why Asia should be +incomparably superior to anything Europe has produced in that +line? Unless we believe in miracles, the natural inference would +be that a people who were better educated in every way than the +Ascetics should have also possessed the better religion. I admit +that this is only inferential, or a-priori reasoning, and that it +still remains to be shown by the recital of facts, that Europe +not only ought to have produced a better religion than Asia, but +that she did. + + In my opinion, between the Pagan and Christian view of life +there is the same difference that there is between a European and +an Asiatic. What makes a Roman a Roman, a Greek a Greek, and a +Persian a Persian? That is a very interesting, but also a very +difficult question. Why are not all nations alike? Why is the oak +more robust than the spruce? What are the subtle influences which +operate in the womb of nature, where "the embryos of races are +nourished into form and individuality?" I cannot answer that +question satisfactorily, and I am not going to attempt to answer + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 63 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +it at all. We know there is a radical difference between the +European and the Asiatic; we know that Oriental and Occidental +culture are the antitheses of each other, and nowhere else is +this seen more clearly than in their interpretations of the +universe, that is to say, in their religions. + + In order to understand the Oriental races, we must discover +the standpoint from which they take their observations. + + But first, it is admitted, of course, that there are +Europeans who are more Asiatic in their habits of life and +thought than the Ascetics themselves, and, conversely, there +are Ascetics who in spirit, energy and progressiveness are +abreast of the most advanced representatives of European culture. + + Nor has Asia been altogether barren; she has blossomed in +Many spots, and she nursed the flame of civilization at a time +when Europe was not yet even cradled. + + To show the intellectual point of view of the Asiatic, let +me quote a passage from the Book of Job, which certainly is an +oriental composition, and one of the finest: + + "How, then, can man be justified with God, or how can + he be clean that is born of a woman? Man that is a worm, and + the son of man, which is a worm." + + This, then, is the standpoint of the Oriental. He believes +he is a poor little worm. His philosophy must necessarily trail +in the dust. A worm cannot have the thoughts of an eagle; a worm +cannot have the imagination of a Titan; a worm sees the world +only as a worm may. This is the angle of vision of the Asiatic. +He calls himself a worm, and naturally his view of life shrinks +to the limits of his standpoint. To be perfectly fair, however, +we must admit there are passages in all the bibles of the Orient +which are as daring as those found in any European book, but they +represent only the strayings of the Oriental mind, not its normal +pulse. The habitual accent of the Oriental is that man, calling a +woman his mother, is a worm. In the Psalms of David, or whoever +wrote the book, we read these words: "I am a worm, and not a +man." What did the Oriental see in the worm, which, induced him +to select it out of all things as the original, so to speak, of +man? The worm crawls and creeps and writhes. Nothing is so +distressing as to see its helpless wiggling -- and its home is in +the dust; dirt is its daily food. Moreover, it is in danger of +being stamped or trampled into annihilation at any instant. A +worm represents the minimum of worth, -- the dregs in the cup of +existence; it is the scum or the froth of life, which one may +blow into the air. It is impossible to descend lower than this in +self-abasement. + + When the Oriental, therefore, says that man is a worm or "I +am a worm," he is just as much obeying the cumulative pressure of +his Asiatic ancestry, and voicing the inherited submission of the +Oriental mind, as Prometheus, with the vulture at his breast, and +shaking, his hand in the face of the gods, expresses the revolt +of the European mind. The normal state for the Asiatic is + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 64 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +submission; for the European it is independence. Slavery has a +fascination for the children of the east. The air of independence +is too sharp for them. They crave a master, a Sultan or a Czar, +who shall own them body and soul. Through long practice, they +have acquired the art of servility and flattery, of salaams and +prostrations -- an art in which they have become so efficient +that it would be to them like throwing away so much capital to +abandon its practice. They expect to go to Heaven on their knees. +This is not said to hurt the feelings of the races of the Orient. +We are explaining the influence of absolutism upon the products +and tendencies of the human mind. The religion of the Orient, +then, notwithstanding its many beautiful features like its +polities, is a product of the suppressed mind, which finds in the +creeping worm of the dust the measure of its own worth. How +different is the European from the Asiatic in this respect! The +latter crawls upon the stage of this magnificent universe with +the timidity, hesitancy and tremblings of a worm. True to his +bringing up, be falls prostrate, overwhelmed by the marvelous +immensities opening before him and the abysses yawning at his +feet. He contracts and dwindles in size, imploring with +outstretched hands to be spared because he is a poor worm. It is +a part of his religion or philosophy that if he admits he is +nothing but a worm, the dread powers will not consider him a +rival or a rebel, but will look upon him as a confirmed subject, +and permit him to live. This is his art, the strategy by which he +hopes to secure his salvation. + + There has never been a republic in Asia, which is another +way of saying that the Asiatic mind has never asserted its +independence. Hence its thought smacks of slavery. In politics, +as in religion, the Asiatic has always been passive. He has never +been an actor, but only a spectator. It is his to nod the head, +fold the arms and bend the knee. On earth he must have a king and +a pope, and in heaven an Allah or a Jehovah. He has not been +created for himself, but for the glory of his earthly and +heavenly Lords. This radical difference between European self- +appreciation and Asiatic self-depreciation furnishes the key to +the problem under discussion. + + Paganism is the religion of a self-governing race. Buddhism, +Judaism, Mohammedanism, and Christianity are religions born on a +soil where man is owned by another. It will be impossible to +imagine Marcus Aurelius, for instance, crawling upon his knees +before any being, or calling himself a worm. One must have in his +blood the taint of a thousand years of slavery, before he can +stoop so low. Marcus Aurelius was a gentleman. The European +conception of a gentleman implies self-respect and independence; +the Oriental conception of a gentleman implies self-abasement and +acquiescence. The Oriental gentleman is a man who serves his king +as though he were his slave. + + But observe now how the Oriental proceeds. to pull down his +mind to the level of his body, which he has likened to a worm. +When I was still a Presbyterian minister, I was invited to +address a Sunday-school camp-meeting at Asbury Park in New +Jersey. There were other speakers besides myself; one of them, +known as a Sunday-school leader, had brought with him a chart of + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 65 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +the human heart, which, when he arose to address the children, he +spread on a black-board before them: This is a picture of your +heart before you have accepted Jesus. What do you think of it?" +he asked the school. "It is all black," was the answer; and it +was. He had drawn a totally black picture to represent the heart +of the child before conversion. + + In all the literature of Pagandom, there is not the least +intimation of so fearful an idea as the total depravity of human +nature. The Pagans never thought, spoke, or heard of such a +thing. It was inconceivable to them; they would have recoiled +from it as from a species of barbarism. How radically different, +then, must European culture have been from the Asiatic. There is +a gulf well-nigh impassible between the thought of a free-born +citizen and that of the oppressed and enslaved Oriental. + + But let us continue. Not satisfied with thinking of himself +as a worm, and of his Intellectual and moral nature as totally +degraded, the Oriental strikes with the same paralyzing stroke, +at the world in which he lives, until it, too, withers and +becomes an ugly and heinous thing. He calls the world a "vale of +tears," ruled by the powers of darkness, and groaning under a +primeval curse. "The world, the flesh and the devil" become a +trio of iniquity and sin. Some of you in your earlier days must +have sung that Methodist hymn which represents the world as a +snare and a delusion: + + "The world is a fleeting show + For man's illusion given." + + Given! Think of believing that the world has been purposely +given us to lead us astray. The thought staggers the mind. It +suggests a terrible conspiracy against man. For his ruin, sun, +moon and stars co-operate with the devil. Help! we cry, as we +realize our inability to cope with the tremendous powers hurling +themselves against us like billows of the raging sea, and taking +our breath away. It suggests that we are placed in a world which +has been made purposely beautiful, in order to tempt us into sin. +Think of such a belief! It is that of a slave. It is Asiatic; it +is not European. Neither you nor I, in all our readings, have +ever come across any such attitude toward nature in Pagan +literature. The Greeks and the Romans loved nature and made +lovely gods out of every running brook, caressing zephyr, dancing +wave, glistening dew, sailing cloud, beaming star, beautiful +woman, or brave man. The Oriental suspects nature and regards her +smiles -- the shining of the sun, the perfume of the meadows, the +swell of the seal the fluttering of the branches tipped with +blossoms, the emerald grass, the sapphire sky -- looks upon all +these as the seductive advances of a prostitute in whose embrace +lurks death! + + But, once more; not satisfied with dragging the world down +to the plane of his totally depraved nature, and that again to +the level of the worm, the Asiatic projects his fatal thought +into the next world and, crossing the grave, that silent and +painless home of a tired race, he crowds the beyond with a +thousand thousand pains and aches and horrors and fires -- with + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 66 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +sulphur and brimstone and burning hells. His frightened +imagination invokes dark and infernal beings without number, +fanning with their dark wings the very air he breathes. This is +too revolting to think of. Poor slave! Inured to suffering, -- to +the lash, to oppression's crushing heel, -- he dare not dream of +a painless future, of a quiet, peaceful sleep at life's end, nor +has he the divine audacity to invent a new world wherein the +misery and slavery of his present existence will be impossible, +-- where all his tyrants will be dead, where he shall taste of +sweet freedom and become himself a god. In his timidity and +shrinking submission, with the spring of his heartbroken, his +spirit crushed, all independence strangled in his soul, -- he +puts in the biggest corner of his heaven even, -- a hell! Nor +does he pause there, but, stinging his slave imagination once +more, he declares that this future of torture and hell-fire is +everlasting. He cannot improve upon that. Deeper in degradation +he cannot descend. That is the darkest thought he can have, and, +strange to say, he hugs it to his bosom as a mother would her +child. The doctrine of hell is the thought of a slave and of a +coward. No free-born man, no brave soul could ever have invented +so abhorrent an idea. Only under a regime of absolutism, only +under an Oriental Sultan whose caprice is law, whose vengeance is +terrible, whose favors are fickle whose power is crushing, whose +greed is insatiable, whose torture instruments are without +number, and whose dark dungeons always resound with the rattling +of chains and the groans of martyrs -- only under such a regime +could man have invented an unending hell. + + But we were mistaken when we said that hell was the darkest +that the Asiatic was capable of. He has grafted upon the European +mind a belief which is darker still. + + Is there anything more precious in human life than children? +The sternest heart melts, the fiercest features relax, at the +sight of an innocent, sweet, laughing, frolicking babe in its +mother's arms. Look at its glorious eyes, so full of surprises, +so deep, so appealing! Look at the soft round hands, the little +feet, the exquisite mouth, opening like a bud! Hear its prattle, +which is nothing but the mind beginning to stir! Watch its +gestures, the first language of the child! See it with its tiny +arms about its mother's neck. Mark its joy when it is kissed. +What else in our human world is more beautiful, more divine? And +yet, and yet, the slave creed of Asia has drawn into its burning +net of damnation even the cradle. John Burroughs describes how in +a Catholic cemetery near where he lives he was shown a neglected, +unkept corner, used for the burial of unbaptized children. +Consecrated ground is denied to them, and so their poor bodies +are huddled together in this profane plot, unblessed and unsaved. +I do not wish to live in a world where such absurdities are not +only countenanced, but where they are exalted to the dignity of a +religion! + + O holy children! O sweet children! huddled together in +unconsecrated ground, and thus exposed to the cruelty of +indescribable demons! Can you hear me? I am a man of compassion. +I can forgive the murderer. I can pardon and pity the meanest +wretch and take him into my arms, but I confess that even if I + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 67 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +had a heart as big as the ocean, I could not, I would not, +forgive the creed that can be guilty of such inhumanity against +you, -- dear, innocent ones, who were born to breathe but for a +moment the harsh air of this world! When such gloom overpowers me +and wrings from my lips such hard words, I find some little +respite in contemplating the old Pagan world in its best days. I +hasten for consolation to my Pagan friends, and in their sanity +find healing for my bruised heart. + + In one of his letters, the Greek Plutarch says this about +children, which I want you to compare with what St. Augustine, +the representative of the Asiatic creed, says on the same +subject. "It is irreligious," writes Plutarch, "to lament for +those pure souls (the children) who have passed into a better +life and a happier dwelling place." [Plutarch Ad Uxorem. Comp. +Lecky's History of European Morals, Vol. 1.] Compare this Pagan +tenderness for children with the Asiatic doctrine of infant +damnation but recently thrown out of the Presbyterian creed. Yet, +if St. Augustine is to be believed, it is a heresy to reject the +damnation of. unbaptized infants: "Whosoever shall tell," writes +this Father of the church, "that infants shall be quickened in +Christ who died without partaking in his sacrament, does both +contradict the apostles' teaching and condemn the whole church." +[St. Augustine Epist. 166.] It is infinitely more religious to +disagree with the apostles and the church, if that is their +teaching. The Pagan view of children is the holier view. The +doctrine of the damnation of children could only find lodgment in +the brain of a slave or a madman. It is Asiatic and altogether +foreign to the culture of Europe. + + All that we have advanced thus far may be summed up in one +phrase: Asia invented the idea that man is a fallen being. This +idea, which is the dors espinal, -- the backbone -- of +Christianity, never for once entered the mind of the European. We +have already quoted from Job and the psalms; the following is +from the book of Jeremiah: "The heart is deceitful above all +things and desperately wicked." This is one of the texts upon +which the doctrine of the fall of man is based. We repeat that +only under a religion of slavery, where one slave vies with +another to abase himself before his lords and masters, could such +an idea have been invented. There is not a man in all our sacred +scriptures who could stand before the deity erect and unabashed, +or who could speak in the accents of a Cicero Who said, "We boast +justly of our own virtue, which we could not do if we derived it +from the deity and not from ourselves," or this from Epictetus, +"It is characteristic of a wise man that he looks for all his +good and evil from himself." Such independence was foreign to a +race that believed itself fallen. + + In further confirmation of our position, it may be said that +the models which the Pagans set up for emulation were men like +themselves, only nobler. The models which the Orientals set up +for imitation, on the other hand, were supernatural beings, or +men who were supposed to possess supernatural powers. The great +men for the Oriental are men who can work miracles, who possess +magical powers, who possess secrets and can know how to influence +the deity, -- Moses, Joshua, David, Joseph, Isaiah, Jesus, Paul, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 68 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +-- all demi-divinities. The Pagans, on the other hand, selected +natural men, men like themselves, who had earned the admiration +of their fellows. Let me quote to you Plutarch's eloquent +sentence relative to this subject: "Whenever we begin an +enterprise or take possession of a charge, or experience a +calamity, we place before our eyes the examples of the greatest +men of our own or of bygone ages, and we ask ourselves how Plato, +or Epaminondas, or Lycurgus, or Agesilaus, would have acted. +Looking into these personages, as into a faithful mirror, we can +remedy our defects in word or deed." + + The Westminster Catechism, which in its essentials is a +resume of our Asiatic religion, emphasizes the doctrine of the +fall of man, of which the Pagan world knew nothing, and refused +to believe it until priests succeeded in dominating the mind of +Europe: "The catechism following the Scripture teaches that ... +we are not only a disinherited family, but we are personally +depraved and demoralized." [Wsatminster Catechism, Comments.] +Goodness! the oriental imagination, abused by slavery, cannot rid +itself of the idea of being disinherited, turned out into the +cold, orphaned and smitten with moral sores from head to foot. To +the Pagan, such a description of man would have been the acme of +absurdity. Again: "It (the fall) affirms that he (man) is all +wrong, in all things and all the time." [Ibid] If this was +comforting news to the Asiatic, the Pagan world would have +rejected the idea as unworthy of men in their senses. Once more: +"All mankind by their fall lost communion with God, are under his +wrath and curse, and so made liable to all miseries in this life +and to the pains of hell forever." [Westminster Catechism, +Comments.] And this is the Gospel we have imported from Asia! + + is it not pathetic? Could slavery ever strike a deeper +bottom than that? Standing before his owner, the Asiatic, of his +own choice, hands himself over to be degraded, to be placed in +chains and delivered up to the torments of hell forever. I +despair of man. I would cry my heart out if I permitted myself to +dwell upon the folly and stupidity and slavery of which man +voluntarily makes himself the victim. Think of it! A man and a +woman, nobody knows where or when, are supposed to have tasted of +the fruit of a tree; the Oriental mind, with its crouching +imagination, pounces upon this flimsy, fanciful tale with the +appetite of a carrion crow, and exalts it to the dignity of an +excuse for the eternal damnation of a whole world. I am dazed! I +can say no more! + + Let us recapitulate. The Oriental distrust of the natural +man, born of self-depreciation, which is the fruit of prolonged +slavery, develops into a sort of mental canker spreading at a +raging pace until the whole universe, with its glorious sun and +stars, becomes an object of horror and loathing. Not satisfied +with thinking of himself as a worm, of his intellectual and moral +nature as totally depraved, he communicates his disease to the +world in which he lives until it, too, shrinks and wastes away. +Then the disease, finding no more on this side of the grave to +feed upon, leaps over the grave and converts the beyond, the +virgin worlds, into an inferno with which to satiate its fear. +Indeed frightful are the thoughts of a slave people! + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 69 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Let me now, in conclusion, call your attention to another +difference between the Occidental and the Oriental mind. When the +body is feeble or ill-nourished, it is less liable to resist +disease; likewise when the mind is alarmed, cowed, or pinched +with fear, it becomes more exposed to superstition. Superstition +is the disease of the mind. It will keep away from robust minds, +as physical disease from a body in health. Now, the Asiatic mind, +seared into silence and subjection, -- starved to a mere shadow +of what it should be, falls an easy prey to all the maladies that +mind is heir to. The European mind, on the other hand, with room +and air to move and grow in, develops a vitality which offers +resistance to all attacks of mental disease. That explains why +superstition thrives with ignorance and slavery, and expires when +science and liberty gain the ascendancy. Sanitary precautions +prevent physical disease; knowledge and liberty constitute the +therapeutics of the mind. Why is the Oriental so prone or partial +to miracle and mystery? His mind is sick. To believe is easier to +him than to reason. He follows the line of the least resistance: +he has invented faith that he may not have to think. The mental +cells in his brain are so starved, so devitalized, that they have +to be whipped into movement. Only the bizarre, the monstrous, the +supernatural, -- demons, ghosts, dream worlds, miracles and +mysteries, -- can hold his attention. Not science, but +metaphysics, barren speculation, -- is the product of the +Oriental mind. The philosopher Bacon describes the Asiatic when +he speaks of men who "have hitherto dwelt but little, or rather +only slightly touched upon experience, whilst they have wasted +much time on theories and fictions of the imagination." + + Again: I sometimes think that if it be true that monotheism, +the idea of one God, was first discovered in Asia, it must have +been suggested to them by the regime of Absolutism, under which +they lived. Unlike Asia, democratic Europe believed in a republic +of gods. Polytheism is more consonant with the republican idea, +than monotheism. If we would let the American President rule the +land without the aid of the two houses of congress or his cabinet +ministers, his power would be infinitely more than it is now, but +his gain would be the people's loss. His increased power would +only represent so much more power taken away from the people, One +God means not only more slaves, but more abject, more helpless +ones. One God is a centralization which reduces man's liberty to +a minimum. With more gods, and gods at times disagreeing among +themselves, and all bidding for man's support, man would count +for more, The Greeks could not tolerate a Jehovah, or an Allah, +before whom the Oriental rabble bent the knee. "Allah knows," +exclaims the Moslem; that is why the Mohammedans continue in +ignorance. "Allah is great," cries again the Turk. That is why he +himself is small. The more powerful the sovereign, the smaller +the subject. + + Now this leads us to a final reflection upon the difference +between the mind brought up under restraint, -- in slavery, -- +and the mind free. "The Pagan," to quote Lecky, "believed that to +become acceptable to the deity, one must be virtuous;" the +Asiatic doctrine, on the contrary, taught that "the most heroic +efforts of human virtue are insufficient to avert a sentence of +eternal condemnation, unless united with an implicit belief" in + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 70 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +the dogmas of religion. In other words, the noblest of men cannot +be saved by his own merits of character alone, for even when we +have done our best, we are but unprofitable slaves," quoting a +Bible text. Only by the merits of Christ, or by the grace of God, +can any man be saved. Have you ever paused to think of the +purpose of this piece of Orientalism? It wipes out every +imaginable claim or right of man. Even when he is just and great +and good, he has no rights, he is as vile as the vilest. Only the +favor of the king can save, -- only the grace of God, who can +save the thief on the cross if he so pleases. Is he not absolute? +If he extends his scepter, you live; if he smiles you are spared; +if he patronizes you, you are fortunate. He says, live! you live. +He says, die I you die. This is the apotheosis of despotism +exalted into a revelation. + + What, then, is our creed, but the thoughts of an eastern +slave population, cringing before the throne of a Sultan, and one +by one signing away their liberties? "The foundation of all real +grandeur is a spirit of proud and lofty independence," says +Buckle; but that is not the spirit of Asia, or of its religion. +It is, and we ought to try to keep it, the spirit of the Western +world. + + I cannot imagine how we in this country, born of sturdy +parents, born of the freedom-loving Pagans of Rome and Greece, +born of men who shook their hands in the face of heaven, and +pulled the gods off their thrones when they violated the rights +of man, -- I cannot understand how we have thrown overboard the +proud, lofty spirit of independence of the Pagans, -- our +forefathers, and taken upon our necks the strangling yoke of the +slave-thought of Asia! + + PART III. + + SOME MODERN OPINIONS ABOUT JESUS. + + Christianity "dwells with noxious exaggeration + about the person of Jesus." + -- Emerson. + + Christmas is the season in the year when pulpit and press +dwell, with what Emerson calls "noxious exaggeration," about the +work and life, as well as the person of Jesus. We have, lying +before us, the Christmas sermon of so progressive a teacher as +the Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones. [Unitarian -- independent preacher +of All Souls Church, Chicago.] Here is his text: "And the Word +became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, glory +as of the only begotten from the Father." -- John 1:14. How our +educated neighbor can find food for sober reflection in so +mystical and metaphysical an effusion, is more than we can tell. +Who is the Word that became flesh? And when did the event take +place? What does it mean to be the "only begotten from the +Father?" We know what it means in the orthodox sense, but what +does it mean from the Unitarian standpoint of Mr. Jones? But the +text faithfully reflects the discourse which follows. It is +replete with unlimited compliments to this Word which became +flesh and assumed the name of Jesus. The following is a fair +sample: + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 71 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + "I am compelled to think of Jesus of Nazareth as an + epoch-marking soul, an era-forming spirit, a character in + whom the light of an illustrious race and a holy ancestry + was focalized, a personality from which radiated that + subtle, creative power of the spirit which defies all + analysis, which baffles definition, which over-flows all + words." + + Goodness! this is strong rhetoric, and we regret that the +evidence justifying so sweeping an appreciation has been withheld +from us. Although the doctor says that Jesus "defies all +analysis, baffles definition and overflows all words," he +nevertheless proceeds to devote fifteen pages to the impossible +task. "I am compelled to think of him as one who won the right of +preeminence in the world's history," continues Mr. Jones, as if +he had not said enough. + + That is a definite claim, and personally, we would be glad +to see it made good. But truth compels us to state that the claim +is unjust. Without entering into the question of the authenticity +of the gospels, a question which we have discussed at some length +in our pamphlet on the "Worship of Jesus," we beg to submit that +there is nothing in the gospels, -- the only records which speak +of him, -- to entitle him to the "right of preeminence in the +world's history." No one knows better than Mr. Jones that the +sayings attributed to Jesus -- the finest of them -- are to be +found in the writings of Jewish and Pagan teachers antedating the +birth of Jesus by many centuries. + + Was it, then, for his "works," if not for his "words," that +Jesus "won the right of preeminence in the world's history"? What +did he do that was not done by his predecessors? Was he the only +one who worked miracles? Had the dead never been raised before? +Had the blind, and the lame, and the deaf, remained altogether +neglected before Jesus took compassion upon them? Moreover, what +credit is there in opening the eyes of the blind or in raising +the dead by miracle? Did it cost Jesus any effort to perform +miracles? Did it imply a sacrifice on his part to utilize a small +measure of his infinite power for the good of man? Who, if he +could by miracle feed the hungry, clothe the naked and give light +and sound to the blind and the deaf, would be selfish enough not +to do so? If Mr. Jones does not believe in miracles, then Jesus +contributed even less than many a doctor contributes today to the +welfare of the world. More poor and diseased people are visited +and medicined gratuitously by a modern physician in one month, +than Jesus cured miraculously in the two or three years of his +career. Jesus, if he was "the only begotten of God," as Mr. +Jones' text states, was not in any danger of contracting disease +himself, which is not the case with the doctors and nurses who +extend their services to people afflicted with contagious and +abhorrent diseases, Moreover, Jesus' power must have come to him +divinely, while we have to study, labor, and conquer with the +sweat of our brow any power for good that we may possess. If +Jesus as a God opened the eyes of the blind, would it not have +been kinder if he had prevented blindness altogether? If Jesus +can open the eyes of the blind, then, why is there blindness in +the world? How many of the world's multitude of sufferers did + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 72 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +Jesus help? Which of us, if he had the divine power, would not +have extended it unto every suffering child of man? Of what +benefit is it to open the eyes of a few blind people, two +thousand years ago, in one country, when he could, by his unique +divinity, have done so much more? Mr. Jones falls into the +orthodox habit of not applying to Jesus the same canons of +criticism by which human beings are judged. + + But perhaps the "preeminence of Jesus" lay in his +willingness to give his life for us. Noble is every soul who +prefers truth and duty to life. But was Jesus the only one, or +even the first to offer himself as a sacrifice upon the altar of +humanity? If Jesus died for us, how many thousands have died for +him -- and by infinitely more cruel deaths? It is easier for an +"only begotten" of God, himself a God -- who knows death can have +no power over him -- who sees a throne prepared for him in heaven +-- who is sure of rising from the dead on the third day -- to +face death? than for an ordinary mortal. Yet Jesus showed less +courage, if his reporters are reliable, than almost any martyr +whose name shine upon memory's golden page. + + The European churches are full of pictures showing Jesus +suffering indescribable agonies as the critical hour draws nigh. +We saw, in Paris, a painting called "The HOLY Face," La Sainte +Face, which was, truly, too horrible to look upon; big tears of +blood trickling down his cheeks, his head almost drooping over +his chest, an expression of excruciating pain upon his features, +his eyes fairly imploring for help, -- he is really breaking down +under the weight of his cross. Compare this picture with the +serenity of Socrates drinking the hemlock in prison! + + Nor would it do to say that this is only the Catholic way of +representing Jesus in his passion. The picture is in the gospels, +it may be seen in the Garden of Gethsemane and on the cross with +all its realism. Far be it from us to withhold from Jesus, if he +really suffered as the gospels report, one iota of the love and +sympathy he deserves, but why convert the whole world into a +black canvas upon which to throw the sole figure of Jesus? Which +of us, poor, weak, sinful though we are, would not be glad to +give his life, if thereby he could save a world? Do you think we +would mourn and groan and weep tears of blood, or collapse, just +when me should be the bravest, if we thought that by our death we +would become the divine Savior of all mankind? Would we stammer, +"Let this cup pass from me, if it be possible," or tear our +hearts with a cry of despair: "My God, my God, why hast thou +forsaken me," if we knew that the eternal welfare of the human +race depended upon our death? If the Russian or Japanese soldier +can take his home and wife and children, -- his hopes and loves, +his life, -- his all, -- and throw them into the mouth of the +cannon, dying with a shout upon his lips, -- who would hesitate +to do the same, when not the salvation of one country alone, but +of the whole world, depended upon it? There are examples of +heroism in the annals of man which would bring the blush to the +cheeks of Jesus, if his biographers have not abused his memory. + + Wherein, then, was the "preeminence" of Jesus? Upon what +grounds does Mr. Jones claim, with "unlimited rhetoric," to use +his own expression, for Jesus "the right of preeminence in the +world's history?" + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 73 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + While there is neither a commendable saying nor an act +attributed to Jesus in our gospels which teachers older than +himself had not already said or done, there are some things in +which his seniors clearly outshine him. King Asoka, for instance, +the Buddhist sovereign of India, 250 years before Jesus, in one +of his edicts chiseled on the rocks of India, declared against +human slavery and offered the sweet gift of liberty to all in +captivity. Jesus used the word slave in one of his parables +(improperly translated servant), without expressing himself on +the subject, except to intimate that when a slave does all his +duty faithfully, even then he is only an "unprofitable slave," +unworthy of the thanks of his master. There was slavery of the +worst kind in the world of Jesus, and yet he never opened his +mouth to denounce the awful curse. It is claimed that Jesus' +doctrine of love was indirectly a condemnation of slavery. Even +then, inasmuch as other and earlier teachers did more than strike +only indirectly at the ancient evil, -- for they not only taught +the brotherhood of man, too, but expressed themselves, besides, +positively on the subject of slavery, -- they have a prior claim +to the "right of preeminence in the world's history, if they +cared anything about ranks and titles. + + The doctrine of humanity to animals, our dumb neighbors, is +a positive tenet in Buddhism; is it in Christianity? + + Two and a half centuries before Jesus, under the influence +of Buddha's teaching, King Asoka convened a religious Parliament, +offering to each and every representative of other religions, +absolute religious liberty. Is there any trace of such tolerance +in any of the sayings of Jesus? On the contrary, the claim of +Jesus that he is the light, the way, the truth, and that no man +can come to the father except through him, leaves no room for the +great est of all boons-liberty, without which every promise of +religion is only a mockery and a cheat. Not even heaven and +eternal life can be accepted as a consideration for the loss of +liberty. The liberty of teaching is alien to a teacher who +claims, as Jesus did, that he alone is infallible, and that all +who came before him were "thieves and robbers." + + Of course, Mr. Jones will deny that Jesus ever said any of +the things ascribed to him which spoil his ideal picture of him. +But he finds his ideal Jesus, whose personality "defies analysis, +baffles definition and overflows all words," in the gospels; if +these are not reliable, what becomes of his argument? If the +writers of our gospels bear false witness against Jesus when they +represent him as "cursing the fig tree," as calling his enemies +liars and devils, as calling the Gentiles dogs, as claiming +equality with God, as menacing with damnation all who disagree +with him, -- what security have we that they speak truthfully +when they put the beatitudes in his mouth? We have no more +reliable authority for attributing to Jesus the beatitudes than +we have for holding him responsible for the curses attributed to +him in the gospels. + + To return to our comparison between Jesus and his +illustrious colleagues. It is with cheerful praise and generous +pleasure that we express our admiration for many of the sayings, +parables, and precepts attributed to Jesus. The fact that they + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 74 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +are much older than Jesus, more universal than Christianity, only +enhances their value and reflects glory upon the human race, a +glory of which Jesus, too, as a brother, if he ever existed, has +his share. We love and admire every teacher who has a message for +humanity; we feel our indebtedness to them and would deem +ourselves fortunate if we could contribute to the advancement of +their noble influence; but we have no idols, and in our pantheon, +truth is above all. We have no hesitation to sacrifice even Jesus +to the Truth. If we were in India, and some Hindoo preacher spoke +of Buddha, as Mr. Jones does of Jesus, as a "personality defying +all analysis, baffling definition and overflowing all words" -- +one who has "won the right to preeminence in the world's +history," -- we would protest against it, in the interest of +Jesus and other teachers, as we now protest against Mr. Jones' +Jesus, in the interest of truth. We have a suspicion, however, +that if Mr. Jones, or preachers of his style, were Hindoos, they +would speak of Buddha, as they now, being Christians, speak of +Jesus -- echoing in both instances the popular opinion. + + The best way to illustrate Mr. Jones' style of reasoning is +to quote a few examples from his sermon: + + "The story of the Good Samaritan has had a power beyond + the story of the senseless blighting of the fig tree; the + ages have loved to think of Jesus talking with the woman at + the well more than they have loved to think of him as + manufacturing wine at Canna. No man is so orthodox but that + he reads more often the Sermon on the Mount than he does the + story of the drowning of the pigs." + + But if he did not "drown the pigs," the reporter who says he +did might have also collected from ancient sources the texts in +the Sermon on the Mount and put them in Jesus' mouth. + + Again: + + "The dauntless crusaders who now in physical armament + and again in the more invulnerable armament of the spirit, + went forth, reckless of danger, regardless of cost, to + rescue the world from heathen hands or to gather souls into + the fold of Christ." + + We can hardly believe Mr. Jones speaking of "rescuing the +world from heathen hands," etc. Who were the heathen? And think +of countenancing the craze of the crusades, which cost a million +lives to possess the empty sepulchre of a mythical Savior! Is it +one of the merits of Christianity that it calls other people +"heathen," or that it kills them and lays waste their lands for +an empty grave? + + Once more: + + "Jesus had tremendous expectations. ... He believed + mightily in the future, not as some glory-rimmed heaven + after death, but as a conquering kingdom of love and + justice. Jesus took large stock in tomorrow; he laughed at + the prudence that never dares, the mock righteousness of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 75 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + ledger that presumes to balance the books and pay all + accounts up to date. He knew that the prudence of commerce, + the thrift of trade, the exclusive pride of the synagogue, + must be broken through with a larger hope and a diviner + enterprise. He believed there was to be a day after today + and recognized his obligation to it; he acknowledged the + debt which can never be paid to the past and which is paid + only by enlarging the resources of the future. Life, to + Jesus, was an open account; he was a forward looker; he was + honest enough to recognize his obligations to the unborn. + Perhaps this adventurous spirit in the realms of morals, + even more than his heart of love, has made him the + superlative leader of men." + + We sincerely wish all this were true, and would be glad to +have Mr. Jones furnish us with the texts or evidences which have +led him to his conclusions. Would not his adjectives be equally +appropriate in describing any other teacher he admires? "Jesus +had tremendous expectations." Well, though this is somewhat vague +as a tribute to Jesus, we presume the preacher means that Jesus +was an optimist. The reports, unfortunately, flatly contradict +Mr. Jones. Jesus was a "man of sorrows." He expressly declared +that this earth belonged to the devil, that the road which led to +destruction was crowded, while few would enter the narrow gates +of life. He said: "Many are called but few are chosen;" he told +his disciples to confine their good work to the lost sheep of the +House of Israel, and intimated that it were not wise to take the +bread of children (his people) and give it to the dogs (other +people). The "Go ye into all the world" is a post-resurrection +interpolation, and Mr. Jones does not believe in the miracle of +the resurrection. Jesus looked forward to the speedy ending and +destruction of the world, "when the sun and moon would turn +black, and the stars would fall;" and he doubted whether he would +find any faith in the world when "the son of man cometh;" and it +was Jesus who expected to say to the people on his left, "depart +from me, ye cursed, into everlasting punishment." This is the +teacher, whose pessimism is generally admitted, of whom Mr. Jones +says that, he had "tremendous expectations." + + "He believed there was to be a day after today, and +recognized his obligation to it," writes Mr. Jones in his +indiscriminate laudation of Jesus. Is that why he said "Take no +thought of the morrow," and predicted the speedy destruction of +the world? "He acknowledged the debt which can never be paid to +the past." A sentence like this has all the ear-marks of a +glittering generality. Did Jesus show gratitude to the past when +he denounced all who had preceded him in the field of love and +labor as "thieves and robbers?" Equally uncertain is the +following: "He was honest enough to recognize his obligations to +the unborn." How does our clerical neighbor arrive at such a +conclusion? From what teaching or saying of Jesus does he infer +his respect for the rights of posterity? Indeed, how could a +teacher who said, "He that believeth not shall be damned," be +described as recognizing the rights of future generations? To +menace with damnation the future inquirer or doubter is to seek +to enslave as well as to insult the generations yet to be born, +instead of "recognizing his obligations" to them. The Jesus Mr. +Jones is writing about is not in the gospels. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 76 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + "Do you ask me if I am a 'Christian'?" writes Mr. Jones, and +he answers the question thus: "I do not know. Are you? If anyone +is inclined to give me that high name, with the spiritual and +ethical connotation in mind, I am complimented and will try to +merit it." As our excellent neighbor is still in the dark, and +does not know whether or not, or in what sense he is a Christian +-- unless he is allowed to define the word himself, -- and as he +also intimates that he would like to be a Jesus Christian, but +not a Church Christian, we humbly beg to express this opinion: +The American churches of today, notwithstanding all their +shortcomings, are, on every question of ethics and science, of +charity and the humanities, far in advance of Jesus, and that in +these churches there are men and women who in breadth of mind and +nobility of spirit are as good, and even better than Jesus. + + Does our neighbor grasp our meaning? Charging all the bad in +a religion to the account of man, and attributing all the good to +God, or to a demigod, is, after all, only a dodge. Had not the +disciples of Jesus been braver than their master, his religion +would not have come down to us. And had the Christian church +lived up to the letter of this Semitic teacher, Europe would +never have embraced Christianity. By modernizing Jesus, by +selecting his more essential teachings, and relegating his +eccentricities to the background, by making his name synonymous +with the best aspirations of humanity, by idealizing his +character and enclosing it with a human halo, the churches have +saved Jesus from oblivion. Jesus was a tribal teacher, the church +universalized him; Jesus had no gospel for woman, the church has +after much hesitation and wavering converted him to the European +attitude toward woman; Jesus was silent on the question of +slavery, the churches have urged him with success to champion the +cause of the bondsman; Jesus denounced liberty of conscience when +he threatened with hell-fire the unbeliever; but the churches +have won him over to the modern secular principle of religious +tolerance; Jesus believed only in the salvation of the elect, but +the church to a certain extent has succeeded in reconciling him +to the larger hope; Jesus was an ascetic, preferring the single +life to the joys of the home, and fasting and praying to the duty +and privilege of labor, but the church in America and Protestant +Europe at least has made Jesus a lover and a seeker of wealth and +knowledge, the two great forces of civilization. No longer does +Jesus say, "hate your father and mother;" no longer does he cry +in our great thoroughfares, "blessed are the poor;" no longer is +his voice heard denouncing this world as belonging to the devil. +The modern church, modernized by science, has in turn modernized +the gospels. And yet Mr. Jones prefers to be a Christian such as +Jesus was. He is repeating one of those phrases which apologists +use when they give God all the praise and man all the blame. + + In conclusion: Mr. Jones admits that Christianity is not +unique, that Buddha conquered greater tyrannies than Christ; that +"humility and self-sacrifice ... have world-wide foundations;" +but he draws no conclusions from these important facts, but +returns in a hurry to say that Jesus is the "finest and dearest +stream swelling the mighty tide of history." The only objection +we have to Mr. Jones' Jesus is that he is not real. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 77 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + ANOTHER RHETORICAL JESUS + + The Rev. W.H.H. Boyle, of St. Paul, improves even on Mr. +Jones' superlative tribute to Jesus. He says: + + "Can you imagine such a thing as a black sun, or the + reversal of creation or the annihilation of primal light? + Then, give rest to imagination and soberly think what it + would mean to have the spiritual processes of two + millenniums reversed, to have the light of life in the + unique personality of Jesus forever eclipsed." + + Here is an idolater, indeed. To make an idol of his Jesus he +takes a sponge, and without a twinge of conscience, wipes out all +the beauty and grandeur of the ancient world. Has this gentleman +never heard of Greece? During a short existence, in only two +centuries and a half, that little land of Greece achieved +triumphs in the life of the mind so unparalleled as to bring all +the subsequent centuries upon their knees before it. In +philosophy, in poetry, -- lyrical, epochal, dramatic, -- in +sculpture, in statesmanship, in ethics, in literature, in +civilization, -- where is there another Greece? + + Oh, land of Sophocles! whose poetry is the most perfect +flower the earth has ever borne, -- of Phidias and Praxiteles! +whose immortal children time cannot destroy, though the gods are +dead -- whose masterpieces the earth wears as the best gem upon +her brow, -- of Aristotle! the intellect of the world, -- of +Socrates! the parens philosophiae, and its first martyr! -- of +Aristides! the Just -- of Phocion and Epaminondas! -- of Chillon +and Anarcharchis! whose devotion to duty and beauty have perfumed +the centuries! O, Athens, the bloom of the world! Hear this +sectarian clergyman, in his black Sunday robes, closing his eyes +upon all thine immortal contributions, pulling down like a +vandal, as did the early Christians, the figures and temples, the +culture and civilization of the ancient world -- the monuments of +thy unfading glory -- to build therewith a pedestal for his +mythical Christ! I can imagine the reverend advocate saying: "But +there was slavery in Greece, and immorality, too," -- of course, +and is the Christian world free from them? Has Christ after two +thousand years abolished war? Indeed, he came to bring, as he +says, not peace, but a sword!" Has Jesus healed the world of the +maladies, for which we blame the Pagan world? Has he made +humanity free? Has he saved the world from the fear of hell? Has +he redeemed man from the blight of ignorance? Has he broken the +yoke of superstition and priestcraft? Has he even succeeded in +uniting into one loving fold his own disciples? How, then, can +this clergyman, with any conscience for truth, compare a world +deprived of the god of his sect, to a tomb -- to a blind man +groping under a blackened sun? Must a man rob the long past in +order to provide clothing for his idol? Must he close his eyes +upon all history before be can behold the beauty of his own cult? + + But let us quote again: + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 78 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + "To efface from the statute books of Christendom every + law which has its basal principle in Christian ethics; to + abolish every institution which ministers to human need and + misfortune in the name of Him whose sympathy is the heart of + the divine; to lower every sense of moral obligation between + man and man to the old level of Paganism to silence the + great oratorios which have made music the echo of the + divine; to take down from the galleries of the world the + sacred canvases with which genius has sanctified them; to + obliterate from memorial symbolism the cross of sublime + renunciation which has been the rebuke of human selfishness; + to disband every organization which makes prayer, through + the merit of one great name, the hand of man upon the arm of + God -- you may be able to think of an ocean without a + harbor, of a sky without a sun, of a garden without a + flower, of a face without a smile, of a home without a + mother; but, can you think of a world with holiness and + happiness in it and Jesus gone out of it? You cannot, "Then, + come, let us adore him," etc., etc. + + Observe how this special pleader avoids breathing so much as +a word about any of the many evils which may be laid at the door +of his religion with as much show of reason as the benefits he +enumerates. + + What about the dark ages which held all Europe for the space +of a thousand years in the clutches of an ignorance the like of +which no other religion in the world had known? + + What about the atrocious inquisition to which no other +religion in the world had ever been able to give the swing that +Christianity did? + + What about the persecution and burning of helpless women as +witches? Is there anything as infamous as that in any religion +outside of ours? + + What about the wholesale massacres in the name of the true +faith? + + What about the centuries of religious wars, the most +imbecile as well as the most bloody, from the effects of which +Germany, France, Italy and England are still suffering today? + + And need we also call attention to that obstinate resistance +to science and progress? which rewarded every discoverer of a new +power for man, with the halter or the stake, which filled the +dungeons with the elite of Europe, -- which even dug open graves +to punish the bones of the dead savants and illuminators of man? + + The Pagans, in their gladiatorial games, sacrificed the +lives of slaves; Christianity made a holocaust of the noblest +intellects of Europe. + + And shall we speak of the bigotry, the fanaticism, the +bitter sectarian prejudices which to this day embitter the life +of the world? Are not these, too, the fruits of Christianity? + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 79 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + We know the answer which the reverend gentleman would make +to this: "All the evils you speak of are chargeable, not to +Christianity, but to its abuse." But we have already shown that +that argument won't do. We might as well say that all the evil of +Paganism was due to its abuse. The mere fact that Christianity +lent itself to such fearful distortions, and was capable of +arousing the worst passions in man on such a fearful scale, is +condemnation enough. It shows that there was in it a potentiality +for evil beyond compare. Moreover, wherein does a "divine" +religion differ from a man-made cult, if it is equally powerless +to protect itself against perversion? In what sense is Jesus a +god, while all his rivals were "mere men," if he is as helpless +to prevent the abuse of his teachings as they were? But it would +not be difficult to show that the characteristic crimes we have +scheduled are the direct inspiration of a religion claiming +exclusiveness and infallibility. Such texts as, "there is no +other name given under heaven by which men can be saved;" "Let +such an one (the man who will not be converted) be like a heathen +and a publican to you;" John's advice to refrain from saying "God +speed" to the alien in faith; the bible command not to "suffer a +witch to live;" and many of the dogmas which might be cited, -- +corrupted the sympathies, perverted the judgment of the noblest, +while at the same time they stung the evil-minded into something +like madness. The world knew nothing of the tyranny of dogma, or +religious oppression and persecution, comparatively speaking, +until the advent of the Jewish-Christian Church. + + "Verily I say unto you, it shall be more tolerable for the +land of Sodom and of Gomorrah, in the day of judgment, than for +that city," said Jesus, speaking of the people who might not +accept his teachings. How can Christianity be a religion of love, +and how can it believe in tolerance, when it threatens the +unbeliever with a fate worse than that of Sodom and Gomorrah? + + The benefits which the Rev. Boyle parades as the direct +fruit of his cult, did not appear until after the Renaissance, +that is to say, -- the return to Pagan culture and ideals. The +art and science and the humanities which he praises, followed +upon the gradual decline of the Jewish-Christian religion which +had already destroyed two civilizations. + + But Greece and Rome triumphed. To this day, if we need +models in poetry, in art, in philosophy, in literature, in +politics, in patriotism, in service to the public, in heroism and +devotion to ideals -- we must go to the Greeks and the Romans. +Not that these nations were by any means perfect, but because +they have not been surpassed. In our colleges and schools, when +we wish to bring up our children in the ways of wisdom and +beauty, we do not give them the Christian fathers to read, we +give them the Pagan classics. + + We ask this St. Paul clergyman to read Gibbons' tribute to +Pagan Rome: "If a man was called upon to fix a period in the +history of the world during which the condition of the human race +was most happy and prosperous, he would without hesitation name +that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 80 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +Commodus." This period included such men and rulers as Nerva, +Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and above all, the greatest of +them all -- the greatest ruler our earth has ever owned -- Marcus +Aurelius Antoninus. Let the Rev. W.H.H. Boyle look over the names +of the kings of Israel and of Christian France, Spain, Italy and +England, and find among them any one that can come up to the +stature of these Pagan monarchs. + + + "WE OWE EVERYTHING TO JESUS" + + But, behold! another clergyman with the claim that the +modern world owes all its joy and cheer, during the Christmas +season, "to the babe in Bethlehem." "What was it that brought +about such a condition that crowds the stores, that overflows the +mails, and loads the express with packages of every description? +The little babe in Bethlehem set all this in motion, -- the +wreath, the holly, are all from him." + + When we read the above and more to the same effect, we wrote +to the Rev. W.A. Bartlett, [Pastor First congregational Church, +Chicago.] the author of the words quoted, asking him if he was +correctly reported. We reproduce herewith a copy of our letter: + + Dec. 20, 1904. +Rev. W.A. Bartlett, + + Washington Boul. and Ann St., Chicago. + + DEAR MR. BARTLETT: In the report of your sermon of last + Sunday you are represented as claiming that it is to the + "babe in Bethlehem" we owe the Christmas festival, the + giving of presents, etc., etc. I write to ascertain whether + this report has stated your position correctly? I am sure + you know that Christmas is only a recomposition of an old + Pagan festival, and that "giving presents" at this season is + a much older practice than Christianity. Of course, you do + not believe that Christmas is celebrated in December and on + the 25th of the month because Jesus was born on that day. + You know as well as I do of the Pagan festivals celebrated + in the month of December throughout the Roman Empire -- + celebrations which were accompanied with the giving and + receiving of presents. Moreover, you know also, as every + student does, that in the Latin countries of Europe it is + not on Christmas day, but on New Year's day, that presents + are exchanged. Surely you would not claim that for New + Year's day, too, the world is indebted to the Bethlehem + babe. You must also have known that the use of the evergreen + and the holly was in vogue among the Druids of Pagan times. + Be kind enough, therefore, to give me, if I am not asking + too much, the facts which led you to make the statements to + which I have called your attention, and believe me, with + great respect, etc. + + To this neighborly letter the reverend gentleman did not +condescend to send an acknowledgment. We knocked at his door, as +it were, and he, a minister of the Gospel, declined to open it +unto us. Clergymen, as a rule, say that they are happy when + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 81 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +people will let them preach the gospel to them. In our case, we +saved the clergyman from calling upon us, we called upon him -- +that is to say, we wrote and gave him an opportunity to enlighten +us, to bring his influence to bear upon us, to open our eyes to +the error of our ways, -- and he would have nothing to do with +us. Was not our soul worth saving? Did the Rev. W.A. Bartlett +consider us beyond hope? We ask this clergyman to place his hand +upon his conscience and ask himself whether he did the brotherly +thing in not returning a friendly and kindly answer to our honest +inquiry for truth. But he did not answer us, because he had no +real faith in his gospel. It was not good enough for an inquirer. + + But the clergyman, according to reports, made an attempt on +the Sunday following the receipt of our letter, before his +congregation, to answer indirectly our question. He denied that +"Christmas was a recomposition of an old Pagan festival," and +said that the early Christians "fasted and wept" because of these +Pagan festivals, and that as early as the second century, the +birth of Jesus was commemorated. In short, he pronounced it "a +distortion of history" to assign to the Christmas festival a +Pagan origin. In his great work on the History of Civilization, +Buckle says this, to which we call Dr. Bartlett's attention: "As +soon as eminent men grow unwilling to enter any profession, the +luster of that profession will be tarnished; first its reputation +will be lessened, then its power abridged." We fear this is true +of Mr. Bartlett's profession. + + How can Christian ministers hope to engage the interest of +the reading public if they themselves abstain from reading? Ask a +secular newspaper about the origin of the Christmas celebration, +and it will tell you the truth. On the very Sunday that Dr. +Bartlett was denouncing, in his church, our claim that the Pagans +gave us the December season of joy and merry-making, as "a +distortion of history," an editorial in the Chicago Tribune said +this: + + But the festive character of the celebration, the + giving of presents, the feasting and merriment, the use of + evergreen and holly and mistletoe, are all remnants of Pagan + rites. + + Continuing, the same editorial called attention to the +antiquity of the institution: + + Long before the shepherds on the Judean plains saw the + star rise in the east and heard the tidings of "Peace on + earth, good will to man," the Roman populace surged through + the streets at the feast of Saturn, giving themselves up to + wild license and boisterous merry making. They exchanged + presents, they decorated their dwellings and temples with + green boughs; slaves were given special privileges, and the + spirit of good will was abroad among men. This Roman + Saturnalia came at the winter solstice, the same as does our + Christmas day, while the birth of Christ is widely believed + to have taken place at some other season of the year. + + But Dr. Bartlett may have had in mind the quotation from +Anastasius: + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 82 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + "Our Lord, Jesus Christ, was born of the Holy Virgin, Mary, +in Bethlehem, at one o'clock in the afternoon of December 25th," +-- appearing to quote from some old manuscript which, +unfortunately, is not to be found anywhere. But Clement of +Alexandria, in the year 210 A.D., dismisses all guesses as to +when Jesus was born, -- the 18th of April, 19th of May, etc., -- +as products of reckless speculation. March 28th is given as +Jesus' birthday in De Pascha Computius, in the year 243. Jan. 5th +is the date defended by Epiphanius. Baradaens, Bishop of Odessa, +says: "No one knows exactly the day of the nativity of our Lord: +this only is certain from what Luke writes, that he was born in +the night." Poor Dr. Bartlett, his December 25th does not receive +support from the Fathers. + + For our clerical brother's sake, we quote some more from the +Tribune editorial: + + Primeval man looked upon the sun as the revelation of + divinity. When the shortest day of the year was passed, when + the sun began his march northward, the primitive man + rejoiced in the thought of the coming seedtime and summer, + and he made feasts and revelry the mode of expressing the + gladness of his heart. Among the sun worshipers of Persia, + among the Druids of the far north, among the Phoenicians, + among the Romans, and among the ancient Goths and Saxons the + winter solstice was the occasion of festivities. Many of + them were rude and barbarous, but they were all + distinguished by hearty and profuse hospitality. + + And yet our neighbor calls it "distortion of history" to +connect Christmas with the Pagan festival, celebrated about this +time. We quote once more from the Secular press: + + The Christian church did not abolish these heathen + ceremonies, but grafted upon them a deeper spiritual + meaning. For this reason Christmas is an institution which + memorializes the best there was in Pagan man. Its good + cheer, its charity, its sports, its feasting, and the + features which most endear it to children are all the + heritage of our Pagan ancestors. + + How refreshing this, compared with the clergyman's silence, +or cry of "distortion." + + But in one thing the doctor is correct. The early Christians +did bewail the Pagan festivals, as they did everything else that +was Pagan. But it did not help them at all; they were compelled +to acquiesce. The Christians have "fasted and prayed" also +against science, progress, and modern thought, but what good has +it done? They asked God to hook Theodore Parker's tongue; to +overthrow Darwin, and to confound the wisdom of this world, but +the prayer remains unanswered. Yes, the doctor is right, the +church has "fasted and prayed" against religious tolerance, +against the use of Sunday as a day of recreation, -- the opening +of galleries and libraries on that day, the advancement of woman, +the emancipation of the negro, the secularization of education, +the revision of old creeds, and a thousand other things. But + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 83 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +their opposition has only damaged their own cause. They did try +to suppress the Pagan festival, which we call Christmas, and the +Puritans in this country, until recently, abstained from all +recognition of the day, and called it "Popery," and "Paganism," +but their efforts bore no fruit. Dr. Bartlett, if he will read, +will learn that for many years, in England and in this country, +the observance of Christmas was forbidden by law under severe +penalties. As to our being indebted for the cheer and merriment +of the December festival to the "Bethlehem babe," the doctor must +inform himself of those acts of Parliament which, under the +Puritan regime, compelled people to mourn on Christmas day and to +abstain from merry-making. In Christian Connecticut, for a man to +have a sprig of holly in his house on Christmas day was a finable +crime. In Massachusetts, any Christian detected celebrating +Christmas was fined five shillings and costs. But, see, having +failed to suppress these good institutions, they now turn about +and claim that they have always believed in them, and that, in +fact, we would not now be enjoying any one of these benefits but +for the Christian Church. + + In conclusion, we have one other word to say to the three +clerical teachers from whose writings we have quoted. Against +them we are constrained to bring the charge of looseness in +thought. They seem to have little conscience for evidence. Mr. +Jones says, for instance: + + "In short, I am compelled to think that this Light of + Souls, this saving and redeeming spirit, was the loved and + loving child of Joseph, the carpenter, and the loyal wife + Mary. I believe this, notwithstanding the stories of + immaculate conceptions, star-guided magi, choiring angels + and adoring shepherds that gathered around. the birth- + night." + + Which is another way of saying that he is "compelled to +believe" against the evidence, merely because it is his pleasure +or interest to do so. This is not very edifying, to be sure. Mr. +Jones takes all his information about Joseph and Mary and Jesus +from the gospels, and yet the gospels clearly contradict his +conclusions. Mary, the mother of Jesus, gives her word of honor +that Joseph was not the father of her child, and Joseph himself +testifies that he is not Jesus' father, but Mr. Jones pays no +attention to their testimony; he wishes Joseph to be the father +of Jesus, and that ought to be sufficient evidence, he thinks. We +quote from the gospel: + + "Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When + his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they + came together she was found with child of the Holy Ghost. + And Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man, and not + willing to make her a public example, was minded to put her + away privily. But when he thought on these things, behold, + an angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, + Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary + thy wife; for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy + Ghost." + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 84 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Now, if Joseph admits be was not Jesus' father, and Mary +corroborates his testimony (See Luke, 1st chapter), Jesus was, if +he ever lived, and the records which give Mr. Jones his ideal +Jesus are reliable, the son of a man who has succeeded in +concealing his identity, unless, of course, we believe in the +virgin birth. If the real father of Jesus had come forth and +owned his son, and Mary had acknowledged that he was the father +of her child, what would have become of Christianity? We hope +these clergymen who have dwelt, as Emerson says, "With noxious +exaggeration about the person of Jesus," will reflect upon this, +and while doing so, will they not also remember this other saying +of the Concord philosopher: "The vice of our theology is seen in +the claim that Jesus was something different from a man." + + We take our leave of the three clergymen, assuring them that +in what we have said we have not been actuated, in the least, by +any personal motive whatever, and that we have only done to them +what we would have them do to us. + + A LIBERAL JEW ON JESUS + + FELIX ADLER, PRAISES JESUS + + That it is very easy for scholars to follow the people +instead of leading them, and to side with the view that commands +the majority, receives fresh confirmation from the recent +utterances of the founder of the Ethical Culture Society in New +York. Professor Adler the son of a rabbi, and at one time a +freethinker, has slowly drifted into orthodox waters, after +having tried for a period of years the open seas, and has become +a more enthusiastic champion of the god of the Christians than +many a Christian scholar whom we could name. The pendulum in the +Adler case has swung clear to the opposite side. We do not find +fault with a man because be changes his views, we only ask for +reasons for the change. It will be seen by the following extracts +from Adler's printed lectures that he has made absolutely no +critical study of the sources of the Jesus story, but has merely, +and hurriedly at that, accepted the conventional estimate of +Jesus and enlarged upon it. Jesus is entitled to all the praise +which is due him, but it must first be shown that in praising him +we are not sacrificing the truth. Praising any man at such a cost +is merely flattering the masses and bowing to the fashion of the +day. + + Let us hear what Professor Adler has to say about Jesus. He +writes: + + It has been said that if Christ came to New York or + Chicago, they would stone him in the very churches. it is + not so! If Christ came to New York or Chicago, the publicans + and sinners would sit at his feet! For they would know that + he cared for them better than they in their darkness knew + how to care for themselves, and they would love him as they + loved him in the days of yore. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 85 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + This would sound pious in the mouth of a Moody or a Torrey, +but, we confess, it sounds like affectation in the mouth of the +free thinking son of a rabbi. That Prof. Adler enters here into a +field for which his early Jewish training has not fitted him, is +apparent from the hasty way in which he has put his sentences +together. "It has been said," he writes, "that if Christ came to +New York or Chicago, they would stone him in the very churches. +It is not so." Why is it not so? And he answers: "If Christ came +to New York or Chicago, the publicans and sinners would sit at +his feet." But what has the reception which publicans and sinners +might give Jesus to do with how the churches would receive him? +He proves that Jesus would not be stoned in the churches of New +York and Chicago by saying that the "publicans and sinners would +sit at his feet." Does he mean that "New York and Chicago +churches" and "publicans and sinners" are the same thing? +"Publicans and sinners" might welcome him, and still the churches +might stone him, which in fact, according to Adler's own +admission, was the case in Jerusalem, where the synagogues +conspired against Jesus, while Mary Magdalene sat at his feet. +Nor are his words about "the publicans and sinners loving Jesus +as they loved him in the days of yore" edifying. Who does he mean +by the "publicans and sinners," and how many of them loved Jesus +in the days of yore, and why should this class of people have +felt a special love for him? + + On the question of the resurrection of Jesus, Prof. Adler +says this: + + "It is sometimes insinuated that the entire Christian + doctrine depends on the accounts contained in the New + Testament, purporting that Jesus actually rose on the third + day and was seen by his followers; and that if these reports + are found to be contradictory, unsupported by sufficient + evidence, and in themselves incredible, then the bottom + falls out of the belief in immortality as represented by + Christianity." + + It was the Apostle Paul himself who said that "if Jesus has +not risen from the dead, then is our faith in vain, -- and we +are, of all men, most miserable." So, you see, friend Adler, it +is not "Sometimes insinuated," as you say, but it is openly, and +to our thinking, logically asserted, that if Jesus did not rise +from the dead, the whole fabric of Christian eschatology falls to +the ground. But we must remember that Prof. Adler has not been +brought up a Christian. He has acquired his Christian +predilections only recently, so to speak, hence his unfamiliarity +with its Scriptures. Continuing, the Professor says: + + "But similar reports have arisen in the world time and + again, apparitions of the dead have been seen and have been + taken for real; and yet such stories, after being current + for a time, invariably have passed into oblivion. Why did + this particular story persist, despite the paucity and the + insufficiency of the evidence? Why did it get itself + believed and take root?" + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 86 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + What shall we think of such reasoning from the platform of a +presumably rationalist movement? Does not the Professor know that +the story of the resurrection of Jesus is not original, but a +repetition of older stories of the kind? Had the world never +heard of such after-death apparitions before Jesus' day, it would +never have invented the story of his resurrection. And how does +the Professor know that the story of Jesus' resurrection is not +going to meet the same fate which has overtaken all other similar +stories? Is it not already passing into the shade of neglect? Are +not the intelligent among the Christians themselves beginning to +explain the resurrection of Jesus allegorically, denying +altogether that he rose from the dead in a literal sense? +Moreover, the pre-christian stories of similar resurrections +lived to an old age, -- two or three thousand years -- before +they died, and the story of Jesus' resurrection has yet to prove +its ability to live longer. All miraculous beliefs are +disappearing, and the story of the Christian resurrection will +not be an exception. But Prof. Adler's motive in believing that +the story of the resurrection of Jesus shall live, is to offer it +as an argument for immortality, and in so doing be strains the +English language in lauding Jesus. He says: + + "In my opinion, people believed in the resurrection of + Jesus because of the precedent conviction in the minds of + the disciples that such a man as Jesus could not die, + because of the conviction that a personality of such + superlative excellence, so radiant, so incomparably lofty in + mien and port and speech and intercourse with others, could + not pass away like a forgotten wind, that such a star could + not be quenched." + + We regret to say that there are as many assumptions in the +above sentence as there are lines in it. Of course if we are for +emotionalism and not for exact and accurate conclusions, Adler's +estimate of Jesus is as rhetorical as that of Jones or Boyle, but +if we have any love for historical truth, there is not even the +shadow of evidence, for instance, that the disciples could not +believe "that such a man as Jesus could die." On the contrary, +the disciples left him at the cross and fled, and believed him +dead, until it was reported to them that he had been seen alive, +and even then "some doubted," and one wished to feel the flesh +with his fingers before he would credit his eyes. Jesus had to +eat and drink with them, he had to "open their eyes," and perform +various miracles before they would believe that he was not dead. +The text which says that the apostles hesitated to believe in the +resurrection because "as yet they knew not the scripture, that he +would rise from the dead," shows conclusively how imaginary is +the idea that there was a "precedent conviction" in the minds of +the disciples that such a man as Jesus could not die. Apparently +it was all a matter of prophecy, not of moral character at all. +Yet in the face of all the evidence to the contrary, Prof. Adler +tells his Carnegie Hall audience, who unfortunately are even less +informed in Christian doctrine than their leader, that "there was +a precedent conviction in the minds of the disciples that such a +man as Jesus could not die." And what gave the disciples this +supposed "precedent conviction?" "That a personality of such +superlative excellence, so radiant, so incomparably lofty in mien + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 87 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +and port and speech and intercourse with others, could not pass +away like a forgotten wind, that such a star could not be +quenched," We are simply astonished, and grieved as well, to see +the use which so enlightened a man as Prof. Adler makes of his +gifts. Will this Jewish admirer of the god of Christendom kindly +tell us wherein Jesus was superlatively excellent, or +incomparably lofty in mien and port and speech and intercourse +with others? Was there a weakness found in men like Buddha, +Confucius, Socrates, etc., from which Jesus was free? That Jesus +created no such ideal impression upon his disciples, is shown by +the fact that they represented him as a sectarian and an egotist +who denounced all who had preceded him as unworthy of respect and +to be despised. + + And how could a man whose public life did not cover more +than two or three years of time, and who lived as a celibate and +a monk, returning every night to his cave in the Mount of Olives, +taking no active part in the business life -- supporting no +family or parents, assuming no civil or social duties -- how can +such a man, we ask, be held up as a model for the men and women +of today? Jesus, according to his biographers, believed he could +raise the dead, and announced himself the equal of God. "I and my +father are one," he is reported to have said; and one of his +apostles writes: "He (Jesus) thought it no robbery to be equal to +God." Either this report is true, or it is not. If it is, what +shall we think of a man who thought he was a god and could raise +the dead? If the report is not true, what reliance can we place +in his biographers when the things which they affirm with the +greatest confidence are to be rejected? + + Yet Prof. Adler, swept off his feet by the popular and +conventional enthusiasm about Jesus, describes him as "a +personality of such superlative excellence, so radiant, so +incomparably lofty in mien and port and speech and intercourse +with others," that his followers could not believe he was a mere +mortal. But where is the Jesus to correspond to this rhetorical +language? He is not in the anonymous gospels. There we find only +a fragmentary character patched or pieced together, as it were, +by various contributors -- a character made up of the most +contradictory elements, as we have tried to show in the preceding +pages. The Jesus of Adler is not in history, he is not even in +mythology. There is no one of that name and answering that +description in the four gospels. + + That a loose way of speaking grows upon one if one is not +careful, and that sounding phrases and honest historical +criticism are not the same thing, will be seen by Prof. Adler's +lavish praise of John Calvin. He speaks of him in terms almost as +glowing as he does of Jesus. He calls Calvin "that mighty and +noble man." + + That Calvin ruled Geneva like a Russian autocrat; that he +was "mighty" in a community in which Jacques Gruet was beheaded +because be had "danced," and also because he had committed the +grave offense of saying that "Moses was only a man and no one +knows what God said to him," and in which Michael Servetus was +burned alive for holding opinions contrary to those which the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 88 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +Genevan pope was interested in, -- is readily conceded. But was +Calvin "mighty" in a beneficent sense? Did his power save people +from the Protestant inquisition? Was not the Geneva of his day +called the Protestant Rome? And if he did not use his powerful +influence to further religious tolerance and intellectual +honesty; if he did not use his position to save men from the grip +of superstition and the fear of hell, how can Prof. Adler refer +to him as "that mighty and noble man -- John Calvin?" + + It is not our purpose to grudge Calvin any compliments which +Felix Adler wishes to pay him. What we grieve to see is, that he +should, indirectly at least, recommend to the admiration of his +readers a man who, if he existed today and acted as he did in the +Geneva of the sixteenth century, would be regarded by every +morally and intellectually awakened man, as a criminal. Has not +Felix Adler examined the evidence which incriminates Calvin and +proves him beyond doubt as the murderer of Servetus? "If he +(Servetus) comes to Geneva, I shall see that he does not escape +alive," wrote John Calvin to Theodore Beza. And he carried out +his fearful menace; Servetus was put to death by the most +horrible punishment ever invented -- he was burned alive in a +smoking fire. What did this mighty and noble man do to save a +stranger and a scholar from so atrocious a fate? Let his +eulogist, Prof. Adler, answer. It will not do to say that those +were different times. A thousand voices were raised against the +wanton and cruel murder of Servetus, but Calvin's was not among +them. In fact, when Calvin himself was a fugitive and a wanderer, +he had written in favor of religious tolerance, but no sooner did +he become the Protestant pope of Geneva, than he developed into +an exterminator of heresy by fire. Such is the "mighty and noble +man" held up for our admiration. "Mighty" he was, but we ask +again, was he mighty in a noble sense? + + Had Calvin been considered a "mighty and noble man" by the +reformers who preceded Prof. Adler, there would have been no +Ethical Culture societies in America today. Prof. Adler is +indebted for the liberties which he enjoys in New York to the +Voltaires and the Condorcets, who regarded Calvin and his "isms" +as pernicious to the intellectual life of Europe, and did all +they could to lead the people away from them. Think of the leader +of the Ethical Societies exalting a persecutor, to say nothing of +his abominable theology, or of his five aliases, as "that mighty +and noble man, -- John Calvin!" We feel grateful to Prof. Adler +for organizing the Ethical Societies in American, but we would be +pleased to have him explain in what sense a man of Calvin's small +sympathies and terrible deeds could be called both "noble and +mighty." [See "The Kingdom of God in Geneva Under Calvin." -- +M.M. Mangaearian. + + It was predicted some years ago that the founder of the +Ethical Societies will before long return to the Jewish faith of +his fathers. However this may be, we have seen, in his estimate +of Jesus and John Calvin, evidences of his estrangement from +rationalism, of which in his younger days he was so able a +champion. In his criticism of the Russian scientist, Metchnikoff, +of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, Prof. Adler, endorsing the +popular estimate of Jesus, accepts also the popular attitude + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 89 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +toward science. He appears to prefer the doctrine of special +creation to the theory of evolution. We would not have believed +this of Felix Adler if we did not have the evidence before us. We +speak of this to show the relation between an exaggerated praise +of a popular idol, and a denial of the conclusions of modem +science. It is the popular view which Prof. Adler champions in +both instances. In his criticism of Metchnikoff's able book, 'The +Nature of Man,' Prof. Adler writes: + + And to account for the reason in man, this divine spark + that has been set ablaze in him, it is not sufficient to + point to an ape as our ancestor. If we are descended from an + anthropoid ape on the physical side, we are not descended + from him in any strict sense of the word on our rational + side; for as life is born of life, so reason is born of + reason, and if the anthropoid ape does not possess reason as + we possess it, it cannot be said that on our rational side + we are his progeny. + + If the above had been written fifty years ago, when the +doctrine of evolution was a heresy, or by an orthodox clergyman +of today, we would have taken no note of it. But coming as it +does from the worthy founder of the Ethical Movement in America, +it deserves attention. "If," says Dr. Adler, "we are descended +from an anthropoid ape on the physical side, we are not descended +from him in any strict sense of the word on our rational side." +He is not sure, evidently, that even physically man is the +successor of the anthropoid ape, but he is sure that "we are not +descended from him ... on our rational side." Is Dr. Adler, then, +a dualist? Does he believe that there are two eternal sources, +from one of which we get our bodies, and from the other our +"rational side?" And why cannot Dr. Adler be a monist? He +answers, "for as life is born of life, so reason is born of +reason, and if the anthropoid ape does not possess reason as we +possess it, it cannot be said that on our rational side we are +his progeny." Not so, good doctor! There is no life without +reason. Do we mean to say that the jelly-fish, the creeping worm, +or the bud on the tree has reason? Yes; not as much reason as a +horse or a dog, and certainly not as much as a Metchnikoff or an +Adler, but these lower forms of life could not have survived but +for the element of rationality in them. We may call this +instinct, sensation, promptings of nature, but what's in a name? +The difference between a pump and a watch is only a difference of +mechanism. The stone and the soul represent different stages of +progression, not different substances. If a charcoal can be +transformed into a diamond, why may not nature, with the +resources of infinity at her command, refine a stone into a soul? +Let us not marvel at this; it is not less thinkable than the +proposition of two independent sources of life, the one physical, +the other rational. If "life is born of life," where did the +first life come from? Let us have an answer to that question. And +if, as the professor says, reason is born of reason," how did the +first reason come? Is it not very much simpler to think in +monistic terms, than to separate life from reason, and mind from +matter, as Prof. Adler does in the words quoted above? Why cannot +mind be a state of matter? What objection is there to thinking +that matter refined, elevated, ripened, cultured, becomes both + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 90 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +sentient and rational? If matter can feel, can see, can hear, can +it not also think? Does not the horse see, hear and think? There +is no lowering of the dignity of man to say that he tastes with +his palate, sees with his eyes, hears with his ears, and thinks +with the gray matter in his brain. Remove his optic nerve and he +becomes blind, destroy the ganglia in his brain, and he becomes +mindless. Gold is as much matter as the dust, but it is very much +more precious; so is mind infinitely more precious than the +matter which can only feel, see, taste or hear. "If the +anthropoid ape does not possess reason as we possess it, it +cannot be said that on our rational side we are his progeny," +says Dr. Adler: But, suppose we were to say that if our remote +African or Australian savage ancestors did not possess reason as +we possess it, "it cannot be said that on our rational side we +are their progeny." The child in the cradle does not possess +reason "as we do," any more than does the anthropoid ape, but the +beginnings of reason are in both. Let the worm climb and he will +overtake man. This is a most hopeful, a most beautiful gospel. +Its spirit is not one of isolation and exclusiveness from the +rest of nature, but one of fellowship and sympathy. We are all -- +plants, trees, birds, bugs, animals -- all members of one family, +children at various ages and stages of growth of the same great +mother, -- Nature. + +We quote again: + + "When I ask him (Metchnikoff) whence do I come, he + points to the simian stage which we have left behind; but I + would look beyond that stage to some ultimate fount of + being, to which all that is highest in me and in the world + around me can be traced, a source of things equal to the + best that I can conceive." + + But if there is "some ultimate fount of being"' to which our +"highest" nature "can be traced," whence did our lower nature +come? Is Prof. Adler trying to say God? We do not object to the +word, we only ask that he give the word a more intelligible +meaning than has yet been given. If God is the "ultimate fount of +being to which all that is highest in us can be traced," who or +what is the ultimate fount to which all that is lowest in us can +be traced? Let us have the names of the two ultimate founts of +being, and also to what still more ultimate founts these founts +may be traced. + + In our opinion Dr. Adler has failed to do justice to Prof. +Metchnikoff. It is no answer to the Darwinian Theory, which the +Russian scientist accepts in earnest, and in all its fullness, -- +not fractionally, as Adler seems to do -- to say that it does not +explain everything. No one claims that it does. Not all the +mystery of life has been cleared. Evolution has offered us only a +new key, so to speak, with which to attempt the doors which have +not yielded to metaphysics. And if the key has not opened all the +doors, it has opened many. Prof. Adler seems to think that the +doctrine of evolution explains only the physical descent of man; +for the genesis of the spiritual man, he looks for some +supernatural "fount" in the skies. Well, that is not science; +that is theology. and Adler's estimate of Jesus is just as +theological as his criticism of evolution. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 91 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + APPENDIX + + The argument in this volume will be better understood if we +give to our readers the comments and criticisms which our little +pamphlet, 'Jesus a Myth,' and 'The Mangasarian-Crapsey Debate' on +the Historicity of Jesus, [Price, 25c, Independent Religious +Society, Orchestra Hall, Chicago.] called forth from orthodox and +liberal clergymen. We shall present these together with our reply +as they appeared on the Sunday Programs of the Independent +Religious Society. + + Criticism is welcome. If the criticism is just, it prevents +us from making the same mistake twice; if it is unjust, it gives +us an opportunity to correct the error our critic has fallen +into. No one's knowledge is perfect. But the question is, does a +teacher suppress the facts? Does he insist on remaining ignorant +of the facts? + + FROM THE SUNDAY PROGRAMS + + I + + Now that the debate on one of the most vital questions of +modern religious thought -- The Historicity of Jesus -- is in +print, a few further reflections on some minor points in Dr. +Crapsey's argument may add to the value of the published copy. + + REV. DR. CRAPSEY: "Now, I say this is the great law of +religious variation, that in almost every instance, indeed, I +think, in every single instance in history, all such movements +begin with a single personality." (P. 5, Mangasarian-Crapsey +Debate.) + + ANSWER: The only way this question can be settled is by +appealing to history. Mithraism is a variant religion, which at +one time spread over the Roman Empire and came near outclassing +Christianity. Yet, Mithra, represented as a young man, and +worshiped as a god, is a myth. How, then, did Mithraism arise? + + Religions, as well as their variations, appear as new +branches do upon an old tree. The new branch is quite as much the +product of the soil and climate as the parent tree. Like +Brahmanism, Judaism, Shinto and the Babylonian and Egyptian +Cults, which had no single founders, Christianity is a deposit to +which Hellenic, Judaic and Latin tendencies have each contributed +its quota. + + But the popular imagination craves a Maker for the Universe, +a founder for Rome, a first man for the human race, and a great +chief as the starter of the tribe. In the same way it fancies a +divine, or semidivine being as the author of its credo. + + Because Mohammed is historical, it does not follow that +Moses is also historical. That argument would prove too much. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 92 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Rev. Dr. CRAPSEY: "We would be in the same position that the +astronomers were when they discovered the great planet Uranus -- +from their knowledge of the movements of these bodies they were +convinced that these perturbations could be occasioned by nothing +less than a great planet lying outside of the then view of +mankind." (P. 6, Ibid.) + + ANSWER: But the astronomers did not rest until they +converted the probability of a near-by planet into demonstration. +Jesus is still a probability. + + Rev. Dr. CRAPSEY: "We have of Jesus a very distinctly +outlined history. There is nothing vague about him." (P. 12, +Ibid.) + + ANSWER: But in the same sentence the doctor takes all this +back by adding: "There are a great many things in his history +that are not historical." If so, then we do not possess "a very +distinctly outlined history," but at best a mixture of fact and +fiction. + + Rev. Dr. CRAPSEY: "We can follow Jesus' history from the +time that he entered upon his public career until the time that +career closed, just as easily as we can follow Caesar, etc." (P. +12, Ibid.) + + ANSWER: How long was "the time from the opening of Jesus' +public career until the time that it closed?" -- One year! -- +according to the three gospels. It sounds quite a period to speak +of "following his public career" from beginning to end, +especially when compared with Caesar's, until it is remembered +that the entire public career of Jesus covers the space of only +one year. This is a most decisive argument against the +historicity of Jesus. With the exception of one year, his whole +life is hid in impenetrable darkness. We know nothing of his +childhood, nothing of his old age, if he lived to be old, and of +his youth, we know just enough to fill up a year. Under the +circumstances, there is no comparison between the public career +of a Caesar or a Socrates covering from fifty to seventy years of +time, and that of a Jesus of whose life only one brief year is +thrown upon the canvas. + + An historical Jesus who lived only a year! + + Rev. Dr. CRAPSEY: The Christ I admit to be purely +mythological ... the word Christ, you know, means the anointed +one ... they (the Hebrews) expected the coming of that Christ ... +But that is purely a mythical title. (The Debate -- p. 35.) + + ANSWER: Did the Hebrews then expect the coming of a title? +Were they looking forward to seeing the ancient throne of David +restored by a title? By Messiah or Christ the Jews did not mean a +name, but a man -- a real flesh and bone savior, anointed or +appointed by heaven. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 93 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + But if the 'Christ' which the Hebrews expected was "purely +mythical," what makes the same 'Christ' in the supposed Tacitus +passage historical? The New Testament Jesus is Jesus Christ, and +the apostle John speaks of those "who confess not that Jesus +Christ is come in the flesh" -- mark his words -- not Christ, but +Jesus Christ. The apostle does not separate the two names. There +were those, then, in the early church who denied the historicity, +not of a title, -- for what meaning would there be in denying +that a title "is come in the flesh," -- but of a person, known as +Jesus Christ. + + And what could the doctor mean when he speaks of a title +being "mythological?" There are no mythological titles. Titles +are words, and we do not speak of the historicity or the non- +historicity of words. We cannot say of words as we do of men, +that some are historical and others are mythical. William Tell is +a myth -- not the name, but the man the name stands for. William +is the name of many real people, and so is Tell. There were many +anointed kings, who are historical, and the question is, Is Jesus +Christ -- or Jesus the Anointed -- also historical? To answer +that Jesus is historical, but The Anointed is not, is to evade +the question. + + When Mosheim declares that "The prevalent opinion among +early Christians was that Christ existed in appearance only," he +could not have meant by 'Christ' only a title. There is no +meaning in saying that a man's title "existed in appearance +only?" + + We do not speak of a title being born, or crucified; and +when some early Christians denied that Jesus Christ was ever born +or ever crucified, they had in mind not a title but a person. + + In conclusion: If the 'Christ' by whom the Hebrews meant, +not a mere name, but a man, was "purely mythological," as the +reverend debater plainly admits (see pages 35, 36 of The Debate) +-- that is, if when the Hebrews said: "Christ is coming," they +were under the influence of an illusion, -- why may not the +Christians when they say that 'Christ' has come, be also under +the influence of an illusion? The Hebrew illusion said, Christ +was coming; the Christian illusion says, Christ has come. The +Hebrews had no evidence that 'Christ' was coming, although that +expectation was a great factor in their religion; and the +Christians have no more evidence for saying 'Christ' has come, +although that belief is a great factor in their religion. + + II + + The minister of the South Congregational Church, who heard +the debate, has publicly called your lecturer an "unscrupulous +sophist," who "practices imposition upon a popular audience" and +who "put forth sentence after sentence which every scholar +present knew to be a perversion of the facts so outrageous as to +be laughable." + + As one of the leading morning papers said, the above "is not +a reply to arguments made by Mr. Mangasarian." + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 94 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Invited by several people to prove these charges, the +Reverend replies: "In the absence of any full report of what he +(M. M. Mangasarian) said, or of any notes taken at the time, I am +unable to furnish you with quotations." When the Reverend was +addressing the public his memory was strong enough to enable him +to say, "sentence after sentence was put forth by Mr. Mangasarian +which every scholar present knew to be a perversion of the +facts." But when called upon to mention a few of them, his memory +forsakes him. Our critic is not careful to make his statements +agree with the fact. + + One instance, however, he is able to remember which "when it +fell upon my ears," he writes, "it struck me with such amazement, +that it completely drove from my mind a series of most +astonishing statements of various sorts which had just preceded +it." + + We refrain from commenting on the excuse given to explain so +significant a failure of memory. The instance referred to was +about the denial of some in apostolic times that "Jesus Christ is +come in the flesh." But as Mr. Mangasarian had hardly spoken more +than twenty minutes when he touched upon this point, it is not +likely that it could have been "preceded by a series of most +astonishing statements of various sorts." + + And what was the statement which, while it crippled his +memory, it did not moderate his zeal? We will let him present it +himself; "I refer to the use he made of one or two passages in +the New Testament, mentioning some who deny 'that Jesus Christ is +come in the flesh.' 'So that,' he went on to say, 'there were +those even among the early Christians themselves who denied that +Jesus had come in the flesh. Of course, they were cast out as +heretics.' Here came an impressive pause, and then without +further explanation or qualification, he proceeded to something +else." + + This is his most serious complaint. Does it justify hasty +language? + + St. John writes of those who "confessed not that Jesus +Christ is come in the flesh." The natural meaning of the words is +that even in apostolic times some denied the flesh and bone +Jesus, and regarded him as an idea or an apparition -- something +like the Holy Ghost. All church historians admit the existence of +sects that denied the New Testament Jesus -- the Gnostics, the +Essenes, the Ebionites, the Marcionites, the Cerinthians, etc. + + As the debate is now in print, further comment on this would +not be necessary. + + Incidents like the above, however, should change every +lukewarm rationalist into a devoted soldier of truth and honor. + + To us, more important than anything presented on this +subject, is this evidence of the existence of a very early +dispute among the first disciples of Jesus on the question of +whether he was real or merely an apparition. The Apostle John, in + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 95 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +his epistle, clearly states that even among the faithful there +were those who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the +flesh. This is very important. As early as John's time, if he is +the writer of the epistle, Jesus' historicity was questioned. + + The gospel of John also hints at the existence in the +primitive church of Christians who did not accept the reality of +Jesus. When doubting Thomas is told of the resurrection, he +answers that he must feel the prints of the nails with his +fingers before he will believe, and Jesus not only grants the +wishes of this skeptical apostle, but he also eats in the +presence of them all, which story is told evidently to silence +the critics who maintained that Jesus was only a spirit, "the +Wisdom of God," an emanation, a light, and not real flesh and +bones. + + III + + The same clergyman, to whom a copy of the Mangasarian- +Crapsey Debate was sent, has written a five page criticism of it. + + The strength of a given criticism is determined by asking: +Does it in any way impair the soundness of the argument against +which it is directed? Critics have discovered mistakes in Darwin +and Haecket, but are these mistakes of such a nature as to prove +fatal to the theory of evolution? + + To be effective, criticism must be aimed at the heart of an +argument. A man's life is not in his hat, which could be knocked +off, or in his clothes -- which could be torn in places by his +assailant without in the least weakening his opponent's position. +It is the blow that disables which counts. + + To charge that we have said 'Gospel,' where we should have +said 'Epistle,' or 'Trullum' instead of 'Trullo'; that it was not +Barnabas, but Nicholas who denied the Gospel Jesus, and that +there were variations of this denial, does not at all disprove +the fact that, according to the Christian scriptures themselves, +among the apostolic followers there were those to whom Jesus +Christ was only a phantom. + + Milman, the Christian historian, states that the belief +about Jesus Christ "adopted by almost all the Gnostic sects," was +that Jesus Christ was but an apparent human being, an impassive +phantom, (History of Christianity. Vol. 2, P. 61). Was ever such +a view entertained of Caesar, Socrates or of any other historical +character? + + On page 28 of The Debate we say: "The Apostle John complains +of those ... who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the +flesh." To this the clergyman replies: + + "The Apostle John never made any such complaint. Critical +scholarship is pretty well agreed that he did not write the +epistles ascribed to him." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 96 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + We have a lecture on "How the Bible was Invented," and this +clergyman's admission that at least parts of the bible are +invented is very gratifying. + + In a former communication, this same clergyman tried to +prove that the Apostle John's complaint does not at all imply a +denial of the historical Jesus. In his recent letter he denies +that the apostle ever made such a complaint. + + John did not write the epistles, then, which the Christian +church for two thousand years, and at a cost of millions of +dollars, and at the greater sacrifice of truth and progress has +been proclaiming to the world as the work of the inspired John! + + The strenuous efforts to get around this terrible text in +the "Holy Bible," show what a decisive argument it is. Every +exertion to meet it only tightens the text, like a rope, around +the neck of the belief in the historical Jesus. Our desire, in +engaging in this argument, is to turn the thought and love of the +world from a mythical being, to humanity, which is both real and +present. + + On page 22 Of The Debate, we say: "St. Paul tells us that he +lived in Jerusalem at a time when Jesus must have been holding +the attention of the city; yet he never met him." To this the +clergyman replies: + + "Paul tells us nothing of the kind. In a speech which is put +into the mouth of Paul" -- put into the mouth of Paul! Is this +another instance of forgery? John did not write the epistles, and +Paul's speech in the Book of Acts was put into his mouth! Will +the clergyman tell us which parts of the bible are not invented? + + Let us make a remark: The church people blame us for not +believing in the trustworthiness of the bible; but when we reply +that if the bible is trustworthy, then Paul must have been in +Jerusalem with Jesus, and John admits that some denied the +historical Jesus, we are blamed for not knowing better than to +prove anything by quoting Paul and John as if everything they +said was trustworthy. + + In other words, only those passages in the bible are +authentic which the clergy quote; those which the rationalists +quote are spurious. In the meantime, the authentic as well as the +spurious passages together compose the churches' Word of God. + + IV + + In a letter of protest to Mr. Mangasarian, Rabbi Hirsch, of +this city, asks: "Was it right for you to assume that I was +correctly reported by the News!" After stating what he had said +in his interview with the reporter, the Rabbi continues: "But +said I to the reporter all these possible allusions do not prove +that Jesus existed ... You see in reality I agreed with you. I +personally believe Jesus lived. But I have no proof for this +beyond my feeling that the movement with which the name is +associated could even for Paul not have taken its nomenclature + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 97 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + +without a personal substratum. But, and this I told the reporter +also, this does not prove that the Jesus of the Gospels is +historical." Rabbi Hirsch writes in this same letter that he did +not say Jesus was mentioned in the Rabbinical Books. The News +reports the Rabbi as saying, "But we know through the Rabbinical +Books that Jesus lived." + + A committee from our Society waited on the editor of the +Daily News for an explanation. The editor promised to locate the +responsibility for the contradiction. + + As the report in the News was allowed to stand for four days +without correction, and as Rabbi Hirsch did not even privately, +by letter or by phone, disclaim responsibility for the article, +to Mr. Mangasarian, the latter claims he was justified in +assuming that the published report was reliable. But it is with +pleasure that the Independent Religious Society gives Rabbi +Hirsch this opportunity to explain his position. We hope he will +also let us know whether he said to the reporter "I do not +believe in Mr. Mangasarian's argument that Christianity has +inspired massacres, wars and inquisitions. It is a stock argument +and not to the point." This is extraordinary; and as the Rabbi +does not question the statement, we infer that it is a correct +report of what he said. Though we have room for only one +quotation from the Jewish-Christian Scriptures, it will be enough +to show the relation of religion to persecution: + + "And thou shalt consume all the people which the Lord, thy +God, shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them." + + Why were women put to death as witches? Why were Quakers +hanged? For what "economic and political reasons," which the +Rabbi thinks are responsible for persecution, was the blind Derby +girl who doubted the Real Presence, burned alive at the age of +twenty-two? + + V + + The Rev. W.E. Barton, of Oak Park, is one of the ablest +Congregational ministers in the West. He has recently expressed +himself on the Mangasarian-Crapsey Debate. Let us hear what he +has to say on the historicity of Jesus. + + The Reverend begins by an uncompromising denial of our +statements, and ends by virtually admitting all that we contend +for. This morning we will write of his denials; next Sunday, of +his admissions. + + "Mr. Mangasarian," says Dr. Barton, "has not given evidence +of his skill as a logician or of his accuracy in the use of +history." Then he proceeds to apologize, in a way, for the +character of his reply to our argument, by saying that "Mr. +Mangasarian's arguments, fortunately, do not require to be taken +very seriously, for they are not in themselves serious." + + Notwithstanding this protest, Dr. Barton proceeds to do his +best to reply to our position. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 98 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + In The Debate we call attention to the fact that according +to the New Testament, Paul was in Jerusalem when Jesus was +teaching and performing his miracles there. Yet Paul never seems +to have met Jesus, or to have heard of his teachings or miracles. +To this Dr. Barton replies: "We cannot know and are not bound to +explain where Paul was on the few occasions when Jesus publicly +visited Jerusalem." + + The above reply, we are compelled to say, much to our +regret, is not even honest. Without 'actually telling any +untruths, it suggests indirectly two falsehoods: First, that +Jesus was not much in Jerusalem -- that he was there only on a +few occasions; and that, therefore, it is not strange that Paul +did not see him or hear of his preaching or miracles; and second, +that Paul was absent from the city when Jesus was there. The +question is not how often Jesus visited Jerusalem, but how +conspicuous was the part he played there. He may have visited +Jerusalem only once in all his life, yet if he preached there +daily in the synagogues; if he performed great miracles there; if +he marched through the streets followed by the palm-waving +multitude shouting Hosanna, etc.; if he attacked the high-priest +and the pharisees there, to which latter class Paul belonged; and +if he was arrested, tried and publicly executed there; and if his +teaching stirred the city from center to circumference, -- it +would not be honest to intimate that the "few" times Jesus +visited Jerusalem, Paul was engaged elsewhere. + + The Reverend attempts to belittle the Jerusalem career of +Jesus, by suggesting that he was not there much, when according +to the Gospels, it was in that city that his ministry began and +culminated. + + Again, to our argument that Paul never refers to any of the +teachings of Jesus, the Reverend replies: "Nor is it of +consequence that Paul seldom quotes the words of Jesus." "Seldom" +-- would imply that Paul quotes Jesus sometimes. We say Paul +gives not a single quotation to prove that he knew of a teaching +Jesus. He had heard of a crucified, risen, Christ -- one who had +also instituted a bread and wine supper, but of Jesus as a +teacher and of his teaching, Paul is absolutely ignorant. + + But by saying "Paul seldom quotes Jesus," Dr. Barton tries +to produce the impression that Paul quotes Jesus, though not very +often, which is not true. There is not a single miracle, parable +or moral teaching attributed to Jesus in the Gospels of which +Paul seems to possess any knowledge whatever. + + Nor is it true that it is of no consequence that "Paul +seldom quotes the words of Jesus." For it proves that the Gospel +Jesus was unknown to Paul, and that he was created at a later +date. + + Once more; we say that the only Jesus Paul knew was the one +he met in a trance on his way to Damascus. To this the pastor of +the First Congregational Church of Oak Park replies in the same +we-do-not-care-to-explain style. He says: "Nor is it of +consequence that Paul values comparatively lightly, having known +him in the flesh." + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 99 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + The words "Paul valued comparatively lightly" are as +misleading as the words "Paul seldom quotes Jesus." Paul never +quotes Jesus' teachings, and he never met Jesus in the flesh. The +clergyman's words, however, convey the impression that Paul knew +Jesus in the flesh, but he valued that knowledge "comparatively +lightly," that is to say, he did not think much of it. And Dr. +Barton is one of the foremost divines of the country. + + And now about his admissions: + + VI + + I. "The Gospels, by whomever written," says the clergyman, +"are reliable." By whomever written! After two thousand years, it +is still uncertain to whom we are indebted for the story of +Jesus. What, in Dr. Barton's opinion, could have influenced the +framers of the life of Jesus to suppress their identity? And why +does not the church instead of printing the words, "The Gospel +according to Matthew or John," which is not true, -- print, "The +Gospel by whomever written"? + + II. "At the very least, four of Paul's epistles are +genuine," says the same clergyman. Only four? Paul has thirteen +epistles in the bible, and of only four of them is Dr. Barton +certain. What are the remaining nine doing in the Holy Bible? And +which 'four' does the clergyman accept as doubtlessly "genuine?" +Only yesterday all thirteen of Paul's letters were infallible, +and they are so still wherever no questions are asked about them. +It is only where there is intelligence and inquiry that "four of +them" at least are reliable. As honesty and culture increase, the +number of inspired epistles decreases. What the Americans are too +enlightened to accept, the church sends to the heathen. + + III. "It is true that early a sect grew up which ... held +that Jesus could not have had a body of carnal flesh; but they +did not question that he had really lived." According to Dr. +Barton, these early Christians did not deny that Jesus had really +lived, -- they only denied that Jesus could have had a body of +carnal flesh. We wonder how many kinds of flesh there are +according to Dr. Barton. Moreover, does not the bible teach that +Jesus was tempted in all things, and was a man of like passions, +as ourselves? The good man controls his appetites and passions, +but his flesh is not any different from anybody else's. If Jesus +did not have a body like ours, then he did not exist as a human +being. Our point is, that if the New Testament is reliable, in +the time of the apostles themselves, the Gnostics, an influential +body of Christians, denied that Jesus was any more than an +imaginary existence. "But," pleads the clergyman, "these sects +believed that Jesus was real, though not carnal flesh." What kind +of flesh was he then? If by carnal the Gnostics meant 'sensual,' +then, the apostles in denouncing them for rejecting a carnal +Jesus, must have held that Jesus was carnal or sensual. How does +the Reverend Barton like the conclusion to which his own +reasoning leads him? + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 100 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + IV. "It is true that there were literary fictions in the age +following the apostles." This admission is in answer to the +charge that even in the first centuries the Christians were +compelled to resort to forgery to prove the historicity of Jesus. +The doctor admits the charge, except that he calls it by another +name. The difference between fiction and forgery is this: the +former is, what it claims to be; the latter is a lie parading as +a truth. Fiction is honest because it does not try to deceive. +Forgery is dishonest because its object is to deceive. If the +Gospel was a novel, no one would object to its mythology, but +pretending to be historical, it must square its claims with the +facts, or be branded as a forgery. + + V. "We may not have the precise words Jesus uttered; the +portrait may be colored; ... tradition may have had its +influence; but Jesus was real." A most remarkable admission from +a clerical! It concedes all that higher criticism contends for. +We are not sure either of Jesus' words or of his character, +intimates the Reverend. Precisely. + + In commenting on our remark that in the eighth century "Pope +Hadrian called upon the Christian world to think of Jesus as a +man," Dr. Barton replies with considerable temper: "To date +people's right to think of Jesus as a man from that decree is not +to be characterized by any polite term." Our neighbor, in the +first place, misquotes us in his haste. We never presumed to deny +anyone the right to think of Jesus what he pleased, before or +after the eighth century. (The Debate, p. 28.) We were calling +attention to Pope Hadrian's order to replace the lamb on the +cross by the figure of a man. But by what polite language is the +conduct of the Christian church -- which to this day prints in +its bibles "Translated from the Original Greek," when no original +manuscripts are in existence -- to be characterized? + + Dr. Barton's efforts to save his creed remind us of the +Japanese proverb: "It is no use mending the lid, if the pot be +broken." + + VII + + The most remarkable clerical effort thus far, which The +Mangasarian-Crapsey Debate has called forth, is that of the Rev. +E.V. Shayler, rector of Grace Episcopal Church of Oak Park. + + "In answer to your query, which I received, I beg to give +the following statement. Facts, not theories. The date of your +own letter 1908 tells what? 1908 years after what? The looking +forward of the world to Him." + + Rev. Shayler has an original way of proving the historicity +of Jesus. Every time we date our letters, suggests the clergyman, +we prove that Jesus lived. The ancient Greeks reckoned time by +the Olympiads, which fact, according to this interesting +clergyman, ought to prove that the Olympic games were instituted +by the God Heracles or Hercules, son of Zeus; the Roman +Chronology began with the building of Rome by Romulus, which by +the same reasoning would prove that Romulus and Remus, born of +Mars, and nursed by a she-wolf, are historical. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 101 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + Rev. Shayler has forgotten that the Christian era was not +introduced into Europe until the sixth century, and Dionysius, +the monkish author of the era, did not compute time from the +birth of Jesus, but from the day on which the Virgin Mary met an +angel from heaven. This date prevailed in many countries until +1745. Would the date on a letter prove that an angel appeared to +Mary and hailed her as the future Mother of God? According to +this clergyman, scientists, instead of studying the crust of the +earth and making geological investigations to ascertain the +probable age of the earth, ought to look at the date in the +margin of the bible which tells exactly the world's age. + + Rev. Shayler continues: ."The places where he was born, +labored and died are still extant, and have no value apart from +such testimony." + + While this is amusing, we are going to deny ourselves the +pleasure of laughing at it; we will do our best to give it a +serious answer. If the existence of such a country as Palestine +proves that Jesus is real, the existence of Switzerland must +prove that William Tell is historical; and the existence of an +Athens must prove that Athene and Apollo really lived; and from +the fact that there is an England, Rev. Shayler would prove that +Robin Hood and his band really lived in 1160. + + The Reverend knows of another 'fact' which he thinks proves +Jesus without a doubt: + + "A line of apostles and bishops coming right down from him +by his appointment to Anderson of Chicago," shows that Jesus is +historical. It does, but only to Episcopalians. The Catholics and +the other sects do not believe that Anderson is a descendant of +Jesus. Did the priests of Baal or Moloch prove that these beings +existed? + + The Reverend has another argument: + + "The Christian Church -- when, why and how did it begin?" +Which Christian church, brother? Your own church began with Henry +the Eighth in 1534, with persecution and murder, when the king, +his hands wet with the blood of his own wives and ministers, made +himself the supreme head of the church in England. The Methodist +church began with John Wesley not much over a hundred years ago; +the Presbyterian church began with John Calvin who burned his +guest on a slow fire in Geneva about three hundred years ago; and +the Lutheran church began with Martin Luther in the sixteenth +century, the man who said over his own signature: "It was I, +Martin Luther, who slew all the peasants in the Peasants War, for +I commanded them to be slaughtered ... But I throw the +responsibility on our Lord God who instructed me to give this +order;" and the Roman Catholic church, the parent of the smaller +churches -- all chips from the same block -- began its real +career with the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, who hanged +his father-in-law, strangled his brother-in-law, murdered his +nephew, beheaded his eldest son, and killed his wife. Gibbon +writes of Constantine that "the same year of his reign in which +he convened the council of Nice was polluted by the execution, or +rather murder, of his eldest son." + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 102 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + But our clerical neighbor from Oak Park has one more +argument: "Why is Sunday observed instead of Saturday?" Well, +why? Sun-day is the day of the Sun, whose glorious existence in +the lovely heavens over our heads has never been doubted; it was +the day which the Pagans dedicated to the Sun. Sunday existed +before the Jesus story was known -- the anniversary of whose +supposed resurrection falls in March one year, and in April +another. If Jesus rose at all, he rose on a certain day, and the +apostles must have known the date. Why then is there a different +date every year? + + Rev. Shayler concludes: "Haven't time to go deeper now," and +he intimates that to deny his 'facts' is either to be a fool or a +"liar." We will not comment on this. We are interested in +arguments, not in epithets. + + VIII + + One of our Sunday programs, the other day, found its way + +into a church. It went farther; it made its appearance in the +pulpit. + + "In my hand I hold the notice of a publication bearing the +title Is Jesus a Myth?" said Dr. Boyle. "This, too, just as +though Paul never bore testimony." + + This gave the clergyman a splendid opportunity to present in +clear and convincing form the evidence for the reality of Jesus. +But one thing prevented him: -- the lack of evidence. + + Therefore, after announcing the subject, he dismissed it, by +remarking that Paul's testimony was enough. + + The Rev. Morton Culver Hartzell, in a letter, offers the +same argument. "Let Mr. Mangasarian first disprove Paul," he +writes. The argument in a nutshell is this: Jesus is historical +because he is guaranteed by Paul. + + But who guarantees Paul? + + Aside from the fact that the Jesus of Paul is essentially a +different Jesus from the gospel Jesus there still remains the +question, Who is Paul? Let us see how much the church scholars +themselves know about Paul: + + "The place and manner and occasion of his death are not less +uncertain than the facts of his later life ... The chronology of +the rest of his life is as uncertain ... We have no means of +knowing when he was born, or how long he lived, or at what dates +the several events of his life took place." + + Referring to the epistles of Paul, the same authority says: +"The chief of these preliminary questions is the genuineness of +the epistles bearing Paul's name, which if they be his" -- yes, +IF -- + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 103 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + The Christian scholar whose article on Paul is printed in +the Britannica, and from which we are now quoting, gives further +expression to this uncertainty by adding that certain of Paul's +epistles "have given rise to disputes which cannot easily be +settled in the absence of collateral evidence. ... The pastoral +epistles ... have given rise to still graver questions, and are +probably even less defensible." + + Let the reader remember that the above is not from a +rationalist, but from the Rev. Edwin Hatch, D.D., Vice-Principal, +St. Mary Hall, Oxford, England. + + Were we disposed to quote rationalist authorities, the +argument against Paul would be far more decisive ... But we are +satisfied to rest the case on orthodox admissions alone. + + The strongest argument then of clergymen who have attempted +an answer to our position is something like this: + + Jesus is historical because a man by the name of Paul says +so, though we do not know much about Paul. + + It is just such evidence as the above that led Prof. Goldwin +Smith to exclaim: "Jesus has flown. I believe the legend of Jesus +was made by many minds working under a great religious impulse -- +one man adding a parable, another an exhortation, another a +miracle story;" -- and George Eliot to write: "The materials for +a real life of Christ do not exist." + + In the effort to untie the Jesus-knot by Paul, the church +has increased the number of knots to two. In other words, the +church has proceeded on the theory that two uncertainties make a +certainty. + + We promised to square also with the facts of history our +statement that the chief concern of the church, Jewish, +Christian, or Mohammedan, is not righteousness, but orthodoxy. + + IX + + Speaking in this city, Rev. W.H. Wray Boyle of Lake Forest, +declared that unbelief was responsible for the worst crimes in +history. He mentioned the placing. + + -- "of a nude woman on a pedestal in the city of Paris. + + -- "the assassination of William McKinley. + + -- "The same unbelief "sent a murderer down the isle of a +church in Denver to pluck the symbol of the sacrament from the +hands of a priest and slay him at the altar." + + The story of a "nude woman," etc., is pure fiction, and that +the two murders were caused by unbelief is mere assumption. To +help his creed, the preacher resorts to fable. We shall prove our +position by quoting facts: + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 104 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + I. HYPATIA [See Author's, The Martyrdom of Hypatia.] was +dragged into a Christian church by monks in Alexandria, and +before the altar she was stripped of her clothing and cut in +pieces with oyster shells, and murdered. Her innocent blood +stained the hands of the clergy, who also handle the Holy +Sacraments. She was murdered not by a crazed individual but by +the orders of the bishop of Alexandria. How does the true story +of Hypatia compare with the fable of "a nude woman placed on a +pedestal in the city of Paris?" The Reverend must answer, or +never tell an untruth again. + + Hypatia was murdered in church, and by the clergy, because +she was not orthodox. + + II. POLTROT, the Protestant, in the 16th century +assassinated Francois, the Catholic duke of Guise, in France, and +the leaders of the church, instead of disclaiming responsibility +for the act, publicly praised the assassin, and Theodore Beza, +the colleague of Calvin, promised him a crown in heaven, (De +l'etat etc, p. 82, Quoted by Jules Simon.) + +III. JAMES CLEMENT, a Catholic, assassinated Henry III. For this +act the clergy placed his portrait on the altar in the churches +between two great lighted candle-sticks. Because he had killed a +heretic prince, the Catholics presented the assassin's mother +with a purse. (Esprit de la Ligue I. III. p. 14.) + + If it was unbelief that inspired the murder of McKinley, +what inspired the assassins of Hypatia and Henry III? + + We read in the Bible that Gen. Sisera, a heathen, having +lost a battle, begged for shelter at the tent of Jael, a friendly +woman, but of the Bible faith. Jael assured the unfortunate +stranger that he was safe in her tent. The tired warrior fell +asleep from great weariness. Then Jael picked a tent-peg and with +a hammer in her hand "walked softly unto him, and smote the nail +into his temples, and fastened it into the ground ... So he +died." + + The BIBLE calls this assassin "blessed above women." (Judge +IV. 18, etc.) She had killed a heretic. + + In each of the instances given above, the assassin is +horrified because he committed murder in the interest of the +faith. We ask this clergyman and his colleagues who are only too +anxious to charge every act of violence to unbelief in their +creeds -- What about the crimes of believers? + + Without comment we recommend the following text to their +attention: + + "Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own +eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote of thy +brother's eye." (Matthew VII, 5.) + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 105 + + IS JESUS A MYTH? by M.M. MANGASARIAN + + PUBLICATIONS OF + + M.M. MANGASARIAN + +THE MARTYRDOM OF HYPATIA. +MORALITY WITHOUT GOD. +HOW THE BIBLE WAS INVENTED. +THE RATIONALISM OF SHAKESPEARE. +BRYAN ON RELIGION. +THE RELIGION OF WASHINGTON, JEFFERSON AND FRANKLIN. +CHRISTIAN SCIENCE ANALYZED AND ANSWERED. +WHAT WAS THE RELIGION OF SHAKESPEARE? +DEBATE WITH A PRESBYTERIAN. PRELUDE: ROOSEVELT. +THE KINGDOM OF GOD IN GENEVA UNDER CALVIN. +WOMAN SUFFRAGE; OR THE CHILD-BEARING WOMAN AND CIVILIZATION. +THE CHURCH IN POLITICS-AMERICANS, BEWARE! + + 10 Cents per Copy. + +PEARLS -- BRAVE THOUGHTS FROM BRAVE MINDS. + +THE MANGASARIAN-CRAFSEY DEBATE ON THE HISTORICITY OF JESUS. +25 Cents a Copy. + +A NEW CATECHISM. Revised and enlarged -- with portrait of Author. +$1.00. + +THE TRUTH ABOUT JESUS -- IS HE A MYTH? + + **** **** + + Christian Science + + A comedy in four acts. + 80 pages; cloth, 25c; paper, 10c. + + In this little volume the author discusses the so called +philosophy of Christian Science. The book is meant for those in +whom the spirit of inquiry is not hopelessly stifled. People who +enjoy doing their thinking, will relish reading this comedy. The +motto of the book is: "The light is known to have failed against +folly sometimes, the laugh never!" + + Order Through the + INDEPENDENT RELIGIOUS SOCIETY + Orchestra Hall Building Chicago + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 106 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jewishde.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jewishde.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d374f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jewishde.txt @@ -0,0 +1,518 @@ +A JEWISH DEFECTOR WARNS AMERICA: +Benjamin Freedman Speaks + +by Benjamin H. Freedman + + +Introductory Note + +Benjamin H. Freedman was one of the most intriguing and amazing +individuals of the 20th century. Mr. Freedman, born in 1890, was a +successful Jewish businessman of New York City who was at one time +the principal owner of the Woodbury Soap Company. He broke with +organized Jewry after the Judeo-Communist victory of 1945, and spent +the remainder of his life and the great preponderance of his considerable +fortune, at least 2.5 million dollars, exposing the Jewish tyranny which +has enveloped the United States. + +Mr. Freedman knew what he was talking about because he had been an +insider at the highest levels of Jewish organizations and Jewish +machinations to gain power over our nation. Mr. Freedman was +personally acquainted with Bernard Baruch, Samuel Untermyer, +Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Kennedy, and John F. +Kennedy, and many more movers and shakers of our times. + +This speech was given before a patriotic audience in 1961 at the Willard +Hotel in Washington, D.C., on behalf of Conde McGinley's patriotic +newspaper of that time, Common Sense. Though in some minor ways +this wide-ranging and extemporaneous speech has become dated, Mr. +Freedman's essential message to us -- his warning to the West -- is more +urgent than ever before. -- K.A.S. + +* + +HERE IN THE UNITED STATES, the Zionists and their co-religionists +have complete control of our government. For many reasons, too many +and too complex to go into here at this time, the Zionists and their co- +religionists rule these United States as though they were the absolute +monarchs of this country. Now you may say that is a very broad +statement, but let me show you what happened while we were all asleep. + +What happened? World War I broke out in the summer of 1914. There +are few people here my age who remember that. Now that war was +waged on one side by Great Britain, France, and Russia; and on the other +side by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. + +Within two years Germany had won that war: not only won it nominally, +but won it actually. The German submarines, which were a surprise to +the world, had swept all the convoys from the Atlantic Ocean. + +Great Britain stood there without ammunition for her soldiers, with one +week's food supply -- and after that, starvation. At that time, the French +army had mutinied. They had lost 600,000 of the flower of French youth +in the defense of Verdun on the Somme. The Russian army was + +defecting, they were picking up their toys and going home, they didn't +want to play war anymore, they didn't like the Tsar. And the Italian army +had collapsed. + +Not a shot had been fired on German soil. Not one enemy soldier had +crossed the border into Germany. And yet, Germany was offering +England peace terms. They offered England a negotiated peace on what +the lawyers call a status quo ante basis. That means: "Let's call the war +off, and let everything be as it was before the war started." England, in +the summer of 1916 was considering that -- seriously. They had no +choice. It was either accepting this negotiated peace that Germany was +magnanimously offering them, or going on with the war and being +totally defeated. + +While that was going on, the Zionists in Germany, who represented the +Zionists from Eastern Europe, went to the British War Cabinet and -- I +am going to be brief because it's a long story, but I have all the +documents to prove any statement that I make -- they said: "Look here. +You can yet win this war. You don't have to give up. You don't have to +accept the negotiated peace offered to you now by Germany. You can +win this war if the United States will come in as your ally." + +The United States was not in the war at that time. We were fresh; we +were young; we were rich; we were powerful. They told England: "We +will guarantee to bring the United States into the war as your ally, to +fight with you on your side, if you will promise us Palestine after you +win the war." + +In other words, they made this deal: "We will get the United States into +this war as your ally. The price you must pay is Palestine after you have +won the war and defeated Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey." +Now England had as much right to promise Palestine to anybody, as the +United States would have to promise Japan to Ireland for any reason +whatsoever. It's absolutely absurd that Great Britain, that never had any +connection or any interest or any right in what is known as Palestine +should offer it as coin of the realm to pay the Zionists for bringing the +United States into the war. + +However, they did make that promise, in October of 1916. And shortly +after that -- I don't know how many here remember it -- the United +States, which was almost totally pro-German, entered the war as Britain's +ally. + +I say that the United States was almost totally pro-German because the +newspapers here were controlled by Jews, the bankers were Jews, all the +media of mass communications in this country were controlled by Jews; +and they, the Jews, were pro-German. They were pro-German because +many of them had come from Germany, and also they wanted to see +Germany lick the Tsar. The Jews didn't like the Tsar, and they didn't +want Russia to win this war. These German-Jew bankers, like Kuhn Loeb +and the other big banking firms in the United States refused to finance +France or England to the extent of one dollar. They stood aside and they +said: "As long as France and England are tied up with Russia, not one +cent!" But they poured money into Germany, they fought beside +Germany against Russia, trying to lick the Tsarist regime. + +Now those same Jews, when they saw the possibility of getting Palestine, +went to England and they made this deal. At that time, everything +changed, like a traffic light that changes from red to green. Where the +newspapers had been all pro-German, where they'd been telling the +people of the difficulties that Germany was having fighting Great Britain +commercially and in other respects, all of a sudden the Germans were no +good. They were villains. They were Huns. They were shooting Red +Cross nurses. They were cutting off babies' hands. They were no good. +Shortly after that, Mr. Wilson declared war on Germany. + +The Zionists in London had sent cables to the United States, to Justice +Brandeis, saying "Go to work on President Wilson. We're getting from +England what we want. Now you go to work on President Wilson and get +the United States into the war." That's how the United States got into the +war. We had no more interest in it; we had no more right to be in it than +we have to be on the moon tonight instead of in this room. There was +absolutely no reason for World War I to be our war. We were railroaded +into -- if I can be vulgar, we were suckered into -- that war merely so that +the Zionists of the world could obtain Palestine. That is something that +the people of the United States have never been told. They never knew +why we went into World War I. + +After we got into the war, the Zionists went to Great Britain and they +said: "Well, we performed our part of the agreement. Let's have +something in writing that shows that you are going to keep your bargain +and give us Palestine after you win the war." They didn't know whether +the war would last another year or another ten years. So they started to +work out a receipt. The receipt took the form of a letter, which was +worded in very cryptic language so that the world at large wouldn't know +what it was all about. And that was called the Balfour Declaration. + +The Balfour Declaration was merely Great Britain's promise to pay the +Zionists what they had agreed upon as a consideration for getting the +United States into the war. So this great Balfour Declaration, that you +hear so much about, is just as phony as a three dollar bill. I don't think I +could make it more emphatic than that. + +That is where all the trouble started. The United States got in the war. +The United States crushed Germany. You know what happened. When +the war ended, and the Germans went to Paris for the Paris Peace +Conference in 1919, there were 117 Jews there, as a delegation +representing the Jews, headed by Bernard Baruch. I was there: I ought to +know. Now what happened? + +The Jews at that peace conference, when they were cutting up Germany +and parceling out Europe to all these nations who claimed a right to a +certain part of European territory, said, "How about Palestine for us?" +And they produced, for the first time to the knowledge of the Germans, +this Balfour Declaration. So the Germans, for the first time realized, "Oh, +so that was the game! That's why the United States came into the war." +The Germans for the first time realized that they were defeated, they +suffered the terrific reparations that were slapped onto them, because the +Zionists wanted Palestine and were determined to get it at any cost. + +That brings us to another very interesting point. When the Germans +realized this, they naturally resented it. Up to that time, the Jews had +never been better off in any country in the world than they had been in +Germany. You had Mr. Rathenau there, who was maybe 100 times as +important in industry and finance as is Bernard Baruch in this country. +You had Mr. Balin, who owned the two big steamship lines, the North +German Lloyd's and the Hamburg-American Lines. You had Mr. +Bleichroder, who was the banker for the Hohenzollern family. You had +the Warburgs in Hamburg, who were the big merchant bankers -- the +biggest in the world. The Jews were doing very well in Germany. No + +question about that. The Germans felt: "Well, that was quite a sellout." + +It was a sellout that might be compared to this hypothetical situation: +Suppose the United States was at war with the Soviet Union. And we +were winning. And we told the Soviet Union: "Well, let's quit. We offer +you peace terms. Let's forget the whole thing." And all of a sudden Red +China came into the war as an ally of the Soviet Union. And throwing +them into the war brought about our defeat. A crushing defeat, with +reparations the likes of which man's imagination cannot encompass. + +Imagine, then, after that defeat, if we found out that it was the Chinese in +this country, our Chinese citizens, who all the time we had thought were +loyal citizens working with us, were selling us out to the Soviet Union +and that it was through them that Red China was brought into the war +against us. How would we feel, then, in the United States against +Chinese? I don't think that one of them would dare show his face on any +street. There wouldn't be enough convenient lampposts to take care of +them. Imagine how we would feel. + +Well, that's how the Germans felt towards these Jews. They'd been so +nice to them: from 1905 on, when the first Communist revolution in +Russia failed, and the Jews had to scramble out of Russia, they all went +to Germany. And Germany gave them refuge. And they were treated +very nicely. And here they had sold Germany down the river for no +reason at all other than the fact that they wanted Palestine as a so-called +"Jewish commonwealth." + +Now Nahum Sokolow, and all the great leaders and great names that you +read about in connection with Zionism today, in 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, +and 1923 wrote in all their papers -- and the press was filled with their +statements -- that the feeling against the Jews in Germany is due to the +fact that they realized that this great defeat was brought about by Jewish +intercession in bringing the United States into the war. The Jews +themselves admitted that. + +It wasn't that the Germans in 1919 discovered that a glass of Jewish +blood tasted better than Coca-Cola or Muenschner Beer. There was no +religious feeling. There was no sentiment against those people merely on +account of their religious belief. It was all political. It was economic. It +was anything but religious. Nobody cared in Germany whether a Jew +went home and pulled down the shades and said "Shema' Yisroel" or +"Our Father." Nobody cared in Germany any more than they do in the +United States. Now this feeling that developed later in Germany was due +to one thing: the Germans held the Jews responsible for their crushing +defeat. + +And World War I had been started against Germany for no reason for +which Germany was responsible. They were guilty of nothing. Only of +being successful. They built up a big navy. They built up world trade. +You must remember that Germany at the time of the French Revolution +consisted of 300 small city-states, principalities, dukedoms, and so forth. +Three hundred separate little political entities. And between that time, +between the times of Napoleon and Bismarck, they were consolidated +into one state. And within 50 years they became one of the world's great +powers. Their navy was rivaling Great Britain's, they were doing +business all over the world, they could undersell anybody, they could +make better products. What happened as a result of that? + +There was a conspiracy between England, France, and Russia to slap +down Germany. There isn't one historian in the world who can find a +valid reason why those three countries decided to wipe Germany off the +map politically. + +When Germany realized that the Jews were responsible for her defeat, +they naturally resented it. But not a hair on the head of any Jew was +harmed. Not a single hair. Professor Tansill, of Georgetown University, +who had access to all the secret papers of the State Department, wrote in +his book, and quoted from a State Department document written by +Hugo Schoenfelt, a Jew whom Cordell Hull sent to Europe in 1933 to +investigate the so-called camps of political prisoners, who wrote back +that he found them in very fine condition. They were in excellent shape, +with everybody treated well. And they were filled with Communists. +Well, a lot of them were Jews, because the Jews happened to comprise +about 98 per cent of the Communists in Europe at that time. And there +were some priests there, and ministers, and labor leaders, and Masons, +and others who had international affiliations. + +Some background is in order: In 1918-1919 the Communists took over +Bavaria for a few days. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht and a +group of other Jews took over the government for three days. In fact, +when the Kaiser ended the war he fled to Holland because he thought the +Communists were going to take over Germany as they did Russia and +that he was going to meet the same fate as the Tsar. So he fled to Holland +for safety, for security. After the Communist threat in Germany was +quashed, the Jews were still working, trying to get back into their former + +status, and the Germans fought them in every way they could without +hurting a single hair on anyone's head. + +They fought them the same way that, in this country, the Prohibitionists +fought anyone who was interested in liquor. They didn't fight one +another with pistols. Well, that's the way they were fighting the Jews in +Germany. And at that time, mind you, there were 80 to 90 million +Germans, and there were only 460,000 Jews. About one half of one per +cent of the population of Germany were Jews. And yet they controlled all +the press, and they controlled most of the economy because they had +come in with cheap money when the mark was devalued and bought up +practically everything. + +The Jews tried to keep a lid on this fact. They didn't want the world to +really understand that they had sold out Germany, and that the Germans +resented that. + +The Germans took appropriate action against the Jews. They, shall I say, +discriminated against them wherever they could. They shunned them. +The same way that we would shun the Chinese, or the Negroes, or the +Catholics, or anyone in this country who had sold us out to an enemy and +brought about our defeat. + +After a while, the Jews of the world called a meeting in Amsterdam. +Jews from every country in the world attended this meeting in July 1933. +And they said to Germany: "You fire Hitler, and you put every Jew back +into his former position, whether he was a Communist or no matter what +he was. You can't treat us that way. And we, the Jews of the world, are +serving an ultimatum upon you." You can imagine what the Germans +told them. So what did the Jews do? + +In 1933, when Germany refused to surrender to the world conference of +Jews in Amsterdam, the conference broke up, and Mr. Samuel +Untermyer, who was the head of the American delegation and the +president of the whole conference, came to the United States and went +from the steamer to the studios of the Columbia Broadcasting System +and made a radio broadcast throughout the United States in which he in +effect said, "The Jews of the world now declare a Holy War against +Germany. We are now engaged in a sacred conflict against the Germans. +And we are going to starve them into surrender. We are going to use a +world-wide boycott against them. That will destroy them because they +are dependent upon their export business." + +And it is a fact that two thirds of Germany's food supply had to be +imported, and it could only be imported with the proceeds of what they +exported. So if Germany could not export, two thirds of Germany's +population would have to starve. There was just not enough food for +more than one third of the population. Now in this declaration, which I +have here, and which was printed in the New York Times on August 7, +1933, Mr. Samuel Untermyer boldly stated that "this economic boycott is +our means of self-defense. President Roosevelt has advocated its use in +the National Recovery Administration," which some of you may +remember, where everybody was to be boycotted unless he followed the +rules laid down by the New Deal, and which was declared +unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of that time. Nevertheless, the +Jews of the world declared a boycott against Germany, and it was so +effective that you couldn't find one thing in any store anywhere in the +world with the words "made in Germany" on it. + +In fact, an executive of the Woolworth Company told me that they had to +dump millions of dollars worth of crockery and dishes into the river; that +their stores were boycotted if anyone came in and found a dish marked +"made in Germany," they were picketed with signs saying "Hitler," +"murderer," and so forth, something like these sit-ins that are taking +place in the South. At a store belonging to the R. H. Macy chain, which +was controlled by a family called Strauss who also happen to be Jews, a +woman found stockings there which came from Chemnitz, marked +"made in Germany." Well, they were cotton stockings and they may +have been there 20 years, since I've been observing women's legs for +many years and it's been a long time since I've seen any cotton stockings +on them. I saw Macy's boycotted, with hundreds of people walking +around with signs saying "murderers," "Hitlerites," and so forth. Now up +to that time, not one hair on the head of any Jew had been hurt in +Germany. There was no suffering, there was no starvation, there was no +murder, there was nothing. + +Naturally, the Germans said, "Who are these people to declare a boycott +against us and throw all our people out of work, and make our industries +come to a standstill? Who are they to do that to us?" They naturally +resented it. Certainly they painted swastikas on stores owned by Jews. +Why should a German go in and give his money to a storekeeper who +was part of a boycott that was going to starve Germany into surrendering +to the Jews of the world, who were going to dictate who their premier or +chancellor was to be? Well, it was ridiculous. + +The boycott continued for some time, but it wasn't until 1938, when a +young Jew from Poland walked into the German embassy in Paris and +shot a German official, that the Germans really started to get rough with +the Jews in Germany. And you found them then breaking windows and +having street fights and so forth. + +Now I don't like to use the word "anti-Semitism" because it's +meaningless, but it means something to you still, so I'll have to use it. +The only reason that there was any feeling in Germany against Jews was +that they were responsible for World War I and for this world-wide +boycott. Ultimately they were also responsible for World War II, because +after this thing got out of hand, it was absolutely necessary for the Jews +and Germany to lock horns in a war to see which one was going to +survive. + +In the meanwhile, I had lived in Germany, and I knew that the Germans +had decided that Europe is going to be Christian or Communist: there is +no in between. And the Germans decided they were going to keep it +Christian if possible. And they started to re-arm. + +In November 1933 the United States recognized the Soviet Union. The +Soviet Union was becoming very powerful, and Germany realized that +"Our turn was going to come soon, unless we are strong." The same as +we in this country are saying today, "Our turn is going to come soon, +unless we are strong." Our government is spending 83 or 84 billion +dollars for defense. Defense against whom? Defense against 40,000 little +Jews in Moscow that took over Russia, and then, in their devious ways, +took over control of many other countries of the world. + + +For this country now to be on the verge of a Third World War, from +which we cannot emerge a victor, is something that staggers my +imagination. I know that nuclear bombs are measured in terms of +megatons. A megaton is a term used to describe one million tons of TNT. +Our nuclear bombs had a capacity of 10 megatons, or 10 million tons of +TNT, when they were first developed. Now, the nuclear bombs that are +being developed have a capacity of 200 megatons, and God knows how +many megatons the nuclear bombs of the Soviet Union have. + +What do we face now? If we trigger a world war that may develop into a +nuclear war, humanity is finished. Why might such a war take place? It +will take place as the curtain goes up on Act 3: Act 1 was World War I, +Act 2 was World War II, Act 3 is going to be World War III. The Jews of +the world, the Zionists and their co-religionists everywhere, are +determined that they are going to again use the United States to help +them permanently retain Palestine as their foothold for their world +government. That is just as true as I am standing here. Not alone have I +read it, but many here have also read it, and it is known all over the +world. + +What are we going to do? The life you save may be your son's. Your +boys may be on their way to that war tonight; and you don't know it any +more than you knew that in 1916 in London the Zionists made a deal +with the British War Cabinet to send your sons to war in Europe. Did +you know it at that time? Not a person in the United States knew it. You +weren't permitted to know it. Who knew it? President Wilson knew it. +Colonel House knew it. Other insiders knew it. + +Did I know it? I had a pretty good idea of what was going on: I was +liaison to Henry Morgenthau, Sr., in the 1912 campaign when President +Wilson was elected, and there was talk around the office there. I was +"confidential man" to Henry Morgenthau, Sr., who was chairman of the +finance committee, and I was liaison between him and Rollo Wells, the +treasurer. So I sat in these meetings with President Wilson at the head of +the table, and all the others, and I heard them drum into President +Wilson's brain the graduated income tax and what has become the +Federal Reserve, and I heard them indoctrinate him with the Zionist +movement. Justice Brandeis and President Wilson were just as close as +the two fingers on this hand. President Woodrow Wilson was just as +incompetent when it came to determining what was going on as a +newborn baby. That is how they got us into World War I, while we all +slept. They sent our boys over there to be slaughtered. For what? So the +Jews can have Palestine as their "commonwealth." They've fooled you so +much that you don't know whether you're coming or going. + +Now any judge, when he charges a jury, says, "Gentlemen, any witness +who you find has told a single lie, you can disregard all his testimony." I +don't know what state you come from, but in New York state that is the +way a judge addresses a jury. If that witness told one lie, disregard his +testimony. + +What are the facts about the Jews? (I call them Jews to you, because they +are known as Jews. I don't call them Jews myself. I refer to them as so- +called Jews, because I know what they are.) The eastern European Jews, +who form 92 per cent of the world's population of those people who call +themselves Jews, were originally Khazars. They were a warlike tribe +who lived deep in the heart of Asia. And they were so warlike that even +the Asiatics drove them out of Asia into eastern Europe. They set up a +large Khazar kingdom of 800,000 square miles. At the time, Russia did +not exist, nor did many other European countries. The Khazar kingdom +was the biggest country in all Europe -- so big and so powerful that when +the other monarchs wanted to go to war, the Khazars would lend them +40,000 soldiers. That's how big and powerful they were. + +They were phallic worshippers, which is filthy and I do not want to go +into the details of that now. But that was their religion, as it was also the +religion of many other pagans and barbarians elsewhere in the world. +The Khazar king became so disgusted with the degeneracy of his +kingdom that he decided to adopt a so-called monotheistic faith -- either +Christianity, Islam, or what is known today as Judaism, which is really +Talmudism. By spinning a top, and calling out "eeny, meeny, miney, +moe," he picked out so-called Judaism. And that became the state +religion. He sent down to the Talmudic schools of Pumbedita and Sura +and brought up thousands of rabbis, and opened up synagogues and +schools, and his people became what we call Jews. There wasn't one of +them who had an ancestor who ever put a toe in the Holy Land. Not only +in Old Testament history, but back to the beginning of time. Not one of +them! + +And yet they come to the Christians and ask us to support their armed +insurrections in Palestine by saying, "You want to help repatriate God's +Chosen People to their Promised Land, their ancestral home, don't you? +It's your Christian duty. We gave you one of our boys as your Lord and +Savior. You now go to church on Sunday, and you kneel and you +worship a Jew, and we're Jews." But they are pagan Khazars who were +converted just the same as the Irish were converted. It is as ridiculous to +call them "people of the Holy Land," as it would be to call the 54 million +Chinese Moslems "Arabs." + +Mohammed only died in 620 A.D., and since then 54 million Chinese +have accepted Islam as their religious belief. Now imagine, in China, +2,000 miles away from Arabia, from Mecca and Mohammed's birthplace. +Imagine if the 54 million Chinese decided to call themselves "Arabs." +You would say they were lunatics. Anyone who believes that those 54 +million Chinese are Arabs must be crazy. All they did was adopt as a +religious faith a belief that had its origin in Mecca, in Arabia. The same +as the Irish. When the Irish became Christians, nobody dumped them in +the ocean and imported to the Holy Land a new crop of inhabitants. They +hadn't become a different people. They were the same people, but they +had accepted Christianity as a religious faith. + +These Khazars, these pagans, these Asiatics, these Turko-Finns, were a +Mongoloid race who were forced out of Asia into eastern Europe. +Because their king took the Talmudic faith, they had no choice in the +matter. Just the same as in Spain: If the king was Catholic, everybody +had to be a Catholic. If not, you had to get out of Spain. So the Khazars +became what we call today Jews. + +Now imagine how silly it was for the great Christian countries of the +world to say, "We're going to use our power and prestige to repatriate +God's Chosen People to their ancestral homeland, their Promised Land." +Could there be a bigger lie than that? Because they control the +newspapers, the magazines, the radio, the television, the book publishing +business, and because they have the ministers in the pulpit and the +politicians on the soapboxes talking the same language, it is not too +surprising that you believe that lie. You'd believe black is white if you + +heard it often enough. You wouldn't call black black anymore -- you'd +start to call black white. And nobody could blame you. + +That is one of the great lies of history. It is the foundation of all the +misery that has befallen the world. + +Do you know what Jews do on the Day of Atonement, that you think is +so sacred to them? I was one of them. This is not hearsay. I'm not here to +be a rabble-rouser. I'm here to give you facts. When, on the Day of +Atonement, you walk into a synagogue, you stand up for the very first +prayer that you recite. It is the only prayer for which you stand. You +repeat three times a short prayer called the Kol Nidre. + +In that prayer, you enter into an agreement with God Almighty that any +oath, vow, or pledge that you may make during the next twelve months +shall be null and void. The oath shall not be an oath; the vow shall not be +a vow; the pledge shall not be a pledge. They shall have no force or +effect. And further, the Talmud teaches that whenever you take an oath, +vow, or pledge, you are to remember the Kol Nidre prayer that you +recited on the Day of Atonement, and you are exempted from fulfilling +them. How much can you depend on their loyalty? You can depend upon +their loyalty as much as the Germans depended upon it in 1916. We are +going to suffer the same fate as Germany suffered, and for the same +reason. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jfk11.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jfk11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a872d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jfk11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ + +JFK's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961, 12:11 EST + + +We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom. . . +symbolizing an end as well as a beginning. . .signifying renewal +as well as change for I have sworn before you and Almighty God +the same solemn oath our forbears prescribed nearly a century +and three-quarters ago. + +The world is very different now, for man holds in his mortal hands +the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. +And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forbears fought +are still at issue around the globe. . .the belief that the rights of man +come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God. +We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. + +Let the word go forth from this time and place. . .to friend and foe alike. . . +that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans. . . +born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, +proud of our ancient heritage. . .and unwilling to witness or permit the slow +undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, +and to which we are committed today. . .at home and around the world. + +Let every nation know. . .whether it wishes us well or ill. . . +that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, +support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and +the success of liberty. This much we pledge. . .and more. + +To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share: +we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United. . .there is +little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. +Divided. . .there is little we can do. . .for we dare not meet +a powerful challenge, at odds, and split asunder. +To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free: +we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not +have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. +We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. +But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their +own freedom. . .and to remember that. . .in the past. . .those who +foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. +To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe +struggling to break the bonds of mass misery: we pledge our best +efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period +is required. . .not because the Communists may be doing it, +not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. +If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, +it cannot save the few who are rich. + +To our sister republics south of our border: we offer a special pledge. . . +to convert our good words into good deeds. . .in a new alliance for progress +. . .to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of +poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of +hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them +to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. . .and let +every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master +of its own house. + +To that world assembly of sovereign states: the United Nations. . . +our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war +have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge +of support. . .to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for +invective. . .to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak. . . +and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run. + +Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversaries, +we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew +the quest for peace; before the dark powers of destruction unleashed +by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction. +We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient +beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. +But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from +our present course. . .both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, +both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing +to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of Mankind's +final war. + +So let us begin anew. . .remembering on both sides that civility +is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. +Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. +Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring +those problems which divide us. Let both sides, for the first time, +formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and +control of arms. . .and bring the absolute power to destroy +other nations under the absolute control of all nations. +Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead +of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the +deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage +the arts and commerce. Let both sides unite to heed in all corners +of the earth the command of Isaiah. . .to "undo the heavy burdens. . . +let the oppressed go free." + +And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion. . . +let both sides join in creating not a new balance of power. . . +but a new world of law. . .where the strong are just. . . +and the weak secure. . .and the peace preserved. . . . + +All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. +Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days. . . +nor in the life of this administration, nor even perhaps +in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin. + +In your hands, my fellow citizens. . .more than mine. . .will rest the +final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, +each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony +to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered +the call to service surround the globe. Now the trumpet summons us again. . . +not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need. . .not as a call to battle. . . +though embattled we are. . .but a call to bear the burden of a long +twilight struggle. . .year in and year out, rejoicing in hope, +patient in tribulation. . .a struggle against the common enemies of man: +tyranny. . .poverty. . .disease. . .and war itself. Can we forge against +these enemies a grand and global alliance. . .North and South. . . +East and West. . .that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? +Will you join in that historic effort? + +In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted +the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger; I do not shrink +from this responsibility. . .I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us +would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. +The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor +will light our country and all who serve it. . .and the glow from +that fire can truly light the world. + +And so, my fellow Americans. . .ask not what your country can +do for you. . .ask what you can do for your country. My fellow +citizens of the world. . .ask not what America will do for you, +but what together we can do for the Freedom of Man. + +Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, +ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice +which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, +with history the final judge of our deeds; let us go forth to lead +the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that +here on earth God's work must truly be our own. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jgh_9510.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jgh_9510.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f67eb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jgh_9510.txt @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +Freedom Daily + +Loving Your Country and Hating Your Government +by Jacob G. Hornberger, October 1995 + +Several months ago, President Clinton condemned Americans who exposed and +criticized wrongdoing by the U.S. government. The president said: "There's +nothing patriotic about hating your government or pretending you can hate your +government but love your country." + +Let us examine the implications of the president's claim. + +In the 1930s and throughout World War II, there were a small group of German +citizens who sacrificed their lives resisting the Nazi regime. They believed +that the true patriot was the person who lived his life according to a certain +set of moral principles. When one's own government violated those principles, +it was the duty of the patriot, these Germans believed, to resist. + +Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime, on the other hand, believed that the real +patriot is the citizen who supports his government, especially in times of +crisis and war. The traitors, in their eyes, were the Germans who opposed the +Nazi government, especially after the war had begun. + +The story of the small number of Germans who resisted the Nazi regime is told +in a recent book-- _An Honourable Defeat_ (1994) by Anton Gill. Gill points out +that by the end of the war, most of the German resisters had been identified by +the Gestapo and murdered. Gill points out: + +"That this is the story of a defeat none will doubt. Some will dispute that it +was an honourable one. It is certainly not the story of a failure. Against +terrible odds and in appalling circumstances a small group of people kept the +spirit of German integrity alive, and with it the elusive spirit of humanity. +We should all be grateful to them for that." + +What would President Clinton say about these resisters? Undoubtedly, he would +call them troublemaking traitors to the Nazi regime. After all, the president +would ask, how could these people claim to love their country and, at the same +time, claim to hate the Nazi government? The real patriot, the president would +say, was the German citizen who loved his country and, therefore, his +government. As President Clinton would have said to the German resisters, +"There's nothing patriotic about hating your government or pretending you can +hate your government but love your country." + +What about the British colonists living in American in 1776? They certainly had +no love for their government. When we celebrate the Fourth of July, it is easy +to forget the real implications of what happened during the fight for +independence. It is important to remember that George Washington, Thomas +Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, John Hancock, and the like were not +American citizens when they signed the Declaration of Independence. They were +as British as you and I are Americans. And they hated the philosophy and +policies of King George--taxation, economic regulation, immigration controls, +trade restrictions, and so forth. + +The colonists were violent men. They did everything they could to kill the +soldiers who fought on the side of their own government. On the other hand, +British soldiers did all they could to bring death to their fellow citizens. As +we celebrate the Fourth of July each year with our fireworks and picnics, we +tend to forget that real people with real families were deliberately killed on +both sides of the conflict. + +Were the colonists patriots? Certainly the British government did not think so. +Nathan Hale (who regretted that he had but one life to give for _his country_) +was hung because he was a traitor to _his government_. If the rebellion had +failed, there is no doubt that the signers of the Declaration of Independence +would have all been put to death by their own government officials--for +treason. + +What would be President Clinton's position with respect to the War for +Independence? On the surface, he would, of course, sing the praises of +America's Founding Fathers and American Independence Day. But this would only +mask a deep-seated resentment against the colonists. What gave them the right +to take up arms against their own government? Clinton would ask. They had no +right to resist tyranny by force. They should have continued to plead and lobby +for political representation in the Parliament. William Jefferson Clinton would +have said to Thomas Jefferson: "There's nothing patriotic about hating your +government or pretending you can hate your government but love your country." + +A hundred and fifty years ago, a small band of Mexican citizens took up arms +against its own government. Despite popular misconceptions, Sam Houston, Jim +Bowie, David Crockett, William Travis, and the other rebels at the Alamo, +Goliad, and San Jacinto were not Americans. They were not Texans. They were +Mexican citizens. They had pledged allegiance to the flag of the Republic of +Mexico. Why did they engage in violent acts against their own government +officials? Because they hated the regulations and the taxation that the Mexican +president, Santa Ana, was imposing on them. + +Were the rebels patriots or traitors? Their position was that patriotism meant +devotion to ideas like liberty and property. They believed that the real +patriot--the person who loves freedom--resists his own government when his +government becomes destructive of fundamental rights. Of course, Santa Ana took +the position that these Mexicans were, instead, traitors to their government +and their country. + +Unfortunately, President Clinton would share Santa Ana's perspective. By +becoming Mexican citizens, he would say, the colonists had pledged to support +their government officials, even when the latter were taxing and regulating +them. It was wrong, President Clinton would claim, for the Mexican colonists to +have considered themselves patriots. After all, "There's nothing patriotic +about hating your government or pretending you can hate your government but +love your country." + +Actually, the president's mind-set is the same as that held by tyrants +throughout history. In the mind of the ruler, the government and the country +are one and the same. The citizen who has the temerity to expose and criticize +wrongdoing by his own government is, ipso facto, a traitor to his country. The +citizen who supports his government's conduct, no matter how evil or +destructive--and who doesn't ask uncomfortable questions--is a real "loyalist." + +Consider the deaths at Ruby Ridge and Waco. At Ruby Ridge, U.S. government +officials persuaded Randy Weaver to commit a crime--selling them a shotgun that +was one-fourth inch too short. After a U.S. marshal was killed in a subsequent +shoot-out at the Weaver home, the FBI put out the following order: Do not +demand a surrender; do not try to arrest; we do not want a jury trial here; +instead, take them out; kill them all; shoot them until they are dead; teach +them that no one kills a federal official, not even in self-defense; but make +it look good by ensuring that the victims were armed. So, after having shot +Weaver's 14-year-old son in the back, the feds shot Weaver's wife Vicki in the +head. Fortunately, they were unsuccessful in killing Weaver and were humiliated +by the jury at Weaver's trial. + +Was that the end of it? Oh, no. The FBI then engaged in a cover-up of this +Latin American-style death squad's conduct. FBI officials falsified and +destroyed documents, perjured themselves, conspired to obstruct justice, and +refused to obey orders from the U.S. Attorney's Office. In their minds, the FBI +is an independent, national, patriotic police force (like the Gestapo and the +KGB) that can punish citizens with impunity, without the time and trouble of a +trial, and without having to answer to anyone. + +Has any federal official been brought to trial for murder, perjury, conspiracy, +or obstruction of justice? Of course not. The feds have tried to buy justice by +paying Weaver and his children $3.1 million. The money, of course, came from +American taxpayers, not those who committed the crimes. What happens if a +taxpayer refuses to pay his taxes by claiming that the taxpayer did not commit +the crimes? They kill him and call it "resisting arrest." All of this is what +Justice Department employees term "justice." + +Of course, the federal attitude towards what happened at Waco is exactly the +same. Federal officials secured a search warrant from a federal judge under a +perjured affidavit. They decided against a low-profile search of the premises +and against apprehending the Branch Davidian leader--David Koresh-- outside the +compound. They needed a bigger "splash" for upcoming budget hearings. + +So, the feds planned a high-profile raid that they termed "Showtime." But +"Showtime" did not quite work out as planned, for several federal officials +lost their lives in the raid. And the deaths of those officials ultimately +sealed the fate of the Branch Davidians. No one can ever accuse U.S. government +officials of playing "softball"--"kill a federal official, and you won't have +to worry about a trial or anything else." + +The recent movie _Braveheart_ shows that political attitudes toward defiant +citizenry have not changed much over the centuries. The attitude of King Edward +and his minions toward the Scottish people many centuries ago was quite similar +to that of President Clinton and his underlings toward American dissidents. +King Edward had Scottish people raped, tortured, and hanged for failing to pay +proper deference to His Royalty; and His Highness never had even one ounce of +remorse. + +Is President Clinton's and the Democrats' attitude toward American dissidents +any different? It is true that FBI and BATF officials did not rape Vicki Weaver +before they killed her--and that they did not rape the Branch Davidian women +before they gassed and burned them. And we should give credit where credit is +due. But is there _any remorse whatsoever_ over the political killings of +innocent people? + +In the recent congressional hearings on Waco, the Democrats, led by Congressman +Charles Schumer, made a grand spectacle of being concerned about child abuse in +the Branch Davidian compound. The implication was this: "Our concern for the +Branch Davidian children is evidenced by our concern about possible child abuse +in the compound." + +What nonsense. The truth is that the Democrats did not care one bit for the +Branch Davidian children or for any other individual who was gassed and burned +alive in the compound. How do we know this? Because, again, _there is not one +bit of remorse for the loss of life at Waco_. The Democratic attitude is +instead the same as that held by the FBI and the BATF: These were white-trash, +weird people, and so it is no big deal that they--and their children--died. + +Moreover, the Democrats feel that since David Koresh might have been engaged in +child abuse, then federal officials had the right to kill him without a trial +(despite the fact that he is innocent until proven guilty)--and, in the +process, to kill the other hundred people who were not even accused of child +abuse (including the dead children). + +And the Republicans? They are similar to the nobles in _Braveheart_. The nobles +would pontificate on the virtues of freedom and the importance of principle. +But as soon as the King offered them money and lands, the nobles would betray +all of their ideals. Is this not the case with Republicans? Republicans are +notorious for talking the libertarian talk--even now calling themselves +libertarians--but they are totally unable to walk the libertarian walk. Offer +them votes or campaign contributions or a congressional chairmanship, and they +sell their souls very easily. + +Unfortunately, during the recent hearings on Waco, the Republicans were so +concerned with upholding their law-and-order image that they treated the FBI +and BATF with kid gloves. The Republicans think that if they expose police +murders, conspiracies, perjuries, and cover-ups, this might hamper law +enforcement in the future. Thus, Republicans did not even try to secure the +appointment of an independent counsel to investigate and prosecute the FBI and +BATF death-squad activity. More important, the Republicans failed to gain any +reasonable assurance that the death squads would not be used again under +"appropriate" circumstances. + +What was so uplifting about _Braveheart_ was that small band of Scottish men, +led by William Wallace, who loved their country and hated their government. +Like many who had come before them--and who have come after them--they refused +to compromise their principles. + +President Clinton was wrong when he said: "There's nothing patriotic about +hating your government or pretending you can hate your government but love your +country." Throughout history, there have been courageous and honorable +individuals--patriots--who have loved their country and hated their government. +And, unfortunately, throughout history, there have also been weak and cowardly +people-- traitors--who have loved and supported the tyranny of their own +government. + +It is to the patriots--not the traitors--that we owe Magna Charta, the Petition +of Right, habeas corpus, the presumption of innocence, trial by jury, due +process of law, private property, and so many other aspects of human freedom. +It is the patriots--not the traitors--who have remained steadfast for +principles of right, even when it meant incurring the wrath and retribution of +their own government officials. And it will be the patriots--not the +traitors--who ultimately triumph in America and end our government of the +pestilence that pervades it--so that, once again, American patriots will love +their country and not hate their government. + +Permission is granted to reprint this article, provided appropriate credit is +given. Please send two copies of the reprint to The Future of Freedom +Foundation. + +Jacob G. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of Freedom +Foundation. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jnews2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jnews2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ba05b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jnews2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ + The Action is in the Reaction + by G. Vance Smith + + The following is a transcript of the remarks our Chief Executive Officer +made at our Southern California Council Dinner in Costa Mesa on February 27, +1993. + + The John Birch Society is in its 35th year, and, because of Robert Welch, +we as members are linked with a common understanding and commitment to some +basic principles. Perhaps the deep feelings I have for the members of the +John Birch Society stem from the depth of understanding of those principles. + + While the whole world seems to be running here and there boxing with +shadows and dueling windmills, the firmly rooted members of this +organization stand on a plane that escapes the imagination of most people. +For example run-of-the-mill conservatives think we are fighting the +liberals and bureaucrats. But we know that liberals and bureaucrats are not +the main enemy. Certainly, they do not make life any easier for us, and +most of their busy work is harmful, but they are not the enemy. + + The enemy is neither conservative, nor liberal, nor moderate. The +enemy is a criminal. His ideology is power. Nothing else. He seeks raw, +ruthless, total power over the lives and fortunes of all men, women, and +children who will occupy this earth. To accomplish this, he uses liberals +and conservatives alike. + + I am not talking about the informed, patriotic conservatives. I am +talking about the so-called "respectable" conservatives who see themselves +as too smart to be taken in by what they call "conspiracy theories." +By referring to conspiracy as a "theory", the so-called "respectable" +conservatives give themselves away. They allow themselves to be taken +in the very minute they think they are too smart to be beguiled. There is +nothing more blinding than human pride, and there are none so useful to +the Conspiracy as the haughty and the proud. + Such individuals often praise our battle plans and admire the tireless +persistence of our members. Then damning us with faint praise they will +say, "However, if you folks could just stop seeing a conspiracy everywhere, +you would get the support of many millions of Americans." And to this we +say, there would be no wisdom at all in our battle plans if we did not know +and expose the enemy. + It is our knowledge of the enemy - his nature, his tactics, and his +goals - that has guided our planning and has made our programs laudable and +workable. Our plans are practical because we know the tactics and +understand the strategy of our enemy. + The strategy employed by our enemy for getting a free people to +surrender is really quite simple. He gets the people - acting through their +representatives - to legislate away their freedoms while they are caught up +in the emotion of some dramatically serious problems. This tactic works +because so many of our citizens only see the problem; they fail to realize +that oftentimes the problem either does not exist or it has been created +by too much government in the first place. How often do we hear voices +crying out against this or against that terrible thing with, "There ought +to be a law." Our friends rush to the school board, to city hall, to the +courts, to the legislature, and ask for laws and regulations. Like the +importuning widow, they pound on the doors of our lawmakers and demand that +government do something. + In most cases, our good friends have been fooled. Those who have +engineered the real and imagined problems don't care about the harm and +danger they create. They want a fearful condition. In fact, the more +outrageous and the more dangerous the crisis, the better. All they really +want is your reaction. + This tactic has been summarized in these few but profoundly important +words: "The action is in the reaction." Or put another way, the action the +enemy really wants comes as a result of public reaction to a crisis - real +or imagined. The Conspiracy uses this tactic to get people to ask for +unconstitutional laws and more government. By this cunning device, would-be +totalitarians can and do get free people to supply the chains of their own +slavery. + Here are just a few examples of how such a strategy has been used +repeatedly to cheat Americans out of their freedom: + + Number One, Civil "Rights" + Does anyone really believe that those powerful individuals in Washington, +those who feigned so much compassion for black Americans, really cared +about what they called civil rights? Did they lay awake at night immersed +in sympathy for blacks who had to ride in the back of the bus, or attend +separate schools, or use separate facilities? + The civil rights fraud had nothing to do with protecting fundamental +rights, but it had everything to do with our reaction to all the marching, +rioting, and looting. It was America's reaction that gave the conspirators +what they really wanted: an excuse to send federal troops into the states, +and to break down the constitutional separation of state and federal +powers. It also enabled the federal government to exercise control over +the voting process. Our founders wanted to be certain that all +elections were state elections with absolutely no federal control over the +voting process. But by fanning the embers of bigotry, those who sought +power obtained it in wholesale fashion. The real movement in the so-called +civil rights movement was public reaction, which in turn created the +appearance of popular support for the passage of destructive legislation. + + Number Two, Communism + Communism served a purpose for the Conspiracy, but you may be certain +that that purpose had nothing to do with liberating exploited labor or any +of that ideological nonsense about sharing the wealth. The ugly face of +communism was intended to be ugly. No matter how hard duped liberals tried +to cover it up, its ugliness was blatant and intentional. The worldwide +communist menace was obvious to everyone. It was (and in some parts of the +world, still is) intended to elicit a revulsion, and a compelling sense of +urgency to stomp it out. + While the whole free world saw communism hiding behind many fronts, +Robert Welch saw the Master Conspiracy hiding behind the colossal front of +communism. And because of this brilliant and correct insight, we have +suffered intense persecution and opposition, even from many of our friends +who ought to have known better. + Communism was established as a means to an end, not an end in itself. +Its purpose of terrorizing the world was of tremendous help to the +Conspiracy in eliciting a massive global reaction. It is a worldwide +reaction that has moved us closer to the new world order. For without real +blood, terror and atrocities, no free nation would support the United +Nations, and no free state would consider giving up its national +sovereignty to a world body. The desired reaction would be impossible if +the presumed alternatives - communism or nuclear annihilation - were not +so blatant and so terrible. World government was the goal in the first +place. Yes, even after decades of suffering, the real action of communism +was in fact in the reaction. As I said, this is not just any run-of-the- +mill comprehension. But it is your depth of understanding that places the +members of the John Birch Society light years ahead of whoever is in second +place. And it is that quality that permeates this room tonight and accounts +for the depth of my feeling towards each one of you. + + Number Three, the Constitution + The plan to destroy our Constitution takes only a slightly different +form. That is, the desired reaction plays on the positive, rather than the +negative side. Because members of Congress refuse to undertake an +ostensible good (such as balanced budget amendment), we are supposed to +react by using the Constitution to force them to do good. The plan does +not require us to prevent some contrived evil by legislating ourselves +to death, but it calls for beguiling us into placing the Constitution in +the hands of forces that would destroy it. It is a bit more sophisticated +than reacting to a riot. And I might add, it is far more deadly. + The Constitution will face grave danger as a result of America's +reaction to such seemingly plausible causes as the balanced budget +amendment, term limits, the line item veto, the electoral college, and +anything on earth that sounds conservative and safe. These problems are +being laid before the public in order to stir up the necessary reaction +that will come in the form of a constitutional convention. + Again, the ostensible goals are not the issue and they are not what +the Conspiracy cares about. The reaction, a constitutional convention, +will set in motion the very condition desired by the Master Conspiracy. +Does anyone really think the Insiders care about ethics in Congress, or +about a balanced budget? Again, all they want is the reaction of 34 angry +states that will deliver the Constitution into the hands of the Conspiracy. + + Number Four, the Environment + This little gem comes in two kinds, national and global. + National: A reaction based on public ignorance is intended to lead to +laws that will grind business to a halt. This problem, as applied against +America, will lead to regulations so severe that they will destroy our free +market system. This, I believe is an intermediate goal which would bring +about the nationalization of all heavy industry and energy production. + Global: If the environmental fraud can be portrayed as a global crisis, +a deception that is certainly well on its way, then the desired reaction +will lead to the transfer of U.S. sovereignty to global power. Again, the +real action will come as a result of the reaction. + So the environmental fraud, if not exposed, will place the United States +in double jeopardy: more government and more internationalism - as an +increasingly socialistic United States gradually becomes a part of the +emerging global government. + The John Birch Society is under constant attack, not because of our +mistakes, but because we've got it all together. We understand how the +game is played. It is devastating to the Insiders when they see that we +refuse to fall into their traps. Birchers generally maintain a +sophistication that continues to frustrate the Insiders. We refuse to supply +the reaction they seek. We do not dash into the streets with rocks or +Molotov cocktails. We don't engage in race wars or foster civil unrest. We +don't "test laws" by civil disobedience, or refuse to pay taxes, or grab our +guns and head for the hills. Why? Because we understand the game. We know +that this is precisely what the Insiders want. All throughout history, +tyranny has been built on the ashes of anarchy. + Anyone who assumes we don't feel like reacting with anger and rage is +wrong, because very often we do feel that way. But wisdom dictates that +we take the action that counts, not the reaction our enemy wants. Why +should we react at all if we are on the offensive? Why should we allow +the Conspiracy to keep us busy dodging the darts of dishonesty, when all +we have to do is shoot the arrows of truth? + Exactly what are those arrows of truth, and how are they being set in +motion to hit their targets? + 1. We are exposing the design, strategy, and background of the master +conspirators whose ultimate goal is the reduction of the United States to a +colony in a world dictatorship run by them. Recognizing Bill Jasper's book, +"Global Tyranny...Step by Step", for the dynamite that it is - we are not +going to stop short by setting off a few scattered firecrackers; we are +going to get the biggest bang we can by launching a massive promotion and +distribution campaign. And the resulting explosion, we expect, will rock +the Establishment to its core! + 2. We are protecting the Constitution by circulating powerful documents +in the state legislatures of this nation, holding off a public reaction +intended to deliver a constitutional convention. But that is not all. We +are now developing a video documentary geared to helping the average +citizen understand the subtle tactics employed to destroy our form of +government. Our final victory can come about only through a ground swell +of public understanding. By holding off any new con-con calls since 1983, +we have won some valuable time to build a more firm base at the grass-roots +level. + 3. Since 1974, arrows of information have been aimed at Congress in the +form of TRIM Bulletins. Organized committees and dedicated individuals have +worked tirelessly to inform the electorate using these great tools. Within +the last two years, the influence of TRIM has increased dramatically with +National TRIM Bulletins having become available in all 435 congressional +districts. But we have only scratched the surface of the TRIM potential. +This is not the time to go into a full description of the far-sighted, +vastly expanded, TRIM 2000 Program. but the positive and realistic new +goals we have set can produce a constitutional Congress by the year 2000. + 4. Through our magazine, "The New American", we publish the truth. +It is not always easy, but it is a trademark of the John Birch Society. We +would not deserve the respect we receive if we were to play politics or +try to win popularity contests. Because of the standard we have set, "The +New American" will endure. During the past few months, thousands of new +subscribers have been added. We have received numerous notes of praise and +appreciation for this outstanding magazine. While we are extremely pleased +with the results of our recent subscription campaign, we again know we have +only scratched the surface. Ambitious circulation and advertising goals for +"The New American" are a key part of our strategic plan for victory. + 5. The Insiders have always proven proficient at providing leadership for +both sides of any issue, neither of which is correct. The John Birch +Society, on the other hand, has illustrated over and over how this strategy +of working both sides of the street has been used to confuse and to +confound the American people. It has always been, and still is, our +responsibility to expose false leadership. Today we see a billionaire +candidate now posing as the poor-man's bastion of common sense, a national +talk radio entertainer who ridicules conspiracy while bashing liberals and +Birchers, Insider-approved authors of popular books and magazine articles +dealing with the financial doomsday of America, and other-would be +conservative leaders who disguise their real intentions with the Cover of +some well chosen John Birch Society language. + 6. We are often asked, "How many warriors will it take?" Our answer: +As many as there are. Every one of us has had the experience of feeling +alone at certain times and on certain battlefronts. How many will it take? +It will take every soul who is willing to stand. An army of one million +can win quickly, save lives, and secure the land. But if a kind providence +so chooses, it can be done with 100,000, or 1000, or 100. He has honored +our struggle and our candor and our prayers. When everyone who would enlist +IS enlisted, the victory will come. Our duty is to make certain that every +red-blooded American has enough information and knowledge to enlist in the +John Birch Society and to be a part of Robert Welch's "epic undertaking." + Ladies and gentlemen, we will continue to go on the offensive, and we +will teach Americans to recognize the crisis calculated to elicit their +reaction. We will continue to act wisely, and to speak honestly. And we +will cut our way to victory with the sharp and terrible arrows of truth. +========================================================================= +contributed by: Richard Dudzic + 4501 Brownfield Dr #322 + Lubbock, TX 79410 + E-Mail 71034,555 +========================================================================== +Note from contributor: Come join us in the fight for preservation of our +liberty and help us return this nation back to the governing philosophy +which made this nation the greatest one on earth. Membership of the John +Birch Society includes Republicans, Democrats, Libertarians, Blacks, Whites +Jews and members of various backgrounds. + For $5. introductory packet call 1(800)JBS-USA1 + or write to: + P.O. Box 8040 + Appleton, Wisconsin 54913 + +To subscribe to "The New American" magazine, or to get "Global Tyranny... +Step By Step" book - call: + + General Birch Services + (414)749-3783 +========================================================================== + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jns-waco.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jns-waco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9f2ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jns-waco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ + The following article is under submission. Reproduction + on computer bulletin boards is permitted for informational + purposes only. Copyright (c) 1993 by J. Neil Schulman. + All other rights reserved. + + + WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM WACO? + + by J. Neil Schulman + + + Whoever said that extreme cases make for bad law must + have been thinking of the gun-control proposals that are + already being discussed in the wake of Waco. + + The February 25, 1993 warrant that the federal Bureau of + Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) obtained was for David + Koresh's arrest and the search of the Mount Carmel facility. + ATF had a reasonable suspicion that Koresh was buying up + parts to convert two semi-auto AR-15 rifles into full-auto + AR-15's functionally similar to the select-fire (semi-auto or + full-auto) M-16 assault rifles used by the military. Buying + such parts is of itself legal, but conversion of semi-auto to + full-auto without first paying a $200 federal excise tax has + been prohibited since the National Firearms Act of 1934. + + This 1934 law is convoluted and obscure. Congress passed + it under its authority to levy excise taxes, but the way ATF + interprets it, mere possession of parts which could be used + to convert a semi-auto rifle to full-auto is illegal unless + you \first\ get a manufacturing license from the ATF. In + other words, you have to pay the tax \before\ you have + possession of that which is being taxed -- a unique + interpretation of how excise taxes are supposed to work. + + Since 1986, when Congress passed the McClure-Volkmer Act, + no licenses to manufacture full-auto weapons with parts + manufactured after 1986 will be issued at all. This is + back-door federal gun control, since the Constitution grants + Congress no authority to regulate the manufacture or + possession of firearms, for their own use, by private + citizens. The 1938 Federal Firearms Act and the Gun Control + Act of 1968 -- which regulate interstate commerce in firearms + -- are constitutionally inapplicable to the manufacture, + possession, or peaceful use of firearms on one' own property + -- which is all the original warrant alleges Koresh did. + The tenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, "The + Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, + nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the + States respectively, or to the people." Texas does not + prohibit, nor does it require licenses, for manufacturing or + owning fully automatic firearms. + + The 1939 Supreme Court decision US v. Miller affirmed the + Second-amendment-right of a private citizen to own military + small arms, requiring that a weapon, to be protected by the + Second Amendment, must be "part of the ordinary military + equipment or that its use could contribute to the common + defense." In other words, the federal government would only + have authority to restrict arms that \don't\ have military + application. + + Now we get to Koresh. The affidavit attached to the + ATF's February 25th search warrant includes the following, + written by ATF Special Agent Davy Aguilera: + + On February 22, 1993 ATF Special Agent Robert Rodriguez + told me that on February 21, 1993, while acting in an + undercover capacity, he was contacted by David Koresh and + was invited to the Mount Carmel Compound. Special Agent + Rodriguez accepted the invitation and met with David Koresh + inside the compound. ... + + David Koresh told Special Agent Rodriguez that he believed + in the right to bear arms but that the U.S. Government was + going to take away that right. David Koresh asked Special + Agent Rodriguez if he knew that if he (Rodriguez) purchased + a drop-in-sear for an AR-15 rifle it would not be illegal, + but if he (Rodriguez) had an AR-15 rifle with the sear + that it would be against the law. David Koresh stated + that the sear could be purchased legally. David Koresh + stated that the Bible gave him the right to bear arms. + David Koresh then advised Special Agent Rodriguez that he + had something he wanted Special Agent Rodriguez to see. + At that point he showed Special Agent Rodriguez a video + tape of ATF which was made by the Gun Owners Association + (G.O.A.). This film portrayed ATF as an agency who + violated the rights of Gun Owners by threats and lies. + + Clearly, David Koresh believed that the federal gun- + control laws were unconstitutional, and that ATF was acting + illegally. If the serving of the ATF warrant had gone off + peacefully --as was the case when Koresh was arrested for + attempted murder several years earlier (he was exonerated) -- + then the issues raised under the 1934 National Firearms Act + probably would have been litigated. Now, even though the + federal firearms laws need even more pressingly to be + litigated, the emotions surrounding anything having to do + with the Davidians' fiery death are bound to make for bad + precedents. + + As it stands now, we have what is supposed to be a + federal tax law being used for constitutionally questionable + purposes -- and the warrant which was issued, based on David + Koresh having failed to pay four-hundred dollars in excise + taxes, resulted in an army of federal agents being used + to serve a warrant in a maximally aggressive manner on the + rumors that David Koresh had an immoral lifestyle and was + somehow, therefore, unworthy of possessing dangerous weapons. + + All of this finally comes down to prudential + considerations. What do we as a society have to fear more + -- a David Koresh, or an Adolf Hitler? The 1938 Nazi + Weapons Law -- which the late Senator Thomas J. Dodd (D-Conn) + had the Library of Congress translate as the basis for the 1968 + Gun Control Act which he authored -- disarmed Germany's + Jewish citizens and made it possible for the democratically- + elected German government to murder millions of innocent people. + Even if we concede that David Koresh had the lifestyle of Idi + Amin, Koresh did not represent anywhere near as lethal a threat + as a government gone feral. Clearly, if we make our gun-control + laws aggressive enough to be effective in disarming David Koresh, + we also disarm the bulk of the peaceful citizenry which is + supposed to deter political murders a hundred thousand times + as large as anything a minor cult could accomplish. + + The same arguments which demand that a balanced ecology + requires not eliminating species of toads can be used for a + political ecology. Political ecology demands that one + shouldn't remove weapons from the citizenry that + counterbalance weapons held by potentially predatory + governments. You have to decide whom you fear more: a + citizenry which outguns police or police which outgun the + citizenry. The former may tend towards anomie -- as our + epidemic violent crime demonstrates -- but the latter + has historically proved genocidal time and time again. + + If anything has come clearly out of this tragedy, it's + that the ideological conflict between those who believe public + security can be achieved by an armed government and a disarmed + populace, and those like me who believe that an armed + citizenry is the bulwark of a free society, needs to be + discussed dispassionately and publicly, until a social + consensus has been reached. The hyperemotionalism resulting + from using Waco as an example of what needs to be done, one + way or the other, is bound to make for bad law. + + The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms found plenty + of reason in existing gun-control laws to serve an arrest + warrant on David Koresh. That they failed to do so in an + effective manner is surely no reason to burden sane and civil + gun-owners with laws that will make them even more vulnerable + to the predations of the demagogues who roam this planet -- + whether they enchant eighty followers or eighty million. + + ## + + J. Neil Schulman is a novelist and screenwriter. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/joel@sko.txt b/politicalTextFiles/joel@sko.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7facd6a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/joel@sko.txt @@ -0,0 +1,489 @@ +From: Joel @Skousen + +10 Packs for Survival + +INTRODUCTION + + This booklet was prepared to provide you with the essential minimums +for survival preparations. While it is not exhaustive in coverage, it is +complete as to the needs of most people. Before adding long lists of your +personal extra needs, try calculating the cost of these bare essentials. +You will be amazed at the high cost of contingency preparations. This is +not intended to discourage you, but rather, to help you realistically +determine your future financial priorities so as to ensure you have bought +the essentials before adding the sophisticated extras. After you have +acquired about half of the recommended items, you will become aware of a +critical lack of storage space within your home--if it is designed like +most American houses. To assist you in planning for a more self-sufficient +residence we have also included a brief summary of the concepts outlined +in the 500 page SURVIVAL Home Manual. If you desire to pursue the subject +in more detail, we suggest you order the manual direct from our +Architectural offices using the order form at the end to the booklet. + +PHILOSOPHY AND DESIGN CRITERIA OF THE SURVIVAL HOME + + Survival architecture is the unique design combination (in the proper +proportion) of facilities, materials, supplies, equipment, knowledge and +skill exactly matching a correct analysis of what shortages and crises we +will face in the future. In achieving this purpose I make reference to the +fact that "survival means more than solar" to emphasize the need to avoid +becoming too involved with only one aspect of self-sufficiency at the +expense of the others. This error in proper perspective has become the most +common mistake in the entire craze for self-sufficiency. With each new +product devised, a corresponding marketing slogan usually appears +describing "how you can become totally self-sufficient" with their product. +The potential severity of future crises, however, seems to dictate that no +one product brings total self-sufficiency. It seems most probable in the +final analysis that no set of products or facilities, no matter how +complete,brings anything but temporary self-sufficiency for a lone +individual. + + There are a variety of terms and definitions floating around in the +"self-sufficiency" arena--one of the least understood pertains to "survival +and "retreat" philosophy. "Self-sufficiency" as a term is well accepted and +enjoys frequent use among the entire social strata, whereas "survival" +intimates "gloom and doom". However, under more careful scrutiny, it +becomes obvious that "survival" and "self-sufficiency" are nearly +synonymous. In actuality, the purpose of self-sufficiency is to SURVIVE +various crises where one is in competition with others for scarce +resources: ie, food and fuel shortages, dwindling finances, or social +unrest, etc. + + There is a significant difference between the general term "survival" +and its child, the "retreat" philosophy, which is an ultimate reaction at +the limits of the self-sufficiency concept. + +WHY SELF - SUFFICIENCY? + + Many subscribe to the view that most of our future economic woes and +commodity shortages will be government induced through bureaucratic +mismanagement and excessive regulation. So, you say, the responsibility +will simply fall back on ourselves, where it rightly belongs. However, this +view overlooks our prime and ever-increasing social weakness; that our +society has become so specialized in its occupational endeavors, we no +longer have the will or skills to revert rapidly to a generalists society +with each providing his own essential skills and services. Thus, we +encounter the real reason for the craze for self-sufficiency: the inner +need to become confident in our ability to provide for ourselves and our +family should a minor or major crisis or shortage arise. The motive to save +a few heating dollars is perhaps primary with many who may purchase a wood +stove, but it soon becomes obvious to most woodburners that wood heat is +only a small portion of their total self-sufficiency needs. + + In fact, when you tally all the other additional self-sufficiency +needs such as water, waste disposal, electricity, storage space, tools, and +security, you suddenly realize that you have come face to face with the +word "survival", which is the word that, in essence, reflects "ultimate +self-sufficiency". + +EVERYTHING INVOLVES A PRIORITY CHOICE. + + While the survival retreat concept gets all the headlines in the hard +money newsletters, its share of actual dollars invested is insignificant. +From my experience as the architect most often involved in survival +housing, the majority of client energy and funds are devoted to residential +upgrade and preparation within the bounds of suburban or semi-rural living. +Why? Frankly because very few people have the time, money or inclination +to separate themselves completely from society even though they believe +that difficult economic and social problems will be forthcoming. + + 100% rural self-sufficiency is almost impossible to achieve on +anything more than a hermit level. Even then it is either all-time +consuming or inordinately expensive and probably both. + + In the final analysis then, everything in the survival and +self-sufficiency field is a compromise or trade off of one lesser asset for +another more important to you. If you want isolation to have security, then +you usually sacrifice social ties, time and gasoline in commuting, and +maybe electricity, telephone, and leadership opportunities. + + There are ways of overcoming these compromises--if you have enough +money, additional manpower and equipment; but you may become so +sophisticated that you aren't self-sufficient any more. No two individuals +or families should utilize the same self-sufficiency plans. + +HERE ARE THE ESSENTIAL STEPS + + l. Begin reading non-governmental analyses of the state of the nation. + Specifically: political, Economic, social, military, and moral + trends. Reading recommendations include: + PERSONAL FINANCE newsletter + 901 N. Washington St. suite 605, + Alexandria, Va 22314 + + Gary North's REMNANT REVIEW. + P. O. BOX 39800, + Phoenix, AZ 85069 + + 2. Analyze the condition of your local state and community as to long + term survivability in a crisis: + Most favorable criteria are: + a. low population density (50 people per sq. mile or less) + b. High level of religious, moral character. + c. Lack of highly unionized heavy industry, or welfare populous. + d. Strong local autonomy with little attachment to federal funds. + e. Diversified economy with an agricultural base. + + 3. Make a series of decisions based upon your national and local + assessment as what problems you most likely will encounter. Note: You + cannot come to a proper design of a self-sufficient or survival + residence unless you have determined what shortages, crises, or + threats you face. The better your research, the more accurate your + predictions will be. + + 4. Read the SURVIVAL HOME MANUAL and study the essentials of survival + residential design to determine what your present home lacks and what + is available in new or remodeled survival construction. + + 5. Determine, financially and security wise, whether you should remain + in your present home and remodel, move and build or buy a more + suitable home. Consider job, and/or commuting time. It is imperative + that you do not destroy your income producing ability unless you have + other means or opportunities to turn to which will survive most + economic downturns. Don't be tricked into thinking you can go "live + off the land". The capital required for machinery and non-growable + necessities will require substantial monthly income. + + 6. Start saving and begin a monthly procurement plan for acquiring the + items listed in the 10 packs for survival. Do it each month--don't + wait for enough money to accumulate for a one time purchase of + everything--it may not be readily available then. + + The foregoing introductory material is essential in order to +appreciate the following survival design criteria. The quantity of +preparedness features I will describe may not be necessary in every case, +depending on the relative security of the location you choose to live in. +Remember, the more self-sufficient and secure the area in which you live, +the less it costs you to prepare for personal survival,, + +PRIMARY FAULTS OF CONVENTIONAL HOUSING + + The following are the six essential liabilities of the conventional +residential structure: + + 1. Lack of security (fire, intrusion, vandalism) + 2. Poor resistance to heat, cold, wind, and sun. + 3. Lack of storage facilities (food, dry goods, machinery etc). + 4. Poor floor plan efficiency (costly wasted space, lack of emergency + accommodations) + 5. Single source of heat for space heating, water heating, ,@Ind + cooking. + 6. Single source of water and electrical power. + +DESIGN CRITERIA + + In my actual design work, the most common concern expressed by the +wife of a client is that the home not look like a fortress or a bunker. +This is not only possible but preferable. There is no benefit in becoming +a known target for resentment during hard times. The best survival +residences are designed to look completely conventional both inside and +out, so that you may stay within the bounds of society without appearing +as an extremist and encouraging undue resentment. + + The properly designed survival residence has within its walls and +private recesses all the equipment and design technology that allows you +to maintain a nearly normal lifestyle throughout a crisis. This is +extremely important to the family man who must maintain his income during +hard times. He cannot afford to take time off from work to heat hot water +over a camp stove during an electrical outage or stand guard over his house +day and night when major civil disturbances occur. + + The following are some of the major design features of a survival +residence: + + l. Independent well water and/or water storage facilities integral + with the home. + 2. Multi-fuel furnace (burns at least three different fuels) + 3. Reserve or standby electrical power. + 4. Multi-fuel cooking facilities, and water heating equipment + 5. Secure walls, doors, and windows with intrusion monitoring + equipment. + 6. Superior energy-conserving structural design utilizing solar and + underground design where possible. + 7. Secret and semi-private storage facilities which include a fallout + shelter. + 8. Maintenance and repair facilities with appropriate tools. + 9. Greenhouse and other food production facilities + 10. Internal communications equipment. + + If you are questioning the potential costliness of a full survival +residence, consider this: it is not intended to discourage you from acting +due to lack of sufficient funds, but rather to show you the importance of +ordering your financial priorities In order to start preparing in the most +critical areas first. In all cases, never place all of your available funds +into one, or even two areas at the exclusion of all others. + + If, in the final analysis, you find that not all of your +self-sufficiency preparations were utilized, you will have at least spent +many a restful night with the assurance that you have done everything +within your ability to prepare you and your family for realistic potential +difficulties. + + Both those who wish to relocate permanently and those who may simply +desire to construct a vacation retreat cabin elsewhere will need some +guidance as to the best areas for security: We have made available to our +clients the most comprehensive security map covering the entire United +States, both as to the most dangerous areas and the most secure areas. It +represents many years of research and analysis and may be ordered direct +from the architectural and planning division using the order form at the +end of this booklet. + +FOOD PACK + + 200 LBS/PERSON, HARD WINTER WHEAT + 50 LBS/PERSON,RICE + 50 LBS/PERSON, BEANS + 10 LBS/PERSON, HONEY + 25 LBS/PERSON, POWDERED MILK(non-instant type) + 6-months supply NORMAL CANNED GOODS AND BOTTLED FRUIT + + 1-large bottle 1000mg VITAMIN C 1-large bottle MULTIPLE VITAMIN + 2-CLOVE GARLIC (nature's anti-biotic) (keep refrigerated) + + 4-#10 can/person dehydrated fruits and vegetables (use for variety-not + for bulk) + SALT, PEPPER, SPICES + OIL (keep refrigerated) + +WATER PACK + + 1- portable WATER WASHER filtering kit + (from AMERICAN WATER PURIFICATION CO. + 1990 @Olivera Rd. Concord, Ca 94520) + 1/person WATER STRAW individual filter straw (from American Water + @Purif.) + 1-PACK SCIENTIFIC FILTER PAPER (cone) (12v diameter papers) + 1/person 10 GALLON GLASS DISTILLED WATER BOTTLE. (date and seal with + stopper and tape. Wrap on bottom and sides with dense foam carpet + pad to protect against earthquake or jarring. + 1-Bottle HALAZONE TABS. or regular CHLORINE BLEACH for water + purification. + +POWER PACK + + 1-MOBILE, SELF-CONTAINED 3KW 120/220V GENERATOR (DIESEL OR + GASOLINE/GAS) with one month fuel supply in portable tanks + 1-12 volt AUTO BATTERY with carry strap trickle charger, and jumper + cables and 12V light attachment. + 1-100 ft. 4-PLUG HEAVY DUTY EXTENSION CORD with built in light bulb + (rough duty rated) in a "cage". + 2-HAND-OPERATED FLASHLIGHTS (item #605-771w695 from US GENERAL catalog + 100 General Place, @Jerico N.Y. 11753) + 2-NICAD FLASHLIGHTS (item # 852-5350W US GENERAL catalog) + 1-long range POLICE-TYPE FLASHLIGHT with extra bulbs. + SUPPLY OF NICAD BATTERIES with CHARGER: + 8-"D" CELL + 4-"C" CELL + 16-"AA" CELL + 2-9V TRANSISTOR TYPE. + +@MED PACK + + BLOOD PRESSURE GAUGE (electronic) + STETHOSCOPE + BANDAGE SCISSORS + LONG TWEEZERS + 2-LOCKING FORCEPS (1-curved point) + DISPOSABLE SCALPELS + THERMOMETER (ORAL AND RECTAL) + INFLATABLE SPLINTS + BANDAGES elastic, self adhesive + Band-aids + large compress type with straps. + SUTURES (dissolvable) + cotton backed ADHESIVE TAPE + GAUZE + ALOE VERA BURN OINTMENT + ANTI-BIOTIC OINTMENT + ASPIRIN + RUBBING ALCOHOL + IPECAC SYRUP (to induce vomiting) + CONTAINER OF STERILE WATER (1 qt) + CLEAN ABSORBENT COTTON RAGS + SOAP (liquid) + Long Stemmed cotton swabs + +TRANSPORTATION PACK + + 1/person: 10 speed BICYCLE with heavy. duty tires, rack and carriers. + lights + 1 emergency VEHICLE (recommend VW VANAGAN with trailer hitch, locking + gas cap, and camper options. Install bike racks front and rear, and + extra 30 gallon gas tank. Carry oil cans two flashlights + EMERGENCY TOOL KIT: extra fan belts, metric wrenches and sockets, oil + filter, air filter fuel filter, spark plugs, points, condenser, + fuses, light bulbs, head light, tire pump, aerosol tire repair + sealer, Jumper cables, tow cable w/hooks. + INFLATABLE RAFT (4 man) with paddles. + 1-250cc MOTORCYCLE equipped for road and off road use. Add equipment + and extra fuel tank carriers. + +TRAVEL PACK + +(THESE ITEMS SHOULD BE PACKED IN PORTABLE "DUFFLE BAGS" READY TO GO) + + 1-qt WATER per person + 2-"energy bars" per person + DEHYDRATED FOOD PACK for one week dried fruit, vegetables, meat flour, + oil, salt, pepper, spices vitamins, honey,peanut butter crackers, + protein powder, powder milk + collapsible 5 ga. WATER CONTAINERS + "WATER WASHER" FILTER + lightweight COOK KIT large pot, dishes, spoons, forks knives, cups, + non-stick skillet spatula, can opener, large spoon + TOWELS + 2-water proof nylon tarps + CHANGE OF CLOTHES FOR EACH PERSON + COATS, + 1-thermal blanket + 1-SLEEPING BAG / person + MATCHES, FIRE STARTER + COMPASS, MAPS of areas of intended use + 2-RECHARGEABLE FLASHLIGHTS + 12v TROUBLE LIGHT w/@cig. liter plug + FIRST AID KIT + TOILET PAPER, soap + 1-Pocket knife + 1-FISHING KIT + 1-large BOWIE KNIFE (western cutlery) (perfectly weighted to serve as + both fire knife and hatchet etc) + 1-small portable mt. climber's stove + 1-back pack with frame + paper, pencil + signaling Mirror + 1-manual flashlight + WHISTLE , PORTABLE CABLE SAW + small bottle of bleach, Insect Repellent. + MAGNIFYING GLASS + 100 ft. 1/2 dia. GOLDLINE ROPE, + 2 pulleys + 50 ft. nylon "shroudline" cord + .22 caliber pistol w/ 500 @rds. ammo. + +COMMUNICATIONS PACK + + MULTI-BAND RECEIVER/SCANNER + 1-CITIZENS BAND TRANSCEIVER + 2- 3 CHANNEL PORTABLE TRANSCEIVERS rechargeable batteries + PORTABLE POWER PACK, ANTENNAS + 1-SMALL PORTABLE TELEVISION (battery operated) + +EQUIPMENT PACK + + 1-GRIND ALL Grinder(for wheat, corn beans, peas, nuts etc.) + RAM PRODUCTS 765 So. University Ave. Provo, Ut. 84601 + 1-GRAIN COUNTRY bread mixer. FOOD SCIENCE @CORP. 95 NO. 200 E. + American Fork, Ut 84003 + 1- @VICTORIO STRAINER (@Vitantonio Corp @Willoughby, Ohio 44090) + 1-Hand operated CAN OPENER + 1-STEAM CANNER with canning bottles w/Lids and rings for two seasons + CUTLERY: high quality KNIVES- + a. peeler/filet knife + b. pairing knife (short small) + c. long Slicing knife. + 1-portable ELECTRIC ICEBOX 12V. + @KOOLATRON industries limited + 56 Harvester Ave. Batavia N.Y. 14020 + Kerosene LAMP/HEATER by ALADDIN + TWO BURNER KEROSENE OR PROPANE STOVE with one month fuel supply + HAND OPERATED CLOTHES WRINGER. + TREADLE SEWING MACHINE or treadle attachment for your electric + machine. + PORTABLE ELECTRIC HOT PLATE + FIRE EXTINGUISHER (portable) + +DEFENSE PACK + + .22 cal.PISTOL (9-shot revolver or 15 shot Auto) w/ 1000 rds. ammo. + .22 cal. RIFLE w/1000 rds. ammo. + 45 cal. auto PISTOL w/ 100 rds. am~o. + .223 RIFLE (Mini14 by RUGER) w/ 500 rds. ammo. + 2- canisters of AEROSOL MACE + 1-POCKET KNIFE 1- BOWIE KNIFE + +TOOL PACK + + 1- 250 amp PORTABLE ARC WELDER + PELLETIZED OXY-ACETYLENE TORCH + PROPANE TORCH w/SPARK LIGHTER + SOLDER/FLUX (electrical and non) + ALLEN WRENCH SET + NUT DRIVER SET + TAP & DIE SET (national course,fine) + SOCKET SET & RATCHET HANDLE, @EXTENS. + CHANNEL LOCK PLIERS + 2-ADJUSTABLE "CRESCENT" WRENCHES + NEEDLE NOSE PLIERS WITH WIRE CUT. + VISE GRIP PLIERS WITH NARROW JAW + METAL CHISEL + WOOD CHISEL SET + METAL PUNCH/DRIFT + TIN SNIPS + CLAW HAMMER + SMALL, LARGE SCREWDRIVERS + SMALL, LARGE PHILLIPS SCREWDRIVERS + HAND OPERATED TWIST DRILL + AUGER EXPANSION BIT WITH BRACE + HACK SAW + BOW SAW + HANDSAW (10 PT TEETH) + LARGE PRY BAR/WRECKING BAR + AX + HATCHET + SMALL BLOCK AND TACKLE or 'come-a-long" hand operated winch. + GLUE assorted + NAILS, NUTS, BOLTS, SCREWS + electric MULTI METER, + 110 circuit test light BARTER ITEMS + +BARTER + + These items generally meet all of the following criteria for Barter + +l. High consumer demand +2. Not easily home manufactured +3. Durable in storage +4. Divisible in small quantities +5. Authenticity easily recognizable + + LIQUID DETERGENT, LAUNDRY + DETERGENT + RUBBING ALCOHOL, BLEACH + TOOTHBRUSHES + RAZOR BLADES + TOILET PAPER + ALUMINUM FOIL + WRITING PAPER, TYPING PAPER, + PENS, + PENCILS, ERASERS + SHOELACES, STRING, CORD, ROPE + FISHING LINE + INSECT REPELLENT, WATER + REPELLENT + PAINT, VARNISH + MATCHES + WATCHES + TAPE + LIGHT BULBS + NEEDLES, THREAD, ZIPPERS, BUTTONS + ASPIRIN, VITAMINS, OTHER DRUGS + SEEDS, GRAIN, SUGAR, + COFFEE, LIQUOR, CIGARETTES + ANTI-BIOTICS, BURN OINTMENTS + SAFETY PINS + MANUAL CAN OPENER + KNIVES + CANNING JARS, LIDS, RINGS + SHOES, BOOTS, SOCKS, NYLON + STOCKINGS + UNDERWEAR, WINTER CLOTHES + COATS + BLANKETS + HAND GUNS, RIFLES,AMMUNITION + FUELS (ALL TYPES) + QUARTS OF MULTI-VIS MOTOR OIL + ANTI-FREEZE + WIRE + GLUES + BOLTS, SCREWS, NAILS + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/joinforc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/joinforc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1ef7f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/joinforc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ + + The following article is reprinted by permission from the + Los Angeles Times of June 8, 1992. Reproduction on + computer bulletin boards is permitted for informational + purposes only. Copyright (c) 1992 by the Los Angeles + Times. All other rights reserved. + + [Note: the following text is drawn from the original + manuscript; there are insignificant changes in the + published version. -- JNS] + + + + JOINING FORCES AGAINST A COMMON FOE + + by J. Neil Schulman + + + There are about 200 million guns in America in the + hands of about 60 million Americans. The sale of guns + nationwide following the Los Angeles riots has reached + record levels, many of them to first-time buyers. Firearms + training classes are filled to capacity. The National + Rifle Association currently has 2.8 million members -- ten + times the membership of the American Civil Liberties Union + -- and expects to exceed 3 million by the end of 1992. + + Both advocates of gun control and advocates of gun + rights agree that there is an epidemic problem with the + criminal use of guns in America. But every time a gun- + control advocate points to the latest atrocity committed + with a firearm, the gun-rights advocate will surely ask: + why was there no armed citizen who could have tried to stop + the criminal? + + The difference between the advocate of gun control and + the advocate of gun rights lies in a perception of the + cause of the criminal use of a gun. Those who advocate gun + control think the cause is wide and easy availability of + guns. The advocates of gun rights think the cause is a + legal system which leaves criminals free to prey on a + public which is socially discouraged, and often legally + forbidden, from using guns for personal defense. + + The war over gun control is fought with news reports. + Advocates of gun control have no shortage of reports that + prove guns in the hands of criminals are a plague on our + society. Advocates of gun rights find, however, that the + use of firearms to prevent or stop a crime is often left + unreported by media which are worried that reporting gun + defenses will encourage irresponsible vigilantism. + + The war over gun control is fought with statistics. + The number of gun attacks in the United States is easy to + compile: just count up the thousands of bodies in the + morgues, and the hundreds of thousands of gunshot victims + treated in hospitals. The number of times a gun is used for + defense, however, has a built-in problem: the use of a + firearm to deter, prevent, or stop an attack is unrecorded, + overwhelmingly because the defense was accomplished without + pulling the trigger, and less often, because the person + using the gun for self-defense was legally forbidden to be + in possession of it at that time or place, and thus did not + report it. + + The war over gun control is fought with historical + debates about the intent of the Second Amendment. Those + who advocate gun control say the Second Amendment has no + Supreme Court ruling which defines the Second Amendment as + protecting an individual right of the citizenry to keep and + bear arms for personal defense. Those who advocate gun + rights say that the intent of the authors of the Second + Amendment, and the Fourteenth Amendment which would apply + it to the states, is indisputable, and it is a politicized + Supreme Court which does not have the courage to enforce + it. + + It's likely that the only other issue with such + polarized and deeply felt world views is abortion. Oddly, + those who advocate the right of choice on abortion are + often the same people advocating eliminating the right to + choose firearms as a defensive option. + + It's also likely that a final Supreme Court ruling on + the Second Amendment would fail to end the issue. A ruling + in favor of an individual rights interpretation of the + Second Amendment would probably coalesce gun-control + advocates into a movement to repeal the amendment. A + ruling against an individual rights interpretation of the + Second Amendment would alienate and radicalize the millions + of Americans who believe in that right as firmly as the + advocates of abortion rights believe in theirs. + + As long as the advocates of gun control write laws and + court rulings that abridge the right of private citizens to + buy, own, and carry the firearms they feel are theirs by + right to have for defensive and sporting use, gun owners + will continue to be alienated and radicalized, and become + more and more willing to engage in civil disobedience + against such abridgements. + + Advocates of gun control need to realize that passing + laws that honest gun owners will not obey is a self- + defeating strategy. Gun owners are not about to surrender + their rights or their guns, and only the most foolish of + politicians would risk the stability of the government by + trying to use the force of the State to disarm the people. + + If gun-control advocates do not acknowledge the right + of the people to keep and bear arms for individual and + civic defense before they attempt to remove guns from the + hands of those who abuse them, then sensible gun laws will + be out of reach, and the criminal plague of gun victimizing + will continue. + + Can't advocates of gun control see the advantage + of recruiting gun-rights advocates to a joint cause of + eliminating gun tragedies? We can all agree that guns + need to be kept out of the hands of the violent criminal + and the lunatic. We can agree that the solution to gun + accidents is safety training. We can agree that those who + own and carry firearms for protection must take + responsibility for knowing how to use them safely and + appropriately. + + Surely, instead of fighting one another, we can join + forces to fight our common enemy: the armed criminal? + + # + + J. Neil Schulman is a writer, hosts a radio program on the + American Radio Network, and is founder and chair of the + Committee to Enforce the Second Amendment. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/joke.txt b/politicalTextFiles/joke.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1c8710 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/joke.txt @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ + The Joke Is on You + + by J. Orlin Grabbe + + "I don't make jokes. I just + watch the government and report + the facts."--Will Rogers + + In Thomas Pynchon's novel *Vineland*, the character Zoyd Wheeler +specializes in transfenestration--throwing himself through windows. He +does this on a yearly basis, with full television coverage to provide +the documentary evidence he needs as proof of derangement in order to +continue receiving his government mental disability check. But one year +he encounters a problem. The media has rescheduled the location of this +annual event for their convenience. And Zoyd is ultimately forced to go +along, and to transfenestrate through a window not of his own choosing. + + Zoyd's problem was he needed to be publicly observed as nutty in +order to make it so. The converse proposition is if a person is portrayed +by the media as truthful, honorable, "caring", and wise, then no further +evidence need be considered. Niccolo Machiavelli said it well in A.D. +1532: + + "Generally, men judge by the eye rather than + the hand, for all men can see a thing, but + few come close to touch it. All men will see + what you seem to be; only a few will know what + you are, and those few will not dare to oppose + the many who have the majesty of the state on + their side to defend them" (*The Prince*). + + So in today's world we see brief glimpses of Bill and Hillary +Clinton leaving the Presidential jet or helicopter, walking hand-in-hand, +all lovey-dovey. Therefore this is the truth, and those who dare say +otherwise will bring the wrath of the many down upon them. + + Sandwiched between the pharmaceutical and financial service ads, we +see video clips of the President at a dais or a table, making a statement +to the press or signing a congressional bill into law, and are lead to +believe the welfare of the republic is the President's constant concern. + + We see the First Lady smiling cheerfully at a Hollywood party, +or making concerned cooing sounds about a possibly "depressed" and +"suicidal" Dick Morris, and do not ourselves appear to grasp that it +only takes a global village to raise a chimera. + + CNN does not show us the behind-the-scenes screaming fits. We +do not see a purposeful Hillary Clinton determinedly on the phone +arranging the transfer of files out of Vince Foster's office immediately +upon receiving word of his death. We do not see a cold-blooded bitch +plotting with I3 to murder Dick Morris. + + ABC news does not tell us about Bill Clinton doing five plus +lines of cocaine a day, about plane loads of government-sanctioned illegal +drugs traversing the Canadian border into Montana, about FBI agents +falsifying evidence, about the Justice Department stealing software and +taking payoffs, about billionaires hiring international assassins, about +NSA spying on domestic banking transactions, about "family value" +politicians who are pedophiles. + + After all, such things only happened in medieval Florence, or +among the Roman emperors, not in our country today. Surely not in today's +White House or at the Department of Commerce. The Secret Service and the +FBI are not political arms of the Emperor. Our government is good, this we +know, for the television tells us so. + + At a high-level intelligence briefing convened shortly after the +downing of TWA Flight 800, there was an almost uniform chorus of voices: +"We can't let the public know it was a terrorist incident, because they +will be all over us to do something about it. We can't let the public +know how easy it is to take down a plane with a missile, because they +will be afraid to fly, and it will depress airline stocks, and it will +induce copycat crimes." + + The government does not lie, but if it does lie, it is only for +our own good. + + Day after day we get treated to the FBI's explanation of the +course of the investigation. And we know that we are hearing the truth, +that it couldn't be an exercise in liar's poker, because the people who +report the news would already know the truth, and would have clued us in +that this is all a charade. And the fact that purveyors of news scarcely +set foot outside a broadcast studio or a news office, except to visit urban +dining and drinking environments, has no bearing, we feel, on their ability +to discern the facts. For otherwise, why would we listen to them +or read what they write? + + What is the most astonishing thing about this process is the +degree to which the captive press believes their own bullshit. + + "A variety of nationwide voter surveys + show that while many Americans harbor + misgivings about Clinton's character, + only about one in 10 worry greatly about + Whitewater--either as it may harm the + Clintons though nothing substantive is + there or produce a scandal to drive them + from the White House." ("Clinton Steps Up + Effort to Portray Whitewater Prosecutor as + Partisan," *The Washington Post*, Sept. 27, + 1996.) + +But why should anyone think there is anything to the Whitewater charges? +*The Washington Post* has long assured us there is nothing there. And after +assuring their readers there is nothing to the story, the *Post* takes a +poll of their readers and--lo and behold!--their readers think there is +nothing to the story. + + Truth, you see, is a matter of voter preference. + + With more Starr indictments due out this coming week, and the +Clinton resignation only days away, some attention should be given to the +way the press will react when forced to reverse their previous posturing. +What spin will they choose? + + I suspect they are going to blame it on you. After all, they will +say, Our audience doesn't want to hear the truth. They want to hear +things that make them comfortable. The bad Saddam Hussein. The good Bill +Clinton. They want to believe in things that are "obvious" and +"inevitable". The Presidential debates are restricted to Clinton and Dole +because it is obvious and inevitable that one of these two men will be +elected President in November. + + The news is, after all, a business. And a business becomes +successful by delivering to its customers what they want. Much like the +Grand Inquisitor in Fyodor Dostoevsky's *The Brothers Karamazov*, the +media will tell us they have delivered us from the burden of the truth, +just as the Grand Inquisitor's Church delivered mankind from the burden +of their freedom: + + "For fifteen hundred years we were pestered by + that notion of freedom, but in the end we succeeded + in getting rid of it, and now we are rid of it for + good. . . .[O]n this very day men are convinced they + are freer than they have ever been, although they + themselves brought us their freedom and put it meekly + at our feet. . . . They will marvel at us and worship + us like gods, because, by becoming their masters, + we have accepted the burden of freedom that they were + too frightened to face, just because we have agreed to + rule over them--that is how terrifying freedom will + have become to them finally!" + + So maybe the media will have a point. Or maybe they are full of +shit. But what are you going to do about it? + + After all, the joke's on you. + +November 28, 1996 +Web Page: http://www.aci.net/kalliste/ + + +- + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/jonestow.txt b/politicalTextFiles/jonestow.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bcbb4f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/jonestow.txt @@ -0,0 +1,755 @@ +The following I am fowarding because it brings some things into light I +didn't know before, and, I haven't seen much circulating about it. I have +just come from verifying some of the references listed in the following +document. Any other info concerning this please send it to me. +Thanx, Danny + +---- + + +The following article is taken from New Dawn magazine - a +magazine exposing consensus reality and publishing suppressed +information. 6 issue subscription for US$30 can be obtained from: +GPO Box 3126FF, Melbourne, 3001, AUSTRALIA. + + + +JONESTOWN, THE CIA AND MIND CONTROL + +"When 912 followers of Jim Jones committed suicide in Guyana 15 +years ago, people said it was a once-in-a-lifetime thing and +never could happen again, but it has happened in Waco," states +Boston "cult expert" John Gillespie. + +Until the Waco tragedy, self-proclaimed "cult experts" and the +media routinely mentioned the ominous name of "Jonestown" in just +about every story on the latest "religious cult" or community. +But despite all the references, the reality of Jonestown and the +reasons behind the bizarre events remain a mystery. The details +have faded from memory for most of us since November 18, 1978, +but not the outlines. Think back a moment and youll remember... + +You Know the Official Version... + +A fanatic religious leader in California led a multiracial +community into the jungles of remote Guyana to establish a +socialist utopia. The Peoples Temple, his church, was in the +heart of San Francisco and drew poor people, social activists, +Black and Hispanics, young and old. The message was racial +harmony and justice, and a criticism of the hypocrisy of the +world around his followers. + +The Temple rose in a vacuum of leadership at the end of an era. +The political confrontations of the 1960s were almost over, and +alternative religious movements and "personal transformation" +were on the rise. Those who had preached a similar message on the +political soap box were gone, burnt out, discredited, or dead. +The counterculture had apparently degenerated into drugs and +violence. Charlie Manson was the only visible image of the +period. Suddenly, religion seemed to offer a last hope. + +Even before they left for the Jonestown site, the Peoples Temple +members were subjects of scandalous attacks in the media. A +veritable persecution campaign had been launched in the United +States against Rev. Jim Jones and other members of the +organisation. Fleeing the U.S., over one thousand members +emigrated to Guyana in South America. Establishing "Jonestown" as +a successful and prosperous community, these American families +defied poverty and lack of rights that were their lot back home. +This act of political protest, of a kind never known in the +United States before, angered certain powerful elements in the +U.S. Establishment. But accusations continued to be made about +Jones, and these soon came to the attention of Congressional +members like Leo Ryan. Ryan decided to go the Guyana and +investigate the situation for himself. The nightmare began. + +Isolated on the tiny airstrip at Fort Kaituma, Ryan and several +reporters in his group were murdered. Then came the almost +unbelievable "White Night," a mass suicide pact of the Jonestown +camp. A community made up mostly of Blacks and women drank +cyanide from paper cups of Kool Aid, adults and children alike +died and fell around the main pavilion. Jones himself was shot in +the head, an apparent suicide. For days, the body count mounted, +from 400 to nearly 1,000. The bodies were flown to the United +States and later cremated or buried in mass graves. + +Pete Hammill called the corpses "all the loose change of the +sixties." The effect was electric. Any alternative to the current +system was seen as futile, if not deadly. Protest only led to +police riots and political assassination. Alternative life styles +led to drugs, "creepy crawly" communes and violent murders. And +religious experiments led to cults and suicide. Social utopias +were dreams that turned into nightmares. The television urged us +to go back to "The Happy Days" of the apolitical 50s. The message +was, get a job, and go back to the local church your grandparents +attended. The unyielding nuclear threat generated only nihilism +and hopelessness. There was no answer but death, no exit from the +grisly future. The new ethic was personal success, aerobics, +material consumption, a return to "American values"; and the +"moral majority"; White, Christian world. The official message +was clear. + +Suppose It Didnt Happen That Way... + +The headlines of the day of the massacre read, "CULT DIES IN +SOUTH AMERICAN JUNGLE: 400 Die in Mass Suicide, 700 Flee into +Jungle." By all accounts in the press, as well as Peoples Temple +statements, there were at least 1,100 people at Jonestown. There +were 809 adult passports found there, and reports of 300 children +(276 found among the dead, and 210 never identified). The +headline figures from the first day add to the same number, 1, +100. The original body count done by the Guyanese was 408. The +final count, given almost a week later by American military +authorities was 913. A total of 16 survivors were reported to +have returned to the U.S. Where were the others? At their first +press conference, the Americans claimed that the Guyanese "could +not count". These local people had carried out the gruesome job +of counting the bodies, and later assisted American troops in the +process of poking holes in the flesh lest they explode from the +gasses of decay. Then the Americans propose d another theory - +they had missed seeing a pile of bodies at the back of the +pavilion. The structure was the size of a small house, and they +had been at the scene for days. Finally, we were given the +official reason for the discrepancy - bodies had fallen on top of +other bodies, adults covering children. + +It was a simple, if morbid arithmetic that led to the first +suspicions. The 408 bodies discovered at first count would have +to be able to cover 505 bodies for a total of 913. In addition, +those who first worked on the bodies would have been unlikely to +miss bodies lying beneath each other since each body had to be +punctured. Eighty-two of the bodies first found were those of +children, reducing the number that could have been hidden below +others. A search of nearly 150 photographs, aerial and closeup, +fails to show even one body lying under another, much less 500. + +It seemed the first reports were true, 400 had died, and 700 had +fled to the jungle. The American authorities claimed to have +searched for people who had escaped, but found no evidence of +any in the surrounding area. At least a hundred Guyanese troops +were among the first to arrive, and they were ordered to search +the jungle for survivors. In the area, at the same time, British +Black Watch troops were on "training exercises", nearly 600 of +their best-trained commandos. Soon, American Green Berets were +on site as well. The presence of these soldiers, specially +trained in covert killing operations, may explain the increasing +numbers of bodies that appeared. + +Most of the photographs show the bodies in neat rows, face down. +There are few exceptions. Close shots indicate drag marks, as +though the bodies were positioned by someone after death. Is it +possible that the 700 who fled were rounded up by these troops, +brought back to Jonestown and added to the body count? + +If so, the bodies would indicate the cause of death. A new word +was coined by the media, "suicide-murder". But which was it? +Autopsies and forensic science are a developing art. The +detectives of death use a variety of scientific methods and clues +to determine how people die, when they expire, and the specific +cause of death. Dr. Mootoo, the top Guyanese pathologist, was at +Jonestown within hours after the massacre. Refused the assistance +of U.S. pathologists, he accompanied the teams that counted the +dead, examined the bodies, and worked to identify the deceased. +While the American press screamed about the "Kool-Aid Suicides", +Dr. Mootoo was reaching a much different opinion. + +There are certain signs that show the types of poisons that lead +to the end of life. Cyanide blocks the central nervous system. +Even the "involuntary" function like breathing and heartbeat get +mixed neural signals. It is a painful death, breath coming in +spurts. The other muscles spasm, limbs twist and contort. The +facial muscles draw back into a deadly grin, called "cyanide +rictus". All these telling signs were absent in the Jonestown +dead. Limbs were limp and relaxed, and the few visible faces +showed no sign of distortion. + +Instead, Dr. Mootoo found fresh needle marks at the back of the +left shoulder blades of 70-80% of the victims. Others had been +shot or strangled. One survivor reported that those who resisted +were forced by armed guards. The gun that reportedly shot Jim +Jones was lying nearly 200 feet from his body, not a likely +suicide weapon. As Chief Medical Examiner, his testimony to the +Guyanese grand jury investigating Jonestown led to their +conclusion that all but three of the people were murdered by +"persons unknown". Only two had committed suicide they said. +Several pictures show the gunshot wounds on the bodies as well. +The U.S. Army spokesman, Lt. Col. Schuler, said, "No autopsies +are needed. The cause of death is not an issue here." The +forensic doctors who later did autopsies at Dover, Delaware, were +never made aware of Dr. Mootoos findings. + +There are other indications that the Guyanese government +participated with American authorities in a cover-up of the real +story, despite their own findings. One good example was Guyanese +Police Chief Lloyd Barker, who interfered with investigations, +helped "recover" $2.5 million for the Guyanese government, and +was often the first to officially announce the cover stories +relating to suicide, body counts and survivors. Among the first +to the scene were the wife of Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes +Burnham, and his Deputy Prime Minister, Ptolemy Reid. They +returned from the massacre site with nearly one million dollars +in cash, gold and jewellery taken from the buildings and from +the dead. Inexplicably, one of Burnhams political party +secretaries had visited the site of the massacre only hours +before it occurred. When Shirley Field Ridley, Guyanese Minister +of Information announced the change in the body count to the +shocked Guyanese parliament, she refused to answer any further q +uestions. Other representatives began to point a finger of shame +at Ridley and the Burnham government, and the local press dubbed +the scandal "Templegate", and accused them of taking a ghoulish +payoff. + +Perhaps, more significantly, the Americans brought in 16 huge C- +131 cargo planes, but claimed they could only carry 36 caskets in +each one. These aircraft can carry tanks, trucks, troops, and +ammunition all in one load. At the scene, bodies were stripped of +identification, including the medical wrist tags visible in many +early photos. Dust off operations during Vietnam clearly +demonstrated that the military is capable of moving hundreds of +bodies in a short period. Instead, they took nearly a week to +bring back the Jonestown dead, bringing in the majority at the +end of the period. The corpses, rotting in the heat, made autopsy +impossible. At one point, the remains of 183 people arrived in 83 +caskets. Although the Guyanese had identified 174 bodies at the +site, only 17 (later 46) were tentatively identified at the +massive military mortuary in Dover, Delaware. + +Isolated there, hundreds of miles from their families who might +have visited the bodies at a similar mortuary in Oakland that +was used during Vietnam, many of the dead were eventually +cremated. Press was excluded, and even family members had +difficulty getting access to the remains. Officials in New Jersey +began to complain that state coroners were excluded, and that the +military coroners appointed were illegally performing cremations. +One of the top forensic body identification experts was denied +repeated requests to assist. In December, the President of the +National Association of Medical Examiners complained in an open +letter to the U.S. military that they "badly botched" procedures. +As noted, these military doctors were unaware of Dr. Mootoos +conclusions. Several civilian pathology experts said they +"shuddered at the ineptness", of the military, and that their +autopsy method was "doing it backwards". But in official +statements, the U.S. attempted to discredit the Guyanese grand +jury findings, saying they had uncovered "few facts". + +Guyanese troops and police, who had arrived with American Embassy +official Richard Dwyer, also failed to defend Congressman Leo +Ryan and others who came to Guyana with him when they were shot +down in cold blood at the Port Kaituma airstrip, even though the +troops were nearby with machine guns at the ready. Although +Temple member Larry Layton was charged with the murders of +Congressman Ryan, Temple defector Patricia Parks, and press +reporters Greg Robinson, Don Harris and Bob Brown, he was not in +position to shoot them. Blocked from boarding Ryans twin engine +Otter, he had entered another plane nearby. Once inside, he +pulled out a gun and wounded two Temple followers, before being +disarmed. [Later, Laytons own father called him "a robot" and +relatives described how he was in a "posthypnotic trance".] + +The others were clearly killed by armed men who descended from a +tractor trailer at the scene, after opening fire. Witnesses +described them as "zombies," walking mechanically, without +emotion, and "looking through you, not at you" as they murdered. +Only certain people, like Ryans aide Jackie Speier, were not +harmed further, but the killers made sure that Ryan and the +newsmen were dead. In some cases they shot people, already +wounded, directly in the head. + +At the Jonestown site, survivors described how a siren began to +scream. The men rushed to the storeroom where they had hunting +rifles and cross-bows. Meanwhile bursts of submachine-gun fire +could be heard from the edge of Jonestown as "mercenaries" shot +defenceless people. Agent provocateurs who had been infiltrated +into Jonestown created panic in order to allow the trained and +programmed killers, like the "zombies" who killed Ryan, to go +about their murderous business. + +A special squad broke through to Jim Jones and killed him. After +that the mass extermination of people began. When the last shots +were fired, there were still several hundred left alive in the +compound, mostly women, children and the elderly. They were +assembled near the central pavilion so as to receive a +"sedative". The "cocktail" took effect instantly as the first +victims began to collapse and die. Now everybody understood the +nature of the brew offered by the murderers. Some people began to +resist taking the poison. They were shot at point blank range. +Others had poison poured down their throat by force. The +murderers also used ampule injectors. People were forced to lie +on the ground with their faces down, and were then injected into +their upper arms right through their clothes, an unlikely spot +for a suicide shot. Most of those who had fled into the jungle +were rounded up and killed. One survivor clearly heard a group of +people cheering, 45 minutes after the massacre. + +Back in California, Peoples Temple members openly admitted that +they feared they were targeted by a intelligence agency "hit +squad", and the Temple was surrounded for some time by local +police forces. + +Survivors included Mark Lane and Charles Garry, lawyers for +Peoples Temple who managed to escape the massacre. In addition +to the 16 who officially returned with the Ryan party, others +managed to reach Georgetown and come back home. However, many of +these people were later murdered. Jeannie and Al Mills, who +intended to write a book about Jonestown, were murdered at home, +bound and shot. Evidence indicates a connection between the +Jonestown operation and the murders of Mayor Moscone and Harvey +Milk by police agent Dan White. Moscone, a friend of Rev. Jones, +was killed in his office a few days after the Guyana tragedy, +thus preventing him from realising his plan to make a press +statement on the true reasons behind the destruction of Jim +Jones and his community. Another Jonestown survivor was shot +near his home in Detroit by unidentified killers. Yet another +was involved in a mass murder of school children in Los Angeles. + +Who Was Jim Jones? + +In order to understand the strange events surrounding Jonestown, +we must begin with a history of the people involved. The official +story of a "suicide cult" led by a religious fanatic adored by +his idealistic followers, doesnt make sense in light of the +evidence of murders, armed killers and autopsy cover-ups. + +If it happened the way we were told, there should be no reason to +try to hide the facts from the public, and full investigation +into the deaths at Jonestown, and the murder of Leo Ryan would +have been welcomed. What did happen is something else instead. + +Jim Jones grew up in the grinding poverty of the Great Depression +in the rural town of Lynn, southern Indiana. His friends found +him a little strange as he was interested in preaching the Bible +and in social justice issues. In the early 1950s, Jones graduated +from Butler University and was ordained by a Christian +denomination in Indianapolis. It was during this period that he +met and married his lifelong mate, Marceline. He also had a small +business to support his Christian ministry, selling monkeys, +purchased from the research department at Indiana State +University in Bloomington. + +A Charismatic evangelist and faith healer, Pastor Jones held +revival tent meetings in Indiana. With his wife, Marceline, he +adopted many children of different races. Because of his strong +convictions and social activism, he and his family were the +targets of intense harassment and racially-motivated violence. + +Seeking an atmosphere that would perhaps be more receptive to his +outspoken work, Jim Jones moved to California and established the +first Peoples Temple in Ukiah in 1965. There, despite continued +harassment, Peoples Temple flourished and grew to thousands of +members. Branches of the organisation were opened in several +cities, and the work of rehabilitating drug addicts, finding +jobs, and homes for destitute people, providing services for +youth and the elderly went on in each area. Despite all this, +Jones kept up a gruelling schedule of evangelistic rallies, +speaking five or six times a week to thousands of people, mostly +urban ghetto-dwellers, all across the state. Periodically he +would journey across the United States holding revival meetings +in a number of cities. + +Not a meeting went by that Rev. Jones did not integrate his +Charismatic, revival gospel with a comprehensive expose of the +smug corruption, blatant hypocrisy, and contradictions of the +American system. He was scathing in his denunciation of the +military-industrial complex, corporate greed, profiteering, the +politics of neglect and genocide, and a host of other abuses +both within the U.S. and around the world. He established a hard- +hitting newspaper Peoples Forum that exposed U.S. corruption +within, and U.S. imperialism without - and distributed each +issue free to over half a million people. The foundation +scripture of his ministry was Christs admonition recorded in +"Matthew" chapter 25, verses 35-40. + +The Peoples Temple newspaper Peoples Forum revealed Pastor Jones +perspective as well as some of his powerful enemies. An October, +1977 column titled "For the Ambitious, Curious, and Concerned" +provides commentary on some of the topics the Establishment press +prefers to pass over in silence. Among the questions raised here +are the following: + + + "The Rockefeller brothers: How they got their fortunes and +increase them + daily. Their influence over U.S. policy. How does Henry +Kissinger, e.g. + hop right over from being Secretary of State to become a +Board member of + the Chase Manhattan Bank." + + "The multinational corporations: By what network do they +influence + governmental decisions? Is it possible for any major +decisions to be made + independently of the corporate structure?" + +Many questions are related to the deteriorating conditions at +home: + + + "Schools: Why do they cost more and more and teach less and +less? Why are + colleges in deep financial trouble? What kind of job market +are students + facing and why?" + + "Prisons: Whats behind the push to build more of them? What +is the extent + of medical experimentation on prisoners? Psychosurgery?" + + "Medical care:....Is there any way to reverse the gigantic +machinery + which cuts anyone but the wealthy off from extended medical +care? Who + controls the nursing home circuits?" + + "Environmental controls: How widespread is: pollution? Lack +of safety + standards? Poisonous chemicals in food and other products?" + +Thus, it was by no means a "sect of religious fanatics advocating +the cult of suicide" who published the newspaper Peoples Forum. +There can be no doubt that the newspaper served as a vehicle for +radical Christianity, as a mouthpiece of those who fought against +the dictatorship of the monopolies and for freedom. As one letter +to the Editor frankly stated, "The only crime Jim Jones is guilty +of is bringing the poor together from various religious, racial, +and ethnic backgrounds." + +Early Converts + +Many professional people from stable family backgrounds were +converted to Joness dynamic vision. During this time Timothy +Stoen, a Stanford graduate and member of the city D.As office, +the Layton family, Terri Buford and other important members +joined the Temple. Bufords father was a Commander at the +Philadelphia Navy Base for years. Larry Schact, later to become +Jonestown medical superintendent, stated Jim Jones got him off +drugs and into medical school during this period. George Blakey +was from a wealthy, British family. He donated $60,000 to pay the +lease on the 27,000-acre Guyana site in 1974. Lisa Phillips +Layton had come to the U.S. from a rich Hamburg banking family in +Germany. Many of the top lieutenants around Jones were from +wealthy, educated backgrounds. + +For a number of years Stoen worked in close cooperation with +Jones whom he followed to Guyana as the communitys legal adviser. +It subsequently turned out that since his years at college Stoen +had been a CIA agent and spent some time in West Germany on a CIA +mission. In 1977, Stoens link to the CIA was exposed and he was +expelled from the Jonestown community. Under instructions from +the CIA, the agent provocateur set up and headed the so-called +"Concerned Relatives" organisation. It demanded the liquidation +of Jonestown. + +Jonestown survivor, JFK researcher and attorney, Mark Lane, +writes in The Strongest Poison: "I believe Tim Stoen was a CIA +operative, if not from the beginning, then certainly long before +the end. Where was the money coming from to keep him on the +Temples case full time with an office, to hire a private +detective (Mazor), and a prominent San Francisco public relations +firm (Lowery, Russom & Leeper) [a legal firm that fabricated +suits and charges against the Peoples Temple] to work against +the Temple. Where was the money coming from to send relatives +and attorneys to Guyana and put them up in the best hotels while +they did their dirty work? There was too much money behind Tim +Stoen...Stoens announced goal was the destruction of Jim Jones +and the Temple..." + +This period of rapid growth of the Peoples Temple also marked the +end of an important political decade. Nixons election had ushered +in a domestic intelligence war against the movements for peace, +civil rights and social justice. Names like COINTELPRO, CHAOS, +and OPERATION GARDEN PLOT or the HOUSTON PLAN made the news +following in the wake of Watergate revelations. Senator Ervin +called the White House plans against dissenters "fascistic." +These operations involved the highest levels of military and +civilian intelligence and all levels of police agencies in a +full-scale attempt to discredit, disrupt and destroy the +movements that sprang up in the 1960s. There are indications that +these plans, or the mood they created, led to the assassinations +of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, as unacceptable "Black +Messiahs." + +One of the architects under then-Governor Reagan in California +was the former Attorney General Edwin Meese. He coordinated +OPERATION GARDEN PLOT for military intelligence and all police +operations and intelligence in a period that was plagued with +violations of civil and constitutional rights. Perhaps you can +recall the police attacks on Peoples Park, the murder of many +Black Panthers and activists, the infiltration of the Free Speech +Movement and anti-war activity, and the experimentation on +prisoners at Vacaville, or the shooting of George Jackson. Meese +later bragged that this activity had damaged or destroyed the +people he called "revolutionaries." + +This was also the period in which the CIA and its allies began to +infiltrate the Peoples Temple. Michael Prokes was approached by a +government agent and promised two-hundred dollars a week payment +if he would join the full time staff of the Temple and spy on Jim +Jones. Prokes joined the Temple in October 1972. Mark Lane +relates how, during a visit to Jonestown on November 17, 1978, +only days before the massacre, Mike Prokes confided to him that, +"it would be a mistake for me to underestimate the duplicity and +cleverness of the American intelligence agents. He said, on the +eve of the destruction: 'I wouldnt be surprised if they have +agents infiltrated in here and in San Francisco [Peoples Temple +U.S. head office]'." (The Strongest Poison) + +Four months later, on March 13, 1979, Prokes called a press +conference in a California hotel. To the assembled reporters he +made available a forty-two-page statement and then silently rose, +entering the bathroom behind him. He closed the door and shot +himself. He was pronounced dead at a Modesto Hospital three hours +later. + +"In both his oral and written statements to the press, he +asserted: 'The truth about Jonestown is being covered up because +our government agencies were involved in its destruction up to +their necks. I am convinced of this because among many other +reasons, I was an informant when I first joined the Peoples +Temple.' + +"Prokes attached to that statement a four-page document in which +he detailed his role as a government agent... All of this +information was available to the reporters at the press +conference... Among those Mike mailed his final statement to +were: The New York Times, Newsweek, and Time. They, however, did +not print a word from the statement. Not a single national daily +in the United States, not a single magazine, radio or television +company, not a single news agency made public what Mike Prokes +had written in the last minutes of his life." (The Strongest +Poison) + +Shortly before Jonestowns tragic end, the Peoples Temples leaders +launched an open challenge against the U.S. authorities. On +October 4, 1978, The San Francisco Examiner, and the next day The +Sun Reporter announced that the Peoples Temple based in Guyana +were going to file a multi-million-dollar suit against U.S. +federal agencies, including the CIA, the FBI, Treasury +Department, Post Office, and the Internal Revenue Service, within +90 days. The suit would charge, the newspaper said, the agencies +of being involved in a government-inspired plot to destroy +Jonestown. The suit potentially threatened to cause great +embarrassment to the White House, the State Department and the U. +S. intelligence community. When, 45 days after the publication of +the news of the forthcoming suit, the majority of Jonestowns +residents were murdered, the question of the law suit was removed +from the agenda. + +Under pressure from influential relatives of some of the members +of the Peoples Temple and responding to the slanders of Rev. +Jones in the press, Congressman Leo Ryan took a personal +interest in Jonestown. Ryan had some years previous fallen out +with the U.S. intelligence community. The CIA was displeased +with him because in 1974 he and Senator Hughes had moved an +amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act which was to limit the +CIAs operations outside the United States. Later CIA operative +Tim Stoen would complain to Ryan about custody of his step son, +who was living with Jones, and urge him to visit the commune. +Against advice of friends and staff members, Ryan decided to take +a team of journalists to Guyana and seek the truth of the +situation. Some feel that Ryans journey there was planned and +expected, and used as a convenient excuse to set up his murder. + +The CIA and MK-ULTRA + +Significantly, the press and other evidence did indicate the +presence of a senior CIA agent on the scene at the time of the +massacre. This man, Richard Dwyer, was working as Deputy Chief of +Mission for the U.S. Embassy in Guyana. Identified in Whos Who in +the CIA, he has been involved with the agency since 1959. Present +at Jonestown and the airport strip, his accounts were used by the +State Department to confirm the death of Leo Ryan. + +Other Embassy personnel, who knew the situation at Jonestown +well, were also connected to intelligence work. U.S. Ambassador +John Burke, who served in the CIA with Dwyer in Thailand, was an +Embassy official described by Philip Agee as working for the CIA +since 1963. Burke tried to stop Ryans investigation. Also at the +Embassy was Chief Consular officer Richard McCoy, who worked for +military intelligence and was "on loan" from the Defense +Department at the time of the massacre. According to a standard +source, "The Embassy in Georgetown housed the Georgetown CIA +station. It now appears that the majority and perhaps all of the +Embassy officials were CIA officers operating under State +Department covers..." Dan Webber, who was sent to the site of the +massacre the day after, was also named as CIA. + +The direct orders to cover up the cause of death came from the +top levels of the American government. Zbigniew Brzezinski +delegated to Robert Pastor, and he in turn ordered Lt. Col. +Gordon Sumner to strip the bodies of identity. Pastor was Deputy +Director of the CIA under Reagan. One can only wonder how many +others tied to the Jonestown massacre were similarly promoted. +Almost everywhere you look at Jonestown, U.S. intelligence rears +its ugly head. + +"(The) possibility is that Jonestown was a mass mind-control +experiment by the CIA as part of its MK-ULTRA program," declared +Ryans friend and aid, Joseph Holsinger, in response to reports of +the involvement of senior CIA agents in the tragedy. A close +study of Senator Ervins 1974 intelligence report, "Individual +Rights and the Governments Role in Behaviour Modification", shows +that the CIA and military intelligence had certain "target +populations" in mind, for both individual and mass control. +Blacks, women, prisoners, the elderly, the young, and inmates of +psychiatric wards were selected as "potentially violent". There +were plans in California at the time for a "Centre for the Study +and Reduction of Violence", expanding on the horrific work of Dr. +Jose Delgado, Drs. Mark and Ervin, and Dr. Louis Jolyn West, +experts in implantation, psychosurgery and tranquillizers. + +The history of MK-ULTRA and its sister programs (ARTICHOKE, +BLUEBIRD, etc.) records a combination of drugs, drug mixtures, +electro-shock and torture as methods for control. The desired +results ranged from temporary and permanent amnesia, uninhabited +confessions, and creation of second personalities, to programmed +assassins and pre-conditioned suicidal urges. + +One goal was the ability to control mass populations especially +for cheap labor. Dr. Delgado told Congress that he hoped for a +future where a technology would control workers in the field and +troops at war with electronic remote signals. He found it hard to +understand why people would complain about electrodes implanted +in their brains to make them "both happy and productive". + +Along with the notorious MK-ULTRA-linked psychiatrist Louis +Jolyon West, Rabbi Maurice Davis is involved in an advisory +capacity with the Cult Awareness Network. The Rabbi worked +closely with Dr. Harris Isbell in the Lexington, Kentucky federal +prison. This MK-ULTRA program included the intentional +administering of LSD to federal prisoners to evaluate the drugs +use in mind control and modification. It may be more than a +strange coincidence that Rabbi Davis arranged for Jim Jones to +use an empty synagogue in Indianapolis for his early activities. +In a further cruel irony, Louis Jolyon West received the Cult +Awareness Networks 1990 "Leo J. Ryan Award", in recognition of +his work against "religious cults". + +Joyce Shaw, who spent six years in the Temple but left before the +move to Guyana, wondered if the reported "mass suicide" story was +a cover for "some kind of horrible government experiments, or +some sort of sick, racist thing..." + +Were the residents of Jonestown the victims of an elaborate U.S. +government plot, as their leaders publicly claimed only weeks +before their murder? Was the CIA, through its agents within the +Peoples Temple, actively involved in subverting the community in +a bizarre MK-ULTRA mind control experiment? + +On the evening of November 18, the Soviet Consul in Guyana was +approached by two extremely agitated members of the Peoples +Temple. One of them told him she had received news from +Jonestown, "Something terrible is going on there. I dont yet know +the details, but the life of all commune members is in danger. +The settlement is surrounded by armed men. Something has happened +to Ryan. He was attacked by some unknown men when he was +returning to Georgetown." + +The Consul relates in the book The Jonestown Carnage, how +returning home that evening his wife told him that Jim Joness +assistant, Sharon Amos, had called from the Temple office in +Georgetown. + +"Sharon was weeping and said that Jonestown had been surrounded +by armed men. In spite of the poor reception she had received a +radiogram which said that military helicopters were circling over +the settlement. 'Help us!' she screamed. 'Jonestown is being +destroyed! They wont spare anyone! Somebody is trying to get into +my flat. Do something! Save us!' Then they were cut off. My wife +immediately phoned the Guyanese police and was told that a +reinforced police detachment had been sent to the Amos home. But +it was too late. Amos and her three children were dead. They were +slaughtered by Blakey who was also a CIA agent infiltrated into +the Jones organisation. Later he was declared insane, and then +vanished from view. That terrible night of the 18th to the 19th +of November was the scene of a monstrous massacre." + +On November 19 the Timehri airport in Guyana was unusually busy +and crowded with American servicemen. Standing on the runway was +a giant S-141 aircraft of the U.S. airforce out of which American +troops were unloading disassembled helicopters, jeeps, and some +small armaments. The bewildered Guyanese soldiers and officials +stood by speechless. One airport employee said he did not know +why a U.S. military plane was at a Guyanan civil airport. Nobody +knew why it had landed. That was not the first plane to have +arrived that day, the airport employee stated. + +The Aftermath + +Operations aimed at mass extermination of civilians in different +countries have been widely practised by the CIA as a means of +attaining political goals. Over the last 25 years alone the U.S. +Central Intelligence Agency has undertaken over 900 major secret +operations and several thousand smaller-scale terrorist actions. +One such operation, carried out in Vietnam under the code name +Phoenix, took about 80,000 lives. + +What makes the carnage in Guyana so different from other CIA +crimes is that its victims were not foreigners; they were +Americans who had left their home country because they did not +want to live under the U.S. socio-political system. To this day, +the mass murder of hundreds of U.S. citizens in Jonestown has +never been investigated by U.S. authorities and the perpetrators +of the crime have been neither identified nor punished. + +Yet, Jonestown is deeply etched into the religious and social +history of the modern world. The media routinely reminds us of +the dangers of sinister Peoples Temple like "Armageddon cults" +and "Bible-based suicide sects". Jim Jones is remembered as the +sinister "Bible-thumper" and evil demagogue who led his +brainwashed followers to a bizarre mass suicide. + +This is, of course, the Establishment view. The image that +psychiatrist Louis Jolyon West and his friends in the Cult +Awareness Network do not want us to forget. + +"Jonestown," wrote Jonathan Vankin, "bloomed in the moral and +spiritual abyss of the 1970s...its members were said to be +brainwashed - living proof that human beings were just so much +wire and circuitry. Cult members were often kidnapped back by +their families. The hired kidnappers were called 'deprogrammers'. +They might better have been called 'reprogrammers'." +(Conspiracies, Cover-ups and Crimes) + +However, the Peoples Temple was not some strange, fringe-dwelling +"cult" and Jim Jones was not a small time preacher and part time +hustler. Back on March 31, 1977, journalist Bob Levering wrote +the following in The San Francisco Bay Guardian, before most of +the members moved to Guyana: + +"The biggest religion story these days is the phenomenon of +Peoples Temple...that has been in San Francisco less than five +years but has already become the largest single Protestant +congregation in the state (more than 20,000 members), +participating in activities as diverse as supporting the tenants +at the International Hotel (more than 3000 church members turned +out for a demonstration last January) and publishing...the +monthly Peoples Forum (they distribute between 600,000 and 1,000, +000 copies to every neighbourhood in San Francisco)...The church. +..also has a free meals program...It conducts a massive human +service program including...its own medical and legal clinics, a +home for mentally disabled children and four nursing homes..." + +The propaganda cover-up for the massacre of Jonestown was +provided by the U.S. intelligence agencies version of "the +suicide of religious fanatics." + +The real tragedy of Jonestown is not only that it occurred, but +that so few chose to ask themselves why or how, so few sought to +find out the facts behind the bizarre tale used to explain away +the deaths of more than 900 people, and that so many will +continue to be blind to the grim reality of our intelligence +agencies. In the long run, the truth will come out. Only our +complicity in the deception continues to dishonour the dead. + + + + + + + + + + + PSYOPS- HTTP://WWW.TELEPORT.COM/~WALTER + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/judge1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/judge1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cc3669 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/judge1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ + + + OUR PROTECTORS + + + Now let's take a look at the branch of government which + was supposed to be the protector of the American citizen. + The Judicial branch! Many who read this would say that + statement is the biggest joke of this book thus far. + Really, the federal courts are required to make secure + the people's unalienable rights by helping to keep all + governments and officials within the limits of their powers + imposed by the people under the Constitution. + A look-see on the background and operation of the + federal courts is first. The only court established by the + Constitution is the Supreme Court. The authority to + establish courts below the Supreme Court was given to the + Congress. Under this constitutional authority, the Congress + has established Circuit Courts of Appeal, District Courts, + the Court of Claims, Customs Court, Court of Customs and + Patents Appeals, Tax Court and Territorial Courts. + The Supreme Court has "original jurisdiction" in + certain cases spelled out in the Constitution. By original + jurisdiction, it means a case begins in that court. + Usually, the Supreme Court has 'appellate' jurisdiction + which means that an appeal from a lower federal court would + be taken to the Supreme Court. + However, the Supreme Court is not required to review + all appeals brought before it. + An action [case or suit] of certain kinds, is started + in a lower court and usually would be the district court. + If the decision of that court is something that a person + does not agree with or feels the court made an incorrect + decision, that can be appealed to the Circuit Court of + Appeals. And again, if the person does not agree with the + Court of Appeals decision, this can be further appealed to + the Supreme Court. + This is the usual procedure of the federal court + system. A system is also available for certain cases + decided in state courts to be appealed directly to the + Supreme Court. + This is just a general outline of the operation of the + federal court system. It's not nearly as complicated and + mysterious as judges and lawyers would have you to believe. + They want it secretive to perpetuate their own fraternity + and keep themselves and their brothers in business. + The first requirement for the judicial division of the + central government was that the branch be completely free of + any influence of the other two branches of government. Two + special grants were made to judges. First, that their + salary should never be reduced. Secondly, that they should + hold their positions during good behavior. + The intention of these special grants were to insure + that federal judges would be independent and be able to make + impartial decisions, especially when deciding for a citizen +  + of the United States. Let me point out here, that all + judges take an oath to uphold the Constitution, well, nearly + to uphold anyway. + Here is that oath: "I____________________, do solemnly + swear (or affirm) that I will administer justice without + respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to + the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially + discharge and perform all duties incumbent upon me as + ________________ according to the best of my abilities, + agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States. + So help me God." + Pretty simple language, isn't it? Not easy to read in + any double meanings. Since no citizen must obey any law + which is made outside the authority of the Constitution that + oath makes it look as though no one has anything to fear + from the judiciary. However as we go along, it will appear + that the oath has a hollow ring to it. + The colonists had a great deal of trouble with judges + who were appointed under the authority of the king. They + were dependent on the King's will and good graces. If they + made any decision which the King disliked, they were ousted + from their positions. + As a consequence, the colonists suffered one injustice + heaped on another. + Notice some of the statements in the Declaration of + Independence: "He [the king] has obstructed the administra- + tion of justice . . . Has made judges dependent on his will + alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and + payment of their salaries." + Angry statements are included to show that people who + were accused of crimes were sent to England for trial and + the right to trial by jury was suspended. + The framers of the Constitution sought to protect + future citizens of this country from suffering the same + problems. Those are the reasons for a judges salary which + can't be reduced and the holding of their offices during + good behavior. + And since federal judges are nominated by the president + with the consent of the senate, the removal by impeachment + still applies. Impeachment for federal judges works the + same as it would for a president or other major government + dude. + The Constitution requires the House of Representatives + to investigate the charges and the Senate to conduct the + impeachment proceedings. This is an area which we will see + needs vigorous research and action by American citizens. + The first thing which should be pointed out is there is + no authority in the Constitution, actual or implied, that + any decision on a case by federal judge at ANY level should + carry any weight on other or future cases which come before + the courts. + This is not the case today. Law libraries are loaded + to the rafters with books showing decisions in previous + cases which lawyers research and use as arguments to sustain +  + their positions in the case on which they're working. This + is nonsense for there is no permission from our charter for + government for such arguments. + Each case should be decided on it's own merits and + "agreeably to the Constitution and the laws of the United + States." By laws of the United States is meant a bill + passed by the Congress which, as required, conforms with the + basic document. + These books which clog a law library are not "laws of + the United States." They are what legal eagles like to call + 'case law' and have no authority in the Constitution to be a + substitute for the laws of the United States. This case law + is a record of the case which was decided, if a record is + really necessary, and cannot become public policy. + Chief Supreme Court Justice John Marshall brought this + matter to the attention of the legal profession in 1821 when + Marshall included this opinion on decisions becoming 'law': + "It is a maxim not to be disregarded, that general expres- + sions, in every opinion, are to be taken in connection with + the case in which those expressions are used. If they go + beyond the case, they may be respected, but ought not to + control the judgment in a subsequent suit when the very + point is presented." + Even the Chief Justice agreed that it should involve + only the case at hand! So where does the legal profession + and the judicial branch find the right to say 'case law' is + the law in any opinion? + This matter of becoming "public policy" is a dangerous + violation of our Constitution. By allowing this to occur, + we are allowing federal judges to amend the Constitution in + direct violation of Article V which specifies the method of + amendment under our control. + No where is there any power for a judge to decide that + a particular school has to desegregate and by that single + decision, make all schools follow the same policy. + This is what is meant by becoming public policy. There + is no room in our form of government for 5 people (a + majority of 9 in the court) who are not elected and do not + represent anyone to make any decisions which affect us all. + NONE! + They have no right to decide any social policies or to + change our basic law by edict. They have no right to issue + any orders which, because of a mystique created by the + knights of the black robe, can become law! + The lawmaking ability is restricted to Congress and + cannot be spread throughout the government. By all the + examples thus far, all these 'lawmaking' decisions, orders, + regulations and so forth, are way out in left field. We are + being overrun by power hungry men and women and it is time + for all of us to assert our rights and demand that the basic + document be obeyed. + + + SUPPORT THE SHAREWARE CONCEPT . . . PLEASE REGISTER!  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/justice.txt b/politicalTextFiles/justice.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9910366 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/justice.txt @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ + In this Great and Glorious United States of America, the Land of the +Free, we have a different kind of justice... I call it... + + Fucked Justice + + written by Dissident of The Esoteric Society + + Consider, if you will, the following scenes... + I am a programmer. I am also bored. I seek new thrills, new challenges. +I want to do something noone else has done before. + I create. My creation? A virus. + Not just any virus, I write a mean virus. I have given it the ability to +learn. Not just learn from what I feed it, but to learn from what it sees me +do, to reason new situations out. + It is but an experiment. I was not serious about it, I have no desire to +release it upon the world. But one night, I leave it activated, and forget +about it. + I am angry. A sysop has taken the freedom of speech from his +users, as the country is doing to its citizens. I hack into the system. +I bring it down. My virus is watching. It sees what I do. It spreads +itself, and I do not even realize it. The sysop comes back up, learning +his lesson. My virus takes him down again. And again. It calls up all +systems that it can reach from that Sysop's phone, crashing all systems +that resemble his. It finds systems not like the one he saw me crash. It +does not have the morals I do, the reasons that I do. It knows only +that it saw me hack and crash. It must be the right thing to do. It +breaks into the unknown systems. It spreads itself. It crashes +systems. Of course I see what it does. But I admit creating the +monster to noone. I didn't tell it to do what it is doing. It grows +more powerful, smarter, faster. There is no system it cannot get in to. +And eventually, the inevitable happens... It is traced back to me. My +house is stormed as if I were the anti-Christ come to take over the +world. I am pushed, shoved, and kicked around. My system is rudely +unplugged and boxed up, I am led to jail, I am locked up. I know not +what my crime is. Eventually, I am told that the virus was traced back +to me. I admit it, but I tell them I did not release it, I did not +write it to do what it was doing. Do they believe that? No. I am taken +before a judge. The papers have blown everything out of proportion. I +suddenly am the anti-Christ. I suddenly am a Communist Agent, come to +take over America's computers... Never mind the fact that the virus did +not attack selectively, it hit the whole world. I am guilty before I +take the stand, I am guilty before being sworn in, my hand upon that +which tells us not to swear. Nothing I say or do convinces them that I +am not responsible. I am convicted, I am sent to prison, I am fined, +and I am scarred for eternity. It was MY creation, therefore *I* must be +punished for its mistakes. Is that justice? No. It is fucked justice. +Parents create a new human being in their lust-making. They bring an +unknowing child into a harsh, uncaring world. They treat it like a +baby, no matter what its age. They drink, do drugs, commit adultery, +molest the child, beat the child and each other, they steal, they lie, +they cheat. They promote war, and violence. They tell the kid that it +knows nothing because it is younger than they. They stunt its growth, +they clip its wings so that it cannot fly. But when their little bird +reaches 18, they kick it out of the nest. They have never taught it +responsibility..ethics..with no strength to fly, it crashes down into +the real world below. The child knows no other reality. How can it know +right from wrong when it has never been told or shown the difference? +It has only its parents' actions to go by...And the "Do as I say, Not as +I do"? Ha, we learn by example. The 'adult' knows no responsibility, +for it has never been given any before. It doesn't know how to handle +freedom, or even the lack of freedom that the responsibilities load onto +its back. It does the same things its parents did... Only this time, it +progresses beyond simple beatings... It kills. And it is caught. Whose +fault is it that the child grew up to be a murderer? The child's. It +should have known better. HOW? HOW can it know what to do and what NOT +to do if it is never allowed to make mistakes? EVERYTHING was done for +it, it was told what to THINK, what to SAY, how to ACT. WHAT is it +supposed to do when it gets on its own? Is it the child's fault? IS +IT? + + I can be convicted for creating a monster. Why is that my fault, +but if I was the child above, it would not be my parents' fault for +creating me? "Oh that is different! A Child should know better!" +HOW?!?!? + + In this society, being 18 automatically means you know what to do and +what not to do. You suddenly have ethics and morals. You suddenly are +responsible for your own actions. All these things, probably, for the first +time in your life. + + But are your parents held accountable? Not by the JUSTICE system of this +glorious country. If you write something that can devestate a world run by +computers, is the PROGRAM responsible for what it does? No. + + I, the parent of the world's worst virus, am accountable for its actions. +But you won't see MY parents on death row for me killing someone, now will you? + + Justice? Fucked Justice,whether you ask me or not. + +(c)1989 The Esoteric Society and Dissident + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/kerrey.txt b/politicalTextFiles/kerrey.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3a6638 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/kerrey.txt @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + SENATOR BOB KERREY OF NEBRASKA + WITHDRAWAL FROM PRESIDENTIAL RACE + Thursday, March 5, 1992 + + Well, first of all, [spectator comment] You talking to me now? +Well, first of all I must confess I feel a little badly about the race, +coming to an end, but I don't feel nearly as badly as I do for Dave Kotok +out there, with the Omaha World Herald, he's got to go back to Omaha and +cover a county commissioner's race now. But at least he gets to go back +home. + After New Hampshire I was delighted, or at least I appeared delighted, +to say that I had won a bronze. Then went on to South Dakota and was happy +to be able to say that I won a gold. But after Tuesday I feel a little like +the Jamaican bobsled team. We had a lot of spirit, but unfortunately we +didn't get a lot of medals. About the only good news for me came on Tuesday +in the state of Colorado. I'd like to have done better in Colorado, but +when you're a Cornhusker from Nebraska, any time you get twelve points on +the road in the state of Colorado, you've done pretty well. + At the end of the campaign we were ready to go full throttle, but +unfortunately we ran out of gas. While we have plenty of potential, plenty +of enthusiasm, unfortunately we do not have plenty of money. So it is with +regret, but with great pride for all that we have done together, that I am +here this morning to end my candidacy for President of the United States +of America. + But make no mistake, this is no retreat, Bruce Springsteen's words, +this is no retreat and this is no surrender. For me the fight simply is +going to move on to a new arena. + I thought last night for a moment that I might go on in the race +simply by changing my name to Bob "Uncommitted". Then I thought better of it. +I want to first of all congratulate all the other candidates, the four +remaining Democratic candidates who did win. And I want to wish them well. +I know there's a long road ahead, and there's a lot of work for all of them, +and I might have exercised some political hyperbole on a number of +occasions, and called them unelectable, but with each passing day it is +clear to me that the only unelectable politician running for President of +the United States is George Bush. + As to my own campaign, while my candidacy for President of the United +States is over, the cause of the campaign, the urgent need for fundamental +change, is not over. I will continue to struggle to describe the course +I believe America should set in the uncharted waters of the post cold-war +era. And I will continue to fight to make the changes needed to move in +this new direction. + Paraphrasing the late Lou Gehrig, `As you may have heard I've got some +bad breaks, most of the self-inflicted, but today I consider myself the +luckiest man on the face of the Earth.' + I lucky for having a state like Nebraska, that would give me its +faith and encouragement. I lucky for the opportunity I've had these past +five months to lay out my views before the wisdom of the American people. +And I'm lucky for the thousands who have supported me with their confidence, +idealism, money, time and effort. + I want to especially as well thank my colleagues who stood in with me +through thick and unfortunately, mostly thin. Stayed with me from beginning +to end, I'm very grateful for their support, their friendship. I wish I +could say that I'm enthusiastically looking forward to getting back to Strom +Thurmond's filibuster, but I will do the best I can. + I'm also very grateful and indeed very moved by the support and +friendship, the love in fact, given to me by my fellow comrades in arms from +the Vietnam era. I hope, that as much as the war was slightly opened during +this campaign, that America understands that Vietnam is no longer the issue. +The issue instead is the eagerness and the sense of purpose with which Vietnam +veterans return to political life. I take as a sign of hope that my campaign +has awakened in thousands of Vietnam veterans the realization that their +government is no longer an enemy. That government can be an instrument of +power which can, after all, be used wisely, if only one gets involved in +defining the mission. + The point must be made this morning that too many Americans feel like +their government cannot be used wisely for anything. Two Americans in three +are afraid they may lose their jobs in the coming year. Perhaps the strongest +message of this campaign is that job security in Washington DC must be +reduced if we ever hope to reverse the uncertainty everywhere else in this +country. Americans are full of doubt about the future, anger about the +present, and longing for the past. + The buzzword for the 1990's, `down-sizing', has ripped through American +confidence like a chainsaw. For forty five years, two generations, this +nation knew where we were going. We were containing Soviet Communism abroad +while we were building increased prosperity here at home. Suddenly, Soviet +Communism has vanished, and prosperity, long assumed to be ever growing, +and ever-satisfying, is now seen to be leaving. + America's leaders need to wake up. As leaders, we need to awaken to +the new world and the new possibilities in it. In the old era, we contained +a clear enemy. Now we must contain the more elusive enemy. Of hatred, +violence, bitterness, selfishness, intolerance, and ignorance. We must +control as well and fight as well the desire to punish, discourage, subdue, +or terrorize the human spirit. + As this moment between the world of the known past and the unknown +future, we are called upon as Americans and we have a duty to answer this +question: What is going on in our country, anyway? + Here's how I see it: We need a massive economic conversion from an +economy that produces weapons the world fears to an economy that produces +goods and services that the world wants to purchase. + We need to begin with fundamental change in the way we finance health +care. Soon, within two years in fact, we will be spending a trillion dollars +a year in America for health care, financing a system that does not provide +continuous health care for our children, and continues to place a penalty on +job mobility and re-training. + We need fundamental change in the way we treat our children. America is +no longer the land built on the dreams and values of our parents. In city +streets, teenagers no longer play stick ball or kick-the-can on hot summer +nights. Instead, they prowl in war-like gangs with cheap handguns and semi- +automatic weapons. Our 350 billion dollar annual investment in the ordeal +known as primary and secondary education resembles an assembly line in +reverse. The finished product is not inquisitive, excited children, but +instead is disassembled parts; dull, lost and frightened teenagers. + We need to shake our federal government to its core. Not timid change; +not change at the margins; but radical change; to restore a sense of purpose +and mission to our experiment in self-government. We need fundamental change +in America. Fundamental change in our foreign policy, to build a new world +economy and move one step closer to the elusive goal of world peace. + Fundamental change in our domestic policy to restore America's health. +Fundamental change in our values to give hope to our children; they were the +reason for my running for President. And they will always be my compass to +guide me in the fight ahead. + This is the end of a single presidential campaign -- unfortunately, +my own. But it is not a surrender or a retreat. + As I look back on my campaign, difficult though that might be to do, +I feel neither regret nor disappointment. I am proud of the effort and +more committed than ever to carrying on the fight. + The President of Czechoslovakia, Vaclav Havel, recently observed that +the end of Soviet Communism was as much a victory of the human spirit over +the tyranny of government as it was a military victory. Just as they were +inspired by our example, we should be inspired by theirs. + Our government also stands between us and a new world of freedom, +exploration and progress. It is time for Americans to rise up with a full +spirit of our indominatable nature to seize this moment and build the +nation and world of our dreams. + Thank you all very much. + + + + +  \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/kidslie.txt b/politicalTextFiles/kidslie.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17190e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/kidslie.txt @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +CHICAGO - When 11 fourth-graders accused their substitute teacher +of molesting them, authorities were ready to believe them. Even +the teacher agreed that children so young rarely lie about such +things. + +This time, they did lie - prodded, police say, by a classmate who +had offered them $1 apiece to accuse the teacher falsely. + +"What's so scary - and so sad - is that you've got 9-year-old +kids sophisticated enough to know they can get a teacher by +saying he fondled them," Chicago Teachers Union spokeswoman +Jackie Gallagher said. + +"You just don't want to think that our little kids who you're +still reading nursery rhymes to are figuring they're going to +stick it to their teacher." + +Albert Thompson told police his class at Fuller Elementary School +on Chicago's South Side became unruly during his May 9 +assignment. He said some children ran out of the classroom, and +he had to stand by the door to keep others inside. + +When Thompson threatened to report their misbehavior, a +9-year-old girl offered to pay 10 classmates - nine girls and a +boy - $1 each if they joined her in claiming that Thompson +fondled them, police said. + +Thompson, 43, never was charged. Police cleared him after some of +the children made inconsistent statements and one admitted they +had made up the story to get him in trouble. The 9-year-old also +recanted, police said. + +But he hasn't gotten another teaching assignment. + +"We're in a society where you're guilty until proven innocent," +Thompson said Tuesday. Political correctness and children's +rights "overrode my rights," he said. + +At the same time, even Thompson said the case was unusual. "For +every case like mine, there are nine cases" where a child really +was abused, he said. + +"This is really the exception," said Bette L. Bottoms, an +assistant psychology professor at the University of Illinois at +Chicago who has researched the use of child witnesses in sexual +abuse cases. "Let's not use this as an example to discredit +children in general." + +Lt. Robert Hargesheimer said the children probably had not +thought through their actions and how the allegations "could +damage this guy personally and professionally." + +The district still must review the police report before giving +Thompson more teaching assignments, said schools spokesman Dawne +Simmons. + +School officials are also trying to decide how to punish the +youngsters. + +"What these kids have done is as evil in many ways as the kid who +poisoned a teacher's coffee cup or as the kid who points a knife +at the teacher," Gallagher said. + +But she added that she thinks the children will benefit more from +counseling than severe punishment. + +Erin Sorenson, executive director of the Children's Advocacy +Center of Northwest Cook County in suburban Hoffman Estates, said +the children need to be made aware that their actions have +consequences. + +She suggested community service, letters of apology to Thompson +or deductions from the children's allowances to show that police +investigations cost money. + +Thompson said he hopes to turn his ordeal into something positive +by becoming an advocate for abused and molested children. + +He wasn't sure if he wanted to return to substitute teaching. He +said he thought he'd be better off teaching Bible studies at his +church. + +And he said, "I think that I need a vacation." diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/king.txt b/politicalTextFiles/king.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2eb37b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/king.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1593 @@ + + + + + + + + + My dear Fellow Clergymen, + + While confined here in the Birmingham City Jail, I came + + across your recent statement calling our present activities + + "unwise and untimely." Seldom, if every, do I pause to answer + + criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the + + criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in + + little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time + + for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of + + genuine goodwill and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I + + would like to answer your statement in what I hope will be + + patient and reasonable terms. + + I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham + + since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders com- + + ing in." I have the honor of serving as president of the + + Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operat- + + ing in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Geor- + + gia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across + + the South -- one being the Alabama Christian Movement for Human + + Rights. Whenever necessary and possible we share staff, educa- + + tional and financial resources with our affiliates. Several + + months ago our local affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to + + be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if + + such were deemed necessary. We readily consented and when the + + + 1 + + + + + + + hour came we lived up to our promises. So I am here, along with + + several members of my staff, because we were invited here. I am + + here because I have basic organizational ties here. + + Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. + + Just as the eighth century prophets left their little villages + + and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries + + of their home towns; and just as the Apostle Paul left his little + + village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to prac- + + tically every hamlet and city of the Graeco-Roman world, I too am + + compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular + + home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the + + Macedonian call for aid. + + Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all com- + + munities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be + + concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere + + is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an ines- + + capable network of mutuality, tied in a single gourmet of des- + + tiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. + + Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial + + "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United + + States can never be considered an outsider anywhere int his + + country. + + You deplore the demonstrations that are presently taking + + place in Birmingham. But I am sorry that your statement did not + + + 2 + + + + + + + express a similar concern for the conditions that brought the + + demonstrations into being. I am sure that each of you would want + + to go beyond the superficial social analyst who looks merely at + + effects, and does not grapple with underlying causes. I would + + not hesitate to say that it is unfortunate that so-called + + demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham at this time, but I + + would say in more emphatic terms that it is even more unfortunate + + that the white power structure of this city left the Negro com- + + munity with no other alternative. + + In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: 1) + + Collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are + + alive. 2) Negotiations. 3) Self-purification and 4) Direct Ac- + + tion. WE have gone through all of these steps in Birmingham. + + There can be no gainsaying of the fact that racial injustice en- + + gulfs this community. + + Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city + + in the United States. Its ugly record of police brutality is + + known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of + + Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality. There have been + + more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham + + than any city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal and un- + + believable facts. On the basis of these conditions Negro leaders + + sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the political + + leaders consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation. + + + 3 + + + + + + + Then came the opportunity last September to talk with some + + of the leaders of the economic community. In these negotiating + + sessions certain promises were made by the merchants--such as the + + promise to remove the humiliating racial signs from the stores. + + On the basis of these promises Rev. Shuttlesworth and the leaders + + of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights agreed to call + + a moratorium on any type of demonstrations. As the weeks and + + months unfolded we realized that we were the victims of a broken + + promise. The signs remained. Like so many experiences of the + + past we were confronted with blasted hopes, and the dark shadow + + of a deep disappointment settled upon us. So we had no alterna- + + tive except that of preparing for direct action, whereby we would + + present our very bodies as a means of laying our case before the + + conscience of the local and national community. We were not un- + + mindful of the difficulties involved. So we decided to go + + through a process of self-purification. We started having + + workshops on non-violence and repeatedly asked ourselves the + + questions, "Are you able to accept blows without retaliating?" + + "Are you able to endure the ordeals of jail?" We decided to set + + our direct action program around the Easter season, realizing + + that with the exception of Christmas, this was the largest shop- + + ping period of the year. Knowing that a strong economic + + withdrawal program would be the by-product of direct action, we + + felt that this was the best time to bring pressure on the mer- + + + 4 + + + + + + + chants for the needed changes. Then it occurred to us that the + + March election was ahead and so we speedily decided to postpone + + action until after election day. When we discovered that Mr. + + Connor was in the run-off, we decided again to postpone action so + + that the demonstrations could not be used to cloud the issues. + + At this time we agreed to being our nonviolent witness the day + + after run-off. + + This reveals that we did not more irresponsibly into direct + + action. We too wanted to see Mr. Connor defeated; so we went + + through postponement after postponement to aid in this community + + need. After this we felt that direct action would be delayed no + + longer. + + You may well ask, "Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches, + + etc.? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are exactly right in + + your call for negotiation. Indeed, this is the purpose of direct + + action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis + + and establish such creative tension that a community that has + + constantly refused to negotiated is forced to confront the issue. + + It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ig- + + nored. I just referred to the creation of tension as a part of + + the work of the nonviolent resister. This may sound rather + + shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word + + tension. I have earnestly worked and preached against violent + + tension, but there is a type of construction nonviolent tension + + + 5 + + + + + + + that is necessary for growth. Just as Socrates felt that it was + + necessary to create a tension in the mind so individuals could + + rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered + + realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, we must see + + the need of having nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of ten- + + sion in society that will help men to rise from the dark depths + + of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding + + and brotherhood. So the purpose of the direct action is to + + create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open + + the door to negotiation. We, therefore, concur with you in your + + call for negotiation. Too long has our beloved Southland been + + bogged down in the tragic attempt to live in monologue rather + + than dialogue. + + One of the basic points in your statement is that our acts + + are untimely. Some have asked, "Why didn't you give the new ad- + + ministration time to act?" The only answer that I can give to + + this inquiry is that the new administration must be prodded about + + as much as the outgoing one before it acts. We will be sadly + + mistaken if we feel that the election of Mr. Boutwell will bring + + the millennium to Birmingham. While Mr. Boutwell is more more + + articulate and gentle than Mr. Connor, they are both + + segregationists, dedicated to the task of maintaining the status + + quo. The hope I see in Mr. Boutwell is that he will be + + reasonable enough to see the futility of massive resistance to + + + 6 + + + + + + + desegregation. But he will not see this without pressure from + + the devotees of civil rights. My friends, I must say to you that + + we have not made a single gain civil rights without determined + + legal and nonviolent pressure. History is the long and tragic + + story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their + + privileges voluntarily. Individuals may see the moral light and + + voluntarily give up their unjust posture; but as Reinhold Niebuhr + + has reminded us, groups are more immoral than individuals. + + We know through painful experience that freedom is never + + voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the + + oppressed. Frankly, I have never yet engaged in a direct action + + movement that was "well timed", according to the timetable of + + those who have not suffered unduly from he disease of segrega- + + tion. For years now I have heard the words "Wait!" It rings in + + the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This "Wait" + + has almost always meant "Never." It has been a tranquilizing + + thalidomide, relieving the emotional stress for a moment, only to + + give birth to an ill-formed infant of frustration. We must come + + to see with the distinguished jurist of yesterday that "justice + + too long delayed is justice denied." We have waited for more + + than three hundred and forty years for our constitutional and + + God-given rights. The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with + + jet-like speed toward the goal of political independence, and we + + still creep at horse and buggy pace toward the gaining of a cup + + + 7 + + + + + + + of coffee at a lunch counter. I guess it is easy for those who + + have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, "Wait." + + but when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and + + fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when + + you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize and + + even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity; when you + + see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers + + smothering in an air-tight cage of poverty in the midst of an af- + + fluent society; when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and + + your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year- + + old daughter why she can't go to the public amusement park that + + has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up + + in her little eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to + + colored children, and see the depressing clouds of inferiority + + begin to form in her little mental sky, and see her begin to dis- + + tort her little personality by unconsciously developing a bitter- + + ness toward white people; when you have to concoct an answer for + + a five-year-old son asking in agonizing pathos: "Daddy, why do + + white people treat colored people so mean?"; when you take a + + cross country drive and find in necessary to sleep night after + + night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no + + motel will accept; when you are humiliated day in and day out by + + nagging signs reading "white" and "colored"; when your first name + + becomes "nigger" and your middle name becomes "boy" (however old + + + 8 + + + + + + + you are) and your last name becomes "John", and when you wife and + + mother are never given the respected title "Mrs."l; when you are + + harried by day and haunted at night by the fact that you are + + Negro, living constantly at tip-toe stance never quite knowing + + what to expect next, and plagued with inner fears and outer + + resentments; when you are forever fighting a degenerating sense + + of "nobodiness"; then you will understand why we find it dif- + + ficult to wait. There comes a time when the cup of endurance + + runs over, and men are no longer willing to be plunged into an + + abyss of injustice where they experience the blackness of corrod- + + ing despair. I hope, sirs, you can understand our legitimate and + + unavoidable impatience. + + You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to + + break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so + + diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of + + 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, it is rather + + strange and paradoxical to find us consciously breaking laws. + + One may well ask, "How can you advocate breaking some laws and + + obeying others?" The answer is found in the fact that there are + + two types of laws; There are just and unjust laws. I would + + agree with Saint Augustine that "An unjust law is no law at all." + + Now what is the difference between the two? How does one + + determine when a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man-made + + code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An un- + + + 9 + + + + + + + just law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. To + + put it in the terms of Saint Thomas Aquinas, an unjust law is a + + human law that is not rooted in eternal and natural law. Any law + + that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades + + human personality is unjust. All segregation statues are unjust + + because segregation distorts the soul and damages the per- + + sonality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority, + + and the segregated a false sense of inferiority. To use the + + words of Martin Buber, the great Jewish philosopher, segregation + + substitutes an "I-it" relationship for the "I-thou" relationship, + + and ends up relating persons to the status of things. So + + segregation is not only politically, economically and sociologi- + + cally unsound, but it is morally wrong and sinful. Paul Tillich + + has said that sin is separation. Isn't segregation an exist- + + ential expression of man's tragic separation, an expression of + + his awful estrangement, his terrible sinfulness? So I can urge + + men to disobey segregation ordinances because they are morally + + wrong. + + Let us turn to a more concrete example of just and unjust + + laws. An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a + + minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made + + legal. On the other hand a just law is a code that a majority + + compels a minority to follow that is willing to follow itself. + + this is sameness made legal. + + + 10 + + + + + + + Let me give another explanation. An unjust law is a code + + inflicted upon a minority which that minority had no part in + + enacting or creating because they did not have the unhampered + + right to vote. who can say that the legislature of Alabama which + + set up the segregation laws was democratically elected? + + Throughout the state of Alabama all types of conniving methods + + are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered votes and + + there are some counties without a single Negro registered to vote + + despite the fact that the Negro constitutes a majority of the + + population. Can any law set up in such a state be considered + + democratically structured? + + These are just a few examples of unjust and just laws. + + There are some instances when a law is just on its fact and un- + + just in its application. For instance, I was arrested Friday on + + a charge of parading without a permit. Now there is nothing + + wrong with an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade, but + + when the ordinance is used to preserve segregation and to deny + + citizens the First Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and + + peaceful protest, then it becomes unjust. + + I hope you can see the distinction I am trying to point out. + + In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law as the rabid + + segregationist would do. This would lead to anarchy. One who + + breaks an unjust law must do it openly, lovingly, (not hatefully + + as the white mothers did in New Orleans when they were seen on + + + 11 + + + + + + + television screaming "nigger, nigger, nigger"), and with a will- + + ingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who + + breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly + + accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience + + of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the + + very highest respect for law. + + of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil + + disobedience. It was seen sublimely in the refusal of Shardrach, + + Meshach and Abednego to obey the laws of Nebuchadnezzar because a + + higher moral law was involved. It is practiced superbly by the + + early Christians who were willing to face hungry lions and the + + excruciating pain of chopping blocks, before submitting to cer- + + tain unjust laws of the Roman empire. To a degree academic + + freedom is a reality today because Socrates practiced civil dis- + + obedience. + + We can never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany + + was "legal" and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in + + Hungary was "illegal". It was "illegal" to aid and comfort a Jew + + in Hitler's Germany. But I am sure that if I had lived in Germany + + during that time I would have aided and comforted my Jewish + + brothers even though it was illegal. If I lived in a Communist + + country today where certain principles dear to the Christian + + faith are suppressed, I believe I would openly advocate disobey- + + ing these anti-religious laws. I must make two honest confes- + + + 12 + + + + + + + sions to you, my Christian and Jewish brothers. first, I must + + confess that over the last few years I have been gravely disap- + + pointed with the white moderate. I have almost reached the + + regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in + + the stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Council-er + + or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate who is more + + devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peach + + which is the absence of tension to a positive peach which is the + + presence of justice; who constantly says, "I agree with you in + + the goal you seek, but I can't agree with your methods of direct + + action"; who paternalistically feels that he can set the + + timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by the myth of + + time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait until a "more + + convenient season". Shallow understanding from people of good- + + will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from + + people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewilder- + + ing than outright rejection. + + I had hoped that the white moderate would understand that + + law and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice, and + + that when they fail to do this they become dangerously structured + + dams that block the flow of social progress. I had hopes that + + the white moderate would understand that the present tension of + + the South is merely a necessary phase of the transition from an + + obnoxious negative peace, where the Negro passively accepted his + + + 13 + + + + + + + unjust plight, to a substance-filled positive peace, where all + + men will respect the dignity and worth of human personality. Ac- + + tually, we who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the + + creators of tension. We merely bring to the surface the hidden + + tension that is already alive. We bring it out in the open where + + it can be seen and dealt with. Like a boil that can never be + + cured as long as it is covered up but must be opened with all its + + pus-flowing ugliness to the natural medicines of air and light, + + injustice must likewise be exposed, with all of the tension its + + exposing creates, to the light of human conscience and the air of + + national opinion before it can be cured. + + In your statement you asserted that our actions, even though + + peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence. + + But can this assertion be logically made? Isn't this like con- + + demning the robbed man because his possession of money + + precipitated the evil act of robbery? Isn't this like condemning + + Socrates because his unswerving commitment to truth and his + + philosophical delvings precipitated the misguided popular mind to + + make him drink the hemlock? Isn't this like condemning Jesus be- + + cause hIs unique God-Consciousness and never-ceasing devotion to + + His will precipitated the evil act of crucifixion? We must come + + to see, as federal courts have consistently affirmed, that it is + + immoral to urge an individual to withdraw his efforts to gain his + + basic constitutional rights because the quest precipitates + + + 14 + + + + + + + violence. Society must protect the robbed and punish the robber. + + I had also hoped that the white moderate would reject the + + myth of time. I received a letter this morning from a white + + brother in Texas which said: "All Christians know that the + + colored people will receive equal rights eventually, but it is + + possible that you are in too great of a religious hurry. It has + + taken Christianity almost 2000 years to accomplish what it has. + + The teachings of Christ take time to come to earth." All that is + + said here grows out of a tragic misconception of time. It is the + + strangely irrational notion that there is something in the very + + flow of time that will inevitably cure all ills. Actually time + + is neutral. It can be used either destructively or construc- + + tively. I am coming to feel that the people of ill will have + + used time more more effectively than the people of goodwill. We + + will have to repent in this generation not merely for the + + vitriolic words and actions of the bad people, but for the ap- + + palling silence of the good people. We must come to see that + + human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability. It + + comes through the tireless efforts and persistent work of men + + willing to be co-workers with God, and without this hard work + + time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. + + We must use time creatively, and forever realize that the time is + + always ripe to do right. Now is the time to make real the + + promise of democracy, and transform our pending national elegy + + + 15 + + + + + + + into a creative psalm of brotherhood. Now is the time to lift + + our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the + + solid rock of human dignity. + + You spoke of our activity in Birmingham as extreme. At + + first I was rather disappointed that fellow clergymen would see + + my nonviolent efforts as those of the extremist. I started + + thinking about the fact that I stand in the middle of two oppos- + + ing forces in the Negro community. One is a force of complacency + + made up of Negroes who, as a result of long years of oppression, + + have been so completely drained of self-respect and a sense of + + "somebodiness" that they have adjusted to segregation, and, of a + + few Negroes in the middle class who, because of a degree of + + academic and economic security, and because at points they profit + + by segregation, have unconsciously become insensitive to the + + problems of the masses. The other force is one of bitterness and + + hatred, and comes perilously close to advocating violence. It is + + expressed in the various black nationalist groups that are spring + + up over the nation, the larger and best known being Elijah + + Muhammad's Muslim movement. This movement is nourished by the + + contemporary frustration over the continued existence of racial + + discrimination. It is made up of people who have lost faith in + + America, who have absolutely repudiated Christianity, and who + + have concluded that the white man is an incurable "devil". I + + have tried to stand between these two forces, saying that we need + + + 16 + + + + + + + not follow the "do-nothingism" of the complacent or the hatred + + and despair of the black nationalist. There is the more excel- + + lent way of love and non-violent protest. I'm grateful to God + + that, through the Negro church, the dimension of nonviolence en- + + tered our struggle. If this philosophy had not emerged, I am + + convinced that by now many streets of the south would be flowing + + the floods of blood. And I am further convinced that if our + + white brothers dismiss as "rabble rousers" and "outside + + agitators" those of us who are working through the channels of + + nonviolent efforts, millions of Negroes, out of frustration and + + despair, will seek solace and security in black nationalist + + ideologies, a development that he will lead inevitably to a + + frightening racial nightmare. + + Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The urge + + for freedom will eventually come. It is what happened to the + + American Negro. Something within has reminded him of his + + birthright of freedom; something without has reminded him that he + + can gain it. Consciously and unconsciously, he has been swept in + + by what the Germans call the Zeitgeist, and with his black + + brothers of Africa, and his brown and yellow brothers of Asia, + + South America and the Caribbean, he is moving with a sense of + + cosmic urgency toward the promised land of racial justice. + + Recognizing this vital urge that has engulfed the Negro com- + + munity, one should readily understand public demonstrations. The + + + 17 + + + + + + + Negro has many pent-up resentments and latent frustrations. He + + has to get them out. So let him march sometime; let him have his + + prayer pilgrimages to the city hall; understand why he must have + + sit-ins and freedom rides. If his repressed emotions do not come + + out in these nonviolent ways, they will come out in ominous ex- + + pressions of violence. This is not a threat; it is a fact of + + history. So I have not said to my people "get rid of your + + discontent". But I have tried to say that this normal and heal- + + thy discontent can be channelized through the creative outlet of + + nonviolent direct action. Now this approach is being dismissed + + as extremist. I must admit that I was initially disappointed in + + being so categorized. + + But as I continued to think about the matter I gradually + + gained a bit of satisfaction from being considered an extremist. + + Was not Jesus an extremist in love - "Love your enemies, bless + + them that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you." + + Was not Amos an extremist for justice -- "Let justice roll down + + like waters and righteousness like a might stream." Was not Paul + + an extremist for the gospel of Jesus Christ -- "bear in my body + + the marks of the Lord Jesus." Was not Martin Luther an extremist + + -- "Here I stand; I can do none other so help me God." Was not + + John Bunyan an extremist -- "I will stay in jail to the end of my + + days before I make a butchery of my conscience." Was not Abraham + + Lincoln an extremist -- "This nation cannot survive half slave + + + 18 + + + + + + + and half free." Was not Thomas Jefferson an extremist -[- "We + + hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created + + equal." So the question is not whether we will be extremist but + + what kind of extremist will we be. Will we be extremists for + + hate or will be be extremists for love? Will be be extremists + + for the preservation of injustice -- or will we be extremists for + + the cause of justice? In that dramatic scene on Calvary's hill, + + three men were crucified. We must not forget that all three + + were crucified for the same crime -- the crime of extremism. Two + + were extremists for immorality, and thusly fell below their en- + + vironment. The other, Jesus Christ, was an extremist for love, + + truth and goodness, and thereby rose above his environment. So, + + after all, maybe the South, the nation and the world are in dire + + need of creative extremists. + + I had hoped that the white moderate would see this. Maybe I + + was too optimistic. Maybe I expected too much. I guess I should + + have realized that few members of a race that has oppressed + + another race can understand or appreciate the deep groans and + + passionate yearnings of those that have been oppressed and still + + fewer have the vision to see that injustice must be rooted out by + + strong, persistent and determined action. I am thankful, + + however, that some of our white brothers have grasped the meaning + + of this social revolution and committed themselves to it. They + + are still all too small in quantity, but they are big in quality. + + + 19 + + + + + + + Some like Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden and James + + Dabbs have written about our struggle in eloquent, prophetic and + + understanding terms. Others have marched with us down nameless + + streets of the South. They have languished in filthy roach- + + infested jails, suffering the abuse and brutality of angry + + policemen who see them as "dirty nigger lovers." They, unlike so + + many of their moderate brothers and sisters, have recognized the + + urgency of the moment and sensed the need for powerful "action" + + antidotes to combat the disease of segregation. + + Let me rush on to mention my other disappointment. I have + + been so greatly disappointed with the white church and its + + leadership. Of course, there are some notable exceptions. I am + + not the unmindful of the fact that each of you has taken some + + significant stands on this issue. I commend you, Rev. Stallings, + + for your Christian stand on this past Sunday, in welcoming + + Negroes to your worship service on a non-segregated basis. I + + commend the Catholic leaders of this state for integrating Sprin- + + ghill College several years ago. + + But despite these notable exceptions I must honestly + + reiterate that I have been disappointed with the church. I do + + not say that as one of the negative critics who can always find + + something wrong with the church; I say it as a minister of the + + gospel, who loves the church; who has nurtured in its bosom; who + + has been sustained by its spiritual blessings and who will remain + + + 20 + + + + + + + true to it as long as the cord of life shall lengthen. + + I had the strange feeling when I was suddenly catapulted + + into the leadership off the bus protest in Montgomery several + + years ago that we would have the support of the white church. I + + felt that the white ministers, priests and rabbis of the South + + would be some of our strongest allies. Instead, some have been + + outright opponents, refusing to understand the freedom movement + + and misrepresenting its leaders; all too many others have been + + more cautious than courageous and have remained silent behind the + + anesthetizing security of the stained-glass windows. + + In spite of my shattered dreams of the past, I came to Bir- + + mingham with the hope that the white religious leadership of + + this community would see the justice of our cause, and with deep + + moral concern, serve as the channel through which our just + + grievances would get to the power structure. I had hoped that + + each of you would understand. But again I have been disap- + + pointed. I have heard numerous religious leaders of the South + + call upon their worshippers to comply with a desegregation deci- + + sion because it is the law, but I have longed to hear white min- + + isters say, "Follow this decree because integration is morally + + right and the Negro is your brother." In the midst of blatant + + injustices inflicted upon the Negro, I have watched white + + churches stand on the sideline and merely mouth pious ir- + + relevances and sanctimonious trivialities. In the midst of a + + + 21 + + + + + + + mighty struggle to rid our nation of racial and economic injus- + + tice, I have heard so many ministers say, "Those are social + + issues with which the gospel has no real concern," and I have + + watched so many churches commit themselves to a completely other- + + worldly religion which made a strange distinction between body + + and soul, the sacred and the secular. + + So here we are moving toward the exit of the twentieth cen- + + tury with a religious community largely adjusted to the status + + quo, standing as a tail-light behind other community agencies + + rather than a headlight leading men to higher levels of justice. + + I have traveled the length and breadth of Alabama, Missis- + + sippi and all the other southern states. On weltering summer + + days and crisp autumn mornings I have looked at her beautiful + + churches with their lofty spires pointing heavenward. I have be- + + held the impressive outlay of her massive religious education + + buildings. Over and over again I have found myself asking: + + "What kind of people worship here? Who is their God? Where were + + their voices when the lips of Governor Barnett dripped with words + + of interposition and nullification? Where were they when Gover- + + nor Wallace gave the clarion call for defiance and hatred? Where + + were their voices of support when tired, bruised and weary Negro + + men and women decided to rise from the dark dungeons of com- + + placency to the bright hills of creative protest?" + + Yes, these questions are still in my mind. In deep disap- + + + 22 + + + + + + + pointment, I have wept over the laxity of the church. But be as- + + sured that my tears have been tears of love. There can be no + + deep disappointment where there is not deep love. Yes, I love + + the church; I love her sacred walls. How could I do otherwise? + + I am in the rather unique position of being the son, the grandson + + and the great-grandson of preachers. Yes, I see the church as + + the body of Christ. but, oh! How we have blemished and scarred + + that body through social neglect and fear of being nonconform- + + ists. + + There was a time when the church was very powerful. It was + + during that period when the early Christians rejoiced when they + + were deemed worthy to suffer for what they believed. In those + + days the church was not merely a thermometer that recorded the + + ideas and principles of popular opinion; it was a thermostat that + + transformed the mores of society. Wherever the early Christians + + entered a town the power structure got disturbed and immediately + + sought to convict them for being "disturbers of the peace" and + + "outside agitators." But they went on with the convection that + + they were "a colony of heaven," and had to obey God rather than + + man. They were small in number but big in commitment. They were + + too God-intoxicated to be "astronomically intimidated." They + + brought an end to such ancient evils as infanticide and + + gladiatorial contest. + + Things are different now. The contemporary church is often + + + 23 + + + + + + + a weak, ineffectual voice with an uncertain sound. It is so of- + + ten the arch supporter of the status quo. Far from being dis- + + turbed by the presence of the church, the power structure of the + + average community is consoled by the church's silent and often + + vocal sanction of things as they are. + + But the judgment of God is upon the church as never before. + + If the church of today does not recapture the sacrificial spirit + + of the early church, it will lose its authentic ring, forfeit the + + loyalty of millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social + + club with no meaning for the twentieth century. I am meeting + + young people every day whose disappointment with the church has + + risen to outright disgust. + + Maybe again, I have been too optimistic. Is organized + + religion too inextricably bound to the status quo to save our na- + + tion and the world? Maybe I must turn my faith to the inner + + spiritual church, the church within the church, as the true ec- + + clesia and the hope of the world. But again I am thankful to God + + that some noble souls from the ranks of organized religion have + + broken loose from the paralyzing chains of conformity and joined + + us as active partners in the struggle for freedom. They have + + left their secure congregations and walked the streets of Albany, + + Georgia, with us. They have gone through the highways of the + + South on tortuous rides for freedom. Yes, they have gone to jail + + with us. Some have been kicked out of their churches, and lost + + + 24 + + + + + + + support of their bishops and fellow ministers. But they have + + gone with the faith that right defeated is stronger than evil + + triumphant. These men have been the leaven in the lump of the + + race. Their witness have been the spiritual salt that has + + preserved the true meaning of the Gospel in these troubled times. + + They have carved a tunnel of hope through the dark mountain of + + disappointment. + + I hope the church as a whole will meet the challenge of this + + decisive hour. But even if the church does not come to the aid + + of justice, I have no despair about the future. I have no fear + + about the outcome of our struggle in Birmingham, even if our mo- + + tives are presently misunderstood. We will reach the goal of + + freedom in Birmingham and all over the nation, because the goal + + of America is freedom. Abused and scorned though we may be, our + + destiny is tied up with the destiny of America. before the + + pilgrims landed at Plymouth we were here. Before the pen of Jef- + + ferson etched across the pages of history the majestic words of + + the Declaration of Independence, we were here. For more than two + + centuries our foreparents labored in this country without wages; + + they made cotton king; and they built the homes of their masters + + in the midst of brutal injustice and shameful humiliation-and yet + + out of a bottomless vitality they continued to thrive and + + develop. If the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not + + stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail. We will + + + 25 + + + + + + + win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the + + eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands. + + I must close now. But before closing I am impelled to men- + + tion one other point in your statement that troubled me + + profoundly. You warmly commended the Birmingham police force for + + keeping "order" and preventing violence". I don't believe you + + would have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen + + its angry violent dogs literally biting six unarmed, nonviolent + + Negroes. I don't believe you would so quickly commend the + + policemen if you would observe their ugly and inhuman treatment + + of Negroes here in the city jail; if you would watch them push + + and curse old Negro women and young Negro girls; if you would see + + them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys; if you will ob- + + serve them, as they did on two occasions, refuse to give us food + + because we wanted to sing our grace together. I'm sorry that I + + can't join you in your praise for the police department. + + It is true that they have been rather disciplined in their + + public handling of the demonstrators. In this sense they have + + been rather publicly "nonviolent". But for what purpose? To + + preserve the evil system of segregation. Over the last few years + + I have consistently preached that nonviolence demands that the + + means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek. So I have + + tried to make it clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to + + attain moral ends. but now I must affirm that it is just as + + + 26 + + + + + + + wrong, or even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral + + ends. Maybe Mr. Connor and his policemen have been rather + + publicly nonviolent, as Chief Pritchett was in Albany, Georgia, + + but they have used the moral means of nonviolence to maintain the + + immoral end of flagrant racial injustice. T. S. Eliot has said + + that there is no greater treason than to do the right deed for + + the wrong reason. + + I wish you had commended the Negro sit-inners and + + demonstrators of Birmingham for their sublime courage, their + + willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst + + of the most inhuman provocation. One day the South will recog- + + nize its real heroes. They will be the James Merediths, + + courageiously and with a majestic sense of purpose facing jeering + + and hostile mobs and the agonizing loneliness that characterizes + + the life of the pioneer. They will be old, oppressed, battered + + Negro women, symbolized in a seventy-two year old woman of + + Montgomery, Alabama, who rose up with a sense of dignity and with + + her people decided not to ride the segregated buses, and + + responded to one who inquired about her tiredness with ungram- + + matical profundity: "My feet is tired, but my soul is rested." + + They will be the young high school and college students, young + + ministers of the Gospel and a host of their elders courageously + + and nonviolently sitting-in at lunch counters and willingly going + + to jail for conscience's sake. One day the South will know that + + + 27 + + + + + + + when these disinherited children of God sat down at lunch coun- + + ters they were in reality standing up for the best in the + + American dream and the most sacred values in our Judeo-Christian + + heritage, and thusly, carrying our whole nation back to those + + great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the founding + + fathers in the formulation of the constitution and the Declara- + + tion of Independence. + + Never before have I written a letter this long (or should I + + say a book?). I'm afraid that it is much to long to take your + + precious time. I can assure you that it would have been much + + shorter if I had been writing from a comfortable desk, but what + + else is there to do when you are alone for days in the dull + + monotony of a narrow jail cell other than write long letters, + + think strange thoughts, and pray long prayers? + + If I have said anything in this letter that is an overstate- + + ment of the truth and is indicative of an unreasonable im- + + patience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything in + + this letter that is an understatement of the truth and is indica- + + tive of my having a patience that makes me patient with anything + + less than brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me. + + I hope this letter finds you strong in the faith. I also + + hope that circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet + + each of you, not as an integrationist or a civil-rights leader, + + but as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother. Let us all + + + 28 + + + + + + + hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away + + and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our + + fear-drenched communities and in some not too distant tomorrow + + the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our + + great nation with all of their scintillating beauty. + + Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, + + Martin Luther King, Jr. + + + + + 29 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/knocks.txt b/politicalTextFiles/knocks.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3ba27d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/knocks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4929 @@ + +THE UNIVERSITY OF HARD KNOCKS, by RALPH PARLETTE. + +Digitized by Cardinalis Etext Press, C.E.K. +Posted to Wiretap in July 1993, as knocks.txt. + +This text is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN. + + + + + + The University of Hard Knocks + + The School That Completes Our Education + + +"He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his +God, and he shall be my son"--Revelation 21:7. + + "Sweet are the uses of adversity; + Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, + Wears yet a precious jewel in his head; + And thus our life, exempt from public haunt, + Finds tongues in trees, books in running brooks + Sermons in stones, and good in everything." + --Shakespeare + + PARLETTE-PADGET COMPANY + Chicago + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1914, 1915, 1917 + By Parlette-Padget Company + Publishers + 122 S. Michigan Ave. + Chicago + + + First Edition, September, 1914 + Second Edition, January, 1916 + Third Edition, April, 1917 + Fourth Edition, August, 1917 + Fifth Edition (Khaki), February, 1918 + + + + Why It Is Printed + +MORE than a million people have sat in audiences in all parts of +the United States and have listened to "The University of Hard +Knocks." It has been delivered to date more than twenty-five +hundred times upon lyceum courses, at chautauquas, teachers' +institutes, club gatherings, conventions and before various other +kinds of audiences. Ralph Parlette is kept busy year after year +lecturing, because his lectures deal with universal human experience. + +"Can I get the lecture in book form?" That continuous question from +audiences brought out this book in response. Here is the overflow +of many deliveries. + +"What is written here is not the way I would write it, were I +writing a book," says Ralph Parlette. "It is the way I say it. The +lecture took this unconscious colloquial form before audiences. An +audience makes a lecture, if the lecture survives. I wish I could +shake the hand of every person who has sat in my audiences. And I +wish I could tell the lecture committees of America how I +appreciate the vast amount of altruistic work they have done in +bringing the audiences of America together. For lecture audiences +are not drawn together, they are pushed together." + +The warm reception given "The University of Hard Knocks" by the +public, has encouraged the publishers to put more of Mr. Parlette's +lectures into book form, "Big Business" and "Pockets and Paradises" +are now in preparation as this, the third edition of "The +University of Hard Knocks" comes from the press. + + + + Contents + +SOME PRELIMINARY REMARKS--The lecturer the delivery wagon--The +sorghum barrel--Audience must have place to put lecture--Why so +many words + +The University of Hard Knocks + +I. THE BOOKS ARE BUMPS--Every bump a lesson--Why the two kinds of +bumps--Description of University--"Sweet are the uses of +Adversity"--Why children are not interested + +II. THE COLLEGE OF NEEDLESS KNOCKS, the bumps that we bump +into--Getting the coffee-pot--Teaching a wilful child--Bumps make +us "stop, look, listen"--Blind man learns with one bump--Going up +requires effort--Prodigals must be bumped--The fly and the sticky +fly-paper--"Removed" and "knocked out" + +III. THE COLLEGE OF NEEDFUL KNOCKS, the bumps that bump into +us--Our sorrows and disappointments--How the piano was made--How +the "red mud" becomes razor-blades--The world our mirror--The +cripple taught by the bumps--Every bump brings a blessing--You are +never down and out + +IV. "SHAKE THE BARREL"--How we decide our destinies--Why the big +ones shake up and the little ones shake down--The barrel of life +sorting people--How we hold our places, go down, go up--Good luck +and bad luck--The girl who went up--The man who went down--The +fatal rattle--We must get ready to get--Testimonials and press +notices--You cannot uplift people with derrick--No laws can +equalize--Help people to help themselves--We cannot get things till +we get ready for them + +V. GOING UP--How we become great--We must get inside greatness-- +There is no top--We make ourselves great by service--the +first step at hand--All can be greatest--Where to find great +people--A glimpse of Gunsaulus + +VI. THE PROBLEM OF "PREPAREDNESS"--Preparing children for +life--Most "advantages" are disadvantages--Buying education for +children--The story of "Gussie" and "Bill Whackem"--Schools and +books only give better tools for service--"Hard knocks" graduates-- +Menace of America not swollen fortunes but shrunken souls-- +Children must have struggle to get strength--Not packhorse work-- +Helping the turkeys killed them--the happiness of work we love-- +Amusement drunkards--Lure of the city--Strong men from the country-- +Must save the home towns--A school of struggle--New School experiment + +VII. THE SALVATION OF A "SUCKER"--You can't get something for +nothing--The fiddle and the tuning--How we know things--Trimmed at +the shell game--My "fool drawer"--Getting "selected to receive +1,000 per cent"--You must earn what you own--Commencement +orations--My maiden sermon--The books that live have been +lived--Singer must live songs--Successful songs written from +experience--Theory and practice--Tuning the strings of life + +VIII. LOOKING BACKWARD--Memories of the price we pay--My first +school teaching--Loaning the deacon my money--Calling the roll of +my schoolmates--At the grave of the boy I had envied--Why Ben Hur +won the chariot race--Pulling on the oar + +IX. GO ON SOUTH!--The book in the running brook--The Mississippi +keeps on going south and growing greater--We generally start well, +but stop--Few go on south--The plague of incompetents--Today our +best day, tomorrow to be better--Birthdays are promotions--I am +just beginning--Bernhardt, Davis, Edison--Moses begins at +eighty--Too busy to bury--Sympathy for the "sob squad"--Child sees +worst days, not best--Waiting for the second table--Better days on +south--Overcoming obstacles develops power--Go on south from +principle, not praise--Doing duty for the joy of it--Becoming the +"Father of Waters"--Go on south forever! + + +X. GOING UP LIFE'S MOUNTAIN--The defeats that are victories-- +Climbing Mount Lowe--Getting above the clouds into the sunshine-- +Each day we rise to larger vision--Getting above the night into +the eternal day--Going south is going upward + + * * * + + + + Some Preliminary Remarks + +LADIES and Gentlemen: +I do not want to be seen in this lecture. I want to be heard. I am +only the delivery wagon. When the delivery wagon comes to your house, +you are not much interested in how it looks; you are interested in +the goods it brings you. You know some very good goods are sometimes delivered +to you in some very poor delivery wagons. + +So in this lecture, please do not pay any attention to the delivery +wagon--how much it squeaks and wheezes and rattles and wabbles. Do +not pay much attention to the wrappings and strings. Get inside to +the goods. + +Really, I believe the goods are good. I believe I am to recite to +you some of the multiplication table of life--not mine, not yours +alone, but everybody's. + + * * * + + I Can Only Pull the Plug! + + +Every audience has a different temperature, and that makes a +lecture go differently before every audience. The kind of an +audience is just as important as the kind of a lecture. A cold +audience will make a good lecture poor, while a warm audience will +make a poor lecture good. + +Let me illustrate: + +When I was a boy we had a barrel of sorghum in the woodshed. When +mother wanted to make ginger-bread or cookies, she would send me to +the woodshed to get a bucket of sorghum from that barrel. + +Some warm September day I would pull the plug from the barrel and +the sorghum would fairly squirt into my bucket. Later in the fall +when it was colder, I would pull the plug but the sorghum would not +squirt. It would come out slowly and reluctantly, so that I would +have to wait a long while to get a little sorghum. And on some real +cold winter day I would pull the plug, but the sorghum would not run +at all. It would just look out at me. + +I discovered it was the temperature. + +I have brought a barrel of sorghum to this audience. The name of +the sorghum is "The University of Hard Knocks." I can only pull the +plug. I cannot make it run. That will depend upon the temperature +of this audience. You can have all you want of it, but to get it to +running freely, you will have to warm up. + + * * * + + Did You Bring a Bucket? + + +No matter how the sorghum runs, you have to have a bucket to get +it. How much any one gets out of a lecture depends also upon the +size of the bucket he brings to get it in. A big bucket can get +filled at a very small stream. A little bucket gets little at the +greatest stream. With no bucket you can get nothing at Niagara. + +That often explains why one person says a lecture is great, while +the next person says he got nothing out of it. + + * * * + + What It's All About + + +Here is a great mass of words and sentences and pictures to express +two or three simple little ideas of life, that our education is our +growing up from the Finite to the Infinite, and that it is done by +our own personal overcoming, and that we never finish it. + +Have you noticed that no sentence, nor a million sentences, can +bound life? Have you noticed that every statement does not quite +cover it? No statement, no library, can tell all about life. No +success rule can alone solve the problem. You must average it all +and struggle up to a higher vision. + +We are told that the stomach needs bulk as well as nutriment. It +would not prosper with the necessary elements in their condensed +form. So abstract truths in their lowest terms do not always +promote mental digestion like more bulk in the way of pictures and +discussions of these truths. Here is bulk as well as nutriment. + +If you get the feeling that the first personal pronoun is being +overworked, I remind you that this is more a confession than a +lecture. You cannot confess without referring to the confesser. + + + +To Everybody in My Audience + + +I like you because I am like you. + + +I believe in you because I believe in myself. We are all one +family. I believe in your Inside, not in your Outside, whoever you +are, whatever you are, wherever you are. + + +I believe in the Angel of Good inside every block of human marble. +I believe it must be carved out in The University of Hard Knocks. + + +I believe all this pride, vanity, selfishness, self-righteousness, +hypocrisy and human frailty are the Outside that must be chipped away. + + +I believe the Hard Knocks cannot injure the Angel, but can only reveal it. + + +I hope you are getting your Hard Knocks. + + +I care little about your glorious or inglorious past. I care little +about your present. I care much about your future for that is to +see more of the Angel in you. + + + + The University of Hard Knocks + + Chapter I + + The Books Are Bumps + + +THE greatest school is the University of Hard Knocks. Its books are bumps. + +Every bump is a lesson. If we learn the lesson with one bump, we do +not get that bump again. We do not need it. We have traveled past +it. They do not waste the bumps. We get promoted to the next bump. + +But if we are "naturally bright," or there is something else the +matter with us, so that we do not learn the lesson of the bump we +have just gotten, then that bump must come back and bump us again. + +Some of us learn to go forward with a few bumps, but most of us are +"naturally bright" and have to be pulverized. + +The tuition in the University of Hard Knocks is not free. +Experience is the dearest teacher in the world. Most of us spend +our lives in the A-B-C's of getting started. + +We matriculate in the cradle. + +We never graduate. When we stop learning we are due for another bump. + +There are two kinds of people--wise people and fools. The fools are +the people who think they have graduated. + +The playground is all of God's universe. + +The university colors are black and blue. + +The yell is "ouch" repeated ad lib. + + * * * + + The Need of the Bumps + + +When I was thirteen I knew a great deal more than I do now. There +was a sentence in my grammar that disgusted me. It was by some +foreigner I had never met. His name was Shakespeare. It was this: + + "Sweet are the uses of adversity; + Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, + Wears yet a priceless jewel in its head; + And thus our life, exempt from public haunt, + Finds tongues in trees, books in running brooks, + Sermons in stones, and good in everything." + + +"Tongues in trees," I thought. "Trees can't talk! That man is +crazy. Books in running brooks! Why nobody never puts no books in +no running brooks. They'd get wet. And that sermons in stones! They +get preachers to preach sermons, and they build houses out of stones." + +I was sorry for Shakespeare--when I was thirteen. + +But I am happy today that I have traveled a little farther. I am +happy that I have begun to learn the lessons from the bumps. I am +happy that I am learning the sweet tho painful lessons of the +University of Adversity. I am happy that I am beginning to listen. +For as I learn to listen, I hear every tree speaking, every stone +preaching and every running brook the unfolding of a book. + + + * * * + + +Children, I fear you will not be greatly interested in what is to follow. +Perhaps you are "naturally bright" and feel sorry for Shakespeare. + +I was not interested when father and mother told me these things. I +knew they meant all right, but the world had moved since they were +young, and now two and two made seven, because we lived so much faster. + +It is so hard to tell young people anything. They know better. So +they have to get bumped just where we got bumped, to learn that two +and two always makes four, and "whatsoever a man soweth, that shall +he also reap." + +But if you will remember some of these things, they will feel like +poultices by and by when the bumps come. + + * * * + + The Two Colleges + + +As we get bumped and battered on life's pathway, we discover we get +two kinds of bumps--bumps that we need and bumps that we do not need. + +Bumps that we bump into and bumps that bump into us. + +We discover, in other words, that The University of Hard Knocks has two +colleges--The College of Needless Knocks and The College of Needful Knocks. + +We attend both colleges. + + + + Chapter II + + The College of Needless Knocks + + The Bumps That We Bump Into + + +NEARLY all the bumps we get are Needless Knocks. + +There comes a vivid memory of one of my early Needless Knocks as I +say that. It was back at the time when I was trying to run our home +to suit myself. I sat in the highest chair in the family circle. I +was three years old and ready to graduate. + +That day they had the little joy and sunshine of the family in his +high-chair throne right up beside the dinner table. The coffee-pot +was within grabbing distance. + +I became enamored with that coffee-pot. I decided I needed that +coffee-pot in my business. I reached over to get the coffee-pot. +Then I discovered a woman beside me, my mother. She was the most +meddlesome woman I had ever known. I had not tried to do one thing +in three years that that woman had not meddled into. + +And that day when I wanted the coffee-pot--I did want it. Nobody knows +how I desired that coffee-pot. "One thing thou lackest," a coffee-pot-- +I was reaching over to get it, that woman said, "Don't touch that!" + +The longer I thought about it the more angry I became. What right +has that woman to meddle into my affairs all the time? I have stood +this petticoat tyranny three years, and it is time to stop it! + +I stopped it. I got the coffee-pot. I know I got the coffee-pot. I +got it unanimously. I know when I got it and I also know where I +got it. I got about a gallon of the reddest, hottest coffee a bad +boy ever spilled over himself. + +O-o-o-o-o-o! I can feel it yet! + +There were weeks after that when I was upholstered. They put +applebutter on me--and coal oil and white-of-an-egg and starch and +anything else the neighbors could think of. They would bring it +over and rub it on the little joy and sunshine of the family, who +had gotten temporarily eclipsed. + + * * * + + Teaching a Wilful Child + + +You see, my mother's way was to tell me and then let me do as I +pleased. She told me not to get the coffee-pot and then let me get +it, knowing that it would burn me. She would say, "Don't." Then she +would go on with her knitting and let me do as I pleased. + +Why don't mothers knit today? + +Mother would say, "Don't fall in the well." I could go and jump in +the well after that and she would not look at me. I do not argue +that this is the way to raise children, but I insist that this was +the most kind and effective way to rear one stubborn boy I know of. +The neighbors and the ladies' aid society often said my mother was +cruel with that angel child. But the neighbors did not know what +kind of an insect mother was trying to raise. Mother did know. She +knew how stubborn and self-willed I was. It came from father's +"side of the house." + +Mother knew that to argue with me was to flatter me. Tell me, serve +notice upon me, and then let me go ahead and get my coffee-pot. +That was the quickest and kindest way to teach me. + +I learned very quickly that if I did not hear mother, and heed, a +coffee-pot would spill upon me. I cannot remember when I disobeyed my +mother that a coffee-pot of some kind did not spill upon me, and I got +my blisters. Mother did not inflict them. Mother was not much of an +inflicter. Father attended to that in the laboratory behind the parsonage. + + * * * + + "Stop, Look, Listen" + + +And thru the bumps we learn that The College of Needless Knocks +runs on the same plan. The Voice of Wisdom says to each of us, +"Child of humanity, do right, walk in the right path. You will be +wiser and happier." The tongues in the trees, the books in the +running brooks and the sermons in the stones all repeat it. + +But we are not compelled to walk in the right path. We are free +im-moral agents. + +We get off the right path. We go down forbidden paths. They seem +easier and more attractive. It is so easy to go downward. We slide +downward, but we have to make effort to go upward. + +Anything that goes downward will run itself. Anything that goes +upward has to be pushed. + +And going down the wrong path, we get bumped harder and harder +until we listen. + +We are lucky if we learn the lesson with one bump. We are unlucky +when we get bumped twice in the same place, for it means we are +making no progress. + +When we are bumped, we should "stop, look, listen." "Safety first!" + +One time I paid a seeress two dollars to look into my honest palm. +She said, "It hain't your fault. You wasn't born right. You was +born under an unlucky star." You don't know how that comforted me. +It wasn't my fault--all my bumps and coffee-pots! I was just unlucky +and it had to be. + +How I had to be bumped to learn better! Now when I get bumped I try +to learn the lesson of the bump and find the right path, so that +when I see that bump coming again I can say, "Excuse me; it hath a +familiar look," and dodge it. + +The seeress is the soothing syrup for mental infants. + + * * * + + Blind Man's Fine Sight + + +The other day I watched a blind man go down the aisle of the car to +get off the train. Did you ever study the walk of a blind man? He +"pussyfooted" it along so carefully. He bumped his hand against a +seat. Then he did what every blind man does, he lifted his hand +higher and didn't bump any more seats. + +I looked down my nose. "Ralph Parlette," I said to myself, "when +are you going to learn to see as well as that blind man? He learns +his lesson with one bump, and you have to go bumping into the same +things day after day and wonder why you have so much `bad luck'!" + + * * * + + Are You Going Up or Down? + + +Let me repeat, things that go downward will run themselves. Things +that go upward have to be pushed. Going upward is overcoming. +Notice that churches, schools, lyceums, chautauquas, reform +movements--things that go upward--never run themselves. They must +be pushed all the time. + +And so with our own lives. Real living is conscious effort to go +upward to larger life. + +If you are making no effort in your life, if you are moving in the +line of least resistance, depend upon it you are going downward. +Look out for the bumps! + +Look over your community. Note the handful of brave, faithful, +unselfish souls who are carrying the community burdens and pushing +upward. Note the multitude making little or no effort, and even +getting in the way of the pushers. + +Majorities do not rule. Majorities never have ruled. It is the +brave minority of thinking, self-sacrificing people that decides +the tomorrow of communities that go upward. Majorities are not +willing to make the effort to rule themselves. They are content to +drift and be amused and follow false gods that promise something +for nothing. They must be led--sometimes driven--by minorities. + +People are like sheep. The shepherd can lead them to heaven--or to hell. + + * * * + + Bumping the Prodigals + + +Human life is the story of the Prodigal Son. We look over the fence +of goodness into the mystery of the great unknown world beyond and +in that unknown realm we fondly imagine is happiness. + +Down the great white way of the world go the million prodigals, +seeking happiness where nobody ever found happiness. Their days +fill up with disappointment, their vision becomes dulled. They +become anaemic feeding upon the husks. + +They just must get their coffee-pot! + +How they must be bumped to think upon their ways. Every time we do +wrong we get a Needless Knock. Every time! We may not always get +bumped on the outside, but we always get bumped on the inside. A +bump on the conscience is worse than a bump on the "noodle." + +"I can do wrong and not get bumped. I have no feelings upon the +subject," somebody says, You can? You poor old sinner, you have +bumped your conscience numb. That is why you have no feelings on +the subject. You have pounded your soul into a jelly. You don't +know how badly you are hurt. + +How the old devil works day and night to keep people amused and doped +so that they will not think upon their ways! How he keeps the music +and the dazzle going so they will not see they are bumping themselves! + + * * * + + Consider the Sticky Flypaper + + +Did you ever watch a fly get his Needless Knocks on the sticky flypaper? + +The last thing Mamma Fly said as Johnny went off to the city was, +"Remember, son, to stay away from the sticky flypaper. That is +where your poor dear father was lost." And Johnny Fly remembers for +several minutes. But when he sees all the smart young flies of his +set go over to the flypaper, he goes over, too. He gazes down at +his face in the stickiness. "Ah! how pretty I am! This sticky +flypaper shows me up better than anything at home. What a fine +place to skate. Just see how close I can fly over it and not get +stuck a bit. Mother is such a silly old worryer. She means all +right, of course, but she isn't up-to-date. We young set of modern +flies are naturally bright and have so many more advantages. You +can't catch us. They were too strict with me back home." + +You see Johnny fly back and forth and have the time of his +naturally bright young life. Afterwhile, tho, he stubs his toe and +lands in the stickiness. "Well, well, how nice this is on the feet, +so soft and soothing!" + +First he puts one foot down and pulls it out. That is a lot of fun. +It shows he is not a prisoner. He is a strong-minded fly. He can +quit it or play in it, just as he pleases. After while he puts two +feet down in the stickiness. It is harder to pull them out. Then he +puts three down and puts down a few more trying to pull them out. + +"Really," says Johnny Fly bowing to his comrades also stuck around +him, "really, boys, you'll have to excuse me now. Good-bye!" But he +doesn't pull loose. He feels tired and he sits down in the sticky +flypaper. It is a fine place to stick around. All his young set of +flies are around him. He does like the company. They all feel the +same way--they can play in the sticky flypaper or let it alone, +just as they please, for they are strong-minded flies. They have +another drink and sing, "We won't go home till morning." + +Johnny may get home, but he will leave a wing or a leg. Most of them +stay. They just settle down into the stickiness with sleeping sickness. + +The tuition in The College of Needless Knocks is very high indeed! + + * * * + + "Removed" or "Knocked Out"? + + +The man who goes to jail ought to congratulate himself if he is +guilty. It is the man who does not get discovered who is to be +pitied, for he must get some more knocks. + +The world loves to write resolutions of respect. How often we +write, "Whereas, it has pleased an all-wise Providence to remove," +when we might reasonably ask whether the victim was "removed" or +merely "knocked out." + +There is a good deal of suicide charged up to Providence. + + + + Chapter III + + The College of Needful Knocks + + The Bumps That Bump Into Us + + +BUT occasionally all of us get bumps that we do not bump into. They +bump into us. They are the guideboard knocks that point us to the +higher pathway. + +You were bumped yesterday or years ago. Maybe the wound has not yet +healed. Maybe you think it never will heal. You wondered why you +were bumped. Some of you in this audience are just now wondering why. + +You were doing right--doing just the best you knew how--and yet +some blow came crushing upon you and gave you cruel pain. + +It broke your heart. You have had your heart broken. I have had my +heart broken more times than I care to talk about now. Your home +was darkened, your plans were wrecked, you thought you had nothing +more to live for. + +I am like you. I have had more trouble than anybody else. I have +never known anyone who had not had more trouble than anyone else. + +But I am discovering that life only gets good after we have been +killed a few times. Each death is a larger birth. + +We all must learn, if we have not already learned, that these blows +are lessons in The College of Needful Knocks. They point upward to +a higher path than we have been traveling. + +In other words, we are raw material. You know what raw material +is--material that needs more Needful Knocks to make it more useful +and valuable. + +The clothing we wear, the food we eat, the house we live in, all +have to have the Needful Knocks to become useful. And so does +humanity need the same preparation for greater usefulness. + +I should like to know every person in this audience. But the ones +I should most appreciate knowing are the ones who have known the +most of these knocks--who have faced the great crises of life and +have been tried in the crucibles of affliction. For I am learning +that these lives are the gold tried in the fire. + + * * * + + The Sorrows of the Piano + + +See the piano on this stage? Good evening, Mr. Piano. I am glad to +see you. You are so shiny, beautiful, valuable and full of music, +if properly treated. + +Do you know how you got upon this stage, Mr. Piano? You were bumped +here. This is no reflection upon the janitor. You became a piano by +the Needful Knocks. + +I can see you back in your callow beginnings, when you were just a +tree--a tall, green tree. You were green! Only green things grow. +Did you get the meaning of that, children? I hope you are green. + +There you stood in the forest, a perfectly good, green young tree. +You got your lessons, combed your hair, went to Sunday school and +were the best young tree you could be. + +That is why you were bumped--because you were good! There came a +man into the woods with an ax, and he looked for the best trees +there to bump. He bumped you--hit you with the ax! How it hurt you! +And how unjust it was! He kept on hitting you. "The operation was +just terrible." Finally you fell, crushed, broken, bleeding. + +It is a very sad story. They took you all bumped and bleeding to +the sawmill and they bumped and ripped you more. They cut you in +pieces and hammered you day by day. + +They did not bump the little, crooked, dissipated, cigaret-stunted +trees. They were not worth bumping. + +But shake, Mr. Piano. That is why you are on this stage. You were +bumped here. All the beauty, harmony and value were bumped into you. + + * * * + + The Sufferings of the Red Mud + + +One day I was up the Missabe road about a hundred miles north of +Duluth, Minnesota, and came to a hole in the ground. It was a big +hole--about a half-mile of hole. There were steam-shovels at work +throwing out of that hole what I thought was red mud. + +"Kind sir, why are they throwing that red mud out of that hole?" I +asked a native. + +"That hain't red mud. That's iron ore, an' it's the best iron ore +in the world." + +"What is it worth?" + +"It hain't worth nothin' here; that's why they're movin' it away." + +There's red mud around every community that "hain't worth nothin'" +until you move it--send it to college or somewhere. + +Not very long after this, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, I saw some +of this same red mud. It had been moved over the Great Lakes and +the rails to what they call a blast furnace, the technological name +of which being The College of Needful Knocks for Red Mud. + +I watched this red mud matriculate into a great hopper with +limestone, charcoal and other textbooks. Then they corked it up and +school began. They roasted it. It is a great thing to be roasted. + +When it was done roasting they stopped. Have you noticed that they +always stop when anything is done roasting? If we are yet getting +roasted, perhaps we are not done! + +Then they pulled the plug out of the bottom of the college and held +promotion exercises. The red mud squirted out into the sand. It was +not red mud now, because it had been roasted. It was a freshman-- +pig iron, worth more than red mud, because it had been roasted. + +Some of the pig iron went into another department, a big teakettle, +where it was again roasted, and now it came out a sophomore--steel, +worth more than pig iron. + +Some of the sophomore steel went up into another grade where it was +roasted yet again and rolled thin into a junior. Some of that went on up +and up, at every step getting more pounding and roasting and affliction. + +It seemed as tho I could hear the suffering red mud crying out, "O, +why did they take me away from my happy hole-in-the-ground? Why do +they pound me and break my heart? I have been good and faithful. O, +why do they roast me? O, I'll never get over this!" + +But after they had given it a diploma--a pricemark telling how much +it had been roasted--they took it proudly all over the world, +labeled "Made in America." They hung it in show windows, they put +it in glass cases. Many people admired it and said, "Isn't that +fine work!" They paid much money for it now. They paid the most +money for what had been roasted the most. + +If a ton of that red mud had become watch-springs or razor-blades, +the price had gone up into thousands of dollars. + +My friends, you and I are the raw material, the green trees, the +red mud. The Needful Knocks are necessary to make us serviceable. + +Every bump is raising our price. Every bump is disclosing a path to a +larger life. The diamond and the chunk of soft coal are exactly the same +material, say the chemists. But the diamond has gone to The College of +Needful Knocks more than has her crude sister of the coal-scuttle. + +There is no human diamond that has not been crystallized in the +crucibles of affliction. There is no gold that has not been refined +in the fire. + + * * * + + Cripple Taught by Bumps + + +One evening when I was trying to lecture in a chautauqua tent in +Illinois, a crippled woman was wheeled into the tent and brought +right down to the foot of the platform. The subject was The +University of Hard Knocks. Presently the cripple's face was shining +brighter than the footlights. + +She knew about the knocks! + +Afterwards I went to her. "Little lady, I want to thank you for +coming here. I have the feeling that I spoke the words, but you are +the lecture itself." + +What a smile she gave me! "Yes, I know about the hard knocks," she +said. "I have been in pain most of my life. But I have learned all +that I know sitting in this chair. I have learned to be patient and +kind and loving and brave." + +They told me this crippled woman was the sweetest-spirited, +best-loved person in the town. + +But her mother petulantly interrupted me. She had wheeled the +cripple into the tent. She was tall and stately. She was +well-gowned. She lived in one of the finest homes in the city. She +had everything that money could buy. But her money seemed unable to +buy the frown from her face. + +"Mr. Lecture Man," she said, "why is everybody interested in my +daughter and nobody interested in me? Why is my daughter happy and +why am I not happy? My daughter is always happy and she hasn't a +single thing to make her happy. I am not happy. I have not been +happy for years. Why am I not happy?" + +What would you have said? Just on the spur of the moment--I said, +"Madam, I don't want to be unkind, but I really think the reason +you are not happy is that you haven't been bumped enough." + +I discover when I am unhappy and selfish and people don't use me +right, I need another bump. + +The cripple girl had traveled ahead of her jealous mother. For +selfishness cripples us more than paralysis. + + * * * + + Schools of Sympathy + + +When I see a long row of cots in a hospital or sanitarium, I want +to congratulate the patients lying there. They are learning the +precious lessons of patience, sympathy, love, faith and courage. +They are getting the education in the humanities the world needs +more than tables of logarithms. Only those who have suffered can +sympathize. They are to become a precious part of our population. +The world needs them more than libraries and foundations. + + * * * + + The Silver Lining + + +There is no backward step in life. Whatever experiences come to us are +truly new chapters of our education if we are willing to learn them. + +We think this is true of the good things that come to us, but we do +not want to think so of the bad things. Yet we grow more in lean +years than in fat years. In fat years we put it in our pockets. In +lean years we put it in our hearts. Material and spiritual +prosperity do not often travel hand-in-hand. When we become +materially very prosperous, so many of us begin to say, "Is not +this Babylon that I have builded?" And about that time there comes +some handwriting on the wall and a bump to save us. + +Think of what might happen to you today. Your home might burn. We +don't want your home to burn, but somebody's home is burning just +now. A conflagration might sweep your town from the map. Your +business might wreck. Your fortune might be swept away. Your good +name might be tarnished. Bereavement might take from you the one +you love most. + +You would never know how many real friends you have until then. But +look out! Some of your friends would say, "I am so sorry for you. +You are down and out." Do not believe that you are down and out, +for it is not true. The old enemy of humanity wants you to believe +you are down and out. He wants you to sympathize with yourself. You +are never down and out! + +The truth is, another chapter of your real education has been +opened. Will you read the lesson of the Needful Knocks? + +A great conflagration, a cyclone, a railroad wreck, an epidemic or +other public disaster brings sympathy, bravery, brotherhood and +love in its wake. + +There is a silver lining to every hard knocks cloud. + +Out of the trenches of the Great War come nations chastened by +sacrifice and purged of their dross. + + + + Chapter IV + + "Shake The Barrel" + + How We Decide Our Destinies + + +NOW as we learn the lessons of the Needless and the Needful Knocks, +we get wisdom, understanding, happiness, strength, success and +greatness. We go up in life. We become educated. Let me bring you +a picture of it. + +One day the train stopped at a station to take water. Beside the +track was a grocery with a row of barrels of apples in front. There +was one barrel full of big, red, fat apples. I rushed over and got +a sack of the big, red, fat apples. Later as the train was under +way, I looked in the sack and discovered there was not a big, red, +fat apple there. + +All I could figure out was that there was only one layer of the +big, red, fat apples on the top, and the groceryman, not desiring +to spoil his sign, had reached down under the top layer. He must +have reached to the bottom, for he gave me the worst mess of runts +and windfalls I ever saw in one sack. The things I said about the +grocery business must have kept the recording angel busy. + +Then I calmed down. Did the groceryman do that on purpose? Does +the groceryman ever put the big apples on top and the little +ones down underneath? + +Do you? Is there a groceryman in the audience? + +Man of sorrows, you have been slandered. It never occurred to me +until that day on the train that the groceryman does not put the +big ones on top and the little ones down underneath. He does not +need to do it. It does itself. It is the shaking of the barrel that +pushes the big ones up and the little ones down. + + * * * + + Shake to Their Places + + +You laugh? You don't believe that? Maybe your roads are so good +and smooth that things do not shake on the road to town. But back +in the Black Swamp of Ohio we had corduroy roads. Did you ever see +a corduroy road? It was a layer of logs in the mud. Riding over it +was the poetry of motion! The wagon "hit the high spots." And as I +hauled a wagon-bed full of apples to the cider-mill over a corduroy +road, the apples sorted out by the jolting. The big apples would +try to get to the top. The little, runty apples would try to hold +a mass meeting at the bottom. + +I saw that for thirty years before I saw it. Did you ever notice +how long you have to see most things before you see them? I saw +that when I played marbles. The big marbles would shake to the top +of my pocket and the little ones would rattle down to the bottom. + +You children try that tomorrow. Do not wait thirty years to learn +that the big ones shake up and the little ones shake down. Put some +big ones and some little things of about the same density in a box +or other container and shake them. You will see the larger things +shake upward and the smaller shake downward. You will see every +thing shake to the place its size determines. A little larger one +shakes a little higher, and a little smaller one a little lower. + +When things find their place, you can shake on till doomsday, but +you cannot change the place of one of the objects. + +Mix them up again and shake. Watch them all shake back as they were +before, the largest on top and the smallest at the bottom. + + * * * + + Lectures in Cans + + +At this place the lecturer exhibits a glass jar more than +half-filled with small white beans and a few walnuts. + + +Let us try that right on the platform. Here is a glass jar and +inside of it you see two sizes of objects--a lot of little white +beans and some walnuts. You will pardon me for bringing such a +simple and crude apparatus before you in a lecture, but I ask your +forbearance. I am discovering that we can hear faster thru the eye +than thru the ear. I want to make this so vivid that you will never +forget it, and I do not want these young people to live thirty +years before they see it. + +If there are sermons in stones, there must be lectures in cans. +This is a canned lecture. Let the can talk to you awhile. + +You note as I shake the jar the little beans quickly settle down +and the big walnuts shake up. Not one bean asks, "Which way do I +go?" Not one walnut asks, "Which way do I go?" Each one +automatically goes the right way. The little ones go down and the +big ones go up. + +Note that I mix them all up and then shake. Note that they arrange +themselves just as they were before. + +Suppose those objects could talk. I think I hear that littlest bean +down in the bottom saying, "Help me! Help me! I am so unfortunate +and low down. I never had no chance like them big ones up there. +Help me up." + +I say, "Yes, you little bean, I'll help you." So I lift him up to +the top. See! I have boosted him. I have uplifted him. + +See, the can shakes. Back to the bottom shakes the little bean. And +I hear him say, "King's ex! I slipped. Try that again and I'll +stay on top." So I put him back again on top. + +The can shakes. The little bean again shakes back to the bottom. He +is too small to stay up. He cannot stand prosperity. + +Then I hear Little Bean say, "Well, if I cannot get to the top, you +make them big ones come down. Give every one an equal chance." + +So I say, "Yes, sir, Little Bean. Here, you big ones on top, get +down. You Big Nuts get right down there on a level with Little +Bean!" And you see I put them down. + +But I shake the can, and the big ones go right back to the top with +the same shakes that send the little ones back to the bottom. + +There is only one way for those objects to change their place in +the can. Lifting them up or putting them down will not do it. But +change their size! + +Equality of position demands quality of size. Let the little one +grow bigger and he will shake up. Let the big one grow smaller and +he will shake down. + + * * * + + The Shaking Barrel of Life + + +O, fellow apples! We are all apples in the barrel of life on the +way to the market place of the future. It is a corduroy road and +the barrel shakes all the time. + +In the barrel are big apples, little apples, freckled apples, +speckled apples, green apples, and dried apples. A bad boy on the +front row shouted the other night, "And rotten apples!" + +In other words, all the people of the world are in the great barrel +of life. That barrel is shaking all the time. Every community is +shaking, every place is shaking. The offices, the shops, the +stores, the schools, the pulpits, the homes--every place where we +live or work is shaking. Life is a constant survival of the fittest. + +The same law that shakes the little ones down and the big ones up +in that can is shaking every person to the place he fits in the +barrel of life. It is sending small people down and great people up. + +And do you not see that we are very foolish when we want to be +lifted up to some big place, or when we want some big person to be +put down to some little place? We are foolishly trying to overturn +the eternal law of life. + +We shake right back to the places our size determines. We must get +ready for places before we can get them and keep them. + +The very worst thing that can happen to anybody is to be +artificially boosted up into some place where he rattles. + +I hear a good deal about destiny. Some people seem to think destiny +is something like a train and if we do not get to the depot in time +our train of destiny will run off and leave us, and we will have no +destiny. There is destiny--that jar. + +If we are small we shall have a small destiny. If we are great we +shall have a great destiny. We cannot dodge our destiny. + + * * * + + Kings and Queens of Destiny + + +The objects in that jar cannot change their size. But thank God, +you and I are not helpless victims of blind fate. We are not +creatures of chance. We have it in our hands to decide our destiny +as we grow or refuse to grow. + +We shake down if we become small; we shake up if we become great. +And when we have reached the place our size determines, we stay +there so long as we stay that size. + +If we wish to change our place, we must first change our size. If +we wish to go down, we must grow smaller and we shall shake down. +If we wish to go up, we must grow greater, and we shall shake up. + +Each person is doing one of three things consciously or unconsciously. + +1. He is holding his place. + +2. He is going down. + +3. He is going up. + +In order to hold his place he must hold his size. He must fill the +place. If he shrinks up he will rattle. Nobody can stay long where he +rattles. Nature abhors a rattler. He shakes down to a smaller place. + +In order to stay the same size he must grow enough each day to supply +the loss by evaporation. Evaporation is going steadily on in lives +as well as in liquids. If we are not growing any, we are rattling. + + * * * + + We Compel Promotion + + +So you young people should keep in mind that you will shake into +the places you fit. And when you are in your places--in stores, +shops, offices or elsewhere, if you want to hold your place you +must keep growing enough to keep it tightly filled. + +If you want a greater place, you simply grow greater and they +cannot keep you down. You do not ask for promotion, you compel +promotion. You grow greater, enlarge your dimensions, develop new +capabilities, do more than you are paid to do--overfill your place, +and you shake up to a greater place. + +I believe if I were so fortunate or unfortunate as to have a number +of people working for me, I would have a jar in my office filled +with various sizes of objects. When an employee would come into the +office and say, "Isn't it about time I was getting a raise?" I +would say, "Go shake the jar, Charlie. That is the way you get +raised. As you grow greater you won't need to ask to be promoted. +You will promote yourself." + + * * * + + "Good Luck" and "Bad Luck" + + +This jar tells me so much about luck. I have noted that the lucky +people shake up and the unlucky people shake down. That is, the +lucky people grow great and the unlucky people shrivel and rattle. + +Notice as I bump this jar. Two things happened. The little ones +shook down and the big ones shook up. The bump that was bad luck to +the little ones was good luck to the big ones. The same bump was +both good luck and bad luck. + +Luck does not depend upon the direction of the bump, but upon the +size of the bump-ee! + + * * * + + The "Lucky" One + + +So everywhere you look you see the barrel sorting people according +to size. Every business concern can tell you stories like that of +the Chicago house where a number of young ladies worked. Some of +them had been there for a long time. There came a raw, green Dutch +girl from the country. It was her first office experience, and she +got the bottom job. + +The other girls poked fun at her and played jokes upon her because +she was so green. + +Do you remember that green things grow? + +"Is not she the limit?" they oft spake one to another. She was. She +made many blunders. But it is now recalled that she never made the same +blunder twice. She learned the lesson with one helping to the bumps. + +And she never "got done." When she had finished her work, the work +she had been put at, she would discover something else that ought +to be done, and she would go right on working, contrary to the +rules of the union! Without being told, mind you. She had that rare +faculty the world is bidding for--initiative. + +The other girls "got done." When they had finished the work they +had been put at, they would wait--O, so patiently they would +wait--to be told what to do next. + +Within three months every other girl in that office was asking +questions of the little Dutch girl. She had learned more about +business in three months than the others had learned in all the +time they had been there. Nothing ever escaped her. She had become +the most capable girl in the office. + +The barrel did the rest. Today she is giving orders to all of them, +for she is the office superintendent. + +The other girls feel hurt about it. They will tell you in +confidence that it was the rankest favoritism ever known. "There +was nothing fair about it. Jennie ought to have been made +superintendent. Jennie had been here four years." + + * * * + + The "Unlucky" One + + +The other day in a paper-mill I was standing beside a long machine +making shiny super-calendered paper. I asked the man working there +some questions about the machine, which he answered fairly well. +Then I asked him about a machine in the next room. He said, "I +don't know nothing about it, boss, I don't work in there." + +I asked him about another process, and he replied, "I don't know +nothing about it, I never worked in there." I asked him about the +pulpmill. He replied, "No, I don't know nothing about that, +neither. I don't work in there." And he did not betray the least +desire to know anything about anything. + +"How long have you worked here?" + +"About twelve years." + +Going out of the building, I asked the foreman, "Do you see that +man over there at the supercalendered machine?" pointing to the man +who didn't know. "Is he a human being?" + +The foreman's face clouded. "I hate to talk to you about that man. +He is one of the kindest-hearted men we ever had in the works, but +we've got to let him go. We're afraid he'll break the machine. He +isn't interested, does not learn, doesn't try to learn." + +So he had begun to rattle. Nobody can stay where he rattles. It is +grow or go. + + * * * + + Life's Barrel the Leveler + + +So books could be filled with just such stories of how people have +gone up and down. You may have noticed two brothers start with the +same chance, and presently notice that one is going up and the +other is going down. + +Some of us begin life on the top branches, right in the sunshine of +popular favor, and get our names in the blue-book at the start. +Some of us begin down in the shade on the bottom branches, and we +do not even get invited. We often become discouraged as we look at +the top-branchers, and we say, "O, if I only had his chance! If I +were only up there I might amount to something. But I am too low down." + +We can grow. Everybody can grow. + +And afterwhile we are all in the barrel of life, shaken and bumped +about. There the real people do not often ask us, "On what branch +of that tree did you grow?" But they often inquire, "Are you big +enough to fill this place?" + + * * * + + The Fatal Rattle! + + +Now life is mainly routine. You and I and everybody must go on +doing pretty much the same things over and over. Every day we +appear to have about the same round of duties. + +But if we let life become routine, we are shaking down. The very +routine of life must every day flash a new attractiveness. We must +be learning new things and discovering new joys in our daily +routine or we become unhappy. If we go on doing just the same things +in the same way day after day, thinking the same thoughts, our eyes +glued to precedents--just turning round and round in our places and +not growing any, pretty soon we become mere machines. We wear +smaller. The joy and juice go out of our lives. We shrivel and rattle. + +The success, joy and glory of life are in learning, growing, going +forward and upward. That is the only way to hold our place. + +The farmer must be learning new things about farming to hold his +place this progressive age as a farmer. The merchant must be +growing into a greater, wiser merchant to hold his place among his +competitors. The minister must be getting larger visions of the +ministry as he goes back into the same old pulpit to keep on +filling it. The teacher must be seeing new possibilities in the +same old schoolroom. The mother must be getting a larger horizon in +her homemaking. + +We only live as we grow and learn. When anybody stays in the same +place year after year and fills it, he does not rattle. + +Unless the place is a grave! + +I shiver as I see the pages of school advertisements in the +journals labeled "Finishing Schools," and "A Place to Finish Your +Child." I know the schools generally mean all right, but I fear the +students will get the idea they are being finished, which finishes +them. We never finish while we live. A school finishing is a +commencement, not an end-ment. + +I am sorry for the one who says, "I know all there is to know about +that. You can't tell me anything about that." He is generally rattling. +The greater and wiser the man, the more anxious he is to be told. + +I am sorry for the one who struts around saying, "I own the job. +They can't get along without me." For I feel that they are getting +ready to get along without him. That noise you hear is the +death-rattle in his throat. + +Big business men keep their ears open for rattles in their machinery. + +I am sorry for the man, community or institution that spends much +time pointing backward with pride and talking about "in my day!" +For it is mostly rattle. The live one's "my day" is today and +tomorrow. The dead one's is yesterday. + + * * * + + We Must Get Ready to Get + + +We young people come up into life wanting great places. I would not +give much for a young person (or any other person) who does not +want a great place. I would not give much for anybody who does not +look forward to greater and better things tomorrow. + +We often think the way to get a great place is just to go after it +and get it. If we do not have pull enough, get some more pull. Get +some more testimonials. + +We think if we could only get into a great place we would be great. +But unless we have grown as great as the place we would be a great +joke, for we would rattle. And when we have grown as great as the +place, that sized place will generally come seeking us. + +We do not become great by getting into a great place, any more than +a boy becomes a man by getting into his father's boots. He is in +great boots, but he rattles. He must grow greater feet before he +gets greater boots. But he must get the feet before he gets the boots. + +We must get ready for things before we get them. + +All life is preparation for greater things. + +Moses was eighty years getting ready to do forty years work. The +Master was thirty years getting ready to do three years work. So +many of us expect to get ready in "four easy lessons by mail." + +We can be a pumpkin in one summer, with the accent on the "punk." +We can be a mushroom in a day, with the accent on the "mush." But +we cannot become an oak that way. + +The world is not greatly impressed by testimonials. The man who has +the most testimonials generally needs them most to keep him from +rattling. A testimonial so often becomes a crutch. + +Many a man writes a testimonial to get rid of somebody. "Well, I +hope it will do him some good. Anyhow, I have gotten him off my +hands." I heard a Chicago superintendent say to his foreman, "Give +him a testimonial and fire him!" + +It is dangerous to overboost people, for the higher you boost them +the farther they will fall. + + * * * + + The Menace of the Press-Notice + + +Now testimonials and press-notices very often serve useful ends. In +lyceum work, in teaching, in very many lines, they are often useful +to introduce a stranger. A letter of introduction is useful. A +diploma, a degree, a certificate, a license, are but different +kinds of testimonials. + +The danger is that the hero of them may get to leaning upon them. Then +they become a mirror for his vanity instead of a monitor for his vitality. + +Most testimonials and press-notices are frank flatteries. They +magnify the good points and say little as possible about the bad +ones. I look back over my lyceum life and see that I hindered my +progress by reading my press-notices instead of listening to the +verdict of my audiences. I avoided frank criticism. It would hurt +me. Whenever I heard an adverse criticism, I would go and read a +few press-notices. "There, I am all right, for this clipping says +I am the greatest ever, and should he return, no hall would be able +to contain the crowd." + +And my vanity bump would again rise. + +Alas! How often I have learned that when I did return the hall that +was filled before was entirely too big for the audience! The +editors of America--God bless them! They are always trying to boost +a home enterprise--not for the sake of the imported attraction but +for the sake of the home folks who import it. + +We must read people, not press-notices. + +When you get to the place where you can stand aside and "see +yourself go by"--when you can keep still and see every fibre of you +and your work mercilessly dissected, shake hands with yourself and +rejoice, for the kingdom of success is yours. + + * * * + + The Artificial Uplift + + +There are so many loving, sincere, foolish, cruel uplift movements +in the land. They spring up, fail, wail, disappear, only to be +succeeded by twice as many more. They fail because instead of +having the barrel do the uplifting, they try to do it with a derrick. + +The victims of the artificial uplift cannot stay uplifted. They +rattle back, and "the last estate of that man is worse than the first." + +You cannot uplift a beggar by giving him alms. You are using the +derrick. We must feed the hungry and clothe the naked, but that is +not helping them, that is propping them. The beggar who asks you to +help him does not want to be helped. He wants to be propped. He +wants you to license him and professionalize him as a beggar. + +You can only help a man to help himself. Help him to grow. You +cannot help many people, for there are not many people willing to +be helped on the inside. Not many willing to grow up. + +When Peter and John went up to the temple they found the lame +beggar sitting at the gate Beautiful. Every day the beggar had been +"helped." Every day as they laid him at the gate people would pass +thru the gate and see him. He would say, "Help me!" "Poor man," +they would reply, "you are in a bad fix. Here is help," and they +would throw him some money. + +And so every day that beggar got to be more of a beggar. The public +"helped" him to be poorer in spirit, more helpless and a more +hopeless cripple. No doubt he belonged after a few days of the +"helping" to the Jerusalem Beggars' Union and carried his card. +Maybe he paid a commission for such a choice beggars' beat. + +But Peter really helped him. "Silver and gold have I none; but such +as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise +up and walk." + + * * * + + Fix the People, Not the Barrel + + +I used to say, "Nobody uses me right. Nobody gives me a chance." +But if chances had been snakes, I would have been bitten a hundred +times a day. We need oculists, not opportunities. + +I used to work on the "section" and get a dollar and fifteen cents +a day. I rattled there. I did not earn my dollar fifteen. I tried +to see how little I could do and look like I was working. I was the +Artful Dodger of Section Sixteen. When the whistle would blow--O, +joyful sound!--I would leave my pick hang right up in the air. I +would not bring it down again for a soulless corporation. + +I used to wonder as I passed Bill Barlow's bank on the way down to +the section-house, why I was not president of that bank. I wondered +why I was not sitting upon one of those mahogany seats instead of +pumping a handcar. I was naturally bright. I used to say "If the rich +wasn't getting richer and the poor poorer, I'd be president of a bank." + +Did you ever hear that line of conversation? It generally comes +from somebody who rattles where he is. + +I am so glad now that I did not get to be president of the bank. +They are glad, too! I would have rattled down in about fifteen +minutes, down to the peanut row, for I was only a peanut. Remember, +the hand-car job is just as honorable as the bank job, but as I was +not faithful over a few things, I would have rattled over many things. + +The fairy books love to tell about some clodhopper suddenly +enchanted up into a king. But life's good fairies see to it that +the clodhopper is enchanted into readiness for kingship before he +lands upon the throne. + +The only way to rule others is to learn to rule ourself. + +I used to say, "Just wait till I get to Congress." I think they are +all waiting! "I'll fix things. I'll pass laws requiring all apples +to be the same size. Yes, I'll pass laws to turn the barrel upside +down, so the little ones will be on the top and the big ones will +be at the bottom." + +But I had not seen that it wouldn't matter which end was the top, +the big ones would shake right up to it and the little ones would +shake down to the bottom. + +The little man has the chance now, just as fast as he grows. You +cannot fix the barrel. You can only fix the people inside the barrel. + +Have you ever noticed that the man who is not willing to fix +himself, is the one who wants to get the most laws passed to fix +other people? He wants something for nothing. + + * * * + + That Cruel Fate + + +O, I am so glad I did not get the things I wanted at the time I +wanted them! They would have been coffee-pots. Thank goodness, we +do not get the coffee-pot until we are ready to handle it. + +Today you and I have things we couldn't have yesterday. We just +wanted them yesterday. O, how we wanted them! But a cruel fate +would not let us have them. Today we have them. They come to us as +naturally today, and we see it is because we have grown ready for +them, and the barrel has shaken us up to them. + +Today you and I want things beyond our reach. O, how we want them! +But a cruel fate will not let us have them. + +Do you not see that "cruel fate" is our own smallness and +unreadiness? As we grow greater we have greater things. We have +today all we can stand today. More would wreck us. More would start +us to rattling. + +Getting up is growing up. + +And this blessed old barrel of life is just waiting and anxious to +shake everybody up as fast as everybody grows. + + + + Chapter V + + Going Up + + How We Become Great + +WE go up as we grow great. That is, we go up as we grow up. But so +many are trying to grow great on the outside without growing great +on the inside. They rattle on the inside! + +They fool themselves, but nobody else. + +There is only one greatness--inside greatness. All outside +greatness is merely an incidental reflection of the inside. + +Greatness is not measured in any material terms. It is not measured +in inches, dollars, acres, votes, hurrahs, or by any other of the +world's yardsticks or barometers. + +Greatness is measured in spiritual terms. It is education. It is +life expansion. + +We go up from selfishness to unselfishness. + +We go up from impurity to purity. + +We go up from unhappiness to happiness. + +We go up from weakness to strength. + +We go up from low ideals to high ideals. + +We go up from little vision to greater vision. + +We go up from foolishness to wisdom. + +We go up from fear to faith. + +We go up from ignorance to understanding. + +We go up by our own personal efforts. We go up by our own service, +sacrifice, struggle and overcoming. We push out our own skyline. We +rise above our own obstacles. We learn to see, hear, hold and understand. + +We may become very great, very educated, rise very high, and yet +not leave our kitchen or blacksmith shop. We take the kitchen or +blacksmith shop right up with us! We make it a great kitchen or +great blacksmith shop. It becomes our throne-room! + +Come, let us grow greater. There is a throne for each of us. + + * * * + + "Getting to the Top" + + +"Getting to the top" is the world's pet delusion. There is no top. +No matter how high we rise, we discover infinite distances above. +The higher we rise, the better we see that life on this planet is +the going up from the Finite to the Infinite. + +The world says that to get greatness means to get great things. So +the world is in the business of getting--getting great fortunes, +great lands, great titles, great applause, great fame, and +folderol. Afterwhile the poor old world hears the empty rattle of +the inside, and wails, "All is vanity. I find no pleasure in them. +Life is a failure." All outside life is a failure. Real life is in +being things on the inside, not in getting things on the outside. + +I weary of the world's pink-sheet extras about "Getting to the Top" +and "Forging to the Front." Too often they are the sordid story of +a few scrambling over the heads of the weaker ones. Sometimes they +are the story of one pig crowding the other pigs out of the trough +and cornering all the swill! + + * * * + + The Secret of Greatness + + +Christ Jesus was a great Teacher. His mission was to educate humanity. + +There came to him those two disciples who wanted to "get to the +top." Those two sons of Zebedee wanted to have the greatest places +in the new kingdom they imagined he would establish on earth. + +They got very busy pursuing greatness, but I do not read that they +were half so busy preparing for greatness. They even had their +mother out electioneering for them. + +"O, Master," said the mother, "grant that these my two sons may sit, +the one on thy right hand, and the other on the left, in thy kingdom." + +The Master looked with love and pity upon their unpreparedness. +"Are ye able to drink of the cup?" Then he gave the only definition +of greatness that can ever stand: "Whosoever will be great among +you, let him be your minister; and whosoever will be chief among +you, let him be your servant." + +That is we cannot be "born great," nor "have greatness thrust upon" +us. We must "achieve greatness" by developing it on the +inside--developing ability to minister and to serve. + +We cannot buy a great arm. Our arm must become a great servant, and +thus it becomes great. + +We cannot buy a great mind. Our mind must become a great servant, +and thus it becomes great. + +We cannot buy a great character. It is earned in great moral service. + + * * * + + The First Step at Hand + + +This is the Big Business of life--going up, getting educated, +getting greatness on the inside. Getting greatness on the outside +is little business. Much of it mighty little. + +Everybody's privilege and duty is to become great. And the joy of +it is that the first step is always nearest at hand. We do not have +to go off to New York or Chicago or go chasing around the world to +become great. It is a great stairway that leads from where our feet +are now upward for an infinite number of steps. + +We must take the first step now. Most of us want to take the +hundredth step or the thousandth step now. We want to make some +spectacular stride of a thousand steps at one leap. That is why we +fall so hard when we miss our step. + +We must go right back to our old place--into our kitchen or our +workshop or our office and take the first step, solve the problem +nearest at hand. We must make our old work luminous with a new +devotion. We must battle up over every inch. And as fast as we +solve and dissolve the difficulties and turn our burdens into +blessings, we find love, the universal solvent, shining out of our +lives. We find our spiritual influences going upward. So the winds +of earth are born; they rush in from the cold lands to the warm +upward currents. And so as our problems disappear and our life +currents set upward, the world is drawn toward us with its problems. +We find our kitchen or workshop or office becoming a new throne +of power. We find the world around us rising up to call us blessed. + +As we grow greater our troubles grow smaller, for we see them thru +greater eyes. We rise above them. + +As we grow greater our opportunities grow greater. That is, we +begin to see them. They are around us all the time, but we must get +greater eyes to see them. + +Generally speaking, the smaller our vision of our work, the more we +admire what we have accomplished and "point with pride." The +greater our vision, the more we see what is yet to be accomplished. + +It was the sweet girl graduate who at commencement wondered how one +small head could contain it all. It was Newton after giving the +world a new science who looked back over it and said, "I seem to +have been only a boy playing on the seashore * * * while the great +ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." That great ocean is +before us all. + + * * * + + The Widow's Mites + + +The great Teacher pointed to the widow who cast her two mites into +the treasury, and then to the rich men who had cast in much more. +"This poor widow hath cast in more than they all. For all these +have of their abundance cast in unto the offerings of God: but she +of her penury hath cast in all the living that she had." + +Tho the rich men had cast in more, yet it was only a part of their +possessions. The widow cast in less, but it was all she had. The +Master cared little what the footings of the money were in the +treasury. That is not why we give. We give to become great. The +widow had given all--had completely overcome her selfishness and +fear of want. + +Becoming great is overcoming our selfishness and fear. He that +saveth his life shall lose it, but he that loseth his life for the +advancement of the kingdom of happiness on earth shall find it +great and glorified. + +Our greatness therefore does not depend upon how much we give or +upon what we do, whether peeling potatoes or ruling a nation, but +upon the percentage of our output to our resources. Upon doing with +our might what our hands find to do. Quit worrying about what you +cannot get to do. Rejoice in doing the things you can get to do. +And as you are faithful over a few things you go up to be ruler +over many. + +The world says some of us have golden gifts and some have copper +gifts. But when we cast them all into the treasury of right +service, there is an alchemy that transmutes every gift into gold. +Every work is drudgery when done selfishly. Every work becomes +golden when done in a golden manner. + + * * * + + Finding the Great People + + +I do not know who fitted the boards into the floor I stand upon. I +do not know all the great people who may come and stand upon this +floor. But I do know that the one who made the floor--and the one +who sweeps it--is just as great as anybody in the world who may +come and stand upon it, if each be doing his work with the same +love, faithfulness and capability. + +We have to look farther than the "Who's Who" and Dun and Bradstreet +to make a roster of the great people of a community. You will find +the community heart in the precious handful who believe that the +service of God is the service of man. + +The great people of the community serve and sacrifice for a better +tomorrow. They are the faithful few who get behind the churches, +the schools, the lyceum and chautauqua, and all the other movements +that go upward. + +They are the ones who are "always trying to run things." They are +the happy ones, happy for the larger vision that comes as they go +higher by unselfish service. They are discovering that their +sweetest pay comes from doing many things they are not paid for. +They rarely get thanked, for the community does not often think of +thanking them until it comes time to draft the "resolutions of respect." + +I had to go to the mouth of a coal-mine in a little Illinois town, +to find the man the bureau had given as lyceum committeeman there. +I wondered what the grimy-faced man from the shaft, wearing the +miner's lamp in his cap, could possibly have to do with the lyceum +course. But I learned that he had all to do with it. He had sold +the tickets and had done all the managing. He was superintendent of +the Sunday school. He was the storm-center of every altruistic +effort in the town--the greatest man there, because the most +serviceable, tho he worked every day full time with his pick at his +bread-and-butter job. + +The great people are so busy serving that they have little time to +strut and pose in the show places. Few of them are "prominent +clubmen." You rarely find their names in the society page. They +rarely give "brilliant social functions." Their idle families +attend to such things. + + * * * + + A Glimpse of Gunsaulus + + +I found a great man lecturing at the chautauquas. He preaches in +Chicago on Sundays to thousands. He writes books and runs a college +he founded by his own preaching. He is the mainspring of so many +uplift movements that his name gets into the papers about every day, +and you read it in almost every committee doing good things in Chicago. + +He had broken away from Chicago to have a vacation. Many people +think that a vacation means going off somewhere and stretching out +under trees or letting the mind become a blank. But this Chicago +preacher went from one chautauqua town to another, and took his +vacation going up and down the streets. He dug into the local +history of each place, and before dinner he knew more about the +place than most of the natives. + +"There is a sermon for me," he would exclaim every half-hour. He +went to see people who were doing things. He went to see people who +were doing nothing. In every town he would discover somebody of +unusual attainment. He made every town an unusual town. He turned +the humdrum travel map into a wonderland. He scolded lazy towns and +praised enterprising ones. He stopped young fellows on the streets. +"What are you going to do in life?" Perhaps the young man would +say, "I have no chance." "You come to Chicago and I'll give you a +chance," the man on his vacation would reply. + +So this Chicago preacher was busy every day, working overtime on +his vacation. He was busy about other people's business. He did not +once ask the price of land, nor where there was a good investment +for himself, but every day he was trying to make an investment in +somebody else. + +His friends would sometimes worry about him. They would say, "Why +doesn't the doctor take care of himself, instead of taking care of +everybody else? He wears himself out for other people until he +hasn't strength enough left to lecture and do his own work." + +Sometimes they were right about that. + +But he that saveth his life shall lose it, and he that loseth his +life in loving service finds it returning to him great and +glorious. This man's preaching did not make him great. His college +did not make him great. His books did not make him great. These are +the by-products. His life of service for others makes him +great--makes his preaching, his college and his books great. + +This Chicago man gives his life into the service of humanity, and +it becomes the fuel to make the steam to accomplish the wonderful +things he does. Let him stop and "take care of himself," and his +career would stop. + +If he had begun life by "taking care of himself" and "looking out +for number one," stipulating in advance every cent he was to get +and writing it all down in the contract, most likely Dr. Frank W. +Gunsaulus would have remained a struggling, discouraged preacher in +the backwoods of Morrow county, Ohio. + + * * * + + Give It Now + + +Gunsaulus often says, "You are planning and saving and telling +yourself that afterwhile you are going to give great things and do +great things. Give it now! Give your dollar now, rather than your +thousands afterwhile. You need to give it now, and the world needs +to get it now." + + + + Chapter VI + + The Problem of "Preparedness" + + Preparing Children to Live + +THE problem of "preparedness" is the problem of preparing children +for life. All other kinds of "preparedness" fade into insignificance +before this. The history of nations shows that their strength was not +in the size of their armies and in the vastness of their population +and wealth, but in the strength and ideals of the individual citizens. + +As long as the nation was young and growing--as long as the people were +struggling and overcoming--that nation was strong. It was "prepared." + +But when the struggle stopped, the strength waned, for the strength +came from the struggle. When the people became materially +prosperous and surrendered to ease and indulgence, they became fat, +stall-fed weaklings. Then they fell a prey to younger, hardier peoples. + +Has the American nation reached that period? + +Many homes and communities have reached it. + +All over America are fathers and mothers who have struggled and +have become strong men and women thru their struggles, who are +saying, "Our children shall have better chances than we had. We are +living for our children. We are going to give them the best +education our money can buy." + +Then, forgetful of how they became strong, they plan to take away +from their children their birthright--their opportunity to become +strong and "prepared"--thru struggle and service and overcoming. + +Most "advantages" are disadvantages. Giving a child a chance +generally means getting out of his way. Many an orphan can be +grateful that he was jolted from his life-preserver and cruelly +forced to sink or swim. Thus he learned to swim. + +"We are going to give our children the best education our money can buy." + +They think they can buy an education--buy wisdom, strength and +understanding, and give it to them C. O. D! They seem to think they +will buy any brand they see--buy the home brand of education, or +else send off to New York or Paris or to "Sears Roebuck," and get +a bucketful or a tankful of education. If they are rich enough, +maybe they will have a private pipeline of education laid to their +home. They are going to force this education into them regularly +until they get them full of education. They are going to get them +fully inflated with education! + +Toll the bell! There's going to be a "blow out." Those inflated +children are going to have to run on "flat tires." + +Father and mother cannot buy their children education. All they can +do is to buy them some tools, perhaps, and open the gate and say, +"Sic 'em, Tige!" The children must get it themselves. + +A father and mother might as well say, "We will buy our children +the strength we have earned in our arms and the wisdom we have +acquired in a life of struggle." As well expect the athlete to give +them his physical development he has earned in years of exercise. +As well expect the musician to give them the technic he has +acquired in years of practice. As well expect the scholar to give +them the ability to think he has developed in years of study. As +well expect Moses to give them his spiritual understanding acquired +in a long life of prayer. + +They can show the children the way, but each child must make the journey. + +Here is a typical case. + + * * * + + The Story of "Gussie" + + +There was a factory town back East. Not a pretty town, but just a +great, dirty mill and a lot of little dirty houses around the mill. +The hands lived in the little dirty houses and worked six days of +the week in the big mill. + +There was a little, old man who went about that mill, often saying, +"I hain't got no book l'arnin' like the rest of you." He was the +man who owned the mill. He had made it with his own genius out of +nothing. He had become rich and honored. Every man in the mill +loved him like a father. + +He had an idolatry for a book. + +He also had a little pink son, whose name was F. Gustavus Adolphus. +The little old man often said, "I'm going to give that boy the best +education my money can buy." + +He began to buy it. He began to polish and sandpaper Gussie from +the minute the child could sit up in the cradle and notice things. +He sent him to the astrologer, the phrenologer and all other +"ologers" they had around there. When Gussie was old enough to +export, he sent the boy to one of the greatest universities in the +land. The fault was not with the university, not with Gussie, who +was bright and capable. + +The fault was with the little old man, who was so wise and great +about everything else, and so foolish about his own boy. In the +blindness of his love he robbed his boy of his birthright. + +The birthright of every child is the opportunity of becoming +great--of going up--of getting educated. + +Gussie had no chance to serve. Everything was handed to him on a +silver platter. Gussie went thru that university about like a steer +from Texas goes thru Mr. Armour's institute of packnology in +Chicago. Did you ever go over into Packingtown and see a steer +receive his education? + +You remember, then, that after he matriculates--after he gets the +grand bump, said steer does not have to do another thing. His +education is all arranged for in advance and he merely rides thru +and receives it. There is a row of professors with their sleeves +rolled up who give him the degrees. So as Mr. T. Steer of Panhandle +goes riding thru on that endless cable from his A-B-C's to his +eternal cold storage, each professor hits him a dab. He rides along +from department to department until he is canned. + +They "canned" Gussie. He had a man hired to study for him. He rode +from department to department. They upholstered him, enameled him, +manicured him, sugar-cured him, embalmed him. Finally Gussie was +done and the paint was dry. He was a thing of beauty. + + * * * + + +Gussie and Bill Whackem Gussie came back home with his education in +the baggage-car. It was checked. The mill shut down on a week day, +the first time in its history. The hands marched down to the depot, +and when the young lord alighted, the factory band played, "See, +the Conquering Hero Comes." + +A few years later the mill shut down again on a week day. There was +crape hanging on the office door. Men and women stood weeping in +the streets. The little old man had been translated. + +When they next opened up the mill, F. Gustavus Adolphus was at its head. +He had inherited the entire plant. "F. Gustavus Adolphus, President." + +Poor little peanut! He rattled. He had never grown great enough to +fill so great a place. In two years and seven months the mill was +a wreck. The monument of a father's lifetime was wrecked in two +years and seven months by the boy who had all the "advantages." + +So the mill was shut down the third time on a week day. It looked +as tho it never could open. But it did open, and when it opened it +had a new kind of boss. If I were to give the new boss a +descriptive name, I would call him "Bill Whackem." He was an +orphan. He had little chance. He had a new black eye almost every +day. But he seemed to fatten on bumps. Every time he was bumped he +would swell up. How fast he grew! He became the most useful man in +the community. People forgot all about Bill's lowly origin. They +got to looking up to him to start and run things. + +So when the courts were looking for somebody big enough to take +charge of the wrecked mill, they simply had to appoint Hon. William +Whackem. It was Hon. William Whackem who put the wreckage together and +made the wheels go round, and finally got the hungry town back to work. + + * * * + + Colleges Give Us Tools + + +After that a good many people said it was the college that made a +fool of Gussie. They said Bill succeeded so well because he never +went to one of "them highbrow schools." I am sorry to say I thought +that way for a good while. + +But now I see that Bill went up in spite of his handicaps. If he had +had Gussie's fine equipment he might have accomplished vastly more. + +The book and the college suffer at the hands of their friends. They +say to the book and the college, "Give us an education." They +cannot do that. You cannot get an education from the book and the +college any more than you can get to New York by reading a +travelers' guide. You cannot get physical education by reading a +book on gymnastics. + +The book and the college show you the way, give you instruction and +furnish you finer working tools. But the real education is the +journey you make, the strength you develop, the service you perform +with these instruments and tools. + +Gussie was in the position of a man with a very fine equipment of +tools and no experience in using them. Bill was the man with the +poor, homemade, crude tools, but with the energy, vision and +strength developed by struggle. + + * * * + + The "Hard Knocks Graduates" + + +For education is getting wisdom, understanding, strength, +greatness, physically, mentally and morally. I believe I know some +people liberally educated who cannot write their own names. But +they have served and overcome and developed great lives with the +poor, crude tools at their command. + +In almost every community are what we sometimes call "hard knocks +graduates"--people who have never been to college nor have studied +many or any books. Yet they are educated to the degree they have +acquired these elements of greatness in their lives. + +They realized how they have been handicapped by their poor mental tools. +That is why they say, "All my life I have been handicapped by lack of +proper preparation. Don't make my mistake, children, go to school." + +The young person with electrical genius will make an electrical +machine from a few bits of junk. But send him to Westinghouse and +see how much more he will achieve with the same genius and with +finer equipment. + +Get the best tools you can. But remember diplomas, degrees are not +an education, they are merely preparations. When you are thru with +the books, remember, you are having a commencement, not an +end-ment. You will discover with the passing years that life is +just one series of greater commencements. + +Go out with your fine equipment from your commencements into the +school of service and write your education in the only book you +ever can know--the book of your experience. + +That is what you know--what the courts will take as evidence when +they put you upon the witness stand. + + * * * + + The Tragedy of Unpreparedness + + +The story of Gussie and Bill Whackem is being written in every +community in tears, failure and heartache. It is peculiarly a +tragedy of our American civilization today. + +These fathers and mothers who toil and save, who get great farms, +fine homes and large bank accounts, so often think they can give +greatness to their children--they can make great places for them in +life and put them into them. + +They do all this and the children rattle. They have had no chance +to grow great enough for the places. The child gets the blame for +making the wreck, even as Gussie was blamed for wrecking his +father's plant, when the child is the victim. + +A man heard me telling the story of Gussie and Bill Whackem, and he +went out of my audience very indignant. He said he was very glad +his boy was not there to hear it. But that good, deluded father now +has his head bowed in shame over the career of his spoiled son. + +I rarely tell of it on a platform that at the close of the lecture +somebody does not take me aside and tell me a story just as sad +from that community. + +For years poor Harry Thaw was front-paged on the newspapers and +gibbeted in the pulpits as the shocking example of youthful +depravity. He seems never to have had a fighting chance to become +a man. He seems to have been robbed of his birthright from the +cradle. Yet the father of this boy who has cost America millions in +court and detention expenses was one of the greatest business +generals of the Keystone state. He could plat great coal empires +and command armies of men, but he seems to have been pitifully +ignorant of the fact that the barrel shakes. + +It is the educated, the rich and the worldly wise who blunder most in +the training of their children. Poverty is a better trainer for the rest. + +The menace of America lies not in the swollen fortunes, but in the +shrunken souls who inherit them. + +But Nature's eliminating process is kind to the race in the barrel +shaking down the rattlers. Somebody said it is only three +generations from shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves. + +How long this nation will endure depends upon how many Gussie boys +this nation produces. Steam heat is a fine thing, but do you notice +how few of our strong men get their start with steam heat? + + * * * + + Children, Learn This Early + + +You boys and girls, God bless you! You live in good homes. Father +and mother love you and give you everything you need. You get to +thinking, "I won't have to turn my hand over. Papa and mamma will +take care of me, and when they are gone I'll inherit everything +they have. I'm fixed for life." + +No, you are unfixed. You are a candidate for trouble. You are going +to rattle. Father and mother can be great and you can be a peanut. + +You must solve your own problems and carry your own loads to have +a strong mind and back. Anybody who does for you regularly what you +can do for yourself--anybody who gives you regularly what you can +earn for yourself, is robbing you of your birthright. + +Father and mother can put money in your pocket, ideas in your head +and food in your stomach, but you cannot own it save as you digest +it--put it into your life. + +I have read somewhere about a man who found a cocoon and put it in +his house where he could watch it develop. One day he saw a little +insect struggling inside the cocoon. It was trying to get out of +the envelope. It seemed in trouble and needed help. He opened the +envelope with a knife and set the struggling insect free. But out +came a monstrosity that soon died. It had an over-developed body +and under-developed wings. He learned that helping the insect was +killing it. He took away from it the very thing it had to have--the +struggle. For it was this struggle of breaking its own way out of +that envelope that was needed to reduce its body and develop its wings. + + * * * + + Not Packhorse Work + + +But remember there is little virtue in work unless it is getting us +somewhere. Just work that gets us three meals a day and a place to +lie down to sleep, then another day of the same grind, then a year +of it and years following until our machine is worn out and on the +junkpile, means little. "One day nearer home" for such a worker +means one day nearer the scrapheap. + +Such a worker is like the packhorse who goes forward to keep ahead +of the whip. Such a worker is the horse we used to have hitched to +the sorghum mill. Round and round that horse went, seeing nothing, +hearing nothing, his head down, without ambition enough to prick up +his ears. Such work deadens and stupefies. The masses work about +that way. They regard work as a necessary evil. They are +right--such work is a necessary evil, and they make it such. They +follow their nose. "Dumb, driven cattle." + +But getting a vision of life, and working to grow upward to it, +that is the work that brings the joy and the greatness. + +When we are growing and letting our faculties develop, we will love +even the packhorse job, because it is our "meal ticket" that +enables us to travel upward. + + * * * + + "Helping" the Turkeys + + +One time I put some turkey eggs under the mother hen and waited day +by day for them to hatch. And sure enough, one day the eggs began +to crack and the little turkeys began to stick their heads out of +the shells. Some of the little turkeys came out from the shells all +right, but some of them stuck in the shells. + +"Shell out, little turkeys, shell out," I urged, "for Thanksgiving +is coming. Shell out!" + +But they stuck to the shells. + +"Little turkeys, I'll have to help you. I'll have to shell you by +hand." So I picked the shells off. "Little turkeys, you will never +know how fortunate you are. Ordinary turkeys do not have these +advantages. Ordinary turkeys do not get shelled by hand." + +Did I help them? I killed them, or stunted them. Not one of the turkeys +was "right" that I helped. They were runts. One of them was a regular +Harry Thaw turkey. They had too many silk socks. Too many "advantages." + +Children, you must crack your own shells. You must overcome your +own obstacles to develop your own powers. + +A rich boy can succeed, but he has a poorer chance than a poor boy. The +cards are against him. He must succeed in spite of his "advantages." + +I am pleading for you to get a great arm, a great mind, a great +character, for the joy of having a larger life. I am pleading with +you to know the joy of overcoming and having the angels come and +minister to you. + + * * * + + Happiness in Our Work + + +Children, I am pleading with you to find happiness. All the world +is seeking happiness, but so many are seeking it by rattling down +instead of by shaking up. + +The happiness is in going up--in developing a greater arm, a +greater mind, a greater character. + +Happiness is the joy of overcoming. It is the delight of an +expanding consciousness. It is the cry of the eagle mounting +upward. It is the proof that we are progressing. + +We find happiness in our work, not outside of our work. If we +cannot find happiness in our work, we have the wrong job. Find the +work that fits your talents, and stop watching the clock and +planning vacations. + +Loving friends used to warn me against "breaking down." They scared +me into "taking care" of myself. And I got to taking such good care +of myself and watching for symptoms that I became a physical wreck. + +I saved myself by getting busier. I plunged into work I love. I +found my job in my work, not away from it, and the work refreshed +me and rejuvenated me. Now I do two men's work, and have grown from +a skinny, fretful, nervous wreck into a hearty, happy man. This has +been a great surprise to my friends and a great disappointment to +the undertaker. I am an editor in the daytime and a lecturer at night. + +I edit all day and take a vacation lecturing at night. I lecture +almost every day of the year--maybe two or three times some +days--and then take a vacation by editing and writing. Thus every +day is jam full of play and vacation and good times. The year is +one round of joy, and I ought to pay people for the privilege of +speaking and writing to them instead of them paying me! + +If I did not like my work, of course, I would be carrying a +terrible burden and would speedily collapse. + +You see, I have no time nowadays to break down. I have no time to +think and grunt and worry about my body. And like Paul I am happy +to be "absent from the body and present with the Lord." Thus this +old body behaves just beautifully and wags along like the tail +follows the dog when I forget all about it. The grunter lets the +tail wag the dog. + + * * * + + +I have never known a case of genuine "overwork." I have never known +of anyone killing himself by working. But I have known of +multitudes killing themselves by taking vacations. + +The people who think they are overworking are merely overworrying. +This is one species of selfishness. + +To worry is to doubt God. + +To work at the things you love, or for those you love, is to turn +work into play and duty into privilege. + +When we love our work, it is not work, it is life. + + * * * + + Many Kinds of Drunkards + + +The world is trying to find happiness in being amused. The world is +amusement-mad. Vacations, Coca Cola and moviemania! + +What a sad, empty lot of rattlers! Look over the bills of the +movies, look over the newsstands and see a picture of the popular +mind, for these places keep just what the people want to buy. What +a lot of mental frog-pond and moral slum our boys and girls wade thru! + +There are ten literary drunkards to one alcoholic drunkard. There +are a hundred amusement drunkards to one victim of strong drink. +And all just as hard to cure. + +We have to have amusement, but if we fill our lives with nothing +but amusement, we never grow. We go thru our lives babies with new +rattleboxes and "sugar-tits." + +Almost every day as I go along the street to some hall to lecture, I +hear somebody asking, "What are they going to have in the hall tonight?" + +"Going to have a lecture." + +"Lecture?" said with a shiver as tho it was "small pox." "I ain't +goin'. I don't like lectures." + +The speaker is perfectly honest. He has no place to put a lecture. +I am not saying that he should attend my lecture, but I am grieving +at what underlies his remark. He does not want to think. He wants +to follow his nose around. Other people generally lead his nose. +The man who will not make the effort to think is the great menace +to the nation. The crowd that drifts and lives for amusement is the +crowd that finds itself back near the caboose, and as the train of +progress leaves them, they wail, they "never had no chanct." They +want to start a new party to reform the government. + + * * * + + The Lure of the City + + +Do you ever get lonely in a city? How few men and women there. A +jam of people, most of them imitations--most of them trying to look +like they get more salary. Poor, hungry, doped butterflies of the +bright lights,--hopers, suckers and straphangers! Down the great +white way they go chasing amusement to find happiness. They must be +amused every moment, even when they eat, or they will have to be +alone with their empty lives. + +The Prodigal Son came to himself afterwhile and thought upon his +ways. Then he arose and went to his father's house. Whenever one +will stop chasing amusements long enough to think upon his ways, he +will arise and go to his father's house of wisdom. But there is no +hope for the person who will not stop and think. And the devil +works day and night shifts keeping the crowd moving on. + +That is why the crowd is not furnishing the strong men and women. + +We must have amusement and relaxation. Study your muscles. First +they contract, then they relax. But the muscle that goes on +continually relaxing is degenerating. And the individual, the +community, the nation that goes on relaxing without +contracting--without struggling and overcoming--is degenerating. + +The more you study your muscles, the more you learn that while one +muscle is relaxing another is contracting. So you must learn that +your real relaxation, vacation and amusement, are merely changing +over to contracting another set of muscles. + +Go to the bank president's office, go to the railroad magnate's +office, go to the great pulpit, to the college chair--go to any +place of great responsibility in a city and ask the one who fills +the place, "Were you born in this city?" + +The reply is almost a monotony. "I born in this city? No, I was +born in Poseyville, Indiana, and I came to this city forty years +ago and went to work at the bottom." + +He glows as he tells you of some log-cabin home, hillside or +farmside where he struggled as a boy. Personally, I think this +log-cabin ancestry has been over-confessed for campaign purposes. +Give us steam heat and push-buttons. There is no virtue in a +log-cabin, save that there the necessity for struggle that brings +strength is most in evidence. There the young person gets the +struggle and service that makes for strength and greatness. And as +that young person comes to the city and shakes in the barrel among +the weaklings of the artificial life, he rises above them like the +eagle soars above a lot of chattering sparrows. + +The cities do not make their own steam. The little minority from +the farms controls the majority. The red blood of redemption flows +from the country year by year into the national arteries, else +these cities would drop off the map. + +If it were not for Poseyville, Indiana, Chicago would disappear. If it +were not for Poseyville, New York would disintegrate for lack of leaders. + + * * * + + "Hep" and "Pep" for the Home Town + + +But so many of the home towns of America are sick. Many are dying. +Many are dead. + +It is the lure of the city--and the lure-lessness of the country. +The town the young people leave is the town the young people ought +to leave. Somebody says, "The reason so many young people go to +hell is because they have no other place to go." + +What is the matter with the small town? Do not blame it all upon +the city mail order house. With rural delivery, daily papers, +telephones, centralized schools, automobiles and good roads, there +are no more delightful places in the world to live than in the +country or in the small town. They have the city advantages plus +sunshine, air and freedom that the crowded cities cannot have. + +I asked the keeper who was showing me thru the insane asylum at +Weston, West Virginia, "You say you have nearly two thousand insane +people in this institution and only a score of guards to keep them +in. Aren't you in danger? What is to hinder these insane people +from getting together, organizing, overpowering the few guards and +breaking out?" + +The keeper was not in the least alarmed at the question. He smiled. +"Many people say that. But they don't understand. If these people +could get together they wouldn't be in this asylum. They are +insane. No two of them can agree upon how to get together and how +to break out. So a few of us can hold them." + +It would be almost unkind to carry this further, but I have been +thinking ever since that about three-fourths of the small towns of +America have one thing in common with the asylum folks--they can't +get together. They cannot organize for the public good. They break +up into little antagonistic social, business and even religious +factions and neutralize each other's efforts. + +A lot of struggling churches compete with each other instead of +massing for the common good. And when the churches fight, the devil +stays neutral and furnishes the munitions for both sides. + +So the home towns stagnate and the young people with visions go +away to the cities where opportunity seems to beckon. Ninety-nine +out of a hundred of them will jostle with the straphangers all +their lives, mere wheels turning round in a huge machine. +Ninety-nine out of a hundred of them might have had a larger +opportunity right back in the home town, had the town been awake +and united and inviting. + +We must make the home town the brightest, most attractive, most +promising place for the young people. No home town can afford to +spend its years raising crops of young people for the cities. That +is the worst kind of soil impoverishment--all going out and nothing +coming back. That is the drain that devitalizes the home towns more +than all the city mail order houses. + +America is to be great, not in the greatness of a few crowded +cities, but in the greatness of innumerable home towns. + +The slogan today should be, For God and Home and the Home Town! + + * * * + + A School of Struggle + + +Dr. Henry Solomon Lehr, founder of the Ohio Northern University at +Ada, Ohio, one of Ohio's greatest educators, used to say with +pride, "Our students come to school; they are not sent." + +He encouraged his students to be self-supporting, and most of them +were working their way thru school. He made the school calendar and +courses elastic to accommodate them. He saw the need of combining +the school of books with the school of struggle. He organized his +school into competing groups, so that the student who had no +struggle in his life would at least have to struggle with the +others during his schooling. + + +He pitted class against class. He organized great literary and +debating societies to compete with each other. He arranged contests +for the military department. His school was one surging mass of +contestants. Yet each student felt no compulsion. Rather he felt +that he was initiating an individual or class effort to win. The +literary societies vied with each other in their programs and in +getting new members, going every term to unbelievable efforts to +win over the others. They would go miles out on the trains to +intercept new students, even to their homes in other states. Each +old student pledged new students in his home country. The military +companies turned the school into a military camp for weeks each +year, scarcely sleeping while drilling for a contest flag. + +Those students went out into the world trained to struggle. I do +not believe there is a school in America with a greater alumni roll +of men and women of uniformly greater achievement. + +I believe the most useful schools today are schools of struggle +schools offering encouragement and facilities for young people to +work their way thru and to act upon their own initiative. + + * * * + + Men Needed More Than Millions + + +We are trying a new educational experiment today. + +The old "deestrick" school is passing, and with it the small +academies and colleges, each with its handful of students around a +teacher, as in the old days of the lyceum in Athens, when the +pupils sat around the philosopher in the groves. + +From these schools came the makers and the preservers of the nation. + +Today we are building wonderful public schools with equally +wonderful equipment. Today we are replacing the many small colleges +with a few great centralized state normal schools and state +universities. We are spending millions upon them in laboratories, +equipment and maintenance. Today we scour the earth for specialists +to sit in the chairs and speak the last word in every department of +human research. + +O, how the students of the "dark ages" would have rejoiced to see +this day! Many of them never saw a germ! + +But each student has the same definite effort to make in +assimilation today as then. Knowing and growing demand the same +personal struggle in the cushions of the "frat" house as back on +the old oak-slab bench with its splintered side up. + +I am anxiously awaiting the results. I am hoping that the boys and +girls who come out in case-lots from these huge school plants will +not be rows of lithographed cans on the shelves of life. I am +hoping they will not be shorn of their individuality, but will have +it stimulated and unfettered. I am anxious that they be not +veneered but inspired, not denatured but discovered. + +All this school machinery is only machinery. Back of it must be +men--great men. I am anxious that the modern school have the modern +equipment demanded to serve the present age. But I am more anxious +that each student come in vital touch with great men. We get life +from life, not from laboratories, and we have life more abundantly +as our lives touch greater lives. + +A school is vastly more than machinery, methods, microscopes and millions. + +Many a small school struggling to live thinks that all it needs is +endowment, when the fact is that its struggle for existence and the +spirit of its teachers are its greatest endowment. And sometimes +when the money endowment comes the spiritual endowment goes in +fatty degeneration. Some schools seem to have been visited by +calamities in the financial prosperity that has engulfed them. + +Can we keep men before millions, and keep our ideals untainted by +foundations? That is the question the age is asking. + +You and I are very much interested in the answer. + + + + Chapter VII + + The Salvation of a "Sucker" + + The Fiddle and the Tuning + +HOW long it takes to learn things! I think I was thirty-four years +learning one sentence, "You can't get something for nothing." I +have not yet learned it. Every few days I stumble over it somewhere. + +For that sentence utters one of the fundamentals of life that +underlies every field of activity. + +What is knowing? + +One day a manufacturer took me thru his factory where he makes +fiddles. Not violins--fiddles. + +A violin is only a fiddle with a college education. + +I have had the feeling ever since that you and I come into this +world like the fiddle comes from the factory. We have a body and a +neck. That is about all there is either to us or to the fiddle. We +are empty. We have no strings. We have no bow--yet! + +When the human fiddles are about six years old they go into the +primary schools and up thru the grammar grades, and get the first +string--the little E string. The trouble is so many of these human +fiddles think they are an orchestra right away. They want to quit +school and go fiddling thru life on this one string! + +We must show these little fiddles they must go back into school and +go up thru all the departments and institutions necessary to give +them the full complement of strings for their life symphonies. + +After all this there comes the commencement, and the violin comes +forth with the E, A, D and G strings all in place. Educated now? +Why is a violin? To wear strings? Gussie got that far and gave a +lot of discord. The violin is to give music. + +So there is much yet to do after getting the strings. All the book +and college can do is to give the strings--the tools. After that +the violin must go into the great tuning school of life. Here the +pegs are turned and the strings are put in tune. The music is the +knowing. Learning is tuning. + +You do not know what you have memorized, you know what you have +vitalized, what you have written in the book of experience. + +Gussie says, "I have read it in a book." Bill Whackem says," I know!" + + * * * + + Reading and Knowing + + +All of us are Christopher Columbuses, discovering the same new-old +continents of Truth. That is the true happiness of +life--discovering Truth. We read things in a book and have a hazy +idea of them. We hear the preacher utter truths and we say with +little feeling, "Yes, that is so." We hear the great truths of life +over and over and we are not excited. Truth never excites--it is +falsehood that excites--until we discover it in our lives. Until we +see it with our own eyes. Then there is a thrill. Then the old +truth becomes a new blessing. Then the oldest, driest platitude +crystallizes into a flashing jewel to delight and enrich our +consciousness. This joy of discovery is the joy of living. + +There is such a difference between reading a thing and knowing a +thing. We could read a thousand descriptions of the sun and not +know the sun as in one glimpse of it with our own eyes. + +I used to stand in the row of blessed little rascals in the +"deestrick" school and read from McGuffey's celebrated literature, +"If--I-p-p-play--with--the--f-f-f-i-i-i-i-r-r-e--I--will--g-e-e-et +--my-y-y-y-y--f-f-f-f--ingers--bur-r-r-rned--period!" + +I did not learn it. I wish I had learned by reading it that if I +play with the fire I will get my fingers burned. I had to slap my +hands upon hot stoves and coffee-pots, and had to get many kinds of +blisters in order to learn it. + +Then I had to go around showing the blisters, boring my friends and +taking up a collection of sympathy. "Look at my bad luck!" Fool! + +This is not a lecture. It is a confession! It seems to me if you in +the audience knew how little I know, you wouldn't stay. + + * * * + + "You Can't Get Something for Nothing" + + +Yes, I was thirty-four years learning that one sentence. "You can't +get something for nothing." That is, getting it in partial tune. It +took me so long because I was naturally bright. It takes that kind +longer than a human being. They are so smart you cannot teach them +with a few bumps. They have to be pulverized. + +That sentence takes me back to the days when I was a "hired man" on +the farm. You might not think I had ever been a "hired man" on the +farm at ten dollars a month and "washed, mended and found." You see +me here on this platform in my graceful and cultured manner, and +you might not believe that I had ever trained an orphan calf to +drink from a copper kettle. But I have fed him the fingers of this +hand many a time. You might not think that I had ever driven a yoke +of oxen and had said the words. But I have! + +I remember the first county fair I ever attended. Fellow sufferers, +you may remember that at the county fair all the people sort out to +their own departments. Some people go to the canned fruit +department. Some go to the fancywork department. Some go to the +swine department. Everybody goes to his own department. Even the +"suckers"! Did you ever notice where they go? That is where I +went--to the "trimming department." + +I was in the "trimming department" in five minutes. Nobody told me +where it was. I didn't need to be told. I gravitated there. The +barrel always shakes all of one size to one place. You notice +that--in a city all of one size get together. + +Right at the entrance to the "local Midway" I met a gentleman. I +know he was a gentleman because he said he was a gentleman. He had +a little light table he could move quickly. Whenever the climate +became too sultry he would move to greener pastures. On that table +were three little shells in a row, and there was a little pea under +the middle shell. I saw it there, being naturally bright. I was the +only naturally bright person around the table, hence the only one +who knew under which shell the little round pea was hidden. + +Even the gentleman running the game was fooled. He thought it was +under the end shell and bet me money it was under the end shell. +You see, this was not gambling, this was a sure thing. (It was!) +I had saved up my money for weeks to attend the fair. I bet it all +on that middle shell. I felt bad. It seemed like robbing father. +And he seemed like a real nice old gentleman, and maybe he had a +family to keep. But I would teach him a lesson not to "monkey" with +people like me, naturally bright. + +But I needn't have felt bad. I did not rob father. Father cleaned +me out of all I had in about five seconds. + +I went over to the other side of the fairgrounds and sat down. That +was all I had to do now--just go, sit down. I couldn't see the +mermaid now or get into the grandstand. + +Sadly I thought it all over, but I did not get the right answer. I said +the thing every fool does say when he gets bumped and fails to learn +the lesson from the bump. I said, "Next time I shall be more careful." + +When anybody says that he is due for a return date. + + * * * + + I Bought the Soap + + +Learn? No! Within a month I was on the street a Saturday night when +another gentleman drove into town. He stopped on the public square +and stood up in his buggy. "Let the prominent citizens gather +around me, for I am going to give away dollars." + +Immediately all the prominent "suckers" crowded around the buggy. +"Gentlemen, I am introducing this new medicinal soap that cures all +diseases humanity is heir to. Now just to introduce and advertise, +I am putting these cakes of Wonder Soap in my hat. You see I am +wrapping a ten-dollar bill around one cake and throwing it into the +hat. Now who will give me five dollars for the privilege of taking a +cake of this wonderful soap from my hat--any cake you want, gentlemen!" + +And right on top of the pile was the cake with the ten wrapped +around it! I jumped over the rest to shove my five (two weeks' farm +work) in his hands and grab that bill cake. But the bill +disappeared. I never knew where it went. The man whipped up his +horse and also disappeared. I never knew where he went. + + * * * + + My "Fool Drawer" + + +I grew older and people began to notice that I was naturally bright +and therefore good picking. They began to let me in on the ground +floor. Did anybody ever let you in on the ground floor? I never +could stick. Whenever anybody let me in on the ground floor it +seemed like I would always slide on thru and land in the cellar. + +I used to have a drawer in my desk I called my "fool drawer." I +kept my investments in it. I mean, the investments I did not have +to lock up. You get the pathos of that--the investments nobody +wanted to steal. And whenever I would get unduly inflated I would +open that drawer and "view the remains." + +I had in that drawer the deed to my Oklahoma corner-lots. Those +lots were going to double next week. But they did not double I +doubled. They still exist on the blueprint and the Oklahoma +metropolis on paper is yet a wide place in the road. + +I had in that drawer my deed to my rubber plantation. Did you ever hear +of a rubber plantation in Central America? That was mine. I had there +my oil propositions. What a difference, I have learned, between an +oil proposition and an oil well! The learning has been very expensive. + +I used to wonder how I ever could spend my income. I do not wonder +now. I wonder how I will make it. + +I had in that drawer my "Everglade" farm. Did you ever hear of the +"Everglades"? I have an aligator ranch there. It is below the +frost-line, also below the water-line. I will sell it by the gallon. + +I had also a bale of mining stock. I had stock in gold mines and +silver mines. Nobody knows how much mining stock I have owned. +Nobody could know while I kept that drawer shut. As I looked over +my gold and silver mine stock, I often noticed that it was printed +in green. I used to wonder why they printed it in green--wonder if +they wanted it to harmonize with me! And I would realize I had so +much to live for--the dividends. I have been so near the dividends +I could smell them. Only one more assessment, then we will cut the +melon! I have heard that all my life and never got a piece of the rind. + + * * * + + Getting "Selected" + + +Why go farther? I am not half done confessing. Each bump only +increased my faith that the next ship would be mine. Good, honest, +retired ministers would come periodically and sell me stock in some +new enterprise that had millions in it--in its prospectus. I would +buy because I knew the minister was honest and believed in it. He +was selling it on his reputation. Favorite dodge of the promoter to +get the ministers to sell his shares. + +I was also greatly interested in companies where I put in one +dollar and got back a dollar or two of bonds and a dollar or two of +stock. That was doubling and trebling my money over night. An old +banker once said to me, "Why don't you invest in something that +will pay you five or six per cent. and get it?" + +I pitied his lack of vision. Bankers were such "tightwads." They +had no imagination! Nothing interested me that did not offer fifty +or a hundred per cent.--then. Give me the five per cent. now! + +By the time I was thirty-four I was a rich man in worthless paper. +It would have been better for me if I had thrown about all my +savings into the bottom of the sea. + +Then I got a confidential letter from a friend of our family I had +never met. His name was Thomas A. Cleage, and he was in the Rialto +Building, St. Louis, Missouri. He wrote me in extreme confidence, +"You have been selected." + +Were you ever selected? If you were, then you know the thrill that +rent my manly bosom as I read that letter from this man who said he +was a friend of our family. "You have been selected because you are +a prominent citizen and have a large influence in your community. +You are a natural leader and everybody looks up to you." + +He knew me! He was the only man who did know me. So I took the +cork clear under. + +"Because of your tremendous influence you have been selected to go +in with us in the inner circle and get a thousand per cent. dividends." + +Did you get that? I hope you did. I did not! But I took a night +train for St. Louis. I was afraid somebody might beat me there if +I waited till next day. I sat up all night in a day coach to save +money for Tom, the friend of our family. But I see now I need not +have hurried so. They would have waited a month with the +sheep-shears ready. Lambie, lambie, lambie, come to St. Louis! + +I don't get any sympathy from this crowd. You laugh at me. You +respect not my feelings. I am not going to tell you a thing that +happened in St. Louis. It is none of your business! + +O, I am so glad I went to St. Louis. Being naturally bright, I +could not learn it at home, back in Ohio. I had to go clear down to +St. Louis to Tom Cleage's bucket-shop and pay him eleven hundred +dollars to corner the wheat market of the world. That is all I paid +him. I could not borrow any more. I joined what he called a "pool." I +think it must have been a pool, for I know I fell in and got soaked! + +That bump set me to thinking. My fever began to reduce. I got the thirty- +third degree in financial suckerdom for only eleven hundred dollars. + +I have always regarded Tom as one of my great school teachers. I +have always regarded the eleven hundred as the finest investment I +had made up to that time, for I got the most out of it. I do not +feel hard toward goldbrick men and "blue sky" venders. I sometimes +feel that we should endow them. How else can we save a sucker? You +cannot tell him anything, because he is naturally bright and knows +better. You simply have to trim him till he bleeds. + + * * * + + I Am Cured + + +It is worth eleven hundred dollars every day to know that one +sentence, You cannot get something for nothing. Life just begins to +get juicy when you know it. Today when I open a newspaper and see +a big ad, "Grasp a Fortune Now!" I will not do it! I stop my +subscription to that paper. I simply will not take a paper with +that ad in it, for I have graduated from that class. + +I will not grasp a fortune now. Try me, I dare you! Bring a +fortune right up on this platform and put it down there on the +floor. I will not grasp it. Come away, it is a coffee-pot! + +Today when somebody offers me much more than the legal rate of +interest I know he is no friend of our family. + +If he offers me a hundred per cent. I call for the police! + +Today when I get a confidential letter that starts out, "You have +been selected--" I never read farther than the word "selected." +Meeting is adjourned. I select the waste-basket. Here, get in there +just as quick as you can. I was selected! + + +O, Absalom, Absalom, my son, my son! Learn it early in life. The +law of compensation is never suspended. You only own what you earn. +You can't get something for nothing. If you do not learn it, you +will have to be "selected." There is no other way for you, because +you are naturally bright. When you get a letter, "You have been +selected to receive a thousand per cent. dividends," it means you +have been selected to receive this bunch of blisters because you +look like the biggest sucker on the local landscape. + +The other night in a little town of perhaps a thousand, a banker +took me up into his office after the lecture in which I had related +some of the above experiences. "The audience laughed with you and +thought it very funny," said he. "I couldn't laugh. It was too +pathetic. It was a picture of what is going on in our own little +community year after year. I wish you could see what I have to see. +I wish you could see the thousands of hard-earned dollars that go +out of our community every year into just such wildcat enterprises +as you described. The saddest part of it is that the money nearly +always goes out of the pockets of the people who can least afford +to lose it." + +Absalom, wake up! This is bargain night for you. I paid eleven +hundred dollars to tell you this one thing, and you get it for a +dollar or two. This is no cheap lecture. It cost blood. + +Learn that the gambler never owns his winnings. The man who +accumulates by sharp practices or by undue profits never owns it. +Even the young person who has large fortune given him does not own +it. We only own what we have rendered definite service to bound. +The owning is in the understanding of values. + +This is true physically, mentally, morally. You only own what you +have earned and stored in your life, not merely in your pocket, +stomach or mind. + +I often think if it takes me thirty-four years to begin to learn +one sentence, I see the need of an eternity. + +To me that is one of the great arguments for eternal life--how slowly +I learn, and how much there is to learn. It will take an eternity! + + * * * + + Those Commencement Orations + + +The young person says, "By next June I shall have finished my education." +Bless them all! They will have put another string on their fiddle. + +After they "finish" they have a commencement, not an end-ment, as +they think. This is not to sneer, but to cheer. Isn't it glorious +that life is one infinite succession of commencements and promotions! + +I love to attend commencements. The stage is so beautifully +decorated and the joy of youth is everywhere. There is a row of +geraniums along the front of the stage and a big oleander on the +side. There is a long-whiskered rug in the middle. The graduates +sit in a semicircle upon the stage in their new patent leather. I +know how it hurts. It is the first time they have worn it. + +Then they make their orations. Every time I hear their orations I +like them better, because every year I am getting younger. Damsel +Number One comes forth and begins: + +"Beyond the Alps (sweep arms forward to the left, left arm leading) +lieth Italy!" (Bring arms down, letting fingers follow the wrist. +How embarrassing at a commencement for the fingers not to follow +the wrist! It is always a shock to the audience when the wrist +sweeps downward and the fingers remain up in the air. So by all +means, let the fingers follow the wrist, just as the elocution +teacher marked on page 69.) + +Applause, especially from relatives. + +Sweet Girl Graduate Number 2, generally comes second. S. G. G. No. +2 stands at the same leadpencil mark on the floor, resplendent in +a filmy creation caught with something or other. + +"We (hands at half-mast and separating) are rowing (business of +propelling aerial boat with two fingers of each hand, head +inclined). We are not drifting (hands slide downward)." + +Children, we are not laughing at you. We are laughing at ourselves. +We are laughing the happy laugh at how we have learned these great +truths that you have memorized, but not vitalized. + +You get the most beautiful and sublime truths from Emerson's +essays. (How did they ever have commencements before Emerson?) But +that is not knowing them. You cannot know them until you have lived +them. It is a grand thing to say, "Beyond the Alps lieth Italy," +but you can never really say that until you know it by struggling +up over Alps of difficulty and seeing the Italy of promise and +victory beyond. It is fine to say, "We are rowing and not drifting," +but you cannot really say that until you have pulled on the oar. + +O, Gussie, get an oar! + + * * * + + My Maiden Sermon + + +Did you ever hear a young preacher, just captured, just out of a factory? +Did you ever hear him preach his "maiden sermon"? I wish you had heard +mine. I had a call. At least, I thought I had a call. I think now I +was "short-circuited." The "brethren" waited upon me and told me I had +been "selected": Maybe this was a local call, not long distance. + +They gave me six weeks in which to load the gospel gun and get +ready for my try-out. I certainly loaded it to the muzzle. + +But I made the mistake I am trying to warn you against. Instead of +going to the one book where I might have gotten a sermon--the book +of my experience, I went to the books in my father's library. "As +the poet Shakespeare has so beautifully said," and then I took a +chunk of Shakespeare and nailed it on page five of my sermon. "List +to the poet Tennyson." Come here, Lord Alfred. So I soldered these +fragments from the books together with my own native genius. I +worked that sermon up into the most beautiful splurges and spasms. +I bedecked it with metaphors and semaphores. I filled it with +climaxes, both wet and dry. I had a fine wet climax on page +fourteen, where I had made a little mark in the margin which meant +"cry here." This was the spilling-point of the wet climax. I was to +cry on the lefthand side of the page. + +I committed it all to memory, and then went to a lady who taught +expression, to get it expressed. You have to get it expressed. + +I got the most beautiful gestures nailed into almost every page. +You know about gestures--these things you make with your arms in +the air as you speak. You can notice it on me yet. + +I am not sneering at expression. Expression is a noble art. All +life is expression. But you have to get something to express. Here +I made my mistake. I got a lot of fine gestures. I got an +express-wagon and got no load for it. So it rattled. I got a +necktie, but failed to get any man to hang it upon. I got up before +a mirror for six weeks, day by day, and said the sermon to the +glass. It got so it would run itself. I could have gone to sleep +and that sermon would not have hesitated. + +Then came the grand day. The boy wonder stood forth and before his +large and enthusiastic concourse delivered that maiden sermon more +grandly than ever to a mirror. Every gesture went off the bat +according to the blueprint. I cried on page fourteen! I never knew +it was in me. But I certainly got it all out that day! + +Then I did another fine thing, I sat down. I wish now I had done +that earlier. I wish now I had sat down before I got up. I was the +last man out of the church--and I hurried. But they beat me +out--all nine of them. When I went out the door, the old sexton +said as he jiggled the key in the door to hurry me, "Don't feel +bad, bub, I've heerd worse than that. You're all right, bub, but +you don't know nothin' yet." + +I cried all the way to town. If he had plunged a dagger into me he +would not have hurt me so much. It has taken some years to learn +that the old man was right. I had wonderful truth in that sermon. +No sermon ever had greater truth, but I had not lived it. The old +man meant I did not know my own sermon. + + * * * + + +So, children, when you prepare your commencement oration, write +about what you know best, what you have lived. If you know more +about peeling potatoes than about anything else, write about +"Peeling Potatoes," and you are most likely to hear the applause +peal from that part of your audience unrelated to you. + +Out of every thousand books published, perhaps nine hundred of them +do not sell enough to pay the cost of printing them. As you study +the books that do live, you note that they are the books that have +been lived. Perhaps the books that fail have just as much of truth +in them and they may even be better written, yet they lack the +vital impulse. They come out of the author's head. The books that +live must come out of his heart. They are his own life. They come +surging and pulsating from the book of his experience. + +The best part of our schooling comes not from the books, but from +the men behind the books. + +We study agriculture from books. That does not make us an +agriculturist. We must take a hoe and go out and agricult. That is +the knowing in the doing. + + * * * + + You Must Live Your Song + + + "There was never a picture painted, + There was never a poem sung, + But the soul of the artist fainted, + And the poet's heart was wrung." + + +So many young people think because they have a good voice and they have +cultivated it, they are singers. All this cultivation and irritation +and irrigation and gargling of the throat are merely symptoms of +a singer--merely neckties. Singers look better with neckties. + +They think the song comes from the diaphragm. But it comes from the heart, +chaperoned by the diaphragm. You cannot sing a song you have not lived. + +Jessie was singing the other day at a chautauqua. She has a +beautiful voice, and she has been away to "Ber-leen" to have it +attended to. She sang that afternoon in the tent, "The Last Rose of +Summer." She sang it with every note so well placed, with the +sweetest little trills and tendrils, with the smile exactly like +her teacher had taught her. Jessie exhibited all the machinery and +trimmings for the song, but she had no steam, no song. She sang the +notes. She might as well have sung, "Pop, Goes the Weasel." + +The audience politely endured Jessie. That night a woman sang in +the same tent "The Last Rose of Summer." She had never been to +Berlin, but she had lived that song. She didn't dress the notes +half so beautifully as Jessie did, but she sang it with the +tremendous feeling it demands. The audience went wild. It was a +case of Gussie and Bill Whackem. + +All this was gall and wormwood to Jessie. "Child," I said to her, +"this is the best singing lesson you have ever had. Your study is +all right and you have a better voice than that woman, but you +cannot sing "The Last Rose of Summer" yet, for you do not know very +much about the first rose of summer. And really, I hope you'll +never know the ache and disappointment you must know before you can +sing that song, for it is the sob of a broken-hearted woman. Learn +to sing the songs you have lived." + +Why do singers try to execute songs beyond the horizon of their +lives? That is why they "execute" them. + + * * * + + The Success of a Song-Writer + + +The guest of honor at a dinner in a Chicago club was a woman who is +one of the widely known song-writers of this land. As I had the +good fortune to be sitting at table with her I wanted to ask her, +"How did you get your songs known? How did you know what kind of +songs the people want to sing?" + +But in the hour she talked with her friends around the table I +found the answer to every question. "Isn't it good to be here? +Isn't it great to have friends and a fine home and money?" she +said. "I have had such a struggle in my life. I have lived on one +meal a day and didn't know where the next meal was coming from. I +know what it is to be left alone in the world upon my own +resources. I have had years of struggle. I have been sick and +discouraged and down and out. It was in my little back-room, the +only home I had, that I began to write songs. I wrote them for my +own relief. I was writing my own life, just what was in my own +heart and what the struggles were teaching me. No one is more +surprised and grateful that the world seems to love my songs and +asks for more of them." + +The woman was Carrie Jacobs-Bond, who wrote "The Perfect Day," +"Just a Wearyin' for You," "His Lullaby" and many more of those +simple little songs so full of the pathos and philosophy of life +that they tug at your heart and moisten your eyes. + +Anybody could write those songs--just a few simple words and notes. +No. Books of theory and harmony and expression only teach us how to +write the words and where to place the notes. These are not the +song, but only the skeleton into which our own life must breathe +the life of the song. + +The woman who sat there clad in black, with her sweet, expressive +face crowned with silvery hair, had learned to write her songs in +the University of Hard Knocks. She here became the song philosopher +she is today. Her defeats were her victories. If Carrie Jacobs-Bond +had never struggled with discouragement, sickness, poverty and +loneliness, she never would have been able to write the songs that +appeal to the multitudes who have the same battles. + +The popular song is the song that best voices what is in the +popular heart. And while we have a continual inundation of popular +songs that are trashy and voice the tawdriest human impulses, yet +it is a tribute to the good elements in humanity that the +wholesome, uplifting sentiments in Carrie Jacobs-Bond's songs +continue to hold their popularity. + + * * * + + Theory and Practice + + +My friends, I am not arguing that you and I must drink the dregs of +defeat, or that our lives must fill up with poverty or sorrow, or +become wrecks. But I am insisting upon what I see written all +around me in the affairs of everyday life, that none of us will +ever know real success in any line of human endeavor until that +success flows from the fullness of our experience just as the songs +came from the life of Carrie Jacobs-Bond. + +The world is full of theorists, dreamers, uplifters, reformers, who +have worthy visions but are not able to translate them into +practical realities. They go around with their heads in the clouds, +looking upward, and half the time their feet are in the flower-beds +or trampling upon their fellow men they dream of helping. Their +ideas must be forged into usefulness available for this day upon +the anvil of experience. + +Many of the most brilliant theorists have been the greatest +failures in practice. + +There are a thousand who can tell you what is the matter with +things to one person who can give you a practical way to fix them. + +I used to have respect amounting to reverence for great readers and +book men. I used to know a man who could tell in what book almost +anything you could think of was discussed, and perhaps the page. He +was a walking library index. I thought him a most wonderful man. +Indeed, in my childhood I thought he was the greatest man in the world. + +He was a remarkable man--a great reader and with a memory that +retained it all. That man could recite chapters and volumes. He could +give you almost any date. He could finish almost any quotation. +His conversation was largely made up of classical quotations. + +But he was one of the most helpless men I have ever seen in +practical life. He seemed to be unable to think and reason for +himself. He could quote a page of John Locke, but somehow the page +didn't supply the one sentence needed for the occasion. The man was +a misfit on earth. He was liable to put the gravy in his coffee +and the gasoline in the fire. He seemed never to have digested any +of the things in his memory. Since I have grown up I always think +of that man as an intellectual cold storage plant. + +The greatest book is the textbook of the University of Hard Knocks, +the Book of Human Experience the "sermons in stones" and the "books +in running brooks." Most fortunate is he who has learned to read +understandingly from it. + + * * * + + +Note the sweeping, positive statements of the young person. + +Note the cautious, specific statements of the person who has lived +long in this world. + +Our education is our progress from the sweeping, positive, +wholesale statements we have not proved, to the cautious, specific +statements we have proved. + + * * * + + Tuning the Strings of Life + + +Many audiences are gathered into this one audience. Each person +here is a different audience, reading a different page in the Book +of Human Experience. Each has a different fight to make and a +different burden to carry. Each one of us has more trouble than +anybody else! + +I know there are chapters of heroism in the lives of you older +ones. You have cried yourselves to sleep, some of you, and walked +the floor when you could not sleep. You have learned that "beyond +the Alps lieth Italy." + +A good many of you were bumped today or yesterday, or maybe years +ago, and the wound has not healed. You think it never will heal. +You came here thinking that perhaps you would forget your trouble +for a little while. I know there are people in this audience in pain. +Never do this many gather but what there are some with aching hearts. + +And you young people here with lives like June mornings, are not +much interested in this lecture. You are polite and attentive +because this is a polite and attentive neighborhood. But down in +your hearts you are asking, "What is this all about? What is that +man talking about? I haven't had these things and I'm not going to +have them, either!" + +Maybe some of you are naturally bright! + +You are going to be bumped. You are going to cry yourselves to +sleep. You are going to walk the floor when you cannot sleep. Some +of you are going to know the keen sorrow of having the one you +trust most betray you. Maybe, betray you with a kiss. You will go +through your Gethsemane. You will see your dearest plans wrecked. You +will see all that seems to make life livable lost out of your horizon. +You will say, "God, let me die. I have nothing more to live for." + +For all lives have about the same elements. Your life is going to +be about like other lives. + + * * * + + +And you are going to learn the wonderful lesson thru the years, the +bumps and the tears, that all these things somehow are necessary to +promote our education. + +These bumps and hard knocks do not break the fiddle--they turn the pegs. + +These bumps and tragedies and Waterloos draw the strings of the +soul tighter and tighter, nearer and nearer to God's great concert +pitch, where the discords fade from our lives and where the music +divine and harmonies celestial come from the same old strings that +had been sending forth the noise and discord. + +Thus we know that our education is progressing, as the evil and +unworthy go out of our lives and as peace, harmony, happiness, love +and understanding come into our lives. + +That is getting in tune. + +That is growing up. + + + + Chapter VIII + + Looking Backward + + Memories of the Price We Pay + + +WHAT a price we pay for what we know! I laugh as I look +backward--and weep and rejoice. + +I was not born with a silver spoon in my mouth, altho it is quite +evident that I could have handled a pretty good-sized spoon. But +father being a country preacher, we had tin spoons. We never had to +tie a red string around our spoons when we loaned them for the +ladies' aid society oyster supper. We always got our spoons back. +Nobody ever traded with us by mistake. + +Do you remember the first money you ever earned? I do. I walked +several miles into the country those old reaper days and gathered +sheaves. That night I was proud when that farmer patted me on the +head and said, "You are the best boy to work, I ever saw." Then the +cheerful old miser put a nickel in my blistered hand. That nickel +looked bigger than any money I have since handled. + + * * * + + That "Last Day of School" + + +Yet I was years learning it is much easier to make money than to +handle it, hence the tale that follows. + +I was sixteen years old and a school teacher. Sweet sixteen--which +means green sixteen. But remember again, only green things grow. +There is hope for green things. I was so tall and awkward then--I +haven't changed much since. I kept still about my age. I was +several dollars the lowest bidder. They said out that way, "Anybody +can teach kids." That is why I was a teacher. + +I had never studied pedagogy, but I had whittled out three rules +that I thought would make it go. My first rule was, Make 'em study. +My second, Make, em recite. That is, fill 'em up and then empty 'em. + +My third and most important rule was, Get your money! + +I walked thirteen miles a day, six and a half miles each way, most of +the time, to save money. I think I had all teaching methods in use. +With the small fry I used a small paddle to win their confidence and +arouse their enthusiasm for an education. With the pupils larger and +more muscular than their teacher I used love and moral suasion. + +We ended the school with an "exhibition." Did you ever attend the +old back-country "last day of school exhibition"? The people that +day came from all over the township. They were so glad our school +was closing they all turned out to make it a success. They brought +great baskets of provender and we had a feast. We covered the +school desks with boards, and then covered the boards with piles of +fried chicken, doughnuts and forty kinds of pie. + +Then we had a "doings." Everybody did a stunt. We executed a lot of +literature that day. Execute is the word that tells what happened +to literature in District No. 1, Jackson Township, that day. I can +shut my eyes and see it yet. I can see my pupils coming forward to +speak their "pieces." I hardly knew them and they hardly knew me, +for we were "dressed up." Many a head showed father had mowed it +with the sheepshears. Mother had been busy with the wash-rag--clear +back of the ears! And into them! So many of them wore collars that +stuck out all stiff like they had pushed their heads on thru their +big straw hats. + +I can see them speaking their "pieces." I can see "The Soldier of +the Legion lay dying in Algiers." We had him die again that day, +and he had a lingering end as we executed him. I can see "The boy +stood on the burning deck, whence all but he had fled." I can see +"Mary's little lamb" come slipping over the stage. I see the +tow-headed patriot in "Give me liberty or give me death." I feel +now that if Patrick Henry had been present, he would have said, +"Give me death." + +There came a breathless hush as "teacher" came forward as the last +act on the bill to say farewell. It was customary to cry. I wanted +to yell. Tomorrow I would get my money! I had a speech I had been +saying over and over until it would say itself. But somehow when I +got up before that "last day of school" audience and opened my +mouth, it was a great opening, but nothing came out. It came out of +my eyes. Tears rolled down my cheeks until I could hear them +spatter on my six-dollar suit. + +And my pupils wept as their dear teacher said farewell. Parents +wept. It was a teary time. I only said, "Weep not for me, dear +friends. I am going away, but I am coming back." I thought to cheer +them up, but they wept the more. + + * * * + + +Next day I drew my money. I had it all in one joyous wad--$240. I +was going home with head high and aircastles even higher. But I +never got home with the money. Talk about the fool and his money +and you get very personal. + +For on the way home I met Deacon K, and he borrowed it all. Deacon K +was "such a good man" and a "pillar of the church." I used to wonder, +tho, why he didn't take a pillow to church. I took his note for $240, +"due at corncutting," as we termed that annual fall-time paying up +season. I really thought a note was not necessary, such was my +confidence in the deacon. + +For years I kept a faded, tear-spattered, yellow note for $240, +"due at corncutting," as a souvenir of my first schoolteaching. +Deacon K has gone from earth. He has gone to his eternal reward. I +scarcely know whether to look up or down as I say that. He never +left any forwarding address. + +I was paid thousands in experience for that first schoolteaching, +but I paid all the money I got from it--two hundred and forty +thirteen-mile-a-day dollars to learn one thing I could not learn +from the books, that it takes less wisdom to make money, than it +does to intelligently handle it afterwards. Incidentally I learned +it may be safer to do business with a first-class sinner than with +a second-class saint. + +Which is no slap at the church, but at its worst enemies, the foes +of its own household. + + * * * + + Calling the Class-Roll + + +A lyceum bureau once sent me back to my home town to lecture. I +imagine most lecturers have a hard time lecturing in the home town. +Their schoolmates and playmates are apt to be down there in the +front rows with their families, and maybe all the old scores have +not yet been settled. The boy he fought with may be down there. +Perhaps the girl who gave him the "mitten" is there. + +And he has gotten his lecture out of that home town. The heroes and +villains live there within striking distance. Perhaps they have +come to hear him. "Is not this the carpenter's son?" Perhaps this +is why some lecturers and authors are not so popular in the home +town until several generations pass. + +I went back to the same hall to speak, and stood upon the same +platform where twenty-one years before I had stood to deliver my +graduating oration, when in impassioned and well modulated tones I +had exclaimed, "Greece is gone and Rome is no more, but fe-e-e-e-ear +not, for I will sa-a-a-a-ave you!" or words to that effect. + + * * * + + +Then I went back to the little hotel and sat up alone in my room +half the night living it over. Time was when I thought anybody who +could live in that hotel was a superior order of being. But the +time had come when I knew the person who could go on living in any +hotel has a superior order of vitality. + +I held thanksgiving services that night. I could see better. I had +a picture of the school in that town that had been taken twenty-one +years before, just before commencement. I had not seen the picture +these twenty-one years, for I could not then afford to buy one. The +price was a quarter. + +I got a truer perspective of life that night. Did you ever sit +alone with a picture of your classmates taken twenty-one years +before? It is a memorable experience. + +A class of brilliant and gifted young people went out to take +charge of the world. They were so glad the world had waited so long +on them. They were so willing to take charge of the world. They +were going to be presidents and senators and authors and +authoresses and scientists and scientist-esses and geniuses and +genius-esses and things like that. + +There was one boy in the class who was not naturally bright. It was +not the one you may be thinking of! No, it was Jim Lambert. He had +no brilliant career in view. He was dull and seemed to lack +intellect. He was "conditioned" into the senior class. We all felt +a little sorry for Jim. + +As commencement day approached, the committee of the class +appointed for that purpose took Jim back of the schoolhouse and +broke the news to him that they were going to let him graduate, but +they were not going to let him speak, because he couldn't make a +speech that would do credit to such a brilliant class. They hid Jim +on the stage back of the oleander commencement night. + +Shake the barrel! + +The girl who was to become the authoress became the helloess in the +home telephone exchange, and had become absolutely indispensable to +the community. The girl who was to become the poetess became the +goddess at the general delivery window and superintendent of the +stamp-licking department of the home postoffice. The boy who was +going to Confess was raising the best corn in the county, and his +wife was speaker of the house. + +Most of them were doing very well even Jim Lambert. Jim had become +the head of one of the big manufacturing plants of the South, with +a lot of men working for him. The committee that took him out +behind the schoolhouse to inform him he could not speak at +commencement, would now have to wait in line before a frosted door +marked, "Mr. Lambert, Private." They would have to send up their +cards, and the watchdog who guards the door would tell them, "Cut +it short, he's busy!" before they could break any news to him today. + +They hung a picture of Mr. Lambert in the high school at the last +alumni meeting. They hung it on the wall near where the oleander +stood that night. + +Dull boy or girl--you with your eyes tear-dimmed sometimes because +you do not seem to learn like some in your classes can you not get +a bit of cheer from the story of Jim? + + * * * + + +Hours pass, and still as I sat in that hotel room I was lost in +that school picture and the twenty-one years. There were fifty-four +young people in that picture. They had been shaken these years in +the barrel, and now as I called the roll on them, most of them that +I expected to go up had shaken down and some that I expected to +stay down had shaken up. + +Out of that fifty-four, one had gone to a pulpit, one had gone to +Congress and one had gone to the penitentiary. Some had gone to +brilliant success and some had gone down to sad failure. Some had +found happiness and some had found unhappiness. It seemed as tho +almost every note on the keyboard of human possibility had been +struck by the one school of fifty-four. + +When that picture was taken the oldest was not more than eighteen, +yet most of them seemed already to have decided their destinies. +The twenty-one years that followed had not changed their courses. + +The only changes had come where God had come into a life to uplift +it, or where Mammon had entered to pull it down. And I saw better +that the foolish dreams of success faded before the natural +unfolding of talents, which is the real success. I saw better that +"the boy is father to the man." + +The boy who skimmed over his work in school was skimming over his +work as a man. The boy who went to the bottom of things in school +was going to the bottom of things in manhood. Which had helped him +to go to the top of things! + +Jim Lambert had merely followed the call of talents unseen in him +twenty-one years before. + +The lazy boy became a "tired" man. The industrious boy became an +industrious man. The sporty boy became a sporty man. The +domineering egotist boy became the domineering egotist man. + +The boy who traded knives with me and beat me--how I used to envy +him! Why was it he could always get the better of me? Well, he went +on trading knives and getting the better of people. Now, twenty-one +years afterwards, he was doing time in the state penitentiary for +forgery. He was now called a bad man, when twenty-one years ago +when he did the same things on a smaller scale they called him +smart and bright. + +The "perfectly lovely" boy who didn't mix with the other boys, who +didn't whisper, who never got into trouble, who always had his hair +combed, and said, "If you please," used to hurt me. He was the +teacher's model boy. All the mothers of the community used to say +to their own reprobate offspring, "Why can't you be like Harry? +He'll be President of the United States some day, and you'll be in +jail." But Model Harry sat around all his life being a model. I +believe Mr. Webster defines a model as a small imitation of the +real thing. Harry certainly was a successful model. He became a +seedy, sleepy, helpless relic at forty. He was "perfectly lovely" +because he hadn't the energy to be anything else. It was the boys +who had the hustle and the energy, who occasionally needed +bumping--and who got it--who really grew. + +I have said little about the girls of the school. Fact was, at that +age I didn't pay much attention to them. I regarded them as in the +way. But I naturally thought of Clarice, our social pet of the +class--our real pretty girl who won the vase in the home paper +beauty contest. Clarice went right on remaining in the social +spotlight, primping and flirting. She outshone all the rest. But it +seemed like she was all out-shine and no in-shine. She mistook +popularity for success. The boys voted for her, but did not marry +her. Most of the girls who shone with less social luster became the +happy homemakers of the community. + +But as I looked into the face of Jim Lambert in the picture, my +heart warmed at the sight of another great success--a sweet-faced +irish lass who became an "old maid." She had worked day by day all +these years to support a home and care for her family. She had kept +her grace and sweetness thru it all, and the influence of her +white, loving life radiated far. + + * * * + + The Boy I Had Envied + + +Frank was the boy I had envied. He had everything--a fine home, a +loving father, plenty of money, opportunity and a great career awaiting +him. And he was bright and lovable and talented. Everybody said Frank +would make his mark in the world and make the town proud of him. + +I was the janitor of the schoolhouse. Some of my classmates will +never know how their thoughtless jeers and jokes wounded the +sensitive, shabby boy who swept the floors, built the fires and +carried in the coal. After commencement my career seemed to end and +the careers of Frank and the rest of them seemed to begin. They +were going off to college and going to do so many wonderful things. + +But the week after commencement I had to go into a printing office, +roll up my sleeves and go to work in the "devil's corner" to earn +my daily bread. Seemed like it took so much bread! + +Many a time as I plugged at the "case" I would think of Frank and wonder +why some people had all the good things and I had all the hard things. + +How easy it is to see as you look backward. But how hard it is to +see when you look forward. + +Twenty-one years afterward as I got off the train in the home town, +I asked, "Where is he?" We went out to the cemetery, where I stood +at a grave and read on the headstone, "Frank." + +I had the story of a tragedy--the tragedy of modern unpreparedness. +It was the story of the boy who had every opportunity, but who had +all the struggle taken out of his life. He never followed his +career, never developed any strength. He disappointed hopes, spent +a fortune, broke his father's heart, shocked the community, and +finally ended his wasted life with a bullet fired by his own hand. + + * * * + + Why Ben Hur Won + + +It revived the memory of the story of Ben Hur. + +Do you remember it? The Jewish boy is torn from his home in +disgrace. He is haled into court and tried for a crime he never +committed. Ben Hur did not get a fair trial. Nobody can get a fair +trial at the hands of this world. That is why the great Judge has +said, judge not, for you have not the full evidence in the case. I +alone have that. + +Then they condemn him. They lead him away to the galleys. They +chain him to the bench and to the oar. There follow the days and +long years when he pulls on the oar under the lash. Day after day +he pulls on the oar. Day after day he writhes under the sting of +the lash. Years of the cruel injustice pass. Ben Hur is the +helpless victim of a mocking fate. + +That seems to be your life and my life. In the kitchen or the +office, or wherever we work we seem so often like slaves bound to +the oar and pulling under the sting of the lash of necessity. Life +seems one futureless round of drudgery. We wonder why. We often +look across the street and see somebody who lives a happier life. +That one is chained to no oar. See what a fine time they all have. +Why must we pull on the oar? + +How blind we are! We can only see our own oar. We cannot see that +they, too, pull on the oar and feel the lash. Most likely they are +looking back at us and envying us. For while we envy others, others +are envying us. + +But look at the chariot race in Antioch. See the thousands in the +circus. See Messala, the haughty Roman, and see! Ben Hur from the +galleys in the other chariot pitted against him. Down the course +dash these twin thunderbolts. The thousands hold their breath. "Who +will win?" "The man with the stronger forearms," they whisper. + +There comes the crucial moment in the race. See the man with the +stronger forearms. They are bands of steel that swell in the +forearms of Ben Hur. They swing those flying Arabians into the +inner ring. Ben Hur wins the race! Where got the Jew those huge +forearms? From the galleys! + +Had Ben Hur never pulled on the oar, he never could have won the +chariot race. + +Sooner or later you and I are to learn that Providence makes no +mistakes in the bookkeeping. As we pull on the oar, so often lashed +by grim necessity, every honest effort is laid up at compound +interest in the bank account of strength. Sooner or later the time +comes when we need every ounce. Sooner or later our chariot race is +on--when we win the victory, strike the deciding blow, stand while +those around us fall--and it is won with the forearms earned in the +galleys of life by pulling on the oar. + + * * * + + +That is why I thanked God as I stood at the grave of my classmate. +I thanked God for parents who believed in the gospel of struggle, +and for the circumstances that compelled it. + +I am not an example of success. + +But I am a very grateful pupil in the first reader class of The +University of Hard Knocks. + + + + Chapter IX + + Go On South! + + The Book in the Running Brook + +THERE is a little silvery sheet of water in Minnesota called Lake +Itasca. There is a place where a little stream leaps out from the lake. + +"Ole!" you will exclaim, "the lake is leaking. What is the name of +this little creek?" + +"Creek! It bane no creek. It bane Mississippi river." + +So even the Father of Waters has to begin as a creek. We are at the +cradle where the baby river leaps forth. We all start about alike. +It wabbles around thru the woods of Minnesota. It doesn't know +where it is going, but it is "on the way." + +It keeps wabbling around, never giving up and quitting, and it gets +to the place where all of us get sooner or later. The place where +Paul came on the road to Damascus. The place of the "heavenly vision." + +It is the place where gravity says, "Little Mississippi, do you +want to grow? Then you will have to go south." + +The little Mississippi starts south. He says to the people, +"Goodbye, folks, I am going south." The folks at Itascaville say, +"Why, Mississippi, you are foolish. You hain't got water enough to +get out of the county." That is a fact, but he is not trying to get +out of the county. The Mississippi is only trying to go south. + +The Mississippi knows nothing about the Gulf of Mexico. He does not +know that he has to go hundreds of miles south. He is only trying +to go south. He has not much water, but he does not wait for a +relative to die and bequeath him some water. That is a beautiful +thought! He has water enough to start south, and he does that. + +He goes a foot south, then another foot south. He goes a mile +south. He picks up a little stream and he has some more water. He +goes on south. He picks up another stream and grows some more. Day +by day he picks up streamlets, brooklets, rivulets. Business is +picking up! He grows as he flows. Poetry! + +My friends, here is one of the best pictures I can find in nature +of what it seems to me our lives should be. I hear a great many +orations, especially in high school commencements, entitled, "The +Value of a Goal in Life." But the direction is vastly more +important than the goal. Find the way your life should go, and then +go and keep on going and you'll reach a thousand goals. + +We do not have to figure out how far we have to go, nor how many +supplies we will need along the way. All we have to do is to start +and we will find the resources all along the way. We will grow as +we flow. All of us can start! And then go on south! + +Success is not tomorrow or next year. Success is now. Success is +not at the end of the journey, for there is no end. Success is +every day in flowing and growing. The Mississippi is a success in +Minnesota as well as on south. + +You and I sooner or later hear the call, "Go on south." If we +haven't heard it, let us keep our ear to the receiver and live a +more natural life, so that we can hear the call. We are all called. +It is a divine call--the call of our unfolding talents to be used. + +Remember, the Mississippi goes south. If he had gone any other +direction he would never have been heard of. + + * * * + + +Three wonderful things develop as the Mississippi goes on south. + +1. He keeps on going on south and growing greater. + +2. He overcomes his obstacles and develops his power. + +3. He blesses the valley, but the valley does not bless him. + + * * * + + Go On South and Grow Greater + + +You never meet the Mississippi after he starts south, but what he +is going on south and growing greater. You never meet him but what +he says, "Excuse me, but I must go on south." + +The Mississippi gets to St. Paul and Minneapolis. He is a great +river now--the most successful river in the state. But he does not +retire upon his laurels. He goes on south and grows greater. He +goes on south to St. Louis. He is a wonderful river now. But he +does not stop. He goes on south and grows greater. + +Everywhere you meet him he is going on south and growing greater. + +Do you know why the Mississippi goes on south? To continue to be +the Mississippi. If he should stop and stagnate, he would not be +the Mississippi, river. he would become a stagnant, poisonous pond. + +As long as people keep on going south, they keep on living. When +they stop and stagnate, they die. + +That is why I am making it the slogan of my life--GO ON SOUTH AND +GROW GREATER! I hope I can make you remember that and say it over +each day. I wish I could write it over the pulpits, over the +schoolrooms, over the business houses and homes--GO ON SOUTH AND +GROW GREATER. For this is life, and there is no other. This is +education--and religion. And the only business of life. + +You and I start well. We go on south a little ways, and then we +retire. Even young people as they start south and make some little +knee-pants achievement, some kindergarten touchdown, succumb to +their press notices. Their friends crowd around them to congratulate +them. "I must congratulate you upon your success. You have arrived." + +So many of those young goslings believe that. They quit and get +canned. They think they have gotten to the Gulf of Mexico when they +have not gotten out of the woods of Minnesota. Go on south! + +We can protect ourselves fairly well from our enemies, but heaven +deliver us from our fool friends. + +Success is so hard to endure. We can endure ten defeats better than +one victory. Success goes to the head and defeat goes to "de feet." +It makes them work harder. + + * * * + + The Plague of Incompetents + + +Civilization is mostly a conspiracy to keep us from going very far south. +The one who keeps on going south defies custom and becomes unorthodox. + +But contentment with present achievement is the damnation of the race. + +The mass of the human family never go on south far enough to become +good servants, workmen or artists. The young people get a +smattering and squeeze into the bottom position and never go on +south to efficiency and promotion. They wonder why their genius is +not recognized. They do not make it visible. + +Nine out of ten stenographers who apply for positions can write a +few shorthand characters and irritate a typewriter keyboard. They +think that is being a stenographer, when it is merely a symptom of +a stenographer. They mangle the language, grammar, spelling, +capitalization and punctuation. Their eyes are on the clock, their +minds on the movies. + +Nine out of ten workmen cannot be trusted to do what they advertise +to do, because they have never gone south far enough to become +efficient. Many a professional man is in the same class. + +Half of our life is spent in getting competents to repair the +botchwork of incompetents. + +No matter how well equipped you are, you are never safe in your job +if you are contented to do today just what you did yesterday. +Contented to think today what you thought yesterday. + +You must go on south to be safe. + +I used to know a violinist who would say, "If I were not a genius, +I could not play so well with such little practice." The poor +fellow did not know how poor a fiddler he really was. Well did +Strickland Gillilan, America's great poet-humorist, say, "Egotism is +the opiate that Nature administers to deaden the pains of mediocrity. + + * * * + + This Is Our Best Day + + +Just because our hair gets frosty or begins to rub off in spots, we +are so prone to say, "I am aging rapidly." It pays to advertise. We +always get results. See the one shrivel who goes around +front-paging his age. Age is not years; age is grunts. + +We say, "I've seen my best days." And the undertaker goes and +greases his buggy. He believes in "preparedness." + +Go on south! We have not seen our best days. This is the best day +so far, and tomorrow is going to be better on south. + +We are only children in God's great kindergarten, playing with our +A-B-C's. I do not utter that as a bit of sentiment, but as the +great fundamental of our life. I hope the oldest in years sees that +best. I hope he says, "I am just beginning. Just beginning to +understand. Just beginning to know about life." + +We are not going on south to old age, we are going on south to +eternal youth. It is the one who stops who "ages rapidly." Each day +brings us a larger vision. Infinity, Eternity, Omnipotence, +Omniscience are all on south. + +We have left nothing behind but the husks. I would not trade this +moment for all the years before it. I have their footings at +compound interest! They are dead. This is life. + + * * * + + Birthdays and Headmarks + + +Yesterday I had a birthday. I looked in the glass and communed with +my features. I saw some gray hairs coming. Hurrah! + +You know what gray hairs are? Did you ever get a headmark in school? +Gray hairs are silver headmarks in our education as we go on south. + +You children cheer up. Your black hair and auburn hair and the other +first reader hair will pass and you'll get promoted as you go on south. + +Don't worry about gray hair or baldness. Only worry about the location +of your gray hair or baldness. If they get on the inside of the head, +worry. Do you know why corporations sometimes say they do not want +to employ gray-headed men? They have found that so many of them +have quit going on south and have gotten gray on the inside--or bald. + +These same corporations send out Pinkertons and pay any price for +gray-headed men--gray on the outside and green on the inside. They +are the most valuable, for they have the vision and wisdom of many +years and the enthusiasm and "pep" and courage of youth. + +The preacher, the teacher--everyone who gets put on the retired +list, retires himself. He quits going on south. + +The most wonderful person in the world is the one who has lived +years and years on earth and has perhaps gotten gray on the +outside, but has kept young and fresh on the inside. Put that +person in the pulpit, in the schoolroom, in the office, behind the +ticket-window or on the bench--or under the hod--and you find the +whole world going to that person for direction, advice, vision, +help, sympathy, love. + + * * * + + +I am happy today as I look back over my life. I have been trying to +lecture a good while. I am almost ashamed to tell you how long, for +I ought to know more about it by this time. But when anybody says, +"I heard you lecture twenty years ago over at----" I stop him. +"Please don't throw it up to me now. I am just as ashamed of it as +you are. I am trying to do better now." + +O, I want to forget all the past, save its lessons. I am just +beginning to live. If anybody wants to be my best friend, let him +come to me and tell me how to improve--what to do and what not to +do. Tell me how to give a better lecture. + +Years ago a bureau representative who booked me told me my lectures +were good enough. I told him I wanted to get better lectures, for +I was so dissatisfied with what little I knew. He told me I could +never get any better. I had reached my limit. Those lectures were +the "limit." I shiver as I think what I was saying then. I want to +go on south shivering about yesterday. These years I have noticed +the people on the platform who were contented with their offerings, +were not trying to improve them, and were lost in admiration of +what they were doing, did not stay long on the platform. I have +watched them come and go, come and go. I have heard their fierce +invectives against the bureaus and ungrateful audiences that were +"prejudiced" against them. + +Birthdays are not annual affairs. Birthdays are the days when we +have a new birth. The days when we go on south to larger visions. +I wish I could have a birthday every minute! + +Some people seem to string out to near a hundred years with mighty +few birthdays. Some people spin up to Methuselahs in a few years. + +From what I can learn of Methuselah, he never grew past copper-toed +boots. He just hibernated and "chawed on." + +The more birthdays we have, the nearer we approach eternal youth! + + * * * + + Bernhardt, Davis and Edison + + +The spectacle of Sarah Bernhardt, past seventy, thrilling and +gripping audiences with the fire and brilliancy of youth, is +inspiring. No obstacle can daunt her. Losing a leg does not end her +acting, for she remains the "Divine Sarah" with no crippling of her +work. She looks younger than many women of half her years. "The +years are nothing to me." + +Senator Henry Gassaway Davis, West Virginia's Grand Old Man, at +ninety-two was working as hard and hopefully as any man of the +multitudes in his employ. He was an ardent Odd Fellow, and one day +at ninety-two--just a short time before his passing--he went out to +the Odd Fellows' Home near Elkins, where he lived. On the porch of +the home was a row of old men inmates. The senator shook hands with +these men and one by one they rose from the bench to return his +hearty greetings. + +The last man on the bench did not rise. He helplessly looked up at +the senator and said, "Senator, you'll have to excuse me from +getting up. I'm too old. When you get as old as I am, you'll not +get up, either." + +"That's all right. But, my man, how old are you?" + +"Senator, I'm old in body and old in spirit. I'm past sixty." + +"My boy," laughed Senator Davis, "I was an Odd Fellow before +you were born." + +The senator at ninety-two was younger than the man "past sixty," +because he was going on south. + + * * * + + +When I was a little boy I saw them bring the first phonograph that +Mr. Edison invented into the meeting at Lakeside, Ohio. The people +cheered when they heard it talk. + +You would laugh at it today. It had a tinfoil cylinder, it +screeched and stuttered. You would not have it in your barn today +to play to your ford! + +But the people said, "Mr. Edison has succeeded." There was one man +who did not believe that Mr. Edison had succeeded. His name was +Thomas Alva Edison. He had gotten to St. Paul, and he went on +south. A million people would have stopped there and said, "I have +arrived." They would have put in their time litigating for their +rights with other people who would have gone on south with the +phonograph idea. + +Mr. Edison has said that his genius is mainly his ability to keep +on south. A young lady succeeded in getting into his laboratory the +other day, and she wrote me that the great inventor showed her one +invention. "I made over seven thousand experiments and failed +before I hit upon that." + +"Why make so many experiments?" + +"I know more than seven thousand ways now that won't work." + +I doubt if there are ten men in America who could go on south in +the face of seven thousand failures. Today he brings forth a +diamond-pointed phonograph. I am sure if we could bring Mr. Edison +to this platform and ask him, "Have you succeeded?" he would say +what he has said to reporters and what he said to the young lady, +"I have not succeeded. I am succeeding. All I have done only shows +me how much there is yet to do." + +That is success supreme. Not "succeeded" but "succeeding." + +What a difference between "ed" and "ing"! The difference between +death and life. Are you "ed-ing" or "ing-ing"? + + * * * + + Moses Begins at Eighty + + +Moses, the great Hebrew law-giver, was eighty years old before he +started south. It took him eighty years to get ready. Moses did not +even get on the back page of the Egyptian newspapers till he was +eighty. He went on south into the extra editions after that! + +If Moses had retired at seventy-nine, we'd never have heard of him. +If Moses had retired to a checkerboard in the grocery store or to +pitching horseshoes up the alley and talking about "ther winter of +fifty-four," he would have become the seventeenth mummy on the +thirty-ninth row in the green pickle-jar! + +Imagine Moses living today amidst the din of the high school +orations on "The Age of the Young Man" and the Ostler idea that you +are going down hill at fifty. Imagine Moses living on "borrowed +time" when he becomes the leader of the Israelite host. + +I would see his scandalized friends gather around him. "Moses! Moses! +what is this we hear? You going to lead the Israelites to the +Promised Land? Why, Moses, you are an old man. Why don't you act like +an old man? You are liable to drop off any minute. Here is a pair of +slippers. And keep out of the night air. It is so hard on old folks." + +I think I would hear Moses say, "No, no, I am just beginning to see +what to do. Watch things happen from now on. Children of +Israel, forward, march!" + +I see Moses at eighty starting for the Wilderness so fast Aaron can +hardly keep up. Moses is eighty-five and busier and more +enthusiastic than ever. The people say, "Isn't Moses dead?" "No." +"Well, he ought to be dead, for he is old enough." + +They appoint a committee to bury Moses. You cannot do anything in +America without a committee. The committee gets out the invitations +and makes all the arrangements for a gorgeous funeral next +Thursday. They get ready the resolutions of +respect--"Whereas,--Whereas,--Resolved,--Resolved." + +Then I see the committee waiting on Moses. That is what a committee +does--it "waits" on something or other. And this committee goes up +to General Moses' private office. It is his busy day. They have to +stand in line and wait their turn. When they get up to Moses' desk, +the great prophet says, "Boys, what is it? Cut it short, I'm busy." + +The committee begins to weep. "General Moses, you are a very old +man. You are eighty-five years old and full of honors. We are the +committee duly authorized to give you gorgeous burial. The funeral +is to be next Thursday. Kindly die." + +I see Moses look over his appointments. "Next Thursday? Why, boys, +every hour is taken next Thursday. I simply cannot attend my +funeral next Thursday." + +They cannot bury Moses. He cannot attend. You cannot bury anybody +who is too busy to attend his own funeral! You cannot bury anybody +until he consents. It is bad manners! The committee is so +mortified, for all the invitations are out. It waits. + +Moses is eighty-six and the committee 'phones over, "Moses, can you +attend next Thursday?" And Moses says, "No, boys, you'll just have +to hold that funeral until I get this work pushed off so I can +attend it. I haven't even time to think about getting old." + +The committee waits. Moses is ninety and rushed more than ever. He +is doing ten men's work and his friends all say he is killing +himself. But he makes the committee wait. + +Moses is ninety-five and burning the candle at both ends. He is a +hundred. And the committee dies! + +Moses goes right on shouting, "Onward!" He is a hundred and ten. He +is a hundred and twenty. Even then I read, "His eye was not dim, +nor his natural force abated." He had not time to stop and abate. + +So God buried him. The committee was dead. O, friends, this is not +irreverence. It is joyful reverence. It is the message to all of +us, Go on south to the greater things, and get so enthused and +absorbed in our going that we'll fool the "committee." + + * * * + + +All the multitudes of the Children of Israel died in the +Wilderness. They were afraid to go on south. Only two of them went +on south--Joshua and Caleb. They put the giants out of business. + +The Indians once owned America. But they failed to go on south. So +another crop of Americans came into the limelight. If we modern +Americans do not go on south we will join the Indians, the auk and +the dodo. + + * * * + + The "Sob Squad" + + +I am so sorry for the folks who quit, retire, "get on the shelf" or +live on "borrowed time." + +They generally join the "sob squad." + +They generally discover the world is "going to the dogs." They cry +on my shoulder, no matter how good clothes I wear. + +They tell me nobody uses them right. The person going on south has +not time to look back and see how anybody uses him. + +They say nobody loves them. Which is often a fact. Nobody loves the +clock that runs down. + +They say, "Only a few more days of trouble, only a few more +tribulations, and I'll be in that bright and happy land." What will +they do with them when they get them there? They would be dill +pickles in the heavenly preserve-jar. + +They say, "I wish I were a child again. I was happy when I was a +child and I'm not happy now. Them was the best days of my life +childhood's palmy days." + +Wake up! Your clock has run down. Anybody who wants to be a child again +is confessing he has lost his memory. Anybody who can remember the +horrors of childhood could not be hired to live it over again. + +If there is anybody who does not have a good time, if there is +anybody who gets shortchanged regularly, it is a child. I am so +sorry for a child. Hurry up and go on south. It is better on south. + + * * * + + Waiting till the "Second Table" + + +I wish I could forget many of my childhood memories. I remember the +palmy days. And the palm! + +I often wonder how I ever lived thru my childhood. I would not take +my chances living it thru again. I am not ungrateful to my parents. +I had advantages. I was born in a parsonage and was reared in the +nurture and admiration of the Lord. I am not just sure I quoted +that correctly, but I know I was reared in a parsonage. About all +I inherited was a Godly example and a large appetite. That was +about all there was to inherit. I cannot remember when I was not +hungry. I used to go around feeling like the Mammoth Cave, never +thoroly explored. + +I never sit down as "company" at a dinner and see some little +children going sadly into the next room to "wait till the second table" +that my heart does not go out to them. I remember when I did that. + +I can only remember about four big meals in a year. That was +"quart'ly meeting day." We always had a big dinner on "quart'ly +meeting day." Elder Berry would stay for dinner. His name was +Berry, but being "presiding elder," we called him Elder Berry. + +Elder Berry always stayed for dinner. He was one of the easiest men +to get to stay for dinner I ever saw. + +Mother would stay home from "quart'ly meeting" to get the big +dinner ready. She would cook up about all the "brethren" brought in +at the last donation. We had one of those stretchable tables, and +mother would stretch it clear across the room and put on two +table-cloths. She would lap them over in the middle, where the hole was. + +I would watch her get the big dinner ready. I would look over the +long table and view the "promised land." I would see her set on the +jelly. We had so much jelly--red jelly, and white jelly, and blue +jelly. I don't just remember if they had blue jelly, but if they +had it we had it on that table. All the jelly that ever "jelled" +was represented. I didn't know we had so much jelly till "quart'ly +meeting" day. I would watch the jelly tremble. Did you ever see +jelly tremble? I used to think it ought to tremble, for Elder Berry +was coming for dinner. + +I would see mother put on the tallest pile of mashed potatoes you +ever saw. She would make a hollow in the top and fill it with +butter. I would see the butter melt and run down the sides, and I +would say, "Hurry, mother, it is going to spill!" O, how I wanted +to spill it! I could hardly hold out faithful. + +And then Elder Berry would sit down at the table, at the end +nearest the fried chicken. The "company" would sit down. I used to +wonder why we never could have a big dinner but what a lot of +"company" had to come and gobble it up. They would fill the table +and father would sit down in the last seat. There was no place for +me to sit. Father would say, "You go into the next room, my boy, +and wait. There's no room for you at the table." + +The hungriest one of that assemblage would have to go in the next +room and hear the big dinner. Did you ever hear a big dinner when +you felt like the Mammoth Cave? I used to think as I would sit in +the next room that heaven would be a place where everybody would +eat at the first table. + +I would watch them thru the key-hole. It was going so fast. There +was only one piece of chicken left. It was the neck. O, Lord, spare +the neck! And I would hear them say, "Elder Berry, may we help you +to another piece of the chicken?" + +And Elder Berry would take the neck! + +Many a time after that, Elder Berry would come into the room where +I was starving. He would say, "Brother Parlette, is this your +boy?" He would come over to the remains of Brother Parlette's boy. +He would often put his hand in benediction upon my head. + +My head was not the place that needed the benediction. + +He would say, "My boy, I want you to have a good time now." Now! +When all the chicken was gone and he had taken the neck! "My boy, +you are seeing the best days of your life right now as a child." + +The dear old liar! I was seeing the worst days of my life. If there +is anybody shortchanged--if there is anybody who doesn't have a +good time, it's a child. Life has been getting better ever since, +and today is the best day of all. Go on south! + + * * * + + It's Better on South + + +Seeing your best days as a child? No! You are seeing your worst +days. Of course, you can be happy as a child. A boy can be happy +with fuzz on his upper lip, but he'll be happier when his lip feels +more like mine like a piece of sandpaper. There are chapters of +happiness undreamed of in his philosophy. + +A child can be full of happiness and only hold a pint. But +afterwhile the same child will hold a quart. + +I think I hold a gallon now. And I see people in the audience who +must hold a barrel! Go on south. Of course, I do not mean +circumference. But every year we go south increases our capacity +for joy. Our life is one continual unfolding as we go south. +Afterwhile this old world gets too small for us and we go on south +into a larger one. + +So we cannot grow old. Our life never stops. It goes on and on +forever. Anything that does not stop cannot grow old or have age. +Material things will grow old. This stage will grow old and stop. +This hall will grow old and stop. This house we live in will grow +old and stop. This flesh and blood house we live in will grow old +and stop. This lecture even will grow old--and stop! But you and I +will never grow old, for God cannot grow old. You and I will go on +living as long as God lives. + +I am not worried today over what I do not know. I used to be +worried. I used to say, "I have not time to answer you now!" But +today it is such a relief to look people in the face and say, +"I do not know." + +And I have to say that to many questions, "I do not know." I often +think if people in an audience only knew how little I know, they +would not stay to hear me. + +But some day I shall know! I patiently wait for the answer. Every +day brings the answer to something I could not answer yesterday. + +It will take an eternity to know an infinity! + +What a wonderful happiness to go on south to it! + + * * * + + Overcoming Obstacles Develops Power + + +As the Mississippi River goes on south he finds obstacles along the +way. You and I find obstacles along our way south. What shall we do? + +Go to Keokuk, Iowa, for your answer. + +They have built a great concrete obstacle clear across the path of +the river. It is many feet high, and many, many feet long. The +river cannot go on south. Watch him. He rises higher than the +obstacle and sweeps over it on south. + +Over the great power dam at Keokuk sweeps the Mississippi. And then +you see the struggle of overcoming the obstacle develops light and +power to vitalize the valley. A hundred towns and cities radiate +the light and power from the struggle. The great city of St. Louis, +many miles away, throbs with the victory. + +So that is why they spent the millions to build the obstacle--to +get the light and the power. The light and the power were latent in +the river, but it took the obstacle and the overcoming to develop +it and make it useful. + +That is exactly what happens when you and I overcome our obstacles. +We develop our light and power. We are rivers of light and power, +but it is all latent and does no good until we overcome obstacles +as we go on south. + +Obstacles are the power stations on our way south! + +And where the most obstacles are, there you find the most power to +be developed. So many of us do not understand that. We look +southward and we see the obstacles in the road. "I am so +unfortunate. I could do these great things, but alas! I have so +many obstacles in the way." + +Thank God! You are blessed of Providence. They do not waste the +obstacles. The presence of the obstacles means that there is a lot +of light and power in you to be developed. If you see no obstacles, +you are confessing to blindness. + +I hear people saying, "I hope the time may speedily come when I +shall have no more obstacles to overcome!" When that time comes, +ring up the hearse, for you will be a "dead one." + + * * * + + +Life is going on south, and overcoming the obstacles. Death is +merely quitting. + +The fact that we are not buried is no proof that we are alive. Go +along the street in almost any town and see the dead ones. There +they are decorating the hitching-racks and festooning the +storeboxes. There they are blocking traffic at the postoffice and +depot. There they are in the hotel warming the chairs and making +the guests stand up. There they are--rows of retired farmers who +have quit work and moved to town to block improvements and die. But +they will never need anything more than burying. + +For they are dead from the ears up. They have not thought a new +thought the past month. Sometimes they sit and think, but generally +they just sit. They have not gone south an inch the past year. + +Usually the deadest loafer is married to the livest woman. Nature +tries to maintain an equilibrium. + +They block the wheels of progress and get in the way of the people +trying to go on south. They say of the people trying to do things. +"Aw, he's always tryin' to run things." + +They do not join in to promote the churches and schools and big +brother movements. They growl at the lyceum courses and chautauquas, +because they "take money outa town." They do not take any of their +money "outa town." Ringling and Barnum & Bailey get theirs. + +I do not smile as I refer to the dead. I weep. I wish I could +squirt some "pep" into them and start them on south. + +But all this lecture has been discussing this, so I hurry on to the +last glimpse of the book in the running brook. + + * * * + + Go on South From Principle + + +Here we come to the most wonderful and difficult thing in life. It +is the supreme test of character. That is, Why go on south? Not for +blessing nor cursing, not for popularity nor for selfish ends, not +for anything outside, but for the happiness that comes from within. + +The Mississippi blesses the valley every day as he goes on south +and overcomes. But the valley does not bless the river in return. +The valley throws its junk back upon the river. The valley pours +its foul, muddy, poisonous streams back upon the Mississippi to +defile him. The Mississippi makes St. Paul and Minneapolis about +all the prosperity they have, gives them power to turn their mills. +But the Twin Cities merely throw their waste back upon their benefactor. + +The Mississippi does not resign. He does not tell a tale of woe. He +does not say, "I am not appreciated. My genius is not understood. +I am not going a step farther south. I am going right back to Lake +Itasca." No, he does not even go to live with his father-in-law. + +He says, "Thank you. Every little helps, send it all along." Go a +few miles below the Twin Cities and see how, by some mysterious +alchemy of Nature, the Mississippi has taken over all the poison +and the defilement, he has purified it and clarified it, and has +made it a part of himself. And he is greater and farther south! + +He fattens upon bumps. Kick him, and you push him farther south. +"Hand him a lemon," and he makes lemonade. + +Civilization conspires to defeat the Mississippi. Chicago's +drainage canal pollutes him. The flat, lazy Platte, three miles +wide and three inches deep; the peevish, destructive Kaw, and all +those streams that unite to form the treacherous, sinful, +irresponsible lower Missouri; the big, muddy Ohio, the Arkansas, the +Red, the black and the blue floods--all these pour into the Mississippi. + +Day by day the Father of Waters goes on south, taking them over and +purifying them and making them a part of himself. Nothing can +discourage, divert nor defile him. No matter how poisonous he +becomes, he goes a few miles on south and he is all pure again. + + * * * + + +Wonderful the book in the running brook! We let our life stream +become poisoned by bitter memories and bitter regrets. We carry +along such a heart full of the injuries that other people have done +us, that sometimes we are bank to bank full of poison and a menace +to those around us. We say, "I can forgive, but I cannot forget." + +Oh, forget it! Drop it all. Purify your life and go on south all +sweet again. We forget what we ought to remember and remember what +we ought to forget. We need schools of memory, but we need schools +of forgettery, even more. + +As you go on south and bless your valley, do you notice the valley +does not bless you very much? Have you sadly noted that the people +you help the most often are the least grateful in return? + +Don't wait to be thanked. Hurry on to avoid the kick! Do good to +others because that is the way to be happy, but do not wait for a +receipt for your goodness; you will need a poultice every time you +wait. I know, for I have waited! + + * * * + + +We get so discouraged. We say, "I have gone far enough south." +There is nobody who does not have that to meet. The preacher, the +teacher, the editor, the man in office, the business man, the +father and mother--every one who tries to carry on the work of the +church, the school, the lyceum and chautauqua, the work that makes +for a better community, gets discouraged at times. + +We fail to see what we are doing or why we are doing it. Sometimes +we sit down completely discouraged and say, "I'm done. I'm going to +quit. I have done my share. Nobody appreciates what I do. Let +somebody else do it awhile." + +Stop! You are not saying that. The evil one is whispering that into +your heart. His business is to stop you from going south. His most +successful tool is discouragement, which is a wedge, and if he can get +the sharp edge started into your thought, he is going to drive it deeper. + +You do not go south and overcome your obstacles and bless the +valley for praise or blame, for appreciation or lack of it. You do +it to live. You do it to remain a living river and not a stagnant, +unhappy pond or swamp. + +YOU ARE SAVING YOURSELF BY SAVING OTHERS. GO ON SOUTH! + + * * * + + +Almost everybody is deceived. We work from mixed motives. We fool +ourselves that we are working to do good, when as we do the good, +if we are not praised or thanked for it, if people do not present +us a medal or resolutions, we want to quit. That is why there are so +many disappointed and disgruntled people in the world. They worked +for outside thanks instead of inside thanks. They were trying to +be personal saviours. They say this is an ungrateful world. + +O, how easy it is to say these things, and how hard it is to do them! + + * * * + + Reaching the Gulf + + +But because the Mississippi does these things, one day the train I +was riding stopped in Louisiana. We had come to a river so great +science has not yet been able to put a bridge across it. + +I watched them pile the steel train upon a ferry-boat. I watched +the boat crossing a river more than a mile wide. Standing upon the +ferry-boat, I could look down into the lordly river and then far +north perhaps fifteen hundred miles to the little struggling +streamlet starting southward thru the forests of Minnesota, there +writing the first chapter of this wonderful book in the running brook. + +I thank God that I had gone a little farther southward in my own +life. Father of Waters, you have fought a good fight. You are +conquering gloriously. You bear upon your bosom the commerce of +many nations. I know why. I saw you born, saw your struggles, saw +you get in the right channel, saw you learn the lessons of your +knocks, and saw that you never stopped going southward. + +And may we read it into our own lives. May we get the vision of +which way to go, and then keep on going south--on and on, overcoming, +getting the lessons of the bumps, the strength from the struggle and +thus making it a part of ourselves, and thus growing greater. + + * * * + + Go on South Forever! + + +Where shall we stop going south? At the Gulf of Mexico? + +The Mississippi knows nothing about the gulf. He goes on south +until he reaches the gulf. Then he pushes right on into the gulf as +tho nothing had happened. So he pushes his physical banks on south +many miles right out into the gulf. + +And when he comes to the end of his physical banks, he pushes on +south into the gulf, and goes on south round and round the globe. + +When you and I come to our Gulf of Mexico, we must push right on +south. So we push our physical banks years farther into the gulf. And +when physical banks fail, we go on south beyond this mere husk, into +the great Gulf of the Beyond, to go on south unfolding thru eternity. + +WE NEVER STOP GOING SOUTH. + + + + Chapter X + + Going Up Life's Mountain + + The Defeats that are Victories + +HOW often we say, "I wish I had a million!" Perhaps it is a +blessing that we have not the million. Perhaps it would make us +lazy, selfish and unhappy. Perhaps we would go around giving it to +other people to make them lazy, selfish and unhappy. + +O, the problem is not how to get money, but how to get rid of +money with the least injury to the race! + +Perhaps getting the million would completely spoil us. Look at the +wild cat and then look at the tabby cat. The wild cat supports +itself and the tabby cat has its million. So the tabby cat has to +be doctored by specialists. + +If the burden were lifted from most of us we would go to wreck. +Necessity is the ballast in our life voyage. + +When you hear the orator speak and you note the ease and power of +his work, do you think of the years of struggle he spent in +preparing? Do you ever think of the times that orator tried to +speak when he failed and went back to his room in disgrace, +mortified and broken-hearted? Thru it all there came the +discipline, experience and grim resolve that made him succeed. + +When you hear the musician and note the ease and grace of the +performance, do you think of the years of struggle and overcoming +necessary to produce that finish and grace? That is the story of +the actor, the author and every other one of attainment. + +Do you note that the tropics, the countries with the balmiest +climates, produce the weakest peoples? Do you note that the +conquering races are those that struggle with both heat and cold? +The tropics are the geographical Gussielands. + +Do you note that people grow more in lean years than in fat years? +Crop failures and business stringencies are not calamities, but +blessings in disguise. People go to the devil with full pockets; +they turn to God when hunger hits them. "Is not this Babylon that +I have builded?" says the Belshazzar of material prosperity as he +drinks to his gods. Then must come the Needful and Needless Knocks +handwriting upon the wall to save him. + +You have to shoot many men's eyes out before they can see. You have +to crack their heads before they can think, knock them down before +they can stand, break their hearts before they can sing, and +bankrupt them before they can be rich. + +Do you remember that they had to lock John Bunyan in Bedford jail +before he would write his immortal "Pilgrim's Progress"? It may be +that some of us will have to go to jail to do our best work. + +Do you remember that one musician became deaf before he wrote music +the world will always hear? Do you remember that one author became +blind before writing "Paradise Lost" the world will always read? + +Do you remember that Saul of Tarsus would have never been +remembered had he lived the life of luxury planned for him? He had +to be blinded before he could see the way to real success. He had +to be scourged and fettered to become the Apostle to the Gentiles. +He, too, had to be sent to prison to write his immortal messages to +humanity. What throne-rooms are some prisons! And what prisons are +some throne-rooms! + +Do you not see all around you that success is ever the phoenix +rising from the ashes of defeat? + +Then, children, when you stand in the row of graduates on +commencement day with your diplomas in your hands, and when your +relatives and friends say, "Success to you!" I shall take your hand +and say, "Defeat to you! And struggles to you! And bumps to you!" + +For that is the only way to say, "Success to you!" + + * * * + + Go Up the Mountain + +O UNIVERSITY OF HARD KNOCKS, we learn to love you more with each +passing year. We learn that you are cruel only to be kind. We learn +that you are saving us from ourselves. But O, how most of us must +be bumped to see this! + +I know no better way to close this lecture than to tell you of a +great bump that struck me one morning in Los Angeles. It seemed as +tho twelve years of my life had dropped out of it, and had been lost. + +Were you ever bumped so hard you were numb? I was numb. I wondered +why I was living. I thought I had nothing more to live for. When a +dog is wounded he crawls away alone to lick his wounds. I felt like +the wounded dog. I wanted to crawl away to lick my wounds. + +That is why I climbed Mount Lowe that day. I wanted to get alone. + + * * * + + +It is a wonderful experience to climb Mount Lowe. The tourists go up +half a mile into Rubio Canyon, to the engineering miracle, the +triangular car that hoists them out of the hungry chasm thirty-five +hundred feet up the side of a granite cliff, to the top of Echo Mountain. + +Here they find that Echo Mountain is but a shelf on the side of +Mount Lowe. Here they take an electric car that winds five miles on +towards the sky. There is hardly a straight rail in the track. +Every minute a new thrill, and no two thrills alike. Five miles of +winding and squirming, twisting and ducking, dodging and summersaulting. + +There are places where the tourist wants to grasp his seat and +lift. There is a wooden shelf nailed to the side of the +perpendicular rockwall where his life depends upon the honesty of +the man who drove the nails. He may wonder if the man was working +by the day or by the job! He looks over the edge of the shelf +downward, and then turns to the other side to look at the face of +the cliff they are hugging, and discovers there is no place to resign! + +The car is five thousand feet high where it stops on that last +shelf, Alpine Tavern. One cannot ride farther upward. This is not +the summit, but just where science surrenders. There is a little +trail that winds upward from Alpine Tavern to the summit. It is +three miles long and rises eleven hundred feet. + +To go up that last eleven hundred feet and stand upon the flat rock +at the summit of Mount Lowe is to get a picture so wonderful it +cannot be described with this poor human vocabulary. It must be +lived. On a pure, clear day one looks down this sixty-one hundred +feet, more than a mile, into the orange belt of Southern +California. It spreads out below in one great mosaic of turquoise +and amber and emerald, where the miles seem like inches, and where his +field-glass sweeps one panoramic picture of a hundred miles or more. + +Just below is Pasadena and Los Angeles. To the westward perhaps +forty miles is the blue stretch of the Pacific Ocean, on westward +the faint outlines of Catalina Islands. The ocean seems so close +one could throw a pebble over into it. How a mountain does reduce +distances. You throw the pebble and it falls upon your toes! + +And Mount Lowe is but a shelf on the side of the higher Sierras. The +granite mountains rise higher to the northward, and to the east rises +"Old Baldy," twelve thousand feet high and snow eternally on his head. + +This is one of the workshops of the infinite! + + * * * + + +All alone I scrambled up that three-mile trail to the summit. All +alone I stood upon the flat rock at the summit and looked down into +the swimming distances. I did not know why I had struggled up into +that mountain sanctuary, for I was not searching for sublimity. I +was searching for relief. I was heartsick. + +I saw clouds down in the valley below me. I had never before looked +down upon clouds. I thought of the cloud that had covered me in the +valley below, and dully watched the clouds spread wider and blacker. + +Afterwhile the valley was all hidden by the clouds. I knew rain +must be falling down there. The people must be saying, "The sun +doesn't shine. The sky is all gone." But I saw the truth--the sun +was shining. The sky was in place. A cloud had covered down over +that first mile. The sun was shining upon me, the sky was all blue +over me, and there were millions of miles of sunshine above me. I +could see all this because I had gone above the valley. I could see +above the clouds. + +A great light seemed to break over my stormswept soul. I am under +the clouds of trouble today, BUT THE SUN IS SHINING! + +I must go on up the mountain to see it. + +The years have been passing, the stormclouds have many times hidden +my sun. But I have always found the sun shining above them. No +matter how black and sunless today, when I have struggled on up the +mountain path, I have gotten above the clouds and found the sun +forever shining and God forever in His heavens. + +Each day as I go up the mountain I get a larger vision. The miles +that seem so great down in the valley, seem so small as I look down +upon them from higher up. Each day as I look back I see more +clearly the plan of a human life. The rocks, the curves and the +struggles fit into a divine engineering plan to soften the +steepness of the ascent. The bumps are lifts. The things that seem +so important down in the smudgy, stormswept valley, seem so +unimportant as we go higher up the mountain to more important things. + +Today I look back to the bump that sent me up Mount Lowe. I did not +see how I could live past that bump. The years have passed and I now +know it was one of the greatest blessings of my life. It closed one +gate, but it opened another gate to a better pathway up the mountain. + +Late that day I was clambering down the side of Mount Lowe. Down in +the valley below me I saw shadows. Then I looked over into the +southwest and I could see the sun going down. I could see him sink +lower and lower until his red lips kissed the cheek of the Pacific. +The glory of the sunset filled sea and sky with flames of gold and +fountains of rainbows. Such a sunset from the mountain-side is a +promise of heaven. + +The shadows of sunset widened over the valley. Presently all the +valley was black with the shadow. It was night down there. The +people were saying, "The sun doesn't shine." But it was not night +where I stood. I was farther up the mountain. I turned and looked +up to the summit. The beams of the setting sun were yet gilding +Mount Lowe's summit. It was night down in the valley, but it was +day on the mountain top! + + * * * + + +Go on south! + + +That means, go on up! + + +Child of humanity, are you in the storm? Go on upward. Are you in +the night? Go on upward. + + +For the peace and the light are always above the storm and the +night, and always in our reach. + + +I am going on upward. Take my hand and let us go together. Mount Lowe +showed the way that dark day. There I heard the "sermons in stones." + + +Some day my night will come. It will spread over all this valley of +material things where the storms have raged. + + +But I shall be on the mountain top. I shall look down upon the +night, as I am learning to climb and look down upon the storms. I +shall be in the new day of the mountain-top, forever above the night. + + +I shall find this mountain-top just another shelf on the side of +the Mountain of Infinite Unfolding. I shall have risen perhaps only +the first mile. I shall have millions of miles yet to rise. + + +This will be another Commencement Day and Master's Degree. Infinite +the number on up. "Eye hath not seen nor ear heard, neither have +entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared +for them that love Him." + +We are not growing old. We are going up to Eternal Life. + +Rejoice and Go Upward! + + * * * + + + ANOTHER BEGINNING + + + + The Big Business of Life + Turning work Into Play + + By Ralph Parlette + +This book proves that the real big business is that of getting our +happiness now in our work, and not tomorrow for our work. + +Judge Ben B. Lindsey, the kids' Judge, says: +"It is a great big boost for everybody who will read it. People +ought to buy them by the gross and send them to their friends." + +Dr. J. G. Crabbe, President of the State Teachers College, +Greeley, Colo., says: +"The Big Business of Life is a real joy to read. It is big and +ought to be read today and tomorrow and forevermore every +where. It is truly `A Book of Rejoicing'." + +The Augsberg Teacher, a Magazine for Teachers, says: +"In The Big Business of Life we have the practical philosophy +that it is everyone's business to abolish work and turn this +world into a playground. Who will not confess that many +mortals take their work too seriously, and that to them it is a +joyless, cheerless thing? To be able to find happiness, and to +find it when we are bending to our duties is to possess the +secret of living to the full. And happiness is to be sought +within, and not among the things that lie at our feet. The +book before us is wholesome and vivacious. It provokes many +a smile, and beneath each one is a bit of wisdom it would do us +a world of good to learn. It recalls the saying of the wise man +`A merry heart doeth good like a medicine'." + + +Many who have read The Big Business of Life +write us that they think it is even better than "The +University of Hard Knocks," which, they add, is +mighty hard to beat. + + Similar in size and binding to + "The University of Hard Knocks." + + Price $1.00 Net + Add 10c for postage + PARLETTE-PADGET COMPANY +122 South Michigan Avenue Chicago + + + + It's Up To You! + Are You Shaking Up or Rattling Down? + + Go On South! + The Best is Yet to Come + + The Salvation of a Sucker + You Can't Get Something for Nothing + + +These booklets by Ralph Parlette are short stories adapted from +chapters in "The University of Hard Knocks." + + +John C. Carroll, President of the Hyde Park State Bank of Chicago, +bought 1000 copies of the booklet "It's Up to You!" and of it he +says. "Parlette's Beans and Nuts is just as good as the Message to +Garcia and will be handed around just us much. I have handed the book +to business men, to young fellows, bond salesmen and such, to our +own vice president, and they all want another copy to send to some +friend. I would rather be author of it than president of the bank." + + +Employers in every line of business are buying quantities of "It's +Up to You!" for their workers. + + +William Jennings Bryan says of the booklet "Go On South": "It is +one of the great stories of the day." + + +Charles Grilk of Davenport, says: "My two children and I read the +Mississippi River story together and we were thoroly delighted." + + +Instruct us to send one of these booklets to your friends. It will +delight them more than any small present you can make. + + Price 25c Each Postpaid + + Parlette-Padget Company +122 South Michigan Avenue Chicago + + +[End.] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/land.txt b/politicalTextFiles/land.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8583b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/land.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[Excerted without permission from New Alchemy (Spring +1988).`Subscriptions $8/yr (4 issues) from New Alchemy, 237 Hatchville +Rd., East Falmouth, MA 02536.] + + + WHO REALLY OWNS THE LAND? + ------------------------- + by Judith M.Barnet + + How does it come to be that a non-renewable resource like land and a + basic human need like shelter are subject to the slings and arrows of + the marketplace and the buisness cycle? The root answer to that + subversive question takes us to the institution of private property, + defined as that which can be sold and whose possesion confers exclusive + rights upon the owner. THis aspect of our relationship to land is so + thoroughly taken for granted in our culture that to even raise the + topic seems absurd, until we remember that the ownership system brought + to North American shores by the colonists constituted an almost + unimaginable revolution to the indians. We tend to forget that in + Native American culture it was inconceivable that land could be sold - + because it wasn't something one owned. A further root of all this can + be traced back to what is probably the largest privatizing operation in + history; the enclosure movement in 15th century England, when common + rights to land were extinguished, individual title was established and + 15,000 peasants were cleared off 794,000 Scottish acres to create 29 + farms, each inhabited by a single family (with imported servants) and + 131,000 sheep. This institutional arrangement was required to launch + the woolen industr y, and land became from that moment and for all time + a commodity; to be valued at its 'highest and best use,' presumably + determined by what the market could bring. Is it too great a leap from + there to the speculation in real estate market today that has brought + us the current housing crisis? + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/landfill.txt b/politicalTextFiles/landfill.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec28cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/landfill.txt @@ -0,0 +1,529 @@ + + + + To: Activists concerned about landfills + Fr: Greenpeace Research Division + Da: 2 May 1989 + + + If landfills are an issue in your area, you should find the + following information of interest: + + + + "Disposal of "nonhazardous" solid waste is regulated under + Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). + These Subtitle D wastes include many different types of waste + streams, such as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and oil + and gas waste." + "More than 11 Billion Tons of Subtitle D Waste Are Produced + Annually in the United States. Of this total more than 95 percent + are industrial nonhazardous waste, oil and gas waste, mining waste, + and municipal solid waste. Each type of waste presents unique + management problems and risks." + "There are 226,732 Subtitle D units in the United States. + Eighty-four percent of this total are surface impoundments, 8 + percent are land application units, 6 percent are landfills, and 2 + percent are industrial waste piles. Of the nearly 13,000 landfill + units identified, 6,584 are municipal solid waste landfill units." + "Shortages of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Capacity are + Occurring in Some Areas of the Nation. The shortages are due to + several factors: (1) 83 percent of the municipal solid waste + generated in 1986 was landfilled; (2) 45 percent of all municipal + solid waste landfills will close by 1991; (3) some States have not + conducted long-term planning; and (4) siting of new disposal + facilities is difficult." + "Municipal solid waste landfills have degraded and may continue + to degrade the environment." + "... the data indicate that releases to the ground water from + municipal solid waste landfills present potential risks to human + health." + "Acute human health impacts associated with methane releases have + been documented." + "... the limited available data on industrial Subtitle D + facilities indicate that there is cause for concern and a need for + further study. Current findings include: (1) the use of design + controls at industrial facilities is very limited; (2) the number of + industrial facilities is large and the amount of industrial + nonhazardous waste generated annually dwarfs the amount of municipal + solid waste; ..." + "Waste tires, infections waste, and municipal waste combustion + ash are examples of special Subtitle D wastes. The special + management concerns posed by these waste streams arise from the + unique characteristics of these wastes. Current data are not + sufficient to estimate reliably the risks posed by these wastes." + "Federal and some State solid waste regulations lack the + following essential requirements: location criteria, appropriate + design criteria, ground-water monitoring, corrective action, closure + and post-closure care, and financial responsibility." + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + "... HSWA [1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to RCRA] + requires EPA to revise the current criteria for facilities that may + receive household hazardous waste or small-quantity generator + hazardous waste." + "... the Subtitle D waste stream is very diverse. Such different + waste types as waste tires, infectious waste, industrial + nonhazardous waste, and municipal solid wastes are all regulated + under Subtitle D of RCRA. .. the industrial nonhazardous waste + category includes waste from the pulp and paper industry, the + organic chemical industry, the textile manufacturing industry and a + variety of other industries." + "Each Subtitle D waste type presents unique problems and risks." + "Table 1. Subtitle D Waste Categories and Quantities + Estimated Annual Generation Rate + Waste Category (million tons) + Industrial Nonhazardous Waste 7,600 (a,b) + Oil and Gas Waste (c) + -drilling waste 129 - 871 (d,e) + -produced waters 1,966 - 2,738 (e,f) + Mining Waste (c) > 1,400 (g) + Municipal Solid Waste 158 (b) + -household hazardous waste 0.002 - 0.56 (b) + Municipal Waste Combustion Ash 3.2 - 8.1 (h) + Utility Waste (c) + - ash 69 (i) + -flue gas desulfurization waste 16 (i) + Construction and Demolition Waste 31.5 (j) + Municipal Sludge + - wastewater treatment 6.9 (b) + - water treatment 3.5 (b) + Very-Small-Quantity Generator + Hazardous Waste (<100 kg/mo) 0.2 (e) + Waste Tires 240 million tires (g) + Infectious Waste 2.1 (e,l) + Agricultural Waste Unknown + Approximate >11,387 + a: Not including industrial waste that is recycled or disposed + of off site. + b: These estimates are derived from 1986 data. + c: Waste category is the subject of a separate report to + Congress + d: Converted to tons from barrels: 42 gals = 1 barrel, ~17 + lbs/gal + e: These estimates are derived from 1985 data. + f: Converted to tons from barrels: 42 gals = 1 barrel, ~8 + lbs/gal + g: These estimates are derived from 1983 data. + h: This estimate is derived from 1988 data. + i: These estimates are derived from 1984 data. + j: This estimate is derived from 1970 data. + k: Small quantity generators (100-1,000 kg/mo) have been + regulated under RCRA, Subtitle C, since October 1986. Before + then, approximately 830,000 tons of small-quantity generator + hazardous wastes were disposed of in Subtitle D facilities + every year. + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + l: Includes only infectious hospital waste. + + "This study estimates that there are 226,732 Subtitle D units + located at approximately 128,000 establishments. (An establishment + may have more than one unit.) Of these units, 84 percent are + surface impoundments, 8 percent are land application units, 6 + percent are landfills, and 2 percent are industrial waste piles ... + More than half the units are oil and gas surface impoundments. + Municipal solid waste landfills account for nearly half of the + landfills and more than two-thirds of the land application units + are municipal sewage sludge units." + "Most of the Subtitle D facilities are privately owned. This is + because of the overwhelming number of privately owned oil and gas, + industrial, and mining waste facilities. In addition, + approximately 17 percent of municipal solid waste landfills are + privately owned. However, municipal solid waste landfills are + predominantly publicly owned. Nearly 78 percent of municipal solid + waste landfills are owned by local governments, approximately 4 + percent by the Federal government, and 1 percent by State + government." + "Table 2. Estimated Number of Active Subtitle D Units + Unit Type + Waste Category Landfills Surface Land Waste + Impoundments Application Piles Total + Municipal solid + waste 6,584(a) b b b 6,584 + Industrial waste 2,757(c) 15,253 (c) 4,308(c) 5,335 (c) 27,654 + Municipal Sewage + Sludge d 1,938 11,937 b 13,875 + Oil and Gas Waste (e) b 125,074 726 b 125,800 + Agricultural Waste d 17,159 b b 17,159 + Mining Waste (e) d 19,183 b d 19,813 + Municipal Runoff b 488 b b 488 + Construction and + Demolition Debris 2,591 b b d 2,591 + Miscellaneous + Waste 1,030 11,118 621 d 12,769 + Appropriate Total + Number of Units 12,962 190,843 17,592 5,335 226,732 + a: The results of a previous census of the States indicated 9,300 + municipal solid waste landfills. However, the table entry is + considered more accurate. It is based on a 1986 Survey. + b: Unknown, none or few thought to exist. + c: These estimates differ from previously published results from a + census of the States. Table entries are considered to be more + accurate. They are based on a 1986 Industrial Survey. + d. Unknown, some may exist. + e. Waste category is the subject of a separate report to Congress. + "Approximately 83 percent of the municipal solid waste generated + in 1986 was disposed of in landfills, while only 11 percent was + recycled, and only 6 percent was combusted." + "Nearly three-fourths (74 percent) of all municipal solid waste + landfills are expected to close within 15 years, with 45 percent + expected to close in 5 years .... These shortages are becoming + critical in densely populated areas of the country, particularly in + + + 3 + + + + + + + + + the Northeast." + "Municipal solid waste landfills and the waste they receive have + been characterized reasonably well, and some impacts associated with + municipal solid waste landfills have been identified. However, + leachate and gas data for these facilities are limited." + "Comparatively less is known about industrial wastes and + facilities. Specific industrial waste streams have not been well + characterized and little is known about the hazards they may pose." + "... the data indicate that some municipal solid waste landfills + present potential risks to human health. Human health impacts from + exposure to contaminant releases to ground water from municipal + solid waste landfills are difficult to isolate due to the complex + interaction of factors that affect human health." + "With regard to air emissions from municipal solid waste + landfills, acute impacts associated with methane releases have been + documented. The Agency is currently determining the extent of human + health risks that may result from emission of volatile organic + compounds, which have been estimated to be in the range of 200,000 + megagrams per year." + "The number of industrial facilities is very large, as is the + amount of waste they handle. Because current data are limited, it + is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the risks posed by + these facilities. Existing data however, do suggest that these + facilities need to be further investigated to determine the need for + additional regulatory action." + "Data on post-1980 facilities [solid waste landfills] are very + limited. (These newer sites represent only 30 percent of the + municipal solid waste landfills in existence today)." + "... on a national basis, EPA found little difference in the + location, design, and operation of newer municipal solid waste + landfills versus older landfills." + "Some large-quantity [hazardous waste] generators may also be + illegally disposing of their hazardous wastes in municipal solid + waste landfills." + "... environmental impacts and threats to human health have been + documented at 163 municipal solid waste landfills." + "Ground-water and surface water quality were adversely affected + at 146 and 73 municipal solid waste landfills, respectively. While + the impacts identified range in severity, 33 sites have contaminated + drinking water resources, and three other sites pose a threat to + water supply systems. For example, one active municipal solid waste + landfill has contaminated a square mile of a sole-source aquifer and + has closed a major community well field. ... Elevated levels of + organics, including pesticides, and metal contaminants have been + found in ground water and/or surface water at many sites." + "Impacts on fish or other aquatic life have been documented at 13 + sites. ... this small number of cases does not likely reflect the + actual number of occurrences." + Superfund Statistics + "To be listed on the NPL [Superfund National Priorities List], a + site must present or be capable of presenting significant + environmental and/or human health impacts. Of the 850 sites listed + or proposed for listing on the NPL in May 1986, 184 sites (22 + percent) were identified as municipal solid waste landfills." + "Halogenated organics, aromatics, and metals were found at most + + + 4 + + + + + + + + + of these sites. Releases of hazardous materials to ground water + were documented at nearly 75 percent of the sites. Forty-three + percent had releases to surface water, and 16 percent had + significant air emission problems." + Methane Damage + "Methane is produced in municipal solid waste landfills through + anaerobic decomposition of organic waste, and is explosive at + sufficiently high concentrations (the lower explosive limit). ... + where methane is not controlled, it can cause fires and explosions." + Ground-Water Risk Assessment + "To characterize typical leachate from a municipal solid waste + landfill, the AGency chose eight constituents from more than 200 + chemical constituents found in municipal solid waste leachate. ... + The eight constituents and the effect of concern for each are as + follows: + - Vinyl Chloride human health risk (cancer) + - Arsenic human health risk (cancer) + - Iron resource damage (taste and + odor) + - 1,1,2,2,-Tetrachloroethane human health risk (cancer) + - Methylene chloride human health risk (cancer) + - Antimony human health risk (systemic + poisoning) + - Carbon Tetrachloride human health risk (cancer) + - Phenol resource damage (taste and odor)" + The analysis estimates human health risk for the maximum exposed + individual and the total population using ground water as a drinking + water source within one mile of the facility. ... Current data + indicate that 54 percent of existing municipal solid waste landfills + have no downgradient drinking water wells within one mile." + "For the subgroup of landfills located within one mile of a + drinking water well (46 percent of all landfills), nearly 40 percent + have risk exceeding 10(-6), with 14 percent posing risk in the 10(- + 5) to 10(-4) range." + "The overall risk distribution changes significantly if it is + assumed that all drinking water wells are located at the facility + boundary (assumed to be 10 meters from the landfill unit). This + scenario, although certainly very conservative, helps to identify + the number of landfills that may contaminate the ground water + beneath the facility above health-based limits. Making this + assumption, over 67 percent of the landfills would hypothetically + pose risks exceeding 10(-6), with approximately 35 percent posing + risks in the 10(-5) to 10(-4) range." + "In present-value terms, the Agency estimates that resource + damage from municipal solid waste landfills ranges from $0 to more + than $4 million per site. The model predicts that nearly a third of + the landfills would have resource damage exceeding $200,000, and + about 13 percent have resource damage in excess of $1 million." + "The model estimates that the resulting total plume area from + 6,000 new facilities placed in existing landfill locations would be + roughly 1,114 square miles (an area slightly smaller than the state + of Rhode Island) over the 300-year modeling period." + "Municipal solid waste landfills receive a variety of wastes ... + While the overall waste stream is considered to be less hazardous + than that received at RCRA Subtitle C (hazardous waste) facilities, + + + 5 + + + + + + + + + it nevertheless is a source of concern. By far, the majority of + waste disposed of at municipal solid waste landfills is household + waste (72 percent of the total waste stream). Household waste + is primarily made up of nonhazardous materials such as paper. Some + nonhazardous material, however may contain hazardous constituents, + such as, lead in newsprint. In addition, within a landfill, some of + these nonhazardous materials may degrade biologically and/or + chemically and form more toxic constituents. ... Also, about 0.35 to + 0.40 percent of the overall household waste stream includes + hazardous components. Constituents of concern in household + hazardous waste include solvents, pesticides, other organics, acids, + bases, medicines, and inks ... + "Table 4: Wastes Disposed of in a Typical Municipal Solid Waste + Landfill + Waste Types Waste Composition Percentage (a) + (mean value) + Household Waste 72 + Commercial Waste 17 + Construction/Demolition Waste 6 + Industrial Process Waste 2.73 + Other Waste 1.18 + Sewage Sludge 0.50 + Other Incinerator Ash 0.22 + Asbestos-Containing Waste 0.16 + Municipal Incinerator Ash 0.08 + VSQG Hazardous Waste 0.08 + Infectious Waste 0.05 + (a) Percentages are rounded and do not add to 100 percent. + "The other 28 percent of wastes received at municipal solid waste + landfills includes very-small-quantity generator (VSQG) hazardous + waste, commercial waste, industrial process waste, infectious waste, + municipal incinerator ash, and asbestos-containing wastes. Some of + these waste streams may contain potentially hazardous constituents. + Congress, in the 1984 amendments to RCRA, was particularly concerned + with VSQG waste. This waste stream accounts for a small part of the + overall waste stream received at municipal solid waste landfills; + however, some relatively hazardous or toxic materials are present in + the VSQG waste stream ... Used lead acid batteries are the largest + single source of VSQG waste. + "Categories of Very-Small-Quantity Generator Wastes + Arsenic waste Photographic wastes + Cyanide wastes Solutions of sludges + Dry cleaning filtration containing silver + residues Solvent still bottoms + Empty pesticide containers Spent plating wastes + Heavy metal dust Spent solvents + Heavy metal solutions Strong acids or alkalies + Heavy metal waste materials Used lead-acid batteries + Ignitable paint wastes Waste formaldehyde + Ignitable wastes Waste inks containing flammable + Ink sludges containing solvents or heavy metals + chromium or lead Waste pesticides + Mercury wastes Wastes containing ammonia + Other reactive wastes Wastewater containing + Paint wastes containing wood preservatives + + + 6 + + + + + + + + + heavy metals Wastewater sludges containing + Pesticide solutions heavy metals" + + "Of the 70 sites [municipal solid waste landfills] for which EPA + has data, 53 of them were analyzed for some organic constituents, + and 62 for some inorganic constituents. ... A total of + approximately 82 leachate constituents were found -- 63 organics and + 19 inorganics. ... the median concentration values of the leachate + constituent data were compared to EPA drinking water and/or human + health criteria concentrations. ... The median concentrations of + all the carcinogens (nine constituents) were above the health-based + criteria for these compounds. In a number of cases, the median + concentrations of all the carcinogens (nine constituents) were above + the health-based criteria for these compounds. In a number of + cases, the median concentrations would take more than a 1000-fold + dilution in order to meet the health criteria." + "... leachate quality tends to change over time as the landfill + moves through the stabilization process. However, where leachate + data are available for both pre- and post-1980 landfills, no trend + is apparent. Median concentrations for leachate from post-1980 + landfills are higher than those for pre-1980 landfills for + approximately 50 percent of the constituents." + "Landfill gas adds to the potential for impacts from municipal + solid waste landfills ... Methane, which is explosive, accounts for + about 50 percent by volume of the total gas stream. ... trace + constituents (up to 2 percent) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) + and toxic constituents also may be present. Toxic constituents + commonly found in municipal solid waste landfill gas include vinyl + chloride, benzene, trichloroethylene, and methylene chloride." + MSW Disposal on Indian Lands + "At present there are 314 Federally recognized Indian Tribes and + 198 Alaskan Native villages in the United States covering an area of + approximately 87,000 square miles ... The total population of this + land is approximately one million. The Indian Health Service (IHS) + has identified 576 municipal solid waste disposal sites on Indian + lands." + "Several EPA-sponsored surveys indicate that Indian Tribes + perceive municipal solid waste disposal as current and future + environmental problem. One survey reported that on half of the + reservations surveyed (24) "community dumps" were used for disposal. + Another reported 66 open dumps on Indian lands in EPA's Region 5 + alone. Roadside dumping and other illegal dumping were also + reported. Landfill leachate was cited several times by the Tribes + surveyed as the potential source of water pollution. + [unfinished: more on Industrial Subtitle D facilities; waste + tires; infectious waste; municipal solid waste combustion ash] + --Source: "Report to Congress: Solid Waste Disposal in the United + States," Volume I, EPA 530-SW-88-011, October 1988 + + + + + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + + + + ===================================================================== + + Citizens fighting landfill problems will also be interested in + the following resources: + + "Landfill Packet" A series of ten articles about problems with + landfills, available from the Environmental Research Foundation, + P O Box 3541, Princeton NJ 08543, 609-683-0707. + + "Debunking the Landfill High Technology Myth" A thick, excellent + report on the facts behind what the disposal companies try to + tell you. By Blythe Coza, produced by People Against Hazardous + Landfill Sites, 219-759-1800. + + "Recycling Kit" Produced by Bryan Bence of Greenpeace. Write to + Bryan at Greenpeace, 1436 U St NW, Washington DC 20009, 202-462- + 1177. + + + ---===000===--- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 8 + + + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/landown.txt b/politicalTextFiles/landown.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad33bab --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/landown.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +[Excerted without permission from New Alchemy (Spring +1988).`Subscriptions $8/yr (4 issues) from New Alchemy, 237 Hatchville +Rd., East Falmouth, MA 02536.] + + + WHO REALLY OWNS THE LAND? + ------------------------- + by Judith M.Barnet + + How does it come to be that a non-renewable resource like land and a + basic human need like shelter are subject to the slings and arrows of + the marketplace and the buisness cycle? The root answer to that + subversive question takes us to the institution of private property, + defined as that which can be sold and whose possesion confers exclusive + rights upon the owner. THis aspect of our relationship to land is so + thoroughly taken for granted in our culture that to even raise the + topic seems absurd, until we remember that the ownership system brought + to North American shores by the colonists constituted an almost + unimaginable revolution to the indians. We tend to forget that in + Native American culture it was inconceivable that land could be sold - + because it wasn't something one owned. A further root of all this can + be traced back to what is probably the largest privatizing operation in + history; the enclosure movement in 15th century England, when common + rights to land were extinguished, individual title was established and + 15,000 peasants were cleared off 794,000 Scottish acres to create 29 + farms, each inhabited by a single family (with imported servants) and + 131,000 sheep. This institutional arrangement was required to launch + the woolen industr y, and land became from that moment and for all time + a commodity; to be valued at its 'highest and best use,' presumably + determined by what the market could bring. Is it too great a leap from + there to the speculation in real estate market today that has brought + us the current housing crisis? + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/larouche.txt b/politicalTextFiles/larouche.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..344817e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/larouche.txt @@ -0,0 +1,819 @@ +Path: uuwest!spies!mips!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!cleveland.Freenet.Edu!aq817 +From: aq817@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Steve Crocker) +Newsgroups: alt.activism +Subject: LaRouche Trial Fact Sheet (40K) +Message-ID: <1992Mar28.053617.16367@usenet.ins.cwru.edu> +Date: Sat, 28 Mar 92 05:36:17 GMT +Sender: news@usenet.ins.cwru.edu +Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, (USA) +Lines: 809 +Nntp-Posting-Host: cwns2.ins.cwru.edu + + +The file below is from the Lincoln Legacy BBS (703)777-5987. +It is run by John Covici and has many LaRouche related text +files. The file below is found there compressed as TRIAL_FC.ZIP. +This has been previously posted to alt.conspiracy - apologies to +anyone seeing it twice. +-Steve + + TEXT + +The following is a fact sheet documenting the background to the +trial of Lyndon LaRouche at the Federal Court in Alexandria, +Virginia USA. + +Prehistory + +Oct. 6, 1986: Massive search and seizure operation by 400 FBI +agents and police of the Leesburg, Virginia offices of the +Executive Intelligence Review and the newspaper New Solidarity. +Indictments, based on findings of a Boston Grand Jury, are +issued to the LaRouche campaign organization and LaRouche- +associated companies, and against 10 LaRouche collaborators. (On +Dec. 16, 1987 three more LaRouche associates are indicted, and +then LaRouche himself on July 2, 1987.) The accusations are +"conspiracy to obstruct justice" and "credit card fraud." +Truckloads of documents are seized, supposedly to provide +additional documentation of the accusations. A second search +warrent mentions "[illegal] sale of stocks and bonds". For this +latter accusation, a Grand Jury in Loudon County Virginia +indicts, on Feb. 18, 1987, another 16 LaRouche associated +individuals and 5 companies. + +Nov. 24, 1986: First press stories appear, in the Washington +Post and Loudon Times Mirror, referencing an Alexandria, Virgina +Grand Jury investigation (again using material seized in raid) of +alleged tax evasion by LaRouche and associated companies. These +investigations, like the ones in Loudon County, make use of the +huge mass of documents seized in the FBI raid. + +Apr. 20, 1987: Alexandria, Virginia bankrupcy judge Bostetter +orders three companies (one is a scientific organization) to be +placed under involuntary supervision and forced to suspend their +activities. + +May 1988: After a 6-month Boston trial, judge Robert Keeton +declares a mistrial, following serious errors by the prosecution. +The prosecution refused to disclose crucial evidence to the +defense. After the mistrial, a Boston newspaper published an +interview with one of the jurors, who stated that the jury, in +an informal vote, was unanimously in favor of acquitting the +defendants, because the prosecution could not prove its case and +had destroyed its credibility through its legal misconduct. + +Oct. 14, 1988: Federal attorney Henry Hudson of Alexandria, +Virginia, announces that he is indicting LaRouche and six +associates for "conspiracy to commit mail fraud" and "conspiracy +to defraud the Internal Revenue Service." + +The accused William Wertz, Edward Spannaus, Michael Billington, +Dennis Small, Paul Greenberg and Joyce Rubinstein are each +indicted on between 3 and 11 counts. LaRouche on the other hand +is indicted on a total of 13 counts. Count 13 charges him with +having conspired "with persons known and unknown to the Grand +Jury" in order to prevent the IRS from assessing and collecting +his taxes. + +The other 12 counts charge the defendants with having devised "a +scheme and artifice to defraud and obtain money by false and +fraudulant pretenses, representations and promises... The policy +of the NCLC (a LaRouche-associated organisation) was not to repay +loans in accordance with the promises made to lenders; ... +between January 1984 and September 1986 the organisation never +established a system for making, and never made, routine payments +of promised principal and interest on loans in general." The +prosecution cited 11 individual cases in which creditors were +mailed written agreements. (For technical legal reasons, the main +accusations -- fraud and violation of loan contracts -- were +subsumed under the designation "mail fraud") + +The accusations stand or fall with the basic claim, that the +National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC), a philosophical +association founded nearly 20 years ago, is in fact a criminal +conspiracy whose essential purpose is to enrich Lyndon LaRouche. +The political goals of this organisation--fighting drugs and +hunger, for a new just world economic order, for a strong western +defense, against the decay of westerm culture and for a cultural +and scientific renaissance--were considered side aspects of the +"conspiracy". + + +Pretrial events + + +By setting a very short period between the indictment and trial +opening, Alexandria Judge Bryan created the preconditions for a +summary trial, in which the defendants were deprived of the +possibility of comprehensive defense. + +Oct. 14, 1988: LaRouche's lawyers submit a legal challenge +against the indictment, on grounds that the indictment would +damage LaRouche's ongoing electoral campaign, and that it was +largely identical to that of the Boston trial, and therefore +violated the fundamental legal principle excluding "double +jeopardy" -- no one can be tried for the same accusation twice. +Judge Stanley Sporkin dismisses the challenge following a brief +oral hearing without having read the written motions. + +October 17, 1988: Arraignment before Chief Judge Albert V. +Bryan. All defendants plead not guilty and move to shift the +proceedings to Boston, on the grounds of similar content of the +two cases. Bryant fixes a Nov. 10 deadline for submission of all +defense pre-trial motions and Nov. 21 for the trial. When even +the state prosecutor Robinson objects, Judge Bryan remarks that +90 percent of the defense motions would just come of a computer +and only three or four would be worth considering. + +Oct. 21, 1988: Judge Bryan dismisses the motion to move the +trial to Boston, despite the fact that the circumstance of +"double jeopardy" is underlined by the presence of the Boston +prosecutors John Markham and Mark Rasch, who assist the deputy +prosecutor of Alexandria in the trial. + +Oct. 28, 1988: Hearing of defense motion that the prosecution +must indicate all documents to be used as evidence for the +accusations. At this point, Judge Bryant admits that "we are +pushing the defendants a bit hard in this case in terms of time". + +Nov. 4, 1988: The defense protests the hurried tempo of the trial +and the trial date, only five weeks after the indictment. +Defense Attorney Kenley Webster points out that he had only two +weeks to work on the case, while the prosecution had been working +on it for four years. Furthermore, since October 1986 defendants +had been deprived access to the more than two million documents +seized and available to the prosecution. Judge Bryan supports +the argument of prosecutor Kent Robinson, that most of the +defense attorneys had become familiar with the case already in +Boston. Motions to shift the trial and to delay trial date are +denied. The Judge also denies defense motion to separate +proceedings on the tax evasion count from the other, completely +different, counts. + +Nov. 7, 1988: The Alexandria prosecution, represented by Boston +state attorney Markham as signer (!), moves that defendants +and their attorneys should not be allowed to mention harrassment +and financial warfare by government institutions as a reason for +non-payment of loans. The prosecution demands that no mention be +made of illegal investigations by the FBI, of documented +infiltration of the LaRouche organization by informants, or of +the involuntary bankruptcy proceedings brought against LaRouche- +associated companies by the government in April 1987. This demand +is particularly bizarre: the alleged conspiracy according to the +prosecution was supposed to have terminated on April 19, 1987, +one day before the involuntary bankruptcy proceeding. + +The attorneys for Ed Spannaus and the other defendants submit an +Emergency Petition for Mandamus to the U.S. Court of Appeals in +Richmond, arguing that Judge Bryan be ordered to move the trial +to a later date. + +In addition, the defense submits a Motion to release exculpatory +evidence. This includes information concerning agents and +informants infiltrated into LaRouche-associated organizations by +government agencies and government pressure applied to financial +supporters and banks carrying accounts of LaRouche organizations +and supporters. + +Nov. 9, 1988: Defense submits a motion to suspend the trial on +grounds it is politically motivated and selectively directed +against LaRouche, while other politicians, for example Gary Hart, +would never consider repaying campaign debts of millions of +dollars. + +Nov. 10, 1988: Judge Bryan dismisses the above and 26 of the 28 +motions, and supports the prosecution's demands to limit scope of +the defense. Bryant claims that harrassment by government +agencies was irrelevant to the case in point. He denies the +defense the right to individually question the prospective jurors +or to submit a list of questions for jury selection. + +By these actions Judge Bryan preprogrammed a guilty verdict +against the defendants. Limiting the defense meant that the true +political nature of the case, which had begun to emerge during +the Boston trial, would be excluded. Instead, attention was to be +given to the obscure conspiracy theory of the prosecution. + +November 14: Refering to their Petition to the Richmond court, +the attorneys for the defense submit sworn personal oaths to the +effect that an adequate defense would be impossible under the +conditions set by Judge Bryan, a situation which would violate +the constitutional right to a fair trial. + +At the same time, the defense submits a new motion against the +ruling of Judge Bryan requiring the defense to reveal its +strategy prior to the opening of the trial. + +November 17: The Richmond Court of Appeals rejects the defense's +petition for a setting a later trial date. + +November 18: Final deliberation before opening of the trial. +Judge Bryan rejects the defense motion asking that the +prosecution be ordered to submit a list of prosecutions +witnesses. The prosecution is only required to name a witness 24 +hours before the witness is to appear in court. Judge Bryan also +dismisses the motion of November 14. + + Jury "Selection" + +On Nov. 21, after denial of further motions to suspend or delay +the trial, jury selection begins. This process, which took three +weeks in Boston, was now completed in less than three hours. Out +of the pool of 175 prospective jurors 46 were employees of the +U.S. government, including the Department of Justice (DOJ), the +FBI, the CIA, the IRS, the Secret Service, and government +departments. Even employees of law enforcement agencies, were only +excluded when they themselves admitted to being "biased." One of +them, a Secret Service Agent, was disqualified after he flashed +his badge and revealed that he himself had been involved in +investigations against LaRouche! After 145 candidates had been +excluded for cause the remaining 30 still included an employee of +the DOJ, an FBI employee, the wife of a former FBI consultant, a +government official working with the IRS, a Defense Intelligence +Agency employee with contacts to the CIA, a secretary of the Drug +Enforcement Agency, an employee of the Department of Labor, a +worker for the television company NBC which is known for its +hatred of LaRouche. Since the defense had only 9 veto rights, +there was no way to exclude all biased witnesses. + + The Trial Arguments + + "Loan Fraud" + +On the first day of the trial, government witnesses testified +as summarized below. Objectively speaking, none of the charges -- +fraud, violation of loan conditions, tax evasion and conspiracy +to commit the same -- were substantiated by the prosecutions. On +the contrary, most of the creditors who testified made statements +in direct contradiction to the allegations, as for example: + +1) Efforts were made to repay loans and considerable amounts were +actually paid. + +2) LaRouche collaborators acted in good faith when soliciting +loans, having reason to believe that the conditions arranged +would actually be met. + +3) Creditors understood that the loans were a form of political +support and were accurately informed concerning the political +purpose to which the funds loaned were to be used. + +4) Persons giving loans were informed concerning the risk +involved. + +5) Press attacks such as the ones which followed LaRouche +candidates' victories in Illinois, negatively affected creditors +and new contributions. + +6) Creditors were encouraged and pressured by government +agents to press charges against LaRouche. + +7) Loans would most likely have been paid if massive government +interference had not made this impossible. + +Defense showed that the firms involved enjoyed massive expansion +in income over 1984-85, thereby justifying major loans. Certified +Public Accountant Thomas Seavy showed with charts, how the wave +of violent press slanders and attacks by Democratic Party +figures, following the March 1986 victory of two LaRouche +candidates in the Illinois primaries, had interrupted the +increase in sales. Even more dramatic was the effect of the +October 1986 FBI raid on the offices of LaRouche-associated +organizations. In all, the campaign of financial warfare against +these organizations following March 1986 caused an estimated +income loss of $45 mio. Seay's charts showed that during the +preceeding growth period, the ratio of loans continually +decreased as a percentage of income. + +Thus, according to Seays, the accused had been justified in +assuming that continuing sales would cover loan repayment costs. +The decisive criterion for fraud -- bad faith or the intent to +defraud -- could not be claimed in this case. + + There was a plan to repay debts + +Two active LaRouche collaborators Frank Bell and Richard Welsh +testified on November 23 and 29, to the heroic efforts made to +repay loans. These efforts covered the 4-year period cited by the +prosecution and continued up to the present. + +Bell presented his repayment plan, which involved for example +$15,000 in weekly repayments throughout 1985. Welsh described his +plan to contact 3000 creditors in order to verify the amount of +the loans and discuss a repayment schedule or forgiveness of the +loans. These plans, whose existence completely contradict the +claim by the prosecution that the LaRouche-associated +organizations pursued a general policy of non-repayment, were +seriously hampered by the seizure of the necessary documents in +October 1986. Nevertheless, debts were reduced by payment of a +total of $4.5 mio in principal and interest prior to the +involuntary bankrupcy proceedings of April, 1987, which ended all +possibility of further repayment. + +The defense cited as evidence more than six memoranda written by +LaRouche making proposals for means of repaying the debt. Welsh +described his efforts over nearly seven years to realize these +proposals. + +Even government witness Wayne Hintz, who had formerly worked in +the bookkeeping department of LaRouche-associated organizations, +confirmed this existence of a repayment program. Hintz himself +had written memos on repayment plans which the NCLC leadership +and LaRouche endorsed. According to Hintz, LaRouche personally +had always pushed for cutting back and even eliminating the +soliciting of loans, and for increasing sales instead. Hintz +stated in court on December 6: "There was no policy I was aware +of not to repay loans." [check English quote] + +These statements confirmed not only that no criminal intention +existed to defraud creditors, but moreover that all humanly +possible efforts had been undertaken to save the creditors from +financial losses. This contradicted the second major criterion +for the charge of fraud. + +In addition, it emerged that the government's figures regarding +outstanding debt were wrong. Government witness, IRS employee +Harry Chusid presented a 900-page report which he claimed showed +that from 1984 to 1986 more than $33 mio. had been taken out in +loans, while only $3.7 mio. were repayed. This "analysis" fell +apart during cross-examination, however, when a random check +demonstrated, as Chusid was then forced to admit, that loans had +been calculated in full each time reference to partial payment +was made. On only 10 randomly-chosen pages of the report, it was +shown that the government had calculated $301,000 in non-existent +loan sums due to this multiple counting proceedure. + +Most creditors testifying as government witnesses confirmed what +LaRouche stated in a press conference following the verdict: 95% +of those who gave financial support during the period in +question continue to support LaRouche's policies and programs; most +of them know that it is the government which is guilty for the +financial difficulties of organizations associated with LaRouche. +Of the remaining 5%, only a tiny number could be brought to work +actively with FBI, Secret Service or IRS agents and issue false +statements. + +Creditor Dorothy Powers, for example, testified on November 30 +that defendant Michael Billington had explained to her very +clearly that her loan constituted a kind of "war bond" and +carried a corresponding element of risk. Creditor Martha Van +Sickie testified to similar effect, and during examination of +witness Max Harrell the defense presented a transcript of a +telephone conversation in which Harrell was literally told +concerning his loan, "of course it's a risk". This was again +confirmed on December 7 by witness Alan Rither, a Washington +lawyer who also loaned money to the organizations of the +defendants. + +Mrs. Audrey Carter testified that her 1985 loan to Caucus +Distributors, Inc. (CDI) was due for repayment in November 1986, +the month after the dramatic FBI raid. In April 1987 CDI was shut +down on orders of the government. Alan Rither, who had also made +a loan to CDI, testified that even after the involuntary +bankrupcy he had recieved assurances that the remainder of +repayments due would be paid back to him. + +John Perricone, an active supporter of the NDPC (the National +Democratic Policy Committee, which promoted the electoral +campaigns of LaRouche-associated candidates) testified that he +had known defendant Joyce Rubenstein since 1979 and regarded her +as an honest, committed woman. In cross examination Perricone +confirmed that he had loaned a total of more than $30,000, but +had not insisted on repayment. Testimony by Perricone concerning +FBI harassment against him was suppressed at the demand of +prosecutor John Markham. However, statements by creditor +Elizabeth Sexton, who had allegedly been cheated by the +defendants, revealed all the more clearly the methods by which +government agencies pressured contributors and creditors and even +incited them to lay traps for the defendants. + +All of this demonstrated, as attorney Ed Williams for Joyce +Rubenstein and attorney James Clark for Michael Billington +emphasized in their final summaries, that the testimony of even +the most hostile witnesses had only proved that loans were taken +which had not been paid back. The defendants' motives were to +defend political ideas, and not to pursue criminal aims. + + Vindictive Witnesses + +A crucial element of the prosecution's case, and especially for +the prosecution's characterization of LaRouche as the +authoritarian dictator of the alleged conspiracy, was the +testimony of former members of the NCLC: Charles Tate, Chris +Curtis, Vera Cronk, Steve Bardwell and Pam Goldman. Their +malicious, lying testimony demonstrated that a conspiracy did +indeed exist -- namely on the part of those who had orchestrated +the indictments and legal harassment of the defendants! It was +quite clear that these witnesses were motivated by personal +animosity toward LaRouche, and had possibly been pressured to +testify by promiss of avoiding prosecution themselves. It became +clear that the witnesses had been coached by representatives of +the prosecution in repeated intensive sessions in order to fit +their testimony to the prosecution's case. + +An unbiased court could only dismiss these witnesses' testimony +as worthless. The final blow to their credibility was delivered +when witnesses Steve Bardwell and Charles Tate were forced to +confirm descriptions of a Halloween Party held on October 31, +1986, in which former NCLC members celebrated the huge FBI raid, +earlier that month, on the offices of LaRouche-associated +organizations. Bardwell had himself written a five-page +invitation to that party, announcing the performance of a play +entitled "Pin the Rap on LaRouche." The guests at the party came +in costume; Charles Tate, who had dressed himself up as a credit +card, acted out an imaginary testimony against LaRouche. Kostas +Kalimtgis, a former leading associate of LaRouche presently +suspected of having been a long-time KGB plant, gave a major +speach at the Halloween party calling upon those present to do +everything possible "to put LaRouche behind bars." + +While most statements by the ex-members were discredited by their +obvious vindictive intent, Charles Tate and Chris Curtis +entangled themselves in serious contradictions. Curtis had +earlier testified, in the Boston case, that LaRouche associates +had acted in good faith and he had no knowledge of an intention +not to repay debts. Now, in Alexandria, he claimed that non- +repayment had been the general policy. Especially under cross +examination, Curtis revealed himself to be an obedient +instrument of the prosecution. His coaching for testimony had +clearly been much more than the originally acknowledged 15 hours +of consultation with U.S. government officials. Curtis admitted +that since leaving the NCLC he had applied for employment to 12 +different government agencies, including the CIA. It emerged that +in the course of his attempts to secure employment, Curtis had +successively changed his line on LaRouche and his associates, in +the direction of increasingly damaging statements. Tate revealed +himself as a notorious liar, admitting that he had lied to +LaRouche in a number of written reports. He had spent the +equivalent of two weeks preparing his testimony under the +supervision of various government agents, including +representatives of the prosecution. + + Claim of "Conspiracy" Key to Prosecution's Case + +The case of defendant Edward Spannaus demonstrated most clearly +how the claim of "conspiracy" was the prosecution's only way to +implicate him in criminal actions. Spannaus was charged with +Count 1 (conspiracy to defraud) as well as Counts 3-11, where he +was accused of participation in 9 individual cases of +sollicitation of loans. However, in none of those 9 specific +cases was any criminal action on his part demonstrated. There was +only a remark in one of Spannaus' notebooks concerning an +unverified statement by LaRouche on loan policy. Spannaus' only +involvement in the cited loan cases was in discussing with a +lawyer changes in loan contracts. + +On December 2 Richard Vepez, a former NCLC member confirmed in +testimony that Spannaus had in one case objected to a change in a +loan contract which might have caused misunderstandings +concerning the political nature of activities for which the money +was to be used. + +Spannaus' defense attorney Kenley Webster cited the flimsy nature +of the charges against Spannaus as exemplary of the shakey +foundation of the prosecution's entire case. + + The Case of Dennis Small + +Defendant Dennis Small was indicted on only one count, for +allegedly having sollicited a large loan from Mrs. Goodwill for +the declared purpose of supporting a campaign against drugs. It +emerged, however, that Chris Curtis was the one who made the loan +agreement with Mrs. Goodwill -- according to Curtis' own +testimony! Dennis Small had never had anything to do with this +loan. Curtis left the distinct impression that his false +testimony in court had been elicited under threat of indictment. + +"Tax Fraud" + +Count 13 embodies the political nature of the trial better than +any other. Government witnesses ended up establishing that + +1) LaRouche has had no taxable income since 1979. + +2) LaRouche had been completely open about his financial +situation, and tax officials had never attempted to collect taxes +from him. + +3) Tax experts, lawyers and accountants consulted by LaRouche had +advised him that he had no taxable income and was not obliged to +file a tax return; indeed, he had been advised not to file. + + 4) LaRouche had thus acted in good faith that his actions were +in accordance with U.S. tax law. + +5) the government's contention that LaRouche had a "lavish +lifestyle" was a fabricated falsehood. + +Experienced lawyer Mayer Morgenroth confirmed in testimony that +LaRouche had decided not to file a tax return on the basis of +sound professional advice, and that material goods provided him +(housing, clothing, security) did not constitute taxable income. +Morgenroth reported that he had participated in 1979 and 1984 in +consultations concerning the tax status of LaRouche and his +associates. These consultations established that LaRouche wrote +as a politician and publicist for various publishing concerns +sympathetic with his views. These companies had a legitimate +interest in providing meals, housing, a minimum of clothing and +necessary security arrangements for LaRouche. A tax consultant +from Michigan, Gerry Doherty, had explained to Morgenroth that +these provisions to Mr. LaRouche could not be counted as income. +Furthermore Harold Dubrowsky of the tax consulting firm Grant +Thorton, had advised that LaRouche was not required to file a tax +return. + +Thomas Seay, a certified public accountant (CPA) testified that +according to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regulations, LaRouche +could be classified as an employee of various publishing houses, +however this determination was somewhat ambiguous. The same +regulations prescribe that meals, housing and even medical and +clothing expenses, insofar as they are provided as gifts, do not +constitute taxable income. Seay had advised LaRouche that he need +not file a tax return. + +New York accountant Murray Altman testified that during the four +years he had completed tax returns for LaRouche-associated +publishing companies and firms, LaRouche himself had been free of +tax obligations. + +Finally, IRS tax official Elizabeth Jeu, who had been involved +for the last 12-14 in a tax investigation of LaRouche, testified +to the effect that since 1979, the IRS had never seriously tried +to collect taxes from LaRouche. + +LaRouche's lawyer Odin Anderson stressed in his closing +statement, that the IRS could have demanded at any time since +1979 that LaRouche file a tax return. This had not happened, but +instead a bizarre tax evasion conspiracy theory had been +constructed. + +The prosecution alleged that loans and contributions were used to +maintain LaRouche's alleged "lavish life-style," and that security +measures constituted a prestige symbol rather than necessary +defense against real threats. Contradicting these claims, Richard +McGraw, a LaRouche associate responsible for LaRouche's personal +security, testified as to the actually quite austere living +situation of Mr. and Mrs. LaRouche, and described how urgently +necessary security arrangements had deprived LaRouche of privacy +and freedom of movement, and made him a virtual prisoner in his +working room. + +General Luis Giuffreda, who headed under President Reagan the +Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) between 1981 and 1985, +testified to the considerable danger LaRouche's life, referenced +numerous reports of threats to LaRouche, from terrorist groupings +including the Baader-Meinhof band, Weather-Underground, Yippies +and Jewish Defense League, as well as threats from the Communist +Party U.S.A. and the Soviet Union directly. In view of these +threats, LaRouche's security arrangements were much too little. +LaRouche's security was not in the "Cadillac category" but rather +in the "VW bug" category, and that LaRouche's living quarters +reminded Gen. Giuffreda of his son's student housing. + +Following this testimony the prosecution modified its approach, +asserting explicitly that neither the threat to LaRouche nor the +legitimacy of his security costs had been denied by the +prosecution or the American government. + +Throughout the testimony no significant substantiation at all was +presented for Count 13, "Conspiracy to defraud the United States +by impeding, impairing, obstructing and defeating the lawful +function of the U.S. Treasury Department and IRS in the +ascertainment, computation, assessment and collection of the +revenue, to witt: the individual income taxes of Lyndon LaRouche +jr. Indicative was the manner in which Prosecutor Robinson cited +Kavaler, the attorney for the television company NBC, as supposed +evidence in his closing summary. In 1984 LaRouche had sued NBC +for a vicious slander program, broadcast nationwide by NBC and +coinciding with the initiation of the investigation of LaRouche +by the Boston Grand Jury. Robinson quoted from the transcript of +the NBC trial, in which Kaveler questions LaRouche on his income. + +The judge's detailed instructions to the jury concerning Count +13, including his emphasis that demonstration of "good faith" on +the part of the defendants would be conclusive proof of +innocence, should have led unambiguously to a verdict of +"innocent" on this count. The verdict of guilty is clear proof +that the jury's decision was a total miscarriage of justice. + + The True Lyndon LaRouche + + + + +On Dec. 8, a number of prominent personalities from several +countries took the stand to testify to LaRouche's personal +integrity, his standing as an influential political figure whose +initiatives and policies are respected throughout the world, and +to the reasons why LaRouche had become a target of harassment, +slander and assassination threats. This testimony succeeded in at +least partially casting light upon the political motives behind +the trial. + +Juan Rebaza, President of the Peruvian national fishing company +Pesca Peru, testified on the political activities of Dennis Small +in Iberoamerica, including Small's meetings with Peru's President +Alan Garcia, with the labor movement in Mexico and with the +LaRouche-associated Schiller Institute's initiative for formation +of a Latin American common market. + +Retired Brigadier General Paul-Albert Scherer, former head of +West German military counterintelligence, testified to LaRouche's +contributions to the Western Alliance and to the campaign of +attacks against LaRouche by the Soviet Union. LaRouche became a +major threat to the Soviets especially for his role in the +development of the SDI policy. Gen. Scherer testified that +LaRouche was man of integrity and modest way of living, who is +working for his ideals without interest in personal gain. + +Internationally-known AIDS expert Dr. John Seale, member of the +Royal Society of Medicine in London, documented the crucial +importance of the fight against AIDS and testified on how his +cooperation with LaRouche in that fight had led to slanders and +harassment against him directed by agencies of the U.S. +government. + +The 78 year-old Amelia Robinson, a long-time +close associate of Dr, Martin Luther King, active since the 1930s +in the American civil rights movement, emphasized in her +testimony the role of the Schiller Institute and the LaRouche- +associated Club of Life in the worldwide battle against hunger +and the drug plague. She portrayed LaRouche as an absolutely +honest man, who had "devoted his life to the wellbeing of his +nation and the world." + +General Lucio Anez, former Chief of Staff of the Bolivian Armed +Forces, head of the Bolivian Military Academy and Bolivian +representative to the Inter American Defense Board, testified on +his meetings with Dennis Small and Lyndon LaRouche. He had +discussed with LaRouche the latter's 15-point program for a war +against drugs. He had also invited Dennis Small, whom he +described as a "an honest, truth-loving man", to give "lectures +on economics and the drug problem before the highest-level +military institution in my country." + +In addition to this testimony, many written attestations were +submitted by personalities familiar with LaRouche from France, +Spain, Italy, England, Germany and other countries. These all +attested to LaRouche's personal integrity and to the respect +LaRouche enjoys among former leaders of the Resistance in Europe, +scientists, politicians and religious figures. + + Government Dirty Tricks + +Despite the efforts of the prosecution to exclude from the court +proceedings all evidence of government involvement in efforts to +harass, entrap and frame up LaRouche and his associates, +testimony did provide a tiny glimpse of the powerful political +motives behind bringing LaRouche to trial. + +Richard Morris, a California lawyer who worked for several years +as Chief Assistant to "Judge" William Clark in the U.S. State +Department and National Security Council, testified on his +numerous meetings with LaRouche and LaRouche associates in the +period 1982-83. In these meetings, according to Morris, LaRouche +had often provided useful information relevant to various aspects +of national security. Many attempts had been made from various +sides to stop these contacts. Morris testified that he was +approached in the middle of 1982 by three persons, from the CIA, +the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Security +Council, who told him that LaRouche was "pro-communist, pro- +socialist, a fascist, KGB, and even a Democrat"! + +Dr. John Seale was prevented by the court from testifying on the +fact, that following Seale's endorsement of Proposition 64 -- an +anti-AIDS measure originally proposed by LaRouche associates and +placed on the California referendum ballot in November 1986 --, +Seale was slandered by official U.S. State Department spokesman +Charles Redman, and accused of spreading "Soviet disinformation". + +Herbert Quinde, a member of the LaRouche security staff, +testified on a telephone conversation he had conducted with +Edward Bennett Williams, member of the President's Foreign +Intelligence Advisory Board PFIAB during the first Reagan +Administration. During that conversation, Williams reported that +Henry Kissinger had personally requested that he, Williams, take +part in Justice Department operations against LaRouche. At that +time he had refused, on the grounds that the Justice Department +"should not intervene into politics." In addition, Williams spoke +of a faction of the National Security Council which was opposed +to LaRouche's policies and wanted to eliminate him. + +Impressive further proof of government dirty tricks was provided +even during the court proceedings, when the U.S. Embassy in Peru +refused to grant an entry visa to the well-known Peruvian lawyer +Maritza Hidalga Garcia, who had been called as a witness for the +defense. Although Judge Bryan had told the prosecution to +insure the granting of the visa, the American Embassy in Peru +continued to refuse the visa, upon the proposterous grounds that +Mrs. Hidalga lacked an assured income! + + The Jury Disregards Judge Bryan's Instructions + +Following testimony by prosecution and defense witnesses, Judge +Bryan spent one hour instructing the jury on the criteria the 12 +jurors should follow in deciding on a verdict of innocent or +guilty for each of the defendants upon each of the counts with +which they were charged -- a total of 48 decisions requiring +unanimous agreement by the jurors. The jury took only 11 hours to +reach its decision: a verdict of guilty against all defendants on +all counts. If the jury had followed the instructions of the +judge, the verdict would have been the opposite. + +The following are key points of Judge Bryan's instructions to the +jury: + + * The overall definition of a "conspiracy," is defined +as two or more persons combined wilfully and knowingly for a +criminal purpose, with the addition of only one overt act--which +needn't have been an illegal act in itself, but done in +furtherance of the conspiracy. A conspiracy does not have to be +written down, or even expressed explicitly orally, but is defined +as a "shared agreement." Once an individual is found to be a +participant in the conspiracy, he can be found responsible for +the acts of all other persons in the conspiracy. + + * The judge cautioned the jury that "membership in a +political organization like the NCLC or in a political committee +like the NEC is not criminal; nor is it evidence of criminal +activity or participation in a criminal conspiracy. Active +membership in a political organization which espouses honest, +albeit controversial, views is not only lawful under our +constitutional system, but is in fact protected activity." + + * The defendants have a legal right to free political +expression under our system, but if those expressions, otherwise +legal, are judged to be made "in furtherance of the conspiracy," +then it can be an overt act. + + * The tax law instruction outlined the same exemption code +which the expert witness had cited, adding that "employee" status +is an objective aspect of the tax code, not based on subjective +belief. It stressed that negligence or trying to reduce taxes is +not evidence of criminality. It emphasized that the intent of the +defendant is critical, and that "good faith is a complete defense +against Count 13 (the tax count)." + + In summarizing what the government charged in the tax +count, the Judge said this amounted to counting as income +LaRouche's housing, food and wine, clothing, entertainment and +services, but not costs of physical security, security +facilities, or improvement of security facilities. + + * The judge noted that if the defendant sought the advice of +an attorney or an accountant, and made full disclosure to his +ability, and acted on that expert's advice, then he is not +wilfully acting to defraud or deceive the IRS. + + * Judge Bryan said that the key point of proof of +the 11 individual mail fraud counts is deception by the +defendants, which can be defined as half-truths, omissions, or +otherwise concealing material effects in relationship to the +solicitation. It also noted that "willfull blindless" is no +defense. + + * He again stressed the intent of the defendants as being +the critical feature, and that good faith on the part of the +defendant is a complete defense: + + "You are further instructed that good faith and an honest +purpose on the part of any defendant is an absolute defense as to +the charges set forth in Counts 1 through 12. It matters not how +visionary you may find the defendants' political goals to be, or +how unreasonable the prospects of success of any of the +defendants' political undertakings--e.g. the war on drugs--may +seem to you, if the defendants honestly and genuinely believed +that their political movement would gather increasing popular +support and that they would have the resources to repay their +loans...." + + * He noted that being late on loan payments is not evidence +of an intent to defraud. + + * Finally, he stressed that the burden of proof was +completely on the government, that the defendants not taking the +witness stand could not be used as prejudice against them, and that +while the jury should aim to come to its unanimous verdict, +jurors should not surrender their opinions for mere interest in +getting a verdict. + + +Following the verdict it became evident that the foreman of the +jury, one Buster Horton, had played the decisive role in +manipulating the jury into its unanimous decision of "guilty on +all counts". Horton, it turns out, is a career civil service +employee working as a middle-level official of the U.S. Dept. of +Agriculture, one of the hotbeds of LaRouche's political enemies +within the government. The very weekend before the judgement in +Alexandria, the Department of Agriculture had used front +organizations to circulate slanderous leaflets attacking LaRouche +at a conference on agriculture policy, organized by the Schiller +Institute in Chicago. + +As the clerk read the verdict, no juror, except Horton, looked +the defendents in the eye. At least one juror was seen crying as +she left the courtroom, a sign of the evil process which had +taken place behind closed doors. + + --30-- +-30- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/lets.txt b/politicalTextFiles/lets.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..690e70a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/lets.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1119 @@ +LETS AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF A NEW MONEY SYSTEM + + + +Richard Kay, 1993 +Compuserve: 100265,3530 +Internet: richard.kay@uce.ac.uk +Janet: RICHARD.KAY@UK.AC.UCE +GreenNet: richkay +Phone: +44 203 450152 + +Contents + +1. Introduction + +2. Local Exchange Trading Systems: What they are and how they +work + +3. The tax and benefits position + +4. Starting a LETS group + +5. Developing the LETS system + +6. Interest and inflation + +7. savings and investment + +8. Inter-LETS: how you get round the limitations + +9. LETS and the finance of public and community projects + +10. The demise of the old money system ? + +11. The emergence of a new social contract + +12. Where do we go from here ? + + + +1. Introduction + + + +I have been interested in economics for a number of years and am +currently involved in setting up a Local Exchange Trading System +(LETS) in Coventry. I have also been involved in developments in +information technology which have made it technically feasible +for all currency transactions to be carried out electronically. +The rapid growth and development of the LETS movement in the +English speaking world has encouraged me to communicate some of +my perspectives on this subject to a wider audience. + +LETS means different things to different people. No two LETS +systems are the same; any group of people can set one up to suit +themselves, so long as they operate within the law. Some of +these schemes will be more successful than others because they +more closely meet the needs of their participants. The potential +impact of this growing movement on public and economic policy is +significant. + +Developments in the methods of financing all sorts of public and +private projects made possible by LETS type currencies may +ultimately affect everyone; changes such as these should not +take place in a democratic society in the absence of a full and +open public debate. This pamphlet represents my attempt both to +contribute towards this debate and to persuade others of the +potential benefits of joining and supporting the LETS movement. + +In chapters 2 to 8 I look at how LETS systems operate, how they +are set up and how they may be developed in future. In chapters +9 to 12 I look at some of the wider implications. + + + +2. Local Exchange Trading Systems: What they are and how they +work + + + +A Local Exchange Trading System (LETS) association is simply a +group of people who exchange goods and services amongst +themselves. Examples of the very many goods and services which +are traded include organic vegetables, second hand cars, +bricklaying, child minding and computer consultancy. In order to +facilitate their many and various trades, the members of a LETS +association create a currency which circulates amongst +themselves and exists solely within the accounts of the +association. + +Money is often defined as being the medium of exchange. It is +also a measure of value, as agreed between buyer and seller; in +a similar manner hours are used as a measure of time. The act of +measuring value for the purpose of quoting prices and then +agreeing sales of goods and services also results in +measurements, or information about the creditworthyness, credit +and debt held by the parties involved in the exchange. So money +is not just the medium of exchange; it is also information about +credit. For example, when I go into a shop with a five pound +note, the writing on it indicates that the Governor of the +issuing bank has given me an IOU for the stated amount. + +This credit used to be based on known weights of valuable metal. +The un-creditworthiness of governments and the economic +inefficiency of digging gold from deep in the earth so that it +could be reinterred inside a guarded bank vault (and other +technical reasons which I will not explain here) ended the +custom of retaining some returnable commodity for the purpose of +redeeming the circulating IOUs. Technically the promise to pay +is cancelled by exchanging a banknote at the issuing bank for +any coin or token claiming itself to be the sum involved, rather +than a promise to pay it, and deemed by the government of the +day to be legal tender. + +In a society which enjoys freedom of expression and association, +no laws can prevent a group of people from choosing to form an +association and recording and distributing information about +credit relating to the sales of goods and services between +individuals within this group. Every credit worth describing as +such must be based on an equal and opposite debt or debit for +which there can be a reasonable expectation of repayment. +However there is nowadays little reason why all or part of the +sum total of these debits should represent borrowing by the +state; e.g. during bank strikes in the past, people have +continued trading by circulating IOUs issued by local businesses +and individuals whose standing in the local community is +sufficient that their credit is accepted by others. + +So within a LETS association an agreed currency unit circulates; +the credits result from sales while the debits result from +purchases. Repayment of the debits involves cancellation of the +equivalent credit, and the money supply fluctuates according to +need. There is no requirement for interest in this scheme of +things, but there may need to be occasional provisions for +debits which are both inadequately secured and cannot be repaid +and also to pay for the costs of administrating the system. One +way or another, these costs are shared by the members of the +association. + +Before the availability of cheap and powerful computers, the +regular compilation, update and circulation of information about +credit within an association of more than 30 to 40 trading +members without using physical money tokens such as notes and +coins would have required an unwieldy bureaucracy. Smaller LETS +associations can do this job using a card index, but the fact +that the first LETS system started together with the +availability of the cheap personal computer in 1983 is no +coincidence. Historically therefore, the credit used in old +money systems was most conveniently circulated using physical +tokens except for large amounts where the expense of clearing +cheques was accepted in return for better security. + +LETS associations use cheque or automated money transfers and +avoid using physical money tokens for the following reasons: + +a. If all transactions go through sufficiently open accounts all +members can know the creditworthyness of everyone else. + +b. It avoids the high costs of manufacturing notes and coin +which are difficult to counterfeit. + +c. In some countries there are legal obstacles to anyone other +than the government issuing banknotes. + +d. The fact that a LETS currency only exists within the accounts +of an association makes it impossible to steal. + +LETS type currencies do not need to circulate solely within +local communities but they work best with individuals and +businesses where the people involved recognise mutual economic +interests before they set up a LETS association. + +For some the key reason why many LETS associations are getting +established is because this enables these communities to take +control over their own economic development from distant central +bankers, governments and global market forces. Why should a +community suffer unemployment if it has unused local resources +capable of meeting local needs ? For others the most important +reason for starting a LETS association is that a local currency +is more likely to encourage sustainable development. It makes it +easier to reuse, repair and recycle things in preference to +wasting them. LETS currencies are not called "green" for +nothing. + +There are those who compare the ethics of the western banks in +their dealings with the third world unfavourably with those of a +back-street loan shark. LETS, however, as an interest-free money +system is an opportunity for fairer economic relations between +rich and poor. For most people however, the key benefit is being +able to draw on the skills and resources of others in exchange +for their own when they know they can't achieve this using a +conventional currency which drains too quickly away from regions +of high unemployment. + +Whatever advantages LETS has to offer, very many people are +getting involved. Because the rate of growth is so fast it is +difficult to present accurate figures; most information is +quickly out of date. In Australia, the largest LETS association +has over 1000 members, while in England, the number of LETS +associations known to LETSLINK UK grew from 40 to 110 in the +first 8 months of 1993. No doubt the average size of the more +established groups increased as well; the Stroud group being the +largest with over 300 members by summer 93. + + + +3. The tax and benefits position + + + +Some who know little of LETS consider it an opportunity for +benefit fraud and tax evasion. Nothing could be further from the +truth, because it is in the nature of a LETS system that the +income, expenditure and current balances of all members are made +available to all others. There is nothing to prevent tax or +benefits officials joining privately and making use of this +information in their official capacity; nor would any LETS +administrators be likely to refuse cooperation in response to a +legitimate official enquiry. I can only comment on the position +in the UK as I must claim ignorance of the tax and benefit laws +elsewhere, but from what little I have gathered, I understand +that similar principles apply throughout the English speaking +world. According to Michael Linton, the originator of the first +LETS system in British Columbia, Canada, the current tax and +benefit laws (presumably in Canada ?) are as appropriate to LETS +money systems as the 19th century transport laws were to jet +travel. + +The tax laws are less of a problem to the development and use of +LETS than the benefit rules. Tax is payable on any regular +source of income earned in connection with a business. I am not +aware of anyone with a regular contract of employment where the +income is paid wholly or partly in LETS currency but presumably +in this event similar principles will apply as to the taxation +of fringe benefits. So if you were working as a full-time +computer programmer and you sold a bicycle for LETS you would +not be liable for tax, but if you sold bicycles as a regular +business activity and sold one or two for LETS then you would be +liable for tax on the income earned, the tax being payable using +legal tender. A business operating mainly using LETS must +therefore earn sufficient old currency to pay the obligatory +taxes under current law. One way of doing this is for a business +to charge a percentage of the total price using old currency. + +The position on benefits is variable and seems open to +negotiation, as it currently depends on the attitude of +different claims assessment officials. This varies between +benefits officers threatening to cut off all benefit in response +to the suggestion that a claimant was thinking about earning +LETS income and ignoring LETS income totally because the limited +range of goods and services available within a small and new +scheme can only represent social favours for which benefits are +not normally provided; e.g. if single parents on benefit barter +occasional babysitting services this should not be classified as +income for the purpose of deciding whether benefits should be +withheld. A kind of income for which it is not easy to calculate +a financial equivalent can result in much extra work for the +officials involved and many would privately prefer not to know +about it. + +Another reason why the benefit regulations are problematic is +that the social security system was never designed for the +modern reality of many people being able to gain temporary and +occasional marginal employment which does not together add up to +enough for life's essentials. Having to reassess the benefit +level involved for each of these many changes in personal +circumstances goes beyond the ability of the officials and +claimants to handle the paperwork and administration. In +practice this is why so many are forced into a semi-criminal +underclass where anything other than the absolute bare +essentials of survival is obtained through the black economy. + +There seems to be a need for clearer procedures for claimants to +become more self-sufficient within the law and for less +reduction in benefit for each additional unit of income earned. +These changes may need to be combined with a different approach +to providing minimum benefits to those in need of them. + +Are we to accept that the purpose of a money system is to match +needs and resources and that there are many unmet needs ? If so +then it follows that if the money system operated correctly +there would be no such thing as unemployment. Supplementary +benefits and the dole are patches which are only needed because +the system is malfunctioning. In later chapters I will look at +the question of how using a LETS based money system enables us +to tackle this problem. + + + +4. Starting a LETS group + + + +Experience has shown that a LETS scheme is best started by +organising a meeting intended to attract the people most likely +to become involved. It is useful to obtain one or two speakers +from LETS associations which have already become established and +there are some useful LETS trading games which can be played to +break the ice. Such a meeting is a good place to form a core +group involving those who are going to be active in organising +the scheme. If this meeting generates sufficient interest, this +will lead to further meetings to coordinate the work involved in +setting up. It is useful to draw up a few simple pieces of paper: + +a. A members agreement + +b. A cheque form + +c. A form which can be used to collect information which will go +into a directory containing information about goods and services +offered and wanted + +d. A leaflet for general publicity + +e. A description of how the LETS system operates + +At these meetings decisions can be made about who will carry out +the key responsibilities, such as drawing up the accounts, +liaison with the media, organising social events etc. Decisions +will also be needed about the cost of membership and the nominal +value and name of the currency unit. These meetings are needed +but don't have too many of them. Groups which start trading at +the earliest opportunity are more likely to grow quickly. Useful +assets include a permanent address to which the cheques can be +sent and collected by whoever is doing the accounts; having a +local cafe, church or community centre is useful for this as it +is likely to act as a focus for the community served by the LETS +scheme. + +Once the group is established, trading and regularly publishing +its accounts and directories, further attention is likely to be +given to encouraging new members to join. Obviously the more +members, the greater the variety of goods and services on offer +and the higher the volume of trading. To start with much +voluntary work will be needed by those willing to form the core +group. When the trading volume is sufficient, the service +charges that can reasonably be levied on accounts can be +expected to cover the efforts involved in administrating and +developing the system. + + + +5. Developing the LETS system + + + +At a certain stage of growth, perhaps having reached 100 members +or so, a LETS group is likely to be interested in involving more +local businesses. The ones most likely to want to join will be +those mainly serving the same community within which the LETS +system operates. Many such businesses will be willing to offer a +discount to members of a local association if this provides them +with free advertising by virtue of the fact that the association +is likely to publicise the members' discount. This discount can +act as the starting point for negotiations intended to get a +suitable business involved. Supposing a business were willing to +offer a 10% discount anyway, then why not negotiate a 20% +discount on the cash price if 20% is also paid in LETS ? The +business owner might feel that this cuts the cash profit margins +by too much, but if the LETS can be spent on goods and services +available within the community then the extra turnover this +arrangement can be expected to bring is likely to be of more +interest. + +Of course by taking a greater share of the local market from +competitors, a business involved in using LETS in this manner +will be accused of unfair competition, but no-one will be +excluding competitors from joining on fair terms. Once they are +asking to join in order to avoid losing business it becomes +reasonable to expect them to contribute more towards the cost of +administration and development. This will result in competition +between local businesses by offering a higher percentage LETS +contribution to their prices, thereby encouraging trade that +stays within the community. + +With more people joining and more LETS being traded it is likely +that the character of the scheme will change; those who take the +small is beautiful perspective to great lengths might feel that +the system is becoming less personal and are naturally at +liberty to found new smaller LETS groups within the larger +community so that the extended-family nature of the original +LETS group is not lost. Computer software is already available +to enable those who are concerned about this to do just that +with little administrative inconvenience. + +The larger scheme will need to adapt to these new realities. For +the credit circulating within the system to be valued as a +useful kind of money, more thought will need to be given towards +preventing some members from acquiring more debit than they can +(or want to) repay. Within a smaller scheme, people won't do +jobs for or supply goods to those who are doing relatively +little for others compared to what others are doing for them. +The "offenders" will be easily identifiable to anyone who looks +at the accounts, but in a larger scheme some members are likely +to be less concerned about minding other people's business in +this manner so long as they can still spend their credits. In a +group which has so many members that the people involved don't +know each other, different controls are needed. + +By this stage the larger group is likely to have adopted a +formal constitution which allows for democratic elections for an +executive committee, perhaps by postal voting or at general +meetings. Experience within other kinds of voluntary +associations which try to expand significantly without formal +constitutions suggests that these are likely to split into +factions. + +Up to this point I have been dealing with known practice. +Further expansion will depend on the credibility of the LETS +currency which will itself depend upon how reasonable are the +expectations that debits can be repaid and whether the accounts +have been kept in good order. Larger volumes of trading will +require an adequate money supply. This will mean there are +incentives for allowing individuals and businesses which have +demonstrated that they can generate a steady income to go into +debit up to agreed limits, with these limits to be reduced at an +agreed rate. Perhaps debit limits could be based on the previous +income into the relevant account. + +A second method of control might involve weighting the cost of +repaying any bad debits disproportionately on those who have +obtained most credits from an account which is defined as going +into default under the rules of the scheme. This has the +advantage of decentralising responsibility for setting debit +limits within a larger system. For example, supposing someone +succeeds in opening an account under a false identity, buys some +valuable jewels from someone else and then departs with no +forwarding address, then at some stage this account would be +declared as being in default and the member who sold the jewels +might then be expected to make good most or all of the credit +obtained. A business would then need up-to date and accurate +account information (preferably on-line) to help determine a +prospective customer's credit rating before deciding whether to +take on a large contract or sell valuable goods. + +I am not sure if the clause in a LETS member's agreement which +prevents someone leaving the group without balancing their +account can be enforced under civil law because there has not +yet been such a serious default that a group has wanted to take +an ex-member to court. It may require a test case before we find +out whether this kind of agreement is as enforceable as any +other voluntary organisation's member's agreement under contract +law. If this proves to be a problem, minor legislative change +may be needed. + +Eventually there will be a need to secure larger debits on +assets such as title deeds or share certificates, both to reduce +the risk of fraud and to give new and existing members +sufficient confidence in the system to use it to its full +potential. This could probably be done in much the same manner +as a mortgage is secured on existing assets, the only difference +being a need to translate the LETS currency liability into a +legal tender liability for the benefit of courts which do not +recognise a LETS currency as legal tender for the purpose of +discharging debts. The manner in which this translation could be +made would be written into a mortgage agreement. This provision +would only come into effect in the event of a default on +repayments on an interest free LETS debit secured in this manner. + +Another important area of development concerns how cheque or +direct debit type payment messages are best handled. Small +groups can use various methods. Here are the most popular: + +a. Using cheque books with the cheques being sent to a +collection address by the vendor. + +b. Expecting the purchaser to leave a message on a telephone +answering machine, + +c. Keeping a book for the purchasers to write in their payments +at a central place such as a cafe, church or community centre. + +Method b. can be the cheapest and simplest for a small system +whose members do not all visit the same place regularly, but it +has been found to be less reliable because people tend to forget +whether they have left a message on the machine. This can result +in entries being made twice or not at all and sometimes messages +may be lost due to technical difficulties. Method c. will only +be suitable if there is a central point which members visit +regularly during the normal course of events. With more powerful +computers now being cheap enough, there is interest in +developing the software needed to enable tone-dialling phones to +be used to input transactions to computer systems connected to a +phone line and capable of speaking standardised messages; this +could also be used to request account information and statements +at less cost than other means. + +Another method of handling automated accounting might involve +running a LETS currency from within a standard Bulletin Board +System run on a computer connected to a modem accessed by other +computers through ordinary telephone lines or other networks. +This method is only likely to be useful for a LETS group whose +members all have access to computers and modems. + +With larger schemes there is likely to be more interest in +authentication of the messages to further reduce the small +probability of fraud. Currently the use of either a signature on +a cheque or in a book, or a PIN number or password for an +automated credit transfer is adequate. One advantage of LETS +money is that it is inherently more secure than older +currencies, because all payments must go through the accounts +and the money only exists within them. Technological +developments will inevitably result in further improvements: few +would object to using a plastic card with their own picture on +it and letting a point of sale terminal in a shop display their +picture accessed from a central database for comparison. Other +possibilities such as automated voice, face or fingerprint +recognition seem less likely to be politically acceptable. + + + +6. Interest and inflation + + + +For those involved in a new LETS scheme there is little point in +building up credit unless you spend it reasonably soon because +you don't earn any interest on it. Most of us have known the +continuous devaluation of the purchasing power of money for so +long that the idea that inflation is not a necessary condition +of money seems strange. In countries with very high inflation +rates people don't save money; if there is temporarily more +money available than needed they look for things to spend it on +which can be resold later. In countries suffering lower +inflation rates, say between 1 and 20 percent, few would save +much money for long unless it earned interest at more than the +prevailing rate of inflation. Neither inflation nor interest are +necessary conditions. LETS money does not earn interest by its +very nature; I will now explain why it need not suffer from +inflation either. + +The conventional explanation of inflation is that it results +from too much money chasing too few goods and services. To some +extent this depends on the psychology of workers and merchants; +if everyone were willing to take real cuts in profits and wages +then a temporary increase in the money supply would not +necessarily result in inflation; but everyone knows that +increases in the supply of old kinds of money are permanent and +workers and traders will not voluntarily respond to exhortations +to accept lower returns . + +With modern governments being elected on promises to tax low and +spend high, the resulting deficit cannot be prevented from +entering the money supply. Issuing longer term bonds in +preference to banknotes has bought time in the past, but this +has gone on for so long that the problem is now greater and its +solution more drastic. True, high interest rates will prevent +some of the public deficit from being re-circulated for a while, +but we are now suffering from the long term effects of our +debilitating addiction to public deficit financing. The +resulting economic stagnation and consequent unpopularity will +not be endured for very long by any government, so more money is +printed and the usury is temporarily reduced in the hope of +buying the next election; consequently we are stuck in a vicious +spiral of high interest and unemployment followed by inflation. + +LETS type currencies can be used to address this problem by +spreading the debits, on which the circulating currency is +based, between many business owners and other individuals who +can be expected to repay them. Those of us who are involved in +LETS systems which are receiving encouraging help from our local +authorities must be careful that we do not let them spend LETS +which we have neither given nor paid them, otherwise inflation +will creep in by the back door. So long as charities, public +agencies and banks are prevented from taking on the debit on +which the currency is based and we do not allow too many +individual members to vanish into the wide blue yonder with +large unsecured debits, then the LETS currency supply can be +controlled. The role of the LETS system, as a voluntary agency +which exists to maintain the accounts of its members and thereby +controls the circulation of a currency, is similar to a bank in +some respects and a public agency in others. The LETS system +should not go into debit to its members if it wants to maintain +the credibility of its currency; this requires that the total +credits are balanced by debits which are unlikely not to be +repaid. + +If one of the members defaults, the bad debit may need to be +written off by payment from a service or general insurance +account which may temporarily go into debit for this purpose, +but the cost of bad debits and administration will need to be +paid for by some or all of the members one way or another. For a +charity, spending more than it is given involves going beyond +the authority vested in it by its donors. The same principle +needs to be established in relation to state spending in excess +of the taxes which we are prepared to vote for. ( It goes +without saying that the state can also legitimately spend +revenues obtained from services which we are willing to pay for +directly.) If the distribution of this authorised public revenue +can be carried out more efficiently and more in accordance with +the wishes of the taxpayers ( I will propose how this may be +achieved in a later chapter ), this sensible restriction need +not result in any essential public service being underfunded. +That is not to say that any public services will ever be perfect +but there is little purpose blaming the government for the +nature of reality. + +Some LETS currency units are based initially on the value of the +relevant old currency; others are based on the minimum, average +or common wage paid for an hours work. Basing the currency unit +on an old currency has the advantage of making it easier for +people to set realistic prices initially and helps businesses +offering price options involving a percentage in LETS. The +disadvantage is that if buyers and sellers expect this parity to +be maintained, it is unlikely that the value of a LETS currency +will be stable when an old currency depreciates. If those in +credit see the value of what they have done in the past +depreciate, this will limit the total of goods and services they +will sell to others for the purpose of savings, which in turn +will limit the contribution the LETS currency can make to the +local economy. + +Basing the currency unit on the minimum hourly wage has the +following advantages: + +a. Traditional socialists are likely to be concerned about the +existence and purchasing power of a minimum wage. Basing the +currency on it will give them an incentive to defend the +purchasing power of the currency unit. + +b. Traditional conservatives will be concerned about sound +money. In order to achieve this they will have to defend minimum +wages. + +c. This standard is more likely to slowly improve the purchasing +power of the currency unit than depreciate it. Over many years, +productivity and expectations of the purchasing power of minimum +wages will rise. + +d. Using a currency unit based on a commodity such as gold can +cause a slump in trade whenever there is an increase in the +value of this commodity relative to wages. Basing the currency +standard on wages, however defined, avoids this problem. + +At the expense of making initial LETS or mixed currency +transactions slightly more difficult to calculate, it is worth +adopting a minimum hourly wage rate as the basis of the currency +unit. This will help guarantee the stability of this currency +because a new political consensus can be built around its base +value. If the decisions concerning how public finance is to be +divided between the various services which compete for it can be +delegated to the taxpayer, politicians will no longer have any +incentive for financing state expenditure through public +borrowing or by increasing the money supply in order to devalue +the standard by which the public debt is measured. + + + +7. Savings and investment + + + +People will not hold savings in a depreciating currency without +the incentive of interest if they have alternative methods of +retaining the value of money not required immediately, e.g. by +purchasing durable goods, land or buildings etc. solely for the +purpose of resale later. This is grossly inefficient and +wasteful because these assets are withdrawn from use or +production. Saving is a natural human activity because some +large purchases cannot be afforded immediately; the desire to +put something aside for retirement can be harnessed to enable +others in the community to invest in the productive assets and +resources needed by all its members. + +Currently most LETS currencies are too new and have insufficient +turnover to support much of this kind of use, but there have +been cases where individuals have taken on large debits to build +their own houses, and then repaid these debits more quickly than +would be possible using an interest-burdened currency. + +Macroeconomic theory states that savings must always equal +investment; savings being the money put aside for future use +while investments represent that which is spent on lasting +assets, means of production or stocks i.e. what is not currently +being consumed or lost through depreciation. This follows from +the fact that expenditure is split between consumption and +investment, while income, which equals expenditure for the +community as a whole, is split between consumption and savings. +Now clearly not everything thought of as being saved is actually +saved if the money is not invested in something productive or of +intrinsic value by the savings institution. One example of this +is where the manager of a bank is stealing and spending the +money and presenting false accounts. A far more serious problem +for most people concerns the money thought of as savings which +are used to purchase the bonds sold to individuals, banks and +pension funds by a government which simultaneously sells public +assets to pay for its current account deficit. + +Traditionally state borrowing was only acceptable when +governments invested the money in schools, roads and state-owned +industries. Now that these bonds are simply sold to finance the +public deficit the savings supposedly secured by government +bonds should no longer be considered as such either by the +person who puts money into them or for the purpose of +understanding the state of the economy. Public deficit financing +ruins the economy in two ways; firstly by taking much of the +money people intend to save and using it for consumption rather +than investment and secondly by driving up interest rates to the +point where few investments can pay the cost of financing them. + +Savings and investment are activities generally carried out by +different people, though they share common objectives. For +example, if one person wants to build a home while another wants +to put something aside for retirement then both can benefit from +a sound money system which enable credits being accumulated for +retirement to mirror debits accumulated while a house is built +by someone else. The retired person should later be able to +spend these credits reflecting regular reductions of debit or +repayments made by the house purchaser. + +Before LETS type currencies become real vehicles for economic +regeneration they will need to become a credible means for +channelling savings towards investment. It will probably take a +few years for the users of a new currency to trust it for long +term savings. This does not need an interest incentive for the +saver so long as the currency can maintain or improve its real +value over a period of a few years and be expected to continue +doing so. + +Not everyone involved in LETS schemes wants to see them used to +finance substantial investments; some see no value in having +money unless it is spent. They are welcome to continue forming +smaller LETS schemes where this use for investment purposes is +less likely or to spend the currency of the larger schemes as +soon as they earn it. Enough people are likely to want to use +the new currencies to channel their savings towards other's +investments to ensure that this will happen. + + + +8. Inter-LETS: how you get round the limitations + + + +The astute reader may have noticed that I have referred to +separate LETS systems as organising separate currencies rather +than a single new kind of currency that can be traded between +all members of all LETS schemes. This is both the strength and +the weakness of LETS based economies. The smaller the currency, +the sooner your money comes back to you and the more trading +will depend on non-economic values such as a sense of community. +There may on occasion be the need to combine two LETS currencies +into one, because a large overlap forms between their +memberships and to avoid the duplication of administrative and +development effort. But much of the beauty of the LETS concept +derives from the smallness of its origins and the fact that it +starts from the grass roots of society, grows organically and +encourages both diversity and a healthy form of competition +between different LETS schemes. The smaller community based LETS +scheme matches local needs and resources well but does not +provide sufficient competition or economy of scale to generate +adequate trade or sufficient diversity and choice to enable its +members to enjoy the quality of life which they have come to +expect, without using another currency which operates on a +larger scale. + +The business of keeping separate currencies in separate pockets +for those trading on more than one LETS system need not be too +complicated in practice, because LETS money systems are +inherently simple in comparison with the old currencies. Some +will find it easier to earn in one kind of currency while +another is easier to spend. There should be no need for a busy +specialist to become a jack of all trades simply so he or she +can be involved in a small LETS group which provides an +insufficient market for his or her specialism. There is +inherently no reason why someone should not be able to buy one +currency in exchange for a second if someone else wants to buy +the second in exchange for the first; the extra flexibility this +gives is of benefit to both parties and enables greater +participation in a LETS scheme. To use a LETS currency you must +be a member of a LETS association. For such a transaction to +take place between two LETS type currencies both parties would +need to be members of both schemes. + +If, as I propose in the next chapter, taxes are to be charged in +future on all transactions resulting in income to a private +account, this would make imports relatively uneconomic compared +to local products and exports relatively uncompetitive. There +would still be a place for global industries where the economies +of scale are sufficient to justify the extra taxes, e.g. the +computer, telecommunications and air-travel industries. + +LETS does not have to be local. There is no reason why a LETS +type currency should not serve a major conurbation or regional +community with several million inhabitants. This will obviously +need a more professional approach to the administration and +facilities management. The essential features that will need to +be maintained for it not to deteriorate into something just like +another old kind of currency are as follows: + +a. The currency should only be used within a community which +values itself as such. + +b. The circulating credit should be based on debits spread +between many individuals or businesses. Banks, charities, public +agencies or the LETS system itself should not go into debit. + +c. All payments go through the accounts. There are no notes or +coins. + +d. The administration of the system is accountable to the +community it serves; i.e. the trading members who hold accounts. + +e. There should be no interest charged on balances in debit or +paid to those in credit, though administration, service charges +and taxes may be deducted from income received. + +f. Transactions only take place by agreement between buyer and +seller. + +g. Information about the income, expenditure and current +balances on all accounts is made available to all members of the +scheme. + +There are many situations where those engaged in a cooperative +form of economic activity can benefit from using a LETS type +currency to enable and encourage their internal transactions. +For example, The European farmers will need to replace some of +their specialised technological inputs with local skills and +resources resulting in more sustainable and organic forms of +agriculture if trading extensively using local or regional +currencies, but their customers will still want to buy foods +produced more easily in different climates so they have every +reason to trade amongst themselves using their own currency +system. Some would also be able to trade farm machinery or +specialised goods or services into this scheme if these were +available locally in exchange for currencies obtainable through +sale of agricultural products into the farmer's local community. + +Other areas where this kind of approach would work include the +global telecommunications, computer and software industries +where the businesses involved in this already carry out much +inter-trading amongst themselves and need to operate on a global +scale. On a smaller scale, a good basis for a local LETS scheme +involving building and construction trades is the idea of a +"self build" cooperative, whose members buy a large plot of land +which is subdivided into smaller plots so they can pool skills +to build a house for each member. By using a LETS currency to +account for the use of each other's skills, this can continue to +circulate and expand to finance other community activities and +projects after the original houses are completed. + +A new currency system could also be used to enable the +industrialised countries to provide their technological +expertise and abilities to help the third world build up its +basic infrastructure to the point where this effort can be +repaid without harming these emerging economies. This trade is +necessary, both for the third world to become more self-reliant +and to provide useful employment among those with the necessary +skills and organisational abilities in the industrialised world. + +I can see no sustainable objection to this kind of currency +being brought into existence if it operates according to the +principles described above and helps liberate the poorer half +the world from having to pay so much of its earnings as interest +to the richer half. Income received in the form of a global +currency could also result in taxation being raised for the +finance of global institutions. The UN is in urgent need of +finance without strings attached by governments with their own +nationalist agendas, to pay for its peacekeeping, health and +educational programmes. + +The experience gained so far with operating LETS type currencies +at the local level indicates that any community can create its +own currency system. If we are serious about solving the third +world debt crisis it is time we started thinking of all humanity +as belonging to a global community. + + + +9. LETS and the finance of public and community projects + + + +One of the main incentives for forming a LETS scheme is that +this gives a community more control over its own economic +development. So far we have only looked at the private side of +the resulting economy but this is only half of the picture. LETS +currencies are already being used to finance voluntary or +charitable activities typically by levying a percentage on each +transaction or by encouraging voluntary donations by individual +or businesses members, particularly those who have difficulty +spending all the LETS money credited to them. This is all well +and good, but it is unlikely to provide enough for all of the +necessary activities within the community which have +traditionally been funded by the state. + +As a LETS currency operates on a smaller scale it becomes +possible to enable more people to contribute to and participate +in the economy, but we still need to provide benefits for the +elderly and disabled and health and education services; the +people who need these most are those least able to pay for them. +Those involved in using a new money system will prefer to +contribute more directly to these needs rather than through the +current kind of system where the administration, collection and +disbursement of taxes is expensive and bureaucratic and people +feel they have little control over it. + +Why not let individuals decide for themselves to which public +services their taxes should be distributed ? People are capable +of doing as good or better a job of cutting the tax cake than +most politicians because the latter have too many conflicting +responsibilities. Some might decide to put all of their taxes +into just one kind of public service but this would even out. If +it were generally felt that some services were underfunded then +people would divert a higher proportion of their taxes +appropriately. This would be easy to automate, because the +private and public service funds all exist within the same +computerised system for the same LETS currency. + +We would still need a democratic process to decide the minimum +tax rate and to elect representatives to supervise the audit and +use of these funds to prevent misuse. However if politicians are +freed from the task of setting public service account budgets +this will help them to discharge their other responsibilities +more effectively. This change will help them ensure that these +funds are properly managed and that the need for public finance +is not allowed to compromise the integrity of the money system +through which it is provided. + +Much has gone wrong in the public services because excessive +regulation and management has stifled enterprise and initiative. +Those working in these areas feel prevented from advancing new +ideas because of the probability that they will be penalised for +rocking the boat: any improvement inevitably challenges vested +interests. If a branch of government is not seen to be using the +tax revenues which we choose to give it effectively, why should +it go on having an unlimited licence to spend our money if +others are able to do a better job for less ? Enabling tax +payers to decide how their taxes should be split would introduce +a real and necessary atmosphere of competition, flexibility and +innovation into our public services. + +LETS Benefits for those unable to provide for their own +accommodation, clothing or food should be supplied in kind, +rather than money; the direct provision of basic necessities +will be more popular amongst those contributing tax revenues for +this purpose. This will also be easier to administrate within a +smaller community. Perhaps there could also be a small LETS fund +for a universal money benefit. For the rich this would replace +the need for personal tax allowances; for the poor this money +should not be taken away as soon as they earn a little more. +Everyone needs some income whether or not they can earn it, but +the incentive to work openly should not be removed as occurs +under the current system of unemployment. We could then also get +rid of the current tax breaks on so many individual or business +transactions which result in income flowing into privately held +accounts. + +Income tax need not be the only source of revenue; there are +sound reasons for taxing the ownership of land and property, the +use of polluting processes and the sale of unhealthy products +etc. However there is a strong case for considering all payments +into private accounts as being private income and taxing it +equally, because: + +a. This will put an end both to the misuse of money for short +term speculation and lending for interest because these +activities would attract so much tax that no-one would find them +worthwhile. + +b. Investment markets will be forced to take a long term view, +resulting in things being made to last, with more consideration +of the environmental effects being needed if an investment is to +be profitable. + +c. This would make the deduction of tax from income ( and +crediting tax payments to the public service or charitable +accounts nominated by the taxpayer ) capable of being automated +relatively easily. + +For LETS systems to be encouraged to develop in this manner +alongside the current money and tax system some minor enabling +legislation is needed. Any LETS system whose accounts are +properly audited, and which levies taxes in the manner described +above on all internal transactions at or above the basic rate of +income tax, should be in a position where all income earned +through this scheme by its members is exempt from other forms of +taxation. If LETS systems keep growing and proliferating over +the next few years as they have in the past, I think it very +likely that sufficient support can be gained in legislatures for +proposals of this nature to succeed. + + + +10. The demise of the old money system ? + + + +Having developed local and regional LETS currency and tax +systems in the manner in which I have described, we must now +address the question of whether the old money system still has a +useful role to play. In the recent report of the National +Performance Review by US Vice President Al Gore (September 7, +1993, From Red Tape to Results, Creating a Government that Works +Better & Costs Less ) the performance of the system of +government inherited by the new presidency was likened to a car +with a broken engine; with new policies being as ineffective as +pointing a broken down car in a different direction. Clearly +most public agencies have a useful job to do but need to undergo +fundamental change if they are to be responsive to the needs of +their clients. I think something more than just propagating good +practice from the more to the less responsive public agencies is +needed if the system of financing state enterprise is defective. + +We must first ask whether this system is even capable of being +repaired. Certainly all of the principles which I have written +about could, in theory, be incorporated into the existing system +piecemeal in which case the old system would survive by a +process of evolutionary change. This would obviously require +very major surgery, but it is doubtful whether the patient would +make it out of the operating theatre. There is a more practical +difficulty to this approach: the public-deficit problem which +lies at the core of the disintegration and collapse of the old +system is politically insolvable. How do you get people to vote +for higher taxes in return for further cutbacks in the financing +of public services ? + +It is not only the third world governments that have become +bankrupt; this condition is near universal. The collective +government debt forms the basis of credit in the old currency +system and I doubt many believe it to be sustainable either with +or without further massive doses of the same medicine: i.e. +further borrowing to pay interest on the loans. Under this state +of affairs, global hyperinflation is both a necessary +precondition for and an inevitable consequence of the +cancellation of this debt. + +If people can meet some of their needs by using a new currency +they will work less hard in return for an old one; either the +supply of the old one will have to be decreased or its value +will diminish. Global hyperinflation is therefore made more +possible by, and its probability requires, the kind of +developments in alternative currency systems which I have +described. The possibility of getting rid of the old system is +created by the availability of a new one, but we do not want a +sinking ship to go down until we have got as many of the +passengers into lifeboats as can be managed. In conclusion, +various factors will accelerate the transition from the old +system to the new one and appear likely to result in the demise +of the old money system. + + + +11. The emergence of a new social contract + + + +These changes will bring the old system to a crisis point. In +the short term it is likely that things will get worse before +they get better. The result of the emergence of a new money +system on the lines which I have described will involve some +fundamental changes in the relationship between government and +the individual. For starters, to use money you will need to join +an organisation and agree to its rules. There will still be a +need for the common law to regulate and where necessary punish +the basest of human instincts in a fair and impartial manner, +but much social harmony can be achieved through the codes of +conduct governing voluntary associations. These rules are +typically treated as having the status of a legally binding +contract between two parties when tested before the courts +unless there are good reasons to ignore them. + +Many are still thrown into jail for non-payment of fines or +taxes etc. When there is no such thing as money outside of an +account this practice will seem mediaeval. So much crime could +be traced and would be prevented if there were no longer a +financial incentive or much prospect of it escaping detection. +There is no reason why our society should have to accept having +one in ten or more of its members excluded from making a +contribution or receiving an economic reward. + +No system can alter man's basic nature or result in a perfect +society, but people can change and in doing so they will +inevitably seek improvements in their social conditions and +those of others; without this basic desire we would never have +known the end of slavery or the beginnings of democracy. A LETS +based money system may enable us to tackle some of our problems +but this will inevitably leave others for future generations to +solve. + +These changes will result in a radically different perception of +our relationship with government. Instead of regarding the +government as them, we will have to get used to thinking of it +as us. + + + +12. Where do we go from here ? + + + +Nothing about the possibilities that I have written about is +inevitable or predestined. We have the ability to choose our +future to a degree never before imagined, but our essentially +passive mass media has made us closer to events elsewhere in the +world while lulling us into believing that it is other people's +responsibility to do something about it. Change does not happen +as if we are machines following a predefined program; it happens +because we desire it, choose to accept it into our own lives and +take action to bring it about. First we need to understand the +path we are following; once this is clear there is no excuse for +sitting back and expecting others to act while the world +crumbles around us. + +If there is a LETS association near you then why not join it ? +If there isn't then why not get together with some of your +friends and start one ? If you can't do this then please +consider whether you can afford to support others already +involved in starting and encouraging LETS developments. Many +LETS activists are working long hours on this for little +economic reward. They need your help, support, enthusiasm, +encouragement and prayers. The experience already gained with +LETS developments proves that people from all walks of life can +use their talents, skills and resources to the full in this +great, exciting and challenging project. With your help it may +result in the greatest improvement in social, economic and +environmental conditions seen in our lifetime. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/lfp52.txt b/politicalTextFiles/lfp52.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2001d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/lfp52.txt @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ + 1 + + Little Free Press + + 2714 1st Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN 55408 USA + #52 Reprinting Permissible "food for thought since 1969" + F R E E + + + UTOPIA NOW POSSIBLE + + A revolutionary breakthrough in employee motivation may be +forthcoming by making jobs so attractive, interesting and enjoyable +that employees will work without pay. These volunteers will be +attracted by good working conditions, the latest in fine tools, +machines and technology, such as; robots, computers and satellite +communication systems. Volunteerism would eliminate the "monetary +cost" of production which in turn would permit all products and +services to be distributed free of charge, thus allowing people to +work without pay and enabling industry to provide the marvelous +technologies and tools. Work would then become a privilege instead of +a duty. + This Priceless Economic System would cause the following +departments to become unnecessary: +1. Payroll +2. Sales +3. Advertising +4. Credit +5. Banking +6. Insurance +7. Legal & Tax +8. Much Accounting +9. Much Administration + This would make tremendous savings in resources and energy and +free more than 16 million people for useful work. + People leaving these unnecessary jobs could volunteer for any +jobs they liked and receive free on-the-job training and begin to +learn and produce immediately. + Volunteers take more responsibility to do better work and create +better working environments for themselves. Instead of working +because one "had to" and hating it, people would work because they +desired to. Then employees could enjoy their work in creative ways +without pressure to make profits. + People who own the raw materials would then have no need for +money because everything would be free for everyone. Their employees +would be distributing their raw materials free of charge as would all +employees in industry and on farms. + Stockholders would have no need for money nor any reason for +worries about inflation, depression or stockmarket-ulcers. + Because everything would be free there would be no reason to +steal. 94% of the people in prison and jails1 are there for +stealing. Priceless economics would end 94% of the need for: +1. 4,052 jails and prisons +2. 630,000 lawyers and judges +3. 1,267,000 guards and police +4. 412,000 prisoners + Thus giving us 2,170,460 more people to help with the essential +____________________ +1 Statistical Abstract of the US. 1985; American Prisons & Jails, +1980, Vol.3; Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1983, Dept of Labor. + + + 2 +work. + There would no longer be a reason to starve or revolt when +everything is free. Malnutrition would become a thing of the past +when land is used to feed people instead of for "cash crops." + Because there would no longer be a "profit" in starting wars, +there wouldn't be a need for defense or military, thus releasing: +1. 223.3 billion dollars worth of resources each year. +2. 4.1 million active military personnel, direct-hire civilians and +defense related workers. + When the unnecessary departments are discontinued we could stop +producing the supplies these departments had been consuming, i.e., +this would lower the demand for: +1. office buildings +2. office machines +3. supplies +4. furniture +5. fixtures +6. electricity +7. fuel, etc. + This would save millions of human work-hours and billions of tons +of raw materials. + Savings in check-out clerks, cashiers and cash registers alone +would be fantastic. + With no monetary cost for labor, rent, energy and machines, all +factory waste materials could be reclaimed, processed and recycled -- +instead of polluting the environment. With free labor, the farmers +would all be able to practice organic farming methods and produce more +nutritious food and halt their pollution. + There would be no inducement to rush new products into the +market. They could be thoroughly tested to get all the bugs out and +be sure they were safe and that their wastes could be reclaimed. + With priceless economics there wouldn't be a reason for special +interest groups to suppress cheaper energy sources, more efficient +production and distribution methods and machines which used less or +cheaper fuels. + With priceless economics there wouldn't be a profit in designing +planned obsolescence and planned deterioration into products. Instead +products would be designed for utility, long life, efficiency, beauty, +safety and be trouble-free and easy to repair with universal parts. + Work would take on a new meaning. It would become an art and +employees would all become artists doing creative things to make their +products or services better and the process more enjoyable. + People would no longer resist automation and robots because these +machines would be employed to do the dangerous and boring work. This +would further reduce human working hours. + We may discover the fact that we have very little or no need for +government, thereby saving most of the nearly trillion dollar budget +and freeing 14.8 million more people for essential work. The few +useful services which government now performs are: +1. postal service +2. fire departments +3. sewer and water +4. highways +5. forestry +6. parks, etc. + These departments could function more efficiently without +bureaucratic and political interference and without budget +limitations. + People would no longer have: +1. money worries + + 3 +2. credit problems +3. rent or mortgage payments +4. unemployment +5. taxes +6. recessions + There would be no need for TV commercials and war fear-mongering. +This will reduce stress and restore hope and confidence. There would +be an abundance of good food for everyone and much more free time to +enjoy ones family and friends. Happy people get along better. People +could then cooperate instead of compete and create a synergy which +would yield more health, creativity, efficiency and happiness. + There would no longer be a reason to create make-work projects. +There is plenty of important work which needs to be done. + Without the stresses of the Profit System people could enjoy +working with the neat fantastic tools, machines and computers which +industry provides. Work would then become a place that people could +go to enjoy themselves, to gain satisfaction in creating beautiful +products or services and enjoy the camaraderie that would be shared. +Work could become our most treasured recreation. + We have what it takes to produce abundance: +1. resources2 +2. labor +3. skills +4. machines +5. factories +6. land3 + With an abundance of top quality products which were free, there +would be no reason to take too much. Too much, is a burden and free +things are not status symbols. + Competing companies could then cooperate to produce the best +products they could mutually design -- cooperation being more +efficient than competition. + The "Law of Supply and Demand" would function more efficiently +when we work to fill the demand, rather than attempt to create the +demand. + This Motivation Revolution would work best on a world-wide scale +because ALL the world's people would be far better off with this new +system. Underdeveloped nations could then develop as quickly as they +desired, with free guidance from advanced nations if they wished it. + If we are able to increase the life of durable goods (cars for +example) to only twice their present useful life, that alone would +reduce the consumption of resources for durable goods by 50% and +reduce working hours for their production by half. + When the 38 million people now engaged in the above mentioned +non-essential jobs; enter essential employment they will greatly +reduce the working hours for everyone -- or, they will greatly expand +certain fields, such as; research and development, reclamation of +factory waste products, cleaning up the environment, working on +organic farms, the space program and/or -- they may prefer to slow +down the pace of all work to have more time to enjoy the journey +through life. + Priceless economics would create an almost Utopian atmosphere by +eliminating 7 of the world`s greatest problems: +1. war +2. pollution +____________________ +2 Buckminister Fuller's "World Game" findings. +3 There are 7.28 acres of food-growable land per person in the world. +FAO Production Yearbook, 1981, Vol. 35, By Food and Agriculture +Organization of the United Nations. + + 4 +3. starvation +4. stealing +5. taxes +6. money worries +7. government + "Giving" produces better feelings than "selling." Getting +something for "free" produces better feelings than parting with money. +(Who can resist a Giver?) Being part of the work force which creates +this near Utopia would be an Honor. Thus, we would pass something on +to our children and grandchildren that future generations would be +grateful for and remember us by, instead of the wars, pollution and +starvation that our parents left for us. Some say that people don't +deserve Utopia, but if people create it -- they will deserve it! + + TO END WARS & POLLUTION AND BEGIN UTOPIA: + First--I think our job right now is to get the word out and get +everyone talking and arguing about the Priceless Economic System. + Second--I think after everyone understands Priceless Economics +they can set a date to all stop taking pay and begin giving all +products and services free of charge. + + "Progress is a matter of trying new ideas. For example, try -- +not beating your head against a brick wall, for a change. See how you +like that." + +7/20/85 Ernest Mann + +Statement of Purpose: + The Little Free Press is dedicated to the idea that we solve +problems by first finding the primary cause of the problem and then +focus on making changes in their area of "cause", instead of fiddling +with layer upon layer of laws aimed at slowing-down the destruction +(symptoms) i.e., finding and replacing the destructive motive with a +life supportive motive. + To encourage the discovery and use of one's individual POWER +rather than giving it to a leader. + Perhaps the essence of the LFP focus is in the area of total +freedom and access to abundance for each individual. + We might call this UTOPIA. "What the mind can conceive, it can +create." + +SUBSCRIPTIONS + The LFP is FREE, except please enclose 25 cents for postage in +the U.S. for each issue you desire. Little Free Press, 2714 1st +Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN 55408 + +NO COPYRIGHT + If you can relate to these ideas, please make copies of this +issue and pass them around. + +About the author: + The author was in business in Minneapolis for 22 years. He +gained enough knowledge in economics to retire at the age of 42 in +1969. Since then he has had the space to observe economics from a +different perspective and the time to travel, read, observe, discuss, +think, evaluate and form his own conclusions about the economic +system, life and individual freedom which he presents in his +newsletter, the Little Free Press. He distributes this free of charge +(except for postage). + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/lghtye.txt b/politicalTextFiles/lghtye.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78a10ae --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/lghtye.txt @@ -0,0 +1,608 @@ + LIGHT YEARS + ------------- + The Controversy Over + The Eduard "Billy" Meier Case + + + In response to an ad in the January 23 issue of +Publishers Weekly announcing the forthcoming publication of +LIGHT YEARS, by Gary Kinder, both Kinder and his publisher +received a flurry of letters and phone calls from UFO +investigators across the country. The emotions registered +in these calls and letters ranged from surprise to anger to +indignation, but all those who wrote or called shared one +trait: each was convinced that the Eduard Meier case was a +hoax. + + One UFO group described LIGHT YEARS in a press release +as "a glorification of patently phony UFO photographs." A +representative of another UFO group wrote that if Kinder's +publisher proceeded with the publication of LIGHT YEARS, +they would be "guilty of perpetuating one of the greatest +hoaxes in ufology." Yet another wrote that he hoped the +publisher "will elect to include a disclaimer of some type, +if not make an outright statement that this is fiction, not +non-fiction." + + It is important to note that none of these +correspondents had read a single word of LIGHT YEARS. + + Why do emotions run so high in the ufo community over +the Meier case? What could compel these people to condemn a +book they'd never read? A word of explanation is necessary. + + In 1979, the investigators on the Eduard Meier case -- +Lee and Brit Elders, Tom Welch, and Wendelle Stevens -- +published a photo journal titled UFO...Contact from the +Pleiades. The book claimed that photographs, sound +recordings, and metal samples offered by Meier as evidence +of his experiences had baffled scientists. But it mentioned +no names and quoted no reports. The book also maintained +that many people in Switzerland had witnessed strange lights +in the sky when Meier claimed to have a contact. But the +investigators provided no names of witnesses, the UFO groups +(who vie for such evidence) protested: The case was a hoax, +they claimed, and the investigators had perpetrated a fraud. +The groups published scathing articles about Meier in their +monthly newsletters. + + But the evidence did exist, and it was analyzed by +scientists, engineers, and a special effects expert, all +with impeccable credentials. This is the part of the story +the UFO community knows nothing about. + + Gary Kinder researched the Meier case for two years, +beginning in the fall of 1983. Kinder conducted over 120 +interviews, spending thirteen weeks in Switzerland to visit +the alleged contact sights, speak with Meier and his family, +track down witnesses, and talk to neighbors and town +administrators. He also interviewed witnesses in Munich and +London. In the States, he traveled several times to +Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, San Jose, Washington, DC, and +the Los Angeles area to speak with the people who +investigated the case, the ufologists who called it a hoax, +and the scientists who analyzed the evidence. + + Well into his research, Kinder realized that the Meier +case had drawn such hostility from the UFO community for two +reasons: First was Meier's sometimes preposterous claims, +and the general reluctance of ufologists to believe any +claim of contact, especially repeated contact; second was +the investigators' refusal to release the evidence. (In +1979 and 1980, some of the articles on the Meier case +suggested that evidence may indeed exist, but until the +investigators produced some of that evidence, they deserved +to be castigated by the UFO community. The Elders then +offered to make material available for analysis, as long as +it did not leave their possession. No one accepted their +offer.) + + In the beginning, Kinder, too, doubted Meier's story +for the typical reason: It couldn't be true. His editor +gave him the option to quit the project at any time should +he discover that Meier was a fraud; but Kinder found the +story to be the most fascinating he had ever encountered. +If the poor, one-armed farmer had faked the hundreds of +clear, color, daylight photographs, the 8mm films, the sound +recordings, the landing tracks, and the metal samples, no +one knew how he did it; nor did anyone have an idea who +could have been an accomplice. + + Many of the witnesses that Kinder interviewed in +Switzerland described seeing things happen to Meier that no +one could explain. Louise Zinsstag, cousin of famed Swiss +psychiatrist Carl Jung and the most prominent of UFO +researchers in Europe, visited Meier on several occasions +and wrote of her experiences in a series of letters between +June 1976 and October 1977. In one letter she called Meier +"the most intriguing man I have ever met." In another +letter she wrote, "If Meier turns out to be a fake, I shall +take my whole collection of photographs to the ferry boat +and drown it in the old man river of Basle." + + In the States, Kinder interviewed four scientists, two +sound engineers, an astronautical engineer, a special +effects expert, and the head of the photo lab at NASA's Jet +Propulsion Laboratory, all of whom (unbeknownst to those in +the UFO community) had analyzed or otherwise studied the +Meier evidence. (A sampling of what they had to say is +enclosed.) After submitting portions of the LIGHT YEARS +manuscript to these scientists for their comments and +suggestions for changes, Kinder received not only approval +from each of them, but two of the scientists -- Dr. Michael +Malin and Eric Eliason -- wrote that they were impressed +with Kinder's objectivity in presenting the case. "Thanks +for letting me see what you've written," said Malin. "It's +a credit to your writing that I cannot tell whether you are +a supporter or a detractor of Dilettoso, and of the claims +of the people who supplied the UFO images." Eliason wrote, +"Thank you for the accurate representation of my views on +the Meier UFO photographs. If your LIGHT YEARS publication +remains as objective as the pages you provided, I will look +forward to reading what you have to say." + + In February of this year, Kinder sent an 8-page outline +of his research into the Meier case to one of the UFO +investigators who had contacted him in response to the +Publishers Weekly ad. In early March he sent a slightly +expanded version of this outline as an open letter to the +UFO community (a copy is enclosed). So far the response has +been encouraging. Jerome Clark, editor of the International +UFO Reporter, wrote to Kinder saying, in part: + + "I can hardly wait to read your book. . . . I also look +forward, by the way, to the reception your book gets from +the ufological community. I think -- I know -- my +colleagues are going to be astounded and confused. It +really has been an article of faith among us (me included) +that this whole business was just an exercise in heavy- +handed fraud. + But apparently you have shown it is rather more +interesting than that. It's ironic. Ufologists forever +complain that scientists and debunkers won't take an +objective look at the UFO evidence. You have demonstrated, +I think, that in this case the ufologists acted just like +the people they criticize!" + + Mr. Clark then sent a letter to one of the UFO +community's more vocal critics of the Meier case, in which +he wrote: + + "After correspondence with Gary Kinder. . . and a +follow-up phone conversation, I have concluded that our +initial response -- i.e., anger and resentment -- to the +announcement of his forthcoming book was unwarranted. There +seems no doubt that Kinder has conducted by far the most +through probe into this peculiar episode." + + As for Kinder himself, he remains fascinated but +uncertain about the truth behind the Meier sightings. "I +would not call him a prophet, though he may be," Kinder +writes in LIGHT YEARS. "I would not rule out imposter, +though I have no proof. I know that if you boiled the story +in a kettle you would find a hard residue composed of two +things: One would be Meier's ravings about time travel, +space travel, philosophy, and religion; the other would be +the comments by the scientists and engineers impressed with +the evidence he has produced. I can't believe the former, +nor can I dismiss the latter..." + + "Meier may simply be one of the finest illusionists the +world has ever known, possessing not the power but the skill +to persuade others to see things that did not happen and do +not exist. Or, perhaps he has no such ability; perhaps +beings on a much higher plane have selected him and used him +for reasons far beyond our comprehension. I do know this: +Trying to make sense of it all has been the most difficult +thing I will ever do. Finally I realized, as the Elders had +years before, that the truth of the Meier contacts will +never be known." + + * * * * + + Now on to the substance of LIGHT YEARS. Many of the +witnesses I interviewed in Switzerland, none of whom had +ever been contacted by anyone in ufology, had seen things +happen to Meier that no one could explain: Standing next to +another man, he once disappeared instantly from the roof of +a barn twelve feet off the ground; in a separate incident he +suddenly reappeared, warm and dry, in a group of men +standing in a dark and secluded forest in a freezing +rainstorm. These scenes, associated with alleged contact +experiences, appear in much greater detail in the book. +They may be tricks, but if so they were performed by a +master illusionist. When Meier claimed to have had a +contact, sets of three six-foot diameter circles would +appear in a meadow surrounded by thick woods. I did not see +these myself, but I talked to several people who had seen +them and who had photographed them while still fresh. +Swirled counter-clockwise and perfectly delineated in tall +grass, one set remained for nine weeks, until a farmer came +and mowed the grass. Here is the mystery of the landing +tracks: Grass that is green rises even after being mashed +down; grass that dies turns brown and lies flat. This grass +remained green but never rose; it continued to grow in a +flat circle. The landing tracks puzzled everyone I spoke to +who had viewed them, including Meier's most ardent +detractor, Hans Schutzbach. Schutzbach told me that other +people had tried to duplicate the landing tracks, but that +their efforts were "a bad copy." Meier's were "perfect." I +listened to dozens of such stories, so many I could not +include all of them in the book, including nighttime +sightings of strange lights reported by a variety of people, +many of whom witnessed the same incidents and corroborated +each other's accounts. One nighttime photograph, taken by a +school principal from Austria during an alleged contact, +will appear in the book. On the other side, I know that +Meier's photos of the alleged future destruction of San +Francisco, for instance, came right out of the September, +1977, issue of GEO Magazine. After one of the witnesses +reported this to me, I found the magazine myself and +compared the photographs. They were identical. All of this +is in the book - the crazy claims, the apparent lies, the +unexplained disappearances, the mysterious landing tracks, +all weaved into the narrative. + + In London, Timothy Good provided me with many lengthy +letters from Lou Zinsstag (who often had been pointed out by +the ufologists in the States as one who thought that Meier +was a fraud and "crazy"). Zinsstag had written the letters +between June, 1976, and October, 1977, as she investigated +Meier and reported back to Good. In one letter she calls +Meier "the most intriguing man I ever met." She goes into +great detail in her observations, including a description of +"this feeling of discomfort" she experiences in Meier's +presence. In another letter she writes, "If Meier turns out +to be a fake, I shall take my whole collection of +photographs to the ferry boat and drown it in the old man +river of Basle." + + Back in the States I interviewed nine scientists, +engineers, and special effects experts who had analyzed or +otherwise studied the Meier evidence. (One, Bob Post, is +none of the three, but heads the photo lab at JPL.) +Following is a sampling of what they had to say. Realize +that where the photos are concerned an original transparency +was never available for analysis, so none of the work done +on those was definitive (Spaulding himself told me he had no +idea the generation of the photographs he analyzed); +however, knowing this limitation, the scientists who did +agree to examine them told me they would have been able to +detect all but a very sophisticated hoax. + + Dr. Michael Malin is an associate professor of +planetary sciences at Arizona State University; he wrote his +doctoral thesis on the computer analysis of spacecraft +images beamed back from Mars. He was at JPL for four years +and he's worked with the special effects people at +LucusFilm. He works under various government grants at ASU, +and a recent experiment he devised has just been accepted +for a future Shuttle launch. A friend of mine who is the +science editor at National Geographic and who has researched +and written many cover stories on the Universe, the Space +Shuttle, etc., had spoken to Malin before and once told me, +"If Malin says it, you can believe it." Here is one thing +Malin said concerning the Meier photographs which he +analyzed in 1981: "I find the photographs themselves +credible, they're good photographs. They appear to +represent a real phenomenon. The story that some farmer in +Switzerland is on a first name basis with dozens of aliens +who come and visit him...I find that incredible. But I find +the photographs more credible. They're reasonable evidence +of something. What that something is I don't know." Malin +also told me, "If the photographs are hoaxes then I am +intrigued by the quality of the hoax. How did he do it? +I'm always interested in seeing a master at work." These +quotes, and all of the rest of the quotes I attribute to the +scientists here, appear verbatim in the book. + + Steve Ambrose, sound engineer for Stevie Wonder and +inventor of the Micro Monitor, a radio set complete with +speaker that fits inside Wonder's ear, analyzed the Meier +sound recordings. "The sound recording's got some +surprising things in it," he told me. "How would you +duplicate it? I'm not just talking about how to duplicate +it audio-wise, but how do you show those various things on a +spectrum analyzer and on the 'scope that it was doing? It's +one thing to make something that sounds like it, it's +another thing to make something that sounds like it and has +those consistent and random oscillations in it. The sound +of the spacecraft," he added, "was a single sound source +recording that had an amazing frequency response. If it is +a hoax I'd like to meet the guy that did it, because he +could probably make a lot of money in special effects." His +findings were corroborated by another sound engineer names +Nils Rognerus. + + In 1979 Dr. Robert Nathan at JPL was sufficiently +impressed with the Meier photographs to have copies made of +Meier transparencies at the JPL photo lab. After the +transfer he refused to analyze the photographs, however, +because his developer discovered they were several +generations away from the originals. Nathan felt that the +transparencies were so far away in generation from the +photographs he had seen that Wendelle Stevens had attempted +to trick him. Later, I showed the Meier films to Nathan, +and he laughed at some of them, but he couldn't figure out +how Meier flew the ship into a scene and had it come to a +sudden halt; or how it could hover motionless while a pine +branch in the lower right hand corner blows in a stiff wind. +Nathan said, "He would have to be awfully clever, because +that's a very steady holding. It would have to be very, +very good tethering." Then he said, "Apparently he's a +sharp guy, very clever. So he should be given some points +for effort." Nathan concluded about the films, "If this is +a hoax, and it looks like it is to me but I have no proof, +this is very carefully done. Tremendous amount of effort. +An awful lot of work for one guy." From all of the +scientists, these were the most negative comments I +received. + + With Nathan saying in theory the films could be hoaxed, +I was curious about the logistics involved. Then I +discovered that a special effects expert, Wally Gentleman, +who for ten years had served as Director of Special Effects +on the Canadian Film Board and who, for a year and a half, +was director of special photographic effects for Stanley +Kubrick's film 2001, had viewed these same films. This is +what he told me: "To produce the films, Meier really had to +have a fleet of clever assistants, at least 15 people. And +the equipment would be totally out of (Meier's) means. If +somebody wanted me to cheat one of the films, $30,000 would +probably do it, but this is in a studio where the equipment +exists. The equipment would cost another $50,000." That's +for each of the seven Meier films. Gentleman also had +examined the photographs. "My greatest problem is that for +anybody faking this," (he pointed to one of the +photographs), "the shadow that is thrown onto that tree is +correct. Therefore, if somebody is faking it they have an +expert there. And being an expert myself, I know that that +expert knowledge is very hard to come by. So I say, 'Well, +is that expert knowledge there or isn't it there?' Because +if the expert knowledge isn't there, this has got to be +real." + + Then there is Robert Post, who had been at the JPL +photo laboratory for 22 years and was the head of that lab +in 1979, when Nathan brought the Meier photos to him to have +copies made. Post oversees the developing and printing of +every photograph that comes out of JPL. Though he analyzed +nothing, his eye for spotting fabrications far surpasses a +lay person's. Post told me: "From a photography +standpoint, you couldn't see anything that was fake about +the Meier photo's. That's what struck me. They looked like +legitimate photographs. I thought, 'God, if this is real, +this is going to be really something.'" + + Besides working in the highly classified field of +military defense, David Froning, an astronautical engineer +with McDonnell Douglas for 25 years, has done exploratory +research to develop ideas and technology for advanced +spacecraft design. As a longtime member if the British +Interplanetary Society and the American Institute of +Aeronautics and Astronautics, he has presented many papers +on interstellar flight at technical conferences in Europe +and the United States. In October, 1985, he addressed the +XXXVI International Astronautical Congress in Stockholm. +Froning's wife discovered at a friend's house the photo +journal published by the Elders in fall, 1979, and took it +home to her husband because of one word in the text - +tachyon. In Meier's notes from 1975, he spoke of the +tachyon propulsion system utilized by the Pleiadians. For +over a year Froning had been spending most of his spare time +working to design just such a theoretical system. When he +read more of Meier's notes on faster-than-light travel (he +had contacted the Elders and Stevens for more information), +he found that Meier's figures for the time required to +achieve the speed of light (at which point, according to +Meier, the tachyon system would kick in to make the hyper +leap), and the distance a ship would have traveled at that +point, were within 20 percent of his own calculations +determined through the use of complex acceleration formulas. +Froning told me, "If what this Meier is saying is just a +hoax, he's being cued by some very knowledgeable scientists. +I've only discussed this Meier case with scientists who are +fairly open-minded about interstellar flight, but I'll tell +you, the majority of them think it's credible and agree with +at least part, or sometimes all, of the things talked about +by the Pleiadians." + + During my research I read an article from a British +publication called The Unexplained, in which the author, +referring to the alleged Meier metal analysis by Marcel +Vogal at IBM, wrote, "Jim Dilettoso characteristically +failed to further the cause by claiming that (the Elders) +hold a 10-hour videotape of 'the entire lab proceedings' +(which Dr. Vogal denies having made). 'And,' Delettoso +incautiously persisted, 'we have about an hour of him +discussing why the metal samples are not possible in earth +technology, going into intrinsic detail of why it is not +done anywhere on earth.'" The author, of course, is poking +fun at such a claim. I have seen that video. I have also +seen another video in which Vogel states, "I cannot explain +the metal sample. By any known combination of materials I +could not put it together myself, as a scientist. With any +technology that I know of, we could not achieve this on this +planet." I've interviewed Vogel twice and he insists that +the metal sample he spent so much time analyzing is unique. +I spoke with him again three weeks ago and to this day he +remains fascinated with the specimen. He said that if the +metal sample had not disappeared while in his possession, he +would now be continuing research on it with a number of +other scientists from IBM and Ames Research. A reporter +from the Washington Post also called Vogel two days ago and +Vogel again verified the above quote. + + With the exception of Vogel, and possibly Nathan, +though he doesn't remember, none of these men had ever been +interviewed by anyone in the UFO community. And Vogel even +said to me on tape regarding one of the ufologists who did +interview him about Meier: "Treat him with caution. He'll +ramble on and he'll quote you out of context. So watch it." +He also told me this same person "has taken my statements +completely out of context and published them. This case has +been badly mangled." + + In the book, I go into much greater detail with each of +the scientists and engineers. I mention each by his real +name (as I do everyone else in the story) and I include his +place of employment. After completing the final draft of +the manuscript I mailed to each of the scientists a packet +which included everything in the manuscript pertaining to +him. I asked that each make any corrections, technical or +otherwise, he cared to make. I have heard back now from all +of them either by mail or by phone during the past six +weeks. Some had nothing to change, others made minor +changes. Everything concerning their analysis of the +evidence will appear in the book exactly as they have +authorized it to appear. (Two weeks before sending his +letter to my publisher attempting to persuade him not to +publish LIGHT YEARS, Walt Andrus called me and we talked for +forty-five minutes. During that conversation, I told Andrus +of the comments made by the scientists. I gave him their +names, I spelled the names for him, I gave him their places +of employment, and I encouraged him to contact them for +verification of their statements, three of which appeared in +an ad for the book in "Publishers Weekly." Apparently, he +never did so.) In this letter to me Michael Malin opened +with this: "Thanks for letting me see what you have +written. It's a credit to your writing that I cannot tell +whether you are a supporter or a detractor of Dilettoso, and +of the claims of the people who supplied the UFO images." + + Eric Eliason of the U.S. Geological Survey in +Flagstaff, Arizona, is the ninth of the experts I spoke +with. After receiving his packet, he wrote to me, "Thank +you for the accurate representation of my views of the Meier +UFO photographs. If your LIGHT YEARS publication remains as +objective as the pages you provided, I will look forward to +reading what you have to say." Eliason creates image +processing software so astrogeologists can analyze +photographs of the planets beamed back from space. He spent +two years producing the intricate radar map of cloud covered +Venus acquired by Pioneer 10, and his software has been +applied in processing space photography beamed back by both +Viking and Voyager. He was sent to France and to China as a +representative of the U.S. Space Program and an expert in +image processing. He had analyzed the Meier photos on his +equipment in 1981. He told me in an interview in August, +1984: "In the photographs there were no sharp breaks where +you could see it had been somehow artificially dubbed. And +if that dubbing was registered in the film, the computer +would have seen it. We didn't see anything." + + What would you do with evidence like this? Would you +disagree it because Meier makes outlandish claims? Or +because a ufologist reports that a colleague in Germany has +a friend who saw ropes and pulleys hanging in Meier's barn? +Or because Wendelle Stevens is a believer anyhow? Or +because Wendelle Stevens is now in prison? Or because Meier +has an 18-inch model of one of the Pleiadian beamships +sitting in his office? Or because a group of believers has +formed around the man? And if you had a choice between the +analysis performed by Bill Spaulding at Ground Saucer Watch, +on which would you stake your reputation? After all the bad- +mouthing given the Meier case, I was surprised to learn that +ufologists like Walt Andrus had never heard of Malin, or +Eliason, or Gentleman, or Froning, or Ambrose, or even the +alleged detractors in Switzerland Hans Schutzbach and Martin +Sorge. Schutzbach was Meier's right-hand man for two years, +with him night and day, driving him to contacts, organizing +and cataloguing all of the photographs, measuring and +photographing the landing tracks. Then they had a falling +out, and Schutzbach left. He hates Meier and is certain +Meier is a fraud; if anyone would know Meier's "technique" +and be ready to divulge it, Schutzbach would be the man, yet +to this day he has no clue how Meier could have made the +tracks, or the photos, or the sound recordings, or the +films. Nor does he have even one suggestion for an +accomplice. Sorge, a cultured man with a university degree +in chemistry and author of two books, had been mentioned +frequently by ufologists as the one who discovered charred +photographs and thereby exposed Meier as a fraud. He told +me in the summer of 1985 that he is "certain" the contacts +took place, though in a different fashion than Meier +describes. He also told me the real story of how he +obtained the burned slides. That, too, is much different +than the version I got from ufologists here in the States. +Again, all of this is in the book. + + One of the more interesting ironies in the current +uprising of the UFO community against the publication of +LIGHT YEARS is that every time someone slams the book +(before it has been read) he points to Bill Spaulding and +Kal Korff as the two authorities in whose skills the +community places great faith. After all of the negative +comments I have heard about Bill Spaulding's work from +various members of the UFO community, why would anyone rely +on his analysis of anything? Bill Moore, who is not known +for his kind of feelings toward the Meier case or the people +who investigated it, had this to say about Spaulding in an +interview on March 25, 1985: "He's generally regarded by +anybody in the field as somebody to ignore. It's all +puffery. He wrote a paper on the analysis of photographs, +and I have a critique of that paper by a scientist who knows +what he's talking about, and he just rips it to shreds. It +sounds good unless you know what the system is and then you +realize that the guy's a phony." + + While Korff was young and inexperienced, these factors +do not necessarily discredit his work. But I am certain +that few ufologists have heard him say what he told me in an +interview on April 13, 1985: "I'm even open to the +possibility that Meier had some genuine experience somewhere +in there," he said, "but there's so much noise around his +signal that I don't even know how to sift it. I've always +maintained that, yeah, maybe there's something to it. Most +of the people who have read my work say, 'Ah, the Meier case +is totally a hoax, there's nothing to it.' I say, 'The +claims (Stevens and the Elders) have made don't hold up; but +it's possible the guy may have something somewhere.'" + + After three years of researching and thinking about +this story it finally came clear to me that two things kept +the UFO community from taking a far more serious look at the +Meier case: One, of course, is Meier's preposterous claims, +and (in an ongoing effort to insulate itself from the +fringe) the general reluctance of the community to accept +any claim of contact, especially repeated contact; the other +is that Lee Elders grabbed all of the evidence and sat on +it. George Early, after reviewing the Elder's UFO...Contact +from the Pleiadies, wrote in Saucer Smear that until the +Intercep group produced some of the evidence they claimed to +have, they deserved to be castigated by the UFO community. +And Earley was right. So was Korff. The claims by +themselves don't hold up. But the evidence in fact existed; +I've talked to the people who examined it. + + None of the foregoing is offered as proof that Meier +sat in a Swiss meadow and conversed with Pleiadians, but +only to demonstrate that people intrigued by the Meier case, +who see a fascinating story in the man, are not simplistic +in their thinking. No one, including Stevens and the +Elders, has ever claimed he possesses irrefutable evidence +of the Meier contacts, and I do not make that claim now. No +one in ufology can make that statement about any case. +After I sent a letter similar to this one to Jerry Clark, he +responded that while he continued to have serious +reservations about Meier's claims to meet with +extraterrestrials, he, too, found the Meier story +"fascinating." "My colleagues are going to be astounded and +confused," he wrote. "It really has been an article of +faith among us (me included) that this whole business was +just an exercise in heavy-handed fraud. But apparently you +have shown it is rather more interesting than that. It's +ironic. Ufologists forever complain that scientists and +debunkers won't take an objective look at the UFO evidence. +You have demonstrated, I think, that in this case the +ufologists acted just like the people they criticize." + + You will find the book a balanced report that holds +many surprises for you and other ufologists, and in no way +degrades the stature of the UFO community or impedes its +progress. Due to cooperation from many of you, the +historical sections in LIGHT YEARS will provide readers with +a true appreciation of the UFO phenomenon and those who +study it. Like Jerry Clark, I myself remain fascinated with +Meier, but uncertain about the truth behind the actual +contacts. I end LIGHT YEARS with this: "I would not call +him a prophet, though he may be. I would not rule out +imposter, though I have no proof. I know that if you boiled +the story in a kettle you would find hard residue composed +of two things: One would be Meier's ravings about time +travel, space travel, philosophy, and religion; the other +would be the comments by the scientists and engineers +impressed with the evidence he has produced. I can't +believe the former, nor can I dismiss the latter. He may +simply be one of the finest illusionists the world has ever +known, possessing not the power but the skill to persuade +others to see things that did not happen and do not exist. +Perhaps he has no such ability; perhaps beings on a much +higher plane have selected him and controlled him and used +him for reasons far beyond our comprehension. I do know +this: Trying to make sense of it all has been the most +difficult thing I will ever to. Finally I realized, as the +Elders had years before, that the truth of the Meier +contacts will never be known." + + ** END ** diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/libcong.txt b/politicalTextFiles/libcong.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba7ca9a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/libcong.txt @@ -0,0 +1,775 @@ +FTP'd from seq1.loc.gov +File Library.of.Congress/About.LC/LC.history + + + 2/22/91 + + + JEFFERSON'S LEGACY: THE FUNCTIONS OF + THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PAST AND PRESENT + + + by John Y. Cole + Director, Center for the Book + Library of Congress + Washington, DC 20540-8200 + + + *************************************************************** + +NOTE: (#) Denotes an end-note number. + + The Library of Congress occupies a unique place in American +civilization. Established as a legislative library in 1800, it +grew into a national institution in the nineteenth century and, +since World War II, has become an international resource of +unparalleled dimension. + + In 1950, the sesquicentennial year of the Library of Congress, +the eminent librarian S.R. Ranganathan paid the Library and the +U.S. Congress an unusual tribute: + + "The institution serving as the national library of + the United States is perhaps more fortunate than its + predecessors in other countries. It has the Congress as + its godfather. . . This stroke of good fortune has made + it perhaps the most influential of all the national + libraries of the world."(1) + + Forty years later, the Library built by the American Congress +has achieved an even greater degree of prominence. Since 1950 the +size of its collections and its staff have tripled and its annual +appropriation has soared from $9 million to $300 million. With +collections totaling over 90 million items in most formats, +subjects, and languages, a staff of 4,800 persons, and services +unmatched in scope by any other research library, the Library of +Congress is one of the leading cultural institutions of the +world.(2) + + The diversity of the Library of Congress, is startling. It is +1) a legislative library and the major research arm for the U.S. +Congress; 2) the copyright agency of the United States; 3) a public +institution open without restriction to everyone over high school +age; 4) a government library that serves executive agencies and the +judiciary; 5) a national library for the blind and physically +handicapped; 6) the world's largest producer of bibliographic data; +and 7) an international institution that collects research +materials from throughout the world in more than 400 languages and +operates seven overseas acquisitions offices. Its Chinese, +Japanese, and Russian collections are the largest outside of these +countries and its Arabic collections are the largest outside of +Egypt. + + In order to perform these functions, the Library of Congress +occupies three massive structures on Capitol Hill, near the U.S. +Capitol. The Jefferson Building, opened in 1897, is a grand +monument to civilization, culture, and American achievement. The +austere Adams Building, opened in 1938, functions primarily as a +giant bookstack for over 12 million of the Library's approximately +20 million books and pamphlets. The modern Madison Building, +completed in 1980, with its 2.5 million square feet of space, is by +far the largest structure. The Library operates 22 reading rooms +in these three buildings. Over two million researchers, scholars, +and tourists visit the Library of Congress each year. + + Since its creation, the Library of Congress has been part of +the legislative branch of the American government, and even though +it is recognized as the de facto national library of the United +States, it is not officially designated as a national library. Yet +it performs most of the functions performed by most national +libraries and has become a symbol of American democracy and faith +in the power of learning. + + How did a library established by the legislature for its own +use become such an ambitious, multi-purpose institution? Two +points are clear: the expansion of the Library's functions derives +from the expansion of its collections; and the growth of the +institution is tied to the growth and ambitions of the entire +American nation. The development of the Library of Congress cannot +be separated from the history of the nation it serves. Nor can it +be separated from the aspirations and achievements of three +individuals who shaped the institution and its functions: Thomas +Jefferson, Ainsworth Rand Spofford, and Herbert Putnam. + + The Library of Congress was established as the American +legislature prepared to move from Philadelphia to the new capital +city of Washington. On April 24, 1800, President John Adams +approved legislation that appropriated $5,000 to purchase "such +books as may be necessary for the use of Congress." The first +books, ordered from London, arrived in 1801 and were stored in the +U.S. Capitol, the Library's first home. On January 26, 1802, +President Thomas Jefferson approved the first law defining the role +and functions of the new institution. This measure created the +post of Librarian of Congress and gave Congress, through a Joint +Committee on the Library, the authority to establish the Library's +rules and regulations. From the beginning, however, the +institution was more than a legislative library, for the 1802 law +made the appointment of the Librarian of Congress a presidential +responsibility. It also permitted the President and Vice President +to borrow books, a privilege that, in the next two decades, was +extended to the judiciary and to most government agencies. + + Three developments in the Library's early history permanently +established the institution's national roots. First, the Library +of Congress was created by the NATIONAL legislature, which took +direct responsibility for its operation. Secondly, the Library of +Congress served as the first library of the American GOVERNMENT. +Finally, in 1815, the scope of the Library's collection was +permanently expanded. The philosophy and ideals of the Library's +principal founder, Thomas Jefferson (1732-1826), were the key to +this transformation. + + Bibliophile and book collector extraordinaire, Jefferson took +a keen interest in the Library and its collection while he was +President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Throughout his +presidency, he personally recommended books for the Library, and he +appointed the first two Librarians of Congress. In 1814 the +British army invaded Washington and burned the Capitol, including +the 3,000-volume Library of Congress. By then retired to +Monticello, Jefferson offered to sell his personal library to the +Congress to "recommence" its library. The purchase was approved in +1815, doubling the size of the Library of Congress and, more +significantly, expanding it beyond the scope of a legislative +library devoted primarily to legal, economic, and historical works. + + Jefferson's library reflected his wide-ranging interests in +subjects such as architecture, science, geography, and literature. +It included books in French, German, Latin, Greek, and one three- +volume statistical work in Russian. Jefferson believed that a +democratic legislature needed information on all subjects and in +many languages in order to do its job. Anticipating the argument +that his collection might be too comprehensive for use by a +legislative body, he argued that there was "no subject to which a +Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer."(3) + + The acquisition by Congress of Jefferson's library forever +broadened the scope of the Library of Congress and provided the +base for the expansion of the Library's functions. The +Jeffersonian concept of universality is of fundamental importance +as both the philosophy and the rationale behind the comprehensive +collecting policies of today's Library of Congress. + + Congressman who favored the purchase of Jefferson's library +argued that it would make "a most admirable substratum for a +National Library," expressing a growing cultural nationalism in the +United States. Many Americans, aware of the cultural dependence of +the United States on Europe, were anxious that their country +establish its own traditions and institutions. For example, an +editorial in the July 15, 1815 (Washington, D.C.) daily NATIONAL +INTELLIGENCER pointed out: "In all civilized nations of Europe +there are national libraries. . . In a country of such general +intelligence as this, the Congressional or National Library of the +United States (should) become the great repository of the +literature of the world." + + Yet in the early 1850's it appeared that the Smithsonian +Institution might become the American national library. Its +talented and aggressive librarian, Charles Coffin Jewett, tried to +move the institution in that direction and turn it into a national +bibliographical center as well. Jewett's efforts were opposed, +however, by Smithsonian Secretary Joseph Henry, who insisted that +the Smithsonian focus its activities on scientific research and +publication. In fact, the Secretary favored the eventual +development of a national library at the Library of Congress, which +he viewed as the appropriate foundation for "a collection of books +worthy of a Government whose perpetuity principally depends on the +intelligence of the people." On July 10, 1854, Henry dismissed +Jewett, ending any possibility that the Smithsonian might become +the national library. Moreover, 12 years later Henry was to +transfer the entire 40,000-volume library of the Smithsonian +Institution to the Library of Congress. + + In all, the Library of Congress suffered difficult times +during the 1850's. In the first place, the growing intersectional +rivalry between North and South hindered the strengthening of any +government institution. Furthermore, in late 1851 the most serious +fire in the Library's history destroyed about two-thirds of its +55,000 volumes, including two-thirds of Jefferson's library. +Congress responded quickly and generously: in 1852 a total of +$168,700 was appropriated to restore the Library's rooms in the +Capitol and to replace the lost books. But the books were to be +replaced only, with no particular intention of supplementing or +expanding the collection. This policy reflected the conservative +philosophy of Senator James A. Pearce of Maryland, the chairman of +the Joint Committee on the Library, who favored keeping a strict +limit on the Library's activities. In fact, a few years later, the +Library lost two of its most important governmental functions. On +January 28, 1857, a joint resolution transferred responsibility for +the distribution of public documents to the Bureau of the Interior, +and responsibility for the international exchange of books and +documents on behalf of the U.S. government was shifted to the +Department of State. Back in 1846, when the Smithsonian +Institution was founded, both the Smithsonian and the Library of +Congress were designated repositories for U.S. copyright deposits. +On February 5, 1859, with the consent of Library officials, this +law was repealed. + + Two years later, a new President replaced Librarian Meehan. +President Lincoln's choice was John G. Stephenson, an Indiana +physician who served as Librarian of Congress until the end of +1864. As the Civil War came to a close, the Library had a total +staff of seven and a mediocre collection of only 80,000 volumes; +nonetheless the "national character" of its origins and first 64 +years was indisputable. + + The individual responsible for transforming the Library of +Congress into an institution of national significance was Ainsworth +Rand Spofford, a former Cincinnati bookseller and journalist who +served as Librarian of Congress from 1865 until 1897. Spofford +accomplished this task by permanently linking the legislative and +national functions of the Library, first in practice and then, +through the 1897 reorganization of the Library, in law. He +provided his successors as Librarian with four essential +prerequisites for the development of an American national library: +(1) firm congressional support for the notion of the Library of +Congress as both a legislative and a national library; (2) the +beginning of a comprehensive collection of Americana; (3) a +magnificent new building, itself a national monument; and (4) a +strong and independent office of Librarian of Congress. It was +Spofford who had the interest, skill, and perseverance to +capitalize on the Library of Congress' claim to a national role. +Each Librarian of Congress since Spofford has shaped the +institution in a different manner, but none has wavered from +Spofford's assertion that the Library was both a legislative and a +national library. + + Spofford revived the idea of an American national library, +which had been languishing since Jewett's departure from the +Smithsonian in 1854, and convinced first the Joint Committee on the +Library and then the Congress itself that the Library of Congress +was also a national institution. Spofford and Jewett shared +several ideas relating to a national library; in particular, both +recognized the importance of copyright deposit in developing a +comprehensive collection of a nation's literature. Yet there was +a major difference in their views. Spofford never envisioned the +Library of Congress as the center of a network of American +libraries, a focal point for providing other libraries with +cataloging and bibliographic services. Instead, he viewed it, in +the European model, as a unique, independent institution -- a +single, comprehensive collection of national literature to be used +both by Congressmen and by the American people. Congress needed +such a collection because, as Spofford paraphrased Jefferson, +"there is almost no work, within the vast range of literature and +science, which may not at some time prove useful to the legislature +of a great nation." It was imperative, he felt, that such a great +national collection be shared with all citizens, for the United +States was "a Republic which rests upon the popular +intelligence."(4) + + Immediately after the Civil War, American society began a +rapid transformation; one of the major changes was the expansion of +the federal government. Spofford took full advantage of the +favorable political and cultural climate, and the increasing +national confidence, to promote the Library's expansion. He always +believed that the Library of Congress WAS the national library and +he used every conceivable argument to convince others. + + In the first years of his administration Spofford obtained +congressional approval of six laws or resolutions that ensured a +national role for the Library of Congress. The legislative acts +were: + +1. an appropriation providing for the expansion of the Library in + the Capitol building, approved in early 1865; + +2. the copyright amendment of 1865, which once again brought + copyright deposits into the Library's collections; + +3. the Smithsonian deposit of 1866, whereby the entire library of + the Smithsonian Institution, a collection especially strong in + scientific materials, was transferred to the Library; + +4. the 1867 purchase, for $100,000, of the private library of + historian and archivist Peter Force, establishing the + foundation of the Library's Americana and incunabula + collections; + +5. the international exchange resolution of 1867, providing for + the development of the Library's collection of foreign public + documents; and + +6. the copyright act of 1870, which centralized all copyright + registration and deposit activities at the Library. + +Finally, in his 1872 annual report, Spofford presented a plan for +a separate Library of Congress building, initiating an endeavor +that soon dominated his librarianship. + + Spofford's most impressive collection-building feat, and +certainly the one that had the most far-reaching significance for +the Library, was the centralization of all U.S. copyright deposit +and registration activities at the Library in 1870. The copyright +law ensured the continuing development of the Americana +collections, for it stipulated that two copies of every book, +pamphlet, map, print, and piece of music registered for copyright +in the United States be deposited in the Library. This act also +eventually forced the construction of a separate Library building, +for by 1875 all shelf space was exhausted and the books, "from +sheer force of necessity," were being "piled on the floor in all +directions." + + In the long struggle for a separate Library building, Spofford +enlisted the support of many powerful public figures: Congressmen, +cultural leaders, journalists, and even Presidents. Moreover, +their speeches and statements usually endorsed not only a separate +building but also the concept of the Library of Congress as a +national library. + + To Spofford also goes primary credit for establishing the +Library's tradition of broad public service. In 1865 he extended +the hours of service, so that the Library was open every weekday +all year. In 1869 he began advocating evening hours of opening, +but this innovation was not approved by Congress until 1898. +Finally, in 1870 Spofford reinstated the earlier policy of lending +books directly to the public if an appropriate sum was left on +deposit, a procedure that remained in effect until 1894, when +preparations were started for the move into the new Library +building. + + In 1896, just before the actual move, the Joint Library +Committee held hearings about "the condition" of the Library and +its possible reorganization. The hearings provided an occasion for +a detailed examination of the Library's history and present +functions, furnished by Librarian Spofford, as well as for a review +of what new functions the Library might perform once it occupied +the spacious new building. The American Library Association sent +six witnesses, including future Librarian of Congress Herbert +Putnam from the Boston Public Library and Melvil Dewey from the New +York State Library. Congressmen listened with great interest to +the testimony of Putnam and Dewey, who argued that the national +services of the Library should be greatly expanded. Dewey felt +that the Library of Congress now had the opportunity to act as a +true national library, which he defined as "a center to which the +libraries of the whole country can turn for inspiration, guidance, +and practical help, which can be rendered so economically and +efficiently in no other possible way."(5) + + Testimony at the 1896 hearings greatly influenced the +reorganization of the Library, which was incorporated into the +Legislative Appropriations Act approved February 19, 1897, and +became effective on July 1, 1897. In accordance with the +recommendations of Spofford, Putnam, Dewey, and the other officials +who testified, all phases of the Library's activities were +expanded. The size of the staff was increased from 42 to 108, and +separate administrative units for copyright, law, cataloging, +periodicals, maps, manuscripts, music, and graphic arts were +established. During his 32 years in office, and with the consent +of the Joint Library Committee, Librarian Spofford had assumed full +responsibility for directing the Library's affairs. This authority +formally passed to the office of Librarian of Congress in the 1897 +reorganization, for the Librarian explicitly was assigned sole +responsibility for making the "rules and regulations for the +government" of the Library. The same reorganization act stipulated +that the President's appointment of a Librarian of Congress +thereafter was to be approved by the Senate. + + President McKinley appointed a new Librarian of Congress to +supervise the move from the Capitol and implement the new +reorganization. He was John Russell Young, who held office from +July 1, 1897, until his death on January 17, 1899. A journalist +and former diplomat, Young was a skilled administrator who worked +hard to strengthen both the comprehensiveness of the collections +and the scope of the services provided to Congress. In February +1898, for example, he sent a letter to U.S. diplomatic and consular +representatives throughout the world, asking them to send "to the +national library" newspapers, serials, pamphlets, manuscripts, +broadsides, "documents illustrative of the history of those various +nationalities now coming to our shores to blend into our national +life," and many other categories of research materials, broadly +summarized as "whatever, in a word, would add to the sum of human +knowledge." By the end of 1898, books and documents had arrived +from 11 legations and seven consulates. + + Young also inaugurated what today is one of the Library's best +known national activities, library service for the blind. In +November of 1897 the Library began a program of daily readings for +the blind in a special "pavilion for the blind" complete with its +own library. In 1913 Congress directed the American Printing House +for the Blind to begin depositing embossed books in the Library, +and in 1931 a separate appropriation was authorized for providing +"books for the use of adult blind residents of the United States." + + Young's successor, Herbert Putnam, served as Librarian of +Congress for 40 years, from 1899 to 1939. The first experienced +professional librarian to hold the past, Putnam was able to +establish a working partnership between the Library of Congress and +the American library movement. In fact, three years after Putnam +had taken office, the Library of Congress was the leader among +American libraries. This turn of events was in accord with +Putnam's view of the proper role of a national library, a view +expressed at the 1896 hearings concerning the Library of Congress. +Rather than serving primarily as a great national accumulation of +books, a national library should, he felt, actively serve other +libraries. Building upon the tradition created by Spofford, Putnam +established a systematic program of widespread public service. + + In the quarter century before Putnam took office, a new +structure of scientific and scholarly activity had evolved in the +United States. Professional schools and new universities offering +graduate work were established; numerous professional associations +and societies came into existence; and the federal government +became an active supporter of education, research, and scientific +activity. By 1900, as Arthur Bestor has pointed out, the age of +the great library had arrived in America; its characteristics +included huge bookstacks, scientific cataloging and classification, +and full-time professional staffs.(6) By the end of 1901 the +Library of Congress, the first American library to reach one +million volumes, had become part of this new pattern of +intellectual activity, for it had started organizing its enormous +collections of recorded knowledge for public service. + + Putnam's actions in 1901 were imaginative and decisive and +were approved by both the Joint Library Committee and the +professional library community. In that year the first volume of +a completely new classification scheme, based on the Library's own +collections, was published; access to the Library was extended to +"scientific investigators and duly qualified individuals" +throughout the United States; an interlibrary loan service was +inaugurated; the sale and distribution of Library of Congress +printed catalog cards began; the equivalent of a national union +catalog was started; and finally, appended to the 1901 annual +report was a 200-page manual describing the organization, +facilities, collections, and operations of the Library -- a +description that set high standards for all other libraries. + + Librarian Putnam's sharing of the Library's "bibliographic +apparatus" helped shape and systematize American scholarship and +librarianship and propelled the Library into a position of +leadership among the world's research institutions.(7) The +development of the Library's collections into a nationally useful +resource was a key Putnam goal. To aid historical research, he +felt that the national library "should be able to offer original +sources." Material pertinent to a certain region "should be left +to the local library having a particular duty to that locality," +but "material relating to the country as a whole" should come to +the Library of Congress.(8) In 1903 Putnam persuaded his friend +and supporter, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, to issue an +executive order that transferred the papers of most of the nation's +founders (including those of Jefferson) from the State Department +archives to the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress -- +the beginning of the Library's presidential papers collection, +which today includes the papers of the first twenty-three +Presidents. + + The Librarian was especially far-sighted in acquiring research +materials about other countries and cultures. In 1904 he purchased +a 4,000-volume library of Indica, explaining in the Library's +annual report that he "could not ignore the opportunity to acquire +a unique collection which scholarship thought worthy of prolonged, +scientific, and enthusiastic research, even though the immediate +use of such a collection may prove meager." In 1906 he boldly +acquired the 80,000-volume private library of Russian literature +owned by G.V. Yudin of Siberia, even sending a staff member to +Russia to supervise the packing and shipping of the books. Large +and important collections of Hebraica, Chinese, and Japanese books +were also acquired. + + A traditional function, legislative support, was strengthened +in 1914 when a separate Legislative Reference Service was +established. Putnam established new functions as well; many of +them resulted from the creation of the Library of Congress Trust +Fund Board in 1925. This act enabled the Library to accept gifts +and bequests from private citizens. This new private funding, +which supplemented the annual government appropriation, allowed the +Library to hold chamber music concerts, to establish a series of +consultantships for scholars, to purchase new material, and in +general, as Putnam stated, in his 1925 annual report, to "do for +American scholarship and cultivation what is not likely to be done +by other agencies." The success of the Trust Fund Board was of +crucial importance to the Librarian's vision of the nationalization +of the Library's collections and services. + + The role of the Library of Congress as a symbol of American +democracy was enhanced by Putnam in 1921 when the nation's two most +precious documents, the Declaration of Independence and the +Constitution, were transferred to the Library from the State +Department. In 1924 the documents went on permanent public display +in a specially-designed "Shrine" in the Library's Great Hall. +Calvin Coolidge, the President of the United States, and many other +dignitaries took place in the ceremony, but there were no speeches, +only the singing of two stanzas of "America." (The Library +transferred both documents to the National Archives in 1952.) In +1931, in his book THE EPIC OF AMERICA, historian James Truslow +Adams paid tribute to the Library of Congress "as a symbol of what +democracy can accomplish on its own behalf," noting that "anyone +who has used the great collections of Europe, with their +restrictions and red tape and difficulty of access, praises God for +democracy when he enters the stacks of the Library of Congress."(9) + + The Library of Congress as a democratic institution and +repository of American cultural traditions was a concept that +captured the imagination of Putnam's successor, writer and poet +Archibald MacLeish. Appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt in +1939, MacLeish served as Librarian of Congress until the end of +1944, when he became assistant secretary of state. An advocate of +U.S. involvement in World War II, MacLeish urged all librarians to +"become active and not passive agents of the democratic process." +In 1941, the Library set aside a "democracy alcove" containing +books and writings about American democracy in the Main Reading +Room. MacLeish also was responsible for a major administrative +reorganization and for articulating the Jeffersonian rationale as +it applied to foreign materials, asserting, in his 1940 annual +report, that the Library should acquire the "written records of +those societies and peoples whose experience is of most immediate +concern to the people of the United States." Indeed, World War +II's most important effect on the Library was to stimulate further +development of its collections about other nations. + + In this vein, political scientist Luther H. Evans, who served +as Librarian of Congress from 1945 to 1953, felt that the major +lesson of World War II was that "however, large our collections may +now be, they are pitifully and tragically small in comparison with +the demands of the nation." He described the need for larger +collections of research materials about foreign countries in +practical, patriotic terms, noting that during the war, while +weather data on the Himalayas from the Library's collections helped +the Air Force, "the want of early issues of the VOELKISCHE +BEOBACHTER prevented the first auguries of Naziism." + + Through the leadership of Luther Evans, the Library of +Congress became committed to international library and cultural +cooperation.(10) The Library of Congress Mission in Europe, +organized by Evans and his Library of Congress colleague Verner W. +Clapp in 1945, acquired European publications for the Library and +for other American libraries. The Library soon initiated automatic +purchase agreements (blanket orders) with foreign dealers around +the world, and greatly expanded its agreements for the +international exchange of official publications. It organized a +reference library in San Francisco in 1945 to assist the +participants in the meeting that established the United Nations. +In 1947, a Library of Congress Mission to Japan, headed by Clapp, +provided advice for the establishment of the National Diet Library. + + Evans' successor as Librarian of Congress was L. Quincy +Mumford, who was director of the Cleveland Public Library in 1954 +when he was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. +Eventually Mumford guided the Library through its greatest period +of national and international expansion. In the 1960's the Library +of Congress benefited from increased Federal funding for education, +libraries and research. Most dramatic was the growth of the +foreign acquisitions program, an expansion based on Evans' +achievements a decade earlier. In 1958 the Library was authorized +by Congress to acquire books by using U.S.-owned foreign currency +under the terms of the Agricultural Trade Development and +Assistance Act of 1954 (Public Law 480). The first appropriation +for this purpose was made in 1961, enabling the Library to +establish acquisitions centers in New Delhi and Cairo to purchase +publications and distribute them to research libraries throughout +the United States. This was only the first step, however. + + In 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson approved the Higher +Education Act of 1965. Title IIC of the new law had great +significance for the Library of Congress and for academic and +research libraries. It authorized the Office of Education to +transfer funds to the Library of Congress for the ambitious +purposes of acquiring, insofar as possible, all current library +materials of value to scholarship published throughout the world, +and of providing cataloging information for these materials +promptly after they had been received. This law came closer than +any other legislation affecting the Library of Congress to making +Jefferson's concept of comprehensiveness part of the Library's +official mandate. The new effort was christened the National +Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC). The first NPAC +office was opened in London in 1966. By 1971, the Library of +Congress had 13 overseas offices. + + The development of international bibliographical standards was +now recognized as an important concern. The crucial development +had taken place at the Library of Congress in the mid-1960s: the +creation of the Library of Congress MARC (Machine Readable +Cataloging) format for communicating bibliographic data in machine- +readable form. This new capability for converting, maintaining, +and distributing bibliographic information soon became the standard +format for sharing data about books and other research materials. +The possibility of worldwide application was immediately +recognized, and the MARC format structure became an official +national standard in 1971 and an international standard in 1973. + + The Mumford administration, a period of rapid growth, was also +the last time there has been serious public debate about the dual +legislative and national roles of the Library of Congress. The +Library of Congress has played a leadership role in the American +library community since 1901; however, its FIRST responsibility, as +part of the legislative branch of the American government, always +has been to support the reference and research needs of the +American national legislature. In spite of the impressive list of +"national library functions" it performs, the Library of Congress +is not the official National Library of the United States or even +necessarily the center of American library and information +activities. It does not, for example, play the powerful national +role that the British Library has assumed under the terms of the +1972 British Library Act. + + In 1962, at the request of Senator Claiborne Pell of the Joint +Library Committee, Douglas Bryant of the Harvard University Library +prepared a memorandum on "what the Library of Congress does and +ought to do for the Government and the Nation generally." Bryant +urged further expansion of the Library's national activities and +services, proposals endorsed by many professional librarians, and +suggested several organizational changes. Mumford replied to the +Bryant memorandum in his 1962 annual report, strongly defending the +Library's position in the legislative branch and reiterating his +opposition to changing or altering the Library's name to reflect +its national role: "The Library of Congress is a venerable +institution, with a proud history, and to change its name would do +unspeakable violence to tradition." The Librarian asserted that +"on the question of being the national library the substance is +more important than the form," and pointed out that, while +fulfilling its responsibilities to the legislature, the Library of +Congress also performed "more national library functions than any +other national library in the world." + + The debate continued through the decade, however. For +example, in LIBRARIES AT LARGE (1967), a resource book based on +materials gathered for the new National Advisory Commission on +Libraries, an article by "the Staff of the Library of Congress" +described an ambitious set of programs that the Library of Congress +"might expand or undertake if it were formally recognized as the +National Library and acted accordingly."(11) But the fiscal +retrenchments of the 1970s and a reemphasis of the Library's +legislative services under the provisions of the Legislative +Reorganization Act of 1970 soon rendered any increased national +library aspirations impractical. + + Librarian Mumford retired in 1974. The American Library +Association suggested the names of several professional librarians +for the job, but President Gerald R. Ford nominated historian +Daniel J. Boorstin, who had been director of the Smithsonian +Institution's Museum of American History. Boorstin had wide +support in Congress, but his nomination was opposed by the American +Library Association for the same reason it had opposed MacLeish's +in 1939: the nominee had no experience in administering a library. +Boorstin was confirmed without debate, however. He was sworn in on +November 12, 1975, in a ceremony in the Library's Great Hall that +signaled the new Librarian's sense of tradition. The oath of +office, taken on a Bible from the Jefferson collection, was +administered by Carl Albert, the Speaker of the House of +Representatives, with President Gerald R. Ford and Vice President +Nelson A. Rockefeller participating in the ceremony. + + Boorstin immediately faced two major challenges: the need to +review the Library's organization and functions and the lack of +space for both collections and staff. His response to the first +was the creation of a Task Force on Goals, Organization, and +Planning, a staff group which conducted, with help from outside +advisors, a one-year review of the Library and its role. Many of +the Task Force's recommendations were incorporated into a +subsequent reorganization. The move into the Library's James +Madison Memorial Building, which began in 1980 and was completed in +1982, relieved administrative as well as physical pressures, and +enabled Librarian Boorstin to focus on what he deemed most +important: the strengthening of the Library's ties with Congress, +and the development of new relationships between the Library and +scholars, authors, publishers, cultural leaders, and the business +community. + + The Library of Congress grew steadily during Boorstin's +administration, with its annual appropriation increasing from $116 +million to over $250 million. Like MacLeish, Boorstin relied +heavily on his professional staff in technical areas such as +cataloging, automation, and library preservation. But he took a +keen personal interest in collection development; in copyright; in +book and reading promotion; in the symbolic role of the Library of +Congress in American life; and in the Library as "the world's +greatest Multi-Media Encyclopedia." Boorstin's style and +accomplishments increased the visibility of the Library to the +point where in January 1987 a NEW YORK TIMES reporter, discussing +Boorstin's retirement, called the post of Librarian of Congress +"perhaps the leading intellectual public position in the nation." + + Boorstin's successor, historian James H. Billington, was +nominated by President Ronald Reagan and took the oath of office as +the thirteenth Librarian of Congress on September 14, 1987. +Billington immediately took personal charge of the Library, +instituting his own one-year review through a Management and +Planning Committee and subsequently initiating a major +administrative reorganization. Convinced that the Library of +Congress needed to share its resources throughout the nation more +widely, he instituted several projects to use new technologies in +extending direct access to the Library's collections and data +bases. Envisioning a new educational role for the Library, he +strengthened its national cultural programming and initiated +national prizes for literary and intellectual achievement. A +Development Office to raise private funds was established in 1988. +The creation in 1990 of the James Madison National Council, a +private-sector support body consisting mostly of business +executives and entrepreneurs, brought new support. Working closely +with the U.S. Congress, Dr. Billington obtained a 12% budget +increase for the Library in fiscal 1991. + + Librarian Billington's determination to extend the reach and +influence of the Library of Congress is very much in the ambitious +tradition of his predecessors. Alone among the world's great +libraries, the Library of Congress still attempts to be a universal +library, collecting printed materials in almost all languages and +non-print materials in almost all media. As it approaches its +bicentennial in the year 2000, it still is guided by Thomas +Jefferson's belief that all subjects are important to the library +of the American national legislative -- and therefore to the +American people. + + ********************************************************** + + END-NOTES + +1. S.R. Ranganathan, "The Library of Congress Among National +Libraries," ALA BULLETIN 44 (October 1950): 356. + +2. For a summary of the history of the Library of Congress and +its functions, see John Y. Cole, "For Congress & the Nation: The +Dual Nature of the Library of Congress," QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE +LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 32 (April 1975): 119-138. Unless otherwise +stated, dates and statistics are from John Y. Cole, FOR CONGRESS +AND THE NATION: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS +(Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1979). + +3. Jefferson to Samuel H. Smith, September 21, 1814, Jefferson +Papers, Library of Congress. + +4. Ainsworth Rand Spofford, "The Government Library at +Washington," INTERNATIONAL REVIEW 5 (November 1878): 769. + +5. U.S. Congress, Joint committee on the Library, CONDITION OF +THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, March 3, 1897, 54th Cong., 2d sess., S. +Rept. 1573, p. 142. + +6. Arthur E. Bestor, Jr., "The Transformation of American +Scholarship, 1875-1917," in LIBRARIANS, SCHOLARS, AND BOOKSELLERS +AT MID-CENTURY, ed. Pierce Butler (Chicago: University of Chicago +Press, 1953), p. 19. + +7. For a more detailed discussion, see John Y. Cole, "The Library +of Congress and American Scholarship, 1865-1939," in LIBRARIES AND +SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION IN THE UNITED STATES: THE HISTORICAL +DIMENSION, ed. Phyllis Dain and John Y. Cole (N.Y.: Greenwood +Press, 1990), pp. 45-61. + +8. Herbert Putnam, "The Relation of the National Library to +Historical Research in the United States," AMERICAN HISTORICAL +ASSOCIATION ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1901 (Washington, D.C., 1902), p. +120. + +9. James Truslow Adams, THE EPIC OF AMERICA (N.Y.: Garden City +Books, 1931), p. 325. + +10. For a more detailed discussion, see John Y. Cole, "The +International Role of the Library of Congress: A Brief History," +ALEXANDRIA 1 (December 1989): 43-51. + +11. Library of Congress Staff, "The Library of Congress as the +National Library: Potentialities for Service," in LIBRARIES AT +LARGE: TRADITION, INNOVATION, AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST, ed. by +Douglas M. Knight and E. Shepley Nourse (N.Y.: R.R. Bowker Company, +1969), pp. 435-465. + + + END + ************************************************************* + +Note: This file has been edited for use on computer networks. +This editing required the removal of diacritics, underlining, and +fonts such as italics and bold. + +kde 8/92 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/liberty.txt b/politicalTextFiles/liberty.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5c4baf --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/liberty.txt @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775. + + +No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, +of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different +men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it +will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do +opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my +sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The +questing before the House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own +part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and +in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the +debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and +fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should +I keep back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I +should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an act +of disloyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly +kings. + +Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We +are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of +that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, +engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of +the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the +things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever +anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know +the worst, and to provide for it. + +I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of +experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And +judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the +British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which +gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House. Is it that +insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it +not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be +betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our +petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and +darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and +reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that +force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, +sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to +which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if +its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other +possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the +world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she +has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are +sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry +have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try +argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we +anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up +in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we +resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which +have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive +ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm +which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have +supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored +its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and +Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have +produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been +disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the +throne! In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace +and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be +free - if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which +we have been so long contending - if we mean not basely to abandon the noble +struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged +ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be +obtained - we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms +and to the God of hosts is all that is left us! + +They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an +adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the +next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard +shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength but irresolution +and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying +supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our +enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a +proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. +The millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a +country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy +can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. +There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will +raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the +strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we +have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to +retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! +Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! +The war is inevitable - and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. + +It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace - +but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps +from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our +brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that +gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as +to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! +I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give +me death! + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/libr-ism.txt b/politicalTextFiles/libr-ism.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a77e2f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/libr-ism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ + The Moral Case _For_ Taking Federal Matching Funds + + by Michael Emerling + +As a "matter of principle", Libertarian Presidential candidates have +refused to seek federal matching campaign funds. Taxation is theft and +accepting tax funds makes us party to the crime. By taking the loot, by +welcoming stolen goods, the Libertarian Party betrays the +non-aggression principle. We surrender our morality, integrity and +principles. + +So we've been told. + +This position is not merely wrong. It is the exact opposite of the +truth. + +As Frank Chodorov observed, "Taxation is robbery." Government is funded +by legalized looting. Government has no right to the proceeds of +plunder. Nor does it have the right to "assign" or "transfer" the booty +to others. + +Who has the right to this loot? The rightful owners. The victims of the +tax crime: those who earned and owned it. The tax payers. + +Let's look at Libertarian taxpayers. How many Libertarians are there in +America today? No one knows. Libertarians don't like being counted or +registered by the State. + +Individuals who believe that they have a right to their life, liberty, +and property; Individuals who know that their life is their own and +intend to run it by their own judgement; Individuals who value +voluntary relations and oppose force and fraud; these individuals mind +their own business and live their lives as they see fit. Their privacy +is their protection, so they jealously guard it. They live by the code +of liberty. They are libertarians, whether they know it or not. But +their way of life makes them invisible, uncounted and forgotten. + +A few Libertarians organized to reclaim their rights to life, liberty +and property. They did so as a matter of self-defense. They called +their organization the Libertarian Party. + +Today there are 9000 dues paying National Libertarian Party members in +America. And perhaps another 6000 local Libertarian Party members. +There are over 50,000 voters registered as Libertarians, even though +many states do not allow us to register Libertarian. + +For the sake of discussion, assume that there are only 10,000 +Libertarians in America. Assume that the average Libertarian earns +$30,000 a year. (Probably a low figure, with all the professionals and +computer programmers in the Libertarian Party.) A person earning +$30,000 a year is paying a minimum of $3,000 a year in federal income +taxes. Using these deliberately low figures, we can see that +Libertarians are paying a minimum of $30,000,000 each year in income +taxes. That's $2,500,000 each month. + +Libertarians have a right to recover this money. Or authorize another +to recover it. + +In light of this, let's reframe the matching funds issue: + +1. "Do taxpaying libertarians have the right to authorize the +Libertarian Presidential Candidate to use the matching funds process to +recover taxes taken from them?" + +2. "Do they have the right to authorize their candidate to use the +recovered taxes to fight the looters?" + +An example from history might highlight the issue. During the +Revolutionary War, Francis Marion ("the Swamp Fox") organized a +guerilla army in South Carolina. Marion staged midnight raids, hit and +run attacks and sabotage. This frustrated the British officers and tied +up troops that might have been used to defeat Washington or Lee. + +Marion and his men ran out of ammunition. So they raided British +armories, taking all the weapons and ammunition they could carry. They +did return the bullets to the British ... one at a time. + +These British weapons were paid for by past taxation and the source of +future taxation. + +Did the Swamp Fox have the right to seize and use the weapons against +the British? Or should Francis Marion have left them in the hands of +the enemy? + +***Libertarians not only have the right to recover their taxes through +matching funds, they have the moral obligation to do so.*** The taxes +we do not recover will fund the State... or be turned over to +Republican and Democratic Presidential candidates who will seek to make +Big Government bigger. Your taxes either fund the State or Statist +Campaigns. Every tax dollar we do not reclaim will be used to sustain +or expand the State. As State Power grows, individual liberty and +self-responsibility dies. + +Can you afford to have the money you've earned used against you? You've +been disarmed and your own weapons have been turned against you. Take +them back. + +After all, whose money is it? Yours. + +Do you live off the State or does the State live off you? Are you a tax +producer or a tax consumer? Are you a tax victim or a tax beneficiary? + +When you fill out your 1040, if you have a refund due from the IRS, do +you take back your money? Why? Because it's yours. It's not welfare. +It's recovering a part of what is rightfully yours. + +Matching funds are tax refunds. By contributing to the Marrou +Libertarian Presidential Campaign, you are allowing us to recover money +looted from you through federal income taxes and use it to fight the +government for liberty. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +This text appeared in a brochure distributed by the Marrou for President +campaign in November 1990. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/libxtrem.txt b/politicalTextFiles/libxtrem.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74b467c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/libxtrem.txt @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +IS LIBERTY TOO EXTREME? + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + + +There is one type of question, more than any other, that the +advocate of freedom is likely to be asked over the years: +Human liberty and freedom of choice are, of course, important +social and moral goods, but can't they be pushed too far? Is +it not better to work for, and accept, a more moderate balance +in society? Your position, it will be said, seems to offer no +compromise, no happy medium through which a common ground can +be found so that a reasonable amount of freedom can be +attained. Don't you think your dogmatic extremism only serves +to work against the very goals for which you are devoting your +energies? + +The first reply to this type of question, is to ask back, With +what are we asked to compromise and to offer a more moderate +position? The answer, of course, is that the advocate of +freedom is being asked to find a common ground with state +power and the use of government coercion in social affairs. + +The problem is that ultimately there can be no compromise +between freedom and coercion, between social relationships +based upon mutual, voluntary consent, and human relationships +ordered by command and backed up by the threat, or actual use, +of force. There is an irreconcilable tension in a society that +is part-free and part-slave. An individual who is prohibited +from, or restrained in, his peaceful intercourse with other +free men is not his own master. And to that extent he is a +slave to the will and wishes of another. + +But such a response by the advocate of freedom fails to touch +the real heart of the matter. Who, in this debate over freedom +and coercion, is the actual extremist and who is the actual +moderate? The advocate of state coercion in social affairs +cannot stand the fact that people make choices, and undertake +courses of action, of which he disapproves. He objects to the +fact that people fail to follow the paths that his reason and +values consider rational and good. Everything else is either +chaotic and sinister. + +In this sense, he is like the maniac of whom G.K. Chesterton +speaks in his book, Orthodoxy. The madman, Chesterton says, is +the one "who has lost everything except his reason . . . . He +is not hampered by a sense of humor or by charity, or by the +dumb certainties of experience. The madman's explanation of a +thing is always complete, and often in a purely rational sense +satisfactory." The madman has a "most sinister quality" of +"connecting of one thing with another in a map more elaborate +than a maze." + +The advocate of state coercion has, in this sense, been driven +mad by the outcomes of a free society. If some men are poor +while others are well to do, he cannot accept the idea that +this is due to natural scarcity of resources, or is merely as +far as capitalism has yet been able to raise people's +standards of living in an on-going, and time-consuming, +process of savings and investment. No, it must be because men +have been unreasonable, have not submitted themselves to a +plan--his plan--that his reason has given him, and not others, +the superior wisdom and insight to see. + +If some men receive lower pay than others, or do not have +access to all the goods and services they desire, the advocate +of state coercion--like the madman--often sees sinister +motives and dark conspiracies. If some workers receive lower +wages, it can't be because of a lack of marketable skills or +insufficient personal ambition to better themselves. No, it +must be because of the businessman's greed and unwillingness +to pay "a fair wage," or a plot among the employers to exploit +their fellow human beings. The advocate of state coercion can +see beneath the charade and he, of course, knows the +regulation or intervention to put the conspirators in their +place and remedy the problem. + +The social madman has the answer and the solution for +everything. He has no patience for ignorance, good intentions +that go astray, or some natural scheme of things. And like the +madman, he has no doubts about his knowledge, the goodness of +his intentions and their outcome, or what the scheme of things +should be turned into. Human freedom and its advocates are the +irritants that he tolerates when he has to, but with which he +never compromises. He has too much confidence in his own +vision. In his mind, extremism in the defense of the state- +molded "great society" is no vice. + +In his book, The Pleasures of a Nonconformist, the Chinese +philosopher and social critic, Lin Yutang, explains that, "The +aim of Chinese classical education has always been the +cultivation of the reasonable man as the model of culture. An +educated man should, above all, be a reasonable being. A +reasonable being is always characterized by his common sense, +his love of moderation and restraint . . . . To be reasonable +is to avoid extremes . . . . To say to a man, 'Do be +reasonable` is the same as saying 'Make some allowance for +human nature. Do not push a fellow too far.'" + +I would like to suggest that regardless of whether or not +Professor Lin was right that this is what Chinese classical +education produced, it does capture essential qualities of +what the advocate of freedom sees as some of the hallmarks of +the free society: moderation, restraint and allowance for +human nature. + +Let me try to explain this with two examples. In February of +this year, a federal regulation was passed banning smoking on +all domestic airline flights of less that six hours of +duration. The anti-smoking advocate just cannot reconcile +himself to the existence of others who gain pleasure from +something of which he disapproves, and by people who weigh the +enjoyment of the present against the consequences of the +future differently than himself. Nor can he stand a world in +which the market provides options to those with different +preferences: some airlines that permit smoking and others +(i.e., Northwest Airlines) that ban smoking on all domestic +flights as a response to what they view as a market +opportunity to get a larger share of the non-smoking public +that flies. + +For the advocate of freedom, the market alternative is +precisely the reasonable and moderate one. It recognizes and +accepts the varieties and preferences among men and offers a +compromise, a peaceful resolution, of the differences among +them. And it leaves a wide avenue open for one group of men to +reason and persuade another to modify their choices and +forswear "a filthy and corrupting" habit. + +Another example is affirmative action. In the old days, people +of different races were forcefully kept apart. Segregation +laws prohibited various forms of voluntary interaction among +men and women of different color. Now the laws forcefully +require the interaction of different races both inside and +outside the workplace. The enemy of racism, just like the +advocate of racism, abhors tolerance and refuses to restrain +himself when he objects to the foolish and perverse conduct of +his fellow men. + +Neither is willing to allow for human nature: the racist who +could not stand the fact that opportunities created incentives +for people of different color to peacefully and voluntarily +trade and interact with each other; and the anti-racist who +cannot stand the fact that obstinate people without atavistic +ideas may be willing to pay the price of lost market +opportunities so as not to associate with people of a +different race. + +The advocate of freedom, with his deep belief and faith in the +sanctity and uniqueness of the individual, has always been +repelled by the evaluation of a human being on the basis of +his skin pigmentation. But he has also appreciated the danger +of pushing a fellow too far. A good society is not produced by +forcing one person on another. The freedom advocate has known +that this may only cause a backlash of the very type of racist +sentiment that the affirmative action laws were meant to +overcome. + +To be reasonable, the free society must avoid extremes, and it +does so through the diversity of free men that it both permits +and fosters. It restrains the practice of "extreme" personal +behavior because it imposes costs and consequences upon +everyone who practices them--loss of economic opportunity, +social ostracism by those who are repelled by it. And it +teaches the advantages of moderation--courtesy, good manners, +tolerance and "socially acceptable" conduct. + +In other words, the free society, accepting human nature, +nudges men toward better behavior rather than compels it. It +teaches rational and moral conduct through reason and example. +It fosters compromise by demonstrating the personal costs of +being too extreme in one's personal actions. And it raises the +ethical conduct of the society by the discovered advantages of +personal improvement through time. + +Is liberty too extreme? Quite the contrary. Freedom is the +epitome of moderation. And it is its moderation, its tolerance +and diversity that drives some men mad. But madness, by +definition, is not the normal condition of a healthy human +being. The history of western civilization is the story of +man's slow escape from the madness of political and social +extremism. Our dilemma and our challenge is that this sickness +still controls the minds of too many. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College in Michigan and also serves as +Vice-President of Academic Affairs of The Future of Freedom +Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the August 1990 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/life12.txt b/politicalTextFiles/life12.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc4687e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/life12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ + + + + + + +L I V I N G G R E E N : 1 0 1 T H I N G S Y O U C A N D O + +T O P R O M O T E G R E E N V A L U E S + +by Mary-Clayton & Christopher Enderlein + + + +(via EnviroNet, February 1, 1989) + + + + + + Green values are not just guidelines you use once every +few years in deciding how to vote; they are things you can live +by every day. This list is for those who have the "Green spirit" +and want to incorporate it further into our lives. + + + +1. Recycle newspaper, aluminum, glass, and tin + +2. Recycle motor oil + +3. Use cloth diapers + +4. Reuse egg cartons and plastic bags + +5. Avoid using styrofoam - it can't be recycled + +6. Avoid disposable plates, cups, and utensils + +7. Use rags instead of paper towels + +8. Use paper bags, not paper towels, to drain grease + +9. Recycle unneeded items + +10. Use the back of discardable paper for scratch paper + + + +11. Be responsible and creative with leftover food + +12. Use the water from cooking vegetables to make soup + +13. Mend and repair, rather than discard and replace + + +15. Buy bulk & unpackaged rather than packaged goods + +16. Purchase goods in reusable or recyclable containers + +17. Buy organic, pesticide-free foods + +18. Buy foods without additives and preservatives + +19. Use non-toxic pest control + +20. Compost your food scraps + + + +21. Grow your own food (even small kitchen gardens!) + +22. Volunteer to start or help with a community garden + +23. Eat foods from low on the food chain, not meat + +24. Avoid highly processed foods + +25. Support food co-ops + +26. Discover where the food and goods you buy come from + +27. Buy locally grown produce and other foods + +28. Volunteer to maintain local parks and wilderness + +29. Buy living Christmas trees + +30. Plant trees in your community + + + +31. Learn about the plants and animals in your region + +32. Learn about the cultural diversity of your bioregion + +33. Explore and learn about your bioregion + +34. Discover your watershed and work to protect it + +35. Oppose the use of roadside defoliants in your area + +36. Use non-toxic, biodegradable soaps & detergents + +37. Put in a water-conserving showerhead + +38. Learn where your waste and sewage goes + +39. Keep hazardous chemicals in spillproof containers + +40. Turn off the water while you brush your teeth + + + +41. Put a water conservation device in your toilet tank + +42. Shop by phone first, then pick up your purchase + +43. Learn where the energy for your home comes from + +44. Support your local utility's conservation program + +45. Hang your clothes out to dry + +46. Be sure your home is well insulated + +47. Weather-seal your home thoroughly + +48. Heat your home responsibly, with renewable energy + +49. Don't burn green wood + +50. Put a catalytic converter on your wood stove + + + +51. Turn lights off when not in use + +52. Turn down your hot water heater + +53. Lower your thermostat and wear warmer clothes + +54. Take sho + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/linc111.txt b/politicalTextFiles/linc111.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55349b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/linc111.txt @@ -0,0 +1,376 @@ + + +Lincoln's First Inaugural Address +March 4, 1861 + + + +Fellow citizens of the United States: in compliance with a custom as old +as the government itself, I appear before you to address you briefly +and to take, in your presence, the oath prescribed by the Constitution +of the United States, to be taken by the President "before he enters +on the execution of his office." + +I do not consider it necessary, at present, for me to discuss those matters +of administration about which there is no special anxiety, or excitement. + +Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States +that by the accession of a Republican administration their property +and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. +There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. +Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while +existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in +nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. +I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that +"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with +the institution of slavery where it exists. I believe I have +no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." +Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge +that I had made this and many similar declarations, and had +never recanted them. And, more than this, they placed in the +platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves and to me, +the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read: + +"Resolved: that the maintenance inviolate +of the rights of the States, and especially +the right of each State to order and control +its own domestic institutions according to +its own judgment exclusively, is essential +to that balance of power on which the perfection +and endurance of our political fabric depend, +and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed +force of the soil of any State or Territory, +no matter under what pretext, +as among the gravest of crimes." + +I now reiterate these sentiments; and, in doing so, I only press upon +the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case +is susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of no section +are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming administration. +I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the +Constitution and the laws, can be given, will be cheerfully given +to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause-- +as cheerfully to one section as to another. + +There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives +from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly +written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions: + +"No person held to service or labor in one State, +under the laws thereof, escaping into another, +shall in consequence of any law or regulation +therein be discharged from such service or labor, +but shall be delivered up on claim of the party +to whom such service or labor may be due." + +It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those +who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; +and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. All members +of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution-- +to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, +then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause +"shall be delivered up", their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they +would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly +equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good +that unanimous oath? + +There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should +be enforced by national or by State authority; but surely that +difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be +surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others +by which authority it is done. And should any one in any case be +content that his oath shall go unkept on a merely unsubstantial +controversy as to HOW it shall be kept? + +Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not all the safeguards of +liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, +so that a free man be not, in any case, surrendered as a slave? +And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the +enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that +"the citizen of each State shall be entitled to all privileged and +immunities of citizens in the several States?" + +I take the official oath today with no mental reservations, +and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by +any hypercritical rules. And while I do not choose now to specify +particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest +that it will be much safer for all, both in official and private stations, +to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed, +than to violate any of them, trusting to find impunity in having +them held to be unConstitutional. + +It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President +under our national Constitution. During that period fifteen different +and greatly distinguished citizens have, in succession, administered +the executive branch of the government. They have conducted it through +many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope +of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief Constitutional +term of four years under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruption of +the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted. + +I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, +the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, +if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. +It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision +in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all +the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will +endure forever--it being impossible to destroy it except by some action +not provided for in the instrument itself. + +Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but an association +of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, +be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? +One party to a contract may violate it--break it, so to speak; +but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it? + +Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition +that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual confirmed by +the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than +the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of +Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the +Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, +and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted +and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation +in 1778. And, finally, in 1787 one of the declared objects for ordaining +and establishing the Constitution was "TO FORM A MORE PERFECT UNION." + +But if the destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States +be lawfully possible, the Union is LESS perfect than before the Constitution, +having lost the vital element of perpetuity. + +It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion +can lawfully get out of the Union; that Resolves and Ordinances +to that effect are legally void; and that acts of violence, +within any State or States, against the authority of the United States, +are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. + +I therefore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, +the Union is unbroken; and to the extent of my ability I shall take care, +as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the +laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States. +Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part; +and I shall perform it so far as practicable, unless my +rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the +requisite means, or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary. +I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the +declared purpose of the Union that it WILL Constitutionally +defend and maintain itself. + +In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence; and there +shall be none, unless it be forced upon the national authority. +The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess +the property and places belonging to the government, and to collect +the duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, +there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people +anywhere. Where hostility to the United States, in any interior locality, +shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident citizens +from holding the Federal offices, there will be no attempt to force +obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. While the strict +legal right may exist in the government to enforce the exercise of +these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating, +and so nearly impracticable withal, that I deem it better +to forego for the time the uses of such offices. + +The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts +of the Union. So far as possible, the people everywhere shall have that +sense of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought +and reflection. The course here indicated will be followed unless current +events and experience shall show a modification or change to be proper, +and in every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised +according to circumstances actually existing, and with a view and +a hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles and the +restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections. + +That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy +the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to do it, I will +neither affirm nor deny; but if there be such, I need address no word +to them. To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? + +Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our +national fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes, +would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? +Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility +that any portion of the ills you fly from have no real existence? +Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all +the real ones you fly from--will you risk the commission of so +fearful a mistake? + +All profess to be content in the Union if all Constitutional rights +can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right, plainly written +in the Constitution, has been denied? I think not. Happily the human +mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. +Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision +of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a +majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written Constitutional right, +it might, in a moral point of view, justify revolution--certainly would if such +a right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of +minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirmations +and negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Constitution, that +controversies never arise concerning them. But no organic law can ever be +framed with a provision specifically applicable to every question which may +occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate, +nor any document of reasonable length contain, express provisions +for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered +by national or State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. +May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not +expressly say. MUST Congress protect slavery in the Territories? +The Constitution does not expressly say. + +From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, +and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the minority +will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the government must cease. +There is no other alternative; for continuing the government is +acquiescence on one side or the other. + +If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, +they make a precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them; +for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever +a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. +For instance, why may not any portion of a new +confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, +precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to secede from it? +All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the +exact temper of doing this. + +Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States +to compose a new Union, as to produce harmony only, +and prevent renewed secession? + +Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. +A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, +and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular +opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. +Whoever rejects it does, of necessity, fly to anarchy or to despotism. +Unanimity is impossible; the rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, +is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, +anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left. + +I do not forget the position, assumed by some, that Constitutional +questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court; nor do I deny +that such decisions must be binding, in any case, upon the parties +to a suit, as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled +to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other +departments of the government. And while it is obviously possible that +such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect +following it, being limited to that particular case, with the chance that +it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, +can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice. +At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy +of the government, upon vital questions affecting the whole people, +is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, +the instant they are made, in ordinary litigation between parties +in personal actions, the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, +having to that extent practically resigned their government into the hands +of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon +the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink +to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of +theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes. + +One section of our country believes slavery is RIGHT, and ought +to be extended, while the other believes it is WRONG, and ought +not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. +The fugitive-slave clause of the Constitution, and the law for the +suppression of the foreign slave-trade, are each as well enforced, +perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral +sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. +The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation +in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, +cannot be perfectly cured; and it would be worse in both cases +AFTER the separation of the sections than BEFORE. The foreign +slave-trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived, +without restriction, in one section, while fugitive slaves, +now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered +at all by the other. + +Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our +respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall +between them. A husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of +the presence and beyond the reach of each other; but the different +parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot but remain +face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, +must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make +that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after +separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than +friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced +between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, +you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides, +an no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions +as to terms of intercourse are again upon you. + +This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. +Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise +their CONSTITUTIONAL right of amending it, or their REVOLUTIONARY right +to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact +that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the +national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of +amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people +over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed +in the instrument itself; and I should, under existing circumstances, +favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people +to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention mode +seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with +the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or +reject propositions originated by others not especially chosen +for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would +wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment +to the Constitution--which amendment, however, I have not seen--has +passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall +never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, +including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction +of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular +amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be +implied Constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express +and irrevocable. + +The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the people, +and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the +separation of the states. The people themselves can do this +also if they choose; but the executive, as such, has nothing to +do with it. His duty is to administer the present government, +as it came to his hands, and to transmit it, unimpaired by him, +to his successor. + +Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice +of the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the world? +In our present differences is either party without faith of being +in the right? If the Almighty Ruler of Nations, with his eternal +truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on yours +of the South, that truth and that justice will surely prevail, +by the judgment of this great tribunal, the American people. + +By the frame of the government under which we live, this same people +have wisely given their public servants but little power for mischief; +and have, with equal wisdom, provided for the return of that little +to their own hands at very short intervals. While the people retain +their virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any extreme of +wickedness or folly, can very seriously injure the government +in the short space of four years. + +My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and WELL upon this +whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. +If there be an object to HURRY any of you in hot haste to a step +which you would never take DELIBERATELY, that object will be +frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be frustrated +by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied, still have the +old Constitution unimpaired, and, on the sensitive point, +the laws of your own framing under it; while the new administration +will have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. +If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the +right side in the dispute, there still is no single good reason +for precipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, +and a firm reliance on him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, +are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty. + +In YOUR hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in MINE, +is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail YOU. +You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. +YOU have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while _I_ +shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." + +I am loathe to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not +be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break +our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from +every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone +all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union +when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/linc211.txt b/politicalTextFiles/linc211.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06c6e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/linc211.txt @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ + +Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address +March 4, 1865 + + + +Fellow countrymen: At this second appearing to take the oath +of the presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended +address than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat +in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. +Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations +have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great +contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies +of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress +of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known +to the public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory +and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction +in regard to it is ventured. + +On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts +were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it-- +all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered +from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, +insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war-- +seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide effects, by negotiation. +Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather +than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather +than let it perish. And the war came. + +One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed +generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. +These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew +that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, +perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the +insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the government claimed +no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. + +Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration +which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause +of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself +should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less +fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray +to the same God; and each invokes his aid against the other. +It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's +assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; +but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both +could not be answered--that of neither has been answered fully. + +The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because +of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe +to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose +that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the +providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued +through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he +gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due +to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any +departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a +living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope--fervently +do we pray--that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. +Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by +the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil +shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn by the lash +shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said +three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, "The +judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." + +With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in +the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on +to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; +to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, +and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just +and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/lock-imm.txt b/politicalTextFiles/lock-imm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6cb93cf --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/lock-imm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +LOCKING OUT THE IMMIGRANT + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +America of the 1800s was the most unique society in the +history of man. People could engage in virtually any economic +enterprise without permission of their public officials. +People could become as wealthy as they wanted, and there was +nothing the government could do about it. They could dispose +of their money in any way they saw fit. And they could travel +anywhere they desired without a passport or other evidence of +governmental consent. This is what it once meant to be an +American. This is what it once meant to be free. + +But perhaps the most unique aspect of American society of the +1800s was that reflected by the Statue of Liberty: free +immigration. For this was a society in which the citizenry +prohibited their public officials from interfering with the +right of people everywhere to come to the United States to +live and work. + +What was the result of this unusual society--a society without +income taxation, welfare, social security, licensing, +passports, subsidies, economic regulations, and immigration +restrictions? The result was the most economically prosperous +nation in the history of man! And this despite the fact that +thousands of penniless immigrants, many of whom could not +speak English, were flooding American shores every day. + +But prosperity for the poor was not the real significance of +our ancestors' policy of freedom of immigration. The true +significance is a much more profound one. For the first time +in history, oppressed and persecuted people everywhere had +hope--hope that if they were able to escape the tyranny under +which they suffered, there was a place which would accept +them. America was a beacon--a beacon of liberty which shone +through the darkness of oppression, persecution, and tyranny +throughout the world--a beacon which lit the hearts of +millions who knew that if they could just escape, there was a +nation, albeit faraway, to which they could flee. + +But no longer--and not for many decades. While the Statue of +Liberty is a nice place for tourists to visit, it now stands +as an sad reminder of the rejection and abandonment by 20th- +century Americans of the principles of liberty on which our +nation was founded. And while the welfare-state, planned- +economy way of life most clearly evidences this rejection and +abandonment, the consequences, while bad, have not been as +evil and horrible as those resulting from the abandonment of +the principles of free immigration. + +We must never forget that citizens are responsible for +wrongdoing by their own government--even when they consciously +choose to ignore it. The best-known example in recent times of +conscious disregard of wrongdoing by one's own government +involved the German people in the 1930s--when Hitler embarked +on his policy of extermination of the Jews. Most Americans +believe that under same or similar circumstances, the people +of this nation would act differently. Unfortunately, they are +wrong. Because what Americans have never been taught in their +public schools is that the American government, as well as +other Western governments (including Britain, Canada, and most +of Latin America), through their control of immigration, +sealed all avenues of Jewish escape from the Holocaust. + +The sordid facts and details are set forth in two books: While +Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy by Arthur D. +Morse, first published in 1967, and The Holocaust Conspiracy: +An International Policy of Genocide by William R. Perl, +published in 1989. Morse was executive producer of "CBS +Reports" and the winner of numerous broadcasting awards. Perl +served as a Lt. Colonel in the U.S. Army Intelligence Service, +worked in the Prosecution Branch of the War Crimes trials, and +later taught at George Washington University. + +An American cannot read these two books without total +revulsion at the reaction of his own government to Hitler's +policies against the Jews. Both authors detail the methods by +which American politicians and bureaucrats, while maintaining +an appearance of great humanitarianism, used immigration +policies to prevent Germany's Jews from escaping to the United +States. Morse writes: + + In 1938 the Nazis burned every synagogue in the nation, + shattered the windows of every Jewish establishment, + hauled twenty-five thousand innocent people to + concentration camps, and fined the Jews 1,000,000,000 + marks for the damage. + + Five days later, at a White House press conference, a + reporter asked the President, "Would you recommend a + relaxation of our immigration restrictions so that the + Jewish refugees could be received in this country?" + + "This is not in contemplation," replied the President. + "We have the quota system." + + The United States not only insisted upon its immigration + law throughout the Nazi era, but administered it with + severity and callousness. In spite of unprecedented + circumstances, the law was constricted so that even its + narrow quotas were not met. The lamp remained lifted + beside the golden door, but the flame had been + extinguished and the door was padlocked. + +And Perl writes: + + Anti-Semitism . . . was certainly a part of the anti- + immigration mood of the country, but it was not the sole + cause. This was 1938, the U.S. was still on the fringes + of the 1929 depression, and fear that newcomers would + take away jobs needed from those already in the country + was genuine. The fact that newcomers mean also increased + consumption, that many of them, as they actually did, + created new jobs rather than occupy existing ones was not + considered. . . . + + President Roosevelt was first of all a politician, and a + shrewd and ruthless one at that. He was not going to + imperil his fragile coalition for moral or humanitarian + reasons. He was not ready to put it to a test over an + issue that, he knew, was loaded with emotion among + supporters as well as opponents and which was in summary + not popular at all. He was at that time preparing to run + for an unprecedented third term of the presidency, and + any rocking of the boat was out of the question. . . . + Yet, it was necessary to keep up the image of a great + liberal and humanitarian. + +One of the most dramatic and tragic examples of the U.S. +government's immigration policy against the Jews was evidenced +by what has become known as "the voyage of the damned." Just +before war broke out in Europe, a German cruise ship loaded +with almost 1,000 Jewish refugees left Germany and headed to +Cuba--where friends and relatives of the passengers waited for +their loved ones. When the ship arrived, the Cuban government +refused to permit the Jews to disembark. When the ship began +moving close to American waters, the United States Coast Guard +closely followed to make certain that no Jew jumped ship and +infiltrated America. + +Since no other nations were willing to accept the refugees, +the ship headed back to Germany where certain death awaited +its passengers. At the last minute, England and some of the +European nations reluctantly agreed to accept the refugees. +Unfortunately, many of those who went to Europe were later +killed under the Nazi occupation. + +It is easy for present-day Americans to say, "We would never +let that happen again." Yet, we continue to permit our public +officials to control immigration. And the results of this +control point only in the direction of future catastrophe. + +The U.S. government rightly criticizes the Soviet Union for +not letting Jews emigrate . . . but then is horrified at the +prospect of having to let Soviet Jews enter the United States. + +The U.S. government rightly criticizes Vietnam for its +oppressive society . . . but then is horrified at the prospect +of having to let Vietnamese "boat people" enter the United +States. + +And on the southern border of the United States, good and +honorable people of the Republic of Mexico have been +incarcerated, year after year, in American concentration +centers for committing the heinous "crime" of trying to +sustain and improve their lives through labor. I personally +have been inside these concentration centers and visited with +these victims of 20th-century political tyranny, and I shall +never forget the looks on their faces--looks which asked, "Why +are you doing this to us?" + +Free immigration is nothing to fear. As free-market economists +have shown for years (i.e., Julian L. Simon's 1989 book, The +Economic Consequences of Immigration), immigration is actually +an economic boon to a society. Of course, fears of huge +burdens associated with welfare, public schooling, and other +aspects of the welfare state are a legitimate concern. But we +should not use the welfare state as an excuse for rejecting +free immigration; instead, we should use freedom as a reason +for ending both the welfare state and immigration controls-- +and for ending the real and potential evils and horrors +associated with them. + +As walls separating people are crumbling all over the world, +it is time for us to tear down our walls. It is time for us to +recapture the spirit of liberty which guided our American +ancestors and lead the world to the highest reaches of freedom +ever known by man. It is time for us to let the world know +that its beacon of liberty is once again lighted for its poor, +its tired, its huddled masses yearning to breathe free! + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation. + + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the June 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/locke-sd.txt b/politicalTextFiles/locke-sd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0393ac --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/locke-sd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Nothing is to be accounted hostile force but where it leaves +not the remedy of such an appeal [to the law], and it is such +force alone that puts him that uses it into a state of war, +and makes it lawful to resist him. + +A man with a sword in his hand demands my purse on the +highway, when perhaps I have not 12 pennies in my pocket. + +This man I may lawfully kill. + +To another I deliver 100 pounds to hold only whilst I alight, +which he refuses to restore to me when I am got up again, +but draws his sword to defend the possession of it by force. +I endeavour to retake it. + +The mischief this man does me is a hundred, or possibly +a thousand times more than the other perhaps intended +me (whom I killed before he really did me any); and yet +I might lawfully kill the one and cannot so much as hurt +the other lawfully. + +The reason whereof is plain to see; because the one using +force which threatened my life, I could not have time to +appeal to the law to secure it, and when it was gone it +was too late to appeal. + +The law could not restore life to my dead carcass. + +The loss was irreparable; which to prevent, the law of +Nature gave me a right to destroy him who had put himself +into a state of war with me and threatened my destruction. + +But in the other case, my life not being in danger, I might +have the benefit of appealing to the law, and have reparation +for my 100 pounds in that way. + +-- John Locke, "An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent + and End of Civil Government", Chapter 18 "Of Tyranny", + #207, originally published in England, 1690. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/logan.txt b/politicalTextFiles/logan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffdaa8b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/logan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Newsgroups: freenet.shrine.songs +From: aa300 (Jerry Murphy) +Subject: Who Will Mourn for Logan? +Date: Wed, 24 Jan 90 15:40:03 EST + + +WHO IS THERE TO MOURN FOR LOGAN? + +On April 22, 1749, Talgayeeta, better known as John Logan to the white men in +the area, was made Mingo Chief of the Cayuga Indians at Shamokin, PA. He made +his home in western Pennsylvania a safe haven for all people, white or red. He +was always the peacemaker, never entering into the atrocities blamed on either +side except as a man of peace. He was widely known and respected through all +levels of government in the Colonies and in the Iroquois League, as well as +throughout the Indian Nations of Ohio and other nearby states. His wife and +children caught smallpox from the whites, none of them survived but Logan. +Still, he remained a peacemaker. + +Twenty-five years later, while Chief Logan and his nephew were on a hunting +trip, white surveyors under the direction of Michael Cresap held a party in +honor of the family of Logan, following which they murdered them and mutilated +their bodies. The dead included his father, his sister, his brother, his +brother-in-law, and several of his friends and neighbors. In his grief, Logan +swore revenge and retaliation. + +His retaliation was swift and sure, and finally led the white rulers to seek +peace. The Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, summoned all the local Indian +leaders to a council. Logan refused to come, sending instead this message which +has made his name famous throughout not only Ohio, but in world capitals. +Logan's headquarters were dominated by a giant Elm tree, under which he composed +this reply to Lord Dunmore. The reply was presented by an interpreter, John +Gibson, on October 20, 1774. + +"I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry and I +gave him not meat; if ever he came cold or naked and I gave him not clothing." + +"During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained in his tent, +an advocate for peace. Nay, such was my love for the whites that those of my +own country pointed at me as they passed by and said, 'Logan is the friend of +the white men.' I had even thought to live with you, but for the injuries of one +man, Colonel Cresap. He last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, cut off all +the relatives of Logan; not sparing even my women and children. There runs not +a drop of my blood in the veins of any human creature. This called on me for +revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my +vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of peace. Yet do not harbor +any thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan has never felt fear. He will +not turn on his heels to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? +Not one." + +A monument commemorating this event is at Logan Elm Park, 6 miles south of +Circleville, OH, erected in 1919. Another monument to Logan is in Fort Hill +Cemetery, Auburn, NY. + +Logan died in 1780, his elm tree died in 1964. + +Who is there to mourn for Logan? + +Gerald E. Murphy +Copyright (c) 1988 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/loonylaw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/loonylaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18abe82 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/loonylaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ + Loonly Laws in L.A. + + Against the law to ride an "ugly horse?" Illegal for a fireman to rescue a +woman wearing a nightgown? Prohibited from walking around with an ice-cream +cone in your pocket? Author Samuel Johnson once said, "The law is the last +result of human wisdom acting upon human experience for the benefit of the +public." A noble philosophy, perhaps, but Johnson's opinion is debatable at +best. + + Officials who wrote some of the L.A. area's old laws appear to have acted +for no greater purpose than a good belly laugh. But there are real reasons +for some of these laws. For instance, those regarding horses were largely +passed to favor and protect the horse in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when +horses were still the primary mode of transportation. An old ordinance won't +allow acrobats to perform on any city sidewalk in L.A. because the city +fathers decreed acrobatics might frighten some of the local horses. + + Clothing laws, by and large, originated around the same time period. Laws +dealing with women were always designed by men who were often quite +prejudiced by today's standards in their thinking toward "the weaker sex." +The extremely fundamentalistic attitudes of many small-town religious leaders +often prevailed - hence, we find laws governing the wearing of corsets, +nightgowns, shoes, and hats. Doctors practicing in Long Beach, for example, +seem to have a special social responsibility. An unusual piece of loony +legislation says every woman must "be found to be wearing a corset" when +attending any public dance. A physician is required to inspect each female at +the dance. The doctor must ascertain that the woman is, in fact, complying +with this archaic law. + + Any laws having to do with Sunday were usually written and passed as the +need arose with the intent of keeping the Sabbath holy. The church has +enormous influence on laws pertaining to gambling, curfews for young women, +women drinking alcoholic beverages, flirting, and even eating ice cream. In +Bonsall, no one may read the Sunday paper while sitting in a rocking chair on +their front porch while church services are in session. + + There's a strange ordinance in Covina where "A husband is not guilty of +desertion when his wife rents his room to a boarder and crowds him out of the +house." + + Drivers in Hemet should be aware that the driver of "any vehicle involved +in an accident resulting in death...shall immediately stop...and give his +name and address to the person struck." + + A true dog lover, according to City Managaer Doug Weiford, might enjoy +living in Riverside. An old piece of legislation stops local citizens from +"sticking out a tongue in the direction of a dog." Nor can people living in +Ventura make "ugly faces" at dogs who are found to be "freely roaming" the +community. Animals appear to be treated fairly in Upland but pity the poor +owner: "It shall be unlawful for the owner or keeper of horses, mules, +cattle, sheep, goats, and hogs to run at large." And don't bother duck +hunting at night in Apple Valley. Ducks aren't allowed to be heard quacking +after 10:00 p.m. + + Do you have difficulty flirting? You can't, according to the municipal +code in Inglewood: "It is unlawful for any male person, within the corporate +limits of the city of Inglewood, to wink at any female person with whom he +is unacquainted." Beverly Hills also has an anti-flirting law. City Manager +Ed Kreins quotes this ordinance: "No male person shall make remarks to or +concerning, or cough or whistle at, or do any other act to attract the +attention of any woman upon or traveling along any of the sidewalks." + + Males in Buena Park have an even more difficult time in this regard. They +are specifically prohibited from "turning and looking at a woman in that way" +on the Sabbath. If he's caught a second time, the violator has to "wear horse +blinders" for a 24-hour period in public. + + Community lawmakers do sometimes have a sense of humor. According to City +Manager Ralph Webb, Baldwin Park politcos once decreed that "No female shall +appear in a bathing suit on any street within this community unless she is +escorted by at least two officers or unless she be armed with a club." An +amendment to the original ordinance reads "The provisions of this status +shall not apply to females weighing less than 90 pounds or exceeding 200 +pounds nor shall it apply to female horses." + + You probably don't know that Santa Moinca has a "bean snapper" law. City +Manager John Jalili declares: "Any person who shall in the city of Santa +Monica use or carry concealed or unconcealed any bean snapper or like +article, shall, upon conviction, be fined." + + Drivers beware when going through Los Angeles County. An early speed law +was worded: "Speed upon county roads will be limited to 10 miles an hour +unless the motorist sees a baliff who does not appear to have had a drink in +30 days, then the driver will be permitted to make what he can." And +"Whoever operates an automobile on any public way - laid out under the +authority of law recklessly or while under the influence of liquor shall be +punished; thereby imposing upon the motorist the duty of finding out at his +peril whether certain highways had been laid out recklessly or while under +the influence of liquor before driving his car over them." You figure it +out. In the same vein, there's a beauty from Whittier that says "Two vehicles +which are passing each other in opposite directions shall have the right of +way." Uh huh. + + An old-fashioned piece of legislation in Hesperia outlaws dueling under +certain circumstances: no one is allowed to duel when the opponents select +water pistols for use as the weapons. + + Monrovia has a unique old wedding law. No young man can marry the girl of +his dreams until he has "proven his manhood." How? It's quite simple; all +the poor fellow is required to do is go out and shoot six blackbirds or three +crows which must then be brought to his prospective father-in-law. + + Stay away from Compton while wearing slack with hip pockets. The city +fathers long ago passed an ordinance banning hip pockets in all men's pants - +it was considered to be a perfect place to hide a pint of liquor. Let's hope +thirst doesn't become a major problem if you're a woman in Ojai. No female +can expect to walk into a tavern and be graciously served. It's illegal for a +woman to stand within five feet of a bar when she takes a drink in any public +establishment serving alcoholic beverages. She's in violation of this law +even if she only wants a glass of water! + + A thirsty married man, according to the law in Camarillo, could have +serious problems. He can't purchase any form of liquor without first having +the written consent of his loving spouse. And an old law in Gardena, +according to City Manager Ken Landau, prohibits a woman from chewing tobacco +without first having permission from her husband. + + You could be breaking the law when you're just trying to have an innocent +night out. Boisterous adults and children can be penalized in Mailbu should +they "laugh out loud" in a movie theater. And in Costa Mesa, citizens aren't +allowed to enter a movie theater within four hours of eating garlic. + + Don't even thing of playing cards with a pregnant woman or a child on the +curb of any street in Temecula. And according to the revised ordinances in +Pomona, "No person shall hallo, shout, bawl, scream, use profane language, +dance, sing, whoop, quarrel, or make any unusual noise or sound in any house +in such a manner as to disturb the peace and quiet of the neighborhood." + + Fashion can be dangerous. In Norwalk, "Any person who shall wear in a +public place any device or thing attached to her head, hair, headgear or hat, +which device or thing is capable or lacerating the flesh of any other person +with whom it may come in contact and which is not sufficiently guarded +against the possibility of so doing, shall be adjudged a disorderly person." +Watch out, fashion victims. + + If you've been out on the trail a bit too long and your horse is weary, be +sure you don't let it fall asleep within the city limits of El Monte. They +have an antiquated law in them parts that prohibits a horse from falling +asleep in a bathtub, unless the rider is also sleeping with the horse. And if +you own a horse in Pico Rivera, it's strictly forbidden - if you're a woman, +attired in shorts, and you weigh over 200 pounds - to ride your horse in +public. In Santa Ana, it's illegal to let a horse sleep in a bakery. + + You've got to be careful even when you're hungry. If you can't find a can +opener, whatever you do, don't try to shoot your canned foods open with a +revolver in Victorville. And if you're a barber in Valencia, don't dare eat +onions between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. + + Ice cream crops up quite a few times in the various cities' law books. In +Chino, citizens are prohibited from carrying an ice-cream cone in their +pocket, and in Rosemead, it's against the law to eat an ice cream in public +with a fork. + + Try to stay away from Arcadia if you're planning to take your date for a +late cup of coffee. An old ordinance prohibits "young women" from drinking a +delicious cup of brew after 6:00 p.m. Speaking of drinking, a law in +Bellflower actually offers a degree of protection to drunks: "A drunken man +had as good a right to a perfect sidewalk as a sober man since he needs one a +good deal more." + + Have to pay a visit to a dentist in the near future? In Irvine a patient +is not allowed to pull a dentist's tooth. Those who partake of such frivolous +activities can be jailed. But in Castaic, fairness seems to govern the +thinking of former lawmakers. A dentist had better not accidentally pull the +wrong tooth. Should this happen, the patient has the right to pull one of the +dentist's teeth in return. + + These are merely a few of the unusual situations covered by ludicrous laws +throughout the Los Angeles area. Most of these decrees were written and then +forgotten with the swift passage of time. Relevant or ridiculous, most are +still around today. Clergyman Henry Ward Beecher said it all when he summed +up his view on the art of lawmaking: "We bury men when they are dead, but we +try to embalm the dead body of laws, keeping the corpse in sight long after +the vitality has gone. It usually takes a hundred years to make a law; and +then, after the law had done its work, it usually takes another hundred years +to get rid of it." + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/m_m_hand.txt b/politicalTextFiles/m_m_hand.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efbe801 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/m_m_hand.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1718 @@ +THE MM'S BOOK +by J.S.M. Ward + +PREFACE + +THE third degree in Freemasonry is termed the Sublime Degree and the +title is truly justified. Even in its exoteric aspect its simple, yet +dramatic, power must leave a lasting impression on the mind of every +Cand.. But its esoteric meaning contains some of the most profound +spiritual instruction which it is possible to obain to-day. + +Even the average man, who entered The Craft with little realisation of +its real antiquity and with the solemnity of this, its greatest degree. +In its directness and apparent simplicity rests its tremendous power. +The exoteric and esoteric are interwoven in such a wonderful way that it +is almost imopssible to separate the one from the other, and the longer +it is studied the more we realise the profound and ancient wisdom +concealed therein. Indeed, it is probable that we shall never master all +that lies hidde n in this degree till we in very truth pass through that +reality of which it is a allegory. + +The two degrees which have gone before, great and beautiful though they +be are but the training and preparation for the message which the third +degree holds in almost every line of the ritual. Here at length we learn +the true purpose of Freemasonry. It is not merely a system of morality +veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols, but a great adventure, a +search after that which was lost; in other words, the Mystic Quest, the +craving of the Soul to comprehend the nature of God and to achieve union +with Hi m. + +Diffirent men vary greatly; to some the most profound teachings appeal, +while to others simpler and more direct instruction is all they crave. +But there is hardly a man who has not, at some time or other, amid the +turmoil and distraction of this material world, felt a strange and +unaccountable longing for knowledge as to why he was ever sent here, +whence he came, and whither he is wending. At such times he feels Iike a +wanderer in a strange land, who has almost forgotten his native country, +because he left it so long ago, but yet vaguely realises that he is an +exile, and dimly craves for some message from that home which he knew of +yore. + +This is the voice of the Divine Spark in man calling out for union with +the Source of its being, and at such times the third degree carries with +it a message which till then, perhaps, the brother had not realized. The +true s...ts are lost, but we are told how and where we shall find them. +The gateway of d. opens the way to the p. within the c., where the +longing spirit will find peace in the arms of the Father of All. + + +Thus it will be seen that the third degree strikes a more solemn note +thane even that of d. itself, and I have endeavoured in this little book +to convey in outline form some part at least of this sublime message. + +As in my previous books, I freely confess that I have not covered the +whole ground. Not only would it be impossible to do so in a book of this +size, but in so doing I should have defeated one of my principal objects +in writing namely, to inspire others to study for themselves and +endeavour to find in our ceremonies further and deeper meanings. + +The success of the earlier books shows clearly that my efforts have not + been in vain, and that the brethren are more than anxious to fathom the + inner meaning of the ceremonies we all love so well. This book + completes the series dealing with the meaning of the three craft + degrees, but their popularity has convinced me that the experiment of + producing a small and inexpensive handbook has been completely + justified. I have therefore been encouraged to write further volumes, + and the next of the series will be an outline history of Freemasonry " + from time Immemorial." + +PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION + +The success of the fust edition of this book has necessitated a second +wherein I have corrected a few printing errors and added a few points +which may help my brother students. + +From the number of letters I have received from all parts of the world, +thanking me for the light these books throw on the meaning of our +ceremonies, it is clear that the new members who are entering our Order +are tending to take an increasing interest in the meaning of our Rites +and are no longer content to regard the Ceremonies merely as a pastime +for an idle hour. + +J.S.M. WARD. + +CONTENTS + +Introduction by The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, M.D., K.C.M.G., P.G.D.Eng., P.D.G.M. S.Australia + +Chapter 1 Questions and P.W. +Chapter 2 The Opening +Chapter 3 The Symbolical Journeys, etc. +Chapter 4 The Exhortation +Chapter 5 The S..s +Chapter 6 The Badge +Chapter 7 The Legend +Chapter 8 The Tracing Board, etc. +Chapter 9 Closing +Chapter 10 Conclusion + +INTRODUCTION +By Sir John A. Cockburn, + +W.Bro. Ward has lost no time in supplying his large circle of readers +with this little book on the 3 degree. With becoming reverence he +touches on the last great lesson which Masonry presents to the mind of +the Craftsman. Among the manifold blessings that Freemasonry has +conferred on mankind none is greater than that of taking the sting from +death and robbing the grave of victory. No man can be called Free who +lives in dread of the only event that is certain in his life. Until +emancipated from the fear of d eath, he is all his life long subject to +bondage. Yet how miserably weak is this phantom king of Terrors who +enslaves so many of the uninitiated. As Francis Bacon remarked, there is +no passion in the mind of man that does not master the dread of death. +Revenge triumphs over it; love slights it; honour aspireth to it; grief +flieth to it. Death has always been regarded as the elucidation of the +Great Mystery. It was only at the promise of dissolution that the seeker +after the El ixir of Life exclaimed Eureka. Masonry regards death but as +the gate of life, and the Master Mason learns to look forward with firm +but humble confidence to the moment when he will receive his summons to +ascend to the Grand Lodge above. + +Brother Ward very properly attaches much significance to the Pass Word +leading to the 2 degree and 3 degree. In the Eleusinian Mysteries an ear +of corn was presented to the Epoptai. This, as an emblem of Ceres, +represented by the S.W., is appropriate to the F.C.'s, who are under the +guidance of that officer, while the name of the first artificier in +metals, which is reminiscent of Vulcan, the Celestial Blacksmith, seems +specially befitting to the attributes of the J.W., as it was in the days +before 1740. The author sees in the lozenge formed by two of the great +lights a representation of the Vesica Piscis. This symbol, whose literal +meaning is "the bladder of the fish,' is of deep significance. Some see +in it the essential scheme of ecclesiastical archi tecture. But as the +spiritually blind are unable to discern similitudes, so those who are +gifted with deep insight are apt to over estimate analogies. The Vesica +Piscis being, as Brother Ward rightly states, a feminine emblem, and +therefore one sided, can hardly represent the equilibrium attained by +the conjunction of the square and compasses. These respectively stand +for the contrasted correlatives which pervade Creation, and, like the +pillars, are typical when conjoined of new stability resulting from +their due proportion in the various stages of Evolution. The pr +ogressive disclosures of the points of the compasses seems to indicate +the ultimate realisation of the spirituality of matter; the at-one-ment +and reconciliation at which Freemasonry and all true religions aim. +Brother Ward repeatedly points out the similarity that exists between +the lessons of Christianity and of Freemasonry. It is indeed difficult +to distinguish between them, The Ancient Mysteries undoubtedly possessed +in secret many of the t ruths proclaimed in the gospel. St. Augustine +affirms that Chris tianity, although not previously known by that name, +had always existed. But whereas the hope of immortality was formerly in +the Mysteries confined to a favoured few, the new Convenant opened the +Kingdom of Heaven to all believers. Incidentally this little volume +clears up many passages which are obscure in the Ritual. For example, +there could be no object in directing that the F.C's, who, on account of +their trust-worthiness, were selected by the King to search for the +Master, should be clothed in white to prove their innocence. That was +already beyond question. The order was evidently meant for the repentant +twelve who took no actual part in the crime. This and similar +inconsistencies in the Ritual may be accepted as evidence of its +antiquity. Had it been a modern compilation such contradictions would +have been studiously avoided. + +It is probable that many earnest Masons may not agree with all Brother +Ward's interpretations. Nor can such unanimity reasonably be expected. +Freemasonry, as a gradual accretion of the Wisdom of Ages Immemorial, +bears traces of many successive schools of thought. But all its messages +are fraught with hope for the regeneration of humanity. The author +intimated his desire in this series of handbooks to lead others to +prosecute the study of Masonry for themselves; and indeed he has +abundantly proved that in it s unfathomable depths there are many gems +of priceless ray serene which will well repay the search. Brother Ward +is heartily to be congratulated on having attained the object he had in +view. + +John A. Cockburn. + +CHAPTER I + +QUESTIONS AND P.W. + +Those of our Brethren who have read the previous two books of this +series will not need much help in understanding the significance of the +questions which are put to the Cand. before being raised. Practically +every question has been dealt with in detail in the previous books; the +majority of them are taken from incidents in the Lectures and Tracing +Board, and since the latter was explained at some length we shall not +now detain our readers long. + +The manner of preparation for the second degree stressed the masculine +side, which is characteristic of it. The admission on a S. indicated +that the Cand. had profited by the moral training rcceived in the First +degree, and that his conduct had always been on the S.. There is, +however a deep esoteric meaning in the apparent platitude that it is the +fourth part of a circle. Among all the ancient nations the circle is a +symbol of God the Infinite, Whose name we discovered in the second +degree in the M.Ch., wh ere we leamt that it consisted of four letters. +Thus the Cand. was admitted on one letter of the Mystic Name, and if the +four Sq.s are united with the circle in a peculiar way they form the +cosmic cross, emblem of matter, within the circle of the Infinite. + +We have in the last book considered at such length what is implied by +the words "Hidden mysteries of nature and science," that we need here +only refer our readers to that section, wherein we saw that in former +times these hidden mysteries undoubtedly referred to certain occult +powers, which would be dangerous if acquired by a man who had not proved +himself to be of the highest moral character. + +The "wages" we receive consist of the power to comprehend the nature of +God, Who resides in the M.Ch. of the Soul of every Mason. The F.C. +receives his wages without scruple or diffidence because the Spiritual +benefit he receives from Freemasonry is in exact proportion to his +desire, and ability, to comprehend its inner meaning. + +He cannot receive either more or less than he has earned, for if he has +not understood the profound lesson of the Divinity within him, naturally +he cannot benefit therefrom. + +His employers are the Divine Trinity, of Whom Justice is one of the +outstanding attributes. God could not be unjust and remain God. This +conception is almost a platitude, but the average man, while realising +that God will not withhold any reward earned, is at times apt to assume +that because God is love He will reward us more than we deserve. This is +clearly a mistake, for God could not be partial without ceasing to be +God, therefore the F.C. receives exactly the Spiritual wages he has +earned, and neither m ore nor less, but some F.C.'s will nevertheless +obtain a greater reward than others, because spiritually they have +earned it. + +The significance of the names of the P....rs was explained in the last +book, but in view of the nature of the third degree it seems advisable +to point out once more that their secret Kabalistic meaning is (1) Being +fortified by every moral virtue, (2) you are now properly prepared, (3) +to undergo that last and greatest trial which fits you to become a M M.. +Thus we see that even the w..ds of the preceding degrees lead up to +this, the last and greatest. + +As in the former case, the remark of the W.M. that he will put other +questions if desired indicates the possibility of members of the Lodge +asking qucstions based on the Lectures of the Second Degree, or even on +the Tracing Board. It is, indeed, a pity that this right is practically +never exercised. For example, a particularly appropriate question would +be "What was the name of the man who cast the two great p....rs ? " As +it is, the Cand. in a dramatic way represents the closing incidents in +the life of th is great man, whose importance till then he has hardly +had any opportunity of realising. + +Having answered these test questions, the cand. is again entrusted with +a P.W., etc., to enable him to enter the Lodge after it has been raised +to the Third degree during this temporary absence. We have in the +previous book explained that the raising of a Lodge should alter the +vibrations of those present by a process well recognised in the +ceremonies of Magic, and, to enable the Cand. quickly to become in ttme +with these higher spiritual vibrations, a word of "power" is given him, +which in a moment places him on the same plane as the other members of +the Lodge. This word he has to give, not only outside the d....r of the +Lodge, but also immediately before his presentation by the S.W. as +"Properly prepared to be raised to the Third Degree." It is only after +this has been done that the real ceremony of the Third Degree, so far as +the c. is concerned, begins, and therefore that the full force of the +vibrations of the M.M.'s come into play. + +The P.W. itself is of the greatest significance, more especially when +combined with the P.W. leading from the First to the Second degree. At +one time the P.W.'s were reversed. T.C. being the W. leading to the +Second, and Sh... . the W. leading to the Third. This is still the case +in those foreign Grand Lodges, such as the Dutch and the French, which +derive from us before 1740, when the W.s were altered owing to certain +un-authorised revelations. This alteration was one of the just +grievances which brought a bout the secession of the so-called +"Ancients," who charged Grand Lodge with altering the Ancient Landmarks. +When the Irish followed our example they continued the prohibition of +the introduction of m..ls until the Third degree, which is a logical +procedure, for clearly you have no right to bring them into Lodge until +you have been symbolically introduced to the first artificer in that +material. As the W.s now stand they convey the following spiritual +lesson:- the F.C. is one who finds the simple necessitie s of life, such +as C. and W., sufficient for his requirements. They are plenty to the +spiritually minded man, whose soul becomes clogged and hampered by the +acquistion of worldly possessions and since it is hard for a rich man to +enter the Kingdom of Heaven, immediatdy the Cand. has symbolically +received W.P. he is Sl....n. + +T.C. conveys the lesson that W.P. in themselves bring death to the soul +and prevent its upward progress. To-day, the river of death connected +with the P.W. leading to the Second degree has largely lost its +significance, whereas when it was a P.W. leading to the Third, it was in +itself a fine allegory. + +We must remember that Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress was well known and +widely read at the beginning of the 18th Century, and those who were +re-organising our rituals at that time could not have been blind to the +similarity of the allegory hidden in the w. Sh. and the account by +Bunyan of Christian's fording the river of death on the way to the Holy +City. The change of about 1740 destroyed this allegory, and its survival +in the Tracing Board is now merely one of those numerous footnotes +which, to the careful s tudent, are invaluable indications of the +various transformations though which our ritual has passed during the +course of years. Nevertheless, I do not regret the change, as I think +the present spiritual lesson is even finer than the former one, but the +other arrangement was more logical. Firstly, from the practical point of +view the F.C. required the use of m..1 tools to perform his operative +tasks, and in the process of his work acquired W.P., in contradiction to +the E.A., who did only rough work and rece ived only maintenance: i.e., +corn, wine , and oil. Secondly, from the symbolical standpoint the +sequence was also more logical, for the F.C., having acquired wealth by +means of his skill, was brought to the river of d., and passed through +it in the Third Degree. + +According to Bro. Sanderson, in his "Examination of the Masonic Ritual," +the actual translation of the Hebrew w. Sh. is an " e. of c., or a f. of +w."- hence the manner in which it is depicted in a F.C.'s Lodge-while +the w. T.C. in Hebrew means only a blacksmith, though another w. +similarly pronounced means acquisition. Hence, as he points out, " an +allegorical title has, in translating the Old Testament, been mistaken +for the name of an actual person, for the name itself means `A worker in +M...t...ls'" Therefore the connection with H.A.B. is obvious. Bro. +Sanderson, quoting from the "Secret Discipline," by S. L. Knapp, says, +"In a work on ancient ecclesiastical history the following occurs, 'By a +singular plasus lingua e the moderns have substituted T.C. in the Third +Degree for tymboxein-to be entombed.' " While I am unable to say whether +Knapp is justified in this statement, it is quitee probable that this +P.W., and indeed all the P.W.s are comparatively modern substitutes, +taken from the Bible to replace ancient W.s of power whose full meaning +was lost and whose form in consequence had become corrupt and +unintelligible. The Greek word tymboxein would be peculiariy suitable +for a P.W. leading to t he Third Degree, in view of its meaning, and +mediaeval magi cal ceremonies are full of corrupt Greek words +indiscriminately mingled with equally corrupt Hebrew and Arabic. There +is, therefore, nothing intrinsically improbable in the suggestion that +this ancient Greek word was the original from which T.C. has been +evolved. We know as a fact that large pieces of Biblical history were +imported wholesale into our rituals in the 18th Century, and what is +more likely than that an unintelligible work, already so corrupt as not +even to be recognisable as Gree k, should be am ended into a well known +Biblical character? However, the word as it stands, because of its +Hebrew meaning of acquisition, can correctly be translated as W.P., +while as meaning an artificer in M. it clearly refers to H.A.B., who +made the two p.....rs, and whom the Cand. is to represent. Thus, +following this line of interpretation, we perceive that the Cand. really +represents H.A.B. when he enters the Lodge, although under the disguised +title conveyed by the P.W .. + +In dealing with these P.W.s I have endeavoured to show that there are +meanings within meanings, and the same is true of practically every +important incident in the whole ceremony. In a book of thissize it is +obviously impossible to attempt to give all of these meanings, and even +if one did the result would be to befog the young reader and so prevent +him from getting a clear and connected interpretation of the ceremony. +It is for this reason that, in the main, I am concentrating on one line +of interpretation, but I have thought it desirable in this section to +give a hint to more advanced students, so that they can follow up +similar lines of investigation for themselves. + +PREPARATION + +In English and Scotch workings there is no c.t. around the Cand. in +preparation for the Third Degree, but in the Irish working it is wound +once around his n., in the Second degree twice, and the First three +times. If we regard the c.t. as symbolising those things which hamper a +man's spiritual progress, the gradual unwinding of it as used in Irish +workings becomes of great significance. This interpretation implies that +the Cand. is hampered in Body, Soul and Spirit in the First Degree, +whereas by the time h e has reached this point in the Third Degree the +Body and Soul have triumphed over the sins which peculiarly assail them, +and in that stage symbolised by the Degree itself the Spirit has only to +triumph over Spiritual sins, such as Spiritual Pride. With this +exception the manner of preparation is the same in all these British +workings, and indicates that the Cand. is now about to consecrate both +sides of his nature, active and passive, creative and preservative, +etc., to the service of the Most High. + +The explanation already given in the previous books of the various +details, such as being s.s., holds here, and a brief glance at the other +volumes will render it unnecessary for me to take up valuable space +therewith in this third book. The Can. is then brought to the Lodge door +and gives the Kn.s of a F.C. These Kn's indicate that Soul and Body are +in union, but the Spirit is still out of contact whereas the proper Kn's +of a M.M. (2/1) indicates that the Spirit dominates the Soul and is in +union with it, the body having fallen away into significance. It will be +remembered that in the first book of this series I pointed out that the +three separate kn's of an E.A. symbolise that in the uninitiated man, +Body, Soul and Spirit are all at variance. Meanwhile the Lodge has been +raised to a Third Degree by a ceremony whose profound significance +demands consideration in a separate chapter. + +CHAPTER II + +THE OPENING + +Having satisfied himself that all present are symbolically upright and +moral men, the W.M. asks the J.W. if his spiritual nature has evolved +sufficiently to control both soul and body. The J.W. suggests that he +should be tested, not only by the emblem of upright conduct, but also by +the Compasses. Now these combined with the Square form a lozenge, which +is itself a symbol for the Vesica Piscis, emblem of the female +principle. The Compasses, moreover, are the instruments with which +geometrical figures are cr eated, and more especially the Circle. By +means of two circles the triangle, emblem of the triune nature of God,. +is produced, while the Cirde itself is the emblem of Eternity and +therefore of Spirit. A point within the cirle forms the symbol for the +Hindu conception of the Supreme Being, Paramatma, whence we have come +and whither we shall all ultimately return. At the centre of the circle +rests all knowledge; there shall we find every lost secret. Now such a +figure can only be dr awn with the help of the Co mpasses, and in +drawing it the following significant symbolical act takes place. + +One point of the Compass rests at the centre, and the other makes the +circle of the Infinite. No matter how far the legs of the Compass be +extended, or how large the Circle, the fact remains that one leg is +always at the centre. Thus the Compasses, while they travel through +infinity, are at the same time never separated from the centre, and from +that point cannot err. + +This instrument may therefore be considered as standing for the Divine +Spark in Man, in all its manifestations. One of these is conscience; but +the Divine Spark has many attributes and names. + +So the J.W.'s reply indicates that he is prepared to be tested both by +the moral code and by the spiritual laws of our being. + +But after these preliminaries the proceedings become of an even more +exalted nature. All that has gone before has been but preparation for +the Great Quest on which we must now set forth. It is the quest of the +Soul for realisation of God, and at-one-ment with Him. This is the +Mystic Quest of all ages, and, true to the ancient symbolism, it starts +from the East, the place of Light, and goes towards the West, the place +of darkness and death. + +The East represents God, Who is our home. It indicates that each soul +comes out from the place of Light, from Light itself, that is, from the +very substance of God, descends through the Gateway of the Dawn and +becomes incarnate in Matter. But it brings with it a sense of loss and +separation, for it has come out from God, and the Divine Spark within it +longs return whence it came. Having lost the secret of its true nature +and the way of return, it wanders in darkness, seeking and for most men +the way of retu rn is through the Western portal, the gateway of Death, +for so long as we are finite beings we cannot hope to comprehend the +Infinite. + +Yet there are some few exceptions to the general rule, who, while still +in the flesh, have a vision of the Divine splendour, are caught up in +it, and became one with God. To such men the return to ordinary mundane +existence seems unreal and shadowy. Where others believe in God they +Know Him, but it is almost impossible for them to convey to others the +experience through which they have gone. Yet that such experiences are +real, as real as any other fact in life, is attested by a long line of +witnesses right throughout the ages. + +To the average man, however, the first real step towards the realisation +of what constitutes God is through the portal of physical death; - but +even then the end is still far off. + +Hence the answer explaining how the true secrets came to be lost +indicates, not the cause of the loss, but the first step towards the +recovery, and this fact is borne out by the subsequent events in the +ceremony itself. + +Note, it is the body only that dies, and by its death enables the Soul +and Spirit to re-discover in part the secrets which were last. Yet this +death of the Body effectually debars the communication of these secrets +to the sorrowing F.C.'s left behind. It is the passing through that veil +which separates life and death which stars us on the road which ends +with God. + +It must never be forgotten, however, that the genuine secrets are never +recovered in the Craft, although symbolically we rise from the grave, +for that secret can only be discovered at or with the C.-i.e., with God. +To that exalted position we can only attain after long journeys through +the planes of existence beyond the grave. In our symbolism there is +nothing which indicates that immediately after death man is fit to pass +into the presence of the King of Kings. + +But the Divine Spark within us is never really separated from the Great +and All-Pervading Spirit. It is still part of it, though its glory is +dimmed by the veil of flesh. Therefore, just as one arm of the compasses +ever rests on the centre, no matter how far the other leg travels; so +however far we may travel from God, and however long and hard may be the +journey, the Divine Spark within us can never be truly separated from +Him, or err from that Centre. Thus the point of the Compasses at the +centre of the c ircle may be considered to be the Spirit, the head of +the Compasses the Soul, and the point on the circumference the body. + +So the task is set and the brethren go forth on the quest, that quest + which must lead through the darkness of death, as the ceremony that + follows tells in allegory. It is not correct to say that the search + hinted at in the Opening ceremony is suddenly abandoned, and those who + think this misinterpret the whole meaning of the legend. Never in + earthly life shall we find the answer we seek, nay, even death itself + will not give it; but, having passed beyond the grave, through the four + veils of the Scottish rite, and so into the H.R.A., we find an + excellent answer in allegorical and symbolical language, whilst the + jewel of the degree emphasises what the end of the quest is. + +Nor must it be forgotten that the body alone cannot realise the nature +of God, and that is why without the help of the other two, H.A.B. +neither could, nor would, disclose the S........t. + +The W.M.'s promise to help indicates that the Spirit will render +assistance, but though the Spirit subsequently raises man from the grave +it is not sufficiently evolved to give him the true secret. This can +only come about when the Spirit has raised the Soul to a far higher +stage of spirituality. + +Though this is the degree of Destruction, that form of the Trinity is +not invoked, and the title used corresponds more closely to the Hindu +name for the All-Embracing than to their form of the Destroyer. This no +doubt is deliberate, for the symbol of this degree is the same emblem +which among the Hindus denotes the Most High, namely the Circle with a +Point within it. + +In some Scotch rituals, after the Lodge has been opened in the first +degree the I.P.M., or the D.C., opens the V.S.L., and, strange to say, +does so with the words, "In the beginning was the Word." Similarly, when +the Lodge is closed in the first degree the book is closed with the +words, "And the word was with God." Here then we get two striking +features: 1) the use of words from the first chapter of the Gospel +according to St. John, and 2) their correlation with the phrase in the +Third Degree, "At, or with the C." This procedure suggests that the lost +W. is the Logos, or Christ, and remembering what we have previously +pointed out in the earlier books, i.e., that there is a perfectly +logical Christian interpretation of the whole of the Craft ceremonies, +this fact becomes of increasing significance. + +Before closing this chapter, I would like to add that the Third Degree +lends itself to a Christian interpretation even more markedly than the +former ones, and several of the higher degrees in Freemasonry adopt and +expand this line of teaching. + +In view of the fact that in the Middle Ages Freemasonry was undoubtedly +Christian, we cannot lightly reject this view of the inner meaning of +the ceremonies, but as the frame work of our ceremonies apparently goes +back before Christian times, a non-Christian interpretation is equally +permissible. + +CHAPTER III + +THE SYMBOLICAL JOURNEYS, ETC. + +The Can. is admitted on he C....... s, and this fact is of far greater +significance than most brethren probably realise. Firstly, as has been +noted, one arm of the C.s is always at the C., no matter how far the +other may travel, and from the point of view of the Can., though he +knows it not, this act in a sense indicates that his heart, and +therefore he himself, is at or on the C........e. Secondly, the C....s +in this degree link up with the Sq. used in the former degree on a +similar occasion. We have seen in the previous books that the Sq. and +C........s are united on the Ped. in such a way as to form the vesica +piscis, the emblem of the female principle, and the symbol of birth and +rebirth. Hence symbolically thc Can. passes through the vesica piscis. +Also after entering the Lodge in this, as in the previous degrees, he +kn....s while the blessing of Heaven is invoked, and as he does so the +wands of the deacons are crossed above his head. He thus kn........s in +a triangle, the emblem of Spirit, and itself co nnected with the +lozenge. Two equilateral triangles make a lozenge, which is produced +from the vesica piscis-formed by two circles, as shown by the first +proposition in Euclid. In view of the great stress laid upon Geometry +throughout the whole of our rituals these facts cannot be ignored. Our +Operative Brn. must have realised that the whole science of Geometry +arises out of this first proposition, which shows how to make a triangle +(the emblem of the Trinity and the Spirit) by means of two circles whose +ci rcumferences pass through the centre of each other. In doing so they +form the vesica piscis, which gives birth first of all to the triangle, +and secondly, to the double triangle, in the form of a lozenge. This +last emblem is symbolised by the sq., denoting matter, and the c...s, +denoting spirit. The above facts throw a flood of light upon the +interplay between these Masonic emblems. + +Before leaving this subject it is worth while pointing out that the Can. +likewise takes every Ob. in Craft masonry within this triangle, and that +the same method is employed in other ancient rites, including those of +the Society of Heaven and Earth in China, where the Can. kn...s on one +sword, while two others are held over his head so as to form a triangle +of steel. + +The Can. now starts on his three symbolical journeys. He first satisfies +the J.W., representing the Body, that he is an E.A., i.e., a man of good +moral character. He next satisfies the S.W., representing the Soul, that +he has benefited by the lessons of life and acquired intellectual +knowledge. Then comes the third journey, when he is once more challenged +by the Soul, who demands the P.W., the full significance of which has +already been explained. Let us combine these meanings! He comes laden +with worldly p ossessions, which in themselves carry the seeds of death, +unconsciously representing in his person the worker in metals who made +the twin colunms, and is about to be entombed. (tymboxein). + +Therefore the Soul presents him to the Spirit as one properly prepared +to carry out the part of his great predecessor. There is a point here +which we need to realise, for it is one which is often overlooked. In +the previous degrees only one Deacon was instructed to lead the Can. by +the proper S...ps to the E., but here both are needed. From the +practical point of view there is no obvious reason why the help of the +J.D. should be invoked at all, and as the ceremony is usually carried +out he does nothing but look on. I believe, however, the S.D. should +first go through the S...ps and the J.D., should assist the Can. to copy +his example. If thus were so we should get an almost exact repetition of +the analogous ceremony in the R.A. where the p.s., corresponding to the +S.D., is helped by an assistant. Thus, with the Can., in both cases we +get a Trinity, only one of whom actually descends into the g., or, in +the other case, into the v. As Major Sanderson has pointed out in An +Examination of the Masonic Ritual, among the primitive, races usually, a +man who stepped over an o.g. would be considered to have committed +sacrilege, and almost certainly would be slain, but, on the other hand, +we do know that in many Initiatory Rites either the Can., or someone +else for him, steps down into a gr., and is subsequently symbolically +sl...n therein. If this be the true interpretation of this part of the +ceremony, the reason for the presence of the two deacons in addition to +the Can. becomes clear. It is only the Body that descends into the clear +the Soul and the Spirit have no part therein. Thus, for the moment, +though only temporarily, these three represene the triune nature of man, +while the three principal officers represent the triune nature of God. +The fact that this is undoubtedly true in the case of the R.A., makes it +almost certain that the same idea underlies this apparently unimportant +diffirence between the arrangements in the third degree, an d those +followed in the first and second. + +Again and again when one comes to study carefully the details of our +ritual, one finds little points, such as these, which would certainly +not have survived the drastic revision of 1816 if there had not been +present some men who really did understand the inner meaning of our +ceremonies, and refused to allow important lessons to be lost by the +removal of what, at first sight, appear to be unnecessary details. + +Therefore, those of us who value the inner meaning of our ceremonies owe +a deep debt of gratitude to these men, even though their actual names be +unknown to us, and on our part a duty is imposed on us that we shall not +hastily tamper with the rituals, merely because we do not ourselves see +the full significance of a phrase or think that by revising it we can +make the wording run more smoothly. + +The next factor we must consider most carefuUy is the actual sp...s +themselves. These make the Latin cross of suffuring and sacrifice. + +Sometimes the sp..s are not done quite correctly, for the Can. should be +careful to face due North, due South, and due East respectively. This +procedure undoubtedly refers to the three entrances of the Temple +through which H.A.B. endeavoured to escape. Hence it is we see that the +Master himself trod out the cross of Calvary during the tragedy, and in +a sense made the Consecration Cross of the Temple. + +In a mediaeval church, and even to-day at the consecration of a church + according to the Anglican ordinance, there should be a dedication cross + marked on the building. In the Middle Ages these were usually marked on + the pillars, and apparently corresponded to the mark made by an + illiterate person when witnessing a deed. The Consecrating Bishop + sometimes drew this cross on the pillar or wall, or sometimes merely + traced over a cross already painted there for the purpose. Any new + piece of work in a church, even if only a new fresco, had its + dedication cross. For example :-At Chaldon Church, Surrey, the + dedication cross is marked on the margin of a fresco depicting The Brig + of Dread, described at length in Freemasonry and the Ancient Gods. + +Bearing these facts in mind, we shall perceive that, even from the +Operative point of view, the manner of advancing in this degree, and the +manner in which H.A.B. met his end, had a peculiar significance. The +Great Architect of the Temple must have traced the dedication cross the +whole length and breadth of the Temple in his own blood. Moreover, such +dedication crosses as have actually survived are nearly always found to +be painted in red. Thus, H.A.B.'s last work was, as it were, to commence +the consecrati on of the Temple which was completed by K.S., for until +that cross had been marked either on the wail or pavement, according to +mediaeval Operative ideas the building could not be consecrated. +Therefore, the Can., who is reenacting the same drama, must obviously do +likewise, and in so doing dedicates the Temple of his body. + +But there is still more hidden within this ceremonial act. The ancient +Knights Templar were accused of trampling on the cr., and a careful +examination of the evidence taken at the trial shows that in reality +they took a ritual sp., somewhat similar to those taken by the Can. in +this degree. + +One of the esoteric meanings indicated is the Way of the Cross which +leads to Calvary. Furhermore, having thus traced out a cr. he is +subsequendy laid on it, and this fact is emphasised by the position in +which his legs or feet are placed. The foot of this cr. reaches to the +Ped., on which rests the O.T. If, therefore, this symbolical cr. were +raised as it was on Calvary it would rest on the O.T., and the Can. +would face the E., and would be, as it were, on a mountain. This fact +should be borne in mind by t hose who seek a Christian interpretation of +our Craft ceremonies. Mystically interpreted, it indicates that every +aspirant for union with the Divine must tread the Way of the Cross, and +suffer and die thereon, in order that he may rise to a new life, a +realisation of his union with the Infinite. + +Even those who are disinclined to admit the possibility of a Christian +interpretatior, of the Craft degrees, must recognise the fact that this +cr. is the cr. of sacrifice and means that the true aspirant must be +prepared to sacrifice everything in his search after Truth. + +The number of the sp...s is the combination of the Trinity and of the +four elements, representing matter. It is the same number as forms the +perfect lodge, and also the seven elements which form man, whether we +interpret it according to the ancient Egyptian system, or in the more +modern form of the five physical senses, the Soul and the Spirit. In the +latter case it indicates that the man must be prepared to sacrifice, or +shall we say dedicate to God, Body, Soul and Spirit. + +There are yet other profound meanings in this one ritual act, but enough +has been written to set my readers pondering for themselves, and we will +therefore proceed to consider the next point in the ceremony. + +The Ob. itself contains one or two interesting points. Thus it indicates +that a M.M.'s Lodge must always be open on the C.. This shows us at once +that we are dealing with a ceremony with a mystical meaning, for the C. +means the same as the middle ch. in the second degree-the secret chamber +of the heart, where dwells the Divine Spark-and so tells us in veiled +language that all that happens thereafter is a spiritual experience, +which sooner or later comes to every mystic. The special moral +obligations which t he Can. undertakes should be noted, but require no +explanation. It is, however, difficult to understand why they should be +deferred until this stage. In the ancient charges similar obligations +are imposed apparently on the E.A., and this seems more logical. + +The Py. varies even in different parts of England, but in essentials is +always the same. You are s. at the c., and the manner of disposal is +very reminiscent of the way in which the dead are cremated in India in +honour of Shiva. There the corpse is burnt near running water, +preferably near the Ganges, and the ashes are thrown into the air over +the river to the four cardinal points, that the winds may scatter them. +It must be remembered that Shiva represents the destructive attribute of +the Diety and he make s the P.S. of a M.M. on his statues. His is the +element of fire, and all these facts must be born in mind when +considering our own Py. + +The position of the Sq. and Cs., in addition to the explanation given, +indicates that the spirit, represented by the Cs., now dominates the +body, typified by the Sq.. + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE EXHORTATION + +The opening part of the exhortation gives a convenient summary of the +previous degress and quite clearly indicates that the first inner +meaning of the series is Birth, Life which is of course educational and +preparatory for its sequel, and Death. The phrase relating to the second +degree "And to trace it, from its devlopment through the paths of +Heavenly Science even to the throne of God Himself," shows plainly its +real significance. As pointed out in the F.C. Handbook, in the Mid. Ch. +the F.C. discovers no t only the name of God, but that he himself is the +fifth letter Shin which transforms the name Jehovah into the name +Jeheshue, or Messias, the King. + +But according to the old Kabala Jeheshue must be raised on the cross of +Tipareth, and the significance of this fact is impressed on our Can. by +the incidents now to take place. The average Christian need not trouble +about the subtleties of the Kabala, for the story in the New Testament +supplies him with a very similar interpretation. + +The W.M. having, almost casually, given him this key to the inner +meaning of what is about to follow, proceeds at once to the most +dramatic part of the ceremony. Up to this point almost all forms of our +ritual are practically the same, but henceforward there are many marked +differences. "Emulation" ritual may be regarded as containing the bare +minimum, but the additional details found in many Provincial workings in +England, and in Scotland, Ireland, America, and many of the Continental +Lodges, are too impor tant to be ignored. There is no reason to assume +that they are innovations; on the contrary all the evidence points to +the fact that they are integral parts of the ceremony which, for various +reasons, were omitted by the revisers of our ritual who met in the Lodge +of Reconciliation. I shall therefore proceed to note and explain them +where necessary. + +Whereas in Emulation working as soon as the Ws. are called on the +deacons retire, in most others, in the Provinces, etc., they fall back +to the head of the g.. Thus with the W.M. the W.s form the triangle of +Spirit, and with the D.s the Sq. of matter, on which the triangle rests, +for the M. descends from his chair and stands in front of the Ped.. As a +practical piece of advice I would recommend that the J.W. should not +direct the Can. to c. his f. until after the S.W. has dealt with him, +for it is impossibl e for him to drop on his respective k...s if his f. +are c., whereas by carrying out these instructions before the last +attack he will fall the more readily. + +In most of the old Scotch rituals the Can. journeys round the Lodge, is +attacked by the J.W. in the S., by the S.W. in the W. (note that), and +returns to the M. in the E., where the final incident takes place. I +think, however, our English system of having the attack in the N. +instead of in the W. is preferable, and is probably the correct form. In +the Scotch ritual the three villains have names, and the same is the +case in America. They are Jubela, Jubelo, and Jubelum. The word itself +clearly comes from th e Latin word meaning "To command," and refers to +the fact that they commanded him to give up the S....s. But the +terminations of the three names appear to have a curious esoteric +reference to India. It can hardly be by accident that these three names +form the mystic word AUM. The U in India in this case is pronounced +almost like O, and when this word is disguised, as it usually is, it is +written OMN. If this be so we have the Creative Preservative, and +Annihilative aspects of the Deity emphasised in the Thi rd Degree, and +it is the Destructive aspect, symbolised by the letter M, which deals +the final stroke. + +This variation is therefore of importance, but I must warn my readers +that not all Scotch workings have it, some of them being much more akin +to our own, even having the attack in the N.. Practically all of them, +however, have the perambulations, during which solemn music is played. +The usual procedure is for the brethren to pass round the gr. once +making the P. S. of an E.A.. When this is done the J.W. makes his +abortive attempt. The second round is made with the H. S. of an F.C., +after which the S.W. trie s and fails. The third round is made with the +S. of G. and D. of a M.M., on the conclusion of which the Can. is r... +by the lion's g.... It is a great pity that the use of this name for +the M. M.'s g. is falling into disuse in London, for it has in itself +important symbolical references, to which we shall refer later in the +chapter. + +In many parts of England it is still customary to place the Can., either + in a c----n or in a g. made in the floor, and the same method is found + in most other parts of tke world. Indeed, in the Dutch ritual the Can. + is first of all shown a c..n in which is a human skeleton. This is + subsequently removed, though he does not know it and he thinks when he + is laid therein he will find himself in its bony clutches. Even as near + London as Windsor there is a Masonic Temple which has a special chamber + of d. with a g. actually in the floor and until recently it was still + used although whether it is to-day I cannot say. + +Let us now turn to consider the meanings of the main incidents. The +first meaning of the degree is obvious; it prepares a man for his final +end and hints of a possibility of life beyond the grave but it must be +admitted that the lesson is not driven home with the same force as it is +in most of the ancient mysteries. Osiris Himself rose from the dead and +became the Judge of all who followed after Him, and because of this fact +His worshippers believed that they too would rise. In our legend, +however, it is on ly the dead body of H.A.B. which is lifted out ofthe +g. in a peculiar manner, and in the legend there is not even a hint as +to what befell his Soul. The question is often asked why they should +have raised a c..s and placed it on its feet. (1) + +(1) See Ward, Who Was Hiram Abiff? + +One explanation probably is, by analogy with the Greek story of the +manner in which Hercules recovered Alcestis and ransomed her from the +bondage of Thanatos-Death himself. We are told that Hercules wrestled +with Thanatos and would nor let him go until he had agreed to allow +Hercules to bring her back from the realm of the Shades to the land of +living men. It may be that the corpse here represents Death. It is also +worth noting that Isis joined together the fragments of the body of +Osiris, and the "Setting up" of the backbone of the God was a ceremony +carried out every year by the ancient Egyptian Priests. The body of +Osiris apparently was raised from the bier by Anubis in precisely the +same way as the M.M. is r.. When it was set on its feet life returned to +it. One fact is certain, that in every Rite which has as its central +theme symbolic d. the Can. is r. by the same g., and in precisely the +same manner, and this manner becomes a method of greeting and of +recognition among all who have passed through this type of ceremony. For +example :-it is known and used in the Dervish Rite, among West African +Negroes, among the Red Indians of Central America, and was apparently +known to the ancient Druids, for it is carved on a stone found at Iona. +In the ancient rites of Mithra it also appears to have been the method +used upon a similar occasion. These facts show that it is an ancient +landmark and one to be most carefully guarded. + +The use of the phrase The Lion Grip is peculiarly significant, as Major +Sanderson shows in his work, An Examination of the Masonic Ritual. +Therein he points out that in the Book of the Dead the Supreme God, +whether Ra or Osiris, is appealed to as the " God in the Lion form," and +in all such cases the prayer of the Soul is that he may be permitted to +" Come forth " in the East, rising with the sun from the d..s of the g.. +In Egypt the lion was the `personification of strength and power, but it +is usually ass ociated with the idea of the regeneration of the Sun, and +therefore with the resurrection. Major Anderson goes on to point out as +follows. "Shu (Anheru, `the Lifter') who as the light of the Dawn was +said to lift up the sky-goddess from the arms of the sleeping Earth, is +often represented as a lion, for only through him was the rebirth of the +Sun made possible. Osiris is called the lion of yesterday, and Ra the +Lion of tomorrow : the bier of Osiris is always represented as having +the head and legs of a lion ." Thus as Major Sanderson indicates, the +expression "the lion grip" is a survival from, the Solar cult, and +therefore a landmark which should be carefully preserved. + +The Bright Morning Star whose rising brings peace and Salvation, almost +certainly was originally Sirius, but to Englishmen it must seem strange +that Sirius should be said to bring peace and Salvation. The association +of these ideas with the Dog Star is undoubtedly a fragment which has +come down from Ancient Egypt, for the rising of Sirius marked the +beginning of the inundation of the Nite, which literally brought +salvation to the people of Egypt by irrigating the land and enabling it +to produce food. That S irius was an object of veneration to the +philosophers of the ancient world is well known to all archaeologists, +and many of the Temples in Egypt have been proved to have been oriented +on Sirius. There is also a good deal of evidence showing that some of +the stone circles in Great Britain were similarly oriented on Sirius by +the Druids. It is therefore not surprising that this star is still +remembered in our rituals. Naturally it has acquired a deeper spiritual +meaning in the course o f years, and may be rega rded as representing +the First Fruits of the Resurrection, the sure hope of our Redemption. +This aspect is set forth in the lectures drawn up by Dunckerley, who +regarded it as the star of Bethlehem, and as typifying Christ. See Rev. +xxii, 16. + +At this point the Can.. who has been carefully put in the N., the place +of darkness, is moved round by the right to the South. From the +practical point of view this is to enable the M. to re-enter his chair +from the proper side, but there is also an inner meaning. Immediately +after death the Soul is said to find itself on the earth plane amid murk +and darkness. Lacking mortal eyes, it cannot perceive the sun, and, on +the other hand, is still so immersed in matter that it cannot yet see +clearly with its spir it eyes; but this stage rapidly passes away, and +the Soul is received into a higher plane of existence, being brought +thither by messengers of Light. The position in the North represents +this period of darkness on the earth plane, and that this is not +accidental is shown by the fact that in most rituals the lights are not +turned up until the phrase "That bright morning star, etc." has been +uttered. Then the M., representing one of these spirit messengers, leads +the Can. gently round to the South, thereby sy mboling his entry into +the place of light. And who is this messenger? Every installed master +who has received the P.W. leading to the Chair should realise that, no +matter how unworthy, he represents the risen Christ. Thus we see the +peculiarly appropriate nature of the act coming after the reference to +the bright morning star, which also in another sense represents the +risen Christ. + + +CHAPTER V + +THE S....TS + +Having thus been brought into the place of light the Can. is given not +the Gen. Ss, but only substitued ones. This fact must often have puzzled +the Can.. The pratical reason given in the ritual, though perfecdy +inteligible to a R.A. mason, cannot be the real one. In view of the +unexpected calamity no-one could have thought K.S. was breaking his ob. +by nominating a successor to H.A.B. and giving him the full ss..ts. +Actually according to the R.A. story he did something much worse, for he +wrote them down and placed them somewhere, in the hopes that they would +be subsequently rediscovered, and he had no assurance that their +discoverers would even be masons, much less that they would keep their +discovery secret. Of course this is also an allegory, and from this +stand-point perfectly correct. The lost s...ts are the nature and +attributes of God, which must be realised by each man for himself, and +no other man can really communicate them. Moreover, this complete +realisation of the nature of God, and the union of th e Divine Spark +within us with the Source of All, can never be achieved during mortal +life. Even after death we shall need to leave the world long behind and +travel far, before we can hope to attain that state of spiritual +evolution which will enable us to approach the Holy of Holies, and gaze +with unveiled eyes upon Him, Who is the beginning and the end of all. + +With regard to these substituted s..ts. let us note that they grow out +of those used by the F.C.. Having already shown in the last book that +the sn.s of the F.C., and in fact the real s..t of that degree, is the +transformation of Jehovah into Jeheshue, + +we see that this is most appropriate. To use modern language, the second +degree teaches of the birth of the Christ Spirit within us, while the +third indicates that mystically we, like the great Master, must die and +rise again. As St. Paul says, " Die daily in Christ." + +The sn.s given are probably all of great antiquity. Of some we have +evidence which shows that they were venerated in ancient Egypt and +Mexico, are still employed in the primitive Initiatory Rites of the +savages, and are associated with the Gods in India. For example, the +P.S. is used by Shiva, the Great Destroyer, Who when He makes it, holds +in His hand the lariet of death. The sn. of G. and D. is found all round +the world, as I have shown in full detail in Sign Language of the +Ancient Mysteries. Ancient Me xico, where Quetzacoatl makes it, can be +matched with Easter Island in the far Pacific, Peru, West Africa, East +Africa, New Guinea, Malaya and many other places. + +Major Sanderson points out that the second Cas. Sn. is depicted in +Egyptian pictures as being used by those who are saluting Osiris in his +coffin. Those who desire will find it in Papyrus 9,908 in the British +Museum. + +The English sn. of g. and d. (for up till now we have been speaking of +the Scotch form) is almost certainly not the correct one. Its general +appearance would incline one to believe that it is a penal sn., though +whence derived it is difficult to say. A little thought will indicate +the nature of the penalty as being somewhat similar to that of one of +the higher degrees. So far as I can find it is not recognised as a sn. +of g. and d. to-day, except among masons who are descended masonically +from the Grand Lod ge of England, but in a picture by Guercino of Christ +cleansing the Temple, in the Palazzo Rosso, Crenoa, both this and the +Scotch form are shown, while the G. of H. constantly appears in +mediaeval paintings, e.g., in the Raising of Lazarus. (1) + +The so-called Continental form undoubtedly comes from a well known high +degree, where it is much more appropriate: it is apparently restricted +to the Latin countries, whereas even in Germany it is the Scotch form +that is employed. + +The sn. of Exul. is a form used to this day in of Asia to indicate +worship, and was similarly employed in Ancient Egypt. Major Sanderson +suggests that it was copied from the position in which Shu upheld the +sky. + +Thus we see that six out of the so-called seven sn.s can be shown to be +of ancient origin, and it is quite probable that further research will +enable us to prove that the other one is equally old. Such sn.s as these +originally had a magical significance, and the explanation given in the +ritual as to their + + +(1) see The Sign Language of the Mysteries by Ward. + + +origin is no doubt of a much later date than the sn.s themselves. +Indeed, a careful study of certain of the sn.s will show that they are +not the natural sn.s which would have been used to indicate the feeling +they are said to express. For example, in the sn. of h...r the left hand +would not naturally be placed in the position in which we are taught to +put it, if this sn. had originated as related in. the story. So obvious +is this that some modern preceptors of Lodges of Instruction have to my +knowledge alte red the position of the left hand in order to make it +conform to the story, but I venture to think that in so doing they are +committing a very serious mistake, nothing less than the removal of an +ancient landnrark. + +Some day we shall probably discover the real origin of this sn., but if +it is altered that will of course become impossible. + +The lion's grip and the actual position of r..s...g are equally old, +and, so far as we can find, this manner of r..s...g is employed in every +rite, whether ancient or primitive, which deals with the dramatic +representation of d.. As a manner of greeting it is employed by the +initiated men in many Red Indian Trihes, in West Africa, among the +Senussi in North Africa, and in the Dervish Rites. (1) + +The parts of the b. brought in contact with each other are all parts +presided over by some sign of the Zodiac, and there would appear to be +some old astrological meaning which has now become lost. It may possibly +have been connected with Gemini, the Twins, and this fact is made the +more probable by the survival of the name "The Ln's Gr." The explanation +given, although possibly of a fairly recent origin, nevertheless +contains a valuable inner meaning, for it shows that we cannot hope to +advance towards God unless we do our duty to our fellow men. Thus in +dramatic form is shown that the brotherhood of man necessitates the +Fatherhood of God. + +It hardly seems necessary in this book to point out again that the +regular st. forms a tau cross and teaches us that we must trample under +foot our animal passions, if we desire to approach near to God. We note, +however, that the Can., in advancing to obtain the s..ts, has perforce +to make three tau crosses, and the Christian Mystic will + +(1) For further explanation see Ward, Who Was Hiram Abiff? + +doubtless perceive in this a hidden reference to the three crosses on +Calvary. + +Finally, as has already been pointed out, the penalties of the first and +second degrees draw attention to two important occult centres, and so +also in this degree the Solar Plexus, the most important occult centre +of all, is indicated, and since the object of every Mystic is to achieve +the Beatific vision, the fact that the monks of Mt. Athos, near +Salonica, do so by fixing their eye on this part, shows that there is a +very special reason for the special form of the p.s of the third degree. + +CHAPTER VI + +THE BADGE + +On his re-entering the Lodge the Can. is presented, and in due course +invested by the S.W., as in the previous degrees, thereby indicating +that even after death man's spiritual advancement is registered by the +Soul. The Badge itself, however, is full of symbolic meaning, and though +in its present form it is of comparatively recent date, it is evident +that those who designed it had a much deeper knowledge of symbolism than +some modern critits are apt to believe. + +Firstly, the colour, which is that of Cambridge University, and likewise +that used by Parliament when fighting King Charles, has a much deeper +significance than is generally known. It is closely related to the +colour of the Virgin Mary, which itself had been brought forward from +Isis and the other Mother Goddesses of the ancient world. It is possible +that the designers were also influenced by the existence of certain +Orders of Knighthood which had their appropriate colours, for the aprons +of Grand Lodge Off icers have Garter blue, but this blue is also the +colour of Oxford, and the colour associated with the Royalist cause at +the time of the Civil War. At any rate, it is appropriate that our +aprons should thus employ the colours of the two great Universities of +England. There is, of course, an exception in the case of the red aprons +allocated to Grand Stewarts, for which there are historical reasons into +which we need not now enter. We may, however point out that the dark +blue aprons of Gran d Lodge are often, though erroneously, spoken of as +the Purple, indicating a Royal colour, and thereby implying no doubt +that Brn. entitled to wear this colour are rulers in the Craft, and +represent the masculine element. Light blue, on the other hand, +represents the feminine or passive aspect, and is most appropriate for +the ordinary M.M., whose duty it is to obey, and not to command. Indeed, +the M.M.'s apron contain: other emblems which indicate this feminine +aspect. These are the thre e rosettes, which symbolise the rose, i tself +a substitute for the Vesica Piscis, and they are arranged so as to form +a triangle with the point upwards, interpenetrating the triangle formed +by the flap of the apron. The two triangles only interpenetrate half +way, therein differing from the double triangles seen on the jewels worn +by R. A. Masons, which completely overlap. These two triangles deserve a +little careful study. The lower triangle with its point upwards is the +triangle of fire, the emblem of Shiva, and the symbol of the Divine +Spark. T he triangle made by the flap of the apron, which has its point +directed downwards, is the triangle of water, and is thus to some extent +representative of the Soul. These two triangles are within a sq., the +emblem of matter, and therefore of the body, and so we see that the +M.M.'s apron symbolically represents the triune nature of man, whereas +the R.A. jewel, (the only high degree jewel which may be worn in a Craft +Lodge) has these two triangles within a circle, which is the emblem of +the Infinite. In this c ase the triangle of water presents the +preservative aspect, the triangle of fire, the destructive aspect, the +point or eye at the centre, the creative aspect, and the circle, the +everlasting nature of the Supreme Being. There is therefore a curious +correspondence, and also a marked difference, between the jewel of the +R.A. Mason, and the apron of the M.M.. + +Viewed from another standpoint the apron has another set of meanings. +The triangle represents Spirit, and the Sq., matter. The flap forms a +triangle entering into the sq., and so depicts the entry of Spirit into +matter, and therefore, man. The E.A.'s apron should have the flap +pointing upward, indicating that the Divine Wisdom has not yet truly +penetrated the gross matter of our bodies. This custom is unfortunately +going out of use in modern Masonry, which is a great pity, as +undoubtedly a valuable lesson i s thus lost. The F.C. has the flap +pointing downward for several reasons. Firstly, to indicate that wisdom +has begun to enter and therefore to control matter; secondly, to +represent the triangle of water and thus indicate that Soul and Body are +acting in unison; thirdly, because this triangle is the emblem of Vishnu +the Preserver, and so emphasises - the fact that the aspect of God +taught in this degree is the preservative aspect, whereas the addition +of the three rosettes in the third degree shows, not onl y the union of +Body, Soul and Spirit, but also that the great lesson of this degree is +the importance of the Destructive side of the Diety, or as we may prefer +to tall it, the Transformative side. + +What, however, of the two rosettes worn by the F.C.? Firstly, they + stress the dual nature of man, and have a very clear reference to the + two p...rs. Similarly, no doubt, they indicate that the F.C. is not yet + a complete and united being ; Body and Soul are in union, but unlike + the M.M., these two are not in complete accord with the Spirit. Thus we + obtain a correspondence between the knocks of the F.C. and the two + rosettes. Furthermore, the triangle is incomplete, showring that the + F.C. is not yet a complete F.M., and this correlates with the position + of the C.s when taking the ob. in the F. C. degree. + +Two other features of the apron must also be considered. Firstly, the +tassels, which appear originally to have been the ends of the string +with which the apron was bound round the waist. There is little doubt +that in the 18th century the aprons had not the present symbolic +tassels, but were fastened round the body in a very similar way to that +in which the E.A. and F.C. aprons are to this day. It is interesting to +note in this connection that the actual aprons worn by the officers of +Grand Lodge for the yea r, as distinct from the Past Grand Officers' +aprons, have no tassels at all. + +In the course of years, no doubt, the ends of the strings were +ornamented by tassels, and to this day the aprons of the Royal Order of +Scotland are bounmd round the body by an ornamental cord with tassels, +which are tied in front in such a way that the two tassels stick out +from underneath the flap. These tassels, when the final form of our +aprons was fixed, were separated from the bands which fasten the apron, +and attached to the apron itself, becoming as we now see simply strips +of ribbon on which are fas tened seven chains. When this change took +place it is clear that those who made the alteration deliberately chose +the number 7, and intended thereby to convey a symbolic meaning. We have +already explained the numerous symbolic meanings of the number 7; for +example, it represents God and Man, Spirit and Matter, etc. + +Naturally they had to have two tassels to balance, and it would have + been very inartistic to have had four chains on one tassel and three on + the other, and so it would be unwise to lay too much stress on the + number 14, which is the sum total. We may regard it merely as a curious + and interesting coincidence that the body of Osiris was stated to have + been divided by Set into 14 pieces. But in addition to these details as + to the historical development of the tassels, we must not forget that + in many of the 18th century aprons the two p....rs are depicted. These + aprons were usually decorated by paintings on the leather, and varied + considerably from Lodge to Lodge, but one of the most usual kinds of + decoration included the two p..rs, and the remembrance of these may + very probably have influenced those who designed our present apron. + +The modern arrangement by which the apron is fastened, namely, a piece +of webbing with a hook and eye attachment, gave a fine opportunity for +some really profound symbolism, and I feel certain that it was not an +accident which led to the universal adoption of the snake to serve this +purpose. + +There are two kinds of symbolism attached to the snake in all ancient +religions. Firstly, the snake as the enemy of man, and therefore as the +representative of the powers of evil; and secondly the snake as emblem +of the Divine Wisdom. " Be ye wise as serpents" does not refer to the +craftiness of the Devil, but to the Divine Wisdom itself. + +In Ancient Egypt the Soul as he passed through the Underworld met with + serpents of evil, and also with serpents of good. In India, legend + tells us of a whole order of beings, the Serpent Folk, who are of a + Spiritual nature different from man, possessed their own rulers, and + were endowed with superhuman wisdom. Some of these are considered to be + friendly to man, while others are hostile. The Sacred Cobra is well + known to every student of Hindu religions, and is essentially good. + Actual worship is paid to the Serpent throughout the whole of India, + and in many other parts of the world, and in the Kapala we get clear + traces of the fact that under certain circumstances the serpent is + regarded as "The Shining One" -the Holy Wisdom Itself. Thus we see that + the serpent on our apron denotes that we are encircled by the Holy + Wisdom. + +Finally, the serpent biting its tail, and thus forming a circle, has +always been regarded as the emblem of eternity, and more especially of +the Eternal Wisdom of God. Nor must we forget that the snake is +peculiarly associated with Shiva, whose close symbolic association with +the third degree has already been clearly shown. + +Much more might be written on the meaning of the apron, but we cannot + devote any more space to this subject, interesting though it may be, + although before considering our next point it will perhaps be well to + recall what has already been mentioned in the E.A. handbook, viz., that + aprons, in addition to their Operative significance, have right through + the ages been employed in connection with religious ceremonial. On the + monuments of Egypt a garment, which can best be described as a + triangular apron with the point upward, is depicted in circumstances + indicating that the wearer is taking part in some kind of ceremony of + initiation. In ancient Mexico the Gods are depicted wearing aprons, and + it is not without interest to note that the modern Anglican bishop + wears an apron, although it appears to have developed from a long + flowing robe somewhat the shape of a cassock. + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE LEGEND + +After the ceremonial investiture of the Cand. the W.M. continues the +narrative of the traditional history. At least this is the case in most +English workings, but in some Scotch workings the whole story is told +first, and subsequently the Cand. and the other Brn. act the chief +parts. Perhaps one of the most important points to realise is the +correct meaning of the name H.A.B. . Major Sanderson in An Examination +of the Masonic Ritual gives the following interesting interpretations, +which we will proceed to e xpand further.-" The title H.A.B. is taken +direct from the Hebrew of 2 Chron., Chapter 4, verse 16., and means, ` +H. His father.' H. means 'Exaltation of light, their liberty or +whiteness, he that destroys'; It is of interest to note that abib in +Hebrew means `Ears of corn,' or `Green fruits,' and there is just a +possibility that this is the correct title of H." + +Bearing these translations in mind we at once perceive a whole series of +inner meanings hidden in the name of the principal Architect. Taking the +Christian interpretation of our rituals :-firstly, we shall remember +that Christ said " If I am raised up (or exalted) I shall draw all men +unto me." Secondly, Christ died to make us free, that is, to give us +liberty from the bonds of death and hell. Thirdly, mediaeval divines +were never tired of referring to Christ's whiteness and purity, and +relate many beautifu l legends and allegories to drive home this lesson. +One phrase alone will suffice to bring this aspect of the Christ to our +minds, i.e. , that He is constantly spoken of as " the lily of the +valley." Fourthly, He came to destroy the bonds of death and hell, nor +must we forget the old prophecy spoken concerning the coming Christ and +the serpent, representing Satan, " It (Christ) shall bruise thy head, +and thou shalt bruise His heel," Gen. 3. v. 15. It is of interest to +note that Quetzaco atl, the Mexican Pres erver, who fought and overthrew +the great giant of evil, was himself smitten in the foot, near to a fall +of water, subsequently died from the wound, and ultimately rose again +from the grave. In India Krishna similarly died from an arrow wound in +the heel. Moreover, in mediaeval frescoes Christ is constantly +represented as crushing the head of the great dragon under His left +foot, while in His right hand He upraises a staff on which is a cross. +Such scenes are usually described as " The Harrowing of Hell." + +Fifthly, if the word abib is the correct rendering for the second half +of the name in question, we get a clear reference to the Sacramental +bread. The ears of corn are obviously synonymous with the wafer or +consecrated bread, which in mediaeval days alone was given to the laity: +while the alternative translation, "Green Fruits," brings to our mind +the Biblical saying that Christ is "the first fruits of them that slept" +(1 Corin, 15. 20). Bearing this possible Christian interpretation in +mind, installed mast ers will perceive the deep significance of the P.W. +which leads from the degree of M.M. to that of I.M. + +But in addition to these Christian interpretations of H.A.B. there was +yet another, which in some senses may be regarded as older, and the key +to which is supplied by India. In this sense H.A.B. takes on the +characteristics of Shiva, the Destroyer. + + +Firstly, "Exaltation of life" reminds us of the legend that Shiva on a +certain day increased in stature until He overtopped the universe, and, +as a result, overthrew Brahma, the Creator, and was ackowledged by +Vishnu as His superior. On that great day He gathered unto Himself the +beginning and the end of all things, Alpha and Omega, and henceforth +birth and death alike were in His hands. + +Secondly, "Their liberty" refers to the fact that, to the pious Hindu, +Shiva by death grants liberty from the toil and anguish of this world, +and sets the soul free to mount to greater heights of spiriruality. + +Thirdly, Shiva is always spoken of as the "Great White God, white with +the ashes of the dead who are ever burned in His honour." Nor must we +forget that these ashes are always scattered to the four cardinal points +of Heaven. + +Fourthly, He is in His very essence " The Great Destroyer." + +The "Ears of corn" are symbols of Vishnu the Preserver, Who Himself, +according to numerous Hindu legends, was slain and rose from the dead, +thereby paying allegiance to the Lord of Death ; and so: + +Fifthly, we obtain the idea of the Resurrection as symbolised by the +ears of corn, which are planted in the earth and bring forth an abundant +harvest, the "Green fruits" of the fields. In this connection it is as +well to remember that the central theme of the Eleusinian Mysteries was +the ear of corn which was shown to the Cand. at the most solemn point of +the whole ceremony, and similarly taught the doctrine of the +resurrection from the dead. + +The next point that strikes us in the legend is the number of craftsmen +who "went in search." The Irish version is of peculiar interest, for it +relates that it was the twelve who relented who afterwards "went in +search," and not a new company of ffiteen. In many ways this is more +logical, and certainly has a deep symbolic meaning. It is logical in +that it shows that the penitent twelve did their best to make amends for +ever having allowed themselves to listen to the wicked schemes of the +other three, and the subsequent decree of K.S., ordering them to wear +white gloves and white aprons as a mark of their innocence, is most +appropriate. It was a public announcement that K.S. forgave them their +indiscretion and acquitted them of responsibility for the crime. + +On the other hand, in our version there seems no logical reason why K.S. +should order an entirely new batch of F.C.'s to wear these emblems of +their innocence, since they clearly had nothing to do with the crime, +and moreover, all the others, except the penitent twelve, were equally +innocent, and should therefore likewise have been instructed to wear +white gloves and aprons. It must be remembered that these white gloves, +etc., were not bestowed as a reward for having taken part in the search, +but are specif ically stated to have been ordered to be worn to denote +innocence. + +The Irish account goes on to state that the twelve set out from the +Temple and went together in one company until they came to a place where +four roads met, and formed a cross; then they divided into four +companies, and three went North, three East, three South, and three +West. Thus they trod the Way of the Cross. In some old Irish workings we +are told that the three who went North never returned. This symbolically +implies that they went into the Place of Darkness. As the tendency in +modern Irish masonry ap pears to be to adjust its ritual in main +essentials to our English workings, it is but fair that I should say +that I have a tangible proof of this form of legend, in the shape of an +old Irish apron dated 1790, which, unlike modern Irish aprons, has a +number of paintings on it depicting incidents in the ritual. One of the +paintings shows the twelve F.C.'s separating at the four cross roads. +(See frontispiece). + +It is clear from all accounts, whether English, Irish, Scotch or +American, that the scoundrels, the agents of death, were found by those +who went in the direction of Joppa, that is in the W., but we are left +in considerable doubt as to whether the b. was found in the E. or in the +S.. Symbolically, however, it would clearly be in the S., for H.A.B., +like the Christ, was struck down at High Twelve, when the sun is in the +S.. From a practical point of view it is fairly obvious that the +scoundrels who were carrying away the b. could never have reached Joppa +if they had once gone E., for they would have had to fetch half a circle +round Jerusalem, a procedure which would have rendered their chance of +escape almost hopeless. By going S. they might hope to throw their +pursuers off the track, and then turn back at an angle, reach Joppa, and +escape by boat. That this was their intention is clear from many old +forms of the legend, and especially in those worked in America. King S., +however, foresaw this possibility and prevented their escape by +forbidding any ships to sail. In the American working one of the +officers of the Lodge enacts the part of a sea captain, and even wears a +yachtman's cap. The villains come t o him and beg him to take them +aboard, but he refused because of the embargo ordered by K.S.. That the +same incident was known in the old Irish working is shown by the little +picture on the same Irish apron depicting the arrest of the villains on +the sea shore, for in the back ground there is a ship. + +Let us interpret the meaning of the Irish working first. From the +Christian standpoint the twelve F.C's represent the twelve apostles, +Mathias replacing the traitor Judas. But in the non-Christian, and +possibly earlier interpretation, these twelve would of course be the +twelve signs of the Zodiac, searching for the sun which had been +eclipsed. We must never forget that in addition to the deep spiritual +meaning hidden in our ritual there is also a Solar Myth embedded, which +has in the course of years become allegorized and filled with deeper +spiritual truths. + +But being English masons we must be prepared to find an explanation of +the fifteen. In ancient Egyptian times the month consisted of 30 days, +and the year of twelve such months, plus five extra days. Now the first +fifteen, of whom twelve recanted, presumably represent the first half of +that month, while the second half of the month is represented by the +fifteen who went in search. But spiritually the meaning of the fifteen +is fairly clear. Man has five senses and is triune in nature, and thus +implies that B ody, Soul and Spirit must cooperate in trying to find +God, and employ on that quest their five senses. + +Lest there be any misapprehension here I would explain that man is + considered to have not only the five physical senses, but also + corresponding senses of Soul and Spirit. The phrase "To see with the + eyes of the Spirit" is perfectly well known, and similarly we can speak + of the eyes of the Soul. To give concrete examples :-Students of + psychic science constantly speak of clairaudience and clairvoyance. + While it is not necessary to accept this type of phenomena, it is + clearly obvious that if man survives death at all his Soul must have a + means of communicating with other Souls and that these correspond in + some way to our physical senses. In like manner how are we to describe + the visions of the great seers and prophets, related in the Bible, + except by the possession of spiritual sight ? + +Bearing this in mind, we obtain the following interpretation of the fate +which befell the three F.C. Lodges into which the fifteen formed +themselves. Those who found nothing represent the physical senses of +man, which are useless beyond the grave : the next company must +therefore represent the Soul, for despite the logic of the physical +world, it is the Soul which realises that death does not end all, and so +it was one of these who r...d the M But the power which tells us what is +right and wrong, and which ultimately punishes us for our offences, is +what we call conscience, and thus assuredly is the Divine Spark within +us-the Spirit. + +Let us now turn to consider the details connected with the dlscovery of +the body. The incident of the shrub is such a striking analogy with a +similar one found in AEneid, wherein AEneas finds the body of the +murdered Polydorus by plucking up a shrub which is near him on the side +of a hill, that some students suggest that in the revision of our ritual +this incident was copied from Virgil. But, in Who was Hiram Abiff, I +show that both refer back to an ancient source and have an allegorical +meaning. One proof supporting this view; is that this particular tree, +the Acacia, has from time immemorial been more or less sacred in the +near East. In ancient Egypt the earliest forms of the legend of Osiris +relate that it was an acacia which grew up round the coffin of Osiris, +and not a tamarisk as in the later versions. (See An Examination of the +Masonic Ritual, by Major Sanderson). In like manner this tree is sacred +in Arabia, India, and many parts of Africa, while it is the Shittim wood +of the Old Te stament, from which the ark was made. No doubt in this +reverence for the acacia we have a survival of the primitive veneration +for trees, usually spoken of as "tree and serpent worship." In India the +assouata tree is stated to be a symbol of Trimurti, The Three in One. +Its roots represent Brahma, its trunk Vishnu, and its branches Shiva, +the Destroyer. + +At any rate we can regard the acacia tree as in itself an emblem of the +resurrection, for the tiny seed which is buried brings forth a mighty +tree, covered with fragrant blossoms. + +The account of the manner in which the Cas. S...s came into existence, +though ingenious, can hardly be taken as historic. As we have already +dealt with this point previously, we shall only say that every folk-lore +student is well aware that, in the vast majority of cases, legends +purporting to explain the origin of a certain custom do not give the +real origin at all, but merely indicate that the origin of the custom +has been lost, owing to its great antiquity. The very manner in which +some of the S..s are g iven is sufficient to indicate that they did not +originate in the way suggested, while, on the other hand, we find these +same S...s all round the world, with entirely different explanations as +to their origin. They are indeed ancient landmarks, and the utmost care +should be taken not to alter them in any way. + +The next incident in the legend is the capture of the scoundrels. In +some rituals it is given with much interesting detail of a picturesque +nature. All agree that they were apprehended in a tavern, and many say +explicidy that it was near the sea shore. Some of the rituals state that +the fugitives were overheard lamenting as follows:- "One said, 'Oh, that +my t. had been c.a. rather than I should have done it;' while another +more sorrowfully exclaimed, `Oh, that my h...t had been t.o. rather than +that I shoul d have struck him;' and a third voice brokenly said, `Oh, +that my b. had been s. in t. rather than that I should have smitten +him,' " This last version is of interest as explaining the legendary +origin of the py. of the three degrees, and incidentally it shows how +legend incorporates facts into a story, in order to explain something +whose original meaning is lost. It would also appear from this version +as if the scoundrels had not intended to actually kill their victim but +merely to terrorise h im, and in th e excitement of the moment lost +their heads. Symbolically this contains a valuable piece of teaching. +According to one interpretation the three scoundrels represent "The lust +of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life" (1 John, +2. 16). In other words, the sins of the flesh, the sins of the Soul, +such as covetousness, and spiritual pride, the most deadly of all. + +These sins assuredly destroy man both physically and spiritually, yet it +can truly be said that in giving way to them no man intends to destroy +himself. From the more strictly Christian standpoint the three +scoundrels are Herod, Caiaphas, and Pontius Pilate, and it is perfectly +clear that Pilate and Herod, at any rate, did not wish to kill our Lord; +but were caught in a position from which they found it impossible to +escape. + +Returning to the deeper mystical interpretation we notice that the + scoundrels were found in the West, the region of Death, which teaches + us that the just retribution for all our sins, whether of body, soul, + or spirit, will overtake us after death, and that though in one sense + it is God, here shadowed forth by K.S., who punishes, yet in another + sense it is our five spiritual faculties which themselves rise up in + judgment against us. We ourselves, doom ourselves, and therefore we can + obtain nothing but strict justice. + +Without pretending that we have exhausted this subject, this brief +explanation of the true character of the scoundrels and their captors +must suffice, and we will only mention in passing that here also there +appears to be a half forgotten astrological reference to the three +winter months which oppress the sun. + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE TRACING BOARD, ETC. + +The next part of the narrative is incorporated in most English workings +with the Tracing Board. The most interesting feature is the description +of the g.. It is obvious that peculiar stress is laid on the centre, +even in the present form of our ritual, because of the way in which the +measurements are given. Why should it not have been said that it was six +feet long? In some old rituals the g.. or rather the monument, is +described as a dome, which made a complete circle at its base, and was +three feet from t he centre every way. If so it must have been like a +small replica of the earliest form of the Buddhist Pagoda, and the +Master was thus buried at the centre. In that case the top of the dome +would have been five feet from the surface of the ground, and we should +thus get the correct symbolic use of 5 as representing the body, and 3 +as representing the spirit, while enabling the human body to be +decorously interred. It seems probably that when the g.. was made to +conform to the type familiar in England, a des perate effort was made to +retain the 3 and 5. It is worth noting that there is no mention of the +use of any c...f...n, despite the picture on the tracing board, and if a +c...f....n had been used at the supposed date of the incident it +certainly would not have been of the European shape depicted, but much +more like an Egyptian Sarcophagus. Nevertheless, though the ritual does +not justify the existence of any c..f....n on the tracing board, it was +an integral par t of the ancient mysteries of Osiris, and its r etention +in other ritual is almost certainly an ancient landmark. On the same +tracing board may be seen certain letters in the Masonic cypher, which +are practically never explained. Very often when transliterated, among +other things, they will be found to give the P.W. leading to the three +degree. This fact is of interest, for the true meaning of that W., as +already explained, is a w...k...r in m...ls, the correct description of +H.A.B. The fact that he was buried as near the Sanctum Sanctortum as +possible, symbolically denotes that he had reached the centre, and was +in union with the Source of All. + +The Dormer window historically is the hypostyle, the method by which + Egyptian and classical temples obtained light. The pillars of the + central nave of such temples rose considerably higher than the roofs of + the aisles, thus leaving openings through which the light could enter + the building. These, however, were many in number, and it is difficult + to justify the apparent statement that there was only one such opening. + Symbolically it is intended to represent the means by which the Divine + Light penetrates into the deepest recesses of every man's nature. + +The squared pavement has already been explained under the section +dealing with the mosaic pavement, in the first degree, and our readers +are therefore referred to it. Briefly, it indicates that man's progress +towards the centre is through alternate experiences of good and evil, +darkness and light, mercy and severity, life and death. + +The Porch which is the entrance to the Sanctum Sanctorum is the gateway +of death. + +The working tools, "as in other cases, contain much sound moral teaching +of typical 18th Century work, but there is one implement which deserves +rather more than passing attention. For what follows I must express my +indedtedness to W. Bro. Sir John Cockburn, P.G.D. The s..k...t does not +appear to be much in use among Operative masons. It is used by +gardeners, but the Operative mason has other means for marking out the +ground for the foundations. This implement has more than a superficial +resemblance to the Caduceus of Mercury, and Sir John Cockburn suggests +that it has been employed to replace this "Heathen" emblem. For my part, +I think this is most probable, for it is clear that at the beginning of +the 19th century a deliberate attempt was made to eliminate this emblem +from our ceremonies. The jewel of the Deacons in the 18th century was +not a dove, but a figure of Mercury, bearing the Caduceus. A number of +these old jewels can be seen in the library of Grand Lodge, and there +are still a f ew old Lodges which continue to use them, instead of the +modern jewel. Now this jewel is far more appropriate to the Deacons than +is a dove. A dove is the emblem of peace and a carrier pigeon bears +messages, but neither of these birds do all the work of the Deacons. +Mercury, however, was the Messenger of the Gods, and carried the +instructions of Jupiter, thus fulfilling one set of the duties of a +deacon. He was also the conductor of souls through the underworld; +taking the dead by one hand, a nd uplifting the Caduceus in the o ther, +he led the Shade from the grave, through the perils of the underworld, +to the Elysian Fields; before his Caduceus the powers of evil fled. In +mediaeval escatology it is Christ who leads the Souls on a similar +journey, uplifting in His Hand the Cross of Salvation. Even to-day the +jewels of the Deacons in a Mark Lodge bear the Caduceus, a mute but +convincing witness to the use of this emblem in Freemasonry. + +We can thus see that on the one hand a deliberate effort was made to + delete from our ceremonies the Caduceus, probably because it was + considered to be Pagan, while on the other hand it was clearly quite + easy for ignorant masonic furnishers, in the course of years, to make + the Caduceus approximate more and more to a masonic tool, so as to fit + it in with other avowedly masonic implemens. As a masonic tool it has + very little significance, even to a Speculative, and is of no practical + value to an Operative, but the Caduceus would be peculiarly appropriate + to the third degree. In short, it is an ancient landmark, an emblem of + the dead and forgotten Mysteries, and symbolical of Him who leads the + soul from the darkness of the grave to the light of the resurrection. + +Before leaving the M.M. degree let me say to all installed masters that +if they have received the P.W., not the W. of an Installed master, but +the P.W. leading from the M.M. to that further degree, they will find in +it evidence not of a mere hint of the resurrection, but of the +Resurrection itself, and a close association with the version of that +doctrine set forth in the life of the Perfect Master. + +CHAPTER IX + +THE CLOSING + +Here we are reminded that we are working in symbolism, for we come back +from the West, i.e., the grave, to this material world. But we have only +obtained substitutes, and we offer them as some consolation to the +spirit, i.e., the W.M. The advance to the centre of the room is an +obvious reference to the other centre. The s...s are communicated by the +body to the soul, which passes them on to the spirit. The meaning of +these s....s is dealt with in the ceremony, but it is worth noting that +the word shows clea rly that the s....t is to be found only through the +death of the body. The actual Hebrew word whose corrupt form we use +really means " My son is slain." It is also well to remember that the +p.s. and the s. of G.& D. (Scottish form) are, old signs which come down +from the ancient mysteries, and are still found throughout the world. A +brief summary of that has already been said may be helpful. The p.s. is +often associated with Shiva, the Destroyer, and is also found +appropriately used at B urobudor in Java; it refers to that occult +centre, the solar plexus. In view of what the lost s...t is, this sign +is therefore most significant. In other words, it is a hint to those who +deserve to know while it conceals from those who do not. + +The Scottish sign of G. & D. is found all round the world, and always + has the same meaning of an appeal for heIp. It is used in the most + primitive initiatory rites of a boy into manhood, and in Kenya the boy + takes it to indicate that he is ready for the operation of circumcision + to begin. In Nyasaland, among the Yaos, it is associated with a grave, + and in Mexico the Preserver is shown making it. He was slain and rose + from the dead, and it is constantly found in Mexico in the form of a + carving, consisting of a skeleton cut in half at the centre and making + this sign, as, for example, at the Temple of Uxmal. + +The manner of communicating the s..s and the gr. are equally old. +Indeed, the lion's grip appears to be the grip of all the Mysteries. It +was the Grip of Mithra, and by this grip Osiris was raised. Among the +Druids it was also known, as is shown by a carving at Iona. I have, +however, gone into the evidence for the antiquity of our signs so fully +that I will not take up further space here. + +We may as well add, however, that the number "5" no doubt refers to the +five senses of man, just as the seven steps remind us of the Egyptian +sub-division of every mortal. + +Having received the sub. s...s the W.M., or Spirit, confirms their use +till the true ones are discovered. This last remark indicates that the +quest is not ended or abandoned, in reality it has just begun; the first +stage only has been passed, which stage is death. It also tells every +Craft Mason that he a good craftsman till he has at least taken the +Royal Arch. + +Thus the spirit acknowledges that death is a step forward. It has freed +the soul of the trammels imposed on it by the body, and so our life's +work on earth, as symbolised in the Lodge, is closed. The knocks +indicate that the spirit now dominates the soul and body and before we +leave these heights it is well to point out that almost all the great +religious teachers have taught that in some mysterious way this physical +body will be transformed, and still be used after death. In short, that +matter, as well as spirit, is part of God. Science has shown that matter +is indestructable, though its form may be changed completely, and so +even after the symbolical death and resurrection, three knocks are still +required. + +CHAPTER X + +CONCLUSION + +This then concludes the third degree. More than any other degree in +Craft Masonry it has embedded in it ancient landmarks, brought down from +a long distant past. Under the surface lie hidden, meanings within +meanings, which I make no pretence to have exhausted. Already this book +has exceeded in length either of the two previous ones, but to do full +justice to the sublime degree one would require a volume four times as +large as this. I trust, however, that I have given some help, more +especially to younger b rethren, which will aid them to glimpse the +deeper side of Freemasonry. If they too will strive to discover further +alternative meanings, I shall feel this labour of mine has been well +repaid. + +Let me again warn them that just because Masonry is so old, its rituals, +in the course of years, have been again and again revised, and newer +meanings have continually been grafted on to the old stock. We are not +entitled to say one meaning is right and another wrong. Both may be +right. Christianity itself has taken over a vast mass of pre-Christian +ceremonies and symbols, and the student is perfectly entitled to +consider that both the Christian and the pre-Christian interpretations +of these symbols are equ ally deserving of respect. + + +There is also another point which should be borne in mind. Again and +again we find that incidents and phrases which appear to have come from +the Bible, on closer investigation are found not to correspond exactly +with the Biblical narrative. At one time there was a tendency to say +that in these cases it was our duty to substitute the Biblical version +for the "Inaccurate" traditional form. With all due respect I venture to +say that such action is totally unjustifiable. Masonry is not the Bible. +It is a tradit ional ritual into which 18th century revisers inserted +fragments from the Bible, because that was the only book dealing with +the period of the masonic incidents which was then available to them. +To-day, we know a great deal more about this period than did our 18th +century predecessors, and the modern investigator has just cause to +lament the well meaning, but misdirected, zeal of these worthy masons, +who thereby have probably destroyed for ever valuable landmarks, which +would have helped us t o discover the historical growth and the symbolic +meaning of many parts of our ceremonies. + +Such apparent contraditions, and even mistakes, as appear to exist, +should be carefully retained, for they are sure indications to the +conscientous student of a connection with a long distant past, which +modern methods of research may enable us finally to trace to its origin. +If, however, they are revised out of existence, future generations will +have nothing to help them in the task of unravelling the true history +and meaning of Freemasonry. + +If a Sn. does not correspond with the explanation of the manner in which +it is said to have originated, don't alter the way of giving the Sn., +for it is an ancient landmark. Rather try to discover if anywhere in the +world that Sn. is still used in some old ceremony which may throw light +on its true origin. If H.A.B. was not buried in a c...f...n, don't +eliminate the c...f...n from the tracing board, but rather bear in mind +that his great prototype, Osiris, was so buried and that the c...f...n +played a pecul iarly important part in the legend which recounts his +death : which legend was hoary with antiquity before K.S. was born. + +Finally, let me say that even if a man can never fathom the full meaning +of the third degree, yet there is no man worthy of the name who has +passed through that third degree but will certainly have learnt one +important lesson, namely, how to d., and thereby will be the better man. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/magna_ca.txt b/politicalTextFiles/magna_ca.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8789faa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/magna_ca.txt @@ -0,0 +1,583 @@ +THE MAGNA CARTA (The Great Charter): + + + +Preamble: + John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord +of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count +of Anjou, to the archbishop, bishops, abbots, earls, +barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, +servants, and to all his bailiffs and liege subjects, +greetings. Know that, having regard to God and for the +salvation of our soul, and those of all our ancestors +and heirs, and unto the honor of God and the advancement +of his holy Church and for the rectifying of our +realm, we have granted as underwritten by advice of our +venerable fathers, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, +primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman +Church, Henry, archbishop of Dublin, William of London, +Peter of Winchester, Jocelyn of Bath and Glastonbury, +Hugh of Lincoln, Walter of Worcester, William of +Coventry, Benedict of Rochester, bishops; of Master +Pandulf, subdeacon and member of the household of our +lord the Pope, of brother Aymeric (master of the +Knights of the Temple in England), and of the +illustrious men William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, +William, earl of Salisbury, William, earl of Warenne, +William, earl of Arundel, Alan of Galloway (constable +of Scotland), Waren Fitz Gerold, Peter Fitz Herbert, +Hubert De Burgh (seneschal of Poitou), Hugh de Neville, +Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, +Philip d'Aubigny, Robert of Roppesley, John Marshal, +John Fitz Hugh, and others, our liegemen. + 1. In the first place we have granted to God, and +by this our present charter confirmed for us and our +heirs forever that the English Church shall be free, +and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties +inviolate; and we will that it be thus observed; which +is apparent from this that the freedom of elections, +which is reckoned most important and very essential +to the English Church, we, of our pure and +unconstrained will, did grant, and did by our charter +confirm and did obtain the ratification of the same +from our lord, Pope Innocent III, before the quarrel +arose between us and our barons: and this we will +observe, and our will is that it be observed in good +faith by our heirs forever. We have also granted to +all freemen of our kingdom, for us and our heirs +forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be had +and held by them and their heirs, of us and our heirs +forever. + 2. If any of our earls or barons, or others +holding of us in chief by military service shall have +died, and at the time of his death his heir shall be +full of age and owe "relief", he shall have his +inheritance by the old relief, to wit, the heir or heirs +of an earl, for the whole baroncy of an earl by L100; +the heir or heirs of a baron, L100 for a whole barony; +the heir or heirs of a knight, 100s, at most, and +whoever owes less let him give less, according to +the ancient custom of fees. + 3. If, however, the heir of any one of the +aforesaid has been under age and in wardship, let him +have his inheritance without relief and without fine +when he comes of age. + 4. The guardian of the land of an heir who is thus +under age, shall take from the land of the heir nothing +but reasonable produce, reasonable customs, and +reasonable services, and that without destruction or +waste of men or goods; and if we have committed the +wardship of the lands of any such minor to the sheriff, +or to any other who is responsible to us for its +issues, and he has made destruction or waster of what +he holds in wardship, we will take of him amends, and +the land shall be committed to two lawful and discreet +men of that fee, who shall be responsible for the +issues to us or to him to whom we shall assign them; +and if we have given or sold the wardship of any such +land to anyone and he has therein made destruction or +waste, he shall lose that wardship, and it shall be +transferred to two lawful and discreet men of that +fief, who shall be responsible to us in like manner +as aforesaid. + 5. The guardian, moreover, so long as he has the +wardship of the land, shall keep up the houses, parks, +fishponds, stanks, mills, and other things pertaining +to the land, out of the issues of the same land; and +he shall restore to the heir, when he has come to full +age, all his land, stocked with ploughs and wainage, +according as the season of husbandry shall require, +and the issues of the land can reasonable bear. + 6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement, +yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest +in blood to that heir shall have notice. + 7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall +forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage +portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything +for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the +inheritance which her husband and she held on the day +of the death of that husband; and she may remain in +the house of her husband for forty days after his +death, within which time her dower shall be assigned +to her. + 8. No widow shall be compelled to marry, so long +as she prefers to live without a husband; provided +always that she gives security not to marry without +our consent, if she holds of us, or without the +consent of the lord of whom she holds, if she holds +of another. + 9. Neither we nor our bailiffs will seize any +land or rent for any debt, as long as the chattels of +the debtor are sufficient to repay the debt; nor shall +the sureties of the debtor be distrained so long as the +principal debtor is able to satisfy the debt; and if +the principal debtor shall fail to pay the debt, having +nothing wherewith to pay it, then the sureties shall +answer for the debt; and let them have the lands and +rents of the debtor, if they desire them, until they +are indemnified for the debt which they have paid for +him, unless the principal debtor can show proof that +he is discharged thereof as against the said sureties. + 10. If one who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, +great or small, die before that loan be repaid, the +debt shall not bear interest while the heir is under +age, of whomsoever he may hold; and if the debt fall +into our hands, we will not take anything except the +principal sum contained in the bond. + 11. And if anyone die indebted to the Jews, his +wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; +and if any children of the deceased are left under +age, necessaries shall be provided for them in keeping +with the holding of the deceased; and out of the +residue the debt shall be paid, reserving, however, +service due to feudal lords; in like manner let it be +done touching debts due to others than Jews. + 12. No scutage not aid shall be imposed on our +kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom, +except for ransoming our person, for making our eldest +son a knight, and for once marrying our eldest +daughter; and for these there shall not be levied more +than a reasonable aid. In like manner it shall be +done concerning aids from the city of London. + 13. And the city of London shall have all it +ancient liberties and free customs, as well by land as +by water; furthermore, we decree and grant that all +other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall have +all their liberties and free customs. + 14. And for obtaining the common counsel of the +kingdom anent the assessing of an aid (except in the +three cases aforesaid) or of a scutage, we will cause +to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, +earls, and greater barons, severally by our letters; +and we will moveover cause to be summoned generally, +through our sheriffs and bailiffs, and others who hold +of us in chief, for a fixed date, namely, after the +expiry of at least forty days, and at a fixed place; +and in all letters of such summons we will specify +the reason of the summons. And when the summons has +thus been made, the business shall proceed on the day +appointed, according to the counsel of such as are +present, although not all who were summoned have come. + 15. We will not for the future grant to anyone +license to take an aid from his own free tenants, +except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a +knight, and once to marry his eldest daughter; and on +each of these occasions there shall be levied only a +reasonable aid. + 16. No one shall be distrained for performance +of greater service for a knight's fee, or for any +other free tenement, than is due therefrom. + 17. Common pleas shall not follow our court, but +shall be held in some fixed place. + 18. Inquests of novel disseisin, of mort +d'ancestor, and of darrein presentment shall not be +held elsewhere than in their own county courts, and +that in manner following; We, or, if we should be out +of the realm, our chief justiciar, will send two +justiciaries through every county four times a year, +who shall alone with four knights of the county chosen +by the county, hold the said assizes in the county +court, on the day and in the place of meeting of that +court. + 19. And if any of the said assizes cannot be +taken on the day of the county court, let there remain +of the knights and freeholders, who were present at the +county court on that day, as many as may be required +for the efficient making of judgments, according as the +business be more or less. + 20. A freeman shall not be amerced for a slight +offense, except in accordance with the degree of the +offense; and for a grave offense he shall be amerced +in accordance with the gravity of the offense, yet +saving always his "contentment"; and a merchant in the +same way, saving his "merchandise"; and a villein shall +be amerced in the same way, saving his "wainage" if +they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the +aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the +oath of honest men of the neighborhood. + 21. Earls and barons shall not be amerced except +through their peers, and only in accordance with the +degree of the offense. + 22. A clerk shall not be amerced in respect of +his lay holding except after the manner of the others +aforesaid; further, he shall not be amerced in +accordance with the extent of his ecclesiastical +benefice. + 23. No village or individual shall be compelled +to make bridges at river banks, except those who from +of old were legally bound to do so. + 24. No sheriff, constable, coroners, or others of +our bailiffs, shall hold pleas of our Crown. + 25. All counties, hundred, wapentakes, and +trithings (except our demesne manors) shall remain at +the old rents, and without any additional payment. + 26. If anyone holding of us a lay fief shall die, +and our sheriff or bailiff shall exhibit our letters +patent of summons for a debt which the deceased owed +us, it shall be lawful for our sheriff or bailiff to attach +and enroll the chattels of the deceased, found upon the +lay fief, to the value of that debt, at the sight of +law worthy men, provided always that nothing whatever +be thence removed until the debt which is evident +shall be fully paid to us; and the residue shall be +left to the executors to fulfill the will of the +deceased; and if there be nothing due from him to us, +all the chattels shall go to the deceased, saving to +his wife and children their reasonable shares. + 27. If any freeman shall die intestate, his +chattels shall be distributed by the hands of his +nearest kinsfolk and friends, under supervision of the +Church, saving to every one the debts which the +deceased owed to him. + 28. No constable or other bailiff of ours shall +take corn or other provisions from anyone without +immediately tendering money therefor, unless he can +have postponement thereof by permission of the seller. + 29. No constable shall compel any knight to give +money in lieu of castle-guard, when he is willing to +perform it in his own person, or (if he himself cannot +do it from any reasonable cause) then by another +responsible man. Further, if we have led or sent him +upon military service, he shall be relieved from guard +in proportion to the time during which he has been on +service because of us. + 30. No sheriff or bailiff of ours, or other +person, shall take the horses or carts of any freeman +for transport duty, against the will of the said +freeman. + 31. Neither we nor our bailiffs shall take, for +our castles or for any other work of ours, wood which +is not ours, against the will of the owner of that +wood. + 32. We will not retain beyond one year and one +day, the lands those who have been convicted of felony, +and the lands shall thereafter be handed over to the +lords of the fiefs. + 33. All kydells for the future shall be removed +altogether from Thames and Medway, and throughout all +England, except upon the seashore. + 34. The writ which is called praecipe shall not +for the future be issued to anyone, regarding any +tenement whereby a freeman may lose his court. + 35. Let there be one measure of wine throughout +our whole realm; and one measure of ale; and one +measure of corn, to wit, "the London quarter"; and one +width of cloth (whether dyed, or russet, or +"halberget"), to wit, two ells within the selvedges; +of weights also let it be as of measures. + 36. Nothing in future shall be given or taken for +a writ of inquisition of life or limbs, but freely it +shall be granted, and never denied. + 37. If anyone holds of us by fee-farm, either +by socage or by burage, or of any other land by knight's +service, we will not (by reason of that fee-farm, +socage, or burgage), have the wardship of the +heir, or of such land of his as if of the fief of that +other; nor shall we have wardship of that fee-farm, +socage, or burgage, unless such fee-farm owes knight's +service. We will not by reason of any small serjeancy +which anyone may hold of us by the service of +rendering to us knives, arrows, or the like, have +wardship of his heir or of the land which he holds +of another lord by knight's service. + 38. No bailiff for the future shall, upon his +own unsupported complaint, put anyone to his "law", +without credible witnesses brought for this purposes. + 39. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned +or disseised or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor +will we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the +lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. + 40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we +refuse or delay, right or justice. + 41. All merchants shall have safe and secure exit +from England, and entry to England, with the right to +tarry there and to move about as well by land as by +water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right +customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of +war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us. +And if such are found in our land at the beginning of +the war, they shall be detained, without injury to +their bodies or goods, until information be received by +us, or by our chief justiciar, how the merchants of our +land found in the land at war with us are treated; and +if our men are safe there, the others shall be safe in +our land. + 42. It shall be lawful in future for anyone +(excepting always those imprisoned or outlawed in +accordance with the law of the kingdom, and natives of +any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be +treated as if above provided) to leave our kingdom and +to return, safe and secure by land and water, except +for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public +policy- reserving always the allegiance due to us. + 43. If anyone holding of some escheat (such as the +honor of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne, Lancaster, +or of other escheats which are in our hands and are +baronies) shall die, his heir shall give no other +relief, and perform no other service to us than he +would have done to the baron if that barony had been +in the baron's hand; and we shall hold it in the same +manner in which the baron held it. + 44. Men who dwell without the forest need not +henceforth come before our justiciaries of the forest +upon a general summons, unless they are in plea, or +sureties of one or more, who are attached for the forest. + 45. We will appoint as justices, constables, +sheriffs, or bailiffs only such as know the law of the +realm and mean to observe it well. + 46. All barons who have founded abbeys, concerning +which they hold charters from the kings of England, or +of which they have long continued possession, shall +have the wardship of them, when vacant, as they ought +to have. + 47. All forests that have been made such in our +time shall forthwith be disafforsted; and a similar +course shall be followed with regard to river banks +that have been placed "in defense" by us in our time. + 48. All evil customs connected with forests and +warrens, foresters and warreners, sheriffs and their +officers, river banks and their wardens, shall +immediately by inquired into in each county by twelve +sworn knights of the same county chosen by the honest +men of the same county, and shall, within forty days of +the said inquest, be utterly abolished, so as never to +be restored, provided always that we previously have +intimation thereof, or our justiciar, if we should not +be in England. + 49. We will immediately restore all hostages and +charters delivered to us by Englishmen, as sureties of +the peace of faithful service. + 50. We will entirely remove from their +bailiwicks, the relations of Gerard of Athee (so that +in future they shall have no bailiwick in England); +namely, Engelard of Cigogne, Peter, Guy, and Andrew of +Chanceaux, Guy of Cigogne, Geoffrey of Martigny with +his brothers, Philip Mark with his brothers and his +nephew Geoffrey, and the whole brood of the same. + 51. As soon as peace is restored, we will banish +from the kingdom all foreign born knights, crossbowmen, +serjeants, and mercenary soldiers who have come with +horses and arms to the kingdom's hurt. + 52. If anyone has been dispossessed or removed by +us, without the legal judgment of his peers, from his +lands, castles, franchises, or from his right, we will +immediately restore them to him; and if a dispute arise +over this, then let it be decided by the five and +twenty barons of whom mention is made below in the +clause for securing the peace. Moreover, for all +those possessions, from which anyone has, without the +lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or +removed, by our father, King Henry, or by our brother, +King Richard, and which we retain in our hand (or which +as possessed by others, to whom we are bound to warrant +them) we shall have respite until the usual term of +crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea +has been raised, or an inquest made by our order, +before our taking of the cross; but as soon as we return +from the expedition, we will immediately grant full +justice therein. + 53. We shall have, moreover, the same respite and +in the same manner in rendering justice concerning the +disafforestation or retention of those forests which +Henry our father and Richard our brother afforested, +and concerning the wardship of lands which are of the +fief of another (namely, such wardships as we have +hitherto had by reason of a fief which anyone held of +us by knight's service), and concerning abbeys founded +on other fiefs than our own, in which the lord of the +fee claims to have right; and when we have returned, +or if we desist from our expedition, we will +immediately grant full justice to all who complain of +such things. + 54. No one shall be arrested or imprisoned upon +the appeal of a woman, for the death of any other than +her husband. + 55. All fines made with us unjustly and against +the law of the land, and all amercements, imposed +unjustly and against the law of the land, shall be +entirely remitted, or else it shall be done concerning +them according to the decision of the five and twenty +barons whom mention is made below in the clause for +securing the pease, or according to the judgment of +the majority of the same, along with the aforesaid +Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be +present, and such others as he may wish to bring with +him for this purpose, and if he cannot be present the +business shall nevertheless proceed without him, +provided always that if any one or more of the +aforesaid five and twenty barons are in a similar +suit, they shall be removed as far as concerns this +particular judgment, others being substituted in +their places after having been selected by the rest +of the same five and twenty for this purpose only, and +after having been sworn. + 56. If we have disseised or removed Welshmen from +lands or liberties, or other things, without the +legal judgment of their peers in England or in Wales, +they shall be immediately restored to them; and if a +dispute arise over this, then let it be decided in the +marches by the judgment of their peers; for the +tenements in England according to the law of England, +for tenements in Wales according to the law of Wales, +and for tenements in the marches according to the law +of the marches. Welshmen shall do the same to us and +ours. + 57. Further, for all those possessions from which +any Welshman has, without the lawful judgment of his +peers, been disseised or removed by King Henry our +father, or King Richard our brother, and which we +retain in our hand (or which are possessed by others, +and which we ought to warrant), we will have respite +until the usual term of crusaders; excepting +those things about which a plea has been raised or an +inquest made by our order before we took the cross; but +as soon as we return (or if perchance we desist from +our expedition), we will immediately grant full +justice in accordance with the laws of the Welsh and in +relation to the foresaid regions. + 58. We will immediately give up the son of +Llywelyn and all the hostages of Wales, and the +charters delivered to us as security for the peace. + 59. We will do towards Alexander, king of Scots, +concerning the return of his sisters and his hostages, +and concerning his franchises, and his right, in the +same manner as we shall do towards our owher barons of +England, unless it ought to be otherwise according to +the charters which we hold from William his father, +formerly king of Scots; and this shall be according to +the judgment of his peers in our court. + 60. Moreover, all these aforesaid customs and +liberties, the observances of which we have granted +in our kingdom as far as pertains to us towards our +men, shall be observed b all of our kingdom, as well +clergy as laymen, as far as pertains to them towards +their men. + 61. Since, moveover, for God and the amendment +of our kingdom and for the better allaying of the +quarrel that has arisen between us and our barons, +we have granted all these concessions, desirous that +they should enjoy them in complete and firm endurance +forever, we give and grant to them the underwritten +security, namely, that the barons choose five and +twenty barons of the kingdom, whomsoever they will, +who shall be bound with all their might, to observe and +hold, and cause to be observed, the peace and liberties +we have granted and confirmed to them by this our +present Charter, so that if we, or our justiciar, or +our bailiffs or any one of our officers, shall in +anything be at fault towards anyone, or shall have +broken any one of the articles of this peace or of +this security, and the offense be notified to four +barons of the foresaid five and twenty, the said +four barons shall repair to us (or our justiciar, if +we are out of the realm) and, laying the transgression +before us, petition to have that transgression +redressed without delay. And if we shall not have +corrected the transgression (or, in the event of our +being out of the realm, if our justiciar shall not +have corrected it) within forty days, reckoning from +the time it has been intimated to us (or to our +justiciar, if we should be out of the realm), the +four barons aforesaid shall refer that matter to the +rest of the five and twenty barons, and those five +and twenty barons shall, together with the community +of the whole realm, distrain and distress us in all +possible ways, namely, by seizing our castles, +lands, possessions, and in any other way they can, +until redress has been obtained as they deem fit, +saving harmless our own person, and the persons of our +queen and children; and when redress has been obtained, +they shall resume their old relations towards us. And +let whoever in the country desires it, swear to obey +the orders of the said five and twenty barons for the +execution of all the aforesaid matters, and along with +them, to molest us to the utmost of his power; and we +publicly and freely grant leave to everyone who wishes +to swear, and we shall never forbid anyone to swear. +All those, moveover, in the land who of themselves and +of their own accord are unwilling to swear to the +twenty five to help them in constraining and molesting +us, we shall by our command compel the same to swear to +the effect foresaid. And if any one of the five and +twenty barons shall have died or departed from the +land, or be incapacitated in any other manner which +would prevent the foresaid provisions being carried +out, those of the said twenty five barons who are left +shall choose another in his place according to their +own judgment, and he shall be sworn in the same way as +the others. Further, in all matters, the execution of +which is entrusted,to these twenty five barons, if +perchance these twenty five are present and disagree +about anything, or if some of them, after being +summoned, are unwilling or unable to be present, that +which the majority of those present ordain or command +shall be held as fixed and established, exactly as if +the whole twenty five had concurred in this; and the +said twenty five shall swear that they will faithfully +observe all that is aforesaid, and cause it to be +observed with all their might. And we shall procure +nothing from anyone, directly or indirectly, whereby any +part of these concessions and liberties might be +revoked or diminished; and if any such things has been +procured, let it be void and null, and we shall never +use it personally or by another. + 62. And all the will, hatreds, and bitterness that +have arisen between us and our men, clergy and lay, +from the date of the quarrel, we have completely +remitted and pardoned to everyone. Moreover, all +trespasses occasioned by the said quarrel, from Easter +in the sixteenth year of our reign till the restoration +of peace, we have fully remitted to all, both clergy +and laymen, and completely forgiven, as far as +pertains to us. And on this head, we have caused to +be made for them letters testimonial patent of the +lord Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, of the lord +Henry, archbishop of Dublin, of the bishops aforesaid, +and of Master Pandulf as touching this security and +the concessions aforesaid. + 63. Wherefore we will and firmly order that +the English Church be free, and that the men in our +kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid liberties, +rights, and concessions, well and peaceably, freely +and quietly, fully and wholly, for themselves and their +heirs, of us and our heirs, in all respects and in all +places forever, as is aforesaid. An oath, moreover, +has been taken, as well on our part as on the art of +the barons, that all these conditions aforesaid shall +be kept in good faith and without evil intent. Given +under our hand - the above named and many others being +witnesses - in the meadow which is called Runnymede, +between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of +June, in the seventeenth year of our reign. + + +------------------------------------ + +This is but one of three different translations I found +of the Magna Carta; it was originally done in Latin, +probably by the Archbishop, Stephen Langton. It was in +force for only a few months, when it was violated by the +king. Just over a year later, with no resolution to the +war, the king died, being succeeded by his 9-year old son, +Henry III. The Charter (Carta) was reissued again, with +some revisions, in 1216, 1217 and 1225. As near as I can +tell, the version presented here is the one that preceeded +all of the others; nearly all of it's provisions were soon +superceded by other laws, and none of it is effective today. +The two other versions I found each professed to be the +original, as well. The basic intent of each is the same. + +- Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Nancy Troutman (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa345) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby given to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/malc-x.txt b/politicalTextFiles/malc-x.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d602a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/malc-x.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +MALCOLM X: THE LEGACY CONTINUES + +Feb. 21 marks the anniversary of the assassination of Malcolm X, +one of the greatest African American leaders in history. Despite +his untimely death in 1965, Malcolm's legacy of Black pride, +resistance and liberation remains as strong as ever, particularly +among African American and other oppressed youths. + +In this period when the ruling class has unleashed a vicious +anti-worker, racist offensive against poor and working people, +the revolutionary message of Malcolm X must never be forgotten. +On the contrary, his words and deeds must continue to be blazed +upon the banners of the workers and oppressed not only in the +U.S. but all over the world. + +Following is a selection of quotations from Malcolm X: + + +- "There is no kind of action in this country ever going to bear +fruit unless that action is tied in with the overall +international struggle." ("Separation or Integration" speech, +March 7, 1962) + +- "We live in one of the rottenest countries that has ever +existed on this earth. It's a system of exploitation, of outright +humiliation and degradation." (June 28, 1964, speech at Audubon +Ballroom, New York, Organization of Afro-American Unity founding +rally) + +- "Never at any time in the history of our people in this country +have we made advances or progress in any way based upon the +internal goodwill of this country. We have made advancement in +this country only when this country was under pressure from +forces above and beyond its control." (Dec. 31, 1964, speech at +Hotel Teresa, NYC) + +- "Capitalism used to be like an eagle, but now it's more like a +vulture. It used to be strong enough to go and suck anybody's +blood whether they were strong or not. But now it has become more +cowardly, like the vulture, and it can only suck the blood of the +helpless." (Jan. 19, 1965, interview with Young Socialist paper) + +- "If George Washington didn't get independence for this country +nonviolently, and if Patrick Henry didn't come up with a +nonviolent statement, and you taught me to look upon them as +patriots and heroes, then it's time for you to realize that I +have studied your books well." (April 8, 1964, speech on "Black +Revolution") + +- "I've never advocated any violence. I've only said that Black +people who are the victims of organized violence perpetrated upon +us by the Klan, the Citizen's Council, and many other forms, we +should defend ourselves. ... I think the Black man in this +country above and beyond people all over the world will be more +than justified when he stands up and starts to protect himself no +matter how many necks he has to break." (Feb. 14, 1965, in +Detroit one week before his assassination) + + -30- + +(Copyright Workers World Service: Permission to reprint granted +if source is cited. For more information contact Workers World, +55 West 17 St., New York, NY 10011; via e-mail: ww@blythe.org.) diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/manif11.txt b/politicalTextFiles/manif11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d09737 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/manif11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1544 @@ + + MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY + -------------------------------- +[From the English edition of 1888, edited by Friedrich Engels] + + {Transcribed by allen lutins + with assistance from Jim Tarzia} + + A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of Communism. +All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to +exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, +French Radicals and German police-spies. + +Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as +Communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition +that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, +against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against +its reactionary adversaries? + +Two things result from this fact. + +I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers +to be itself a Power. + +II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the +face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their +tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of +Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself. + +To this end, Communists of various nationalities have +assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be +published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and +Danish languages. + + +I. BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS + +The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history +of class struggles. + +Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, +guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, +stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an +uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time +ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at +large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. + +In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a +complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a +manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have +patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, +feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, +serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate +gradations. + +The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins +of feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms. It +has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, +new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the +epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive +feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a +whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, +into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie +and Proletariat. + +From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers +of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements +of the bourgeoisie were developed. + +The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up +fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and +Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the +colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in +commodities +generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an +impulse +never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in +the tottering feudal society, a rapid development. + +The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production +was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the +growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took +its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the +manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the +different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of +labour in each single workshop. + +Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand ever rising. +Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and +machinery revolutionised industrial production. The place of +manufacture was taken by the giant, Modern Industry, the place of +the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires, the +leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois. + +Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the +discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an +immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication +by land. This development has, in its time, reacted on the +extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, +navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the +bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the +background every class handed down from the Middle Ages. + +We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the +product of a long course of development, of a series of +revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. + +Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied +by a corresponding political advance of that class. An +oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed +and self-governing association in the mediaeval commune; here +independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany), there +taxable "third estate" of the monarchy (as in France), +afterwards, in the period of manufacture proper, serving either +the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise +against the nobility, and, in fact, corner-stone of the great +monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the +establishment of Modern Industry and of the world-market, +conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, +exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern State is +but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole +bourgeoisie. + +The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary +part. + +The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an +end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has +pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to +his "natural superiors," and has left remaining no other nexus +between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash +payment." It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of +religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine +sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It +has resolved personal worth into exchange value. And in place of +the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms, has set up that +single, unconscionable freedom -- Free Trade. In one word, for +exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, +shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. + +The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation +hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has +converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the +man of science, into its paid wage labourers. + +The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental +veil, +and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation. + +The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the +brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages, which Reactionists +so much admire, found its fitting complement in the most slothful +indolence. It has been the first to show what man's activity can +bring about. It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian +pyramids, Roman aqueducts, and Gothic cathedrals; it has +conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses +of nations and crusades. + +The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising +the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of +production, and with them the whole relations of society. +Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, +was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all +earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionising of +production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, +everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois +epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, +with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and +opinions, +are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they +can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy +is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober +senses, +his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind. + +The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases +the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must +nestle +everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. + +The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market +given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in +every country. To the great chagrin of Reactionists, it has +drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on +which it stood. All old-established national industries have +been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged +by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death +question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer +work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the +remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only +at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old +wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new +wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant +lands and climes. In place of the old local and national +seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every +direction, universal inter-dependence of nations. And as in +material, so also in intellectual production. The intellectual +creations of individual nations become common property. National +one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more +impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures, +there arises a world literature. + +The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of +production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, +draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation. +The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with +which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the +barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to +capitulate. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to +adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to +introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to +become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world +after its own image. + +The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the +towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the +urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued +a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural +life. Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so +it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on +the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, +the East on the West. + +The bourgeoisie keeps more and more doing away with the +scattered state of the population, of the means of production, +and of property. It has agglomerated production, and has +concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence +of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but +loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, +governments and systems of taxation, became lumped together into +one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national +class-interest, one frontier and one customs-tariff. The +bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has +created more massive and more colossal productive forces than +have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's +forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry +and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, +clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of +rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground -- what +earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive +forces slumbered in the lap of social labour? + +We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose +foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in +feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these +means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which +feudal society produced and exchanged, the feudal organisation of +agriculture and manufacturing industry, in one word, the feudal +relations of property became no longer compatible with the +already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. +They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. + +Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a +social and political constitution adapted to it, and by the +economical and political sway of the bourgeois class. + +A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern +bourgeois society with its relations of production, of exchange +and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic +means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer, who is +no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he +has called up by his spells. For many a decade past the history +of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of +modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, +against the property relations that are the conditions for the +existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule. It is enough to +mention the commercial crises that by their periodical return put +on its trial, each time more threateningly, the existence of the +entire bourgeois society. In these crises a great part not only +of the existing products, but also of the previously created +productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises +there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would +have seemed an absurdity -- the epidemic of over-production. +Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary +barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of +devastation had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; +industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because +there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, +too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at +the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development +of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they +have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are +fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring +disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the +existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois +society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. +And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one +hand inforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the +other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough +exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way +for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by +diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented. + +The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the +ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself. + +But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring +death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who +are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the +proletarians. + +In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, is developed, +in the same proportion is the proletariat, the modern working +class, developed -- a class of labourers, who live only so long +as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour +increases capital. These labourers, who must sell themselves +piece-meal, are a commodity, like every other article of +commerce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of +competition, to all the fluctuations of the market. + +Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of +labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual +character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He +becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most +simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is +required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is +restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he +requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his +race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of +labour, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion +therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage +decreases. Nay more, in proportion as the use of machinery and +division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden +of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working +hours, by increase of the work exacted in a given time or by +increased speed of the machinery, etc. + +Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the +patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial +capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are +organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they +are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers +and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, +and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by +the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the +individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this +despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, +the more hateful and the more embittering it is. + +The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual +labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes +developed, +the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women. +Differences of age and sex have no longer any distinctive social +validity for the working class. All are instruments of labour, +more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex. + +No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the +manufacturer, +so far, at an end, that he receives his wages in cash, than he is +set upon by the other portions of the bourgeoisie, the landlord, +the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc. + +The lower strata of the middle class -- the small tradespeople, +shopkeepers, retired tradesmen generally, the handicraftsmen and +peasants -- all these sink gradually into the proletariat, partly +because their diminutive capital does not suffice for the scale +on which Modern Industry is carried on, and is swamped in the +competition with the large capitalists, partly because their +specialized skill is rendered worthless by the new methods of +production. Thus the proletariat is recruited from all classes +of the population. + +The proletariat goes through various stages of development. +With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. At +first the contest is carried on by individual labourers, then by +the workpeople of a factory, then by the operatives of one trade, +in one locality, against the individual bourgeois who directly +exploits them. They direct their attacks not against the +bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments +of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that +compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they +set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished +status of the workman of the Middle Ages. + +At this stage the labourers still form an incoherent mass +scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual +competition. If anywhere they unite to form more compact bodies, +this is not yet the consequence of their own active union, but of +the union of the bourgeoisie, which class, in order to attain its +own political ends, is compelled to set the whole proletariat in +motion, and is moreover yet, for a time, able to do so. At this +stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, +but the enemies of their enemies, the remnants of absolute +monarchy, the landowners, the non-industrial bourgeois, the petty +bourgeoisie. Thus the whole historical movement is concentrated +in the hands of the bourgeoisie; every victory so obtained is a +victory for the bourgeoisie. + +But with the development of industry the proletariat not only +increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses, +its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various +interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the +proletariat are more and more equalised, in proportion as +machinery obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly +everywhere reduces wages to the same low level. The growing +competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial +crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The +unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, +makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions +between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and +more the character of collisions between two classes. Thereupon +the workers begin to form combinations (Trades Unions) against +the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of +wages; they found permanent associations in order to make +provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and +there the contest breaks out into riots. + +Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. +The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate +result, but in the ever-expanding union of the workers. This +union is helped on by the improved means of communication that +are created by modern industry and that place the workers of +different localities in contact with one another. It was just +this contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local +struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle +between classes. But every class struggle is a political +struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the +Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, +the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few +years. + +This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and +consequently into a political party, is continually being upset +again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it +ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels +legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, +by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie +itself. Thus the ten-hours' bill in England was carried. + +Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society +further, in many ways, the course of development of the +proletariat. +The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle. +At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions +of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become +antagonistic +to the progress of industry; at all times, with the bourgeoisie +of foreign countries. In all these battles it sees itself +compelled +to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for its help, and thus, to +drag +it into the political arena. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, +supplies the proletariat with its own instruments of political +and general education, in other words, it furnishes the +proletariat +with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie. + +Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling +classes are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the +proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of +existence. These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements +of enlightenment and progress. + +Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive +hour, the process of dissolution going on within the ruling +class, in fact within the whole range of society, assumes such a +violent, glaring character, that a small section of the ruling +class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class, the +class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, therefore, at +an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the +bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the +proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois +ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of +comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole. + +Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie +today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. +The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of +Modern Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential +product. The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the +shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the +bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions +of the middle class. They are therefore not revolutionary, but +conservative. Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try to +roll back the wheel of history. If by chance they are +revolutionary, they are so only in view of their impending +transfer into the proletariat, they thus defend not their +present, but their future interests, they desert their own +standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat. + +The "dangerous class," the social scum, that passively rotting +mass thrown off by the lowest layers of old society, may, here +and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian +revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more +for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue. + +In the conditions of the proletariat, those of old society at +large are already virtually swamped. The proletarian is without +property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer +anything in common with the bourgeois family-relations; modern +industrial labour, modern subjection to capital, the same in +England as in France, in America as in Germany, has stripped him +of every trace of national character. Law, morality, religion, +are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in +ambush just as many bourgeois interests. + +All the preceding classes that got the upper hand, sought to +fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at +large to their conditions of appropriation. The proletarians +cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except +by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and +thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation. They +have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission +is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, +individual property. + +All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, +or in the interests of minorities. The proletarian movement is +the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, +in the interests of the immense majority. The proletariat, the +lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise +itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official +society being sprung into the air. + +Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the +proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle. +The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all +settle matters with its own bourgeoisie. + +In depicting the most general phases of the development of the +proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging +within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks +out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the +bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat. + +Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have +already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed +classes. But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions +must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its +slavish existence. The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised +himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty +bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to +develop into a bourgeois. The modern laborer, on the contrary, +instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and +deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class. He +becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than +population and wealth. And here it becomes evident, that the +bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in +society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society +as an over-riding law. It is unfit to rule because it is +incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his +slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a +state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. +Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other +words, its existence is no longer compatible with society. + +The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of +the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of +capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour +rests exclusively on competition between the laborers. The +advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the +bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to +competition, by their revolutionary combination, due to +association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts +from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie +produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, +therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers. Its +fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. + + +II. PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISTS + +In what relation do the Communists stand to the proletarians as a +whole? + +The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to other +working-class parties. + +They have no interests separate and apart from those of the +proletariat as a whole. + +They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, +by which to shape and mould the proletarian movement. + +The Communists are distinguished from the other working-class +parties is only: (1) In the national struggles of the +proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring +to the front the common interests of entire proletariat, +independently of nationality. (2) In the various stages of +development which the struggle of the working class against the +bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere +represent the interests of the movement as a whole. + +The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, +the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class +parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all +others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the +great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly +understanding the line of march, the conditions, and the ultimate +general results of the proletarian movement. + +The immediate aim of the Communist is the same as that of all +the other proletarian parties: formation of the proletariat into +a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of +political power by the proletariat. + +The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way +based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or +discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer. They +merely express, in general terms, actual relations springing from +an existing class struggle, from a historical movement going on +under our very eyes. The abolition of existing property +relations is not at all a distinctive feature of Communism. + +All property relations in the past have continually been subject +to +historical change consequent upon the change in historical +conditions. + +The French Revolution, for example, abolished feudal property in +favour of bourgeois property. + +The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of +property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property. But +modern bourgeois private property is the final and most complete +expression of the system of producing and appropriating products, +that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the +many by the few. + +In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in +the single sentence: Abolition of private property. + +We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing +the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a +man's own labour, which property is alleged to be the groundwork +of all personal freedom, activity and independence. + +Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property! Do you mean the +property of the petty artisan and of the small peasant, a form of +property that preceded the bourgeois form? There is no need to +abolish that; the development of industry has to a great extent +already destroyed it, and is still destroying it daily. + +Or do you mean modern bourgeois private property? + +But does wage-labour create any property for the labourer? Not +a bit. It creates capital, i.e., that kind of property which +exploits wage-labour, and which cannot increase except upon +condition of begetting a new supply of wage-labour for fresh +exploitation. Property, in its present form, is based on the +antagonism of capital and wage-labour. Let us examine both sides +of this antagonism. + +To be a capitalist, is to have not only a purely personal, but a +social status in production. Capital is a collective product, +and only by the united action of many members, nay, in the last +resort, only by the united action of all members of society, +can it be set in motion. + +Capital is, therefore, not a personal, it is a social power. + +When, therefore, capital is converted into common property, into +the +property of all members of society, personal property is not +thereby +transformed into social property. It is only the social +character of +the property that is changed. It loses its class-character. + +Let us now take wage-labour. + +The average price of wage-labour is the minimum wage, i.e., +that quantum of the means of subsistence, which is absolutely +requisite in bare existence as a labourer. What, therefore, the +wage-labourer appropriates by means of his labour, merely +suffices to prolong and reproduce a bare existence. We by no +means intend to abolish this personal appropriation of the +products of labour, an appropriation that is made for the +maintenance and reproduction of human life, and that leaves no +surplus wherewith to command the labour of others. All that we +want to do away with, is the miserable character of this +appropriation, under which the labourer lives merely to increase +capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of +the ruling class requires it. + +In bourgeois society, living labour is but a means to increase +accumulated labour. In Communist society, accumulated labour +is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence +of the labourer. + +In bourgeois society, therefore, the past dominates the present; +in Communist society, the present dominates the past. In +bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, +while the living person is dependent and has no individuality. + +And the abolition of this state of things is called by the +bourgeois, +abolition of individuality and freedom! And rightly so. The +abolition +of bourgeois individuality, bourgeois independence, and bourgeois +freedom is undoubtedly aimed at. + +By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of +production, free trade, free selling and buying. +But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying +disappears also. This talk about free selling and buying, and +all the other "brave words" of our bourgeoisie about freedom in +general, have a meaning, if any, only in contrast with restricted +selling and buying, with the fettered traders of the Middle Ages, +but have no meaning when opposed to the Communistic abolition of +buying and selling, of the bourgeois conditions of production, +and of the bourgeoisie itself. + +You are horrified at our intending to do away with private +property. But in your existing society, private property is +already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its +existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the +hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with +intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary +condition for whose existence is the non-existence of any +property for the immense majority of society. + +In one word, you reproach us with intending to do away with your +property. Precisely so; that is just what we intend. + +From the moment when labour can no longer be converted into +capital, money, or rent, into a social power capable of being +monopolised, i.e., from the moment when individual property can +no longer be transformed into bourgeois property, into capital, +from that moment, you say individuality vanishes. + +You must, therefore, confess that by "individual" you mean no +other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of +property. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and +made impossible. + +Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the +products +of society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to +subjugate the labour of others by means of such appropriation. + +It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property +all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us. + +According to this, bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone +to the dogs through sheer idleness; for those of its members who +work, acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything, do not +work. +The whole of this objection is but another expression of the +tautology: +that there can no longer be any wage-labour when there is no +longer +any capital. + +All objections urged against the Communistic mode of producing +and appropriating material products, have, in the same way, been +urged against the Communistic modes of producing and +appropriating intellectual products. Just as, to the bourgeois, +the disappearance of class property is the disappearance of +production itself, so the disappearance of class culture is to +him identical with the disappearance of all culture. + +That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous +majority, a mere training to act as a machine. + +But don't wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended +abolition of bourgeois property, the standard of your bourgeois +notions of freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but +the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and +bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of +your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential +character and direction are determined by the economical +conditions of existence of your class. + +The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into +eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing +from your present mode of production and form of +property-historical relations that rise and disappear in the +progress of production -- this misconception you share with every +ruling class that has preceded you. What you see clearly in the +case of ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal +property, you are of course forbidden to admit in the case of +your own bourgeois form of property. + +Abolition of the family! Even the most radical flare up at this +infamous proposal of the Communists. + +On what foundation is the present family, the bourgeois family, +based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed +form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie. But this +state of things finds its complement in the practical absence of +the family among the proletarians, and in public prostitution. + +The bourgeois family will vanish as a matter of course when its +complement vanishes, and both will vanish with the vanishing of +capital. + +Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of +children by their parents? To this crime we plead guilty. + +But, you will say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations, +when we replace home education by social. + +And your education! Is not that also social, and determined by +the social conditions under which you educate, by the +intervention, direct or indirect, of society, by means of +schools, etc.? The Communists have not invented the +intervention of society in education; they do but seek to alter +the character of that intervention, and to rescue education from +the influence of the ruling class. + +The bourgeois clap-trap about the family and education, about +the hallowed co-relation of parent and child, becomes all the +more disgusting, the more, by the action of Modern Industry, all +family ties among the proletarians are torn asunder, and their +children transformed into simple articles of commerce and +instruments of labour. + +But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams +the whole bourgeoisie in chorus. + +The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production. +He hears that the instruments of production are to be exploited +in +common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that +the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women. + +He has not even a suspicion that the real point is to do away +with the status of women as mere instruments of production. + +For the rest, nothing is more ridiculous than the +virtuous indignation of our bourgeois at the community of women +which, they pretend, is to be openly and officially established +by the Communists. The Communists have no need to introduce +community of women; it has existed almost from time immemorial. + +Our bourgeois, not content with having the wives and daughters of +their +proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common +prostitutes, +take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other's wives. + +Bourgeois marriage is in reality a system of wives in common and +thus, +at the most, what the Communists might possibly be reproached +with, +is that they desire to introduce, in substitution for a +hypocritically +concealed, an openly legalised community of women. For the rest, +it is self-evident that the abolition of the present system of +production must bring with it the abolition of the community +of women springing from that system, i.e., of prostitution +both public and private. + +The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish +countries and nationality. + +The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what +they have not got. Since the proletariat must first of all +acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of +the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is, so far, +itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word. + +National differences and antagonisms between peoples are daily +more and more vanishing, owing to the development of the +bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world-market, to +uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of +life corresponding thereto. + +The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still +faster. +United action, of the leading civilised countries at least, is +one of +the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat. + +In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another +is put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will +also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between +classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation +to another will come to an end. + +The charges against Communism made from a religious, a +philosophical, and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, +are not deserving of serious examination. + +Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man's ideas, +views and conceptions, in one word, man's consciousness, changes +with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in +his social relations and in his social life? + +What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual +production changes its character in proportion as material +production +is changed? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the +ideas of +its ruling class. + +When people speak of ideas that revolutionise society, they do +but express the fact, that within the old society, the elements +of a new one have been created, and that the dissolution of the +old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old +conditions of existence. + +When the ancient world was in its last throes, the ancient +religions were overcome by Christianity. When Christian ideas +succumbed in the 18th century to rationalist ideas, feudal +society fought its death battle with the then revolutionary +bourgeoisie. The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of +conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition +within the domain of knowledge. + +"Undoubtedly," it will be said, "religious, moral, philosophical +and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of +historical development. But religion, morality philosophy, +political science, and law, constantly survived this change." + +"There are, besides, eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, +etc. that are common to all states of society. But Communism +abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all +morality, instead of constituting them on a new basis; it +therefore +acts in contradiction to all past historical experience." + +What does this accusation reduce itself to? The history of all +past society has consisted in the development of class +antagonisms, +antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs. + +But whatever form they may have taken, one fact is common to all +past ages, viz., the exploitation of one part of society by the +other. +No wonder, then, that the social consciousness of past ages, +despite +all the multiplicity and variety it displays, moves within +certain +common forms, or general ideas, which cannot completely vanish +except +with the total disappearance of class antagonisms. + +The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with +traditional property relations; no wonder that its development +involves the most radical rupture with traditional ideas. + +But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism. + +We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the +working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of +ruling as to win the battle of democracy. + +The proletariat will use its political supremacy top wrest, by +degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all +instruments of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the +proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the +total of productive forces as rapidly as possible. + +Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by +means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the +conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures, +therefore, +which appear economically insufficient and untenable, but which, +in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves, necessitate +further inroads upon the old social order, and are unavoidable +as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of production. + +These measures will of course be different in different +countries. + +Nevertheless in the most advanced countries, the following will +be pretty generally applicable. + +1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents + of land to public purposes. + +2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. + +3. Abolition of all right of inheritance. + +4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. + +5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means + of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive +monopoly. + +6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport + in the hands of the State. + +7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by +the + State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the + improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common +plan. + +8. Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of + industrial armies, especially for agriculture. + +9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; +gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by +a more equable distribution of the population over the country. + +10. Free education for all children in public schools. +Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form. +Combination of education with industrial production, &c., &c. + +When, in the course of development, class distinctions have +disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the +hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power +will lose its political character. Political power, properly so +called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing +another. If the proletariat during its contest with the +bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to +organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it +makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force +the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these +conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of +class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have +abolished its own supremacy as a class. + +In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and +class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the +free development of each is the condition for the free +development of all. + + + + +III SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST LITERATURE + + +1. REACTIONARY SOCIALISM + + +A. Feudal Socialism + + +Owing to their historical position, it became the vocation of +the aristocracies of France and England to write pamphlets +against modern bourgeois society. In the French revolution of +July 1830, and in the English reform agitation, these +aristocracies again succumbed to the hateful upstart. +Thenceforth, a serious political contest was altogether out of +the question. A literary battle alone remained possible. But +even in the domain of literature the old cries of the restoration +period had become impossible. + +In order to arouse sympathy, the aristocracy were obliged to +lose sight, apparently, of their own interests, and to formulate +their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the +exploited working class alone. Thus the aristocracy took their +revenge by singing lampoons on their new master, and whispering +in his ears sinister prophecies of coming catastrophe. + +In this way arose Feudal Socialism: half lamentation, half +lampoon; +half echo of the past, half menace of the future; at times, by +its bitter, +witty and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the +very heart's +core; but always ludicrous in its effect, through total +incapacity to +comprehend the march of modern history. + +The aristocracy, in order to rally the people to them, waved the +proletarian alms-bag in front for a banner. But the people, so +often as it joined them, saw on their hindquarters the old feudal +coats of arms, and deserted with loud and irreverent laughter. + +One section of the French Legitimists and "Young England" +exhibited this spectacle. + +In pointing out that their mode of exploitation was different to +that of the bourgeoisie, the feudalists forget that they +exploited under circumstances and conditions that were quite +different, and that are now antiquated. In showing that, under +their rule, the modern proletariat never existed, they forget +that the modern bourgeoisie is the necessary offspring of their +own form of society. + +For the rest, so little do they conceal the reactionary +character of their criticism that their chief accusation against +the bourgeoisie amounts to this, that under the bourgeois regime +a class is being developed, which is destined to cut up root and +branch the old order of society. + +What they upbraid the bourgeoisie with is not so much that it +creates +a proletariat, as that it creates a revolutionary proletariat. + +In political practice, therefore, they join in all coercive +measures against the working class; and in ordinary life, despite +their high falutin phrases, they stoop to pick up the golden +apples dropped from the tree of industry, and to barter truth, +love, +and honour for traffic in wool, beetroot-sugar, and potato +spirits. + +As the parson has ever gone band in hand with the landlord, +so has Clerical Socialism with Feudal Socialism. + +Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist +tinge. +Has not Christianity declaimed against private property, against +marriage, +against the State? Has it not preached in the place of these, +charity and +poverty, celibacy and mortification of the flesh, monastic life +and +Mother Church? Christian Socialism is but the holy, water with +which +the priest consecrates the heart-burnings of the aristocrat. + + +B. Petty-Bourgeois Socialism + +The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that has ruined by +the bourgeoisie, not the only class whose conditions of existence +pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois society. +The mediaeval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were +the precursors of the modern bourgeoisie. In those countries +which +are but little developed, industrially and commercially, these +two +classes still vegetate side by side with the rising bourgeoisie. + +In countries where modern civilisation has become fully +developed, a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed, +fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie and ever renewing +itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society. The +individual members of this class, however, are being constantly +hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition, +and, as modern industry develops, they even see the moment +approaching when they will completely disappear as an independent +section of modern society, to be replaced, in manufactures, +agriculture and commerce, by overlookers, bailiffs and shopmen. + +In countries like France, where the peasants constitute far more +than half of the population, it was natural that writers who +sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, should use, +in their criticism of the bourgeois regime, the standard of the +peasant and petty bourgeois, and from the standpoint of these +intermediate classes should take up the cudgels for the working +class. Thus arose petty-bourgeois Socialism. Sismondi was the +head of this school, not only in France but also in England. + +This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the +contradictions in the conditions of modern production. It laid +bare the hypocritical apologies of economists. It proved, +incontrovertibly, the disastrous effects of machinery and +division of labour; the concentration of capital and land in a +few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the +inevitable ruin of the petty bourgeois and peasant, the misery of +the proletariat, the anarchy in production, the crying +inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the industrial war of +extermination between nations, the dissolution of old moral +bonds, of the old family relations, of the old nationalities. + +In its positive aims, however, this form of Socialism aspires +either to restoring the old means of production and of exchange, +and with them the old property relations, and the old society, or +to cramping the modern means of production and of exchange, +within the framework of the old property relations that have +been, and were bound to be, exploded by those means. In either +case, it is both reactionary and Utopian. + +Its last words are: corporate guilds for manufacture, +patriarchal relations in agriculture. + +Ultimately, when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all +intoxicating effects of self-deception, this form of Socialism +ended in a miserable fit of the blues. + + +C. German, or "True," Socialism + +The Socialist and Communist literature of France, a literature +that originated under the pressure of a bourgeoisie in power, and +that was the expression of the struggle against this power, was +introduced into Germany at a time when the bourgeoisie, in that +country, had just begun its contest with feudal absolutism. + +German philosophers, would-be philosophers, and beaux esprits, +eagerly seized on this literature, only forgetting, that when +these writings immigrated from France into Germany, French social +conditions had not immigrated along with them. In contact with +German social conditions, this French literature lost all its +immediate practical significance, and assumed a purely literary +aspect. Thus, to the German philosophers of the eighteenth +century, the demands of the first French Revolution were nothing +more than the demands of "Practical Reason" in general, and the +utterance of the will of the revolutionary French bourgeoisie +signified in their eyes the law of pure Will, of Will as it was +bound to be, of true human Will generally. + +The world of the German literate consisted solely in bringing +the new French ideas into harmony with their ancient +philosophical conscience, or rather, in annexing the French ideas +without deserting their own philosophic point of view. + +This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign +language is appropriated, namely, by translation. + +It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic +Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of +ancient heathendom had been written. The German literate +reversed this process with the profane French literature. They +wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original. +For instance, beneath the French criticism of the economic +functions of money, they wrote "Alienation of Humanity," and +beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois State they wrote +"dethronement of the Category of the General," and so forth. + +The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of +the French historical criticisms they dubbed "Philosophy of +Action," "True Socialism," "German Science of Socialism," +"Philosophical Foundation of Socialism," and so on. + +The French Socialist and Communist literature was thus +completely emasculated. And, since it ceased in the hands of the +German to express the struggle of one class with the other, he +felt conscious of having overcome "French one-sidedness" and of +representing, not true requirements, but the requirements of +truth; +not the interests of the proletariat, but the interests of Human +Nature, +of Man in general, who belongs to no class, has no reality, who +exists +only in the misty realm of philosophical fantasy. + +This German Socialism, which took its schoolboy task so seriously +and solemnly, and extolled its poor stock-in-trade in such +mountebank fashion, meanwhile gradually lost its pedantic +innocence. + +The fight of the German, and especially, of the Prussian +bourgeoisie, +against feudal aristocracy and absolute monarchy, in other words, +the liberal movement, became more earnest. + +By this, the long wished-for opportunity was offered to "True" +Socialism of confronting the political movement with the +Socialist demands, of hurling the traditional anathemas against +liberalism, against representative government, against bourgeois +competition, bourgeois freedom of the press, bourgeois +legislation, bourgeois liberty and equality, and of preaching to +the masses that they had nothing to gain, and everything to lose, +by this bourgeois movement. German Socialism forgot, in the nick +of time, that the French criticism, whose silly echo it was, +presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society, with its +corresponding economic conditions of existence, and the political +constitution adapted thereto, the very things whose attainment +was the object of the pending struggle in Germany. + +To the absolute governments, with their following of parsons, +professors, country squires and officials, it served as a welcome +scarecrow against the threatening bourgeoisie. + +It was a sweet finish after the bitter pills of floggings and +bullets with which these same governments, just at that time, +dosed the German working-class risings. + +While this "True" Socialism thus served the governments as a +weapon for fighting the German bourgeoisie, it, at the same time, +directly represented a reactionary interest, the interest of the +German Philistines. In Germany the petty-bourgeois class, a +relic of the sixteenth century, and since then constantly +cropping up again under various forms, is the real social basis +of the existing state of things. + +To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of +things in Germany. The industrial and political supremacy of the +bourgeoisie threatens it with certain destruction; on the one +hand, from the concentration of capital; on the other, from the +rise of a revolutionary proletariat. "True" Socialism appeared +to +kill these two birds with one stone. It spread like an epidemic. + +The robe of speculative cobwebs, embroidered with flowers of +rhetoric, steeped in the dew of sickly sentiment, this +transcendental robe in which the German Socialists wrapped their +sorry "eternal truths," all skin and bone, served to wonderfully +increase the sale of their goods amongst such a public. + +And on its part, German Socialism recognised, more and more, its +own calling as the bombastic representative of the petty- +bourgeois Philistine. + +It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation, and the +German petty Philistine to be the typical man. To every +villainous meanness of this model man it gave a hidden, higher, +Socialistic interpretation, the exact contrary of its real +character. It went to the extreme length of directly opposing +the "brutally destructive" tendency of Communism, and of +proclaiming its supreme and impartial contempt of all class +struggles. With very few exceptions, all the so-called Socialist +and Communist publications that now (1847) circulate in Germany +belong to the domain of this foul and enervating literature. + + +2. CONSERVATIVE, OR BOURGEOIS, SOCIALISM + +A part of the bourgeoisie is desirous of redressing social +grievances, in order to secure the continued existence of +bourgeois society. + +To this section belong economists, philanthropists, +humanitarians, improvers of the condition of the working class, +organisers of charity, members of societies for the prevention of +cruelty to animals, temperance fanatics, hole-and-corner +reformers of every imaginable kind. This form of Socialism has, +moreover, been worked out into complete systems. + +We may site Proudhon's Philosophie de la Misere as an example of +this form. + +The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern +social conditions without the struggles and dangers necessarily +resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society +minus its revolutionary and disintegrating elements. They wish +for a bourgeoisie without a proletariat. The bourgeoisie +naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the +best; and bourgeois Socialism develops this comfortable +conception into various more or less complete systems. In +requiring the proletariat to carry out such a system, and thereby +to march straightway into the social New Jerusalem, it but +requires in reality, that the proletariat should remain within +the bounds of existing society, but should cast away all its +hateful ideas concerning the bourgeoisie. + +A second and more practical, but less systematic, form of this +Socialism sought to depreciate every revolutionary movement in +the eyes of the working class, by showing that no mere political +reform, but only a change in the material conditions of +existence, in economic relations, could be of any advantage to +them. By changes in the material conditions of existence, this +form of Socialism, however, by no means understands abolition of +the bourgeois relations of production, an abolition that can be +effected only by a revolution, but administrative reforms, based +on the continued existence of these relations; reforms, +therefore, that in no respect affect the + +relations between capital and labour, but, at the best, lessen +the cost, and simplify the administrative work, of bourgeois +government. + +Bourgeois Socialism attains adequate expression, when, and only +when, it becomes a mere figure of speech. + +Free trade: for the benefit of the working class. Protective +duties: for the benefit of the working class. Prison Reform: for +the benefit of the working class. This is the last word and the +only seriously meant word of bourgeois Socialism. + +It is summed up in the phrase: the bourgeois is a bourgeois -- +for the benefit of the working class. + + +3. CRITICAL-UTOPIAN SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM + +We do not here refer to that literature which, in every great +modern revolution, has always given voice to the demands of the +proletariat, such as the writings of Babeuf and others. + +The first direct attempts of the proletariat to attain its own +ends, made in times of universal excitement, when feudal society +was being overthrown, these attempts necessarily failed, owing to +the then undeveloped state of the proletariat, as well as to the +absence of the economic conditions for its emancipation, +conditions that had yet to be produced, and could be produced by +the impending bourgeois epoch alone. The revolutionary +literature +that accompanied these first movements of the proletariat had +necessarily a reactionary character. It inculcated universal +asceticism and social levelling in its crudest form. + +The Socialist and Communist systems properly so called, those of +Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen and others, spring into existence in +the early undeveloped period, described above, of the struggle +between proletariat and bourgeoisie (see Section 1. Bourgeois +and Proletarians). + +The founders of these systems see, indeed, the class antagonisms, +as well as the action of the decomposing elements, in the +prevailing +form of society. But the proletariat, as yet in its infancy, +offers +to them the spectacle of a class without any historical +initiative +or any independent political movement. + +Since the development of class antagonism keeps even pace with +the development of industry, the economic situation, as they find +it, does not as yet offer to them the material conditions for the +emancipation of the proletariat. They therefore search after a +new social science, after new social laws, that are to create +these conditions. + +Historical action is to yield to their personal inventive +action, historically created conditions of emancipation to +fantastic ones, and the gradual, spontaneous class-organisation +of the proletariat to the organisation of society specially +contrived by these inventors. Future history resolves itself, in +their eyes, into the propaganda and the practical carrying out of +their social plans. + +In the formation of their plans they are conscious of caring +chiefly for the interests of the working class, as being the most +suffering class. Only from the point of view of being the most +suffering class does the proletariat exist for them. + +The undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their +own surroundings, causes Socialists of this kind to consider +themselves far superior to all class antagonisms. They want to +improve the condition of every member of society, even that of +the most favoured. Hence, they habitually appeal to society at +large, without distinction of class; nay, by preference, to the +ruling class. For how can people, when once they understand +their system, fail to see in it the best possible plan of the +best possible state of society? + +Hence, they reject all political, and especially all +revolutionary, +action; they wish to attain their ends by peaceful means, and +endeavour, +by small experiments, necessarily doomed to failure, and by the +force of +example, to pave the way for the new social Gospel. + +Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a time +when the proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has +but a fantastic conception of its own position correspond with +the first instinctive yearnings of that class for a general +reconstruction of society. + +But these Socialist and Communist publications contain also a +critical element. They attack every principle of existing +society. Hence they are full of the most valuable materials for +the enlightenment of the working class. The practical measures +proposed in them -- -such as the abolition of the distinction +between town and country, of the family, of the carrying on of +industries for the account of private individuals, and of the +wage system, the proclamation of social harmony, the conversion +of the functions of the State into a mere superintendence of +production, all these proposals, point solely to the +disappearance +of class antagonisms which were, at that time, only just cropping +up, +and which, in these publications, are recognised in their +earliest, +indistinct and undefined forms only. These proposals, therefore, +are of a purely Utopian character. + +The significance of Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism +bears an inverse relation to historical development. In +proportion as the modern class struggle develops and takes +definite shape, this fantastic standing apart from the contest, +these fantastic attacks on it, lose all practical value and all +theoretical justification. Therefore, although the originators +of these systems were, in many respects, revolutionary, their +disciples have, in every case, formed mere reactionary sects. +They hold fast by the original views of their masters, in +opposition to the progressive historical development of the +proletariat. They, therefore, endeavour, and that consistently, +to deaden the class struggle and to reconcile the class +antagonisms. They still dream of experimental realisation of +their social Utopias, of founding isolated "phalansteres," of +establishing "Home Colonies," of setting up a "Little Icaria" -- +duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem -- and to realise all +these castles in the air, they are compelled to appeal to the +feelings and purses of the bourgeois. By degrees they sink into +the category of the reactionary conservative Socialists depicted +above, differing from these only by more systematic pedantry, and +by their fanatical and superstitious belief in the miraculous +effects of their social science. + +They, therefore, violently oppose all political action on the +part of the working class; such action, according to them, can +only result from blind unbelief in the new Gospel. + +The Owenites in England, and the Fourierists in France, +respectively, oppose the Chartists and the Reformistes. + + + +IV. POSITION OF THE COMMUNISTS IN RELATION TO THE +VARIOUS EXISTING OPPOSITION PARTIES + +Section II has made clear the relations of the Communists to the +existing working-class parties, such as the Chartists in England +and the Agrarian Reformers in America. + +The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, +for the enforcement of the momentary interests of the working +class; but in the movement of the present, they also represent +and take care of the future of that movement. In France the +Communists ally themselves with the Social-Democrats, against the +conservative and radical bourgeoisie, reserving, however, the +right to take up a critical position in regard to phrases and +illusions traditionally handed down from the great Revolution. + +In Switzerland they support the Radicals, without losing sight +of the fact that this party consists of antagonistic elements, +partly of Democratic Socialists, in the French sense, partly of +radical bourgeois. + +In Poland they support the party that insists on an agrarian +revolution as the prime condition for national emancipation, that +party which fomented the insurrection of Cracow in 1846. + +In Germany they fight with the bourgeoisie whenever it acts in a +revolutionary way, against the absolute monarchy, the feudal +squirearchy, and the petty bourgeoisie. + +But they never cease, for a single instant, to instil into the +working class the clearest possible recognition of the hostile +antagonism between bourgeoisie and proletariat, in order that the +German workers may straightaway use, as so many weapons against +the bourgeoisie, the social and political conditions that the +bourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along with its supremacy, +and in order that, after the fall of the reactionary classes in +Germany, the fight against the bourgeoisie itself may immediately +begin. + +The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because +that country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is +bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of +European civilisation, and with a much more developed +proletariat, than that of England was in the seventeenth, and of +France in the eighteenth century, and because the bourgeois +revolution in Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately +following proletarian revolution. + +In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary +movement against the existing social and political order of +things. + +In all these movements they bring to the front, as the leading +question in each, the property question, no matter what its +degree of development at the time. + +Finally, they labour everywhere for the union and agreement of +the democratic parties of all countries. + +The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. +They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by +the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. +Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. +The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. +They have a world to win. + + + WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE! + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mansonms.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mansonms.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddc982e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mansonms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +Axl Rose, lead singer of Guns N' Roses, has introduced +convicted mass murderer Charlie Manson to a generation of young +fans. Over the objections of other members of G N'R, Rose included +a version of a song by Manson, _Look at Your Game, Girl_, on their +new album, _The Spaghetti Incident?_ Audible on the album after +the unlisted song is Axl heaving a sigh and saying, "Thanks, +Chazz." Manson stands to earn $62,000 for every million copies of +the album sold. Thankfully, the album seems to be sinking swiftly +in sales. + +Most of the controversy over the recording has focused on +Manson's leadership of the group that killed actress Sharon Tate, +then pregnant, and six others in 1969. He was convicted of seven +counts of murder, and separately found guilty of murdering a stunt +man and a musician. The Doris Tate Crime Victims Bureau, named for +the actress's mother, has called for a boycott of Geffen Records. + + But did you know about Manson's nazi beliefs and practices +both prior to and after his arrest for the Tate mass murder? +Manson has often been photographed with a self-inscribed swastika +tattoo. His avowed purpose in planning the killings was to blame +them on blacks and try to foment an apocalyptic race war. Even +inside prison, Manson continued to associate with neo-nazis. + + In 1982, Manson was visited repeatedly at Vacaville prison by +northern California nazi leader Perry "Red" Warthan. Warthan +shortly thereafter killed one of his own teen-age followers, Joe +Hoover, after Hoover admitted that he and other members of +Warthan's band had stuffed racist flyers into lockers at Oroville, +CA High School. Support for Manson was part of Warthan's program +in seeking to organize a group of youthful neo-nazis. In June, +1983 Warthan was sentenced to prison for murdering Hoover, whom he +called a race traitor and informant who deserved to die. + + Manson's earnings from the G N'R song are supposed to go to +the son of one of his victims, under the terms of a 1971 court +order. But Manson has pocketed most of the money he made over his +years in prison, including tens of thousands of dollars for +interviews and cash sent in by supporters and fans. + + Ignoring his nazism, "Satanism" and mass murders--or perhaps +glorifying him because of it--young fans have made Manson a cult +figure, and exploitative entrepreneurs have rushed in to make a +quick buck. Manson shirts, dresses, and children's clothes are +available. Some are bootlegged, but at least one, which Axl Rose +popularized by wearing on Guns N' Roses last tour, is officially +licensed by Manson himself. + + The T-shirt is produced in southern California by the Lemmons +brothers of Zooport Riot Gear in Newport Beach and pays Manson ten +cents for each shirt. Dan Lemmons of Zooport told the press, + + "There's a good side to Charlie that hasn't gotton out...Kids + today don't look at Charlie Manson as a mass murderer. He's + like a rebellious figure." + + Perhaps it is the neo-nazi nature of Manson's rebelliousness that +makes him such an appealing figure to the Lemmons brothers. They +are giving "a good chunk of the proceeds" from the Manson shirt--- +they won't say exactly how much--- to Randall Terry's anti- +abortion group ["Opperation 'Rescue'"]. + +In defending the shirt, which shows Manson and the slogan "Charlie +Don't Surf", Lemmons said to the _San Francisco Examiner_, + + "People get all worked up over some murders that happened almost + 25 years ago. Why not be concerned with the babies who are + murdered in the U.S. every year." + +This comment was made in reference to his anti-abortion beliefs. +The Lemmons also referred to Manson as a philanthropist and +environmentalist. Manson's "environmentalism" is probably akin +to the anti-immigrant, preserve the white-man's land variety +preached by neo-nazi Tom Metzger. + + Axl Rose and Guns N'Roses were promoted heavily by Metzger and +WAR when, on an early album, they recorded lyrics attacking gays +and immigrants. Rose claimed at the time that he was only singing, +and that his views were not racist. But with the flap over Manson, +and his promotion of the shirt which is benefitting both neo-nazi +murderer Manson and the Christian-fascistic Operation Rescue, Axl +Rose's true colors are showing through. + + What is the justification for a musician glorifying a man who +killed a musician? What is the hypocrisy of abortion opponents +promoting a man whose followers stabbed a pregnant woman to death, +killing her after she pleaded for the life of her unborn child, +stabbing her in the abdomen with a fork? What is the popularity +among young rock fans of a man whose nazi associate murdered a +teenaged band member for confessing to circulating racist flyers? + + This is the sinister appeal of the irrational that promotes +what Wilhelm Reich referred to as "the mass psychology of fascism." +It is rooted in racism, hatred of women's independence, and a +desire for fascist authority disguised as "rebelliousness." Only +an intense cultural and social struggle among young white people +will overcome these unhealthy tendencies. + +___-- + +Reprinted from Turning the Tide, a bi-monthly journal of anti- +racist activism, research, and education available from P.A.R.T. +(People Against Racist Terror), PO Box 1990 Burbank, CA 91507 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mansonsy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mansonsy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20117e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mansonsy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +TOPIC: LIFE OF CHARLES MANSON + + Charles Milles Manson was born on November 12,1934. His +birthday was later changed to the eleventh because it is Armistice day +and was easier to remember. Charles was born in Cinncinatti, Ohio and +was the son of a sixteen year old prostitute named Kathle en Madox. She +married a man, William Manson just long enough to provide a last name +for her son. While Charles was growing up his mother was frequently in +and out of prison. During the times she was in prison he stayed with +his aunt who thought all things to be sins butt still gave him enough +love to survive. he was only eight years old. Up until the age of +twelve he lived a life of run down hotel rooms and new "uncles" with +whom his mother drank heavily. In 1947 he was placed in a foster home +and he kep t running away from them only to steal, return to his mother +and to return to his firends homes. most of the times he ran away he +was caught only to be sent into a school for delinquints and was in and +out of institutions for a while. He was finally sent to jail on +October 24, 1951 and he turned seventeen that november. He displayed +great behavior but less than a months time before being paroled he held +a razor blade against another boys throught while sodomizing him. On +may 8, 1954 he was granted parole and he was 19. Charles had spent 17 +years, almost half his life, in prison by the age of 32. While in +prison he claimed the religion of scientology which is based upon the +book dianetics by L. Ron Hubbard. While in prison it is said that he +obtained the title Theta-Clear and that is te highest title and when +obtained you are one with the universe, at peace with nature. Finally +he got out of prison and he started what would become his family. he +starte3d by pimping women and then collecting more and more people off +the streets. Charles had picked up some male members too and they were +only kept around because they attracted women. after a while they moved +to sphan ranch in california and when that happened Charlie told about +Helter Skelter which would be an all out war between the blacks and +whites. He felt that the blacks would come out triumphant and he would +be in a hole in the desert and then ol blackie would come to him and he +would say "what do i do now i don't know how to rule the world?" and +Charl ie would take his "familt with him out of the hole and they would +rule the world. I'ts strange that he got the word Helter Skelter for it +ariginated in England and means a slide. well then he started killing +and when he was done it was estimated at about 30-40 people dead due to +his family and then he went on trial and he was scentenced and is on +death row if you want to write to him his adress is : + + CHARLES MANSON + CA MEDICAL FACILTIY + VACAVILLE, CA 95688 + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/market.txt b/politicalTextFiles/market.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..303568f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/market.txt @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +I found this gem... take a look. +Kaya #78 @7 +Wed Sep 30 17:23:29 1992 + + + +(The following modest proposal was first posted several years ago to +one of the talk.politics groups. For those who enjoyed the saga of +BioHarvest, I hope you'll like this, too.) + + +Access to Food Must Be Equal! + +The Bush Administration is proposing radical changes in the way food +has been purchased by Americans for the past hundred years. +Agriculture Secretary Clayton Yeutter is floating the idea of a +"voucher" system for groceries which would allow families to make +their food and beverage purchases at any supermarket, regardless of +location. Allowing this kind of choice would destroy the system which +has made America so competitive today! + +Equality of access to food, regardless of income or personal wishes, +has long been the hallmark of our food distribution system. Every +family knows which food district it is in and where its assigned +supermarket is, just as it knows which school district it is in and +which schools are in the district. Citizens elect members of the +District Food Boards, thus assuring democratic input into the food +distribution process. And parents are urged--without much success, I +might add--to join their regional Grocer-Parent Association (GPA) to +further ensure a wholesome food selection for their children. + +It should be noted that temporary shortages of such basic products as +milk, real, and high-fiber bread have almost become a thing of the +past, despite criticism from so-called libertarians that a free market +would eliminate all shortages (doubtful). It is true that some luxury +food items remain unavailable, but is it fair for some to eat quiche +while others can't get sushi? And we applaud the recent progress by +State Food Boards in eliminating unhealthful foods from the diet of +Americans. This progress would likely be undone if people were free +to choose their food stores. + +Consider the implications of free choice of supermarkets. The "food +voucher" system proposed by these nutritional anarchists would surely +encourage some supermarkets to offer needless luxuries and variety of +choice so as to lure gullible families into spending their food +vouchers at these stores. What would then happen is that some stores +would begin to cater to the tastes of these consumers and so become +more popular. This would draw even more shoppers, resulting in a kind +of spiraling prosperity for these opportunistic, greedy stores. +However, the remaining stores--no doubt disproportionately located in +inner cities and other poor areas--would suffer lost business and so +would be less able to provide the luxuries sought by selfish shoppers. +Some of these stores would obviously close, thus causing hunger and +unemployment in the affected regions. People of color and victims of +the class struggle would thus carry the burden of rampant capitalism, +as they have for thousands of years. + +Every American has the right to an equal share of the pie, regardless of +their income or personal spending habits. Say no to deregulation of +supermarkets! Competition just isn't the American way. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mason_bi.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mason_bi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfe6548 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mason_bi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +FREEMASONRY : Some Basics & a Partial Bibliography +-------------------------------------------------- + The earliest known use of the word "freemason" is +encountered in the London Assize of Wages, 1212 CE. +The first reference to a Mason's Lodge is found in +1277, and to "Freemasonry," in an English building +contract of 1436. + The oldest Masonic Document is the Regius MS., +circa 1390. the first use of the word "Freemason" in +print was in 1563, in a book entitled 'Dives Pragmaticus.' +The first extended printed account of Freemasonry +appears in Plot's 'Natural History Of Staffordshire', +Oxford, 1686, pp. 316-18. The first Masonic book is +known as the "Roberts Constitutions," printed and sold +by J. Roberts in London, 1722. The first Official +Masonic book is Anderson's 'The Constitutions of the +Free-Masons', London, 1723, of which Benjamin Franklin +(a Mason) published a reprint in Philadelphia in 1734, +it being the first American Masonic Book. + The first duly constituted Lodge in America was The +First Lodge of Boston (still in existance as St. John's +Lodge), constituted July 30, 1733 by Henry Price of +Boston. The first native-born American to be made a +Mason was Jonathan Belcher, born in Boston in 1681, and +made a Mason in Europe in 1704. He was governor of both +Massachusetts and New Hampshire from 1730 to 1741. + Just slighly shy of one half of the 56 signers of the +Declaration of Independence were Masons; 31 of the 55 +Delegates to the Constitutional Convention were Masons; +so were many of Washington's Generals. + Promiment famous masons of History include: Paul Revere, +John hancock, Joseph Warren, George Washington, James +Monroe, Andrew Jackson, James K. polk, James Buchanan, +Andrew Johnson, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, +Theodore Roosevelt, WIlliam Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding, +Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon Baines +Johnson and Gerald R. Ford. + +PUBLIC LIBRARY BOOKS +-------------------- +These are books available from Macoy Publishing & Masonic +Supply Co., PO Box 9759, Richmond VA 23228 and are evidently +available in many libraries across the country. + +Freemason's Guide and Compendium. Bernard E. Jones. +What Masonry Means. William E. Hammond. +A Comprehensive View of Freemasonry. Henry Wilson Coil. +Famous Masons and Masonic Presidents. H.L. Haywood. +The Builders. Joseph Fort Newton. +Introduction to Freemasonry. Carl H. Claudy. +The Great Teachings of Masonry. H.L. Haywood. +House Undivided : The story of Freemasonry and the Civil + War. Allen E. Roberts. +Freemasonry Through Six Centuries (2 vols). Henry WIlson + Coil. +The Craft and Its Symbols. Allen E. Roberts. + + +MASONIC BIBLIOGRAPHY : THE NOT-SO-EASY-TO-FIND-BOOKS! +----------------------------------------------------- +Many of the following books are not as easy to find as +those I mentioned in my last post on the subject, either +they are extremely rare in the public sector or in many +cases long out of print except internally to the +organization itself. This list is in no way a complete +listing of books on the subject - The internally used +library (such as that in The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts) +is huge in comparison and includes books, news clippings +and internal records not accessable to the public by any +known means. These books here actually represent what +American Freemasons use as a preliminary reading list for +candidates for the degrees within Masonry. + +Anderson's Constitutions of 1723. 1924. +Bailey. The Spirit Of Masonry. 1957. +Baird. Great American Masons. 1924. +Banner. These Men Were Masons. 1934. +Bede. 5-15 Minutes Talks. 1972. +Blake. Masonic Lodge Methods. 1953. +Boston. Saint John's Lodge. history of Saint John's Lodge of + Boston. 1917. +Brown. Freemasonry in Virginia (1733-1936). 1936. + Highlights of Templar History. 1944. + The Fourth Gospel and The Eighteenth Degree. 1956. +Carter. Masonry in Texas. 1955. +Cerza. A Masonic Thought For Each Day of The Year. 1971. +Chailley. The Magic Flute, Masonic Opera. 1971. +Claudy. Introduction to Freemasonry. [3v] 1953. + A Master's Wages. 1924. + Foreign Countries. 1925. + Old Tiler Talks. 1925. + Masonic Harvest. 1948. + The Old Past Master. 1924. + The Master's Book. 1935. +Coil. A Comprehensive View of Freemasonry. 1954. + Freemasonry Through Six Centuries. 1966. + Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia. 1961. +Coulton. Medieval Faith and Symbolism. 1958. +Darrah. The Evolution of Freemasonry. 1920. +Denslow. Freemasonry in the Western Hemisphere. 1953. + Masonic Rites and Degrees. 1955. + Freemasonry and The American Indian. 1956. +Deutsch. From Whence Came You? 1958. +Everskull. The Temples in Jerusalem. 1946. +Foss. Three Centuries of Freemasonry in New Hampshire. 1972. +Glick. A Treasury of Masonic Thought. 1953. +Gould. The Concise History of Freemasonry. 1924. + Military Lodges. 1899. +Hall. The Lost Keys of Freemasonry. 1931. +Hammond. What Masonry Means. 1939. +Harvey. "Not Made with Hands". 1958. +Haywood & Craig. A History of Freemasonry. 1927. + More About Masonry. 1948. + Masonic Essays. 1963. + The Newly-Made Mason. 1948. + Symbolic Masonry : an Interpetation of the three degrees. + 1923. + The Great Teachings of Masonry. 1923. + Famous Masons. 1944. +Hills. The Freemason's Craft. 1932. +Horne. King Solomon's Temple in the Masonic Tradition. 1972. +Hughan. The Old charges of British Freemasons. 1895. +Hunt. Some Thoughts on Masonic Symbolism. 1930. +Hunter. A Study of an Interpretation of the Regius Manuscript, + The Earliest Masonic Document. 1952. +Johnson. The Begining of Freemasonry in America. 1924. + One Common Purpose. 1937. + The Lure of Freemasonry. 1936. +Jones. Freemason's Guide and Compendium. 1950. +Kidd. Early Freemasonry in Williamsburg Virginia. 1957. +Knoop & Jones. The Genesis of Freemasonry. 1947. + Introduction to Freemasonry. 1933. + The Medieval Mason. 1967. +Lanier. Masonry and Citizenship. 1921. +Lawrence. Sidelights on Freemasonry. 1909. + Highways & By-Ways of Freemasonry. 1924. + The Keystone and Other Essays on Freemasonry. 1913. + The Perfect Ashlar and other Masonic Symbols. 1912. +Lindsay. The Scottish Rite for Scotland. 1958. +MacBride. Speculative Masonry : Its Mission, Its Evolution + and its Landmarks. 1914. +Mackey. Symbolism of Freemasonry. 1921. + Mackey's Masonic Jurisprudence; 10th ed. 1927. + Encyclopedia of Freemasonry.[3v] revised and supplemented + by Robert I. Clegg and H.L. Haywood. 1946. +Martin & Callaghan. The Treasury of Masonic Thought. 1924. +Masonry and Americanism. 1924. +Morse. Freemasonry in the American Revolution. 1924. +Museum of Our National Heritage. Masonic Symbols in American + Decorative Arts. 1976. +Nettl. Mozart and Masonry. 1957. +Newton. Modern Masonry. 1924. + The Builders : a Story and study of Masonry. 1951. + Short Talks on Masonry. 1928. + The Men's House. 1923. + The Great Light in Masonry. 1924. + The Three Degrees and Great Symbols of Masonry. 1924. + The Religion of Masonry. 1927. +Oppenheim. The Jews and Masonry in the United States Before 1810. + 1910. +Perry. Masonic Addresses. 1938-40. + The Masonic Way of Life. 1968. +Pick & Knight. The Pocket history of Freemasonry. 1969. +Pike. The Meaning of Masonry. 1924. +Poage. Masonic Meditations. 1925. +Poole. The Old Charges. 1924. +Pound. Masonic Addresses and Writings. 1953. + Lectures on Masonic Jurisprudence. 1924. +Robbins. English-Speaking Freemasonry. 1930. +Roberts. The Craft and its Symbols. 1974. +Roth. Masonry in the Formation of our Goverment. 1927. +Roy. Stalwart Builders, a History of the Grand Lodge of Masons + in Massachusetts 1733-1978. 1980. + Dare We Be Masons. 1966. +Shepherd. The Landmarks of Freemasonry. 1924. +Snodgrass. The History of Freemasonry in Tennessee. 1944. +Steiner. Masonry Illustrated. 1953. +Steinmetz. Freemasonry : Its Hidden Meaning. 1948. + The Lost Word : Its Hidden Meaning. 1953. + The Royal Arch : Its Hidden Meaning. 1946. +Stewart. Symbolic Teachings; or, Masonry and Its Message. 1923. +Street. Symbolism of The Three Degrees. 1922. +Tatsch. Short Readings in Masonic History. 1926. + Free Masonry in the Thirteen Colonies. 1933. + The Facts ABout George Washington as a Freemason; 1932. +Taylor & Beach. Historical Sketch of the Grand Lodge of Masons + in Massachusetts from its beginings in 1733 to the + present time. 1973. +Vibert. Freemasonry Before the Existance of Grand Lodges. 1916. +Voorhis. Masonic Rosicrutian Socities. 1958. +Vrooman & Roberts. Sword & Trowel. 1964. +Ward. Freemasonry : Its Aims and Ideals. 1923. +Wiest. Freemasonry in AMerican COurts. 1958. +Wilmhurst. The Meaning of Masonry. 1922. +Wright. The Ethics of Freemasonry. 1924. + Robert Burns and His Masonic Circle. 1929. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mayfl11.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mayfl11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99e31fc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mayfl11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +The Mayflower Compact + +November 11, 1620 [This was November 21, old style calendar] + +In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, +the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, +by the Grace of God, of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, +King, Defender of the Faith, &c. + +Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of +the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, +a Voyage to plant the first colony in the Northerne Parts +of Virginia; doe, by these Presents, solemnly and mutually +in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and +combine ourselves together into a civill Body Politick, +for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance +of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof do enact, +constitute, and frame, such just and equall Laws, Ordinances, +Acts, Constitutions, and Offices, from time to time, +as shall be thought most meete and convenient for the +Generall Good of the Colonie; unto which we promise +all due Submission and Obedience. + +In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names +at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Raigne of our +Sovereigne Lord, King James of England, France, and Ireland, +the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the fiftie-fourth, +Anno. Domini, 1620. + +Mr. John Carver Mr. Stephen Hopkins +Mr. William Bradford Digery Priest +Mr. Edward Winslow Thomas Williams +Mr. William Brewster Gilbert Winslow +Isaac Allerton Edmund Margesson +Miles Standish Peter Brown +John Alden Richard Bitteridge +John Turner George Soule +Francis Eaton Edward Tilly +James Chilton John Tilly +John Craxton Francis Cooke +John Billington Thomas Rogers +Joses Fletcher Thomas Tinker +John Goodman John Ridgate +Mr. Samuel Fuller Edward Fuller +Mr. Christopher Martin Richard Clark +Mr. William Mullins Richard Gardiner +Mr. William White Mr. John Allerton +Mr. Richard Warren Thomas English +John Howland Edward Doten +Edward Liester + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mbrown.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mbrown.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3107b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mbrown.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +The following is a letter written by Dr. James Dobson, Ph.D., concerning +Dan Quayle's infamous "Murphy Brown" speech. Dr. Dobson is the founder of +Focus on The Family, a Christian group which attempts to help Americans +discover the significance of a strong family in our society. Read the +letter, and then see if Quayle's speech was so funny. + +June 1992 + +Dear Friends, + ...Historically, we in North America have been indifferent to our +government's family policies. But that has changed radically since 1980. +Here in the United States, where the Presidential election is still nearly +five months away, the family and its moral upderpinnings are consistently +in the headlines. All of the candidates for the White House have been +addressing this concern in one way or another these past few weeks. +However, none of their pronouncements created much of a splash. None, that +is, until Vice President Dan Quayle's speech on May 20 in which he +criticized the Murphy Brown television show for glamorizing unwed +motherhood. That's when the media went into its familiar feeding frenzy. +And what a feast it was. + + David Letterman and a host of standup comedians tried to make Quayle +look like the world's biggest fool. Johnny Carson thanked the V.P. +mockingly for making his last week on the Tonight Show so easy. Barbara +Reynolds, columnist for USA Today, wrote with surprising venom: "Murphy +Brown or Dan Quayle? Which one is the most wretched excuse for a role +model in this country?" Ellen Snortland snorted in the L.A. Times, +"Traditionally family values is a right-wing euphemism for `a white +family where Daddy's the boss.'... Our country's government is not +pro-motherhood or even pro-parenthood. It's anit-choice, pro-married +and in favor of 'traditional motherhood' because the guys in government +want the old fairy-tale days back." + + CNN's Bernard Shaw, NBC's Andrea Mitchell and ABC's Peter Jennings +each took swipes at the Vice President. The New York Daily News carried +the headline "QUAYLE TO MURPHY BROWN: YOU TRAMP!" In Philadelphia it +was, "MURPHY HAS A BABY...QUAYLE HAS A COW." Matt Groening, the creator +of Fox's "The Simpsons," said, "You don't have to make up jokes about +Dan Quayle anymore. The real thing is too funny." + + Well just how funny was the real thing? Casual observers may not know +that the Vice President's comment about Murphy Brown represented a single +sentence in a seven-page speech that went largely unreported. Perhaps it +would be enlightening to read the context in which the remark was made. I +invite you to evaluate the following excerpts, which Hollywood and the +media considered to be the most stupid speech in recent memory. Judge +for yourself: + +________________________________________________________________________ + ...right now, the failure of our families is hurting America deeply. +When families fall, society falls. The anarchy and lack of structure in +our families inner cities are testament to how quickly civilization falls +apart when the family foundation cracks. Children need love and +discipline. The need mothers and fathers. A welfare check is not a +husband. The state is not a father. It is from parents that children +come to understand values and themselves as men and women, mothers and +fathers. + + And for those concerned about children growing up in poverty, we +should know this: marriage is probably the best anti-poverty program of +all. Among families headed by married couples today, there is a poverty +rate of 5.7 percent. But 33.4 percent of families headed by a single +mother are in poverty today. + + Nature abhors a vacuum. Where there are no mature, responsible +men around to teach boys how to become good men, gangs serve in their +place. In fact, gangs have become a surrogate family for much of a +generation of inner-city boys. I recently visited with some former +gang members in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In a private meeting, they +told me why the had joined gangs. These teenage boys said that gangs +gave them a sense of security. The made them feel wanted, and useful. +They got support from their friends. And they said, "It was like having +a family." "Like family" --unfortunately, that says it all. + + The system perpetuates itself as these young men father children +whom they have no intention of caring for, by women whose welfare checks +support them. Teenage girls, mired in the same hopelessness, lack +sufficient motive to say no to this trap. + + Answers to our problems won't be easy. + + We can start by dismantling a welfare system that encourages +dependency and subsidizes broken families. We can attach conditions +-- such as school attendance, or work--to welfare. We can limit the +time a recipient gets benefits. We can stop penalizing marriage for +welfare mothers. We can enforce child support payment. + + Ultimately, however, marriage is a moral issue that requires cultural +concensus, and the use of social sanctions. Bearing babies irresponsibly +is simply, wrong. Failure to support children one has fathered is wrong. +We must be unequivocal about this. + + It doesn't help matters when prime time TV has Murphy Brown -- a +character who supposedly epitomizes today's intelligent, highly paid, +professional woman -- mocking the importance of a father, by bearing a +child alone, and calling just another "lifestyle choice." + + I know it is not fashionable to talk about moral values, but we need +to do it. Even though our cultural leaders in Hollywood, network TV +and national newspapers routinely jeer at them, I think that most of us in +this room know that some things are good, and other things are wrong. Now +it's time to make the discussion public. + + It's time to talk again about family, hard work, integrity, and +personal responsibility. We cannot be embarrassed out of our belief that +two parents, married to each other, are better in most cases for children +than one. That honest work is better than hand-outs --or crime. That we +are our brothers' keepers. That it's worth making an effort, even when +rewards aren't immediate. + + So I think the time has come to renew our public commitment to +Judeo-Christian values -- in our churches and synagogues, our civic +organizations and our schools. We are, as our children recite each +morning "one nation under God." That's a useful framework for +acknowledging a duty and an authority higher than our own pleasures and +for personal ambitions. + +_________________________________________________________________________ + + Well that's the substance of Dan Quayle's infamous speech of May 20. +Pretty hilarious stuff, huh? With such funny things coming out of +Washington, comedians need not make up any more jokes about the Vice +President. Carson, Letterman and Arsenio had their monologues prepared +for them. But in the midst of the frivolity, did you notice who didn't +laugh? + + Virtually every poll taken during the firestorm revealed that the +majority of the people agreed with Mr. Quayle. Isn't that interesting? +Hollywood and the press fired every big gun in their mighty arsenal from +ridicule to sarcasm yet the public came out solidly against them! The +Rocky Mountain News recorded over 14,000 calls for Quayle and only 5,000 +against. ... On TV station KCBS in Los Angeles 62 percent agreed Murphy +Brown set a bad example. What this public response indicates is just how +dramatically out of touch the entertainment industry and the media elite +are with the American people. + +... + +Sincerely, + +James C. Dobson, Ph.D. +President \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/md4gun.txt b/politicalTextFiles/md4gun.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a1fee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/md4gun.txt @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ + THE TRUTH ABOUT THE USE OF GUNS IN THE UNITED STATES + + November 23, 1993 + +I came upon the following information through John Grossbohlin, a good friend +of mine who recently attended a gun rights conference in Phoenix, Arizona. +He provided me a pamphlet that was printed by the organization "Doctors for +Integrity in Research and Public Policy." The pamphlet was authored by Edgar +A. Suter, M.D., who is the organization's chair. + + While I have seen much of the information provided in this pamphlet before, +I have seen no other compendium that presents so much so concisely. For this +reason, I have chosen to commit its contents to a computer file so that it +can be distributed more widely. I would hope that each and every person +reading this file would copy it and upload it to various bulletin boards +across the country. I would also hope that you will use its contents widely +in debates, computer BB discussions, letters to the editor, and in +correspondence with your lawmakers. If so, Dr. Suter's efforts and my own +will have proven worthwhile. What follows is the text of Dr. Suter's +excellent pamphlet. + + Regards, + + John Marshall + El Paso, Texas + CompuServe 76366,663 + Prodigy VFCM83A + + +============================================================= + + GUNS: + Facts & + Fallacies + + + Doctors for + Integrity in + Research & + Public Policy + + Edgar A. Suter, MD, Chair + 5201 Norris Canyon Road + Suite 140 + San Ramon, CA 94583 + +"Guns are used defensively by good people 1. to 2.4 million times every year +- lives saved, injuries prevented, medical costs saved, and property +protected" + +Revised 10/27/93 + +-+--------------------------------------------------------- + +POLITICS OR RESEARCH? . . . THE TAXPAYERS PAY + +On the issue of guns and violence, our group has uncovered shocking +incompetence, distortions and outright lies in many major medical journals. +We have discovered it is quite common for TAXPAYER-FUNDED gun control +researchers to fabricate and sculpt their data to bolster their biased and +foregone conclusions. + +The "peer review" process is supposed to prevent the publication of research +that is flawed in method or conclusions. Editorial bias has caused a +breakdown of that review process, allowing publication of much shoddy work +simply because it supported the "politically correct" view. Unusual +showmanship accompanies the announcements of gun prohibition advocates. Why? + +Our group is also concerned that the 1990 Harvard Medical Practice Study - a +sample from New York state - suggests that Americans are five times as likely +to die from a doctor as from a gun. An estimated 150,000 Americans die every +year from medical negligence - over five times as many deaths from doctors as +from guns! A "public health emergency" about which the American Medical +Association is suspiciously silent. Politics, lies or incompetence? + + +THE NUMBERS + +Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop and the Editor in Chief of the Journal +of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Dr. George Lundberg, in a June +10, 1992 JAMA editorial, claimed "one million US inhabitants die prematurely +each year as the result of intentional homicide or suicide." Since an +average of 30,000 Americans die from gunshots each year, JAMA's claim is a +35-FOLD EXAGGERATION. Yet congressmen listen with respect to their testimony +on guns. + +THE "INNOCENT CHILDREN" EXAGGERATION + +Powerful images of children are used to mislead us. Prohibitionists foster +the image of gun deaths of "thousands of innocent children." In order to make +this claim, they have had to include young adults (to age 24) involved in +gang and drug crime - hardly "innocent children." 10 TO 20 TIMES MORE +CHILDREN DIE FROM CAR AND OTHER LEADING CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL DEATHS AS DIE +FROM GUNS - for example, in 1988, compared with 2,608 car, 1,014 drowning, +and 10,094 burn deaths, 123 children (ages 0-10) died from gun accidents. + +THE "43 TIMES" FALLACY + +We have all head that "a gunowner is 43 times more likely to kill a family +member than intruder." How did this fallacy start? In a 1985 article in the +New England Journal of Medicine, Drs. Kellerman and Reay described the proper +way to calculate how many people are saved by guns compared to how many are +hurt by guns. The benefits should include, in the authors' own words, "cased +in which burglars or intruders are wounded or frightened away by the use or +display of a firearm [and] cases in which would-be intruders may have +purposely avoided a house known to be armed..." + +However, when Kellerman and Reay calculated their comparison, they did NOT +include those cases, they only counted the times a homeowner KILLED the +criminal. Because only 0.1% (1 in a 1,000) of defensive gun usage involves +the death of the criminal, KELLERMAN AND REAY UNDERSTATED THE PROTECTIVE +BENEFITS OF FIREARMS BY A FACTOR OF 1,000! They turned the truth on its head! +Why? Kellerman emotionally confessed his anti-gun prejudice at the 1993 HELP +Conference. + +Honest analysis, even by Kellerman and Reay's own standards, shows the "43 +times" comparison to be superficially appealing, but actually a deceitful +contrivance - unfortunately, a lie that is parroted by the well-funded +gun-prohibition lobby and by gullible and biased journalists. + + +THE "POLICE CHIEF'S" FALLACY + +The victim disarmament lobby wants us to believe that it is dangerous to +resist crimes like rape and assault using a gun - but USING A GUN IS ACTUALLY +SAFER THAN NOT RESISTING OR RESISTING WITH LESS POWERFUL MEANS. Defense with +a gun results in fewer injuries (17%) than resisting with less powerful means +(knives, 40%; other weapon, 22%; physical force, 51%; evasion, 35%; etc.) and +in fewer injuries than not resisting at all (25%). + +When a victim is successful in repelling a crime, the victim is unlikely to +report the crime, leaving police to deal only with the unsuccessful attempts +to defend oneself. Since police are exposed to a skewed sample of failure, +they can honestly, though incorrectly, conclude that it is dangerous to +attempt to defend oneself with a gun, the so-called "Police Chief's Fallacy" +named after the former San Jose, CA Police Chief Joseph McNamara, a vocal gun +prohibitionist. + +LICENSING, REGISTRATION, & BANS + +In a 1991 article in the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Colin Loftin +attempted to show that Washington, DC's 1976 ban on new gun sales decreased +murder. Loftin and his co-authors, funded by YOUR tax money from the anti-gun +Centers for Disease Control (CDC), produced a piece of "research" with +several major flaws. Despite these flaws, the editorial board of the New +England Journal of Medicine, known for its anti-gun bias, published the +article anyway. + +Most shocking amongst the dozen flaws: + +* the apparent homicide drop began during 1974, 2 years BEFORE the gun law - +so how could the law be responsible for the temporary drop? + +* if the gun freeze were responsible for the homicide drop, we would expect +the drop to continue - the law hasn't changed, but the overall Washington, DC +homicide rate has skyrocketed to 8 TIMES THE NATIONAL AVERAGE since 1988. + +* justifiable and excusable homicides, including those by police officers, +were treated the same as murders and were not excluded from the study. + +* the study used raw numbers rather than population corrected rates, so did +not correct for the 20% population decrease in Washington, DC during the +study period or for the 25% increase in the control population - the imagined +drop in total homicides was not due to the gun law, as Loftin claimed, but +was due to other factors, such as the population drop! + +If "guns cause murder," why doesn't Virginia, the alleged "easy purchase" +source of DC's guns, have DC's murder rate? The black teenage male homicide +rate in DC is 227 per 100,000, yet less than 7 for rural, middle-aged white +men, the US group for whom gun ownership is highest - there is an inverse +relationship between homicide and gun density. Homicide rates have been +falling for decades for every group EXCEPT inner-city teenage males, the +group for whom gun ownership is ALREADY illegal throughout the entire US. + +THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO RESEARCH THAT SHOWS LICENSING, REGISTRATION, WAITING +PERIODS, OR GUN BANS DECREASE CRIME IN THE LEAST - obviously criminals that +murder, rape and deal drugs won't comply with any gun law. It is only good +citizens that will be disarmed, defenseless, dialing 911, and dependent upon +the dubious resources and questionable will of a capricious, rapacious, +incompetent, and uncaring government. + +THE 'ASSAULT WEAPONS" DECEPTION + +It is not just the American Medical Association, Handgun Control Inc. (HCI) +and the media that have hysterically and grossly exaggerated the criminal use +of semiautomatic guns. The California Attorney General's Office conducted +two statewide studies of the use of "assault weapons" in crime. Both the +1988 Helsley and the 1990 Johnson studies showed that such guns almost never +used in crime, EVEN IN THE MAJOR CENTERS OF DRUG VIOLENCE. Criminals prefer +concealable weapons, not big rifles and shotguns. The Attorney General office +ignored and denied the existence of the studies until the studies were leaked +to the press. + +Of over two dozen published studies on "assault weapons," only one FLAWED +"study" done by two newspaper reporters, the Cox newspaper study, suggested +that, EVEN IN THE HIGHEST CRIME AREAS, semiautomatic guns were used in more +than 0 to 3% of crimes. The Cox "study" is invalid because it was based on +gun traces. The FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF), and +the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress have all +explained why gun traces cannot be used for statistical purpose - simply, +because guns are CHOSEN for tracing, such traces do not represent a true +SAMPLING of the kinds of guns used in crime. THE COX "STUDY" EXAGGERATED THE +USE OF "ASSAULT WEAPONS" IN CRIME FROM 3 TO OVER 100 TIMES, depending on the +definition of "assault weapon" and the locale studied. + +Almost all of these newly fearsome, expensive target rifles banned are +functionally like guns designed 100 years ago! The Los Angeles riots and +other disasters show us that these so-called "assault weapons" are often the +most appropriate weapons for self-protection by good citizens against mob and +gang violence. + + +THE "RELATIVES & FRIENDS" FALLACY + +Gun prohibitionists would have us believe that most murders involve ordinary +people driven to kill in a sudden fit of rage only because a gun was present. +This is based on HCI's distortion of the FBI Uniform Crime Report statistics. + To the FBI, a murderer or rapist that lives in the victim's apartment +building or dueling drug dealers are "acquaintances." These are the "friends +and family" that HCI says kill each other - DEFINITELY NOT LIKE THE FRIENDS +AND FAMILY YOU AND I HAVE. + +Almost all the "relatives" killed each year are the very same men, well-known +to the police, that have been brutalizing their wives, girlfriends, and +children for years - those men are killed in self-defense. Would it be more +"politically correct" if those women or children were killed by their +abusers? + +Law professor Don Kates has written, "Far from being ordinary, otherwise +law-abiding citizens, those who commit murders, as every study of homicide +shows, are real criminals with long histories of violence against the people +around them...Indicative of this are FBI statistics showing that 74.7% of +persons arrested for murder had been arrested previously for a violent felony +or burglary..." + +CONCLUSIONS + +As a dozen national studies show, including a study by the National Institute +of Justice and two studies commissioned by gun-prohibition organization, GUNS +DO PROTECT US! GUNS ARE USED DEFENSIVELY BY GOOD PEOPLE 1 GO 2.4 MILLION +TIMES PER YEAR, far exceeding all reliable estimates of criminal misuse. +Using a gun to resist a crime or assault is safer than not resisting at all +or resisting with means other than firearms. Guns not only repel crime, guns +deter crime as is shown by numerous surveys of criminals. + +The studies proving the ineffectiveness and the dangers of gun prohibition +are met with "if it saves only one life..." The most loving person, however, +must admit that A GOOD PERSON'S LIFE LOST BECAUSE A GUN WAS ABSENT IS AT +LEAST AS VALUABLE AS A LIFE LOST BECAUSE A GUN WAS PRESENT. Since 50 to 75 +lives are saved by a gun for every life lost to a gun, we must see deceitful +images that pluck at our heartstrings for the lies they are - not a basis for +public policy - even when a doctor, a policeman, or a medical journal is +telling the lie! + +HOW CAN YOU HELP? + +SPREAD THE TRUTH! Make and distribute copies of this brochure, even to +advocates of "gun control." + +WRITE YOUR FEDERAL AND STATE LEGISLATORS. Insist that public policy be +formulated using honest data and that their be no taxpayer funding of biased +or incompetent research by the CDC or any other tax-funded group. Insist that +taxpayer-funded studies, like the assault weapon studies by the California +Attorney General's Office, be made public, not suppressed because the results +were "politically incorrect." + +WRITE newspapers, TV, and medical journals and tell them that you will not +tolerate dishonest or imbalanced reporting on gun control and other issues. +Expose the fallacies and show them the honest data. + +GET INVOLVED AND VOTE for legislators that are truthful and that support your +freedoms to defend yourself, your family, and your community. + +DONATE to our group and others that support your rights to protect yourself +from criminals, crazies, and tyrants. + +FOR FURTHER READING... + +POINT BLANK by Gary Kleck Ph.D. is a comprehensive evaluation of the research +on gun control and violence available from the publisher, Aldine de Gruyter, +at: (914) 747-0110. + +THE SAMURAI, THE MOUNTIE, AND THE COWBOY: SHOULD AMERICA ADOPT THE GUN +CONTROLS OF OTHER DEMOCRACIES? By David Kopel +JD is a comprehensive cross-cultural comparison of gun control and violence +in other countries available from the publisher, Prometheus Press, at: (716) +691-0133. + + +============================================================ + +Once again, please circulate this file as widely as possible, and do it +today. + + Thanks to all for reading, + + John Marshall + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mnewedi9.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mnewedi9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d98701 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mnewedi9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + + +Dear Readers, + + As this is being written, around the nation telephone workers + from several companies are presently on strike. This in + itself is not so terrible. Strikes, work stoppages and + job actions happen frequently in our day and age, and some are + necessary. But there is something attatched to this one that + makes me, and many others very angry. Intentional vandalism. + + Telephone lines and switch boxes have been cut, torched and + smashed causing thousands of telephone users to loose service. + Some people must have their telephones in proper working order + for medical purposes, others for business. To a lesser extent + we ALL need those phones working. They have become a + necessary instrument of our modern daily lives. + + Phone company employees deny they are responsible for these + actions. Yet, the way the vandalism was perpetrated signals + an inside knowledge of how the telephone system works. Do you + know where the major trunk lines are located? Do you know + which switching stations would cause the most disruption of + service if damaged? I believe the answer is no. But, those + who work with these systems day in and day out know. + + I don't know what these people think they will achieve by + these actions. If they are out to win public support for + their causes they have surely failed. The public has lost + respect for these men and women, even if their grievences are + just. They will not be able to win back public support unless + they themselves turn in the guilty parties. + + Coal miners shoot people and damage property and consider it a + justifiable method to win contract agreements. Truckers tie + up traffic on our busiest highways for the same reason. + Perhaps we should all follow their examples and do the same + each time we have a problem with our employers. Forget + enemies foreign, we have domestic enemies and that is a much + closer, and more dangerous threat. + + These acts of vandalism and violence wherever they occur and + for whatever reason must stop. + + It is not in the interest of the striking parties to allow or + condone these actions. Moreover, the public must take a stand + to let these forces know that we will not stand for it either. + + It is a fact not to be forgotten that without Union pressure + we might not have our 40 hour work week, nor most of the + benefits that each and every one of us enjoys on the job + today. There was, and still is a need for unionized labor, + but not when that labor force feels it is necessary to allow + acts of violence and vandalism. We suffer. They do not. + This is not fair. + + Jeff Green, Editor diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mom&dad.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mom&dad.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42577d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mom&dad.txt @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +The following anonymous poem says something about love and feelings. + +Dear Mom and Dad, + The War is done, my task is through. + But Mom there is something great + I must ask of you. + I have a friend - oh such a friend + He has no home you see. + And so Mom, I would really + like to bring him home with me. + +Dear Son, + We don't mind if someone + comes home with you. + I'm sure he can stay with us, + perhaps a week or two. + +Dear Mom and Dad, + There is something you must know, + now please don't be alarmed. + My friend in a battle recently, + was hurt and lost an arm. + +Dear Son, + Don't be ashamed to bring + him home with you. + Perhaps he can stay and visit + for a day or two. + +Dear Mom and Dad, + Before you give your answer, Mom, + I really don't want to beg. + But my friend fought in a battle + in which he lost a leg. + +Dear Son, + It hurts to say + my answer must be no. + For Dad and I have no time + for a boy who is crippled so. + +So the months go by, a letter comes, it says +your son has died. And when they read the cause +of death, the shock was suicide. +Days later when the casket comes, +draped in our country's flag, +they saw their son lying there +without an arm or leg. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/mondo2k.txt b/politicalTextFiles/mondo2k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bca4a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/mondo2k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ + ASCII NO QUESTIONS, TELL YE NO SPIES by Norman French + From MONDO 2000 #5 + What if you saw Congress trying to pass some invasive, +repressive laws? And what if, single handedly, you could nullify +these laws, forever? + Would you do it? + Senate bills S266 and S618 posed just those questions to +Philip Zimmerman, a Boulder software engineer. Because Philip +specializes in privacy protection for his clients, he was acutely +aware of the implications they posed. + MONDO readers will recognize these bills before Congress as +designed to fight "terrorism" and "violent crime." They both have +language, however, requiring government-accessible 'Back doors" in +all encryption software produced or sold in the United States. What +that means, in practical terms, is that the government could read +your private, encrypted messages and files at will. Or anyone else +with the necessary know-how. Sort of like requiring you to give +copies of your house keys to the cops. Theoretically, court +authority would be required, but the actual potential for abuse is +obvious. + So how did Philip choose to challenge the power structure's +brazen attempt to invade our privacy? Bid he complain to his +representatives in Washington? Organize a protest march? Send a +letter to the editor of The New York Times? Grouse volubly on the +BBSs? Nope-Philip Zimmerman took direct action. Taking several +months off from his regular paying customers, he wrote the +definitive encryption program for the masses. + PGP-Pretty Good Privacy-it's called. It's a textbook example +of guerrilla activism based on the Rivest-Shamir-Adelman public key +cryptosystem. Currently, RSA-based systems are the most advanced +cryptographic technology available. Though it's extremely +sophisticated technically, it's quick and convenient to use. And, +barring some unlikely breakthrough in the mathematics of factoring +very large numbers, they are the ultimate in unbreakable codes. How +unbreakable? With PGP and your personal computer, you could create +a code that would take a Cray super computer centuries to break. +Now, that's Pretty Good Privacy! + The U.S. and other governments have paid millions to achieve +similar levels of encryption security. So how much will you have to +pay to get a copy of Pretty Good Privacy? Approximately nothing. +Philip decided the best way to counter legislative threats to +privacy was to give his program away. By releasing PGP as freeware, +he made sure it would have the widest possible distribution-too +wide for the FBI, MI5, MI6, DIA, NSA, KGB, or any other alphabet +agencies to suppress. + PGP was released on June 5 (D-Day minus 1) onto scores of +networks and BBSs. Since then, it has been copied onto countless +systems in North America and around the world. Now, even if S266, +S618 or similar laws are passed, it's too late. The secret is out. +The PGP genie can never be put back in the bottle. With PGP, you +and your friends can have Mil Spec quality encryption for your +messages and records. Affordable privacy is at your command, +without back doors and without permission from Uncle Sam or anyone +else. + Being a techno-activist isn't all fun and games, however. As +mentioned, Philip Zimmerman took time away from his business to get +PGP out the door. The income lost during that period has been a +real financial hardship for him and his family. In addition, a +company called Public Key Partners (PKP) has threatened to sue +Philip. PKP controls licensing of the RSA algorithm he incorporated +into the PGP program. Whether he will be sued has not been +determined as of this writing. Nevertheless, that very real threat +hangs over Mr. Zimmerman's head. + Though Philip hasn't asked to be rewarded for his labors, you +might consider sending an appropriate donation if you find PGP to +be of value to you. $50 sounds like a reasonable number, but you +might revise that up or down depending on how much you value your +privacy. + To get your own copy of Pretty Good Privacy from an anonymous +FTP site on Internet or elsewhere, you will need two files: +pgpl0.zip for the binary executable and the user documentation, and +pgp10scr.zip for the source files. These files are compressed, but +you can decompress them using the MS-DOS shareware archive utility, +PKUNZIP.EXE. Be sure to print out the "PGP User's Guide" in +pgp10.zip. (Remember to set mode to binary or image when doing an +FTP transfer.) + In the U.S. or Canada, PGP files are available on Internet at +FTP sites uunet. uu. net in the /tmp directory and at host +gatekeeper. dec. com, directory /pub/micro/msdos/pgp. They are also +available in North America and overseas on Fidonet and innumerable +BBSs. One such BBS is in Boulder, Colorado at (303) 443-8292. + If you would like to contact Philip Zimmerman, his address is: +Boulder Software Engineering, +3021 Eleventh St. Boulder, CO 80304; +phone: (303) 444-4541; +Internet:prz@sage. cgd. ucar.edu. + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/money.txt b/politicalTextFiles/money.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a237acc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/money.txt @@ -0,0 +1,792 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + MONEY MONEY + + + + + + + + + A guide to the economy + by Ian Green + + + + + + + Copyright 1989 by + + Ian Green + Box 973 + Vancouver, BC + CANADA V6C 2P1 + + All rights reserved. + + + Permission is granted to distribute this document in + unmodified form on a not for profit basis. All others must obtain + prior written permission from the author. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 2 + + + + INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION + + Do you own your own home? If you do you are almost certainly + one of those so-called baby boomers or their parents. Consider + yourself extremely lucky, because if you tried to go buy a house + today you probably couldn't afford it, even if you made twice + what you currently do. The reason is simple, the cost of + borrowing money has risen so high that it has completely + outstripped the earning power of the average young family. The + real question is how did this situation come to be? Sit back and + read on, I will tell you exactly what is going on. Some of the + things I will present are likely to shock you, but everything + contained in this essay is THE TRUTH! + There are two major components driving the economy of today. + The first and most influential is the supply of dollars. Contrary + to popular belief, the supply of dollars has grown dramatically + over the decades since the FIRST WORLD WAR. Prior to the war, the + number of dollars was solidly controlled by international + agreement. This was the last period of the gold standard. Gold + has, along with silver, remained the 'official' money of all + nations. Dollars, yen, marks, pounds, etc. are all nothing more + than money substitutes. Unlike the dollar, the supply of gold has + risen only modestly over the centuries. + The second major force driving the economies of the world + today is debt. The United States of America has emerged as the + leading debtor nation, far outstripping the total debt of all + the 'third' world nations combined. It continues to grow by + hundreds of billions of dollars each year. + Combined, the two factors of debt and inflation operate + synergistically to erode the purchasing power of the average + family. Now you may ask, confronted with these forces against us + is there a way out? I would be an out and out liar if I said + there was. There is hope but time is quickly running out. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 3 + + + + THE RECENT PAST THE RECENT PAST + + One of the leading themes of the numerous financial reports, + that sum up the '80s, is the 'unparalleled' growth in the + economy. What they don't tell you though, is that the expansion + is due entirely to inflation; the fact is that real earnings have + declined considerably. In 1984 for example the Dow Jones + Industrial Average was around 850. Today, five years later, it + has broken 2700 or more than triple it's 1984 value. Other stock + exchange indices reflect similar performances. I can not help + wondering if your earnings did as well. + In 1984, when I still smoked cigarettes, a package of twenty + cigarettes was around $1.60. Now prices of around $4.00 and even + more are common-place. Other products tell similar stories. + Unfortunately the official 'consumer price index' doesn't reflect + realistic levels of inflation. + In 1978 the start of the major downturn in the economy was + well established. Inflation was rising to unprecedented levels. + In 1979 a major increase in the price of oil was to finally push + the world economy over the edge of the abyss. Paper dollars + reached all time lows nearly reaching 1000 to the ounce gold. + Interest rates exceeded 21% and inflation was out of control. + Only the collapse of 1929 exceeded the extremely high levels of + unemployment that resulted from unprecedented numbers of + corporate bankruptcies. Things finally reached a crescendo in + late 1981. That Christmas was the bleakest I had ever seen; a + five dollar toy was the big 'hit'. You remember the Rubic's cube. + If we look back a few more years we find a situation that + is almost as bad. It was around 1972 that President Richard Nixon + (America) instituted wage and price controls in an attempt to + control double digit inflation. Many other leaders around the + world followed suit. It was market conditions (in 1973 the first + of a series of huge increases in the price of oil shocked the + world) more than anything else that controlled increasing + inflation, although President Nixon took credit for the improved + situation (a reduction in the increasing inflation). Almost + immediately after controls were abolished inflation resumed + reaching double digit levels. Many reacted by immediately raising + prices (or demanding large wage settlements) largely out of fear + that controls would be re-imposed shortly. + I could go on and on and on, citing examples of inflation, + financial panic and more. What I have yet to reveal is why there + is inflation and all this other crap. All of the so-called + reasons that are offer to explain inflation are in reality simply + symptoms of a deeper underlying problem. What we need is to do is + get to the root of the problem. First though we need to learn a + bit about the evolution of our economic system. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 4 + + + + EARLIER INFLATIONS EARLIER INFLATIONS + + For as long as there have been rulers there has been + inflation. In archaic times it took the form of coins of slightly + reduced purity or weight. Because early coins were not exactly + uniform in shape, these inflated coins could circulate side by + side with one of full weight and fineness. Other reasons for + their success was that the difference was very slight; the coins + were officially certified to be of full weight and purity, i.e. + the guy in charge decreed they be accepted without question. It + was also reasonable that the recipient could pass them on at par + with full weigh/purity coins. + As time moved on, coins would go through a cycle of + replacement until some time later they were ultimately and + intrinsically worthless. All the time however the value of the + coins would erode and eventually no one would accept them in + exchange at all. It was about this time that a change in + management would occur. + In medieval timers, it was customary for the goldsmiths to + act as depositories for the safe-keeping of money (gold). When a + client wanted his money he had to go down and get it, or at least + take the guy he was doing business with down to witness the + transfer of accounts. + Once paper finally became readily available, it didn't take + long for the goldsmiths to begin providing receipts for gold + deposited. These could then be endorsed (not unlike today's + checks) over to a third person to complete a transaction. This + third person could then go and redeem the receipts and get the + gold. Ultimately goldsmiths began offering 'bearer' receipts + which were the earliest bank-notes (in the West anyway, the + Chinese were way ahead of us by several centuries). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 5 + + + + FRACTIONAL RESERVE BANKING FRACTIONAL RESERVE BANKING + + Goldsmiths, in issuing their receipts, came into direct + competition with the guy in charge over the supply of money. + Rather than abolish these receipts, some monarchs became + intrigued by the fact that the masses preferred their goldsmith's + paper over his often underweight and impure metal coins. It was + also readily apparent that it was far easier to make counterfeit + paper receipts for gold that could circulate along side + legitimate receipts. + Naturally under even the simplest of legals system, conning + thine neighbor is not allowed, unless of course you are the one + who makes the rules. Details are scarce but it is clear that some + greedy king, along with the cooperation of a dishonest goldsmith, + started the system of fractional reserve banking. The guy in + charge would protect the goldsmith from anyone who complained in + return for the goldsmith's financial backing. + Using the old standby propaganda, both the goldsmith and the + guy in charge would continually reassure the public that it was + all right to have more receipts outstanding than there was gold + because there would always be more than enough gold on hand to + meet redemption demands. As long as those responsible didn't get + too greedy, the erosion of value of the receipts was barely + noticed (although people did eventually catch on). + When things did get out of hand a 'run on the bank' would + occur. Sometimes the goldsmith became 'bankrupt'; he could only + pay out the 'fractional reserve'. The rest of the outstanding + receipts were worthless (at last the counterfeits were flushed + out, usually along with the counterfeiter). Sometimes the guy in + charge foresaw the run and closed the goldsmith's shop before + disaster struck. Needless to say that remaining receipts would + decline in value rather precipitously. If he had 'connections', + sometimes the king could borrow some money (gold) and re-open the + goldsmith's shop and meet the rush head-first! Eventually people + would see that the notes were being redeemed and would eventually + refrain from redeeming their holdings. In fact these people would + start bringing their gold back to the goldsmith's to get the + newly acceptable receipts. A fool and his money are soon parted. + I guess you can see the obvious. Once the situation cooled + off it didn't take long for the guy in charge to start the old + game again, all the while eroding the value of the receipts more + and more. Eventually the whole thing would fall apart and once + again a change in management usually occurred. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 6 + + + + CROOKED CREDIT CROOKED CREDIT + + Not long after the abuse of paper receipts started, the + practice moved over to the loans business. In earlier times the + goldsmith 'loaned' money (gold) to certain customers for a small + payment. Certain other customers provided gold on long term + deposit for which they were paid a small amount. In the beginning + it worked out well. Loans outstanding never exceeded deposits. + A new method of book-keeping, known as the 'double entry' + ledger system emerged. It was fair and accurate and it kept track + of the goldsmith's business and everybody was happy. + Later though goldsmiths would loan money that was in excess + of the amount on deposit. In order to cover the discrepancy, a + dishonest goldsmith would 'depositing' an equivalent amount to + keep the books balanced. Needless to say such practices are + completely and utterly fraudulent, but with the protection of the + king what could be done? + Although this kind of abuse is not readily visible, it did + have an effect on the money supply and inflation continued to + gnaw away the purchasing power of the receipts. + Combined with counterfeit receipts, these fraudulent loans + combined to destroy more economies that you can shake a stick at. + It kind of makes you wonder what is next. What can be worse than + counterfeit money? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 7 + + + + FIAT MONEY FIAT MONEY + + Somewhat more recently the value of the world's currencies + has moved to the logical extreme of the fractional reserve + system. If you go down to a coin dealer and look at the + historical bank-notes (American) you will notice the are marked + 'silver certificate' or 'gold certificate' as at one time these + were redeemable in precious metals. Coins were actually still + made of precious metals. + Genuine paper money is fully redeemable. Counterfeit paper + carries the promise of redeemability (which the issuer knows is + fraudulent). Paper money which doesn't carry even the promise of + redeemability is even worse - it is a fiat money. + Fiat money is what is left of the fractional reserve system + gone broke. It is a money substitute that has no backing + whatsoever. Dollars became fiat in August 1971 when President + Nixon declared that the dollar would no longer be redeemed for + gold (although in effect this was evident as early as 1968). In + fact ALL currencies of ALL nations today are 100% irredeemable + fiat money with NO TRUE BACKING whatsoever. + Dollars have become increasingly worthless, yet curiously + they have become redeemable again (albeit at a substantially + reduced rate). You can now go and buy gold bullion one again (It + used to be illegal to own gold bullion in America). The paper + dollar has declined, is declining and will continue to decline + relative to the gold dollar until eventually it is absolutely + worthless. The path will be erratic but it is well established on + its way down. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 8 + + + + DEBT DEBT + + Finally we come to the debt problem. So far all those + deficit dollars (yens, pounds, etc.) are increasing by leaps and + bounds. Sooner or later this debt will have to be paid. The + crucial question is how? + Well if you took the American situation as an example the + debt there is $3 trillion ($3,000,000,000,000.00) or so. If we + simply printed it up and circulated the notes it would devalue + the presently feeble dollar by at least 90%. Not to popular with + all those holders of dollar denominated assets like bonds and + treasury bills. So what else can be done. Well the supply of + dollars can be increased more slowly but it has the same effect + of depreciating the present value of the dollar. If we look at + the Canadian situation, it is even worse. Here the debt is + currently around $350,000,000,000.00 and only a small population + of 25 million people to pay. + Suffice it to say inflation is going to get worse because of + the double whammy of counterfeiting and debt. A gloomy scenario + but accurate. Worse is the fact that there is more to come. + Another consequence of this debt is that it siphons up money + there by removing it from the overall credit pool. This drives + interest rates higher which in turn drive the deficit higher + which drive interest rates high in a vicious cycle. In Canada, + for example, the federal budget deficit stands in the $30-35 + billion range. Curiously that figure is about what the interest + payments are on the total debt. Any increase in interest rates + simply raises the budget deficit which in turn drives the supply + of dollars ever high. Consequently the debt simply feeds on + itself growing uncontrollably. + Another peculiar aspect of debt lies in America. It is + variously known as the Savings and Loan crisis. When the industry + was first created S & Ls were confined to financing housing. + Deposits were all insured and the situation was stable (or so it + seemed). As time moved on however increasing federal debt began + to drain money from the private sector. S & Ls responded by + raising the interest offered on deposits to maintain adequate + reserves as required by law. The problem was that large amounts + of money had previously been loaned out at comparatively low + interest rates for long periods of time. Stuck with these low + paying mortgages and spiralling interest rates it didn't take + long before the whole industry to fall into turmoil. + In a quick fix the American congress decided it was + expedient to allow the S & L's to invest in higher yielding + ventures to help improve their financial health. Unfortunately + such a change in policy did nothing to ease the situation. As + interest rates continued to climb more and more these alternate + investments (mostly in commercial real estate) fell into + bankruptcy and once again the industry was on the verge of total + collapse. Only this time the situation was quickly becoming + hopeless. + What happened to exasperate the problem is nothing short of + incredible. In a frenzy to maintain viability S & Ls started + competing heavily to attract depositors to the point where + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 9 + + + + interest rates were becoming unrealistic compared to earnings. + None of this mattered though because the deposits were all + insured. This meant that savers could simply go to the S & L that + paid the most, there was no risk so why not go to the highest + bidder. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation + (FSLIC) was the one stuck to pay all this money. Once an S & L + was bankrupt (most were well past that stage years ago) the + entire burden fell upon the FSLIC. Estimates of the current + amount needed to 'bail out' the industry range into the hundreds + of billions of dollars. And still the congress has done nothing + alleviate the problem. Shutting the industry down seems to be the + only viable solution. It cannot continue to function the way it + does now. One thing is certain the accumulating debt will have to + be paid. + + In Canada the pension system is run on a pay as you go + basis. Pension payments are paid from general government + revenues. Unfortunately demographics will make this program very + expensive for younger persons. The reason is simple, in Canada + fully one third of the population is over the age of 50. In only + 15 years the number of persons claiming a pension will skyrocket. + The 'problem' of the declining birth rate is manifest. + When this pension program was introduced decades ago, the + number of persons that were eligible was relatively small. + Advances in medical technology have however increased life + expectancy of the average individual substantially. This results + in ever increasing numbers of persons living long enough to + collect a pension for longer periods of time. Unfortunately the + pension plan has not been modified to reflect this fact. + This unfunded liability is sure to drive up the debt as no + government has the political will to deal with the problem. + In Canada a deindexing (decoupling the program to inflation) was + tried but the government rescinded the proposal after numerous + protests. Instead one can expect that this liability will add to + the already massive debt driving inflation to higher and higher + levels. It is even possible that the pension plan may be phased + out completely (because of bankruptcy). + In America the national pension system is forced to invest + in government securities which is effectively means the same + situation as Canada's only disguised. In order to pay the pension + the Federal government has to pay off some debt. But the debt + continues to grow and grow. A paradox that must be corrected. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 10 + + + + THE FUTURE THE FUTURE + + What I have described above is all true. Inflation has so + eroded the dollar that it is now almost intrinsically worthless. + On top of that is a huge supply of additional deficit dollars to + further dilute the remaining value. + Recently M2 (an index of the dollar supply) has been growing + at an annual rate of some 15% (three times the official inflation + rate) and no slowdown is likely. Where does it lead? It simply + means that government policy continues towards the inflationist + view. As I outlined in earlier chapters continued inflation in + the money supply is sure to cause the ultimate downfall of an + empire. + Recently housing has become short in supply, a symptom of + the high cost of money. The shortage drives prices up and up. If + the cost of money wasn't so high then the housing supply could + keep up with the ever increasing population. Construction of new + homes is slowed when the cost of money rises. Worse, local + governments are reluctant to provide building permits + exacerbating the problem. + Sooner or later, all of those deficit bills will have to + stand up and be counted. You can be sure that inflation will run + right through the roof when they do. Look at Argentina right now. + It is in the hyperinflation stage right now. Prices are doubling + ever day or two, the government is out to lunch (there were + recently a change in management there, but the new president has + nothing with which to rebuild the economy, inflation has eaten it + all up). At times there were riots as people fought to get basic + food (it has been priced out of reach by inflation). This will + happen here, I just cannot say when. + One things is clear, previous generations have been living + beyond their means, and now the present and future generations + are going to have to pay and pay and pay and pay and pay and pay. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 11 + + + + SURVIVAL SURVIVAL + + I guess you kind of expected something of a survival guide + to this dilemma and lucky for you there is a faint glimmer of + hope. Basically put you have to change your mentality regarding + the health of the economy. Instead of valuating assets in dollars + (or whatever) use gold dollars or my personal favorite sovereigns + (they are coins that contain .2354 ounces of fine gold each, made + by the British Empire, they are still legal tender to this day). + A sovereign is easily recognized by the image of a reigning King + or Queen on one side and a scene of St. George slaying the dragon + on the other. + Now move to liquidate dollar denominated assets like T-bills + certificates of deposit and the like and redeem them for gold and + silver. Bulk coins (old silver dimes and quarters) are still + around and these make a good vehicle for hold 'money'. Bulk + silver is also nice (the troy pound is 12 ounces) as it weighs + down the strongbox so that thieves (Break & Enter is very common + crime) cannot just simply take it with them; it comes in a + variety of convenient sizes ranging up to and including 1000 + ounce bricks. Bulk gold is available in sizes ranging up to 400 + ounces. Fractional sizes are also available. + Precious metals rise in value as inflation rises. This is + simply because gold cannot be artificially increased. Nature + severely limits the amounts that can be mined each year to a + minuscule fraction of the total world supply. Consequently they + are extremely resistant to inflation. Another convenient aspect + of gold is that it is recognized world wide. No hastles with + paper money changers, gold buys goods and services everywhere. + One last piece of advice, should a dealer ask your name when + making a purchase do like I do, simply use a false name. This + avoids attracting attention to yourself lest certain 'official' + money grabbers try to put the grab on your 'money'. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Money by Ian Green Page 12 + + + + THE AUTHOR THE AUTHOR + + I was born on September 10th, 1958 in the Grace Hospital + (now known as the Children's Hospital). I was raised in New + Westminster and attended a variety different schools because of + the politics of divorce (that my parents undertook). + Once I reached high school a degree of stability finally + reigned and my academic abilities reached their peak in grade 11 + when I was granted Academic Student of the Year. The prize was + modest, a one year subscription to Scientific American. I + graduated with honours in 1977. + After completion of high school I was able to attend the + University of British Columbia for one year. The only reason I + was able to achieve this was simply because I won a scholarship + to attend, my father would not assist me in any way (I even had + to pay for most of my books and supplies). In 1978 I was unable + to win another scholarship (as the economy faltered so did the + supply of funds for education) so I was forced to enter the work + force. + My early years as a worker taught me a great deal about the + realities of economics. I entered the work force just as the + economy went to hell in a hand-basket. Still I was able to secure + work if you consider working in toxic waste dumps work. Such is + my lot I suppose. At least I could pronounce all the names of the + chemicals I was cleaning up. Later in 1981 I got another job in a + chemical factory, my lungs still bother me from the alkaline dust + that permeated the air (mostly soda ash, but phosphates and more + complicated organics were also present). + Lately I have found myself working at poorly paid 'service + sector' jobs. I manage to survive. Curiously I do better to + indicate an inferior level of qualification than to present my + full academic credentials. (I successfully challenged many + courses at UBC and was taking one 3rd year math course all in my + first year). Needless to say it makes me that much more cynical + to see hordes of morons in places where they shouldn't be. + + My personal survival depends on you, because I don't have a + steady job. If you can afford it why not send $5 or $10 to the + address on the cover, I could sure use it. Keep your eyes open, + I plan to publish many more essays as time moves on, both on the + topics presented here as well as others. + Perhaps if the venture works out I will be able to complete + my academic goals. I was pursuing a program based on mathematics. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/money_laundering_1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/money_laundering_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7690f11 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/money_laundering_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1866 @@ +Date: Sun, 14 May 1995 20:41:00 -0400 (EDT) +From: KALLISTE@delphi.com +Subject: Re: money laundering & digital cash +To: ramin@ping.at +Message-Id: <01HQI8UYOBCI9I7QTO@delphi.com> +X-Vms-To: IN%"ramin@ping.at" +Mime-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=ISO-8859-1 +Content-Transfer-Encoding: QUOTED-PRINTABLE + +**************************************************** +* The End of Ordinary Money is copyrighted 1995 by * +* J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 Terminal Way #3, Reno, NV * +* 89502. * +**************************************************** + + +THE END OF ORDINARY MONEY + +by J. Orlin Grabbe + +Late one night while sharing a +pharmacological product with a spook I met in the +northeastern part of the United States, I mentioned I +was studying cryptology. + +"Cryptology is the *future*," he responded +emphatically. "It's what's going to protect us from +Big Brother." + +Since he worked for the National Security +Agency (NSA), the thought did occur to me that +many would have taken the position that he and his +colleagues *were* Big Brother. But I had learned +years ago not to demonize people on the basis of an +accidental profession. After all, if an ex-CIA +employee like Kerry Thornley could become a +staunch libertarian, the creator of Zenarchy and +implied co-author of the Erisian holy book +Principia Discordia [1], then there was hope for all +of us. I additionally believed that one of our best +defenses against the national security state was the +perennial proclivity of clandestine organizations to +piss off their own employees [2]. + +At any rate, the spook spoke the truth: +cryptology represents the future of privacy, and +more. By implication cryptology also represents the +future of money, and the future of banking and +finance. (By "money" I mean the medium of +exchange, the institutional mechanisms for making +transactions, whether by cash, check, debit card or +other electronic transfer.) Given the choice between +intersecting with a monetary system that leaves a +detailed electronic trail of all one's financial +activities, and a parallel system that ensures +anonymity and privacy, people will opt for the +latter. Moreover, they will *demand* the latter, +because the current monetary system is being turned +into the principal instrument of surveillance and +control by tyrannical elements in Western +governments. + +These elements all want to know where your +money comes from, and when and how you spend +it. After all, you might be a terrorist, drug dealer, +or spy. And if you try to hide your transactions, you +are by definition a money launderer and perhaps a +child pornographer. + +Say what? To understand this quaint +accusatorial juxtaposition, one only has to grasp a +few simple facts: Money is digital information. +The way to hide digital information is through +cryptography. The government doesn't want you +using cryptography, because they want to know +where your money is so they can get some of it. +And they don't like you using drugs, unless the +government is the dealer [3], or viewing child +pornography, unless the government supplies it +because it is setting you up for blackmail or a smear +campaign [4]. + +Okay, I'll admit it. I like privacy (I often +send mail inside sealed envelopes, and sometimes +close the door when I go to the bathroom), take +drugs (nothing like a cup of expresso in the +morning), and don't like to pay taxes (but doesn't +H&R Block make a living off this same popular +sentiment?). I don't know much about child +pornography, but a friend of a friend is said to have +a distant cousin who swears he keeps several +hundred gigabytes of encrypted pictures of naked +children stored in NSA computers at Ft. Meade. ("No +one breaks in there," the cousin supposedly brags.) +[5] + +This is serious stuff. Consider the following +items as pieces of an overall mosaic, whose ultimate +meaning will become even more obscure as we +proceed. + +* Cryptography software is classified as +munitions, and its export is restricted by the State +Department. The International Traffic in Arms +Regulations (ITAR) defines "encryption software" +to include not only computer programs designed to +protect the privacy of information, but all of the +technical data about those programs. ITAR +restrictions continue to be enforced, even though the +Justice Department originally found them +unconstitutional [6]. Mail a copy of your new +encryption program to a friend in Italy, and-- +presto!--you are subject to prosecution as an +international arms dealer. (It is not, however, illegal +to export your program to outer space, or to deliver +it to your friend by rocket, since a "launch vehicle +or payload shall not, by the launching of such +vehicle, be considered export for the purposes of +this subchapter" (120.10).) + +* Steward Baker, Chief Counsel for NSA, +points out how the spread of cryptology plays into +the hands of pedophiles: "Take for example the +campaign to distribute PGP ('Pretty Good Privacy') +encryption on the Internet. Some argue that +widespread availability of this encryption will help +Latvian freedom fighters today and American +freedom fighters tomorrow. Well, not quite. Rather, +one of the earliest users of PGP was a high-tech +pedophile in Santa Clara, California. He used PGP +to encrypt files that, police suspect, include a diary +of his contacts with susceptible young boys using +computer bulletin boards all over the country. 'What +really bothers me,' says Detective Brian Kennedy of +the Sacramento, California, Sheriff's Department, 'is +that there could be kids out there who need help +badly, but thanks to this encryption, we'll never +reach them' " [7] . + +Which does lead to a few questions. Since +the NSA is the largest user of encryption software in +the world, does that mean NSA is rife with +pedophiles? Are police *suspicions* to be taken as +convincing evidence? And what if this alleged +pedophile had never kept notes in the first place? +But never mind. What really bothers me is that there +could be kids out there who need help badly, but +thanks to sloppy records, extended ignorance, and +appeals to national security, we'll never reach them. + +The NSA Chief Counsel also noted, as he +had in previous speeches, ". . . it's the proponents of +widespread unbreakable encryption who want to +create a brave new world, one in which all of us-- +crooks included--have a guarantee that the +government can't tap our phones." Which caused +one observer, Bruce Sterling, to remark, "As a +professional science fiction writer I remember being +immediately struck by the deep conviction that there +was plenty of Brave New World to go around" [8]. + +* Georgetown University cryptologist +Dorthy Denning reminds us that "Because +encryption can make communications immune from +lawful interception, it threatens a key law +enforcement tool. The proliferation of high quality, +portable, easy-to-use, and affordable encryption +could be harmful to society if law enforcement does +not have the means to decrypt lawfully intercepted +communications. Although encryption of stored +files is also of concern, 99% of the issue is +telephone communications (voice, fax, and data)" +[9]. + +The reason for this is all those people on the +phone dealing drugs. "Almost two thirds of all +court orders for electronic surveillance are used to +fight the war on drugs, and electronic surveillance +has been critical in identifying and then dismantling +major drug trafficking organizations. In an +operation code named 'PIZZA CONNECTION,' an +FBI international investigation into the importation +and distribution of $1.6 billion worth of heroin by +the Sicilian Mafia and La Cosa Nostra resulted in +the indictment of 57 high-level drug traffickers in +the U.S. and 5 in Italy . . .. The FBI estimates that +the war on drugs and its continuing legacy of +violent street crime would be substantially, if not +totally, lost if law enforcement were to lose its +capability for electronic surveillance" [10]. + +In fact, that's supposed to settle the issue +right there: "We need such-and-such to fight the +war on drugs. Case closed." This argument is used +ad nauseam in document after document. Nowhere +is the issue raised: Oh yeah? So why are we +fighting a war on drugs? Such questions are ruled +out, because we're dealing with *needs* here, and +needs spew forth their own logic and evolve their +own morals. + +* One of governments' biggest needs is to +get all that drug money for themselves, the part they +don't already have. The U.S. State Department +proposes a sort of international spree of +government theft: "We must effect greater asset +seizures, not just of bank accounts, but also +corporate assets and even corporate entities . . . We +must be ready to impose appropriate sanctions +against banking institutions, as well as bankers . . . +The FATF [Financial Task Force] countries, the 12 +EU [European Union] nations, the EFTA countries, +and the majority of the 95 states party to the 1988 +UN Convention are adopting (if not yet fully +implementing) legislation that will ultimately +improve individual and collective capabilities." [11] + +Everyone is suspect. You say you want to +buy some Portuguese escudos? We better keep our +eye on you--you're a potential money launderer. +According to the State Department, "Entry in the +European monetary system has made the escudo, +which became fully convertible in 1993, more +attractive to potential money launderers" [12]. +Hmm. Hey, fellows. With that mentality, you +should send some investigators from Foggy Bottom +up to 19th Street. You'll find an entire building, an +outfit called the International Monetary Fund, which +was originally set up to work for currency +convertibility. No telling what wicked *potential* +money laundering havens they're working on next. + +* The Financial Crimes Enforcement +Network (FinCEN) located in Vienna, Virginia, was +set up in April 1990 to track money laundering, and +given computerized access to data from pretty much +everyone--FBI, DEA, Secret Service, Customs +Service, Postal Service, CIA, NSA, Defense +Intelligence Agency, National Security Council, the +State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and +Research, and, yes, the IRS (despite denials). +FinCEN has a $2.4 million contract with Los +Alamos National Laboratory to develop artificial +intelligence programs to look for unexplained +money flows [13]. FinCEN also proposed a +"Deposit Tracking System" (DTS) that would also +track deposits to, or withdrawals from, U.S. banks +accounts in real time. + +* Now, if you were a drug dealer (or maybe +just an average Joe), how would you react to all this +unwanted attention? Try to keep a low profile, +maybe? Perhaps opt out of the usual banking +channels? "During the past two years, analysts saw +an increasing use of non-bank financial institutions, +especially exchange houses, check cashing services, +credit unions, and instruments like postal money +orders, cashiers checks, and certificates of deposit +(particularly in 'bearer' form), with transactions +occurring in an ever longer list of countries and +territories" [12]. + +This process whereby money flows through +non-traditional banking channels is termed +*disintermediation*. Disintermediation happens +whenever a government manipulates banking +services in such a way to make them less attractive. +For example, if bank deposits have an interest rate +ceiling of 3 percent, you may elect to pull your +money out of bank deposits, and purchase Treasury +bills which have no ceiling. In the same way, if the +government is looking around in your bank account, +perhaps with the idea of seizing it, or seizing you, +you may elect not to have a bank account, or at least +not one the government knows about. Or you may +elect to use non-traditional financial channels which +are less likely to be observed. The ultimate end of +the process is completely anonymous banking +through encrypted digital cash. + +The State Department also notes will alarm +that "[drug] traffickers were employing professional +money managers." Which does lead one to reflect, +whatever is the world coming to? The next thing +you know, drug dealers will be shopping at the +local grocery store and sending their children to +better schools. They'll be mowing their lawns and +sprucing up the neighborhood. How could we live +in such a society? + +* All this talk of computers has gotten the +IRS hot and bothered also. Not in a negative way, +mind you. The IRS has become obsessed with the +noble goal to save us time by just sending us a bill: +"In an effort to catch more tax cheats, the Internal +Revenue Service plans to vastly expand the secret +computer database of information it keeps on +virtually all Americans. . . .'Ultimately, the IRS may +obtain enough information to prepare most tax +returns,' said Coleta Brueck, the agency's top +document processing official. 'If I know what +you've made during the year', she said, 'if I know +what your withholding is, if I know what your +spending pattern is, I should be able to generate for +you a tax return...' " [14]. + +We have nothing to fear, apparently, but +*fiends who hide their spending patterns*. Well, +Coleta, you had better prepare for a flood of data +that is spending-pattern impaired, because +according to the Crypto Anarchist Manifesto, "Just +as the technology of printing altered and reduced +the power of medieval guilds and the social power +structure, so too will cryptologic methods +fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and +of government interference in economic +transactions" [15]. + +How did we come to this state of catch as +catch can, and where are we going from here? +Perhaps history will give some perspective. Let's +start with that big bugaboo--drugs. In article logic, +drug prohibition leads to money laundering, which +leads to increased surveillance of banking +transactions, and heightens interest in anonymity +through cryptology. + +Oh, What a Lovely War! + +In the mid-1990s the United States and other +countries were spending a good deal of money on a +"war on drugs." What the phrase meant was unclear +in a nation where 50 million people used tobacco, +over 100 million used alcohol, and virtually +everyone used aspirin or an equivalent pain-reliever. +But certainly there was a prohibition in using, or +dealing in, certain drugs. Naturally these drugs +were still available on the black market despite the +prohibition. The market supplied the consumption +needs not only of the general public, but also of +federal prisoners. Thus even if the country were +turned into a police state, such drugs would still be +available. Given this, what was the purpose or +function of the prohibition? The simple economic +rationale was this: the war on drugs was a source of +profit both to those who dealt in prohibited drugs, +and those who conducted the war against them. + +The prohibition of anything is a restriction +in supply. Supply restriction drives up the price. In +1973-4 the OPEC cartel caused a quick four-fold +increase in the price of oil by restricting its supply. +It also greatly increased the profit margin on each +barrel pumped out of the ground. In a similar way, +prohibition of drugs increases their black market +price and the potential profit margin from supplying +them to the public. But legitimate businessmen are +deterred from entering the market. Hence drug +prohibition creates a bonanza--high profit margins +--only for those willing to deal in prohibited +products. Just as alcohol prohibition financed the +growth of powerful mobsters like Al Capone earlier +in the century, so did prohibition of cocaine finance +the growth of powerful production and supply +cartels, such as the Cali cartel in Colombia. The +U.S. government's prohibition made it possible for +them to become rich, and then powerful. + +Because trade in drugs is illegal, contracts +cannot be enforced in court. One cannot resort to +common or commercial law. Hence contracts are +often enforced via the barrel of a gun. And as there +is no countervailing authority, those who enforce +their contracts with guns may use the same method +to simply eliminate competition. Territory is +acquired or defended by force. Steven B. Duke, the +Law of Science and Technology Professor at Yale +University states simply: "The use of drugs-- +except, of course, alcohol--causes almost no +crime." But drug *prohibition* does cause crime. The +firearm assault and murder rates rose in the U.S. +with the start of Prohibition in 1920, and remained +high during it, but then declined for eleven +consequence years after Prohibition was repealed. +In the U.S. today, perhaps one-third of murders are +related to contract enforcement and competition +over dealing territory [16]. + +Prohibition turns others into crime victims. +Because certain drugs cannot be obtained at the +local neighborhood drugstore, drug consumers visit +unsafe parts of a city, and are simply assaulted. +Such victims, naturally, are not in a position to +complain to the police. Others become victims +because of the lack of quality control. Because +drugs are illegal, rip-off artists who deal in +substitute or impure products know they will not be +sued. Other suppliers simply make mistakes in +production, but these mistakes are not caught right +away because information flow is not efficient in a +non-public market. This results in injuries, often +caused not the use of the prohibited drugs +themselves, but by the constraint on the flow of +information brought about by prohibition. + +During the earlier era of alcohol Prohibition +in the U.S., many of a city's leading citizens became +criminals by the fact of visiting the bar of a local +speakeasy. There, naturally, they associated with +the proprietors, mobsters, who began to acquire +increasing political influence. Today billions of +dollars in cocaine profits leads to wide-spread +corruption [17]. + +About 1.2 million suspected drug offenders +are arrested each year in the U.S., most of them for +simple possession or petty sale [18]. Currently in +the U.S., police spend one-half their time on drug- +related crimes. The court system is on the verge of +collapse because of the proliferation of drug cases, +which-because they are criminal cases-have +priority over civil cases. Six out of ten federal +inmates are in prison on drug charges. Probably +another two of the ten are there on prohibition- +related offenses. There is a crisis in prison +crowding (forty states are under court order to +reduce overcrowding), with the result that violent +criminals--including child molesters, multiple +rapists, and kidnappers--are often released early. +This is reinforced by mandatory sentencing laws. +Consensual drug offenses are not only treated as the +moral equivalent of murder, rape, or kidnapping: +they are given harsher punishment. Youths are sent +to prison for life for selling drugs, while murderers +were eligible for early parole for good behavior +[19]. As one example, Florida punishes "simple +rape" by a maximum prison term of 15 years, +second-degree murder with no mandatory minimum +and a maximum of life in prison , first degree +murder (where the death penalty is not imposed) +with a mandatory minimum penalty of 25 years, +after which one is eligible for parole, but trafficking +in cocaine is punished with life imprisonment +"without the possibility of parole." + +The war on drugs has turned into a war on +civil liberties The reason is simple. The war is a +war on people suspected of using, or dealing in, or +otherwise being involved in drugs. But the drug +industry survives because tens of millions of people +engage in voluntary transactions, which they try to +keep secret. Hence law enforcement must attempt +to penetrate the private lives of millions of +suspects, which could be almost anyone. A Nobel +prize-winning economist wrote: "Every friend of +freedom . . . must be as revolted as I am by the +prospect of turning the U.S. into an armed camp, by +the vision of jails filled with casual drug users and +of an army of enforcers empowered to invade the +liberty of citizens on slight evidence" [20]. +Unfortunately, not everyone is a friend of freedom. +A mayor of New York advocated strip searching +travelers from Asia and South America. A U.S. +congressman introduced a bill to create an +"American Gulag" of Arctic prison camps for drug +offenders. And so on. + +The drug trade is sustained by prohibition +itself. Agencies like the Drug Enforcement +Administration (DEA) grew up to "fight" the drug +war. Their budgets, prestige, and paychecks depend +on the war's continuation. These agencies have vast +sums to spend on public relations and propaganda +("education"), and a vested interest against +legalization. Since these agencies profit from +crime, they have an incentive to cultivate +criminality as a natural resource. The sheriff of +Broward County, Florida, manufactured his own +crack cocaine to sell to buyers in order to arrest +them [21]. Others employ cocaine gigolos, who +then pressure unsuspecting boyfriends/girlfriends +into purchasing drugs from undercover agents (e.g., +United States v. Eugenio Llamera, No. 84-167-Cr +(S.D. Fla. 1984)). Periodically a new "biggest ever" +drug bust (such as 22 tons of cocaine in a Los +Angeles warehouse) is proudly announced, with no +apparent perception that such busts prove the +agencies are failing in their alleged goal of drug +elimination. Meanwhile, some government +employees-drug warriors-themselves engage in +criminal acts for enjoyment or to supplement their +income. Drug dealers, in particular, can be killed +and robbed with impunity. Forfeiture laws, which +allow the seizure of money, houses, boats, cars, +planes, and other property on the basis of a +circumstantial connection with prohibited drugs, +have also been profitable. The associate deputy +attorney general in charge of the U.S. Justice +Department's forfeiture program said "we're not at +all apologetic about the fact that we do benefit +(financially) from it" [22]. + +Others are paid to extend the war +internationally. Examples include Latin American +coca crop eradication and substitution programs. +These have had almost no success, and have created +massive social problems [23]. Poor farmers can +make four to ten times as much growing coca as in +growing legal crops [24]; they can grow coca and +marijuana in regions with poor soil; and they can +avoid oppressive agricultural regulations +encountered with the production and sale of crops +lacking an efficient alternative to government +marketing organizations. The 200,000 peasant +families (1 million people) engaged in coca +production in Peru are oblivious to campaigns +urging them to "just say no" to the source of their +livelihood. + +In the last few years, the use of, and hence +the demand for, cocaine has fallen. But there are +always new ways to justify increased drug war +budgets. The U.S. Department of State notes, with +no awareness of the irony of the statement: "The +economics of the heroin trade are also important. +While at U.S. street prices, cocaine and heroin are +competitive, at the wholesale level heroin has a +strong advantage. A kilo of cocaine wholesales for +between $10,500 and $40,000; a kilo of heroin will +fetch on average between $50,000 and $250,000. +With the likelihood that heroin will be to the 1990's +what cocaine was to the 1980's, Latin American +trafficking organizations are poised to cash in on a +heroin epidemic" [12]. And, naturally, so also are +those who fight them. + +For at some point it occurred to these drug +warriors, mighty and bold, that there were easier +ways to make a living. Why not just go after the +cash? After all, if you go out to the poppy fields +you may get your boots muddy, and (more +importantly) bankers don't carry guns. + +99 and 44/100 Percent Pure + +The House of Representatives report on the +banking legislation leading up to the U.S. Banking +Secrecy Act of 1970 noted that "secret foreign bank +accounts and secret foreign financial institutions" +had been used, among other things, to "purchase +gold," and to serve "as the ultimate depository of +black market proceeds from Vietnam" [25]. The +report does not explain why the purchase of gold +was a menace to society, nor elaborate on the role of +the House in creating a black market in Vietnam. +Within a few years gold was legalized, and the +absence of U.S. military forces in Vietnam +eliminated the black market. The report also noted: +"Unwarranted and unwanted credit is being pumped +into our markets." This was also attributed to +foreign banks with secrecy laws, although the +Federal Reserve*the real source of excess credit in +the years leading up to the breakdown of Bretton +Woods*is not foreign. In short, the House report +was a broad-based attack with little rhyme or +reason, setting the tone for similar future studies. + +As is usual in political double-speak, the +Banking Secrecy Act was an act of legislation +intended to prevent, not preserve, banking secrecy. +It created four requirements that were supposed to +address the issue of money laundering: 1) A paper +trail of bank records had to be maintained for five +years. 2) A Currency Transaction Report (CTR) +had to be filed by banks and other financial +institutions for currency transactions greater than +$10,000. CTRs were filed with the IRS. 3) A +Currency or Monetary Instrument Report (CMIR) +had to be filed when currency or monetary +instruments greater than $5,000 were taken out of +the U.S. CMIRs were filed with the Customs +Service. 4) A Foreign Bank Account Report +(FBAR) had to filed whenever a person had an +account in a foreign bank greater than $5,000 in +value. (The latter two requirements have been +increased to $10,000.) + +These reports mostly collected unread +during the 1970s. But that was to change with the +growth in computerized recordkeeping and artificial +intelligence processing, and with the escalation of +the "war on drugs." In the early 1980s, a Senate +staff study noted in alarm "what appears to be +otherwise ordinary Americans engaged in using +offshore facilities to facilitate tax fraud. These +cases signify that the illegal use of offshore +facilities has enveloped 'the man next door'--a trend +which forecasts severe consequences for the +country" [26]. + +The same report made a concerted effort to +draw connections between the eurodollar market +and criminal activity, noting "few banking +authorities address the issue of primary concern to +us here: criminal uses of Eurobanking." The focus +was not banking fraud or theft: "The most visible +and notorious aspect of offshore criminality +involves drug traffic." One of the report's many +recommendations was that the Treasury Department +should work with the "Federal Reserve Board to +develop a better understanding of the financial +significance and use of currency repatriation data as +well as information about foreign depositors' +currency deposits." Subsequently, Panama was +identified as the major banking center for the +cocaine trade, and Hong Kong as the major center +for the heroin trade, based largely on the amount of +U.S. dollars, including cash, being return to the +Federal Reserve by, respectively, the Banco +National de Panama and by Hong Kong-based +banks [27]. + +Thus, with that simple act, the Federal +Reserve Board was transformed from an institution +that watched over the currency to a co-conspirator +that watched over currency users. + +Efforts were extended internationally to +trace cash movements. The Bank for International +Settlements (BIS) Code of Conduct (1984) +recommended a global version of the CRT. +Information from the global CRT was to be +processed by the OECD and shared with tax +authorities in all industrialized countries. The G-7 +countries in 1989 agreed to form the Financial +Action Task Force (FATF), with staffing and +support to be provided by the OECD. FATF now +includes 26 governments. In May 1990, FATF +adopted forty recommendations on money +laundering countermeasures. These included +provisions that a global currency tracking system +(the global CRT proposed earlier by the BIS) be +created, that financial institutions be required to +report "suspicious transactions" to law enforcement +authorities, that global sting operations be used +against launderers, and that electronic money +movements, especially international wire transfers, +be monitored. + +So better beware your banker: by law, he's a +snitch. Maybe even a government employee. In +one recent example of a global sting, government +officials set up a bank in the Caribbean (Anguilla), +and advertised their services in confidential +banking. They then turned all the information over +to tax authorities. Did you ever wonder why +uneducated people believe in international banking +conspiracies? + +The Digital World of Money + +Money is a mechanism for making payment. +What we want from a payments mechanism is fast, +reliable (secure) service at a low cost. In current +technology that means that the payment mechanism +will be determined by transactions costs. Hence +money in a modern economy exists chiefly in the +form of electronic entries in computerized +recordkeeping systems or data bases. Money exists +as a number (e.g. 20) beside which is attached a +currency or country label (e.g. DM or BP or U.S.$) +and also an ownership label (e.g. "Deutsche Bank" +or "Microsoft" or "Jack Parsons"). Physical goods +are transported to different geographical locations, +but currencies by and large are not. This is true +both domestically and internationally. A bank in +London will sell British pounds to a bank in +Frankfurt for deutschemarks by having the +Frankfurt bank's name recorded as the new owner of +a pound deposit in London, while the London +bank's name is recorded as the new owner of a +deutschemark deposit in Frankfurt. + +Payment between banks is made by an +exchange of electronic messages. The scope and +size of transactions mandates this type of payment +mechanism. The most important communications +network for international financial market +transactions is the Society for Worldwide Interbank +Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), a Belgian +not-for-profit cooperative. This system for +transferring foreign exchange deposits and loans +began actual operation in May 1977 and by 1990 +had 1,812 members, and connected 3,049 banks and +securities industry participants in eighty-four +countries. It carried an average of 1.1 million +messages per day. SWIFT messages are transmitted +=66rom country to country via central, interconnected +operating centers located in Brussels, Amsterdam, +and Culpeper, Virginia. These three operating +centers are in turn connected by international data- +transmission lines to regional processors in most +member countries. Banks in an individual country +use the available national communication facilities +to send messages to the regional processor. A bank +in London, for example, will access SWIFT by +sending messages to a regional processing center in +the north of London [28]. The message will be +received by a bank in New York via the SWIFT +operating center in Culpeper, Virginia. + +Within the U.S. the most important +communications-money-channels are Fedwire +and CHIPS. Eleven thousand depository +institutions have access to Fedwire, the electronic +network system of the Federal Reserve System. +(About a thousand of these access the system +through the New York Fed.) In 1991 an average of +$766 billion daily went through the net, of which +$435 billion involved the New York Fed. The +average size of a funds transfer was $3 million. +There were 258,000 average daily transfers. + +The New York Clearing House Association +(twelve private commercial banks) operate the +Clearing House Interbank Payments System +(CHIPS) to settle foreign exchange and eurodollar +transactions. CHIPS connected 122 participants in +1991. On an average day $866 billion went through +the CHIPS network, with 150,000 average daily +transfers (or an average transfer size of about $5.7 +million). Sometimes there are large fluctuations in +the level of payments. On January 21, 1992, +$1.5977 trillion went through the CHIPS system. +That is, the U.S. M1 money stock turned over +several times in a single day. The CHIPS system +maintains an account at the New York Fed. Much +of the nation's money flows through what is literally +an underground economy: the computer banks +located beneath 55 Water Street in Manhattan. + +These systems, even the Fedwire system, did +not arise by centralized government planning. ". . . +it is historically accurate that the Fedwire system +evolved in almost a 'natural' manner; no one at the +Board or at a Reserve bank ever sat down and said +'let there be a wire transfer system.' Thus, Fedwire +can be regarded as an example of a market tendency +to evolve, over time, in an efficient manner" [29]. + +In Europe, banks have available +CEBAMAIL, a shared voice and data network +established by European central banks and later +expanded to other users. European banks also use +IBM's International Network and DIAL service to +communicate with the Bank for International +Settlements in Basle, Switzerland, and with each +other. + +Money, then, is part of the worldwide +information superhighway (or infobahn). The +Clinton administration's proposal for a "National +Information Infrastructure" (NII) was announced in +1994: "All Americans have a stake in the +construction of an advanced National Information +Infrastructure (NII), a seamless web of +communications networks, computers, databases, +and consumer electronics that will put vast amounts +of information at users' fingertips. Development of +the NII can help unleash an information revolution +that will change forever the way people live, work, +and interact with each other" [30]. + +To be sure, the ensuing hype has made the +whole thing sound like more circuses to keep the +masses pacified and thirsty: 500 channels of MTV +with beer and Pepsi ads, and insurance salesmen +popping out of your home computer. But the +information revolution was already well underway, +and had been so for years. The real agenda for +government involvement was stated in the White +House Press release, April 16, 1993: "Sophisticated +encryption technology has been used for years to +protect electronic funds transfer. . . While +encryption technology can help Americans protect +business secrets and the unauthorized release of +personal information, it also can be used by +terrorists, drug dealers, and other criminals." + +Now, in fact, almost all modern technology, +=66rom can openers to automobiles, can be used by +terrorists, drugs dealers, and criminals (even the +thieves in the Justice Department who preside over +asset forfeitures). But what is special about +cryptography is that it threatens to slow or nullify +the effectiveness of government-sponsored +computer surveillance of individuals and private +business. To get a handle on this, let's brush up our +high school cryptography, which has probably +grown rusty from lack of use. Eager students can +read an exhaustive history of the subject written by +David Kahn [31], but we will only focus on the tail- +end, post-Kahnian part of the story, on something +called "public key cryptography" [32]. + +Public Key Cryptography in One Easy Lesson + +Public key cryptography relies on two +scrambling devices, called "keys", that have the +following relationship. There is a public key P and +a private key R. Suppose I write a sweet, sensitive +love letter, filled with spiritual values, genetic +imperatives, and sexual innuendo, to my current +flame Veronica. Let's refer to this letter as the +message M. I sign it with Veronica's public key P, +producing the encrypted message P(M). Anyone +looking at P(M) will only see a string of +meaningless symbols, gibberish. When Veronica +receives it, she will apply her private key R to the +encrypted message, producing R(P(M)) =3D M, +turning the apparent randomness into tears, joy, and +erotic fantasy. + +The key pairs P and R must have the +relationship that for any message M, R(P(M)) =3D M. +In addition, it should be practically impossible for +anyone to determine M from P(M), without the +associated private key R. For any other private key +R', R'(P(M)) is not equal to M--it's still gibberish. +The key pairs P and R also have the commutative +relationship P(R(M)) =3D M: if you encrypt a +message with your private key R, then anyone can +decrypt it using your public key P. + +Being able to send secure messages is one +function of public key cryptography. Another +function is authentication. Suppose you sent a +message M to Bill. He receives the +message M*. Bill doesn't know whether M* is +really from you; or, even if it is from you, whether it +has been altered in some way (that is, if the M* he +receives is the same as the M you sent). The +solution to this problem, using public key +cryptography, is that you also send Bill a digital +signature S along with the message M. Here is how +this authentication process works. + +For simplicity, assume you don't even +encrypt the message to Bill. You just send him the +plain message M, saying "Dear Bill: You are wrong +and I am right. Here is why, blah blah blah [for a +few thousand words]." Then you just sign it by the +following procedure. + +First you chop your message down to size, +to produce a (meaningless) condensed version, +where one size fits all. To do this, you need a +message chopper called a "hash function." You +apply the hash function H to the message M to +produce a "message digest" or "hash value" H(M) +which is 160 bits long. You then sign the hash +value H(M) with your own private key R, producing +the signature S =3D R(H(M)). + +The receiver of the message, Bill, applies the +same hash function to the received message M* to +obtain its hash value H(M*). Bill then decrypts +your signature S, using your public key P, to obtain +P(S) =3D P(R(H(M))). He compares the two. If +H(M*) =3D P(R(H(M))), then he knows the message +has not been altered (that is, M* =3D M), and that you +sent the message. That's because the equality will +fail if either (1) the message was signed with some +other private key R', not yours, or if (2) the received +message M* was not the same as the message M +that was sent [33]. + +By some accident, of course, it could be that +Bill finds H(M*) =3D P(R(H(M))) even if the message +has been altered, or it is not from you. But the odds +of this happening are roughly 1 in 2^160, which is +vanishingly small; and even if this happens for one +message, it is not likely to happen with the next. + +The Growth of the Information Superspyway + +NSA is the U.S. intelligence agency located +in Ft. Mead, Maryland, which is responsible for +collecting electronic and signals intelligence. +Activities include monitoring the conversations of +foreign leaders, listening in on most international +communications (including financial transactions), +breaking codes, and setting the cryptological +standards for U.S. military and security agencies +[34]. In 1975 at the University of California at +Berkeley, I made a special trip over to the +employment office to see the NSA recruitment +posters. They were, after all, a novelty. Hardly +anyone knew the NSA ("No Such Agency") existed, +and the word was just getting around that +mathematicians could compete with physicists for +Defense Department largess. + +A couple of years later, Bobby Inman +departed his post as head of Naval Intelligence, +=66rom which vantage point he had leaked Watergate +revelations to Bob Woodward, to become head of +NSA. Soon thereafter, the NSA began harassing +certain mathematicians in the private sector, +claiming "sole authority to fund research in +cryptography" [35]. + +In those days such a monopoly was possible. +The computer culture was hierarchically structured +and mind-bogglingly pedantic. Peon programmers +produced a token 20 lines of code per day, which +allowed them plenty of time to attend "efficiency" +meetings. Systems analysts involved themselves in +busy work--creating elaborate flow charts to explain +self-evident routines. Only those who learned to toe +the line were allowed gradual access to better +equipment and more CPU time. NSA, meanwhile, +was one of the top markets for expensive, +sophisticated computer equipment. If you wanted to +be a cryptologist [36], you bit the bullet and bowed +to NSA and IBM. + +The federal encryption standard for +unclassified government computer data and +communications, an encryption algorithm called +Lucifer, had been developed by IBM in the early +70s. It was later certified by a civilian agency, the +National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), as the +Data Encryption Standard (DES) in 1976. Unlike +public key cryptography which uses two keys +(either one of which may be used to encrypt, and the +other to decrypt), DES was a symmetric key system, +using a single key to both encrypt and decrypt. +Because of the single key, DES could be used for +encryption or authentication, but not both +simultaneously. + +Through the American Bankers Association +and ANSI's Financial Institution Wholesale Security +Working Group, DES entered the banking world as +a method of encryption and message authentication +in electronic funds transfer. But for digital +signatures it made more sense to rely on public key +cryptography. And although the NIST began to +solicit public-key cryptographic algorithms in 1982, +nothing would be approved for another decade, so +both federal agencies and private organizations, +including banks, began to look to commercial +sources of digital signature technology. (They +basically settled on one called the Rivest-Shamir- +Adleman (RSA) system.) + +Meanwhile, the anarchy of the personal +computer had been unleashed. The PC allowed one +person to be in charge of the entire software +development process. She could be hardware +technician, systems analyst, mathematician, +programmer, artist-in-residence, and general hell- +raiser rolled into one. Just as Gutenberg inspired +later generations to learn to read precisely because +they had, Pogo-like, acquired the ability to write, so +did the appearance of the microprocessor inspire a +generation of talented and creative people to absorb +themselves in computer-accentuated tasks which no +longer mandated interaction with a phalanx of +mandarins whose notion of Eros was a COBOL +routine to insert Tab A into Slot B. To be sure, the +PC was not powerful enough to break codes +(cryptanalysis), but it was a good enough tool for +creating cryptography software. + +In 1984 Reagan's National Security Decision +Directive 145 (NSDD-145) shifted the +responsibility for certifying DES-based products to +NSA. Executive Order 12333 in 1980 had made the +Secretary of Defense the government's executive +agent for communications security, and NSDD-145 +expanded this role to telecommunications and +information systems. The Director of NSA was +made responsible for the implementation of the +Secretary's responsibilites. In 1986 NSA created an +uproar by saying it would no longer endorse DES +products after 1988, and would substitute a new set +of incompatible, classified, hardware standards. +Banks and software vendors weren't happy with the +news because they had only recently invested +heavily in DES-based systems. But Congress +effectively rejected NSDD-145's federal computer +security plan by passing the Computer Security Act +of 1987, and DES was reaffirmed anyway (with the +NIST reinstated as the certifier of applications that +met the standard), and then affirmed again in 1993. +(The next DES review is scheduled for 1998.) + +Changes in technology were creating both +new security concerns and spying opportunities. On +the one hand, a rank amateur with a scanner could +sit in his apartment and monitor his neighbors' +cordless and cellular telephone conversations. (After +all, if a signal makes it into your bedroom, you may +feel you have a right to tune it in.) On the other +hand, the NSA could in the same way make use of +the electromagnetic signals sent out by computer +hardware components. Unshielded cables act as +radio broadcast antennas. Related signals, especially +=66rom the computer monitor and the computer's +CPU, are sent back down the AC power cord and +out into the building's electrical wiring. Signals may +also be transmitted directly into the phone line +through a computer modem (which isn't in use). +These frequencies can be tuned, so that what +appeared on one person's computer screen can be +displayed on an observer's screen a block away. +(There were no laws against monitoring computer +radiation then, and there are none now, so the NSA +can take the position that it is doing nothing illegal +by parking its monitoring vans in domestic spots in +New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and +Washington, D.C. [37].) + + The erosion of the spying monopoly lead to +the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act +(ECPA) which prohibited phone and data-line +tapping--except, naturally, by law enforcement +agencies and employers. ECPA made cellular (but +not cordless) phone monitoring illegal. President +Bush would later sign a second law which +prohibited even the *manufacture or import* of +scanners that are capable of cellular monitoring. +But the latter law was nonsensical, since *every +cellular phone is itself a scanner*. In a +demonstration for a Congressional subcommittee, it +took a technician only three minutes to reprogram a +cellular phone's codes so that it could be used for +eavesdropping [38]. + + With the worldwide collapse of +Communism, federal agents quickly discovered a +new fount of terrorist activity: American teenagers, +hackers. The Secret Service crusade to conquer +children started when Congress passed the +Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in 1986, and +culminated in May 1990 with Operation Sundevil, +in which 42 computer systems were seized around +the country, along with 23,000 floppy disks. + +One college-age hacker, Chris Goggans +(a.k.a. Eric Bloodaxe) upon receiving information +which lead him to suspect the coming raid, went +home and (like any good host) cleaned and +vacuumed his apartment, placed little notes in +drawers ("Nope, nothing in here"; "Wrong, try +again"), and adorned his desk with brochures from +the local Federal Building--titles like How to +Become an FBI Agent, . . . Secret Service Agent, etc. +The raid came one morning while Goggans was in +bed. "Leading the pack is Special Agent Tim +Foley," Goggans recounts, "and he's got his service +revolver out, and he's got it pointed at me. He's a +pretty big guy and I'm me. . . . Hackers are a +notoriously violent group of people who are known +for their physical prowess, so guns are definitely +always necessary" [39 ]. + +Paranoia verged on the imbecilic. AT&T +Security found a description of 911 system +administration, called "E911," on one bulletin board +service. They claimed in court the theft of this +information was worth exactly $79,449, but the case +fell apart when the defense showed the same +information, with more technical details, about the +911 system was publicly available from AT&T for +the mere price of $13. + +The FBI, meanwhile, was undergoing +culture shock. Telephone carrier signals were now +digital and multiplexed, so that any specific channel +might be interleaved among many others in a +continuous stream of bits which the FBI could no +longer access with only a pair of alligator clips. In +March 1992 the FBI proposed Digital Telephony +legislation (code-named in FBI documents +"Operation Root Canal") that would require private +industry to provide access ports in digital equipment +for the purpose of tapping specific conversations. + +The FBI proposal didn't sit well with the +General Services Administration (GSA), the largest +purchaser of telecommunications equipment for the +U.S. government. GSA noted that the "proposed +bill would have to have the FCC or another agency +approve or reject new telephone equipment mainly +on the basis of whether the FBI has the capability to +wiretap it." So GSA opposed the legislation for +security reasons, noting it would "make it easier for +criminals, terrorists, foreign intelligence (spies) and +computer hackers to electronically penetrate the +public network and pry into areas previously not +open to snooping. This situation of easier access +due to new technology changes could therefore +affect national security" [40]. + +Ironically, the World Trade Center was +subsequently bombed by a group that was already +under FBI surveillance, so one could make a case +that *voyeurism*, not public security, was the real +intent of the proposed legislation [41]. The 1992 +Digital Telephony proposal would have also given +the Justice Department the unilateral and exclusive +authority to enforce, grant exceptions, or waive +provisions of the law, or enforce it in Federal Court. +You know, the *Justice Department*: that splendid +collection of righteous lawyers, whose recent +triumphs include overseeing the slaughter of a +religious group in Waco, Texas [42], running a +software company into bankruptcy and +appropriating its software [43], and allegedly +manipulating the machinery of justice to cover +tracks left by financial thieves [44]. + +Now the Computer Security Act of 1987 had +authorized a U.S. government project to develop +standards for publicly-available cryptography. On +April 16, 1993 the Clinton Administration +announced two new controversial Federal +Information Processing Standards (FIPS) which +embodied Capstone's principal elements. These +were the Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES)-- +a.k.a. "Clipper"--and the Digital Signature Standard +(DSS). All private companies doing business with +the government might be affected. + +The Escrowed Encryption Standard + +The EES was promulgated by the Clinton +Administration as a voluntary (for now, anyway) +alternative to the Data Encryption Standard (DES). +It involved a bulk data encryption algorithm called +Skipjack, which would be contained on a tamper- +resistant chip, called the Clipper Chip (or MYK-78). +The chip would be manufactured by VLSI Logic, +and programmed with the algorithms and keys by +Mykotronx at a facility in Torrance, California. +Each chip would contain a trapdoor that would +allow the government, using a two-part key (U =3D +U1+U2), each half deposited with a different escrow +agency, to decode any communications sent through +the chip [45]. + +Here is how the process works. (You can +skip this paragraph and the next one if you like.) In +addition to the Skipjack encryption algorithm, each +chip will contain a 80-bit family key F that is +common to all chips; a 30-bit serial number N; and +an 80-bit secret "unique" key U which can be used +to unlock all messages sent through the chip. +Suppose I have my secure device get in touch with +Veronica's secure device. The first thing that +happens is our two chips agree on a randomly +generated 80-bit symmetric session key K, which +will be used only for this one conversation. The +Clipper Chip takes our whispered message stream +M and encrypts it with K, using the Skipjack +algorithm, producing the encrypted message K(M). +Simple enough. But my chip also has other ideas. +As an entirely separate process, it also takes the +session key K and encrypts it with the secret key U, +producing U(K). Then it tacks the serial number N +on to the end of the encrypted session key, giving +the sandwich U(K)+N. Then it takes the family key +F and encrypts the sandwich, giving F[U(K)+N]. +The encrypted sandwich, F[U(K)+N], is called the +LEAF, or "Law Enforcement Access Field." Both +my encrypted message K(M) and the LEAF, +F[U(K)+N], are sent out over the telephone line. +Veronica's chip receives both these, but mostly +ignores the LEAF. Her chip simply takes the +previously agreed session key K and uses it to +decrypt the encrypted message, yielding K[K(M)] =3D +M. + +Now suppose Fred is a horny FBI agent who +wants to listen in on all this. He gets a warrant +(maybe), and has the phone company plug him into +the conversation. With his listening device, he +siphons off both my encrypted message K(M) and +the LEAF, F[U(K)+N]. As a member of the FBI he +is allowed to know the family key F, which he uses +to decrypt the LEAF, yielding the sandwich: +F{F[U(K)+N]} =3D U(K)+N. So now he knows the +serial number N. He then takes N along with his +warrant over to the first escrow agency, which gives +him half of the secret key, U1. He takes N with his +warrant over to the second escrow agency, which +gives him the other half, U2. He now knows the +secret key U =3D U1+U2. He uses U to decrypt the +encrypted session key: U[U(K)] =3D K. Now he +knows the session key K, which he uses to decrypt +my encrypted message: K[K(M)] =3D M. To his great +disappointment, he discovers I was only calling to +thank Veronica for the pepperoni and cheese pizza +she sent over. + +Industry was urged to build the EES into +every type of communication device: computer +modem, telephone, fax, and set-top TV converter. +Of course to do so (surprise, surprise) will make a +product subject to State Department ITAR export +controls. But AT&T, at least, promptly popped the +Clipper Chip into the AT&T Security Telephone +Device 3600, which has a retail price of about +$1,100, because they had been "suitably +incentivised" (see below). + +Another implementation of the ESS is the +Capstone Chip (Mykotronx MYK-80), which +includes Clipper's Skipjack algorithm, and adds to it +digital signature, hash, and key-change functions. +While Clipper is mostly intended for telephone +communication, Capstone is designed for data +communication. Finally there is Tessera, which is a +PCMCIA card that contains a Capstone Chip. +Despite generating universally negative comments, +EES was approved by the Department of +Commerce as a federal standard in February 1994. + +The details of the NSA-developed Skipjack +algorithm are classified. However, it uses 80-bit +keys and scrambles the data for 32 steps or rounds. +The earlier standard, DES, uses 56-bit keys and +scrambles the data for only 16 rounds. But the +secrecy of Skipjack removed some of its credibility. +People are confident in the security of DES, because +its details are public. Hence people have probed +DES over the years and failed to find any +weaknesses. The primary reason for Skipjack's +classification appears to be an attempt to prevent its +use without transmission of the associated LEAF +field. + +An outside panel of expects concluded there +was no significant risk that messages encrypted with +the Skipjack algorithm would be breakable by +exhaustive search in the next 30 to 40 years. The +same cannot be said for the EES protocol as a +whole. Matthew Blaze, a researcher at AT&T +showed there are ways to corrupt the LEAF, so that +the session key K cannot be recovered, and hence +messages cannot be decrypted [46]. Of course if +you are sending data files, and not voice, you can +ignore the presence or absence of the Clipper Chip +altogether. Just encrypt your file with, say, Pretty +Good Privacy, before you send it through the +Clipper Chip. Thus your original message is an +already-encrypted file, and it won't matter if FBI +Fred reads it or not. But things are not so simple +with voice messages. So the first target for a +government ban is alternative encryption devices +for voice communication, particularly if the Clipper +Chip doesn't catch on. Which would be nothing +new: for years ham radio operators have been +prohibited from using encryption on the air. + +The future of the EES may depend on the +coercive purchasing power of the U.S. government. +A memorandum prepared for the Acting Assistant +Secretary of Defense had noted a number of U.S. +computer industries objections to a trapdoor chip, +such as the Clipper Chip: "The industry argues +persuasively that overseas markets (much less drug +lords or spies) will not look with favor on U.S. +products which have known trapdoors when +offshore products which do not have them are +available. In support of their argument, they note +that powerful public-key cryptography developed +and patented by RSA using U.S. tax dollars is free +to developers in Europe, subject to royalties in the +United States, and cannot be exported without +expensive and time-late export licenses. These +charges are true. . . .Despite these concerns, the +President has directed that the Attorney General +request that manufacturers of communications +hardware use the trapdoor chip, and at least AT&T +has been reported willing to do so (having been +suitably incentivised by promises of government +purchases)" [47]. + + +The Digital Signature Standard + +The second announced standard, DSS, uses +a digital signature algorithm (DSA) to authenticate +the source and validity of messages [48]. Digital +signatures are the equivalent of handwritten +signatures on legal documents. While there is yet +no body of case law dealing with the subject, +documents signed with proper digital signatures will +almost certainly be legally binding, both for +commercial use as defined in the Uniform +Commercial Code (UCC), and will probably also +have the same legal standard as handwritten +signatures. + +The computer industry had generally wanted +the U.S. government to choose instead the RSA +algorithm, which was currently the most widely +used authentication algorithm. The banking and +financial services industry were using both the RSA +algorithm and a modified form of the DSA +algorithm [49]. + +As we saw previously, it is typically not the +entire message that is signed, but rather a condensed +form of it, a hash value. The hash function for the +DSS is the Secure Hash Standard (SHS), which +accepts a variable-size input (the message) and +returns a 160-bit string. SHS was adopted as a +government standard in 1993 [50]. + +That both EES and DSS were rushed forth in +an attempt to break the spread of good cryptography +in the private sector is acknowledged even by a +government agency, the Office of Technology +Assessment (OTA): "In OTA's view, both the EES +and the DSS are federal standards that are part of a +long-term control strategy intended to retard the +general availability of 'unbreakable' or 'hard to +break' cryptography within the United States, for +reasons of national security and law enforcement. It +appears that the EES is intended to complement the +DSS in this overall encryption-control strategy, by +discouraging future development and use of +encryption without built-in law enforcement access, +in favor of key-escrow encryption and related +technologies" [51]. + +Which brings us back to privacy and the +monetary system. + +The Buck Stops Here + +In 1993 SWIFT began asking users of its +messaging system to include a purpose of payment +in all messages, as well as payers, payees, and +intermediaries. This type of arrangement would +allow NSA computers to scan for any names in +which they were interested. To be sure, +$10,000,000 for the "Purchase of Plutonium" would +have been scanned for anyway. But now they can +search for "Hakim 'Bobby' Bey," because someone +has decided he's a terrorist. Or someone decided +they just don't like him, and so they claim he's a +terrorist. + +In addition, proposals resurfaced for a two- +tier U.S. currency. When such a proposal was +rumored around 1970 during the slow breakdown of +the Bretton Woods agreement, the rumor was +dismissed as a paranoid fantasy. Recently the +proposal itself has been discussed on the Federal +Page of the Washington Post, which gives support +to the plan of "an expert on terrorism" (*another +one?*) to have two separate U.S. currencies, "new +greenbacks for domestic use and new 'redbacks' for +overseas use." The International Counterfeit +Deterrence Strike Force (an inter-agency working +group informally called the "Super-Bill +Committee") supports a revived 1989 DEA plan for +the forced conversion of "domestic" dollars into +"international" dollars by U.S. travelers at the +border, which would be re-exchanged on their +return [52]. + +While Customs deals with physical cash, +NSA is set to deal with the electronic variety. That +NSA has in some circumstances already monitored +international banking transactions since at least the +early 1980s seems evident from the inclusion of +detailed banking transactions between the +Panamanian branch of the Discount Bank and Trust +of Switzerland and a Cayman Islands bank in a +classified report to the Secretary of State during the +Reagan administration. The information in the +report seemingly could only have come from +electronic access to the bank's computerized +records. Some observers have speculated that a +bugged computer program, Inslaw's PROMIS, was +involved. This program, allegedly stolen from +Inslaw by the U.S. Department of Justice, was sold +to dozens of banks. (A federal bankruptcy judge +found that the Justice Department had purposefully +propelled Inslaw into bankruptcy in an effort to +steal the PROMIS software through "trickery, deceit +and fraud" [53].) The program was said to have +been altered in such a way to allow government +agencies trapdoor access into a bank's transaction +records [54]. + +The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation +(FDIC) is the government corporation that insures +deposits at U.S. member banks. The FDIC +Improvement Act of 1991 required the FDIC to +study the costs and feasibility of tracking every +bank deposit in the U.S. The notion was it was +necessary to compute bank deposit insurance +requirements in real time. Not everyone thought +this was a good idea. The American Banker's +Association noted it was inconceivable that such +data would "be used only by the FDIC in deposit +insurance coverage functions." And even though the +FDIC itself argued against the proposal in its draft +report to Congress in June 1993, FinCEN used the +occasion to propose a "Deposit Tracking System" +(DTS) that would also track deposits to, or +withdrawals from, U.S. banks accounts in real time. + +So advances in cryptography come face to +face with round-the-clock, round-the-border +surveillance. + +F.A. Hayek argued for the denationalization +of money, an abolition of the government monopoly +over the money supply, and the institution of a +regime of competitive private issuers of currency +[55]. One reason was to stop the recurring bouts of +acute inflation and deflation that have become +accentuated over this century. Another reason was +to make it increasingly impossible for governments +to restrict the international movement of +individuals, money and capital, and thereby to +safeguard the ability of dissidents to escape +oppression. He said that "attempts by governments +to control the international movements of currency +and capital" is at present "the most serious threat not +only to a working international economy but also to +personal freedom; and it will remain a threat so long +as governments have the physical power to enforce +such controls." + +Two decades ago, Hayek's proposal seemed +to have scant probability of ever coming about. No +longer. + +Hayek's dream is about to be realized. + +PART II: DIGITAL CASH + +[To Be Continued] + +Footnotes + +[1] The Principia Discordia, or How I Found +Goddess and What I Did to Her When I Found Her +was authored by Malaclypse the Younger (a +computer programmer named Greg Hill) and +recounts the visionary encounter he and Omar +Ravenhurst (Kerry Thornley) had with Eris, the +Goddess of Chaos, in an all-night bowling alley. +Kerry Thornley is also the author of Zenarchy as +well as a novel about Lee Harvey Oswald, whom +Kerry knew in the Marines. Some of the early +Erisian (Discordian) writings were mimeographed +at the office of Jim Garrison, the New Orleans +District Attorney, where a friend of Kerry's worked. +Principia Discordia may be found on the Internet at +the wiretap.spies.com gopher, in the directory +Electronic Books, filed under Malaclypse the +Younger. It and the other works mentioned in this +footnote are also available from Loompanics +Unlimited, P.O. Box 1197, Port Townsend, WA +98368. Phone: 206-385-2230, Fax: 206-385-7785. + +[2] The NSA employee handbook notes: +"It is the policy of the National +Security Agency to prevent and +eliminate the improper use of drugs +by Agency employees and other +personnel associated with the +Agency. The term "drugs" includes +all controlled drugs or substances +identified and listed in the Controlled +Substances Act of 1970, as amended, +which includes but is not limited to: +narcotics, depressants, stimulants, +cocaine, hallucinogens and cannabis +(marijuana, hashish, and hashish oil). +The use of illegal drugs or the abuse +of prescription drugs by persons +employed by, assigned or detailed to +the Agency may adversely affect the +national security; may have a serious +damaging effect on the safety [of +yourself] and the safety of others; +and may lead to criminal +prosecution. Such use of drugs +either within or outside Agency +controlled facilities is prohibited." +A copy of this handbook may be found in the +hacker publication Phrack Magazine, No. 45, March +30, 1994, which is available on the Internet at +ftp.fc.net/pub/phrack. + +[3] Governments have always been in the drug +business, and perhaps always will be. In earlier +times, governments attempted a monopoly on drugs, +sex, and religion. But in recent years the ungodly +have stopped paying tithes, so many governments +have gotten out of the religion business, and private +competition has forced them out of the sex business. +Of the big three, most governments are left with +only drugs, which explains why drugs are politically +more important than either sex or religion. Two +references on historical drug politics are Jack +Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars, Harcourt +Bruce Jovanovich, New York, 1975, and Alfred W. +McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in +the Global Drug Trade, Lawrence Hill Books, New +York, 1991. Two references on more recent U.S. +government involvement include the well- +documented book by Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan +Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the +CIA in Central America, The University of +California Press, Berkeley, 1991, and the less well +substantiated, but provocative, Compromised: +Clinton, Bush, and the CIA, by Terry Reed & John +Cummings, Shapolsky Publishers, New York, 1994. + +[4] The following may be related, although no +charges have been filed. In 1987 Tallahassee police +traced an alleged child porn operation back to a +warehouse in Washington, D.C. The warehouse +was operated by a group called The Finders, whose +leader has an extensive background in intelligence. +Customs agents had information that was, according +to Customs and FBI documents posted on the +Internet by Wendell Minnick (author of Spies and +Provocateurs: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of +Persons Conducting Espionage and Covert Action, +1946-1991), "specific in describing 'blood rituals' +and sexual orgies involving children, and an as yet +unsolved murder in which the Finders may be +involved." The evidence included a telex which +"specifically ordered the purchase of two children in +Hong Kong to be arranged through a contact in the +Chinese Embassy there" and a photographic album. +"The album contained a series of photos of adults +and children dressed in white sheets participating in +a blood ritual. The ritual centered around the +execution of at least two goats. . . ." As the +investigation proceeded, the "CIA made one contact +and admitted to owning the Finders organization as +a front for a domestic computer training operation, +but that it had 'gone bad.' CIA defers all further +contacts to FCIA (Foreign Counter Intelligence +Agency). FCIA is distinct and autonomous +organization within FBI. . . . FCIA contacts +[Washington] MPD Intelligence and advised that all +reports regarding Finders are to be classified at the +Secret level. FCIA also advised that no information +was to be turned over to the FBI WFO [Washington +Field Office] for investigation, and that the WFO +would not be advised of the CIA or FCIA +involvement/contact." + +I've since checked with all my programming +friends, but no one remembers seeing a computer +training film involving the sacrifice of goats. + +[5] It is argued that the creation and distribution of +images of nude children should be prohibited, since +they might be used "for the purpose of sexual +stimulation or gratification of any individual who +may view such depiction" (Edward De Grazia, The +Big Chill: Censorship and the Law, Aperture, Fall +1990, page 50). Where I grew up, children +sometimes played naked. However, I guess in that +case rays of natural light seen by the human eye +underwent a mysterious *transubstantiation* that +turned the data into *pastoral innocence* before +digitized messages were sent to the brain. By +contrast, .gif files stored in a computer have not +undergone transubstantiation, and remain slimy +with evil inherited from the Original Snub. + +[6] The Justice Department's Office of General +Counsel issued a legal opinion on the First +Amendment constitutionality of ITAR restrictions +on public cryptography on May 11, 1978. The +opinion--addressed to Dr. Frank Press, the Science +Adviser to the President--concluded: "It is our view +that the existing provisions of the ITAR are +Unconstitutional insofar as they establish a prior +restraint on disclosure of cryptographic ideas and +information developed by scientists and +mathematicians in the private sector." The ITAR +regulations are also referred to as Defense Trade +Regulations. See Department of State, Defense +Trade Regulations, 22 CFR 120-130, Office of +Defense Trade Controls, May 1992. The State +Department turns all cryptology decisions over to +NSA. + +[7] Stewart A. Baker, "Don't Worry, Be Happy," +Wired Magazine, June 1994. + +[8] Remarks at Computers, Freedom and Privacy +Conference IV, Chicago, March 26, 1994. + +[9] Denning, Dorothy E., "Encryption and Law +Enforcement," Georgetown University, February +21, 1994. + +[10] Which explains, I guess, why I am no longer +able to get any smack with my pepperoni and +cheese. + +[11] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of +International Narcotics Matters, International +Narcotics Control Strategy Report, U.S. +Government Printing Office, April 1994. + +[12] Ibid. + +[13] Kimery, Anthony L., "Big Brother Wants to +Look into Your Bank Account (Any Time It +Pleases)," Wired Magazine, December 1993. + +[14] Chicago Tribune, January 20, 1995. + +[15] Timothy C. May, "The Crypto Anarchist +Manifesto," September 1992. + +[16] Steven B. Duke and Albert C. Gross, America's +Longest War: Rethinking Our Tragic Crusade +Against Drugs, Putnam, New York, 1993. + +[17] Examples may be found in Steven Wisotsky, +Beyond the War on Drugs, Prometheus Books, +Buffalo, New York, 1990. + +[18] John Powell and Ellen Hershenov, "Hostage to +the Drug War: The National Purse, The +Constitution, and the Black Community," +University of California at Davis Law Review, 24, +1991. + +[19] David B. Kopel, "Prison Blues: How +America's Foolish Sentencing Policies Endanger +Public Safety," Policy Analysis No. 208, Cato +Institute, Washington, D.C., May 17, 1994. + +[20] Milton Friedman, "Open Letter to Bill Bennet," +Wall Street Journal, September 7, 1989. + +[21] Larry Keller, "Sheriff's Office Makes Own +Crack for Drug Stings," Fort Lauderdale News & +Sun Sentinel, April 18, 1989. + +[22] The quote may be found on page 5 in Andrew +Schneider and Mary Pat Flaherty, Presumed Guilty: +The Law's Victims in the War on Drugs, reprinted +=66rom The Pittsburgh Press, August 11-16, 1991. + +[23] Melanie S. Tammen, "The Drug War vs. Land +Reform in Peru," Policy Analysis No. 156, Cato +Institute, Washington, D.C., July 10, 1991. + +[24] Rensselaer W. Lee, The White Labyrinth: +Cocaine and Political Power, Transaction, New +Brunswick, NJ, 1989. + +[25] House of Representatives, Banks Records and +Foreign Transactions concerning P.L. 95-508, +House Report 91-975, October 12, 1970. + +[26] U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on +Investigations, Crime and Secrecy: The Use of +Offshore Banks and Companies, U.S. Government +Printing Office, February 1983. + +[27] President's Commission on Organized Crime, +The Cash Connection: Organized Crime, Financial +Institutions, and Money Laundering, U.S. +Government Printing Office, October 1984. + +[28] Bank for International Settlements, Large +Value Funds Transfer Systems in the Group of Ten +Countries, May 1990. + +[29] Ernest T. Patrikis, Thomas C. Baxter Jr., and +Raj K. Bhala, Wire Transfers: A Guide to U.S. and +International Laws Governing Funds Transfer, +Probus Publishing Company, Chicago, IL, 1993. + +[30] The National Information Infrastructure: +Agenda for Action. +[31] David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story of +Secret Writing, Macmillan, New York, 1967. + +[32] The best accessible book on the subject is +Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography, John Wiley +& Sons, New York, 1994. + +[33] It could also fail for other reasons, such as a +signature garbled in transmission (solution: resend +it), or disagreement on the hash function (solution: +adopt a common standard, such as the Secure Hash +Standard, discussed later). + +[34] The activities of the NSA were first +comprehensively surveyed in James Bamford, The +Puzzle Palace: a Report on NSA, America's Most +Secret Agency, Houghton Mifflin Company, +Boston, 1982. + +[35] David Burnham, The Rise of the Computer +State, Random House, New York, 1983. + +[36] Cryptology is divided into cryptography, the +art of secret writing (encryption), and cryptanalysis, +the art of code breaking. By analogy, thinking of +the world of banking divided into vault-keepers and +thieves. + +[37] Computer Monitor Radiation (CMR) is +involved in the plot of Winn Schwartau's *Terminal +Compromise*, the best hacker novel available. A +freeware version, replete with misspellings and +other typos, under the filename termcomp.zip, is +available by ftp or gopher from many sites. One +location is ucselx.sdsu.edu/pub/doc/etext. + +[38] Cindy Skrzycki, "Dark Side of the Data Age," +Washington Post, May 3, 1993. + +[39] Interviewed by Netta Gilboa in Gray Areas +Magazine. Interview reprinted in The Journal of +American Underground Computing, 1(7), January +17, 1995. + +[40] Attachment to memo from Wm. R. Loy 5/5/92, +(O/F)-9C1h(2)(a)-File (#4A). + +[41] I was a block away in a building with a view of +one of the World Trade Center towers when the +explosion occurred, but, along with all the Barclays +Precious Metals dealers, only found out about the +bomb when the news came across the Telerate +monitor a few minutes later. + +[42] Not that there weren't good motives for the +operation. For example, the four BATF agents slain +in the attack on the Branch Davidians were all ex- +bodyguards for the Clinton presidential campaign, +and heaven knows we've already heard *enough* +revelations from Clinton's ex-bodyguards. + +[43] INSLAW, discussed further below. + +[44] The latter statement is speculation on my part, +and I have no evidence to back it up. I am certainly +*not* referring to the following alleged sequence of +events, cited by Nicholas A. Guarino ("Money, +Fraud, Drugs, and Sex," January 26, 1995): When +Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan folds, it is +somewhere between $47 and $68 million in the +hole. The tab is settled at $65 million. One of the +biggest debtors to Madison is a Madison director, +Seth Ward, who is the father-in-law of Webb +Hubbell. Webb is Hillary Clinton's former law +partner and afterward (until April 1994) Associate +Attorney General (the Number 3 position) at the +Justice Department, who gets assigned to +investigate Whitewater. But when the Resolution +Trust Corporation (RTC) takes over Madison +Guaranty Savings & Loans, Hillary has been on +retainer to Madison for many months. The RTC +brings suit to obtain $60 million from Madison +Guaranty's debtors. But Hillary negotiates the RTC +down from $60 million to $1 million. Hillary then +gets the RTC to forgive the $600,000 debt Seth +Ward owes the RTC, leaving the RTC with +$400,000 out of the original $60 million owed. But +(surprise) Hillary does this as the counsel for the +RTC, not Madison. Her fee for representing the +RTC? $400,000, which leaves the RTC with +nothing. + +[45] Dorothy E. Denning, "The Clipper Encryption +System," American Scientist, 81(4), July/August +1993, 319-323. The NIST and the Treasury +Department's Automated Systems Division were +designated as the initial escrow agents. + +[46] Matt Blaze, "Protocol Failure in the Escrowed +Encryption Standard," AT&T Bell Laboratories, +June 3, 1994. + +[47] Ray Pollari, Memorandum for the Acting +Assistant Secretary of Defense (C31), April 30, +1993. + +[48] National Institute of Standards and Technology +(NIST), The Digital Signature Standard, Proposal +and Discussion, Communications of the ACM, +35(7), July 1992, 36-54. + +[49] American National Standards Institute, +American National Standard X9.30-199X: Public +Key Cryptography Using Irreversible Algorithms +for the Financial Services Industry: Part 1: The +Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), American +Bankers Association, Washington, D.C., March 4, +1993. + +[50] National Institute of Standards and Technology +(NIST), Secure Hash Standard (SHS), FIPS +Publication 180, May 11, 1993. + +[51] Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), +Information Security and Privacy in Network +Environments, September 9, 1994. + +[52] "TerrorDollars: Counterfeiters, Cartels and +Other Emerging Threats to America's Currency," +Washington Post, March 6, 1994. + +[53] Maggie Mahar, "Beneath Contempt Did the +Justice Dept. Deliberately Bankrupt INSLAW?," +Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly, +March 21, 1988; and "Rogue Justice: Who and +What Were Behind the Vendetta Against +INSLAW?," Barron's National Business and +Financial Weekly, April 4, 1988; U.S. Congress, +Committee on the Judiciary, The Inslaw Affair, +House Report 102-857, September 10, 1992. + +[54] Thompson's, Congress backs claims that spy +agencies bugged bank software, Thompson's +International Banking Regulator, Jan. 17, 1994. + +[55] Hayek, Friedrich A. von, Denationalisation of +Money: An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of +Concurrent Currencies, The Institute of Economic +Affairs, Lancing, 1976. + + +1995 J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 Terminal Way #3, Reno, NV +89502. Internet address: kalliste@delphi.com + + + +------------------------- Note headers follow -------------------------- +Received: by ping.at id AA09782 + (5.67b8/ping for ); Mon, 15 May 1995 02:41:28 +0200 +Return-Path: +Received: from bos1h.delphi.com(192.80.63.10) by pong.ping.at via smap (V1.3) + id sma009749; Mon May 15 02:41:05 1995 +Received: from delphi.com by delphi.com (PMDF V4.3-9 #7804) + id <01HQI8UYO1PC9I7QTO@delphi.com>; Sun, 14 May 1995 20:41:01 -0400 (EDT) diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/money_laundering_2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/money_laundering_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..271fa07 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/money_laundering_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@ +From: Orlin Grabbe +Newsgroups: alt.2600 +Subject: money laundering & digital cash +Date: Fri, 12 May 95 00:21:58 -0500 +Message-ID: + +[This is part II of The End of Ordinary +Money. Part I was previously posted on +the Internet, and will appear around +June 1 in the July issue of Liberty, +Box 1181, Port Townsend, WA 98368.] + +****************************************** +* Copyright 1995 J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 * +* Terminal Way #3, Reno, NV 89502. All * +* rights reserved. Internet address * +* * +****************************************** + +THE END OF ORDINARY MONEY + +Part II: Money Laundering, Electronic Cash, +and Cryptological Anonymity + +by J. Orlin Grabbe + + It was bright lights and balmy action. Thomas +Constantine, the head of the U.S. Drug Enforcement +Administration (DEA), claimed we've entered a "new world +order of law enforcement" [1]. He meant the cooperation of +British, Italian, and Spanish authorities in setting up a fake +bank in Anguilla, in the Caribbean. It was a sting to trap +money launderers. + + Like all pirate organizations, the group calculated +success by the amount of booty seized. And this cleverly +code-named "Operation Dinero" added $52 million, nine +tons of cocaine, and a number of paintings (including works +by Reynolds, Reuben, and Picasso) to official coffers. There +were also 88 arrests. In many ways it was a great scam in +classic DEA style: government officials got to keep the +goods, while taxpayers got to pay for the incarceration of up +to 88 people. + + The British Foreign Office--those wacky guys who, +you will recall, conveniently released a barrage of +information about Nazis in Argentina at the outbreak of the +Falklands (Malvinas) war, and who also helped coordinate +Operation Dinero--have since made a propaganda video +about this official foray into fraudulent banking. Among +others it stars Tony Baldry, junior minister. + + Be prepared for more of the same. The nine tons of +coke should enable the British Foreign Office and the nosy +DEA to burn the midnight oil for months to come, planning +other booty-gathering raids and video thrillers. After all, the +FATF report of 1990 encouraged international banking +stings like this one. But it isn't just the pseudo-bankers you +should worry about. + +The Banker as Snitch: the Brave New World +of Law Enforcement + + One of the precepts of the Church of the Subgenius +is: *You will pay to know what you really think* [2]. But in +the world of money-laundering, you will pay your thankless +banker to turn you in to the government. In 1993 a Federal +judge in Providence, Rhode Island, issued the longest +sentence ever given for a non-violent legal offense: he +sentenced a man to 600 years in prison for money +laundering. The individual was fingered by his Rhode Island +bankers, who then cooperated with federal agents in building +a case against him, even while the same bankers received +fees for banking services. + + American Express was recently fined $7 million for +failing to detect money laundering, and agreed to forfeit to +the U.S. Justice Department another $7 million. As part of +the settlement, the bank will spend a further $3 million in +employee education, teaching them recommended +procedures for spying on customer transactions. + + In a book about banker Edmond Safra [3], author +Bryan Burrough notes: "To truly defeat money launderers, +banks must know not only their own customers--by no +means an easy task--but their customers' customers, and in +many cases their customers' customers' customers." (p. x). +And then, as part of an argument clearing Safra's Republic +National Bank of money laundering charges, Burrough +recounts how he visited the office of the Financial Crimes +Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and talked with one of its +top officials. The official said that, on the contrary, Republic +had made "some solid suggestions about new ways the +government could track dirty money" (p. xii). + + Most have still not gotten the message that their +banker is a spy. They are still stuck in yesterday's world, +where legislation like the Right to Financial Privacy Act of +1978 allowed banks, on the one hand, to monitor their own +records and inform the government when there were +suspicious transactions in an account. On the other hand, the +bank was prohibited from identifying either the account +number or the account's owner. But the Privacy Act was +effectively gutted by the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money +Laundering Act of 1992, which gives protection from civil +liability to any financial institution, director, officer or +employee who makes a suspicious transaction report under +any federal, state or local law. The latter Act essentially +implies banks can reveal to the government any information +they want to about their customers, without fear of +prosecution. [4] + +Money Laundering--What Is It, Anyway? + + There's a specter haunting the international financial +markets: the specter of crime by nomenclature, by +theological semantics. To be sure, the faceless piece of +transaction information that makes money "money"--a useful +medium of exchange, whereby we exchange everything for +it, and avoid the direct bartering of wheelbarrows for +oranges--has been under attack before. The 60s brought us +"euro"-dollars, and the 70s "petro"-dollars. Now we have +"narco"-dollars, "terror"-dollars, and (who knows?) maybe +"kiddie-porn"-dollars. For some of the data bits stored in +banks' computers comprise "clean" money and others "dirty" +money, the latter legalistically smitten with original sin. + + As Yoga Berra might say, it's digital voodoo, all over +again. + + Since the governmental powers that be can't do much +about drug-dealing or terrorism--if only because they +themselves are the chief drug dealers and the chief terrorists- +-they have transferred these and other (often alleged) sins to +the money supply. And since every dollar is a potential +"narco" dollar or "terror" dollar, they must track each one as +best they can [5]. The fact that monetary monitoring has +done nothing to diminish either drug-dealing or terrorism is +treated of no importance, because it's all part of a larger +game. All the players can easily see that this same financial +tracking yields political side benefits in the form of social +control and government revenue enhancement. + + Anyone who has studied the evolution of money- +laundering statutes in the U.S. and elsewhere will realize that +the "crime" of money laundering boils down to a single, +basic prohibited act: *Doing something and not telling the +government about it*. But since the real Big-Brotherly +motive is a Thing That Cannot Be Named, the laws are +bogged down in prolix circumlocution, forming a hodge- +podge of lawyerly fingers inserted here and there into the +financial channels of the monetary system. + + U.S. legislation includes the Bank Secrecy Act of +1970, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, the +Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, the Anti-Drug +Abuse Act of 1988, the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money +Laundering Act of 1992, and the Money Laundering +Suppression Act of 1994. International efforts include the +UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and +Psychotropic Substances of 1988; the Basle Committee on +Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices Statement of +Principles of December 1988; the Financial Action Task +Force (FATF) Report of April, 1990 (with its forty +recommendations for action); the Council of Europe +Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation +of Proceeds of Crime of September 8, 1990; the sixty-one +recommendations of the Caribbean Drug Money Laundering +Conference of June, 1990; the agreement on EC legislation +by the European Community's Ministers for Economy and +Finance of December 17, 1990; the Organization of +American States Model Regulations on Crimes Related to +Laundering of Property and Proceeds Related to Drug +Trafficking of March 1992; and a tangled bouillabaisse of +Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs). + + "Most economically motivated criminals always have +wanted to appear legitimate," says attorney Kirk Munroe. +"What is new is the criminalization of money laundering. +The process itself now is a crime separate from the crime that +produced the money" [6]. + + Money laundering is said to be the "process by which +one conceals the *existence*, illegal source, or illegal +application of income, and then disguises that income to +make it appear legitimate" (emphasis added) [7]. Notice the +word "existence." The sentence could be construed to mean +that simply disguising the existence of income is money +laundering. But whatever money laundering is, in practice +U.S. law purports to detect it through the mandatory +reporting of cash transactions greater than or equal to a +threshold amount of US$10,000. For countries in Europe +the figure ranges from ECU 7,200 to 16,000. + + In the U.S., Section 5313 of the Banking Secrecy Act +(BSA) requires a Currency Transaction Report (CTR) of +cash deposits or transactions of $10,000 and above, which is +IRS Form 4789, and a Currency Transaction Report by +Casinos (CTRC), which is IRS Form 8362. Section 5316 of +BSA also requires a Currency or Monetary Instrument +Report (CMIR) for transport of $10,000 or more of currency +in or out of the U.S. This is Customs Form 4790. Section +5314(a) of BSA requires reporting of foreign bank or +financial accounts whose value exceeds $10,000 at any time +during the preceding year. This is called a Foreign Bank +Account Report (FBAR) and is Treasury form TDR 90-22-1. +Section 60501 of the IRS Code requires the reporting of +business transactions involving more than $10,000 cash. +These are reported on IRS Form 8300. + + Suppose you're an arms dealer in trouble and need a +criminal lawyer. You've violated those pesky ITAR +restrictions because you carried a copy of PGP on your +portable computer when you drove over to Matamoros from +Brownsville for the day, and you forgot to fill out those +customs forms, and that girl you met said she just *had* to +set up a secure channel to her cousin who works in Washington, +D.C., as an undocumented maid for a potential Cabinet +nominee . . . The lawyer charges a modest $200 an hour, so +the first month you pay him $7,000 in cash. The next month +you pay him $4,000 in cash. Under current U.S. law, the +lawyer is required to report complete information about you, +including the $11,000 total cash payment, on IRS Form +8300, and ship it off to the IRS Computing Center in Detroit, +Michigan, within fifteen days of receiving the second +payment (which put the total above the reporting threshold). +Never mind if either you or your lawyer thinks filing such a +form violates attorney-client privilege, the Sixth Amendment +right to counsel, or the Fifth Amendment right to be free +from self-incrimination. For if the report is not made, and +the IRS finds out about it and penalizes and/or prosecutes +your lawyer, the courts will most probably back up the IRS. +[8] + + The scope and arrogance of the money-laundering +statutes knows no bounds. The Kerry Amendment to the +Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 demands that *foreign nations +must also* require financial institutions to report deposits of +US$10,000 or greater, and to make this information available +to US law enforcement. Otherwise the President is directed +to impose sanctions against non-cooperative countries. [9] + + Having extended the concept of evil to a vaguely +defined practice called "money laundering," and having put +in a detection system to help trace it, the laws have +proceeded to make evasion of the monitoring system evil +also. This tertiary evil may be found in the practice of +"smurfing" or "structuring," which is basically any method of +spreading cash among accounts or across time to avoid the +$10,000 reporting threshold. Structuring is defined in a 1991 +amendment to the Bank Secrecy Act thusly: "Structure +(structuring). . . . a person structures a transaction if that +person, acting alone, or in conjunction with, or on behalf of +other persons, conducts or attempts to conduct one or more +transactions in currency in any amount, at one or more +financial institutions, on one or more days in any manner, for +the purpose of evading the reporting requirements . . . 'In any +manner' includes, but is not limited to, the breaking down of +a single sum of currency exceeding $10,000 into smaller +sums, including sums at or below $10,000, or the conduct of +a transaction or series of transactions, including transactions +at or below $10,000. The transaction or transactions need +not exceed the $10,000 reporting threshold at any single +financial institution on any single day in order to constitute +structuring within the meaning of this definition" [10]. + + And what does the government do with the +information it collects? When your lawyer's Form 8300 +reaches the IRS Computing Center in Detroit, it will be +entered into the Treasury Financial Data Base (TFDB). +Similarly, if you cross a U.S. border with more than $10,000 +cash, you will fill out Customs Form 4790. This form will +be sent off to customs' San Diego Data Center, and it too will +eventually show up in TFDB. These and other forms will +now be available on-line in the Treasury Enforcement +Communications System (TECS II). The TFDB data will +also be processed through the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence +(AI) System, which is trained to identify suspicious +transaction patterns. + + So when you deal in cash, expect to give a note to the +government, a crumb to the friendly FinCEN AI. But AI has +a voracious appetite, so the reporting doesn't stop with cash. +The heart of any modern monetary system is the digital +transfer of electronic money through the telecommunication +links among bank computers. Internationally, banks are +connected by a computer messaging system operated by the +Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial +Telecommunication (SWIFT). Domestically, banks within a +country use equivalents of the U.S. clearing systems operated +by the Federal Reserve (Fedwire) and the Clearing House +Interbank Payments System (CHIPS). A Federal Reserve +Policy Statement of December 23, 1992 asks financial +institutions to include (if possible) complete information on +the sender and recipient of large payment orders sent through +Fedwire, CHIPS and SWIFT. "Historically, law enforcement +efforts to curtail money laundering activities have focused on +the identification and documentation of currency-based +transactions; however, recent investigations have focused on +the use of funds transfer systems," the statement notes. + + The focus on funds transfer brings in the resources of +the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). The NSA has +been monitoring civilian communications ever since it +installed IBM computers at Menwith Hill in the U.K. in the +early 60s to keep track of international telex messages. NSA +tentacles are now ensconced not only in transatlantic +communications, but also in Pacific satellite transmissions, +the regional Bell System offices, the SWIFT messaging +system, the CHIPS clearing computers in Manhattan, and +Fedwire. In addition, a satellite surveillance system picks up +high frequency transmissions of specially constructed +computer chips which are activated by certain types of +transactions-oriented financial software. U.S. agencies are +not alone in financial monitoring. As a trivial additional +example, the Council of Europe has recommended Interpol +be given access to SWIFT to assist in money-laundering +detection [11]. + +PROMIS Land + + When they hear the term "money laundering," many +automatically think of Miami, London, Hong Kong, or +Panama City. How about Arkansas? According to what +Money Laundering Bulletin calls The Greatest Story Never +Told, an "archive of more than 2000 documents . . . allege +that western Arkansas was a centre of international drug +smuggling in the early 1980s--perhaps even the headquarters +of the biggest drug trafficking operation of all time" [12]. +Perhaps that is why it was in Arkansas that modifications +were made to the stolen PROMIS software system to enable +it to spy on banking transactions. For where there are drugs, +there must be money laundering, or so one can suppose. +Curiously, however, some of the same set of characters were +apparently involved on all sides: in drug running, money +laundering, and also in the theft and modification of the +PROMIS system. (I will leave it to someone with more +money, guns, and lawyers than I have to bring that part of the +story to light, and will not pursue it further here.) + + The PROMIS software was created by the +Washington, D.C.-based software company Inslaw for a +single purpose: to track people. It was initially designed for +the use of federal prosecutors. Want to know who the judge +was on a particular case? Ask PROMIS. Now want to know +all the similar cases that same judge has heard? Ask +PROMIS again. How about all the accused money launderers +a particular attorney has defended? And so on. But after the +Justice Department acquired the PROMIS software by +"trickery, deceit, and fraud," and installed it in most of its +regional offices, the system was modified and sold to +foreign intelligence organizations, then modified again and +sold to banks. + + To see the relationship among these different uses, +apparently diverse as they may appear, consider the +following items of information about Joe Blowup who lives +in Sacramento: + + Item 1: Monday, June 3. + Master Charge record of + payment by Joe Blowup for + lunch at the Cliff House in San + Francisco. + + Item 2: Wednesday, June 5. + Motor vehicle records + show an automobile registered + to Joe Blowup is involved in a + minor accident in Barstow. + + Item 3: Saturday, June 8. + Check for $3,000 made out + to Pierre "C-4" Plastique is + deposited in Pierre's account in + Glendale Federal Savings, and + clears against Joe Blowup's + First Interstate account in + Sacramento on Tuesday, June 11. + +Who might be interested in this computer-sorted +chronology? + + Firstly, anyone wanting to track Joe Blowup's +movements. He was in San Francisco on Monday and in +Barstow on Wednesday. The sequence also generates +obvious questions for further investigation. Did he meet +Jacque in Barstow and give him the check there, or did he +drive on to Los Angeles? What is the check payment for? +And who did Joe Blowup have lunch with in San Francisco? +In order to generate relevant questions like these, federal +agents, spies, and other detectives all want a copy of this neat +software. + + Secondly, banks and other financial institutions. +Notice that, in fact, most of the information is financial. +That's because financial institutions keep carefully detailed +transaction records, and over the years they've become +increasingly sophisticated in doing so. There is nothing +nefarious in this per se. If I go to a bank to get a loan, the +bank has a right to make an evaluation as to whether I will +repay it. They are principally concerned with 1) ability to +pay, and 2) willingness to pay--and to make this evaluation, +they rely on current and historical information. In the +example here, none of the items is of interest to banks, +unless that accident in Barstow created a financial liability +which would affect Joe Blowup's ability to repay other loans. +But if the (modified) PROMIS software organizes banking +transactions in a nice way, then banks want a copy of it also. + + Thirdly, tax authorities. Do Joe Blowup's financial +records indicate a pattern of rather more income than he has +been reporting? Or, in the case of doubt (and this is the fun +part), is there a record of assets the IRS can seize in the +meantime? The IRS wants a copy of the software so they +can better understand Joe Blowup's--and your--spending +patterns, even though present IRS files already put private +credit bureaus like TRW and Equifax to shame. + + In the decade of the 1980s, intelligence organizations +around the world salivated over the ability of the PROMIS +software to track terrorists, spies, political opponents, and +attractive models. Aside from distribution to almost all the +U.S. three-letter agencies, PROMIS was sold to intelligence +organizations in Canada, Israel, Singapore, Iraq, Egypt, +and Jordan among others. In addition, the DEA, through its +proprietary company, Eurame Trading Company Ltd. in +Nicosia, Cyprus, is said to have sold PROMIS to drug +warrior agencies in Cyprus, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, and +Turkey. PROMIS was also converted for use by the British +Navy in connection with its nuclear submarine intelligence +data base. [13] + + But there was more to these sales than the simple +desire of the cronies of Ed Meese and Hillary Clinton to +make a fast buck, important as the latter motive may be. The +sale was itself an intelligence operation. As former Attorney +General Elliot Richardson noted, "One important motive for +the theft of Enhanced PROMIS may have been to use it as a +means of penetrating the intelligence and law enforcement +agencies of other governments. The first step in this scheme +was the sale to the foreign government of a computer into +which had been inserted a microchip capable of transmitting +to a U.S. surveillance system the electronic signals emitted +by the computer when in use. Enhanced PROMIS has +capabilities that make it ideally suited to tracking the +activities of a spy network. Several INSLAW informants +formerly affiliated with United States and Israeli intelligence +agencies claim that both the United States and Israel have +relied on 'cutout' companies to provide ongoing support for +the PROMIS software" [14]. Of course, what can be done +with foreign intelligence computers can also be done with +banking computers, and at least one of these "cutout +companies" is a major provider of banking software. [15] + +The Gathering Storm + + All of these efforts--the legal reporting mechanisms, +the spying by bankers, and the supplementary activities of +organizations like FinCEN, NSA and Interpol--fly in the face +of a contrary technological and social development: +*anonymous digital cash made possible by advances in +cryptology*. + + The principal opponents of any contemplated system +of encrypted digital cash are the money-laundering laws and +the Leviathan that feeds off them. The edicts against money- +laundering represent a broader attempt to make all financial +transactions transparent, while the aim of anonymous digital +cash is to keep financial activities private. People-monitoring +systems such as those utilizing PROMIS track individuals by +the electronic trails they leave throughout the financial +system. But anonymous digital cash is specifically designed +to make such tracks virtually invisible. + + Money laundering, Barry A. K. Rider frankly offers +as a definition, "amounts to a process which obscures the +origin of money and its source" [16]. On that basis, the +pursuit of anonymity in financial transactions *is* money +laundering. + + At the beginning of the 90s, money laundering was +an offense in only four states of the (then) twelve members +of the European Union. Now all twelve have a law making it +a crime. In a scramble to justify continued large budgets, +intelligence organizations have hopped on the anti-money- +laundering bandwagon. The U.K. intelligence service MI5, +in an attempt "to justify its existence after reviewing its +future in the light of a probable reduction in counter-terrorist +operations in Northern Ireland," has been "pressing for a +change in the law which would see it involved in countering +drug-trafficking, money laundering, computer hacking, +nuclear proliferation and animal rights groups--a far cry, say +police, from its original remit to 'protect national security' " +[17]. Even accountants are getting in on the act. The +Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia has issued "a +set of guidelines on money laundering, including a +recommendation that client confidentiality take second place +to public interest if an accountant suspects laundering is +occurring" [18]. + + So the coming battle over financial footprints is +inevitable, and perhaps inevitably bloody. But in the end it +is the money-laundering regulations that will have to go. +Firstly, advances in the technology of anonymity are putting +financial privacy within the reach of everyone. Secondly, +there is a growing awareness that the existing laundering +statutes have little or no effect on terrorism or drug dealing, +but instead are related to an upswing in government- +sponsored harassment of targeted political groups. + +Electronic Finance 101 + + Many of the basic features of electronic cash-- +variously referred to as "ecash", "digital cash", "digital +money", and so on--may sound novel to those unfamiliar +with the financial markets. But much of the financial system +is already on an electronic basis, and has been so for years. + + To see why, consider the foreign exchange market +[19]. This is a largely interbank market for trading the +currency of one country for the currency of another: dollars +for pounds, dollars for yen, and so on. But if I, as an +interbank trader, sell U.S. dollars for British pounds, what +are the actual logistics of the transfer? Consider the problems +that would be imposed by a cash-based market. The standard +transaction size in the foreign exchange market is an amount +of currency equivalent to US $1 million. A US $20 bill +weighs about 1 gram. So, if transacted in cash, the +$1,000,000 (50,000 bills) would weight approximately 50 +kilograms or 110 pounds. Imagine the cost involved in such +a transaction if in order to sell dollars for pounds I had to fill +up a suitcase with $20 bills, lug the 110-pound suitcase to a +Manhattan taxi, take a long ride to Kennedy Airport, fill out +a CMIR form and check my baggage, arrive at Heathrow +seven hours later, retrieve my baggage, go through customs, +and catch a cab to the appropriate British bank in central +London. Once there I would pick up the equivalent in +pounds sterling and reverse the whole process. + + There's a problem with this scenario: *transactions +costs*. Anyone trying to change dollars into pounds will go +to some other bank where he doesn't have to pay for my +plane tickets and cab fares, not to mention my courier salary +and that lunch I had at the Savoy before I headed back to +New York. + + (In the present markets for cocaine and heroin it is +hard to reduce transactions costs, because the weight of the +drugs is less than the weight of the cash proceeds. In the +early 80s, cash bills were actually loaded into suitcases and +moved around. To save time and money, however, the cash +wasn't counted. After a spot check of bills for denomination +and authenticity, the suitcases were simply *weighed* to +determined the total value. This measurement was accurate +to within a few dollars--close enough. But foreign exchange +trading isn't illegal and doesn't, and can't, happen this way.) + + To see how international money transfers really +work, consider the case of a Greek immigrant, who has +opened a restaurant in Boston, has made a little money, and +wants to send some cash to the folks back home. In earlier +days he probably would have gone down to the Western +Union office and handed the attendant cash to "wire" to his +mother in Athens. The Western Union office in Boston +would put the cash in its safe, or perhaps deposit it in a +Boston bank, and would meanwhile send a message to the +Athens office: "Give so-and-so X dollars" (or, more likely, +"Y drachmas"). That is, the cash received was not the same +as the cash sent. All that was sent was a message. But no +one cared, because cash itself is *fungible*: the dollar that +is taken out is interchangeable with, but not the same as, the +dollar that was put in. The bills are also not *registered*: +no particular name is associated with any particular serial +number. + + In this example, bills were put into the safe at one end +of the transaction, and different bills were taken out at the +other. Consider now a slight modification to this scenario: +Eurobond trading. Eurobonds are generally placed in the +depository systems operated by Euroclear in Brussels or +Cedel in Luxembourg. Once bonds are in the vault, they +generally stay there, because of transactions costs. If a trader +in Frankfurt sells a GM eurobond with a coupon of 7 1/8 +percent and maturing in 2012 to a trader in London, they +both send messages to Euroclear. Euroclear compares the +two set of instructions, checks the cash balance of the +London trader, then switches the computer label of +ownership of the bond to the London trader, and the +ownership of the requisite cash to the Frankfurt trader. +Again, however, the bonds are not registered, and are +fungible within the parameters of a particular issue. There +may be several thousand GM eurobonds with a coupon of 7 +1/8 percent and maturing in 2012, and the London trader +owns one of them, but his ownership is not attached to a +particular bond serial number. [20] + + This is pretty much the way the foreign exchange +market works. If a New York bank deals dollars for +deutschemarks with a London bank, they send each other +confirmations through SWIFT. Then the New York bank +will turn over a dollar deposit in New York to the London +bank, while the London bank will turn over a deutschemark +deposit in Frankfurt to the New York bank. The Frankfurt +bank simply switches the name of the owner of the +deutschemarks from the London bank to the New York bank. +The New York bank now owns X-number of fungible, +unregistered (but completely traceable) deutschemarks at the +Frankfurt bank. + + "I remember my shock when I learned that the fastest +way for two banks in Hong Kong to settle a dollar +transaction was to wire the money from Hong Kong to New +York and back again," said Manhattan assistant district +attorney John Moscow [21]. He was shocked because he +didn't understand how the process works. The "wired" +dollars were sitting in New York all along as numbers in a +bank computer, originally labeled as owned by the first Hong +Kong bank. After the transaction is completed, they are still +in the same place, but labeled as owned by the second Hong +Kong bank. There is nothing mysterious about this at all. + + Now let's modify the basic scenario again: Yankee +bond trading. Yankee bonds are dollar-denominated bonds +issued by non-U.S. citizens in the U.S. bond market. Yankee +bonds are registered. If you buy a bond, your name is +attached to a particular bond with a particular serial number. +If someone steals the bond, he will not be able to receive +interest or principal, because his name is not attached to the +bond serial number. So when Yankee bonds are traded, the +seller's name is removed from the serial number of the bond +being sold, and the buyer's name is attached. + + To this point we have talked about things that +potentially exist in physical form. I can take a bond out of +the vault, or I can cash in my electronic deutschemarks for +printed bills. The final modification to these various +scenarios is to get rid of the physical paper entirely. Such +purely electronic creatures already exist: U.S. Treasury bills- +-short-term debt instruments issued by the U.S. government. +You buy, for example, a $10,000 T-bill at a discount, and it +pays $10,000 at maturity. But you don't see printed T-bill +certificates, because there aren't any. T-bills are electronic +entries in the books of the Federal Reserve System. You can +trade your T-bill to someone else by having the Fed change +the name of the owner, but you can't stuff one in your pocket. +You can "wire" your T-bill from one bank to another, +because the "wire" is just a message that tells the Federal +Reserve bank to switch the name of the owner from one +commercial bank to another. + +Smart and Not-So-Smart Cards + + In the previous section we saw that most of the +financial system is already on an electronic basis. And we +understand that "wiring" money doesn't at all correspond to +the mental image of stuffing bills down an electrical wire or +phone line. To bring this story closer to home, let's consider +how most of us use a computer and a modem on a daily basis +to make financial transactions. Even if we don't own a +computer. Or a modem. Let's talk about smart and dumb +cards--ATM cards, credit cards, phone cards, and much +more. + + Some "smart cards" have microprocessors and are +actually smart (and relatively expensive). They are really +computers, but missing a keyboard, video screen, and power +supply. Others, such as *laser optical* cards and *magnetic +stripe* cards, are chipless and only semi-smart. + + Laser optical cards are popular in Japan, and can hold +up to 4 megabytes of data--enough for your tax and medical +files and extensive genealogical information besides. The +cards are a sandwich, usually a highly reflective layer on top +of a nonreflective layer. A laser beam is used to punch holes +through the reflective layer, exposing the nonreflective layer +underneath. The presence or absence of holes represents bits +of information. A much weaker laser beam is then used to +read the card data. You can later mark a file of information +as deleted, or turn it into gibberish, but you can't reuse the +area on the card. + + Magnetic stripe cards, popular everywhere, doesn't +hold much information. An ATM card is one example. Data +is recorded on the magnetic stripe on the back of the card +similar to the way an audio tape is recorded. There are three +tracks--the first of which is reserved for airline ticketing [22]. +This track holds up to 79 alphanumeric characters including +your name and personal account number (PAN). The ATM +doesn't actually use the first track for transactions, but it may +read off your name, as when it says, "Thank you, Joe +Blowup, for allowing me to serve you." The second track +contains up to 40 numerical digits, of which the first 19 are +reserved for your PAN, which is followed by the expiration +date. The third track will hold 107 numerical digits, starting +again with your PAN, and perhaps information related to +your PIN (personal identification number, or "secret +password"), along with other information, all of which +potentially gets rewritten every time the track is used. + + The ATM machine into which you insert your card is +itself a computer. The ATM typically has both hard and +floppy drives, a PC mother-board which contains the +microprocessor, and a power supply--as well as drawers for +deposits, cash, and swallowed cards. If the ATM is "on-line" +(i.e. one that is connected to a distant central bank computer, +which makes all the real decisions), then it also has a modem +to communicate over phone lines with the central computer. +When you make a request for cash, the ATM machine +compares your password to the one you entered. If they are +the same, it then takes your request and your PAN, encrypts +(hopefully) the information, and sends it on to the central +computer. The central computer decrypts the message, looks +at your account information, and sends an encrypted message +back to the ATM, telling it to dispense money, refuse the +transaction, or eat your card. + + In between the ATM and the authorizing bank is +usually a controller, which services several ATMs. The +controller monitors the transaction, and routes the message +to the correct authorization processor (bank computer). +Some transactions, for example, will involve banks in +different ATM networks, and the transaction will have to be +transferred to a different network for approval. The +controller would also generally monitor the status of the +different physical devices in the ATM--to see that they are +operating properly and that the ATM is not being +burglarized. + + Consider some of the security problems in this +framework. The first duty of the local ATM is to verify +you've entered the correct PIN. A typical way of doing this is +to recreate your PIN from your card information and then to +compare it to the one you entered. + + Here is a general example of how PINs are created +(there are many variations). The bank first chooses a secret +16-digit "PIN key" (PKEY). This key will be stored in the +ATM's hardware. The PKEY is then used as a DES- +encryption key to encrypt 16-digits of your account number, +which the ATM reads off your card. The result of the +encryption is a 16-digit hexadecimal (base 16) number. +Hexadecimal numbers uses the digits 0 to 9 and also the +letters A to F (the latter standing for the decimal numbers 10 +to 15). Next a table is used to turn the 16-digit hexadecimal +number back into a 16-digit decimal number [23]. The first +four numbers of the resulting 16-digit number are the +"natural PIN". (If you are allowed to choose your own PIN, +a four digit "offset" number is created, and stored on the +third track of your ATM card. This offset will be added to +the natural PIN before it is compared to the one you entered +at the ATM keyboard.) + + Since this comparison between the natural and +entered PIN is done locally in the ATM hardware, the +customer's PIN is not transmitted over phone lines. This +makes the process relatively more secure, assuming no one +knows the PKEY. But if an evil programmer knows the +PKEY, he can create a valid PIN from any customer's +account number. (Customer account numbers can be found +by the hundreds on discarded transaction slips in the trash +bin.) He can easily and quickly loot the ATM of its cash +contents. + + The security problems worsen when the ATM gets a +"foreign" card. A foreign card is essentially any card from +any bank other than the one that runs the ATM. The local +ATM does not know the PKEYs of these other banks, so the +PIN which is entered at the ATM must be passed on to a +bank that can authorize the transaction. In this process, the +account number and PIN will be encrypted with a +communication key (COMKEY), and then passed from the +ATM to the ATM controller. Next the account number and +PIN will be decrypted at the controller, and then re-encrypted +with a network key (NETKEY) and sent on to the proper +bank. + + Foreign PINs give the evil programmer three +additional possibilities for defeating security. The first way +is to get hold of the COMKEY. He then taps the line +between the ATM and the controller, and siphons off +account number/PIN pairs. A second possibility is to get +access to the controller, because the account number/PIN +pairs may be temporarily in the clear between encryptions. +The third possibility is to obtain the NETKEY, and tap the +line between the controller and the foreign network. [24] + + The COMKEY and NETKEY are generally +transmitted over phone lines, so the chances of acquiring +them are pretty good. These two encryption keys are +themselves usually transmitted in an encrypted form, *but the +keys used to encrypt them are sometimes sent in the clear*. +Thus while banks are generally somewhat careful with their +own customers, they are often quite helpful in giving rip-off +artists access to the customers of other banks. The evil +programmer simply reads off the encryption keys, uses them +to decrypt the COMKEY and NETKEY, which are in turn +used to decrypt account numbers and PINs. + + The way to solve these security problems is to use +smart cards and public key cryptography. Banks can transmit +their public keys in the open without worrying about evil +wire-tapping programmers. Customer messages encrypted +with a bank's public key can only be decrypted with the +bank's private (secret) key. Digital cash issued by the bank +can be signed with the bank's private key, and anyone will be +able to check that the cash is authentic by using the bank's +public key. In addition, the bank will not be able to +repudiate cash signed in this way, because only the bank had +access to its own secret key. Communications between ATM +machines and bank computers can also take place with +randomly-generated encryption keys that can be determined +by each of the two parties, but which cannot be discovered +by someone who listens in on both sides of the traffic. [25] + +Are Smart Cards the Mark of the Beast? + + Besides optical and magnetic stripe cards, there are +two types of "chip" cards. Chip cards are basically any cards +with electronic circuits embedded in the plastic. One type of +chip card, called a memory (or "wired logic") card, doesn't +have a microprocessor and isn't any smarter than the cards +we discussed previously. Prepaid phone cards are of this +type. They may have about 1K of memory, and can execute +a set of instructions, but can't be reprogrammed. + + Then there are the truly smart cards that have a +microprocessor and several kilobytes of rewritable memory. +Smart cards allow for greatly increased security, since access +to their data is controlled by the internal microprocessor. +And there can be built-in encryption algorithms. This +versatility has made smart cards controversial. + + The negative reputation arises from certain cases +where smart cards were imposed by force, as well as from +smart-card storage of biometric data. The use of smart cards +became a prerequisite for Marines to receive paychecks at +Parris Island, S.C. Finger-print based smart-card ID systems +were implemented by the Los Angeles Department of Public +Social Services and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization +Service. The "Childhood Immunization" bill, introduced by +Sen. Ted Kennedy (D-MA), would have tracked vaccination +of all children under six years of age, together with at least +one parent, across geographical areas through smart cards +Access control at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford +Site requires smart card badges which store the cardholder's +hand geometry. Security access through retinal scan patterns +stored in smart card memory have been tested at the Sandia +National Laboratory. + + Visa recently announced plans for creating an +"electronic purse." The purse would be a reloadable spending +card. You would charge the card up at an ATM machine, +where it would suck some cash value out of your account, +and store it in memory. You would then use the card instead +of cash to make small purchases. Visa is attracted by the +estimate that consumer cash transactions in the U.S. are +about five times the size of bank-assisted transactions (those +that use checks, credit cards, and debit cards). Visa has been +joined in this endeavor by a consortium that includes +VeriFone, the leading supplier of point-of-sale transaction +systems, and Gemplus, the leading manufacturer of smart +cards. + + There may be increased security in the use of an +electronic purse, but it is not clear how replenishing one's +card balance at an ATM is any more convenient for the user +than getting cash at an ATM. Since Visa is not advertising +the privacy aspects of electronic purse payments, one must +assume this feature was omitted in the planning. Hence a +cynic could conclude that the "electronic purse" is little more +than a Rube Goldberg device which, by substituting for cash, +will create a better set of PROMIS-type transaction records. + + These and other examples suggest possible uses of +smart cards for more general surveillance and social control. +The truly paranoid envision the use of a single smart card for +every financial transaction, medical visit, and telephone call. +This information would be sent directly to a common +PROMIS-like data base, which would constitute a record of +all your activities. In addition, "your card could be +programmed to transmit its identification code whenever you +use it. So you (or your card, anyway) could be instantly +located anywhere on earth via the satellite-based Global +Positioning System" [26]. + + But smart cards don't have to be used this way. +Recall that mainframe computers once appeared destined to +turn the average citizen into Organization Man, a creature to +be folded, spindled and mutilated in lieu of IBM's punched +cards. The advent of the personal computer, however, +showed the same technology could be a tool of individual +freedom and creativity. + + There is nothing intrinsically evil in storing a great +deal of information about ourselves, our finances, and our +current and future plans. That is, after all, exactly why some +of us carry around portable computers. But in this case the +use of the computer is voluntary, and we ourselves control +both access to, and the content of, the information. The same +principle applies to smart cards. It is smart cards more than +any other aspect of banking technology, I believe, that will +allow for financial privacy through cryptology, for +anonymous and secure digital cash transactions. It's simply a +matter of taking control of the technology and using it to +enhance personal freedom. + + +Electronic Cash the Way It Ought To Be + + Suppose we had it our way. Suppose we sat down to +create digital cash that had all the right properties. What +would these be? Think of the attractive properties of +currency--physical cash. [27] + + 1) Physical cash is a portable medium of exchange. +You carry it in your pocket to give to people when you make +purchases. The digital equivalent of this process could be +provided by smart cards, which would have the mobility of +physical cash and even improve on it. The weight of +$1,000,000 in digital money is the same as the weight of $1. + + 2) You would want the ability to make digital cash +payments off-line, just like you can with physical cash. A +communication link between every store you shop at and +your bank's authorization computer shouldn't be required. +Moreover, if digital cash is to have all the desirable qualities +of physical cash, you should be able to transfer digital cash +directly to another smart-card-carrying individual. Smart +cards that could connect directly to other smart cards would +be ideal in this respect, and would represent an improvement +over physical cash. Even if everyone observed two smart +cards communicating, they would have no way of knowing +whether the transaction involved $5 or $50,000. There +would be no need to slide money under the table. + + 3) Digital cash should be independent of physical +location--available everywhere and capable of being +transferred through computer and other telecommunication +channels. So we want a smart card that can jack into the +communication nodes of the global information network. +One should be able to pop into a phone booth to make or +receive payments. + + 4) Got change for a dollar for the quarter slots in the +pool table? Just as we "make change" or divide physical +currency into subunits, so should electronic cash be divisible. +Is this a problem? Hmm. Electronic calculators can perform +an operation know as division, and so can third-graders. So +smart cards ought to be able to handle this also, even if it +presents a few difficulties for theoretical cryptology. + + 5) To be secure against crooks and rip-off artists, +digital cash should be designed in such a way that it can't be +forged or reused. We wouldn't want people spending the +same money twice, or acting as their own mini-Federal +Reserve Systems and creating money from nothing. This +cryptological problem is different between on-line and off- +line cash systems. In on-line systems the bank simply checks +whether a piece of cash has been spent before. + + Proposed off-line systems rely on a framework +developed by David Chaum. Chaum has been the preeminent +cryptological researcher in the field of digital cash [28]. In +his framework for off-line systems, one can double-spend the +same piece of digital cash only by losing one's anonymity. +This has considerable value, because the bank or the person +defrauded, knowing the identity of the devious double- +spender, can send out a collection agent. + + But I consider this way of enforcing the "no double- +spending" rule a serious flaw in Chaum's framework. +Catching thieves and rip-off artists is not the comparative +advantage of either banks or the average citizen. (Banks are +usually only good at providing transactions services, and +charging interest and fees.) Would you really want to see, +say, The First Subterranean Bank of Anonymous Digital +Cash merge with the Wackenhut Corporation? Luckily, +however, there are alternative approaches that will prevent +double-spending from ever taking place [29]. + + 6) The most important requirement for individual +freedom and privacy is that digital cash transactions should +be untraceable, yet at the same time enable you to prove +unequivocally whether you made a particular payment. +Untraceable transactions would make impossible a PROMIS- +type data sorting of all your financial activities. In Joe +Blowup's financial chronology, discussed previously, you +wouldn't be able to connect Joe Blowup's name to any of his +purchases. Similarly, no one would know about the money +you wired to Lichtenstein, your purchase of Scientology e- +meters and the banned works of Maimonides, or your +frequent visits to the Mustang Ranch. Privacy-protected off- +line cash systems can be made nearly as efficient as similar +systems that don't offer privacy. + +Parallel Money Systems + + To set up a digital cash service meeting these +requirements, you would need to buy the rights to use patents +held by David Chaum and RSA, or equivalent rights, and +then set up a bank to issue accounts and smart cards in a +legal jurisdiction where the service won't run foul of the local +banking and money-laundering laws. Of course, in many +other countries the money-laundering statutes will be quickly +amended in an attempt to apply the same reporting +requirements to anonymous digital cash transactions as +currently apply to currency transactions. Such laws will +probably generate little compliance. [30] Since the +transactions in question are unconditionally untraceable, +there won't be any evidence of wrong-doing. + + The system of anonymous digital cash will arise as a +parallel system to the existing one of ordinary money. +Therefore there will be a record of the initial entry into the +anonymous system. For example, you might write a $10,000 +check drawn on Citibank to The First Subterranean Bank of +Anonymous Digital Cash. This check will be recorded, but +no subsequent transactions will be traceable, unless you +make transfers back out into the ordinary banking world. +Over time, as more people begin to use the anonymous cash +system, some wages will be paid in anonymous digital cash. +This will enable all income transactions, as well as +expenditures, to take place entirely outside the ordinary +monetary system. + + Since the anonymous cash system will exist parallel +to the existing system, a floating exchange rate will be +created by market transactions between ordinary money and +anonymous money. Think, by analogy, of a currency board. +Such a board issues domestic currency through the purchase +of foreign "hard" currencies. In the same way, anonymous +digital cash will be issued through the purchase of ordinary +cash or bank deposits. That is, when you make a deposit at +The First Subterranean Bank of Anonymous Digital Cash, +First Subterranean will issue you an anonymous digital cash +account, and will in turn acquire ownership of the ordinary +money. The exchange ratio will not necessarily be one-for- +one. Anonymous digital cash that does not meet some of the +ease-of-use requirements listed previously may exchange for +less than 1 ordinary dollar. On the other hand, digital cash +that meets all those requirements will trade at a premium, +because anonymous digital cash has enhanced privacy +aspects. Money launderers, for example, currently get about +20 percent of the value of money that is made anonymous. +That represents an exchange rate of 1.25 "dirty" dollars for +one "clean" dollar. The market will similarly determine the +exchange ratio between ordinary and anonymous digital +money. + + In the 1960s various tax and regulatory burdens, and +political risk considerations, gave rise to a new international +money market, the eurodollar market, which was created +specifically to get around these regulatory and political road- +blocks [31]. When a junior staff member of the Council of +Economic Advisors named Hendrik Houthakker discovered +the eurodollar market's existence, he thought it was an +important development, and recommended that some +discussion of it be included in the annual Economic Report of +the President. "No, we don't want to draw attention to it," he +was told. When Houthakker himself later became a member +of the Council under Nixon, he made sure the Report +included a discussion of the euromarkets. But it was only +much later, in the mid-70s, that the Report said, in a burst of +honesty: "The emergence and growth of the Eurodollar +market may be viewed as a classic example of free market +forces at work, overcoming obstacles created by regulations, +and responding to market incentives to accommodate various +needs" [32]. + + In a similar way it will be said in some future Report, +that "the emergence and growth of anonymous digital cash +may be viewed as a classic example of free market forces at +work, overcoming obstacles created by surveillance +technologies and money-laundering regulations, and +responding to market incentives to accommodate the public's +need for financial privacy." + + +[Part III: The Technology of Anonymous Digital Cash] + +[Don't inquire about this article for a few months. If you +don't want to see any mathematics, don't inquire at all.] + +Footnotes + +[1] Quoted in Money Laundering Bulletin, January 1995, p. +3. + +[2] Some may view this as a trade secret of the Church of the +Subgenius, so let me cite two sources of publicly available +information. Firstly, I heard it in a sermon by David Meyer, +Pope of All New York, at the Kennel Club in Philadelphia in +the fall of 1985. Secondly, it is similarly proclaimed in +Subgenius Recruitment Tape #16, which may be rented from +Kim's Video in the East Village of Manhattan. + +[3] Bryan Burrough, Vendetta: American Express and the +Smearing of Edmond Safra, HarperCollins, New York, 1992. + +[4] Sec. 1517 (c) states: "Any financial institution that +makes a disclosure of any possible violation of law or +regulation or a disclosure pursuant to this subsection or any +other authority, and any director, officer, employee, or agent +of such institution, shall not be liable to any person under +any law or regulation of the United States or any +constitution, law, or regulation of any State or political +subdivision thereof, for such disclosure or for any failure to +notify the person involved in the transaction or any other +person of such disclosure." + +[5] "A completely cashless economy *where all transactions +were registered* would create enormous problems for the +money launderers" (emphasis added), Report of the +Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, Paris, +February 7, 1990. + +[6] Kirk W. Munroe, "Money Laundering: the Latest +Darling of the Prosecutor's Nursery," law firm of Richey, +Munroe & Rodriguez, P.A., Miami, FL, 1994. + +[7] President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Cash +Connection: Organized Crime, Financial Institutions, and +Money Laundering, U.S. Government Printing Office, +October 1984. This definition is certainly more coherent +than Michael Sindona's circular statement that "laundering +money is to switch the black money or dirty money . . . to +clean money." + +The U.S. definition of money laundering is found in 18 +U.S.C. 1956, which was enacted in 1986, and strengthened +in 1988, 1990, and 1992. It sets out three categories of +offenses: transaction offenses, transportation offenses, and +"sting" offenses. + +Transaction Offenses: It is a money laundering transaction +crime for any person to conduct, or to attempt to conduct, a +financial transaction which, in fact, involves the proceeds of +specified unlawful activity, knowing that the property +involved in the transaction represents the proceeds of some +crime, and, while engaging in the transaction, with either a) +the intent to promote the carrying on of the specified +unlawful activity, or b) the intent to commit certain tax +crimes, or with the knowledge that the transaction is +designed at least in part a) to conceal or disguise the nature, +location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds, or b) +to avoid a cash reporting requirement. + +Transportation Offenses: It is a money laundering +transportation crime for any person to transport, transmit or +transfer, or to attempt to transport, transmit or transfer, a +monetary instrument or funds into or out of the U.S., and, +while engaging in the act, with either a) the intent to promote +the carrying on of specified unlawful activity, or b) the +knowledge the monetary instrument or funds represent the +proceeds of some crime, and the knowledge that the +transportation, etc., is designed, at least in part, (i) to conceal +or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control +of the proceeds, or (ii) to avoid a cash reporting requirement. + +"Sting" Offenses: It is a money laundering crime for any +person to conduct, or to attempt to conduct, a financial +transaction which involves property represented to be the +proceeds of specified unlawful activity, or property used to +conduct or to facilitate specified unlawful activity, said +representation being made by a law enforcement officer or +by another person at the direction of, or with the approval of, +a federal officer authorized to investigate or to prosecute +'1956 crimes, and, while engaging in the transaction, with +the intent to a) promote the carrying on of specified unlawful +activity, or b) conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, +ownership, or control of the property believed to be the +proceeds of specified unlawful activity, or c) avoid a cash +reporting requirement. + +[8] See Samuel J. Rabin, Jr., "A Survey of the Statute and +Case Law Pertaining to 26 U.S.C. 60501 (Forms 8300)," in +Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and International +Financial Crimes, by Fletcher N. Baldwin, Jr., and Robert J. +Munro, 3 vols., Oceana Publications, New York, 1994. + +[9] Section 4702 of P.L. 100-690. + +[10] 31 C.F.R. 103.11(p) (1991). + +[11] "The means should, in fact, include access by Interpol +to the telecommunications system SWIFT . . .," Draft +Explanatory Report on the Convention on Laundering, +Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from +Crime," September 8, 1990. + +[12] Money Laundering Bulletin, March 1995, p. 3. + +[13] U.S. Congress, Committee on the Judiciary, The Inslaw +Affair, House Report 102-857, September 10, 1992. + +[14] Memorandum to Judge Nicholas Bua from Elliot +Richardson, p. 34. The NSA, naturally, is not +acknowledging the existence of such a chip, much less +providing technical information. But in order to avoid +detection of the chip's transmission signal by the +organization being spied upon, the chip would be designed +so its broadcast would be masked by the general--or some +characteristic--electronic noise of the computer. This could +imply a low-probability-of-interception digital spread +spectrum (SS) communication system with a broad +bandwidth, perhaps in the range of 1 to 10 gigahertz. As a +related example of this technique, a "low level wideband SS +signal, can easily be hidden within the same spectrum as a +high power television signal where each signal appears to be +noise to the other" ("Spread Spectrum Techniques," in Geoff +Lewis, Newnes Communications Technology Handbook, +Oxford, 1994). The broadcast power requirements of such a +chip would not be large, but rather similar to a walkie- +talkie's. The information broadcast by the chip could then +either be monitored locally and re-transmitted to satellite, or +transmitted directly to a geosynchronous signals-collection +satellite such as Magnum. The Magnum and other U.S. spy +satellites are operated by the Air Force on behalf of the +National Reconnaissance Office, while NSA does the signal +processing. (I am grateful to John Pike, Director of Space +Policy & CyberStrategy Projects, Federation of American +Scientists, for advice on the information in this footnote. He +is not responsible for any errors or the specific content of any +statement.) + +[15] I have in mind an NSA operation. But after Part I of +The End of Ordinary Money was circulated, the CIA +approached my own former company (which sells banking +software) and proposed that it provide cover for their agents +to enter foreign banks. The CIA also separately offered to +pay $100,000 for the customer list of a particular bank +among the Swiss big four. + +[16] Barry A. K. Rider, "Fei Ch'ien Laundries--the Pursuit of +Flying Money," in Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and +International Financial Crimes. + +[17] Money Laundering Bulletin, April 1995, p. 2. + +[18] Ibid, p. 4. + +[19] Details of the foreign exchange, eurocurrency, and +eurobond markets are covered at length in J. Orlin Grabbe, +International Financial Markets, 3rd edition, Simon & +Schuster, New York, 1995. + +[20] Eurobonds are bearer bonds. So if you have the bond in +your pocket, you own it, in the same way you own the dollar +in your pocket. The same goes for interest coupons--they are +to be paid to bearer. Most eurobond-issuing companies pay +interest to Euroclear, which distributes the payments to the +owners of the bonds stored in its depository vaults. But the +companies are afraid that if the bonds are stolen, they will +have to pay the same coupons again. Hence they insist +coupons be clipped and destroyed as they are paid. When I +visited Morgan Guaranty (which operates Euroclear) in +Brussels in 1982, there were 20 employees whose full-time +job was clipping coupons. + +[21] John W. Moscow, "The Collapse of BCCI," in Money +Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and International Financial +Crimes. + +[22] Details of the card size, layout, coding, and recording +are laid out in ISO standards 7810 to 7813. The first track is +sometimes called the International Air Transport Association +(IATA) track, the second the American Bankers Association +(ABA) track, and the third the Mutual Institutions National +Transfer System (MINTS) track. + +[23] This may be as simple as assigning the numbers 0 to 5 +to the letters A to F. If this assignment is made, the +probability is three-fourths that a digit in the resulting +decimal number is one of 0 to 5, while there is only one- +fourth probability that a digit is 6 to 9. + +[24] Computer logs are often kept for each part of a +transaction. So the evil programmer doesn't have to tap lines +if he can get hold of the logs instead. + +[25] Public key encryption is implemented in the Datakey +smart card of the National Institute of Standards and +Technology. This card uses the Hitachi H8/310 processor. +Atmel and Phillips chips also include public-key encryption +hardware, and allow algorithms to be implemented by the +card's application designer. Smart and other chip card +standards are laid out in ISO 7816. (More on smart cards can +be found in Jose Luis Zoreda and Jose Manuel Oton, Smart +Cards, Artech House, Boston, 1994.) The recent ANSI X9F +standards include those for using public key systems to +secure financial transactions. The communication link would +involve two-way authentication using Diffie-Hellman key +exchange. + +[26] Clark Matthews, "Tomorrow's 'Smart Cards': Technical +Marvels That Give Government Fearful Power," reprinted +from The Spotlight, undated. + +[27] Some of the following points were broached in a +different way by T. Okamoto and K. Ohta, "Universal +Electronic Cash," Advances in Cryptology--Crypto 91, +Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992. + +[28] See David Chaum, "Achieving Electronic Privacy," +Scientific American, August 1992, pp. 96-101; "Blind +Signatures for Untraceable Payments," Advances in +Cryptology-- Crypto 82, D. Chaum, R.L. Rivest, & A.T. +Sherman (Eds.), Plenum, pp. 199-203; "Online Cash +Checks," Advances in Cryptology--Eurocrypt 89, J.J. +Quisquater & J. Vandewalle (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. +288-293; "Efficient Offline Electronic Checks," with B. den +Boer, E. van Heyst, S. Mjxlsnes, & A. Steenbeek, Advances +in Cryptology--Eurocrypt 89, J.-J. Quisquater & J. +Vandewalle (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 294-301; +"Cryptographically Strong Undeniable Signatures, +Unconditionally Secure for the Signer" with E. van Heijst & +B. Pfitzmann, Advances in Cryptology--Crypto 91, J. +Feigenbaum (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 470-484; "Numbers +Can Be a Better Form of Cash than Paper," Smart Card +2000, D. Chaum (Ed.), North Holland, 1991, pp. 151-156; +"Privacy Protected Payments: Unconditional Payer and/or +Payee Untraceability," Smart Card 2000, D. Chaum & I. +Schaumuller-Bichl (Eds.), North Holland, 1989, pp. 69-93; +"Security Without Identification: Transaction Systems to +Make Big Brother Obsolete," Communications of the ACM, +vol. 28 no. 10, October 1985, pp. 1030-1044; "Smart Cash: +A Practical Electronic Payment System," J. Bos & D. +Chaum, CWI-Report CS-R9035, August 1990; "Untraceable +Electronic Cash," with A. Fiat, & M. Naor, Advances in +Cryptology--Crypto '88, S. Goldwasser (Ed.), Springer- +Verlag, pp. 319-327. + +[29] "[P]rior restraint of double-spending can be achieved by +using a tamper-resistant computing device that is capable of +merely performing a signature scheme of the Fiat-Shamir +type (of one's own choice), such as the Schnorr signature +scheme" (Stefan Brands, "Highly Efficient Electronic Cash +Systems," March 17, 1994.) + +[30] I highly recommend Henry David Thoreau's essay Civil +Disobedience. +.. +[31] These included the interest ceilings set by the Federal +Reserve's Regulation Q, Kennedy's Interest Equalization +Tax, and the Foreign Credit Restraint Program. See +International Financial Markets, Chapter 1. + +[32] Economic Report of the President, 1975. + +*********************************************************** +* Copyright 1995 J. Orlin Grabbe, 1280 Terminal Way #3, * +* Reno, NV 89502. Internet address: kalliste@delphi.com * +*********************************************************** + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/monroe_d.txt b/politicalTextFiles/monroe_d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb3d124 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/monroe_d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +THE MONROE DOCTRINE: + + +The Monroe Doctrine was expressed during President Monroe's +seventh annual message to Congress, December 2, 1823: + +. . . At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made +through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power +and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the +United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation +the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the +northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been +made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, +which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United +States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting +the great value which they have invariably attached to the +friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the +best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to +which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by +which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for +asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of +the United States are involved, that the American continents, by +the free and independent condition which they have assumed and +maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for +future colonization by any European powers. . . + +It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great +effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the +condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared +to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely +be remarked that the results have been so far very different from +what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, +with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive +our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. +The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most +friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men +on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers +in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, +nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our +rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries +or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this +hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by +causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial +observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially +different in this respect from that of America. This difference +proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; +and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss +of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their +most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled +felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, +to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United +States and those powers to declare that we should consider any +attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of +this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the +existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have +not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments +who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose +independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, +acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of +oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, +by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation +of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war +between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality +at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, +and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur +which, in the judgement of the competent authorities of this +Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of +the United States indispensable to their security. + +The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still +unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced +than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on +any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by +force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such +interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question +in which all independent powers whose governments differ from +theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none +of them more so than the United States. Our policy in regard to +Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have +so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains +the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of +any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the +legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations +with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and +manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every +power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those +continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. +It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their +political system to any portion of either continent without +endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that +our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of +their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we +should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. +If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and +those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must +be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true +policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, +in hope that other powers will pursue the same course. . . . + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/morewaco.txt b/politicalTextFiles/morewaco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..745668f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/morewaco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ + +Organization: Alpha Institute, Aurora, CO. + +Without permission from the Rocky Mountain News, Oct. 16, 1993. +-!---------------------------------------------------------------- +Feds Assume Powers Above and Beyond Law +by Paul Craig Roberts + + Have the police powers of our government become too great? The +government's own reports on the assault on the Branch Davidian compound in +Waco, Texas, paint a picture of law authorities running amok and +squandering the lives of scores of men, women and children. + The Treasury Department's report is by far the most critical. +It blames Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms officials for botching +the raid on the compound and then engaging in deception to hide their +mistakes. The bureau's director has resigned, and five officials have been +placed on administrative leave pending further action. + The Justice Department's report contradicts Attorney General Janet +Reno's reasons for ordering the fatal attack, but raises more questions +than it answers by exonerating all high-ranking FBI and Justice Department +officials. + But more is amiss here than a botched raid and possible +conflict of interest. Both reports gloss over many legal irregularities and + the government's hostile attitude toward the Davidians that led to the +disaster. + The Treasury's report notes that despite its shortcomings, +"the raid fit within an historic, well-established and well-defended +government interest in prohibiting and breaking up groups that sought to +arm or fortify themselves." Once the decision was made to bust up the +group, the legal niceties that constrain government behavior became +casualties. + Some of the evidence used to obtain the warrant that launched the +initial raid apparently was false or fabricated. Film footage of the +violent assault and tapes of telephone conversations with Davidian leader +David Koresh do not appear to be consistent with the government's +explanation of events leading to the fiery deaths in the compound. + The government committed more wrongs than merely proceeding with an +attack in full knowledge that the Davidians were expecting them. By not +honestly addressing these wrongs, both reports constitute a whitewash. + Something similar happened in Idaho, where federal marshals killed two +members of Randy Weaver's family after deciding that the family, living in +an isolated cabin in the mountains, constituted a dangerous gang of "white +supremacists." + Having suppressed this armed group residing within its borders, the U.S. +brought Weaver to trial. But the jury sided with Weaver and threw out the +case, and U.S. District Judge Edward Lodge excoriated the FBI for +withholding evidence about what really happened. + Like it or not, federal agents have assumed the power to decide whose +beliefs are permissible and to use deadly force to regulate the behavior of +those deemed to be outcasts. Nothing in our law gives government this +power. If we permit this illegitimate power to be used against fringe +elements, it will gain legitimacy and threaten us all. + In the post-war era, anti-communism and law-and-order issues rallied +many Americans to the defense of the state. In the process we neglected to +note that many of the means we chose also permitted the emergence of +government power that is accountable only to itself. + The Waco disaster offered an opportunity to confront this issue, but +the Treasury and Justice reports have successfully evaded it. As Rep. Don +Edwards, D., Calif., chairman of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil and +Constitutional Rights, observed, the governments report is "very +disappointing." + +MORE COVERUP OF MURDEROUS FBI RAID IN WACO, TEXAS + +By Gary Wilson + +The official report is in on the massacre of the Branch Davidian +sect in Waco, Texas. But the question remains: Why did the +government do it? + +The official explanation given at the time by Attorney General +Janet Reno was that the attack was ordered "because of the +children." The Justice Department investigation released Oct. 8 +contradicted this, saying "there was no evidence of child abuse at +the compound during the siege or even enough evidence to arrest Mr. +Koresh on such charges before the Feb. 28 raid." (New York Times, +Oct. 9) + +So killing all the children in order to "save" them from some +unnamed abuse was not the reason. + +The department's report is more a coverup than a revelation. The +only point that comes through is that the investigators--all from +the Justice Department which includes the FBI--concluded that the +FBI did no wrong. Deputy Attorney General Philip B. Heymann, the +supervisor of the investigation, will probably get a bonus this +year for a coverup well done. + +The report does not even attempt to answer a new and damning piece +of evidence. According to a CBS Radio news report on Oct. 9, a +videotape of the FBI attack shows a tank crashing through the house +where 75 people were burned to death. On the front of the tank is +a clearly recognizable flame thrower. + +This video, CBS said, has been shown on two TV stations. The CBS +report attempted to dismiss it by emphasizing that it is being +distributed by a person sympathetic to the Branch Davidians. + + -30- + +(Copyright Workers World Service: Permission to reprint granted +if source is cited. For more information contact Workers World, +55 West 17 St., New York, NY 10011; via e-mail: ww@blythe.org.) + + +The Washington Times +October 23, 1993 +page A3 + + New ATF chief tells panel his bureau + will be ready for Waco-like situations + +by Jerry Seper + + The newly appointed head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and +Firearms told a House subcommittee yesterday that ATF will be +ready to handle situations similar to the raid at the Branch +Davidian compound in Texas, in which four agents were killed. + John Magaw, former director of the U.S. Secret Service, said +future actions by the agency will rely heavily on the agency's +intelligence-gathering abilities. + "The raid on the Branch Davidian complex may be a unique event, +but we are aware of similar groups and situations in other +places," Mr. Magaw told the House Appropriations subcommittee +that oversees the Treasury Department. + "The key is to work in concert with our peers to ensure we are +absolutely ready for something like this, should it occur again," +he said. + Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen named Mr. Magaw to head ATF +Sept. 30, after former ATF Director Stephen E. Higgins was forced +to resign in the wake of the Branch Davidian debacle. + In the deadliest day in ATF history, four agents were killed +and 20 others were injured when 76 agents attempted on Feb. 28 to +serve an arrest warrant on Branch Davidian cult leader David +Koresh and a search warrant for the compound. At least 10 cult +members also died. + The Treasury Department investigated the raid and later removed +five senior ATF officials from their posts. + A 501-page department report, praised by law enforcement +officials and others for its thoroughness, blamed top ATF +commanders for proceeding with the raid despite having been told +by an undercover agent that the cult members knew they were +coming. + The resulting 51-day siege at the compound ended on April 19 in +an FBI assault, during which 85 cult members, including 24 +children, were killed in a wind-swept fire that raced through the +facility. A Justice Department investigation of the FBI's +handling of the raid found no departmental blame. + Assistant Treasury Secretary Ronald K. Noble, who heads the +department's enforcement divisions, told the panel that future +actions ** when necessary ** could be curtailed to eliminate or +reduce what he described as "dynamic entries." + "Although we cannot prejudge all future situations, we must be +open to the possibility that a dynamic entry ** exposing agents, +innocent persons and children to gunfire ** may simply not be an +acceptable law enforcement option," Mr. Noble said. + Both Mr. Magaw and Mr. Noble told the subcommittee that the +truth of what happened before and during the raid came out +because rank-and-file agents were willing to tell the truth. They +said many of the public statements by the ATF leadership at the +scene were "inaccurate." + The Treasury Department's report described many of those +comments as "less than truthful" and said some of the field +commanders altered documents after the raid to cover up what they +had done or what they had been told before ordering the agents to +proceed against the cult members. + Mr. Noble characterized some of the statements as "lies." + The report has since been forwarded to the Treasury +Department's inspector general's office, which is reviewing the +actions of many of the agents involved. Department officials have +declined to say, however, what future action might be pending. + Mr. Noble suggested that news media representatives covering +similar events in the future should reconsider their methods. + The presence of reporters and cameras can affect a pending law +enforcement action ** such as the one in Waco ** and journalists +need to work with law enforcement officials to ensure that the +efforts of neither are compromised, he said. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/national.txt b/politicalTextFiles/national.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7d0efa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/national.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2081 @@ + Criminal Justice Resource List + + + October 30, 1991 + + + + + +What follows is a list of national organizations concerned with criminal +justice issues. The list ranges from legislative bodies and law enforce- +ment consultants to victims advocates to Christian prison ministries to +prison reform groups, and includes much in between. An index is supplied +at the end of the list. + +This information was composed by collecting names, addresses, and descriptions +from a variety of sources including magazine and newsletter articles, books, +other resource lists, and direct contact with the organization. No guarantees +are made regarding its accuracy. + + + + + + Table of Contents + +National Organizations: + +Administering Criminal Justice or Correctional Programs. . . 3 + +Doing Research Related to Criminal Justice Issues. . . . . . 7 + +Concerned with Criminal Justice Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + +Concerned with International Prisoners, Political Prisoners, +or Persons Wrongfully Imprisoned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 + +Providing Services to Prisoners, Victims, Families, Etc. . . 26 + +Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 + + + +This list is updated regularly! Please help by sending new or additional +information to the address below. Anyone furnishing new information will be +rewarded with a free updated listing. + +This list is privately maintained and distributed by: Judy C. Knupke, P.O. +Box 620643, Newton Lower Falls, MA 02162. + +To obtain additional copies, please send $5.00 per copy to cover the cost of +printing and postage. OR, send $6.00 to obtain a copy in machine-readable +form on a 3-1/2 inch diskette. + + National Organizations +Administering Criminal Justice or Correctional Programs + + + +Administrative Office of U.S. Courts, 811 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington DC +20544. (202) 633-6094. + + Administrative center of U.S. courts (except Supreme Court). Lends + statistical data, makes referrals, distributes publications. + +American Correctional Association (ACA), 4321 Hartwick Rd., Suite L208, +College Park, MD 20740. (301) 699-7600. + + A group of administrators, wardens, probation officers and others whose + goal is to improve correctional standards. The organization studies + causes of crime, juvenile delinquency, and methods of crime control and + prevention. They publish directories of institutions, standards and + guidelines for correctional facilities, educational materials for correc- + tional officials and others, the newsletter Corrections Today/On the + Line, and other items. + +Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 600, +Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 770-3097. + + Administers voluntary accreditation program for correctional facilities + and services. Provides consulting and reference services, distributes + publications. + +Correctional Education Association, 1400 20th St. NW, Washington DC 20036. +(202) 293-3120. + + A professional organization of prison educators. + +Correctional Industries Association. + + Organization of correctional personal interested in management and opera- + tions of correctional industries. + + Contact: Paul A. Skelton, Jr., Executive Secretary, 706 Middlebrook + Circle, Tallahassee, FL 32312. (904) 385-4878. + +Criminal Justice Center, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341. +(409) 294-1692. + + Publishes The NELS Monthly Bulletin, a listing of job opportunities in + the criminal justice and social services fields. + +Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP), 320 First St. NW, Washington DC 20534. +(202) 724-3198. + + Source of information on crime, criminals, juvenile delinquency, cor- + rections, and the federal prison system. Collections are accessible for + on-site use by professional personnel and adult students. + + Contact for info on electronic surveillance by FBOP: Annesley Schmidt. + (202) 724-3171. + +Fred A. Leutcher Associates, Inc., no current address [Formerly American +Engineering Company, 108 Bunker Hill, Charlestown, MA.] + + Specializes in the manufacture and sale of lethal injection machinery; + also sells spare parts for electric chairs, gallows, and gas chambers. + May be the only company in the United States specializing in execution + equipment. + + Contact: Norbert C. Lynch, President. + +International Association of Chiefs of Police, 13 First Field Rd., Gaithers- +bury, MD 20878. + +International Halfway House Association, P.O. Box 2337, Reston, VA 22090. +(703) 435-8221. + +Institute for Court Management, 1331 17th St., Suite 402, Denver, CO 80202. +(303) 293-3063. + + A project of the National Center for State Courts. Offers training for + judges and judicial administrators. + +National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, 1815 H. St. NW, Suite 550, +Washington DC 20006. (202) 872-8688. + + Strives to preserve the adversary system for justice, to maintain and + foster independent and able criminal defense lawyers, and to ensure + justice and due process for persons accused of crime. Supports attorneys + actively defending persons accused of crimes. Lobbies for fairer sen- + tencing. Publishes magazine, manuals, reviews. + +National Association of Criminal Justice Planners, 1500 Massachusetts Ave. NW, +Suite 129, Washington DC 20005. (202) 223-3171. + + Fosters criminal justice planning and improvement at all levels of + government. Publishes reviews, directories, data. + +National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies. + + Interested in prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency. + + Contact: Donald G. Blackburn, Secretary-Treasurer, 36 Locksley Lane, + Springfield, IL 62704. (217) 787-0690. + +National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies (NAPSA), 918 F St. NW, +Suite 500, Washington DC 20004. + + An association of agencies seeking to encourage the growth of pretrial + services. Organized in 1972 by program administrators and other criminal + justice experts. Serves as a national forum for pretrial ideas and + issues, fosters the establishment of agencies to promote pretrial servic- + es, promotes research and development, develops professional standards + and educational programs. + +National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 2000 North Racine, Suite +3500, Chicago, IL 60614. (312) 528-0818. + +National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Box 8970 (Judicial +College Building), Reno, NV 89507. (784-6012. + + Interested in improving juvenile justice. Offers training for judges and + other judicial professionals. + +National Criminal Justice Association, 444 N. Capitol St., Suite 608, Washing- +ton DC 20001. (202) 347-4900. + + Organization of criminal justice practitioners that advises state gover- + nors on substantive criminal justice issues. Answers inquiries; provides + advisory and training services; conducts research; distributes publica- + tions. Services primarily for members. + +National District Attorneys Association, 708 Pendleton St., Alexandria, VA +22314. (703) 549-9222. + + Encourages cooperation among attorneys. Concerned with victim compensa- + tion. Distributes publications. + +National Institute of Corrections (NIC), 320 First St. NW, Washington DC +20534. (202) 724-3106. + + Federal agency concerned with the administration of prisons and rehabi- + litative programs. Publishes statistics and comparative studies on + prisons systems throughout the country. Provides training and technical + assistance. + + NIC Information Center: 1790 30th St., Suite 130, Boulder, CO 80301. + + +National Lawyers Guild, 14 Beacon St., Dorchester 02120. (617) 227-7335. + +National Legal Aid & Defender Association, 1625 K St. NW, 8th floor, Washing- +ton DC 20006. (202) 452-0620. + + Works with programs providing legal services, legal aid, and public + defenders; assists attorneys for the indigent in civil and criminal + matters. + +National Sheriffs' Association, 1450 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) +836-7827 or (800) 424-7827. + + Assists federal, state, and local governments in corrections and law + enforcement areas. Develops educational programs; conducts training; + publishes materials. + +National United Law Enforcement Officers Association, Inc., P.O. Box 969, +Memphis, TN 38101. (901) 332-3604. + + Seeks to foster a better relationship between communities and law en- + forcement. Brings all law enforcement officers together on a national + level regardless of the department or agency. + +SEARCH Group Inc., 7311 Greenhaven Drive, Suite 145, Sacramento, CA 95831. +(916) 392-2550 + + SEARCH is a state criminal justice organization comprised of Governors' + appointees from each state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and + the Virgin Islands. SEARCH serves as a national consortium for justice + information and statistics. + + SEARCH also provides an on-line computer bulletin board for criminal + justice practitioners. To access, call (916) 392-4640 (8-bit, 1 stop + bit, no parity, 1200/2400/4800/9600 baud). Contact: Seth Jacobs. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + National Organizations + Doing Research Related to Criminal Justice Issues + + + +Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, 402 Nunn +Hall, Highland Heights, KY 41076. (606) 572-5634. + + Contact: Patricia DeLancey, Executive Secretary + +American Society of Criminology (ASC), Ohio State University Research Center +Building, 1314 Kinnear Road, Suite 212, Columbus, OH 43212. (614) 292-9207. + + A national organization concerned with criminology, embracing scholarly, + scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the etiology, preven- + tion, control and treatment of crime and delinquency. This includes the + measurement and detection of crime, legislation and practice of criminal + law, as well as the law enforcement, judicial, and correctional systems. + The society's objective is to bring together a multi-disciplinary forum + fostering criminological study, research, and education. Publishes the + quarterly journal Criminology and the bi-monthly newsletter, The Crimin- + ologist. + +Center for Criminal Justice Research, Inc., Prison Overcrowding Project, 1701 +Arch St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. (215) 569-0347. + +Center for Research in Law and Justice, Department of Criminal Justice, +College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois, P.O. Box 4348, +Chicago, IL 60680. (312) 996-4632. + +Center for Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior, National Institute of +Mental Health, 6C-15 Parklawn Bldg, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. +(301) 443-3728. + + Funds grants to agencies investigating anti-social behavior, violence, + mental health, and law. + +Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law. 37th and Spruce St.s, 4th +floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104. (215) 898-7411. + + Conducts research in criminology. Permits on-site use of library. + Publishes bibliographies and other research materials. + +Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections, Southern Illinois +University, Carbondale, IL 62901. (618) 453-4701. + + Publishes training manuals for correctional personal. Provides consult- + ing services. + +Center on Administration of Criminal Justice, University of California, Davis, +CA 95616. (916) 752-2893. + + Interested in criminal justice research and programs. Publishes reports. + Provides advisory services, conducts seminars and workshops. + +Connecticut Justice Academy, Saybrook Rd., Haddam, CT 06438. (203) 345-4547. + + Interested in criminal justice and penology. + +Criminal Justice Statistics Association, 444 North Capitol St. NW, Suite 606, +Washington, D.C. 20001. (202) 624-8560. + + Maintains a catalog and library of statistical reports produced by state + criminal justice statistical analysis centers. + +The Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland, +College Park, MD 20742-8235. + + (Houses the editorial office for Criminology, the official publication of + the American Society of Criminology.) + +The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics, John Jay College of Criminal +Justice, Suite 422, 899 Tenth Ave., New York, NY 10019. +(212) 237-8040/8037/8415. + + Established to foster greater concern for ethical issues among practi- + tioners and scholars in the criminal justice field. Serves as both a + national clearinghouse for information and as a stimulus to research and + publication. Seeks to encourage increased sensitivity to the demands of + ethical behavior among those who enforce our system of criminal justice, + a more focused treatment of moral issues in the education of criminal + justice professionals, and a new dialogue among scholars and practi- + tioners on specific topics in criminal justice ethics. Draws on the + facilities of John Jay College, a specialized college within the City + University of New York. Publishes Criminal Justice Ethics. + +Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, Southwest Texas State University, San +Marcos, TX 78664-4610. (512) 245-3030. + + Interested in prevention or control of crime and delinquency, criminal + justice, safety, school violence, substance abuse, child abuse. + +Institute of Criminal Law and Procedure, Law Center, Georgetown University, +25 E St. NW, Washington DC 20001. (202) 662-9550. + + Interested in criminal justice and corrections. Permits on-site use of + archives. + +National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, Inter-university Consortium for +Political and Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. +(313) 763-5010. + + Sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Provides data on + magnetic tapes, assisting users whose needs are not satisfied by pub- + lished statistics. + +National Center for Innovation in Corrections, The George Washington Univer- +sity, 2130 H St. NW, Room 621, Washington DC 20052. (202) 676-7062. + +National Center for Juvenile Justice, 701 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. +(412) 227-6950. + + Interested in legal system and children/juveniles. Publishes materials. + Provides consulting and on-site use of collections. + +National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, National Institute of +Mental Health, Parklawn Bldg, Room 6C-12, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD +20857. + + Supports research on causes of rape and sexual assault and mental health + consequences of such acts. + +National Clearinghouse for Criminal Justice Information Systems, 925 Secret +River Drive, Suite H, Sacramento, CA 95831. (916) 392-2550. + + Operates an automated index of criminal justice information systems + maintained by state and local governments. Issues technical publica- + tions, provides technical assistance and training. + +National Council on Crime & Delinquency (NCCD), 685 Market Street, Suite 620, +Sam Francisco, CA 94105. (415) 896-6223. [Or NCCD Midwest, 6409 Odana +Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53719. (608) 274-8882] + + A non-profit research and service organization founded in 1907. NCCD + combines research, public education, and professional assistance to + improve the criminal justice system and to maximize the effectiveness and + efficiency of law enforcement, juvenile and criminal courts, and correc- + tional institutions. Promotes criminal justice strategies that are fair, + humane, effective and economically sound. Seeks to stimulate and foster + community-based programs for the prevention, treatment and control of + delinquency and crime. Seeks an understanding of the connection between + social justice and criminal justice. Edits the policy journal Crime & + Delinquency, and many other reports; co-edits the scholarly Journal of + Research in Crime and Delinquency. (For subscription information on + either journal contact Sage Publications, 2111 West Hillcrest Drive, + Newbury Park, CA 91320.) + +National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), National Institute of +Justice, 1600 Research Blvd, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. + (301) 251-5500 or (800) 851-3420 + (800) 732-3277 for Statistics Clearinghouse of NCJRS + (800) 666-3332 for Data Center and Clearinghouse for Drugs and Crime + + Federal agency which serves as a clearinghouse for exchange of informa- + tion on improvement of law enforcement and criminal justice. Publishes + criminal justice statistics, briefs on current criminal justice research, + and other reports Serves primarily criminal justice professionals. On- + site research permitted. + +National Crime Prevention Institute, School of Justice Administration, College +of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville, Shelby Campus, Louis- +ville, KY 40292. (502) 588-6987. + + National clearinghouse for crime prevention literature. + +National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 320 First St. NW, Washington DC 20534. +(202) 724-3633. + + Federal agency concerned with criminal justice. Assists private sector + initiatives. + +National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives, Room 4D, Sydeman Hall, Brand- +eis University, Waltham, MA 02254. (617) 736-3980. + + An educational and policy center concentrating on the policy issues of + sentencing, the use of prison and jail, and the management of corrections + resources. Provides services to legislators and elected officials, law + enforcement agencies, corrections and judicial administrators, and others + with an interest in the justice system. Seeks to increase understanding + of the risks and needs of criminal offenders; the feasibility of prisons + for punishment and public protection; and the emergence of sentencing + alternatives such as restriction, intensive supervision, house arrest, + and community service. + + Contact: Mark D. Corrigan + +Police Executive Research Forum, 2300 M St. NW, Suite 910, Washington DC +20037. (202) 466-7820. + + Conducts research. Provides an open forum on criminal justice issues. + Concerned with professionalism of police. + +Youth Policy Institute, 1221 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite B, Washington DC +20005. (202) 638-2144. + + Concerned with juvenile justice issues. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + National Organizations + Concerned with Criminal Justice Issues + + + +American Friends Service Committee, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA 19102. + + AFSC operates regional criminal justice programs which help to coordinate + the efforts of concerned people, both inside and outside of prisons, who + seek to eliminate institutional violence and to assure the rights of + those who are imprisoned. AFSC works toward fundamental change of the + justice system by challenging many institutional policies and practices + and supporting effective alternatives. + +American Indians and the Death Penalty, P.O. Box 2017, Sebastopol, CA 95472. + + An organization established to work for due process for American Indians. + +American Jail Association, 1000 Day Road, Suite 100, Hagerstown, MD 21740. + + Dedicated to the improvement of U.S. jails. Publishes the quarterly, + American Jails. + +American Justice Institute, 725 University Ave., Sacramento, CA 95825. +(916) 924-3700. + +Americans for Effective Law Enforcement, Inc. (AELE), 5519 North Cumberland +Ave., Suite 1008, Chicago, IL 60666. (312) 763-2800. + + Interested in improving law enforcement. Offers training for police. + Publishes Jail and Prisoner Law Bulletin. + +Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice, PO Drawer 6258, Ft. Worth, TX +76115. + + Seeks to educate public about corrections and prison needs, bring about + prison reform, improve ex-offenders' rights, and aid inmate families. + Holdings: Criminal Justice-Prison Data Collection that includes 21,000 + newspaper articles. Services free, except for photocopying. + +The Angolite, Louisiana State Penitentiary, Angola, LA 70712. + + Award-winning magazine written and edited solely by inmates of Angola + Orison. + +Association of Programs for Female Offenders, Community Responsibility Center, +Inc., New York Building, 1651 Kendall St., Lakewood, CO 80214. +(303) 232-4002. + + Dedicated to the improvement of services to female offenders, seeks to + stimulate awareness, encourage cooperation in identifying the unique + needs of the female offender, and to cross geographical barriers to + effectively communicate with all interested individuals, agencies, and + organizations. + +Capital Punishment Project, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 132 West +43rd St., New York, NY 10036. + + A project of the ACLU to abolish the death penalty. + + Contact: Henry Schwarzschild, Project Director. + +Center for Community and Social Concerns, World Correctional Service, 2849 W. +71st St., Chicago, IL 60637. (312) 925-6591. + + Volunteer organization providing current-awareness services on criminal + justice. + +Center for Effective Public Policy, Prison Overcrowding Project, 1701 Arch +St., Suite 400, Philadelphia, PA 19103. (215) 569-0347. + +The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence, 1914 N. 34th +St., Suite 205, Seattle, WA 98103. + +Children's Defense Fund, 122 C St NW, Washington DC 20001. (202) 628-8787, +or (800) 424-9602. + + Created to provide long-range and systematic advocacy on behalf of the + nations's children. Publishes newsletter, answers inquiries, provides + advisory services and legal aid, distributes publications, makes refer- + rals. Services free. + +Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants (CURE), 11 15th St. NE, Suite 6, +Washington DC 20002. (202) 543-8399. + + National effort to reduce crime through criminal justice reform. CURE + focuses on legislative analysis on prison issues in addition to working + with the families and friends of prisoners. Issues of concern include: + stopping passage of a federal death penalty, social security coverage for + prisoners, full use of the interstate compact so prisoners can be incar- + cerated near their families, placing pregnant prisoners under WIC, and + stopping federal prison construction, development of a criminal justice + amendment to the US constitution. + + Contacts: Charlie and Pauline Sullivan, Directors. + +Clearinghouse on Criminal Justice, 222 W. Pensacola St., Tallahassee, FL +23201. + + Works towards abolition of the death penalty. + +Committee to End the Marion Lockdown, PO Box 578172, Chicago, IL 60657. + +Correctional Economic Center, 1220 King St., Alexandria, VA 22314. +(703) 549-7686. + +The Crime and Justice Foundation, 95 Berkeley St., 2nd FL, Boston, MA 02116. +(617) 426-9800. + + The Crime and Justice Foundation, established in 1878, is dedicated to + the humane reform of the criminal justice system. They believe that a + fair and effective system will bring about a safer society. To that end, + the Foundation works to develop innovative programs; works with correc- + tional professionals to upgrade institutions; works with the legislature + to advocate progressive public policy; works with the public to help them + better understand the nature of crime and the system of justice. Pro- + vides general reference services and on-site study, conducts seminars. + +Criminal Justice Ministry, 229 South 8th St., Kansas City, KS 66101. + + Developers of the slide show "Seventy Times Seven: A Christian Response + to Crime in Our Communities." + +Criminologists for Abolition of the Death Penalty. + + Contact: Sue Caulfield, Western Michigan University, Department of + Sociology, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5189. (616) 387-5270. + +Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, Office of Communications, 250 Park Ave., +New York, NY 10017. (212) 986-7050. + + The Clark Foundation's Program for Justice aims to promote a more ratio- + nal, humane and effective criminal justice system through support for + litigation that ensures constitutional conditions in prisons and through + development of alternatives to incarceration for some criminal offenders. + Concerned about overcrowding. Finances public studies and publishes + reports. + + Contact: Gretchen Dykstra, Director of Communications. + Kenneth F. Schoen, Director, Program for Justice. + +Eisenhower Foundation, 1990 M St. NW, Suite 200, Washington DC 20202. +(202) 429-0440. + + Supports community self-help by inner-city residents to combat crime. + Publishes studies and other materials. + +End the Marion Lockdown, PO Box 578172, Chicago, IL 60657. (312) 235-0070. + + Working towards the end of lockdown status in the U.S. Penitentiary at + Marion. Marion has been in lockdown since 1983, and has been condemned + by Amnesty International for violation of the U.N. Standard Minimum Rules + for the Treatment of Prisoners. + +Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Box 271, Nyack, NY 10960. +(914) 358-4601. + + Founded in Europe in 1949. Works toward the transformation of society + into a "peaceful world community, with full dignity and freedom for every + human being." Advocates non-violence, abolition of the death penalty, + methods of dealing with offenders founded on understanding and forgive- + ness and which week seek to redeem and rehabilitation rather than punish. + Publishes Fellowship magazine. + +Genesee Ecumenical Ministries, Judicial Process Commission, 121 N. Fitzhugh +St., Rochester, NY 14614. (716) 325-7727. + + Publishes Justicia, educational materials, etc., including materials on + conflict resolution. Also connected with Genesse Justice, a community + service/victim assistance program in Batavia, NY. + +House Committee on the Judiciary, Rm 2137, Rayburn House Office Bldg, Washing- +ton DC 20515. (202) 225-3951. + + Studies issues and formulates measures related to federal courts, consti- + tutional amendments, immigration and naturalization, and other issues. + Subcommittees: Administrative Law and Governmental Relations; Civil and + Constitutional Rights; Courts, Civil Liberties and Administration of Jus- + tice; Crime; Criminal Justice; Immigration, Refugees, and International + Law; Monopolies and Commercial Law. + +Interfaith Conciliation Center (ICC), 2707 Main St., La Crosse, WI 54601. +(608) 785-0083. + + Promotes the use of dispute resolution within communities; serves as a + clearinghouse for workshops and other resources; encourages dialogue + among practitioners who serve religious communities. (Founded in 1983 as + a project of the National Interreligious Task Force on Criminal Justice.) + + Contact: Janet D. Wollam, Coordinator. + +International Association of Justice Volunteerism (IAJV), c/o UW--Milwaukee +Criminal Justice, P.O. Box 786, Milwaukee, WI 53201. (414) 229-5630. + + A membership organization (founded 1970) committed to the improvement of + the juvenile and criminal justice systems through citizen participation. + Coordinates the efforts of various local programs and joins them with + other local programs across the U.S. and Canada. + +John Howard Association, 67 E. Madison St., Suite 1216, Chicago, IL 60603. +(312) 263-1901. + + A private, non-profit prison watchdog agency established in 1901. + Monitors prison conditions (through a volunteer network) and advocates + for wide-spread reforms to bring about more humane correctional policies + for adults and juveniles, particularly in Illinois. Is sometimes called + into the prison to mediate disputes. Publishes the newsletter, Update; + conducts seminars, discussions, and debates. + +Justice Fellowship, P.O. Box 17181, Washington DC 20041-0181. +(703) 834-3650. + + A project started by Prison Fellowship to work for criminal justice + reform. Lobbies (at state and national levels) for restitution and + community service sentencing, victim assistance and compensation pro- + grams, reconciliation opportunities for victims and offenders, and fair + and effective use of prison for those offenders who must be incarcerated. + Helps communities to establish VORP programs. Publishes the newsletter + The Justice Report. + + Contacts: Pamela J. Walsh, Membership Director. + Rhonda A. Miller, Director of Public Education + Daniel W. Van Ness, President. + +Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change, 449 Auburn Ave. NE, Atlanta, +GA 30312. + + Offers training in conflict resolution techniques for police and prison + staffs; non-violence and social change. + +Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) + + An international social service agency of the Mennonite and Brethren in + Christ churches. Their Office of Criminal Justice was a pioneer in + developing Victim-Offender Reconciliation Projects (VORPs) as alterna- + tives to incarceration. Conducts educational and resource programs. + Distributes booklets, posters, slide sets with worship/study guides; + publishes Crime and Justice Network Newsletter. + + Provincial chapters: MCC U.S. Office of Criminal Justice, 21 S. 12th + St., P.O. Box 500, Akron, PA 17501-0500. (717) 859-1151. + Contact: Howard Zehr, Director. + +National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1200 15th St. NW, No. 400, Washington +DC 20005. (202) 833-3530. + + Concerned about mentally ill offenders, and their placement. + +National Association of Counties, Criminal Justice Program, 440 First St. NW, +Washington DC 20036. (202) 393-6226. + + Interested in the administration of criminal justice by local govern- + ments. + +National Campaign to Abolish the Lexington Women's Control Unit, 294 Atlantic +Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11210. (718) 624-0800. + + Association of people working to abolish the control unit at the Federal + Correctional Institution for Women in Lexington, Kentucky. Publishes + pamphlets, conducts presentations, presents videos + +National Center for Youth Law, 1613 Mission St., 5th floor, San Francisco, CA +94103. (415) 543-3307. + + Interested in all aspects of juvenile legal advocacy. + +The National Center on Institutions and Alternatives (NCIA), 814 North Saint +Asaph St., Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 684-0373. + + Consulting firm dedicated to developing promoting, and supervising + enduring alternative programs, and eliminating unnecessary lockup in + prisons. Helps accused persons by diagnosing their strengths and weak- + nesses, and preparing individualized plans which are then proposed to the + judge as alternative sentences; such plans may include restitution, + community service, vocational training, medical or psychological treat- + ment, regular or intensive probation, or residence in a halfway house. + Publishes various resources including Augustus: A Journal of Progressive + Human Services, an investigative journal on prisons and alternatives. + +National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women, Philadelphia. + + Concerned with the defense of battered women who have murdered or struck + out against their abusive spouses. + +The National Clearinghouse on Death Penalty Legislation. + + Project of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Operates + a data bank and information center for people involved in legislative + work against the death penalty. Can supply background information on the + statutes, history, and background of death penalty legislation for any + state. + + Contact: Susan Stephan, Clearinghouse coordinator, PO Box 600, Liberty + Mills, IN 40946. (291) 982-7480. + +The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (NCADP), 1419 "V" St. NW, +Washington DC 20009. (202) 797-7090. + + A resource, coordination and support center for efforts to end capital + punishment throughout the United States; links individuals and organiza- + tions at the national, regional, state and local levels for information + sharing, mutual assistance and campaign development. Publishers news- + letter (Lifelines), directory, and other resources; answers inquiries; + conducts seminars. + + Contact: Leigh Dingerson. + +National Coalition for Jail Reform, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers +University, 15 University Street, Newark, NJ 07401. (201) 648-5204. + + A coalition of organizations concerned with jail issues. Advocates for + the removal from jail of persons held inappropriately--particularly + juveniles, the mentally ill and retarded, public inebriates, and many + pretrial detainees--and the elimination of inadequate and unconstitu- + tional jail conditions nationwide. + + Contact: Carol Shapior. + +National Community Service Sentencing Association (NCSSA), 1368 Lincoln Ave., +Suite 108, San Rafael, CA 94901. (415) 459-2234. + + A professional association which promotes the productive use of community + service as a disposition for adult and juvenile offenders. Objectives + include enhancing communication between programs and facilitating inter- + program transfers, assisting in the development of community programs, + monitoring and developing legislation. Publishes the newsletter Alterna- + tive Sentences quarterly. + + Contact: Ms. Cres Van Keulen, Executive Director. + +National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers, 1357 East Capitol Street +SE, Washington, DC 20003. (202) 547-1715. + + An ecumenical group of prison ministers working for change in the crimi- + nal justice system. Combines hands-on ministry with advocacy. Opposes + the death penalty. + + Contacts: Fr. Michael Bryant. (202) 547-1715 + Mrs. Mary K. Crowley. (703) 978-4204 + +The National Drug Strategy Network, 2000 L St. NW, Suite 702, Washington, DC +20036. (202) 835-9075 + + Composed of individuals and organizations who are united in their opposi- + tion to the punitive and militaristic aspects of the "War on Drugs." + +National Execution Alert Network, Box 6893, Pittsburgh, PA 15212. + + Publishes newsletter which reports on scheduled executions in the U.S. + + Contact: Pam Tucker. + +National Institute of Judicial Dynamics, c/o Albert B. Logan, Esq., Director, +411 Lakewood Circle, Suite B711, Colorado Springs, CO 80910. (303) 574-2082. + + Interested in improvement of American justice system, legal aspects of + alcoholism. Services to professionals and students. + +National Institute of Victimology, 2333 N. Vernon St., Arlington, VA 22207. +(703) 528-8872. + + Founded in 1976, the institute works to improve victim/witness services + and to make the public and criminal justice personnel aware of the needs + of crime victims. Monitors legislative and programmatic developments + affecting victims and witnesses of crimes. Publishes a quarterly jour- + nal, Victimology. + +National Interreligious Task Force on Criminal Justice (NITFCJ), Joint Stra- +tegy and Action Committee, Inc. (JSAC), 475 Riverside Drive, Room 1700A, New +York, NY 10015. + + The NITFCJ is an interfaith association of national religious bodies and + other affiliated organizations committed to equal justice, the creation + of safe and just communities, and the protection of human rights for + offenders and victims alike. NITFCJ supports a national religious agenda + for criminal justice and conflict resolution, collaborates with other + national coalitions, and forms linkages with the efforts of local and + regional organizations. NITFCJ works through advocacy for systemic + change, public education, and networking. NITFCJ publishes the news- + letter JUSTnews, and a variety of other educational publications. + +National Moratorium on Prison Construction (NMPC), Unitarian Universalist +Service Committee (UUSC), 78 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108. (617) 742-2120. + + The NMPC, established in 1975, is a project of the Unitarian Universalist + Service Committee. NMPC works toward a halt to all prison and jail + construction until alternatives to imprisonment are fully evaluated and + implemented. NMPC staff gather, analyze, and disseminate information + about prison and jail construction plans on the federal, state, and local + levels. The Moratorium's newsletter, Jericho, is published quarterly and + costs $5 per year. + + In 1987, the NMPC was shut down due to financial difficulties. However + the UUSC continues to accept orders for back-issues of Jericho and other + materials including films and slide shows. + +National Network of Women in Prison. + + Formed in 1990 to bring together individuals and activist groups working + on women's prison issues. + + Contact: Charlene Snow, (312) 332-5577. + +National Network of Youth Advisory Boards, P.O. Box 402036, Ocean View Beach, +Miami Beach, FL 33140. (305) 532-2607. + + Association devoted to enhancing communication between youth and local + government. Interested in juvenile justice, education, recreation, and + drug abuse. + +National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA), 1757 Park Rd NW, Washing- +ton DC 20010. (202) 232-8560. + + An advocacy organization for victims' and witnesses' rights, compensa- + tion, and assistance. Lobbies (at state and national levels) for victim- + oriented legislation; played a key role in the development of the federal + Victim-Witness Protection Act; provides publications and training packag- + es for criminal justice professionals; consulting and reference services + at cost. Publishers, "NOVA Newsletter." + + Contact: Dr. Marlene Young, Executive Director. + +National Peoples of Color Task Force on Criminal Justice, Box 433, Somerville, +MA 02144. + + A task force founded in 1981 as a national support and action group + focusing on the impact of U.S. criminal justice policies on African- + American, Native American, Asian, Latino, and Chicano people. + + Contact: Linda Thurston, President. + +National Prison Project (NPP), American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), +1616 P St. NW, Third Floor, Washington DC 20036. (202) 331-0500. + + Established in 1972 by the ACLU. Seeks to strengthen and protect the + rights of adult and juvenile offenders; improve overall conditions in + correctional facilities; and to develop alternatives to incarceration. + Primary work is in litigation, particularly class action suits; also + provides drafts model legislation, advises legislative bodies, develops + self-help materials for prisoners, provides educational materials; pub- + lishes The National Prison Project Journal quarterly. Furnishes infor- + mation on AIDS in Prison. + + Contact: Alvin J. Bronstein, Executive Director. + +National Task Force on Prostitution, P.O. Box 26354, San Francisco, CA 94126; +OR P.O. Box 892, Atlanta, GA 30301. + + A coalition of prostitutes' rights organizations. Seeks the decriminal- + ization of adult prostitution and other consensual adult commercial sex + acts, and full civil and human rights for prostitutes and other sex + workers, and their clients. + +National Victims Resource Center (NVRC), Office for Victims of Crime, +Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) 627-6872 or (301) 251-5525/5519. + + A national clearinghouse of information about crime victim assistance and + compensation programs, victimization statistics, and names, addresses and + telephone numbers of contact persons. Offers free publications, hard-to- + find documents, and selected videotapes for sale. Established by the + federal Office for Victims of Crime. + +New York State Coalition for Criminal Justice, 362 State St., Albany, NY +12210. (518) 436-9222. + + Contact: Jim Murphy. + +PACE Publications. + Business Office: 443 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. (212) 685-5450. + Fax: (212) 679-4701 + Editorial Office: 1900 : Street NW, Suite 312, Washington DC 20036. + (202) 835-1770. Fax: (202) 835-1772. + + Publishes Criminal Justice Newsletter, an independent report on issues in + criminal justice policy and administration, including both adult and + juvenile justice, law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. + +PACT Institute of Justice (Prisoner and Community Together), 254 S. Morgan +Boulevard, Valparaiso, IN 46383. (219) 462-1127. + + Works with a wide range of community-based justice programs in Indiana, + Illinois, and Ohio. Serves as a clearinghouse for information about + community-based justice models. Continues to promote the replication of + community-based Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs and Mediation + Programs. Publishes VORP Network News, various education materials, a + directory of VORP programs. + + Contact: John Gehm, Program Director. + +The Police Foundation, Communications Office, Suite 200, 1001 22nd St., Wash- +ington DC 20037. (202) 833-1460. Fax: (202) 659-9149 + + Interested in police management and administration, law enforcement, and + arrest productivity; answers inquiries, sells publications. + +Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program, 100 Witherspoon Street, Room 3044, +Louisville, KY 40202-1396. (502) 569-5810. + + Interested in Criminal Justice and related issues including ministry with + victims and families. Provides resource materials and consultations to + churches; works for public awareness of the issues; publishes the quar- + terly newsletter, Justice Jottings. + + Contact: Rev. Kathy (Young) Lancaster, Director. + +Presbyterian Family Services, 2200 S. Gaines, PO Box 6008, Little Rock, AR +72216. (501) 375-3264. + + Concerned about the practice of incarcerating children in adult jails and + prisons. Provides information for those working towards legislative and + administrative changes. Also provides a direct ministry through family + counseling, youth residential treatment, and family life education + programs. + + Contact: Dick Freer. + +Pretrial Services Resource Center, 918 F St NW, Suite 500, Washington DC +20004. (202) 638-3080. + + Non-profit criminal justice consulting agency associated with the Nation- + al Association of Pretrial Services Agencies. Interested in pretrial + alternatives and alternatives to prosecution for adults. Maintains + library and data bank on US programs; provides information and technical + assistance; publishes the bimonthly newsletter The Pretrial Reporter. + + Contact: Heidi L. Schornstein, Esq., Project Assistant. + +Prison Project, Gay Community News, 62 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116. + + Concerned with the rights of homosexual prisoners. + +Prisoner's Union, 1317 Eighteenth St., San Francisco, CA 94107. +(415) 648-2880. + + A group of convicts, ex-convicts, and others interested in improving + conditions of those incarcerated in California prisons. Its goals + include seeking redress for convict grievances, ending economic exploi- + tation by gaining the right to a prevailing wage of all work done in + prison, establishing a uniform and equitable sentencing procedure, and + restoring civil and human rights to convicts and ex-convicts. It pub- + lishes The California Prisoner. + +Progressive Prisoners' Movement (PPM), 462 1/2 Granville St., Newark, OH +43023. + + A program started by an ex-offender that seeks to break the cycle between + poverty and prison. Seeks to unite the prison population and the commu- + nity. Acts as spokesperson for prisoners on issues such as overcrowding, + low pay, unfair or inadequate legal representation, and other prison + conditions. Activity so far has been primarily in Pennsylvania, but PPM + is now expanding to Ohio. + + Contacts: Carl Upchurch, Executive Director and founder. + George Williamson, First Baptist Church of Granville, Gran- + ville, OH 43023. + +The Safer Society Program (Prison Research Education Action Project (PREAP)), +RR1, Shoreham Depot Rd., Box 24-B, Orwell, VT 05760-9756. (802) 897-7541. + + A national project of the New York State Council of Churches to provide + educational materials which advocate prison abolition and safer, non- + repressive alternatives for victims and offenders in a prevention frame- + work. It has published several books and manuals. Their most recent + emphasis is on sex offenders and victims. + +Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Rm 224, Dirksen Senate Office Bldg, Wash- +ington DC 20510. (202) 224-5225. + + Studies federal courts and judges, civil rights and civil liberties, and + other areas. Subcommittees: Administrative Practice and Procedure; + Constitution; Courts; Criminal Law; Immigration and Refugee Policy; + Juvenile Justice; Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks; Security and + Terrorism. + +The Sentencing Project, Inc. (TSP) 918 F St. NW, Suite 501, Washington DC +20004. (202) 463-8348. + + Established in June 1986 to improve the quality of legal representation + at sentencing, to promote greater use of alternatives to incarceration by + defense attorneys and other professionals involved in sentencing in the + nation's courts, and to increase the public's understanding of the + sentencing process. + + Contacts: Malcolm Young, Executive Director. + Marc Mauer, Assistant Director. + +SOLACE, P.O. Box 92282, Atlanta, GA 30314. + + An organization of murder victims' families who oppose the death penalty. + Also included are the families of those executed via capital punishment. + + Contact: Camille Bell, Director. + +Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons, Inc., PO Box 30065, Nashville, TN +37202. (615) 242-5131. + + Works throughout the South to assist prisoners and their families, reform + the criminal justice system, establish alternatives to incarceration, and + abolish the death penalty. + + Contact: Rev. Joseph B. Ingle, Director. + +Special Services Center, 809 W. Madison St., Suite 602, Chicago, IL 60607. +(312) 226-7990. + + Interested in reintegration of ex-offenders into the community. Provides + advisory, consulting, and reference services. + +U.S. Association for Victim-Offender Mediation, PACT Institute of Justice, 254 +South Morgan Boulevard, Valparaiso, IN 46383. (219) 462-1127. + + Seeks to develop and implement a program of public information and + education in the field of victim-offender mediation and reconciliation + programs. Encourages networking. Assists members in developing, plan- + ning, and operating programs more effectively by developing guidelines + for program management and facilitating information exchange. Advocates + for legislation and public policies which enhance opportunities for + restorative justice and other issues. + + Contact: Harriet Fagan, Assistant Program Director. + +Vera Institute of Justice, 30 East 39th St., New York, NY 10016. +(212) 986-6910. + + Interested in crime, juvenile justice, drug-addiction, and alternatives + to incarceration. Operates an community service (for indigent repeat + offenders) as one alternative. + +Voorhis Associates, Inc., 5796 51st St., Boulder, CO 80301. (303) 530-2159. + +The Washington Correctional Foundation, 3117 Hawthorn St. NW, Washington DC +20008. (202) 965-6116. + +Women's Prison Project, P.O. Box 1911, Santa Fe, New Mexico. + + National and International Organizations +Concerned with International Prisoners, Political Prisoners, +or Persons Wrongfully Imprisoned + + + +Amnesty International of the USA, 304 W 58th St., New York, NY 10019. +(212) 582-4440. + + Works impartially for release of prisoners of conscience provided they + have neither used nor advocated violence. Opposes torture and the death + penalty and advocates fair and prompt trials. Answers inquiries, sells + publications. + +Amnesty International Campaign Against the Death Penalty, 322 8th St., New +York, NY 10001. (212) 807-8400. + + Contact: Mr. M. Rose-Avila, Director. + +Centurion Ministries, Princeton, NJ. + + A non-profit organization whose primary mission is to vindicate and free + from prison through the judicial process those who are completely inno- + cent of the crime for which they have been wrongly convicted and impris- + oned. + + Contact: Rev. Jim McCloskey. + +Coalition to Support Cuban Detainees, PO Box 935, Decatur, GA 30030. +(404) 377-0701 or (404) 659-2687. + + A coalition working for the fair treatment of the cuban refugees who are + being held in the Atlanta federal Penitentiary pending deportation. + +Freedom Now, 59 E. Van Buren #1400, Chicago, IL 60605 (312) 663-4399. + + Campaigns for amnesty and human rights for political prisoners in the + United States. + + Other addresses: + 1560 Broadway, Suite 807, New York, NY 10036 + 3543 18th Street, #17, San Francisco, CA 94110. (415) 561-9055. + +International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, PO Box 17 (Harvard +Epworth Church, 1555 Massachusetts Ave.), Cambridge, MA 02138. +(617) 491-8384. + + Nonprofit group that provides legal defense for political prisoners in + Southern Africa and humanitarian aid for their dependents. Answers + inquiries and makes referrals free; distributes publications, some at + cost. + +International Legal Defense Counsel, 1420 Walnut St., Suite 315, Philadelphia, +PA 19102. (215) 545-2428. + + Provides counsel for Americans jailed abroad, or involved with interna- + tional civil law problems. Provides inquiry and advisory services, + conducts seminars. Some services free; usual attorney fees for legal + work. + +International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee, Box 6455, Kansas City, KS +66106. (816) 531-5774. + + Defense committee for Leonard Peltier, an American Indian convicted in + 1977 of killing two FBI agents on South Dakota's Pine Ridge Indian + Reservation. He is believed to be a political prisoner being persecuted + for his involvement in Indian rights organizations. Advocates for his + freedom include Amnesty International. + +International Prisoners Aid Association, c/o Dr. Badr-El-Din Ali, IPAA Exec +Dir, Dept of Sociology, Univ of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292. (502) 588- +6836. + + Group of agencies and individuals in 45 countries concerned with prisoner + aid programs. Its purpose is to assist nongovernmental organizations to + serve more effectively in their efforts to prevent crime, rehabilitate + offenders, stimulate social action and legislation and disseminate world- + wide information concerning sound methods of crime control. Publishes + international directory of prisoners' aid agencies, provides advisory + services, conducts seminars. Services available to anyone involved in + offender rehabilitation. + +National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, 126 West 119th St., +New York, NY 10003. (212) 866-8600. + + Interested in the nature and scope of racist and political repression. + Opposes the death penalty. Publishes newsletter, distributes publica- + tions, makes referrals, permits on-site use of materials. Most services + available only to affiliates, branches, and special projects. + +Prison Reform International, NACRO, 169 Clapham Rd., London SW9 OPU, U.K. + + A worldwide movement to improve prison conditions and promote construc- + tive ways of dealing with offenders. + +United Nations, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch, U.N., +Room DC II-2348, New York, NY 10017. (212) 745-4657. + + Assists members states of the United Nations with respect to all matters + of crime control and criminal justice. Publishes newsletter. + + National Organizations + Providing Services to Prisoners, Victims, Families, Etc. + + + +Aid to Imprisoned Mothers, 957 Highland Ave. NE Atlanta, GA 30306. + +Alderson Hospitality House, Box 579, Alderson, WV 24910. + + A Catholic Worker House providing hospitality to families and loved ones + visiting prisoners at the nearby federal women's prison. Publishes a + newsletter, The Trumpet, which deals with prison issues. Lobbies against + the death penalty (home base for West Virginians Against the Death + Penalty). + +Alternatives to Violence Project, Inc., 15 Rutherford Place, New York, NY +10003. (212) 477-1067. + + Dedicated to teaching the non-violent techniques used by Gandhi and + Martin Luther King, Jr. Directs much of its effort towards prison + inmates. Offers conflict resolution workshops. Program started in NY + but has spread to 15 other states. + + Contact: Fred Feucht, 88 Mountain Road, Pleasantville, NY 10570. (914) + 796-1720. + +American Catholic Correctional Chaplains' Association. + + Contact: Fr. Frank T. Menei, President, 3509 Spring Garden St., Phila- + delphia, PA 19104. (215) 489-4151. + +American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center, 7514 Kensington +St., Pittsburgh, PA 15221. (423) 371-1000. + + AFSC's Conflict Resolution Center works with neighborhood mediation + projects and creative conflict education for children. Publishes a + quarterly newsletter and international directory on conciliation. + + Contact: Paul Wahrhaftig. + +American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association. + + Provides certification and promotes institutional standards for religious + programming and chaplaincy in corrections. Provides general reference + services. + + Contact: Rev. Ralph Graham, Executive Director, 5235 Greenpoint Dr., + Stone Mountain, GA 30008. + +Bill Glass Evangelistic Association, P.O. Box 1105, Cedar Hills, TX 75104. +(214) 291-7895. + + Coordinates volunteers in all continental states for evangelistic week- + ends in state and federal prisons. + +Books for Prisoners, c/o Left Bank Books, Box A, 92 Pike St., Seattle, WA +98101. + + Provides books for prisoners. + +Christian Jail Workers, P.O. Box 4009, Los Angeles, CA 90051. +(213) 974-8085. + + Volunteers work with chaplains of this organization in the Southwest and + in several countries. + +Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc., 1012 Eighth Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11215. +(718) 499-4319. + + Founded in 1978 as a direct service organization and national advocacy + center for women offenders. Helps women through a revolving bail fund, a + community work service program (alternative sentencing to volunteer hours + in a non-profit agency), and a parenting program that offers comprehen- + sive services to women and their children. Will also act as a referral + resource for male offenders. Founded by Rev. Constance M. Baugh of the + Church of Gethsemane (Presbyterian). + + Contact: Mary-Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Director. + +Coalition of Prison Evangelists (COPE), P.O. Box 1587, Orlando, FL 32802. +(305) 291-1500. + + Coordinates volunteers in evangelistic efforts in prisons and jails. + Also has a network of volunteer staff and affiliated chaplains throughout + America. Most active in the South. + +Conference of Jesuit Prison Personnel. + + An organization of Jesuit priests who minister in prisons and in the + criminal justice system. Publisher of the book, "Who is the Prisoner?" + + Contact: Father Anderson, St. Aloysius, 19 Eye Street NW, Washington, + D.C. 20001. + +Contact Center, Inc., P.O. Box 81826 (Superior Industrial Park), Lincoln, NE +68501. (402) 462-0602. + + Referral link for ex-offenders, runaways and others needing social and + human services. Provides reference services, does research, distributes + publications. + + +Convict Connection Service, 1626 N. Wilcox Ave., Suite 627, Hollywood, CA +90028-6273. + + Prison pen pal program; matches correspondents inside and outside of + prison. Publishes "Convict Connection." + + Contact: David Dunn, Correspondence Club. + +COSMEP Prison Project and the Prison Writing Review, The Greenfield Review, +R.D.I. P.O. Box 80, Greenfield Center, NY 12833. (518) 584-1728. + + Provides donated literary magazines and other small press publications + free on request to prison inmates. Boxes containing mini-libraries are + sent free to writing workshops being conducted inside prisons. Publishes + the newsletter, Prison Writing Review, which includes poetry by prison + writers. + +The Endeavor Project, PO Box 23511, Houston, TX 77228-3511. + + Endeavor is a newspaper written and produced by death row prisoners and + their families. Published by the War Resisters League four times a year. + +Family and Corrections Network (FCN), P.O. Box 2013, Waynesboro, VA 22980 OR +P.O. Box 59, Batesville, VA 22924. (703) 943-3141. + + Founded in 1983 as a channel for information about, and support to, + programs for families of adult offenders. + + Contact: Jim Mustin, founder. + +The Federal Bonding Program, Suite 803, 2000 L Street NW, Washington, DC +20036. 800-233-2258. + + Will give bond coverage up to $25,000, at no cost, to any employer who + will hire any person who has been rejected for bond coverage. Ex-offend- + ers are included. + + Contact: Joe Seiler, Program Director. + +Fortune Society, 39 W. 19th St., New York, NY 10011. (212) 206-7070. + + A group of ex-convicts and others interested in penal reform working to + create a greater public awareness of the prison system and to understand + the problems confronting inmates before, after, and during incarceration. + Publishes Fortune News, a quarterly newsletter (free to prisoners). + +Friends Outside, 116 E. San Luis St., Salinas, CA 93901. (408) 758-2733. + + Provides social services to inmates, their families and ex-offenders. + Their purposes are: to aid prisoners and their families in overcoming the + traumas and limitations imposed by their separation, to assist public + officials in improving prison conditions, to aid ex-offenders in making + the transition from confinement to freedom, and to develop better commu- + nity awareness of the problems caused by incarceration. Publishes a + monthly newsletter. + +God Accepting the Exiled (GATE), 3871 Piedmont Ave., Oakland, CA 94611. + + Provides specialized educational and support services to those who have + been traditionally exiled from the mainstream of society, particularly + the incarcerated. + +Good News Jail and Prison Ministries, 1036 South Highland Street, Arlington, +VA 22204. (703) 979-2200. + + Places chaplains in jails throughout the eastern and midwestern US. + Volunteers conduct Bible studies in jails and work with the chaplain in + many ministries. + +Gospel Echoes Team Association, P.O. Box 555, Goshen, IN 46526. +(219) 533-0221. + + Ministers in prisons throughout the United States and Canada. Offers + Bible Study Correspondence courses. + +The Human Kindness Foundation (HKF), Route 1 Box 201-n, Burham, NC 27705. + + Publishes materials, including a book of programs in which prisoners have + performed humanitarian service. Free of charge to prisoners and prison + workers. + +Institute for Ministry to Prisoners, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College, +Wheaton, IL 60187. (312) 260-5157. + + The institute does not conduct prison ministry itself, but is a training + and resource center for Christians interested in ministering in prisons. + Maintains a library of written and audiovisual materials which is avail- + able through interlibrary loan. + +International Prison Ministry, Box 63, Dallas, Texas 75221. (214) 494-2302. + + A department of the American Evangelistic Association. IPM's basic + outreach is to provide spiritual help via radio broadcasts, free Bibles + and literature, and other services to all prisoners regardless of race, + sex, age or religion, who are incarcerated in institutions in the US, + Canada, other parts of the English-speaking world and Mexico. Charters + and assists national prison fellowships around the world. Publishes + Prison Evangelism Magazine. + +Legal Defense Fund, 99 Hudson St., New York, NY 10013. (212) 219-1900. + + An organization founded by the NAACP to provide legal assistance to those + who may have been convicted or sentenced based wholly or partly on racial + discrimination. + +Legal Services for Prisoners with Children, 1317 18th St., San Francisco, CA +94107. + +Metanoia Ministries, Box 546, Owings Mills, MD 21117. + + Publishes Prison Voices, a newsletter for prisoners. Seeks poetry and + short stories for publication. + +National Association for Crime Victims Rights, Inc., P.O. Box 16161, Portland, +OR 97216-0161. (503) 252-9012 OR (800) 85-CRIME. + + Maintains a data base encompassing all aspects of crime victim compensa- + tion benefits for each State; makes referrals to local HELP groups; + provides extensive case histories to news teams and national radio/TV + talk show producers. + + Contact: Raymond L. Montee, Executive Director. + +National Victim Center, P.O. Box 17209, 307 West 7th St., Suite 1001, Fort +Worth, TX 76102. (817) 877-3355. + + Promotes efforts to assist crime victims at the local, state, and nation- + al levels. Conducts training conferences. + +National Yokefellow Prison Ministry, P.O. Box 207 (112 Old Trail North) +Shamokin Dam, PA 17876. (717) 743-7832. + + Serves spiritual, emotional, physical needs of prisoners and ex-offen- + ders. Publishes newsletter, provides consulting services, conducts + conferences, and workshops. + +Offender Aid and Restoration of the U.S.A., Inc., Historic Albemarle County +Jail, 409 East High St., Charlottesville, VA 22901. (804) 295-6196. + + Seeks to organize citizen volunteers to work one-to-one with prisoners in + local jails; to upgrade the criminal justice system by developing alter- + natives to incarceration at the local and state levels. Organizes local + OAR programs across the country. Publishes OAR News. + +Parents of Adult Sex Offenders + + A national support network for parents of sex offenders. + + Contact: Lynn Scott, P.O. Box 460126, San Francisco, CA + (415) 826-3081. + +Parents of Murdered Children (POMC), 100 East Eighth St. B-41, Cincinnati, OH +45202. (513) 721-5683. + + Organization formed to assist the families and friends of murder victims + in coping with the tragedy and rebuilding their lives. Provides on-going + emotional support by phone, mail, one-on-one, or group meetings, and + through literature. Will write or phone any parent of a murdered child + and, if possible, link that parent up with others in the same vicinity. + Will help any interested parent of a murdered child to form a chapter of + POMC in his/her own community. Provides information about survivors of + homicide and their problems. Publishes the newsletter Survivors. + + Contacts: Sidney Davis, President of National Board. + Nancy Ruhe, Executive Director. + +Partisan Defense Committee (PDC), P.O. Box 99, Canal Street Station, New York, +NY 10013. (212) 406-4252. + + A class-struggle, non-sectarian legal defense organization in accordance + with the political views of the Spartacist League. Works to abolish the + death penalty. Publishes the newsletter Class-Struggle Defense Notes. + +The Pen Pal Newsletter, 1306 150th St., Hammond, IN 46237 + + Matches correspondents inside and outside of prison. Send self- + addressed, stamped envelope for information. + +PEN Writing Awards for Prisoners, 568 Broadway, New York, NY 10012. + + Sponsors annual writing rewards for prisoners; categories include poetry, + fiction, non-fiction, and drama. + +Prison Book Program (PBP), Red Book Store, 94 Green St., Jamaica Plain, MA +02130. (617) 522-1464. + + Answers requests from prisoners around the country for books on the + struggles of Black, Latin American, Asian and Native American peoples, as + well as books on political and economic theory, women, gay liberation, + prisons, health care, and education. Relies on volunteers and community + support. + +Prison Evangelism Outreach, P.O. Box 54, Ocean Springs, MI 39564. + + Ministry to inmates via preaching, Bible Study, Correspondence, etc. + + Contact: Rev. Sid Taylor. + +Prison Fellowship Ministries (PFM), P.O. Box 17500, Washington DC 20041. +(703) 478-0100. + + Started in 1976 by Chuck Colson. Assists churches in ministry with + prisoners, ex-prisoners and their families. Ministry (in and out of + prison) is conducted by volunteers who are from local churches but + trained and assisted by PFM staff. Publishes the newsletter, Impact. + Administers a pen pal program between correspondents inside and outside + of prison. + +Prison Match, 2121 Russell St., Berkeley, CA 94705. + + Conducts programs for children and inmate parents. + +Prison Pen Pals, P.O. Box 1217, Cincinnati, OH 45201. + + Matches correspondents inside and outside of prison. Also provides lists + of local assistance organizations. + + Contact: Lou Torok + +Prisoner Visitation and Support Program, 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA +19102. (215) 241-7117 or 355-5854. + + An ecumenically supported ministry (sponsored by 33 national religious + bodies and socially-concerned agencies) for prisoners in federal and + military prisons; seeks to meet the needs of prisoners through an alter- + native ministry which is separate from official prison structures. + Volunteers are carefully chosen to visit prisoners. They do not impose a + particular philosophy or religion on prisoners, but accept prisoners as + they are and try to support their self-growth. + + Contact: Eric Corson, PVS Program Secretary. + +Prisoners Bible Institute, P.O. Box 2940, Dallas, TX 75221. + + Publishes Bible Study materials for prisoners. + +PTL Prison Ministries, PTL Television Network, Charlotte, NC 28279. +(704) 542-6000. + + Volunteer coordinators in many states visit prisoners and conduct evange- + listic services. + +Rock of Ages Prison Ministry, Inc., Route 8, Box 482, Cleveland, TN 37311. +(615) 479-3243. + + Contact: Ed Ballow, director. + +The Salvation Army, Correctional Services, 1424 N.E. Expressway, Atlanta, GA +30329. + + Ministers to prisoners. Offers Bible Correspondence course to prisoners. + +Very Special Persons (VSP) PO Box 2344, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. + + A support organization to help the families of inmates. Publishes a + monthly newsletter for relatives on prisoners; distributes brochures + offering tips on survival. Affiliated with CURE. + + Contact: Shirley Maynard, Founder. 639-1445. + +Voices for Incarcerated Veterans, 8609 Lyndale Ave. S., Suite 105D, Blooming- +ton, MN 55420. (612) 881-1754 + + Contact: Kathleen Crawley Stutz, President. + (612) 892-1342 or (612) 881-1754 + +Volunteers of America (VOA), 1813 N. Causeway Blvd., Metairie, LA 70002. +(504) 837-2652. + + A national Christian human services organization founded in 1896 to + provide material and spiritual assistance to those in need. VOA provides + residential pre-release centers for vocational training, counseling and + job placement to adult offenders and provides material aid and counseling + for families of prison inmates. + +Women's Prison Association and Home, 110 Second Ave., New York, NY 10003. +(212) 674-1163. + + The association provides temporary shelter and individualized treatment + for women and girls who have been in trouble with the law. The group + maintains an interest in prison conditions and in legislation regarding + women offenders. + +World Prison Poetry Center, 245 Whalley Ave., New Haven, CT 06511. + + Publishes the bimonthly magazine Sentences, a magazine of prison poetry. + Seeks poetry manuscripts in English or Spanish. + +Yokefellows International Prison Ministry, 1200 Almond Street, Williamsport, +PA 17701. (717) 326-6868. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Index + +Accreditation + Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 3 +AIDS + National Prison Project 19 + National Task Force on Prostitution 20 +Alcoholism + National Institute of Judicial Dynamics 18 +Alternatives + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + Justice Fellowship 15 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Community Service Sentencing Association 17 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives 10 + National Moratorium on Prison Construction 18 + Offender Aid and Restoration 30 + PACT 20 + Pretrial Services Resource Center 21 + Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons 23 + The National Center on Institutions and Alternatives 16 + The Safer Society Program 22 + The Sentencing Project 22 + Vera Insitute of Justice 23 +American Indians + American Indians and the Death Penalty 11 + International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee 25 + National Peoples of Color Task Force on Criminal Justice 19 +Bail Bonds + Citizen Advocates for Justice 27 + The Federal Bonding Program 28 +Bible Study + Gospel Echoes Team Association 29 + Prisoners Bible Institute 32 + The Salvation Army 32 +Books for Prisoners + Books for Prisoners 27 + Prison Book Program 31 +Chaplains + American Catholic Corrections Chaplains Association 26 + American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association 26 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 +Children + Aid to Imprisoned Mothers 26 + American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center 26 + Children's Defense Fund 12 + Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 30 + National Center for Juvenile Justice 9 + Presbyterian Family Services 21 +Church Affiliated + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Conference of Jesuit Prison Personnel. 27 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers 17 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + National Moratorium on Prison Construction 18 + Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program 21 + Presbyterian Family Services 21 + The Safer Society Program 22 + The Salvation Army 32 + Volunteers of America 33 +Conflict Resolution + Alternatives to Violence Project 26 + American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center 26 + Genesee Ecumenical Ministries 14 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change 15 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 +Corrections + American Catholic Correctional Chaplains' Association. 26 + American Correctional Association 3 + American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association 26 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections 7 + Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 3 + Correctional Education Association 3 + Correctional Industries Association 3 + Family and Corrections Network 28 + Federal Bureau of Prisons 4 + John Howard Association 15 + National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies 4 + National Campaign to Abolish the Lexington Women's Control Unit 16 + National Center for Innovation in Corrections 8 + National Commission on Correctional Health Care 5 + National Institute of Corrections 5 + The Washington Correctional Foundation 23 +Courts + Administrative Office of U.S. Courts 3 + Institute for Court Management 4 + National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 5 +Death Penalty + Alderson Hospitality House 26 + American Engineering Company 4 + American Indians and the Death Penalty 11 + Amnesty International Campaign Against the Death Penalty 24 + Amnesty International of the USA 24 + Capital Punishment Project 12 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + Clearinghouse on Criminal Justice 12 + Criminologists for Abolition of the Death Penalty 13 + Fellowship of Reconciliation 14 + National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression 25 + National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers 17 + National Execution Alert Network 18 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 + SOLACE 22 + Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons 23 + The Endeavor Project 28 + The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty 17 +Defense + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 + International Legal Defense Counsel 25 + International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee 25 + Legal Defense Fund 30 + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 16 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 +Domestic Violence + The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence 12 +Drugs + National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9 + National Network of Youth Advisory Boards 19 + The National Drug Strategy Network 17 + Vera Insitute of Justice 23 +Economics + Correctional Economic Center 12 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 +Education + Correctional Education Association 3 +Employment + Criminal Justice Center 3 +Ethics + The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics 8 +Ex-offenders + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Contact Center 27 + Fortune Society 28 + Prison Fellowship 32 + Prisoner's Union 21 + Volunteers of America 33 +Families + Aid to Imprisoned Mothers 26 + Alderson Hospitality House 26 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + Family and Corrections Network 28 + Friends Outside 29 + Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 30 + Parents of Adult Sex Offenders 30 + Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program 21 + Presbyterian Family Services 21 + Prison Fellowship 32 + Prison Match 32 + Very Special Persons 33 + Volunteers of America 33 +Homosexuality + Prison Project 21 +Hospitality House + Alderson Hospitality House 26 +Human Rights + Freedom Now 24 +Industries + Correctional Industries Association 3 +International Prisoners + Amnesty International of the USA 24 + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 + International Legal Defense Counsel 25 +Jail + American Jail Association 11 + Christian Jail Workers 27 + National Coalition for Jail Reform 17 + Offender Aid and Restoration 30 +Judicial system + Administrative Office of U.S. Courts 3 + House Committee on the Judiciary 14 + Senate Committee on the Judiciary 22 +Juvenile Justice + National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies 4 + National Center for Juvenile Justice 9 + National Center for Youth Law 16 + National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 5 + National Network of Youth Advisory Boards 19 + Vera Insitute of Justice 23 + Youth Policy Institute 10 +Law enforcement 20 + Americans for Effective Law Enforcement 11 + International Association of Chiefs of Police 4 + Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change 15 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9 + National Sheriffs' Association 6 + National United Law Enforcement Officiers Association 6 + Police Executive Research Forum 10 + The Police Foundation 20 +Legal/Litigation + American Indians and the Death Penalty 11 + Centurion Ministries 24 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + International Legal Defense Counsel 25 + Legal Defense Fund 30 + Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 30 + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 16 + National Legal Aid & Defender Association 5 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 + The National Center on Institutions and Alternatives 16 + The Sentencing Project, Inc. 22 +Legislation + American Friends Service Committee 11 + American Society of Criminology 7 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + House Committee on the Judiciary 14 + Justice Fellowship 15 + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Community Service Sentencing Association 17 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 + Senate Committee on the Judiciary 22 + The Sentencing Project 22 + Women's Prison Association and Home 33 +Local + National Association of Counties 16 +Mediation + American Friends Service Committee Conflict Resolution Center 26 + Justice Fellowship 15 + PACT 20 + U.S. Association for Victim-Offender Mediation 23 +Medical + National Commission on Correctional Health Care 5 +Mentally Ill + Center for Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior 7 + National Alliance for the Mentally Ill 15 +Newspaper Article Collection + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 +Overcrowding + Center for Criminal Justice Research 7 + Center for Effective Public Policy 12 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 +Pen Pals + Convict Connection Service 28 + Prison Fellowship Ministries 32 + Prison Pen Pals 32 + The Pen Pal Newsletter 31 +Political Prisoners + Amnesty International of the USA 24 + Coalition to Support Cuban Detainees 24 + Freedom Now 24 + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 + International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee 25 + National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression 25 +Pretrial + National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies 5 + Pretrial Services Resource Center 21 +Prevention + American Society of Criminology 7 + Eisenhower Foundation 13 + Institute of Criminal Justice Studies 8 + Interfaith Conciliation Center 14 + International Prisoners Aid Association 25 + John Howard Association 15 + National Association of Juvenile Correctional Agencies 4 + National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape 9 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Crime Prevention Institute Information Center 10 + The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence 12 + The Safer Society Program 22 + United Nations 25 +Prison Ministry + Conference of Jesuit Prison Personnel 27 + Criminal Justice Ministry 13 + Good News Jail and Prison Ministries 29 + Gospel Echoes Team Association 29 + Institute for Ministry to Prisoners 29 + International Prison Ministry 29 + National Convocation of Jail and Prison Ministers 17 + National Yokefellow Prison Ministry 30 + Prison Evangelism Outreach 31 + Prison Fellowship 32 + Prisoner Visitation and Support Program 32 + Rock of Ages Prison Ministry, Inc. 32 + The Salvation Army 32 +Prisoner's Rights + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + End the Marion Lockdown 13 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + Prison Project 21 + Prisoner's Union 21 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 +Prostitution + National Task Force on Prostitution 20 +Public Awareness + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Center for Community and Social Concerns 12 + Criminal Justice Ministry 13 + Fortune Society 27, 28 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + Friends Outside 29 + International Prisoners Aid Association 25 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Council on Crime & Delinquency 9 + National Institute of Victimology 18 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + National Moratorium on Prison Construction 18 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 + The Sentencing Project, Inc. 22 + U.S. Association for Victim-Offender Mediation 23 +Publications + Alternative Sentences 17 + American Jails 11 + Augustus 16 + Class-Struggle Defense Notes 31 + Convict Connection 28 + Corrections Today 3 + Crime & Delinquency 9 + Criminal Justice Ethics 8 + Criminal Justice Newsletter 20 + Criminology 7 + Endeavor 28 + Fellowship 14 + Fortune News 28 + Impact 32 + Jail and Prisoner Law Bulletin 11 + Jericho 18 + Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 9 + Justice Jottings 21 + Justicia 14 + JUSTnews 18 + Lifelines 17 + Network 15 + NOVA Newsletter 19 + OAR News 30 + Prison Evangelism Magazine 29 + Prison Voices 30 + Prison Writing Review 28 + Survivors 31 + The Angolite 11 + The California Prisoner 21 + The Criminologist 7 + The Justice Report 15 + The National Prison Project Journal 19 + The NELS Monthly Bulletin 3 + The Pretrial Reporter 21 + The Trumpet 26 + Update 15 + Victimology 18 + VORP Network News 20 + Who is the Prisoner 27 +Racial + Legal Defense Fund 30 + National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression 25 + National Peoples of Color Task Force on Criminal Justice 19 + Partisan Defense Committee 31 +Reform + American Friends Service Committee 11 + Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice 11 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + Crime and Justice Foundation 13 + Edna Clark Foundation Program for Justice 13 + Fellowship of Reconciliation 14 + Fortune Society 28 + Foundation National Prison Project 19 + John Howard Association 15 + Justice Fellowship 15 + National Coalition for Jail Reform 17 + National Interreligious Task Force 18 + Prison Reform International 25 + Prisoner's Union 21 + Progressive Prisoners' Movement 22 + Southern Coalition on Jails and Prisons 23 +Refugees + Coalition to Support Cuban Detainees 24 + House Committee on the Judiciary 14 + Senate Committee on the Judiciary 22 +Rehabilitation + International Prisoners Aid Association 25 +Sentencing + National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers 4 + National Institute for Sentencing Alternatives 10 + Prisoner's Union 21 + The Sentencing Project 22 +Sexual Offenders + Parents of Adult Sex Offenders 30 + The Safer Society Program 22 +Sexual Violence + National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape 9 + The Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence 12 + The Safer Society Program 22 +South Africa + International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa 24 +Standards + American Correctional Association 3 + American Protestant Correctional Chaplains' Association 26 + Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 3 +Statistics + Criminal Justice Statistics Association 8 + National Archive of Criminal Justice Data 8 + National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9 + National Institute of Corrections 5 + National Victims Resource Center 20 + SEARCH Group Inc. 6 +Veterans + Voices for Incarcerated Veterans 33 +Victims + Genesee Ecumenical Ministries 14 + Justice Fellowship 15 + Mennonite Central Committee 15 + National Association for Crime Victims Rights 30 + National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape 9 + National District Attorneys Association 5 + National Institute of Victimology 18 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 + National Victim Center 30 + National Victims Resource Center 20 + PACT Institute of Justice 20 + Parents of Murdered Children 31 + Presbyterian Criminal Justice Program 21 + SOLACE 22 + The Safer Society Program 22 +Visitors + Alderson Hospitality House 26 +Volunteers + Bill Glass Evangelistic Association 26 + Center for Community and Social Concerns 12 + Coalition of Prison Evangelists 27 + Good News Jail and Prison Ministries 29 + International Association of Justice Volunteerism 14 + John Howard Association 15 + Offender Aid and Restoration 30 + Prison Book Program 31 + Prison Fellowship Ministries 32 + Prisoner Visitation and Support Program, 32 + PTL Prison Ministries 32 + Volunteers of America 33 +Witnesses + National Institute of Victimology 18 + National Organization for Victim Assistance 19 +Women + Aid to Imprisoned Mothers 26 + Citizen Advocates for Justice, Inc. 27 + Citizens United for Rehabilitation of Errants 12 + National Campaign to Abolish the Lexington Women's Control Unit 16 + National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 16 + National Newtork of Women in Prison. 19 + National Task Force on Prostitution 20 + Women's Prison Association and Home 33 + Women's Prison Project 23 +Writing + COSMEP Prison Project and the Prison Writing Review 28 + Metanoia Ministries 30 + PEN Writing Awards for Prisoners 31 + World Prison Poetry Center 33 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/natsrvc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/natsrvc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5313f91 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/natsrvc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ +REFLECTIONS ON NATIONAL SERVICE + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + + +National service looms as one of the most dangerous threats to +the American people in our 200-year history. Previously +advocated only by liberals, national service is now also +embraced by many on the conservative side of the political +spectrum, as evidenced by the recent book, Gratitude, by +America's foremost conservative, William F. Buckley, Jr. + +The versions of national service are many and varied. Most of +them are directed to the youth of America. They range from +universal conscription to more "benign" forms of coercion +advocated by Mr. Buckley. But all of them have at their core +one essential principle: that the state, rather than being a +servant of the people, is their master; and as their master, +has the power to force the citizenry, either directly or +indirectly, to serve others. + +National service violates every principle of individual +liberty and limited government on which this nation was +founded. As John Locke and Thomas Jefferson emphasized, life, +liberty, property, and conscience are not privileges bestowed +on us by governmental officials; they are natural, God-given +rights with which no public official can legitimately +interfere. We are not brought into the world to serve the +state; the state is brought into existence by the people to +serve us through the protection of our natural, God-given +rights. + +We should also never forget that the American people of our +time have chosen an economic system which is alien to that +which our American ancestors chose. Although there are those +who honestly believe that the welfare state, planned economy +way of life is simply an evolution of the original principles +on which America was founded, they operate under a severe +delusion. Although there were numerous exceptions (slavery and +tariffs being the most notable), there is no doubt that our +American ancestors clearly and unequivocally rejected the +morality and philosophy of the welfare state, planned economy +way of life. + +The advocates of national service, liberals and conservatives +alike, would force Americans to serve a system which our +ancestors knew would be evil, immoral, and tyrannical. The +welfare state, like all other socialist systems, plunders the +wealth and savings of those who have in order to redistribute +the loot, through the political process, to others. It +violates one of the most sacred commandments of our God: Thou +shalt not steal. And the planned economy, through its +thousands of rules and regulations interfering with peaceful +human choices, denigrates one of God's most sacred gifts to +human beings--the great gift of free will. + +Recognizing that the ardent wish of the advocates of national +service is to require Americans to join them in the support of +this political evil and immorality, let us examine some of the +opportunities for "service" in our present-day economic +system. Perhaps a youth can "volunteer" his services to the +Internal Revenue Service and thereby help to destroy more +American lives through terror and confiscation. Or perhaps a +better opportunity would be to help run the concentration +centers on the American side of the United States-Mexican +border--where good and honorable people from the Republic of +Mexico are incarcerated for committing the heinous, American +"crime" of trying to sustain and improve their lives through +labor. Or how about simply being an enforcer of minimum-wage +laws, thereby helping to condemn black teenagers in Harlem to +lives of misery and impoverishment. Or perhaps a "volunteer" +can be one of the thousands who are responsible for injecting +the narcotic of welfare into the veins of so many thousands of +our fellow citizens. + +One of the standard complaints about our present-day political +system, of course, is that not enough "good" people hold +public office. The suggestion is that if "better" people were +in public office, socialism in America could finally be made +to work well. But lost in all of this is that only a certain +type of person is attracted to participation in a government +which has overwhelming power over the lives and fortunes of +others--the person who has an uncontrollable urge to wield +such power--the person who has yet to learn the final lesson +in the evolution of man: that true power lies not in +controlling the lives of others; true power lies in the +conquest of one's own self. + +What about these individuals, then, who have no desire to +govern the lives of others or who have overcome such a desire? +They avoid like the plague any participation in such a +government. Is this a bad thing? On the contrary! When a +government is engaged in evil, immorality, and tyranny, the +only rightful place for the person of conscience is outside of +that government. + +But the proponents of national service would require or +"encourage" all Americans, like it or not, to participate in +the evil and immorality of the welfare state, planned economy +way of life. + +Perhaps the most tragic aspect of national service is that it +is advocated by many Christians. Christians know that God +loved man so much that He entrusted us with a tremendously +wide ambit of freedom--so much so that we are even able to +deny Him and our neighbor if we so choose. In other words, +while God tells us that the two great commandments are to love +Him and to love our neighbor, never does He force us to comply +with these commandments. He leaves the choices with us but +with the understanding that we must ultimately bear the +consequences of those choices. + +But the advocates of national service believe that God made a +mistake when He entrusted man with so much freedom. And so +they wish to correct the "error" by using the coercive power +of Caesar to ensure that man serves his fellow man whether he +wants to or not. They block out of their minds that God +neither needs nor wants this type of "help" and that, in fact, +by interfering with God's peaceful methods--love, charity, +forgiveness, acceptance, the cross--they actually place their +own souls in jeopardy. + +Two hundred years ago, our American ancestors instituted the +most unusual political-economic system in the history of man. +With exceptions, government's primary purpose was to protect +the right of each individual to live his life and to dispose +of his wealth as he saw fit. While this strange way of life +guaranteed that people could accumulate unlimited amounts of +wealth, it did not guarantee what people would do with that +wealth. Freedom was more important to these people than the +outcome of freedom. And, ironically, the result was not only +the most prosperous nation in history but also the most +charitable nation in history! + +Advocates of national service say that we should be grateful +to our Founding Fathers for establishing a free society. But +they want us to "repay the debt" to these deceased advocates +of liberty by participating in the destruction of the freedom +which they achieved. Apparently, it is not sufficient that my +generation, as well as the next, have been saddled by previous +generations with a very real, financial, political debt that +ultimately must be paid. And apparently, it is not sufficient +that we are currently required to work for the first half of +each year just to maintain the huge, welfare-state bureaucracy +which previous generations foisted on later generations. No, +apparently this is not sufficient. We are told that we must +also deliver now up our children to the state so that they can +prepare for their lives of permanent, partial enslavement +through temporary, total enslavement. + +As our Founding Fathers taught us, service to one's country +sometimes entails opposition to one's government. We often +forget that those who signed the Declaration of Independence +were not American citizens. They were as British as any +British citizen today. And they were viewed as unpatriotic by +many of their fellow citizens, even those in the colonies, +because they refused to serve and support their government. In +fact, it has been estimated that one-third of the colonists +sided with their government--the British government--during +the Revolution and that another third stayed neutral during +the conflict. + +How many present-day Americans would have signed the +Declaration of Independence? Would you have signed it? +Remember--by signing that document, you would have placed at +risk your life, savings, home, and family. And you would have +been branded a traitor by your own public officials, and by +many of your friends and neighbors, for refusing to support +your government. And if you had lost the struggle, you would +have died a nameless "extremist" rather than as one of the +greatest patriots of all time. + +The unhappy truth is that most present-day Americans would not +have served their country by standing against their government +in 1776. Having served the mandatory 12-year sentence in +government-approved schools learning government-approved +doctrine, and having been required to pledge allegiance +thousands upon thousands of times, most Americans today +honestly believe that support of their country is synonymous +with support of their government. And the best proof of this +is their willingness to approve, support, and serve a tax and +regulatory tyranny that makes what King George III was doing +to his citizens look like child's play. + +Although ours is a peaceful war of ideas, it is the most +important war ever in the history of man. And no one can avoid +being a part of it. It finds Americans today divided into +three camps: those who wish to expand the welfare state, those +who wish to conserve it, and those who wish to end it. It is +true that those of us who are fighting to end the evil and +immorality are a very small minority who are facing the vast +majority of our fellow citizens who wish either to expand or +conserve it. But we must remain determined and optimistic. +For our American ancestors showed us that minorities who are +in the right can prevail over majorities who are in the wrong. +Time will tell whether those of us who served our nation by +resisting the tyranny of our government will prevail over +those who would have us support the tyranny through national +service and other such schemes. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the April 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/naugjk.txt b/politicalTextFiles/naugjk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4615040 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/naugjk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ + JOHN F. KENNEDY'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS + January 20, 1961 + (Department of State Bulletin, February 6, 1961) + + Vice-President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, +President Eisenhower, Vice-President Nixon, President Truman, +Reverend Clergy, Fellow Citizens: + + We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of +freedom -- symbolizing an end as well as a beginning -- signifying +renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty +God the same solemn oath our forbearers prescribed nearly a century +and three-quarters ago. + + The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal +hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms +of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our +forbearers fought are still at issue around the globe -- the belief +that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but +from the hand of God. + + We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first +revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to +friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new +generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, +disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage +-- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human +rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which +we are committed today at home and around the world. + + Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that +we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support +any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of +liberty. + + This much we pledge -- and more. + + To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we +share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is +little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, +there is little we can do -- for we dare not meet a powerful +challenge at odds and split asunder. + + To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, +we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have +passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We +shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we +shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom +-- and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought +power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. + + To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe +struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best +efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required +-- not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek +their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help +the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. + + To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special +pledge -- to convert our good words into good deeds -- in a new +alliance for progress -- to assist free men and free governments in +casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of +hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors +know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion +anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this +hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. + + To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, +our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far +outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support -- +to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective -- to +strengthen its shield of the new and the weak -- and to enlarge the +area in which its writ may run. + + Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our +adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin +anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction +unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental +self-destruction. + + We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms +are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they +will never be employed. + + But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take +comfort from our present course -- both sides overburdened by the +cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of +the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of +terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war. + + So let us begin anew -- remembering on both sides that civility +is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. +Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to +negotiate. + + Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of +belaboring those problems which divide us. + + Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and +precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms -- and bring +the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute +control of all nations. + + Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of +its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, +eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and +commerce. + + Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the +command of Isaiah -- to "undo the heavy burdens . . . . . [and] let +the oppressed go free." + + And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of +suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new +balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just +and the weak secure and the peace preserved. + + All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. +Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the +life of this administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this +planet. But let us begin. + + In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest +the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was +founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give +testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who +answered the call to service surround the globe. + + Now the trumpet summons us again -- not as a call to bear arms, +though arms we need -- not as a call to battle, though embattled we +are -- but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, +year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation" -- +a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, +disease, and war itself. + + Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, +North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life +for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? + + In the long history of the world, only a few generations have +been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum +danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility -- I welcome it. I +do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other +people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion +which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who +serve it -- and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. + + And so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do +for you -- ask what you can do for your country. + + My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do +for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. + + Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the +world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and +sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure +reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to +lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing +that here on earth God's work must truly be our own. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nbahfhf.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nbahfhf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c946ded --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nbahfhf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +Portland, Oregon +Wednesday, April 6, 1994 + + + Neighborhood Blocks A Home For Homeless Families + + Apartment plan appeals cite + environmental regulations + + By Julie Sterling + + This month, the Wilson Neighborhood Association will have +spent three full years working to derail the construction +of a 31-unit apartment building for homeless families. + + The avowed defeat of the Turning Point project, which could +have provided short-term housing for at least 375 families since +its might-have-opened date ( December 1991 ), seems to satisfy the +neighbors as a just cause to pursue from their comfortable +residences near Wilson High School. + + In fact they will toast their efforts on a winery tour of +Yamhill County April 23. "All proceeds," says the Southwest +Neighborhood News in its March issue, "will be used to pay for +Wilson Neighborhood Association legal fees in our case against +the Housing Authority of Portland." Cost of the tour is $35. + + The Turning Point, a first for Portland, would be built and +owned by the housing authority on donated land on the west side +of Southwest Bertha Boulevard at Chestnut Street. + + Homelessness among families with children has increased +dramatically in recent years. Of 401 persons denied shelter +because of lack of space one night last November, "the great +majority...were families with children and women with children +escaping domestic violence," wrote Chuck Currie, chairman of the +Multnomah County Community Action Commission, in The Oregonian +February 16 [1994]. + + The Turning Point project would offer families like those +something more than a night in a shelter or two weeks in a motel. +It would give them a decent living environment - sleeping and +cooking faclities in a secure two-story, landscaped building - +while they receive counseling, job training and help in finding +permanent housing. + + Kay Durtschi, who is president of Southwest Neighborhood +Information Association among its 16 members, characterizes the +dispute among its 16 members, characterizes the dispute as a +stand-off between environmentalists and homeless advocates. + + Gerry Newhall chairman of the Friends of Turning Point, disagrees: +It's a NIMBY ( Not in My Back Yard ) issue. The Wilson Neighborhood +Associatlon, she contends, underwent an "environmental conversion" +in the early stages of the dispute when it became clear that +fighting the case on a NIMBY platform would not be politically or +socially acceptable. + + The May 1991 issue of Southwest Neighborhood News, reporting on + an April 4 meeting of the Wilson group, said residents at the early + meeting "questioned why such a project was being considered for a + largely middle and upper-middle-class neighborhood ... They + expressed fears about increased crime and lowered property values," + A letter to the editor in the Oregonian April 20, 1991, quoted one + of the Wilson group as saying, "Why are people of lesser means + brought in here, just to see what they can't have?" + + Early on, the housing authority successfully countered +NIMBY arguments with assurances that the facility would have +24-hour, on-site management and an average residency of 60 days. +But since then, the Wilson neighbors have tossed so many +environmental grenades at the housing authority that the agency +must be tempted to build a bunker on the thorny site instead of +housing. + + There's no question that the site is environmentally sensitive. +Part of it is an easement for storm water detention and part is +a wetland. A small creek runs through its layers of brambles. +And there's no doubt that the neighbor's environmental strategy +has reaped delays and heaped legal fees on lawyers for both sides. + + But the housing authority argues that every objection raised is +satisfied in a series of conditions it has accepted, including an +argument to build outside the wetland. As to questions of runoff +disposal, the Turning Point development would not change the +overall capicity of the storm-water detention area, according to +city findings. + + If anything, the Turning Point project would enhance the +neighborhood. The housing authority would dedicate 72 percent of +the site - the part that will remain untouched - for a park. + + The proposal has survived a minefield of appeals - from the +City Council to the state Land Use Board of Appeals, to the Oregon +Court of Appeals to the Oregon Supreme Court - so the housing +authority had every reason to celebrate October 1, [1993] when the +City Council approved the Turning Point site for conditional use. + + But in early February, the Wilson group filed its fifth appeal. + + Now the neighborhood challenges the evidence the city and the +housing authority gathered to substantiate three issues singled +out by the Land Use Board of Appeals for further council review. + + Chairman Wesley Risher says the Wilson Neighborhood Association +is prepared to go to the federal level in its effort to make sure +that the Turning Point "is built in accordance with federal +requirements and mandates, because it is receiving federal funding." +He believes it does not meet standards set by the National +Historical Preservation Act, the Clean Water Act, the Americans +With Disabilities and the National Environmental Policy Act. + + He could well cite one more well-known act: The Turning Point +project was a bright hope for homeless families three years ago; +today it is an endangered species. + + - end - diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ncsarev.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ncsarev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c683ef --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ncsarev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +NCSA POLICY CONCERNING SECURITY PRODUCT REVIEWS +February 17, 1990. + + Purpose: NCSA product reviews are intended to present +complete, thorough, useful reviews of security products +to the members of the NCSA. This document's purpose is +to set forth the NCSA policy concerning such reviews. +This policy is open for discussion. + + Reviewers: Reviewers may be single individuals or +"review teams." Reviewers should have some knowlege of +the application of the product, and should be capable of +writing detailed reviews. In the case of review teams, +the teams may consist of expert users, as well as novice +users. The role of the novice user is to provide input +on product ease-of-use and quality of documentation. + + Conflict of Interest: NCSA reviewers must have no +interest in the product reviewed which would compromise +the integrity or accuracy of the review. All reviews +will be signed by their authors. + + Procurement of Products: Products may be solicited +directly from manufacturers/software houses on behalf of +the NCSA. In return for a free evaluation copy, the +product review will become a permanent part of the NCSA +BBS, available for viewing by all members. 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Or call NCSA voice 202-364-8252 or +leave a comment to the SYSOP on the NCSA BBS: 202-364- +1304. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/neo-nazi.txt b/politicalTextFiles/neo-nazi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eefe408 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/neo-nazi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,452 @@ + + Neo-Nazi + + A U S D E R A U + + + + + + + + + + + + + + brought to you by + + PSYCHEDELIC WARLORD + + of cDc + + + + + + The following material is a taped conversation with a Neo-Nazi + +we encountered preaching in a park downtown. The interview was conducted + +by Apache Dreamsac (Apache Dreamsac is me and Arlo Klahr). The interview + +begins a little broken because of some taping dificulties. The interviewers + +will be called "AD" and Mr. Auderau will be called "NN". + + + +AD: What did you say about Oral Roberts? + + + +NN: We're with him. We're with him. My wife and I, we're full time ministers + + down there. We believe in uh.. well, we're racists. We believe that + + hispanics and whites are God's superior race. + + + +AD: What religion are you? + + + +NN: Well, ok. We're Neo-Nazis. We're from Idaho. We believe in the superior + + doctrine of the Anglo-Saxon and Hispanic race. + + + +AD: You're against Negroes? + + + +NN: No, we're not against those. We just believe that they're here for a + + reason. Everybody's here for a reason. + + + +AD: What's the reason for the Negroes? + + + +NN: I believe that God can save them. + + + +AD: You mean turn their skin a different color? + + + +NN: God created everything different. God created you different; you're + + white! You're Anglo and (then pointing to Arlo) he's hispanic. + + + +AD (Arlo): I'm from Canada. + + + +NN: What part of Canada? + + + +AD: I was born in Toronto. I lived in Nova Scotia. + + + +NN: REALLY?!?! You know where Niagra Falls is at? + + + +AD: Yeah... That's a nice place. + + + +NN: But anyhow we're not against that (blacks). See that's what the whole + + media has messed around. They said that the Nazis are racist, and that + + they are hate mongers. We're not. We're not! We love the world. We + + believe in the... You've heard of World Wide Church of God? + + + +AD: Yeah + + + +NN: There ya go. + + + +AD: Do you follow Hitler. + + + +NN: No. No! We follow Christ! Hitler was a man that was used during that + + particular time. My grandparents were under his regime. He had some + + good ideas, but he was not perfect. + + + +AD: Do you think it was wrong that he (Hitler) commited genocide and killed + + six-million Jews? + + + +NN: He didn't. Now (speaking to Arlo) you're from Canada, it's against your + + country to publicize anything that stands towards genocide. You've prob- + + ably read that book up there called "Six Million Jews"? + + + +AD: No. + + + +NN: Well, ok. You're not old enough to read it. Ok. Hitler did not kill six- + + million Jews. There were millions that were killed but they were not all + + Jews. We do not believe that Hitler was even the cause of that. We + + believe that what it was.. it was a conspiracy. You see, within his + + regime.. and the first person it fell on was Hitler because he was diff- + + erent. I believe that Hitler was a good man. + + + +AD: Really? + + + +NN: I believe he had a lot of things that were imperfect.. Well, are you + + perfect? + + + +AD: No sir. + + + +AD: Can you tell me why you believe this? Did God tell you this? + + + +NN: The Lord gave me a clear consiencious over the whole thing. Have you + + ever heard of Oral Roberts.. no.. Jimmy Swaggart.. no not Jimmy + + Swaggart.. he's outta Ohio.. but this is what he said, "Who are we + + to tell who will be in Heaven." He said "people we don't even imagine + + being there." Lemme ask you a question, what is the possibility of + + somebody confessing and making himself right (he snaps) for God + + 'fore he dies? + + + +AD: Uhhh.. + + + +NN: Great possibility. I believe if he enters in to God's kingdom, then + + everything was clear at the end. Lemme give you an example, you wanna + + good bible example? + + + +AD: Yeah. + + + +NN: You remember Saul? + + + +AD: Yeah, I think I remember him. + + + +NN: Ohhhhhh K.. What did God tell him to do? To kill off all the what? + + + +AD: Uhhh.. + + + +NN: Amerlites (??) Remember that? And what did he do? He failed to what?.. + + To do it! + + + +AD: So God uhh... He became like a disciple or something, right? + + + +NN: No, no, no.. That was Sa.. no Paul. Ok. Saul the King. Remember, God told + + Saul to kill off all the Amerkites. And he didn't?! And what happened? + + + +AD: I uh.... + + + +NN: God stripped him off his power! You remember that? Ok, there ya go! + + If God told Saul to do that, then what prevents God from telling Hitler + + to do that? + + + +AD: I understand (in disbelief).. + + + +NN: You get that? You gotta be careful! You got some meetings coming to your + + school. + + + +AD: Yeah? + + + +NN: We're fighting a Supreme Court battle right now here in Texas. We're gonna + + be holding some meetings. In fact, we're members of The Klan. + + + +AD: (pointing to Arlo) He's Jewish. Do you think he can be saved? + + + +NN: Oh yeah! I'm jewish! + + + +AD: You are? + + + +NN: Oh yeah! Sure am! Ok, you heard the name "Schwartz"? What nationality + + is that? + + + +AD: Jewish. + + + +NN: That's right! Ok, that's not my name, that's my mother's name. + + + +AD: Ok. What's your name? + + + +NN: A-U-S-D-E-R-A-U. That's German now. I'm Jewish! I believe in keeping + + Saturday holy.. Oh! oh oh oh oh .. I believe in keeping the peace in + + God (some more Oh! oh oh oh oh).. Huh? Feast of Passover...I have a lot + + of good Jewish friends too. Jews are blind, spiritualy now.. + + + +AD: Why do you say that? + + + +NN: It's good too. The reason why is 'coz they cannot except Jesus as the + + mesiah they believe that the mesiah will come back. HE WILL COME BACK! + + AGAIN! This time the shades will come off your eyes. And you'll say + + "Hey man! Where've you been all this time?" He will come back to + + recieve his people.. Jews.. the House of Judah. + + + +AD: I think Hitler did order the... + + + +NN: No he didn't. No he didn't! Ok.. you want an address (he then proceeded + + to give us the address for his church. The address is located at the + + bottom of the file). A lot of Jews come to our congregation. We keep + + the feasts and everything. + + + +AD: Do you think Hitler was some kind of puppet? + + + +NN: I think Hitler was a good leader, and I think a lot of people misunder- + + stood him. Like a lot of people misunderstood in Jews. I know a lot + + of Nazis that don't like Jews, because they're misunderstood. I believe + + that Germans and Jews are the most misunderstood people in the world + + today. Jews misunderstand the TRUE Nazism, which Hitler was of the TRUE + + Arian people (??) In fact if you go back in History you'll find out + + that Hitler was Jewish. Oh YEAH! He sure was. Your Rabbi doesn't teach + + you that does he? + + + +AD (Arlo): I'm like a non-practicing Jew.. I had my Bar-mitzvah but.. + + + +NN: Yeah, yeah.. But you need to check out the New Testament. Need to + + check out History because Hitler WAS Jewish. He was Jewish by race + + and Catholic by religion. + + + +AD: You don't think Hitler was mentaly insane? You know all the stories.. + + + +NN: Uhhh.. Stories.. Ok, I could walk around and tell people that you're + + criminaly insane, but that don't make it so. + + + +AD: Ok. Thanks. Bye. + + + + + +|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.| + + + + This man was a great speaker, rivaling even the popular T.V. + +evangelists in his manner. Of course most people of this sort are often + +dismissed as crazy, or just unbelieveable. But we weren't really interested + +in his stories of Hitler or his nationality, we were trying to see what made + +him think the horrible things that he did. If you'd like to get the full taped + +interview (on tape) please send $3.00 to cover costs to: + + + +Apache Dreamsac + +714 E. University + +El Paso, TX 79902 + + + + The address for the Arian bible and more information on the Church + +of Jesus Christ, right to: + + + +Arian Nation + +Church of Jesus Christ + +Box 5308 + +El Paso, TX 79953 + + + + + + + +(c) 1988 Apache Dreamsac diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/newhope.txt b/politicalTextFiles/newhope.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d7b10b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/newhope.txt @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ + NEW HOPE FOR FREEDOM: FULLY INFORMED JURORS DON DOIG + + America's Founders were worried that the government they +created might someday grow too powerful, and begin to pass laws +which would violate the rights of the very people the government +was supposed to protect: ordinary, peaceful, productive +Americans. But they had an "ace in the hole" which they believed +would suffice to hold the government in check. That was the +right to a trial by a jury of one's peers. + + Since when, you might ask, can a jury protect people from +arbitrary and unjust prosecutions, or from bad laws? The +legislature creates laws. Aren't we supposed to obey them, and +lobby our legislatures for any changes that need to be made? + + Traditionally, Americans have had more substantial and +direct means by which to protect against governments grown too +ambitious, and by which to resist oppressive laws. America's +Founders realized that the temptations of power were too great to +leave it to the legislature, to the executive, and to the +judicial branches of government to define what the rights of the +citizens of this nation were. Ultimately, citizens at the local +level, acting according to the dictates of individual conscience +were to have the final say, the final check and balance. The +people would need veto power over bad laws. + + And they provided just such a veto, a centuries-old +tradition carried over from England to the colonies, which holds +that jurors could judge whether a law was a good law, a law that +did not violate the rights of free men and women. If, according +to the dictates of conscience, jurors did not think a law was +just, or if they thought the law had been misapplied, they could +refuse to convict an otherwise "guilty" defendant. Even a single +juror could prevent a conviction, by voting not guilty. + + And if the jury as a whole decided to acquit the defendant, +that decision was and is final. A verdict of innocent cannot be +overturned, nor can the judge harass the jurors for voting for +acquittal. Jurors cannot be punished for voting according to +conscience. + + These principles date back to the time of the Magna Carta. +In 1670, Willian Penn was arrested for preaching a Quaker sermon, +and in so doing breaking the law of England, which made the +Church of England the only legal church. The jurors in his +trial, led by Edward Bushell, refused to convict him, and were +themselves held without food, water, tobacco or toilet +facilities. Four were put in prison for nine weeks. When they +were finally released by court order, the decision established +that jurors could no longer be punished for their verdicts. This +case helped establish freedom of religion, and the right to a +trial by a jury of one's peers, a jury free from government +coercion. + + The trial of John Peter Zenger, in the American colonies, +was another landmark case. Zenger had been arrested for +publishing materials critical of the Royal Governor of New York +colony and his cronies, accusing them of corruption. While the +charges were true, under the law, truth was no defense. Zenger's +attorney, Andrew Hamilton, argued to the jury that they were +judges of the merits of the law, and should not convict Zenger of +violating such a bad law. The jury agreed. Zenger was +acquitted, and this case helped establish the right to freedom of +speech. + + The Founding Fathers were clear about where they stood on +the issue of the rights of jurors: + + "The right of the jury to decide questions of law was widely +recognized in the colonies. In 1771, John Adams stated +unequivocally that a juror should ignore a judge's instruction on +the law if it violates fundamental principles: + 'It is not only...[the juror's] right, but his duty, in that +case, to find the verdict according to his own best +understanding, judgment, and conscience, though in direct +opposition to the direction of the court.' + There is much evidence of the general acceptance of this +principle in the period immediately after the Constitution was +adopted." Note (anon.) The Changing Role of the Jury in the +Nineteenth Century, Yale Law Journal, 74, 174, (1964). + + Thomas Jefferson said in a letter to Thomas Paine in 1789: +"I consider trial by jury as the only anchor ever yet imagined by +man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its +constitution." + + And yet, during the nineteenth century, judges chipped away +at this fundamental right of free citizens, transferring more and +more power to themselves, contending that jury review of law was +no longer necessary, now that democratic elections had replaced +Monarchy. By the end of the century, the Supreme court had +decided to leave it up to the judge to decide if the jury should +be told of its right to judge law as well as fact. Today, jurors +are generally told that they must accept the law as the judge +explains it, and may not decide to acquit the defendant because +their consciences are bothered by what seems to them an unjust +law. Judges falsely tell them that their only role is to decide +if the "facts" are sufficient to convict the defendant. Defense +attorneys are not allowed to encourage jurors to vote to acquit +because they believe the law is unjust or unconstitutional, and +defendants are generally not allowed to even discuss their +motives. + + In plain words, in what comes down to a power struggle +between the people and the judicial system, the people have been +losing. + + In fact, jurors still, to this day, have the right to +veto, or "nullify" bad laws. They are just not told this by the +courts. And judges and prosecutors exclude people from serving +on juries who indicate a willingness to nullify the law. This +violates the protections jurors were supposed to be able to give +their fellow citizens against unjust prosecutions. A jury is +properly a cross-section of the community as a whole. + + What can be done? The Fully Informed Jury Amendment (FIJA) +was designed to return to the people this basic and very +important right. + + The idea of the Fully Informed Jury Amendment is to amend +state constitutions, or enact statutory changes, to require +judges to inform jurors that if they think a law is unjust or +unconstitutional--or just misapplied-- they need not convict an +otherwise "guilty" defendant. + + FIJA does not give jurors the right to act as a legislature, +since their decisions affect only the case at hand and do not set +precedents for future cases. Nor can jurors create new offenses. +If a jury convicts a defendant unjustly, the judge may set aside +the conviction, and in addition the defendant has the right of +appeal. + + People from all walks of life and from across the political +spectrum are organizing to put FIJA on the election ballot, in +states that permit the initiative process. To date FIJA has been +filed as an initiative in Montana, Idaho, Colorado, California, +Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Nebraska, and +Washington, with more states soon to follow. In other states, +FIJA activists are lobbying state legislators to support FIJA +legislation or referendums. FIJA legislation has been submitted +to the legislatures of Alaska, Arizona and Wyoming. And in all +areas of the country, people are spreading the word. + + The judges and others within the government's courts +have long been waging a campaign of disinformation, so that +jurors won't even know what their rights are. We think it's past +time that the people themselves begin to demand that their rights +as jurors be respected. It's not just jurors whose rights are +being denied. Defendants, too, have the right to a fair trial by +a jury of their peers, and they have not been getting fair trials +because government judges have been systematically misinforming +jurors. In fact, this campaign to deny juror's rights has been +going on for so long now that many attorneys (and probably some +judges) are not even aware that these rights exist. + + We have the opportunity to take back control of this country +and return the ultimate safeguard of the rights of the people +back where it belongs, to the people. Please join us in the +campaign to pass the Fully Informed Jury Amendment. + + If a juror accepts as the law that which the judge states +then that juror has accepted the exercise of absolute authority +of a government employee and has surrendered a power and right +that once was the citizen's safeguard of liberty,--For the +saddest epitaph which can be carved in memory of a vanished +liberty is that it was lost because its possessors failed to +stretch forth a saving hand while yet there was time." 2 +Elliot's Debates, 94, Bancroft, History of the Constitution, 267, +1788. + + + Don Doig is National Coordinator for the Fully Informed Jury +Amendment, P.O. Box 59, Helmville, Montana 59843. Phone (406)793- +5550. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nightlin.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nightlin.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26d0bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nightlin.txt @@ -0,0 +1,426 @@ + NIGHTLINE: FBI, PRIVACY, AND PROPOSED WIRE-TAPPING LEGISLATION + (Friday, May 22, 1992) + +Main Participants: + Ted Koppel (TK - Moderator) + Marc Rotenberg (MR - Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility) + William Sessions (WS - Director, FBI) + +TK: In these days of encroaching technology, when every transaction, +from the purchase of a tie to the withdrawal of twenty dollars from a +cash machine, is a matter of record, it may be surprising to learn +that technology has given us some added privacy. To find this new +boon, look at your telephone. It used to be fair game for wiretapping. +Done legally, that requires a court order. But that was the hard part. +For the price of a few pieces of wires and clips, human voices were +there for the eavesdropping. That's changing now. The advent of phiber +optics, of digital communication and encryption devices all mean that +what we say, what we transmit over the telephone lines, can't easily +be spied upon. Even if you could single out the one phone call among +thousands passing in a phiber optic cable, what you would hear would +be a hiss. Voices being transmitted in computer code. That's good +news for businesses, who fear industrial spies, and it's welcomed by +telephone users anywhere, who want to think that what they say into a +receiver is protected. But, it's bad news for those whose business it +is sometimes to eavesdrop. That includes law enforcement. As Dave +Marek reports, it's getting tougher to reach out and wiretap someone. + +DM: The explosion of new communications technology, e-mail upstaging +airmail, fax machines pushing prose into offices, homes, and even +automobiles, celluar phones that keep us in touch from anywhere to +everywhere, has created a confusing competition of services and +counter-services. + +(Unseen female voice answering telephone): Who is this please. + +(Heavy breathing unseen male caller): Why don't you guess? + +DM: Take that new telephone service called "caller ID." Already most +phone companies now offer a counter-service which blocks caller ID. +This is bad news if you're fighting off creep callers. But it's good +news if you want to block some 900 number service from capturing your +number on their caller ID screen, and the selling it off to some +direct marketing outfit. But today's biggest communications +controversy is about interception services. Tapping telephones used to +be so simple. + +(Film clips from commercial for adult 900 number and film clips of +wiretapping from film "Three Days of the Condor") with reporter's +voice-over. + +A snooper needed only a couple of alligator clips and a set of +earphones to hear what was being said. Today's telephones digitalize +chatter into computer code. Bundle all those infinitesimal ones and +zeros into flashes of light and don't reconstruct them into sound +again until just before the call reaches your ear. This has made phone +tapping much tougher. But still, according to Bell Atlantic executive +Ken Pitt (??): There's never yet been an FBI surveillance request a +phone company couldn't handle. + +KP: We have been able to satisfy every single request that they've +made, not only here at Bell Atlantic, but all across the country. + +DM: Still, when the FBI looks into the future, it sees trouble. It +sees criminals like John Gotti becoming able to shield their +incriminating conversations from surveillance and thereby becoming +able to defeat law enforcements best evidence. + +Clifford Fishman:: When you're going after organized crime, and the +Gotti case is a perfect example, the traditional techniques, visual +surveillance, the paper trail, trying to turn the people who are on +the inside, trying to infiltrate someone into the, uh, organization, +they all have built-in difficulties. Witnesses can be killed, they can +be bribed, they can be threatened. Ah, the most effective evidence +quite often that a prosecutor can have, the only evidence that can't +be discredited, that can't be frightened off, are tape recordings of +the suspects talking to each other, discussing their crimes together, +planning their crimes together, committing their crimes together. + +DM: As FBI Director William Sessions told a Congressional Hearing late +last month: + +WS: The technology must allow us access, and it must allow us to stay +even with what we now have. Else, we are denied the ability to carry +out the responsibility which the Congress of the United States has +given us. + +KP: One of the solutions they've asked for is the simple software +solution. + +DM: This would involve not tapping into individual phone lines, but +planting decoding software into: + +KP: ....The central offices where the telephone switching's done, +where the wires are connected to ((bad audio cut)) ...the computers, +and someone, the FBI is saying, "Let's do the switching, let's do the +wiretaps with the software." + +DM: This software solution is already in use. But communications +expert Marc Rotenberg says it could lead to future abuses of privacy +by creating a surveillance capability: + +Marc Rotenburg: ...which would allow the agent from a remote keyboard, +not in the phone system, not at the target's location, to punch in a +phone number and begin recording the contents of the communication. +That also's never been done in this country before. It's not too +different from what the STAZI (??) attempted to do in East Germany. +But the ((one word garbled)) for abuse there would be very hard. + +DM: Protecting the privacy of ordinary conversation isn't the only +issue at stake here. + +Janlori Goldman (ACLU): The privacy rights of ordinary citizens will +be put at risk if the FBI's proposal goes forward. Right now, all +kinds of very sensitive information is flowing through the +telecommunications network. A lot of routine banking transactions, +people are sending information over computer lines. ((One word +garbled)) will be communicating more over the network. And what is +happening is that as the private sector is trying to make systems less +vulnerable, to make them more secure, to develop encryption so that +these people don't have to worry about sending information through, if +the FBI's proposal goes forward, those systems will be at great risk. + +DM: Encryption, or putting communications into unbreakable code, +frightens the FBI and the super-secret National Security Agency, which +monitors communications of all kinds all around the globe. Like the +FBI, the NSA wants total access. And to assure it, the NSA wants to +limit all American companies to a communications' code system it can +break. Some people call that "turning back the clock." + +JG: What we're seeing is an FBI effort to require US industries to +basically reverse progress, and there's no way that international +companies will be following the U.S. trends in this area. If anything, +they will surpass us, they will go beyond us, and we will be out of +competiveness in the information market. + +DM: The competition to control and surveil communications spreads +across all the boarders on the planet and squeezes inside the flickers +that activate a computer's brain. But what makes both the big picture +and the little one so hard to focus is that the rules of the +surveillance game are always changing. Every time, a new +technological explosion makes new ways of snooping possible. I'm Dave +Marek for Nightline in Washington. + +TK: When we come back, we'll be joined by the Director of the FBI, +William Sessions, and by an expert in privacy law, Marc Rotenburg. + + ((COMMERCIAL)) + +TK: As Director of the FBI, William Sessions is the point man in the +lobbying effort to adjust new technologies so that his agency can +continue to use telephone wiretaps. Judge Sessions joins us in our +Washington studios. Also joining us in Washington is Marc Rotenburg, +the Director of the Washington Office of Computer Professionals for +Social Responsibility. Mr. Rotenburg, who teaches privacy law at +Georgetown University, says that the FBI proposal would invite use of +wiretaps. + +Judge Sessions, I'd like to begin on a more fundamental point. As you +understand better than most, the very underpinning of our system of +jurisprudence is that it's better to let a hundred guilty men go free +than to wrongfully convict one innocent man, so why should the privacy +of millions of innocents be in anyway jeopardized by your need to have +access to our telephone system? + +WS: Ted, I think that that question has been fundamentally answered by +the Congress back in 1968 with the Organized Crime Control and Safe +Streets Act, when it decided that it's absolutely essential for law +enforcement to have court ordered and court authorized access to ((two +words garbled)) privacy information normally private conversations, if +they involve criminal conduct. And the point is that unless you have +that access to criminal conversations, you cannot deal with it in a +law enforcement technique or a law enforcement method. Therefore, +it's essential that you have the ability to tap into those +conversations. So, privacy of that kind is not an issue. Criminality +is. + +TK: Although, what is currently the case, is that you would be +required on a case-by-case basis, to get a judge to give you +permission to do that. + +WS: That is absolutely correct. The United States District Judge, who +is the person authorized to actually give that consent, must be +convinced that it is absolutely necessary, and that the technique will +be properly used under the law. + +TK: If you have, therefore, the centralized capacity to do that, let's +say from FBI headquarters, doesn't that invite abuse? + +WS: There has been no suggestion that that would ever be contemplated +under any system. There are necessities of tapping phones that, in +connection with various criminal cases around the country, have many +different jurisdictions, from the east to the west. The point is that +a court would authorize the FBI, or other law enforcement agencies, to +have that access. + +TK: All right. Mr. Rotenburg, what then is the problem? What then is +different from the modality that the FBI uses these days? + +MR: Well, Mr. Koppel, I think the critical point, that the 1968 law +which Judge Sessions referred to, set down very strict procedures for +the conduct of wire surveillance. And the methods that come from +reading that history, the Congress was very much concerned about this +type of investigative method. They described it as an investigative +method of last resort. And it's for that reason that the wire +surveillance statute creates so many requirements. Now, the FBI has +put forward a proposal that would permit them to engage in a type of +remote surveillance, in other words, to permit an agent, with a +warrant, to presumably type in the telephone number to begin to record +a telephone conversation. That capability has not previously existed +in the United States, and I think that's the reason the proposal is so +troubling. + +TK: But, if this happens, still, under control of the judge, the +technical means of doing it may be somewhat changing, but as long as +the legality has not been changed, and the means by which the FBI gets +permission to do this kind of thing, why should that trouble us in +anyway? + +MR: Well, the two are closely related. Communications privacy is very +much about network security. It's about sealed pipes, and showing +that information can move through the network and not be intercepted +unlawfully by anyone who shouldn't have access to it. When you talk +about designing the network to facilitate wire surveillance, in a +sense to replace walls with doors that can be opened, you create new +opportunities for abuse, and I see this as a problem. + +TK: Judge Sessions, again, there is the argument that is made, and I +guess Mr. Rotenburg is one of the most eloquent proponents of this +argument, that the FBI doesn't want this particular breakthrough in +technology, that the FBI is taking a sort of Luddite philosophy here, +and saying if indeed communications can be so safeguarded against +intrusion, well that's just too darn bad. + +WS: Well, of course, as you noted, it is absolutely essential, the +essential ingredient is that there be a court authorization to kick +out that particular conversation that is authorized to be overheard, +authorized to be intercepted. And, so, the spectre that Mr. Rotenburg +raises does not exist in any shape or form in what we're proposing. +All we are proposing is that with the digital telephony capability, +that we be able to maintain the same capability that we've always had +under the Organized Crime Control and Safe Streets Act. That is, to +have access to that particular digital bit, or that particular +conversation, always under a court authorization with (two words +garbled). And as Mr. Rotenburg noted, very, very meticulously and +carefully followed by the courts with an insistence upon total +compliance with the law. That's all we seek. That is, to stay even and +to be able to have that necessary access under the law. + +TK: Has the FBI, in the past, Mr. Rotenburg, ever requested any kind +of technological assistance? I mean, they've always had to go to the +telephone company anyway, and say, "Help us get in." + +MR: Well, yes. And that's appropriate to an extent. The FBI, when +they're in possession of a lawful warrant, I think, can expect +assistance in execution of the warrant. The difference in the FBI +proposal that's now before the Congress is that the communications +service providers are going to need to design their systems with wire +surveillance in mind. And that's not been previously done. The +Congress of 1968 that Judge Sessions referred to purposely created an +"arms-length" relationship between the Bureau and the telephone +companies, and I don't think they wanted a situation to develop where +this system was being designed to facilitate wiretapping. + +TK: All right. We have to take a break, gentlemen, but when we come +back, let's discuss where it is in Congress right now, and where it is +likely to go next. We'll continue our discussion in a moment. + + ((COMMERCIAL)) + +TK: And we're back once again with Marc Rotenburg and FBI Director +William Sessions. Judge Sessions, what is it you're asking Congress? + +WS: What we want to be able to do is to maintain our capabilities to +actually access the digital bitstream that is in the digital telephony +capability. We're asking the Congress to give us a mechanism whereby +we can actually do that. I believe it will now be proposed that rather +than being through the Federal Communications System, it will be +actually through the Department of Justice, that it will, in fact, +allow that oversight to ensure that those companies that do in fact, +under that guidance, prepare us the capability, or give us the +capability, to access that digital stream in the digital telephonic +process. + +TK: Which you could access independently, without turning to the +telephone company. + +WS: We would be able to do it under a court order, and always under a +court order..... + +TK: ...I understand that. I'm just talking about, technologically +speaking, you would have the capacity to access it on your own without +assistance from the telephone company. + +WS: I would think that that would not be so, Mr. Koppel, because what +will happen is that it would be, normally the court would order the +telephone company to provide the access. + +TK: Again, Mr. Rotenburg, I don't quite understand what the difference +is. If the telephone company has the capacity to do that, then even +though...under the current law, presumably, the FBI would be able to +go to the telephone company if it has the right court order in hand +and say, "Give us access." + +MR: The difference, Mr. Koppel, is that currently agents either go to +the site where the target is and conduct a physical wiretap or they go +to the central exchange office of the telephone company and conduct a +tap there. There are other ways to do it as well, but for the most +part it involves physical access to the networks. The new proposal +speaks specifically about designing a remote surveillance or +monitoring capability. Now, that's a change. + +WS: That's because of the nature of the technology. The technology now +allows us simply to do exactly what he says.... + +MR: ....But that's not maintaining the status quo. That is a new +capability that you would get if the proposal goes forward. + +TK: Why should I, as an individual consumer of telephone, fax, +whatever the technology may be, why should I be concerned about that, +Mr. Rotenburg? + +MR: As I've said before, I think that this is the type of proposal +that's likely to invite abuse. It makes the network less secure. And +the other aspect of the proposal, which has also raised concerns, is +that it give the Department of Justice new authority to set standards +for communications of all kinds in this country. + +TK: May I turn it around for a moment? If I may, I think that what +you're suggesting is not that it makes it less secure, but that the +new technology makes it more secure than it has been in the past, and +the FBI wants to stay even. Would you argue with that? + +MR: It may make it more secure in the future. It's not clear what the +outcome will be, frankly, if you go forward with these changes that +the Bureau has proposed. + +WS: What I think you must remember is that when you're talking about +illegal access, you're talking about illegal conduct. That is, conduct +for which a crime can be charged. Therefore, if you had illegal +conduct anywhere, now or then, illegal use of the system, improper use +of the system, that is the basis of a criminal charge. + +TK: The easier the access, the easier the abuse, and the more +difficult it is to approve that abuse. Would you agree with that, +Director? + +WS: Well, the easier the access, it is still a matter of having access +under the law, under court-authorized permission, and that access, +whether it's on digital, or whether it's on, presently, analogue, that +access is what we seek to maintain. + +TK: I guess what I'm saying, Judge Sessions, is that there have been +enough instances of abuse over the past 25 or 30 years that people +become concerned about making it too easy for their law enforcement +operatives. + +WS: One of the things you see, Mr. Koppel, is when there is abuse or +failure to follow the techniques, it plays out in the courtroom. You +see it in the courtroom with the testimony that goes on that stand, +under oath, that describes a failure, if there is a failure, to carry +out the procedures under Title Three. So it's all in the court +processes. It is not hidden. And if there is an abuse, either the +wiretap evidence would not be allowed, or it would be weakened to that +extent, or, criminal charges would be brought if there's actually +illegal conduct. + +TK: Unless, of course, the wiretap evidence is used to acquire other +evidence, and the defense attorneys are not aware of the fact that the +wiretap evidence was used in the first place. + +WS: Well, there's always the "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" philosophy. +That is, if you've illegally acquired at some point, done something +illegal, it may thereafter change that, it's not acceptable.... + +TK: ...I understand the philosophy Judge. What I'm saying is that if +you don't know that that has happened, if you don't know that the +other information has been acquired through the wiretap, and if the +wiretap is too easily controlled by the FBI, with or without, I mean, +if you have the physical capability of doing it, do you at least +concede the potential for abuse is greater than it would have been +before? + +WS: No, I really don't concede that at all, because now, if you have +endless numbers of ways that you could actually tap into the analogue, +it will be a much more secure system that you actually have, because +it will require special ways again. A special computer program that +will allow you to do that, that is designed to let you in, that is +court-authorized, court-approved, and specifically for that line, +specifically for that conversation, specifically for that purpose +and no other. + +TK: All right. Closing argument again, Mr. Rotenburg. + +MR: Well, it is simply the replacement of fixed walls with doors that +can be opened, and while it may be the case that some agents operating +operating with warrants will use that facility as it should be used, +it's clear the opportunities for abuse will increase. And I think all +these new problems for the Bureau as well. + +TK: New problems in the sense that, when Judge Sessions says you can't +bring it to court if it hasn't been done through proper procedures, +he's quite right obviously. + +MR: But it may not be the Bureau that we would be concerned about. It +may be people acting outside of any type of authority. For the last +several years, we've seen that the telephone network is increasingly +vulnerable, and this vulnerability plays out as new weaknesses are +introduced. + +WS: Well, I'd have to interject that with the new systems, with the +new technology, it would be far more secure and far less likely that +could happen, and if it does happen, again, the recourse is the +criminal charge for the improper criminal conduct in accessing that +information. + +TK: Judge Sessions. Mr. Rotenburg. Thank you both very much for being +with us. + +WS: Thank you Mr. Koppel. + +MR: Thank you, Mr. Koppel. + + ** END ** + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nofredom.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nofredom.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c4c802 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nofredom.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +WHY AMERICANS WON'T CHOOSE FREEDOM + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +All across the land there is an unusual stirring among the +American populace. The American people are sensing that +something is severely wrong in our nation. They see the ever- +increasing taxation, regulation, bureaucracies, and police +intrusions. And they are gradually discovering that, despite +their right to vote, they have no effective control over any +of this. + +Yet, despite this unease on the eve of America's third century +of existence, the American people refuse to choose the only +possible solution to America's woes: freedom--freedom through +the constitutional elimination of the welfare state/planned +economy way of life. + +Why this refusal to choose freedom? One answer lies in the +fact that many Americans do not even realize that they are +unfree. Having served the required twelve-year sentence in +public schools, most Americans believe that income taxation, +subsidies, welfare, protectionism, minimum-wage laws, and all +of the other aspects of the welfare state/planned economy way +of life constitute freedom. + +But what about those who have discovered the truth? Are there +not many of these who still will not choose freedom? +Unfortunately, the answer is yes. Although recognizing the +basic immorality of the welfare state/planned economy way of +life, many freedom devotees have chosen to devote their +efforts to reforming it rather than eliminating it. Why? Why +do they insist on defending a way of life which they concede +is immoral as well as a deprivation of the freedom which they +value so highly? Let us examine some of the reasons why these +individuals who know better won't choose freedom. + +One reason is the tremendous fear which most Americans have of +their own government. The agency of government which Americans +fear most, of course, is the Internal Revenue Service, the +tax-collecting arm of the United States government. A mere +letter of inquiry from the IRS is enough to cause Americans to +go into a cold sweat. Not that this fear is unjustified. Every +American knows that the agents of the IRS have virtually +unlimited power to extract, from the pockets of the citizenry, +what they consider to be the "rightful" amount owed to the +political authorities. As Professor Ebeling, FFF's vice- +president of academic affairs, once put it on a radio talk +show in which we were jointly participating, "If you want to +know the ways and means of the IRS, simply study the +operations of the KGB." + +But the IRS is not the only agency which inspires great fear +in the American citizenry. I have a friend who is the +executive vice-president of a major American bank. He told me +that most bank presidents, although considered by others (and +themselves) to be "high-powered" individuals, will quiver and +quake like an autumn leaf when confronted by a banking +regulator. In fact, the mere mention of an impending visit by +banking regulators will send most bankers into the same +fearful frenzy experienced by an elementary school student who +is being sent to the principal's office. + +Why? What is it that causes a grown-up to have such a +paralyzing fear of another grown-up? What causes American +adults to cower like little children in the face of a +bureaucrat? + +The answer lies in the strong and powerful government, in both +domestic and foreign affairs, which Americans of this century +have brought into existence. For a strong government will +almost always result in a weak citizenry. And a weak and +terrified citizenry can rarely be relied upon to resist +tyranny by their own government. Instead, they will spend +their time "flexing their muscles" vicariously through the +"toughness" shown by their government, usually in foreign +affairs. + +A second reason: Too many freedom devotees have lost hope that +freedom can actually be achieved. And so, having convinced +themselves that slavery in America is inevitable, they devote +their efforts to "working within the system" rather than to +replacing the system with freedom. + +A good example of this involves those church officials who +have dedicated themselves to getting prayer into public +schools. Few people will deny the tremendous accomplishment of +the Founding Fathers when they separated church and state +through the First Amendment. They realized that religious +zealots with political power are among the most dangerous +forces to which a society can ever be exposed. And so, the +Founding Fathers fought for and achieved a way of life in +which the majority could not impose, through the coercive +power of government, religious doctrines on the rest of the +populace. + +But, as every American knows, it is an entirely different +situation with secular education. Here, as in the olden days +with religion, children are required to be sent to +governmentally approved institutions to learn governmentally +approved doctrines with religious doctrine, by virtue of the +First Amendment, being the only exception. + +What is the reaction of many church leaders to religion being +excepted from the teachings in public schools? Having accepted +the legitimacy or inevitability of state involvement in the +field of education, they wish to empower the state authorities +to teach religious doctrine, in addition to secular doctrine, +to the nation's youth. In other words, instead of trying to +place education on the same level as religion . . . instead of +fighting for freedom of education as our Founding Fathers +fought for freedom of religion . . . instead of calling for a +separation of school and state as our American ancestors did +with church and state . . . instead of rendering to God both +religion and education . . . present-day ministers of God, +having "thrown in the towel" with respect to educational +liberty, now wish to render to Caesar not only education but, +through prayer in government schools, religion as well. + +A third reason why many freedom devotees won't choose freedom: +they continue to operate under the delusion that the welfare +state/planned economy can be made to work. In fact, an +examination of much of the literature that emanates from +various American freedom think-tanks is absorbed with +correcting the "waste, fraud, and abuse" of the system rather +than replacing the system itself with freedom. Their solution +is always the same: "The system needs reform." + +An example is found in the November 2, 1990, issue of The +Backgrounder, a newsletter of The Heritage Foundation, a +renowned, conservative think-tank based in Washington, D.C. +Referring to the budget crisis last fall, Scott A. Hodge, a +member of The Heritage staff, writes, "Members of Congress did +not have the courage to cut one dollar of waste, pork, fraud, +or unnecessary spending from the fiscal 1991 budget." Mr. +Hodge follows up with, "There is no need for Congress to +dismantle the `social safety net'. . ." + +Mr. Hodge's argument, then, is that the welfare state-- +socialism--not only should be kept intact but also that it is +capable of being made to operate efficiently. The utopian +dream is that if we just elect "better" people to public +office . . . if politicians will just do the "right" thing +. . . if people will just give up the "waste" which they have +been receiving, it is possible to reform and refine the system +so that all of us can live happily ever after in socialist +heaven. + +This illusion--this pipe-dream--that holds so many freedom +devotees in its grip is one of the major obstacles to the +achievement of freedom. But unfortunately, not only in +America. In the Soviet Union, the attitude is exactly the +same. If the politicians and bureaucrats will only do the +"right" thing, the Soviet officials argue, the socialist +system can be kept intact and made to work "correctly." + +Another reason that freedom devotees are inhibited from +choosing freedom: They believe that by doing so, they will not +have intellectual "respectability" among their fellow +Americans. Although privately acknowledging the fundamental +evil and immorality of the welfare state/planned economy way +of life, they believe that calling for its elimination is too +"extreme." Therefore, they maintain their "respectability" (or +so they think) by advocating the continuation of the evil and +immorality and, even more shameful, by wrapping their +arguments in freedom rhetoric. + +It is not difficult, then, to see the stark contrast between +the American Founding Fathers and our present-day freedom +devotees. Our ancestors refused to permit the terrible, +psychological destructiveness of fear to control their +actions. Faced with one of the most powerful monarchs in +history, and his equally powerful regulatory and tax- +collecting minions, they nevertheless chose to pledge their +lives, fortunes, and sacred honor in the defense of freedom-- +even though it meant fighting their own government and their +fellow British citizens. Devoted to principle, rather than +expediency, they had no desire to reform the mercantilist +economic system of their own government; recognizing the evil +and immorality of such a system, they strived to eliminate it. +And knowing that the pursuit of right was more important than +popular acceptance, they stood their ground for the whole +world to see! + +It is that spirit of liberty which moved our American +ancestors that is so desperately needed in our time. And when +it finally grips the hearts and minds of the American people, +which I am certain it will, freedom at last will be chosen. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the March 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/notax.txt b/politicalTextFiles/notax.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5f7669 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/notax.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +SAN DIEGO LIBERTARIANS DEFEAT SALES TAX + + On March 23 '89 Judge Burkhart of the Riverside County Superior Court +(due to a change of venue) ruled that the San Diego Cuonty half cent +"jails" sales tax is invalid. The Judge ruled in favor of the three +Libertarian Party members who are plaintiffs against the county of San +Diego and the San Diego County Regional Justice Facility Financing Agency. + + Quoting from the COURT'S INTENDED DECISION, "The court finds from the +evidence that Proposition 13 has been purposefully circumvented by +Proposition A and its implementing legislation, and that Agency is a +special District under Proposition 13. The court finds that . . . the +(Regional Justice) Agency was founded solely for the purpose of avoiding +the strictures of Proposition 13." + + This ruling will save the taxpayers of San Diego County an estimated +$1,6000,000,000 (1.6 billion dollars) in sales tax over the course of the +next 10 years. Assuming the ruling stands, the tax drops from 7% to 6.5%. + + The three Libertarian Party plaintiffs are Dick Rider (the Chairman of +the county Libertarian Party), Pat Wright (the past LP county Chair) and LP +activist Steve Currie. The attorneys for the victorious plaintiffs are +Louis Katz, Tom Homann, Ellen Geis, Gregory Marshall, Lewis Wenzell, +Stephen perrello, and Carol Fabian. + + Counsel took up this challenge on a contingency reimbursement basis. +Many other taxpayers contributed funds to pay the filing and copying costs. +More funds will be required if the County files an appeal. + + Lead plaintiff Dick Rider commented, "This victory for the victims of +the politicos' regressive and illegal sales tax also refutes the old canard +- 'You can't fight city hall' - we did and we won! Now the County Board of +Supervisors will be forced to do what they should have been doing for the +past 8 years; providing jails and police with existing taxpayer funds + + "Government's first priority should be to protect individuals from +those criminals who would use force or fraud against us. It's time for the +local politicians to recognize this fact and reorder their priorities to +fund police, courts and jails FIRST before they even CONSIDER other +services. + + "Furthermore, this citizens' victory calls into question the other 1/2 +cent sales tax for roads and trolleys 'passed' in 1987 using the same +invalid subterfuge." + + For further information from the plaintiffs, contact Dick Rider at +619/276-7166. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nren210.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nren210.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62ab1ff --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nren210.txt @@ -0,0 +1,585 @@ +NREN for All: +Insurmountable Opportunity + +c. 1993 Jean Armour Polly +Manager of Network Development and User Training +NYSERNet, Inc. +jpolly@nysernet.org + +This was originally published in the February 1, 1993 issue of +Library Journal (volume 118, n. 2, pp 38-41). +It may be freely reprinted for educational use, please let me know if you +are redistributing it, I like to know if it's useful and where it's been. +Please do not sell it, and keep this message intact. + + +When Senator Al Gore was evangelizing support for his visionary +National Research and Education Network bill, he often pointed to +the many benefits of a high-speed, multi-lane, multi-level data +superhighway. Some of these included: + +-- collaborating research teams, physically distant from each other, +working on shared projects via high speed computer networks. +Some of these "grand challenges" might model global environmental +change, or new therapeutic drug research, or the design of a new +airplane for inexpensive consumer air travel. + +-- a scientist or engineer might design a product, which could be +instantly communicated to a manufacturing plant, whose robotic +machine could turn the drawing-board product into reality. One example +of this is the capability to digitally measure a new recruit for an +army uniform, transmit the information to a clothing manufacturer, +and take delivery of a custom-tailored uniform the next day. + +-- access to digital libraries of information, both textual and graphic. +Besides hundreds of online public access catalogs, and full text +documents, color illustrations of photographic quality, full motion +videos and digital audio will also be available over the network. + +In his many articles and speeches touting the bill, Gore often used +an example of a little girl, living in a rural area, at work on a school +project. Was she information-poor due to her physical location, far +from the resources of large cities? No-- the National Research and +Education Network would give her the capability to dial into the +Library of Congress-- to collect information on dinosaurs. + +Now that the NREN bill has been signed into law (12/91), and +committees are being formed, and policies are being made, I'm still +thinking about that little girl, and her parents, for that matter. In +fact I've got some "Grand Questions" to pose. + + +1- How will we get access? + +The Internet has been called the "Interim NREN", since it's what we +have in place now. + +I'm wondering how the family is going to get to the Internet "dial tone", +let alone the NREN, especially since they live in a rural area. +The information superhighway may be miles from their home, and +it may be an expensive long-distance call to the "entrance ramp". + +Or, the superhighway may run right through their front yard, but +they can't make use of it because they have no computer, no modem, +and no phone line to make the connection. What good is a superhighway +if all you've got is a tricycle? + + +2- What will they be able to gain access to, + and will their privacy be protected? + +Beyond the infrastructure issues, I'm concerned about what kind of +things will be available for them once they do get connected, +how the resources will be arranged, and how they will learn to use +these tools to advantage. Beyond that, how authoritative is the +information in the digital collection, and how do we know for sure +it came from a legitimate source? How confidential will their +information searches be, and how will it be safeguarded? + + +3- Who will get access? + +I'm concerned that even if the infrastructure and resource problems +are resolved, that little girl still won't be allowed access, because a +lot of folks don't think the Internet is a safe place for +unaccompanied minors. + + +4- Does the family have any electronic rights? + Electronic responsibilities? + Are dinosaurs and a grade-school project too trivial for NREN? + +Some people think the NREN should be reserved for scientists +working on "Grand Challenges", not ordinary ones. Who will +decide what constitutes "acceptable use"? + + +5- What is the future of the local public library? + +Worse yet, I'm worried that the reason they are phoning the Library +of Congress in the first place is that their local public library has +shut its doors, sold off the book stock, and dismissed the librarian. +What can public libraries do to avoid that future? + +Brief Background: The Internet Today + +Computers all over the world are linked by high speed +telecommunications lines. On the other side of their +screens are people of all races and nationalities who +are able to exchange ideas quickly through this network. + +This "brain to brain" interface brings both delight and despair, as +evidenced by the following True Tales from the Internet: + +-- Children all over the world participate in class collaborations, +sharing holiday customs, local food prices, proverbs, acid rain +measurements, and surveys such as a recent one from a fifth +grade class in Argentina who wanted to know (among other things) +"Can you wear jeans to school?". + +-- During the Soviet coup in the summer of 1991, hundreds read +eyewitness accounts of developments posted to the net by computer +users in Moscow and other Soviet cities with network connectivity. +A literal hush fell over this side of the network after a plea came +across from the Soviet side. We appreciate your messages of +encouragement and offers of help, it said, but please save the +bandwidth for our outgoing reports! + +- Proliferation of discussion groups on the Internet means one can +find a niche to discuss everything from cats to Camelot, from +library administration to lovers of mysteries, from Monty Python +to Medieval History. + +-- Predictably, Elvis has been sighted on the Internet. + +Besides electronic mail, full text resources may be downloaded +from many Internet host computers. Some of these are religious +materials, such as the Bible, and the Koran, others are the complete +works of Shakespeare, Peter Pan, and Far From the Madding Crowd. + +Searchable resources include lyrics from popular songs, chord +tablature for guitar, recipes, news articles, government information, +Supreme Court Opinions, census data, current and historical weather +information, dictionaries, thesauri, the CIA World Fact Book, +and much more. + +Hundreds of library OPACS may be searched, and those with +accounts set up at CARL may use UnCover to find articles of +interest, which then may be faxed on demand. + +The richness of the Internet changes on a daily basis as more data +resources, computer resources, and human resources join those +already active on the net. + +But, back to that little girl. + +How will she get access? + +She'll need a plain old telephone line, a modem, a computer, and +some communications software. Will her family be able to afford it? +If not, will she be able to dial in from her school? Her Post Office? +The local feed store? A kiosk at K-Mart? + +At the American Library Association's 1992 convention in San +Francisco, Gloria Steinem said "the public library is the last refuge +of those without modems." I'm sure she meant that the library will +act as information provider for those unable to get their +information using a home computer's telecommunications +connections. But it could be taken another way. Couldn't the public +library act as electronic information access centers, providing public +modems and telecommunications alongside the books and videos? + +Why the Public Library is a good place for NREN access + +The public library is an institution based on long-standing beliefs in +intellectual freedom and the individual's right to know. Let's revisit +ALA's LIBRARY BILL OF RIGHTS, Adopted June 18, 1948; amended February +2, 1961, and January 23, 1980, by the ALA Council. + +The American Library Association affirms that all libraries are +forums for information and ideas, and that the following basic +policies should guide their services. + + 1. Books and other library resources should be provided for the +interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the +community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded +because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to +their creation. + +No problem here. The Internet's resources are as diverse as their +creators, from nations all over the world. Every community can +find something of interest on the Internet. + + 2. Libraries should provide materials and information +presenting all points of view on current and historical issues. +Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan +or doctrinal disapproval. + + 3. Libraries should challenge censorship in the fulfillment of +their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment. + + 4. Libraries should cooperate with all persons and groups +concerned with resisting abridgment of free expression and free +access to ideas. + +Again, global electronic communication allows discussion and +debate in an instant electronic forum. There is no better +"reality check" than this. + + 5. A person's right to use a library should not be denied or +abridged because of origin, age, background, or views. + +In a public library, the little girl won't be barred from using the +Internet because of her age. The ALA interpretation of the above +right states: +"Librarians and governing bodies should not resort to age +restrictions on access to library resources in an effort to avoid actual +or anticipated objections from parents or anyone else. The mission, +goals, and objectives of libraries do not authorize librarians or +governing bodies to assume, abrogate, or overrule the rights and +responsibilities of parents or legal guardians. Librarians and +governing bodies should maintain that parents - and only parents +- have the right and the responsibility to restrict the access +of their children - and only their children - to library resources. +Parents or legal guardians who do not want their children to have +access to certain library services, materials or facilities, should so +advise their children. Librarians and governing bodies cannot +assume the role of parents or the functions of parental authority in +the private relationship between parent and child. Librarians and +governing bodies have a public and professional obligation to +provide equal access to all library resources for all library users." + + 6. Libraries which make exhibit spaces and meeting rooms +available to the public they serve should make such facilities +available on an equitable basis, regardless of the beliefs or +affiliations of individuals or groups requesting their use." + +The Internet provides the equivalent of electronic meeting rooms +and virtual exhibit spaces. Public libraries will offer access to all +comers, regardless of their status. + +Further, as part of the Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights, +this statement appears: +"The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that `the right to receive +ideas follows ineluctably from the sender's First Amendment right +to send them. . . . More importantly, the right to receive ideas is a +necessary predicate to the recipient's meaningful exercise of his +own rights such as speech, press, and political freedom' Board of +Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico, +457 U.S. 853, 866-67 (1982) (plurality opinion)." + +Clearly, reception and sending of ideas is a First Amendment issue. +Oral, written, and electronic speech must be equally protected so +that democracy may flourish. + +Public libraries also provide "free" services, though in fact the costs +are just deferred. Taxes, state aid derived from taxes, federal aid +derived from taxes, and private funds all pay for the "free" services +at public libraries. Public libraries may be thought of as +Information Management Organizations (IMO's), similar to Health +Management Organizations, where patrons/patients contribute +before they need information/health care, so that when they do +need it, librarians/doctors are available to render aid. + +Why NREN in the Public Library is a bad idea + +On the surface, the public library looks like an excellent place to +drop Internet/NREN connectivity. Libraries are veritable temples +of learning, intellectual freedom, and confidentiality. + +However, most public libraries lack what computer experts call +infrastructure. If there are computers, they may be out of date. Staff +may not have had time to learn to operate them, and the computers +may literally be collecting dust. + +There may be no modems, no phone line to share, no staff with +time to learn about the Internet and its many resources. Money to +update equipment, hire staff, and buy training is out of the +question. Public libraries face slashed budgets, staff layoffs, +reduced hours, and cutbacks in services. + +Many of these drawbacks are noted in the recent study by Dr. +Charles R. McClure, called Public Libraries and the +Internet/NREN: New Challenges, New Opportunities. + +Public librarians were surveyed about their attitudes toward NREN +in interviews and focus groups. According to the study, public +librarians thought that the public had a "right" to the Internet, and +its availability in their libraries would provide a safety net for the +electronic-poor. + +On the other hand they felt that they could not commit resources to +this initiative until they knew better what the costs were and the +benefits might be. They longed for someone else to create a pilot +project to demonstrate the Internet's usefulness, or lack thereof, +for public library users. + +The study describes several scenarios for public libraries as the +NREN evolves. Some may simply choose to ignore the sweeping +technological changes in information transfer. They may continue +to exist by purveying high-demand items and traditional services, +but they may find it increasingly difficult to maintain funding +levels as the rest of the world looks elsewhere for their information +and reference needs. The public library may find itself servicing +only the information disenfranchised, while the rest of the +community finds, and pays for, other solutions. + + As the study explains: + +"While embracing and exploiting networked information and services, +[successfully transitioned libraries] also maintain high visibility +and high demand traditional services. But resources will be reallocated +from collections and less-visible services to support their involvement +in the network. All services will be more client-centered and demand-based, +and the library will consciously seek opportunities to deliver new types +of information resources and services electronically." + +"In this scenario, the public library will develop and mount services +over the NREN, provide for public access to the NREN, and will +compete successfully against other information providers. In its +networked role, the library can serve as a central point of contact as +an electronic navigator and intermediary in linking individuals to +electronic information resources- regardless of type or physical +location. The public library in this second scenario will define a +future for itself in the NREN and develop a strategic plan to insure +its successful participation as an information provider in the +networked environment." + + +What Should Happen + +Senator Gore has proposed what has been variously called Son of +NREN or Gore II, which should help address many of these +infrastructure problems. + +Unfortunately, the Bill was not passed and the closing of the last +Congress. There is hope, however, that it will be reintroduced this +Spring. + +Specifically, Gore's bill would have ensured that the technology +developed by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 is +applied widely in K-12 education, libraries, health care and +industry, particularly manufacturing. It would have authorized a +total of $1.15 billion over the next five years. + +According to a press release from Senator Gore's office, + +"The Information Infrastructure and Technology Act charges the +White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) with +coordinating efforts to develop applications for high-performance +computing networking and assigns specific responsibilities to the +National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space +Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and +the National Institutes of Health. It would expand the role of +OSTP in overseeing federal efforts to disseminate scientific and +technical information." + +"The bill provides funding to both NSF and NASA to develop +technology for 'digital libraries'-- huge data bases that store text, +imagery, video, and sound and are accessible over computer +networks like NSFNET. The bill also funds development of +prototype 'digital libraries' around the country." + +The public needs NREN because 300 baud used to be fast and low- +resolution graphics used to be pretty. Now we get impatient +waiting for fax machines to print out a document from half a +continent away, when a few years ago we would have been +content to wait days or weeks for the same article to arrive by mail. +We are satisfied with technology until it starts to impede our lives +in some way. We wait impatiently, sure that we spend half our +lives waiting for printers, and the other half waiting for disk drives. +Time is a commodity. + +I can envision that little girl walking into the public library with the +following request: +"I'm doing a school report on the Challenger disaster. I need a video +clip of the explosion, a sound bite of Richard Feynman explaining +the O-ring problem, some neat graphics from NASA, oh, and +maybe some virtual reality mock-ups of the shuttle interior. Can +you put it all on this floppy disk for me, I know it's only 15 minutes +before you close but, gee, I had band practice." This is why +public libraries need NREN. + +We would do well to remember the words of Ranganathan, whose +basic tenets of good librarianship need just a little updating from +1931: + +"[Information] is for use." +"Every [bit of information], its user." +"Every user, [his/her bit of information]." +"Save the time of the [user]." +"A [network] is a growing organism." + +And so is the public library. A promising future awaits the public +library that can be proactive rather than reactive to technology. +Information technology is driving the future, librarians should be at +the wheel. It is hoped that the new Administration in Washington +will provide the fuel to get us going. + +_______________________________ +SIDEBAR +------------------------------------------------------- +Excerpts from S.2937 as introduced July 1, 1992 +102nd Congress +2nd Session + IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES + + Mr. GORE (for himself, Rockefeller (D-WV), Kerry (D-MA), +Prestler (R-SD), Riegle (D-MI), Robb (D-VA), Lieberman (D-CT), +Kerrey (D-NE) and Burns (R-MT)) introduced the following bill; +which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, +Science and Transportation. + + A BILL +To expand Federal efforts to develop technologies for applications +of high-performance computing and high-speed networking, to +provide for a coordinated Federal program to accelerate development +and deployment of an advanced information infrastructure, +and for other purposes. + + Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives +of the United States of America in Congress assembled, + + +SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. + This Act may be cited as the "Information Infrastructure and +Technology Act of 1992". + +SEC. 7. APPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIES. + (a) DIGITAL LIBRARIES.--In accordance with the Plan +developed under section 701 of the National Science and +Technology Policy, Organization and Priorities Act of 1976 (42 +U.S.C. 6601 et seq.), as added by section 3 of this Act, the National +Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space +Administration, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, +and other appropriate agencies shall develop technologies for +"digital libraries" of electronic information. Development of digital +libraries shall include the following: + (1) Development of advanced data storage systems + capable of storing hundreds of trillions of bits of data + and giving thousands of users nearly instantaneous + access to that information. + (2) Development of high-speed, highly accurate + systems for converting printed text, page images, + graphics, and photographic images into electronic form. + (3) Development of database software capable of + quickly searching, filtering, and summarizing large + volumes of text, imagery, data, and sound. + (4) Encouragement of development and adoption of + standards for electronic data. + (5) Development of computer technology to + categorize and organize electronic information in a + variety of formats. + (6) Training of database users and librarians in + the use of and development of electronic databases. + (7) Development of technology for simplifying the + utilization of networked databases distributed around + the Nation and around the world. + (8) Development of visualization technology for + quickly browsing large volumes of imagery. + (b) DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPES.--The National +Science + Foundation, working with the supercomputer centers it + supports, shall develop prototype digital libraries of + scientific data available over the Internet and the National + Research and Education Network. + (c) DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES OF REMOTE- +SENSING + IMAGES.--The National Aeronautics and Space Administration + shall develop databases of software and remote-sensing images + to be made available over computer networks like the + Internet. + + (d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.-- + (1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National +Science +Foundation for the purposes of this section, $10,000,000 for fiscal +year 1993, $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $30,000,000 for fiscal year +1995, $40,000,000 for fiscal year 1996, and $50,000,000 for fiscal year +1997. + (2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National +Aeronautics and Space Administration for the purposes of this +section, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1993, $20,000,000 for fiscal year +1994, $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, $40,000,000 for fiscal year +1996, and $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1997. + +________________________ +SIDEBAR + Resources +___________________________ + +McClure, Charles R., Joe Ryan, Diana Lauterbach and William E. Moen +Public Libraries and the INTERNET/NREN: New Challenges, New Opportunities. +1992. Copies of this 38-page study may be ordered at $15 each from +the Publication Office, School of Information Studies, Syracuse +University, Syracuse, NY 13244-4100 315/443-2911. + +The U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information +Science (NCLIS) has issued a Report to the Office of Science and +Technology Policy on Library and Information Services' Roles in +the National Research and Education Network. The 25-page +document, released in late November, 1992, summarizes the results +of an open forum held in Washington during the previous summer. +Topics addressed include funding NREN, charging for use, +commercial access, protection of intellectual property, and security +and privacy. The report "focuses on fulfilling the potential for +extending the services and effectiveness of libraries and +information services for all Americans through high-speed +networks and electronic databases." A limited number of copies are +available from NCLIS at 111 18th St., NW, Suite 310, Washington, +D.C. 20036 202/254-3100. + +Grand Challenges 1993: High Performance Computing and +Communications. The "Teal Book" (because of its color) "provides a +far-sighted vision for investment in technology but also recognizes +the importance of human resources and applications that serve +major national needs. This investment will bring both economic +and social dividends, including advances in education, +productivity, basic science, and technological innovation." +Requests for copies of this 68-page document should go to: Federal +Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, +Committee on Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering Sciences +c/o National Science Foundation, Computer and Information Science +and Engineering Directorate, 1800 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20550 + +Carl Kadie operates an excellent electronic resource of documents +pertaining to academic freedom, the Library Bill of Rights, and +similar policy statements. Those with Internet access may use File +Transfer Protocol (FTP) to ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4) Login as +anonymous, use your network address as the password. The documents +are in the /pub/academic directory. + +Further Reading + +Kehoe, Brendan. (1993). Zen and the Art of the Internet: a +Beginner's Guide (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. +The first edition is available for free from many FTP sites. (see +below) This version has about 30 pages of new material and +corrects various minor errors in the first edition. Includes the story +of the Coke Machine on the Internet. For much of late +1991 and the first half of 1992, this was the document of choice for +learning about the Internet. ISBN 0-13-010778-6. Index. $22.00 + +To ftp Zen: ftp.uu.net [137.39.1.9] in /inet/doc ftp.cs.toronto.edu +[128.100.3.6] in pub/zen ftp.cs.widener.edu [147.31.254.132] in +pub/zen as zen-1.0.tar.Z, zen-1.0.dvi, and zen-1.0.PS ftp.sura.net +[128.167.254.179] in pub/nic as zen-1.0.PS + +Krol, Ed. (1992). The Whole Internet User's Guide & Catalog. +Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates. +Comprehensive guide to how the network works, the domain name +system, acceptable use, security, and other issues. Chapters on +telnet/remote login, File Transfer Protocol, and electronic mail +explain error messages, special situations, and +other arcana. Archie, Gopher, NetNews, WAIS, WWW, and +troubleshooting each enjoy a chapter in this well-written book. +Appendices contain info on how to get connected in addition to a +glossary. ISBN 1-56592-025-2. $24.95 + +LaQuey, Tracy, & Ryer, J. C. (1993). The Internet Companion: a +Beginner's Guide to Global Networking. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. +Beginning with a foreword by Vice-President Elect Al Gore, this +book provides an often- humorous explanation of the origins of the +Internet, acceptable use, basics of electronic mail, netiquette, online +resources, transferring information, and finding email addresses. +The In the Know guide provides background on Internet legends (Elvis +sightings is one), organizations, security issues, and how to get connected. +Bibliography. Index. ISBN 0-201-62224-6 $10.95 + +Polly, Jean Armour. Surfing the Internet 2.0. An enthusiastic tour of +selected Internet resources, electronic serials, listserv discussion +groups, service providers, manuals and guides and more. Available +via anonymous FTP from NYSERNET.org (192.77.173.2) in the +directory /pub/resources/guides surfing.2.0.txt. + +Tennant, Roy, Ober, J., & Lipow, A. G. (1993). Crossing the Internet +Threshold: An Instructional Handbook. Berkeley, CA: Library +Solutions Press. +A cookbook to run your own Internet training sessions. Real-world examples. +Foreword by Cliff Lynch. Library Solutions Institute and Press +2137 Oregon Street Berkeley, CA 94705 +Phone:(510) 841-2636 Fax: (510) 841-2926 +ISBN: 1-882208-01-3 $45.00 + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nsa_surv.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nsa_surv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c39090 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nsa_surv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +From: c3q@vax5.cit.cornell.edu +Newsgroups: alt.cyberpunk +Subject: the NSA KNOWS... +Date: 6 Dec 91 15:54:13 GMT +Organization: Cornell University + +I've been doing some research on data encryption lately, and was led inevitably +to the Data Encryption Standard (DES). As originally proposed in the '70's (I +think) the DES had a 128 bit key, and 8 code boxes. The NSA did IBM (the +originators of the algorithm) a favor by rewriting the code boxes to make them +"better" (slight cynicism on my part) and then said "might as well reduce the +key to 64 bits, now that the boxes are so strong". Researchers at Stanford +have noted mysterious patterns within the code boxes that might be a +mathematical back-door into breaking the code. In the DES standard there is +also the proviso that highly classified military, etc. data may/should be +classified in some other way. + +Point 2: In a study of the NSA it was revealed that the NSA owns land next to +every major microwave relay route and down-link inside the US. With the +scattering inherent in micro-links, this gives them access to 90+% of all data +traffic. + +Point 3: The NSA measures its computing power in acres (no joke). They are the +leading purchaser of latest generation Crays. + +Conclusion: The NSA can and does read our mail, encrypted or not. + +Caveat: There is so much data flow, that even with filters that pull out only +those messages encluding certain key words, any human operators would still be +incapable of reading any realistic proportion of our mail. Just hope that +expert systems designed for mail reading aren't developed soon (or haven't been +developed). + +Books to read: The Digital Encryption Standard + Cipher Systems + Inside the Puzzle Palace + +Just thought I'd bring home some of the cyberpunk aspects of the world we +currently live in. + +Travis J.I. Corcoran +Cornell '92/'92 (??) +Newsgroups: alt.cyberpunk +From: ebrandt@jarthur.claremont.edu (Eli Brandt) +Subject: Re: the NSA KNOWS... +Organization: Cult of Loud Loud Sibelius +Date: Sat, 7 Dec 1991 08:41:46 GMT + +In article <164CCD625.M14661@mwvm.mitre.org> M14661@mwvm.mitre.org writes: + +>Good points, but does anyone know how the RSA public key algorithm is +>holding up? It's slow, but fine for precoding email messages, at least + +It seems to be secure as long as you pick big enough primes -- remembering +that the NSA has CPU we can only dream of. I strongly suspect that the NSA +can crack DES. If they can break RSA with considered-secure primes, it +almost certainly takes them much compute, and they would not be expending +this kind of effort on *our* messages. I believe PGP, a PC RSA +implementation, is still available from garbo.uwasa.fi; US users are kindly +requested to refrain from downloading except for research purposes. It +uses math owned by PKP, you see. + + Eli ebrandt@jarthur.claremont.edu diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nsdd145.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nsdd145.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6024718 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nsdd145.txt @@ -0,0 +1,462 @@ + + +THE NATIONAL GUARDS +(C) 1987 OMNI MAGAZINE MAY 1987 + + +By Donald Goldberg + + The mountains bend as the fjord and the sea beyond stretch +out before the viewer's eyes. First over the water, then a sharp +left turn, then a bank to the right between the peaks, and the +secret naval base unfolds upon the screen. + The scene is of a Soviet military installation on the Kola +Peninsula in the icy Barents Sea, a place usually off-limits to +the gaze of the Western world. It was captured by a small French +satellite called SPOT Image, orbiting at an altitude of 517 miles +above the hidden Russian outpost. On each of several passes -- +made over a two-week period last fall -- the satellite's high- +resolution lens took its pictures at a different angle; the +images were then blended into a three-dimensional, computer- +generated video. Buildings, docks, vessels, and details of the +Artic landscape are all clearly visible. + Half a world away and thousands of feet under the sea, +sparkling-clear images are being made of the ocean floor. Using +the latest bathymetric technology and state-of-the-art systems +known as Seam Beam and Hydrochart, researchers are for the first +time assembling detailed underwater maps of the continental +shelves and the depths of the world's oceans. These scenes of +the sea are as sophisticated as the photographs taken from the +satellite. + From the three-dimensional images taken far above the earth +to the charts of the bottom of the oceans, these photographic +systems have three things in common: They both rely on the +latest technology to create accurate pictures never dreamed of +even 25 years ago; they are being made widely available by +commerical, nongovernmental enterprises; and the Pentagon is +trying desperately to keep them from the general public. + In 1985 the Navy classified the underwater charts, making +them available only to approved researchers whose needs are +evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Under a 1984 law the military +has been given a say in what cameras can be licensed to be used +on American satellites; and officials have already announced they +plan to limit the quality and resolution of photos made +available. The National Security Agency (NSA) -- the secret arm +of the Pentagon in charge of gathering electronic intelligence as +well as protecting sensitive U.S. communications -- has defeated +a move to keep it away from civilian and commercial computers and +databases. + That attitude has outraged those concerned with the +military's increasing efforts to keep information not only from +the public but from industry experts, scientists, and even other +government officials as well. "That's like classifying a road +map for fear of invasion," says Paul Wolff, assistant +administrator for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric +Administration, of the attempted restrictions. + These attempts to keep unclassified data out of the hands of +scientists, researchers, the news media, and the public at large +are a part of an alarming trend that has seen the military take +an ever-increasing role in controlling the flow of information +and communications through American society, a role traditionally +-- and almost exclusively -- left to civilians. Under the +approving gaze of the Reagan administration, Department of +Defense (DoD) officials have quietly implemented a number of +policies, decisions, and orders that give the military +unprecedented control over both the content and public use of +data and communications. For example: + +**The Pentagon has created a new category of "sensitive" but +unclassified information that allows it to keep from public +access huge quantities of data that were once widely accessible. +**Defense Department officials have attempted to rewrite key laws +that spell out when the president can and cannot appropriate +private communications facilities. +**The Pentagon has installed a system that enables it to seize +control of the nation's entire communications network -- the +phone system, data transmissions, and satellite transmissions of +all kinds -- in the event of what it deems a "national +emergency." As yet there is no single, universally agreed-upon +definition of what constitutes such a state. Usually such an +emergency is restricted to times of natural disaster, war, or +when national security is specifically threatened. Now the +military has attempted to redefine emergency. + The point man in the Pentagon's onslaught on communications +is Assistant Defense Secretary Donald C. Latham, a former NSA +deputy chief. Latham now heads up an interagency committee in +charge of writing and implementing many of the policies that have +put the military in charge of the flow of civilian information +and communication. He is also the architect of National Security +Decision Directive 145 (NSDD 145), signed by Defense Secretary +Caspar Weinberger in 1984, which sets out the national policy on +telecommunications and computer-systems security. + First NSDD 145 set up a steering group of top-level +administration officials. Their job is to recommend ways to +protect information that is unclassified but has been designated +sensitive. Such information is held not only by government +agencies but by private companies as well. And last October the +steering group issued a memorandum that defined sensitive +information and gave federal agencies broad new powers to keep it +from the public. + According to Latham, this new category includes such data as +all medical records on government databases -- from the files of +the National Cancer Institute to information on every veteran who +has ever applied for medical aid from the Veterans Administration +-- and all the information on corporate and personal taxpayers in +the Internal Revenue Service's computers. Even agricultural +statistics, he argues, can be used by a foreign power against the +United States. + In his oversize yet Spartan Pentagon office, Latham cuts +anything but an intimidating figure. Articulate and friendly, he +could pass for a network anchorman or a television game show +host. When asked how the government's new definition of +sensitive information will be used, he defends the necessity for +it and tries to put to rest concerns about a new restrictiveness. + "The debate that somehow the DoD and NSA are going to +monitor or get into private databases isn't the case at all," +Latham insists. "The definition is just a guideline, just an +advisory. It does not give the DoD the right to go into private +records." + Yet the Defense Department invoked the NSDD 145 guidelines +when it told the information industry it intends to restrict the +sale of data that are now unclassified and publicly available +from privately owned computer systems. The excuse if offered was +that these data often include technical information that might be +valuable to a foreign adversary like the Soviet Union. + Mead Data Central -- which runs some of the nation's largest +computer databases, such as Lexis and Nexis, and has nearly +200,000 users -- says it has already been approached by a team of +agents from the Air Force and officials from the CIA and the FBI +who asked for the names of subscribers and inquired what Mead +officials might do if information restrictions were imposed. In +response to government pressure, Mead Data Central in effect +censured itself. It purged all unclassified government-supplied +technical data from its system and completely dropped the +National Technical Information System from its database rather +than risk a confrontation. + Representative Jack Brooks, a Texas Democrat who chairs the +House Government Operations Committee, is an outspoken critic of +the NSA's role in restricting civilian information. He notes +that in 1985 the NSA -- under the authority granted by NSDD 145 +-- investigated a computer program that was widely used in both +local and federal elections in 1984. The computer system was +used to count more than one third of all votes cast in the United +States. While probing the system's vulnerability to outside +manipulation, the NSA obtained a detailed knowledge of that +computer program. "In my view," Brooks says, "this is an +unprecedented and ill-advised expansion of the military's +influence in our society." + There are other NSA critics. "The computer systems used by +counties to collect and process votes have nothing to do with +national security, and I'm really concerned about the NSA's +involvement," says Democratic congressman Dan Glickman of Kansas, +chairman of the House science and technology subcommittee +concerned with computer security. + Also, under NSDD 145 the Pentagon has issued an order, +virtually unknown to all but a few industry executives, that +affects commercial communications satellites. The policy was +made official by Defense Secretary Weinberger in June of 1985 and +requires that all commercial satellite operators that carry such +unclassified government data traffic as routine Pentagon supply +information and payroll data (and that compete for lucrative +government contracts) install costly protective systems on all +satellites launched after 1990. The policy does not directly +affect the data over satellite channels, but it does make the NSA +privy to vital information about the essential signals needed to +operate a satellite. With this information it could take control +of any satellite it chooses. + Latham insists this, too, is a voluntary policy and that +only companies that wish to install protection will have their +systems evaluated by the NSA. He also says industry officials +are wholly behind the move, and argues that the protective +systems are necessary. With just a few thousand dollars' worth +of equipment, a disgruntled employee could interfere with a +satellite's control signals and disable or even wipe out a +hundred-million-dollar satellite carrying government information. + At best, his comments are misleading. First, the policy is +not voluntary. The NSA can cut off lucrative government +contracts to companies that do not comply with the plan. The +Pentagon alone spent more than a billion dollars leasing +commercial satellite channels last year; that's a powerful +incentive for business to cooperate. + Second, the industry's support is anything but total. +According to the minutes of one closed-door meeting between NSA +officials -- along with representatives of other federal agencies +-- and executives from AT&T, Comsat, GTE Sprint, and MCI, the +executives neither supported the move nor believed it was +necessary. The NSA defended the policy by arguing that a +satellite could be held for ransom if the command and control +links weren't protected. But experts at the meeting were +skeptical. + "Why is the threat limited to accessing the satellite rather +than destroying it with lasers or high-powered signals?" one +industry executive wanted to know. + Most of the officials present objected to the high cost of +protecting the satellites. According to a 1983 study made at the +request of the Pentagon, the protection demanded by the NSA could +add as much as $3 million to the price of a satellite and $1 +million more to annual operating costs. Costs like these, they +argue, could cripple a company competing against less expensive +communications networks. + Americans get much of their information through forms of +electronic communications, from the telephone, television and +radio, and information printed in many newspapers. Banks send +important financial data, businesses their spreadsheets, and +stockbrokers their investment portfolios, all over the same +channels, from satellite signals to computer hookups carried on +long distance telephone lines. To make sure that the federal +government helped to promote and protect the efficient use of +this advancing technology, Congress passed the massive +Communications Act of of 1934. It outlined the role and laws of +the communications structure in the United States. + The powers of the president are set out in Section 606 of +that law; basically it states that he has the authority to take +control of any communications facilities that he believes +"essential to the national defense." In the language of the +trade this is known as a 606 emergency. + There have been a number of attempts in recent years by +Defense Department officials to redefine what qualifies as a 606 +emergency and make it easier for the military to take over +national communications. + In 1981 the Senate considered amendments to the 1934 act +that would allow the president, on Defense Department +recommendation, to require any communications company to provide +services, facilities, or equipment "to promote the national +defense and security or the emergency preparedness of the +nation," even in peacetime and without a declared state of +emergency. The general language had been drafted by Defense +Department officials. (The bill failed to pass the House for +unrelated reasons.) + "I think it is quite clear that they have snuck in there +some powers that are dangerous for us as a company and for the +public at large," said MCI vice president Kenneth Cox before the +Senate vote. + Since President Reagan took office, the Pentagon has stepped +up its efforts to rewrite the definition of national emergency +and give the military expanded powers in the United States. "The +declaration of 'emergency' has always been vague," says one +former administration official who left the government in 1982 +after ten years in top policy posts. "Different presidents have +invoked it differently. This administration would declare a +convenient 'emergency.'" In other words, what is a nuisance to +one administration might qualify as a burgeoning crisis to +another. For example, the Reagan administration might decide +that a series of protests on or near military bases constituted a +national emergency. + Should the Pentagon ever be given the green light, its base +for taking over the nation's communications system would be a +nondescript yellow brick building within the maze of high rises, +government buildings, and apartment complexes that make up the +Washington suburb of Arlington, Virginia. Headquartered in a +dusty and aging structure surrounded by a barbed-wire fence is an +obscure branch of the military known as the Defense +Communications Agency (DCA). It does not have the spit and +polish of the National Security Agency or the dozens of other +government facilities that make up the nation's capital. But its +lack of shine belies its critical mission: to make sure all of +America's far-flung military units can communicate with one +another. It is in certain ways the nerve center of our nation's +defense system. + On the second floor of the DCA's four-story headquarters is +a new addition called the National Coordinating Center (NCC). +Operated by the Pentagon, it is virtually unknown outside of a +handful of industry and government officials. The NCC is staffed +around the clock by representatives of a dozen of the nation's +largest commercial communications companies -- the so-called +"common carriers" -- including AT&T, MCI, GTE, Comsat, and ITT. +Also on hand are officials from the State Department, the CIA, +the Federal Aviation Administration, and a number of other +federal agencies. During a 606 emergency the Pentagon can order +the companies that make up the National Coordinating Center to +turn over their satellite, fiberoptic, and land-line facilities +to the government. + On a long corridor in the front of the building is a series +of offices, each outfitted with a private phone, a telex machine, +and a combination safe. It's known as "logo row" because each +office is occupied by an employee from one of the companies that +staff the NCC and because their corporate logos hang on the wall +outside. Each employee is on permanent standby, ready to +activate his company's system should the Pentagon require it. + The National Coordinating Center's mission is as grand as +its title is obscure: to make available to the Defense +Department all the facilities of the civilian communications +network in this country -- the phone lines, the long-distance +satellite hookups, the data transmission lines -- in times of +national emergency. If war breaks out and communications to a +key military base are cut, the Pentagon wants to make sure that +an alternate link can be set up as fast as possible. Company +employees assigned to the center are on call 24 hours a day; they +wear beepers outside the office, and when on vacation they must +be replaced by qualified colleagues. + The center formally opened on New Year's Day, 1984, the same +day Ma Bell's monopoly over the telephone network of the entire +United States was finally broken. The timing was no coincidence. +Pentagon officials had argued for years along with AT&T against +the divestiture of Ma Bell, on grounds of national security. +Defense Secretary Weinberger personally urged the attorney +general to block the lawsuit that resulted in the breakup, as had +his predecessor, Harold Brown. The reason was that rather than +construct its own communications network, the Pentagon had come +to rely extensively on the phone company. After the breakup the +dependence continued. The Pentagon still used commercial +companies to carry more than 90 percent of its communications +within the continental United States. + The 1984 divestiture put an end to AT&T's monopoly over the +nation's telephone service and increased the Pentagon's obsession +with having its own nerve center. Now the brass had to contend +with several competing companies to acquire phone lines, and +communications was more than a matter of running a line from one +telephone to another. Satellites, microwave towers, fiberoptics, +and other technological breakthroughs never dreamed of by +Alexander Graham Bell were in extensive use, and not just for +phone conversations. Digital data streams for computers flowed +on the same networks. + These facts were not lost on the Defense Department or the +White House. According to documents obtained by Omni, beginning +on December 14, 1982, a number of secret meetings were held +between high-level administration officials and executives of the +commercial communications companies whose employees would later +staff the National Coordinating Center. The meetings, which +continued over the next three years, were held at the White +House, the State Department, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) +headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, and at the +North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in Colorado +Springs. + The industry officials attending constituted the National +Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee -- called NSTAC +(pronounced N-stack) -- set up by President Reagan to address +those same problems that worried the Pentagon. It was at these +secret meetings, according to the minutes, that the idea of a +communications watch center for national emergencies -- the NCC +-- was born. Along with it came a whole set of plans that would +allow the military to take over commercial communications +"assets" -- everything from ground stations and satellite dishes +to fiberoptic cables -- across the country. + At a 1983 Federal Communications Commission meeting, a +ranking Defense Department official offered the following +explanation for the founding of the National Coordinating Center: +"We are looking at trying to make communications endurable for a +protracted conflict." The phrase protracted conflict is a +military euphemism for nuclear war. + But could the NCC survive even the first volley in such a +conflict? + Not likely. It's located within a mile of the Pentagon, +itself an obvious early target of a Soviet nuclear barrage (or a +conventional strike, for that matter). And the Kremlin +undoubtedly knows its location and importance, and presumably has +included it on its priority target list. In sum, according to +one Pentagon official, "The NCC itself is not viewed as a +survivable facility." + Furthermore, the NCC's "Implementation Plan," obtained by +Omni, lists four phases of emergencies and how the center should +respond to each. The first, Phase 0, is Peacetime, for which +there would be little to do outside of a handful of routine tasks +and exercises. Phase 1 is Pre Attack, in which alternate NCC +sites are alerted. Phase 2 is Post Attack, in which other NCC +locations are instructed to take over the center's functions. +Phase 3 is known as Last Ditch, and in this phase whatever +facility survives becomes the de facto NCC. + So far there is no alternate National Coordinating Center to +which NCC officials could retreat to survive an attack. +According to NCC deputy director William Belford, no physical +sites have yet been chosen for a substitute NCC, and even whether +the NCC itself will survive a nuclear attack is still under +study. + Of what use is a communications center that is not expected +to outlast even the first shots of a war and has no backup? + The answer appears to be that because of the Pentagon's +concerns about the AT&T divestiture and the disruptive effects it +might have on national security, the NCC was to serve as the +military's peacetime communications center. + The center is a powerful and unprecedented tool to assume +control over the nation's vast communications and information +network. For years the Pentagon has been studying how to take +over the common carriers' facilities. That research was prepared +by NSTAC at the DoD's request and is contained in a series of +internal Pentagon documents obtained by Omni. Collectively this +series is known as the Satellite Survivability Report. Completed +in 1984, it is the only detailed analysis to date of the +vulnerabilities of the commercial satellite network. It was +begun as a way of examining how to protect the network of +communications facilities from attack and how to keep it intact +for the DoD. + A major part of the report also contains an analysis of how +to make commercial satellites "interoperable" with Defense +Department systems. While the report notes that current +technical differences such as varying frequencies make it +difficult for the Pentagon to use commercial satellites, it +recommends ways to resolve those problems. Much of the report is +a veritable blueprint for the government on how to take over +satellites in orbit above the United States. This information, +plus NSDD 145's demand that satellite operators tell the NSA how +their satellites are controlled, guarantees the military ample +knowledge about operating commercial satellites. + The Pentagon now has an unprecedented access to the civilian +communications network: commercial databases, computer networks, +electronic links, telephone lines. All it needs is the legal +authority to use them. Then it could totally dominate the flow +of all information in the United States. As one high-ranking +White House communications official put it: "Whoever controls +communications, controls the country." His remark was made after +our State Department could not communicate directly with our +embassy in Manila during the anti-Marcos revolution last year. +To get through, the State Department had to relay all its +messages through the Philippine government. + Government officials have offered all kinds of scenarios to +justify the National Coordinating Center, the Satellite +Survivability Report, new domains of authority for the Pentagon +and the NSA, and the creation of top-level government steering +groups to think of even more policies for the military. Most can +be reduced to the rationale that inspired NSDD 145: that our +enemies (presumably the Soviets) have to be prevented from +getting too much information from unclassified sources. And the +only way to do that is to step in and take control of those +sources. + Remarkably, the communications industry as a whole has not +been concerned about the overall scope of the Pentagon's threat +to its freedom of operation. Most protests have been to +individual government actions. For example, a media coalition +that includes the Radio-Television Society of Newspaper Editors, +and the Turner Broadcasting System has been lobbying that before +the government can restrict the use of satellites, it must +demonstrate why such restrictions protect against a "threat to +distinct and compelling national security and foreign policy +interests." But the whole policy of restrictiveness has not been +examined. That may change sometime this year, when the Office of +Technology Assessment issues a report on how the Pentagon's +policy will affect communications in the United States. In the +meantime the military keeps trying to encroach on national +communications. + While it may seem unlikely that the Pentagon will ever get +total control of our information and communications systems, the +truth is that it can happen all too easily. The official +mechanisms are already in place; and few barriers remain to +guarantee that what we hear, see, and read will come to us +courtesy of our being members of a free and open society and not +courtesy of the Pentagon. + +================================================================= + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ntia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ntia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd7144f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ntia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +Suveillance Conference Overview + +COPYRIGHT (C) 1991 BY FULL DISCLOSURE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. + +The National Technical Investigators Association (NATIA) held their 5th +annual conference in San Antonio, Texas, August 26th-31th. + +Participation in the conference was 600 attendees up from 500 last year. +However, there was a conspicuous lack of people from the military +intelligence community. + +As usual with government related electronic surveillance operations, +techniques, equipment, etc, secrecy prevails. Due to efforts by Full +Disclosure, the San Antonio area media was informed about the show. They, +however, were all turned away at the gate. The result being no local press +coverage occured. + +NATIA is an organization of over 2300 supervisory law enforcement officers, +communications and security managers assigned to support technical +investigative activities in the major federal, state and local enforcement +and intelligence agencies. + +The NATIA membership is responsible for supplying all of the various +communications, audio, video, photographic, specialized electronic systems +and investigative aids used in support of these sensitive bugging, +wiretapping and intelligence activities. + +The annual conference is used by manufactures of spy equipment to introduce +their new wares and sell more of the old stuff and for members to learn all +the newest tricks, scams and techniques. + +Consequently, NATIA and its membership has a sigificant role in domestic +spying activities. NATIA's role not only includes the equipment, but +standards, operations, techniques, tricks, and the like. Such activities are +purportely regulated and overseen by the public, through Congress, by the +political process. + +Any effective oversight or regulation requires information; information that +NATIA desires to suppress from the American public. The First Amendment, +however, assures that the public will be informed. Full Disclosure was able +to obtain many documents at the show and the essential information content +will be presented in this and future issues. Articles based upon show +information will be indiciated as such. + +The desire to suppress this information is so great, that due to Full +Disclosure's publication of the 1989 NATIA conference exhibitors directory, +there was no directory made for 1990. (The essential information content from +the show schedule is presented below). + +Not only was NATIA furious over the publication of the exhibitors directory, +but also over the fact that several hundred copies of the issue with the +directory were distributed on the show floor. + +What was the atmosphere of show? At night, some members, partied like +motorcycle gang members. During the day, however, it was strictly business. +The following is an overview of the technical and management seminars that +were held. Contact addresses have been provided by Full Disclosure and were +not a part of NATIA literature. + +``Future Telephone Technology'' by Bruce Becker, Central Telephone. Telephone +technology is rapidly changing. With new systems, features and technologies +on the way. This class will discuss what's on the horizon in the telephone +industry. + +``Law Enforcement and FCC Rules and Regulations'' by Arlan Van Doorn, FCC, +Deputy Chief, Field Operations (202) 632-7200. Find out what the rules are. +What's new, what's changed, what's the same. Is that video transmitter you're +using legal? [Ed note: if not, does the exclusionary rule or fruit of a +poisonous tree doctrine apply?] + +``2.4Ghz Video Transmission'' by Michael McDowell, Florida Department of Law +Enforcement. The FCC has recently allocated State and Local Law Enforcement +Agencies frequencies for low power video transmission. Learn what equipment +is available and how to put together a 2.4 Ghz video transmission system with +off the shelf parts. + +``Countermeasures: Technical Surveillance Counter Measures'' By Clyde Widrig, +Los Angeles, Police Department. What is being found during TSCM sweeps? Learn +about this, the basics of doing a sweep, and what equipment you will need. + +``Telephone Technology Panel'' The panel will discuss the impact on law +enforcement of new technologies (ISDN, CLASS, Etc.), systems and features, +coming soon to a telephone near you. Discussion will include the need for +NATIA to help set standards for intercept equipment. + +``Covert Entry Planning'' by Jim Moss, U.S. Customs, 40 S Gay St, #424, +Baltimore, MD 21202. Covert entry planning offers the agent valuable tips on +setting up the mechanics, legal, and security aspects of surreptitious +entries. This class could mean the difference between a successful entry and +a possible tragedy. + +``Digital Recording And Audio Processing'' By Attila Mathie, Adaptive Digital +Systems. An audio recorder with no moving parts? See it and get the latest +information on digital recording and audio processing. + +``Managing Technical Operations'' by Anthony Bocchiccio, Drug Enforcement +Administration. Aimed at the management, this class is intended to give you +the knowledge of what it takes to run a technical section. Instruction will +include managing resources, personnel, and equipment. + +``R-F Spread Spectrum Techniques'' by Stan Causey, DC Metro Police. Spread +Spectrum transmission is an area of rapid development. With many new systems +either in the works or already here, this class will bring you up to date. + +``Seizing Personal Computers and Data Recovery'' by Ken Scales, IRS, Criminal +Investigative Division. Everywhere you look today there are PC's (personal +computers). What do you do when you seize one? Just turning it on may cost +you some very valuable data. Learn what to do, not to do, and who to contact +for help. + +``Member Equipment and Technique Exchange Forum'' Do you have any new ideas, +tips, techniques, tricks or equipment? This is the place to bring them. Share +all of this valuable information with your fellow members in this open forum. + +``Video Operations'' By Jack Tuckish, Naval Investigative Service. How to get +the most from your covert video operations. This class will teach packaging +techniques, camera placements, tips, tricks, etc. + +``Night Vision Critique.'' Instruction will be given in interfacing night +vision equipment to 35mm and video cameras. Additionally you will learn about +specifications, uses and limitations of the different types of night vision +equipment. If available slides taken at the night vision demo will be shown. + +``Computer Crimes.'' By Frank Milligan, IRS. People are gaining illegal +access to computer data bases, bank accounts, etc. Who are these hackers, how +are they getting in, and what can be done to stop them. + +``Asset Seizure And Property Management.'' By Richard Harris, California, +Department of Justice. Is there more to Asset Seizure than property, weapons +and cash? This class will offer an overview on asset seizure and focus on +seizing equipment that can be used to aid law enforcement. Items such as +computers, communications gear and alarm equipment are being seized and used. + +The above is reprinted from Full Disclosure Newspaper. Subscribe today and +get interesting articles like the above, plus more... pictures, graphics, +advertisement, and more articles. Full Disclosure is your source for +information on the leading edge of surveillance technology. Print the +following form, or supply the information on a plain piece of paper: + +---- + +Please start my subscription to Full Disclosure for: + +[ ] Sample issue, $2.00 + +[ ] 12 issue subscription, $18.00 + +[ ] 24 issue subscription, $29.95 + With 24 issue susbcription include free one of the following: + [ ] Directory of Electronic Surveillance Equipment Suppliers + [ ] Citizen's Guide on How to Use the Freedom of Info/Privacy Acts + [ ] Maximizing PC Performance + +Also available separately: + +[ ] Directory of Electronic Surveillance Equipment Suppliers, $6.00 + +[ ] Citizen's Guide on How to Use the Freedom of Info/Privacy Acts, $5.00 + +[ ] Maximizing PC Performance, $6.00 + + Illinois residences, add 6.5% sales tax on above 3 items. + +Enclosed is payment in the form of: + +[ ] Check/Money order, [ ] Visa, [ ] Mastercard + +Card no:___________________________________ Exp date:_______ + +Signature:__________________________________________________ + +Phone:______________________________________________________ +(required for credit card orders) + +My name/address: + +Name:_______________________________________________________ + +Street:_____________________________________________________ + +City/State/Zip:_____________________________________________ + +Return to: Full Disclosure, Box 903, Libertyville, Illinois 60048 + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nucleard.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nucleard.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ea47d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nucleard.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +MORE REASONS NOT TO TRUST THE NUCLEAR AGE: +------------------------------------------ +Excerpted without permission from UTNE READER JAN/FEB 1989, +an excerpt from from the BERKLEY ECOLOGY CENTER NEWSLETTER MAY 1988. + + MAY 14, 1945 : Plutonium is injected intravenously into a human subject in an experiment carried ut by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Eighteen human subjects are injected with plutonium in 1945 nd 1946. + + OCT. 10, 1957 : a fire at an English nuclear facility causes radiation +leakage and contaminates milk in a 200 mile radius with iodine-131. The +contaminated milk is dumped into the Irish Sea. + + MARCH 1958 : Kyshtym, USSR. Nuclear waste plant explodes, destroying hundreds of square miles of and and causing thousands of people to contract radiation sickness. + + JAN. 3, 1961 : Sl-1 Idaho Falls experimental test reactor. Three technicians were killed as they oved fuel rods in a 'routine' preparation for the reactor startup. One technician was blown to the ciling of the containment dome and impaled on a control rod. His body remained there until it was takn down six days later. These men were so heavily exposed to radiation that their hands and heads hadto be buried seperately with other radioactive waste. + + MARCH 1968 : In an uniddentified reactor, workers used a basketball to plug a pipe during modifiction to the plant's spent fuel pool cooling system. Further work was in process, and the basketball as blasted through the pipe and out the open end, followed by 14,000 gallons of water filling up theroom. + + 1971 : The Atomic Energy Commision (AEC) admitted an error in radiation +exposure limits by proposing a hundred-fold reduction in routine emission +standards. + + MARCH 1972 : Sen. Mike Gravel of Alaska submitted to the Congressional Record facts surrounding aroutine check in a nuclear power plant which indicated abnormal radioactivity in the building's wate system. Radioactivity was confirmed in the plant drinking fountain. Apparently there was an inapprpriate priate cross-connect between a 3,000 gallon radioactive tank and the water system. + + SEPT. 21,, 1980 : En route from Pennsylvania to Toronto, two canisters +containing radioactive materials fall off a truck on New Jersey's Rout 17. The driver discovers missng cargo in Albany, New York, when he sees only one of three canisters is still on the truck. + +*** And they truly believe they know what their doing with nuclear power! 'Trust us madame, we're nulear scientists!' I don't know about you, but I don't think our technology is ready yet for the nuclar age, all their doing is building Enviromental time-bombs....something you shouldn't do to mother ature! *** diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nukeacc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nukeacc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08edf47 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nukeacc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + SECRET DOCUMENTS REVEAL DANGER OF WORLDWIDE NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS + + On March 11, 1987, NBC broadcast a documentary, "Nuclear Power: + In France It Works." It could have passed for a lengthy nuclear power + commercial. Missing from anchorman Tom Brokaw's introduction was the + fact that NBC's owner, General Electric, is America's second largest + nuclear power salesman and third largest producer of nuclear weapons + systems. + One month after the NBC documentary, there were accidents at two + French nuclear installations, injuring seven workers. THE CHRISTIAN + SCIENCE MONITOR wrote of a "potentially explosive debate" in France, + with new polls showing a third of the French public opposing nuclear + power. That story was not reported on NBC News. + NBC's policy which produced the "nuclear power works" commercial + and censored the news about two nuclear accidents is typical of the + international silence about reactor incidents which help explain the + industry's undeserved reputation for safety. + The lid to Pandora's nuclear safety box was partially opened last + year when the West German weekly DER SPIEGEL published 48 of over 250 + secret nuclear reactor accdient reports compiled by the International + Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The report of previously secret IAEA + documents was translated into English for the first time and published + in David Brower's EARTH ISLAND JOURNAL. + Some of the "incidents" you never heard about: February 1983 -- + Bulgaria's Kozluduj nuclear power plant lost pressure in the primary + cooling system; June 1983 -- three of four pumps failed in Argentina's + Embalse nuclear plant; August 1984 -- the primary cooling system in + West Germany's Bruno Leuschner plant in Greifswald burst; October 1984 + -- engineers at the Chooz A reactor on the French-Belgian border + discovered numerous "breaks" and "broken welding seams" on the + critical control rods of the 17-year-old reactor; 1984 -- + Czechoslovakia's Jaslovska Bohunice reactor spilled radioactive + coolant into two reactor containment units due to the failure of 72 + defective bolts in the circulation system; January 1985 -- at + Pakistan's Kanupp reactor, radioactive heavy water leaked while being + transferred through a rubber hose; February 1985 -- during a fuel rod + experiment in East Germany's Rheinsberg reactor, a measuring device + stuck into the center of the reactor caused a leak of radioactive + water; April 1985 -- radioactive water and sludge swamped two rooms of + an auxiliary building at Belgium's Tihange reactor; December 1985 -- + emergency power in Canada's Pickerikng reactor failed in three + separate units for five days. + DER SPIEGEL said that in several of these previously unreported + nuclear slip-ups "a meltdown was a real possibility." Worse yet for + Americans, DER SPIEGEL found that human error "is most advanced in + North America ... sometimes with hair-raising results." A survey of + official records since the Three Mile Island reactor meltdown in 1979 + shows there have been more than 23,000 mishaps at U.S. reactors -- and + the number are increasing. In 1986, there were more than 3,000 + reported incidents -- up 24 percent over 1984. The chilling + conclusion: "Humanity has been sitting on a powderkeg as a result of + reliance on the 'peaceful' use of the atom." + + SOURCES: EARTH ISLAND JOURNAL, Summer, 1987, "Secet Documents + Reveal Nuclear Accidents Worldwide," by Gar Smith with Hans + Hollitscher, pp 21-24; EXTRA, June 1987, "Nuclear Broadcasting + Company," p 5. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nukefood.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nukefood.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a8601c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nukefood.txt @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ + GLOWING OUTLOOK FOR FOOD IRRADIATION BUSINESS + + The food industry is going high-tech with a seemingly innocent + procedure called irradiation -- a process that delays ripening by + exposing food to radioactive materials that kill insects, mold, and + bacteria. + Critics point out that irradiation may produce food products that + at best have lower nutritional value; at worst are carcinogenic. + Irradition also poses significant health threats to workers and the + public in transportation, storage, and disposal of radioactive waste. + And there is real concern over the safety of radioactive devices used + in food, beverage, cosmetic, and drug industries. + While spices are the first irradiated edibles marketed in the + U.S., the Food and Drug Admnstration (FDA) also has approved + irradiation for use on produce and some meats. Interestingly, the FDA + regulates irradiation not as a process but as an additive. + The question, of course, is exactly what is "added" to irradiated + food? Irradiated food looks and smells better for an extended time, + but little is known about the chemical changes induced by the process. + One science writer posed the complex issues when he asked "What + do you get when you irradiate an apple with 100,000 rads of gamma + rays. Is that irradiation a process or an additive? Who should + control it? Does it pose a carcinogenic threat to humans? Since it + reduces food spoilage and replaces dangerous pesticides, is it a + blessing for the world's hungry?" And then he asked, "Why are there + no answers to these questions?" + Meanwhile, the track record in irradiation facilities is anything + but reassuring. The Radiation Technology plant in Far Rockaway, New + Jersey, was closed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for + willfully supplying false information about repeated safety + violations; the NRC also shut down International Nutronics in Dover, + New Jersey, after workers reported a coverup of a radioative spill of + a tank of water containing cobalt-60 rods; and workers in Isomedix + Co., Parsippany, New Jersey, were told to clean up leaks by pouring + radioactive water down bathroom toilets and sinks. + Earlier this year, the NRC suspended the use of an industrial + air-purifying device that leaked tiny particles of radioactive + polonium at plants around the nation. The NRC also order 3M to recall + for inspection all 45,000 of the ionizing air guns used to control + static electricty and remove dust from product containers. Of 828 + plants inspected so far, contamination was found at 118 sites; of + those, the radiation exceeded the reportable limit of .005 microcuries + in 39 plants. Subsequently, the NRC recalled 2,500 3M units used in + the food, beverage, costmetic and drug industries. + Given the potential problems, one would expect to find the + irradiation issue on the national media agenda; but it isn't. + Meanwhile, as serious questions go unanswered, the government has + proposed federal regulations that would allow more irradiation. + + SOURCES: UTNE READER, May/June 1987, "Irradiation Business Gears + Up," by Karin Winegar, pp 29-30; SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER SPECTRA, + 2/25/88, "Food Irradiation," by Rick Weiss, pp E1-E2, reprinted from + SCIENCE NEWS; S. F. EXAMINER (AP), 2/19/88, "Ionizing guns recalled + over radiation fear," p A5. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nwo-merc.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nwo-merc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..49e8ca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nwo-merc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +A NEW WORLD ORDER: ECONOMIC LIBERALISM OR THE NEW + +MERCANTILISM? + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +In the days immediately following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait +in August 1990, the Bush Administration declared that a vital +interest of the United States was at stake--American economic +well-being was threatened by Iraqi control of the Kuwaiti oil +fields. However, when a growing number of economists pointed +out that the U.S. economy had the capacity to adjust in a +reasonable amount of time to any rise in the price of oil--or +to a disruption in its supply from the Persian Gulf--the Bush +Administration began shifting its rationale for American +intervention. + +The argument was next made that what was actually at stake was +the freedom of the Kuwaiti people. A number of political +analysts, however, pointed out that while Saddam Hussein's +regime in Iraq was undoubtedly a brutal dictatorship, Kuwait +had not exactly been an example of a free, democratic society. +In fact, the royal family of Kuwait had closed the Parliament +a few years earlier and had also imposed various restrictions +on freedom of speech and the press. + +The Bush Administration again changed the rationale for +American military intervention. It was now claimed that what +was at stake was the inviolability of international borders +and the continued existence of nation-states. A number of +Middle East experts pointed out, however, that these +supposedly "inviolable" borders and nation-states were +themselves the creations of Britain and France when they +carved up the Turkish Empire at the end of World War I. The +existing boundaries and the legitimacy of the Persian Gulf +states are no less "artificial" than making Kuwait "Province +19" of Iraq. + +The Bush Administration finally argued that what was at stake +was the establishment of a "new world order." World peace and +stability could never be secure as long as dictators had the +license to conquer and plunder their neighbors by force of +arms. With the end of the Cold War, it was now necessary to +bring to fruition the noble dreams of Woodrow Wilson and +Franklin D. Roosevelt which called for a consort of nations to +police and guarantee world order for the mutual benefit of +all. + +Few people have asked, however, what the ultimate foundations +for any durable world order are. And to ask this question is, +at the same time, to ask: What are the causes of conflict and +war--the causes of world disorder? + +In the 18th century, the reigning economic philosophy among +nations was mercantilism. The fundamental premise underlying +mercantilism was expressed by Voltaire in 1764: "It is clear +that a country cannot gain unless another loses and it cannot +prevail without making others miserable." The policy +implications of this societal philosophy were trade wars and +territorial conquests. If your own nation was to be wealthy, +it could only be so by making others poorer. Tariff walls were +needed to protect the prosperity of domestic producers from +the "attacks" of foreign competitors. Subsidies were required +for export producers so that they could "seize" the wealth of +others in foreign markets. Resources in foreign lands had to +be militarily "captured" to keep them out of the hands of +commercial rivals in opposing nation-states who would use them +to defeat "our" nation-state. + +Economic activity in every nation was entirely politicized. +Private interests had to be subordinated to the ends of the +state in this global war of all against all. + +But in the 19th century, the liberal ideal replaced +mercantilism. The liberal philosophers and economists +explained that trade among nations, like trade among +individuals, was mutually beneficial. All men would gain +through participation in a global division of labor--a way of +life in which they offered to each other the various products +in the production of which they specialized. Market +competition was not conflict, they argued, but rather peaceful +cooperation: each producer helped to improve the quality of +life for all through the production and sale of superior and +less expensive products than the ones offered by his market +rivals. + +The liberal ideal required minimizing the role of the state in +economic affairs. The German economist Wilhelm Ropke once +concisely explained that the "genuinely liberal principle" +required "the widest possible separation of the two spheres of +government and economy. . . . This means the largest possible +`depolitisation' of the economic sphere with everything that +goes with it. . . . By aid of this principle of separation, it +was possible to reduce to a minimum the economic coexistence +of sovereign states with their different legal orders, their +frontiers, their systems of administration and separate +citizenships. . . . The result was that it was now possible to +remove the greatest part of the economic issues of conflict +and problems to which the coexistence of sovereign States is +liable to give rise." + +Competition and rivalry, the "capturing" of consumer business +and the "conquest" of market share were now private matters of +peaceful exchange and contract. They were no longer affairs of +state--no longer political issues concerning obedience, +command and control. + +The privatization of economic life, with government limited to +the protection of life and property and the adjudication of +contractual disputes, was the foundation of this "new world +order" in the predominantly liberal era between the end of the +Napoleonic wars in 1815 and the beginning of the First World +War in 1914. And what did it produce? A century of the +greatest freedom, prosperity and peace that man has ever +known. + +In the 20th century, however, we have unfortunately returned +to the mercantilist ideal. Trade and commercial rivalry are +once again seen as the battleground of political combat. +Iraq's motive in invading Kuwait merely took the principle to +its logical conclusion: a nation destroys its economic rival +by seizing its resources (Kuwait's oil fields) and attempts to +enrich itself by plundering its accumulated wealth (Kuwait's +gold and physical assets). + +But the United States and its Desert Storm allies in principle +conduct their international economic affairs no differently +than has Saddam Hussein. If some of America's Asian trading +partners "capture" a large share of the American consumer +market, the government responds with a tariff-wall "defense." +If American agriculture cannot earn the profits it considers +"fair," the U.S. government takes the "offensive" by +"attacking" other lands through export price-subsidies. If +other nations will not comply with the wishes of the +Washington social engineers in some international dispute, the +American government influences and persuades them with +government-to-government financial loans, grants and +subsidized credits--all at American taxpayers' expense, of +course. + +Nor has the United States government any qualms about military +adventures to secure its economic goals when circumstances +seem to warrant it. When it becomes politically profitable for +the politicians in Washington to oppose the importation of +narcotics into the United States, then American military +forces invade one of the countries--Panama--that is accused of +dealing in the forbidden trade. Or if the occupation of Kuwait +by Iraq might negatively influence the availability and price +of a valued import such as oil, then a military crusade is +launched to guarantee "our" supply of oil. And in the process, +we purchase some allies--Egypt--by "forgiving" tens of +billions of dollars in government loans; and we also punish +others who won't go along with us--Jordan--by withholding +government aid and loans. + +In a world of politicized trade and commerce, conflicts among +nations are inevitable, because the economic profits and +losses of private individuals and industries are raised to the +level of affairs of state. And, as a consequence, the problems +and interests of private suppliers and demanders are turned +into issues of national concern and supposed survival. This is +the source of much of our global disorder as well as one of +the fundamental barriers to a truly peaceful "new world +order." + +In 1936, the Swiss economist and political scientist William +Rappard delivered a lecture entitled, "The Common Menace of +Economic and Military Armaments." World order, he said, was +threatened not only by military aggression but by economic +warfare as well. The weapons for economic warfare were +"economic armaments"--meaning all of the legislative and +administrative devices governments use to politically +influence imports and exports as well as the allocation of +commodities and their prices within one's own country and in +other parts of the world. + +"The primary source of economic and military armaments," +Rappard said, "we perceive in the doctrine of political +nationalism. Political nationalism is the creed which places +the national State at the top of the scale of human values, +not only above the individual, but above mankind itself." + +Rappard argued that a new world order of peace and prosperity +would only be possible when nations undertook a policy of +economic disarmament. But this would only come about when the +creed of political nationalism and mercantilism was again +superseded by the ideals of economic liberalism. And, alas, we +still seem as far away from that transformation as when +William Rappard delivered his lecture more than half a century +ago. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs for The Future of +Freedom Foundation. + + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the July 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/nzrail.txt b/politicalTextFiles/nzrail.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2da7d93 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/nzrail.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ + +Railways in New Zealand. (Hmmmm....!!) + +As you probably know, Railways as we know them now are a thing +of the past. The first railway was the Auckland to Hamilton +canal, running al the way from Wellington to Putaruru and back +again. This was a special sort of underwater railway built by +the 'Railway Pioneers', (a sort of South Island cowboys), and +the waterproof tube trains that they used featured in the Rev. +W. Audreys 'Ivor the Engine' books. + +The first steam train was invented almost by accident in 1066 +when Charles Darwin, the brother of Robert Louis Stephenson, +welded several kettles together by burning his cakes in +Scotland, earning him the nickname "The Flying Dutchman". +However, it is the Wright brothers who are regarded by most as +the fathers of modern railways because of their many 'railway +children'. One of them, Casey Jones, died at the wheel of his +express train after it struck an iceberg on it's maiden voyage +to Japan. Many people lost their lives in this accident, +discovered by Miss Marple in the film "Murder on The Orient +Express". It was disasters like this that prompted the famous +railway engineer Isambard Kipling Burnett to build several +bridges over which trains could travel, the fourth of which is +in Whangarei. + +Nowdays accidents are rare as all train drivers are ac- +companied by firemen in case of emergency. Sir Arthur Baden- +Powell, a notorious 'Great Train Robber' of the nineteenth +century, vastly improved railway safety when he invented the +semaphore signal, a kind of railway traffic-light kept in a +cupboard or "signal box". + +Faster trains, like Henry Ford's 'Rocket' enabled our railway +network to grow rapidly, linking the many stations between +which people had previously had to walk. Indeed, early +stations were very primitive affairs, one of which, Kings +Cross, was named after the then monarch had become annoyed at +the lack of facilities. Other stations took their names from +famous events, such as Waterloo, named after Cliff Richard's +winning entry in the 1973 Eurovision song contest, and +Wellington Central, home of Paddington the Bear. + +Many great advances have been made in railway technology in +recent years. Most trains offer dining facilities (hence the +expression 'fast food') and NZRail's new Advanced Passenger +Express is designed to tilt to one side, making it easier for +old people to get on and off at stations. In future, special +long wires will make it possible for electric trains to go all +the way from Auckland to Wellington without the plug coming +out. + +Further information is available to 'Railway Enthusiasts' (or +people who know where the stations are and don't like buses) +from NZRail's new look "radio" stations or from Paul Holmes or +Titiwhai Harawera (who wasn't there that day). + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Downloaded from the Infoboard BBS (Auckland, NZ) Thanks to Colin Swabey! +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/olw7.txt b/politicalTextFiles/olw7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95c7380 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/olw7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +============================================================================== +Dear Our Lawyer, + + In June 1974, a tree root from the garden next door grew through the side +of our new polystyrene pond, causing subsidence to a gnome. My neighbour +refused to compensate me for the disaster, and my solicitor sought counsel's +advice. He recommended that I go to court; the case took five days, mainly +because a number of what my counsel described as fascinating legal points were +involved, and I lost it. Costs ran to five figures. + + As I was short of money, I sought time to pay, and took a second job as a +nightwatchman, where, after three days, I was struck on the head with a lead +pipe. The company dismissed me, and counsel insisted that I sue them for +unfair dismissal. During the hearing, it transpired that I had been asleep +when struck on said head; the dismissal was upheld, and costs were given +against me. They were also given against me in the case I was advised to +bring against my other employer who had dismissed me on the grounds that I had +been off work for two weeks to attend a hearing about being unfairly dismissed +from my second job. + + Now unemployed, I could not find new work due to shooting pains in head +where it had made contact with lead pipe; my lawyer sought compensation from +the Criminal Injuries Board, unsuccessfully, for which I had to pay him a +considerable fee. I was forced to sell my house, but did not get as much as +I had hoped because of legal fees involved, and since my wife did not fancy +living in two rooms, she left me, and sued for divorce on grounds of cruelty. + + My lawyer strongly recommended that I defend the action, which I lost, the +costs being awarded to my wife, and as I left the court I tripped on a broken +paving-stone and dislocated my hip. My barrister, who had seen the incident, +immediately initiated a negligence suit against Westminster Council, who not +only won, but also successfully counterclaimed on the grounds that my hip had +struck a litter-bin as I fell which was damaged beyond repair. + + So was my him; but the Medical Defence Union, defending the doctor I had +been advised to sue for malpractice, employed the services of three QC's, and +I had no chance, since I was now heavily overdrawn and could only afford to +defend the action myself. The case ran for three weeks, due to all the time +I spent limping backwards and forwards across the court. + + I am about to go bankrupt. What I want to know is, is it possible to sue +a barrister? +============================================================================== + +No. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/om940324.txt b/politicalTextFiles/om940324.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0608a7e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/om940324.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ + ********************************************************* + * Michael R. Burhans - Out Of My Mind * + * A Weekly Electronic Column * + * March 24, 1994 * + ********************************************************* + + " Let Us Pray " + or + We Must Force Feed The Kids Our Dogma! + + + Once again the armies of the religious right are one the march. +The very same groups that are spending millions of dollars on banning +books, censoring the media, stopping free speech and legislating +bigotry have suddenly tried a new tactic. It seems they would have us +believe that they suddenly have discovered the first amendment and +are converts. They would have us believe that they are exceptionally +concerned with the rights of free speech for students in the public +schools. One can only wonder how they can have the gall to expect the +rest of the country to believe this in the face of their virtual +assault on the civil rights of so many other groups. + + Their ploy is this: The Supreme Court rightfully banned school +prayer on the basis that public schools are an arm of the government; +and prayer as a school policy was nothing less than a government +establishment of that religion as an officially state sanctioned +one. The religious right was therefore left with the quandary of how +to force others to pray to their god without appearing to use the +government to do so. They have seized on the idea that as long as +it is "supposed" to be a student lead prayer it is merely a matter of +free speech. They feel that if they call it "non-sectarian" prayer +(which to them means a non-denominational Christian prayer) then +nobody could possibly object. However, the mere mention in one of +these public school prayers of Buddha, Mohammed, Shiva, or Satan +would no doubt make them apoplectic. You can bet money that they will +feel quite free to mention Jesus in their prayers. The obvious +double standard of their position is yet another glaring example of +the sickening hypocrisy displayed by the right wing religious +fundamentalist movement. + + I for one cannot believe they really see this as an issue of +rights. For if the rights really concerned them, why would these +groups spend millions on crusades to remove the rights of +homosexuals? If they are really concerned with rights why are they +advocating book banning? If they are really concerned with rights +why are they working to restrict the rights of non-christian +worshipers? If they are really concerned with rights why do they work +to remove the right to burn the flag? If they are really concerned +with rights, why do they spend so much money to censor art galleries? +If they are really concerned with rights, why do they spend so much +time and effort trying to censor the media? How can they expect us +to suddenly believe they want to be a great force for freedom? Any +citizen or elected official that falls for such an obvious and +cynical ploy almost deserves to live in the theocracy these people +would like to create. Since there is no way to do this without +forcing the rest of us to also live in this freedomless state we must +oppose this policy. + + As it stands now, every person has the right to pray in school as +long as they don't force it upon others. That policy is sound and +should not be changed. I find it disingenuous at best when people +claim that they cannot pray properly unless they get to use the +public address system and force everyone else to join in or listen. +That is nothing less then a form of brainwashing by rote repetition. +There is no possible prayer that can accommodate all of our nation's +diverse religious beliefs. Even the mention of "God" would tell +atheists, agnostics, deists, and polytheists that their s is not the +officially state sanctioned system of beliefs. This is blatantly +unconstitutional, and needs to remain illegal. If you want to or +need to pray, do so, but do not try to force me or my children, or +anyone else to join along. + + + ******************************************************************* + * (c)1994 Micheal R. Burhans\24th Century Society Publishing * + * Permission for unaltered reproduction and dissemination is * + * granted as long as it is not for profit & with this notice * + ******************************************************************* diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/om940330.txt b/politicalTextFiles/om940330.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a7195c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/om940330.txt @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ + ************************************************************* + * Michael R. Burhans - Out Of My Mind * + * A Weekly Electronic Column * + * March 30, 1994 * + ************************************************************* + + The Failure Of A Foreign Policy + Or + "Stop it, or we will make more empty threats." + + + + Secretary of State Warren Christopher's recent trip to the People's +Republic of China was the proverbial straw breaking the back of our +nations foreign policy camel. It seems he has learned little since +his tenure in the administration of President Carter. So far, much +like then, our Foreign Policy under the Clinton Administration has +been marked by grandiose plans, hollow threats, and very little +action. This is unacceptable. Such actions, if continued will lead +to mistrust from our allies, and contempt from our adversaries. Let +us examine the record so far. + + Upon taking office the Clinton Foreign policy team was immediately +met with two major crisis: Somalia and Bosnia. In Somalia, with the +best of intentions, he allowed the agenda of United Nations Secretary +General to override the best interests of the United States. What +should have been a simple mission of humanitarian relief, became a +manhunt for a scapegoat. Since he was also the most powerful man in +Somalia, this was very unwise. American troops were asked to perform +military strikes with inadequate intelligence and equipment. When +they ran into a ambush situation, there was no armor to back them up +and safely extract them. Consequently many died needlessly, the +people of the United States were shocked, and we pulled our people +out. This makes us look week and foolish in the eyes of the world. +Such behaviors embolden tyrants and make us lose the respect of our +allies. + + One of Clinton's strongest points during the campaign for the +Presidency was that Bush had mishandled the situation in Bosnia, and +that he would take decisive action there. One can only wonder how a +man who laid out exactly what Bush was doing wrong, could possibly +make exactly the same mistakes! He was issued warnings, which proved +empty. Drawn lines that he allowed to be trespass, and in the end, +done almost nothing. The only real action taken so far was the +shooting down of some old Serbian Jets AFTER they had completed a +bombing run in the much touted "No-Fly Zone". Even at this they +allowed several of the planes to run across and imaginary line and +return home. This is far from decisive action. It is nauseate +reminiscent of our nations "Paper Tiger" days of the late 1970's. + + Then there was Haiti. After months of loudly proclaiming that we +were dedicated to placing the democratically elected President back +in power, we dropped him like he was plague infected. We threatened +to send in peacekeeping forces, and when a rag tag bunch of armed +thugs appeared at the docks, the United States Military turned around +an sailed away. If we allow a few untrained bandits to run off our +military, how can we reasonably expect any nation to respect us? If +you are unwilling to use troops you should not send them. If you +decide to send them, send them in a level of force that is so +overwhelming that resistance isn't even considered an option by those +you are using force against. + + Lastly, there was the travesty of Christopher's trip to the +People's Republic of China. Our nation has not suffered such an +embarrassment on the diplomatic front since the taking of our embassy +in Iran. He went to China blustering threats of trade cut offs, when +the US was clearly not willing to actually do so. The fact is +China's huge market is desperately needed by the United States +economy, and both parties know it. As much as China needs and wants +trade with us, we need it more. Never make threats from a position of +weakness. The Chinese Diplomats held several news conferences where +they told us exactly where we could get off. The last conference was +a virtual de- pantsing of Christopher, and the United States +government. After this, he slunk home in defeat while the world +laughed at our weakness. At a time when we need China's influence to +help in the dangerous situation regarding the North Korean nuclear +program, first alienating and then angering the Chinese is hardly an +intelligent strategy. + + President Clinton desperately needs to get new help in his State +Department. Chrisptopher should resign; if he does not, he should be +fired. In a world growing rapidly more intertwined, one cannot +address domestic concerns without equal attention being paid to +international relations. We seem to have gone from a Presidency that +ignored the domestic agenda and was over concerned with the +diplomatic scene, to one that is the exact opposite. Perhaps this +unbalanced approach, swinging from one to the other with each change +in party control is the cause of so much of our nations problems. +The people of our nation need to stand up and demand a rational, +balanced approach to national government. If we do not do it soon, +we may find it is to late to stop our nations decline. + + ************************************************************ + *(c)1994 Michael R. Burhans\24th Century Society Publishing* + *Permission for unaltered reproduction and dissemination is* + *granted as long as it is not for profit & with this notice* + * Internet-michael.burhans@f1004.n239.z1.fidonet.org * + ************************************************************ diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/om940405.txt b/politicalTextFiles/om940405.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e1fa3d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/om940405.txt @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + ************************************************************* + * Michael R. Burhans - Out Of My Mind * + * A Weekly Electronic Column * + * April 5, 1994 * + ************************************************************* + + + + Drug War Collateral Damage + Or + "You have the right to remain silent... forever." + + + Friday night the twenty-fifth of March the nation's war on drugs +claimed another innocent victim. The Boston Police Department's SWAT +team acting on an informant's tip, raided the apartment of the +elderly Reverend Accelynne Williams. The Reverend, noted for being +quiet and shy in his personal life and for his dedication to helping +people get off of drugs, was understandably shocked when without +warning his front door exploded open and a team of helmeted men in +full body armour armed with military style weapons came screaming +into the room. While for most people such a moment of sheer terror +would only lead to years of nightmares, pain and therapy, for Rev. +Williams it was his last moment. These ninja suited drug warriors +literally scared him to death. We can only imagine what terrified +thoughts ran through his mind in those last moments. His family, +friends, and parishioners are left behind wondering how this could +possibly happen in America. It is a valid question that we should +explore. + + The first question that we must ask is just what lead to this bust +in the first place. According to the spokesman from the Boston +Police they got a tip from an informant that cocaine was being sold +from that building and he mixed up the apartment number. They lay +all the blame for this homicide on this unnamed snitch. I beg to +differ; what kind of police department stages a full scale SWAT raid +on a single uncorroborated tip? Doesn't the Boston Police Department +employ detectives? Do they not bother to utilize even a token amount +of investigation or surveillance? Is it standard operating procedure +to stage a full scale raid on each and ever drug tip that they get? +Think of the abuse such a policy is prone to. Say you break up with +your lover and want to make them miserable? Call in an anonymous tip +that they are dealing cocaine and sit back and watch the fun as a +dozen drug warriors destroy their property and piece of mind. Hey, +you might even get lucky and have Officer Rambo-wannabe accidently +shoot them! You just got fired? Call in an anonymous drug tip and +watch your former place of business get torn apart! It may be days, +weeks, or even months before they recover, perhaps even never. + + Haven't we lost enough of our rights in the name of this drug war +already? When I was a small boy we were taught that one of the things +that made the United States great was that a person's home was their +castle. In America, we were told, roaming squads of police did not +kick in people's doors and drag them off without a well investigated +legally issued warrant. Now it seems this view is outdated, no +investigation is needed. The police act on the merest scrap of +suspicion, even single uncorroborated tips. Judges turn their back +on the Constitution and what is right, and simply issue any warrants +the police ask for. In this unthinking bureaucratic process all +semblance of justice and rights are lost. Innocents die in their own +homes; victims of Drug War Death Squads who should be more at home in +El Salvador or Communist China than here in America. + + It is time for the people of the United States to stand up and +reassert our roles as the rightful rulers in our society. This war +on our rights must stop before the body count rises any higher. The +law enforcement community must be put back into its proper place. +Our Constitutional guarantees of freedom must once again be followed, +or the entire fabric of our society is doomed. So far our leaders +only plan to repair the societal chaos resulting from this usurping +of our rights is to limit, and even remove more of our rights. This +is unacceptable. + + Lastly I was struck by the closing comments the Boston Police +Department's spokesman made. In reference to the death of Rev. +Williams he said words to the effect that they would, "...make this +situation right again." We can only be amazed at this level of +hubris. It seems that the Boston Police Department has become so +full of itself that it has decided that not only do the rules of +proper Constitutional law no longer apply to it, but it seems neither +do the rules of natural law! I for one will anxiously await to see +exactly how they plan on resurrecting this good man that they so +cruelly and unjustly killed. + +************************************************************ +*(c)1994 Michael R. Burhans\24th Century Society Publishing* +*Permission for unaltered reproduction and dissemination is* +*granted as long as it is not for profit & with this notice* +* internet-michael.burhans@f1004.n239.z1.fidonet.org * +************************************************************ diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ondream.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ondream.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a364aab --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ondream.txt @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ + 8 page printout + + X. + + EXAMINATION OF PROPHECIES. + + [NOTE: This was the last work that Paine ever gave to the + press. It appeared in New York in 1807 with the following + title: "An Examination of the Passages in the New Testament, + quoted from the Old and called Prophecies concerning Jesus + Christ. To which is prefixed an Essay on Dream, showing by + what operation of the mind a Dream is produced in sleep, and + applying the same to the account of Dreams in the New + Testament. With an Appendix containing my private thoughts of + a Future State. And Remarks on the Contradictory Doctrine in + the Books of Matthew and Mark. By Thomas Paine, New York: + Printed for the Author." pp. 68. + + This work is made up from the unpublished Part III, of the + "Age of Reason," and the answer to the Bishop of Landaff. In + the Introductory chapter, on Dream, he would seem to have + partly utilized an earlier essay, and this is the only part of + the work previously printed. Nearly all of it was printed in + Paris, in English, soon after Paine's departure for America. + This little pamphlet, of which the only copy I have seen or + heard of is in the Bodleian Library, has never been mentioned + by any of Paine's editors, and perhaps he himself was not + aware of its having been printed. Its title is: "Extract from + the M.S. Third Part of Thomas Paine's Age of Reason. Chapter + the Second: Article, Dream. Paris: Printed for M. Chateau, + 1803." It is possible that it was printed for private + circulation. I have compared this Paris pamphlet closely with + an original copy of Paine's own edition, (New York, 1807) with + results indicated in footnotes to the Essay, + + Dr. Clair J. Grece, of Redhill, has shown me a copy of the + "Examination" which Paine presented to his (Dr. Grece's) + uncle, Daniel Constable, in New York, July 21, 1807, with the + prediction, "It is too much for the priests, and they will not + touch it." It is rudely stitched in brown paper cover, and + without the Preface and the Essay on Dream. It would appear + from a note, which I quote at the beginning of the + "Examination," by an early American editor that Paine detached + that part as the only fragment he wished to be circulated. + + This pamphlet, with some omissions, was published in London, + 1811, as Part III. of the "Age of Reason," by Daniel Isaacs + Eaton, for which he was sentenced to eighteen months + imprisonment, and to stand in the pillory for one hour in each + month. This punishment drew from Shelley his celebrated letter + to Lord Ellenborough, who had given a scandalously prejudiced + charge to the jury. -- Editor.] + + + AUTHOR'S PREFACE. + + To the Ministers and Preachers of all Denominations of + Religion. + + IT is the duty of every man, as far as his ability extends, to +detect and expose delusion and error. But nature has + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + +not given to everyone a talent for the purpose; and among those to +whom such a talent is given, there is often a want of disposition +or of courage to do it. + + The world, or more properly speaking, that small part of it +called christendom, or the christian world, has been amused for +more than a thousand years with accounts of Prophecies in the Old- +Testament about the coming of the person called Jesus Christ, and +thousands of sermons have been preached, and volumes written, to +make man believe it. + + In the following treatise I have examined all the passages in +the New-Testament, quoted from the Old, and called prophecies +concerning Jesus Christ, and I find no such thing as a prophecy of +any such person, and I deny there are any. The passages all relate +to circumstances the Jewish nation was in at the time they were +written or spoken, and not to anything that was or was not to +happen in the world several hundred years afterwards; and I have +shown what the circumstances were to which the passages apply or +refer. I have given chapter and verse for every thing I have said, +and have not gone out of the books of the Old and New Testament for +evidence that the passages are not prophecies of the person called +Jesus Christ. + + The prejudice of unfounded belief, often degenerates into the +prejudice of custom, and becomes at last rank hypocrisy. When men, +from custom or fashion or any worldly motive, profess or pretend to +believe what they do not believe, nor can give any reason for +believing, they unship the helm of their morality, and being no +longer honest to their own minds they feel no moral difficulty in +being unjust to others. It is from the influence of this vice, +hypocrisy, that we see so many church-and-meeting-going professors +and pretenders to religion so full of trick and deceit in their +dealings, and so loose in the performance of their engagements that +they are not to be trusted further than the laws of the country +will bind them. Morality has no hold on their minds, no restraint +on their actions. + + One set of preachers make salvation to consist in believing. +They tell their congregations that if they believe in Christ their +sins shall be forgiven. This, in the first place, is an +encouragement to sin, in a similar manner as when a prodigal young +fellow is told his father will pay all his debts, he runs into debt +the faster, and becomes the more extravagant. Daddy, says he, pays +all, and on he goes: just so in the other case, Christ pays all, +and on goes the sinner. + + In the next place, the doctrine these men preach is not true. +The New Testament rests itself for credibility and testimony on +what are called prophecies in the Old-Testament of the person +called Jesus Christ; and if there are no such things as prophecies +of any such person in the Old-Testament, the New-Testament is a +forgery of the Councils of Nice and Laodicea, and the faith founded +thereon delusion and falsehood. [NOTE by PAINE: The councils of +Nice and Laodicea were held about 350 years after the time Christ +is said to have lived; and the books that now compose the New +Testament, were then voted for by YEAS and NAYS, as we now vote a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + +law. A great many that were offered had a majority of nays, and +were rejected. This is the way the New-Testament came into being. +-- Author.] + + Another set of preachers tell their congregations that God +predestinated and selected, from all eternity, a certain number to +be saved, and a certain number to be damned eternally. If this were +true, the 'day of Judgment' IS PAST: their preaching is in vain, +and they had better work at some useful calling for their +livelihood. + + This doctrine, also, like the former, hath a direct tendency +to demoralize mankind. Can a bad man be reformed by telling him, +that if he is one of those who was decreed to be damned before he +was born his reformation will do him no good; and if he was decreed +to be saved, he will be saved whether he believes it or not? For +this is the result of the doctrine. Such preaching and such +preachers do injury to the moral world. They had better be at the +plough. + + As in my political works my motive and object have been to +give man an elevated sense of his own character, and free him from +the slavish and superstitious absurdity of monarchy and hereditary +government, so in my publications on religious subjects my +endeavors have been directed to bring man to a right use of the +reason that God has given him, to impress on him the great +principles of divine morality, justice, mercy, and a benevolent +disposition to all men, and to all creatures, and to inspire in him +a spirit of trust, confidence, and consolation in his creator, +unshackled by the fables of books pretending to be 'the word of +God.' + + THOMAS PAINE. + + + **** **** + + INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + As a great deal is said in the New Testament about dreams, it +is first necessary to explain the nature of Dream, and to shew by +what operation of the mind a dream is produced during sleep. When +this is understood we shall be the better enabled to judge whether +any reliance can be placed upon them; and consequently, whether the +several matters in the New Testament related of dreams deserve the +credit which the writers of that book and priests and commentators +ascribe to them. + + In order to understand the nature of Dream, or of that which +passes in ideal vision during a state of sleep, it is first +necessary to understand the composition and decomposition of the +human mind. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + The three great faculties of the mind are IMAGINATION, +JUDGMENT, and MEMORY. Every action of the mind comes under one or +the other of these faculties. [NOTE: This sentence is not in Paris +edition. -- Editor.] In a state of wakefulness, as in the day-time, +these three faculties are all active; but that is seldom the case +in sleep, and never perfectly: and this is the cause that our +dreams are not so regular and rational as our waking thoughts. + + The seat of that collection of powers or faculties that +constitute what is called the mind, is in the brain. There is not, +and cannot be, any visible demonstration of this anatomically, but +accidents happening to living persons shew it to be so. An injury +done to the brain by a fracture of the skull, will sometimes change +a wise man into a childish idiot, -- a being without a mind. But so +careful has nature been of that Sanctum Sanctorum of man, the +brain, that of all the external accidents to which humanity is +subject, this occurs the most seldom. But we often see it happening +by long and habitual intemperance. + + Whether those three faculties occupy distinct apartments of +the brain, is known only to that ALMIGHTY POWER that formed and +organized it. We can see the external effects of muscular motion in +all the members of the body, though its premium mobile, or first +moving cause, is unknown to man. Our external motions are sometimes +the effect of intention, sometimes not. If we are sitting and +intend to rise, or standing and intend to sit or to walk, the limbs +obey that intention as if they heard the order given. But we make +a thousand motions every day, and that as well waking as sleeping, +that have no prior intention to direct them. Each member acts as if +it had a will or mind of its own. Man governs the whole when he +pleases to govern, but in the interim the several parts, like +little suburbs, govern themselves without consulting the sovereign. + + And all these motions, whatever be the generating cause, are +external and visible. But with respect to the brain, no ocular +observation can be made upon it. All is mystery; all is darkness in +that womb of thought. + + Whether the brain is a mass of matter in continual rest +whether it has a vibrating pulsative motion, or a heaving and +falling motion like matter in fermentation; whether different parts +of the brain have different motions according to the faculty that +is employed, be it the imagination, the judgment, or the memory, +man knows nothing of. He knows not the cause of his own wit. His +own brain conceals it from him. + + Comparing invisible by visible things, as metaphysical can +sometimes be compared to physical things, the operations of these +distinct and several faculties have some resemblance to a watch. +The main spring which puts all in motion corresponds to the +imagination; the pendulum which corrects and regulates that motion, +corresponds to the judgment; and the hand and dial, like the +memory, record the operation. + + Now in proportion as these several faculties sleep, slumber, +or keep awake, during the continuance of a dream, in that +proportion the dream will be reasonable or frantic, remembered or +forgotten. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + If there is any faculty in mental man that never sleeps, it is +that volatile thing the imagination. The case is different with the +judgment and memory. The sedate and sober constitution of the +judgment easily disposes it to rest; and as to the memory, it +records in silence and is active only when it is called upon. + + That the judgment soon goes to sleep may be perceived by our +sometimes beginning to dream before we are fully asleep ourselves. +Some random thought runs in the mind, and we start, as it were, +into recollection that we are dreaming between sleeping and waking. +[If a pendulum of a watch by any accident becomes displaced, that +it can no longer control and regulate the elastic force of the +spring, the works are instantly thrown into confusion, and continue +so as long as the spring continues to have force. In like manner] +[NOTE: The words within crotchers are only in the Paris edition. In +the New York edition (1807) the next word "If" begins a new +paragraph. -- Editor.] if the judgment sleeps whilst the +imagination keeps awake, the dream will be a riotous assemblage of +misshapen images and ranting ideas, and the more active the +imagination is the wilder the dream will be. The most inconsistent +and the most impossible things will appear right; because that +faculty whose province it is to keep order is in a state of +absence. The master of the school is gone out and the boys are in +an uproar. + + If the memory sleeps, we shall have no other knowledge of the +dream than that we have dreamt, without knowing what it was about. +In this case it is sensation rather than recollection that acts. +The dream has given us some sense of pain or trouble, and we feel +it as a hurt, rather than remember it as vision. + + If the memory slumbers we shall have a faint remembrance of +the dream, and after a few minutes it will some-times happen that +the principal passages of the dream will occur to us more fully. +The cause of this is that the memory will sometimes continue +slumbering or sleeping after we are awake ourselves, and that so +fully, that it may and sometimes does happen, that we do not +immediately recollect where we are, nor what we have been about, or +have to do. But when the memory starts into wakefulness it brings +the knowledge of these things back upon us like a flood of light, +and sometimes the dream with it. + + But the most curious circumstance of the mind in a state of +dream, is the power it has to become the agent of every person, +character and thing of which it dreams. It carries on conversation +with several, asks questions, hears answers, gives and receives +information, and it acts all these parts itself. + + Yet however various and eccentric the imagination may be in +the creating of images and ideas, it cannot supply the place of +memory with respect to things that are forgotten when we are awake. +For example, if we have forgotten the name of a person, and dream +of seeing him and asking him his name, he cannot tell it; for it is +ourselves asking ourselves the question. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + But though the imagination cannot supply the place of real +memory, it has the wild faculty of counterfeiting memory. It dreams +of persons it never knew, and talks to them as if it remembered +them as old acquaintance. It relates circumstances that never +happened, and tells them as if they had happened. It goes to places +that never existed, and knows where all the streets and houses are, +as if we had been there before. The scenes it creates are often as +scenes remembered. It will sometimes act a dream within a dream, +and, in the delusion of dreaming, tell a dream it never dreamed, +and tell it as if it was from memory. It may also be remarked, that +the imagination in a dream has no idea of time, as tune. It counts +only by circumstances; and if a succession of circumstances pass in +a dream that would require a great length of time to accomplish +them, it will appear to the dreamer that a length of time equal +thereto has passed also. + + As this is the state of the mind in a dream, it may rationally +be said that every person is mad once in twenty-four hours, for +were he to act in the day as he dreams in the night, he would be +confined for a lunatic. In a state of wakefulness, those three +faculties being all active, and acting in unison, constitute the +rational man. In dream it is otherwise, and, therefore, that state +which is called insanity appears to be no other than a dismission +of those faculties, and a cessation of the judgment during +wakefulness, that we so often experience during sleep; and +idiocity, into which some persons have fallen, is that cessation of +all the faculties of which we can be sensible when we happen to +wake before our memory. + + In this view of the mind, how absurd it is to place reliance +upon dreams, and how much more absurd to make them a foundation for +religion; yet the belief that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, +begotten by the Holy Ghost, a being never heard of before, stands +on the foolish story of an old man's dream. "And behold the angel +of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son +of David, fear not thou to take unto thee Mary thy wife, for that +which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost." -- Matt. 1. 20. + + After this we have the childish stories of three or four other +dreams: about Joseph going into Egypt; about his coming back again; +about this, and about that, and this story of dreams has thrown +Europe into a dream for more than a thousand years. All the efforts +that nature, reason, and conscience have made to awaken man from +it, have been ascribed by priestcraft and superstition to the +working of the devil, and had it not been for the American +Revolution, which, by establishing the universal right of +conscience, [NOTE: The words "right of" are not in the Paris +edition. -- Editor.] first opened the way to free discussion, and +for the French Revolution that followed, this Religion of Dreams +had continued to be preached, and that after it had ceased to be +believed. Those who preached it and did not believe it, still +believed the delusion necessary. They were not bold enough to be +honest, nor honest enough to be bold. + + [NOTE: The remainder of this essay, down to the last two + paragraphs, though contained in the Paris pamphlet, was struck + out of the essay by Paine when he published it in America; it + was restored by an American editor who got hold of the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + + original manuscript, with the exception of two sentences which + he supposed caused the author to reserve the nine paragraphs + containing them. It is probable, however, that this part was + omitted as an interruption of the essay on Dream. The present + Editor therefore concludes to insert the passage, without any + omission, in this footnote: + + "Every new religion, like a new play, requires a new apparatus +of dresses and machinery, to fit the new characters it creates. The +story of Christ in the New Testament brings a new being upon the +stage, which it calls the Holy Ghost; and the story of Abraham, the +father of the Jews, in the Old Testament, gives existence to a new +order of beings it calls Angels. There was no Holy Ghost before the +time of Christ, nor Angels before the time of Abraham. We hear +nothing of these winged gentlemen, till more than two thousand +years, according to the Bible chronology, from the time they say +the heavens, the earth, and all therein were made. After this, they +hop about as thick as birds in a grove. The first we hear of, pays +his addresses to Hagar in the wilderness; then three of them visit +Sarah; another wrestles a fall with Jacob; and these birds of +passage having found their way to earth and back, are continually +coming and going. They eat and drink, and up again to heaven. What +they do with the food they carry away in their bellies, the Bible +does not tell us. Perhaps they do as the birds do, discharge it as +they fly; for neither the scripture nor the church hath told us +there are necessary houses for them in heaven. One would think that +a system loaded with such gross and vulgar absurdities as scripture +religion is could never have obtained credit; yet we have seen what +priestcraft and fanaticism could do, and credulity believe. + + From Angels in the Old Testament we get to prophets, to +witches, to seers of visions, and dreamers of dreams; and sometimes +we are told, as in 1 Sam. ix. 15, that God whispers in the ear. At +other times we are not told how the impulse was given, or whether +sleeping or waking. In 2 Sam. xxiv. 1, it is said, "And again the +anger of the lord was kindled against Israel, and he moved David +against them to say, Go number Israel and Judah." And in 1 Chron. +xxi. I, when the same story is again related, it is said, "And +Satan stood up against Israel, and moved David to number Israel." + + Whether this was done sleeping or waking, we are not told, but +it seems that David, whom they call "a man after God's own heart," +did not know by what spirit he was moved; and as to the men called +inspired penmen, they agree so well about the matter, that in one +book they say that it was God, and in the other that it was the +Devil. + + Yet this is trash that the church imposes upon the world as +the WORD OF GOD; this is the collection of lies and contradictions +called the HOLY BIBLE! this is the rubbish called REVEALED +RELIGION! + + The idea that writers of the Old Testament had of a God was +boisterous, contemptible, and vulgar. They make him the Mars of the +Jews, the fighting God of Israel, the conjuring God of their +Priests and Prophets. They tell us as many fables of him as the +Greeks told of Hercules. They pit him against Pharaoh, as it were + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + AN ESSAY ON DREAM. + +to box with him, and Moses carries the challenge. They make their +God to say insultingly, "I will get me honor upon Pharaoh and upon +all his Host, upon his chariots and upon his Horsemen." And that he +may keep his word, they make him set a trap in the Red Sea, in the +dead of the night, for Pharaoh, his host, and his horses, and drown +them as a rat-catcher would do so many rats. Great honor indeed! +the story of Jack the giant-killer is better told! + + They match him against the Egyptian magicians to conjure with +them, and after hard conjuring on both sides (for where there is no +great contest there is no great honor) they bring him off +victorious. The first three essays are a dead match: each party +turns his rod into a serpent, the rivers into blood, and creates +frogs: but upon the fourth, the God of the Israelites obtains the +laurel, he covers them all over with lice! The Egyptian magicians +cannot do the same, and this lousy triumph proclaims the victory! + + They make their God to rain fire and brimstone upon Sodom and +Gomorrah and belch fire and smoke upon mount Sinai, as if he was +the Pluto of the lower regions. They make him salt up Lot's wife +like pickled pork; they make him pass like Shakespeare's Queen Mab +into the brain of their priests, prophets, and prophetesses, and +tickle them into dreams, [NOTE: "Tickling a parson's nose as 'a +lies asleep, Then dreams he of another benefice." (Rom. and Jul.) +-- Editor.] and after making him play all kinds of tricks they +confound him with Satan, and leave us at a loss to know what God +they meant! + + This is the descriptive God of the Old Testament; and as to +the New, though the authors of it have varied the scene, they have +continued the vulgarity. + + Is man ever to be the dupe of priestcraft, the slave of +superstition? Is he never to have just ideas of his Creator? It is +better not to believe there is a God, than to believe of him +falsely. When we behold the mighty universe that surrounds us, and +dart our contemplation into the eternity of space, filled with +innumerable orbs revolving in eternal harmony, how paltry must the +tales of the Old and New Testaments, profanely called the word of +God, appear to thoughtful man! The stupendous wisdom and unerring +order that reign and govern throughout this wondrous whole, and +call us to reflection, 'put to shame the Bible!' The God of +eternity and of all that is real, is not the God of passing dreams +and shadows of man's imagination. The God of truth is not the God +of fable; the belief of a God begotten and a God crucified, is a +God blasphemed. It is making a profane use of reason. -- Author.] + + I shall conclude this Essay on Dream with the first two verses +of Ecclesiastics xxxiv. one of the books of the Apocrypha. "The +hopes of a man void of understanding are vain and false; and dreams +lift up fools. Whoso regardeth dreams is like him that catcheth at +a shadow, and followeth after the wind." + + I now proceed to an examination of the passages in the Bible, +called prophecies of the coming of Christ, and to show there are no +prophecies of any such person; that the passages clandestinely +styled prophecies are not prophecies; and that they refer to +circumstances the Jewish nation was in at the time they were +written or spoken, and not to any distance of future time or +person. + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/one.txt b/politicalTextFiles/one.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15411c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/one.txt @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ + + + NEED FOR PROTECTION + + If someone slips and falls in a business, or if a + car taps their car's rear end, they react like they + just won the lottery. If an armed thug breaks into a + home in the dead of night, slips on a child's marbles, + and breaks a leg, he can sue and likely win. + + One idiot strapped a refrigerator on his back and + ran in a race. The strap broke and he hurt his back. + He sued the strap manufacturer and collected $1.3 + million. + + It is impossible to buy an skateboard anywhere + these days. The manufacturers can't get liability + insurance. (So the kids make more dangerous home built + ones instead.) + + Once there is a judgment against somebody, the + court swears them in and takes their testimony "in aid + of collection." They have to tell the court everything + -- no matter how unjust the case is. What properties + they own, what savings accounts, what checking + accounts, and what money market funds, and how much is + in each one. What stocks they own, what bonds they + own, where each and every safe deposit box is and what + precisely they have in each. + + If one were a rapist or murderer, they'd have more + rights, such as a right to silence. But as a judgment + debtor a person has no rights, as the winner now owns + everything. And heaven help the defendant if he fudges + on his testimony. If he conceals a safe deposit box, + or that stash of 100 Krugerrands he buried ten years + ago in the garden, he's committing perjury, a felony. + With mandatory sentencing guidelines in effect in most + jurisdictions, he will go to prison for the amount of + time specified in the statute -- the judge no longer + has the discretion to set the sentence but must + sentence in accordance with the guidelines created by + the legislature for that crime. The popular concept + of probation for a first offense is no longer true in + many jurisdictions, including the federal court system. + The perjury defendant may even spend more time in + prison than the thug who broke into his house and + slipped on his child's marbles. + + While the defendant's lying about his assets will + always be the felony of perjury, if the thug walked + into the house in daylight through an unlocked door, + his crime is likely to be the misdemeanor of trespass, + with a maximum sentence of six months, versus the + perjury felony with a maximum of from five to twenty + years, depending upon the jurisdiction. + + It is all too easy to go around saying it won't + happen, but once it happens, it is too late. If money + is transferred after an incident or accident, that is + concealing assets, which can cause both criminal + charges and civil loss of other assets. The law looks + at it as stealing the property of the person who is + suing, or who may sue. The defendant may think it is + his lifetime savings from hard work, but legally he now + holds it in trust for the person who has a pending + claim. Presumed knowledge of the possibility of a + claim is sufficient to invoke these fraudulent transfer + laws. So if somebody moves their money the morning + after an auto accident, it is likely to come back to + haunt them. The only legally valid protection is to + take careful and legal protective steps before there + is even a potential claim against a person or his + assets. + + While these concerns with protecting assets + obviously apply mostly to American readers, non- + American readers need to consider the dangers of + keeping bank accounts or other assets in America while + this craze rages on. It also raises serious concerns + about the viability of investments in American + businesses that might be affected by such judgments. + + Inadequate insurance + A doctor works all his life to provide competent + and effective care for his patients. A surgery leaves + a patient crippled. No surgeon is 100% successful, but + the jury in the malpractice suit awards the plaintiff + $15,000,000, an amount greater than the policy limits. + Or worse, the insurance company fails and there is no + protection. + + Partnerships + A law firm is having its monthly partners meeting. + They send out for lunch. Most want pizza but one wants + a pastrami sandwich. Their secretary decides to go + pick it up. Unknown to the twelve partners this person + has a horrible driving record. On the way back the + secretary runs into a group of pedestrians. The police + arrive. The secretary eats the pastrami and the + partners are sued. A judge decides that they are + liable as the secretary was performing an act for the + partners in her ordinary course of employment. The + jury, sympathetic to the victims and enraged by the + driving record awards $3,000,000 in damages. As + partners all of the lawyers are jointly and severally + liable. In effect, the jury has awarded the plaintiffs + three condos, two sail boats, three houses, nine cars, + and twelve installment notes. + + Directorships + It used to be an honor to be a director of a bank, + savings and loan or prominent business concern. Today + there are over 2,243 directors of banks and savings + institutions being sued. One hospital failed and the + IRS sued its community advisory board for unpaid back + taxes. + + Simple Ownership + A land speculator bought a parcel for subdivision, + held it for one week and sold it to a developer. + Later, after houses were built, a homeowner who was an + environmental engineer noticed an old buried drum. It + contained a deadly toxin. The Environmental Protection + Agency held the site to be a "superfund" site. The + largest law firm in the world, Uncle Sam, began an + action against the landowners. The suit brought in the + land speculator. Although the total invested was only + $100,000, the inferred liability exceeded $30,000,000. + Under the law this can never be discharged. The + corporate builder and corporate developer collapsed + leaving the individual land speculator to carry forever + his modern scarlet letter. + + Joint Ownership + Mom with the best of intention deeded her house to + joint ownership with her son. She intended to avoid + probate, taxes, etc. Unfortunately, a tax shelter that + he participated in resulted in an unfunded tax + liability of $75,000. The son was a little down on his + luck at the time of the tax levy. IRS can seize and + sell the house according to the United States Supreme + Court. + + Inferred Liability + A woman answers a knock at the door and lets the + IRS agent into her house. the IRS agent gives her a + bill for over $100,000 of back taxes, penalties, and + interest with her ex-husband's name. Apparently he was + a little creative with his filings, while she simply + signed their joint return. + + Inadequate Corporation + Almost everyone knows that you may use a + corporation to shield liability from its shareholders. + Unfortunately most people fail to follow all the rules + about keeping the corporate papers and procedures up to + standard. A good attorney has an excellent chance of + penetrating the "corporate veil" and going directly to + the officers', directors' and shareholders' pockets. + + Charitable Adventures + It is a sad but true statement that the prudent + person today should refrain from serving in any + responsible capacity for a charitable organization. One + of the largest items on the national Boy Scouts' annual + budget is their legal expense. Two scoutmasters take a + number of boys camping. Boys will be boys, and not all + scoutmasters are always perfect. The scoutmaster who + was not at the lake while his partner allowed rough + play to cause a drowning may be held equally liable as + he accepted responsibility for all of the children. + + Childhood Dreams + You are so proud of your child. She has + progressed well in school and been responsible in all + her habits. For a seventeen year old, she is + remarkable. She does, however, like rock music. While + returning from the grocery with your salad fixings her + favorite new song is played on the radio. She turns up + the volume on your expensive car stereo. Way up. She + does not hear the siren of the rescue vehicle + overtaking her to pass. The ensuing wreck leaves a + trail of havoc that leads right into court. Your + insurance company settles the first case for policy + limits leaving you high and dry on the other cases. + Being responsible for her until emancipated, you are + left holding the bag for her accident judgments. + + How many other examples are required? While the + above may seem exceptional, to the affected they + provided financial ruin. This report gives you the + background needed to begin the process of lawsuit and + asset protection. It is not designed as a tool to + prevent one from paying his normal and ordinary debts. + But the extraordinary and unintended financial + calamities that can occur too easily in our litigious + world can be defended against with these techniques. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ontrefug.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ontrefug.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..367096f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ontrefug.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@ + REFUGEES + ******** + + SAFE HAVEN + + CANADA'S RESPONSIBILITY + +This pamphlet is produced by the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, +with the assistance of the Toronto Refugee Affairs Council (TRAC). + + +Introduction +Settlement Services +A Place to Live +Furniture, Food and Supplies +Legal Representation +Counselling +Immigration Medicals +Child Tax Benefit +Educational Equivalency +Schools +Welfare (Social Assistance) +Medical and Dental Care +Working +Where to Get Free Help and Information + +Introduction: +************* + +Refugess: Flight from persecution + +"My wife and I fled Ethiopia on foot, travelling at night, hiding +during the day. We almost died after crossing the Sudan border in +the fighting between Northern and Southern Sudanese soldiers. We +survived in Khartoum for three years, but things were very bad. +Canada was our only chance."-M.S. now a permanent resident of Canada + +Like many other countries, Canada accpets the United Nations +definition of "Convention refugee" and uses this definition to +decide whether someone should be accepted as a refugee in Canada +and allowed to stay here. + +Convention refugees are men, women, and children with good reason +to fear persecution in their home country. Because of their race, +religion, gender, nationality, political viewpoint, or membership +in a particular social group, they consider their lives to possibly +be in danger. If they are lucky enough to escape from their home +country, they cannot return to it in absolute safety. + +The difference between refugees and other immigrants is the +difference between necessity and choice. Refugees do not CHOOSE +to leave their countries; they must. They flee not to live better +lives, but simply to live. And until things change where they +came from, they, unlike non-refugees, must stay away. + +The United Nations High Commission for Refugees estimates that +there are 20 million refugees living outside their country of +origin, as well as 25 to 30 million people still in their home +country but forced from their community or region. Close to +50 million people, in other words, have fled their homes, ususally +because of war, civil strife, or government and military violence. +Many have left behind everything they cared about, their homes, +their businesses, their loved ones. + +For women and girls, who make up more than half the world's +refugers, the situation can be especially difficult. Many +leave their home country because of persecution only to confront +new and equally serious risks. Many who are mothers must protect +both themselves and their children from physical abuse and +terrible poverty. + +For refugees who succeed in reaching another country - by +avoiding police, soldiers, and the people who prey on refugees +in flight - the goal is to find a place to build a new and +prosperous life. + +The vast majority of refugees escape into neighbouring countries. +Many of these countries are themselves unsafe and poor, and +refugees often end up spending years in camps or leading rootless +lives without status or security. Faced with a desperate future, +the goal of many is to seek refugee status in a safe, developed +nation that shelters people feeing terror, persecution, poverty, +and hopelessness. A nation, in short, that has signed the U.N.'s +Geneva Convention for the protection of refugees, and that takes +action to fulfill its conditions. + +Canada is one of those nations and accepts refugees by two routes. +The first is through overseas selection, including both government +and private sponsorship. Through this process, Canadian visa +officers assess applicants abroad and decide whether they meet the +definition of Convention refugee and can adapt to life in Canada. +If the visa officer's decision is positive, they may be sponsored +to Canada by the Canadian government or by private sponsors, such +as ethnocultural groups, church organizations and small groups of +sympathetic individuals. + +The difficulty is that most refugees have no access to the few +Canadian visa officers abroad. Refugees in camps or remote areas +may not even know they exist. To make matters worse, Canada has +has not been doing its duty in actively pursuing these people and +assisting them to immigrate to Canada. + +Applicants can also make a refugee claim at a Canadian border or +airport, or from within the country. If Canada agrees to +consider their claim, they can remain here until the refugee +determination process decides whether they are legitimate +Convention refugees. If successful, they can apply for permanent +resident (landed immigrant) status. If not, they must leave Canada. +Last year, Canada accepted slightly more than half the claims made. + +It isn't easy to reach Canada as a refugee claimant. Not only is +it expensive, but there are barriers to travel. Many refugees +must flee their home without identity or travel documents. As a +result, some are not allowed to board flights to Canada. This is +clearly discrimination. Or they get into trouble by travelling +with false documents. Like other signatories to the Geneva +Convention, Canada recognizes that this many be necessary, and that +these people should not be penalized. In practice, however, they +often are. Also, Canada, does not have enough refugees on the +government Immigration and Refugee Board to properly and fairly +represent their own interests. + +Travelling to Canada may be difficult, but many refugees are +forced to make a claim in Canada rather than wait for the unlikely +miracle of overseas selection. Contrary to popular myth, this is +not "queue jumping" but an accepted and completely legal way for +refugees to find a safe haven. + +Developing countries, the world's poorest nations, support the +great majority of refugees, while most of the developed world is +closing its borders. For most refugees, the prospect of permanent +asylum in a safe country is increasing remote. And, as the United +Nations High Commission for Refugees observes, this can be traced +in part to the reluctance of affluent nations to accept their +moral proportionate responsibility. + +Partly because it is harder for undocumented refugees to reach +our borders, and the federal government is freezing the funding +of travel allowances to bring them to safety, the number of +refugee claims in Canada is DOWN. + +Many Canadians feel that we have already taken more than our +share of refugees. This is a racist stand. They might be +suprised to learn the truth that refugees make up only ten +percent of Canada's annual immigration. The Canadian +government's objective for 1994 is 28,300 refugees, of which +15,000 will be refugee claimants who make claims at a Canadian +border or airport or in Canada. Canada accepts a woefully +small percentage of the 50,000,000 refugees that exist in this +world. + +Canada endorses a serises of conventions and principles in +support of human rights, security, and fairness. These +conventions and principles compel us to do our share, not +in relation to the performance of other Western nations, but +in relaion to what is just. We are NOT fulfilling our duty. +As individuals, we can press the Canadian government through +our elected representatives to show generosity and compassion. +We can stand by the principles sanctioned by our country and +emphasize our collective, global, human responsibilty. We can +make our voices heard, at a time when those selfish people +opposed to refugees and immigrants will be most vocal. + +If we are in a position to do so, we can also help by sponsoring +a refugee or refugee family. Alternatively, we can volunteer +with a settlement organization, or support the work of an active +international aid agency, church or human rights group. If you +are a person of color, additionally you can approach the Ontario +government minstries of Citizenship, Human Rights or the Ontario +Women's Directorate, for funding to support your group to +sponsor more refugees. + +For more information about refugees in Canada, or to find out how +to help, contact your local refugee host groups, local +ethnocultural organizations, or refugee advocacy group. + + +Settlement Services +******************* + +Settlement services are offered by immigrant aid organizations, +multicultural centres, and some government offices. The goal of +these services is to help newcomers get started in Canada. +All services are FREE. + +Staff and volunteers: +* teach English clases, +* help newcomers look for jobs and housing, +* arrange for interpreters, +* accompany newcomers to interviews with officials, +* help fill in forms, +* organize and fund workshops for newcomers and their communities, +* provide free legal services, +* provide written information about community and government + services, English as a Second Languages classes, and citizenship + requirements +* help people learn about things that they may be unfamiliar, such + as the public transportation system, winter clothing, and all + the government programs available to them, +* help children and adults who are being abused, +* offer individual and family counselling, and +* refer newcomers to other services when necessary. + + +A Place to Live +*************** + +Housing is a basic right, but is can be expensive, especially in +big cities. When you first come to a new town or city, you will +probably find that you can afford only a rented apartment or room. +And you may have to share the rent with someone else, especially +if you want to live downtown. + +Most apartments and rooms are unfurnished but you may find one +that is furnished with beds, tables, chairs and so on. +Unfurnished places usually cost less than furnished one. + +Here are some tips on finding a place to live: + +* Immigration offices keep listings of landlords who prefer to + house refugee and immigrants. So see your local immigration + office first. + +* Check your local multicultural centre. They have listings of + people wanting to share accomodations, landlords looking for + tenants, government funded multi-cultural co-op housing + (both townhouses and apartments,) that are available for + qualified ethnic groups, as well as other government subsidized + housing. + +* Most Welfare offices have housing counsellors. Ask your worker + if someone at the office can help you find a place to live. + +* Try to find a place where the "utilities" (heat and hot water) + are part of the rent. That way, you will know exactly what your + monthly housing expenses will be. + +* Look for a room or apartment close to public transit. Public + transit make it easier to get around. As a refugee you qualify + for free public transit. You may also want to look for a + neighbourhood where people speak your language. + +* When you are looking, walk around parts of the town or city where + there are lots of apartments and rooms. Watch for signs that say + "For Rent." Usually cheaper places are not advertised in the + newpapers. And check the notice boards at community agencies, + settlement services, multicultural centres and large shopping + markets. + +* Remember that landlords will often want the first and last + months' rent before they will agree to rent to you. This is + legal, but be sure to get a written receipt. Immigration Canada + as well as your Welfare office will provide you with additional + money to pay this. + +* There are laws that regulate rented housing. The most important + law is The Landlord and Tenant Act. As a tenant, you have + rights, but landlords often don't give correct information about + these things. Find out more by talking to the people at your + community legal clinic. They can answer questions about: + - leased + - rent increases + - notices + - illegal charges (key money) + - repairs and maintenance + - eviction + - going to court + - terminating a tenancy + - health and building standards + - discrimination in housing, and + - any other concerns you have about being a tenant + +IF YOU MOVE: +If you move, tell the Immigration office in writing about your new +address before you leave your old place. If you don't, you may be +violating a condition of your stay in Canada. And you might miss +cheques being sent to you from the Immigration Office. + +Also, if you are receiveing Welfare, tell your Welfare worker that +you are moving. If you don't, you might not get your Welfare cheque. + + +Furniture, Food and Supplies +**************************** + +To set up your new home, you will need furniture, food, household +appliances and supplies. For furniture, you will probably need +tables, chairs, beds, dressers, and a sofa. You should look for a +place that already has a refrigerator and stove becasue these +appliances are usually included in the rent. + +You will probably need pots and pans, dishes, cutlery, dish +washing supplies, garbage bags, sheets and blankets, pillows, +towels, clothes hangers, toilet paper, and laundry soap. And of +course you will need basic food supplies. + +There are places where you can get many of these things at low +cost or for free. + +Immigration Canada will supply you with additional funding, +specially for your furniture, food and housing costs. This is +in addition to Welfare or other benefits you may be receiving. +If you are reciving Welfare or Family Benefits, you should be +able to get extra money for some home appliances and furniture, +including baby furniture. However, the rules about this are +different in different towns and cities. + +If you are staying in a hostel, you may qualify for a sum of +money from Welfare or Family Benefits when you are about to +leave the hostel this money is called a "community start-up +benefit." You may also qualify for this benefit if you have +to move to leave a place or situation that is harmful to your +health. + +Goodwill Industries and the Salvation Army have thrift stores +that sell secondhand clothes, linen, furniture, and toys. The +St. Vincent de Paul Society is another good source. Call to find +the nearest outlet. Churches and community organizations can +also be a good source of supplies. + +You can reduce your expenses by getting some of your supplies +from a food bank. In the Toronto area, call the Hunger Hotline +at (416) 392-6655. The Hotline will tell you which food depot +is closest to you. Outside Toronto, call your community +information centre. + +Remember: Convenience stores or corner stores are not a cheap +place to buy staple foods. It's best to buy your basic food +supplies at discount stores, food buying clubs, outdoor markets, +ethnic markets and large grocery stores. If you don't speak +English, beware, as often you will be taken advantage of +unless you decide to do most of your shopping at markets that +are owned by those of your own ethnocultural background. + + +LEGAL REPRESENTATION +******************** + +Under Canada's Immigration Act, you have the right to free legal +representation, even if you have a deportation order against you +and are here "illegally." Immigration officials should tell you +about this right. This right to free legal representation not +only applies to your immigration hearings, but to all matters, +including, civil matters and criminal charges. + +We strongly recommend that you get qualified legal counsel for +your Refugee Hearing because of its importance. + +It is up to you to arrange for a lawyer or community legal worker +to represent you at the hearing. Keep the following points in mind: +* You have the right to choose your own counsel, and as a refugee + you are automatically eligible for a Legal Aid Certificate. +* Contact your local multicultural centre as they can find you + a lawyer or consultant who knows your language and specializes + in those with your ethnocultural background. +* Apply for free legal help (a Legal Aid Certificate) from the + Ontario Legal Aid Plan. Or call your local multicultural + centre or a community legal clinic. + +Legal Aid Certificates + +You can aply for help to pay for a lawyer through the Certificate +Program of the Ontario Legal Aid Plan (OLAP). As a refugee your +application will be automatically approved, and all your lawyer's +fees will be paid. To apply for a Certificate in Metro Toronto, +go in person to one of the four Legal Aid offices between 8:30 a.m. +and 3:00 p.m., Monday to Friday. When you go, take the following: + +* an interpreter if you don't speak English well, +* personal identification such as passports, birth certificates, + and other identity documents, and +* any documents that relate to yur refugee claim, especially your + PIF (Personal Information Form) if you have one. + +The Ontario Legal Aid Plan Offices are located at: + + 375 University Avenue, + Suite 204, + Toronto + + 1921 Eglinton Avenue East + Unit 1A + Scarborough + + 5415 Dundas Street West + Etobicoke + + 45 Sheppard Avenue East + Suite 106 + North York + +For information about Legal Aid Certificates in Mississauga, +Brampton, or elsewhere in the Regional Municipality of Peek, call +(905) 890-8696, For information about Certificates anywhere in +York County, including Metro Toronto, call (4160 598-0200. If you +live elsewhere in Ontario, your Legal Aid office will be listed +under "Legal Aid" in the white pages of your telephone book. + +The Refugee Law Office (Metro Toronto) + +Metro-area refugee claimants have the option of taking their +Legal Aid Certificates to the Refugee Law Office. Staff lawyers +at the Office will represent claimants when they appear before +the IRB, but claimants msut first get a Legal Aid Certificate. +Staff may also represent claimants if their cases are later taken +to the Federal Court. The Refugee Law Offcie is located at 481 +University Avenue, near the St. Patrick subway stop. Telephone +(4160 977-8111 for more information. + + +COUNSELLING +*********** + +Free counselling is available for: + +* all newcomers to Ontario, +* people who have been tortured, +* women who have been abused, and +* people who have family or personal problems. + +For victims of torture: + +There is an organization in Toronto called the Canadain Centre +for Victims of Torture (CCVT). CCVT is a charitable organization +set up to arrange medical, legal, and social care for torture +victims and their families and to help them adjust to Canadian +society. CCVT's goal is to help all torture victims, especially +those who immigrate to Canda or come as refugees or refugee +claimants. For more information, contact CCVT at (416) 516-2977. + +For Newcomers to Ontario: + +If you are new to Ontario, find out about the help provided by +Welcome House. Welcome House is a free settlement service offered +by the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship. It has branches in +Toronto, North York, Scarborough, Mississauga, and Hamilton, and +can: +* translate all your documents free of charge into English to + help you look for a job, or apply for school, +* provide information about community and government services + available to you, many of which are not commonly known, +* help you fill in application forms for things such as Welfare, + Family Allowance and your Health card, +* will put you in touch with other organizations that can help + you, or that specifically cater to your ethnocultural group, +* provide a free Newcomer's Guide to Ontario + +Counsellors at Welcome House speak many languages, and its +Ministry's publications (such as the Newcomer's Guide) are +often translated. Here are the addresses and phone numbers for +Welcome House brances in Metro Toronto, Mississauga and Hamilton: + +Ontario Welcome House - Downtown +132 St. Patrick Street +Toronto, Ontario M5T 1V1 +(416)314-6747 + +Ontario Welcome House - Scarborough +4439 Sheppard Avenue East +Scarborough, Ontario M1S 1V3 +(416) 314-6470 + +Ontario Welcome House - North York +1056A Wilson Avenue +Downsview, Ontario M3K 1G6 +(416) 314-6480 + +Ontario Welcome House - Mississauga +90 Dundas Street West +Mississauga, Ontario L5B 2T5 +(905) 848-4680 + +Ontario Welcome House - Hamilton +2 King Street West, Plaza Level, +Hamilton, Ontario L8P 1A1 +(905) 521-7569 + +For people with personal or family problems: + +Many agencies provide counselling to individuals, couples, and +families. If you live in the Toronto area, you may want to +contact one of the followig if you have a personal or family +problem: + +* Immigrant Women's Health Centre: (416) 323-9986 +* COSTI-IIAS Immigrant Services: (416) 658-1600 +* Catholic Family Services of Toronto: (416) 362-2481 +* Family Service Association of Metro Toronto: (416) 922-3126 +* Assaulted Women's Helpline: (416) 863-0511 +* Multicultural Coalition for Access to + Family Services and Benefits: (416) 516-0204 + + +IMMIGRATION MEDICALS +******************** + +Once you have made a claim to be a Convention Refugee, you must +have a medical examination. Immigration will give you a medical +report form for a doctor to complete when you are examined. This +form comes with instructions on how the doctor should fill it in. +Before you give the medical report form to your doctor, you must +attach two passport-sized photographs of yourself to the form. +There is a space on the front page for your photos. + +The medical examination has two parts: +* a physical examination by the doctor, and +* blood tests and x-rays that are done at a hospital or local clinic. + +Immigration will give you a list of doctors who can give you the +physical examination and arrange the other tests. You must see +a doctor on this list, but you should first find out from your local +multicultural centre, which doctors are the most symathetic for +your group. + +The results of your physical examination, blood tests, and x-rays +should be sent to Ottawa by registered mail. Your doctor can do +this, or you can do it yourself. Send the results to: + Health and Welfare Canada + Medical Servcies Branch, Overseas Region, + 301 Elgin Street + Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L3 + +Should you be rejected as a Convention Refugee due to medical +grounds, seek out Legal Aid and a lawyer immediately, since +most reasons for rejection due to serious disease can easily +be overturned on "humanitarian grounds". + + +CHILD TAX BENEFIT +***************** + +You do not have to be a citizen or to have ever paid income taxes +to be eligible for this tax rebate, so be sure to read this section. + +Who is eligible for the Child Tax Benefit? + +If you have one or more children under 18 years of age and living +with you in Canada, you are eligible for the Child Tax Benefit. +You or your spouse must: +* be found to be a Convention refugee, or +* be landed (get permanent resident status) in Canada, or +* have had a Minister's Permit for at least 18 months. + +You are eligible for benefits the month after one of these things +happens. If you are already eligible when you adopt or give birth +to a child in Canada, your benefits date fromt he month after your +child is born or adopted. + +Single parents, parents in a legal marriage, and parents in a +common-law relationship can apply for the Child Tax Benefit. + +How much money will we get from this benefit? + +If you get the Child Tax Benefit, you will receive a cheque each +month. Benefit cheques are sent to the child's "primary caregiver," +usually the mother. The amount depends on the number of children +you have who are under 18 years of age. It also depends on your +family's income last year. The government calculates a new monthly +amount for this benefit every year, beginning in July. + +To be eligible for the Child Tax Benefit, you and your spouse must +have filed income tax returns in you were in Canada last year. If +you haven't done so, file them now. You don't need to have any +taxable income to file a tax return, but you should do so anyways +to get all the tax benefits due to you. You and your spouse must +both file tax returns every year to keep getting the Child Tax +Benefit. + +If you were not in Canada last year, complete and enclose a +"Statement of World Income" with your application for the Child +Tax Benefit. Ask for a copy of this form at the nearest office +of Revenue Canada or Health and Welfare. Or call 1-800-387-1193 +for more information. It doesn't cost anything to call. + +Child Tax Benefit payments are tax free. Do not report them as +income on your income tax return. + +How do I apply for the Child Tax Benefit? + +Pick up an application form at any Revenue Canada or Health and +Welfare office. Or call 1-800-387-1193 (toll-free) and ask that +a form be sent to you. + +The application form will ask for your Social Insurance Number +(SIN). You must have a SIN before you can apply. + +Complete the application form, then mail or take it to the +nearest Health and Welfare office. Remember to enclose copies +of these documents: +* your children's birth or baptismal certificates, or their + passports or Immigration records, +* the Immigration records or Canada Immigration documents that + prove your status, and +* a Statement of World Income form if you were not in Canada last + year. + +If you mail your application, enclose photocopies of your +documents after getting them certified by a teacher, doctor, +lawyer, bank manager, or other professional. Getting documents +certified is explained in the booklet that comes with your +application form. + +It takes the government about three months to approve a new +application, but you will get "back payments" for the months +you waited. You will also get back payments if you were +entitled to benefits for a month or more (up to eleven months) +before you applied. + + +EDUCATIONAL EQUIVALENCY +*********************** + +Document translation for education and employment: + +MTU (the Multilingual Tranlslation Unit, Ontario Ministry of +Citizenship) provides a translated summary ("abstract") of the +following documents: birth or baptismal certificates, +educational certificates and work testimonials. + +MTU services are provided free of charge to the following +residents of Ontario: Canadain citizens, landed immigrants +(permanent residents), refugees, refugee claimants wih a work +or education authorization, Minister's Permit holders with a +work or educaiton authorization, and people who have been +approved in principle (AIP) and have a work or education +authorization. + +MTU is located at Ontario Welcome House, 132 Patrick Street, +3rd Floor, Toronto, M5T 1V1. Call MTU at (416) 314-6741 or +(416) 314-6744 for instructions on how to submit your documents. +It is important to follow these instructions whether you take +your documents to MTU in person or send them in by mail. + +Note: If you submit documents for someone else, you must show +written permission (a letter of consent) from that person. + +Evaluation of educational documents: + +Elementary and secondary education: If you documents have been +translated, the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training will +do an equivalency evaluation of schooling completed outside +Ontario, for free. For more information, write or telephone: + Ministry of Education and Training + Registrar Services (Evaluation Services) + 12th Floor, Mowat Block, Queen's Park, + Toronto, M7A 1L2 (416) 325-4300 + +To get this evaluation done, go to Registrar Services, fill out +an application, and provide the necessary documents. + +If you want elementary or secondary school documents evaluated +because you plan to attend school (or to send your child to +school), ask for an evaluation from the school you or your child +plan to attend. To receive this service, you should live within +that school's area and be seeking admission there. + +Post-secondary education: The following service compares foreign +qualifications to the standards used by Canadian colleges and +universities: + The Comparative Education Service, + University of Toronto, + 214 College Street, room 202, + Toronto, M5T 2Z9 (416) 978-2185. + +Take originals of your documents, or send photocopies by mail. +Also take or send all translations of your documents. Evaluation +costs $55 (payable by money order or certified cheque to the +University of Toronto, Offcie of Admissions). The Comparative +Education Sevice is open Monday to Friday, 9:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., +and can be reached by phone until 4:00 p.m.. Ask how long your +evaluation will take. + +York Universiy has a similar service. For further information, +contact the Document Evaluation Service, Admissions Office, +Atkinson College, York Unviersity, 4700 Keele Street, North York, +M3J 1P3 (416) 736-5217. The office is open Monday to Friday, +8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and evaluations costs $40. Take or send +translations plus your original documents. All originals will be +returned to you. + +Your local Welfare or Family Benefits Office will provide you +with the money you need to pay for these services. + +Trade Qualifications: + +The Apprenticeship and Client Services Branch of the Ontario +Government is the office in charge of evaluation and approving +trade qualifications. Evaluation is based on an assessment of +the applicant's training and employment experience. If possible, +submit letters from previous employers if yo apply for this +evaluation. + +Ontario standards may be different from standards elsewhere. +If you have equivalent training, you may still have to pass +an Ontario qualification examination. Thsi examination is given +English and French only, but you may bring an interpreter and a +dictionary. If you cannot show a skill level equivalent to +Ontario standards, you may be able to enter free apprenticeship +and advance standing. This will depend on you prior training and +experience. + +To arrance an interview, contact the Apprenticeship and Client +Services Branch. Call the Training Hotline at 1-800-387-5656 for +the office nearest you. + +Professional Qualifications: + +If you have professional qualifications, contact the organization +in Ontario that is responsible for your profession. If you do not +know which organization to contact, ask Welcome House. + +The professional organization that governs engineers is the +Association of Professional Engineers or Ontario; for lawyers in +Ontario, it is the Law Society of Upper Canada, for nurses, it is +the Ontario Nurses Association; for social workers, the Ontario +Association of Professional Social Workers, for dentists, the +Royal College of Dental Surgeons; and for doctors, the College of +Physicians and Surgeons. Other professionals should contact +their organizations. + +Appeals: + +If you do not like the assessments done by any of these +organizations and believe that they were biased based upon +ethnicity, gender, sexual persuasion, or disability, it is +YOUR RIGHT, to take the matter to the Ontario Human Rights +Commission and file a complaint. Ontario Human Rights offices +are listed at the end of this publication. + + +SCHOOLS +******* + +School systems in Ontario: + +There are two publicly funded school systems in Ontario, one is +non-denominational and one that is Roman Catholic. + +In Metro Toronto: + +The Non-Denominational System: In Metro Toronto, the non- +denominational system has an English board of education (called +the metropolitan Board of Education) and a French board of +education (called the French Public School Board). The English +board is made up of six boards of education, one in each for the +City of Toronto, East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, +and York. All its schools teach students in English. All schools +in the French Public School Board are non-denominational and teach +students in French. The French Public School Board covers all of +Metro. + +In the non-denominational system there is the Heritage Language +Program. Although there are no set guidelines, if you provide a +petition with sufficient names, the school is obliged to set up +programs to teach your children your native language free of +charge after regular school hours, regardless of what language +that is. The Toronto Board of Education alone spends $4.4 million +dollars on this program. If you have any problems getting your +school to implement such a program, you can contact your local +multicultural centre or the Ontario Human Rights Commission. + +The Metropolitan Separate School Board: Theh Metropolitan +Separate School board covers all of Metro's publicly-funded Roman +Catholic schools. It has a French section and an English section. + +Private Schools: There are many private and parochial schools +that are not part of the publically-funded school systems. + +Outside of Metro Toronto, call your community information centre +to find out about the school systems in your area. + +Enrolling children in school: + +Newcomers must often decide whether to send their children to +English or French schools. They must also choose among the non- +denominational, Roman Catholic, or private systems. After finding +the nearest school that meets their requirements, parents may +visit the school and ask questions about it. Or they can call +their school board and ask about other schools. + +In most cases, it is best for children to begin school soon after +arriving in Canada. It is not always easy to know which grade +your child should enter (especially if he or she is of high school +age), but this can be worked out with school staff. They will +suggest a grade for your child and will help you make important +decisions about his or her education. + +When you register your child, tell school staff about your child's +special needs, interests, and problems, if any. Make sure that +staff understand your child's medical or dietary needs and +learning problems. Give the staff a good idea of your child's +previous education. School documents are not required but would be +helpful + +You can find out about school hours, lunch arrangements, holidays, +and "before school" and "after school" activities from the staff. + +ADULT EDUCATION + +English as a Second Language: ESL Classes + +English classes for newcomers are often called ESL classes. "ESL" +stands for "English as a Second Language." + +ESL classes are offered through boards of education, community +colleges, immigrant aid agencies (such as COSTI, the Chinese +Interpreter adn Information Service, and St. Stephen's Community +Centre in Toronto), and many other organizations, including Welcome +House. + +Some ESL classes are given during the day. Others are given in the +evening or on the weekend. All these classes are free, but many of +those sponsored by the Canadian Immigration department, and through +Government of Ontario programs also provide free Day Care, and free +transportation. (The Federal Immigration department sponsored +classes provided through the Separate School Board of Metro Toronto +provide free "Metro Passes" that provide unlimited use of the +public transportation service, as well as free Day Care services.) + +For more information, contact your school board, immigrant aid +agency, community information centre, or any of the Welcom Houses. + +High School and College Programmes: + +You can take high school and college classes free of charge to +upgrade your education, but first you must ask Immigration for +permission to enroll. Immigration will give you a student +authorization. + +University Programmes: + +Your foreign diplomas and experience may count for credits in +universities. It is up to the individual institution as to what +and how many credits they give you for your foreign experience. +Bring copies of all your documentation to their admissions +department. You can not take these courses for free. + + +WELFARE ("SOCIAL ASSISTANCE") + +If you are a refugee claimant and need money to live, you may be +able to get a regular cheque from Welfare. It is your right. + +Telephone your local Welfare office and ask to apply. You will +be interviewed. If you need an interpreter for the interview, +you will probably have to provide your own. Try to set an exact +time for the interview, especially if you plan to have an +interpreter with you. + +When the Welfare worker interviews you, he or she will ask you +questions and will fill in an application form. This form is a +legal document. If you can, check the answers to make sure they +are correct. After the form is completed, you must sign and date +it. + +For this first interview, you will need: +* identification documents such as passports or birth certificates + for each member of your family; +* Immigration papers; +* the addresses of places you have lived and the dates you lived + there; +* you bank account numbers, and records of assets and property; +* information about how much rent you pay, the name of your + landlord, and whether your rent includes utilities such as heat + and electricity; and +* your lease and rent receipts if you have them. + +If you receive Welfare, you will get a regular cheque once a month. +If you are refused Welfare, you may appeal this decision. Appeal +forms are available at the Welfare office. If you are refused, +contact your local community legal clinic as soon as possible. + +Your Welfare cheques are supposed to pay for your monthly rent, +food, and other basic needs. In addition, you are also eligible +for additional monthly funding for rent, furniture and clothing +from the federal Immigration Department; these payments will not +affect the amount of Welfare you receive. + +Getting Welfare means more than just a regular cheque. It includes +free prescription drugs and some free dental care. Also, Welfare +may help with other needs. If you want help getting special +assistance from Welfare for things such as baby needs, winter +clothing or first and last month's rent payments, speak to your +Welfare worker. + +Your Welfare cheque has four parts: +* the cheque itself, +* the cheque stub, +* your drug card, and +* an income statement. + +To get your next cheque on time, you must complete your income +statement and send it back to Welfare. Welfare wants the +statement to be signed and dated on the 16th of the month. + +If you start a job or receive any income, tell the Welfare office +at once. Also tell Welfare about any change of address or change +in the number of family members living with you. + +Please note: If you move to anothe part of town, your cheque may +be delayed. Advise Welfar of your change of address as soon as +possible. + +Get to know your Welfare worker's schedule. Each worker has +specific office hours for taking telephone calles from clients. +At other times, secretaries will take telephone messages. + + +Medical and Dental Care +*********************** + +MEDICAL CARE: + +Public health insurance in Ontario (sometimes called OHIP) is +provided by the government. As a refugee claimant, you should +apply to the Ontario government for health coverage as soon as +possible as health problems can happen any time. Without health +coverage, medical care is very expensive. + +If you are receiveing Welfare, you will be eligible for government +health coverage and should apply immediately. Welfare will ensure +you get it. + +If yo are not receiving Welfare, you can still get free health +coverage if you show proof that you are being processed as a +refugee claimant. If your claim is rejected, your health coverage +continues until you have exhausted all legal appeals. You can +appeal a refusal of your refugee claims several times under the +Ontario Legal Aid Plan, which can extend your coverage by a couple +of years. + +If you are not receiving Welfare, you need to apply for health +insurance yourself. People at Welcome House will help you fill +in the form. + +After your application has been processed, the government will send +you a health card and number (sometimes called an OHIP number) for +your free health coverage. If you have applied for coverage but +you or your family have a medical emergency before you receive your +number, tell the doctor or hospital that you will telephone it to +them as soon as you get it. + +Government health insurance covers medical costs for hospital care, +unlimited visits to the doctor, and some special dental surgery +done in a hospital. It does not cover special requests, forms, +regular dental work, x-rays for Immigration, or certain types of +elective surgery. + +DENTAL CARE: + +Newcomers may need substantial dental care during their first +months in Canada. This can be very expensive, but people +receiving Welfare are covered for certain kinds of dental care. +Some municipalities provide basic dental care, while others +provide only emergency care. It is better to live in large areas +such as Metro Toronto, where there are more benefits, such as +basic dental care. If you are receiving Welfare and need dental +care, get your Welfare worker's approval in advance to make sure +it will be paid for. + + +Working +******* + +Refugee claimants can now get an employment authorization (work +permit) after: +* they prove that they have submitted their Personal Information + Form (for example, by showing that they have received one of + the following from the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB); a + Notice to Appear, or a Notice to Appear for a preliminary + conference). +* their finger prints and photographs have been taken, and +* they and their dependents in Canada have had medical + examinations, and Immigration has the results of these + examinations. + +In most cases, once you get a work permit (two to eight weeks +after you apply,) you can work at any job. However, if your +medical examination calls for a medical follow-up, the sort of +work you are allowed to do will be restricted. + +Your work permit will be good for nine months or until the +Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) makes a negative decision in +your case, whichever comes first. You can get another work +permit if you must have a job offer and pay a fee with your +application The work permit you get will be good only for the +job you have been offered. + +Refugee claimants can get an application for a work permit by +going to their local Immigration office if it is open to the public +or to a Government of Canada Info Centre and asking for a "visitor +kit." In Toronto, refugee claimants can also get a visitor kit by +calling (416) 973-4444. + +Social Insurance Number (S.I.N.): + +Every worker in Canada needs a Social Insurance Number. To apply +for a Social Insurance Number, you have to fill in an application +form that you can get at any Canada Employment Centre. It will +take several weeks to get your S.I.N. When you get it in the +mail, tell your employer what it is. + +Finding Work: + +Finding work isn't always easy, but there are many things you can +do to find a job. + +One of the free employment service sponsored by the Ontario +government is called Futures. Futures is a programme for people +wha are under 15 and "hard to employ" because they are +disadvantaged or inexperienced. It gives them a training +programme and then finds tham a work placement. The goal is to +provide experience that will help them in the future. People +receive minimum wage in the Futures programme. To find the +nearest Futures office, call the following toll-free number: +1-800-387-0777. + +Welcome House offers employment counselling and posts listings +of jobs with the Government of Ontario. If you are a member +of a racial minority, under Ontario's "Employment Equity Act" +(Bill 79), you are a member of one of four groups that get +"special consideration". Under this province's "Positive +Measures" policy, you will get priority to receiving a job +within government ministries and agencies. + +Some community agencies provide employment counselling and +help people find work. Here are a few within the Toronto area: +* Immigrant Women's Job Placement Centre (416) 488-0084 +* Times Change (for women only) (416) 487-2807 +* COSTI-IIAS (416) 658-1600 +* Centre for Spanish Speaking People (416) 533-0680 +* Ethiopian Association Jobs Ontario Centre (416) 516-3117 +* Somali Immigrant Aid Centre (416) 766-7326 +* Access for New Canadians (416) 530-1455 + +Speak to people you know in the area and read advertisements. +Check the classified ("Help Wanted") pages fo newpapers and the +job listings at Canada Employment Centres. Keep your eyes open +for signs in store windows for "help wanted." + +Welfare offices have employment counsellors who can refer refugee +claimants to programmes that help people find work, or get +training to increase your employability. + +Most of the teachers in the Ontario Heritage Language Program, +are recent immigrants and refugees. You do not need a teaching +certificate and the pay is very good. You will have to approach +you local school and suggest that you are willing to teach your +native language to children of your ethnicity. You may have to +start a petition to start the program at your school. (Look in +the School section). + +There are also private employment agencies. Look in the Yellow +Pages of the telephone book under "Employment Agencies." + +If you are highly skilled or university-educated, you may find +that you are not able to work in your chosen field when you first +come to Canada. You may have to take other kinds of work until +you receive the licence or approval needed in your field. + +Unfortunately, there is systemic racism by employers. People of +merit are often overlooked especially in senior and management +positions. If you feel you have been discriminated against you +can file against the employer either with the Ontario Human Rights +Commission or with the Employment Equity Commission, it is your +right. + + Employment Equity Commission + +Toronto +77 Bloor Street West, 10th Floor +Toronto, Ontario M7A 2R9 +(416) 314-7806 + +Ontario Human Rights Commissions Offices: + +Hamilton Sault St. Marie +110 King St. W. #310 390 Bay St., 3rd Floor +(905) 521-7870 (705) 942-8417 + +Kenora Scarborough +227 2nd St S. 3rd Floor, 10 Milner Business Crt. #404 +(807) 468-2866 (416) 314-3555 + +Kingston St. Catherines +80 Queen St. #202 1 St. Paul St., #603 +(613) 548-6750 (905) 684-7406 + +Kitchener Sudbury +824 King St. W., #101 159 Cedar St., 2nd Floor +(519) 571-6078 (705) 670-7222 + +London Thunder Bay +231 Dundas St., #303 28 Noterh Cumberland St., #403 +(519) 661-6600 (807) 343-6003 + +Mississauga Timmins +1290 Central Parkway W. 210 Spruce St. S. #103 +(905) 273-7811 (705) 268-2838 + +Ottawa Toronto +255 Albert St., 4th Floor 595 Bay St., 4th Floor +(613) 232-0489 (416) 326-9511 + + Windsor + 215 Eugenie St W., #100, + (519) 973-1370 + + +WHERE TO GET HELP AND INFORMATION +********************************* + +Informations Services: + +Refugee Information Centre +517 Parliament Street, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontario M4X 1P3 +(416) 966-2233 + +Community Information Centre +of Metropolitan Toronto +(416) 392-0505 + +Welfare: + +Metro Social Services +for information about the +location of Welfare offices +(416) 392-8623 + +Emergency Support +(evenings and weekends) +(416) 392-8600 + +Food Banks: + +The Hunger Hotline (416) 392-6655 +Daily Bread Food Bank (416) 203-0050 +Salvation Army (416) 285-0080 +St. Vincent De Paul (416) 364-5577 + +Women's Shelters: + +Assaulted Women's Hotline +(24-hour information, referral and crisis line) +(416) 863-0511 + +Shirley Samaroo House +(24-hour crisi line and shelter for battered immigrant women) +(416) 249-7095 + +Immigration Offices: + +General Number (416) 973-4444 +444 University Avenue - Toronto +1920 Ellesmere Road - Scarborough +5343 Dundas Street West - Etobicoke +4900 Yonge Street - North York +165 Dundas Street West - Mississauga +110 Queen Street East - Brampton + +Immigration and Refugee Board +1 Front Street West +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 973-4444 + +Settlement Services: + +Ontario Welcome House - Downtown +132 St. Patrick Street +Toronto, Ontario M5T 1V1 +(416) 314-6747 + +Ontario Welcome House - North York +1056A Wilson Avenue +Downsview, Ontario M3K 1G6 +(416) 314-6480 + +Ontario Welcome House - Scarborough +4439 Sheppard Avenue East +Scarborough, Ontario M1S 1V3 +(416) 314-6470 + +Ontario Welcome House - Mississauga +90 Dundas Street West +Mississauga, Ontario L5B 2T5 +(905) 848-4680 + +Community Agencies: + +Afghan Association of Ontario +29 Pemican Court, Unit 6 +Weston, Ontario M9M 2Z3 +(416) 744-9289 + +African-Canadian Immigrant Aid Centre +49 Front Street East, +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 861-0199 + +Arab Community Centre +5298 Dundas Street West +Etobicoke, Ontario M9B 1B2 +(416) 231-7746 + +Canadian African Newcomer Aid +Centre of Toronto (CANACT) +44 Wellington Street East, +Suite 401 +Toronto, Ontario M5E 1C8 +(416) 861-0199 + +Canadian Ukranian Immigrant Aid Society +2150 Bloor Street West, Suite 96 +Toronto, Ontario M6S 1M8 +(416) 767-4595 + +Catholic Immigration Bureau +Main Office: 291 Yonge Street, Toronto (416)977-8600 +* Toronto: + 1108 Dundas Street West, 2nd Floor + (416) 532-0603 + +* Scarborough: + 47 Herron Avenue + (416) 757-7010 + +* Brampton: + 284 Queen Street East, Suite 236 + (905) 457-7740 + +* Mississauga: + 3038 Hurontario Street, Suite 201 + (905) 273-4140 + +Centre for Spanish-Speaking Peoples +1004 Bathurst Street +Toronto, Ontario M5R 3G7 +(416) 533-0680 + +COSTI-IIAS +1710 Dufferin Street +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 658-1600 + +Ethiopian Association in Toronto +851 Bloor Street West, +Toronto, Ontario M6G 1M3 +(416) 535-2766 + +Jamaican Canadian Association +1621 Dupont Street +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 535-4476 + +Malton Community Council +7200 Goreway Drive +Malton, Ontario L4T 2T7 +(905) 677-6270 + +Multicultural Assistance Services of Peel +3025 Hurontario Street, 6th Floor +Mississauga, Ontario L5A 2H1 +(905) 273-7129 + +Multicultural Assistance Services of Peel +21 Queen Street East, Suite 306, +Brampton, Ontario L6W 3P1 +(905) 450-9437 + +Multicultural Coalition for Access to Benefits +1115 College Street, +Toronto, Ontario +(416) 516-0204 + +New Life Centre (Nueva Vida) +2085 Danforth Avenue, Suite 201 +Toronto, Ontario M4C 1K1 +(416) 699-4527 + +Sojourn House +51 Bond Street +Toronto, Ontario M5B 1X1 +(416) 864-0515 + +Somali-Canadian Association of Etobicoke +925 Albion Road, Room 307 +Rexdale, Ontario M9V 1A6 +(416) 742-4601 + +Somali-Canadian Association of Ontario +2459 Dundas Street West +Toronto, Ontario M6B 1X3 +(416) 537-1417 + +Somali Immigrant Aid Organization +698 Weston Road, Suite 21 +Toronto, Ontario M6N 3R3 +(416) 766-7326 + +South Asian Social Services Organization +1123 Albion Road, Suite 203 +Rexdale, Ontario M9V 1A9 +(416) 748-1798 + +Tamil Eelam Society +366 Danforth Avenue, Suite 364 +Toronto, Ontario M4K 1N8 +(416) 463-7647 + +SPECIALIZED REFUGEE ORGANIZATIONS: + +Refugee Information Centre +517 Parliament Street, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontairo M4X 1P3 +(416) 966-2233 + +Working Froup on Refugee Resettlement +(Refugee sponsorship group) +1339 King Street West, #3 +Toronto, Ontario M6K 1H2 +(416) 588-1612 + +Jesuit Centre Refugee Program +947 Queen Street East, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontario M4M 1J9 +(416) 469-1123 + +Quaker Committee for Refugees +52 Elgin Avenue +Toronto, Ontario M5R 1G6 +(416) 964-9669 + +Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture +40 Westmoreland Avenue +Toronto, Ontario M6H 2Z7 +(416) 516-2977 + +United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees +280 Albert Street, Suite 401 +Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 +(613) 232-0909 + +Amnesty International +440 Bloor Street West, 2nd Floor +Toronto, Ontario M5S 1X5 +(416) 929-9477 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/opal.txt b/politicalTextFiles/opal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a50ded9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/opal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1218 @@ + +*************************************************************** +**************** THE OPAL FILE ****************************** +*************************************************************** + +HERE IS THE OPAL FILE: EX FBI AGENT DESCRIBES CIA/MAFIA/OIL COS/ +/JFK KILLING/PRICE GOUGING/BIG BROTHER LINKS: + (WE THE "PEEP"L ARE IN DEEP SHIT): +(CROSS POST TO ALT.ACTIVISM AND LOCAL NEWS ON YOUR MACHINE!!!!!): + +Long, approx 60K and contains some very amazing information, such +as Swiss Account Numbers of high profile people on Mafia Payrolls. +You may be surprised at some of the names mentioned here. + +It also contains references to CIA operations to place subliminal +TV broadcasts throughout Australia and NZ, and other countries. + +Happy reading. + +The Opal File + +The Round Table Financial Takeover of Australia and New Zealand + +- A 20 Year History In Brief + +"Fear them not, therefore; for there is nothing covered that shall +not be revealed; and hidden, that shall shall not be known. "What +I tell you in darkness, that espeak in light; and what ye hear in +the ear, that proclaim upon the housetops." Matthew + +18th May, 1967: Texas oil billionaire Nelson Bunker Hunt, using a +sophisticated satellite technique to detect global deposits, +discovers a huge oil source south of New Zealand in the Great +South Basin. + +10th June, 1967: Hunt and New Zealand Finance Minister reach an +agreement: Hunt will receive sole drilling rights and Muldoon will +receive a $US100,000 non-repayable loan from the Placid Oil Co +(Hunt's). + +8th September, 1967: Placid Oil granted drilling rights to the +Great South Basin. + +10th May, 1968: Hawaiian meeting between Onassis and top +lieutenants, William Colby and Gerald Parsky, to discuss +establishment of a new front company in Australia - Australasian +and Pacific Holdings Limited - to be managed by Michael Hand. +Using Onassis-Rockefeller banks, Chase Manhattan and Shroders, +Travelodge Management Ltd sets up another front to link the +operations to the US. + +Onassis crowned head of the Mafia; Colby (head of CIA covert +operations in S.E. Asia) ran the Onassis heroin operations in the +Golden Triangle (Laos, Burma, Thailand) with 200 Green Beret +Mercenaries - ie the Phoenix Programme. + +Gerald Parsky deputy to ex-CIA/FBI Robert Maheu in the Howard +Hughes organisation, took orders from Onassis and was made +responsible for laundering skim money from the Onassis casino +operations in Las Vegas and the Bahamas. + +Mid-July, 1968: Placid Oil Co and the Seven Sisters (major oil +companies) begin Great South Basin oil exploration - hunt finances +45.5% of exploration costs, Gulf Oil 14.5%, Shell (US) 10%, B.P. +Oil 10%, Standard Oil California 10%, Mobil 6.5% and Arco 6.5%. + +12th October, 1968: Hunt and Seven Sisters announce confirmation +of new oil source comparable to the Alaskan North Slope - gas +reserves estimated at 150 times larger than the Kapuni Field. + +Early 1969: Mafia consolidates its banking operations; David +Rockefeller becomes Chairman of Chase Manhattan; Wriston at +Citibank and Michele Sindona captures the Vatican Bank, +Partnership Pacific launched by Bank of America, Bank of Tokyo and +Bank of New South Wales. + +24th February, 1969: Onassis calls Council meeting in Washington +to discuss strategy to monopolise the Great South Basin discovery. +Council members included Nelson Rockefeller and John McCloy, who +managed the Seven Sisters, and David Rockefeller managed the +Mafia's banking operations. + +McCloy outlines the plan to capture all oil and mineral resources +in Australia and N.Z. + +10th March, 1969: Parsky and Colby use Australasian and Pacific +Holdings to set up a 'front' company in Australia. Using old banks +-Mellon Bank and Pittsburgh National Bank, they buy control of +near-bankrupt Industrial Equity Ltd (I.E.L.) managed by New +Zealander Ron Brierly. + +A'Asian and Pacific Holdings' 'consultant' Bob Seldon helps +Michael Hand set up the new organisation. Seldon took orders from +Mellon and Pittsburgh National Banks, while Hand was directly +responsible to Gerald Parsky and William Colby. Ron Brierly would +take orders from Hand. + +24th July, 1969: New board established for I.E.L. includes Hand, Seldon, Ron +Brierly, plus two Brierly associates - Frank Nugan and Bob Jones. +Both are appointed consultants to A'asian and Pacific Holdings Ltd. + +Jones will help Brierly launder funds into real estate +(Brierly/Jones Investments) while Seldon and Nugan will channel +funds into oil and mineral resources through I.E.L. + +October 1969: Chase Manhattan begins new operation in Australia +with National Bank Australasia and A.C. Goods Associates - Chase-NBA. + +J.C. Fletcher appointed chairman of Seven Sisters' company - +British Petroleum (N.Z.). + +17th February 1970: Gerald Parsky sets up a new heroin-dollar +laundry in Australia - Australian International Finance Corp. +using the Irving Trust Co New York. + +April 1970: Onassis, Rockefeller and the Seven Sisters begin +setting up the shadow World Government using the +Illuminati-controlled banks and the transnational corporations. In +Melbourne they set up the Australian International Finance +Corporation using: + +* Irving Trust Co. N.Y. - linked to Shell Oil, Continental Oil, +Phillips Petroleum. + +* Crocker Citizens National - linked to Atlantic Richfield (Arco), +Standard Oil of California which is Rockefeller-controlled. + +* Bank of Montreal - Petro Canada, Penarctic Oils, Alberta Gas, Gulf Oil. + +* Australia and New Zealand Bank (ANZ). + +Meantime, Japanese members of One World Government move into New +Zealand, helped by Finance Minister R. Muldoon; Mitsubishi and +Mitsui make a profitable deal buying up rights to ironsands helped by Marcona +Corp. (US) and Todd (Shell/BP/Todd). Todd rewarded with sole New +Zealand franchise for Mitsubishi vehicles, Muldoon helps Mitsui +(Oji Paper Co) obtain a lucrative 320 million cubic foot Kiangaroa +Forestry contract with Carter Holt. + +November, 1970: Fletchers extend the Rockefeller Travelodge +operation by buying control of New Zealand's largest travel +company - Atlantic and Pacific Travel. + +Manufacturers' and Retailers' Acceptance Company (in 1970 changed +to Marac): This firm specialises in leasing and factoring (buying +debts at a discount). It also finances imports and exports. The +major shareholders are the Fletcher Group (38.0%), the Commercial +Bank of Australia Ltd (24.7%), NIMU Insurance (7.7%), Phillips +Electrical (3.8%), National Mutual Life Association (2.4%), New +Zealand United Corporation (4.0%). The CBA is a partner in the +supranational Euro-Pacific Corporation, the other partners being +the Midland Bank (UK), the United California Bank (USA), Fuji +(Japan) and Societe Generale de Banque (France). + +Early 1971: Onassis and Rockefeller begin global operation to buy +influence for the One World Government concept. They use Lockheed, +Northrop and Litton Industries 'agent' Adnan Khashoggi, to +organise operations in the Middle East, Iran and Indonesia. I.C.I. +set up $2.5 million slush fund to Australia and N.Z. + +Finance Minister Muldoon changes law to allow Mafia-controlled +banks to begin operations in New Zealand. Links also made by +N.Z.I. in preparation for Paxus control with Hong Kong and +Shanghai; Wells Fargo with Broadbank; Chase Manhattan with General +Finance; Bank of America and Barclays with Fletchers and Renouf in +New Zealand United Corp. All members of the Business Round Table +Organisation. + +Late 1971: Gulf Oil and their man Brierly begin organising chains +of Shell companies and dummy corporations to conceal their +takeover operations of oil, gas and mineral resources and related +industries such as vehicle franchises, vehicle spare parts and +finance services - all part of the Seven Sisters' controlled car +culture. + +To extend links to the US banking operations they buy control of +I.S.A.S. (NSW) and I.S.A.S. (Qld), which hold sole franchise for +construction and mining equipment produced by International +Harvester Credit Co, which is part of Chase Manhattan Bank and +associated with First National Bank Chicago (Chairman Sullivan +also Executive Vice-President of Chase Manhattan), Continental +Illinois (linked with CIA and Mafia Michele Sindona of Vatican +Bank) and Rockefeller's Standard Oil of Indiana (AMOCO). + +I.S.A.S. (Qld) also has strategic holdings in North Flinders +Mines, Flinders Petroleum, Apollo International Minerals. + +February 1972: Onassis and Rockefeller help associate Adnan +Khashoggi buy the Security Pacific National Bank in California and +take control of the United California Bank through CIA-linked +Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Both banks used by Onassis and +Khashoggi to funnel bribes and payoffs via the CIA's Deak Bank to +captive Japanese and other crooked politicians. Security Pacific +also used to 'launder' over $2 million for Nixon's re-election +campaign. Khashoggi also buys 21% of Southern Pacific Properties, +which is the major stockholder in Travelodge (Aust), thereby +establishing direct links to New Zealand, and U.E.B. and Fletchers +through its equity links with Travelodge (N.Z.). + +April 1972: Mafia banking operations expanded through New Hebrides +with establishment of Australian International Ltd to finance +Pacific development by the oil companies (Seven Sisters). Banks +involved include Irving Trust NY, Bank of Montreal, Crocker +International, Australia & N.Z. Bank and the Mitsubishi Bank, +whose president, Nakamaru, is appointed Chairman. + +26th May, 1972: Gerald Parsky installs Michele Sindona as 'owner' +of Franklin National Bank, helped by the Gambino Mafia family and +David Kennedy - Chairman of Continental Illinois Bank and Nixon's +Secretary of the Treasury. + +Pacific Basin Economic Council Conference in Wellington, NZ. +Vice-President Shigeo Nagano also chairman of Nippon Steel and +member of Onassis and other World Government organisations. +Chairman of NZ sub-committee, J. Mowbray is also GenehAo mS1ds+}#!e National Bank. + +Meanwhile, Michele Sindona, acting as the go-between for the Mafia +and the CIA, was the conduit between US and European banks. +Michele Sindona's Vatican Bank and associate Calvi's Abrosiano +Bank was used to finance CIA neo-fascist Italian/Latin American +operations through Licio Gelli's P2 Lodge, which helped to +organise the 'death squads' of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. This +aided the P2 -@+%rs sukh!as Klaus Barbie ('The Butcher of Lyonsf,("wjPqIe Rega - +organiser of the A.A.A. in +Argentina. + +Aoh August, 1972: Gulf Oil associate Bob Seldon helps establish +new banking operation, first NZ international banks include Bank +of New Zealand, D.F.C. (Aust), N.Z.I., Morgan Guaranty Trust, +Morgan Grenfel and S.F. Warburg. + +Fletchers begins expansion overseas with deals signed in +Indonesia, Fiji and New Guinea. + +December 1972: Kirk elected Prime Minister of New Zealand. + +February, 1973: Gerald Parsky, William Colby, Michael Hand, Frank +Nugan and Bob Seldon move to further consolidate the Mafia banking +operations. In NZ they acquire 20% Fletcher subsidiary Marac, +using the Security Pacific National Bank helped by Marac Corporate +secretary Alan Hawkins. + +Frank Nugan and Michael Hand use Fletcher and Renouf and their NZ +United Corporation to link with I.E.L. and Brierly Investments +through cross-shareholding agreement. + +In Australia, the Nugan Hand Bank begins operations with 30% of +the stock held by A'asian and Pacific Holdings (100% Chase +Manhattan Bank), 25% by CIA's Air America (known as 'Air Opium'), +25% by South Pacific Properties and 20% held by Seldon, Nugan and +Hand. + +The Irving Trust Bank's New York Branch establishes US links +between the CIA and Nugan Hand, a worldwide network of 22 banks +set up to: + +a) 'launder' money from Onassis heroin operations in the Golden +Triangle and Iran; +b) as a CIA funnel to pro-US political parties in Europe and Latin +America, including Colby's P2; +c) a spying conduit for information from Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam +and Thailand; +d) finance arms smuggled to Libya, Indonesia, South America, +Middle East and Rhodesia using the CIA's Edward Wilson. + +Colby and Kissinger use key CIA and Naval Intelligence officers to +oversee the operation, including Walter McDonald (former Deputy +Director CIA), Dale Holmgren (Flight Service Manager CIA Civil Air +Transport), Robert Jansen (former CIA Station Chief, Bangkok) etc. + +Heroin flown into Australia by CIA's Air America and trans-shipped +to Onassis lieutenant in Florida, Santos Trafficante Jr, assisted +by Australian Federal Bureau of Narcotics officials and +co-ordinated by CIA's Ray Cline. + +14th June, 1973: Inauguration of the Onassis shadow World +Government - the Trilateral Commission. Includes over 200 members from the US, +Europe and Japan - bankers, government officials, transnational +corporations' top executives, trade unionists, etc. Of the world's +largest corporations, 24 directly represented and dozens more +through interlocking directorships. + +* Trilateralist strategy: monopolisation of the world's resources, +production facilities, labour technology, markets, transport and +finance. These aims backed up by the US military and industrial +complexes that are already controlled and backed up by the CIA. + +18th August, 1973: Ray Cline and Michael Hand meet in Adelaide to +discuss CIA plan to establish spying operations in NZ. + +September 1973: Seagrams, with strong links to Chase Manhattan +Bank of Montreal and Toronto Dominion Bank, buys 2,800 acres of +prime land in Marlborough helped by Peter Maslen. + +17th February, 1974: Mafia sets up New Hebrides Bank - Commercial +Pacific Trust Co (COMPAC). Banks include CBA, Europacific Finance +Corporation, Trustee Executors and Agency Co, Fuji Bank, Toronto +Dominion Bank, European Asian Bank and United California Bank, +COMPAC to be used as a cover for heroin dollar laundering +operations. + +26th February, 1974: Michael Hand meets Bob Jones in Wellington to +implement plans for the CIA's new spying operation - countries +targeted include France, Chile, West Germany and Israel. + +Using the Brierly/Jones Investment funnel, Jones buys building in +Willeston Street which will be rented to France and Chile, another +at Plimmer Steps to house West Germany and Israel. + +CIA will set up eavesdropping communications centre inside the +Willeston Street building and another at 163 The Terrace which +will link with equipment installed in the Plimmer Steps building. +Four CIA technicians will run the whole operation. + +April 1974: Finance Minister Rowling appoints Ron Trotter to the +Overseas Investment Commission, whose chairman, G. Lau, is also a +member of the Todd Foundation (Shell/BP/Todd) investment board. + +Whitlam and Kirk + +Mid-1974: Gough Whitlam and Norman Kirk begin a series of moves +absolutely against the Mafia Trilateralists. Whitlam refuses to +waive restrictions on overseas borrowings to finance Alwest +Aluminium Consortium of Rupert Murdoch, BHP and R.J. Reynolds. +Whitlam had also ended Vietnam War support, blocked uranium mining +and wanted more control over US secret spy bases - e.g. Pine Gap. + +Kirk had introduced a new, tough Anti-Monopoly Bill and had tried +to redistribute income from big companies to the labour force +through price regulation and a wages policy. + +Kirk had also rejected plans to build a second aluminium smelter +near Dunedin and was preparing the Petroleum Amendment Bill to +give more control over New Zealand oil resources. + +Kirk had found out that Hunt Petroleum, drilling in the Great +South Basin, had discovered a huge resource of oil comparable in +size to the North Sea or Alaskan North Slope. Gas reserves alone +now estimated at 30 times bigger than Kapuni and oil reserves of +at least 20 billion barrels - enough for New Zealand to be +self-sufficient for years. Oil companies completely hushed up +these facts. To have announced a vast new oil source would +probably mean a decline in world oil prices, which would not have +allowed OPEC and Onassis plans for the Arabs to eventuate. N.Z. +could be exploited at a later date, particularly since the North +Sea operations were about to come on stream - Kirk was the last to +hold out. + +September, 1974: According to CIA sources, Kirk was killed by the +Trilateralists using Sodium Morphate. Rowling's first act as NZ +Prime Minister was to withdraw Kirk's Anti-Monopoly Bill and the +Petroleum Amendment Bill. + +Later, Rowling was to be rewarded with ambassadorship to +Washington. Incidentally, the Shah of Iran was murdered the same +way as Kirk on his arrival in the US. + +6th October, 1974: Ray cline implements William Colby plan to oust +Australian Prime Minister Whitlam. Nugan Hand Bank finances +payoffs to Malcolm Fraser and other pro-US politicians. A joint +bugging operation commences between CIA and ASIA. + +Rupert Murdoch, playing his part, uses his newspapers and +television network to spread lies and misinformation. Whitlam, as +well as refusing to waive restrictions on overseas borrowing to +finance the aluminium consortium, had plans to ensure that all +corporations were at least 50% Australian-owned. This interfered +with the Seven Sisters' plans to build three oil refineries at +Cape Northumberland in South Australia to exploit the Great South +Basin discovery. + +December, 1974: Australian Governor-General John Kerr joins Ray +Cline's payroll and received his first pay-off of $US200,000 +credited to his account number 767748 at the Singapore branch of +the Nugan Hand Bank. + +11th November, 1975: Governor-General Kerr sacks the Whitlam +Government. + +August 1975: Rowling re-introduces unrecognisable Commerce Bill, +designed to aid monopolisation of the NZ economy and repeals the +News Media Ownership Act, allowing more foreign ownership of NZ +media. The new legislation does not define monopoly, competition +or stipulate permissable maximum market share, or even ascertain +what the public interest is - resulting in a sell-out to big business. + +December, 1975: Election battle between Rowling and Muldoon. Oil +companies pour thousands of dollars into Muldoon's campaign via +National Bank (NZ), whose general manager Mowbray is also a member +of Todd Foundations; Investment Board Director Tudhope also Managing +Director Shell Oil and Chairman Shell/BP/Todd. Muldoon wins. + +February, 1976: Muldoon implements pre-election secret agreement +with the NZ Seven Sisters' oil representatives of Shell/BP/Todd +for helping finance the National Party campaign. + +Muldoon removes the $3 per barrel oil levy for the New Zealand +Refining Company, which increases the oil companies' profits by +100% at the taxpayers' expense and with all future oil prospecting licenses, +the Government has the option to take 51% of any discovery without +meeting exploration costs. This is designed to discourage further +exploration, thereby keeping the lid on the Great South Basin +discovery. + +Meanwhile, in Australia, new P.M. Malcolm Fraser reopens uranium +mining and opens the way for takeover of mineral resources with +big tax breaks for oil exploration, coal and mining. + +Muldoon returns a favour to the oil companies by arranging $US200 +million loan for Maui Gas Development for Shell/BP/Todd. + +September, 1976: With captive politicians in place in both +Australia and New Zealand, the Internationalists can now proceed +with their strategy of takeover of the economy and exploitation of +natural resources. "In New Zealand, the elimination of unnecessary +competition is fundamental to a sound economy," Brierly says. + +Parksy and Colby use Brierly/Jones Investments as a vehicle to buy +into A.B. Consolidated Holdings in New Zealand. + +Associate of R. Jones, Pat Goodman, is appointed 'consultant' of +A'asian and Pacific Holdings. + +November, 1976: The Internationalists (Mafia) set up a NZ money +'funnel' using Brierley's City Realties. National Insurance Co +acquires 33% of the stock. Largest stockholders in National +Insurance are the US Firemen's Fund +- Chairman and President Myron Du Bain also Vice Chairman of +American Express (Amex). Chairman of I.E.L. linked International +Harvester, Archie McCardell, also Amex Director. Amex linked with +Chase Manhattan and seven Sisters' Texaco and Mobil. Du Bain also +Director of CIA-linked United California Bank, which is a partner +in Commercial Pacific Trust. + +To complete the money funnel, National Insurance becomes a +stockholder in Chase Manhattan's Chase-NBA. +Brierley's declared assets reach $100 million, with shareholder's +capital of only $2.5 million - all cash acquisitions. + +3rd February, 1977: Parksy and Colby close down the Brierley/Jones +Investment funnel and open up seperate channels for Brierley and +Jones. Jones will be supplied with 'laundered' funds via Sydney +branch of the Nugan Hand Bank, while for Ron Brierley, Gerald +Parsky uses Myron Du Bain, Dierctor of United California Bank and +also chairman and president of the US Firemen's Fund, which are +the largest stockholders in National Insurance (NZ). Funds to be +'laundered' via Chase Manhattan Bank through National Insurance to +City Realty and via United California Bank through +COMPAC (New Hebrides) to National Insurance and City Realties. + +To expand the Bierley/I.E.L. 'front', Parsky establishes +Industrial Equity Pacific (Hong Kong). + +September 1977: Brierley's new holding company begins operations - +A.B. Consolidated. H.W. Revell appointed Deputy Chairman and B. +Hancox General Manager, while newly-appointed directors include S. +Cushing, B. Judge, O. Gunn and P. Goodman, linked with Renouf, +Fletcher and Papps through I.E.L./N.Z.U.C. + +* Strategy: To target and divide key sectors of the economy for +takeover, exploitation and monopolisation. Operations to extend to +use Hong Kong facility, I.E.P. Fletchers to extend the +Khashoggi/Rockefeller Travelodge operation by taking holdings in +Vacation Hotels and Intercontinental Properties (Renouf +Chairman). + +October, 1977: Muldoon and JOhn Todd - Shell/BP/Todd - sign an +agreement. NZ Govt would take 24.5% holding in the Great South +Basin for $1.65 Billion. Hunt would reduce his holding from 45.5% +to 27.5% and Arco would sell its 6.5%. + +* Reason: Hunt did not possess the technology to pump oil from +deep water; Gulf possessed the technology but did not tell Hunt. +Arco was not told anything and were swindled out of its 6.5% concession. + +November, 1977: Muldoon introduces the S.I.S Amendment Bill, +designed to keep the economy free of obstruction and to help +uncover obstructive elements. Telephone taps, mail tampering and +other surveillance methods approved after CIA input on contents of +legislation. + +Late 1977: Muldoon travels to the US to meet top Rockefeller +officials, including Trilateralists' Deputy Secretary of State, +Warren Christopher, and Richard Bolbrooke, who were in charge of +the new "South Pacific Desk" at the State Department established +by Rockefeller to target exploitatin of both New Zealand and +Australia. In Los Angeles, Muldoon meets top Rockefeller +officials, Robert Anderson (Rockwell Chairman, also Director of +Kashoggi's Security Pacific National Bank) and P. Larkin (Rockwell +Director, also Chairman, Executive Committee Security Pacific +National Bank and Director of Marac). + +April, 1978: Muldoon sets up Petrocorp. New Zealand taxpayers +pay for the exploration costs but the oil companies control all +distribution outlets. Muldoon blocks development of Maui B as +restructured supplies mean higher prices and bigger profits for +Shell/BP/Todd. South Island gas market not developed as Great +South Basin fields closer than Kapuni. Plans develop for +re-opening of National Parks for mineral exploitation. + +22nd July, 1978: Director of Australian Federal Bureau of +Narcotics suspends his invetigation into the Nugan Hand Bank after +pressure from the CIA and Australian politicians controlled by +Mafia, particularly Malcolm Fraser. + +Brierly's declared assets reach $200 million, with shareholders' +funds only $17 million. + +May, 1979: Trilateral Commission secretary Zbignieu Brzezinski +appoints Muldoon chairman of Board of Governors of IMF/World Bank +on orders of +David Rockefeller. Muldoon would head three-man administration +committee which included Canadian Finance Minister Mitchell Sharp, +key figure in the Mafia Council and the Trilateral Commission. +Australian Treasurer McMahon also involved. + +8th June, 1979: Michael Hand, Frank Nugan, Brierley and James +Fetcher meet in Hand's Sydney penthouse to discuss the +establishment of the New Zealand Mafia organisation. + +Mid- 1979: Gulf Oil using its man Brierley, begins operations +designed to capture key sectors of the economy. A.B Consolidated +restructured into the Goodman Group and Goodman to run operations +but with the majority of the stock held by IEL and Brierley using +Shell companies plus dummy corporations. + +* Strategy: To take over food and produce resources, Brierley and +Fletcher restructured a small private company, H.W. Smith, using +Cyril Smith as Chairman but with key executives Judge, Collins and +McKenzie. Bob Jones helps. + +Private company used, as no Commerce Commission control, accounts +not published, no public disclosure of transactions. Bunting is +established as a shell company and the South Island is targeted +for asset-stripping and takeover, as well as key sectors of the +automobile industry. + +Unlimited funds channelled through City Realties, NZUC and Marac. +UEB extends Travelodge operations by buying control of +Transholdings, which has strategic holdings in Vacation Hotels and +Tourist Corp. Fiji Holdings. + +17th August, 1979: New Zealand Mafia inaugral meeting in Sydney +including Hand, Brierley, Fletcher, Goodman, R.Trotter, Alan +Hawkins and L.Papps. + +Key sectors of the economy would be taken over- food, using +Goodman; forestry and farming, using Fletcher and Trotter; +property, using Brierley and Jones. Brierley, Hand and Papps +would be responsible for banking, insurance and finance, while +Hand and Hawkins would be responsible for setting up new "laundry" +channels into New Zealand. + +The economy would be taken over using cheap loans of less than 5%, +while consumers would pay 28%. + +October, 1979: BP Oil begis $100 million joint venture deal with +Fletcher and Trotter at Tasman. + +Muldoon makes secret deal with oil companies which effectively +robs New Zealand taxpayers by giving Shell/BP/Todd the Maui Gas +deal. Normally the granting of drilling rights on public land is +done using a worldwide system which incorporates an auction tender +system. Muldoon bypassed this. Also, Shell/BP/Todd pays no tax +on Kapuni profits, while putting funds into Maui development. + +19th November, 1979: Secret meeting in Auckland between Muldoon, +Fletcher and Trotter to transfer 43% Tasman Pulp and Paper held by +New Zealand Government to Challenge Corporation (Chairman Trotter) +and Fletchers. Tasman has lucrative 75-year contract for cheap +timber signed in 1955. + +Muldoon paid off with a $1 million 'non-repayable' loan - $500,000 +to be paid into account number 8746665 at New Hebrides branch of +the Australian International Bank. + +November, 1979: Muldoon drops restrictions on foreign investment. +AMAX (Stnadard Oil of California subsidiary) captures the Martha +Hill goldmine. + +Muldoon unveils the Government's plans (instructed by Rockefeller) +to form New Zealand into an offshore production base for the +multi-national corporations as benefits include government export +incentives, stable government, cheap labour, and so on. + +27th November, 1979: Gerald Parsky's lieutenant, David Kennedy, +meets Muldoon to deliver $US100,000 cash to Muldoon for +implementing the Internationalists' Mafia Think Big plans. + +These plans began with big contracts and guaranteed profits for +the Seven Sisters, Bechtel, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Nippon Steel, +Internationalists' Mafia banks. + +With the experimental petroleum plant, the oil price has to be +$50/barrel to be profitable, yet Mobil's profits are guaranteed. + +New Zealand Steel is to be expanded 500%, even though there was a +global steel glut of 50%. + +Fletchers own 10% of New Zealand Steel and are majority +stockholders in Pacific Steel and control monopoly over wire rod, +reinforcing steel. Aslo, New Zealand taxpayers subsidise +Fletchers' profits. + +Muldoon introduces the National Development Bill with 'fast-track' +legislation, to keep the economy 'free of obstruction' for +long-term monopolisation. + +C.E.R. plan introduced, designed to integrate the economies of +Australia and New Zealand with the Trilateral Commission for the +purpose of exploiting the South Pacific countries and as a +'back-door' entrance into China - the world's largest untapped +consumer market. New Zealand is also the closest country to +Antarctica, which has a vast mineral resource for future +exploitation. + +"Think Big" projects begin, even though Muldoon aware of studies +that show New Zealand could conserve up to 40% of energy +consumption using existing technology, which would mean funds +could be invested elsewhere to lower consumer prices, lower +inflation rates, less demand for imported oil and increased +imployment by creating new industry to manufacture and install +energy-saving technology. None of these options seriously +considered as all would lessen profits for members of the +Rockefeller organisations. + +December 1979: Muldoon unveils 'stage two' of a four-stage plan +to exploit the Great South Basin discovery. Plan prepared by +Trilateralist 'Think Tank' - the Brookings Institute. + +'Stage Two' includes methanol plant and synthetic petrol plant, +which would initially use gas from the Maui field and later would +link with underwater gas pipe from Campbell Island. + +With the New Zealand Steel 500% expansion, 'stage three' of the +project and Think Big contracts to go to Bechtel, Fluor Corp., +Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Nippon Steel, etc. All investments would be +financed by the New Zealand taxpayer. + +17th January, 1980: $500,000 deposited in Muldoon's account +number 8746665 at the Australian International Bank, being the +final payment for the Tasman deal. + +Early 1980: Kashoggi Travelodge operations extended with +affiliation agreement between Dominion Breweries and Western +International Hotels (Seattle First National Bank). + +May, 1980: Mafia's Nugan Hand banking operation crashes after +Frank Nugan killed. Death ruled as suicide even though no +fingerprints found on the rifle. Maloney, Houghton, Yates and +Hand shred important documents, but miss some. CIA helps Hand and +Bank President Donald Beasley escape to the U.S. The CIA and +Australian Security Intelligence Organisation cover everything up. +Beazley appointed President of Miami City National Bank, run by +Alberto Dugue for 'laundering' profits from the CIA Colombian +cocaine operation. + +There is a probability that Michael Hand killed Frank Nugan +because of his involvement with Hand's fiancee. + +25th May, 1980: Colby arrived in Australia to discuss replacement +of the Nugan Hand Bank with Hand, Brierley, and Seldon. Immediate +funding available from Sydney branch of the Deak Bank, a separate +CIA operation, and IEL would be used to buy NZI Corp., to prepare +for future laundering operations. + +Maloney, Houghton, Yates, and Hand would shred all documents +leading back to the New Zealand Great South Basin connection, and +the CIA would help Hand and Bank President Donald Beazley escape +to the USA. The CIA and ASIO would also cover everything up. + +Hand and Beazley turn up in Miami - Beazley appointed President +and Hand 'consultant' to the Miami City National Bank, but also +Hand turned up in El Salvador to help organise bankrolling of the +Contras with other ex- members of Nugan-Hand. + +23rd June, 1980: New Zealand Mafia, including Brierley, Fletcher, +Trotter, Jones, Hawkins, Goodman, and Papps meet in Wellington to +discuss merger of Fletcher Challenge and Tasman. + +In order to replace Nugan Hand Bank's 22 world-wide branches, +quick moves are made to buy control of NZI by New Zealand Mafia +using Brierley, thereby capturing an established, world-wide +organisation through the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, which is +also linked to the CIA through its subsidiary, World Finance +Corporation. + +Late 1980: Fletchers, with strong Rockefeller links, obtains +lucrative contracts on US Bases in the Pacific and joint ventures +in Saudi Arabia and Iraq. + +Control extended over New Zealand natural resources - Fletcher +Challenge and Tasman Pulp and Paper merged. NZFP takes control of +M.S.D. Spiers and Moore Le Messurier (Aust). Brierley begins +joint venture with NZFP through Williamson and Jeffrey. I.E.L, +through Goodman, buys 20% of Watties and begins cross-shareholding +agreement. Goodman continues buying up control of NZ bakeries and +flour- mills. + +February, 1981: TNL., Brierley, AMOIL and MIM Holdings begin +joint gold mining operation. MIM major shareholder is ASARCO +(US), whose Chairman, Barber, is also Director of Chase Manhattan +Bank. + +New Zealand Insurance and South British merger. +Parliamentarians For World Order - Richard Prebble elected on of +twelve councillors. + +Fletcher and Papps (Chairman UEB) sell their hotel operations to +Singaporian interest clossely associated with the Pritzker family +- owners of the Hyatt Hotel chain. Bueton Kanter, Pritzker family +lawyer and Director of Hyatt Hotels, who helped arrange the deal, +was an old family partner of Paul Helliwell (CIA paymaster for the +Bay of Pigs' fiasco) and had helped the Pritzker family set up tax +shelters using the CIA's Mercantile Bank and Trust and the Castle +Bank, which ahd been set up by Helliwell for 'laundering' profits +from the Onassis heroin operations as well as 'skim money' from +the Hughes casino operations in Las Vegas. + +Others who used these banks include Richard Nixon, Bebe Rozo, +Robert Vesco, Teamsters Union, etc. + +12th March, 1981: Brierley calls secret meeting in Auckland, +which includes Jones, Fletcher, Hawkins, Papps and Burton Kanter, +to discuss transfer of the Fletcher Challenge and UEB hotel +operations to the Singapore front company controlled by the +Pritzker family. + +20th July, 1981: Parsky, Colby, Brierley and Seldon meet in +Sydney with two new members, Kerry Packer and Alan Bond. + +Chase Manhattan and Security Pacific National Bank will acquire +60% of Packer's company, with the stock being held in Australia, +and 35% Bond's company, with the stock being held in Hong Kong. + +August 1981: Gulf Oil, using Brierley, strengthens its hold over +New Zealand natural resources. Cue Energy launched, starring +Lawrey and +Gunn. NZOG launched with strategic holdings by Jones, Renouf and +Brierley with licences in PPD 38206 and 38204 - both next to +Hunt's Great South Basin discovery, NZOG also controls 80 million +tonnes of coal through the Pike River Coal Company. + +Brierley-controlled Wellington Gas, Christchurch Gas, Auckland and +Hawkes Bay Gas and Dual Fuel Systems (A'Asia) which controls the +vehicle gas conversion market. + +Liquigas Limited set up to distribute LPG, controlled by +Shell/BP/Todd and Fletcher Challenge. + +15th February, 1982: Brierley calls New Zealand meeting - Jones, +Fletcher, Trotter, Hawkins, Goodman and Papps. New members +include Bruce Judge, J. Fernyhough, and Frank Renouf. + +With Muldoon about to deregulate the liquor industry, Brierley and +Fernyhough plan to buy up the New Zealand liquor industry, along +with its outlets, Lion Breweries and Rothmans to help. +Brierley will do the same in Australia. J.R. Fletcher becomes +Managing Director of Brierley's Dominion Breweries to oversee +operations. Rothmans and Brierley (through Goodman) have equal +holdings in Saudicapital Corp. Lion Directors Myers and +Fernyhough also stockholders in NZOG. + +Fletcher and Brierley begin their takeover of the freezing works +industry. FCL buys into South Island works while Brierley begins +takeover of Waitaki NZR through Watties with the help of Athol +Hutton. + +With Think Big projects beginning, Fletcher and Trotter plan to +take strategic holdings in NZ Cement, Wilkins Davies, Steel & +Tube etc., and Brierley would use Renouf to take 3% stake of the +Martha Hill gold-mine. + +Also targetted are clothing, footwear, carpet manufacture and more +of the auto industry for takeover and monopolisation. + +June, 1982: Meantime, in Australia, an new money funnel begins. +H.W Smith buys to obscure South Pine Quarries, which is renamed +Ariadne (Aust). South Pine Quarries owns 50% of Coal-Liquid Inc., +with the other half owned by US Defence contractors McDonnell +Douglas. Coal-Liquid renamed Impala Securities. + +The common link between Gulf Oil and McDonnell Douglas is the +CIA's Mercantile Bank and Trust, which both companies use for +world-wide bribery and payoff operations. McDonnell Douglas +officials McKeough and G.T.Hawkins later appointed directors of +Impala Securities. + +US links strengthened through Industrial Equity Pacific, which +acquires part of Higbee Company in Cleveland, which in turn is +closely linked to the National City Bank of Cleveland. This bank +is closely associated with Gulf Oil's bank, Pittsburgh National +and Mellon Bank. + +Bruce Judge installed as Ariadne manager. + +July, 1982: Media takeover begins. Brierley takes 24% NZ News +Ltd and begins buying up private radio. Rupert Murdoch helps. + +27th July, 1982. Brierley, Jones and Goodman meet in Auckland +with two Japanese members of the Trilateral Commission to discuss +integration of the New Zealand economy into the Pacific Rim +economy. Trilateralists include: Takeshi Watanabe (Japanese +Chairman of Trilateral Commission) and Daigo Miyado (Chairman +Sanwa Bank). + +The Japan/New Zealand Business Council would be established to co- +ordinate policy with Goodman appointed as Chairman. + +17th August, 1982: Inauguration of restructured US Mafia Council +- rulers include David Rockefeller, responsible for Banking; John +McCloy; Redman Rockefeller and J.D. Rockefeller, who would run the +Seven Sisters. + +Second-tier Council includes: + + * Gerald Parsky - responsible for heroin and cocaine operations + * William Simon - responsible for running the Presidency, + Cabinet, etc + * Katherine Graham - link to arms manufacturers + * Zbigniew Brzezinski - link to National Security Council and + CIA + * George S. Franklin - link to FBI + +Third-tier Council includes: + + * Zbigniew Brzezinski - Secretary + * Gerald Parsky - Heroin Cocaine operations + * William Colby - crack operations, assassinations + * John N. Perkins - banking, laundering + * Leonard Woodcock - labour, unions + * Mitchell Sharp - banking + * William Simon - presidency, Cabinet + * Ernest C. Arbuckly - arms manufacturers + * George W. Bull - Bildrberg and Council of Foreign Relations + * Katherine Graham - arms manufacturers + * Alden W. Clausen - World Bank, IMF + * Willam T. Coleman - CIA + * Archibald K. Davis - media, radio, television, and newspapers + * George S. Franklin - FBI, and Trilateral Commission + co-ordinator + * J.D. Rockefeller - to "spy" on the 15 man council. + +September, 1982: Goodman now helps establish the Japan/New +Zealand Council with the Bank of Tokyo and the Industrial Bank of +Japan. Tokai Pulp Co. buys shareholding in NZFP, which also +begins joint venture with Shell Oil. + +Fletcher Challenge strengthens links with the Rockefeller +organisation by acquiring the Canadian operations of Crown +Zellerbach, whose chairman is also director of Gulf Oil. Crown +Zellerbach Corp. has direct connections to Rockefeller through +directors Mumford, Hendrickson and Granville, to United California +Bank through Roth and to the Bank of America through Chairman C.R. +Dahl. + +Meanwhile, Robert Jones Investments floated to extend operations +of City Realties, Ilmond Properties, Chase Corp., etc. + +The Commerce Building in Auckland sold to Robert Jones Investments +by Robert Jones Holdings for $950,000 when recently it was offered +on the market for $200,000. A quick $750,000 for Jones. Robert +Jones Investments was set up by Brierley, Jones and Hawkins. + +8th December, 1982: Mitchell Sharp heads top-level Mafia meeting +in San Francisco. Others include Parsky, Perkins, Woodcock and +C.R. Dahl - Chairman of Crown Zellermach. + +Also present are - Brierley, Trotter, Fletcher and Seldon. +Meeting to discuss Great South Basin exploitation strategy sith +first priority being monopolisation of the economy; second +priority to establish oil refineries and related industries; third +to integrate New Zealand economy into Trilateral economy and, +fourth, to concentrate power back to the U.S through the Seven +Sisters, Chase Manhattan and Security Pacific National Bank. + +Fletcher Challenge will link New Zealand economy directly to the +U.S by merging with Canadian subsidiary of Crown Zellerbach with +funds provided by Security Pacific National Bank and United +Californian Bank. + +Brierley, Fletcher, Trotter and Seldon will be New Zealand Ruling +Council, headed by Brierley, who would take orders from Gerald +Parsky. + +Mid-1983: Brierley's Ariadne (Aust) takes control of Repco (NZ) +through Repco (Aust), therby taking control of key auto-related +industry, helped by Borg Warner and Honeywell - which are closely +associated with IEL through International Harvester, Continental +Illinois Bank and the First National Bank of Chicago. Toyota and +Nissan also help so that Brierley now largest distributor of auto +and industrial parts, largest manufacturer of pistons, filters and +engine bearings, as well as biggest supplier of forklifts, +tractors and agricultural equipment. + +Meantime, control is extended over the Great South Basin oil +source with +Hunt, after big losses resulting from trying to corner the world's +silver market, being forced to sell out some of his concession to +Gulf Oil, which uses Brierley to set up a new company - Southern +Petroleum - which takes a 14.5% interest. Hunt retains overall +control with 45.5%, Petro-Corp has 40% and Chairman F. Orr, also a +Director of Brierley - controlled Watties. + +Brierley, through Goodman, takes control of TNL Group and its +subsidiaries NZ Motor Bodies and L & M Mining, which has 15% +interest in the Chatham Rise, right next to the Hunt concession. + +Southern Petroleum set up by Brierley in New Zealand was +spearheaded by the Seven Sisters' companies with Gerald Parsky and +William Colby initiators. Southern Petroleum to include 21% of +the Great South Basin held by gulf and Mobil Oil. 90% of this +stock held in Australia through IEL (ie Brierley's). + +11-12th May, 1983: New Zealand Mafia meet in Cook Islands. +Includes Brierley, Trotter, Fletcher, Jones, Hawkins, Goodman, +Pappas, Judge, Renouf, and Fernyhough. New members include A. +Gibbs, McConnell, H.Fletcher and O.Gunn. Japanese Trilateralists +Takeshi Wataneve and Daigo Miyado discuss 'integration' of New +Zealand into the Pacific Rim economies. + +A new political party would be established using Jones and +financed by the New Zealand Mafia Council. + + * Reason: Parsky and Colby wanted Muldoon out because he had + 'welched' +on a deal to set up two US military deep-water submarine bases +planned for Dusky Sound and Guards Bay in the South Island. +Parsky, Brierley and Ray Cline hold a separate meeting to discuss +the purchase of New Zealand politicians, including Lange, Douglas +and Bolger. + +Cline was 'consultant' to the CIA's Deak Bank, took orders from +Colby, and was responsible for the 10 Australian politicians on +the CIA's payroll, including Bjelke Petersen, I. Sinclair, +Keating, McMullen, M.Fraser, D. Anthony, K. Newman, J Carrick, B. +Cowan and R. Connor. + +Cline outlines CIA plan to begin subliminal television +advertising. + +22nd June, 1983: New Zealand politician J. Bolger meets Ray Cline +in Sydney and agrees to join the organisation for a monthly fee of +$US20,000 to be paid into account number GA1282117 at Geneva +branch of Credit Swisse. + +20th July, 1983: New Zealand politician R. Douglas meets Ray +Cline in Wellington and agrees to join the organisation for a +monthly fee of $US10,000 to be paid into account number 3791686 at +the Sydney Branch of the Deak Bank. + +July 1983: Parsky launches a new front company, Chase +Corporation, with 25% of the stock being held through Security +Pacific National Bank in Australia and 25% held in Hong Kong by +Chase Manhattan. Brierley and Hawkins set up a 'back-door' +listing to cover up true-ownership. + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + +August, 1983: Muldoon imposes withholding tax on all ofshore +borrowing. + +Chase Manhattan, United California Bank and Brierley begin new +banking operation in New Zealand to take over the International +Harvester Credit Co (NZ), Australasian Investment Company. +Participants include Chase Manhattan's Kuwait Asia Bank, D.F.C., +Saudicorp (Brierley has 12% through Goodman) and United +California, represented by National Insurance which is part of +Equus Holdings. + +Renouf sells 20% NZUC to Barclays and prepared for expanding of +operations with Brierley. + +Meantime, Murdoch and Brierley expand their close ties by each +taking a piece of New Zealand Maritime Holdings and with the +election imminent, divide up New Zealand media for takeover to +increase Mafia control. NZ News buys Hawkes Bay News, Nelson +Tribune, Timaru Herald, etc. Brierley increases holding in +Hauraki Enterprises and other private radio stations. Brierley +and Murdoch have majority stockholding in NZPA with 48.5%, while +in the UK, Murdoch has large stockholding in Reuters. + +The phoney news becomes THE news. + +Head of the Murdoch operation is Burnett, who is also on the board +of Winstones - a Brierley company. + +September, 1983: With global heroin epidemic, Rockefeller expands +operations to recycle profits. + +New Zealand South British sets up the IDAPS computer bureau to +establish international holding companies, dummy corporations, etc +and to pursue aggressive global acquisition programme. IDAPS +linked to satellite bureaux in Australia, Far East, UK and the US, +where the global network is completed through links with the +Rockefeller organisation computer network. + +General Manager of the operation, George Wheller, previously +director of the international operators of Firemen's Fund (US), +Chairman Du Bain, director of the United California Bank, and +Vice-Chairman of Amex. + +As part of the expanded laundry operation, Rockefeller associate +Adnan Kashoggi establishes new Australian bank - Security Pacific +National Bank (Aust). Brierley's part of this operation is to buy +up computer companies such as Andas, CID Distributors (NZ Apple +computer franchise,etc). + +Investment companies begin operations in Australia and New Zealand +to assist recycle Mafia profits. + +October 1983: Brierley takes over NZFP through Watties, helped by +newly- appointed chairman Papps. Papps also chairman of NZ +Railways and presided over transport deregulation, the major +beneficiaries of which include Watties and Freightways - Managing +Director Pettigrew and Director Lang also both on the NZFP board +with Papps. + +Papps also responsible for the railways' electrification programme +with big contracts for Cory Wright & Slamon, whose directors +include I.I McKay, also on the board of NZFP. + +Late 1983: AMAX (Social) gives Gulf Oil a share in the Martha +Hill gold bonanza by selling 15% of its holdings to Briereley +through Goodmans. Oil companies say that only $870 million worth +of minerals in Martha Hill, while true figure is closer to $3 +billion. + +21st January, 1984: Australian Mafia Council meets in Sydney. +Includes - Brierley, Seldon, Fletcher, Jones, Goodman, Hawkins, +Papps, Packer, Bond and Japanese Trilaterist Daigo Miyado. New +members include J. Elliott, L. Adler, and Holme's A'Court. +Seldon outlines strategy of merging Australian economy with the +Trilateralist economy through Europe and the US. + +In Australia, the Mafia Council will monopolise the economy with +company takeovers through the use of loans at less than 5%. + +Holme's A'Court's company would be taken over using Security +Pacific National Bank and Chase Manhattan Bank, with some of the +stock being held in London. + +Equiticorp will be launched using Hawkins, with 50% of the stock +held by Security Pacific National Bank and Chase Manhattan in the +US Equiticorp to registered in Hong Kong to cover up true +ownership, and will use the same laundry as Chase Corporation - +Hawkins will set up a maze of shell companies and dummy +organisations to disguise operations. + +Hawkins previously associated with Kashoggi when Corporate +Secretary of Marac, and linked with Renouf through their +stockholding in CBA Finance, which is a partner in Commercial +Pacific Trust with United California Bank, Hawkins forms umbrella +company with Chase Corpl, Jedi Investments and Teltherm and +begins setting up a maze of cross holding companies. Brierley +retains his connection through his Charter Corporation's holding +in Teltherm. + +January 1984: Brierley and Elliott begin moves to monopolise the +food industry in Australasia by merging Goodman and the Elders +Group, while Brierley sells 10% of Watties to the NZ Dairy Board - +setting the stage for land takeover and establishment of the +Corporate Farm. + +February 1984: New Zealand politician D. Lange meets Ray Cline in +Wellington and agrees to go on the Mafia payroll for monthly fee +of $UA40,000 paid into account number 5263161 at Commercial +Pacific Trust, New Hebrides. + +March 1984: Muldoon knighted with GCMG for keeping the economy +free of obstructions for easier takeover and exploitation. + +24th May, 1984: Four-man CIA team co-ordinated by Ray Cline +arrive in New Zealand to begin installation of equipment for +subliminal television advertising at five sites - Waiatarua, Mt +Erin, Kaukau, Sugarloaf and Obelisk. + +Sophisticated equipment can be installed within one kilometer of +TV relay arrials and all linked to one IDAPS computer bureau in +Auckland. + +Same equipment installed in Australia August 1985; Japan September +1986; UK February 1987: New York 1987. Also, Amax geoligists now +estimate Martha Hill gold source could be worth up to $30 billion +on strength of high gold/tonne ore assay. + +17th July, 1984: In New Zealand, subliminal advertising begins on +Channel Two between 6pm and midnight - hours later extended to +begin at noon. Subliminal messages prepared in the US by the CIA +and with New Zealand election imminent, tell voters to support the +Labour Party, the New Zealand Party and to buy Mafia company +products. + +New Zealand Party was formed to ensure that Muldoon would lose, as +Big Business unhappy with controls over economy. Big campaign +contributions from Brierley, the oil companies and the Business +Round Table ensure a Labour victory. + +Later, Lange agrees to repay the favour to Brierley by selling the +Government holding in the Kariori Pulp Mill to Winstones. New +Zealand taxpayer loses $100 million. + +Government then becomes the arm of big business, using economic +policies provided by the Business Round Table, implemented by +Finance Minister Roger Douglas and the package being sold by David +Lange, who also keeps up a noisy CIA directed ANZUS withdrawal +campaign. + +* Reason: 1) ANZUS Treaty did not cover Mafia requirements over +the Great South Basin discovery; 2) To identify any oppositin or +threats within New Zealand who align themselves with supposed +Government policy, Lange increases the SIS budget and strangthens +links with the CIA. + +Brookings Institute are the actual designers of the New Zealand +Government econmomic policies provided by the Business Round Table +(NZ Mafia front) and implented by the Government. + +Douglas devalues the dollar and deregulates interest rates, which +means cheaper labour, cheaper capital assets and high mortgage +rates, thereby implementing Big Business policy of driving farmers +off the land, establshment of the corporate farm and eventually +remove viability of small business sector, etc. + +27th September, 1984: New Zealand Mafia meets at new 'safe +house' registered under Fernyhough's name, in Auckland. Those +present include Brierley, J. Fletcher, Trotter, Jones, Goodman, +Gunn, Papps, Hawkins, Judge, Renouf, Fernyhough, Gibbs and +McConnell. Daigo Miyado announces appointment of Trotter as +International Vice President of the Trilateral Commission Pacific +Basin Economic Council. + +Brierley outlines strategy of privatisation of the New Zealand +Government and the establishment of the New Zealand Centre for +Independent Studies which will be chaired by Gibbs, aided by +Fernyhough and controlled by Cline, which will 'advise' Treasury +on privatisation. + +Parsky, Brierley and Seldon hold a separate meeting with Parsky, +outlining plans for an expanded laundry operation which will +coincide with the launch of 'Crack' - a new addictive product +developed by CIA chemists for the world market. + +Equiticorp (Aust) will be launched with Adler as Manager and a new +merchant bank using Eldrs, Goodman and Jarden. + +IEI will merge with Armco Bank, which has 20 branches in South +East Asia; Ariadne will acquire the Bank of Queensland, and +Brierley Investments will form a cross-shareholding with NZI Corp +to further increase control by their Mafia organisation. Other +plans include the laundering of funds directly to the New Zealand +and Australian Governments and the establishment of key companies +within the economies of New Zealand, Australia and Hong Kong. + +The first key company will control the food industry in +Australasia through merger of Elders, Goodmans, Allied Mills, +Fielder Gillespie and Watties. Allied Mills will control 30% +Goodmans, 30% Fielder, 20% Watties and will expand into Europe via +acquisition of Rank, Hovis McDougall (UK). Allied Mills will be +controlled through IEL. + +26th October, 1984: Trotter, Hawkins, Lange and Douglas meet in +Wellington to implement Mafia plans to privatise the Government +and to deregulate the banking system. + +Late 1984: As part of the IDAPS computer-controlled 'laundry' +operation, Trotter and Fletcher help establish the 'Pacific +Investment Fund' with Australian and New Zealand investments to be +managed by Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank subsidiary, Wardley and the +Japanese operation controlled by Tokyo Trust and Banking Company - +owned by Sanwa Bank, Taiyo-Kobe Bank and Nomura Securities. All +are members of the Rockefeller World Government organisation. + +18th July, 1985: Australian Mafia meet in Sydney to discuss +privatisation of the Australian Government. Those present include +- Brierley, Trotter, Fletcher, Seldon, Goodman, Papps, Packer, +Bond, Elliott, Adler, and Japanese Trilateralist Daigo Miyado. + +Cline will set up Australian Centre for Independent Studies to +'advise' the Treasurer on the takeover of the economy. + +Impala Pacific will be set up in Hong Kong through Ariadne with +60% of the company stock held by Chase Manhattan and Security +Pacific National Bank in Australia. In the UK, Tozer, Kemsly & +MIllbourn would be taken over using IEP, while in Australia, the +Holme's A'Court Bell Group would be used to merge with Hong Kong +and Shanghai Bank, through Standard & Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), +and Marae (NZ) Broadlands (Aust) would merge with NZI +Corporation. + +18th August, 1985: Cline and 6-man CIA team begin installation of +subliminal television equipment in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. + +8th November1985: Parsky, Colby and J.D Rockefeller meet in New +York to discuss their plans to assassinate McCloy and the +Rockefellers and to take control of the Mafia organisation. + +Colby would organise a 8-man 'hit squad' to be headed by Gordon +Liddy who had worked for Colby in the 1960's as a CIA contract +killer, and was responsible for over 10 murders including: + + * 17/8/61 - two members of the Gambino Mafia family in New + York + * 24/11/63 - Officer Tippitt after the Kennedy assassination in + Dallas + * 18/12/63 - witness to the Kennedy assassination in Dallas + * 19/4/65 - Politician in Chicago + * 27/7/65 - Politician in Washington + * 8/9/65 - Politician in Washington + * 27/11/66 - US 'independent' cocaine importer, in Mexico. + * 25/11/67 - 'Independent' heroin importer, in Los Angeles + * 9/2/69 - Politician in Washington + + +28th November 1985: Australian Mafia meet in Sydney - includes: +Trotter, Fletcher, Hawkins, Bond, Elliott, Adler and Holme's +A'Court - discussed strategy for merger of Goodman, Allied Mills, +Fielde Gillespie Davis, Watties and Elders with Chase Manhattan \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/opinion.txt b/politicalTextFiles/opinion.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e382e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/opinion.txt @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ + The Law Versus Computers: + A Confounding Terminal Case + + By Lee Dembart, Times Editorial Writer + Los Angeles Times 08/11/85 + + Technology sometimes advances faster than the law, creating no- +vel problems to challenge social and legal thought. The Xerox ma- +chine, for example, was a new form of printing press that eventu- +ally forced Congress to revise the copyright laws. + + The proliferation of electronic bulletin boards - on which mil- +lions of people exchange information using home computers and tel +ephones - has opened a new and powerful mode of communication lar +gely untouched by existing law. The nation's 2,500 computer bull- +etin boards are electronically published newspapers, and their op +erators are, in effect, newspaper publishers. They should have +all the rights of publishers and the responsibilities for accura- +cy that go with them. + + This new electronic medium is as powerful as the Xerox machine, +providing nearly instantaneous international communication among +large numbers of people who are physically removed and will prob- +ably never meet. The technology brings back the era of the pamph- +leteer - and goes one step further: It enables publication with- +out a press. + + But efforts are underway, in California and elsewhere, to make +the operators of computer bulletin boards criminally liable for +what appears on them. These efforts threaten to clash with the fr +eedoms of speech and the press. They are likely to be unenforcea- +ble to boot. Legislative attempts to restrict communication pose +serious First Amendment problems. + + While most material on computer bulletin boards involves the ro +utine exhange of harmless information, thoughts and chatter, leg- +islators are concerned about the occasional entry that is libel- +ous, obscene or illegal. Should the operator of a bulletin board +be criminally liable for such material? For example, computer hac +kers and phone "phreaks" sometumes use electronic bulletin boards +to post the numbers of valid consumer and telephone credit cards. +A Los Angeles television engineer, Thomas G. Tcimpidis, 33, was +threatened with prosecution last year because a bulletin board he +maintained contained the numbers of two stolen phone card num- +bers. + + Beyond its legal aspects, the Tcimpidis case illustrates the +scope of the bulletin boards. When word of the place raid on Tcim +pidis's home appeared on a bulletin board, it quickly spread, rea +ching between a half-million and three-quarters of a million +board watchers in 72 hours, according to Chuck Lindner, Tcimpid- +is's lawyer. Replies came from Japan, Australia, England and Can- +ada as well as from most of the United States, Lindner said, and +a legal defense strategy was planned among far-flung lawyers over +the bulletin boards. + + The case was eventually dropped, but a bill is now making its +way through the Legislature that would make it a crime for a bul- +letin-board operator to display unauthorized private information +after he has been notified that it is there. In Virginia, a bill +has been introduced that would make it a crime to put or maintain +information on a computer bulletin board that would help promote +the sexual abuse of children, even though there is nothing ob- +scene about the information itself. If two people sent "Lolita" +back and forth over a bulletin board in Virginia, could they be +prosecuted? + + These measures suggest prior restraint of publication, which is +unconstitutional. In an attempt to aboid the constitutional is- +sues, the California bill (SB 1012), sponsored by Sen. John T. +Doolittle (R-Citrus Heights), is narrowly drawn. The information +it seeks to keep off bulletin boards is "a telephone number or ad +dress not listed in a public telephone directory, personal ident- +ification number, computer password, access code, credit card num +ber, debit card number or bank account number." + + That may sound like a good idea, but no newspaper could be +found criminally liable for publishing such material. It may be +civilly liable - someone who lost money as a result of publica- +tion could sue for damages - but it would not have violated the +penal code. Under Doolittle's bill, passed by the Senate and a- +waiting action in the Assembly, the operator of a computer bulle- +tin board in violation of the law could be sent to jail for a +year and fined $5,000. + + It would be extremely difficult to enforce. How much notice +must be given. Does the operator of a bulletin bord have a right +to object to or question the assertion that the material on the +board is unauthorized? If not, credit-card companies, banks and +the like would have the authority to restrain publication simply +by demanding it. Who has the right to demand suppression? + + No matter what the answers to these questions, the fact is that +the law affects only California. It's easy enough to set up a bul +letin board in Nevada and avoid the problem completely. + + There are more questions. The Federal Communications Act regul- +ates telephone communication. Newspapers are constitutionally pro +tected. Which rules cover computer bulletin boards - in a sense +hybrid forms? Or are they a new form for which new rules must be +written? And why should those rules be stricter than those that +already exist? + + Bulletin boards are protected by the First Amendment, and they +should have all the freedoms associated with freedom of the +press. Laws already exist to prosecute the computer crimes that +authorities are properly trying to stop. New laws that restrict +freedom of expression are unnecessary and harmful. + +----------------------------------------------------------------- + +Comments by Ron Bell, DATANET System Manager: Mr. Dembart makes a +good argument, but I'm wary of the analogy. Bulletin boards rese- +mble newspapers some ways; they differ greatly in others. The +discussion of liable is interesting. If someone prints here +that another user is guilty of a crime, can I, as the "publisher" +be sued for liable for holding the skapegoat up to public ridic- +ule? Seems to me, bulletin boards operate more like free speech +than papers. A great deal of prior restraint takes place at est- +ablished publications, mostly by editors. There are no editors +here. Imposing prior restraint, then, would be restricting free- +dom of speech. Of course, if you're a crooked politician, that +may be a good idea. + + + then, would be re \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/origmas1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/origmas1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbbcc16 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/origmas1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY + +I. From Operative To Speculative + +By E. Cromwell Mensch + +THE NEW AGE - JULY 1948 + +The most prolific source of Masonic literature is that dealing with the +origin of the Craft. It is a theme which has filled many volumes, and +one which invariably follows the same pattern to the point of monotony. +Practically all research along these lines starts with the stone masons +of Europe, and ends up with the guilds, or associations, of ancient +Rome. The Temple itself as a source of origin is avoided for two +reasons, the first of which is a fear of encroaching upon the secret +work of the Order. The s econd reason is a more logical one, for it is +founded in the fact that very little is known about the Temple. There +were three Temples built at Jerusalem, each of which was to replace an +earlier structure. The last Temple was built by Herod, and is supposedly +described by Josephus, the historian. He was an eyewitness to the +destruction of this last Temple, but his lack of technical knowledge is +painfully evident from his description of its structural details. The +Temple previous to Herod's was built by Zeru bbabel, a very brief +account of which is set forth in the Book of Ezra. The so-called first +Temple was built by Solomon, and a fairly complete description of it is +set forth in the first Book of Kings. + +However, Masonry was founded long before the Temple of Solomon was +built. The identification of our Craft with the Temple came about +through the ambition of David. It was he who realized the importance of +the Tabernacle of Moses, and planned the Temple as s substitute +therefor. Through it he sought credit for the establishment of the house +and kingdom of God. This ambition of David is described in the second +Book of Samuel, but more particularly in the words of II Samuel 7:13, +"He shall build an house for m y name, and I will stablish the throne of +his kingdom for ever." These words are supposedly the Lord's, uttered +through the medium of Nathan, the prophet. However, they were prompted +by David, for Nathan was a member of David's court. + +What David really sought was a vehicle which would perpetuate the divine +power of the Tabernacle. That this structure was possessed of such power +is quite evident from the fact that, within its confines, Moses +established the word of God among men. The Word has come down to us +practically intact in the form of the Pentateuch, or first five books of +the Bible; and the House still stands today! Its original form is +essentially unchanged, although some of its parts have been destroyed by +the violence of fire a nd the quantity of water, which have been visited +upon it from time to time. This House and this Book were founded at one +and the same time, and both are an integral part of Masonry. + +This particular phase of the inquiry into the origin of Masonry deals +with the shift from operative to speculative, for our ritual tells us +that we no longer work in operative, but speculative Masonry only. An +entirely new approach to this subject is to be had through the medium +which has never changed since our Order was founded. That medium is the +Holy Bible, which is placed in the same setting as Moses placed it in +the beginning. Save for the legendary part of our ritual, it contains +all the factual deta ils of our Craft. When these factual details are +worked out to their ultimate conclusion, it will be found that the +legendary part of our ritual comprises but a very small percentage of +the whole. That the operative phase of our Order was in effect during +the time of Moses is stated in Exodus 1:11, "And they built for Pharaoh +treasure cities, Pitham and Raamses." It was from the builders of these +two cities that Moses recruited the founders of our Order. They were the +enslaved workers of Ramses II. + +Ramses II reigned over Egypt from 1292 to 1225 B.C. His reign was +singularly marked by a wealth of building activities. He completed +Seti's Temple at Abydos, and added to the Temples at Luxor and Karnak. +He constructed at Thebes the great mortuary Temple of the Rameseum, with +its colossal statues of himself; and he built the rock-cut temple at +Abu-Simble. During the early part of his reign Ramses II engaged in an +important campaign against the Hittites, and fought an indecisive battle +at Kadesh on the Oront es River in Syria. In these forays across +Palestine, and into Syria, the victor found a means to augment his +labour supply in the form of prisoners of war. They were put to work +building such cities as Pithom and Raamses, and it was from their ranks +that Moses recruited the people of his Exodus. It is specifically stated +that some of them worked in brick and mortar (Exodus 1:14). Any attempt +to connect our membership with operative masonry at a later period in +history is an inconsiste ncy, for it was these b uilders of Pithom and +Raamses who established speculative Masonry when they built the +Tabernacle on Mt. Rinai. + +The Tabernacle was really the first Temple, for it was, and still is, a +masterpiece of the builder's art. Every part of it has a symbolic +meaning far beyond anything incorporated into the Temple built by +Solomon. The superb engineering employed in the design of the Tabernacle +indicates that several years of study went into this feature alone prior +to its actual building. Since Moses was a royal scribe by calling, he +undoubtedly planned the Tabernacle in collaboration with an architect. +This period of planni ng took place while they were still in Egypt, for +a great many of its features were borrowed from those to be found in the +Temples along the Nile. Its design was too intricate to have been +improvised in the desert of Sinai. + +Ramses II died in 1225 B.C., and was succeeded by Merneptah. From all +the evidence available, it is quite plain the Exodus must have taken +place fairly close to this change in the administration of the affairs +of Egypt. In summing up, operative Masonry flourished during the reign +of Ramses II, and the transition to speculative Masonry took place +during the reign of Merneptah. + +The transition to the speculative phase is definitely stated in the +words of Exodus 36:8, "And every wise hearted man among them that +wrought the work of the tabernacle made ten curtains of fine twined +linen." This is the first of a long list of specifications, wherein +Moses describes the manner in which the Tabernacle was built. It is +placed first because these ten curtains of fine twined linen symbolized +a pair of hands raised in supplication. Symbolically, they were so +placed that Moses might tell us tha t no man should ever enter upon any +great or important undertaking without first invoking the blessing of +God. + +As a protege of the royal household, Moses was raised in the pagan +worship of Osiris, a deified king. The domain of Osiris was centred in +an underground heaven, sealed with the doom of perpetual darkness. This +great king of the spiritual world was flanked with a myriad of lesser +deities, to whom tribute had to be paid before the novitiate could hope +to enter. Associated with this monopoly of the Egyptian hierarchy was +the tyranny and oppression of its rulers. + +As Moses grew to manhood he saw that the beneficence of God came from +above, and that it was the Light from the celestial sphere which caused +all nature to blossom forth and prosper. His problem was to present this +new doctrine to a people whose ancestors had been steeped in paganism +for centuries. To this end he endowed his House with the attributes of +the heavens by making every part thereof symbolic of some feature of the +celestial sphere. This master plan, of course, called for the utmost +secrecy, and w as tied in with a key. The plan itself he concealed by +scattering it throughout all five of the books of the Pentateuch, but +the key was left for future ages to discover. Since every one of the +7,625 parts of the Tabernacle played a part in its symbolic meaning, the +'building of this House coincided with the commencement of the +speculative phase of Masonry. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/origmas2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/origmas2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..536a590 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/origmas2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY + +II. The House Erected to God + +by E. Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - AUGUST 1948 + +The House, which it was decreed in the wisdom and counsels of Deity +aforetime should be built, was the Tabernacle of Moses, and not the +Temple of Solomon. The Tabernacle was the vehicle used by Moses to bring +the word of God to the people he had led out of Egypt. It was the shrine +around which these Israelites gathered after they had migrated into +Palestine. It served that purpose for something like 200 years, but had +fallen into disuse by the time David came into power. Realizing the +importance of the Tabe rnacle, David planned to replace it with the +structure now known to history as Solomon's Temple. In this replacement +an attempt was made to copy the Tabernacle's design, the secrets of +which had been lost ever since the death of Moses. The secrets of this +design were concealed by Moses in the Pentateuch, or the first five +books of the Bible. Therein lies the key to Masonry, for the Temple was +merely an imperfect copy of the Tabernacle. + +There are two sets of specifications covering the building of the +Tabernacle in the Book of Exodus. Those in Chapter 26 represent the +command of God that the House should be built. Those set forth in +Chapter 36 are the specifications for the actual building of the House. +Exodus 36:8 is the starting point, and states that every wise hearted +man that wrought the work of the Tabernacle made ten curtains of Fine +Twined Linen. These curtains were 4 cubits wide and 28 cubits long. Five +of them were coupled togeth er, and the other 5 were coupled together. +The result was a pair of curtains, each half of which contained 5 +strips. The total width of each set of 5 strips was 20 cubits, for the +individual strips were 4 cubits wide. This 20 cubits coincided with the +width of the House. When assembled, they were raised over the House to +form a gable roof. As there were 10 strips in all, they represented the +digits of a pair of hands raised in supplication. + +From this symbolic meaning it will be seen why Moses placed these +curtains as the first item in his list of specifications. It was his +admonition to us that no man should ever enter upon any great or +important undertaking without first invoking the blessing of God. There +were several thousand people engaged in the building of the House, and, +obviously, only a small percentage were actually engaged in the +fabrication of these curtains. And yet the language is clear, for it +says "every wise hearted man that w rought the work of the tabernacle +made ten curtains." Those who chose to engage in the work were first +prepared in their hearts, or became "wise hearted." They all "made" ten +curtains, for this was the sign of a pair of hands raised in +supplication. + +The second item in the specifications was the curtains of Goats' Hair. +They were superimposed above those of Fine Twined Linen, and were 4 +cubits wide by 30 cubits long. There were 11 of these curtains, and this +fact has stumped the experts for centuries. Ten of them may be arranged +to match the 10 curtains of Fine Twined Linen. Being above the first set +of curtains, those of Goats' Hair represented a pair of hands stretched +forth in benediction. That this is so is gleaned from the fact that this +is the onl y specification in Chapter 36 that needs to be filled in from +the supplemental information contained in Chapter 26 of Exodus. This +Chapter 26 contains the command of God, and this second pair of curtains +symbolized His hands stretched forth in benediction. + +Exodus 26:9 and 26:12 dispose of the 11th curtain of Goats' Hair by +stating that it shall be doubled over in the forefront of the +Tabernacle, and the remnant that remaineth, the half curtain that +remaineth, shall hang over the backside of the Tabernacle. In other +words, the 11th curtain of Goats' Hair was cut into 4 strips, each 1 +cubit wide, to form the drip for the gable part of the roof. Exodus +26:13 explains how the eaves were formed on the ends, for it states that +the length of these curtains shall han g over a cubit on the one side +and a cubit on the other side. + +The length of these Goats' Hair curtains was 30 cubits, which was +symbolic of the 30 days of the solar month. The length of the curtains +of Fine Twined Linen, which were protected from the sun by the upper +curtains, was 28 cubits. They were symbolic of the 28 days of the lunar +month. + +The gable roof arrangement of the curtains of Goats' Hair formed an +isosceles triangle, each leg of which was 30 cubits long. The length of +its base is obtained from Exodus 26:13, which states that the curtains +shall hang over a cubit on the one side and a cubit on the other side. +This called for a base of 52 cubits, for the Court which encompassed the +Tabernacle was exactly 50 cubits wide. The actual length of the +Tabernacle was 48 cubits, which left a space of 1 cubit between each of +its ends and the adja cent wall of the court. This space was +approximately 24 inches wide and, no doubt, sheltered the original +eavesdroppers. No such arrangement was possible in the Temple, for it +was encompassed by 3 banks of chambers, which were set into the walls of +the main structure. + +These triangular spaces formed in the east and west walls of the +Tabernacle were called pediments. They were covered with the Rams' Skins +dyed red specified in Exodus 36:19. Like the roof curtains, they also +were 4 cubits in width, and 12 of them exactly fitted into the 48 cubits +width of the base of the pediments. There were 12 of these curtains in +the east pediment, and 12 in the west pediment - together they +symbolized the 24 hours of the day. + +This Rams' Skins dyed red was a translucent material, and as the sun +rose in the east the interior was filled with a soft, red glow. The sun +at meridian height came down through an aperture in the roof, but only +on occasion. As the sun was in the west at the close of the day, the +soft tones which filtered through the Rams' Skins dyed red again +permeated the interior. Above them were placed the Badgers' Skins, which +were opaque, and were manipulated like window shades to control the +lighting effects. There w as no such arrangement in the Temple, for +neither roof curtains nor rams' skins were employed in its construction. + + +The lower part of the Tabernacle was sheathed with boards, 20 of them +being specified for the south wall, and a like number for the north +wall. According to Exodus 36:21, these particular boards were each 10 +cubits long and 1 1/2 cubits wide. Two of them, placed end to end, +matched the 20 cubits width of the House, which makes it obvious that +the 20 boards in both north and south walls were arranged in two stacks +of 10 boards each. This height of 10 boards in each panel was symbolic +of the "Ten Commandments . Exodus 36:27 specifies 6 boards for the west +wall of the Tabernacle. These 6 boards were laid out end to end, and +formed the bottom course for the 6 panels into which the west wall was +divided. Each board was 8 cubits long, and the total length of the wall +was 48 cubits. Each panel was 10 boards high, or 15 cubits, for each +board was 1 1/2 cubits wide. Actually, the 6 panels of the west wall +were laid out by means of a mathematical formula, which Moses designated +as Jacob's ladder . This fact was unknown t o the builders of the +Temple, for they made the west wall of their structure 60 cubits long. +The interior of the Temple was sheathed with boards, and obviously the 6 +boards they used were each 10 cubits long. + +The height of the Tabernacle at the apex of its roof was 30 cubits; its +depth, or width, was 20 cubits; and its length, which was across the +breadth of the Court, was 48 cubits. The first two dimensions were +faithfully copied into the design of the Temple, for it was 30 cubits +high by 20 cubits deep. But the length of the Temple, as given in I +Kings 6:2, was 60 cubits. This discrepancy over the 48 cubits length of +the Tabernacle is prima facie evidence that the builders of the Temple +did not possess the sec rets of the design of the original House. In +other words "that which was lost" was the secret design of the +Tabernacle, which had not been discovered at the time Solomon built his +Temple. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/origmas3.txt b/politicalTextFiles/origmas3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4240d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/origmas3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY +III The Symbolism of the Father's House +by E. Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - SEPTEMBER 1948 + +Speculative Masonry was instituted by Moses for the purpose of bringing +the true "word" of God to his followers. These were the people of the +Exodus, most of whom had been engaged in building the treasure cities, +Pithom and Raamses, in Egypt. They were not a literate people, for at +that time the art of writing was confined to the rulers of Egypt and +their official families. Although Moses himself was a loyal scribe, he +knew that the only way he could spread his doctrine among the people was +through the medi um of symbolism. The nucleus of that symbolism was the +Ark of the Covenant, in which was deposited the true word of God. The +setting for this sacred instrument was the Tabernacle, every part of +which symbolized some feature of the Father's house in the celestial. + +This symbolism is concealed in the cabalism of the writings of Moses, +and the key to that cabmlism lies in the pattern of our planetary +system. For example, the superstructure of the" House was made up of 7 +bents, or frames, for they were symbolic of the 7 days of the week. This +may be picked up from Exodus 36:27, wherein the e boards of the sides +westw@rd are specified. These 6 boards were strung out, end to end, +across the 5 vertical bars, also spe@ified for this west wall in Exodus +36 : 32. Obviously, th e terminal ends of boards No. 1 mnd No. 6 also +were attached to vertical bars, for they were the corner bars in the +north and south walls, rp,spectively. Added to the 5 sper,ified for the +sides westward, these two corner bars brought the number up to 7. Each +of these 7 bars was paired off with a corresponding bar in the east +wall, and, with the other members of the framing, formed the 7 bents. + +The symbolism of these 7 bents is to be found in the Second Degree, + wherein it is stated that in 6 days God created the heaven and the + earth, and rested on the 7th day. The total number of structural + numbers with which the Tabernacle was framed is also given in the + Second Degree. However, this symbolism was lost in the Temple of + Solomon, for the stone walls of that structure replaced the function of + the 7 bents used in the Tabernacle. These bents were designed as + trusses, the patern of which is indicated in the specifications for the + north and south walls. Each of these walls contained 5 vertical bars. + They were braced at the corners with the diagonals specified in Exodus + 36:28 as corner boards, and were tied together at the top with the + horizontal cross bar specified in Exodus 36:33. An extra cross bar was + used in these walls to form the eaves of the Tabernacle, and was + supported on 5 struts. In all, there were 14 members in each of these + end wall bents, and there were 12 members in each of the 5 intermediate + bents. The bents themselves were held together at the top with a series + of 60 rafters, and were also held together at the ceiling level with a + series of 26 horizontal ties. In all there were 178 structural members + in the Tabernacle proper. + +There were also 67 structural members in the Court of the Congregation, +which surrounded the Tabernacle. In the specifications, 20 pillars each +were assigned to the north and south sides of the Court, and 10 to the +west side. The specifications for the east side are quite complicated, +and, when Properly analyzed, only yield 9 pillars for this side of the +Court. To these 59 pillars must be added the 8 corner boards used as +diagonal bracing at the corners of the Court, which makes the total 67. + +The lower part of the Tabernacle was sheathed with boards, which were +120 in number. The 178 structural members of the Tabernacle, plus the 67 +members of the Court and the 120 boards, bring the grand total up to +365. These 365 members were symbolic of the days of the year, and +correspond to the phenomenon arising from the annual revolution of the +earth around the sun, and its diurnal rotation on its own axis, as set +forth in the monitorial work of the Second Degree. There was no such +symbolism incorporated into the stone walls of the Temple, although the +1,453 columns and 2,906 pilasters used to enclose the court before the +Temple were evidently multiples of 365, less 7, and 14, respectively. + +The specifications for the east wall of the Tabernacle are rather brief. +They simply call for a Door, and the 5 pillars of it (Exodus 36:38). +Between the 5 pillars were the 4 archways, which formed the Door. In +addition, there was a panel flanking the Door on either side, making a +total of 6 panels in all. These, of course, matched the panels formed by +the "six" boards in the west wall. These flanking panels in the east +wall contained the corner boards, which served as diagonal wind bracing +to impart stabil ity to the structure. They ran from the tops of the +corner posts down to the adjacent end pillars of the Door. Since these +diagonal braces blanked off the use of these two end panels in the east +wall, it is obvious they must have been sheathed with boards. This +brings the total number of panels up to 12, for there were 6 in the west +wall, 2 each in the north and south walls, and these 2 in the east wall. +This also accounts for the 120 boards, for each panel was 10 boards +high. These 12 pane ls represented th e 12 tribes of Israel. + +This arrangement of the panels is confirmed in Genesis 48:13, wherein it +is stated that "Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand, toward +Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right +hand, and brought them near unto him." In other words, the two panels +flanking the Door were named Ephraim and Manasseh. The 5 pillars of the +Door are now represented by the 5 orders of architecture, although these +orders were actually formulated by Vignola, worthy successor to Michel +Angelo. + +The parts so far enumermted are all authentic, for they have been worked +out according to the bill of materials Moses left to posterity. Among +other items, this bill lists the fastenings which held the Tabernacle +together. As it was a portable structure, these fastenings were so +designed that the House could be dismantled and reassembled at will. The +structural members were held together by means of rings, but the +specification covering them is very brief, and is only given in +connection with the corner boa rds (Exodus 36:29): "And they were +coupled beneath, and coupled together at the head thereof, to one ring." +The ring in this case was cast with two lugs, and the corner boards had +sockets in their ends, which fitted over the lugs of the ring. To make +the joint secure after assembling, pins were inserted through both lug +and corner boards. This same type of fastening was used wherever two or +more structural members intersected each other. Where more than two +structural members were brought to a common focal point, rings were +supplied with additional lugs. Rings with as high as 4 lugs were used in +some of the complicated portions of the bents. + +The boards which formed the sheathing of the Tabernacle were also held +to the framing by means of rings. These rings encircled the vertical +bars and had lugs projecting outward from them in a horizontal plane. +The boards themselves were joined together by means of dowel pins, in +the same manner that extra leaves are joined together in a dining-room +table, except that they were in a vertical plane. The lugs of the rings +fitted in between the edges of two boards, and the dowel pins in the +boards also passed t hrough holes in the lugs. This type of joint is +covered by the specification for the sockets and tenons of the boards in +Exodus 36:24 + +From the use of these rings and pins it truly may be said of the +Tabernacle that there was neither hammer, nor axe, nor any tool of iron +heard in the House, while it was in building. These lines are to be +found in I Kings 6:7, and are applied to the stone work of Solomon's +Temple. It is hard to conceive of the fabrication of a stone building in +which no tools of iron are employed. The insertion of the word "axe," +even though it was not used, raises the question as to whether this +passage was not also borrow ed from the Tabernacle along with the +attempt to copy its design. The axe was used to shape the boards and +bars of the Tabernacle during its initial fabrication, but, after that, +no tool of iron was ever required during its subsequent assemblies. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/origmas4.txt b/politicalTextFiles/origmas4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..446d27c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/origmas4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY +IV Mt. Gerizim and the Land of Moriah +by E. Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - OCTOBER 1948 + +The fame of King Solomon's Temple lies in the reflected glory of the +House of Moses, for it was planned and built with the idea of replacing +the Tabernacle with a more permanent structure. The purpose behind its +building is to be found in the history of David, father of Solomon. The +original Tabernacle was the vehicle which had welded the Israelites into +a united mass, and had kept them united during their successful invasion +of Palestine. The initial breakthrough took place at Jericho, after +which the Isra elites spread out to the north and south, but they did +not succeed in taking Jerusalem. + +Their first objective was to locate the "spot" on which to erect the +Tabernacle, which was believed to be at Luz. Moses died just prior to +the invasion, but he had left certain instructions, which were to be +followed out after they reached the promised land. Among other things, +they were instructed to put the blessing upon Mt. Gerizim, and the curse +upon Mt. Ebal. Neither the geographical location of these mounts, nor +the manner in which the blessing was to be bestowed, were specified. It +was decided that t he medium was the altar specified in Exodus 20:24, +which was to be of earth, or of unhewn stone, and without steps. The +allegorical meaning here, of course, is the good earth upon which we +dwell. + +The Israelites found Luz ill-favoured as a location for the Tabernacle, +even though it had been specified by Moses as none other but the house +of God and the gate of heaven in Genesis 28:17. They then moved on to +Samara and set up their Tabernacle and their altar between the two peaks +in that country, which are still called Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal to this +day. However, the choice of this "spot" was far from unanimous, and it +was not long before the Tabernacle was moved elsewhere. + +About 200 years later, or in 1005 B.C.David succeeded in wresting +Jerusalem away from the native Jebusites. After taking the city; he had +himself declared king over both Israel and Judah. Israel was the common +name applied to the Israelites of the north, for by then they had lost +their tribal distinctions. David himself had risen to power under the +banner of the Tribe of Judah, which had maintained its tribal identity +in the south. At the time David established himself at Jerusalem, the +true location of the mount upon which a blessing was to be put was still +a live issue. + +In the meantime the original Tabernacle had vanished and the Ark of the +Covenant had been placed in storage. The lustre of the Ark had been +somewhat dimmed prior to this on account of its failure to stop the +Philistines on the field of battle. Under this combination of +circumstances David saw a splendid opportunity to restore the Ark to its +natural setting, and, at one and the same time, establish a mount of his +own upon which to put a blessing. He accordingly purchased the threshing +floor of Ornan, the Jeb usite, and this is the "spot" upon which the +Temple was subsequently erected. + + +It was called the Zion, or hill, which is the literal interpretation of +the word Zion. Mount would have served the purpose just as well, for it +was here that he pitched a new tabernacle in order that the Ark might be +brought out of storage. The use of the word Gerizim was probably avoided +because this new shrine was designed to serve Israel as well as Judah, +and these people of the north already had a Mt. Gerizim. We get a vague +hint of this from the use of the word Moriah, which is commonly called +Mt. Mori ah today. The original use of this word is to be found in +Genesis 22:2, which states that the sacrifice of Abraham's son Isaac was +to take place in the land of Moriah, and upon one of the mountains of +which he was to be told. This passage of Scripture was probably cited at +that time as an authority, or precedent, for the establishment of a +second mount at Jerusalem. + +It was after David had pitched this new Tabernacle that he made known +his intention of replacing it with a more permanent structure. With this +structure he undertook to create a vehicle, which, in the words of II +Samuel 7:13, he hoped would establish the throne of his kingdom forever. +This hope lay in the belief that he could endow his contemplated Temple +with the powers of the original Tabernacle by duplicating its design. +Hiram of Tyre was called in as a collaborator, because he had previously +built the p alace in which David had set himself up as king over the two +branches of the Israelites. Hiram was a Phoenician, and his city of Tyre +was in a better position to furnish skilled artisans. + +However, the basic, design of the Temple was copied from the description + of the Tabernacle, or rather that part of its description which is to + be found in the Book of Exodus. The builders of the Temple apparently + did not understand the true cabalism of the writings of Moses, for the + key to the design of the Tabernacle is concealed in the ladder Jacob + supposedly dreamt about. In the words of Moses, this was none other but + the house of God and the gate to heaven, as set forth in Genesis 28:17. + In the previous verse, Genesis 28:16, Jacob had just awaked out of his + sleep, which refers back to Genesis 28:12, and, "he dreamed, and behold + a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and + behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it." + +The essence of the ladder of Jacob was the cubical Holy of Holies of the +Tabernacle. It was projected into a column of 7 cubes on the Trestle +Board, with horizontal coordinates extending out over the centre of the +drawing from the upper levels of the 2nd, 4th, and 6th cubes. Below +these horizontals, and on the base line, another cube was drawn to +represent the Holy of Holies itself. From the centre of this Holy of +Holies a series of ascending "angles" were projected upward to intercept +the horizontals. At t he points of intersection, vertical ordinates were +dropped to the base line, and they exactly prescribed the 48 cubits +length of the Tabernacle. A 7th ordinate was projected upwards into +infinity, from the centre of the base line, and represented the joining +of the celestial with the terrestrial sphere. This 7th ordinate was the +top of the ladder, which reached to heaven. The cubes were 7 in number +because they represented the 7 bodies of our planetary system which are +visible to the n aked eye. Each of the ascending angles were 23 1/2 +degrees", because that is the celestial angle at which the earth is +inclined away from the plane of its orbit. + +The unit of measurement was obtained by dividing one edge of the cubical + Holy of Holies into 10 equal parts. The Apex of the curtains of Goats' + Hair was equal to the height of 3 cubes, or 30 cubits. Half this + height, or 15 cubits, was equivalent to the combined widths of the 10 + boards of the sheathing, and the upper half prescribed the height of + the pediments. The descending "angles" of Genesis 28:12 exactly + subtended the 1 1/2, cubits cross section of the Ark of the Covenant + below the centre of the Holy of Holies". The descending ordinates + exactly laid out the 7 bents, or vertical bars across which the "six" + boards of Exodus 36:27 were spaced out. This is indeed none other but + the House of God, and the House we proclaim was erected to God and + dedicated to His Holy name. + +The 7th ordinate came direct from the celestial, and was symbolic of the +path down which Moses had brought the word of God, for it intersected +the mercy seat of the Ark in its exact centre. This was within the +cubical of the Holy of Holies, which was designated as the most Holy +place. The balance of the space within the House was called the Holy +place, and its several parts were symbolic of the several features of +our planetary system. + +Outside the House, and far off about the Tabernacle, the 12 tribes were +encamped. As each tribe was encamped under the ensign of his Father's +house, the encampment itself was symbolic of the 12 constellations of +the Zodiac. Hence, the complete layout of Tabernacle and encampment was +copied from the design of the Father's house in the celestial. + +Had the builders of the Temple thoroughly understood the implications of +the ladder Jacob supposedly dreamt about, it is highly improbable they +would have built their structure of stone. This ladder truly located the +gateway to heaven, for whenever and wherever the original Tabernacle was +set up, the ladder of Jacob formed an integral part of its design. The +"mount" it blessed was the mother earth on which the Tabernacle rested. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/origmas5.txt b/politicalTextFiles/origmas5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7495d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/origmas5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +THE ORIGIN OF MASONRY +V. The Holy of Holies and the Resurrection + +by Cromwell Mensch 32 degree + +THE NEW AGE - NOVEMBER 1948 + + +The Holy of Holies of King Solomon's Temple was called the Oracle, and +was sometimes entirely different and apart from thee room called the +"middle chamber" of the Temple. The Temple itself was a stone building, +60 cubits long, 20 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high. Around the outside +of the main structure were three chambers, superimposed one above the +other. These three chambers were designated as the nethermost, the +middle, and the third chambers, respectively. They were narrow, +corridor-like rooms, for the nethermost was 5 cubits wide, the middle 6 +cubits, and the third, 7 cubits wide. The nethermost was on the ground +floor level, and evidentl y served as a rob ing room, as well as a place +for the storage of implements and vessels used in the ceremonials. The +middle chamber was one flight up, and served as a storage vault, as did +the third chamber above it. Estimates as to the value of gold, silver, +and other valuables stored in these upper chambers of the Temple, run +all the way from five to ten billions of dollars. In short, this middle +chamber of the Temple served as the storage vault for the material +wealth which fou nd its way into the coffers of the priesthoo d. These +chambers were an innovation peculiarly adapted to the Temple, for there +was nothing comparable to them in the original Tabernacle. + +The Holy of Holies of the Tabernacle was a perfect cube, formed of the +veil, and the 4 pillars which supported it. This cube was the central +theme of its design, and the unit of measurement by which all parts of +the Tabernacle were apportioned. For practical purposes, one edge of +this cube was divided into 10 equal parts, and each of these parts was +called a cubit. In other words, the Holy of Holies of the Tabernacle was +10 cubits long in each of its three dimensions. The Oracle of the +Temple, on the other hand, measured 20 cubits in each of its three +dimensions. This increase in size destroyed the perfect harmony of +design which had prevailed in the Tabernacle. In the Tabernacle, the +Holy of Holies was placed in the middle of the structure, and the +celestial angle of 23 1/2 degrees was brought down to the center of the +cubical room. This descending angle was the essential ingredient of +Jacob's ladder, and below the center of the cubical it exactly subtended +the 1 1/2 cubits of the Ark of the Covenant in section. It also did the +same for the Ark in longitudinal section. The 7th ordinate of Jacob's +ladder intersected the Arc in its exact center, and joined the celestial +an d terrestrial spheres. It was the axis about which the Tabernacle +formed a symmetrical design. These celestial ingredients set the Holy of +Holies up as a material token that the Tabernacle was indeed none other +but the House of God. This did not hold true of the arrangement in the +Temple, for its Oracle was at the rear of the main room, and its +volumetric displacement was 8 times that of the Tabernacle's Holy of +Holies. + +The resurrection, or raising of the body from the dead, was exemplified +as a ritual long before Moses came onto the, scene. The very temples +where he was initiated into the mysteries contain graphic illustrations +of this ceremony. The central figure is Osiris, who was raised from his +bier at the command of Horus. The departed soul of Osiris is shown as a +graven image in the form of a bird, perched in the Erica tree at the +head of the bier. Moses transposed this into a nobler conception , by +coupling the rebirth of nature with the phenomenon of the spring equinox +in the celestial. This position he gave to Reuben the first born, as the +beginning of Israel's strength, the excellency of dignity, and the +excellency of power, Genesis 49:3. But Reuben was unstable as water, and +destined not to excel, because he wentest up to his Father's bed, and +then defiledst he it, Genesis 49:4. The tribe of Reuben corresponded +with the constell ation of Taurus, the bull. This bull was called Apis b +y the Egyptians, and was part of the animal worship and deification +practiced by them. The doctrine of Moses pointed out that the +beneficence of God came from the celestial sphere, and this figure of +Apis the bull in the constellation of Taurus defiled his Father's bed. +Reuben was named as the firstborn because at the time of the Exodus the +spring equinox occurred in the constellation of Taurus. The rebirth is +now symbolized by the Aca cia, instead of the Erica tree. + +It was this paganism of the bull in Taurus that caused Moses to shift +the leadership to the tribe of Judah, from whence comes the strong grip +of the Lion's paw. As a matter of fact, the 12 tribes of Israel +originated in the Father's house, for they all correspond with the +characteristics of the 12 constellations of the Zodiac. Every third one +of these constellations contains one of the 4 guardian stars of the +heavens; namely, Aldebaran in Taurus, Regulus in Leo, Antares in +Scorpio, and Fomalhaut in connecti on with Aquarius. Reuben corresponded +with Taurus, who defiled his Father's bed. Judah represented Leo, the +lion, with the guardian star of Regulus. Regulus is described in Genesis +48:10 as the lawgiver, which shall not depart from between his (Leo's) +feet until Shiloh come. The next guardian star is Antares, in the +constellation of Scorpio. It was represented by Dan; for he was to be a +serpent by the way, that biteth the horse heels, Genesis 49:17. This +designation comes from the fact that the scorpion is the only "serpent" +whose striking range is limited to the heel of the horse. The fourth +guardian star is Fomalhaut, actually in the constellation of Pisces +Austrinus; but the stream of water which flows from the jar of Aquarius +is inseparable from Fomalhaut in this mythological presentation. +Aquarius was represented by Ephraim, one of the sons of Joseph, who +Genesis 49:22 says was a fruitful bough by the well. These 4 tribes, +which corresponded with the c onstellations containing the 4 guardian +stars, occupi ed the 4 corners of the encampment about the Tabernacle. +The other eight were interspersed between - these four encamped at the +corners. + +The rendition of the so-called Hiramic legend has a great deal more fact +in it than fiction. All that is needed is to replace the Temple with the +Tabernacle. It was Moses who lived under the tyranny of Ramses II, and +it was such a tyrant as he who struck first at the free speech of the +individual. This is the episode that is enacted at the first station. If +this blow at the power of guttural expression failed to quench the fire +of independent thought, sterner measures were taken by striking at the +very hear t of such characters as Moses. Finally, the lash and the +burdens were increased to the point where the workmen literally fell +dead at their feet. The three stations which epitomize these episodes +may be identified with the three stations in the Tabernacle; namely, the +Altar in the east, the Candlestick in the south, and the Table of +Shewbread in the north. The 12 tribes are still preserved in the 12 +fellowcraft, who are assigned to the same positions in which the tribes +were encamped about the Tab ernacle. A ccording to Chapter 2 of the Book +of Numbers, 3 of the tribes were encamped in the east, 3 in the south, 3 +in the west, and 3 in the north." + +It is a common error to confuse that which was lost with the so-called +"lost" word. This word is one of the most peculiar words in the +dictionary, which gives it a prominence no lost word could ever assume. +That which was really lost are the secrets of the Tabernacle's design, +although, in a broader sense, they were merely concealed in the cabalism +of the writings of Moses. As a matter of fact, the layout of the modern +lodge room more closely follows the design of the Tabernacle than it +does that of the Temple. The central feature of that design was the Holy +of Holies, and the Ark of the Covenant, which was subtended below its +center by the angle of the ecliptic. The modern altar is in the +identical position occupied by the Ark in the Tabernacle, which was in +the exact center of the structure. The token of the "Word" is now on top +of the Altar, whereas in the Tabernacle it was deposited inside the Ark. +The Candlestick still stands at the south, although its lights have now +been reduced to 3. The Golden Altar in the east still retains its +position as the station of the master of ceremonies. The Table of the +Shewbread originally was in the north, but this station has now been +shifted to the west. The modern master of ceremonies would be somewhat +at a loss in an attempt to arrange the 10 candlesticks and the 10 tables +specified for the Temple of Solomon, I Kings 7:49. He would be a little +more successful with the "lost" word, for a clue to both it and the +design of the Tabernacle is to be found in the cabalism of Moses, when +he changed the name of Abram to Abraham, and the name of Jacob to +Yisrael. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ozlaw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ozlaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4eeea8a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ozlaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ + -/- THe LaW iN oZ FoR YouNG aNaRCHiSTS -\- + + Well most of us at some stage in our lives will have a brush with the +law, so here's some interesting truths about the law in VIC, OZ. Most of this +stuff applies all throughout OZ though. I'll throw in some general law trivia +as well, just in case you're curious :) + + * If you are under 18 and you sign some sort of contract, it is NOT + legally binding. This means that if you're 16 and you sign a contract + agreeing to pay off a computer over some time limit, you can take the + computer, tell the dude you're not going to pay him shit, and there + isn't a damn thing he can do about it. The onlt times you have to stick + to a contract is if you are buying stuff to live on ( food, clothing, + etc.), or if you borrow money from banks, building society, etc., also + if the contract helps with employment or education. + + * When you are 17 you can leave home. If you leave home before you are + 17, your parents can call the Department of Health & Community services + and get them to find you and bring you home, or take you to court. If + there is bad shit going on at home though, they probably won't force + you to go back. + + * BEING TAKEN TO COURT: + By the police- You can be taken to a court for + committing a crime once you are over 10. If you are under 17 you will + be taken to the children's court. + By someone else- You can be sued by someone if + you have hurt them or caused them to lose money. But you will only be + responsible for the damage or loss if at your age you should have + known what the results would be. + + * POLICE QUESTIONING (the pigs lie about your rights!): + - If you are under 17, the police should not question you + without a friend, relative, or independent person being + present. + - You DO NOT have to give your name or address to the police. + - You do not have to give your name or address on public + transport if asked by the cops or gumbies. + - You do not have to give your name and address if you are + driving a car/bike or if you are on licensed premises. + - You don't have to go with the police unless you're under + arrest. Always ask them 'Am I under arrest?'. + - You don't have to give your fingerprints or blood samples + unless a court orders it. + - You don't have to have your photo taken, or be in a line-up. + - You don't have to answer any questions. Just say "no comment" + or something equally corny :) + - Anything you say at ANYTIME can be used against you, even if + it is so-called "off the books". + - You don't ahve to sign anything unless you agree with it. + HINTS: If you are being interviewed or busted or anything, try + and piss the cops RIGHT off. Say shit like- "Don't you ever + wonder what your dog and your wife get up to while your away + playing cops and robbers?", if you get them so pissed off that + they will hopefully hit you, all charges will be dropped + against you as it will be an "improper arrest", and you can then + sue the ass of the cops who busted you. When getting hassled by + cops in VIC, they will almost always for your address, name and + phone number, even if you haven't done anything. Try this ploy + it can be really funny: + PIG- "So you say you know nothing about the explosion in the + area?" + YOU- "That's what I said" + PIG- "Do you have any I.D. on you?" (notice how they will always + ASK you for it, they can't demand) + YOU (playing dumb)- "Why? I haven't done anything wrong. Do I + have to give you my details?" + PIG- "It's just routine procedure. If you don't tell me your + I.D. I'll take you down to the station." + YOU- "Your full of shit, you have to officially arrest me first + which you won't do as you will get into deep shit for making a + false arrest. What's YOUR name and details? I'm going to report + you to the IID and the deputy Ombudsman." + PIG- "duhhh..." watch his face drop like a brick. + +BTW the phone number for IID (Internal Investigations Department) is +03-418-1888 (24 hour) DOB-A-COP :) + + * SEX: heheh thought i better put this in ;) + - No one is allowed to have sex with you if you are under 10 + - If you are between 10 and 16 a person is not allowed to have + sex with you if they are more then two years older (yes + Psychosis, that does mean that having sex with your mum is + against the law. BTW Psychosis is a Fed Informer AND a lamer, + so he deserves it :) + - If you are aged 16 or 17 a person is not allowed to have sex + with you if you are under their care, supervision or authority. + + * GETTING MARRIED: (why bother?) + + - You can marry once you turn 18. If you are 16 or 17 you can + only get married if: + - your parents agree, and + - your boyfriend or girlfriend is at least 18, and + - a Magistrate or Judge is satisfied that there are + special circumstances. + - You can not get married if you are under 16. + + * DRINKING ALCOHOL: hehehe + + - Until you are 18 you can only drink or buy alcohol if: + - you are at your own or someone else's house; or + - you are in a hotel or restaurant and you are having + a meal with your parents. + - No one is allowed to let you have alcohol unless it is one of + these two situations. Police can take alcohol away from a + person if they "believe" they are under 18 and not in one of + these situations. + - You cannot go into licensed premises unless you are with your + parents or guardian for a meal. If you break the law the police + could charge you and you could go to court. + + * DRUGS: hahaha + + - No matter how old you are it is a crime to have or take drugs + that are illegal unless they have been prescribed (DOH! :) + + * TATTOOS: wierd huh? + + - Until you are 18 you are not allowed to be tattooed (so all + you kiddies will have to wait until your 18th before you can + have "=MAIM=" tattooed on your forehead :-) + + * BUYING CIGARETTES: to use as fuse delays ;) + + - Until you are 18 no-one can sell or give you tobacco. + + * CARRYING A WEAPON: the interesting bit... + + - You can only have or buy a gun once you are 18, and you must + have a permit for it. + - If you are over 12 and under 18 you are allowed to carry a + gun (but not a pistol) if you have written permission from the + police. This is called a permit. You will only be given a + permit if: + - your parents agree; and + - you are a responsible person (yeah right) + - You will only be allowed to use this gun with a permit if you + are with a person over 18 years of age who has a shooters + permit. + - No matter how old you are allowed to use an air-gun or an + air-rifle at a shooting gallery or amusement centre (yippee!). + - You are not allowed to carry knives such as flick-knives, + daggers, butterfly knives, or knuckle knives. + - You are also not allowed to carry nunchuckas, knuckle dusters, + shanghais, blow guns or catapults. + +FINAL NOTE: + If you want other information on any legal stuff, I suggest +calling the Legal Aid Commission on 03-607-0234. + Well this information will probably be pretty useless unless +you live in Victoria so just ignore it if you come from some other place and +read some of the other cool articles. + + .\\orbid .\ngel + =MAIM= +aFFiLiaTeD CRiMe Co-SYSoP + [DiE Trial] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/parks.txt b/politicalTextFiles/parks.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ac1765 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/parks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ + + FEDERAL PARKS + + + This had been a very long winter and spring for the + entire family. Our reservations to spend a month sight- + seeing in Egypt have been confirmed since last October. + We often talked about special sites we wanted to visit. + Would we see the Great Pyramid at Cheops or the Aswan Dam? + Maybe we would go farther down the Nile to visit some of the + lesser known pyramids at Karnack. We've had discussions on + what it will be like to ride on a camel. We'd heard that + camels smell badly and wondered about that. And we were + looking forward to finding out if Egypt was all sand. + This trip was the talk of the school which my two + children attended. Not only were their classmates inter- + ested, their teachers had became involved. + One day, my son asked if we were going to visit King + Tut's Tomb. I replied, "Yes, it's on our list." + "What about the curse of his tomb? Will we be cursed?" + "I doubt it Billy." I answered. "That was only a + story." + "No it's not!" retorted Susie. "Miss Slone brought a + special book of Egypt from the library. She read us the + part about when they opened the tomb and all the people who + died strangely." + "I don't believe it." I replied. "People were much + more superstitious in those days. It was probably a + coincidence that they all died so soon after they opened the + tomb." + "I wouldn't be too sure of that." my wife joined in. + "Do you remember when the artifacts from his tomb were + displayed in Los Angeles? I saw one of the curators on TV. + When asked that very question, he said they didn't know if + the curse was the reason they died." + "Weird!" said Billy as he looked at his sister. "Do + you think it will hurt us if we go in there?" + Susie shivered a bit as she said, "Wow, I hope not." + During the past few months, strange happenings began to + make the headlines. Terrorists shot and killed people at a + couple of airports we would be going through . . . planes + had been hijacked . . . hostages were taken. Would it be + safe for my family to make the trip? + We finally decided the curse of King Tut didn't scare + us but the possibility of running into terrorists did bother + us. We cancelled our trip and decided to visit a national + park in the northwestern United States. After all, these + were run by our government so we could feel safe there. + Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite National Park, + Grand Canyon National Park, millions of acres of public + range land, national sea shores, and on and on and on . . . + Beautiful parks, scenery, wildlife, hiking trails, + camping sites . . . Just look at all the beautiful places + our federal government is giving to the people. An ideal +  + place to spend an extended summer vacation with the family. + Let's set the record right now . . . The United States + government is breaking the law. They have NO power to own + those lands. It's illegal as hell! + The ONLY permission for the national government to own + land is spelled out in Art I, Sect 8, cl 17. It specific- + ally limits ownership to 10 square miles for the seat of the + government (Washington, D.C.) and . . . + ". . . over all places purchased by the consent of the + legislatures of the state in which the same shall be, for + the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and + other needful buildings." + That's it. Not one word about range land, national + parks, presidential or other official hideaways. + The only other place in our Constitution where the word + property appears is in Article IV, Section 3, clause 2. + This permission to "dispose of and make all needful rules + and regulations respecting the territory or other property + belonging to the United States; . . . " + This gives them the right to sell property which + lawfully belongs to the government. It allows them to + exercise control over territories which may be awarded to + the national government as a result of peace treaties, etc. + Not a word about public lands or parks. In 1891, they + passed the first act establishing National Forests. This + came about because people were careless when they went into + forested areas. They cut down trees and then vacated the + areas. No attempt was made to plant new trees and rain + runoff was ruining the lands. Commendable? No argument. + By act of Congress dated Aug. 25, 1916, they es- + tablished The National Park Service as a bureau of the + United States Department of Interior. Purpose was to + "promote and regulate the use of the federal areas known as + national parks, monuments, and reservations . . . by such + means and measures as conform to the fundamental purpose of + said parks, monuments, and reservations, which purpose is to + conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects + and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment + of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave + them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." + (Encyclopedia Americana) This was a laudable undertaking on + the part of the Congress. Makes no matter, it's without + authority in the Constitution. + Ownership by the individual states involved, if + permitted by the state constitution concerned, would be + another story. For the federales to assume such an + undertaking without specific permission from or by an amend- + ment to our Constitution is unlawful. + Back to the naughty word again . . . Deficits! All + monies spent operating the National Park Service is illegal. + Some are really disastrous. They will admit that all the + money collected from overnight lodging does not pay the cost + of maintaining the buildings. Another chunk to move the + figures into the red. After all, it's not their money, it's +  + YOUR MONEY! + Reports are that the United States government owns half + the territory west of the Mississippi. How come? The + Constitution is specific on land ownership, ". . . for the + erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other + needful buildings." Nothing else! + Alaska has been in a running battle with Congress over + the past decade to decide who owns the property in the + state. How can Congress tell the people of Alaska the + federal government owns anything other than a military base + or dockyard, etc.? Even then, the legislature of Alaska is + mandated to give their permission to purchase the property. + And to compound the problem, you are subject to jail if + you go on the property without permission. The charge is + trespassing. What kind of garbage is this? + The Founding Fathers knew they couldn't foresee the + future. They had no idea what problems would arise, so we + know they included the amendment process. We should never + look the other way when the government assumes a power for + which we have not specifically given our permission. It's + that simple. + The powers we agreed to convey for government are + spelled out in no uncertain terms. The way for the govern- + ment to receive new powers from we the people is also plain. + We have to make them use the proper and legal means to + receive justification for any act they intend to undertake. + Parks, wildlife and historical preserves are desirable. + They are places of beauty and fun to visit. Many serve the + purpose of sustaining the heritage of our country. Yet + allowing politicians to seize power which we have specifi- + cally denied them is far more dangerous to the survival of + our country. + If we are so foolish to allow even the slightest step + past what we have allowed, the next step is simple. Without + looking too intently, we can see the result of permitting + the first step to go unchallenged. + This is an old and favorite trick of the politicos. + When they are hell bent on accomplishing a specified goal, + they take at least two steps toward the goal. If they are + earnestly challenged, they will take one step backwards to + disarm the dispute. Then they are one step ahead in + achieving their intended goal. + The scenario goes this: "When we passed the National + Forest Act, we convinced the people it was for their own + good. They were happy we took the initiative. No one + checked the constitution or challenged us. Now we can do + whatever we want. And as long as we convince them it's for + their own good, they'll thank us." Easy, isn't it? + As George Washington pointed out, ". . . the constitu- + tion which at any time exists till changed by an explicit + and authentic act of the whole people is sacredly obligatory + upon all." + Again it is pointed out that we demanded every official + of government take an oath or affirmation to support the +  + supremacy of the Constitution. They cannot exceed what we + have allowed. We all must obey the Constitution and this + includes all who work for government at any level! + A thorough search of The Federalist Papers, shows only + No. 43 by James Madison speaking of the ownership of + property by the federal government. One section deals with + the ownership of the property for the seat of the national + government. + Madison says: "The necessity of a like authority over + forts, magazines, etc., established by the general govern- + ment, is not less evident. The public money expended on + such places, and the public property deposited in them, + require that they should be exempt from the authority of the + particular State. Nor would it be proper for the places on + which the security of the entire Union may depend to be in + any degree dependent on a particular member of it. All + objections and scruples are here also obviated by requiring + the concurrence of the States concerned in every such + establishment." + That's certainly clear enough. We did not say it was + okay to own any property other than what was specified. + Now I'm certain many will say the last clause of Art I, + Sect 8 conveys special jurisdiction to the government. They + can own any property they feel necessary, whatever its + classification. This clause is called the "necessary and + proper" clause. + This argument runs into a stone wall immediately. Two + facts in our Constitution kill that reasoning. One is the + supremacy clause. + The other is the "necessary and proper" clause only + authorizes the exercise of listed powers. This includes + other powers vested by this Constitution in the government + of the United States. The document has to show the power. + NOT whatever THEY think necessary and proper. + The ownership of property is specific and limited. + Nowhere in our Constitution can anyone point to as permis- + sion for ownership of other types of property. This + includes Camp David and a high official hideout on Jekyll + Island off the coast of Georgia. + Have you ever checked to see what these clowns are + required to pay for a stay at Jekyll Island? There are many + others, some set aside in 'public parks', exclusive for high + ranking bureaucrats, members of congress and the justices of + the Supreme Court. Though they might think otherwise, there + are no kings or potentiates in our government. They are + responsible to you and me. + The Federalist Papers are crystal clear on this aspect. + In paper No. 34, Hamilton is emphatic that the necessary and + proper clause pertains only to powers specifically granted. + He addresses the points in particular we are making. + "If the federal government should overpass the just + bounds of its authority and make a tyrannical use of its + powers, the people, whose creature it is, must appeal to the + standard they have formed, and take such measures to redress +  + the injury done to the Constitution as the exigency may + suggest and prudence justify. The propriety of a law, in a + constitutional light, must always be determined by the + nature of the powers upon which it is founded." + Madison in paper No. 44 puts it this way: "If it be + asked what is to be the consequence, in case the Congress + shall misconstrue this part of the Constitution and exercise + powers not warranted by its true meaning, I answer the same + as if they should misconstrue or enlarge any other power + vested in them; as if the general power had been reduced to + particulars, and any one of these were to be violated; the + same, in short, as if the State legislatures should violate + their respective constitutional authorities. In the first + instance, the success of the usurpation will depend on the + executive and judiciary departments, which are to expound + and give effect to the legislative acts; and in the last + resort a remedy must be obtained from the people, who can, + by the election of more faithful representatives, annul the + acts of the usurpers." + Usurpers are those who seize and hold a power or + position without a legal right. This is exactly what we are + facing in our country today. And how could this occur + except with the acquiescence and, as Madison said, collusion + between the executive and judicial branches? + Remember the Tenth Amendment absolutely prohibits the + federal government from assuming ANY power which we did not + delegate. There are no exceptions. + So how do we straighten out this mess? James Madison + had the answer when he said the remedy must come from the + people. + Hamilton also pointed out the people must take whatever + measures necessary to redress the injury to the Constitu- + tion. Call the local office of your Senator or Congressman. + Ask where they find the authorization to own property beyond + what is specified in our Constitution. + A couple more questions would be pertinent. One, have + you taken an oath to support our Constitution? Second, ask + where Congress finds the specific justification to establish + the National Park Service. + Do not to take their answer at face value. Check their + answer against the Constitution. Ask them for specifics. + Point out the two areas in the Constitution which have to do + with property. You will hear a lot of silence at the other + end of the phone. They have never had a question before + like you're asking them now. + Tell them you are unhappy with the government spending + money on items which are beyond the lawmaking and spending + powers of Congress. Ask further what he/she expects to do + about the problem. Then ask your friends to do the same. + Letters to the Editor of your local newspapers would alert + other people of your area. + Another way to stir the pot would be to send members of + Congress who represent you a "Petition For Redress of + Grievances." To refresh our memory, this was a right +  + included in the 1st Amendment. It is NOT a privilege as the + hot shots in government keep insisting. + The colonists had a great deal of trouble with the King + of England. They filed these petitions to ask the King to + correct the wrongs and injustices which had occurred. This + was the main reason they included this right in the First + Amendment. + I strongly suggest you write out the complaint in your + own words. It shouldn't sound as though you are following + something out of a book. You don't need a degree in english + to make your demand understood. Write it as though you were + talking to a member of your family and those in Congress + will understand it also. + There has been no form prescribed for a petition for + redress. Nor did our Founding Fathers specify which branch + of government these petitions were restricted to. Any + branch can be petitioned and I recommend ALL branches + receive these petitions! This right has fallen into nearly + complete disuse over the past years. There is an ASCII file + at the end of this book containing a Petition for Redress of + Grievances. It can be printed on any printer, filled out + and mailed. + A wise man once said, "The more corrupt the state, the + more numerous the laws." (Cornelius Tacitus, Roman senator + and historian. A.D. c.56-c.115) It's our sacred duty to + curb this illegal abuse of our Constitution. We must make + the government again responsible to WE THE PEOPLE. + They are making fools of you and me. + + + PLEASE READ THE 'SALES PITCH' CHAPTER. + + REGISTER WITH THE AUTHOR.  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/part-sex.txt b/politicalTextFiles/part-sex.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81d5382 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/part-sex.txt @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ + +Shadow Government - By John Jackson (c) 1990-1994 + +Partisan sex +by John A. Jackson + + When I was a child, I heard hints that a certain sexual activity caused +blindness. + Now, in the light of Paula Jones's lawsuit against President Clinton, I +understand that the rumor was correct, but the activity wrong. It's other +people's sexual acts that make us go blind. + Indeed, the ugliest thing about the controversy over Jones's suit is not the +pathetic assault allegedly performed by the President, but the disgusting +hypocrisy and self-interestedness shown by both his critics andhis defenders. + On Clinton's side, feminists who lionized Anita Hill when she took on +Clarence Thomas have fallen all over themselves to label Jones a "kook" and a +"slut" and a mercenary out for a quick profit. + Even Hill herself has gone on TV to deny there is any comparison between +herself and Jones, as if the comparison did not occur at once and to everyone. + Among Clinton's critics, however, a legion of male politicians who had never +shown the slightest interest in stopping the abuse of women in this society +have equally been quick to jump to Jones's defense. In Jones, they are saying, +Bill Clinton has victimized every woman--and he must pay. + Missing in all this fervor has been the slightest trace of intellectual +independence. In every instance of which I am aware, from Rush Limbaugh and Pat +Buchanan on the right to Susan Estrich or Eleanor Clift on the left, the past +political allegiance of the commentator predetermined what he or she has to +say. + People who see Clinton as advancing themselves or their pet policies +universally acquit him of this offense, as if no liberal could molest a woman, +while those who oppose Clinton for partisan reasons incline with few exceptions +to convict. + (Fans of the imperial presidency, who are usually Republicans, havetaken to +asserting that a common worm like Jones lacks the status to sue an exalted +being like the President, while John McLaughlin, himself the target of sexual +harassment suits, has bemoaned the accusation's damage to the office and +predicted Clinton's exoneration.) + For myself, I found both Hill and Jones eminently worth hearing. Jones has a +serious case. The conduct she is alleging was offensive enough to be criminal, +and she asserts she has +corroboration. + I would like to see Jones's charges tested in court and in public, +preferably without the already initiated assassination of her character by +Clinton's hired guns. + I would not like to see the suit dismissed on some flimsy technicality or +because of judicial cowardice. The public interest demands that the case be +heard. + But that solution does not meet all the requirements of the case. + The nation must have a president who is not generally believed to be a sex +fiend and an assaulter of unwilling women. + But it needs even more the unbought and unbiased reflections of its +political intellects, and those it clearly does not now have. + Clinton may and probably should resign, so that the government will still +have an effective head while he spends his time and energy--and otherpeople's +money--defending the remnants of his sorry private character. + But what can be done about the molders of opinion, the members of what I +will call the commentariat? They will not resign. They are permanent. And, as +the Jones case shows, they are endlessly +corrupt. No honest person need consult most of them, and the nation cannot rely +upon their honesty, their disinterest or their intelligence. + The problem is not new, of course. Power always attracts its sycophants. +Even shadow governments have shadow patronage to bestow. Even the GOP has its +think tanks and its foundation +grants. + But a prescription is available. + Back in 1945, in his essay, "Notes on Nationalism," George Orwell observed +that "if one looks back over the past quarter of a century, one finds that +there was hardly a single year when atrocity stories were not being reported +from some quarter of the world; and yet...whether such deeds were +reprehensible, or even whether they happened, was always decided (by the +"intelligentsia") according to political predilection." + Orwell concluded: "It can be argued that no unbiased outlook is possible, +that all creeds and causes involve the same lies, follies and barbarities; and +this is often advanced as a reason for keeping out ofpolitics altogether. + "I do not accept this argument, if only because in the modern world no one +describable as an intellectual can keep out of politics in the sense of not +caring about them.... + "Whether it is possible to get rid of (partisan loves and hatreds), I do not +know, but I do believe that it is possible to struggle against them, and that +this is essentially a moral effort." (Emphases in the original.) + A moral effort? Are we capable of it? Oh, Orwell, you grim man. And the real +sin, as he sees it: "indifference to objective truth." + What I will be looking for as the Jones case unfolds is some sign that +somewhere such an effort is being made. And those who make that moral effort to +see beyond their own political benefit, +whether they are right or left in orientation, I will look to as honest men and +women for advice about other things. + I recommend that you do that, too. You and history are the audience. + And commentators you find venal or corrupt in this instance? Well, write +them off ruthlessly. + Because the Jones case, along with the Whitewater scandal, subsumes so much +that is known or suspected to be defective in the character of the president, +it will stand for today's opinion makers as a kind of latter-day Watergate: a +litmus of their and the nation's integrity. We who write about politics may +imagine that in writing about these things we are subjecting the president to +our judgment. But in setting forth our views we are inviting judgment, not only +upon him, but upon ourselves as well. + Whatever the public's questions about Clinton's character, there should be +little doubt about what they think of us commentators. + And what the commentary so far shows is that their disdain for us is well +deserved. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/patriot.txt b/politicalTextFiles/patriot.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f89ab2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/patriot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,419 @@ + +PATRIOTISM, A MENACE TO LIBERTY +by Emma Goldman, 1911 + +WHAT is patriotism? Is it love of one's birthplace, the place of +childhood's recollections and hopes, dreams and aspirations ? Is it the +place where, in childlike naivete, we would watch the fleeting clouds, and +wonder why we, too, could not run so swiftly? The place where we would +count the milliard glittering stars, terror-stricken lest each one "an eye +should be," piercing the very depths of our little souls? Is it the place +where we would listen to the music of the birds, and long to have wings to +fly, even as they, to distant lands? Or the place where we would sit at +mother's knee, enraptured by wonderful tales of great deeds and conquests ? +In short, is it love for the spot, every inch representing dear and +precious recollections of a happy, joyous, and playful childhood? + If that were patriotism, few American men of today could be called +upon to be patriotic, since the place of play has been turned into factory, +mill, and mine, while deafening sounds of machinery have replaced the music +of the birds. Nor can we longer hear the tales of great deeds, for the +stories our mothers tell today are but those of sorrow, tears, and grief. + What, then, is patriotism? "Patriotism, sir, is the last resort of +scoundrels," said Dr. Johnson. Leo Tolstoy, the greatest anti-patriot of +our times, defines patriotism as the principle that will justify the +training of wholesale murderers; a trade that requires better equipment for +the exercise of man-killing than the making of such necessities of life as +shoes, clothing, and houses; a trade that guarantees better returns and +greater glory than that of the average workingman. + + Gustave Herve, another great anti-patriot, justly calls patriotism +a superstitionHone far more injurious, brutal, and inhumane than religion. +The superstition of religion originated in man's inability to explain +natural phenomena. That is, when primitive man heard thunder or saw the +lightning, he could not account for either, and therefore concluded that +back of them must be a force greater than himself. Similarly he saw a +supernatural force in the rain, and in the various other changes in nature. +Patriotism, on the other hand, is a superstition artificially created and +maintained through a network of lies and falsehoods; a superstition that +robs man of his self-respect and dignity, and increases his arrogance and +conceit. + + Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of +patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided +into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had +the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves +better, nobler, grander, more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting +any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone +living on that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in the attempt to impose +his superiority upon all the others. + The inhabitants of the other spots reason in like manner, of +course, with the result that, from early infancy, the mind of the child is +poisoned with bloodcurdling stories about the Germans, the French, the +Italians, Russians, etc. When the child has reached manhood, he is +thoroughly saturated with the belief that he is chosen by the Lord himself +to defend his country against the attack or invasion of any foreigner. It +is for that purpose that we are clamoring for a greater army and navy, more +battleships and ammunition. It is for that purpose that America has within +a short time spent four hundred million dollars. Just think of itHfour +hundred million dollars taken from the produce of the people. For surely it +is not the rich who contribute to patriotism. They are cosmopolitans, +perfectly at home in every land. We in America know well the truth of this. +Are not our rich Americans Frenchmen in France, Germans in Germany, or +Englishmen in England? And do they not squandor with cosmopolitan grace +fortunes coined by American factory children and cotton slaves? Yes, theirs +is the patriotism that will make it possible to send messages of +condolence to a despot like the Russian Tsar, when any mishap befalls him, +as President Roosevelt did in the name of his people, when Sergius was +punished by the Russian revolutionists. + It is a patriotism that will assist the arch-murderer, Diaz, in +destroying thousands of lives in Mexico, or that will even aid in arresting +Mexican revolutionists on American soil and keep them incarcerated in +American prisons, without the slightest cause or reason. + But, then, patriotism is not for those who represent wealth and +power. It is good enough for the people. It reminds one of the historic +wisdom of Frederick the Great, the bosom friend of Voltaire, who said: +"Religion is a fraud, but it must be maintained for the masses." + That patriotism is rather a costly institution, no one will doubt +after considering the following statistics. The progressive increase of the +expenditures for the leading armies and navies of the world during the last +quarter of a century is a fact of such gravity as to startle every +thoughtful student of economic problems. It may be briefly indicated by +dividing the time from 1881 to 1905 into five-year periods, and noting the +disbursements of several great nations for army and navy purposes during +the first and last of those periods. From the first to the last of the +periods noted the expenditures of Great Britain increased from +$2,101,848,936 to $4,143,226,885, those of France from $3,324,500,000 to +$3,455,109,900, those of Germany from $725,000,200 to $2,700,375,600, those +of the United States from $1,275,500,750 to $2,650,900,450, those of Russia +from $1,900,975,500 to $5,250,445,100, those of Italy from $1,600,975,750 +to $1,755,500,100, and those of Japan from $182,900,500 to $700,925,475. + The military expenditures of each of the nations mentioned +increased in each of the five-year periods under review. During the entire +interval from 1881 to 1905 Great Britain's outlay for her army increased +fourfold, that of the United States was tripled, Russia's was doubled, that +of Germany increased 35 per cent., that of France about 15 per cent., and +that of Japan nearly 500 per cent. If we compare the expenditures of these +nations upon their armies with their total expenditures for all the +twenty-five years ending with I905, the proportion rose as follows: + In Great Britain from 20 per cent. to 37; in the United States from +15 to 23; in France from 16 to 18; in Italy from 12 to 15; in Japan from 12 +to 14. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that the proportion in +Germany decreased from about 58 per cent. to 25, the decrease being due to +the enormous increase in the imperial expenditures for other purposes, the +fact being that the army expenditures for the period of 190I-5 were higher +than for any five-year period preceding. Statistics show that the countries +in which army expenditures are greatest, in proportion to the total +national revenues, are Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and +Italy, in the order named. + The showing as to the cost of great navies is equally impressive. +During the twenty-five years ending with 1905 naval expenditures increased +approximately as follows: Great Britain, 300 per cent.; France 60 per +cent.; Germany 600 per cent.; the United States 525 per cent.; Russia 300 +per cent.; Italy 250 per cent.; and Japan, 700 per cent. With the exception +of Great Britain, the United States spends more for naval purposes than any +other nation, and this expenditure bears also a larger proportion to the +entire national disbursements than that of any other power. In the period +1881-5, the expenditure for the United States navy was $6.20 out of each +$100 appropriated for all national purposes; the amount rose to $6.60 for +the next five-year period, to $8.10 for the next, to $11.70 for the next, +and to $16.40 for 1901-5. It is morally certain that the outlay for the +current period of five years will show a still further increase. + The rising cost of militarism may be still further illustrated by +computing it as a per capita tax on population. From the first to the last +of the five-year periods taken as the basis for the comparisons here given, +it has risen as follows: In Great Britain, from $18.47 to $52.50; in +France, from $19.66 to $23.62; in Germany, from $10.17 to $15.51; in the +United States, from $5.62 to $13.64; in Russia, from $6.14 to $8.37; in +Italy, from $9.59 to $11.24, and in Japan from 86 cents to $3.11. + It is in connection with this rough estimate of cost per capita +that the economic burden of militarism is most appreciable. The +irresistible conclusion from available data is that the increase of +expenditure for army and navy purposes is rapidly surpassing the growth of +population in each of the countries considered in the present calculation. +In other words, a continuation of the increased demands of militarism +threatens each of those nations with a progressive exhaustion both of men +and resources. + The awful waste that patriotism necessitates ought to be sufficient +to cure the man of even average intelligence from this disease. Yet +patriotism demands still more. The people are urged to be patriotic and for +that luxury they pay, not only by supporting their "defenders," but even by +sacrificing their own children. Patriotism requires allegiance to the flag, +which means obedience and readiness to kill father, mother, brother, +sister. + The usual contention is that we need a standing army to protect the +country from foreign invasion. Every intelligent man and woman knows, +however, that this is a myth maintained to frighten and coerce the foolish. +The governments of the world, knowing each other's interests, do not invade +each other. They have learned that they can gain much more by international +arbitration of disputes than by war and conquest. Indeed, as Carlyle said, +"War is a quarrel between two thieves too cowardly to fight their own +battle; therefore they take boys from one village and another village, +stick them into uniforms, equip them with guns, and let them loose like +wild beasts against each other." + It does not require much wisdom to trace every war back to a +similar cause. Let us take our own Spanish-American war, supposedly a great +and patriotic event in the history of the United States. How our hearts +burned with indignation against the atrocious Spaniards! True, our +indignation did not flare up spontaneously. It was nurtured by months of +newspaper agitation, and long after Butcher Weyler had killed off many +noble Cubans and outraged many Cuban women. Still, in justice to the +American Nation be it said, it did grow indignant and was willing to fight, +and that it fought bravely. But when the smoke was over, the dead buried, +and the cost of the war came back to the people in an increase in the price +of commodities and rentHthat is, when we sobered up from our patriotic +spree it suddenly dawned on us that the cause of the Spanish-American war +was the consideration of the price of sugar; or, to be more explicit, that +the lives, blood, and money of the American people were used to protect the +interests of American capitalists, which were threatened by the Spanish +government. That this is not an exaggeration, but is based on absolute +facts and figures, is best proven by the attitude of the American +government to Cuban labor. When Cuba was firmly in the clutches of the +United States, the very soldiers sent to liberate Cuba were ordered to +shoot Cuban workingmen during the great cigarmakers' strike, which took +place shortly after the war. + Nor do we stand alone in waging war for such causes. The curtain is +beginning to be lifted on the motives of the terrible Russo-Japanese war, +which cost so much blood and tears. And we see again that back of the +fierce Moloch of war stands the still fiercer god of Commercialism. +Kuropatkin, the Russian Minister of War during the Russo-Japanese struggle, +has revealed the true secret behind the latter. The Tsar and his Grand +Dukes, having invested money in Corean concessions, the war was forced for +the sole purpose of speedily accumulating large fortunes. + The contention that a standing army and navy is the best security +of peace is about as logical as the claim that the most peaceful citizen is +he who goes about heavily armed. The experience of every-day life fully +proves that the armed individual is invariably anxious to try his strength. +The same is historically true of governments. Really peaceful countries do +not waste life and energy in war preparations, With the result that peace +is maintained. + However, the clamor for an increased army and navy is not due to +any foreign danger. It is owing to the dread of the growing discontent of +the masses and of the international spirit among the workers. It is to meet +the internal enemy that the Powers of various countries are preparing +themselves; an enemy, who, once awakened to consciousness, will prove more +dangerous than any foreign invader. + The powers that have for centuries been engaged in enslaving the +masses have made a thorough study of their psychology. They know that the +people at large are like children whose despair, sorrow, and tears can be +turned into joy with a little toy. And the more gorgeously the toy is +dressed, the louder the colors, the more it will appeal to the +million-headed child. + An army and navy represents the people's toys. To make them more +attractive and acceptable, hundreds and thousands of dollars are being +spent for the display of these toys. That was the purpose of the American +government in equipping a fleet and sending it along the Pacific coast, +that every American citizen should be made to feel the pride and glory of +the United States. The city of San Francisco spent one hundred thousand +dollars for the entertainment of the fleet; Los Angeles, sixty thousand; +Seattle and Tacoma, about one hundred thousand. To entertain the fleet, did +I say? To dine and wine a few superior officers, while the "brave boys" had +to mutiny to get sufficient food. Yes, two hundred and sixty thousand +dollars were spent on fireworks, theatre parties, and revelries, at a time +when men, women, and child}en through the breadth and length of the country +were starving in the streets; when thousands of unemployed were ready to +sell their labor at any price. + Two hundred and sixty thousand dollars! What could not have been +accomplished with such an enormous sum ? But instead of bread and shelter, +the children of those cities were taken to see the fleet, that it may +remain, as one of the newspapers said, "a lasting memory for the child." + A wonderful thing to remember, is it not? The implements of +civilized slaughter. If the mind of the child is to be poisoned with such +memories, what hope is there for a true realization of human brotherhood ? + We Americans claim to be a peace-loving people. We hate bloodshed; +we are opposed to violence. Yet we go into spasms of joy over the +possibility of projecting dynamite bombs from flying machines upon helpless +citizens. We are ready to hang, electrocute, or lynch anyone, who, from +economic necessity, will risk his own life in the attempt upon that of some +industrial magnate. Yet our hearts swell with pride at the thought that +America is becoming the most powerful nation on earth, and that it will +eventually plant her iron foot on the necks of all other nations. + Such is the logic of patriotism. + Considering the evil results that patriotism is fraught with for +the average man, it is as nothing compared with the insult and injury that +patriotism heaps upon the soldier himself,Hthat poor, deluded victim of +superstition and ignorance. He, the savior of his country, the protector of +his nation,Hwhat has patriotism in store for him? A life of slavish +submission, vice, and perversion, during peace; a life of danger, exposure, +and death, during war. + While on a recent lecture tour in San Francisco, I visited the +Presidio, the most beautiful spot overlooking the Bay and Golden Gate Park. +Its purpose should have been playgrounds for children, gardens and music +for the recreation of the weary. Instead it is made ugly, dull, and gray by +barracks,Hbarracks wherein the rich would not allow their dogs to dwell. In +these miserable shanties soldiers are herded like cattle; here they waste +their young days, polishing the boots and brass buttons of their superior +officers. Here, too, I saw the distinction of classes: sturdy sons of a +free Republic, drawn up in line like convicts, saluting every passing +shrimp of a lieutenant. American equality, degrading manhood and elevating +the uniform! + Barrack life further tends to develop tendencies of sexual +perversion. It is gradually producing along this line results similar to +European military conditions. Havelock Ellis, the noted writer on sex +psychology, has made a thorough study of the subject. I quote: "Some of the +barracks are great centers of male prostitution.... The number of soldiers +who prostitute themselves is greater than we are willing to believe. It is +no exaggeration to say that in certain regiments the presumption is in +favor of the venality of the majority of the men.... On summer evenings +Hyde Park and the neighborhood of Albert Gate are full of guardsmen and +others plying a lively trade, and with little disguise, in uniform or +out.... In most cases the proceeds form a comfortable addition to Tommy +Atkins' pocket money." + To what extent this perversion has eaten its way into the army and +navy can best be judged from the fact that special houses exist for this +form of prostitution. The practice is not limited to England; it is +universal. "Soldiers are no less sought after in France than in England or +in Germany, and special houses for military prostitution exist both in +Paris and the garrison towns." + Had Mr. Havelock Ellis included America in his investigation of sex +perversion, he would have found that the same conditions prevail in our +army and navy as in those of other countries. The growth of the standing +army inevitably adds to the spread of sex perversion; the barracks are the +incubators. + Aside from the sexual effects of barrack life, it also tends to +unfit the soldier for useful labor after leaving the army. Men, skilled in +a trade, seldom enter the army or navy, but even they, after a military +experience, find themselves totally unfitted for their former occupations. +Having acquired habits of idleness and a taste for excitement and +adventure, no peaceful pursuit can content them. Released from the army, +they can turn to no useful work. But it is usually the social riff-raff, +discharged prisoners and the like, whom either the struggle for life or +their own inclination drives into the ranks. These, their military term +over, again turn to their former life of crime, more brutalized and +degraded than before. It is a well-known fact that in our prisons there is +a goodly number of ex-soldiers; while, on the other hand, the army and navy +are to a great extent plied with ex-convicts. + Of all the evil results I have just described none seems to me so +detrimental to human integrity as the spirit patriotism has produced in the +case of Private William Buwalda. Because he foolishly believed that one can +be a soldier and exercise his rights as a man at the same time, the +military authorities punished him severely. True, he had served his country +fifteen years, during which time his record was unimpeachable. According to +Gen. Funston, who reduced Buwalda's sentence to three years, "the first +duty of an officer or an enlisted man is unquestioned obedience and loyalty +to the government, and it makes no difference whether he approves of that +government or not." Thus Funston stamps the true character of allegiance. +According to him, entrance into the army abrogates the principles of the +Declaration of Independence. + What a strange development of patriotism that turns a thinking +being into a loyal machine ! + In justification of this most outrageous sentence of Buwalda, Gen. +Funston tells the American people that the soldier's action was "a serious +crime equal to treason." Now, what did this "terrible crime" really consist +of ? Simply in this: William Buwalda was one of fifteen hundred people who +attended a public meeting in San Francisco; and, oh, horrors, he shook +hands with the speaker, Emma Goldman. A terrible crime, indeed, which the +General calls "a great military offense, infinitely worse than desertion." + Can there be a greater indictment against patriotism than that it +will thus brand a man a criminal, throw him into prison, and rob him of the +results of fifteen years of faithful service? + Buwalda gave to his country the best years of his life and his very +manhood. But all that was as nothing. Patriotism is inexorable and, like +all insatiable monsters, demands all or nothing. It does not admit that a +soldier is also a human being, who has a right to his own feelings and +opinions, his own inclinations and ideas. No, patriotism can not admit of +that. That is the lesson which Buwalda was made to learn; made to learn at +a rather costly, though not at a useless price. When he returned to +freedom, he had lost his position in the army, but he regained his +self-respect. After all, that is worth three years of imprisonment. + A writer on the military conditions of America, in a recent +article, commented on the power of the military man over the civilian in +Germany. He said, among other things, that if our Republic had no other +meaning than to guarantee all citizens equal rights, it would have just +cause for existence. I am convinced that the writer was not in Colorado +during the patriotic regime of General Bell. He probably would have changed +his mind had he seen how, in the name of patriotism and the Republic, men +were thrown into bull-pens, dragged about, driven across the border, and +subjected to all kinds of indignities. Nor is that Colorado incident the +only one in the growth of military power in the United States. There is +hardly a strike where troops and militia do not come to the rescue of those +in power, and where they do not act as arrogantly and brutally as do the +men wearing the Kaiser's uniform. Then, too, we have the Dick military law. +Had the writer forgotten that? + A great misfortune with most of our writers is that they are +absolutely ignorant on current events, or that, lacking honesty, they will +not speak of these matters. And so it has come to pass that the Dick +military law was rushed through Congress with little discussion and still +less publicity,Ha law which gives the President the power to turn a +peaceful citizen into a bloodthirsty man-killer, supposedly for the defense +of the country, in reality for the protection of the interests of that +particular party whose mouthpiece the President happens to be. + Our writer claims that militarism can never become such a power in +America as abroad, since it is voluntary with us, while compulsory in the +Old World. Two very important facts, however, the gentleman forgets to +consider. First, that conscription has created in Europe a deep-seated +hatred of militarism among all classes of society. Thousands of young +recruits enlist under protest and, once in the army, they will use every +possible means to desert. Second, that it is the compulsory feature of +militarism which has created a tremendous anti-militarist movement, feared +by European Powers far more than anything else. After all, the greatest +bulwark of capitalism is militarism. The very moment the latter is +undermined, capitalism will totter. True, we have no conscription; that is, +men are not usually forced to enlist in the army, but we have developed a +far more exacting and rigid forceHnecessity. Is it not a fact that during +industrial depressions there is a tremendous increase in the number of +enlistments ? The trade of militarism may not be either lucrative or +honorable, but it is better than tramping the country in search of work, +standing in the bread line, or sleeping in municipal lodging houses. After +all, it means thirteen dollars per month, three meals a day, and a place to +sleep. Yet even necessity is not sufficiently strong a factor to bring into +the army an element of character and manhood. No wonder our military +authorities complain of the "poor material" enlisting in the army and navy. +This admission is a very encouraging sign. It proves that there is still +enough of the spirit of independence and love of liberty left in the +average American to risk starvation rather than don the uniform. + Thinking men and women the world over are beginning to realize that +patriotism is too narrow and limited a conception to meet the necessities +of our time. The centralization of power has brought into being an +international feeling of solidarity among the oppressed nations of the +world; a solidarity which represents a greater harmony of interests between +the workingman of America and his brothers abroad than between the American +miner and his exploiting compatriot; a solidarity which fears not foreign +invasion, because it is bringing all the workers to the point when they +will say to their masters, "Go and do your own killing. We have done it +long enough for you." +This solidarity is awakening the consciousness of even the soldiers, they, +too, being flesh of the flesh of the great human family. A solidarity that +has proven infallible more than once during past struggles, and which has +been the impetus inducing the Parisian soldiers, during the Commune of +1871, to refuse to obey when ordered to shoot their brothers. It has given +courage to the men who mutinied on Russian warships during recent years. It +will eventually bring about the uprising of all the oppressed and +downtrodden against their international exploiters. + The proletariat of Europe has realized the great force of that +solidarity and has, as a result, inaugurated a war against patriotism and +its bloody spectre, militarism. Thousands of men fill the prisons of +France, Germany, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries, because they dared +to defy the ancient superstition. Nor is the movement limited to the +working class; it has embraced representatives in all stations of life, its +chief exponents being men and women prominent in art, science, and letters. + America will have to follow suit. The spirit of militarism has +already permeated all walks of life. Indeed, I am convinced that militarism +is growing a greater danger here than anywhere else, because of the many +bribes capitalism holds out to those whom it wishes to destroy. + The beginning has already been made in the schools. Evidently the +government holds to the Jesuitical conception, "Give me the child mind, and +I will mould the man." Children are trained in military tactics, the glory +of military achievements extolled in the curriculum, and the youthful minds +perverted to suit the government. Further, the youth of the country is +appealed to in glaring posters to join the army and navy. "A fine chance to +see the world !" cries the governmental huckster. Thus innocent boys are +morally shanghaied into patriotism, and the military Moloch strides +conquering through the Nation. + The American workingman has suffered so much at the hands of the +soldier, State and Federal, that he is quite justified in his disgust with, +and his opposition to, the uniformed parasite. However, mere denunciation +will not solve this great problem. What we need is a propaganda of +education for the soldier: antipatriotic literature that will enlighten him +as to the real horrors of his trade, and that will awaken his consciousness +to his true relation to the man to whose labor he owes his very existence. +It is precisely this that the authorities fear most. It is already high +treason for a soldier to attend a radical meeting. No doubt they will also +stamp it high treason for a soldier to read a radical pamphlet. But, then, +has not authority from time immemorial stamped every step of progress as +treasonable ? Those, however, who earnestly strive for social +reconstruction can well afford to face all that; for it is probably even +more important to carry the truth into the barracks than into the factory. +When we have undermined the patriotic lie, we shall have cleared the path +for that great structure wherein all nationalities shall be united into a +universal brotherhood,Ha truly FREE SOCIETY. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pc1988.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pc1988.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cd90f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pc1988.txt @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +(EDITOR'S NOTE: A NATIONAL PANEL OF MEDIA EXPERTS ANNUALLY SELECTS +THE TOP TEN UNDER-REPORTED NEWS STORIES OF THE YEAR) + + AMERICA'S INFORMATION MONOPOLY + TOPS UNDER-REPORTED NEWS STORIES OF 1987 + + ROHNERT PARK -- The rapidly increasing concentration of media +ownership in America and its impact on a free society topped the list of 25 +overlooked issues of 1987 according to a national panel of media experts. + + The second most undercovered story of the year, cited by Project +Censored, concerned the mounting evidence of a large-scale contra/CIA drug +smuggling network. + + Now in its 12th year, Project Censored, a national media research +effort conducted annually at Sonoma State University, California, locates +stories about significant issues which are not widely publicized by the +national news media. + + Following are the top ten under-reported news stories of 1987 as +announced by project director Carl Jensen, professor of communication +studies at Sonoma State University: + + 1. The Information Monopoly. Media expert Ben Bagdikian found that +in 1987 just 29 corporations controlled half or more of the media business +in America. Wall Street analysts of the media predict that only half a +dozen giant firms will control most of our media by the 1990s. The impact +of this information cartel on a free society is ignored by the mass media. + + 2. The U.S. and Its Contra/Drug Connection. An investigation +by the Christic Institute, along with testimony before Congressional +committees last year, revealed a startling picture of large-scale drug +trafficking under the auspices of the U.S. government/contra supply +network. In the midst of Nancy Reagan's well-publicized "Just Say No" to +drugs campaign, the mainstream media failed to expose the contra gun- +running operation that provided a safe conduit for drugs into the U.S. + + 3. Unreported Worldwide Nuclear Accidents. In 1987, the West German +weekly DER SPIEGEL published secret nuclear reactor accident reports +compiled by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The reports, translated +into English and published in a small circulation U.S. publication, were +ignored by the major media. DER SPIEGEL said that "a meltdown was a real +possibility" in several of the accidents and warned that human error is +most prevalent in North America. + + 4. Reagan's Mania for Secrecy. Even though President Reagan +proclaimed 1987 the "Year of the Reader," three major reports published in +1987 charged that because of the Reagan administration's penchant for +secrecy, there was less to read last year. The reports detail how a massive +network of executive orders, secret directives, and administrative edicts +institutionalized secrecy throughout the government and put unprecedented +controls on information available to the public. + + 5. George Bush's Role in the Iran Arms Deal. Evidence surfaced last +year which indicates that Vice President Bush, far more than President +Reagan, promoted the Iran arms initiative, took part in secret +negotiations, and conferred upon Oliver North the secret powers to carry it +out. The evidence suggests that Bush supported the Iran arms sales because +of an economic motive +-- the desire to stabilize dropping oil prices. + + 6. Biowarfare Research in University Laboratories. Overshadowed by +Star Wars, the push toward biowarfare has been one of the Reagan +administration's best kept secrets. Despite an international agreement +which bans the development of germ-warfare agents, the Pentagon's research +budget for infectious diseases and toxins has increased tenfold since +fiscal '81 and most of the '86 budget of $42 million went to 24 U.S. +university campuses where the world's most deadly organisms are being +cultured in campus labs. + + 7. Biased Press Coverage of Arias Peace Plan. Two studies monitoring +U.S. press coverage of the Arias peace plan found significant bias in the +coverage. The New York-based Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting group +concluded that the study showed how "Reagan's obsession with Nicaragua has +turned into a media obsession." The other study, by the Media Alliance, a +San Francisco-based group of media professionals, concluded that most of +the newspapers studied followed the Reagan administration's direction as to +what deserved coverage in Central America. + + 8. Dumping Our Toxic Wastes on the Third World. Exporting hazardous +and toxic wastes to Third World countries is a growth industry. The +exported material includes heavy metal residues and chemical-contaminated +wastes, pharmaceutical refuse, and municipal sewage sludge and incinerator +ash. The risks for countries that accept our wastes range from +contamination of groundwater and crops to birth defects and cancer. Since +we import food from some of these same countries, our exported hazardous +wastes could easily end up on our own dinner tables. + + 9. The Censored Report of Torture in El Salvador. A 165-page report +smuggled out of the Mariona men's prison in El Salvador by the Human Rights +Commission of El Salvador, documents the "routine" use of at least 40 kinds +of torture on political prisoners. Prisoners are systematically tortured by +Salvadoran police forces who are trained and occasionally supervised by +American military advisers. The use of torture reportedly is part of the +U.S. counterinsurgency program in El Salvador. + + 10. Project Galileo Shuttle to Carry Lethal Plutonium. Despite dire +scientific warnings of a possible disaster, NASA is pursuing plans to +launch the Project Galileo shuttle space probe with 49 pounds of plutonium +on it. Theoretically, one pound of plutonium, evenly distributed, could +give everyone on the planet a fatal case of lung cancer. Critics of the +plan claim that putting Galileo's plutonium payload into space is both +risky and unnecessary. + + The other 15 under-reported stories of 1987 were: U.S. Sends Bullets +to Starving Children in Honduras; Decline in Genetic Diversity: Global +Disaster in the Making; The United States: An International Outlaw; The +Tragedy of Grenada Since October 25, 1983; The FBI Tries To Turn America's +Librarians Into Spies; Reagan's 1980 "October Surprise" -- Arms For +Hostages; Oliver North's Secret Plan to Declare Martial Law; Non-ionizing +Radiation and Public Health/Safety Hazards; Glowing Outlook For Food +Irradiation Business; The Growth of Economic Apartheid in America; OMB +Compiling Nationwide Blacklist of Grant Violators; Roundup: the World's +Most Popular Weed Killer; Puerto Rico: The Revolution at Our Doorstep; +Congressional Conflict of Interest: "Company" Man Probes Contras; Millions +of America's Animals Tested, Maimed, and Killed Annually. + +PROJECT CENSORED JUDGES + The panel of jurors who selected the top ten stories were: Dr. Donna +Allen, founding editor of MEDIA REPORT TO WOMEN; Ben Bagdikian, Dean, +Graduate School of Journalism, University of California, Berkeley; Noam +Chomsky, professor, Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of +Technology; John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, Harvard University; George +Gerbner, professor, Annenberg School of Communications, University of +Pennsylvania; Nicholas Johnson, professor, College of Law, University of +Iowa; Charles L. Klotzer, editor and publisher, THE ST. LOUIS JOURNALISM +REVIEW; Brad Knickerbocker, national news editor, THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE +MONITOR; + + Judith Krug, Director, Office for Intellectual Freedom, American +Library Association; Bill Moyers, Executive Editor, Public Affairs +Television; Jack L. Nelson, professor, Graduate School of Education, +Rutgers University; Herbert I. Schiller, Professor of Communication, +University of California, San Diego; George Seldes, America's Emeritus +Journalist and author of THE GREAT THOUGHTS; Sheila Rabb Weidenfeld, +president, D.C. Productions; Mortimer B. Zuckerman, Chairman and Editor- +in-Chief, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT. + + Sonoma State University student researchers participating in the +nationwide research effort were Frances Caballo, Carolina Clare, Morley +Cowan, Nana Nash, Mark Pierson, Lance Plaza, Kevin W.Rose, Roxanne +Turnage, and Kelly Wendt. + + Jensen, who originated the media research project in 1976, said "The +increasing centralization of information sources, combined with the Reagan +administration's mania for secrecy, significantly reduced the flow of +information to the American people last year. Each of the stories cited +above should have been on the front page of every newspaper and on every +network news program in the country. The fact that they weren't suggests +there is an effective covert form of censorship in America." + + Anyone interested in nominating a 1988 story for next year's project +can send a copy of the story to Carl Jensen, Project Censored, Sonoma State +University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928. + +(EDITOR'S NOTE: SIDEBAR STORY FOLLOWS) +INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISTS AND MEDIA +CITED FOR EXPOSING "CENSORED" STORIES + + Following are the investigative journalists and media cited by Project +Censored for exploring the top ten issues overlooked or under-reported by +the national news media in 1987: + + 1. The Information Monopoly -- EXTRA!, 6/87, "The 26 corporations +that own our media," and MULTINATIONAL MONITOR, 9/87, "The Media Brokers," +both by Ben Bagdikian; UTNE READER, 1/88, Censorship in Publishing," by +Lynette Lamb. + + 2. The U.S. and Its Contra/Drug Connection -- THE CHRISTIC INSTITUTE +SPECIAL REPORT, 11/87, "The Contra-Drug Connection" by Daniel P. Sheehan; +NEWSDAY, 6/28/87, "Witness: Contras Got Drug Cash," by Knut Royce; THE +NATION, 9/5/87, "How the Drug Czar Got Away," by Martin A. Lee; IN THESE +TIMES, 4/15/87, "CIA, contras hooked on drug money," by Vince Bielski and +Dennis Bernstein. + + 3. Unreported Worldwide Nuclear Accidents -- EARTH ISLAND JOURNAL, +Summer, 1987, "Secret Documents Reveal Nuclear Accidents Worldwide," by Gar +Smith with Hans Hollitscher; EXTRA!, 6/87, "Nuclear Broadcasting Company." + + 4. Reagan's Mania for Secrecy -- THE NATION, 5/23/87, "History +Deleted;" GOVERNMENT SECRECY: DECISIONS WITHOUT DEMOCRACY, 12/87, by People +For The American Way; FYI MEDIA ALERT 1987, 3/87, "The Reagan +Administration & The News Media," by The Reporters Committee for Freedom of +the Press; THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, Washington Office, "Less +Access to Less Information By and About the U.S. Government: IX," 12/87, by +Anne A. Heanue. + + 5. George Bush's Role in the Iran Arms Deal -- PACIFIC NEWS SERVICE, +12/21/87, "Bush had oil policy interest in promoting Iran arms deals," by +Peter Dale Scott. + + 6. Biowarfare Research in University Laboratories -- ISTHMUS, +10/9/87, "Biowarfare and the UW," by Richard Jannaccio; THE PROGRESSIVE, +11/16/87, "Poisons from the Pentagon," by Seth Shulman; WALL STREET +JOURNAL, 9/17/86, "Military Science," by Bill Richards and Tim Carrington. + + 7. Biased Press Coverage of Arias Peace Plan -- SAN FRANCISCO BAY +GUARDIAN, 1/6/88, "On Central America, U.S. Dailies Parrot Reagan Line," by +Jeff Gillenkirk; EXTRA!, 8/87, "Media Put Reagan Spin on Arias Plan," by +Jeff Cohen and Martin A. Lee. + + 8. Dumping Our Toxic Wastes on the Third World -- THE NATION, +10/3/87, "The Export of U.S. Toxic Wastes," by Andrew Porterfield and David +Weir. + + 9. The Censored Report of Torture in El Salvador -- THE NATION, +2/21/87, "After the Press Bus Left," and THE NATION, 11/14/87, "The Press +and the Plan," both by Alexander Cockburn; SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER, +11/14/86, "In Prison, Salvador rights panel works on," by Ron Ridenhour; +MARIN INTERFAITH TASK FORCE ON CENTRAL AMERICA, 7/2/87, by Liz Erringer. + + 10. Project Galileo Shuttle To Carry Lethal Plutonium -- THE NATION, +1/23/88, "The Space Probe's Lethal Cargo," by Karl Grossman. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pguide.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pguide.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5b128d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pguide.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3027 @@ +The Patriot Guidebook +to a Better America + +-by- + +Minuteman [DiP/Misfits/BMF] +polaris@np.newpower.com + + +This material is free to copy electronically. However, this article, nor +any portion of it, may be reproduced without express consent of the author. +Most all of the information in this guide is available over the global +internet separately. + +Before i begin, i would like to thank lots of people for their help in +writing and compiling this journal... guys... you deserve a strong pat on +the back... + +Sarin +br0k3n +Thorzine +Leprekaun +Weasel + +And all of the other wonderful folks on #anarchy... + +I hope all you guys enjoy what you've helped to create. :) + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +*WARNING* + +The material you are about to read may be offensive and shocking to some. +The author did not write this with the intention to incite or instruct anyone +to form a revolution, create violence, or commit illegal acts within the +United States of America. This manual was written only for informational +sake. The political feelings are of the author only. Should anyone use +the information in this manual to violate the laws of the United States, +let he/she beware that the author of this guide takes no responsibility +for the consequences of their actions. If you violate this agreement, you +threaten the freedom of the press by demonstrating that the people cannot be +trusted with provocative documents. + +LET THE BUYER BEWARE! + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +"...We have studied your Communist Smersh, Mao, Che, Bucharin. We have + learned our lessions well, and have added a few home-grown Yankee tricks + of our own. Before you start your next smear campaign, before you murder + again, before you railroad another patriot into a mental institution... + better think it over. + + See the old man at the corner where you buy your paper? He may have a + silencer equipped pistol under his coat. That extra fountain pen in the + pocket of the insurance salesman that calls on you might be a cyanide-gas + gun. What about your milkman? Arsenic works slow but sure. Your auto + mechanic may stay up nights studying booby traps. + + These patriots are not going to let you take their freedom away from them. + They have learned the silent knife, the strangler's cord, the target rifle + that hits sparrows at 200 yards. Only their leaders restrain them. + + Traitors beware! Even now the cross hairs are on the back of your necks!" + + - From the March 15, 1963 issue of "On Target" + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + +I. Description of the PG + +II. The Organizations of the Right Wing + +III. Sabotage/Harassment/Espionage + +IV. The Weapons of the Right Wing + +V. The Enemies of the Right Wing + +VI. Final Notes + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +I. What is the Patriot Guidebook + + I wrote this guide a few weeks after the bombing incident in Oklahoma + City. I am a member of several militia and right-wing groups, and + realized the lack of any real complete guide to a small-time militia + member with ideas and information for him to do locally. What you + are about to read is a document based on various groups, individuals, + and articles that definitively explains what the role of a right-wing + extremist is, and how to accomplish that role. + + I did *NOT* write this guide for White Supremacists. Let me use this + temporary soapbox to explain the intense hate i hate for nazis and the + klan. The real Right Wing does not embrace or accept nazis or white + supremacists as valid members. To me, they are only fringe lunatics + who really dont know what they are fighting for. In order for us to + succeed in our goal, we must unite all the people of the United States, + because as Abraham Lincoln once said, "A divided house cannot stand." + + This guide was written for sane, well-minded right-wingers who are + tired of the status quo and who are looking for a change. If I + have offended you so far, i suggest you stop reading now, and save + yourself further annoyance. + +II. The Organizations of the Right Wing + + "...March on, march on, + Keep us forever free... + ...Fight on, Fight on, + And keep our nation free. + And let them see our motto be, + 'Don't Tread On Me.'" + + - Right-Wing protest chant + + "Join or DIE." + + - Motto from a Revolutionary Propaganda page by Benjamin Franklin. + + + The first thing one needs to know, is the various groups within the + right wing. If i was to list every single organization within the + right-wing, i'd be wasting my time. Here are a few that a good + conservative/extremist SHOULD know, if nothing, for basic knowledge. + + If you know of any specific groups you think i should add to this list + for later versions of this manual, please email me at + polaris@np.newpower.com with the appropriate information. + + + - The John Birch Society - + + Phone # : 1-800-JBS-USA1, 414-749-3780 + + Address : The John Birch Society + P.O. Box 8040 + Appleton, Wisconsin 54913 + + Membership Dues: $48 plus an optional subscription cost for The + New American newspaper. + + The John Birch Society has been a major facet of the right-wing + since its creation in 1958. It is a non-militant, ultraconservative + anti-communist group that supports termination of all relations + and trade with communist countries and urges the maintenance of a + strong U.S. military. It describes itself as an educational group + that seeks less government and "more responsibility." The JBS + advocates FREE ENTERPRISE, LOWER TAXES, and complete U.S. withdrawal + from the United Nations. It publishes two newspapers, The JBS + Bulletin, and The New American. The JBS accepts any ethnic or + religious minority so long as they put America over their background. + + If one orders information with them, they send very clear and fact- + based literature about their positions, and why they are valid. + For instance, one pamphlet details 12 well backed reasons, why we + must "GET OUT" of the United Nations. Birchers are known for their + political vigilance, and their credibility. + + + - The Minutemen - + + Phone # : + + Address : + + Current Membership Dues: + + Little has been heard from the Minutemen since the late '70's. I am + 99% sure that they still exist, it seems they have just slipped from + the limelight. The Minutemen were one of the most publicized militant + groups of right-wingers in the '60's and '70's. Robert DePugh, their + charasmatic leader kept the Minutemen active and vigilant, throughout + this period. The Anti-Defamation League several times conducted + covert espionage activities on them, trying to discern that rumors + concerning wether the Minutemen were anti-semetic were true. Those + rumors proved false, when the On Target Newsletter of theirs called + neo-Nazis "tin-horn Hitlers" and various other derogatory terms. + The Minutemen stress non-communism, non-socialism, and non-facism. + They horde weapons and doomsday material for the "Day". They can + be contacted through publications distributed by the JBS, and other + groups. + + - The Freemen - + + I have no information on joining or addresses for this group. However, + they are extremely similar to the Minutemen, and have been featured in + various magazine and newspaper articles with the Michigan Militia and + other highly publicized right wing groups. + + - Local Militias - + + Local militias can often be contacted through various right-wing + national groups, like the Minutemen, or through electronic bulletin + board systems, national or local. If you intend on joining a local + militia, be sure to know the following: + + 1.) How many members does it have? (It should have 100+) + + 2.) Does it conduct armed training sessions? (It should) + + 3.) Does it have any links to other groups? Which ones? + + 4.) Is it a white supremacy group? (If they are serious, the answer + should be a firm NO) + + 5.) What are the requirements for joining, and how much + does it cost (if anything)? + + Here is a base list of several militias in active states. This info was + found in an ADL (Anti-Defamation League) report, and had to be edited + extensively because of intense political bias, and because of several + listings of white-supremacist (illegitimate, in my opinion) groups. + + Arizona + + Efforts have recently begun in Arizona to create a militia movement. + David Espy, who portrays himself a latter-day American Revolutionary + captain, has attempted to organize militia meetings over the last + several weeks. An advertisement he placed in the September 11 + and 25. 1994 issues of the Prescott Courier announced a meeting + in Paulden, Arizona of the "Association of the Sons of Liberty + and the Volunteer Militia." The purpose of the meeting was + to discuss plans for action against the federal government which, + in his words, "continue[s] to pass legislation that weaken + our unalienable, private property and Bill of Rights (sic)." + The formation of a militia is an integral part of Espy's plan: + "So, everyone out there, who thinks that taking pride in owning + firearms, is being fanatical or nuts, should remember where you + are living and how we all got here to begin with. It wasn't by + just sitting back and letting the government run our lives and + usurping our fundamental rights as free people. So forgive me, + if I see a clear and present danger with what is happening in + our country today, and that I feel a genuine and rational need + to form a volunteer militia force. If for no other reason than + to [let] Washington know that there is still a large group of + us out here that have inherited revolutionary DNA and are willing + to fight for it until our dying breath." + Another aspect of his plan is a demand for "the legal cessation + (sic) of Arizona from these federal United States." Also + active in Arizona is Gary D. Hunt, a man obsessed with the Waco + Branch Davidian incident. Hunt himself was present during the + siege in Waco and wrote about the event at the time, comparing + the Branch Davidians to the original revolutionary Minutemen: + "I understand why [the Minutemen] were willing to stand and + face portions of the greatest military force in the world. And + I understand why David Koresh and the other brave defenders of + Mount Carmel stand fearlessly defending their home and mine." + More recently, Hunt has distributed a flier dated July 2, 1994 + and labeled "Sons of Liberty No. 3." The flier describes + the effectiveness of militias in the Revolutionary War and suggests + that militias are again needed now. At the bottom of the flier, + written in by hand, Hunt announced: "March on Phx FBI 8-25-94 + 5-6 p.m. to release the Branch Davidians. Bring legal signs + + guns. Tell a friend." The FBI and Phoenix Police paid close + attention, but the planned march never materialized. + + Colorado + + Militias in Colorado have benefitted from the support of a number + of right-wing groups. Most active in the movement are so-called + Patriot groups that proliferate throughout the state. Others showing + support for militias in Colorado are the Constitutionists, The + Guardians of American Liberties (GOAL), and state representative + Charles Duke. Militias, calling themselves Patriots, are being + formed across the state and are currently operating in Lakewood, + Longmont, Boulder, and Greeley. The Patriots propaganda promotes + the view that the federal government has betrayed the people + and the Constitution through laws regarding home-schooling, + abortion, taxation, freedom of speech and religion, and, most + importantly, gun control. While calling on citizens to take + political action (for example, write their Congressmen, attend + meetings, etc.), they also urge that people prepare to resist the + government by forming militias and stockpiling weapons, groceries + and other necessities for survival. + + The Patriots publish a newsletter and sell tapes and videos through + "The Patriot Library." Among the titles for sale are + "The New World Order, Communist groups supported by Hillary + Clinton," as well as tapes describing black helicopters said + to be scrutinizing the actions of citizens in the western states. + + Guardians of American Liberties, a multi-slate organization centered + in Boulder, is attempting to take a leadership role in the militia + movement. It describes itself as a national grassroots network + of American Citizens formed to insure our government is free of + corruption, that it is actively aligned with the will of the people + and to safeguard the Constitution of the United States of America + from all forms of corruption." GOAL has some 40 to 50 members + in Colorado as well as claimed chapters in Texas, Arizona, California + and Nevada. It has established a militia committee, although it + is not clear what degree of success it has achieved in organizing + militias in Colorado or elsewhere. GOAL literature lists these + additional committees: a "Federal Reserve IRS Committee." + a "Political Prisoner Committee," and a "Sovereignty + Freedom Committee," beneath which is printed the slogan, + "Kick the Feds out of the Counties." + + The Constitutionists, a Kansas-based extremist group whose leadership + includes Evan Mecham, the impeached former governor of Arizona, + has received support in its promotion of militias from Colorado + State representative Charles Duke (not related to David Duke). Duke + spoke at the group's June conference in Indianapolis and promoted + the formation of militias as an effective way for citizens to protect + themselves from the government. At a Patriots meeting last July, + Duke demanded that "We need some ability to get some firepower to protect + the citizens. I would like to see a militia...[the type] that + functions as a sheriff's posse and has sufficient training." + + Radio station KHNC in Johnstown has offered its facilities to + the Patriots and other groups active in the militia movement. + KHNC broadcasts continuous Patriot programs and talk on "conservative + issues." In addition to using the radio to air their views. + Colorado militias also disseminate information on computer bulletin + boards that reach readers across the country. The Colorado Free + Militia and Boulder Patriots, for example, are promoted on the + New Age Electronic Information Service, a Colorado bulletin board. + + Florida + + A Key Largo-based group calls itself alternately the United States + Militia and the 1st Regiment Florida State Militia. Making a specious + claim to legitimacy from such documents as the U.S. Constitution, + the Federalist Papers, the Florida Constitution and Florida statutes, + this group has been attempting to recruit members at "patriotic" + and anti-gun control gatherings in Florida. Mimicking the style + of the Declaration of Independence, its literature speaks of a + "Train of Abuses" perpetrated on state and local governments + and the citizenry by the federal government. "Just as our + Founding Fathers of this country shook off their shackles of bondage," + the group declares, "so must we." + + The militia's regulations state that "County units will be + organized in each county of the state." Militia members are + told to expect to spend one weekend a month engaging in unit activities + including rallies, shooting events and fund raisers. A list of + suitable equipment is provided, which includes one thousand rounds + of ammunition per weapon and six 30-round magazines for each militia + member. While the group's regulations state that "The unit + may not be used against the police or governmental authority within + the state of Florida," an exception may be made when such + an "entity" commits "crimes of violation of their oath of officer + and "of "sections or articles of the Constitution of the United States + of America and of this state." + + The United States Militia's material was distributed at a U.S. + Constitution Restoration Rally in Lakeland, Florida, on October + 1, 1994. Attended by 1,000 to 1,500 people, the event was sponsored + by Operation Freedom, an outfit created by Charles and Ruth Ann + Spross of Maitland Florida. The Sprosses describe their effort + as a "for profit partnership," and, indeed, they offer + for sale scores of video and book titles, such as "The Planned + Destruction of America" and Linda Thompson's "Waco, + The Big Lie." Featured on the schedule at the October 1 gathering + was a speech by M. J. "Red" Beckman, of Montana, who + has been influential in the militia movement in his home state. + Distributed along with the speakers program at the rally was a + sheet bearing the heading: "Paul Revere Rides Again." + It proclaimed: "A strong and growing Underground Patriotic + Movement with state-wide militia groups exists against The Sinister + Ones that is unreported by the monopolistic and controlled establishment + media." Stockpile food, water, guns and ammo. Never surrender + your weapons.... Form or attend meetings with other spirited patriots.... + Consider yourself warned!" + + Also distributed in large numbers at the rally was a flier urging + that "All Gun Owners Should Fire A WARNING SHOT As A Signal + To The New Congress" on November 11 at 11:00 pm. "Congress + has failed to safeguard the Bill of Rights," it reads, "especially + the 2nd Amendment." It further declares: A warship will fire + a warning shot across the bow, a rattlesnake will sound off: these + warnings are never ignored. It is time to warn politicians that + if they do not respect the Bill of Rights they should at least + fear the wrath of the People. Congress is forcing the country + into a civil war. + + A group in Tampa that claims alignment with a national "patriot + movement" has ordered four judges and several Hillsborough + County officials, including the tax collector, to give themselves + up for arrest to the group's "Constitutional Court". Founder + of the group, Emilio Ippolito, and his daughter, Susan Mokdad, + reportedly said they have an unarmed militia composed of volunteers + to execute the Constitutional Court's orders. Subsequently, Ed + Brown, an activist with an armed militia group in New Hampshire, + contacted Florida law enforcement authorities, prosecutors' offices + and the Florida Bar Association to express support for Ippolito's + court. + + Idaho + + As in other parts of the country, the recent rise of militias + in Idaho can be linked to four events: the Randy Weaver siege, + the Waco disaster, the passage of the Brady Law and the federal + anti-crime law. Idaho militias identify particularly closely with + the Weaver incident because it took place inside the state and + because some key militia figures in the region were allied with + Weaver and indeed participated in the events surrounding the siege. + + Samuel Sherwood, an Idaho militia leader, has recruited hundreds + of Idahoans into his United States Militia Association. At a July + meeting in Blackfoot, Idaho, Sherwood reportedly told potential + recruits that President Clinton's crime bill authorized the government + to hire 100,000 former Royal Hong Kong police to come to America + to enforce gun control laws. As of August 1991, Sherwood's association + has organized militias in at least a dozen of Idaho's counties. + + Sherwood's recruitment campaign has met with opposition from law + enforcement officials. The Tri-County Sheriff's Association, representing + 16 eastern Idaho counties, has passed a resolution against the + formation of militias. Greg Moffat, Madison County Sheriff and + the leader of the association, has asserted that they would "give + absolutely no support to the idea of a militia." + + Indiana + + Indianapolis is the home base of Linda Thompson, an influential + figure in the militia movement nationally. Thompson is a lawyer + and chairman of the American Justice Federation, which describes + itself as "a group dedicated to stopping the New World Order + and getting the truth out to the American public." Thompson + claims to have contact with militias in all 50 states. She appears + frequently at militia gatherings and gun shows, to lecture and + sell her videos "Waco, The Big Lie," and "Waco + II - The Big Lie Continues." The latter, she claims, "proves + conclusively the government murdered 100 men, women and children + at Mt. Carmel in April, 1993." She also sells other propaganda + material such as "The Traitor Files," which purport + to link "Bill and Hillary Clinton to a Marxist-Terrorist + network." On July 13, 1991, Thompson was arrested in Indianapolis + for using her vehicle to block a bus carrying supporters of President + Clinton's health care plan. She was charged with obstructing traffic. + At the time of her arrest police officers seized from her person + a .45-caliber pistol and a .22-caliber Derringer pistol. They + also found in her vehicle an assault rifle with 295 rounds of + ammunition. Her case is pending. + + Thompson had an even more controversial message to be delivered to + the government. The ultimatum commanded members of Congress + to initiate legislation immediately that would, among + other things, repeal the 14th, 16th and 17th Amendments to the + Constitution, and the Brady Law and NAFTA. Designating herself + "Acting Adjutant General" of the "Unorganized + Militia of the United States" Thompson ordered all participants + to come "armed and in uniform." She announced that, + besides delivering the ultimatum, "The militia will arrest + Congressmen who have failed to uphold their oaths of office, who + will then be tried for Treason by citizens courts." Realizing + after several months that support for her march was lacking, Thompson + called it off, yet her standing in the militia movement apparently + remains undiminished. The John Birch Society, troubled about Thompson's + influence on its members and staff, found it necessary to warn + them against her. On May 12, 1994. the Society, issued an official + "admonition to all members and a directive to all employees" + to "stay clear of her schemes." They said: "Linda + Thompson's call for the arrest in September of members of Congress + and the President of the United States by an armed militia is + not just insane, it is contrary to all understanding of the nature + and identity of the enemy." It appears that even by the standards + of the John Birch Society, Thompson is very radical. + + Meanwhile, Thompson continues to appear at rallies and conferences + around the country, and on radio, promoting the militia cause + and calling down thunder upon the American government and its + law enforcement agencies. A rally to form a militia in Indianapolis + took place in September 1994, at a union hall in the south central + part of the city. In attendance were some 200 persons, filling + the hall to capacity, while an overflow crowd was turned away. + A smaller militia is believed to be functioning in Switzerland + County, in eastern Indiana. + + Michigan + + The militia movement has gained a following in Michigan. The most + visible such group in the state has sprung up in northern Michigan. + Spokesmen there make the (probably exaggerated) claim that militias + have 10,000 members and that brigades are operating or are currently + forming in 66 of the state's 83 counties. Meetings reportedly + draw 50 to 100 attendees. + + The issues animating Michigan's militias are the same as those + fueling the movement nationally. Chief among them is a belief + that gun control legislation is but a prelude to a complete ban + on firearms ownership in this country. An essential additional + ingredient, though, is their conviction that the government intends + to wage war on citizens who refuse to give up their weapons. They + cite as evidence for this view the tragic assault on the Branch + Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, and the 1992 raid on the cabin + of Randy Weaver in Idaho, in which Weaver's wife and son and a + federal marshal were killed. They also contend that this same + federal government is acquiescing in the surrender of U.S. sovereignty + to the United Nations and other international bodies. The militia's + aims are to "stand against tyranny, globalism, moral relativism, + humanism and the New World Order threatening to undermine these + United States of America." + + Norman E. Olson, 47, a Baptist minister and gun-shop owner in + Alanson, is the Commander of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Northern + Michigan Regional Militia. After a few months of discussion and + recruitment, the group was established in April 1994. It conducts + training exercises twice a month. At a recent session, weapons + reportedly included Chinese SKS semi-automatic assault rifles, + shotguns and deer rifles. Olson strenuously denies that the + Northern Michigan Regional Militia is racist or anti Semitic. + He claims some Jewish ancestry, and professes admiration for Israel. + In reference to the aborted march on Washington promoted by + Indianapolis militia leader Linda Thompson, Olson has written: + "Many thousands are prepared to go to Washington in uniform, carry + their guns, prepared to present the ultimatum to the President and + to Congress. This may be the beginning of a Concord-like + confrontation." A militia pamphlet distributed at a May meeting in + Petoskey attended by some 55 people reportedly asked: "What force + exists to prevent a state or federally orchestrated massacre like + the one in Waco from occurring in Michigan?" Ray Southwell, a real + estate agent who is the group's information officer, has said: "I'd + guess that within the next two years, you will see the Constitution + suspended." His further prediction: "Christian fundamentalists + will be the first to go under fascism this time. Just like the + Jews were the first last time." + + Southwell speaks as though he regards confrontation with law enforcement + as inevitable. His militia is preparing for the day "when + martial law is declared." "We are taking a stand," he says, "and are + prepared to lose everything." Other militia activists in Michigan + have had their own encounter with the law. Police in Fowlerville + (Livingston County) arrested three militia members on September 8, 1994. + Loaded rifles and handguns, as well as gas masks, night-vision + binoculars and two-way radios, were found in their car. At the + men's scheduled September 14 hearing, at least two dozen uniformed + supporters staged a protest in front of the courthouse and stomped + on a United Nations flag. The suspects failed to appear and are + considered fugitives. They were described by their supporters as + security aides to Mark Koernke (a.k.a. "Mark from Michigan"), a former + Army intelligence officer whose "America in Peril" video and speeches + have helped to recruit members to militias around the country. + + Missouri + + Militias are active in Missouri but do not appear to be as well-organized + as in other states. They operate in at least five southern Missouri + counties: Crawford, Green, Barton, Dade and Cedar, and number + collectively approximately 130 members. The militias hold irregular + meetings to view training videos, discuss paramilitary techniques + and exchange literature reflecting right-wing views. Missouri's + militias are attempting to organize themselves for political action + by, among other things, running candidates for local office. In + keeping with their political aspirations, they have attempted + to avoid any public identification with more extreme groups, although + some members also belong to the John Birch Society and the Populist + Party. + + Montana + + Militias have been forming in Montana since February 1991. The rhetoric + of these groups focuses mainly on gun control and other familiar militia + causes. Meetings have been held across the state, drawing as many as + 800 at a March 10 meeting in Kalispell. Two other meetings there also + drew over 150 participants. Similar gatherings held in Hamilton, Eureka, + Big Timber and Great Falls drew over 200 participants each. Smaller + numbers attended meetings in Sanders County, Billings and Troy. + While the crowds at initial meetings have been large, they have + tended to fall off somewhat at subsequent gatherings. Montana + militias often dwell on the state's history as an independent + outpost of freedom. A recent militia newsletter quoted, with approval, + Gary Marbut, president of The Montana Shooting Sports Association + (an anti-gun control group) in a call for rejection of all federal + control over the state: "Montanans are fed up with the federal + government dictating to Montana and the people of Montana and + we are through with Congress's increasing encroachment on the + Bill of Rights. We have a thirst for freedom in Montana, and we + simply will not subsist under the boot heel of federal tyranny. + There may be some debate about what the Second Amendment means + to the U.S. Supreme Court or the people of Peoria, but there is + no question about what the Second Amendment means to the people + of Montana. 'The great purpose' as Patrick Henry said, + 'is that every man be armed.'" + + New Hampshire + + New Hampshire law provides for an "unorganized militia" + made up of all citizens over the age of 18 who are not in the + national guard or state guard. Militia enthusiasts in New Hampshire + have pointed to the state's legislation (as well as the Second + Amendment to the U.S. Constitution) to explain and justify their + seemingly oxymoronic organization of "unorganized militias." + New Hampshire is the home of the Constitution Defense Militia, + a well-organized group with at least 15 members. It is not known + if the group engages in paramilitary training or the stockpiling + of weapons. + + New Mexico + + As in neighboring Arizona, the organization of militias in New + Mexico is in the nascent stages. Thus far, the most visible manifestation + of pro-militia sentiment in New Mexico has been found in The Free + American, a monthly newspaper published privately by Clayton R. + Douglas and his wife, Jan Douglas. The September 1994 issue contained + an advertisement declaring: "It's Time To Take Matters Into + Our Own Hands, It's Time To Protect Our Constitution! Join The + New Mexico Unorganized Militia." The accompanying phone number + for more information was the number of the newspaper itself. The + militia movement appears to be taking hold in Catron County, an + area that in recent years has experienced much anti-federal government + sentiment among some residents. Among the groups attempting to + organize a local militia are "Concerned Citizens" and + the "Patriots of Catron County." + + Finally, literature from Linda Thompson's (see Indiana section) + "Unorganized Militias of the United States," has been + distributed through gun shops in Albuquerque. + + North Carolina + + North Carolina's militia movement has been fueled by an alarmist + vision of a U.S. government bent on the destruction of American + liberties. A Monroe-based group called Citizens for the Reinstatement + of Constitutional Government has coalesced around Albert Esposito. + He denies that he is preaching revolution, but his rhetoric includes + clear overtones of preparation for battle with the enemy. + He urges the group to amass caches of the "Four B's": + Bibles, bullets, beans and bandages. Many members own semiautomatic + weapons, including AR-15's and AK-47s. The group's program is + a mixture of anti-government, religious and conspiratorial ideas. + It aims to "make the Holy Bible and the United States Constitution + the law of the land," and it vows to "resist the coming + New World Order (one world government)." To accomplish its + goals, it promises to "Remove treasonous politicians and + corrupt judges from positions of authority, and return authority + to the people." + + Citizens for the Reinstatement of Constitutional Government meets + twice a month, alternating between Monroe, in Union County, and + Matthews, in neighboring Mecklenburg County. At one meeting, Esposito, + a 43-year-old contractor, reportedly repeated G. Gordon Liddy's + alleged statement about the new crime law's assault weapons ban: + "He said. If they pass it, don't obey it. And if they come + after you, meet force with force." + + The group has distributed application forms for the "National + Free and Sovereign Civilian Militia, North Carolina state Division." + The forms ask applicants whether they are proficient in the operation + of handguns and rifles, "reloading ammo," and a variety + of survivalist skills. Esposito has espoused his views on guns + at Union County commissioners' meetings. He also railed against + federal encroachment in announcing his support for a nonbinding + resolution passed by the commission in support of school prayer. + Holding a copy of the Constitution in the air, he declared: "We + control the county. Not Washington." + + Consistent with such anti-federal government views, Esposito says + he has refused to file federal income tax returns for three years + running because he regards the tax as unconstitutional. The group + he leads split off from a tax-protest group in Charlotte called + the Carolina Patriots, three of whose leaders were convicted in + October 1994 of conspiracy to help people avoid their tax obligations. + Esposito's group has attempted to distance itself from the Carolina + Patriots. In addition to their views on guns and taxes, members + of the Monroe group have expressed ideas and conspiracy theories + that are characteristic of some other militias around the country. + These include charges that the Federal Reserve system has enriched + a tiny elite (the group's literature advocates the abolition of + the Federal Reserve), and that some government employees have + been implanted with computer chips in order to monitor the citizenry. + Another claim made at one of the group's meetings, that the government + cannot require private citizens to obtain a driver's license, + echoes the stand of an earlier extremist group, the Posse Comitatus. + A separate North Carolina militia group has been formed in Greenville, + in the eastern part of the state. Led by Scott Brown, the unit + is part of the Idaho-based United States Militia Association. + Brown reportedly has said his group worries that government + representatives "don't really understand what the Constitution means + and stands for, and they're voting away our unalienable rights." + It is not known whether the Greenville unit is engaging in any + more incendiary rhetoric or activity. + + A computer bulletin board in Alamance County, called "The + Spirit of '76," has served as an area recruiting point for + the militia led by Linda Thompson, the Indianapolis woman who + is a leading figure in the militia movement nationwide. Another + bulletin board system that made Thompson's computerized materials + available has referred individuals interested in joining the militia + to The Spirit of '76. For its part, The Spirit of '76 has declared + itself off limits to police and other government authorities by + posting a warning that states: "This BBS [bulletin board + system] is a PRIVATE system. Only private citizens who are NOT + involved in government or law enforcement activities are authorized + to use it." + + Ohio + + A militia-type group called "Patriots" meets in Cincinnati and conducts + paramilitary exercises in rural Clermont County. Another group, the Ohio + State Militia has been featured on television several times. They are + also paramilitarists, dedicated to opposing gun control, the United + Nations, and the like. For a period, some of their membership were + scanning and contacting persons with similar viewpoints over a mailnet + called FidoNet, but it is unknown if this link still exists. + + Virginia + + On July 27 of this year, James Roy Mullins, a founding member + of a militia-like group called The Blue Ridge Hunt Club, was arrested + and charged with the possession and sale of a short-barreled rifle + and unregistered silencers and with facilitating the unlawful + purchase of a firearm. Ultimately, three other members were also + charged with firearm offenses. Federal officials said that Mullins + had formed the club to arm its members in preparation for war + with the government. The cases are pending. + + The group, formed earlier in 1994, has had as many as 15 members. + They are said to have met three times before Mullins' arrest. + While members of the group say that their purpose is to lobby + against gun control laws, federal law enforcement officials describe + it differently. An ATF official who investigated the case + said that "Mullins is organizing a group of confederates, + to be armed and trained in paramilitary fashion, in preparation + for armed conflict with government authorities should firearms + legislation become too restrictive." Evidence of such preparation + is substantial. In searches of members' homes and storage facilities, + federal agents found a stockpile of weapons. In Mullins' home, + agents found 13 guns, several of which had homemade silencers. + They also found explosives, hand grenades, fuses and blasting + caps in a separate warehouse. + + Even pretrial incarceration has not stopped Mullins from threatening + violence. While in jail, he wrote a letter to a friend saying + that he wanted to borrow a machine gun in order to "take + care of unfinished business" with certain prosecution witnesses. + + The strongest indications of the group's goals was the draft of + a portion of its newsletter found on a computer disk obtained + by federal agents. On the disk, Mullins had written: Hit and run + tactics will be our method of fighting... We will destroy targets + such as telephone relay centers, bridges, fuel storage tanks, + communications towers, radio stations, airports. etc... human + targets will be engaged ... when it is beneficial to the cause + to eliminate particular individuals who oppose us (troops. police, + political figures, snitches, etc.). + + There are various other militias in other states. There is even an IRC + (Internet Relay Chat) Militia that engages in sabotaging left-wing and + seditious channels. These can most easily be contacted through other + militia/right-wing/gun buff groups. + + + - Committees of Correspondence - + + Phone # : (615)856-6185 + + Address : Nick Hull, secretary + Committees of Correspondence + 2702 Kimbrell Rd + Lenoir City, TN 37772 + + The time has come for liberty minded people to begin to talk about how + the anti-liberty trends of this country can be reversed. For this + purpose, we need to form Committees of Correspondence in each + community. + + Note that these Committees are not oriented towards subversion or + revolution - far from it! They are meant as forums where people will + discuss how this country is off track, and how it can be gotten back + on track. While discussion of such theoretical possibilities is not + barred from such groups, it is not the central factor - discussion is. + + These Committees have greater benefits than stimulating discussion for + their members. They provide a method by which like minded people can + meet each other, thus developing a known community of such people. By + doing so, the foundations are laid for a true citizen's militia, + should such a body ever become necessary. + + Please volunteer to be a member of such a committee! There are no + requirements, except that you be willing to meet others in your + community, who, like yourself, believe that this country has departed + from the ideals of the founding fathers, and has moved towards being a + totalitarian state that you would not wish to live in. + + - The People's Phrunt - + + Address : TPP c/o RevWilson + 427 E. 13th Street + Eugene, Oregon 97401 + + This is a new group that i was told about over Internet Relay Chat. + They stand for basically the same thing as the JBS and Minutemen, and + are firmly against white supremacy. I cant tell you too much, because + i havent had a chance to talk in depth with the creator. But i + encourage you to get more info. + + +III. Sabotage/Espionage/Harassment Techniques + + - BASIC LOCK PICKING - + + At home you can take your time picking a lock, but in the field, speed + is always essential. A lock picking technique called scrubbing + can quickly open most locks in a pressure situation. + + The slow step in basic picking is locating the pin which is binding + the most. The force diagram suggests a fast way to select the correct + pin to lift. Assume that all the pins could be characterized by the + same force diagram. That is, assume that they all bind at once and + that they all encounter the same friction. Now consider the effect of + running the pick over all the pins with a pressure that is great + enough to overcome the spring and friction forces but not great enough + to overcome the collision force of the key pin hitting the hull. Any + pressure that is above the flat portion of the force graph and below + the top of the peak will work. As the pick passes over a pin, the pin + will rise until it hits the hull, but it will not enter the hull. + The collision force at the sheer line resists the pressure of the + pick, so the pick rides over the pin without pressing it into the + hull. If the proper torque is being applied, the plug will rotate + slightly. As the pick leaves the pin, the key pin will fall back to + its initial position, but the driver pin will catch on the edge of + the plug and stay above the sheer line. In theory one stroke of the + pick over the pins will cause the lock to open. + + In practice, at most one or two pins will set during a single stroke + of the pick, so several strokes are necessary. Basically, you use the + pick to scrub back and forth over the pins while you adjust the + amount of torque on the plug. + + You will find that the pins of a lock tend to set in a particular + order. Many factors effect this order (obviously), but the primary + cause is a misalignment between the center axis of the plug and the + axis on which the holes were drilled. If the axis of the pin holes + is skewed (non-aligned) from the center line of the plug, then the + pins will set from back to front if the plug is turned one way, and + from front to back if the plug is turned the other way. Many locks + have this defect. + + Scrubbing is fast because you don't need to pay attention to + individual pins. You only need to find the correct torque and + pressure. + + 1.) Insert the pick and torque wrench. Without applying any torque + pull the pick out to get a feel for the stiffness of the lock's + springs. + 2.) Apply a light torque. Insert the pick without touching the + pins. As you pull the pick out, apply pressure to the pins. The + pressure should be slightly larger than the minimum necessary to + overcome the spring force. + 3.) Gradually increase the torque with each stroke of the pick + until pins begin to set. + 4.) Keeping the torque fixed, scrub back and forth over the pins + that have not set. If additional pins do not set, release the + torque and start over with the torque found in the last step. + 5.) Once the majority of the pins have been set, increase the + torque and scrub the pins with a slightly larger pressure. This + will set any pins which have set low due to beveled edges, etc. + + + ADVANCED LOCK PICKING + + Simple lock picking is a trade that anyone can learn. However, + advanced lock picking is a craft that requires mechanical sensitivity, + physical dexterity, visual concentration and analytic thinking. If you + strive to excel at lock picking, you will grow in many ways. + + Mechanical Skills + + Learning how to pull the pick over the pins is surprisingly + difficult. The problem is that the mechanical skills you learned early + in life involved maintaining a fixed position or fixed path for your + hands independent of the amount of force required. In lock picking, + you must learn how to apply a fixed force independent of the position + of your hand. As you pull the pick out of the lock you want to apply a + fixed pressure on the pins. The pick should bounce up and down in the + keyway according to the resistance offered by each pin. + + To pick a lock you need feedback about the effects of your + manipulations. To get the feedback, you must train yourself to be + sensitive to the sound and feel of the pick passing over the pins. + This is a mechanical skill that can only be learned with practice. The + exercises will help you recognize the important information coming + from your fingers. + + The Art of Lock Picking + + In order to excel at lock picking, you must train yourself to have a + visually reconstructive imagination. The idea is to use information + from all your senses to build a picture of what is happening inside + the lock as you pick it. Basically, you want to project your senses + into the lock to receive a full picture of how it is responding to + your manipulations. Once you have learned how to build this picture, + it is easy to choose manipulations that will open the lock. + + All your senses provide information about the lock. Touch and sound + provide the most information, but the other senses can reveal critical + information. For example, your nose can tell you whether a lock has + been lubricated recently. As a beginner, you will need to use your + eyes for hand-eye coordination, but as you improve you will find it + unnecessary to look at the lock. In fact, it is better to ignore your + eyes and use your sight to build an image of the lock based on the + information you receive from your fingers and ears. + + The goal of this mental skill is to acquire a relaxed concentration on + the lock. Don't force the concentration. Try to ignore the sensations + and thoughts that are not related to the lock. Don't try to focus on + the lock. + + Analytic Thinking + + Each lock has its own special characteristics which make picking + harder or easier. If you learn to recognize and exploit the + "personality traits" of locks, picking will go much faster. Basically, + you want to analyze the feedback you get from a lock to diagnose its + personality traits and then use your experience to decide on an + approach to open the lock. These are very much the same tactics a right + winger would use in other situations, such as evaluating a target. + + People underestimate the analytic skills involved in lock picking. + They think that the picking tool opens the lock. To them the torque + wrench is a passive tool that just puts the lock under the desired + stress. Let me propose another way to view the situation. The pick is + just running over the pins to get information about the lock. Based on + an analysis that information the torque is adjusted to make the pins + set at the sheer line. It's the torque wrench that opens the lock. + + Varying the torque as the pick moves in and out of the keyway is a + general trick that can be used to get around several picking problems. + For example, if the middle pins are set, but the end pins are not, you + can increase the torque as the pick moves over the middle pins. This + will reduce the chances of disturbing the correctly set pins. If some + pin doesn't seem to lift up far enough as the pick passes over it, + then try reducing the torque on the next pass. + + The skill of adjusting the torque while the pick is moving requires + careful coordination between your hands, but as you become better at + visualizing the process of picking a lock, you will become better at + this important skill. + + Pick Shapes + + Picks come in several shapes and sizes. The handle and tang of a pick + are the same for all picks. The handle must be comfortable and the tang + must be thin enough to avoid bumping pins unnecessarily. If the tang is + too thin, then it will act like a spring and you will loose the feel + of the tip interacting with the pins. The shape of the tip determines + how easily the pick passes over the pins and what kind of feedback you + get from each pin. + + The design of a tip is a compromise between ease of insertion, ease of + withdrawal and feel of the interaction. The half diamond tip with + shallow angles is easy to insert and remove, so you can apply pressure + when the pick is moving in either direction. It can quickly pick a + lock that has little variation in the lengths of the key pins. If the + lock requires a key that has a deep cut between two shallow cuts, the + pick may not be able to push the middle pin down far enough. The half + diamond pick with steep angles could deal with such a lock, and in + general steep angles give you better feedback about the pins. + Unfortunately, the steep angles make it harder to move the pick in the + lock. A tip that has a shallow front angle and a steep back angle + works well for Yale locks. + + The half round tip works well in disk tumbler locks. The full diamond + and full round tips are useful for locks that have pins at the top and + bottom of the keyway. The rake tip is designed for picking pins one by + one. It can also be used to rake over the pins, but the pressure can + only be applied as the pick is withdrawn. The rake tip allows you to + carefully feel each pin and apply varying amounts of pressure. Some + rake tips are flat or dented on the top to makes it easier to align + the pick on the pin. The primary benefit of picking pins one at a + time is that you avoid scratching the pins. + + Scrubbing scratches the tips of the pins and the keyway, and it + spreads metal dust throughout the lock. If you want to avoid leaving + traces, you must avoid scrubbing. The snake tip can be used for + scrubbing or picking. When scrubbing, the multiple bumps generate more + action than a regular pick. The snake tip is particularly good at + opening five pin household locks. When a snake tip is used for + picking, it can set two or three pins at once. Basically, the snake + pick acts like a segment of a key which can be adjusted by lifting and + lowering the tip, by tilting it back and forth, and by using either to + top or bottom of the tip. You should use moderate to heavy torque with + a snake pick to allow several pins to bind at the same time. This + style of picking is faster than using a rake and it leaves as little + evidence. + + Bristle Picks + + The spring steel bristles used on street cleaners make excellent tools + for lock picking. The bristles have the right thickness and width, and + they are easy to grind into the desired shape. The resulting tools are + springy and strong. Keep reading to find out how to make tools that are + less springy. + + The first step in making tools is to sand off any rust on the + bristles. Course grit sand paper works fine as does a steel wool + cleaning pad (not copper wool). If the edges or tip of the bristle are + worn down, use a file to make them square. + + A torque wrench has a head and a handle (all do, not some). The + head is usually 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch long and the handle varies from + 2 to 4 inches long. The head and the handle are separated by a bend + that is about 80 degrees. The head must be long enough to reach over + any protrusions (such as a grip-proof collar) and firmly engage the + plug. A long handle allows delicate control over the torque, but if it + is too long, it will bump against the doorframe. The handle, head and + bend angle can be made quite small if you want to make tools that are + easy to conceal (for example, in a pen, flashlight, or belt buckle). Some + torque wrenches have a 90 degree twist in the handle. The twist makes + it easy to control the torque by controlling how far the handle has + been deflected from its rest position. The handle acts as a spring + which sets the torque. The disadvantage of this method of setting the + torque is that you get less feedback about the rotation of the plug. + To pick difficult locks you will need to learn how to apply a steady + torque via a stiff handled torque wrench. + + The width of the head of a torque wrench determines how well it will + fit the keyway. Locks with narrow keyways (e.g., desk locks) need + torque wrenches with narrow heads. Before bending the bristle, file + the head to the desired width. A general purpose wrench can be made by + narrowing the tip (about 1/4 inch) of the head. The tip fits small + keyways while the rest of the head is wide enough to grab a normal + keyway. + + The hard part of making a torque wrench is bending the bristle without + cracking it. To make the 90 degree handle twist, clamp the head of the + bristle (about one inch) in a vise and use pliers to grasp the bristle + about 3/8 of an inch above the vise. You can use another pair of + pliers instead of a vise. Apply a 45 degree twist. Try to keep the + axis of the twist lined up with the axis of the bristle. Now move the + pliers back another 3/8 inch and apply the remaining 45 45 degrees. + You will need to twist the bristle more than 90 degrees in order to + set a permanent 90 degree twist. + + To make the 80 degree head bend, lift the bristle out of the vise by + about 1/4 inch (so 3/4 inch is still in the vise). Place the shank of + a screw driver against the bristle and bend the spring steel around + it about 90 degrees. This should set a permanent 80 degree bend in + the metal. Try to keep the axis of the bend perpendicular to the + handle. The screwdriver shank ensures that the radius of curvature + will not be too small. Any rounded object will work (e.g., drill bit, + needle nose pliers, or a pen cap). If you have trouble with this + method, try grasping the bristle with two pliers separated by about + 1/2 inch and bend. This method produces a gentle curve that won't + break the bristle. + + A grinding wheel will greatly speed the job of making a pick. It + takes a bit of practice to learn how make smooth cuts with a grinding + wheel, but it takes less time to practice and make two or three picks + than it does to hand file a single pick. The first step is to cut the + front angle of the pick. Use the front of the wheel to do this. Hold + the bristle at 45 degrees to the wheel and move the bristle side to + side as you grind away the metal. Grind slowly to avoid overheating + the metal, which makes it brittle. If the metal changes color (to + dark blue), you have overheated it, and you should grind away the + colored portion. Next, cut the back angle of the tip using the corner + of the wheel. Usually one corner is sharper than the other, and you + should use that one. Hold the pick at the desired angle and slowly + push it into the corner of the wheel. The side of the stone should + cut the back angle. Be sure that the tip of the pick is supported. If + the grinding wheel stage is not close enough to the wheel to support + the tip, use needle nose pliers to hold the tip. The cut should pass + though about 2/3 of the width of the bristle. If the tip came out + well, continue. Otherwise break it off and try again. You can break + the bristle by clamping it into a vise and bending it sharply. + + The corner of the wheel is also used to grind the tang of the pick. + Put a scratch mark to indicate how far back the tang should go. The + tang should be long enough to allow the tip to pass over the back pin + of a seven pin lock. Cut the tang by making several smooth passes + over the corner. Each pass starts at the tip and moves to the scratch + mark. Try to remove less than a 1/16th of an inch of metal with each + pass. I use two fingers to hold the bristle on the stage at the + proper angle while my other hand pushes the handle of the pick to + move the tang along the corner. Use whatever technique works best for + you. + + Use a hand file to finish the pick. It should feel smooth if you run + a finger nail over it. Any roughness will add noise to the feedback + you want to get from the lock. + + The outer sheath of phone cable can be used as a handle for the pick. + Remove three or four of the wires from a length of cable and push it + over the pick. If the sheath won't stay in place, you can put some + epoxy on the handle before pushing the sheath over it. + + An alternative to making tools out of street cleaner bristles is to + make them out of nails and bicycle spokes. These materials are easily + accessible and when they are heat treated, they will be stronger than + tools made from bristles. + + Torque Wrenches + + A strong torque wrench can be constructed from an 8-penny nail (about + .1 inch diameter). First heat up the point with a propane torch until + it glows red, slowly remove it from the flame, and let it air cool; + this softens it. The burner of a gas stove can be used instead of a + torch. Grind it down into the shape of a skinny screwdriver blade and + bend it to about 80 degrees. The bend should be less than a right + angle because some lock faces are recessed behind a plate (called an + escutcheon) and you want the head of the wrench to be able to reach + about half an inch into the plug. Temper (harden) the torque wrench by + heating to bright orange and dunking it into ice water. You will wind + up with a virtually indestructible bent screwdriver that will last for + years under brutal use. + + Bicycle spokes make excellent picks. Bend one to the shape you want + and file the sides of the business end flat such that it's strong in + the vertical and flexy in the horizontal direction. Try a righ t-angle + hunk about an inch long for a handle. For smaller picks, which you + need for those really tiny keyways, find any large-diameter spring and + unbend it. If you're careful you don't have to play any metallurgical + games. + + For perfectly serviceable key blanks that you can't otherwise find at + the store, use the metal strap they wrap around bricks for shipping. + It's wonderfully handy stuff for just about anything you want to + manufacture. To get around side wards in the keyway, you can bend the + strap lengthwise by clamping it in a vice and tapping on the + protruding part to bend the piece to the required angle. + + Brick strap is very hard. It can ruin a grinding wheel or key cutting + machine. A hand file is the recommended tool for milling brick strap. + + That's about it for lock picking. Its an important talent to have, + especially for espionage/sabotage. If this explanation didnt suffice + your quest for knowledge, there are various premade tools and manuals + available through mail-order or in a "Spy" store near you. + + + TAPPING A FONE LINE + + + Equipment Needed + + First thing you need is an audio tape recorder. What you will be + recording, whether it be voice or data, will be in an analog audio format. + Most references will be towards voice recording, but it is also possible + to data record. Most standard cassette recorders will work just fine. + However, you are limited to 1 hour recording time per side. This can + present a problem in some situations. A reel to reel can also be used. + The limitations here are size and availability of A.C. Also, some reel + to reels lack a remote jack that will be used to start and stop the + recorder while the line is being used. This may not present a problem. + The next item you need, oddly enough, is sold by Radio Shack under the + name "Telephone recording control" part # 43-236. + + Connecting the Parts + + The Telephone recording control (TRC) has 3 wires coming out of it. + + 1.) Telco wire with modular jack. Cut this and replace with alligator + clips. + + 2.) Audio wire with miniature phone jack (not telephone). This plugs + into the microphone level input jack of the tape recorder. + + 3.) Audio wire with sub miniature phone jack. This plugs into the "REM" + or remote control jack of the tape recorder. + + Now all you need to do is find the telephone line, connect the alligator + clips, turn the recorder on, and come back later. Whenever the line goes + off hook, the recorder starts. It's that simple. + + Why is recording important? Recording of evidence against communists, + recording information, and recording important personal info about the + enemy. + + + BUGS + + The government often uses bugs, or electronic sound surveillance devices + to spy on extremist groups, and use the evidence they get against them. + They also use them to intercept plans and foil them. It is extremely + important to search for these devices... UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES DO YOU + DESTROY THEM!!! If you destroy it, the government/enemy will just find a + way of putting a new one in. You must fix it so the person on the other + end of the line still thinks he is listening to something... some ideas + are: + + - Keep it where it is, just be careful what you say. + - Leaving it in an unclassified meeting room of a business. + - Putting it in a closed environment with a taped conversation of you + talking about fake plans and information. + - Leave it at an airport/bus station bathroom. + + But how do you scan for bugs? Room bugs are miniature radio stations. As + such, anyone can tune them in. This rarely happens, though, because the + range is limited and the frequency is known only to the person who placed + the bug. In practice, most bugs transmit by frequency modulation, on or + near the standard FM broadcast band (88 to 108 MHz). There is a toy + called Mr. Microphone that is, in effect, a bug shaped like a large hand- + held microphone. The user speaks into the microphone, and others may hear + his voice on their FM radios. Clandestine bugs work similarly but are + more likely to transmit just off either end of the FM band -- from 86 to + 88 MHz (which infringes on a band allocated to television channels 5 and + 6) or 108 to 110 MHz. In that way, the chance of accidental interception + or of someone complaining to the FCC is less. The Watergate bugs was to + have transmitted at 110 MHz. You can check for bugs using a FM radio. + Turn the tuner to the extreme left side of the dial, as far as it will go, + and turn the volume up. Although 88 MHz is the lowest frequency marked, + most receivers have enough "overcoverage" to pick up 87 or 86 MHz. No FM + stations are assigned below 88 MHz, so anything you may hear there is + suspicious. Slowly move the dial to the right until you come to the first + commercial FM station. Sweep over the FM band proper, and then check the + overcoverage region above 108 MHz. Any bug you hear will be in your + immediate neighborhood: typical transmitters use a few milliwatts of + power and have a range of a few hundred yards. If you suspect the bug is + in a nearby room, have someone talk or play music while you scan. A few + bugs can be picked up only with special shortwave receivers. The + frequencies from 48 to 50 MHz and 72 to 75 MHz are sometimes used. + Several shortwave operators have reported conversations that seem to be + from room bugs at 167.485 -- an FBI frequency. + + If you really want to get back at the person at the other end of the bug + you might want to consider building a blast box. All a blast box is, is + a really cheap amplifier, (around 5 watts or so) connected in place of + the microphone on the transmitting device/bug. If you cant figure out how + to do that, you might just place the bug in a massive amplifier at a music + concert, and you'll have basically the same effect. You'll not only + blast a hole in the eardrum of the listener, but you'll teach snooping + government agents a lesson that they wont soon forget. + + + HI-TECH BUG DETECTION + + For high technology bugs, the radio trick wont work. You'll need to + either buy or build a high class detector. If you wish to build one, + follow these directions... + + What you will need for your bug-detector: + (the numbers in brackets is a reference number which matches the number in + parentheses on this list.) + + + (1) 1n34a crystal diode + (2) 2 2n107 audio transistors + (ge-2 or equivalent) + (3) 3k ohm variable resistor + (4) 560 ohm 1/2 watt resistor + (5) 15k ohm variable resistor + (6) 500 ohm variable resistor + (7) .002 Uf capacitor + (8) 1.5 Volt aa battery + (9) aa battery holder + (10) 0-300 microammeter + (lafayette 99-g-5028 or + equivalent) + (11) 10 millihenry choke (ohmite + z-50) + (12) single-pole single-throw + (spst) toggle switch + (13) project box (radio shack) + (14) antenna (either from an old + transistor radio or a stiff + piece of wire will also work) + (15) 2000 ohm headset (or a mini- + ature earphone like most tv + and radios use) + + These parts can be purchased from Radio Shack or any other electronics + store for less than $20. This is a very good high-gain meter-type bug + detector. It has a crystal diode with 2 amplification stages to boost the + power of the meter. This produces a broad-band, battery-powered, receiver + that can sense radio-frequency transmitters up to a mile away. + Unfortunately, it will also pick up a commercial am or fm station up to + 3 miles away.... + + Bug detector schematics (these may seem complicated, but if you are + building the device, you'll understand what they are showing): + + [14] [1] + + (*)-----+------\<---+------+----\ + \ \ \ \ \ + \ \ \ \ \ + \-/ ( / [7] \ \ + v ) [3] \ --- \ + [11] ( / ^^^ \ + [0] ) --> \ \ \ + \ \ / \ \ + \ \ \ \-/ \ + \-/ \ \ v \ + v ----+ \ + \ [0] \ + [0] \ \ + \-/ \ + v \ + \ + [0] \ + \ + + \ + --------------------------------------- + \ /----\ + \ ( /--)-----------\ --->>b<< + \ ( \/ ) \ \ + ------(---\ ) \ \ + ( \\ ) ----+---\ + ( <--)-----\ \ \ + [2] \----/ \ \ \ + \ \ \ + \ / \ + [0] \-/ \ \ + v / \ + [4] \ \ + / \ + \ \ + \ \ + >>a<< \ + + + \ + + \ + --------------------------------------- + \ + \ [12] [8&9] + \ ____ <-><+> + \ / \ + ---------() ()-----\ \---->>c<< + \ + + + [4] + + >>a<<--------\/\/\/\/\----->>c<< + + + + ---------------->>d<< + \ + [2] /---\-----\ + ( \ ) + ( \-\ ) + >>c<<----(---\ \-----)----\ + ( \-->-\ ) \ + ( ) \ + \---------/ \ + [0] \-/ + v + + + [5] + + >>b<<-------\/\/\/\/\--- + + ^ + \ + \ + ------------>>d<< + + + [6] + + >>d<<-------/\/\/\/\/-- + ^ + \ + \ + + + + CAR TRACKER + + + Another useful "bug"-type tool is a device known as a "bumpbeeper." + It attaches to the under side of a car with magnets and then sends out + a signal that can be heard on a radio. This enables you to be able to + track the enemy's automobiles and location. + + Parts list: () = diagram # + + (1) 2n635a transistor + (2) 4.3K 1/2 watt resistor + (3) 1 meg potentiometer + (4) 10k 1/2 watt resistor + (5) 50pf capacitor + (6) 365pf variable capacitor + (7) .005Uf capacitor + (8) .01Uf capacitor + (9) ferrite loopstick (from a crys- + (10) coil [see text] tal radio) + (11) single-pole single-throw switch + (12) 9 volt battery + (opt.) Battery clip & case + (13) antenna + + This device is a constant tone signalling source that can be tuned to any + clear spot below 1000 khz. If magnets are attached to the case, it can + quickly be installed under the persons car. (9) is a standard ferrite + loopstick that can be purchased at Radio Shack. (10) Is simply 12 turns + of plastic covered hookup wire wound over (9). + + 13 + (*)-------\(----+-----______--- >>a<< + \ \ ^^^^^^ + \ 5 \ \ 9 + --- -\(-- --\(--->>b<< + - 6 \ 7 + v \ + --->>a<< + + + >>a<<------+------+------o/ o----- + \ \ 11 \ + / --- \ + \ - \ + / v \ + 4 \ -------- + \ \ + \ --[][]->>c<< + --->>b<< 12 + + "@ j >>c<<----/\/\/\/\----+-----+------ + 2 \ \ \ + \ \ \ + >>d<<---)\------- \ \ + v >>e<< + + 8 -----/\/\/\-- + \ 3 + >>f<<-----------+ + /---\ + 1 ( \ ) + ( / /-)---->>d<< + ( \ > ) + ( ----- ) + ( \ ) + \---/ + \ + \ + >>b<< + + + >>e<<------- + \ + ( + ) + ( + 10 ) + \ + ------>>f<< + + + + + >>d<<--- + \ + --- + - + v (ground) + + To tune the transmitter: + + 1.) Pick an empty spot on the am car radio below 1000 khz. + 2.) Switch on the transmitter with the spst switch. + 3.) Tune the 365 variable capacitor slowly until a shrill note can be + heard from the car radio. + 4.) The pitch of the note is adjustable by turning the 1 meg + potentiometer. + + + - HARASSMENT TECHNIQUES - + + THE $99 BUS TOUR + + The Minutemen were known for their variety of harassment techniques. At + one point, they were prosecuted by the federal government for attempted + murder of communists. The key prosecution witness was a man named Jerry + Brooks. Brooks claimed that Robert DePugh (leader of the Minutemen) had + handed him a vial of strychnine and a $99 Greyhound Bus ticket around + the country, and was told to kill as many communists as he could. + + When asked to respond afterward by a reporter, DePugh replied that, like + much of what Brooks testified to, there was a glimmer of truth in this. + Brooks had allegedly been given the $99 ticket, but ordered to go around + the country pretending to be a possible recruit for various communist + organizations. He would get inside the various organizations offices + and take note of what they looked like, and any peculiarities about + them. Then, as Robert DePugh described it, "We were going to wait quite + a little while, so they would no longer associate it with his visit and + then write to them in such a manner they would think for sure that + recently someone had been inside their office. You know, like for + example, we were going to write to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn [American + Communist Party chairman at that time] and tell her, 'Why don't you + wash the windows in your office? They're so dirty we can hardly see + through our telescopic lens.'" + + According to notes taken at a later Minutemen training session, "We + must win through Psychological Warfare." The notes mention such + ideas as: + + * Sending boxed scorpions to left-wing radio announcers. + * Telephone Harassment (Look up a local communist party chapter, and + start prank calling, and hate calling.) + * Physical Harassment : Find a communist's house, go there late at + night, and shine a few lights in the windows. + * Mail Harassment (sending bloody letters, violent letters, tampering + with their mail, burning their mail, etc.) + * Blackmail and Bribery + * Burglarize and Vandalize a communists house. + For instance: + + Use hydroflouric acid on his windows. Then, when the window is + nice and brittle, you can literally punch out a section of the + window without setting off an alarm. From there, you can steal + and pillage to your heart's desire. + + Knocking on the door, and nailing him with paintballs when + he comes to the door, and subsequently paintballing his house. + + Egg his car, his house, and whatever else you like. + + Paint his house red. + + Nail a Declaration of Independence, or a Constitution to his door. + + Burn a stake/cross/hammer&sickle on his lawn. + + Take target practice on his front door. + + Stalk him, and chase him down. + + * Buy things with stolen credit card #'s and send them to his house. + + + - ENCRYPTION/CRYPTOGRAPHY - + + Cryptography (secret codes) are essential for security. The basic + rule of security for right-wing militant groups is summed up in the + statement "One of the set rules of Guerilla Warfare is don't operate + with a set pattern or plan." + + However, for definite agendas, there are certain precautions that must + be taken with ALL documents. For electronic material, PGP or another + cipher key program must be used. For written documents, ciphers are + more difficult to do, but they can also be more imaginative and + creative. + + The Number Code + + Out of the various codes one can make, a number code is easiest. The + simplest number cipher is simply to assign a certain letter as one, + and keep numbering up. So, for example.... + + A = 5 + B = 6 + C = 7 + D = 8 + E = 9 + F = 10 + G = 11 + H = 12 + I = 13 + J = 14 + K = 15 + L = 16 + M = 17 + N = 18 + O = 19 + P = 20 + Q = 21 + R = 22 + S = 23 + T = 24 + U = 25 + V = 26 + W = 1 + X = 2 + Y = 3 + Z = 4 + + So if you wanted to say, "Minuteman was here", you would write: + + 17-13-18-25-24-9-17-5-18 1-5-23 12-9-22-9. + + The problem with a code like this is that an experienced cryptographer + by a simple combination of trial and error and analysis of sentence + structure can determine very close to the exact code. A better code + is a more original, less standardized code. The first example of + this would be a Freemason type code. + + A B C \ J / N O P \ W / + \ / \ / + D E F \/ \/ + K /\ L Q R S X /\ Y + G H I / \ / \ + / M \ / Z \ + T U V + + + + For that same message, "Minuteman was here", you would write: + + /\ Ä¿ Ä¿ Ä¿ /\ + / \ / \ + / \ / \ + + \ / + \ / + \/ + + Ä¿ Ä¿ Ä¿ Ä¿ + + + + + However, the most effective cipher by far is a cipher that uses a + renaming type motif. That being, certain phrases and certain words + mean exact things. This method eliminates much of the possibility of + a cryptographer doing anything but blindly guessing what the message + you send might mean. For instance + + John = Minuteman + Ivan = Polaris + "contact" = connect + 5:00 PM = High Noon + + Someone wants to tell someone else that Minuteman will contact Polaris + at 5:00 PM. + + "John will connect Ivan at High Noon". If you dont know the + code, its easy to see how little one can derive from such a statement. + + What happens if you dont use encryption? Federal agents use whatever + documents they can find from your group to implicate and arrest members + of it for illegal acts that they probably didnt commit, or at least with + a just cause. Remember, without any evidence and with a good lawyer, + the government will have a much harder time trying to stop you. + + You must also, however, protect your normal mail, with certain techniques + to insure absolute security. If not, the communists may use the very + same harassment/espionage tactics against you. + + SEALS + + Wax seals are not a guarantee against unauthorized opening of a letter. + According to the CIA Flaps and Seals Manual (available from Paladin + Press, Boulder CO), there is a way to remove and replace seals. First + the opener takes a plaster of Paris cast of the seal. This is set aside + to harden. The wax is gently heated with an infrared lamp. When soft, + it is rolled into a ball and set aside. The flap of the envelope is + steamed open, and the letter is taken out and photocopied. After the + envelope's contents are replaced and the flap resealed, the same wax is + used to recreate the seal. It is heated till pliable and pressed back + into shape with the plaster of paris mold. One type of seal is secure, + even according to the CIA manual quoted before: one made of two or more + colors of wax melted together. The colors inevitably come out different + on the second secret pressing. But a color Polaroid of the seal must be + sent under separate cover so that the recipient can compare it with the + seal on the message letter. None of the other common seals are reliable + against unauthorized opening, assuming that knowledgeable letter-openers + may want to open your mail. Scotch tape across the flap of an envelope + comes off cleanly with carbon tetrachloride (applied wiht a brush or + hypodermic needle). If you suspect that someone is opening your mail, + the manual suggests sending yourself a letter containing a sheet of + carbon or wax paper. The heat and mechanical treatment of the letter + opening will smudge the carbon and melt the wax. Otherwise, you have to + examine letters carefully to detect prior opening. A torn flap, + smudging of the flap glue, flattened ridges in the flap, or concave + (from the back) curling due to steaming are evidence of opening. A more + sophisticated test requires steaming part of the envelope near the flap + for fifteen seconds. Then place the envelope under an ultraviolet lamp. + If there is a difference in fluorescence between the steamed and + unsteamed part of the envelope, then the envelope paper is suitable for + the test. If so, examine the unsteamed part of the flap under the + ultraviolet lamp. If it shows a different fluorescence than the other + unsteamed parts of the envelope, it indicates that the flap may have + been previously steamed. The ultraviolet lamp is also useful in + detecting invisible writing. An effective ultraviolet ink need not + fluoresce brightly, as the silicate stamp inks do. Any substance that + changes the fluorescence of paper in ultraviolet light yet is invisible + in ordinary light will work. Prisoners have used human urine as ink. + Salt water, vinegar, milk, fruit juices, saliva, and water solutions of + soap or drugs also work, with varying degrees of legibility. + + +IV. The Tools and Tactics of the Militants + + "... The true guerrila is never beaten. He will never negotiate + away his freedom. He will never compromise his ideas. He will never + surrender. + History offers many examples of far larger and better equipped + armies that were finally defeated by guerrillas. They can fight on + for years, even generations. Guerrilla bands can fight in the cities + country, forests, swamps, deserts, or mountains. They are everywhere + and yet nowhere. They strike without warning and vanish without a + trace. They take away with them the arms, food, and ammunition they + will need to fight again another day. + The guerrilla is a grim fighter and a terrible foe. His strength + is in his heart--in his love for his country--in his hatred of the + enemy. His chief weapons are stealth, cunning, endurance, and most + of all, an intense belief in the righteousness of his own cause. + He will fight to the death with a fury that makes his enemies + cower before him." + + From "Principles of Guerrilla Warfare," copyright 1961, + Robert B. Depugh -- a booklet + + + "The Pen is mightier than the Sword. + The Court is mightier than the Pen. + The Sword is mightier than the Court." + + - Rey Barry - + + + "Walk softly, and carry a big stick." + + - Theodore Roosevelt - + + + This is probably the section half of those reading this manual have + been waiting for: the firearms. I would stress to those reading this + my earlier warning that the information provided is for INSTRUCTION + ONLY. Should you do this, its your own fault what happens. I would + also stress that in several cases, action can be taken without + involving serious violence. Please explore all alternatives before + shooting anyone. + + - GUNS AND RELATED WEAPONS - + + There are several important things you must know about guns (being + their types, specifications, and how to use them.) However, there + is other information that is perhaps even more important. + + First of all, you need to know what guns to buy for who. Although + slightly outdated, the April 1, 1964 issue of "On Target" has some + interesting suggestions for firearms: + + Adult Males: 30-06 Garands, 7.62 NATO FNs, 30-06 bolt-action + Springfields or Enfields, high-caliber sporting + rifles as desired, 12-gauge double barrel, pump or + semi-automatic shotguns. + + Adult Females: Winchester Model 100 in .308 caliber, Remington + Model 742 in 30-06 caliber of 30-caliber military + carbines. + + Older Children: Sporting rifles in 6mm., .243, .270, .222 calibers. + + Younger Children: Semi-automatic .22 rifles. + + I also suggest newer productions, namely the TEC-DC9, the CAR-15, + the AR-15, and any Kalishnikov rifles (or their Chinese variants) + that are available. Necessary additions to these weapons would be + silencers, clips, laser-targeting scopes, night-vision scopes, + and/or shoulder supports. + + In addition to buying guns, one can also produce makeshift guns if + one knows how they work. + + + HOMEMADE STUN GUNS + + + Materials + --------- + + - 1 camera flash (rip this out of a cheap camera or buy a seperate one, + get the flashes that run off of a couple of double A's) + - 1 hobby box (large enough to fit your disassembled flash in, get one + WITHOUT a metal base plate!) + - 2 stainless steel nails + - 2 1.3 volt AA batteries (for the flash) + - 1 soldering iron and solder + - 1 tube of super glue + - 1 pair of wire cutters + + + 1.) First of all disconnect any batteries from your camera flash. + 2.) Take apart the camera flash and chuck out all the excess plastic + container. + 3.) Locate the flash tube (the bit that flashes, duh!), and cut the two + wire that lead to it. + 4.) Taking these two wires and solder each one to a seperate nail. + 5.) Now prepare your hobby box buy cutting two holes large enough to + slide the point of a nail through (the nails should be about .5 cm + apart), and cut a whole for the switch that was hooked up to the + flash originally. Super glue all the parts in place. Carefully + connect up your batteries (the battery compartment should be still + intact if you didn't butcher the camera flash too much when you + were taking it apart). Ensure there are no exposed wires touching + each other. The finished hobby box should look like this: + + Ä¿ + + <==== + <==== <==== - nails + Ä¿ - hobby box + - switch + + 5.) Screw on the base plate and you're ready. + + To use it just flick on the switch and you should hear a high pitch + squeal starting to get louder. Turn the switch off (the longer you + leave it on the greater the shock will be) and holding the box touch + someones skin with the tips of both the nails. + + + HOW TO MAKE A PSEUDO-GUN + + To do this, you first need to know how a gun works. A gun is simply + a bullet, in a type of vise, that has a sharp object shoved up its + back very quickly, and explodes. So basically, to build a pseudo- + gun, take a vice type device, and make it an easy close/open vise + operation (like a gun hammer). Then, attach a mechanism that allows + the operator to swing a nail, or other sharp object, into the back + of the bullet quickly. And there, you've got a gun! + + SILENCERS + + " The advantages of a gun that makes no noise when fired are + obvious. In underground warfare the availability of such weapons + would be invaluable to individuals or small combat teams forced to + operate against a superior enemy force... The time may come when + citizens may profit from a knowledge of how to construct such + devices... Telescopic sights are often helpful. Some companies + make mounting rings that hold the telescopic sight well above the + barrel of the rifle. This may be sufficient for a silencer that is + about two and one-half inches in diameter. Special scope mounts may + be purchased or constructed for silencers having a larger diameter..." + + - From Minutemen pamphlet on how to build + your own gun silencer. + + + HOW TO MAKE A ONE-USE SILENCER + + This is a simple way to make a one use silencer. It only works once, + for obvious reasons, as you will see. Take an empty 12 ounce plastic + soft drink container, and tape if firmly to the end of the gun/pistol/ + rifle. Then, go ahead and shoot! Keep in mind, this is not perfect, + and it only works once, because once the bottle has a hole in it, it + no longer will work. + + HOW TO MAKE A MULTI-USE SILENCER + + Silencers made for multi-use for improvised small arms weapons + can be made from steel gas or water pipe and fittings. + + Material Required: + + Grenade Container + Steel pipe nipple, 6 in. (15 cm) long - (see Graph 1 for diameter) + 2 steel pipe couplings - (see Graph 2 for dimensions) + Cotton cloth - (see Graph 2) + Drill + Absorbent cotton + + Procedure: + + 1.) Drill hole in grenade container at both ends to fit outside diameter + of pipe nipple. (see Graph 1) + + -> /----------------------\ + / | | + 2.75 in | ) ( <-holes + dia. \ | | + -> \-----------------------/ + + |-----------------------| + 5 in. + + 2.) Drill four rows of holes in pipe nipple. Use Graph 1 for diameter and + location of holes. + + + 6 in. + |-----------------------------------| + _____________________________________ ___ + | O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O | | C (nom. dia.) + ------------------------------------- + (size of hole) | \ / (space between) + B (dia.) A + + + 3.) Thread one of the pipe couplings on the drilled pipe nipple. + 4.) Cut coupling length to allow barrel of weapon to thread fully into + low signature system. Barrel should butt against end of the drilled + pipe nipple. + 5.) Separate the top half of the grenade container from the bottom half. + 6.) Insert the pipe nipple in the drilled hole at the base of the bottom + half of the container. Pack the absorbent cotton inside the container and + around the pipe nipple. + 7.) Pack the absorbent cotton in top half of grenade container leaving a + hole in center. Assemble container to the bottom half. + 8.) Thread the other coupling onto the pipe nipple. + + Note: A longer container and pipe nipple, with same "A" and "B" + dimensions as those given, will furthur reduce the signature of the + system. + + How to use: + + 1.) Thread the silencer device on the selected weapon securely. + 2.) Place the proper cotton wad size into the muzzle end of the system + (see Graph 2) + 3.) Load weapon + 4.) Weapon is now ready for use + + Graph 1 -- Low Signature System Dimensions + + (Coupling) Holes per (4 rows) + A B C D Row Total + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + .45 cal 3/8 1/4 3/8 3/8 12 48 + + .38 cal 3/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 12 48 + + 9 mm 3/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 12 48 + + 7.62 mm 3/8 1/4 1/4 1/4 12 48 + + .22 cal 1/4 5/32 1/8* 1/8 14 50 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + *Extra Heavy Pipe + (All dimensions in inches) + + + Graph 2 -- Cotton Wadding - Sizes + + ------------------------------------------------- + Weapon Cotton Wadding Size + ------------------------------------------------- + .45 cal 1-1/2 x 6 inches + + .38 cal 1 x 4 inches + + 9 mm 1 x 4 inches + + 7.62 mm 1 x 4 inches + + .22 cal Not needed + ------------------------------------------------- + + + ARTILLERY + + Before i go into homemade artillery, i would like to make suggestions + for heavy weapons worth actually buying. Here they are: + + - RPG's (Rocket Propelled Grenades) + - Self-Propelled Miniguns + - Mortars + - Anti-Vehicle Weapons and mines + - If you can get your hands on them, AAA guns and anti-aircraft + missiles + + Improvised Artillery: + + There is a simple way to make a small artillery device for home defense + use. The easiest way to build it is described, and anyone with any + knowledge of weaponry can make obvious substitutions if necessary. + + Take a thick and mediumly wide metal pipe. Take a metal cap, drill a + hole in it, and weld it on to one side of the metal pipe. Now, take + a firecracker (an M-80, or an M-100), and carefully drop it in the + bottom of the pipe, putting the fuse through the hole in the cap. + Now, place some tissue paper/toilet paper in the pipe. Now, pour + (NOT STUFF) some BB's, or metal pellets into the pipe. Stuff some + more toilet paper into the pipe. Now pour some more bb's/pellets, + and another layer of toilet paper. Basically, now just prop this + up against a tree or something, and you'll have a working artillery + piece/mortar that can be very deadly if accurately aimed. To make + this weapon much more deadly, take heavy rocks, or the like, and place + them in the pipe. You can substitute black powder/gun powder/blasting + powder and a fuse for the firecracker. The firecracker just makes the + business easier for the slow at intellect. + + Another type of artillery are Model Shrapnel Rockets. Basically, fill + the cone and the very upper portion of the rocket with gunpowder/black + powder/etc. Lead a fuse (judge the length of the fuse based on the + range to target) from the cone to the engine. Then pack the rest of the + middle and inside of the rocket with lightweight materials like shards of + glass, and fiberglass, nails, and whatnot. Basically, just fire the + rocket slightly above your target. When it explodes, the "shrapnel" on + the inside will shoot out and maim/kill your target. + + Other types of model rockets can also be extremely useful. Experimenting + with them firsthand is the best solution, because it will enable you to + determine what kind and what design is best for your uses. + + Another home-design type artillery device is a sprinkler hooked up to a + pump-bucket filled with a gasoline/gunpowder/blackpowder mix. Then, + start the pump, and have the sprinkler start going on the target area... + when the bucket is nearly empty, strike a match and throw it. You'll + a homemade HADES type weapon. Basically, the air around the sprinkler, + and everything touched by the spray will go up like spontaneous + combustion. + + FLARES + + If you would like to make a flare, there are several ways. But the most + original and interesting way would be the following: + + Take an Erienmeyer flask (the kind with the fat bottoms and thinly necked + tops), and dump some Antimony powder at the bottom. Then, while holding + your nose, funnel some Chlorine Gas into the flask. FOOM! You'll have + a flare gun for a few minutes. The reaction is quick and bright. The + flask also gets warm, so be careful. + + + - BOMBS AND PARAFANALIA - + + The Minuteman journal "On Target" continually stresses that if you + are going to build bombs, build simple, easy to test and construct + ones. In fact, in notes from one training session, it reads "Black + Powder is the best. Put it in a 2" pipe, drill a hole in it, insert + fuse, light the fuse, throw it, and run." How do you make Black + Powder? The recipe followed directly afterward. + + Black Powder + + Place 5 pints of alcohol in a bucket. In another bucket, put 3 cups + of granulated potassium nitrate, 2 cups powdered wood charcoal, and + 1/2 cup of powdered sulfur (can be obtained from match heads) into + the bucket. Add 1 cup of water and stir well with a wooden stick. + Place the bucket on a heat source and add 2 more cups of water and + wait for it to bubble but don't let it boil. Remove the bucket from + the heat and pour it into the alcohol while stirring well. Let the + alcohol stand for about 5 minutes. Strain the liquid through + cheesecloth to remove the powder. Wrap the cloth around the powder + and squeeze out the excess liquid. Place a piece of screen on top + of a bucket. Place a workable amount of black powder (That black + muddy looking stuff) on the screen and begin to work it through. + Spread the end result on a piece of newspaper and let it dry in + the sunlight. + + The notes go on to describe another explosive that should be used + under doors or entrances to sensitive rooms/buildings, called + Ammonium Tri Iodide. To make it: + + Mix solid Nitric Iodine (or take the liquid form, and evaporate the + liquid off) with household ammonia. Wait overnight and pour off + the liquid. You will be left with a muddy substance. Let it + dry untill it hardens up. To use it, put it in a bottle or can + and just drop it or throw it at something. + + Other types of powders and the such that are useful to know how to make: + + Gun Powder: + + 1.) Pour 10ml of both Sulfuric and Nitric acid in a beaker. + 2.) Add come Cotton with the mixture of th acids. + 3.) Let it dry and crumble it into powder. + + Easy Gun Powder: + + 1.) Put 100 grams of Potassium nitrate in beaker. + 2.) Put 100 grams of Sulfur in beaker. + 3.) Put 100 grams of charcoal in beaker. + + Flash Powder (Another useful ingredient for homemade flares): + + 1.) Add 1 ounce of Sulfur in beaker. + 2.) Add 2 ounces of Sodium chlorate in beaker. + 3.) Add 1 ounce of 400 mesh aluminum powder in beaker. + + Greek Fire (A popular home explosive): + + 1.) Add 100 grams of Potassium Nitrate in Beaker. + 2.) Add 100 grams of Charcoal in beaker. + 3.) Add 50 grams of Sulfur in beaker. + 4.) Add 50 grams of Sugar in beaker. + + Thermite (An extremely useful diversion weapon, as well as for + destructive purposes): + + 1.) Ground aluminum mesh into a powder. + 2.) Mix the powder carefully into an amount of Iron (III) Oxide. + 3.) When you wish to ignite the reaction, take a strip of Magnesium + (other heat sources can be used, but this works best), and quickly + place it in the mixture (back off very quickly). + 4.) The reaction is quick, explosive, and dangerous. You must be very + careful how you place the ignition source, and a fuse type design + works best. The reaction is so hot that the iron turns molten. + + Other bombs suggested by these notes, and other sources: + + Homemade Grenades + + During the Winter, or in a wet area, you can use a piece of a simple + chemical that can be procured from any chemical supply store for a + hand grenade. Take a piece of potassium or rubydium (potassium is more + stable, and easier to handle), and just throw it at water surrounding + your target. You will be more than suprised at what a small piece of + chemical can do. BOOM! + + Carbide Bomb + + This is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. Exercise extreme caution.... + Obtain some calcium carbide. This stuff can be found at nearly any + hardware store. Take a few pieces of this stuff (it looks like gravel) + and put it in a glass jar with some water. Cover the jar tightly. The + carbide will react with the water to produce acetylene carbonate which + is similar to the gas used in cutting torches. Eventually the glass + with explode from internal pressure. If you leave a burning rag + nearby, you will get a nice fireball. + + + Exhaust Bomb (for a car) + + Install a spark plug into the last four or five inches of the tail + pipe by drilling a hole that the plug can screw into easily. + Attach a wire (this is regular insulated wire) to one side of the + switch and to the spark plug. The other side of the switch is attached + to the positive terminal on the battery. With the car running, simply + hit the switch and watch the flames. + + + The Hearts and Diamonds Bomb, A.K.A. the Pipe Bomb + + Take an old-style, non-laminated hearts or diamonds playing card, and + stick in in a pvc or metal pipe. Glug some glycerine hand lotion in + it, and add a few shakes of potassium permanganate (snake-bite + medical formula in most medical kits). Let it sit and absorb for a + few hours, and then place it upon a hot radiator, or flame. + + + The Mayonnaise Bomb + + Take an empty mayonnaise jar, and pour a few drops of gasoline in it. + Roll the jar around to create a thin layer of gasoline inside the jar. + Add a few shakes of potassium permanganate (snakebite formula), and + cap the jar. Now, leave it out in the sun for a few hours to + evaporate the gas into the jar. Then, throw the jar at something. + + + Turn Signal Bomb (for a car) + + Detach the plastic running light (or turn signal) cover on someones + car. Break the bulb. Test the bulb with a voltage meter to make sure + it is not live. Pack the bulb with Flash Paper and replace the cover. + When the person starts his car or goes to turn, a quick burst of flame + will pop out of the back of his car making him think it is on fire. + + + Piss Bomb (Uric Acid Explosive) + + + MATERIALS + --------- + + - 1 cup concentrated solution of uric acid + (C5 H4 N4 O3) + - 1/3 cup of nitric acid + - 4 heat-resistant glass containers + - 4 filters (coffee filters will do) + + + Filter the concentrated solution of uric acid through a filter to remove + impurities. Slowly add 1/3 cup of nitric acid to the solution and let + the mixture stand for 1 hour. Filter again as before. This time the + Urea Nitrate crystals will collect on the filter. Wash the crystals by + pouring water over them while they are in the filter. Remove the + crystals from the filter and allow 16 hours for them to dry. This + explosive will need a blasting cap to detonate, or a suitable substitute. + + + HEAVY EXPLOSIVES + + This next section may seem confusing at first. However, you do not need + to be a chemist to be able to understand and duplicate what is being + shown here. It is important for a militiaman to be able to make or have + a source to make heavy explosives because of the opportunities this lends + you. + + You've all read about the manure bomb that the fellows in Oklahoma + used. Well, here's a way to get the Potassium Nitrate direct from + normal soil, instead of having to buy it. + + + Potassium Nitrate + + The following recipe was found in the Improvised Munitions Handbook + published by the Department of the Army. + + Potassium nitrate can be extracted from many natural sources (soil) and + can be used to make nitric acid, black powder, and many pyrotechnics. + The yield ranges from 1% to 10% by weight, depending on the fertility + of the soil. + + Materials Source + --------- ------ + + Nitrate bearing earth or other Soil contaying decaying animal + material, about 3-1/2 gallons. or vegetable matter. + + Fine wood ashes, 1/2 cup. Totally burned wood products. + + 5 gallon bucket + + 2 pieces of finely woven cloth, + each slightly larger than the + bottom of the bucket. + + Shallow pan or dish at least as + large as bottom of bucket. + + Shallow heat resistant container + ceramic or metal. + + Water, 1-3/4 gallons. + + Awl, knife screwdriver or other + hole producing instrument. + + Alcohol (ethyl or isopropyl) + 1 gallon + + Heat source, fire, stove. + + paper + + Tape + + Procedure + --------- + 1.) Punch holes in the bottom of the bucket so that the entire surface + is covered with them. + + 2.) Place cloth flat on bottom of bucket. + Spread ashes on cloth. + Place second piece of cloth on top of ashes + + 3.) Fill bucket with earth. + + 4.) Place bucket over shallow container. Support bucket with sticks if + necessary. + + 5.) Boil water and pour it over earth in bucket a little at a time. + Allow water to run through holes in bucket into shallow container. + Be sure water runs through all of the earth. Allow liquid to cool + and settle for 1 to 2 hours. + + 6.) Carefully drain liquid into heat resistant container. Discard + sludge at bottom of shallow container. + + 7.) Boil mixture over hot fire for at least 2 hours. Small grains of + salt will appear in the solution. Scoop these out as they form + and discard. + + 8.) When liquid has boiled down to about half of its original volume, + remove from fire and let sit. After half hour add an equal volume + of alcohol. + + 9.) Make an improvised strainer out of paper tape and bucket. Tape + paper so that it covers the top of a clean bucket. + + 10.) Pour mixture through paper strainer. Small white salt crystals + will collect on top of it. These are potassium nitrate. + + 11.) To purify the potassium nitrate, re-dissolve the dry crystals in + the smallest amount possible of boiled water (make sure they all + dissolve). Remove any salt crystals that appear (step 7) pour + through an improvised filter made of several pieces of paper and + evaporate or gently heat solution to dryness. + + 12.) Spread crystals on plat surface and allow to dry. The potassium + nitrate crystals are now ready to use. + + + This method was tested, and it is effective. Large quantities (1 to 2 + pounds) of potassium nitrate can be obtained this way. + + + R.D.X. + + RDX can be produced by the method given below. It is much easier + to make in the home than all other high explosives, with the possible + exception of ammonium nitrate. + + MATERIALS + --------- + + - hexamine or methenamine - + - 1000 ml beaker - + - ice bath - + - glass stirring rod - + - thermometer - + - funnel - + - filter paper - + - distilled water - + - ammonium nitrate - + - nitric acid (550 ml) - + - blue litmus paper - + - small ice bath - + + 1.) Place the beaker in the ice bath, and carefully pour 550 ml of + concentrated nitric acid into the beaker. + + 2.) When the acid has cooled to below 20 , add small amounts of the + crushed fuel tablets to the beaker. The temperature will rise, and it + must be kept below 30 , or dire consequences could result. Stir the + mixture. + + 3.) Drop the temperature below zero degrees celsius, either by adding + more ice and salt to the old ice bath, or by creating a new ice bath. + Continue stirring the mixture, keeping the temperature below zero for + twenty minutes. + + 4.) Pour the mixture into 1 liter of crushed ice. Shake and stir the + mixture, and allow it to melt. Once it has melted, filter out the + crystals, and dispose of the corrosive liquid. + + 5.) Place the crystals into one half a liter of boiling distilled + water. Filter the crystals, and test them with the blue litmus paper. + Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the litmus paper remains blue. This will + make the crystals more stable and safe. + + 6.) Store the crystals wet until ready for use. Allow them to dry + completely before using them. R.D.X. is not stable enough to use alone + as an explosive. + + A composition C-1 can be made to desensitize the explosive by mixing the + following ingredients. (measure by weight) + + Material Percent + -------- ------- + R.D.X. 88% + mineral oil 11% + lecithin 1% + + Knead these material together in a plastic bag. This is one way to + desensitize it. There are other ways, but not always as simple. + + A neat extra thing to do to RDX is to create HMX, a mix of RDX and TNT; + the ratio is 50/50, by weight. (Keep reading for the recipe for T.N.T.) + It is not as sensitive as unadultered RDX and it is almost as powerful + as straight RDX. By adding ammonium nitrate to the crystals of RDX + produced in step 5, it is possible to desensitize the R.D.X. and + increase its power, since ammonium nitrate is very insensitive and + powerful. Sodium or potassium nitrate could also be added; a small + quantity is sufficient to stabilize the RDX. + + Ammonium Nitrate + + There are two ways to procure Ammonium Nitrate: making it, or stealing + it. You can usually swipe it from any construction site, and if you've + got plenty of money to play with, just buy Instant Cold-Paks. A rather + powerful priming charge must be used, or a booster charge must be added. + The primer explodes, detonating the T.N.T., which detonates, sending + a tremendous shockwave through the ammonium nitrate, detonating it. + + To make ammonium nitrate the hard way, follow these easy instructions: + Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil Solution, also known as ANFO solves one of + the major problems with ammonium nitrate: its tendency to pick up water + vapor from the air. This absorption results in the explosive failing + to detonate when fired. This is less of a problem with ANFO because it + consists of 94% (by weight) ammonium nitrate mixed with 6% fuel oil + (kerosene). The kerosene helps keep the ammonium nitrate from absorbing + moisture from the air. This mixture, like straight ammonium nitrate, is + very insensitive to shock. It requires a very powerful shockwave to + detonate it, and is not very effective in small quantities. Usually a + booster charge, consisting of dynamite or a commercial cast charge, is + used for reliable detonation. Some commercial ANFO explosives have a + small amount of aluminum added, increasing the power and sensitivity. + These forms can often be reliably initiated by a No. 8 blasting cap. + These disadvantages are outweighed by two important advantages of + ammonium nitrate explosives- cost, and safety. In industrial blasting + these factors are much more important than in recreational activities, + and this has contributed to the popularity of these explosives. If the + explosive is initiated without confinement it not propagate well, and + most of the ammonium nitrate will burn and scatter, rather than + detonation as most other high explosives would. Ammonium nitrate + explosives are much cheaper per pound than most other explosives, with + the price per pound at about 1/10 that of dynamite. Straight ammonium + nitrate can be transported to the blasting site without the extract + expenses incurred when transporting high explosives. At the site, the + ammonium nitrate, in the form of small pellets, or prills, can be mixed + with the fuel oil just prior to blasting. If too much oil is added, the + power of the mixture will decrease, because the extra oil will absorb + some of the energy from the ammonium nitrate, and it tends to slow + propagation. If commercial fertilizer is used to provide the ammonium + nitrate, it must be crushed to be effective. This is because fertilizer + grade ammonium nitrate is coated with a water resistant substance which + helps keep moisture from decomposing the material. This material also + keeps the fuel oil from soaking into the ammonium nitrate. If + fertilizer grade material is poured into a vat of warm, liquified wax, + the coating will be displaced by the wax, which can also serve as fuel + for the ammonium nitrate. + + T.N.T. (Tri Nitro Toluene) + + T.N.T is simply, at the molecule level, a benzene ring with three + nitrogens attached and the toluene characteristics. In industrial + production TNT is made by a three step nitration process that is + designed to conserve the nitric and sulfuric acids, so that the only + resource consumed in quantity is the toluene. A person with limited + funds, however, should probably opt for the less economical two step + method. This process is performed by treating toluene with very strong + (fuming) sulfuric acid. Then, the sulfated toluene is treated with very + strong (fuming) nitric acid in an ice bath. Cold water is added to the + solution, and the T.N.T. is filtered out. + + Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) + + Potassium chlorate itself cannot be made in the home, but it can be + obtained from labs and chemical supply houses. It is moderately water + soluble, and will explode if brought into contact with sulfuric acid. It + is toxic and should not be brought into contact with organic matter, + including human skin. If potassium chlorate is mixed with a small + amount of vaseline, or other petroleum jelly, and a shockwave is passed + through it, the material will detonate, however it is not very powerful, + and it must be confined to explode it in this manner. The procedure for + making such an explosive is outlined below: + + MATERIALS + --------- + + - potassium chlorate - + - zip-lock plastic bag - + - wooden spoon - + - petroleum jelly - + - grinding bowl - + - wooden bowl - + + 1.) Grind the potassium chlorate in the grinding bowl carefully and + slowly, until the potassium chlorate is a very fine powder. The finer + the powder, the faster it will detonate, but it will also decompose more + quickly. + + 2.) Place the powder into the plastic bag. Put the petroleum jelly into + the plastic bag, getting as little on the sides of the bag as possible, + i.e. put the vaseline on the potassium chlorate powder. + + 3.) Close the bag, and knead the materials together until none of the + potassium chlorate is dry powder that does not stick to the main glob. + If necessary, add a bit more petroleum jelly to the bag. + + + Napalm + + Well, most people know that the basic way to make napalm is: gasoline + + soap + fire = Chaos. But for a more indepth look, keep reading. Take a + bucket or a small bowl and fill it about 1/2 way with gasoline. Leave + it out in the sun to heat up. Also, it is possible to use a double + boiler and a hot water bath to heat it. Then take a bar of soap + (depending on how much gas you used you will need more soap so have + plenty) and using a knife with teeth scrape the soap into shreds and dump + into the gas. after every bar of soap stir it slowly and keep adding + soap until it becomes a thick sludge. Dont add too much or you'll either + ruin it, or cause an explosion. Always make sure there is a little x-tra + gasoline in it. However, do NOT touch it. It is highly corrosive. You + can also simply take the hot gasoline, and place a piece of styrofoam + in it. The styrofoam will burn up, and the gasoline will turn to napalm. + + + CHEMICAL WEAPONS + + Chlorine Bomb + + Wrap some chlorine up in a paper towel and tie it up tight. Next, tape + it high on the inside of a Mayonnaise Jar (See illus). Fill the + bottom of the jar up (don't touch the paper!) with PineSol. Screw the + top back on and place it on the ground. When ready, knock the jar over + and run. It will explode, and release a lot of chlorine gas, which is + poisonous, and if ingested, is deadly. + + A variant idea, is to do the same with a balloon instead of the + Mayonnaise Jar. Just send a few balloons to a reputed communist leader, + and either stretch em so they pop very soon after being delivered, or + poke small holes in them. + + + /========\ <- Lid + | *| <- Chlorine + | *| <- + | | + |'.'.'.'.| <- PineSol + |.'.'.'.'| <- + \________/ <- + + + Tear Gas + + First, get some red pepper seeds, you can find them in a food + store or in a nursery for plants. You will need 4 ounces of them. + The next step is to grind them up in a blender or in a mortar. + + Put the seeds into a coffe percolator with 16 ounces of distilled + alcohol and percolate for 1/2 hour. + + After the 1/2 hour is up, you remove the alcohol liquid and what you + have left if a couple table spoons of red liquid. The red liquid is + added to 1/2 pint of mineral oil. You can get mineral oil at any drug + store. Once mixed, you have one nasty eye irritant and an effective + chemical crowd deterrent. + + The way you use it is to put in a spray bottle and spray it at your + enemy. You could use the top from a Windex bottle, cut the tube short + enough and put it in a medicine bottle, to form a type of Mace tube. + That way it is smaller. If you have a pump sprinkler, you can make a + mass attack weapon. + + +V. The Enemies of the Right Wing + + The following rendition of the Bill of Rights for a modern America was + found anonymously over internet. + + "As we approach the 21st Century, it's time to bring the wording up to + date showing what we are and who we are. + + AMENDMENT I + + Congress shall make no law establishing religion, but shall act as if + it did; and shall make no laws abridging the freedom of speech, unless + such speech can be construed as "commercial speech" or "irresponsible + speech" or "offensive speech;" or shall abridge the right of the + people to peaceably assemble where and when permitted; or shall + abridge the right to petition the government for a redress of + grievances, under proper procedures. + + It shall be unlawful to cry "Fire!" in a theater occupied by three or + more persons, unless such persons shall belong to a class declared + Protected by one or more divisions of Federal, State or Local + government, in which case the number of persons shall be one or more. + + + AMENDMENT II + + A well-regulated military force shall be maintained under control of + the President, and no political entity within the United States shall + maintain a military force beyond Presidential control. The right of + the people to keep and bear arms shall be determined by the Congress + and the States and the Cities and the Counties and the Towns (and + someone named Fred.) + + + AMENDMENT III + + No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without + the consent of the owner, unless such house is believed to have been + used, or believed may be used, for some purpose contrary to law or + public policy. + + + AMENDMENT IV + + The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, + and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures may not be + suspended except to protect public welfare. Any place or conveyance + shall be subject to search by law enforcement forces of any political + entity, and any such places or conveyances, or any property within + them, may be confiscated without judicial proceeding if believed to be + used in a manner contrary to law. + + + AMENDMENT V + + Any person may be held to answer for a crime of any kind upon any + suspicion whatever; and may be put in jeopardy of life or liberty by + the state courts, by the federal judiciary, and while incarcerated; + and may be compelled to be a witness against himself by the forced + submission of his body or any portion thereof, and by testimony in + proceedings excluding actual trial. Private property forfeited under + judicial process shall become the exclusive property of the judicial + authority and shall be immune from seizure by injured parties. + + + AMENDMENT VI + + In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to + avoid prosecution by exhausting the legal process and its + practitioners. Failure to succeed shall result in speedy + plea-bargaining resulting in lesser charges. Convicted persons shall + be entitled to appeal until sentence is completed. It shall be + unlawful to bar or deter an incompetent person from service on a jury. + + + AMENDMENT VII + + In civil suits, where a contesting party is a person whose private + life may interest the public, the right of trial in the Press shall + not be abridged. + + + AMENDMENT VIII + + Sufficient bail may be required to ensure that dangerous persons + remain in custody pending trial. There shall be no right of the public + to be afforded protection from dangerous persons, and such protection + shall be dependent upon incarceration facilities available. + + + AMENDMENT IX + + The enumeration in The Constitution of certain rights shall be + construed to deny or discourage others which may from time to time be + extended by the branches of Federal, State or Local government, unless + such rights shall themselves become enacted by Amendment. + + AMENDMENT X + + The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution + shall be deemed to be powers residing in persons holding appointment + therein through the Civil Service, and may be delegated to the States + and local Governments as determined by the public interest. The + public interest shall be determined by the Civil Service." + + + + The following is a question taken from the Combat Arms Survey given to + Marines at 29 Palms in California: + + "I would fire upon U.S. citizens who refuse or resist confiscation + of firearms banned by the U.S. Government" + + Further information can be found in Conservative Chronicle, Vol 9, No + 44, Nov 2, 1994, page 11. "What became of liberal's devotion to + privacy?" by Phyllis Schlafly. + + + There are several groups that right wingers must take extreme caution + around, and must be willing to act against. They are not listed in + any specific order, but you can tell which are more virulent than + others. To begin with, you must realize that the NRA description + of federal agents as "jackbooted thugs" isnt so far off... + + ATF - Does anyone ever remember the creation of the ATF? Why? + Because the ATF is nothing better than the Gestapo. It was + designed to be used as a violent military squad against + individuals who refuse to follow Big Brother into Armageddon. + There is nothing wrong with shooting ATF agents. (Keep in + mind, i'm not sanctioning violence, i'm stating personal + opinion.) Have no regrets about this. They are responsible + for the massacre at Waco, the killing of Randall Weaver's + wife, and various other episodes. The ATF would better be called + the KGB. If our founding fathers saw the ATF, they'd ask where + their red coats were. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and + Firearms has no business meddling in anything but officework. + + + FBI - The Minutemen once suggested that the FBI be renamed the FIB, + Federal Investigation Bureau. The FBI are very similar to the + ATF, and cannot be trusted. They were also parts of the + debacles involving the ATF, and are at least guilty by + association. The F.B.I. was the agency also responsible at + Waco, the Weaver case, and various other episodes. They are + essentially a National Police Force, something that is fundamental + to undermining a popular uprising or anti-government feeling. + And they are certainly well described as "jackbooted thugs", as + the NRA called it, and called it well. + + ATTU - These are individuals that are suspiciously hired by the + Treasury Department (since when did political extremism be + involved with the Treasury?) are there for the sole purpose + of conducting espionage activities against right-wing groups + and entrap people to convict in an unjust trial. + + Secret Service - There is but one thing to say. It is not only by + coincidence that their initials are SS. They are + currently protected a socialist/communist dictator + who intends on extending the corrupting force of + liberal politics on us. The Secret Service is meant + to shoot anyone who may threaten that evil individual. + Therefore, it is easy to see how they are the enemy. + + CPUSA - The communist party of the United States of America has not + only been proved to be a blatantly subversive espionage ring, + but it has been proved so by its own documents! The Yale Press, + a notoriously liberal college printing group, even released a + number of documents taken from CPUSA archives in Moscow directly + indicating sabotage and espionage on the part of CPUSA members. + These documents also indicate that much of the so-called "red + paranoia" in the 50's and 60's was "EXTREMELY WELL FOUNDED." + + CIA - This agency is basically the GRU of the United States of America. + The government has expressed public doubt at times that the CIA + even really answers to them. Most believe that much of the info + that the CIA collects, it keeps for its own uses. The CIA is a + corrupt government institution that is literally independent from + the normal corrupted bureaucracy. In times of strife, it could + be very well used against the honest citizens of the United States. + + United Nations - The following was taken from a John Birch Society + Pamphlet titled "A Dozen Good Reasons to Get Us Out of + the United Nations" + + "More and more Americans are coming to the chilling + realization that U.S. membership in the United Nations + poses a very real threat to our survival as a free + and independent nation. Here are some good reasons to + be concerned: + + 1.) The UN's basic philosophy is both anti-American and + pro-totalitarian. Our Declaration of Independence + proclaims the 'self-evident' truth that 'men ... are + endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable + rights.' But, in its Covenant on Civil and Political + Rights, the UN ignores God's existence, implies that it + grants rights, and then repeatedly claims power 'as + provided by law' to cancel them out of existence. If + any government can place restrictions on such + fundamental rights as freedom of speech, the right to + keep and bear arms, freedoms of the press, association + movement, and religion, soon there will be no such + freedoms. + + 2.) The UN was founded by Communists and CFR members + whose common goal was a socialist world government. + Sixteen key U.S. officials who shaped the policies + leading to the creation of the UN were later exposed in + sworn testimony as secret communists. These included + Alger Hiss, chief planner of the 1945 founding + conference, and the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury + Harry Dexter White. The Soviet Union under Stalin and + the entire CPUSA apparatus worked tirelessly to launch + the UN. Since its beginning in 1921, the Council on + Foreign Relations (CFR) has always worked for world + government. The key CFR founder, Edward Mandell House, + in his book, Philip Dru:Administrator, called for + 'Socialism as dreamed of by Karl Marx...' The CFR was + an early promoter of the UN, and 43 members of the U.S. + delegation at the UN founding conference were or would + become CFR members. + + 3.) The UN has always chosen socialist one-worlders for + leaders. The Secretary-General at the UN founding + conference was Soviet Spy Alger Hiss. He was followed + as Secretary-General by Norwegian socialist Trygve Lie, + Swedish socialist Dag Hammarskjold, Burmese Marxist U + Thant, Austrian former Nazi Kurt Waldheim, Peruvian + socialist Javier Perez deCuellar, and Egyptian Socialist + Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Each has consistently used the + full resources of the UN to promote Communist and + socialist causes around the world. The Socialist + International (which proudly traces its origins to the + First International headed by Karl Marx) today claims + tens of millions of members in 54 countries. At its + 1962 Congress, it declared: 'The ultimate objective of + the parties of the Socialist International is nothing + less than world government... Membership of the United + Nations must be made universal...' Almost all of the + UN's 'independent' commissions for the last thirty years + have been headed by members of the Socialist + International. + + 4.) The UN seeks power to control the environment, + population, children... the world. Both the 1972 UN + Environmental Program and the 1992 UN Conference on + Environment and Development laid plans to whip up + widespread environmental concerns (some exaggerated, + many completely fabricated). These concerns would then + be used as justification for increasing UN authority on + environmental issues. The statements and publications + of these UN programs leave little doubt that their goal + is a world government with the power to cancel national + sovereignty, regulate economic activity, and control the + human race -- all, of course, under the banner of + 'protecting the environment.' In late 1994, UN planners + meeting in Egypt approved a 20-year, $17 billion plan to + 'stabilize' the world's population. The UN's goal is to + reduce population selectively by encouraging abortion, + sterilization, and controlled human breeding. The UN + Convention on the Rights of the Child also claims power + not only to grant rights but also to cancel them 'as + provided by law.' It claims that governments must + guarantee children 'freedom of expression... freedom to + seek, receive, and impart information... freedom of + thought, conscience, and religion,' regardless of the + wishes of their parents. + + 5.) The UN Charter outlines the path to world tyranny. + After giving lip service about not intervening 'in + matters which are essentially within the domestic + jurisdiction of any state...', the UN Charter continues + 'but this principle shall not prejudice the application + of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.' Chapter + VII discusses sanctions and boycotts, but if these are + decided to "be inadequate, it may take such action by + air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain + or restore international peace and security.' The UN + used this broad assertion of authority as the pretext + for its armed intervention in the domestic turmoil in + Somalia and Haiti. + + 6.) The UN is building its own army to enforce its will. + In 1992, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, + fulfilling a directive from the UN Security Council, + unveiled An Agenda For Peace, a plan to strengthen UN + 'peackeeping' capabilities. The plan calls for armed + forces to be made available to the UN 'on a permanent + basis.' It ominously warns, 'The time of absolute and + exclusive sovereignty has passed' and proceeds to name + a long list of 'risks for stability' that would be used + to justify use of the 'permanent' UN army to enforce + its will. Incredibly, U.S. leaders are using America's + military to pave the way for this UN army. In Bosnia, + Somalia, Haiti, and elsewhere, foreign UN commanders + have controlled our troops. When 15 Americans were + killed over Iraq in mid-1994, Vice-President Gore + extended condolences 'to the families of those who died + in the service of the United Nations.' Even more + incredibly, it has been the official policy of the U.S. + government since 1961 to disarm America and create a UN + army. This policy concludes: 'progressive controlled + disarmament would proceed to the point where no nation + would have the military power to challenge the + progressively strengthened UN Peace Force.' (See State + Department publication 7277: Freedom from War.) + + 7.) The UN doesn't settle disputes -- it makes them + worse! Our ambassador to the UN in 1982, although a UN + supporter, admitted, 'The UN has become an arena in + which countries are drawn into problems they might never + have become involved in.' Ask yourself: Should + Seychelles or Benin or Guyana or Barbados have to take + sides in a clash that breaks out on the opposite side + of the world? When centuries-old animosities erupt in + the former Yugoslavia, why does the UN inject its + presence with troops, blockades, bombing, and a parade + of speeches? American troops serving as globocops for + the UN become targets for criminals and terrorists. In + 1983, 241 U.S. Marines were blown to bits at the Beirut + Airport. Five years later, a U.S. Marine Lieutenant + Colonel was kidnapped and eventually murdered by Arab + terrorists while in a UN unit in Lebanon (he was unarmed + as required by the UN). The UN 'peacekeeping mission' + in Somalia cost the lives of another 36 Americans in + 1993. + + 8.) The UN ignores Communist atrocities but targets + non-communist nations and leaders. When Soviet tanks + rolled into Hungary in the 1950's, when the Chinese + communists were murdering Tibetans in the 1960's, when + the Soviets were butchering civilians in Afghanistan in + the 1970's and 80's, when Chechnya was brutalized by + the Russians in the 1990's, the UN did nothing! But + the UN declared tiny Rhodesia 'a threat to international + peace' in the 1960's, enabling pro-communist terrorist + Robert Mugabe to seize power. And it was a UN-led + campaign that brought self-described communist and + convicted terrorist Nelson Mandela to power in South + Africa in the 1990's. + + 9.) The UN embraces communist China -- history's most + murderous criminal regime. In 1949, anti-communist + Nationalist China, one of the UN's founding members, was + forced from the mainland to Taiwan by the Communists. + In 1971, the UN expelled Taiwan and embraced the brutal + Red Chinese government -- a government responsible for + over 35 million murders. When the vote admitting Red + China was announced, UN delegates danced in the aisles + to show their contempt for America and their joy at the + triumph of Red China. + + 10.) The UN is an amoral cesspool filled with perverts + and fat cats. In 1993, the UN Economic and Social + Council granted consultant status to the International + Gay and Lesbian Association which includes the North + American Man/Boy Love Association (advocates child + molestation) and the Dutch group Vereniging Martijn + (which also promotes use of children as sex objects). + In 1988, the top Belgian UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) + official was one of a group convicted of running a child + sex right. Moral bankruptcy is commonplace in UN + operations. In Zimbabwe, UNICEF-donated equipment + helped terrorists seize power. In Vietnam, the + Communists received $13 million from UNICEF while untold + thousands of boat people fled for their lives. Fat + Cats? UN employees are paid 40% more than comparable + U.S. workers, have subsidized rent, take extravagant + vacations, are exempt from income taxes, avoid sales + taxes in UN stores, eat in discounted UN restaurants, + and park in discounted UN garages. An ex-UNICEF + official confirmed that 'pampered and cosseted staffs' + of various aid agencies 'absorb 80% of all UN + expenditures.' + + 11.) America supplies the money, the UN then finances + tyrants and assorted enemies of the U.S., and conditions + in the nations 'aided' grow worse. U.S. taxpayers pay + 25% of the UN budget plus 31% of the UN special-agency + budgets. Additional billions of our dollars go to the + IMF, World Bank, and other UN-related lending agencies + where they have been used for incredibly wasteful and + subversive UN projects. (Not suprising since these + agencies were designed by Soviety agent Harry Dexter + White and Fabian Socialist John Maynard Keynes.) + Socialist International spokesman Hilary Marquand aptly + described the IMF as 'in essence a Socialist + conception.' World Bank 'aid' funds went to brutal + Marxist dictator Mengistu while he was causing large- + scale starvation and death in Ethiopia; to Tanzanian + dictator Julius Nyerere as he drove peasants off their + land and burned their huts; and to the Vietnamese + Communists, sending thousands of boat people into the + sea. Even Newsweek Magazine concluded that the UN's + foreign aid programs tend 'to prop up incompetent + governments or subsidize economies so they can never + stand on their own.' + + 12.) The UN is a war organization, NOT a peace + organization. Article 42 of the UN Charter claims + authority to 'take such action by air, sea or land + forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore + international peace and security.' But the UN + definition of 'peace' is never given. Tyrannical + regimes throughout history have defined 'peace' as the + absence of all opposition. To achieve 'peace' in + Katanga in 1961, UN planes bombed hospitals, schools, + administrative buildings, and private homes. Katanga + was an anti-communist province of the Belgian Congo + seeking freedom from the Communist-controlled central + government. The UN is not now, and has never been, a + peace organization. It will use whatever military + power it is given to force all nations of the world to + submit." + + Government - Government bureaucracy agencies are in general enemies of + the right and of freedom. They restrict Americans unfairly + and they steal our tax dollars and waste them. Civil + service employees are people that have ridden in on the + coattails of corrupt politicians, and are therefore to be + considered the enemy as well. + + + WHO IS NOT THE ENEMY? + + The National Guard - Never shoot a National Guardsman. The National + Guard is made up of almost completely civilians, + A Minutemen bulletin in New Jersey instructed + the following: + + "UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES TRY ANY DOORSTEP HEROICS + BY SHOOTING IT OUT WITH THOSE WHO COME FOR YOUR + WEAPON! Most likely the National Guard will be + the unlucky ones selected for gun roundup. DON'T + SHOOT NATIONAL GUARDSMEN. Many of them are + already in our organization and many others are + fully sympathetic with our position..." + + The Armed Forces - Again, for the most part, our Armed Forces are + friendly to the right-wing. The high command tends + to stick with the government, but lower officers + and GI's are either friendly to the right wing, or + very pliable to the position. Even divisions such + as the Green Berets who are supposed to be die hard + government warriors are friends to the right. + + Local Police - To take an old addage from the right, "Support Your + Local Police." No matter what group you are considering, + almost all of them condemn violence against local police + forces. The Police and local law enforcement in general + can be a valuable tool to have on our side. + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + PRISONER OF WAR + + If you should get caught by these government thugs, you must know what to + do. Just state your name, rank (if in a militia, but not the militia + name), or social security number. According to Minutemen tests with truth + serums, for the most part, they dont work. You must be able to withstand + heavy questioning. According to Minutemen testing data, a person will + tell more under 1 hour of grueling interrogation than under 5 hours of + truth serum. + + What happens if they give you a lie detector test? Well, there are + several easy ways to beat it. To the extent that the polygraph works at + all, it works because people believe it does. Many criminals confess + during polygraph examinations. Many employees are more honest for fear + of periodic screenings. But a dummy polygraph that hummed and scribbled + preprogrammed tracings would be no less effective in these instances. + David Thoreson Lykken estimates that lie-control polygraph tests are about + 70 percent accurate. (Remember, though, that choosing "heads" or "tails" + of a flipped coin can be accurate 50 percent of the time.) Accuracy of + 70 percent is not impressive, but it is high enough to talk meaningfully + of beating a polygraph test. Just by having read this far, you stand + a greater chance of beating a polygraph test. You won't be wowed by the + fancy dials and pretests. You realize that the polygraph's powers are + limited. There are two additional techniques for beating the polygraph. + The more obvious is to learn how to repress psychological responses to + stressful questions. Some people are good at this; others are not. Most + people can get better by practicing with a polygraph. Of course, this + training requires a polygraph, and polygraphs are expensive. The opposite + approach is to pick out the control questions in the pretest discussion + and exaggerate reactions to these questions during the test. When the + control-question responses are greater than the relevant-question + responses, the polygrapher must acquit the subject. Because breathing is + one of the parameters measured, taking a deep breath and holding it will + record as an abnormal response. Flexing the arm muscles under the cuff + distorts the blood-pressure reading. But a suspicious polygrapher may + spot either ruse. A more subtle method is to hide a tack in one shoe. + Stepping on the tack during the control questions produces stress + reactions with no outward signs of fidgeting. Biting the tongue + forcefully also works. + + Finally, do not answer any questions, or submit to any tests without your + lawyer present. This is very important. There are several Patriot + Defense Funds out there in many militia groups that help support legal + fees for defendants belonging to the right wing if they have trouble + paying for top class legal support. + + + +VI. Final Notes + + For any additional information, there are several sources to receive data + for technical, ideological, or other subjects. Rush Limbaugh has a + fairly good show on Sunday mornings. Gordon Liddy has an excellent right + wing radio show, that is very worth listening to. (Liddy was one of the + men involved with the actual Watergate breakin). The Anarchists Cookbook + can be purchased from many mail-order stores and bookstores. There are + other manuals which are very valuable for technical support: The + Renegade Cookbook, the Big Book of Mischief, the Home Defense Guide, + Kitchen Improved Explosives, etc. Remember: the key to freedom is + information... get informed! + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +Well, i'm sad to say this is the end. But, with your continued support and +interest, further versions of this manual will be published. If we get a +big enough correspondence, perhaps a bound and illustrated version can be +produced. Until then, if you have any articles for consideration, comments, +or questions regarding this manual, please email polaris@np.newpower.com. + +Hopefully, we shall soon establish a page for this document and other DiP +productions. If you want to post this file on any pages, or whatever, go +ahead, so long as you inform me where it is, and i can make sure it is being +used properly. Keep an eye out, and happy hunting! + +And always remember the words of Martin Luther King Jr.: + +"We shall overcome, we shall overcome..." + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ph-1775.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ph-1775.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14d5e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ph-1775.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ + * Originally By: Steven Springer + * Originally To: All + * Originally Re: Why we do this... + * Original Area: FIDO-AEN_News Service + * Forwarded by : Blue Wave v2.12 + + "..There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free; +if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges +for which we have been so long contending; if we mean not basely +to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long +engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon, +until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained; +WE MUST FIGHT! I repeat it, sir, we must fight!! An appeal to +arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us! + +They tell us, sir... that we are weak, unable to cope with +so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger. +Will it be the next week or the next year? Will it be when we +are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be +stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by +irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of +effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging +the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound +us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use +of those means which the God of nature has placed in our power. +Three millions of people armed in the holy cause of liberty and +in such a country as that which we possess are invincible by any +force which our enemy can send against us. + + +Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a +just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will +raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, +is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, +the brave. besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base +enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the +contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our +chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of +Boston! The war is inevitable - and let it come!! I repeat it +sir, let it come!! + +It is vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, +peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! +The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears +the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the +field! Why stand we here idle? +What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life +so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of +chains and slavery? + +Forbid it, Almighty God - I know not what course others may +take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!" + +************************************************************ + +Patrick Henry then took his seat. No murmur of applause was +heard on March 23, 1775 when he gave this speech at a convention +in Richmond assemble after Lord Dunmore suspended the Virginia +Assembly. The effect was too deep. After the trance of a +moment, several members started from their seats. The cry, "To +arms!" seemed to quiver on every lip and gleam from every eye. + +... "Liberty is NEVER unalienable; it must be redeemed regularly +... with the blood of patriots or it ALWAYS vanishes. Of all the +... so-called natural human rights the have ever been invented, +... liberty is the least to be cheap and is NEVER free of cost." +... Robert A. Heinlein - Starship Troopers diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pi-me.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pi-me.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c513dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pi-me.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@ + + 1780 + + THE METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF ETHICS + + by Immanuel Kant + + translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott + + + + + + + + PREFACE +- + If there exists on any subject a philosophy (that is, a system of +rational knowledge based on concepts), then there must also be for +this philosophy a system of pure rational concepts, independent of any +condition of intuition, in other words, a metaphysic. It may be +asked whether metaphysical elements are required also for every +practical philosophy, which is the doctrine of duties, and therefore +also for Ethics, in order to be able to present it as a true science +(systematically), not merely as an aggregate of separate doctrines +(fragmentarily). As regards pure jurisprudence, no one will question +this requirement; for it concerns only what is formal in the +elective will, which has to be limited in its external relations +according to laws of freedom; without regarding any end which is the +matter of this will. Here, therefore, deontology is a mere +scientific doctrine (doctrina scientiae).* +- + *One who is acquainted with practical philosophy is not, +therefore, a practical philosopher. The latter is he who makes the +rational end the principle of his actions, while at the same time he +joins with this the necessary knowledge which, as it aims at action, +must not be spun out into the most subtile threads of metaphysic, +unless a legal duty is in question; in which case meum and tuum must +be accurately determined in the balance of justice, on the principle +of equality of action and action, which requires something like +mathematical proportion, but not in the case of a mere ethical duty. +For in this case the question is not only to know what it is a duty to +do (a thing which on account of the ends that all men naturally have +can be easily decided), but the chief point is the inner principle +of the will namely that the consciousness of this duty be also the +spring of action, in order that we may be able to say of the man who +joins to his knowledge this principle of wisdom that he is a practical +philosopher. +- + Now in this philosophy (of ethics) it seems contrary to the idea +of it that we should go back to metaphysical elements in order to make +the notion of duty purified from everything empirical (from every +feeling) a motive of action. For what sort of notion can we form of +the mighty power and herculean strength which would be sufficient to +overcome the vice-breeding inclinations, if Virtue is to borrow her +"arms from the armoury of metaphysics," which is a matter of +speculation that only few men can handle? Hence all ethical teaching +in lecture rooms, pulpits, and popular books, when it is decked out +with fragments of metaphysics, becomes ridiculous. But it is not, +therefore, useless, much less ridiculous, to trace in metaphysics +the first principles of ethics; for it is only as a philosopher that +anyone can reach the first principles of this conception of duty, +otherwise we could not look for either certainty or purity in the +ethical teaching. To rely for this reason on a certain feeling +which, on account of the effect expected from it, is called moral, +may, perhaps, even satisfy the popular teacher, provided he desires as +the criterion of a moral duty to consider the problem: "If everyone in +every case made your maxim the universal law, how could this law be +consistent with itself?" But if it were merely feeling that made it +our duty to take this principle as a criterion, then this would not be +dictated by reason, but only adopted instinctively and therefore +blindly. + But in fact, whatever men imagine, no moral principle is based on +any feeling, but such a principle is really nothing else than an +obscurely conceived metaphysic which inheres in every man's +reasoning faculty; as the teacher will easily find who tries to +catechize his pupils in the Socratic method about the imperative of +duty and its application to the moral judgement of his actions. The +mode of stating it need not be always metaphysical, and the language +need not necessarily be scholastic, unless the pupil is to be +trained to be a philosopher. But the thought must go back to the +elements of metaphysics, without which we cannot expect any +certainty or purity, or even motive power in ethics. + If we deviate from this principle and begin from pathological, or +purely sensitive, or even moral feeling (from what is subjectively +practical instead of what is objective), that is, from the matter of +the will, the end, not from its form that is the law, in order from +thence to determine duties; then, certainly, there are no metaphysical +elements of ethics, for feeling by whatever it may be excited is +always physical. But then ethical teaching, whether in schools, or +lecture-rooms, etc., is corrupted in its source. For it is not a +matter of indifference by what motives or means one is led to a good +purpose (the obedience to duty). However disgusting, then, metaphysics +may appear to those pretended philosophers who dogmatize oracularly, +or even brilliantly, about the doctrine of duty, it is, +nevertheless, an indispensable duty for those who oppose it to go back +to its principles even in ethics, and to begin by going to school on +its benches. +- + We may fairly wonder how, after all previous explanations of the +principles of duty, so far as it is derived from pure reason, it was +still possible to reduce it again to a doctrine of happiness; in +such a way, however, that a certain moral happiness not resting on +empirical causes was ultimately arrived at, a self-contradictory +nonentity. In fact, when the thinking man has conquered the +temptations to vice, and is conscious of having done his (often +hard) duty, he finds himself in a state of peace and satisfaction +which may well be called happiness, in which virtue is her own reward. +Now, says the eudaemonist, this delight, this happiness, is the real +motive of his acting virtuously. The notion of duty, says be, does not +immediately determine his will; it is only by means of the happiness +in prospect that he is moved to his duty. Now, on the other hand, +since he can promise himself this reward of virtue only from the +consciousness of having done his duty, it is clear that the latter +must have preceded: that is, be must feel himself bound to do his duty +before he thinks, and without thinking, that happiness will be the +consequence of obedience to duty. He is thus involved in a circle in +his assignment of cause and effect. He can only hope to be happy if he +is conscious of his obedience to duty: and he can only be moved to +obedience to duty if be foresees that he will thereby become happy. +But in this reasoning there is also a contradiction. For, on the one +side, he must obey his duty, without asking what effect this will have +on his happiness, consequently, from a moral principle; on the other +side, he can only recognize something as his duty when he can reckon +on happiness which will accrue to him thereby, and consequently on a +pathological principle, which is the direct opposite of the former. + I have in another place (the Berlin Monatsschrift), reduced, as I +believe, to the simplest expressions the distinction between +pathological and moral pleasure. The pleasure, namely, which must +precede the obedience to the law in order that one may act according +to the law is pathological, and the process follows the physical order +of nature; that which must be preceded by the law in order that it may +be felt is in the moral order. If this distinction is not observed; if +eudaemonism (the principle of happiness) is adopted as the principle +instead of eleutheronomy (the principle of freedom of the inner +legislation), the consequence is the euthanasia (quiet death) of all +morality. + The cause of these mistakes is no other than the following: Those +who are accustomed only to physiological explanations will not admit +into their heads the categorical imperative from which these laws +dictatorially proceed, notwithstanding that they feel themselves +irresistibly forced by it. Dissatisfied at not being able to explain +what lies wholly beyond that sphere, namely, freedom of the elective +will, elevating as is this privilege, that man has of being capable of +such an idea. They are stirred up by the proud claims of speculative +reason, which feels its power so strongly in the fields, just as if +they were allies leagued in defence of the omnipotence of +theoretical reason and roused by a general call to arms to resist that +idea; and thus they are at present, and perhaps for a long time to +come, though ultimately in vain, to attack the moral concept of +freedom and if possible render it doubtful. + +INTRODUCTION + INTRODUCTION TO THE METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF ETHICS +- + Ethics in ancient times signified moral philosophy (philosophia +moral is) generally, which was also called the doctrine of duties. +Subsequently it was found advisable to confine this name to a part +of moral philosophy, namely, to the doctrine of duties which are not +subject to external laws (for which in German the name Tugendlehre was +found suitable). Thus the system of general deontology is divided into +that of jurisprudence (jurisprudentia), which is capable of external +laws, and of ethics, which is not thus capable, and we may let this +division stand. +- +- + I. Exposition of the Conception of Ethics +- + The notion of duty is in itself already the notion of a constraint +of the free elective will by the law; whether this constraint be an +external one or be self-constraint. The moral imperative, by its +categorical (the unconditional ought) announces this constraint, which +therefore does not apply to all rational beings (for there may also be +holy beings), but applies to men as rational physical beings who are +unholy enough to be seduced by pleasure to the transgression of the +moral law, although they themselves recognize its authority; and +when they do obey it, to obey it unwillingly (with resistance of their +inclination); and it is in this that the constraint properly +consists.* Now, as man is a free (moral) being, the notion of duty can +contain only self-constraint (by the idea of the law itself), when +we look to the internal determination of the will (the spring), for +thus only is it possible to combine that constraint (even if it were +external) with the freedom of the elective will. The notion of duty +then must be an ethical one. +- + *Man, however, as at the same time a moral being, when he +considers himself objectively, which he is qualified to do by his pure +practical reason, (i.e., according to humanity in his own person). +finds himself holy enough to transgress the law only unwillingly; +for there is no man so depraved who in this transgression would not +feel a resistance and an abhorrence of himself, so that he must put +a force on himself. It is impossible to explain the phenomenon that at +this parting of the ways (where the beautiful fable places Hercules +between virtue and sensuality) man shows more propensity to obey +inclination than the law. For, we can only explain what happens by +tracing it to a cause according to physical laws; but then we should +not be able to conceive the elective will as free. Now this mutually +opposed self-constraint and the inevitability of it makes us recognize +the incomprehensible property of freedom. +- + The impulses of nature, then, contain hindrances to the fulfilment +of duty in the mind of man, and resisting forces, some of them +powerful; and he must judge himself able to combat these and to +conquer them by means of reason, not in the future, but in the +present, simultaneously with the thought; he must judge that he can do +what the law unconditionally commands that be ought. + Now the power and resolved purpose to resist a strong but unjust +opponent is called fortitude (fortitudo), and when concerned with +the opponent of the moral character within us, it is virtue (virtus, +fortitudo moralis). Accordingly, general deontology, in that part +which brings not external, but internal, freedom under laws is the +doctrine of virtue. + Jurisprudence had to do only with the formal condition of external +freedom (the condition of consistency with itself, if its maxim became +a universal law), that is, with law. Ethics, on the contrary, supplies +us with a matter (an object of the free elective will), an end of pure +reason which is at the same time conceived as an objectively necessary +end, i.e., as duty for all men. For, as the sensible inclinations +mislead us to ends (which are the matter of the elective will) that +may contradict duty, the legislating reason cannot otherwise guard +against their influence than by an opposite moral end, which therefore +must be given a priori independently on inclination. + An end is an object of the elective will (of a rational being) by +the idea of which this will is determined to an action for the +production of this object. Now I may be forced by others to actions +which are directed to an end as means, but I cannot be forced to +have an end; I can only make something an end to myself. If, +however, I am also bound to make something which lies in the notions +of practical reason an end to myself, and therefore besides the formal +determining principle of the elective will (as contained in law) to +have also a material principle, an end which can be opposed to the end +derived from sensible impulses; then this gives the notion of an end +which is in itself a duty. The doctrine of this cannot belong to +jurisprudence, but to ethics, since this alone includes in its +conception self-constraint according to moral laws. + For this reason, ethics may also be defined as the system of the +ends of the pure practical reason. The two parts of moral philosophy +are distinguished as treating respectively of ends and of duties of +constraint. That ethics contains duties to the observance of which one +cannot be (physically) forced by others, is merely the consequence +of this, that it is a doctrine of ends, since to be forced to have +ends or to set them before one's self is a contradiction. + Now that ethics is a doctrine of virtue (doctrina officiorum +virtutis) follows from the definition of virtue given above compared +with the obligation, the peculiarity of which has just been shown. +There is in fact no other determination of the elective will, except +that to an end, which in the very notion of it implies that I cannot +even physically be forced to it by the elective will of others. +Another may indeed force me to do something which is not my end (but +only means to the end of another), but he cannot force me to make it +my own end, and yet I can have no end except of my own making. The +latter supposition would be a contradiction- an act of freedom which +yet at the same time would not be free. But there is no +contradiction in setting before one's self an end which is also a +duty: for in this case I constrain myself, and this is quite +consistent with freedom.* But how is such an end possible? That is now +the question. For the possibility of the notion of the thing (viz., +that it is not self-contradictory) is not enough to prove the +possibility of the thing itself (the objective reality of the notion). +- + *The less a man can be physically forced, and the more he can be +morally forced (by the mere idea of duty), so much the freer he is. +The man, for example, who is of sufficiently firm resolution and +strong mind not to give up an enjoyment which he has resolved on, +however much loss is shown as resulting therefrom, and who yet desists +from his purpose unhesitatingly, though very reluctantly, when he +finds that it would cause him to neglect an official duty or a sick +father; this man proves his freedom in the highest degree by this very +thing, that he cannot resist the voice of duty. +- +- + II. Exposition of the Notion of an End which is also a Duty +- + We can conceive the relation of end to duty in two ways; either +starting from the end to find the maxim of the dutiful actions; or +conversely, setting out from this to find the end which is also +duty. jurisprudence proceeds in the former way. It is left to +everyone's free elective will what end he will choose for his +action. But its maxim is determined a priori; namely, that the freedom +of the agent must be consistent with the freedom of every other +according to a universal law. + Ethics, however, proceeds in the opposite way. It cannot start +from the ends which the man may propose to himself, and hence give +directions as to the maxims he should adopt, that is, as to his +duty; for that would be to take empirical principles of maxims, and +these could not give any notion of duty; since this, the categorical +ought, has its root in pure reason alone. Indeed, if the maxims were +to be adopted in accordance with those ends (which are all selfish), +we could not properly speak of the notion of duty at all. Hence in +ethics the notion of duty must lead to ends, and must on moral +principles give the foundation of maxims with respect to the ends +which we ought to propose to ourselves. + Setting aside the question what sort of end that is which is in +itself a duty, and how such an end is possible, it is here only +necessary to show that a duty of this kind is called a duty of virtue, +and why it is so called. + To every duty corresponds a right of action (facultas moral is +generatim), but all duties do not imply a corresponding right +(facultas juridica) of another to compel any one, but only the +duties called legal duties. Similarly to all ethical obligation +corresponds the notion of virtue, but it does not follow that all +ethical duties are duties of virtue. Those, in fact, are not so +which do not concern so much a certain end (matter, object of the +elective will), but merely that which is formal in the moral +determination of the will (e.g., that the dutiful action must also +be done from duty). It is only an end which is also duty that can be +called a duty of virtue. Hence there are several of the latter kind +(and thus there are distinct virtues); on the contrary, there is +only one duty of the former kind, but it is one which is valid for all +actions (only one virtuous disposition). + The duty of virtue is essentially distinguished from the duty of +justice in this respect; that it is morally possible to be +externally compelled to the latter, whereas the former rests on free +self-constraint only. For finite holy beings (which cannot even be +tempted to the violation of duty) there is no doctrine of virtue, +but only moral philosophy, the latter being an autonomy of practical +reason, whereas the former is also an autocracy of it. That is, it +includes a consciousness- not indeed immediately perceived, but +rightly concluded, from the moral categorical imperative- of the power +to become master of one's inclinations which resist the law; so that +human morality in its highest stage can yet be nothing more than +virtue; even if it were quite pure (perfectly free from the +influence of a spring foreign to duty), a state which is poetically +personified under the name of the wise man (as an ideal to which one +should continually approximate). + Virtue, however, is not to be defined and esteemed merely as +habit, and (as it is expressed in the prize essay of Cochius) as a +long custom acquired by practice of morally good actions. For, if this +is not an effect of well-resolved and firm principles ever more and +more purified, then, like any other mechanical arrangement brought +about by technical practical reason, it is neither armed for all +circumstances nor adequately secured against the change that may be +wrought by new allurements. +- + REMARK +- + To virtue = + a is opposed as its logical contradictory +(contradictorie oppositum) the negative lack of virtue (moral +weakness) = o; but vice = a is its contrary (contrarie s. realiter +oppositum); and it is not merely a needless question but an +offensive one to ask whether great crimes do not perhaps demand more +strength of mind than great virtues. For by strength of mind we +understand the strength of purpose of a man, as a being endowed with +freedom, and consequently so far as he is master of himself (in his +senses) and therefore in a healthy condition of mind. But great crimes +are paroxysms, the very sight of which makes the man of healthy mind +shudder. The question would therefore be something like this: +whether a man in a fit of madness can have more physical strength than +if he is in his senses; and we may admit this without on that +account ascribing to him more strength of mind, if by mind we +understand the vital principle of man in the free use of his powers. +For since those crimes have their ground merely in the power of the +inclinations that weaken reason, which does not prove strength of +mind, this question would be nearly the same as the question whether a +man in a fit of illness can show more strength than in a healthy +condition; and this may be directly denied, since the want of +health, which consists in the proper balance of all the bodily +forces of the man, is a weakness in the system of these forces, by +which system alone we can estimate absolute health. +- +- + III. Of the Reason for conceiving an End which is also a Duty +- + An end is an object of the free elective will, the idea of which +determines this will to an action by which the object is produced. +Accordingly every action has its end, and as no one can have an end +without himself making the object of his elective will his end, +hence to have some end of actions is an act of the freedom of the +agent, not an affect of physical nature. Now, since this act which +determines an end is a practical principle which commands not the +means (therefore not conditionally) but the end itself (therefore +unconditionally), hence it is a categorical imperative of pure +practical reason and one, therefore, which combines a concept of +duty with that of an end in general. + Now there must be such an end and a categorical imperative +corresponding to it. For since there are free actions, there must also +be ends to which as an object those actions are directed. Amongst +these ends there must also be some which are at the same time (that +is, by their very notion) duties. For if there were none such, then +since no actions can be without an end, all ends which practical +reason might have would be valid only as means to other ends, and a +categorical imperative would be impossible; a supposition which +destroys all moral philosophy. + Here, therefore, we treat not of ends which man actually makes to +himself in accordance with the sensible impulses of his nature, but of +objects of the free elective will under its own laws- objects which he +ought to make his end. We may call the former technical +(subjective), properly pragmatical, including the rules of prudence in +the choice of its ends; but the latter we must call the moral +(objective) doctrine of ends. This distinction is, however, +superfluous here, since moral philosophy already by its very notion is +clearly separated from the doctrine of physical nature (in the present +instance, anthropology). The latter resting on empirical principles, +whereas the moral doctrine of ends which treats of duties rests on +principles given a priori in pure practical reason. +- +- + IV. What are the Ends which are also Duties? +- + They are: A. OUR OWN PERFECTION, B. HAPPINESS OF OTHERS. + We cannot invert these and make on one side our own happiness, and +on the other the perfection of others, ends which should be in +themselves duties for the same person. + For one's own happiness is, no doubt, an end that all men have (by +virtue of the impulse of their nature), but this end cannot without +contradiction be regarded as a duty. What a man of himself +inevitably wills does not come under the notion of duty, for this is a +constraint to an end reluctantly adopted. It is, therefore, a +contradiction to say that a man is in duty bound to advance his own +happiness with all his power. + It is likewise a contradiction to make the perfection of another +my end, and to regard myself as in duty bound to promote it. For it is +just in this that the perfection of another man as a person +consists, namely, that he is able of himself to set before him his own +end according to his own notions of duty; and it is a contradiction to +require (to make it a duty for me) that I should do something which no +other but himself can do. +- +- + V. Explanation of these two Notions +- + A. OUR OWN PERFECTION +- + The word perfection is liable to many misconceptions. It is +sometimes understood as a notion belonging to transcendental +philosophy; viz., the notion of the totality of the manifold which +taken together constitutes a thing; sometimes, again, it is understood +as belonging to teleology, so that it signifies the correspondence +of the properties of a thing to an end. Perfection in the former sense +might be called quantitative (material), in the latter qualitative +(formal) perfection. The former can be one only, for the whole of what +belongs to the one thing is one. But of the latter there may be +several in one thing; and it is of the latter property that we here +treat. + When it is said of the perfection that belongs to man generally +(properly speaking, to humanity), that it is in itself a duty to +make this our end, it must be placed in that which may be the effect +of one's deed, not in that which is merely an endowment for which we +have to thank nature; for otherwise it would not be duty. +Consequently, it can be nothing else than the cultivation of one's +power (or natural capacity) and also of one's will (moral disposition) +to satisfy the requirement of duty in general. The supreme element +in the former (the power) is the understanding, it being the faculty +of concepts, and, therefore, also of those concepts which refer to +duty. First it is his duty to labour to raise himself out of the +rudeness of his nature, out of his animal nature more and more to +humanity, by which alone he is capable of setting before him ends to +supply the defects of his ignorance by instruction, and to correct his +errors; he is not merely counselled to do this by reason as +technically practical, with a view to his purposes of other kinds +(as art), but reason, as morally practical, absolutely commands him to +do it, and makes this end his duty, in order that he may be worthy +of the humanity that dwells in him. Secondly, to carry the cultivation +of his will up to the purest virtuous disposition, that, namely, in +which the law is also the spring of his dutiful actions, and to obey +it from duty, for this is internal morally practical perfection. +This is called the moral sense (as it were a special sense, sensus +moralis), because it is a feeling of the effect which the +legislative will within himself exercises on the faculty of acting +accordingly. This is, indeed, often misused fanatically, as though +(like the genius of Socrates) it preceded reason, or even could +dispense with judgement of reason; but still it is a moral perfection, +making every special end, which is also a duty, one's own end. +- + B. HAPPINESS OF OTHERS +- + It is inevitable for human nature that a should wish and seek for +happiness, that is, satisfaction with his condition, with certainty of +the continuance of this satisfaction. But for this very reason it is +not an end that is also a duty. Some writers still make a +distinction between moral and physical happiness (the former +consisting in satisfaction with one's person and moral behaviour, that +is, with what one does; the other in satisfaction with that which +nature confers, consequently with what one enjoys as a foreign +gift). Without at present censuring the misuse of the word (which even +involves a contradiction), it must be observed that the feeling of the +former belongs solely to the preceding head, namely, perfection. For +he who is to feel himself happy in the mere consciousness of his +uprightness already possesses that perfection which in the previous +section was defined as that end which is also duty. + If happiness, then, is in question, which it is to be my duty to +promote as my end, it must be the happiness of other men whose +(permitted) end I hereby make also mine. It still remains left to +themselves to decide what they shall reckon as belonging to their +happiness; only that it is in my power to decline many things which +they so reckon, but which I do not so regard, supposing that they have +no right to demand it from me as their own. A plausible objection +often advanced against the division of duties above adopted consists +in setting over against that end a supposed obligation to study my own +(physical) happiness, and thus making this, which is my natural and +merely subjective end, my duty (and objective end). This requires to +be cleared up. + Adversity, pain, and want are great temptations to transgression +of one's duty; accordingly it would seem that strength, health, a +competence, and welfare generally, which are opposed to that +influence, may also be regarded as ends that are also duties; that is, +that it is a duty to promote our own happiness not merely to make that +of others our end. But in that case the end is not happiness but the +morality of the agent; and happiness is only the means of removing the +hindrances to morality; permitted means, since no one bas a right to +demand from me the sacrifice of my not immoral ends. It is not +directly a duty to seek a competence for one's self; but indirectly it +may be so; namely, in order to guard against poverty which is a +great temptation to vice. But then it is not my happiness but my +morality, to maintain which in its integrity is at once my end and +my duty. +- +- + VI. Ethics does not supply Laws for Actions (which is done by + Jurisprudence), but only for the Maxims of Action +- + The notion of duty stands in immediate relation to a law (even +though I abstract from every end which is the matter of the law); as +is shown by the formal principle of duty in the categorical +imperative: "Act so that the maxims of thy action might become a +universal law." But in ethics this is conceived as the law of thy +own will, not of will in general, which might be that of others; for +in the latter case it would give rise to a judicial duty which does +not belong to the domain of ethics. In ethics, maxims are regarded +as those subjective laws which merely have the specific character of +universal legislation, which is only a negative principle (not to +contradict a law in general). How, then, can there be further a law +for the maxims of actions? + It is the notion of an end which is also a duty, a notion peculiar +to ethics, that alone is the foundation of a law for the maxims of +actions; by making the subjective end (that which every one has) +subordinate to the objective end (that which every one ought to make +his own). The imperative: "Thou shalt make this or that thy end (e. +g., the happiness of others)" applies to the matter of the elective +will (an object). Now since no free action is possible, without the +agent having in view in it some end (as matter of his elective +will), it follows that, if there is an end which is also a duty, the +maxims of actions which are means to ends must contain only the +condition of fitness for a possible universal legislation: on the +other hand, the end which is also a duty can make it a law that we +should have such a maxim, whilst for the maxim itself the +possibility of agreeing with a universal legislation is sufficient. + For maxims of actions may be arbitrary, and are only limited by +the condition of fitness for a universal legislation, which is the +formal principle of actions. But a law abolishes the arbitrary +character of actions, and is by this distinguished from recommendation +(in which one only desires to know the best means to an end). +- +- + VII. Ethical Duties are of indeterminate, Juridical Duties of + strict, Obligation +- + This proposition is a consequence of the foregoing; for if the law +can only command the maxim of the actions, not the actions themselves, +this is a sign that it leaves in the observance of it a latitude +(latitudo) for the elective will; that is, it cannot definitely assign +how and how much we should do by the action towards the end which is +also duty. But by an indeterminate duty is not meant a permission to +make exceptions from the maxim of the actions, but only the permission +to limit one maxim of duty by another (e. g., the general love of +our neighbour by the love of parents); and this in fact enlarges the +field for the practice of virtue. The more indeterminate the duty, and +the more imperfect accordingly the obligation of the man to the +action, and the closer he nevertheless brings this maxim of +obedience thereto (in his own mind) to the strict duty (of justice), +so much the more perfect is his virtuous action. + Hence it is only imperfect duties that are duties of virtue. The +fulfilment of them is merit (meritum) = + a; but their transgression +is not necessarily demerit (demeritum) = - a, but only moral unworth += o, unless the agent made it a principle not to conform to those +duties. The strength of purpose in the former case is alone properly +called virtue [Tugend] (virtus); the weakness in the latter case is +not vice (vitium), but rather only lack of virtue [Untugend], a want +of moral strength (defectus moralis). (As the word Tugend is derived +from taugen [to be good for something], Untugend by its etymology +signifies good for nothing.) Every action contrary to duty is called +transgression (peccatum). Deliberate transgression which has become +a principle is what properly constitutes what is called vice (vitium). + Although the conformity of actions to justice (i.e., to be an +upright man) is nothing meritorious, yet the conformity of the maxim +of such actions regarded as duties, that is, reverence for justice +is meritorious. For by this the man makes the right of humanity or +of men his own end, and thereby enlarges his notion of duty beyond +that of indebtedness (officium debiti), since although another man +by virtue of his rights can demand that my actions shall conform to +the law, he cannot demand that the law shall also contain the spring +of these actions. The same thing is true of the general ethical +command, "Act dutifully from a sense of duty." To fix this disposition +firmly in one's mind and to quicken it is, as in the former case, +meritorious, because it goes beyond the law of duty in actions and +makes the law in itself the spring. + But just for or reason, those duties also must be reckoned as of +indeterminate obligation, in respect of which there exists a +subjective principle which ethically rewards them; or to bring them as +near as possible to the notion of a strict obligation, a principle +of susceptibility of this reward according to the law of virtue; +namely, a moral pleasure which goes beyond mere satisfaction with +oneself (which may be merely negative), and of which it is proudly +said that in this consciousness virtue is its own reward. + When this merit is a merit of the man in respect of other men of +promoting their natural ends, which are recognized as such by all +men (making their happiness his own), we might call it the sweet +merit, the consciousness of which creates a moral enjoyment in which +men are by sympathy inclined to revel; whereas the bitter merit of +promoting the true welfare of other men, even though they should not +recognize it as such (in the case of the unthankful and ungrateful), +has commonly no such reaction, but only produces a satisfaction with +one's self, although in the latter case this would be even greater. +- +- + VIII. Exposition of the Duties of Virtue as Intermediate Duties +- + (1) OUR OWN PERFECTION as an end which is also a duty + (a) Physical perfection; that is, cultivation of all our faculties +generally for the promotion of the ends set before us by reason. +That this is a duty, and therefore an end in itself, and that the +effort to effect this even without regard to the advantage that it +secures us, is based, not on a conditional (pragmatic), but an +unconditional (moral) imperative, may be seen from the following +consideration. The power of proposing to ourselves an end is the +characteristic of humanity (as distinguished from the brutes). With +the end of humanity in our own person is therefore combined the +rational will, and consequently the duty of deserving well of humanity +by culture generally, by acquiring or advancing the power to carry out +all sorts of possible ends, so far as this power is to be found in +man; that is, it is a duty to cultivate the crude capacities of our +nature, since it is by that cultivation that the animal is raised to +man, therefore it is a duty in itself. + This duty, however, is merely ethical, that is, of indeterminate +obligation. No principle of reason prescribes how far one must go in +this effort (in enlarging or correcting his faculty of +understanding, that is, in acquisition of knowledge or technical +capacity); and besides the difference in the circumstances into +which men may come makes the choice of the kind of employment for +which he should cultivate his talent very arbitrary. Here, +therefore, there is no law of reason for actions, but only for the +maxim of actions, viz.: "Cultivate thy faculties of mind and body so +as to be effective for all ends that may come in thy way, uncertain +which of them may become thy own." + (b) Cultivation of Morality in ourselves. The greatest moral +perfection of man is to do his duty, and that from duty (that the +law be not only the rule but also the spring of his actions). Now at +first sight this seems to be a strict obligation, and as if the +principle of duty commanded not merely the legality of every action, +but also the morality, i.e., the mental disposition, with the +exactness and strictness of a law; but in fact the law commands even +here only the maxim of the action, namely, that we should seek the +ground of obligation, not in the sensible impulses (advantage or +disadvantage), but wholly in the law; so that the action itself is not +commanded. For it is not possible to man to see so far into the +depth of his own heart that he could ever be thoroughly certain of the +purity of his moral purpose and the sincerity of his mind even in +one single action, although he has no doubt about the legality of +it. Nay, often the weakness which deters a man from the risk of a +crime is regarded by him as virtue (which gives the notion of +strength). And how many there are who may have led a long blameless +life, who are only fortunate in having escaped so many temptations. +How much of the element of pure morality in their mental disposition +may have belonged to each deed remains hidden even from themselves. + Accordingly, this duty to estimate the worth of one's actions not +merely by their legality, but also by their morality (mental +disposition), is only of indeterminate obligation; the law does not +command this internal action in the human mind itself, but only the +maxim of the action, namely, that we should strive with all our +power that for all dutiful actions the thought of duty should be of +itself an adequate spring. + (2) HAPPINESS OF OTHERS as an end which is also a duty + (a) Physical Welfare. Benevolent wishes may be unlimited, for they +do not imply doing anything. But the case is more difficult with +benevolent action, especially when this is to be done, not from +friendly inclination (love) to others, but from duty, at the expense +of the sacrifice and mortification of many of our appetites. That this +beneficence is a duty results from this: that since our self-love +cannot be separated from the need to be loved by others (to obtain +help from them in case of necessity), we therefore make ourselves an +end for others; and this maxim can never be obligatory except by +having the specific character of a universal law, and consequently +by means of a will that we should also make others our ends. Hence the +happiness of others is an end that is also a duty. + I am only bound then to sacrifice to others a part of my welfare +without hope of recompense: because it is my duty, and it is +impossible to assign definite limits how far that may go. Much depends +on what would be the true want of each according to his own +feelings, and it must be left to each to determine this for himself. +For that one should sacrifice his own happiness, his true wants, in +order to promote that of others, would be a self-contradictory maxim +if made a universal law. This duty, therefore, is only +indeterminate; it has a certain latitude within which one may do +more or less without our being able to assign its limits definitely. +The law holds only for the maxims, not for definite actions. + (b) Moral well-being of others (salus moral is) also belongs to +the happiness of others, which it is our duty to promote, but only a +negative duty. The pain that a man feels from remorse of conscience, +although its origin is moral, is yet in its operation physical, like +grief, fear, and every other diseased condition. To take care that +he should not be deservedly smitten by this inward reproach is not +indeed my duty but his business; nevertheless, it is my duty to do +nothing which by the nature of man might seduce him to that for +which his conscience may hereafter torment him, that is, it is my duty +not to give him occasion of stumbling. But there are no definite +limits within which this care for the moral satisfaction of others +must be kept; therefore it involves only an indeterminate obligation. +- +- + IX. What is a Duty of Virtue? +- + Virtue is the strength of the man's maxim in his obedience to +duty. All strength is known only by the obstacles that it can +overcome; and in the case of virtue the obstacles are the natural +inclinations which may come into conflict with the moral purpose; +and as it is the man who himself puts these obstacles in the way of +his maxims, hence virtue is not merely a self-constraint (for that +might be an effort of one inclination to constrain another), but is +also a constraint according to a principle of inward freedom, and +therefore by the mere idea of duty, according to its formal law. + All duties involve a notion of necessitation by the law, and ethical +duties involve a necessitation for which only an internal +legislation is possible; juridical duties, on the other hand, one +for which external legislation also is possible. Both, therefore, +include the notion of constraint, either self-constraint or constraint +by others. The moral power of the former is virtue, and the action +springing from such a disposition (from reverence for the law) may +be called a virtuous action (ethical), although the law expresses a +juridical duty. For it is the doctrine of virtue that commands us to +regard the rights of men as holy. + But it does not follow that everything the doing of which is virtue, +is, properly speaking, a duty of virtue. The former may concern merely +the form of the maxims; the latter applies to the matter of them, +namely, to an end which is also conceived as duty. Now, as the ethical +obligation to ends, of which there may be many, is only indeterminate, +because it contains only a law for the maxim of actions, and the end +is the matter (object) of elective will; hence there are many +duties, differing according to the difference of lawful ends, which +may be called duties of virtue (officia honestatis), just because they +are subject only to free self-constraint, not to the constraint of +other men, and determine the end which is also a duty. + Virtue, being a coincidence of the rational will, with every duty +firmly settled in the character, is, like everything formal, only +one and the same. But, as regards the end of actions, which is also +duty, that is, as regards the matter which one ought to make an end, +there may be several virtues; and as the obligation to its maxim is +called a duty of virtue, it follows that there are also several duties +of virtue. + The supreme principle of ethics (the doctrine of virtue) is: "Act on +a maxim, the ends of which are such as it might be a universal law for +everyone to have." On this principle a man is an end to himself as +well as others, and it is not enough that he is not permitted to use +either himself or others merely as means (which would imply that be +might be indifferent to them), but it is in itself a duty of every man +to make mankind in general his end. + The principle of ethics being a categorical imperative does not +admit of proof, but it admits of a justification from principles of +pure practical reason. Whatever in relation to mankind, to oneself, +and others, can be an end, that is an end for pure practical reason: +for this is a faculty of assigning ends in general; and to be +indifferent to them, that is, to take no interest in them, is a +contradiction; since in that case it would not determine the maxims of +actions (which always involve an end), and consequently would cease to +be practical reasons. Pure reason, however, cannot command any ends +a priori, except so far as it declares the same to be also a duty, +which duty is then cared a duty of virtue. +- +- + X. The Supreme Principle of Jurisprudence was Analytical; that of + Ethics is Synthetical +- + That external constraint, so far as it withstands that which hinders +the external freedom that agrees with general laws (as an obstacle +of the obstacle thereto), can be consistent with ends generally, is +clear on the principle of contradiction, and I need not go beyond +the notion of freedom in order to see it, let the end which each may +be what he will. Accordingly, the supreme principle of jurisprudence +is an analytical principle. On the contrary the principle of ethics +goes beyond the notion of external freedom and, by general laws, +connects further with it an end which it makes a duty. This principle, +therefore, is synthetic. The possibility of it is contained in the +deduction (SS ix). + This enlargement of the notion of duty beyond that of external +freedom and of its limitation by the merely formal condition of its +constant harmony; this, I say, in which, instead of constraint from +without, there is set up freedom within, the power of self-constraint, +and that not by the help of other inclinations, but by pure +practical reason (which scorns all such help), consists in this +fact, which raises it above juridical duty; that by it ends are +proposed from which jurisprudence altogether abstracts. In the case of +the moral imperative, and the supposition of freedom which it +necessarily involves, the law, the power (to fulfil it) and the +rational will that determines the maxim, constitute all the elements +that form the notion of juridical duty. But in the imperative, which +commands the duty of virtue, there is added, besides the notion of +self-constraint, that of an end; not one that we have, but that we +ought to have, which, therefore, pure practical reason has in +itself, whose highest, unconditional end (which, however, continues to +be duty) consists in this: that virtue is its own end and, by +deserving well of men, is also its own reward. Herein it shines so +brightly as an ideal to human perceptions, it seems to cast in the +shade even holiness itself, which is never tempted to +transgression.* This, however, is an illusion arising from the fact +that as we have no measure for the degree of strength, except the +greatness of the obstacles which might have been overcome (which in +our case are the inclinations), we are led to mistake the subjective +conditions of estimation of a magnitude for the objective conditions +of the magnitude itself. But when compared with human ends, all of +which have their obstacles to be overcome, it is true that the worth +of virtue itself, which is its own end, far outweighs the worth of all +the utility and all the empirical ends and advantages which it may +have as consequences. +- + *So that one might very two well-known lines of Haller thus: + With all his failings, man is still + Better than angels void of will. +- + We may, indeed, say that man is obliged to virtue (as a moral +strength). For although the power (facultas) to overcome all +imposing sensible impulses by virtue of his freedom can and must be +presupposed, yet this power regarded as strength (robur) is +something that must be acquired by the moral spring (the idea of the +law) being elevated by contemplation of the dignity of the pure law of +reason in us, and at the same time also by exercise. +- +- + XI. According to the preceding Principles, the Scheme of Duties of + Virtue may be thus exhibited +- + The Material Element of the Duty of Virtue +- +- + 1 2 + Internal Duty of Virtue External Virtue of Duty +- + My Own End, The End of Others, + which is also my the promotion of + Duty which is also my + Duty +- + (My own (The Happiness + Perfection) of Others) +- + 3 4 + The Law which is The End which is + also Spring also Spring +- + On which the On which the + Morality Legality +- + of every free determination of will rests +- +- + The Formal Element of the Duty of Virtue. +- +- + XII. Preliminary Notions of the Susceptibility of the Mind for + Notions of Duty generally +- + These are such moral qualities as, when a man does not possess them, +he is not bound to acquire them. They are: the moral feeling, +conscience, love of one's neighbour, and respect for ourselves +(self-esteem). There is no obligation to have these, since they are +subjective conditions of susceptibility for the notion of duty, not +objective conditions of morality. They are all sensitive and +antecedent, but natural capacities of mind (praedispositio) to be +affected by notions of duty; capacities which it cannot be regarded as +a duty to have, but which every man has, and by virtue of which he can +be brought under obligation. The consciousness of them is not of +empirical origin, but can only follow on that of a moral law, as an +effect of the same on the mind. +- + A. THE MORAL FEELING +- + This is the susceptibility for pleasure or displeasure, merely +from the consciousness of the agreement or disagreement of our +action with the law of duty. Now, every determination of the +elective will proceeds from the idea of the possible action through +the feeling of pleasure or displeasure in taking an interest in it +or its effect to the deed; and here the sensitive state (the affection +of the internal sense) is either a pathological or a moral feeling. +The former is the feeling that precedes the idea of the law, the +latter that which may follow it. + Now it cannot be a duty to have a moral feeling, or to acquire it; +for all consciousness of obligation supposes this feeling in order +that one may become conscious of the necessitation that lies in the +notion of duty; but every man (as a moral being) has it originally +in himself; the obligation, then, can only extend to the cultivation +of it and the strengthening of it even by admiration of its +inscrutable origin; and this is effected by showing how it is just, by +the mere conception of reason, that it is excited most strongly, in +its own purity and apart from every pathological stimulus; and it is +improper to call this feeling a moral sense; for the word sense +generally means a theoretical power of perception directed to an +object; whereas the moral feeling (like pleasure and displeasure in +general) is something merely subjective, which supplies no +knowledge. No man is wholly destitute of moral feeling, for if he were +totally unsusceptible of this sensation he would be morally dead; and, +to speak in the language of physicians, if the moral vital force could +no longer produce any effect on this feeling, then his humanity +would be dissolved (as it were by chemical laws) into mere animality +and be irrevocably confounded with the mass of other physical +beings. But we have no special sense for (moral) good and evil any +more than for truth, although such expressions are often used; but +we have a susceptibility of the free elective will for being moved +by pure practical reason and its law; and it is this that we call +the moral feeling. +- + B. OF CONSCIENCE +- + Similarly, conscience is not a thing to be acquired, and it is not a +duty to acquire it; but every man, as a moral being, has it originally +within him. To be bound to have a conscience would be as much as to +say to be under a duty to recognize duties. For conscience is +practical reason which, in every case of law, holds before a man his +duty for acquittal or condemnation; consequently it does not refer +to an object, but only to the subject (affecting the moral feeling +by its own act); so that it is an inevitable fact, not an obligation +and duty. When, therefore, it is said, "This man has no conscience," +what is meant is that he pays no heed to its dictates. For if he +really had none, he would not take credit to himself for anything done +according to duty, nor reproach himself with violation of duty, and +therefore he would be unable even to conceive the duty of having a +conscience. + I pass by the manifold subdivisions of conscience, and only +observe what follows from what has just been said, namely, that +there is no such thing as an erring conscience. No doubt it is +possible sometimes to err in the objective judgement whether something +is a duty or not; but I cannot err in the subjective whether I have +compared it with my practical (here judicially acting) reason for +the purpose of that judgement: for if I erred I would not have +exercised practical judgement at all, and in that case there is +neither truth nor error. Unconscientiousness is not want of +conscience, but the propensity not to heed its judgement. But when a +man is conscious of having acted according to his conscience, then, as +far as regards guilt or innocence, nothing more can be required of +him, only he is bound to enlighten his understanding as to what is +duty or not; but when it comes or has come to action, then +conscience speaks involuntarily and inevitably. To act conscientiously +can, therefore, not be a duty, since otherwise it would be necessary +to have a second conscience, in order to be conscious of the act of +the first. + The duty here is only to cultivate our con. science, to quicken +our attention to the voice of the internal judge, and to use all means +to secure obedience to it, and is thus our indirect duty. +- + C. OF LOVE TO MEN +- + Love is a matter of feeling, not of will or volition, and I cannot +love because I will to do so, still less because I ought (I cannot +be necessitated to love); hence there is no such thing as a duty to +love. Benevolence, however (amor benevolentiae), as a mode of +action, may be subject to a law of duty. Disinterested benevolence +is often called (though very improperly) love; even where the +happiness of the other is not concerned, but the complete and free +surrender of all one's own ends to the ends of another (even a +superhuman) being, love is spoken of as being also our duty. But all +duty is necessitation or constraint, although it may be +self-constraint according to a law. But what is done from constraint +is not done from love. + It is a duty to do good to other men according to our power, whether +we love them or not, and this duty loses nothing of its weight, +although we must make the sad remark that our species, alas! is not +such as to be found particularly worthy of love when we know it more +closely. Hatred of men, however, is always hateful: even though +without any active hostility it consists only in complete aversion +from mankind (the solitary misanthropy). For benevolence still remains +a duty even towards the manhater, whom one cannot love, but to whom we +can show kindness. + To hate vice in men is neither duty nor against duty, but a mere +feeling of horror of vice, the will having no influence on the feeling +nor the feeling on the will. Beneficence is a duty. He who often +practises this, and sees his beneficent purpose succeed, comes at last +really to love him whom he has benefited. When, therefore, it is said: +"Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself," this does not mean, +"Thou shalt first of all love, and by means of this love (in the +next place) do him good"; but: "Do good to thy neighbour, and this +beneficence will produce in thee the love of men (as a settled habit +of inclination to beneficence)." + The love of complacency (amor complacentiae,) would therefore +alone be direct. This is a pleasure immediately connected with the +idea of the existence of an object, and to have a duty to this, that +is, to be necessitated to find pleasure in a thing, is a +contradiction. +- + D. OF RESPECT +- + Respect (reverentia) is likewise something merely subjective; a +feeling of a peculiar kind not a judgement about an object which it +would be a duty to effect or to advance. For if considered as duty +it could only be conceived as such by means of the respect which we +have for it. To have a duty to this, therefore, would be as much as to +say to be bound in duty to have a duty. When, therefore, it is said: +"Man has a duty of self-esteem," this is improperly stated, and we +ought rather to say: "The law within him inevitably forces from him +respect for his own being, and this feeling (which is of a peculiar +kind) is a basis of certain duties, that is, of certain actions +which may be consistent with his duty to himself." But we cannot say +that he has a duty of respect for himself; for he must have respect +for the law within himself, in order to be able to conceive duty at +all. +- +- + XIII. General Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals in the + treatment of Pure Ethics +- + First. A duty can have only a single ground of obligation; and if +two or more proof of it are adduced, this is a certain mark that +either no valid proof has yet been given, or that there are several +distinct duties which have been regarded as one. + For all moral proofs, being philosophical, can only be drawn by +means of rational knowledge from concepts, not like mathematics, +through the construction of concepts. The latter science admits a +variety of proofs of one and the same theorem; because in intuition +a priori there may be several properties of an object, all of which +lead back to the very same principle. If, for instance, to prove the +duty of veracity, an argument is drawn first from the harm that a +lie causes to other men; another from the worthlessness of a liar +and the violation of his own self-respect, what is proved in the +former argument is a duty of benevolence, not of veracity, that is +to say, not the duty which required to be proved, but a different one. +Now, if, in giving a variety of proof for one and the same theorem, we +flatter ourselves that the multitude of reasons will compensate the +lack of weight in each taken separately, this is a very +unphilosophical resource, since it betrays trickery and dishonesty; +for several insufficient proofs placed beside one another do not +produce certainty, nor even probability. They should advance as reason +and consequence in a series, up to the sufficient reason, and it is +only in this way that they can have the force of proof. Yet the former +is the usual device of the rhetorician. + Secondly. The difference between virtue and vice cannot be sought in +the degree in which certain maxims are followed, but only in the +specific quality of the maxims (their relation to the law). In other +words, the vaunted principle of Aristotle, that virtue is the mean +between two vices, is false.* For instance, suppose that good +management is given as the mean between two vices, prodigality and +avarice; then its origin as a virtue can neither be defined as the +gradual diminution of the former vice (by saving), nor as the increase +of the expenses of the miserly. These vices, in fact, cannot be viewed +as if they, proceeding as it were in opposite directions, met together +in good management; but each of them has its own maxim, which +necessarily contradicts that of the other. +- + *The common classical formulae of ethics- medio tutissimus ibis; +omne mimium vertitur in vitium; est modus in rebus, etc., medium +tenuere beati; virtus est medium vitiorum et utrinque reductum- +["You will go most safely in the middle" (Virgil); "Every excess +develops into a vice"; "There is a mean in all things, etc." (Horace); +"Happy they who steadily pursue a middle course"; "Virtue is the +mean between two vices and equally removed from either" (Horace).]- +contain a poor sort of wisdom, which has no definite principles; for +this mean between two extremes, who will assign it for me? Avarice (as +a vice) is not distinguished from frugality (as a virtue) by merely +being the lat pushed too far; but has a quite different principle; +(maxim), namely placing the end of economy not in the enjoyment of +one's means, but in the mere possession of them, renouncing enjoyment; +just as the vice of prodigality is not to be sought in the excessive +enjoyment of one's means, but in the bad maxim which makes the use +of them, without regard to their maintenance, the sole end. +- + For the same reason, no vice can be defined as an excess in the +practice of certain actions beyond what is proper (e.g., +Prodigalitas est excessus in consumendis opibus); or, as a less +exercise of them than is fitting (Avaritia est defectus, etc.). For +since in this way the degree is left quite undefined, and the question +whether conduct accords with duty or not, turns wholly on this, such +an account is of no use as a definition. + Thirdly. Ethical virtue must not be estimated by the power we +attribute to man of fulfilling the law; but, conversely, the moral +power must be estimated by the law, which commands categorically; not, +therefore, by the empirical knowledge that we have of men as they are, +but by the rational knowledge how, according to the ideas of humanity, +they ought to be. These three maxims of the scientific treatment of +ethics are opposed to the older apophthegms: + 1. There is only one virtue and only one vice. + 2. Virtue is the observance of the mean path between two opposite +vices. + 3. Virtue (like prudence) must be learned from experience. +- +- + XIV. Of Virtue in General +- + Virtue signifies a moral strength of will. But this does not exhaust +the notion; for such strength might also belong to a holy (superhuman) +being, in whom no opposing impulse counteracts the law of his rational +will; who therefore willingly does everything in accordance with the +law. Virtue then is the moral strength of a man's will in his +obedience to duty; and this is a moral necessitation by his own law +giving reason, inasmuch as this constitutes itself a power executing +the law. It is not itself a duty, nor is it a duty to possess it +(otherwise we should be in duty bound to have a duty), but it +commands, and accompanies its command with a moral constraint (one +possible by laws of internal freedom). But since this should be +irresistible, strength is requisite, and the degree of this strength +can be estimated only by the magnitude of the hindrances which man +creates for himself, by his inclinations. Vices, the brood of unlawful +dispositions, are the monsters that he has to combat; wherefore this +moral strength as fortitude (fortitudo moral is) constitutes the +greatest and only true martial glory of man; it is also called the +true wisdom, namely, the practical, because it makes the ultimate +end of the existence of man on earth its own end. Its possession alone +makes man free, healthy, rich, a king, etc., nor either chance or fate +deprive him of this, since he possesses himself, and the virtuous +cannot lose his virtue. + All the encomiums bestowed on the ideal of humanity in its moral +perfection can lose nothing of their practical reality by the examples +of what men now are, have been, or will probably be hereafter; +anthropology which proceeds from mere empirical knowledge cannot +impair anthroponomy which is erected by the unconditionally +legislating reason; and although virtue may now and then be called +meritorious (in relation to men, not to the law), and be worthy of +reward, yet in itself, as it is its own end, so also it must be +regarded as its own reward. + Virtue considered in its complete perfection is, therefore, regarded +not as if man possessed virtue, but as if virtue possessed the man, +since in the former case it would appear as though he had still had +the choice (for which he would then require another virtue, in order +to select virtue from all other wares offered to him). To conceive a +plurality of virtues (as we unavoidably must) is nothing else but to +conceive various moral objects to which the (rational) will is led +by the single principle of virtue; and it is the same with the +opposite vices. The expression which personifies both is a contrivance +for affecting the sensibility, pointing, however, to a moral sense. +Hence it follows that an aesthetic of morals is not a part, but a +subjective exposition of the Metaphysic of Morals; in which the +emotions that accompany the force of the moral law make the that force +to be felt; for example: disgust, horror, etc., which gives a sensible +moral aversion in order to gain the precedence from the merely +sensible incitement. +- +- + XV. Of the Principle on which Ethics is separated from + Jurisprudence +- + This separation on which the subdivision of moral philosophy in +general rests, is founded on this: that the notion of freedom, which +is common to both, makes it necessary to divide duties into those of +external and those of internal freedom; the latter of which alone +are ethical. Hence this internal freedom which is the condition of all +ethical duty must be discussed as a preliminary (discursus +praeliminaris), just as above the doctrine of conscience was discussed +as the condition of all duty. +- + REMARKS +- + Of the Doctrine of Virtue on the Principle Of Internal Freedom. +- + Habit (habitus) is a facility of action and a subjective +perfection of the elective will. But not every such facility is a free +habit (habitus libertatis); for if it is custom (assuetudo), that +is, a uniformity of action which, by frequent repetition, has become a +necessity, then it is not a habit proceeding from freedom, and +therefore not a moral habit. Virtue therefore cannot be defined as a +habit of free law-abiding actions, unless indeed we add "determining +itself in its action by the idea of the law"; and then this habit is +not a property of the elective will, but of the rational will, which +is a faculty that in adopting a rule also declares it to be a +universal law, and it is only such a habit that can be reckoned as +virtue. Two things are required for internal freedom: to be master +of oneself in a given case (animus sui compos) and to have command +over oneself (imperium in semetipsum), that is to subdue his +emotions and to govern his passions. With these conditions, the +character (indoles) is noble (erecta); in the opposite case, it is +ignoble (indoles abjecta serva). +- +- + XVI. Virtue requires, first of all, Command over Oneself +- + Emotions and passions are essentially distinct; the former belong to +feeling in so far as this coming before reflection makes it more +difficult or even impossible. Hence emotion is called hasty (animus +praeceps). And reason declares through the notion of virtue that a man +should collect himself; but this weakness in the life of one's +understanding, joined with the strength of a mental excitement, is +only a lack of virtue (Untugend), and as it were a weak and childish +thing, which may very well consist with the best will, and has further +this one good thing in it, that this storm soon subsides. A propensity +to emotion (e.g., resentment) is therefore not so closely related to +vice as passion is. Passion, on the other hand, is the sensible +appetite grown into a permanent inclination (e. g., hatred in contrast +to resentment). The calmness with which one indulges it leaves room +for reflection and allows the mind to frame principles thereon for +itself; and thus when the inclination falls upon what contradicts +the law, to brood on it, to allow it to root itself deeply, and +thereby to take up evil (as of set purpose) into one's maxim; and this +is then specifically evil, that is, it is a true vice. + Virtue, therefore, in so far as it is based on internal freedom, +contains a positive command for man, namely, that he should bring +all his powers and inclinations under his rule (that of reason); and +this is a positive precept of command over himself which is additional +to the prohibition, namely, that he should not allow himself to be +governed by his feelings and inclinations (the duty of apathy); since, +unless reason takes the reins of government into its own hands, the +feelings and inclinations play the master over the man. +- +- + XVII. Virtue necessarily presupposes Apathy (considered as + Strength) +- + This word (apathy) has come into bad repute, just as if it meant +want of feeling, and therefore subjective indifference with respect to +the objects of the elective will; it is supposed to be a weakness. +This misconception may be avoided by giving the name moral apathy to +that want of emotion which is to be distinguished from indifference. +In the former, the feelings arising from sensible impressions lose +their influence on the moral feeling only because the respect for +the law is more powerful than all of them together. It is only the +apparent strength of a fever patient that makes even the lively +sympathy with good rise to an emotion, or rather degenerate into it. +Such an emotion is called enthusiasm, and it is with reference to this +that we are to explain the moderation which is usually recommended +in virtuous practices: +- + Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus uniqui + Ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam.* +- + *Horace. ["Let the wise man bear the name of fool, and the just of +unjust, if he pursue virtue herself beyond the proper bounds."] +- + For otherwise it is absurd to imagine that one could be too wise +or too virtuous. The emotion always belongs to the sensibility, no +matter by what sort of object it may be excited. The true strength +of virtue is the mind at rest, with a firm, deliberate resolution to +bring its law into practice. That is the state of health in the +moral life; on the contrary, the emotion, even when it is excited by +the idea of the good, is a momentary glitter which leaves exhaustion +after it. We may apply the term fantastically virtuous to the man +who will admit nothing to be indifferent in respect of morality +(adiaphora), and who strews all his steps with duties, as with +traps, and will not allow it to be indifferent whether a man eats fish +or flesh, drink beer or wine, when both agree with him; a micrology +which, if adopted into the doctrine of virtue, would make its rule a +tyranny. +- + REMARK +- + Virtue is always in progress, and yet always begins from the +beginning. The former follows from the fact that, objectively +considered, it is an ideal and unattainable, and yet it is a duty +constantly to approximate to it. The second is founded subjectively on +the nature of man which is affected by inclinations, under the +influence of which virtue, with its maxims adopted once for all, can +never settle in a position of rest; but, if it is not rising, +inevitably falls; because moral maxims cannot, like technical, be +based on custom (for this belongs to the physical character of the +determination of will); but even if the practice of them become a +custom, the agent would thereby lose the freedom in the choice of +his maxims, which freedom is the character of an action done from +duty. + +ON_CONSCIENCE + ON CONSCIENCE +- + The consciousness of an internal tribunal in man (before which +"his thoughts accuse or excuse one another") is CONSCIENCE. + Every man has a conscience, and finds himself observed by an +inward judge which threatens and keeps him in awe (reverence +combined with fear); and this power which watches over the laws within +him is not something which he himself (arbitrarily) makes, but it is +incorporated in his being. It follows him like his shadow, when he +thinks to escape. He may indeed stupefy himself with pleasures and +distractions, but cannot avoid now and then coming to himself or +awaking, and then he at once perceives its awful voice. In his +utmost depravity, he may, indeed, pay no attention to it, but he +cannot avoid hearing it. + Now this original intellectual and (as a conception of duty) moral +capacity, called conscience, has this peculiarity in it, that although +its business is a business of man with himself, yet he finds himself +compelled by his reason to transact it as if at the command of another +person. For the transaction here is the conduct of a trial (causa) +before a tribunal. But that he who is accused by his conscience should +be conceived as one and the same person with the judge is an absurd +conception of a judicial court; for then the complainant would +always lose his case. Therefore, in all duties the conscience of the +man must regard another than himself as the judge of his actions, if +it is to avoid self-contradiction. Now this other may be an actual +or a merely ideal person which reason frames to itself. Such an +idealized person (the authorized judge of conscience) must be one +who knows the heart; for the tribunal is set up in the inward part +of man; at the same time he must also be all-obliging, that is, must +be or be conceived as a person in respect of whom all duties are to be +regarded as his commands; since conscience is the inward judge of +all free actions. Now, since such a moral being must at the same +time possess all power (in heaven and earth), since otherwise he could +not give his commands their proper effect (which the office of judge +necessarily requires), and since such a moral being possessing power +over all is called GOD, hence conscience must be conceived as the +subjective principle of a responsibility for one's deeds before God; +nay, this latter concept is contained (though it be only obscurely) in +every moral self-consciousness. +- +- + -THE END- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pluton.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pluton.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a8d38f --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pluton.txt @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +From: pierce@lanai.cs.ucla.edu (Brad Pierce) +Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy,alt.save.the.earth,alt.individualism +Subject: A plutonium economy vs. a free democracy +Message-ID: <1992Nov20.020820.1559@cs.ucla.edu> +Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 02:08:20 GMT +Organization: UCLA, Computer Science Department +Lines: 269 + +[From "The Russian Threat, Its Myths and Realities" (c) 1983, +Gateway Books, London, by Jim Garrison and Pyrae Shivpuri, pp 231-236.] + + The growing erosion of civil liberties in Western Europe and the +United States is closely linked with the nuclear energy-nuclear +weapons complex, which mandates a psyche all its own. This complex +creates the necessity for secrecy on the one hand and greater +protection of investment on the other. Not only are there high +financial and environmental risks but also potential ramifications +beyond national boundaries. Because of the `plutonium culture' +generated by the nuclear complex, the age old dilemma of striking a +balance between state authority and the rights of the individual is +being forced to opt for increasing state control, and diminishing +individual freedom. The plutonium culture allows for no other +choice. + Each operating nuclear reactor produces between 400 to 600 pounds +of plutonium waste each year. Less than one millionth of a gram, if +ingested, can cause cancer and/or genetic mutation. Twenty pounds, +if properly fashioned, can be made into a nuclear bomb. Because of +this, *the different aspects of the plutonium economy must be as +tightly guarded as nuclear weapons themselves*. Nuclear weapons are +kept at military facilities generally away from population centres +and specifically under guard in a military system predicated upon +discipline, hierarchy and authoritarian leadership. Similar +protection for the `atoms for peace' programme will have a +devastating impact upon the democratic freedoms and civil liberties +of the citizens. + The potential problem with the plutonium economy and its relation +to human freedom has been succinctly expressed by a statement made by +Dr. Bernard Feld, Chairperson of the Atomic and High Energy Physics +Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: + + Let me tell you about a nightmare I have. The Mayor of + Boston sends for me for an urgent consultation. He has + received a note from a terrorist group telling him that they + have planted a nuclear bomb somewhere in central Boston. The + Mayor has confirmed that 20 pounds of plutonium is missing + from Government stocks. He shows me the crude diagram and a + set of the terrorists outrageous demands. I know--as one of + those who participated in the assembly of the first atomic + bomb--that the device would work. Not efficiently, but + nevertheless with devastating effect. What should I do? + Surrender to blackmail or risk destroying my home town?[9] + + The dangers are real, so real that government planners in every +country with nuclear programmes have undertaken steps to be prepared +for Dr. Feld's scenario. In 1975, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission +(NRC) commissioned a specific study of the problem. One of the +participants, Professor John Barton, Professor of Jurisprudence at +Stanford University Law School, prepared a paper entitled +`Intensified Nuclear Safeguards and Civil Liberties.' The document +began by stating that: + + Increased public concern with nuclear terrorism, coupled with + the possibility of greatly increased use of plutonium in + civilian power reactors, are leading the US Nuclear + Regulatory Commission (NRC) to consider various forms of + intensified safeguards against theft or loss of nuclear + materials and against *sabotage*. The intensified safeguards + could include expansion of personnel clearance programs, a + nationwide guard force, *greater surveillance of dissenting + political groups,* area searches in the event of a loss of + materials, and creation of *new barriers of secrecy* around + parts of the nuclear program.[10] + + It is important to be clear what the above statement implies. The +governments supporting nuclear power are attempting to protect the +plutonium economy from two perceived enemies: first, those who would +use the nuclear materials to terrorise the country through some type +of nuclear sabotage; and second, those who seek to stop nuclear +power, meaning anti-nuclear `dissenting political groups'. This +requires a nationwide guard force to be created specifically to deal +with any terrorism and the erection of new barriers of secrecy around +the nuclear programmes to keep public knowledge and participation at +a minimum. Both sets of enemies would be subject to greater +surveillance through electronic listening devices such as phone taps. + In Britain, for instance, it is accepted as a matter of course +that anyone working for the Atomic Energy Authority be `positively +vetted' before being appointed. The Official Secrets Act, moreover, +allows the government and the atomic industry to keep the nuclear +installations cloaked in secrecy and the employees forbidden to +communicate anything about their work. In 1976, Britain also became +the first country to establish by law a nationwide guard force of +constables under the direct control of the atomic authorities in +order to guard nuclear facilities and specifically the plutonium +stores. This guard force has privileges in relation to carrying +weapons not granted to any other British police unit. Indeed, so +sensitive are these privileges that under the Official Secrets Act, +information about them has not been made available to the public. +This force is mandated not only to guard against possible terrorism +but to keep tabs on `dissenting political groups.' + Jonathan Rosenhead, of the London School of Economics, points out +that this type of political control is very easily overlooked by the +general populace because it is specifically designed and intended to +be used as inconspicuously as possible. In America, political +scientists refer to this technique as the "politics of the iron fist +in the velvet glove." "What the ruling groups prefer", he says, + + is to produce a situation in which no one dares oppose their + plans. Their favourite methods are therefore to exploit + people's dependence on consumer goods and on their jobs and + exercising prevention controls by means of intensive + surveillance. In the event of open conflict breaking out in + spite of that, they would hope at least to contain it by + `limited operations.'[11] + + What needs to be remembered in assessing this state of affairs is +that plutonium, if it is to be used, must be protected by police +state methods. We just cannot have something that can be used for +nuclear bombs and can damage and mutate human life with the +lethalness of millions of cancer doses per pound floating about in a +free society. *A plutonium economy and a free democracy are a +contradiction in terms.* This is a fact that has been recognised by +leading legal experts and politicians alike. Writing in the "Harvard +Law Review," Russell Ayres states flatly that `plutonium provides the +first rational justification for widespread intelligence gathering +against the civilian population.'[12] The reason for this is that +the threat of nuclear terrorism justifies such encroachments on civil +liberties for `national security' reasons. It is inevitable, +therefore, says Ayres, that "plutonium use would create pressures for +infiltration into civic, political, environmental and professional +groups to a far greater extent than previously encountered and with a +greater impact on speech and associated rights". Sir Brian Flowers, +in Britain, has come to similar conclusions. At the end of his +environmental impact statement for the plutonium economy in the +United Kingdom, known as the Flowers Report, he made it quite clear +that Britain could not have both plutonium and civil liberties. +Rather, he said, to adopt the plutonium economy would make +`inevitable' the erosion of the freedoms that British people had +fought for over the centuries and have come to assume and accept as +inalienable rights. + What is happening to Western Europe and the US should not be seen +as an abnormal occurrence; rather, it should be viewed as the +*logical progression* of what the adoption of the plutonium economy +in any country implies. There are certain psychological implications +inherent in the use and development of nuclear weapons. There are +direct physical results on both workers and public alike from the +nuclear fuel cycle. So, too, the plutonium economy makes inevitable +the erosion of human rights. + Observers in the Netherlands and West Germany refer to the decline +of the "Rechtsstadt" (meaning a state guided by laws which are both +just and accepted) and the rise of the "Machtstadt," where state +authority is based on power equations. In the US, it is sometimes +referred to as a `national security state'. We prefer the term +"totalitarian democracy" to characterise the governments of the US +and Western Europe. It denotes a governmental system of +parliamentary democracy within which the official bureaucracy, the +police, and the legal authorities are vested with almost total power +over the individual. + It has been apparent for some time that the drive in the West for +all-out growth, dictated by the need for capital accumulation and +profits, has been creating problems that existing institutions, be +they national or international, are simply not equipped to handle. +These include: + + * the alienation through and ruthlessness of the + multinational corporations; + + * the frustrations of an economy where automation and + machinery are replacing human skills and ingenuity; + + * the gnawing fears and anxieties aroused by the `diseases + of affluence,' notably cancer, heart disease and stress; + + * and the looming threat of environmental destruction, be + it at the local or planetary level, from chemical + pollution, or the plutonium economy. + + As long as the boom lasted, and Western affluence was sustained +these pressures could be ignored. But that `boom-balloon' has burst. +The energy crisis is deepening. The economic reality of increased +unemployment and inflation is becoming more and more depressing. The +pressures of burgeoning populations, as also the youth demanding +employment and a piece of the good life, are becoming unbearable. + In order to survive this `crisis of capitalism', the dominant +forces in industry and government are forcing through a ruthless +restructuring and re-grouping of the economic system. In Western +Europe this is reflected in the wholesale writing-off of vast sectors +of traditional industry such as steel and textiles and the resultant +social decline of whole areas. The trend is to form blocs such as +the EEC but this in turn places increased strain on the member states +and does little more than paper over the fundamental problems with +another layer of bureaucracy. Under this weight, the welfare state +that grew up in the decades after World War II is being dismantled, +to squeeze just a bit more money to spend, as often as not, on more +weapon systems. In the process, yet another safety net is removed +for the individual who is the victim of the capitalist system. If it +is any consolation, Marxism hasn't come up with any answers either. + Those in power know they have no way to solve the problems or meet +the demands of their youth, of the millions of unemployed, of the +anti-nuclear movement, of the populations in economically depressed +areas, of the victims of industrial disasters, or of any other +discontented groups. The only valid answers are ones which involve +fundamental changes in our thinking and in our system itself, and +these are ones which those in power are not in a position to offer. +So they placate their constituencies with promises which they know +they cannot fulfil. + This only adds to the frustration of those who can no longer wait. +The next stage after fruitless protest cannot fail to be a challenge +to that part of the system of which the individual has become the +victim. If this challenge is met with either refusal or with +repression, the frustration of those in protest can lead to violent +action. Protest by violence against the system which cannot meet +their demands when peacefully presented is labelled by those in power +as `terrorism.' + Foreseeing this scenario, the reaction of the dominant groups is +to proclaim the necessity to prepare in time to deal effectively with +those who are discontented. When there are violations that cannot be +put right, then freedom to criticise and, in the end, democracy +itself become hostage to `effective governance.' It is an axiom of +history that when the people begin to question the right of their +leaders to govern, the leaders question the right of the people to +question. + The irony of this situation within the conflict of East-West +relations is that although the starting point of their analyses are +different, the conclusions drawn by the Soviet leaders and the +governing groups in the West are the same: both regard effective +governance as being hindered by a genuine democratic government. The +result in the East has been the `dictatorship of the proletariat'; +in the West, `totalitarian democracy.' + While it is true that the system of repression in the West is not +as extensive or as brutal as in the East, except in isolated cases, +what is necessary to remember is that the *mentality* of the +oppressor, whether in the Kremlin or in 10 Downing Street or in the +White House, is the same. What is different are the *mechanisms* +which oppress the people below. In both cases what is achieved is +the setting up of a *standard of behaviour* which, because there are +no alternatives allowed, becomes the *pattern of behaviour.* This +creates a dangerous person-into-machine social norm. In the Soviet +Union this has been done with a ruthlessness that needed only the +unity and discipline of the Party; in the West mass control has been +achieved by subtle manipulation that needs either public ignorance or +public apathy to be effective. Social control is justified, +particularly as far as the plutonium economy is concerned, by the +over-riding necessity to avoid the catastrophe which might occur +either through carelessness, disobedience, or `terrorism.' This +cultivated attitude enables the Western technocrats to represent +themselves to the public as the guardians of the society in the +emergency situation they themselves inspired and engineered. + The tragedy of the Russian people is the suffering of individuals +endowed with a passion for personal freedom so profound as to verge +on the anarchic, and yet who have been forced to live under a +despotism resolutely intent upon the suppression of that freedom. + The tragedy unfolding in the West is of a people who achieved +liberty at great cost, but who now, faced with the despotism inherent +in the plutonium economy, are abnegating it. They are rendering +themselves subservient to those few who wish to build a national +security state supplied with nuclear energy and armed with nuclear +weapons. Our leaders are depriving us of the very liberties they +have been entrusted to defend. Moreover, they are manipulating the +`Russian threat' to justify such actions, all the while claiming that +they are protecting democracy. Never before have so few asked so +many for so much for the sake of so little. + + [9] In Robert Jungk, "The Nuclear State," trans. Eric Mosbacher, + London, 1979, pp. 118, 19. + +[10] "Intensified Nuclear Safeguards and Civil Liberties," Nuclear Reg. + Comm. Cont. No. AT(49-24)-0190, Washington, DC, 31 Oct. 1975, p. 1. + +[11] In Jungk, "Nuclear State, op. cit., p. 132. + +[12] In Ibid., p. 142 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/poa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/poa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76435ba --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/poa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ + + The Strange Origin of the Pledge of Allegiance + ============================================== +Every class day over 60 million public and parochial school teachers +and students in the US recite the Pledge of Allegiance along with +thousands of Americans at official meetings of the Boy Scouts, Girl +Scouts, Elks, Masons, American Legion, and others. During the +televised bicentennial celebration of the US Constitution for the +school children on September 17, 1987, the children as a group did +not recite any part of the Constitution. However, President Reagan did +lead the nation's school children in reciting the Pledge. Yet probably +not one of them knows the history or original meaning of the Pledge. + +In the presidential campaign of 1988, George Bush successfully used +the Pledge in his campaign against Mike Dukakis. Ironically, Bush did +not seem to know the words of the Pledge until his campaign manager +told him to memorize it. The teachers and students in the New England +private schools he attended, Greenwich Country Day School and Phillips +Andover Academy, did not recite the pledge. By contrast, Dukakis and +his mother, a public school teacher, recited the Pledge in the public +schools. Yet Bush criticized Dukakis for vetoing a bill in +Massachusetts requiring public school teachers but not private school +teachers to recite the Pledge. Dukakis vetoed the bill on grounds +that it violated the constitutional right of free speech. + +[Actually, the case Dukakis *cited* when vetoing (and was subsequently +attacked by Bush for it) was a religious freedom (!) case; see my +upcoming post "The Pledge, part II" a speech by ACLU director Ira +Glassner which contains a lot more information you've probably +not heard. It also happens to be among the best speeches I've ever +heard, and demonstrates devastatingly what many of us already knew; +what a bad job Dukakis did responding to Bush's attacks about being +"liberal" and (God forbid) and being a member of the ACLU.] + +How did this Pledge of Allegiance to a flag replace the US +Constitution and Bill of Rights in the affections of many Americans? +Among the nations in the world, only the USA and the Philippines, +imitating the USA, have a pledge to their flag. Who institutionalized +the Pledge as the cornerstone of American patriotic programs and +indoctrination in the public and parochial schools? + +In 1892, a socialist named Francis Bellamy created the Pledge of +Allegiance for *Youth's* *Companion*, a national family magazine for +youth published in Boston. The magazine had the largest national +circulation of its day with a circulation around 500 thousand. Two +liberal businessmen, Daniel Ford and James Upham, his nephew, owned +*Youth's* *Companion*. + +One hundred years ago the American Flag was rarely seen in the +classroom or in front of the school. Upham changed that. In 1888, the +magazine began a campaign to sell American flags to the public +schools. By 1892, his magazine had sold American flags to about 26 +thousand schools(1). + +In 1891, Upham had the idea of using the celebration of the 400th +anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of America to promote +the use of the flag in the public schools. The same year, the magazine +hired Daniel Ford's radical young friend, Baptist minister, +Nationalist, and Christian Socialist leader, Francis Bellamy, to help +Upham in his public relations work. Bellamy was the first cousin of +the famous American socialist, Edward Bellamy. Edward Bellamy's +futuristic novel, *Looking* *Backward*, published in 1888, described a +utopian Boston in the year 2000. The book spawned an elitist socialist +movement in Boston known as "Nationalism," whose members wanted the +federal government to nationalize most of the American economy. Francis +Bellamy was a member of this movement and a vice president of its +auxiliary group, the Society of Christian Socialists(2). He was a +baptist minister and he lectured and preached on the virtues of +socialism and the evils of capitalism. He gave a speech on "Jesus the +Socialist" and a series of sermons on "The Socialism of the Primitive +Church." In 1891, he was forced to resign from his Boston church, the +Bethany Baptist church, because of his socialist activities. He then +joined the staff of the *Youth's* *Companion*(3). + +By February 1892, Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National +Education Association to support the *Youth's* *Companion* as a +sponsor of the national public schools' observance of Columbus Day +along with the use of the American flag. By June 29, Bellamy and Upham +had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce +a national proclamation making the public school ceremony the +center of the national Columbus Day celebrations for 1892(4). + +Bellamy, under the supervision of Upham, wrote the program for this +celebration, including its flag salute, the Pledge of Allegiance. His +version was, + + "I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which + it stands -- one nation indivisible -- with liberty and + justice for all." + +This program and its pledge appeared in the September 8 issue of +*Youth's* *Companion*(5). He considered putting the words "fraternity" +and "equality" in the Pledge but decided they were too radical and +controversial for public schools(6). + +The original Pledge was recited while giving a stiff, uplifted right +hand salute, criticized and discontinued during WWII. The words "my +flag" were changed to "the flag of the United States of America" +because it was feared that the children of immigrants might confuse +"my flag" for the flag of their homeland. The phrase "Under God," was +added by Congress and President Eisenhower in 1954 at the urging of +the Knights of Columbus(7). + +The American Legion's constitution includes the following goal: "To +foster and perpetuate a one hundred percent Americanism." One of its +major standing committees was the "Americanism Commission" and its +subsidiary, the "Counter Subversive Activities Committee." To the +fear of immigrants, it added the fear of communism(8). + +Over the years the Legion has worked closely with the NEA and with the US +Office of Education. The Legion insisted on "one hundred percent" +Americanism in public school courses in American history, civics, +Geography and English. The Pledge was a part of this Americanism +campaign(9) and, in 1950, the Legion adopted the Pledge as an official +part of its own ritual(10). + +In 1922, the Ku Klux Klan, which also had adopted the "one hundred +percent Americanism" theme along with the flag ceremonies and the +Pledge, became a political power in the state of Oregon and arranged +for legislation to be passed requiring all Catholic children to +attend public schools. The US Supreme Court later overturned this +legislation(11). + +Perhaps a team of social scientists and historians could explain why +over the last century the Pledge of Allegiance has become a major +centerpiece in American patriotism programs. A pledge or loyalty oath +for children was not built around the Declaration of Independence -- +"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created +equal..." Or the Gettysburg address -- "a new nation conceived in +liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created +equal..." + +Apparently, over the last century, Americans have been uncomfortable +with the word "equality" as a patriotic theme. In 1992 the nation will +begin its second century with the Pledge of Allegiance. Perhaps the +time has come to see that this allegiance should be to the US +constitution and not to a piece of cloth. + +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> +John W. Baer is a professor of economics at Anne Arundel Community +College in Arnold, Maryland. +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> + +Notes: +----- +1. Louise Harris, *The Flag Over the Schoolhouse,* C. A. Stephens +Collection, Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1971, p. 69. +2. Margarette S. Miller, *Twenty-three Words,* Printcraft Press, +Portsmouth, VA, 1976, pp 63-65. +3. Ibid, pp. 55-65. +4. Ibid, pp. 105-111. +5. Ibid, p. 123. +6. Ibid, p. 122. +7. Christopher J. Kaufmann, *Knights of Columbus*, Harper & Row, NY, +1982, pp. 385-386. +8. Raymond Moley, *The American Legion Story*, Duell, Sloan, and +Pearce, NY, 1966, p. 7. +9. Ibid, p. 371. +10. Miller, p. 344. +11. *New Catholic Encyclopedia,* Washington, D.C., Catholic University +of America, 1967, Vol. 10, p. 738-740. +------------------------------------------------------------------ +The above article is being sent to the Activists Mailing List. +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> + + ################################################################### + # Copyright (C) 1990, Harel Barzilai for Activists Mailing-list # + # You may copy freely so long as you do not charge # + # others for it, and include this copyright notice # +################################################################### +[We're obviously not copyrighting Baer's article reproduced here!] + harelb@zaphod. UChicago.EDU +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pol-pris.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pol-pris.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c52047 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pol-pris.txt @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ + + +Freedom Now! + +Campaign for Amnesty and Human Rights for Political Prisoners +in the United States + + +POLITICAL PRISONERS IN THE U.S.A.? + +The government denies it. Yet, today there are more than 100 +people locked up in U.S. prisons because of their political +actions or beliefs. + + The United States alone among the world's major +governments maintains the fiction that it holds no political +prisoners. The official position is that all those jailed +here for politically motivated actions are "criminals." Yet +in all other countries, regardless of the politics of the +rulers, it is an accepted truth that dissenters, jailed for +opposing the government, are, in fact, political prisoners. + + The United States tries to hide the existence of +political prisoners because they challenge the image that the +U.S. is a truly democratic and humane society. These +prisoners expose the fact that there are political resistance +movements of such political impact that the government is +compelled to use repression against them. + + By labelling political prisoners as criminals, the +U.S. government has also been able to shield from serious +view human rights violations against them. These include +prison sentences longer than in most dictatorships, +psychological torture, and brutality including sexual +assault. + + The men's federal prison in Marion, Illinois, which +includes several political prisoners among its 400 inmates, +has been condemned by Amnesty International for violating +international standards on the minimum treatment of +prisoners. The men in Marion are under permanent lockdown +and are sometimes chained to their beds for days at a time. + + The control unit for women at Lexington, Kentucky, was +an experimental underground political prison that praticed +isolation and sensory deprivation. It was finally closed by +a federal judge after two years of protest by religious and +human rights groups. + + +HUMAN RIGHTS MUST BEGIN AT HOME! + + Who are America's political prisoners? Like the four +women and men pictured on the facing page [pictures not +available in computer text file] -- Alejandrina Torres, +Leonard Peltier, Geronimo Pratt, and Susan Rosenberg -- they +represent many movements for freedom and social justice. + + People of color are most often targetted. Black +activists participating in the fight for Black Liberation and +against racism are the largest group represented, with well +over 50 political prisoners. Many of them, like Geronimo +Pratt, have been in jail nearly 20 years. + + The movement for Puerto Rican independence has also +been heavily attacked with the imprisonment of many of its +members. These include 14 women and men such as Alejandrina +Torres who consider themselves prisoners of war. They have +taken this position because they believe that as colonized +people they have the right to fight for independence, and +their captor, the United States, has no right to criminalize +them. + + Other political prisoners in the United States include +more than thirty white North American activists. These +militants are accused of various actions opposing foreign, +domestic and military policies of the U.S. government. Their +protests have been directed against symbols of U.S. support +for the apartheid regime in South Africa, military +intervention in Central America, and the continued colonial +oppression of Blacks and Puerto Ricans. Among these +prisoners are women and men from the religious peace +community who have received long sentences for direct actions +against U.S. nuclear installations. + + Revealing the existence of all these political +prisoners is of extra importance now because greater world +attention is being focused on human rights. Many countries, +including the Soviet Union and Cuba, have released most of +their political prisoners. They have also started to raise +questions about human rights problems here in the U.S.A. Now +is the time to break through the wall of silence that has +surrounded these political prisoners in the United States. + + We in the Freedom Now campaign are making information +available on all their cases to the people of the U.S. and +the world. While the government will continue to deny +holding political prisoners, we seek to make their existence +common knowledge in every American community. + + At the same time all of us can begin to speak out +against the terrible human rights violations taking place +against political prisoners and all prisoners in the U.S. +Jails and prisons have abandoned all pretenses of +"rehabilitating" inmates, and have become concentration camps +for warehousing the youth from the ghettos and barrios of +America. We must especially denounce the spread of prison +control units which attempt to rob prisoners of their +humanity, sanity and even their lives. + + Ultimately we must seek the freedom of all political +prisoners in the U.S. Other countries are now doing it. Why +not here? Freedom Now is initiating a campaign for amnesty +for all the women and men imprisoned in this country as a +consequence of their political actions. Officials of the +U.S. government have signed many international laws and +treaties governing political repression. We must now hold +them to those standards! + + The Freedom Now campaign is about real people, women +and men behind bars who care deeply about justice and +humanity. The government has sought to isolate them, not +only from their friends and families but from their ability +to influence and lead political movements. + + Our campaign is breaking that isolation. We are +bridging the walls with a common effort that includes the +active participation of the prisoners and their families, +along with political activists, clergy and professionals. We +welcome your participation! Join us in stopping the +continued imprisonment and mistreatment of political +activists in the United States. Human rights must begin at +home. + +AMNESTY FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS! + +[Photo captions. Actual photos are not available in computer + text file format.] + +In 1983, Alejandrina Torres, a longtime Puerto Rican +community and church activist, was arrested in Chicago. +Because of her role in the Puerto Rican independence +movement, she was convicted and sentenced to 35 years for +conspiring to overthrow the U.S. government. Three times in +prison she has been beaten and sexually abused by guards. +For two years, until international pressure forced it to +close, she was held in the infamous Lexington Control Unit. +Today, though she remains imprisoned, Alejandrina is regarded +as a national hero in Puerto Rico. + +In 1977, Leonard Peltier, a leader of the American Indian +Movement (AIM) was wrongly convicted of the murder of two FBI +agents on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. +Hundreds of federal agents had invaded the reservation to +stop Indian people seeking control over their own lives and +land. Ample evidence exists that the FBI withheld documents +to frame Leonard. His appeals for justice have been +supported by 75 members of Congress, Desmond Tutu, and Jesse +Jackson. Despite this, he remains in jail serving two life +sentences. + +In 1971, Geronimo ji Jaga Pratt, a leader in the Black +struggle for human rights, was framed on a murder charge in +California. The key witness against him was in the pay of +the police. Government spies infiltrated his defense team. +Many pages of evidence, proving Geronimo's innocence, were +"lost" by government lawyers. It was later revealed that he +was a target of the FBI COINTELPRO program which sought to +destroy the Black movement. Today, nearly 20 years later, +Geronimo is one of the longest held political prisoners in +the world. + +In 1984, Susan Rosenberg was arrested and charged with +possession of weapons, explosives, and false ID. A white +North American woman, Susan has been deeply committed since +childhood to struggles for human rights including the +movements for Puerto Rican independence, Black liberation, +and women's liberation. Although she and her co-defendant +Tim Blunk were convicted of possessing the materials, not +using them, they received sentences of 58 years, the longest +ever given on this charge. Susan also endured two years of +psychological torture in the Lexington Control Unit before it +was closed. + +Freedom Now Offices: +-------------------- +National Office: + 5249 N. Kenmore, + Chicago, IL 60640 + (312) 278-6706 + +East Coast: + 1560 Broadway Suite 807, + New York, NY 10036 + +West Coast: + 3543 18th St. #17 + San Francisco, CA 94110 + +(Please write or call for more information, if needed.) + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +Freedom Now! + +Campaign for Amnesty and Human Rights for Political Prisoners +in the U.S.A. + + +Dear Friend, + + A long-time activist is arrested and beaten for hours, + while police scream racial epithets and death threats + in his face. The police shove his face in a flushing + toilet, tear his toenails out, and burn him over and + over with cigarettes. The political prisoner's + pancreas is nearly destroyed in the beating, and he is + hospitalized for three months. + + Three women political prisoners are held in isolation + in an underground sensory deprivation unit. The unit + is painted high-gloss white; bright flourescent lights + are on round the clock' there is no way to tell if it + is day or night. The women live under the unblinking + eye of eleven video surveillance cameras monitored by + male guards -- one camera is pointed at the + uncurtained shower area. This special unit -- "the + living tomb" -- is condemned by Amnesty International, + the American Civil Liberties Union, and a number of + church denominations. + +CHILLING SCENES FROM SOUTH AFRICA? CHILE? ARGENTINA? NO -- +THE UNITED STATES. + +Although the government denies it, today there are more than +100 people locked up in U.S. prisons because of their +political actions and beliefs. People like Leonard Peltier, +Geronimo ji Jaga Pratt, Katya Komisaruk, Sekou Odinga, and +the women of the Lexington Control Unit, Alejandrina Torres, +Silvia Baraldini, and Susan Rosenberg. While the government +calls them common criminals, these people are known and +respected for their long activism in movements for Native +American soverignty, Black liberation, Puerto Rican +independence, and against racism, imperialism, women's +oppression, and nuclear weapons. SOme of them have been +framed; others have utilized a variety of forms including +civil disobedience, armed political actions, and grand jury +resistance. Freedom Now considers these activists political +prisoners and, for some of them, prisoners of war. Like +political prisoners from South Africa to El Salvador, they +are among the most courageous and principled people in +movements for social justice. + +Human rights violations like the ones described above occur +all too often -- not far away or long ago, but right here, +right now. Some political prisoners in the U.S. have been +imprisoned for 20 years, nearly as long as Nelson Mandela. +Others have received sentences four times as long as those +meted out by Latin American dictatorships. Women have been +held down by male prison staff, disrobed, and assaulted with +vaginal and rectal finger probes. A leader of the Puerto +Rican independence movement was held for over three years in +pre-trial preventive detention. + +SO WHY DON'T YOU KNOW THESE SHOCKING FACTS? Because the U.S. +government denies that it holds political prisoners. Their +existence exposes deep injustices in U.S. society. Behind a +screen of secrecy and indifference, the jailers attempt to +break the prisoners' bodies and spirits and strike fear into +the hearts of others who would struggle for justice. + +WE CAN CHANGE IT. The Freedom Now Campaign was launched at +the United Nations on the 40th Anniversary of the Universal +Declaration of Human Rights. This is an important time to be +advocating amnesty and human rights for political prisoners +in the U.S. Throughout the world, there is a groundswell of +concern for human rights. This year alone, hundreds of +political prisoners have received amnesty from the +governments of Mexico, the Soviet Union, Cuba, and even South +Africa. + +BUT WE MUST HAVE YOUR HELP TO BREAK THE SILENCE. + +On April 27-29, 1990, New York City will be the site of the +International Tribunal on Political Prisoners in the U.S. +Presiding will be an impartial body of ten internationally +known jurists and human rights experts. The judges will be +presented with a Complaint which outlines the conditions +faced by political prisoners in the U.S. Evidence and +testimony to substantiate the Complaint will be given by +family members, expert witnesses, and the prisoners +themselves. The findings of the Tribunal will be published +as a report for presentation at international and national +human rights forums. + +WE WANT YOU TO ENDORSE THIS HISTORIC EFFORT BY JOINING US IN +SIGNING ON AS A PETITIONER IN THE COMPLAINT. We are asking +all persons or organizations who want to be a Petitioner to +send $50.00 along with the enclosed form to the Freedom Now +office in New York. If you want to be a Petitioner but are +financially unable to contribute $50.00 or more, we ask that +minimally you send $25.00. Contributions from Petitioners +are the primary way that the Tribunal will be financed. + +If you become a Petitioner, the final draft of the complaint +will be sent to you by January 1990. If you prefer to read +the final draft prior to authroizing your name as a +Petitioner, please indicate that on the enclosed form. We +still ask that you make a contribution now, if possible. +Then we will require your signed authorization at the time of +your decision before you will be listed as a Petitioner. + +Thank you for your support. We look forward to your +participation in this important effort. Together we can stop +human rights abuses in our own backyard. + +For human rights, + +(signed) + +Adjoa Aiyetoro, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Margaret Randall * + + +*Freedom Now Advisory Board + + +Freedom Now Offices: +-------------------- +National Office: + 5249 N. Kenmore, + Chicago, IL 60640 + (312) 278-6706 + +East Coast: + 1560 Broadway Suite 807, + New York, NY 10036 + +West Coast: + 3543 18th St. #17 + San Francisco, CA 94110 + +(Please write or call for more information, if needed.) + + +National Advisory Board +----------------------- +Adjoa Aiyetoro, +National Conference of Black Lawyers + +Ellen M. Barry, +Legal Services for Prisoners with Children + +Daniel Berrigan, +Peace Activist + +Francis Calpotura, +Alliance for Phillipine Concerns + +Dr. Ben Chavis, +United Church of Christ + +Noam Chomsky, +Author, Peace Activist + +Bishop Philip Cousins, +AME + +Rep. Ronald V. Dellums + +William Kunstler, +Attorney + +Julia Matsui-Estrella, +Director, PACTS + +Juan Mari Bras, +Attorney, Puerto Rico + +Rafael Cancel Miranda +Darlene Nicgarsky, +Sanctuary Defendant + +Rev. Tyrone Pitts, +National Council of Churches + +Fr. Pedro del Valle Pirado, +Episcopal Church, Puerto Rico + +Margret Randall, +Author + +Nina Rosenblum, +Director/Producer + +Rev. Eunice Santana, +PRISA + +Piri Thomas, +Author + +Corey Weinstein, +M.D. + +(organizations listed for identification purposes only) + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Authorization form +------------------ + + +I authorize my name to be listed as a Petitioner in the Complaint to be +presented to The Tribunal + + +(signature) ------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +Please print my name and address and zip code + --------------------------------- + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +I would like to review the final draft of the Complaint before being +listed +------- ------- +(yes) (no) + + +I enclosed my check or money order in the sum of $25, $50, $100 or more $ + ------ +A check for $100 or more can be tax deductible if it is made out to IFCO. + + + + +Please add my name to the Freedom Now mailing list + ---------------------------- + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +Freedom Now Offices: +-------------------- +National Office: + 5249 N. Kenmore, + Chicago, IL 60640 + (312) 278-6706 + +East Coast: + 1560 Broadway Suite 807, + New York, NY 10036 + +West Coast: + 3543 18th St. #17 + San Francisco, CA 94110 + +(Please write or call for more information, if needed.) + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510-527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pol-stat.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pol-stat.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e88efe --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pol-stat.txt @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ + +The Police State + + +by MC5 & MC11 + +The United States ranks number one in the world in highest per +capita imprisonment, according to the Bureau of Justice +Statistics of the U.S. government. + +A private research organization called the Sentencing Project +reported in January that the United States imprisons a higher +proportion of its population than does any other country. +Using statistics provided by the U.S. Department of Justice +(DOJ), the organization reported that more than one million +people are currently incarcerated in the United States. That +means 426 incarcerations per 100,000 residents as of June 30, +1989. South Africa ranked second with 333 and the Soviet Union +came in third with 268. In Europe the figures range from 35 to +120 per 100,000. Asian countries range from 21 to 140. For +Black males the figure is 3,109 per 100,000 in the United +States and 729 per 100,000 for South Africa.(1) + +But throwing so many people behind bars hasn't done much to +stop crime. Since 1980 the United States has doubled its +prison population, and overall crime only fell 3.5 percent, +according to the DOJ. The nation's murder rate is seven times +higher than most European countries. Over the last decade, six +times as many robberies and three times as many rapes were +committed in the United States as there were in what used to +be West Germany, the Sentencing Project report said.(1) + +Following the release of these statistics, the mainstream +press and a few Democrats vomited up a spate of liberal +editorials and columns, railing against the burden on the law- +abiding tax-payers (about $16 billion a year, according to the +DOJ) that such massive repression creates, and the need to +find a different solution. + +"We've got to stop jailing and start rehabilitating," Rep. +John Conyers (D-Michigan) declared.(1) + +Prisons don't work +Confronted with such glaring statistics, some liberals come to +the correct conclusion: putting people in prison does not +deter anyone from committing crimes. The problem with the +liberal response is that it fails to recognize both crime and +the criminal justice system as political problems. Amerika's +ruling class defines "crime" as anything that may threaten its +hold on power. Anyone attempting to rectify the vast income +inequalities inherent in the capitalist system (through means +not sanctioned by the bourgeoisie) is locked up. Anyone not +respecting the god-given "right" to private property is locked +up. And certainly, anyone attempting to undermine the very +foundations of the capitalist state is thrown behind bars as +soon as that person becomes a serious threat. + +MIM is not attempting to analyze all of the roots of crime in +Amerika in this article. But the fundamental root is that +under capitalism some classes of people cannot meet their +basic needs by abiding by the laws of the system. Reforming +the prison system and turning to more "humane" forms of +"rehabilitation" will not stop crime in Amerika. Only a +revolution will. + +Police don't work either +Those who realize that prisons do not deter crime often argue +that instead of more prisons, Amerika should have more police. +But the number of police that a city hires does not affect the +crime rate. If a city hires more police than its neighboring +city, it is just as likely to have a high crime rate as its +neighbor.(2) + +Studies comparing different cities, as well as studies of one +city with different size police forces, both demonstrate that +over time, hiring police is not a solution to crime. + +As one might suspect, if there were no police or if everyone +were a police officer it would make a difference. But outside +of these extremes it does not matter how many police there +are. In the real world of the wide range of U.S. cities, it +does not matter to the crime rate how many police officers +there are.(2) + +Revolution +Amerikans have a very hard time thinking rationally about +crime. Unlike other countries without rugged individualist +frontier pasts and settlers on their own pieces of land, the +Amerikan people have a strong belief in people making it on +their own. + +Despite the reality that Euro-Amerikans committed genocide +against Native-Americans to obtain their farmland in the +United States, the myth arose of the rugged frontierperson +"making it" through hard work. That mythology carries forward +in another way today in the United States: the United States +has the largest middle class in the world. This class of +people makes the United States even more individual-minded +than other capitalist countries in the world. + +Crime is a political problem. It cannot be solved by the +current political system because politicians have to say and +do what is popular with the middle class and upper class. They +are the firm believers in blaming individuals for their lack +of determination to work hard, uphold good morals, and so on. +These middle and upper class people believe they have achieved +their good position through their individual merits. Hence, +criminals must be people without these merits and should be +locked up. + +As the prison population soared over the last decade, the +proportion of citizens who said they believed criminals were +not punished harshly enough increased from more than 70% of +the population to more than 80%.(3) Putting people in prison +makes many middle-class people feel good. But capitalist +attempts to justify their criminal justice system don't solve +the problem. + +Some Trotskyist groups uphold the dogma that the working +classes in the imperialist countries like the United States +are most advanced because they live in the most technically +advanced societies. Yet it is the pervasive individualism of +the U.S. working class that made it possible for George Bush +to win his election merely by referring to a Black rapist in +his political advertisements. Far from being advanced, the +Amerikan working class falls prey to fascist anti-crime +politics far more readily than most other working classes with +the possible exception of the South African white working +class. + +In other societies the problem is not so bad, especially in +societies without a middle-class of white workers who benefit +from the plunder of the Third World. For more on this subject +read J. Sakai's Settlers: The Mythology of the White +Proletariat and H.W. Edwards's Labor Aristocracy: Mass Base +for Social Democracy. These books explain why white workers as +a group enjoy a different relationship to the means of +production than other working classes. It is the absence of a +white proletariat that partly explains the attitudes of the +U.S. public toward crime. + +People who want to go on tolerating murder, rape, teenage +suicide, wife-beating, drug-dealing, alcoholism and property +crimes of the criminally deprived should go on blabbering +about more cops, prisons and death penalties. People who +really want to "get tough" on crime should get tough with +their analysis first. They should join MIM to work against the +causes of crime and all other oppression. + +Notes: +1. New York Times 1/7/91, p. A14. +2. John E. Conklin, Criminology, 3rd ed., (New York: MacMillan +Publishing Company, 1989), p. 438. +3. Washington Post National Weekly Edition 3/4/91, p.29. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/policepig.txt b/politicalTextFiles/policepig.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1867c62 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/policepig.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + + _______ ___________________________________ _______ + / _|G|_ \ /| | / _|C|_ \ + || A || || Calling A Policemen A Pig! | || H || + || B || || A New Concept From | || A || + || B || || The Anarchist Cookbook | || I || + || A || || | || N || + || | || || Brought Forth Unto You By | || S || + || H || || The Norwegian Monk | || A || + ||_ E _|| || | ||_ W _|| + \__|Y|__/ \|_________________________________| \__|!|__/ + '-' '-' + + Calling a policeman a "pig" seems silly and must antagonize the very +people the revolutionaries want to win over or to neutralize. But the actual +relationships of power are such that name-calling is the only weapon available +at the moment. Besides, name calling is an emotional outlet (and +revolutionaries also have emotions). "Pig" is an assult, no doubt--an assult +against the uniform which, through a fetish, is in itself a power, an assult +against the whole power stucture. It is an assult and a crime punishable by +law. Here is the strong policeman, heavily armed, with the entire physical and +ideological power of the state behind him, and he is attacked by a word--by a +word only, but it is still an attack. + What will the "pig" do? In the last analysis it is not up to the +policeman, who, though having a loaded gun hand, has in fact no power; it is up +to the state to give the answer. It might not be "smart" of Sid to provoke his +jailers by repeatedly calling them "pigs," therefore getting brutally beaten +and put in isolation. But "pig" is the only means of defense against the +attacks upon his humanity at the moment and gives him the chance to get +recognition for his beliefs and as a human being. + Basically what applies to the silly "pigs" -calling is alos valid for the +often Hollywoodlike hijackings, the taking of hostages, and even for the more +harmful "Anarchist cooking." These methods are not "smart"; they are +aberriations which sometime boarder on insanity. But these methods of the +revolutionary struggle of today are here and existing and real, and in the +philosophical sense, reasonable. They reflect the true stage of the +revolutionary struggle in the whole world. + + __________________________________________________________ + /| __________ __________ | + / | | All material has been taken from | | + | | | The Anarchist Cookbook | | + | | | by William Powell | | + | | | Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 71-127797 | | + | | | To attemp to get a copy write: | | + | | | Lyle Stuart. Inc. | | + | | | 120 Enterprise Avenue | | + \ | |_____________Secaucus. New Jersey 07094_____________| | + \|________________________________________________________| + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/policepr.txt b/politicalTextFiles/policepr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60ffdf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/policepr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ + Police and Prisons + + by A.M. Rosenthal, _New York Times_ Op-Ed, 1/28/94 + + More and more billions for prisons to lock up more and more Americans who +never had a decent chance at life. Are we mad? Why not use those billions to +build more schools to give more young people living in poverty the education +to climb out of it? It costs as much to keep a convict in prison as to send +him to Yale, for Heaven's sake. + And despite all the other billions the U.S. spends on the drug war, +narcotics still flood the country, users are still being put into prison, +crowding out violent criminals. Why not legalize drugs and use the anti-drug +money on therapy for addicts and to improve the neighborhoods that create +them? + And why those long sentences for convicts? Every year behind bars makes +them more bitter. They return to the same hard streets. Save money by cutting +sentences. Spend the savings to give released convicts training for decent +jobs. + Those three paragraphs sum up an important belief in American liberal +intellectual life -- the belief that war against crime and drugs is largely +aimed at and hurts the poor and wastes huge amounts of money that could be +used to fight the poverty, discrimination and educational deprivation that are +the root causes of crime. + The argument is false factually. Worse, it is damaging to people it is +supposed to benefit -- Americans, all skin shades, who live in the streets of +poverty and killing. + Economically, the struggle against crime is the biggest bargain the +taxpayer gets. A criminal on the loose costs society twice as much as a +criminal in jail -- in stolen good, smashed property and of course the medical +care for the victims. + The drug war has not yet been won. But it has saved hundreds or thousands +of Americans from lives of addiction that would have cost the country scores +of billions. Nobody knows exactly how much because drug abuse is the cause of +so many other crimes like family violence, robberies and muggings. + Most of the crime takes place in poor neighborhoods. Drug addicts gobble up +hospital space and time that would have gone to the people of those +neighborhoods. Fighting crime and drugs is one tax expenditure that benefits +the poor most of all. + All those crowded jails are not filled with pot smokers caught by cops on +patrol. Prof. John J. DiIulio Jr. of Princeton and Brookins reports that 93 +percent of convicts in state prisons are violent criminals, many of them +repeat offenders. + Yes, a lot of Americans are in jail. A lot more should be. If your house +is burgled, there is a 1 in 80 chance the criminal will serve time. + The trouble with long sentences is that they turn out not to be all that +long. Convicts serve about one-third of their sentences. A rapist can expect +to be out in 5 years, a convicted murderer in 10. + President Clinton now recognizes the dreadful importance of crime in +American life. But if he is to lead, as he should, he ought to make sure his +top officers are following on close. + About mandatory sentences, his Attorney General is known to law officers as +Waffle General. His Surgeon General boosts another study of the much-studied +legalization of drugs. Then after he properly says "nothing doing," she boosts +it again. Either she does not believe what the President says or just does not +care very much. + Most of all, he should tell us the hardest truth of all -- how deeply +criminals have hurt the already wounded of America, the poor. + The President should tell us that criminals who have stayed out of jail and +criminals who got out too early have turned large parts of the inner city into +war zones. "Build schools, not prisons" -- that's not a choice now, it is a +hoax. + In war zones the money and energy of government and the people go to +surviving, fighting and winning. Sometimes a little extra money and energy are +spent to keep up spirits. But was there ever a case where in a war zone under +attack there was enough money to make life decent and build for the future? + The criminals have deprived other citizens of the greatest civil liberty -- +the right to live in peace. They have also deprived citizens of the treasure +to build for the future. + That is what the President should tell the country, for it is the plain +truth and will be so until the winning starts. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/polit-cr.txt b/politicalTextFiles/polit-cr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aca2b4e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/polit-cr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +POLITICALLY CORRECT THINKING AND STATE EDUCATION + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +You may recall seeing the December 24, 1990, issue of Newsweek +on the newsstands. The cover had a granite wall with raised +lettering, spelling out the words, "Thought Police." If you +read the article, you learned about something called +"politically correct thinking." + +A growing number of institutions of higher learning around the +country have been establishing new and stringent linguistic +and behavioral guidelines for their students and faculties. +All words and actions that may in any way be interpreted to +contain racial, sexist or homosexual slurs carry increasingly +severe penalties. For students, it can mean anything from a +financial fine to expulsion from the school. For faculty, it +can mean grounds for dismissal, denial of tenure or lack of +promotion. + +From the Newsweek article, the innocent and uninformed reader +would have gained the impression that this new form of thought +police was merely the temporary, if irritating, excesses of a +few campus administrators, faculty members and students trying +to redress the racist and sexist insensitivities of the past. + +Even the discussion in the article about the often dramatic +changes being introduced into core liberal arts curricula at +these institutions was made to seem as merely the movement +towards a more pluralistic view of man, society and culture. +The dominant focus in liberal arts education on Western +culture and tradition will now be modified. Other cultures, +other world philosophies, other conceptions of man and +community will be presented on an equal footing with the +European and American contributions to the human heritage. + +And what about the "thought policemen"? Newsweek ended the +topic with an article by a young man who had been a thought +policeman at one of these campuses. He assured the readers +that he and others were merely trying to raise the +consciousness of their fellow students so that they would be +more aware of the "oppressiveness" of traditional language. +What if students were not interested in attending the +"reeducation" programs on campus? The author said, "Attendance +wasn't mandatory, but did we know who wouldn't show? You bet." + +Contrary to the general impression that Newsweek conveyed, the +movement for "politically correct thinking" is potentially one +of the most dangerous intellectual currents in American +academia today. Some of the recent books that explain what its +proponents are all about include Destructive Generation by +David Horowitz and Peter Collier, Tenured Radicals by Roger +Kimball, and The Hollow Men by Charles Sykes. + +What is the world-view of these advocates of "politically +correct thinking"? In an excellent article entitled, "The +Storm over the University," which appeared in the December 6, +1990, issue of The New York Review of Books, the well-known +philosopher John Searle gave a succinct summary: + + "The history of `Western Civilization' is in large + part a history of oppression. Internally, Western + civilization oppressed women, various slave and serf + populations, and ethnic and cultural minorities + generally. In foreign affairs, the history of Western + civilization is one of imperialism and colonialism. The + so-called canon of Western civilization consists in the + official publications of this system of oppression, and + it is no accident that the authors in the `canon' are + almost exclusively Western white males, because the + civilization itself is ruled by a caste consisting almost + entirely of Western white males." + +As the authors to whom I have referred demonstrate, many of +the proponents of "politically correct thinking" in American +academia are refugees and exiles from the leftist political +causes of the 1960s--for example, they who resisted American +intervention in Vietnam because they supported socialist +revolution in the Third World. They protested against "the +establishment" at home because they hated capitalism and saw +themselves as the vanguard of a coming "people's democracy" +that would replace the existing "fascist Amerika"; and because +they hated the "commercial society" and resented the +"oppression" of market relationships. + +Unable to win their war in the streets or in the political +world, they retreated into the halls of ivy, which they now +increasingly dominate. Everything they dislike is the product +of "white capitalist power." Everything they cherish is found +in the non-market communalism and collectivism of the Third +World. + +They use all the standard Marxian ideological and linguistic +tricks. Language has no inherent objective meaning; words are +tools of "class," "race" and "sexual" exploitation. Truth is +not merely difficult to discover; it, in fact, does not exist. +The claim that there are universal truths about man, society +and nature--truths that are valid for all people in all +places at all times--are philosophical tricks used by the +"ruling class" to get the masses to accept their inferior +stations in life and view their oppression and exploitation as +both inevitable and necessary. + +Even to think or speak in terms of individuals and individual +rights is considered suspect; any person who does so is either +the victim of or the apologist for the male, capitalist +exploiting class. The rulers wish to deceive us into thinking +about ourselves as "mere individuals" so they can hide from +view the race, sex and class relationships that are the actual +foundations of the existing social order. + +The perversity of this view, of course, is that Western +civilization has, in fact, been the most liberating cultural +force in human history. It was ancient Judaism that told +earthly rulers that there is a Higher Law and a Higher +Morality than any man can create; and every man, as a creation +of God, has recourse to that Higher Law and Morality against +the tyranny of worldly rulers. It was Christianity that taught +that every man is unique and precious in the eyes of God; that +no worldly ruler may set himself between the individual and +his relationship to God. Thus, Judaism and Christianity laid +the foundation for our modern principles of individual freedom +of thought and action. + +From the ancient Greeks, Western man gained his appreciation +of and confidence in the power of his reason to understand and +master the forces of nature. And from the Romans have come our +tradition of natural law and the rule of law. + +It is modern capitalism that has created the moral order of +voluntary and peaceful relationships among men. It is the +market economy that has generated the prosperity and +opportunities that are liberating both the body and spirit of +increasingly larger numbers of human beings of all races and +religions around the globe. + +In terms of freedom, prosperity and the promotion of human +dignity, Western civilization wins hands down against every +other civilization in human history. This is precisely why the +proponents of "politically correct thinking" wish to banish +open discourse and cross-cultural ethical and philosophical +comparison. Only by denying that such comparisons are +possible, and only by impugning the motives of those who +oppose them can they win--in other words, a victory through +intellectual sleight of hand. + +What about the opponents of "politically correct thinking"? +Their arguments are usually sound and their defense of Western +culture meritorious. But their strategy, in my opinion, is +wrong. They hope to defeat the "cultural leftists" of academia +through appeals to the constitutional right of "freedom of +speech" or through political counterattacks in the university +structure designed to recapture the halls of ivy. + +While the ideologues of "politically correct thinking" are not +limited to state-run universities, as Charles Sykes' expose of +Dartmouth College revealingly demonstrates, it is there that +the battle needs to be fought and won. + +But the answer is not to capture the state universities for +"the Right." Rather the answer is to defeat the cultural +leftists by denying them the source of their power: the +socialist educational system. State universities dominate +higher education in the United States. And what government +does not control directly, it indirectly controls and +manipulates through the regulations that come with government +grants and scholarships to nominally private schools. (My +employer, Hillsdale College, is practically the only +institution of higher learning in America that takes no +government money in any form and, as a result, is totally +independent of government control.) + +Eliminate government-provided and subsidized education, and +these economically privileged and politically protected +islands of philosophical collectivism will be forced to fight +for their financial support in a marketplace of ideas. It +would be a marketplace in which they would have to persuade +the consumers of education that what they have for sale is +actually worth the price of admission. The cultural leftists +would no longer have their ideas subsidized by the general +taxpaying public. They would no longer have a protected corner +of the intellectual market through their special-interest +influence on the socialized educational process. + +Parents and students who desired an education inspired and +policed by "politically correct thinking" would be asked to +pay for the opportunity. Those who preferred a traditional +liberal arts education emphasizing the Western heritage would +be asked to do the same. The entire controversy would be +diffused because it would be depoliticized through the +privatization of education. And in a real marketplace of +ideas, I personally have little doubt about which of the +intellectual alternatives would tend to capture the largest +free-market share. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs for The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the April 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/politic.txt b/politicalTextFiles/politic.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..041c1cd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/politic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,483 @@ +Computer-Related Political Groups +================================= + +This document is included in the PGP software release package. PGP +is "Pretty Good Privacy", a public-key encryption program from Philip +Zimmermann. + +PGP is a very political piece of software. It seems appropriate to +mention here some computer-related activist groups that are concerned +with issues such as impacts of computers on society, algorithm +patents, etc. Here is some information on these groups, provided by +each group. + + + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) +---------------------------------------- + +Last Updated: 14 June 1993 + +The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) was founded in July, 1990, +to assure freedom of expression in digital media, with a particular +emphasis on applying the principles embodied in the Constitution and +the Bill of Rights to computer-based communication. + +From the beginning, EFF was determined to become an organization that +would combine technical, legal and public policy expertise, and would +apply these skills to the myriad issues and concerns that arise +whenever a new communications medium is born. + +By remaining faithful to this initial vision, EFF has become an +organized voice for the burgeoning community of nationally and inter- +nationally networked computer users. We perform the multiple roles of +guardian, advocate and innovator, to serve and protect the public +interest in the information age. + + +GOALS OF THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, 1993 + +EFF's mission is to understand the opportunities and challenges of +digital communications, in order to foster openness, individual +freedom and community. We expect to carry out our mission through +activities in the following areas: + +POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCACY. EFF has been working to +promote an open architecture for telecommunications by various +means, including the Open Platform Initiative, the fight against the +FBI's Digital Telephony wiretap proposal, and efforts to free robust +encryption technologies from NSA control. + +FOSTERING COMMUNITY. Much of the work we have done has been directed +at fostering a sense of community in the online world. Because we +realize that we know far less about the conditions conducive to the +formation of virtual communities than is necessary to be effective in +creating them, we will devote a large portion of our R & D resources +to developing better understanding in this area. + +LEGAL SERVICES. EFF was born to defend the rights of computer users +against overzealous and uninformed law enforcement officials. This +continues to be an important focus of EFF's work. We provide legal +information to individuals who request it and support for attorneys +who are litigating. We maintain print and online legal archives, +disseminate this information, and make it available for downloading. +Our board and staff are continuously engaged in writing and speaking +about these issues. + +RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT. We have started many projects over the years +as their need became apparent. Going forward, EFF will allocate +resources to investigate and initiate new projects. To ensure that +our projects have the greatest impact and can reasonably be completed +with the resources available, EFF will sharpen its selection and +review process. + + +MEMBERSHIP IN THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION + +If you support our goals and our work, you can show that support by +becoming a member now. Members receive our bi-weekly electronic +newsletter, EFFector Online (if you have an electronic address that +can be reached through the Net), answers to your legal questions, +special releases and other notices on our activities. (Because we +believe that support should be freely given, you can receive these +things even if you do not elect to become a member.) Your membership +dues and other donations are fully tax deductible. + +OUR ADDRESSES + +Electronic Frontier Foundation +1001 G St., NW +Suite 950 East +Washington, DC 20001 ++1 202 347 5400 ++1 202 393 5509 FAX +Internet: eff@eff.org + +MEMBERSHIP IN THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION +============================================================= +Print out and mail to: +Membership Coordinator +Electronic Frontier Foundation +1001 G St., NW, Suite 950 East, Washington, DC 20001 + +I wish to become a member of EFF. I enclose: $_______ +$20.00 (student or low income membership) $40.00 (regular membership) + +Name: +Organization: +Address: +City or Town: +State: Zip: Phone (optional): ( ) +FAX (optional): ( ) +Email address: + +I enclose a check [ ]. +Please charge my membership in the amount of $________ to my +Mastercard [ ] Visa [ ] American Express [ ] +Number: +Expiration date: +Signature: ________________________________________________ +Date: + +Our privacy policy: The Electronic Frontier Foundation will never sell +any part of our membership list. We will, from time to time, share +this list with other nonprofit organizations whose work we determine +to be in line with our goals. However, you must explicitly grant us +permission to share your name with these other groups. Member privacy +is our default. + +I hereby grant permission to EFF to share my name with other +nonprofit groups from time to time as it deems appropriate. +[ ] Initials:___________________________ + + + +Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility +------------------------------------------------ + +CPSR empowers computer professionals and computer users to advocate +for the responsible use of information technology and empowers all +who use computer technology to participate in the public debate. As +technical experts, CPSR members provide the public and policymakers +with realistic assessments of the power, promise, and limitations of +computer technology. As an organization of concerned citizens, CPSR +directs public attention to critical choices concerning the +applications of computing and how those choices affect society. + +By matching unimpeachable technical information with policy +development savvy, CPSR uses minimum dollars to have maximum impact +and encourages broad public participation in the shaping of +technology policy. + +Every project we undertake is based on five principles: + +* We foster and support public discussion of and public + responsibility for decisions involving the use of computers in + systems critical to society. + +* We work to dispel popular myths about the infallibility of + technological systems. + +* We challenge the assumption that technology alone can solve + political and social problems. + +* We critically examine social and technical issues within + the computer profession, nationally and internationally. + +* We encourage the use of computer technology to improve the + quality of life. + + +Founded in 1981 by a small group of computer scientists concerned +about the use of computers in nuclear weapons systems, CPSR has grown +into a national public-interest alliance of computer industry +professionals dedicated to examining the impact of technology on +society. + +Currently, CPSR has 21 chapters in the U.S. and affiliations with +similar groups worldwide. In addition to our National Office in Palo +Alto, CPSR maintains offices in Washington D.C. and Cambridge, +Massachusetts. + + +CPSR PROJECTS + +As computer technology becomes increasingly pervasive, the issues +facing us become more complex. CPSR provides a forum where we can +examine technology's impact on our lives, the lives of our fellow +citizens, and on society as a whole. By sponsoring both national and +local projects, CPSR serves as a catalyst for in-depth discussion and +effective action in key areas: + + Civil Liberties and Privacy + + The 21st Century Project: Technology Policy and Human Needs + + Workplace Issues and Participatory Design + + Reliability and Risk + +In addition, CPSR's chapter-based projects and national working +groups tackle issues ranging from the development of nanotechnology +and virtual reality to computing and ethics to community computing to +computers and education. + + +HOW TO BECOME A MEMBER + +CPSR is a democratically organized grass roots alliance. Our +accomplishments are the result of the member activism. Many CPSR +members serve as national organizers + +Just fill out the membership form, enclose a check and mail it to +CPSR, P.O. Box 717, Palo Alto, CA 94301. + +CPSR's cost to provide members with services is covered by the $75 +dues. To keep CPSR membership open to a wide range of people, we +offer dues levels of $20 and $50. + + +MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS + +When you become a member of CPSR, you are joining a nationwide +network of computer professionals who are committed to bringing +social responsibility to all aspects of computer technology. CPSR +sponsors, supports, and participates in conferences, roundtables and +meetings on advanced issues in computing, local civic networks, +cryptography, participatory design, and computers and social change. + +Every fall the CPSR Annual Meeting brings together the foremost +representatives of the technology industry to explore current topics +in seminars and panel discussions. Our conferences and chapter +meetings provide important opportunities to meet other members and +share ideas and expertise. + +OTHER MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS INCLUDE: + +* a quarterly newsletter which provides in-depth analysis of key + issues in computing as well as updates on CPSR activities and + action alerts, + +* an organized voice for socially responsible computing in + Washington, + +* well-researched public testimony and public policy development, + +* invitations and discounts to CPSR events, + +* discounts on research papers, books, and educational videotapes, + +* on-line information and discussion of key issues in computing, + +* membership in a local CPSR chapter (where available) and notices + of chapter meetings and activities, + +* participation in local and national working groups which allow you + to have effective impact on the issues you care about, + +* information and referral about crucial issues in computing. + + +ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION + + CPSR National Office + P.O. Box 717 + Palo Alto, CA 94301 + 415-322-3778 + 415-322-3798 (FAX) + E-mail: cpsr@csli.stanford.edu + + CPSR Cambridge Office + P.O. Box 962 + Cambridge, MA 02142 + 617-625-6985 + chapman@lcs.mit.edu + + CPSR Washington Office + 666 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Suite 303 + Washington, D.C. 20003 + 202-544-9240 + 202-547-5481 FAX + rotenberg@washofc.cpsr.org + +Staff + Managing Director, Evelyn Pine + Assistant to the Director, Nikki Draper + Cambridge Office Director, Gary Chapman + Washington Office Director, Marc Rotenberg + + +PRIVACY NOTICE: The CPSR membership database is never sold, rented, +lent, exchanged, or used for anything other than official CPSR +activity. CPSR may elect to send members mailings with information +from other groups, but the mailings will always originate with CPSR. + + +====================== clip and mail ========================== + +CPSR MEMBERSHIP FORM + +Name _________________________________________________________ + +Address _________________________________________________________ + + _________________________________________________________ + +City/State/Zip __________________________________________________ + +Home phone ____________________ Work phone _____________________ + +Company _________________________________________________________ + +Type of work ____________________________________________________ + +E-mail address __________________________________________________ + +CPSR Chapter + __ Acadiana __ Austin __ Berkeley + __ Boston __ Chicago __ Denver/Boulder + __ Los Angeles __ Madison __ Maine + __ Milwaukee __ Minnesota __ New Haven + __ New York __ Palo Alto __ Philadelphia + __ Pittsburgh __ Portland __ San Diego + __ Santa Cruz __ Seattle __ Washington, DC + __ No chapter in my area + +CPSR Membership Categories + __ $ 75 REGULAR MEMBER + __ $ 50 Basic member + __ $ 200 Supporting member + __ $ 500 Sponsoring member + __ $1000 Lifetime member + __ $ 20 Student/low income member + + __ $ 50 Foreign subscriber + __ $ 50 Library/institutional subscriber + + +Additional tax-deductible contribution to support CPSR projects: + __ $50 __ $75 __ $100 __ $250 + __ $500 __ $1000 __ Other + + +Total Enclosed: $ ________ + +Make check out to CPSR and mail to: + CPSR + P.O. Box 717 + Palo Alto, CA 94301 + +-- + + + +The League for Programming Freedom +---------------------------------- + + + Protect Your Freedom to Write Programs + Join the League for Programming Freedom + (Version of January 15, 1993) + +Ten years ago, programmers were allowed to write programs using all +the techniques they knew, and providing whatever features they felt +were useful. This is no longer the case. New monopolies, known as +software patents and interface copyrights, have taken away our +freedom of expression and our ability to do a good job. + +"Look and feel" lawsuits attempt to monopolize well-known command +languages; some have succeeded. Copyrights on command languages +enforce gratuitous incompatibility, close opportunities for +competition, and stifle incremental improvements. + +Software patents are even more dangerous; they make every design +decision in the development of a program carry a risk of a lawsuit, +with draconian pretrial seizure. It is difficult and expensive to +find out whether the techniques you consider using are patented; it +is impossible to find out whether they will be patented in the +future. + +The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of +professors, students, businessmen, programmers and users dedicated to +bringing back the freedom to write programs. The League is not +opposed to the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on +individual programs. Our aim is to reverse the recent changes made +by judges in response to special interests, often explicitly +rejecting the public interest principles of the Constitution. + +The League works to abolish the new monopolies by publishing +articles, talking with public officials, boycotting egregious +offenders, and in the future may intervene in court cases. On May +24, 1989, the League picketed Lotus headquarters on account of their +lawsuits, and then again on August 2, 1990. These marches stimulated +widespread media coverage for the issue. We welcome suggestions for +other activities, as well as help in carrying them out. + +Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, +managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others. +Please give more if you can. The League's funds will be used for +filing briefs; for printing handouts, buttons and signs; whatever +will persuade the courts, the legislators, and the people. You may +not get anything personally for your dues--except for the freedom to +write programs. The League is a non-profit corporation, but not +considered a tax-exempt charity. However, for those self-employed in +software, the dues can be a business expense. + +The League needs both activist members and members who only pay their +dues. We also greatly need additional corporate members; contact us +for information. + +If you have any questions, please write to the League, phone +(617) 433-7071, or send Internet mail to lpf@uunet.uu.net + + Jack Larsen, President + Dean Anderson, Secretary + Steve Sisak, Treasurer + +Jack Larsen can be contacted at (708) 698-1160; Fax (708) 698-6221. + +To join, please send a check and the following information to: + + League for Programming Freedom + 1 Kendall Square #143 + P.O.Box 9171 + Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 + +(Outside the US, please send a check in US dollars on a bank having a +US correspondant bank, to save us check cashing fees.) + +Your name: + + +The address for League mailings, a few each year; please indicate +whether it is your home address or your work address: + + + +The company you work for, and your position: + + +Your phone numbers (home, work or both): + + +Your email address, so we can contact you for demonstrations or for +writing letters. (If you don't want us to contact you for these +things, please say so, but please give us your email address anyway +so we can save paper and postage by sending you the newsletter by +email.) + + +Is there anything about you which would enable your endorsement of +the LPF to impress the public? For example, if you are or have been +a professor or an executive, or have written software that has a good +reputation, please tell us. + + +Would you like to help with LPF activities? + + +The corporate charter of the League for Programming Freedom states: + + The purpose of the corporation is to engage in the following + activities: + + 1. To determine the existence of, and warn the public about + restrictions and monopolies on classes of computer programs where such + monopolies prevent or restrict the right to develop certain types of + computer programs. + + 2. To develop countermeasures and initiatives, in the public interest, + effective to block or otherwise prevent or restrain such monopolistic + activities including education, research, publications, public + assembly, legislative testimony, and intervention in court proceedings + involving public interest issues (as a friend of the court). + + 3. To engage in any business or other activity in service of and + related to the foregoing paragraphs that lawfully may be carried on + by a corporation organized under Chapter 180 of the Massachusetts + General Laws. + +The officers and directors of the League will be elected annually by +the members. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pollute.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pollute.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f782254 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pollute.txt @@ -0,0 +1,603 @@ + Why Socialism Causes Pollution + + by Thomas J. DiLorenzo + + A Reprint from + The Freeman + from the March 1992 issue + + Copyright (c)1992 by The Foundation for Economic + Education, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. Permission is + granted to reprint any article in this issue except + "The Illusion That's the Welfare State" and + "Czechoslovakia on the Hudson," provided appropriate + credit is given and two copies of the reprinted + material are sent to The Foundation. + + + Corporations are often accused of despoiling the + environment in their quest for profit. Free enterprise + is supposedly incompatible with environmental + preservation, so that government regulation is + required. + + Such thinking is the basis for current proposals to + expand environmental regulation greatly. So many new + controls have been proposed and enacted that the late + economic journalist Warren Brookes once forecast that + the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) could + well become "the most powerful government agency on + earth, involved in massive levels of economic, social, + scientific, and political spending and interference.''l + + But if the profit motive is the primary cause of + pollution, one would not expect to find much pollution + in socialist countries, such as the former Soviet + Union, China, and in the former Communist countries of + Eastern and Central Europe. That is, in theory. In + reality exactly the opposite is true: The socialist + world suffers from the worst pollution on earth. Could + it be that free enterprise is not so incompatible with + environmental protection after all? + + + I. SOCIALIST POLLUTION The Soviet Union + + In the Soviet Union there was a vast body of + environmental law and regulation that purportedly + protected the public interest, but these constraints + have had no perceivable benefit. The Soviet Union, like + all socialist countries, suffered from a massive + "tragedy of the commons," to borrow the term used by + biologist Garrett Hardin in his classic 1968 article.2 + Where property is communally or governmentally owned + and treated as a free resource, resources will + inevitably be overused with little regard for future + consequences. + + The Soviet government's imperatives for economic + growth, combined with communal ownership of virtually + all property and resources, caused tremendous + environmental damage. According to economist Marshall + Goldman, who studied and traveled extensively in the + Soviet Union, "The attitude that nature is there to be + exploited by man is the very essence of the Soviet + production ethic."3 + + A typical example of the environmental damage caused by + the Soviet economic system is the exploitation of the + Black Sea. To comply with five-year plans for housing + and building construction, gravel, sand, and trees + around the beaches were used for decades as + construction materials. Because there is no private + property, "no value is attached to the gravel along the + seashore. Since, in effect, it is free, the contractors + haul it away."4 This practice caused massive beach + erosion which reduced the Black Sea coast by 50 percent + between 1920 and 1960. Eventually, hotels, hospitals, + and, of all things, a military sanitarium collapsed + into the sea as the shoreline gave way. Frequent + landslides--as many as 300 per year-- have been + reported. + + Water pollution is catastrophic. Effluent from a + chemical plant killed almost all the fish in the Oka + River in 1965, and similar fish kills have occurred in + the Volga, Ob, Yenesei, Ural, and Northern Dvina + rivers. Most Russian factories discharge their waste + without cleaning it at all. Mines, oil wells, and ships + freely dump waste and ballast into any available body + of water, since it is all one big (and tragic) + "commons." + + Only six of the 20 main cities in Moldavia had a sewer + system by the late 1960s, and only two of those cities + made any effort to treat the sewage. Conditions are far + more primitive in the countryside. + + The Aral and Caspian seas have been gradually + disappearing as large quantities of their water have + been diverted for irrigation. And since untreated + sewage flows into feeder rivers, they are also heavily + polluted. + + Some Soviet authorities expressed fears that by the + turn of the century the Aral Sea will be nothing but a + salt marsh. One paper reported that because of the + rising salt content of the Aral the remaining fish will + rapidly disappear. It was recently revealed that the + Aral Sea has shrunk by about a third. Its shore line + "is arid desert and the wind blows dry deposits of salt + thousands of miles away. The infant mortality rate [in + that region] is four to five times the national + average."5 + + The declining water level in the Caspian Sea has been + catastrophic for its fish population as spawning areas + have turned into dry land. The sturgeon population has + been so decimated that the Soviets have experimented + with producing artificial caviar. + + Hundreds of factories and refineries along the Caspian + Sea dump untreated waste into the sea, and major cities + routinely dump raw sewage. It has been estimated that + one-half of all the discharged effluent is carried in + the Volga River, which flows into the Caspian Sea. The + concentration of oil in the Volga is so great that + steamboats are equipped with signs forbidding + passengers to toss cigarettes overboard. As might be + expected, fish kills along the Volga are a "common + calamity." + + Lake Baikal, which is believed to be the oldest + freshwater lake in the world, is also one of the + largest and deepest. It is five times as deep as Lake + Superior and contains twice the volume of water. + According to Marshall Goldman, it was also "the best + known example of the misuse of water resources in the + USSR."6 + + Factories and pulp mills have been dumping hundreds of + millions of gallons of effluent into Lake Baikal each + year for decades. As a result, animal life in the lake + has been cut by more than 50 percent over the past half + century. Untreated sewage is dumped into virtually all + tributaries to the lake. + + Islands of alkaline sewage have been observed floating + on the lake, including one that was 18 miles long and + three miles wide. These "islands" have polluted the air + around the lake as well as the water in it. Thousands + of acres of forest surrounding the lake have been + denuded, causing such erosion that dust storms have + been reported. So much forest land in the Lake Baikal + region has been destroyed that some observers reported + shifting sands that link up with the Gobi Desert; there + are fears that the desert may sweep into Siberia and + destroy the lake. + + In other regions the fact that no compensation has to + be paid for land that is flooded by water projects has + made it easy for government engineers to submerge large + areas of land. "As much land has been lost through + flooding and salination as has been added through + irrigation and drainage in the Soviet Union." 7 + + These examples of environmental degradation in the + Soviet Union are not meant to be exhaustive but to + illustrate the phenomenon of Communist pollution. As + Goldman has observed, the great pollution problems in + Russia stem from the fact that the government + determined that economic growth was to be pursued at + any cost. "Government officials in the USSR generally + have a greater willingness to sacrifice their + environment than government officials in a society with + private enterprise where there is a degree of public + accountability. There is virtually a political as well + as an economic imperative to devour idle resources in + the USSR."8 + + + China + + In China, as in Russia, putting the government in + charge of resource allocation has not had desirable + environmental consequences. Information on the state of + China's environment is not encouraging. + + According to the Worldwatch Institute, more than 90 + percent of the trees in the pine forests in China's + Sichuan province have died because of air pollution. In + Chungking, the biggest city in southwest China, a + 4,500-acre forest has been reduced by half. Acid rain + has reportedly caused massive crop losses. + + There also have been reports of waterworks and landfill + projects severely hampering fish migration. Fish + breeding was so seriously neglected that fish has + largely vanished from the national diet. Depletion of + government-owned forests has turned them into deserts, + and millions of acres of grazing and farm land have + been devastated. Over eight million acres of land in + the northern Chinese plains were made alkaline and + unproductive during the "Great Leap Forward." + + + Central and Eastern Europe + + With Communism's collapse, word has begun to seep out + about Eastern Europe's environmental disasters. + According to the United Nations Global Environment + Monitoring Program, "pollution in that region is among + the worst on the Earth's surface."9 Jeffrey Leonard of + the World Wildlife Fund concluded that "pollution was + part and parcel of the system that molested the people + [of Eastern Europe] in their daily lives.''10 Evidence + is mounting of "an environmental nightmare," the legacy + of "decades of industrial development with little or no + environmental control.''1l + + Poland. According to the Polish Academy of Sciences, "a + third of the nation's 38 million people live in areas + of ecological disaster.''l2 In the heavily + industrialized Katowice region of Poland, the people + suffer 15 percent more circulatory disease, 30 percent + more tumors, and 47 percent more respiratory disease + than other Poles. Physicians and scientists believe + pollution is a major contributor to these health + problems. + + Acid rain has so corroded railroad tracks that trains + are not allowed to exceed 24 miles an hour. The air is + so polluted in Katowice that there are underground + "clinics" in uranium mines where the chronically ill + can go to breathe clean air. + + Continuous pumping of water from coal mines has caused + so much land to subside that over 300,000 apartments + were destroyed as buildings collapsed. The mine sludge + has been pumped into rivers and streams along with + untreated sewage which has made 95 percent of the water + unfit for human consumption. More than 65 percent of + the nation's water is even unfit for industrial use + because it is so toxic that it would destroy heavy + metals used by industry. In Cracow, Poland's ancient + capital, acid rain "dissolved so much of the gold roof + of the 16th century Sigismund Chapel that it recently + had to be replaced.''13 + + Industrial dust rains down on towns, depositing + cadmium, lead, zinc, and iron. The dust is so heavy + that huge trucks drive through city streets daily + spraying water to reduce it. By some accounts eight + tons of dust fall on each square mile in and around + Cracow each year. The mayor of Cracow recently stated + that the Vistula River--the largest river in Poland--is + "nothing but a sewage canal.''14 The river has mercury + levels that are three times what researchers say is + safe, while lead levels are 25 times higher than deemed + safe. + + Half of Poland's cities, including Warsaw, don't even + treat their wastes, and 41 animal species have + reportedly become extinct in Poland in recent years. + While health statistics are spotty--they were not a + priority of the Communist government--available data + are alarming. A recent study of the Katowice region + found that 21 percent of the children up to 4 years old + are sick almost constantly, while 41 percent of the + children under 6 have serious health problems. + + Life expectancy for men is lower than it was 20 years + ago. In Upper Silesia, which is considered one of the + most heavily industrialized regions in the world, + circulatory disease levels are 15 percent higher than + in the general population, cancer rates are 30 percent + higher, respiratory disease is 47 percent higher, and + there has been "an appalling increase in the number of + retarded children," according to the Polish Academy of + Sciences. Although pollution cannot be blamed for all + these health problems, physicians and scientists attach + much of the blame to this source. + + Czechoslovakia. In a speech given on New Year's Day of + 1990, Czechoslovakian President Vaclav Havel said, "We + have laid waste to our soil and the rivers and the + forests . . . and we have the worst environment in the + whole of Europe today.''15 He was not exaggerating, + although the competition for the title of "worst + environment" is. clearly fierce. Sulfur dioxide + concentrations in Czechoslovakia are eight times higher + than in the United States, and "half the forests are + dead or dying. 16 + + Because of the overuse of fertilizers, farmland in some + areas of Czechoslovakia is toxic. to more than one foot + in depth. In Bohemia, in northwestern Czechoslovakia, + hills stand bare because their vegetation has died in + air so foul it can be tasted. One report describes the + Czech countryside as a place where "barren plateaus + stretch for miles, studded with the stumps and + skeletons of pine trees. Under the snow lie thousands + of acres of poisoned ground, where for centuries thick + forests had grown.''17 There is a stretch of over 350 + miles where more than 300,000 acres of forest have + disappeared and the remaining trees are dying. + + A thick, brown haze hangs over much of northern + Czechoslovakia for about eight months of the year. + Sometimes it takes on the sting of tear gas, according + to local officials. There are environmental laws, but + they aren't enforced. Sulfur in the air has been + reported at 20 times the permissible level. Soil in + some regions is so acidic that aluminum trapped in the + clay is released. Scientists discovered that the + aluminum has poisoned groundwater, killing tree and + plant roots and filtering into the drinking water. + + Severe erosion in the decimated forests has caused + spring floods in which all the melted snow cascades + down mountainsides in a few weeks, causing further + erosion and leading to water shortages in the summer. + + In its search for coal, the Communist government has + used bulldozers on such a massive scale that they have + "turned towns, farms and woodlands into coarse brown + deserts and gaping hollows.''18 Because open-pit mining + is cheaper than underground mining, and has been + practiced extensively, in some areas of Czechoslovakia + "you have total devastation of the land.''19 + + East Germany. The new German government has claimed + that nearly 40 percent of the East German populace + suffers ill effects from pollutants in the air. In + Leipzig, half the children are treated each year for + illnesses believed to be associated with air pollution. + + Eighty percent of eastern Germany's surface waters are + classified as unsuitable for fishing, sports, or + drinking, and one out of three lakes has been declared + biologically dead because of decades of untreated + dumping of chemical waste. + + Much of the East German landscape has been devastated. + Fifteen to 20 percent of its forests are dead, and + another 40 percent are said to be dying. Between 1960 + and 1980 at least 70 villages were destroyed and their + inhabitants uprooted by the government, which wanted to + mine high-sulfur brown coal. The countryside is now + "pitted with moon-like craters" and "laced with the + remains of what were once spruce and pine trees, + nestled amid clouds of rancid smog."20 The air in some + cities is so polluted that residents use their car + headlights during the day, and visitors have been known + to vomit from breathing the air. + + Nearly identical problems exist in Bulgaria, Hungary, + Romania, and Yugoslavia. Visiting scientists have + concluded that pollution in Central and Eastern Europe + "is more dangerous and widespread than anything they + have seen in the Western industrial nations.''21 + + + II. UNITED STATES: PUBLIC SECTOR POLLUTION + + The last refuge of those who advocate socialistic + solutions to environmental pollution is the claim that + it is the lack of democratic processes that prevents + the Communist nations from truly serving the public + interest. If this theory is correct, then the public + sector of an established democracy such as the United + States should be one of the best examples of + environmental responsibility. But U.S. government + agencies are among the most cavalier when it comes to + environmental stewardship. + + There is much evidence to dispute the theory that only + private businesses pollute. In the United States, we + need look no further than our own government agencies. + These public sector institutions, such as the + Department of Defense (DOD), are among the worst + offenders. DOD now generates more than 400,000 tons of + hazardous waste a year--more than is produced by the + five largest chemical companies combined. To make + matters worse, the Environmental Protection Agency + lacks the enforcement power over the public sector that + it possesses over the private sector. + + The lax situation uncovered by the General Accounting + Office (GAO) at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma is + typical of the way in which many Federal agencies + respond to the EPA's directives. "Although DOD policy + calls for the military services to . . . implement + EPA's hazardous waste management regulations, we found + that Tinker has been selling . . . waste oil, fuels, + and solvents rather than recycling," reported the + GAO.22 + + One of the world's most poisonous spots lies about 10 + miles northeast of Denver in the Army's Rocky Mountain + Arsenal. Nerve gas, mustard shells, the anti-crop spray + TX, and incendiary devices have been dumped into pits + there over the past 40 years. Dealing with only one + "basin" of this dump cost $40 million. Six hundred + thousand cubic yards of contaminated soil and sludge + had to be scraped and entombed in a 16-acre, double- + lined waste pile. + + There are plenty of other examples of Defense + Department facilities that need major cleanup. In fact, + total costs of a long-term Pentagon cleanup are hard to + get a handle on. Some officials have conceded that the + price tag could eventually exceed $20 billion. + + Government-owned power plants are another example of + public-sector pollution. These plants are a large + source of sulfur dioxide emissions. + + The federal government's Tennessee Valley Authority + operates 59 coal-fired power plants in the Southeast, + where it has had major legal confrontations with state + governments who want the Federal agency to comply with + state environmental regulations. The TVA has fought the + state governments for years over compliance with their + clean air standards. It won a major Supreme Court + victory when the Court ruled that, as a federal + government enterprise, it could be exempt from + environmental regulations with which private sector and + local governmental power plants must comply. + + Federal agricultural policy also has been a large + source of pollution, in the past encouraging over- + utilization of land subject to erosion. Powerful farm + lobbies have protected "non-point" sources of pollution + from the heavy hand of regulation placed on other + private industries. + + + III. POLICY IMPLICATIONS + + These examples of environmental degradation throughout + the world suggest some valuable lessons. First, it is + not free enterprise per se that causes environmental + harm; if so, the socialist world would be + environmentally pristine. + + The heart of the problem lies with the failure of our + legal institutions, not the free enterprise system. + Specifically, American laws were weakened more than a + century ago by Progressive Era courts that believed + economic progress was in the public interest and should + therefore supersede individual rights.23 + + The English common law tradition of the protection of + private property rights--including the right to be free + from pollution--was slowly overturned. In other words, + many environmental problems are not caused by "market + failure" but by government's failure to enforce + property rights. It is a travesty of justice when + downstream residents, for example, cannot hold an + upstream polluter responsible for damaging their + properties. The common law tradition must be revived if + we are to enjoy a healthy market economy and a cleaner + environment. Potential polluters must know in advance + that they will be held responsible for their actions. + + The second lesson is that the plundering of the + environment in the socialist world is a grand example + of the tragedy of the commons. Under communal property + ownership, where no one owns or is responsible for a + natural resource, the inclination is for each + individual to abuse or deplete the resource before + someone else does. Common examples of this "tragedy" + are how people litter public streets and parks much + more than their own yards; private housing is much + better maintained than public housing projects; cattle + ranchers overgraze public lands but maintain lush + pastures on their own property; the national forests + are carelessly over-logged, but private forests are + carefully managed and reforested by lumber companies + with "super trees"; and game fish are habitually + overfished in public waterways but thrive in private + lakes and streams. The tragedy of the commons is a + lesson for those who believe that further + nationalization and governmental control of natural + resources is a solution to our environmental problems. + + These two pillars of free enterprise--sound liability + laws that hold people responsible for their actions and + the enforcement of private property rights--are + important stepping stones to environmental protection. + + + FOOTNOTES + + [ShareDebate International Editor's Note: this text was + received in electronic form and it was intially scanned + in via an OCR program--it appears as if some uncaught + scanning errors remain in the bibliography. Where they + remain, I have replaced the characters with a '??'. I + did not receive this file direct from The Freeman but + from someone on the Internet who was scanning in their + articles that had blanket reprint permissions attached + to them--unfortunately, I have misplaced his name.] + + 1. Personal interview with Warren Brookes on April + ??, 1990. + + 2. Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," + Science, December 13, 1968, pp. 1244-45. + + 3. Marshall Goldman, The Spoils of Progress: + Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: + MIT Press, 1972), p. 56. + + 4. Ibid., p. 162. + + 5. Peter Gumbel, "Soviet Concerns About Pollution Danger + Are Allowed to Emerge from the Closet," The Wall Street + Journal, August 23, 1988. + + 6. Goldman, p. ??. + + 7. Ibid. p. 232. + + 8. Ibid. p. 188. + + 9. Cited in Larry Tye, "Pollution a Nightmare Behind + Iron Curtain," The Arizona Republic, February 25,1990. + + 10. Cited in Mike Feinsilber, "Eastern Europe Fighting + Worst Pollution in World," The Chattanooga Times, + January 17,1990. + + 11. Tye, op. cit. + + 12. Marlise Simons, "Rising Iron Curtain Exposes + Haunting Veil of Polluted Air," The New York Times, + April 8, 1990 + + 13. Lloyd Timberlake, "Poland--The Most Polluted + Country in the World?" New Scientist, October 22, 1981, + p. 219. + + 14. Marlise Simmons, "A Green Party Mayor Takes on + Industrial Filth of Old Cracow," The New York Times, + March 25, 1990. + + 15. Feinsilber, op. cit. + + 16. Tye, op. cit. + + 17. Marlise Simons, "Pollution's Toll in Eastern + Europe: Stumps Where Great Trees Once Grew," The New + York Times, March 19, 1990. + + 18. Marlise Simons, "Central Europe's Grimy Coal Belt: + Progress, Yes, But at What Cost?" The New York Times, + April 1, 1990. + + 19. Ibid. + + 20. Jeffrey Gedamn, "Polluted East Germany," Christian + Science Monitor, March 16, I990. + + 21. Simons, "Rising Iron Curtain." + + 22. Comptroller General, Wastepaper Recycling: Programs + of Civil Agencies Waned During the 1980s (Washington, + D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1989), p. 13. + + 23. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American + Law, 1780-1860 (Cambndge: Harvard University Press, + 1977). + + *** + + Dr. DiLorenzo holds the Probasco Chair of Free + Enterprise at the University of Tennessee at + Chattanooga. This article is adapted from a larger + study published by the Center for the Study of American + Business at Washington University in St. Louis and + presented at the Mont Pelerin Society meeting in Big + Sky, Montana, August 22-26, 1991. The Freeman is the + monthly publication of The Foundation for Economic + Education, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson, NY 10533. FEE, + established in 1946 by Leonard E. Read, is a + nonpolitical educational champion of private property, + the free market, and limited government. FEE is + classified as a 26 USC 501 (c) (3) tax-exempt + organization. Other officers of FEE's Board of Trustees + are: Gregg C. MacDonald, chairman; Lovett C. Peters, + vice chairman; Don L. Foote, treasurer. + + The costs of Foundation projects and services are met + through donations. Donations are invited in any amount. + Subscriptions to The Freeman are available to any + interested person in the United States for the asking. + Additional single copies $1.00;10 or more, 50 cents + each. For foreign delivery, a donation of $20.00 a year + is required to cover direct mailing costs. + + ### + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/prezignr.txt b/politicalTextFiles/prezignr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de39105 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/prezignr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + Presidential Ignorance + by + Matt Giwer + + The title may sound rude but first we must clearly + understand the term ignorance. It is only a state of a lack of + knowledge. It is a condition that can be repaired. I would hope + to do my civic duty here and alleviate one area of his + ignorance. + I am referring to your staged, duck hunting trip. When + questioned about it you said it was to demonstrate your gun + control efforts were not directed toward hunters. Frankly, Mr. + President, we don't give a damn. + Mr. President, most of us with guns have them for a very + immediate purpose, defense against criminals, the very same + reason your Secret Service guards have guns. And, Mr. President, + we are mad as hell because every proposal we have seen from you + only makes is harder for us to get guns. We do not carry guns on + the street; making it harder for us to gets guns does nothing to + get them off of the street. + We are the people facing armed gangs. Taking "assault + weapons" away from us is not going to do us the least bit of + good, in fact it will kill us. + Mr. President, we are not concerned about the right to + freeze our backsides off in a duck blind early in the morning. + We are concerned about our right to have a chance against house + breakers late at night. I at least have never been attacked by a + duck. I have never heard a report of anyone being attacked by a + duck. I have never heard of a duck robbing a home, raping a + woman, or murdering anyone. Mr. President, I am not afraid of a + duck. + I am afraid for my family and friends being bludgeoned, + stabbed, throttled and shot. I can not find one proposal from + you to alleviate my fear. What I do find from you are proposals + to make my family and friends even more helpless. I find you are + proposing to make things harder on the victims. + Every proposal has been to make self defense more difficult. + Mr. President, I hold I have a god given right to defend myself, + my family, my friends, my property and the political institutions + of this country. I hold I even have a god given right to defend + people I have never met. + I hold all men have these rights. I hold the only way to + exercise these rights is with guns. In my youth I may have + imagined disarming thugs bare handed. With the wisdom that comes + from experience I know I can not call time out to dial 911. + When all you can do is find ways to limit our access to guns + we see you not as the solution but as part of the problem. We + are tired of hearing that the restrictions on us are not all that + bad. We are asking why there are any restrictions at all on us + and none on those we and your Secret Service guard are facing. + Are our lives less than yours? Why can we not have the + submachineguns that protect your life? When will you give up + what we can not have? + You say we do not need submachineguns? Then neither does + your guard. Is your life truly more important than ours? + You do not talk like you understand us at all. Please let + me explain it to you. We do not give a damn about your gun laws. + We will not comply with any law our right to defend what we hold + dear. We are a free people who will not bow to your attempts to + make it harder for us to do so. + Mr. President, you are no longer ignorant. You now know who + we are. What we want from you are measures to reduce crime so we + will not have the absolute necessity of gun ownership. We are + not interested in you making it harder for us and not them. We + do not want you to do something; we want you to do something that + works. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/priv.txt b/politicalTextFiles/priv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9ec023 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/priv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +THE PRIVATE AND OPEN SOCIETY +BY JOHN GILMORE + + +A transcript of remarks given by John Gilmore at the First Conference +on Computers, Freedom, and Privacy, March 28,1991 + +My talk concerns two ethics - the belief in an open society and the +belief in privacy. These two ethics are related , and I would like +to say something about how they relate to our conduct in the world. + +This society was built as a free and open society. Our ancestors, our +parents, our peers, and ourselves are all making and building this +society in such a way - because we believe such a society outperforms +closed societies - in quality of life, in liberty, and in the pursuit +of happiness. + +But I see this free and open society being nibbled to death by ducks, +by small, unheralded changes. It's still legal to exist in our +society without an ID - but just barely. It is still legal to exist +by paying with cash - just barely. It is still legal to associate +with anyone you want - unless they bring a joint onto your boat, +photograph naked children for your museum, or work for you building a +fantasy roleplaying game. And I think conferences like ours run the +risk of being co-opted; we sit here and we work hard and we talk to +people and build our consensus on what are relatively minor points, +while we lose the larger open society. + +For example - we have the highest percentage in the world of our own +population in jail. We used to be number two but last year we passed +South Africa. We are number one. + +Over the last ten years we've doubled the number of people in jail. +In fact, those extra cells are mostly filled with people on drug +charges, a victimless crime that twenty years ago was accepted +behavior. + +But it's no wonder we are concerned about privacy, because we are all +"lawbreakers", We all break the law, but few of us are criminals. The +problem is that simply attracting the attention of the police is +enough to put the best of us at risk, because we break the law all the +time and it's set up to make that happen! + + I don't blame the cops for this. They mostly just enforce the bad +laws that the legislatures write. The legislatures aren't completely +at fault either, because in the long run, only educating the whole +population about the benefits of openness has a chance. And I think +I do a little bit of work in this area. + +But beyond that, as P. T. Barnum said, "Nobody ever lost money by +underestimating the intelligence of the American public." Where I +hold out the most hope is in a different approach. In the paraphrased +words of Ted Nelson, we probably can't stop this elephant but maybe we +can run between its legs. + +In most of Europe, phone companies don't record the phone numbers when +you call, and they don't show up on your bill. They only tick off the +charges on a meter. Now, I was told that this is partly because the +Nazis used the call records that they used to have, to track and +identify the opposition after taking over those countries in World War +II. They don't keep those records any more. + +In the U.S., people boycotted the 1990 census in record numbers. I +think that the most shameful story of how Japanese-Americans were +rounded up using census data had a lot to do with that. + +Professor Tribe talked about the distrust we must hold for our +government. We have to realize that people who run the government can +and do change. Our society and laws must assume that bad people - +criminals even - will run the government, at least part of the time. + +There's been a lot of talk here about privacy ... but we haven't +focused much on why we want it. Privacy is a means; what is the real +end we are looking for here? I submit that what we're looking for +increased tolerance. + +Society tolerates all different kinds of behavior - differences in +religion, differences in political opinions, races, etc. But if your +differences aren't accepted by the government or by other parts of +society, you can still be tolerated if they simply don't know that you +are different. Even a repressive government or a regressive +individual can't persecute you if you look the same as everybody else. +And, as George Perry said today, "Diversity is the comparative +advantage of American society". I think that's what privacy is really +protecting. + +The whole conference has spent a lot of time talking about ways to +control uses of information and to protect peoples' privacy after the +information was collected. But that only works if you assume a good +government. If we get one seriously bad government, they'll have all +the information they need to make an efficient police state and make +it the last government. It's more than convenient for them - in fact, +it's a temptation for people who want to do that, to try to get into +power and do it. Because we are giving them the means. + +What if we could build a society where the information was never +collected? Where you could pay to rent a video without leaving a +credit card number or a bank number? Where you could prove you're +certified to drive without ever giving your name? Where you could +send and receive messages without revealing your physical location, +like an electronic post office box? + +That's the kind of society I want to build. I want a guarantee - with +physics and mathematics, not with laws - that we can give ourselves +things like real privacy of personal communications. Encryption +strong enough that even the NSA can't break it. We already know how. +But we're not applying it. We also need better protocols for mobile +communication that can't be tracked. + +We also want real privacy of personal records. Our computers are +extensions of our minds. We should build them so that a thought +written in the computer is as private as a thought held in our minds. + +We should have real freedom of trade. We must be free to sell what we +make and buy what we want - from anyone and to anyone - to support +ourselves and accomplish what we need to do in this world. + +Importantly, we need real financial privacy because the goods and +information cost money. When you buy or sell or communicate, money is +going to change hands. If they can track the money, they can track +the trade and the communication, and we lose the privacy involved. + +We also need real control of identification. We need the right to be +anonymous while exercising all other rights. So that even with our +photos, our fingerprints and our DNA profile, they can't link our +communication and trade and financial activities to our person. + +Now I'm not talking about lack of accountability here, at all. We +must be accountable to the people we communicate with. We must be +accountable to the people we trade with. And the technology must be +built to enforce that. But we must not be accountable to THE PUBLIC +for who we talk to, or who we buy and sell from. + +There's plenty of problems here. I think we need to work on them. +Just laws need to be enforced in such a society. People need to find +like-minded people. And somebody still has to pay the cost of +government, even when they can't spy on our income and our purchases. +I don't know how to solve these problems, but I'm not willing to throw +the baby out with the bath water. I still think that we should shoot +for real privacy and look for solutions to these problems. + +How do we create this kind of society? One way is to stop building +and supporting fake protections, like laws that say you can't listen +to cellular phone calls. We should definitely stop building outright +threatening systems like the Thai ID system or the CalTrans vehicle +tracking system. + +Another thing to do is, if you know how, start and continue building +real protections into the things you build. Build for the US market +even if the NSA continues to suppress privacy with export controls on +cryptography. It costs more to build two versions, one for us and one +for export, but it's your society you're building for, and I think you +should build for the way you want to live. + +If you don't know how to build real protection, buy it. Make a market +for those people who are building it, and protect your own privacy at +the same time by putting it to use. Demand it from the people who +supply you, like computer companies and cellular telephone +manufacturers. + +Another thing is to Work to eliminate trade restrictions. We should +be able to import the best from everywhere and we should be able to +export the privacy and the best of our products to the rest of the +world. The NSA is currently holding us hostage; Mainframe +manufacturers, for example, haven't built in security because they +can't export it. IBM put DES into their whole new line of computers, +and they were only going to put it on the U.S. models, but the NSA +threatened to persecute them by stalling even their allowable exports +in red tape. IBM backed down and took it out. We can't allow this to +continue. + +We also need to educate everyone about what's possible so we can +choose this kind of freedom rather than assume it's unattainable. + + None of these ideas are new. Freedom of association and privacy have +been prized by people everywhere. Cryptography has been used for these +goals for thousands of years. But we owe a special debt to +cryptographer David Chaum for researching how modern cryptography can +enable these goals to be met by everyone in society, on a large scale. +By reading David's work, you can begin to understand the capabilities +of cryptography and how to apply them to provide financial and +personal privacy. + +We need to keep cash and anonymity legal. We'll need them as +precedents for untraceable electronic cash and cryptographic +anonymity. + +I think with these approaches, we'll do a lot more for our REAL +freedom, our real privacy, and our real security, than passing a few +more laws or scaring a few more kid crackers. Please join me in +building a future we'll be proud to inhabit and happy to leave to our +children. - + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/privacy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/privacy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..834ce7e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/privacy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1353 @@ + + ***************************************************** + * This file is brought to you by: * + * * + * The Black Unicorn Inn * + * (414)384-9136 * + * * + * 8 lines - 2400 bps 8N1 - Milwaukee Wisconsin * + * * + * --> Featuring <-- * + * WorldLink Chat(c) - Global Chat - Global Actions * + * A large assortment of unusual text files * + * A text file online reader/searcher with scrolling * + * Multi-player online games * + ***************************************************** + + + COMPUTER PRIVACY VS. FIRST AND FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS + (By Michael S. Borella) + + + + +I: What is Cyberspace? + + "Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily + by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation... A + graphical representation of data abstracted from the banks + of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable + complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the + mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, + receding..." + + - William Gibson, Neuromancer + + Even after reading William Gibson's cyberpunk novels, one's + +conceptualization of cyberspace, the electronic world of computers and + +computer networks, can be insubstantial. Gibson describes cyberspace as + +a world of simulated stimulation that a computer feeds to a "jockey" + +(computer operator) via a "cyberspace deck" (human-computer interface). + +Explorers in Gibson's cyberspace often have difficulty telling what is + +real and what is not. Frequently, in our world, the novice computer + +user has similar problems understanding how to use the potential wealth + +of information at their finger tips. In Gibson's uncharted future, + +people access computers by merging their thoughts with a database. + +Today we can "enter" cyberspace through keyboard and modem. But what + +actually is cyberspace? Is it real? What does it look like? What are + +some of the personal and legal issues emerging from this vastly + +uncharted new frontier? This paper will answer those questions and more + +as we explore cyberspace, meet its frequenters, and discuss its + +increasing role in the life of every human being, not just those who + +actually use a computer. + + Before we embark on our journey through the legal battles and + +rights issues regarding cyberspace, we need a working knowledge of what + +it is and how computer operators use it. + + Envision a roadmap. Cities dot the otherwise sparse landscape + +and roads branch out in all directions, connecting every city. This + +network leaves no city unserviced. Although not every city is connected + +to every other, it is possible to reach any one city from any other. + +Like every other mass transit system, certain areas are more travelled + +than others. Some cities are larger than others and some stretches of + +road are more prone to traffic. The size and complexity of this roadmap + +defies the imagination - it encircles the world. + + But the cities are not actually cities. They are computers or + +groups of computers. The roads are telephone lines or fiber-optic + +cable. The system surrounds the globe in an electronic web of data. + +The travellers on these 'virtual' roads are packets of information which + +are sent from one city to another, perhaps via many. The roadmap is a + +worldwide computer "network." Each city is a depot or terminal for the + +packets, and is usually referred to as a "node." In reality they are + +mainframes owned by universities, companies, or groups of computer + +users. There are several worldwide computer networks currently in + +existence. + + Every individual who has an account on any mainframe in the + +world has their own unique electronic address. It is not unlike a + +mailbox, except that it can only receive mail of the electronic kind. + +Electronic addresses are similar to postal addresses in that they + +contain: + + --a name, or user identification which corresponds to the + individual computer user who owns the particular address. + --a local machine name, which is the specific mainframe that the + userid is on. Local names are only used in the node consists of + more than one mainframe. This is not unlike a street address. + + --a node name, which corresponds to the physical location of the + node that the userid belongs to. This is not unlike a city + address and/or zip code. + + This is all a network needs to know before it can send + +information from one mailbox to another. Just like postal mail, if the + +user doesn't address mail correctly, the network will return it. In the + +case of e-mail (electronic mail) a simple misspelling will cause the + +network to return the mail, or send it to an improper destination. Each + +of the several worldwide networks has its own unique but similar method + +for addressing e-mail. Corresponding via electronic mail has been + +available to some academicians for over 20 years, but today it is + +possible for anybody with a computer and a modem to have their own + +mailbox. For the sake of convenience, many useful physical objects have + +been abstracted into cyberspace. Computerized filing systems + +(databases), bulletin boards, and electronically published digests and + +magazines proliferate in the virtual world of networks. Many of these + +electronic items are being treated differently than their "real" + +counterparts. Often, due to the convenience of having millions of + +pieces of data available in seconds, individual privacy rights are + +violated. This is leading to debate and litigation concerning the use + +of various aspects of cyberspace. The next sections cover the + +situations, people, and legislation of this untamed and largely + +undefined frontier. + + + +II: Databases + + A database is a collection facts, figures, numbers, and words + +that are sorted in a particular order and/or indexed. They are stored on + +a computer so that retrieval is quick and simple. Often, databases are + +used by the government, corporations, and private businesses to keep + +track of the names, address, phone numbers, and other relevant data + +about their clients, subscribers, members, etc. For example, most + +public libraries have databases containing information of every person + +who has a card at that library. Besides the name, address, and phone + +number of the card holder, the library's database would also contain + +information regarding what books the holder is currently borrowing, + +whether they are overdue or not, and when each person's library card + +expires. + + Similarly, banks have databases containing information regarding + +the persons they transact with. Again, name, address and phone number + +is essential, but the bank would also be interested in social security + +number, credit rating, assets, mortgage information, and so on. By + +organizing this data on a computer, the bank increases its efficiency. + +It is able to serve more customers in less time, and provide monetary + +transactions within seconds. Anyone who has used a bank card at an + +automated teller can attest to this. + + But all databases are not used for such beneficial purposes. As + +we will see in the next section, even the information stored in "benign" + +databases can be used to violate privacy rights. + + In 1967, J. Edgar Hoover, then head of the FBI, created the + +National Crime Information Center (NCIC). This organization's purpose + +is to use a computerized database containing the criminal record of + +every United States citizen to increase the efficiency of all levels of + +law enforcement by facilitating quick exchange of information. The + +NCIC's federal databanks interface with over 64,000 state and local + +governments' computer networks, and even with some criminal databases of + +foreign countries. This widespread and far-reaching power is used by + +everyone from top FBI investigators to county and municipal patrol + +officers. For example, if a police officer pulls over a speeder in New + +York, they can check, within a matter of seconds, if that person is + +wanted in any other state, and if that person has a criminal record. + + The NCIC contains records on every person arrested in the United + +States, which amounts to approximately 40 million people, a number + +equivalent to one-third of the work force (Gordon and Churchill, p. + +497). It goes without saying that the holders of this information have + +incredible power. However, at first glance, the existence of the NCIC's + +databases seem completely beneficial; in fact they do much to protect + +the privacy of the average American. Authorities can find out if an + +individual is wanted for a crime and detain that person if necessary, + +all with the push of a few buttons. Effective law enforcement does make + +the country a safer place for its citizens. But, as we will see, the + +current state of and uses for the NCIC do infringe upon individual + +privacy. + + There are many cases in which the NCIC databases have been + +found to hold inaccurate and incomplete information. Keep in mind that + +they only contain arrest records, not conviction records. If an + +individual has been acquitted of a charge, it does not necessarily get + +entered into the computers. An example of this was the legal battle + +fought by Los Angeles native Terry Dean Rogan. After Rogan lost his + +wallet, a man using his identification was linked to four crimes, + +including two murders. Rogan was mistakenly arrested, and an NCIC file + +was made about him. The file was inaccurate - it did not contain a + +description of him. As a result, he was arrested four times for crimes + +he didn't commit. Rogan successfully sued to city if Los Angeles in + +1987 for violating his Fourth Amendment rights (Science Court Opinions, + +p. 99). But some victims of NCIC errors don't get off so easily. + + In 1979, Michael Ducross of Huntington Beach California made a + +minor traffic violation on his way to the supermarket one day. The + +police officer radioed for a check on Ducross. When a police station + +desk clerk punched up the NCIC database to see if Ducross had a file, he + +got a surprising result. Ducross was wanted for going AWOL from the + +Marine Corps 10 years earlier. He was seized and held for five months + +at Camp Pendleton. The Marine Corps eventually dropped the charges + +because he had never actually gone AWOL. Ducross was a Native American, + +and he had left the Corps on a special discharge program available only + +to Native Americans and foreign citizens (Burnham, pp. 33-34). + + But these are just two isolated examples, right? Wrong! A + +study by the Congressional Office of Technology Assistance (OTA) + +conducted in 1982 found that, "...as many as one-third of state records + +lacked information about the disposition of the cases on file. + +Therefore, an arrest in one state, which may have resulted in a + +dismissal or an acquittal, could in another state influence the decision + +to withhold bail or to prosecute the defendant as a 'career criminal.' " + +(Gordon and Churchill, p. 514). The OTA study found that, at best, 49.5 + +percent of the NCIC Criminal History records were complete, correct, and + +unambiguous (Burnham, p. 74). + + It's bad enough that the NCIC files are largely inaccurate -that + +your Fourth Amendment rights protecting unlawful search and seizure can + +be lawfully violated if you have been previously arrested for a crime + +you didn't commit - but these computerized criminal files are used for + +much more than law enforcement, and are used by more than just law + +enforcement agencies. Approximately 90 percent of all criminal + +histories in the United States are available to public and private + +employers (Gordon and Churchill, p. 515). + + Nor is the NCIC without local competition. For example, one + +Rhode Island data merchant, whose clients are mostly prospective + +employers, keeps files on people who have been arrested but + +no necessarily convicted of a crime. That merchant includes in the files + +names of individuals taken from local newspaper stories (Consumer + +Reports). + + If arrest records but not conviction records are available, + +might not they influence hiring decisions? For example, might not an + +employer finding a record of arrests in the file of a person claiming a + +"clean record" on an employment application question the credibility of + +the applicant's claim and make a decision not to hire influenced by that + +doubt? Given that the applicant would not be aware that such a database + +had been consulted, he or she could not possibly mount a defense if the + +information in the file was inaccurate (e.g., someone else's arrests) or + +misleading (e.g. no arrests led to convictions). + + Since 40 million US citizens have an arrest record, the + +social cost is potentially high. In several states, including + +California and Connecticut, more than half of the information requests + +to criminal history databases were made by employers (Gordon and + +Churchill, p. 515). + + But the problems don't end there. In 1981, mainly because + +of John Hinckley's attempt on then President Ronald Reagan's life, about + +400 files were added to the NCIC database. These were of people who had + +no criminal record and were wanted for no crime! Why were they being + +entered into the computers? Because these individuals were considered + +"a potential danger" by the Secret Service. Secret Service Director + +John R. Simpson stated that listing these people would provide an + +invaluable tool for tracking their location and activities (Epstein, p. + +17). This shows that the government is only paying lip service to the + +"innocent until proven guilty" precedent that our freedom is based on. + +The "potential danger" would be to members of the FBI protectorate, + +including the President, Congress members, and controversial political + +and social figures such as Jacqueline Onassis. Considering how + +"accurate" the files have been proven to be, one can imagine the + +atrocities possible (and encouraged) under these provisions. + + But there are more culprits to this mess than just the + +government. The use of databases in the violation of privacy extends + +into the corporate world. The U.D. Registry Inc. was formed in 1977 by + +Harvey Saltz, a former deputy district attorney in Los Angeles. "Using + +a computer to store information obtained from legal charges filed by + +landlords in the courts, Saltz says he currently has compiled more than + +a million records about such disputes all over the Los Angeles area. + +Over 1900 landlords pay Saltz an annual fee ranging from $35 to $60...to + +determine whether the individuals who come to them for housing have had + +arguments with other landlords in the past." (Burnham, p. 34). And just + +like the NCIC, Saltz's database was found to be less than reliable. + + In 1978, Lucky Kellener paid the rent to his brother's + +apartment. But when his brother was evicted, Kellener's name was + +included in the U.D. Registry files, defining him as an undesirable + +tenant. When Kellener went looking for a new apartment in 1981, he got + +repeatedly turned down and brushed off. Finally, a landlord told him + +that he had been blacklisted (Burnham, pp. 34-35). + + Another victim was Barbara Ward, who moved to Los Angeles and + +found that her newly rented apartment was infested with cockroaches. + +When she gave her landlord a thirty day notice, he countered with an + +eviction notice. When the landlord didn't show up in court, the judge + +threw the case out. But Ward was entered in the U.D. Registry as having + +an eviction notice, and when she wanted to rent an apartment later she + +was unable to (Burnham, pp. 34-35). + + In both cases, errors caused a major personal difficulty and + +breach of privacy. Also, in both cases the victim did not know of the + +U.D. Registry's existence. Therefore, neither could possibly confront + +the unfavorable, electronically-stored data, analogous to a "false + +witness," that led to their blacklisting. + + Perhaps the grandest scale of gathering information about people + +by a non-governmental agency was undertaken by the Lotus Development + +Corp. in conjunction with Equifax Inc. Lotus and Equifax developed + +"Marketplace: Households," a database of the names, addresses, and + +marketing information on 120 million residents of the United States + +(Fisher, p. C3). The purchaser of this information would probably be + +large consumer goods companies specializing in mail order. Databases + +like this are currently used by organizations to send unsolicited (junk) + +mail to potential buyers. Imagine the volume of junk mail if the entire + +business world had the names and addresses of almost half of the + +country's population on-line! + + Fortunately, on January 23, 1991, Lotus and Equifax announced + +that they had cancelled plans to release "Marketplace: Households" due + +to 30,000 letter and phone calls from individuals who wanted their + +files deleted from the product. Apparently, the companies decided that + +the privacy issues involved would make the product unviable. (Fisher, + +p. C3.) Ironically, a similar product, "Marketplace: Business", which + +contained database information on seven million U.S. businesses, was + +discontinued the same day. "Marketplace: Business" has been shipping + +since October 1990, but was not profitable without the revenues from + +"Marketplace: Households" (Fisher, p. C3). + + A similar example of the same type of database belongs to the + +Phone Disc USA Corporation. This small, Massachusetts based company + +has manually copied the names, addresses and numbers of 90 million + +people out of the white pages of telephone books from across the nation. + +They put this information on CD-ROM storage devices, and sell it to + +mass-marketers. In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court decided that it + +is legal to copy white pages listings because they are not copyrighted. + +For the next version of the product, co-founder James Bryant plans to + +copy every name from over 4000 sets of regional whites pages. + +(Kleinfield) Unlike the Lotus/Equifax undertaking, Phone Disc USA shows + +no signs of halting their product. + + How many of these computer databases and networks exist that the + +average American doesn't know about? Just about every government or + +private agency that interacts with the public has its own computerized + +index of names, addresses, social security numbers, etc. Every time you + +open a bank account, apply for a credit card, attend a learning + +institution, register at a hotel, get medical aid, or obtain a loan, a + +new file is opened for you, without your explicit knowledge! And these + +are the easy ones to track; there are many databases you get into + +without anyone telling you. In fact, these "secret" records, not unlike + +the U.D. Registry's, are more effective if the "victims" don't know + +about them. + + Now that we are aware of the problem, we can ask the question, + +"What do we do?" First we must clarify one point - does the mere + +existence of these databases and computerized records intrude upon the + +individual's privacy, or does the use of them constitute privacy + +invasion? The best way to do this is to find out if similar privacy + +violations occurred before the advent of computerized files. + + The Census Bureau's charter contains the provision, "in no case + +shall information furnished under the authority of this act be used to + +the detriment of the person or persons to which this information + +relates." But, during World War I, the Justice Department was looking + +for the names and addresses of young men who were trying to evade the + +draft so they could track these dissenters down and prosecute them. + +Under pressure from the military, the Census Bureau disclosed this + +information (Burnham, pg. 24). Computers did were not used to record + +information until the mid-forties. One of the first organizations to + +use primitive databases (stacks and stacks of punch cards) for the + +purpose of information gathering on a large number of people was the + +Census Bureau. + + The violation of privacy did take place before computerized + +databases. The largest differences between a stack of papers and a + +computer file are that the computer file is easier to use, faster to + +find, able to be disseminated and/or transmitted quickly. An example of + +how efficient computer files are at finding people is the case of the + +California Locator Service. This database is used to track parents who + +refuse to pay child support. The names of the wayward parents are filed + +in the database. The database is compared to that of the Franchise Tax + +Board. In the case of a match, the parent's tax refund is intercepted + +and sent to the parent with custody (Burnham, pp. 30-33). The Locator + +Service also has direct links to the Department of Motor Vehicles, the + +Employment Development Board, criminal databases, and several other + +computer networks to help locate the delinquent parent. According to + +manager Richard Beall, the service is able to provide at least some sort + +of information 62% of the time (Burnham, pp. 30-33). Imagine the + +difference if the California Locator Service were run by pen, pencil, or + +typewriter instead. The proper information on the wayward parent would + +have to be sent to all the associate agencies, processed, and answers + +given. The time to do this would be prohibitive enough to make the + +service slow and negligibly effective. The computer facilitates this + +sort of information sharing and retrieval. + + We conclude that computers aren't the inherent evil, but they + +help the government and other organizations to procreate the evil of + +privacy infringement more easily than if computer databases weren't + +used. So we can't necessarily eliminate the problem by eliminating the + +databases. Often the computer database used for the questionable + +activity is one that exists for a different purpose. Cases of this are + +the Census Bureau's information, and the NCIC. Both of these databases + +exist to serve beneficial purposes - population surveys and law + +enforcement, respectively. Eliminating all computer databases + +containing personal information would to too radical a step. Our society + +would grind to a standstill as bank records, medical files, legal + +reports, etc. (the list goes on indefinitely) would have to be hand + +copied and disseminated. + + Think of the examples of given at the beginning of this section + +of a library and a bank. We saw how these organizations used databases + +to improve their service to the public. These same databases can be + +used to invade the privacy of the public. For example if library + +databases are available to the public, they can be used to list the + +books or type of books that an individual reads. A magazine or book + +club might find library databases useful in deciding who to send + +unsolicited subscription or membership information to. Bank records can + +be used similarly to determine the financial status of an individual. + + What is comes down to is that any database containing personal + +information that is used for any other purpose than the one it exists + +for is a potential violation of privacy. As a case in point, under + +current law, our video rental histories have more protection than our + +medical or insurance records. Under a 1988 law, video rental records may + +only be released under court order. That law, often referred to as the + +"Bork bill," was inacted after video rental information about a Supreme + +Court nominee was made public in the press (Consumer Reports). Must we + +wait for similar abuses related to the medical, library, or bank records + +of persons in the public eye to similarly secure the privacy of these + +records? + + Is there a solution? Is there a middle ground where we can have + +the databases, but control how they are used? In the January 1988 issue + +of Omni magazine, experts from various legal and scientific fields were + +asked to comment upon the Terry Dean Rogan case (see above). Some + +responses were: (Science Court Opinions, p. 100). + +Sheldon L. Glashow, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at Harvard +University: "A centralized computerized crime file is absolutely +necessary for crime control, but it does jeopardize the rights of +citizens...Under no circumstance but one should the NCIC files be made +available for non-crime related purposes: The exception is the right of +each citizen to examine his or her own file." + +Melvin Konner, M.D., professor of anthropology at Emory University: +"Centralized data banks pose a new, probably serious threat to +privacy, yet such data banks are too valuable to be forsworn. +...challenges should result in the emergence of a system of check +and balances that will prevent the abuse of data." + +John Money, professor emeritus of medical psychology and pediatrics at +Johns Hopkins University and Hospital: "...it becomes imperative +to have strictly enforced safeguards on the usage of such +[computerized] lists. One such safeguard would be a legally +guaranteed principle of freedom of information, so that an +individual could access his or her name on the list and correct +information falsely entered against it." + +George B. Schaller, director of science for Wildlife Conservation +International: "...as a potential victim, I am pleased that the file +might help insure my privacy - that is my property and person. +The file should, however, be accessible for criminal matters only, +or it will be misused." + + + Furthermore, an interesting precedent may be set for privacy + +rights in the United States by the new European Community. The European + +Community is proposing a set of laws that would strictly limit how + +database information is used and who has access to it. Basically, the + +laws would instruct owners of databases to notify individuals of their + +inclusion, and these individuals would be able to obtain copies of the + +database information on them. Also, owners of databases would not be + +allowed to sell the personal information of an individual without the + +permission of that individual. "The proposals would prohibit...a + +publisher from selling a list of subscribers to a real estate developer + +- unless the subscribers agreed to be included. Banks would be required + +to notify credit card holders before selling their names to mail-order + +houses." (Markoff, p. D1). Interestingly enough, these proposed + +regulations have the U.S. based companies complaining the loudest. IBM, + +GTE, and AT&T claim that the proposed laws would strictly limit their + +business abroad (Markoff, p. D1). + + Privacy experts maintain that the companies are overreacting. + +Some of the restriction that are under consideration include: (Markoff, + +p. D1). + + + --Companies must register all databases containing personal + information with the countries...in which they are + operating... + + --Corporations using personal data must tell the subjects of + their use... + + --Private companies can only collect or process personal data + with the consent of the subjects. + + --Companies would not be able to transfer data to another + country unless that country also offered adequate protection + of records. + + Taking these experts' opinions and the precedents under + +consideration by the European Community, we have a basis for legislation + +concerning computer databases and the privacy of individuals. The + +following guidelines are suggested: + + 1) All individuals who have personal information stored in a + computer database must be informed of this fact. They also + must be given a chance to review their file(s) and to + petition for changes if they find that the information held + within is incorrect. + + 2) When a person is arrested and/or brought to trial because of + the information in one of these databases, attention must be + given to the question of the file's accuracy and + completeness. + + 3) Files that exist for purposes of law enforcement (e.g., the + NCIC) should not be used for anything other than law + enforcement. A system of checks and balances should be + maintained to guarantee this. + + 4) Files that exist for marketing or statistical purposes should + inform all individuals who are included in the database of + their inclusion, and give them an opportunity to request that + their file be deleted. + + The constitution was written as anticipatory democracy, but its + +framers did not (and could not) anticipate the advent nor the power of + +the computer. Although the ideals of individual privacy have not + +changed over the last 200 years, the reality has. In the next section + +other outdated legal concepts that are in danger of violating the First + +and Fourth Amendment rights of every citizen are exposed. + + +III: The Printed Word vs. The Electronic Word + + "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall + issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or + affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be + searched, and the persons or things to be seized." + + - The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the + United States + + On March 1st, 1990, Secret Service agents raided the offices of + +Steve Jackson Games, a small role-playing game company. The agents + +seized three computers, including one being used to run a bulletin + +board, all company software in the proximity of these computers, and all + +business records contained in the computers' storage. + + Why would the government want to virtually shut down a game + +company? Because Steve Jackson Games was just weeks away from + +publishing a science-fiction role-playing game called Gurps Cyberpunk. + +The game is set in a high-tech future society where the players use + +human/computer interfaces to "enter" computer networks and infiltrate + +(or hack) through defenses to valuable data. Playing the game does not + +require the use of (or even the knowledge of how to use) a computer. A + +Secret Service agent told Steve Jackson that the Gurps Cyberpunk playing + +manual was a "handbook on computer crime." (Barlow). + + As a result of losing their computing capabilities and data, + +Steve Jackson Games temporarily shut down and had to lay off half of its + +employees. For three months, the Secret Service retained the equipment + +and data even though they had no evidence that the game or any other + +Steve Jackson game violated any law. When some of the equipment was + +finally returned in June, 1990, the Service kept the drafts of Gurps + +Cyberpunk. The rest of the equipment was "lost." (Barlow). + + According to the Fourth Amendment, the Secret Service agents + +needed "probable cause" that criminal evidence will be at the scene of + +the search to get a search warrant issued. The Fourth Amendment also + +specifies that the search should be as narrow as possible (in other + +words, the Secret Service should have known exactly what they were + +looking for.) By taking all computer records, the Service not only + +effectively shut Jackson down, but violated the Fourth Amendment. + + The only "probable cause" that the Secret Service had for + +seizing Jackson's computers was that Jackson had hired a former "hacker" + +to work on Gurps Cyberpunk. A "hacker" is a member of an underground + +subculture dedicated to breaking and entering computer systems. While + +this is illegal, the hacker community in general frowns upon the + +stealing of data for personal profit, but does it instead for bragging + +rights and the thrill of gaining illicit access to a "guarded" area of + +cyberspace. This is not unlike breaking the speed limit for kicks and + +the excitement of defying authority. If this is indeed why the Service + +raided Steve Jackson Games, this sets another frightening precedent + +regarding privacy - will employers now check to see if applicants are + +hackers along with the "normal" checks for arrest records? This may be + +an effect that the Service was looking for. According to Steve Jackson, + +the Secret Service suspected this staff member of wrongdoing at home, + +not at Steve Jackson Games (Computer Underground Digest, 3.20). + + At the time of this writing, the search warrant remained sealed. + +If the object of the search, according to the warrant, was evidence of + +the staffer's wrongdoing, only evidence of that crime should have been + +retained. If the object was the game, the agents should have taken just + +the hard copy and soft copy regarding Gurps Cyberpunk. By taking the + +whole computer system of Steve Jackson Games, the FBI seriously hindered + +the lawful commercial activities of the company. By holding the + +computer equipment and software for three months, Steve Jackson Games + +was almost put out of business. The non-relevant equipment and software + +should have been returned promptly. + + Along with the computer equipment and software seized, the + +agents disconnected and confiscated Steve Jackson Games' BBS. A BBS, + +or Bulletin Board System, is a centralized, information gathering and + +dissemination point for many computer users. The BBS contains e-mail + +from and for those users, who can access the system with their home + +computer's modem through normal phone lines. Many users who don't + +have network access through a university or the organization they work + +for use a BBS to enter cyberspace. The BBS stores personal mail for + +these users and enables them to read it when they are logged on. U.S. + +postal mail is considered private. Electronic mail is the same as + +physical mail in that it should be protected by the same privacy rights + +that physical mail is. In the next section, the seizure of personal + +mail is explored in detail. + + Even though Steve Jackson Games did eventually publish Gurps + +Cyberpunk, the company was hit hard by the loss of its information. + +They had to recreate the game from rough drafts and memory. But, a + +positive result did come out of the SJG case. Mitch Kapor, founder of + +Lotus Development Corp, and associate John Perry Barlow, established the + +Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) with the purposes of educating the + +public about computer-based media and supporting litigation to extend + +First Amendment rights into the computer world. The EFF intervened in + +the Jackson case, pushing the government to restore SJG's equipment. In + +April, 1991 the EFF in conjunction with Steve Jackson Games filed a + +civil suit against the U.S. Secret Service and several of the + +individuals responsible for the raid and the withholding of Jackson's + +property. Unfortunately, at the time of this writing, more detail about + +this precedent setting case was unavailable. + + Although it will not set a legal precedent, there is a similar + +case on the books. The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is an + +organization that, for a large fee, will freeze an individual's body + +upon death. In December, 1987, the Riverside County Coroner's Office + +accused Alcor of hastening the death of cryogenic participant Dora Kent + +by prescribing her a lethal dose of barbituates (Computer Underground + +Digest, 1.04). In January 1988, law enforcement officers raided Alcor's + +headquarters and confiscated its computer equipment. Like the Steve + +Jackson Games case, the search warrant for the Alcor foundation did not + +specify what information that should have specifically be confiscated. + +The section of the warrant pertaining to computer seizures follows: + + All electronic storage devices, capable of storing + electronic data regarding the above records, including magnetic + tapes, disk (floppy or hard), and the complete hardware + necessary to retrieve electronic data including CPU (central + processing unit), CRT (viewing screen), disc or tape drives, + printer, software, and operation manuals for the above said + computer, together with all handwritten notes or printed + material describing the operation of the computer + (Computer Underground Digest, 1.04). + + In other words, the officers were directed to seize all + +computers and computer equipment from the Alcor site. Even though the + +warrant states that only computer equipment "...capable of storing + +electronic data regarding the above records..." should be seized, this + +can be interpreted as a warrant to seize all computer equipment because + +any equipment is capable of holding data about Dora Kent. So once + +again, the warrant was very wide reaching and vague, exactly what the + +Fourth Amendment is supposed to protect against. + + But in this case, the issue became more focused. H. Keith + +Henson, a member of Alcor, claimed that personal e-mail belonging to + +himself and 13 other Alcor members was "stolen" by the raiding officers. + +Although Henson repeatedly tried to get the court to turn over the + +private e-mail, on the account that it had no relevance to the Dora Kent + +case, they would not return it. So Henson and his group sued the FBI + +for not intervening on their behalf in this case (Computer Underground + +Digest, 1.04). + + The stealing of private e-mail like in the Alcor case is another + +precedent that can have dangerous repercussions. This is the equivalent + +of law enforcement officers obtaining a search warrant for a post office + +because some of its employees were suspected of illegal activities, and + +proceeding to seize all mail contained in the post office and reading + +it, and not returning it to its intended recipients. + + At the time of this writing, Alcor case was settled out of + +court. The result of the settlement was not available. + + As we can see from these examples, there is a fundamental + +difference in how the legal community in the U.S. views printed and + +electronic media. Print media is protected by the First Amendment; + +electronic media is not. This is a difference that should not exist. + +Almost all newspapers and magazines exist in electronic form before they + +are printed. Electronic digests follow the same process, but they leave + +out the final step - the actual printing. There have been cases of + +electronic hacker magazines being shut down for publishing hacked + +(stolen) documents. + + However there is a hacker magazine called 2600 that doesn't + +leave out the final step. Printed, not electronic, copies are sent to + +subscribers. 2600 has included similarly hacked documents, but has + +never been accosted. According to 2600 editor Emmanuel Goldstein, it is + +because of the physical printing, "I've got one advantage. I come out + +on paper and the Constitution knows how to deal with paper." (Barlow). + +Computer based media and e-mail should have the same Constitutional + +protection as the written word. But it doesn't. Why not? + + We can answer this question by tracing history back to the late + +1700's when the Framers were writing the Constitution. They had no + +concept of computers or electronic communication at its current level. + +Because of this excusable lack of foresight, the Constitution and Bill + +of Rights do not contain specific provisions for computer based speech + +and the computerized press. In fact, the word "press" implies the + +printed press, not actual process of disseminating information to large + +numbers of people. In the Fourth Amendment, an individual's "papers" + +are safe from unreasonable search and seizure. Electronic, or + +unprinted, "papers" are not specifically protected. In strict + +interpretations of the Constitution, electronic media are not protected. + +Of course, this is nonsense since the only difference between an article + +in a newspaper or magazine and an article stored electronically, that is + +intended to be printed, is the act of printing. + + Using the Steve Jackson Games and Alcor cases as a basis, + +it is proposed that the following guidelines be legislated: + + 1) If computer information is to be seized, the search warrant + must explicitly describe the data sought. The officers + carrying out the search should seize only the storage devices + (floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tape) holding this + information. + + 2) If the storage device(s) seized contain other information as + well as the data described by the warrant, the wanted data + should be copied them the storage device should be promptly + returned. + + 3) If any electronic mail is confiscated, only the pieces from + or to suspects of the crime should be read. The rest should + be promptly returned unread to the addressees. + + + By following these guidelines, we can avoid many violations of + +individual privacy that the Constitution, in its current wording, + +allows. In the final section a somewhat radical step to help our + +society into the information age is recommended. + + +IV: Where Do We Go From Here? + + The untamed electronic frontier is an intimidating domain for + +the computer illiterate. Many view this mysterious technology as + +responsible for whittling away their personal rights and privacy. Thus + +they find it fearful and intimidating. Ironically, the only way that + +the electronic frontier can "dehumanize" an individual is if that + +individual is ignorant of what it really is. We've seen that we can't + +continue to function at our current level of society without computer + +technology, but unless the users of this technology are monitored, they + +can use it to invade the privacy of individuals. If the general + +populace is educated, they will have the background to challenge these + +intruders. + + But where do we start? As we have seen before, the outdated + +wording of the Constitution promotes this dread image of computers and + +electronic media. Perhaps a good place to start would be with the + +Constitution. The current wording of the Bill of Rights is archaic, and + +it represents the mind-frame that many people still have. Computer + +technology and cyberspace must not be viewed as separate from or outside + +of laws protecting free speech and privacy. + + The First and Fourth Amendments don't explicitly mention + +electronic media. They should regard rights in the electronic world of + +cyberspace as just as important as those in the physical world. A new + +amendment stating that the rights guaranteed by the First, Fourth, and + +any other amendment for that matter, apply to cyberspace would prevent + +many of the violations we have discussed from happening. (As the final + +revision of this paper was about to be printed, word was received that + +Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School had proposed discussion of just + +such an amendment. However, this author's proposal was developed + +independently of Tribe's.) + + If a new amendment is a step too far, then legislation and + +precedent setting legal decisions must be made. There seems to be a ray + +of hope in the Steve Jackson Games case, but it will take several such + +cases to approach the benefit of a Constitutional amendment. + + The global village is just around the corner. Whether it is a + +technological utopia of peace and freedom or an aspect of Orwell's + +"1984" depends on decisions made now. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bibliography + + Article One: An Overview, (2600 Magazine, Spring 1990), pp.1-10.* + + + Burnham, David, The Rise of the Computer State, (1980, Vintage + Books). + + Barlow, John Perry, Crime and Puzzlement. ** + + Computer Underground Digest, Volume 1.04, April 11th, 1990. * + + Computer Underground Digest, Volume 3.20, May 12, 1991.* + + Consumer Reports, "What Price Privacy," (May, 1991, pp. 356-360). + + Epstein, Aaron, "The Shadow of Your File," The Progressive, (v47, + Jun., 1983), p. 17. + + Fisher, Lawrence M., "Lotus Database Cancelled," (New York Times, + Jan 24, 1991), p. C3. + + Gordon, Diana R. and Churchill, Mae, " 'Triple I' Will Be Tracking + Us," The Nation, (New York, v238, April 28, 1984), pp. 497, 513- + 515. + + Kleinfield, N.R., "The Man With All The Numbers," New York Times, + Sunday, April 14th, 1991. + + Markoff, John, "Europe's Plan to Protect Privacy Worry Business," + New York Times, Thursday, April 11th, pp. D1, D5. + + Pool, Ithiel de Sola, Technologies of Freedom, "On free speech in + an electronic age," (1983, Harvard University Press). + + Science Court Opinions - Case 6: Computer Privacy, Omni, (New + York, Jan. 1988, v10), pp. 99-100. + + Wilson, Kevin, The Technologies of Control, (1988, University of + Wisconsin Press). + + + * These are electronic publications. If copies cannot be found, + feel free to contact the author. + + ** This document was originally disseminated electronically, then + was published in Harper's Magazine. The author used the + original version. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/proclama.txt b/politicalTextFiles/proclama.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e3e0fa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/proclama.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +THE PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY (1793): + + +BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES + +A PROCLAMATION + + Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between +Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United +Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and +the duty and interest of the United States require, that they +should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a +conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerant Powers; + I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare +the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct +aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and +warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all +acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend +to contravene such disposition. + And I do hereby also make known, that whatsoever of the +citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to +punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations, by +committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any of the +said Powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles which +are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, will not +receive the protection of the United States, against such +punishment or forfeiture; and further, that I have given +instructions to those officers, to whom it belongs, to cause +prosecutions to be instituted against all persons, who shall, +within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, +violate the law of nations, with respect to the Powers at war, +or any of them. + In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United +States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed +the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the +twenty-second day of April, one thousand seven hundred and +ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States of +America the seventeenth. + +GEORGE WASHINGTON +April 22, 1793 + +------------------------------------- + + France declared war against Great Britain and Holland +early in April, 1793. President Washington called a special +cabinet meeting, which resulted in this declaration of +neutrality. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/protest.txt b/politicalTextFiles/protest.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c15ec76 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/protest.txt @@ -0,0 +1,716 @@ + 11 page printout + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + PROTESTANT MENACE + + TO + + OUR GOVERNMENT. + + A LECTURE + + DELIVERED IN INVESTIGATOR HALL, BOSTON, BEFORE + THE INGERSOLL SECULAR SOCIETY, + + SUNDAY, JAN. 27, 1889, + + + BY L.K. WASHBURN. + + BOSTON: + + PUBLISHED BY J.P. MENDUM, INVESTIGATOR OFFICE, + PAINE MEMORIAL BUILDING, APPLETON STREET. + + 1889 + + **** **** + + THE BOSTON INVESTIGATOR. + + For more than fifty years this paper has maintained the battle +for Liberty against a world of opposition. And these were years +"that tried men's souls." But "the good old Investigator," (as so +many of its readers are pleased to call it,) has never from the +first wavered or faltered for a moment in this long and unequal +combat. It has borne the brunt of the battle. With this half a +century of faithful service behind it, it may well be called "the +tried and true friend of human rights." It has had for its grand +aim the elevation of man through the truth and inspiration of +Mental Liberty and moral education. True to its name it has +investigated all subjects deemed worthy of attention. It has +investigated religions, politics and customs -- investigated the +dreadful superstitions of the past, the wicked shams of the +present, and the seductive delusions regarding the future. + + In short the Investigator is the people's paper. Col. R.G. +Ingersoll says of it, "The Investigator is the best of all Liberal +papers." Reader please let us have your subscription. + + **** **** + + Published every Wednesday at Paine Memorial Building, Boston, +Mass. By J.P. Mendum. Edited by Horace Seaver. + + Price, $3.00 per annum, single copies 7 cents, Specimen copies +sent on receipt of a two cent stamp to pay postage. + + **** **** + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + + + PROTESTANT MENACE + TO + OUR GOVERNMENT. + + + MR. CHAIRMAN, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN: -- + + It is essential that we understand what our Government stands +for; that we recognize the principles upon which it was founded and +the purposes for which it exists, in order to realize the present +anomalous condition of things, and to see the contradiction between +theory and practice as illustrated in the actual affairs of our +national life. It seems like repeating the familiar knowledge of +the school-room to say that our Government stands for human rights; +that chief among these rights is liberty, and that the very +inspiration of our existence as a people was the demand for +political freedom. + + The purposes of our Government is identical with its +principles, to secure to man the freedom which it declares to be +his right. Our Constitution guarantees the citizen of this nation +the blessings of "liberty," and our Government should make good its +word. + + our nation was born in a land which had passed through a +religious experience that embraced persecution and toleration, +fanaticism and common sense. The narrow religious spirit of the +Puritan broadened into the philosophic temper of Franklin, and the +rational faith of Jefferson and Paine. The events that immediately +preceded the struggle for independence on this Continent which +commanded the attention of the inhabitants of the Colonies, were of +a political character. Whatever there was of religious or +ecclesiastical interest was either pushed aside or forgotten in the +more important matters of political Government. + + The King of Great Britain had oppressed beyond endurance his +American subjects, and the indignation of the Colonists was +ripening into rebellion. The question that appealed to every heart +was one of human rights. The heel of tyranny was on the necks of +the people, and their sufferings had passed the bounds of +submission. Let us understand that among all the alleged grievances +against the King by the Colonists, there was no religious +oppression complained of. Among the causes assigned for separation +by the American people, there was no mention of religious wrongs or +religious injustice. The step taken by the Colonists then was not +to secure any religious reform, but solely to secure a better +political Government. + + These are the facts: The question of political independence +from Great Britain was discussed with little or no reference to +religious institutions; the war of the Revolution was fought with +the one idea of political independence as the objective point of +the struggle; the celebration of the victory which the American +army achieved was a rejoicing over the political independence which +the Colonies had won. Our Government was established for no +religious purpose. It is well for this fact to be emphasized at the +present time. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + + + The founders of our Republic, whatever their individual +religious convictions or opinions might have been, imposed no +religion upon the nation. The State was to recognize no church, but +to allow equal religious liberty to all. This principle was +affirmed in the strongest language in the National Constitution: +"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." We may rest +assured, however, that those most interested in ecclesiastical +matters were not indifferent to the fate of religion, but the vast +importance of political success overshadowed and kept in abeyance +any sectarian or religious ambition which might seek gratification. +Perhaps another reason that the assertion of religious liberty was +engrafted on the Constitution, was, that many of the leaders in the +struggle for independence were Freethinkers. Men who had become +emancipated from superstition, and who were familiar with the +history of ecclesiastical persecution, would not willingly see a +new-born nation committed to hands that cared more for the +interests of a church than for the rights of man. + + It was fortunate for the human race that the foremost minds +which gave form and direction to our Government were not religious +bigots or fanatics. On no other Continent, and at no other period +in the history of mankind, had there existed circumstances so +favorable to the triumph of human freedom. Liberty was in the air. +It fell to the people as a natural right. If there was manifested +any disposition to shut it out of the National Constitution, it did +not succeed, There were men who had thought deeply, who were +determined that no union of Church and State should be permitted in +this country. We have in the United States no established religion, +no national church. The letter of the Constitution has not been +violated. Congress has made no law prohibiting religious freedom. +For over one hundred years the American people have boasted that in +this land there was no union of Church and State. + + In theory we have religious liberty in the United States, but +in fact we have not. While there has been no legislative act that +commits the nation to any form of religion, our Government has kept +up a sort of religious flirtation with Christianity ever since its +foundation, and has shown it favors and granted it immunities which +cannot be reconciled with its principles of Secularism. If our +nation has no religious intentions, every act which relieves the +Christian Church of a just burden is dishonorable and unfair to +those who do not wish to help support this ecclesiastical parasite. + + It is said that our Government has never declared itself in +favor of any religion, and yet ecclesiastical property has been +exempted from taxation; ministers have been paid for praying by +State and Nation; money has been granted by City and State for +sectarian purposes; the Bible has been read in our public schools; +the Governors of our States, and the President of the United +States, have appointed days of fasting and prayer, and commanded +the people to pay them the respect of religious observance, and +various laws, having for their object the control of Sunday in the +interest of Christianity, have been enacted and enforced in nearly +all the States and Territories of the United States of America. We +have an illegitimate union of Church and State in this country, and + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + + +it is time that it was broken up. In the face of such facts as we +have mentioned, the Constitution which declares that "Congress +shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, needs to +be vindicated. + + The National Constitution guarantees religions liberty to +every citizen, and gives every State in the Union the power to take +away this liberty. As a citizen of the United States, I am not +bound by any religion, but as a citizen of Massachusetts I am +compelled to regulate my actions by the faith of Christianity. +Every State can make, and has made, laws abridging religious +liberty. Such laws to-day give the Christian Church the legal right +to take away human freedom, but every such statute is contrary to +the supreme law of the land, and should be abrogated. It is time to +cry "halt!" to the religious power in this country. The march of +events under the flag of freedom takes us into no ecclesiastical +camp. We must decide which is of most value to our people, the +Christian religion or the principles embodied in our National +Constitution; the Protestant Church or a free Government, This +question is being forced upon our attention, and is up for +discussion. + + I insist that while every religion is free to propagate its +faith by all the ecclesiastical arts known to priest and minister, +no church has the right to claim the power of the law to shield it +from just criticism, or to enforce its faith upon the people. Our +nation is not a Christian nation. All the legislation in the +interest of the Christian Church is contrary to the declaration of +our principles. Every statute that has for its object the +enforcement of the Christian religion is religious oppression. I +always try to think as well of my fellow beings as I can. I would +like to do justice to those men and women who are trying to have +our Government "stand up for Jesus"; and I will admit that they are +sincere in their efforts, that they honestly believe that we should +be better, more moral and upright as a people, if some +acknowledgment of our national dependence upon the Protestant +religion could be secured from our Government. I will also admit +that Calvin was perfectly sincere in his belief that the doctrines +of Serviettes were dangerous to the soul of man, and that in his +approval of the burning of Serviettes he was perfectly sincere, + + I will admit that the Massachusetts Puritans who hung Quakers +on Boston Common were sincere in their cruel and barbarous +persecutions, and that it was with all sincerity that they branded +with hot irons people whom they looked upon as heretics. I will +admit that the Christian prosecution of Abner Kneeland for +blasphemy was sincere, and that this grand man, called "the grey +father of American Free Thought," was sent to jail for an honest +expression of an honest faith in perfect sincerity. I will admit +that the Unitarians were sincere in their fear and hate of Theodore +Parker, when he was a living power in this city, and that sincerity +dictated the tardy repentance which has moved the Unitarian +denomination to pay him the tribute of respect and honor which it +has but lately laid upon the brow crowned with death. I will admit +that all Christians are sincere in their hatred of Freethinkers, +and that the Christian Church hates most sincerely that most-hated +Freethinker whom we to-day have met to honor -- THOMAS PAINE. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + + + Sincerity has been the excuse of one-half the villainy of the +world, and the apology of the other half. It has been the fair face +of too many foul deeds. Thousands of crimes and wrongs and +cruelties have been born from the heart of this word. We cannot +deny sincerity to the Mohammedan in his fiendish barbarities to +Christians, nor equal sincerity to Christians in their equally +barbarous retaliation. We feel that the dupe of religious +excitement is sincere in whatever he says and does, but we cannot +for this reason endorse his flaming rhetoric, or imitate his pious +gymnastics. I presume that every bigot and every fanatic in the +world is sincere. + + Let us ask the Protestant Christians of the United States, who +are working to get their religion endorsed by the Government, if +they are suffering from political injustice, if they are victims of +political wrongs? Are they singled out among the inhabitants of +this country for legislative afflictions? Are they compelled to +observe against their convictions any particular day of the week as +sacred above another? Is their property taxed unjustly; taxed to +support a worship which they cannot join and a religion which they +cannot accept? Are their children compelled by the laws of the +State to listen to the reading of religious books which are +obnoxious to them. Do they hear prayers in our legislatures that +are offensive to their ideas of right? + + The necessary and just demand is not for the Government to +give further aid to the Protestant Church, but to stop the +immunities which this church now enjoys. In view of the many wrongs +and evils which others have to bear on account of the privileges +granted to this church, every Christian should hang his head in +shame and blush with guilt before the American people. The truth is +this: The Protestant churches of the United States want to control +our Government for the advantage of their religion. They already +have secured enactments in all of our legislatures which give them +power to injure in mind and estate those who do not accept the +Christian faith. Yet in face of this fact, and in face of the +National Constitution, which says that Congress shall not prohibit +the free exercise of religion, there is a movement among the +Protestant party for greater ecclesiastical authority. + + We cannot be blind to the efforts being made by Christian +fanatics, nor can we see such attempts to weaken our political +Government and strangle our political liberty without a protest. +That the people who are seeking for religious power in this country +are honest and sincere in their endeavors, is not any reason why +our citizens should stand idly by and see their political +institutions overthrown, and the freedom won by the patriots of the +Revolution destroyed by the bigots of the Christian Church. + + The Protestant menace to our Government is much too serious to +be dismissed with the selfsatisfying assurance that there is no +danger in this land from the ecclesiastical power. There is a more +imminent danger than most people are aware of, and there is +apprehension lest it be seen too late. The Christian Church, to +hide its base motives, is proclaiming that the increasing +skepticism in this country threatens the moral foundation of +society, and that its further spread endangers the very existence + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + + +of our Republic. It is seeking to create a sentiment against the +spirit of free inquiry, which has challenged its authority and +exposed its false claims to Divine guidance. The endeavor to foist +its religion upon the nation is for the purpose of getting the +power to stamp out Liberalism in the United States. + + Upon any true and faithful representation of the work of Free +Thought in the world, the Christian Church would be unable to +arouse any prejudice against it. It is only by raising the cry of +"Infidelity" that it can succeed. The word "Infidel" is "mad dog" +to the ear of the average Christian. Start this cry and he at once +arms himself with the cudgel of slander and abuse, and is ready to +engage in any crusade that promises the speedy extermination of his +enemy. But we do not purpose to allow Liberalism to be +misrepresented by Christian lips without demanding satisfaction. + + Liberalism is the honest result of honest thought. It is the +expression of honest convictions. As Liberals who have outgrown the +influence of the Christian dogmas upon the mind, we take the +position that such growth assigns us. We are outside of the +Christian Church because we do not belong inside. In our criticisms +of the Christian superstitions we have performed what we believed +to be a duty. We hold that Christianity as a religious system is +both false and wrong, and that we do the world a benefit by +exposing its falseness and errors. Liberalism has never lifted a +hand in persecution, never imprisoned science or burned doubt. +Liberalism has sided with the wronged, the oppressed, the enslaved +everywhere. Liberalism has been heroic in its devotion to truth, +sublime in its endurance of wrongs, and self-sacrificing in its +pursuit of what is right and best for man. And yet the Christian +Church has ever treated those who have rejected its faith as +enemies of all that is pure, good, and true. + + Christianity has persecuted men in all ages; it has tortured +doubt, burned unbelief, and led science and truth to the stake and +the gallows. It has sided with the oppressor, with the slave- +holder, with the great and powerful everywhere. It has pursued +liberty with the hate of a tyrant and the venom of a priest. It has +treated knowledge as a spy and truth as a traitor. It has made vice +a virtue by putting a premium on a profession of faith, and virtue +a vice by punishing the publication of an honest doubt. And yet +this priestly piety has the audacity to pose as the friend of +science, of knowledge, of truth, of liberty, and of man. + + The Protestant Church asks our Government to give it the right +to teach its dogmas to our children, when there is not a Christian +minister on the earth that can defend these dogmas before the court +of common sense. The Protestant Church asks our Government to +compel the people to observe the Christian Sabbath as a day of +religious worship, when it knows that not one-fourth of the people +of the nation look upon Sunday as any holier than Friday. + + The truth is that Orthodoxy is regarded as a theological +comedy by the intelligence of the world, and as being played +chiefly for the benefit of the actors' fund." It has been apparent +for several years that Christianity was losing its hold upon the +faith of mankind, and those who get their living out of this + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + + +superstition have exhausted every physical and mental resource to +save Christianity for the purpose of saving themselves. Every +device has been resorted to that promised to postpone the +dissolution of this theological body, and every means tried that +held out the faintest hope that this "arrested development" of +human thought would yield the salaries of those who preached it for +at least another generation. + + Various efforts have been made to take away the rights of the +people to save the Christian superstitions, but no more flagrant +violation of the liberty guaranteed the citizens of this Republic +has ever been attempted than is contained in the present endeavor +to have Congress pass what is called a National Sabbath Law. Do our +people realize what this law means? Do they KNOW what the power of +the Protestant Church would be if backed up by the power of our +Government? Let me read enough of the text of this proposed law to +show how far the Christian Church would go to save its +institutions. The bill, which is expected to become a law, was +introduced in the Senate of the United States by Mr. Blair, on the +21st of May, 1888. It was read twice, and referred to the Committee +on Education and Labor. On December 18th, 1888, it was ordered to +be reprinted. This bill is entitled; A bill to secure to the people +the enjoyment of the first day of the week, commonly known as the +Lord's Day, as a day of rest, and to promote its observance as a +day of religious worship." It reads as follows: -- + + "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of + the United States of America in, Congress assembled, -- + + That no person, or corporation, or agent, servant, or + employee of any person or corporation, shall perform or + authorize to be performed, any secular work, labor, or + business to the disturbance of others, works of necessity, and + mercy, and humanity excepted; nor shall any Person engage in + any play, game, or amusement, or recreation to the disturbance + of others, on the first day of the week, commonly known as the + Lord's Day, or during any part thereof, in any territory, + district, vessel, or place subject to the exclusive + jurisdiction of the United States........ + + See. 2. That no mails or mail matter shall hereafter be + transported in time of peace over any land postal-route, nor + shall any mail matter be collected, assorted, handled, or + delivered during any part of the first day of the week." + + There are certain provisos which are not important to our +purpose. Sections 3, 4, and 5 relate to commerce between the States +and with the Indian tribes; drills, musters and parades; and the +payment and receipt of wages. Sec. 6 refers to such labor and +service as are not deemed violations of the act, but says that "the +same shall be construed so far as possible to secure to the whole +people rest from toil during the first day of the week, their +mental and moral culture, and the religious observance of the +Sabbath Day." + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + + + Here is a deadly blow aimed at religious liberty in this +country. Such a bill as this is the attempt of religious despair. +Any endeavor to explain it on the ground of public necessity, or in +the interest of public morals, is the veriest hypocrisy. Who +demands such a law as this bill proposes? What is it demanded for? +Have not the people who wish to go to church on Sunday the liberty +to do so? Does any one deny them this right? Does any one object to +their going or try to stop them? + + Here is the truth: This bill is not to secure to those who +wish to observe the Sabbath in a religious manner the right to do +so, but it is for the purpose of preventing those who wish to +observe it differently from so doing. It is an effort to coerce the +conduct and consciences of men. It is compulsion. This act of +desperation on the part of the Protestant Christians of the United +States is a confession that their religion is a failure, that +without the arm of the law to compel people to observe Sunday as a +holy day, the church is powerless to secure such observance. + + Has no one but a Christian any rights in this country? Is +there nothing else of importance in this land but the church? Are +the only affairs of great moment those that relate to religion? Has +it become necessary for the Government to sanction Christian +opinions and observances in order to make the people respect them? +Then their usefulness is past; they can only be supported by the +oppression of the people. Let Congress pass this National Sabbath +Law, and it will soon be asked to pass a law for the endowment of +the church and the support of the clergy. + + The Protestants of this land are not restrained from teaching +their religious dogmas or observing the ceremonies of their +religion. Worship is free. A clergyman may teach the most absurd +faith, the most ridiculous superstition, and the law protects him. +It is not for liberty of conscience that the Christian Church +demands the passage of this Sabbath bill; it is to kill liberty of +conscience and take away the rights of the people. + + We are informed that a petition, signed by fifteen millions of +names, praying for the passage of this bill, has been presented to +Congress. What a spectacle in a free country! Has it come to this? +Have we forgotten the lessons of persecution that we can wish to +re-enact religious tyranny? Has toleration, then, been a failure? +Has Christianity taught its adherents no higher justice than to +deny to others what they wish to enjoy themselves? + + This Sabbath bill is an attempt on the part of Christians to +take away the liberty of their neighbors. It is for the purpose of +compelling the people to accept their religious opinions, to oblige +them to attend church and support Christian worship. This proposed +law is a blow at private rights and public blessings. It aims not +only to take away the freedom of the individual, its object is to +stop public benefactions. The United States mails are to be handled +to please Christian ministers. They are to be all locked up +Saturday nights and not opened until Monday morning. The railway +trains, that carry the mails, are to stop Saturday night wherever +they happen to be, when the hand of the clock points on the dial to + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + + +the hour of twelve, and to remain there twenty-four hours. No +letter is to be collected or delivered on Sunday. The only holy +service on the so-called Lord's Day is the service conducted by the +priest or minister in a Christian Church! + + The bill to secure the religious observance of the Sabbath is +the measure of Christian intolerance in the nineteenth century. It +reveals how much of bigotry and fanaticism there is yet alive. It +shows us the spirit that animates the Christian Church, and it +shows us moreover the desperate straits to which it is reduced to +save its religion. If Christians had founded this Government there +would have been no freedom in it. Liberty would have been no larger +than the Apostle's creed. We are reminded upon this occasion of +those words of Thomas Paine: -- "Of all the tyrannies that afflict +mankind, tyranny in religion is the worst." + + Protestants have yet to learn that liberty of conscience is +not the right of a few but of all; that people are not to ask a +church what they shall accept as true, or to regulate their +behavior by what a church says is right. Not only does a Government +"derive its just powers from the consent of the governed," but a +church derives its authority from the acquiescence of man. When +that authority is exercised arbitrarily it is to be resisted. The +powers of all organizations of whatsoever character are conferred +by man. There is no other source of authority. The pretended +derivation of power from God is imposition. Such a claim cannot be +defended before intelligence, and dare not be made except where +fear and cowardice make the mind a slave. + + The Protestants of the United States, in their attempt to have +enacted a National Sabbath law, aim to usurp the rights of others. +They propose to play the role of tyrants, to teach their religion +at the point of the bayonet. I think I do not mistake the temper of +the American people when I say that they will not submit to this +tyranny. We must have fair fighting to-day. The spirit of the age +sides with the wronged. There is but one way that people can be +made to observe Sunday as the Lord's Day, and that is by convincing +them that this day belongs to him, and not to the people. The +Protestant churches know that they cannot defend their dogma of the +Sabbath, know that there is no reason, no sense in their ideas of +Sunday. They are not honest enough to acknowledge the truth. They +dare not come out, and let this question be decided by the facts. +They know that there is no warrant in Nature, for their foolish +notion of Sunday. The truth is against them, and so they ask the +Government to come to the assistance of the Lord. + + It will take more than the Congress of the United States to +settle this question -- more than the passage of a bill to secure +the observance of Sunday as a day of religious worship, to convince +the intelligence of the nineteenth century that one day is better +than another or to be used for a different purpose, except as +mankind find it convenient or desirable. We are in danger of +meriting the criticism of the Hindoo who remarked that " Christians +want six days set apart for cheating man, and one day for cheating +God." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + + + I know of no question that engenders more of hypocrisy than +the Sunday question. There is in the action of the Protestants in +this country more than a menace to our liberties on one day of the +week. Let this Sabbath bill before Congress become a law and other +tyrannous measures will follow at its heels. If there is any +expectation that a more rigid religious observance of Sunday will +result in a purer moral atmosphere such expectation is doomed to +disappointment. Tyranny has never yet borne a virtue. + + For our Government to endorse any Christian dogma is to exceed +its powers. There would be no religious meaning in such an act. It +would simply be a concession to bigotry which would result in +arousing the people to the real nature of Protestantism and to +their duty towards this pious tyranny. People will not be converted +to Christianity by an act of Congress. The fond faith that a pious +text on our national coin would teach the people to reverence the +divine name did not materialize into the expected piety. A true +life has never yet come from a false education. Instead of +Christians wishing to have placed upon our money the inscription, +"In God we trust," it would have been more consistent for them to +put upon their God: -- In money we trust. + + It will do no good to pass a law which is not demanded by the +welfare of the people. An unjust statute has been the mother only +of wrongs. Our Government has nothing to do with the religion of +its people -- no right to interfere in religious matters, only to +see that one party or sect does not oppress another. + + Congress would stultify the Government were it to pass the +National Sabbath bill. Were this bill to become a law it would be +unconstitutional. I do not believe that sixty millions of people +should be enslaved to please fifteen million bigots. + + **** **** + + THE BOSTON INVESTIGATOR. + + PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY MORNING. + + At Paine Memorial Building, Appleton St., + + BOSTON, MASS. + + HORACE SEAVER ............. 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Price, 20 cts. + + FOR SALE AT THE INVESTIGATOR OFFICE. + + **** **** + Cosmian Hymn Book, + + A COLLECTION OF + + ORIGINAL AND SELECTED + HYMNS + + FOR + Liberal and Ethical Societies, + for Schools and the Home. + + COMPILED BY + L.K. WASHBURN + + FOR SALE AT THE INVESTIGATOR OFFICE. + + PRICE, $1,50. + **** **** + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/prsvbure.txt b/politicalTextFiles/prsvbure.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc41a54 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/prsvbure.txt @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +THE PRESERVATION OF THE BUREAUCRACY + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +Two hundred years ago, our American ancestors instituted the +most unusual political system in history. The Constitution +called into existence a government whose powers, for the first +time ever, were extremely limited. Thus, unlike other people +throughout history, Americans lived without such things as +income taxation, welfare, licensure, immigration control, +business regulation, drug laws, conscription, and passports. +Generally, and with exceptions (slavery and tariffs being the +most notable), laws were limited to protecting people from the +violence and fraud of others. + +What caused these Americans to institute this strange and +novel way of life? The answer lies in the way our American +ancestors perceived the relationship between the individual in +society and his government. + +Americans of that time believed that the preservation of the +individual--and the freedom to live his life and dispose of +his wealth as he chose--was the highest political end. Thus, +for them, government's sole purpose was to assist in the +achievement of this end. Government officials were viewed as +servants, and only as servants, to ensure the preservation of +the individual, the freedom to live his life, and the +disposition of his wealth, as he saw fit. + +Although Americans of today operate under the delusion that +they subscribe to the same value structure as their ancestors, +the uncomfortable reality is that they have instead rejected +and abandoned it. Although they will rarely admit it to +themselves or others, Americans today honestly believe that +the supreme end in American society is not the preservation of +the individual and his freedom to choose, but rather the +preservation of the political bureaucracy and its unlimited +power to control the lives and wealth of the citizenry. + +How do the politicians and bureaucrats, in turn, perceive the +citizenry? Paying lip service to their role as "public +servants," especially at election time, public officials, in +reality, scoff at any such notion. In their eyes, the citizens +are means, not ends, who exist solely to ensure the +preservation of the bureaucracy. + +This philosophical perspective--that the citizen is merely a +"cog in the wheel" which can, and will, be sacrificed for the +greater good of the bureaucracy--holds true, of course, with +the civil bureaucracy. Usually under the guise of fighting +some domestic "war," or attacking some "crisis"--poverty, +drugs, illiteracy, racism, or whatever--the civil bureaucracy +exercises ever increasing control over the lives and wealth of +the citizenry. + +But the same holds true with the military bureaucracy. No +matter what the conditions are in the world--even if peace +were to break out everywhere--even if democracies were +suddenly found in every nation on earth--even if American +politicians and bureaucrats appointed every ruler in the +world--in the mind of the military bureaucrat, crises and wars +will always be a "potential threat" to "national security." +And so the military bureaucracy also wields ever increasing +control over the lives and wealth of the citizenry. + +All money which government has, of course, comes from the +citizenry through the coercive process of taxation. +Government officials understand that, in this sense, they are +parasitic--that is, that they survive and flourish through the +earnings that are sucked out of the pockets of the citizens. +They comprehend, for example, that if the citizenry suddenly +decided to stop paying taxes, the bureaucracy's lifeline +would, at the same time, dry up. + +The bureaucracy recognizes that, since it is a parasite, it +must perform a masterful balancing act. On the one hand, it +must ensure that the citizenry continue paying taxes at such a +level that the bureaucracy is preserved, and hopefully +expanded. But it must also ensure that the level of +confiscation and plunder never gets so high that the worst +fear of the bureaucracy--a tax revolt among the citizenry-- +materializes. + +Now, the intriguing question is: if the American people +decided that their ancestors were right, and that 20th-century +Americans are wrong--that is, that the preservation of the +individual and his freedom to choose, should, in fact, be the +end, and the government simply the means to ensure that end-- +would the politicians and bureaucrats comply with the decision +of the citizenry? + +The answer is in doubt. Why? Because those in the bureaucracy +honestly believe that they, not the citizenry, are "the +country"; that is, they actually think that the nation, and +the well-being of the nation, depend on their preservation. +The dismantling of the bureaucracy, in their minds, would mean +the destruction of the country. Therefore, it is entirely +possible that, in the midst of what the politicians and +bureaucrats would consider a "national crisis," they would +refuse to comply with a mandate of the citizenry to dismantle +the bureaucracy and end the taxation necessary for its +preservation. + +One of these days, the American people will discover, much to +their surprise and dismay, that which the Soviet citizens are +discovering: that the bureaucracy will always tolerate the +citizens' "freedom of speech" to complain about bureaucratic +abuses and inefficiencies; but as soon as the bureaucracy is +threatened by the citizenry with extinction, it will fight +them "tooth and nail" for its "right" to be preserved. + +Complaints about governmental inefficiencies and corruption +have become a well-recognized and accepted part of American +life: "We must get rid of waste in government programs"; "We +must get 'better people' into public office." So, attempting +to "correct the system" by gaining political power over their +fellow citizens, Americans expend much time, money, and effort +to get themselves, or their friends, elected or appointed to +public office. And the results? Even when victorious, they +learn that things only get worse: expanded control, greater +plunder, increased waste, and more corruption--only this time +by them and their friends, rather than by others. + +Americans must finally come to the painful realization that +their ancestors were philosophically correct: that the taking +of money from one person, through the political process, in +order to give it to another person is evil, immoral, and +destructive; and that political interference with how a person +chooses to peacefully live his life, and dispose of his +wealth, is equally evil, immoral, and destructive. + +Moreover, Americans must finally conclude, as painful as it +may be, that waste in government programs (actually somebody's +income), no matter how great an effort is expended, is +impossible to eliminate. Evil and immorality, even if +democratically enshrined, cannot be made to work efficiently. + +And they must learn that getting "better people" into public +office is not the solution either. One does not change the +nature of a house of prostitution by voting in a new board of +directors. And that is exactly what the American people of +this century have permitted their government to become--a +house of prostitution in which, for example, the principles +receive "campaign contributions" and "speakers' honoraria" for +"services rendered." Of course, some people, and especially +those who were taught civics in their public schools and who +were required to pledge allegiance every day for twelve long +years, will consider this observation to be highly +unpatriotic. But if it be unpatriotic to oppose a house of +prostitution where once stood a great and glorious edifice, +then make the most of it! + +No, the answer is not to engage in a futile quest to eliminate +waste in government programs. The solution is to +constitutionally prohibit the programs themselves. No, the +answer is not to get "better people" into public office. The +solution is to constitutionally prohibit public officials, +whoever they may be, from plundering the citizenry and doling +out money to others. No, the answer is not to reign in the +bureaucrats. The solution is to dismantle the bureaucracy and +return the bureaucrats, kicking and screaming, to rewarding +and productive lives as private citizens. No, the answer is +not tax reform. The solution is the repeal of the Sixteenth +Amendment. + +In other words, the solution for America, as we enter the +third century of this nation's existence, lies with the +American people's recapturing the principles on which our +nation was founded and limiting the power of government even +more severely than our ancestors did. Not only would this +restore our political system to a sound moral foundation and +our society to one based on volunteerism rather than coercion, +it would also unleash an economic prosperity unparalleled in +history. + +But the heart of the solution is to make the individual in +society once again sovereign over the state. Until the +American people make the preservation of the individual, as +well as his liberty and property, the highest political end, +they will continue living their lives in subserviency to what +has been the highest political end in the 20th century: the +preservation of the bureaucracy . . . and the discord, misery, +impoverishment, and destruction which it has brought in its +wake. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the February 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pvt-prop.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pvt-prop.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..162d205 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pvt-prop.txt @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +THE SANCTITY OF PRIVATE PROPERTY + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + + +No myth is more pervasive among the people of the United +States than that which claims that the American economic +system is based on the sanctity of private property. The +American people have been taught since the first grade in +their government schools that America is the bastion of +private property while the Soviet Union and China represent +the system of public ownership or control of property. + +Myths die hard. But it is important that they be exploded, no +matter how painful the result. Let us do so to this myth of +the American system of "private property" which grips the +minds of most Americans. + +The significance of the Declaration of Independence had +nothing to do with the military battles between the colonists +and the British forces. Instead, its importance lay in one of +the most dramatic and revolutionary declarations in the +history of man: that man's rights do not come from government +but instead come from God. With one fell swoop, and for the +first time in history, people unseated public officials as the +source of their rights and replaced them with the Creator! + +The result? With many exceptions (slavery being the worst), +the Americans implemented the freest society in history: no +income tax, welfare, social security, licensing, or virtually +any other law which took money from some, through the +political process, and gave it to others, or which regulated +peaceful human behavior. Why? Not because it would result in a +more prosperous society (which it did). But rather because +their lives, liberty, property, and conscience belonged to +God, and it was no business of Caesar how they exercised them +as long as they did not inflict violence or fraud on others. + +What about 20th century Americans? Maintaining the illusion +that they are continuing the vision and heritage of their +American ancestors, they have instead resorted to the age-old +idea that Caesar should be permitted to have ultimate control +over these fundamental rights. + +Two thousand years ago, the Prime Exemplar told us that we +were to render unto Caesar what was Caesar's and unto God what +is God's. But He did not tell us what belonged to Caesar and +what belonged to God. He left that up to us to figure out. +Let us see how Americans--both past and present--have made +this determination. Let's examine, for example, income and +the ability to earn income. + +The Americans who lived from 1787 to 1913 believed that the +fruits of their earnings belonged to God, not Caesar. From +the very beginning, they did not permit their public officials +to levy a tax on their income. When the politicians tried to +do so, the people sued. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of +the people, and against the government, and declared the +income tax in violation of the Constitution which the people +had adopted in 1787. + +Public officials complied with the ruling but immediately +began persuading the American people to alter their +Constitution to permit such a tax. The arguments which the +politicians used were evil and seductive. First, they argued +that only the rich would be taxed; the poor and middle class +need never be concerned. It was the perfect embodiment of +violations of God's commandments against covetousness, envy, +and stealing. The politicians also promised that the income +tax would never exceed a minute percentage. + +The American people fell for these evil, seductive, and false +promises and amended the Constitution to permit Caesar to do +what their ancestors had fought so hard to prevent Caesar from +doing: gaining control over their earnings. With the adoption +of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, the American people +rendered unto Caesar that which had previously been rendered +unto God: the fruits of their efforts. + +A second example: licensing of occupations, professions, and +businesses. By and large, the 19th century American rejected +licensure. So, American society throughout the 1800s was +highly unusual because, unlike all of the other societies in +history, a person did not have to seek permission from the +political authorities before he began pursuing a living. +Lawyers, doctors, hairdressers, blacksmiths, and so forth +learned their trade and went into business without asking +anyone's permission. But consumers, as the ultimate economic +sovereign, through their decisions to patronize a business or +not, made the final determination on whether a person would +continue in his line of work. + +The 20th century American, resorting to the Old World way of +thinking against which his ancestors had rebelled, rejected +this dramatically different way of life. He did not want to +have to make his own decisions on whether people were +competent or not. He also did not want unrestricted +competition in his own trade. So, he turned to Caesar and, +through licensure, rendered unto him the power to regulate the +ability to make a living. + +Is the real significance behind these two renderings-- +occupation and income--the economic consequences? No! The true +significance is that the American people, who are so ready to +worship God on Sunday, have chosen to reject Him the rest of +the week. They believe that God and government should be +partners with each other with respect to people's economic +activities, blocking out of their minds that, "Thou shalt have +no other gods before me." + +The essence of what the 20th century American has done, +despite the myths and illusions under which he chooses to +operate, can be summarized as follows: + + "God, we know that You created us. We also know + that our talents and abilities are gifts from You + which we utilize to earn our daily bread--our + property. We also know that our American ancestors + rendered these great gifts to You and would not + permit Caesar to interfere with them. + + "But times have changed, Lord. Those principles were fine + for the simple times of the 1800s but they just don't + apply to the more complex way of life in the 20th + century. So, we're placing Caesar--the organized means of + coercion and compulsion--in partnership with You. + + "Oh mighty Caesar, we render unto you control of our + talents and abilities and the fruits of our efforts. + We know that you did not give us these but nevertheless + we are placing them under your dominion and control. + Take care of us, mighty Caesar. Decide for us what + line of endeavor is most suitable for each of us. + Determine how much of our earnings we shall be permitted + to keep and how much you need to retain. Provide us our + security--our daily bread--in times of need because our + other God sometimes doesn't do a perfect job in this + regard. We trust you, mighty Caesar, with our lives, + our liberties, our properties, and our consciences. You + shall henceforth be partners with our other God, the God + of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. We love you. We adore you. + We worship you. We give you thanks. We are here to serve + you." + +Since ancient times, political rulers have hated the existence +of God. Why? Because they know that our's is a jealous God. He +demands absolute and total allegiance. Our God does not accept +partners! Therefore, political rulers, who invariably also +desire to be worshipped, bear terrible resentment against such +competition. + +In ancient Rome, the Caesars developed an interesting method +to circumvent this dilemma. They allowed people to engage in +different religions but only on the condition that permission +was given by the State. Most people sought and were given such +permission. So, although people were worshipping another +deity, Caesar did not mind because by permitting them to do +so, Caesar remained the ultimate sovereign. + +However, one group of God's worshippers saw through this scam: +the Christians. Refusing to take any act which placed Caesar +above God, they chose not to seek Caesar's permission to +worship Him. And the price they paid? Their lives. + +Thank God our American ancestors secured the passage of the +First Amendment which prohibits Caesar from gaining control +over our churches. If only we 20th century Americans had the +same strength of conviction with respect to our lives and +earnings. If only we would truly sanctify private property +rather than just giving it lip service. If only we would +render our lives and property back to God instead of Caesar. +If only we would place God as sovereign over all of our life +rather than just a small part of it. + +Myths die hard but if we fail to kill them, we shall continue +to reap what we sow. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the August 1990 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/pvtprop2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/pvtprop2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce87363 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/pvtprop2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +THE SANCTITY OF PRIVATE PROPERTY--PART 2 + +By JACOB G. HORNBERGER + +The last thing which Americans of today wish to face is that +they have abandoned the principles of private property on +which the United States were founded. In last August's Freedom +Daily, I pointed to two examples of where the American people +have permitted their public officials to assume absolute and +total control over private property: income taxation and +licensing of occupations. Let us examine two additional +examples to assist us in destroying the myth of the sanctity +of private property in 20th-century America: international +trade and the oil business. + +One of the favorite pastimes of Americans is to look down +their noses at the socialist systems which are now crumbling +all over the world. Americans honestly believe that the +American system of "free enterprise" has prevailed in the +battle of "capitalism" vs. socialism; and they believe that +the world should now simply copy the "private property" system +of the American people. + +But what is it about the socialist countries which Americans +find so objectionable? After all, the socialist nations embody +much of that which Americans would never consider abandoning +in the U.S.: free housing and medical care for the poor, the +prohibition of private citizens from gaining significantly +high amounts of wealth, free schooling for all children, and +inexpensive food for everyone. + +But one of the most significant characteristics of the +socialist systems is government control over a citizen's +ability to sell goods and services to people in other parts of +the world. In other words, the essence of the socialist +societies in regard to international trade is that the +government reigns supreme over the individual and his +property; that is, all property in the nation, even when legal +title is nominally held in the name of private citizens, is +either owned or controlled by the political authorities. + +One of the best examples of this lies ninety miles away from +American shores. In Cuba, a nation guided by the principles of +free public housing, free medical care, free public schooling, +and inexpensive food for the populace, people are not +permitted to sell goods and services to others around the +world without the permission of their government officials. +The government takes the position that all property ultimately +belongs to "the people" and, therefore, subject to political +control. + +Americans rightfully object to the Cuban way of life. But they +have a terrible time recognizing that these same principles +are found in 20th-century America. Like his Cuban counterpart, +no American is free to sell, without the permission of his +public officials, what supposedly belongs to him to people +around the world. If an American, for example, decides to sell +a quantity of wheat or penicillin +to the Cuban people, he is prohibited from doing so by his own +politicians and bureaucrats. In fact, if an American even +travels to Cuba without permission of his public officials, he +is incarcerated and fined. This was exemplified last year when +an American fisherman was actually sent to jail by American +authorities for organizing a fishing trip to Cuba. + +Now, the American government officials justify this +prohibition on the basis of the Cuban ruler, Fidel Castro, +being a bad communist (as compared to the apparently "good" +communists of Red China with whom Americans are permitted to +trade). But the problem lies not with the American +government's determination of who are good communists and who +are bad ones. The problem lies in the American people +permitting their politicians and bureaucrats to assume and +exercise the same power over their lives and property as that +found in such nations as Cuba and China. + +And despite the fact that the American government maintains +ultimate control over the buying and selling decisions of the +American people, Americans continue to believe that when +American government officials have this control, it is a +private property system; and that only when Cuban, Chinese, or +Soviet government officials have it, is it considered a +socialist system. + +What would be a true private property system? One in which the +individual is free to buy and sell goods and services anywhere +in the world without the interference of his public officials. +And it would be a way of life in which people were trading not +because the politicians and bureaucrats permitted them to do +so but rather because they have the absolute right to sell +whatever belongs to them to anyone anywhere in the world. + +A second example of this myth of private property in America: +oil and gas. Despite their commitment to "free enterprise" and +"private property," the American people believe that whenever +a person owns what other Americans need, the politicians and +bureaucrats must take control over it and redistribute it to +the needy. + +The best illustration of this tendency toward the socialist +principle of public ownership or control over the means of +production concerns oil and gas. Whenever the owner of oil or +gas decides to sell his product at a higher price than that +which American consumers decide is "reasonable," the +politicians and bureaucrats, as a result of political pressure +from the American people, threaten not only to prohibit him, +through price controls, from doing so, but also to take away, +through a windfall profits tax, whatever "unjust" profits the +producer has made. In other words, while proclaiming the +superiority of the American "free enterprise" system over +socialist systems in which governments maintain extensive +controls over prices and profits, the American people approve +of these same socialist principles in their own nation. But, +of course, they do so under the rubric of the American +"private property" system rather than under the American +"socialist" system. + +One of the ironies is that during depressed economic +conditions, when some oil companies go broke or bankrupt, the +American people take the attitude of, "That's their problem. +They chose to go into the oil business, and they can't cry +when it fails to pan out." But when conditions change, and +demand for the product suddenly increases, Americans take the +same attitude as their counterparts in China, the Soviet +Union, and Cuba: "It's not fair for others to have more when I +have less. I need the oil and gas. He's gouging me. I am +'forced' to pay these high prices. Take his product and his +income away from him and give it to me." + +And another irony is that when price controls are instituted, +the problems which arise from those controls are never blamed +on the controls themselves. Instead, just like in other +socialist countries, the problems are always blamed on others, +usually "the evil, greedy, profit-seeking, bourgeoisie swine +of a capitalist pig." + +The best example of this was the price controls imposed on the +oil industry by the American government in the 1970s. What was +the result of those controls? The same result found in the +Soviet Union, China, and Cuba when price controls are imposed +there: shortages and long lines. But did the American people +blame them on the political controls themselves? Of course +not. That would have been considered unpatriotic. So, the +shortages and long lines were blamed on American oil- +producers. And how do Americans explain the fact that no +shortages and long lines have developed as a result of the +recent Middle East crisis? They are unable to do so because +they have no idea only political control over prices, and not +private owners and producers of oil and gas, create shortages +and long lines. + +The major disaster of price controls and windfall profits, of +course, is the abandonment of the sanctity of private +property. But the secondary disaster is that the economic +situation always becomes worse as a result of the political +intervention. People do not realize that prices are simply the +market's method of providing signals in the same way that a +thermometer uses temperature to provide signals. High prices +are simply the market's way of telling people to produce more +and consume less. But rather than permit the signals to guide +the actions of producers and consumers, the American people +pressure their rulers to break the thermometer. Rather than +cope with the bad news which the messenger has brought, people +instead choose to kill him. And the inevitable result is just +like that found in socialist countries everywhere: shortages, +long lines, and general market chaos. + +What Americans of today recognize so well with respect to +other nations, but unfortunately refuse to see in their own +country, is that people can never be free whenever public +officials maintain ultimate control over the disposition of +their property. Like their counterparts in countries all over +the world, unfortunately Americans have a terribly difficult +time "letting go" of the apparent security of political +control over the means of production. Proclaiming the virtues +of freedom and private property for people in other parts of +the world, Americans are terribly fearful of trying it for +themselves. And it is this paralyzing fear of freedom that +causes Americans to continue their deep emotional and +psychological commitment to the 20th-century myth of American +"free enterprise" and "private property." + +When will private property truly be sanctified not only in the +U.S. but in other nations as well? Only when the time comes +when people stop believing that they have a right to take away +what belongs to someone else. There are fewer more destructive +forces than the belief that it is acceptable to covet and +steal what belongs to another as long as it is done through +the political process. Whether it involves a person's income, +his occupational pursuits, his goods and services, or his +trading decisions, the succumbing to the urge to take from +those who have more will always result in the impoverishment +or destruction of the people of a nation regardless of whether +they are Romans, British, Soviet, Chinese, Cubans, and, yes, +even Americans. As our American ancestors understood so well, +only those nations which have a political system which +protects free economic activity are those nations in which the +citizenry are blessed with peace, prosperity, and harmony. + +Mr. Hornberger is founder and president of The Future of +Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, Denver, CO 80209. + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the January 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/quayle.txt b/politicalTextFiles/quayle.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bdfa055 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/quayle.txt @@ -0,0 +1,471 @@ +From: goldsman@CC.GATECH.EDU (Mike Goldsman) +Subject: Quote List *** New and Improved *** +Date: 25 May 92 18:42:14 GMT + + +Due to the recent flurry of activity in our favorite arena, we +have all been supplied with new fodder for our jokes... + +Here goes... The new stuff is at the bottom. + +I have decided that these quotes lose a lot when you can't hear and +see them on videotape. During Prime Time Live last thurday +yesterday, they showed a bunch of these. + +For example, + +"Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here." + +(one of my favorites) becomes funnier 100x over when you can +see Danny struggling to turn what started as a nonsensical comment +into anything other than a nonsensical comment, failing miserably in +the attempt, and then looking ill after he has realized how he sounded. + +Remember, I'm always looking for more! + +-Mike + +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes Last updated May 25, 1992 +============================================================================ +Thanks to: + James Allenspach jima@buhub.bradley.edu + Ken Tubman dprkmt@arco.com + David K. Poulsen poulsen@csrd.uiuc.edu + Subodh Bapat mailrus!uflorida!rm1!bapat@uunet.uu.net + Tim Dodge dodgeT%moravian.edu@relay.cs.net + David Ruderman ruderman@sbcs.sunysb.edu + Ron Dippold rdippold@drzeus.qualcomm.com + Tim Antonsen antonsen@hpcndaw.CND.HP.COM + Dave Goldsman sman@zomboy.isye.gatech.edu + JV Heiskanen jvh@mits.mdata.fi + Matt Thomas tbirds@atlas.unm.edu + Matthew Wall wall@cc.swarthmore.edu + Stephen C. Miller stcmille@copper.ucs.indiana.edu + Yngve Raustein raustein@athena.mit.edu + Forrest Cahoon cahoon@cs.umn.edu + Jeff Frane gummitch@techbook.com + Michael L. Cole mlcole@nevada.edu + Lisa Henn lisa@boa.cis.ohio-state.edu + Eric McCaughrin mccaughe@cad.berkeley.edu + Daniel Ashlock Danwell@iastate.edu + Al Clark clark@netcom.com + Phil Corless apucorle@idbsu.idbsu.edu + Deb Whiteney dwhitney@hamp.hampshire.edu + dstephen@cmsa.gmr.com + +and me + + Mike Goldsman goldsman@cc.prism.gatech.edu + +Please send me any additions/correction to me... + +============================================================================ +Bobby Knight told me this: 'There is nothing that a good defense +cannot beat a better offense.' In other words a good offense wins. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle comparing the + offensive capabilities of the Warsaw Pact + with the defensive system of NATO + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the +Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, +we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If +oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + +What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind +at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + +You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy +campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you +will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + +Quayle stumbled in response to a question about his opinion of the +Holocaust. He said it was "an obscene period in our nation's history." +Then, trying to clarify his remark, Quayle said he meant "this century's +history" and added a confusing comment. "We all lived in this century, +I didn't live in this century," he said. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We expect them [Salvadoran officials] to work toward the elimination +of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices +to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a +single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and +democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, +and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + +It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves +as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. +I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - +which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. +We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked +very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, +making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I not going to focus on what I have done in the past +what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. +The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I +have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed +without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + +Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of +the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, +two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in +Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. +Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + +May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayle's 1989 Christmas card. + [Not a beacon of literacy, though.] + +Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + [this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny] + +getting [cruise missles] more accurate so that we can have precise precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missles + +I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that +have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + +[I will never have] another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, +Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Benson debate + +Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and +I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of +situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news +conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does +that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency,1988 + +Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm +my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more +handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + +I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this +country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The real question for 1988 is whether we're going to go forward to +tomorrow or past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, +family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're +happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We're going to have the best-educated American people in the +world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This election is about who's going to be the next President of the +United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with +the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the +definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful pause] A +mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other arrangements of the +family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful +family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have +a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I +believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in +our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we +want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my +family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three +children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all +have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of +civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. +And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this +Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family +means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing +that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +No, I had no problem communicating with Latin American heads of state - +though now I do wish I had paid more attention to Latin when I was in +high school. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +...Buzz Lukens took that fateful step... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle confusing the sexual + assaulter/congressman with Astronaut Buzz Aldren. + +Ok, I won't open it until then + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after having been + presented with an empty box that was to contain + a gift from a sailing team in South America. + He was told that the gift was not ready yet, + but that it would be presented to him when they + arrived in the United States. + +During the White House Easter Egg Roll of 1991, Quayle signed autographs +using only his finger. He had prepared pre-signed cards which his aides +handed out while he made signing gestures. This allowed him +to move briskly and efficiently through the crowd, said his spokesman. + +Dan Quale, in April 1991, was concerned that his advisors +may be getting out of touch with "Real Americans." In order +to combat this, he suggested that they read People magazine. + +People that are really very wierd can get into sensative positions +and have a tremendous impact on history. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I stand by all the misstatements that I've made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I'm going to be a vice president very much like George Bush was. +He proved to be a very effective vice president, perhaps the most effective +we've had in a couple of hundred years. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The loss of life will be irreplaceable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + after the San Francisco earthquake + +I have made good judgements in the Past. +I have made good judgements in the Future. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Let me tell you something. As we were walking around in the store, Marilyn +and I were just really impressed by all the novelties and the different types +of little things that you could get for Christmas. And all the people that +would help you, they were dressed up in things that said 'I believe in Santa +Claus.' And the only thing that I could think is that I believe in +George Bush. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a garden center and + produce store in Baltimore (from the Los Angeles Times, + Douglas Jehl, November 6, 1988) + + + +It's a very valuable function and requirement that you're performing, +so have a great day and keep a stiff upper lip. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +The President is going to benefit from me reporting directly to him +when I arrive. + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the +impurities in our air and water that are doing it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +We have a firm commitment to NATO, we are a *part* of NATO. We +have a firm commitment to Europe. We are a *part* of Europe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would not have married Dan Quayle had I not thought he was an equal to me. + -- Marilyn Quayle + + +I could take this home, Marilyn. This is something teenage boys might find of +interest. + --Vice President Dan Quayle, when purchasing a South + African Indian Doll that, when lifted, dislpays an erection. + +When you make as many speeches and you talk as much as I do and you get away +from the text, it's always a possibility to get a few words tangled here and +there + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (LA Herald Examiner 10/3/88) + +Public Speaking is very easy. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to reporters in 10/88 + +I happen to be a Republican president- ah, the vice president. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (Newsweek 4/9/90) + +I've never professed to be anything but an average student. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the + VP debate in Omaha, Nebraska (10/88) + +The other day [the President] said, I know you've had some rough times, and I +want to do something that will show the nation what faith that I have in you, +in your maturity and sense of responsibility. (He paused, then said) Would you +like a puppy? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (LA Times 5/21/89) + +In George Bush you get experience, and with me you get- The Future! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in eastern Illinois + (LA Times 10/19/88) + +I've been told to keep my remarks relatively brief. I understand Quayle-hunting +season begins at noon. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to a crowd in Eau Claire, Wisc. + (LA Times 10/16/88) + +The destruction, it is just very heart-rendering. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle attempting to say the + SF earthquake wreckage was heart-rending + (Newsweek 10/30/89) + +I spend a great deal of time with the President. We have a very +close, personal,loyal relationship. I'm not, as they say, a potted +plant in these meetings. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (Tampa Tribune-Times 1/7/90) + +When I talked to him on the phone yetserday. I called him George rather than +Mr. Vice President. But, in public, it's Mr. Vice President, because that is +who he is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle shortly after being named + Geo. Bush's running mate (8/28/88 the NY Times). + + + +I'm glad you asked me that. This gives me the perfect +opportunity to talk about the problems with this Congress... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to reporter's + questions about his use of Air force 2 to + go on golf trips at the cost of $26,000/hour + +I love California, I practically grew up in Pheonix + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will, +never, never surrender to what is right + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, in a speech + to the Christian Coalition + +Maybe you guys will get lucky this year and face the Orioles in the +World Series + -- Vice President Dan Quayle encouraging the Milwaukee + Brewers after throwing out the opening pitch of the + season. (5/3/92 Sunday Detroit News) + +Do you treat them with DDT? + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle asking doctors at an + AIDS clinic about their treatments of choice. + (Reported on Paul Harvey) + +The cause of the riots were the rioters + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving an intelligent + analysis of the LA riots. + +It's immoral to parent irresponsibly... And it doesn't help +matters any when prime time tv, like "Murphy Brown", a character +who is supposed to represent a successful career woman of today, +mocks the importance of the father by bearing a child alone, +and calling it just another "lifestyle choice." Marriage is +probably the best anti-poverty program there is... +Even though our cultural leaders in Hollywood, network TV, the +national newspapers routinely jeer at [such values] I think most of +us in this room know that some things are good, and other things are wrong. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing the + Commonwealth Club of San Francisco and criticizing + Murphy Brown's decision to NOT have an abortion + and to be a single (highly successful) mother. + When told about Quayle's comments, a senior + Bush campaign official replied only "Oh, dear." + + +I think especially in her position, a highly successful professional +woman, it would be a real exception to have an unwed child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to The Chron's Jerry Roberts. + +I don't watch it, but I know enough to comment on it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending his opinions about + the TV show "Murphy Borwn" [Las Vegas RJ 21 May 92] + +The intergenerational poverty that troubles us so much today is +predominantly a poverty of values. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Illegitimacy is something we should talk about in terms of +not having it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/quayleq.txt b/politicalTextFiles/quayleq.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84b2679 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/quayleq.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +A list of Quayle quotes. +========================================================================= + + Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better + prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place + to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to + defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country + will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the + Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, + we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If + oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN + the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that + is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + + What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind + at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + + You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy + campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you + will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + + Quayle stumbled in response to a question about his opinion of the + Holocaust. He said it was "an obscene period in our nation's history." + Then, trying to clarify his remark, Quayle said he meant "this century's + history" and added a confusing comment. "We all lived in this century, + I didn't live in this century," he said. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + We expect them Salvadoran officials to work toward the elimination + of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices + to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a + single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and + democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, + and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + + It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves + as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. + I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - + which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. + We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked + very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, + making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + + I not going to focus on what I have done in the past + what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. + The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I + have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed + without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + + Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of + the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, + two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in + Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. + Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + + May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayles' 1989 Christmas card. + Not a beacon of literacy, though. + + Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny + +.. getting cruise missiles more accurate so that we can have precise +precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missles + + I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that + have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + + I will never have another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, + Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Bentson debate + + Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and + I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of + situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news + conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does + that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency,1988 + + Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm + my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more + handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + + I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this + country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + The real question for 1988 is whether we're going to go forward to + tomorrow or past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, + family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're + happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + We're going to have the best-educated American people in the + world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + This election is about who's going to be the next President of the + United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with + the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the + definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful + pause] A mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other + arrangements of the family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful + family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have + a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I + believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in + our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we + want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my + family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three + children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all + have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of + civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. + And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this + Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family + means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing + that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- + Newsflash X/X 1992 Newsflash + + St. Louis, MO --(UPI)-- Vice President Dan Quayle today visited St. + Lous, MO, which bears a heavy population descended from German + immigrants. In order to show support for the newly-unified country of + Germany, fatherland of many in the audience, he repeated John F. + Kennedy's words of support 30 years earlier, but this time in English, + "I am a Jelly Doughnut!" Political commentators agreed that something + was lost in the translation. Dan Quayle explained his remark by saying + that he had been told that those who lived in central America enjoyed + jelly doughnuts. +tlodba$ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/quayleqt.txt b/politicalTextFiles/quayleqt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbe0ad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/quayleqt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,672 @@ + +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes Last updated July 24, 1992 +============================================================================ +Thanks to: + James Allenspach jima@buhub.bradley.edu + Ken Tubman dprkmt@arco.com + David K. Poulsen poulsen@csrd.uiuc.edu + Subodh Bapat mailrus!uflorida!rm1!bapat@uunet.uu.net + Tim Dodge dodgeT%moravian.edu@relay.cs.net + David Ruderman ruderman@sbcs.sunysb.edu + Ron Dippold rdippold@drzeus.qualcomm.com + Tim Antonsen antonsen@hpcndaw.CND.HP.COM + Dave Goldsman sman@zomboy.isye.gatech.edu + JV Heiskanen jvh@mits.mdata.fi + Matt Thomas tbirds@atlas.unm.edu + Matthew Wall wall@cc.swarthmore.edu + Stephen C. Miller stcmille@copper.ucs.indiana.edu + Yngve Raustein raustein@athena.mit.edu + Forrest Cahoon cahoon@cs.umn.edu + Jeff Frane gummitch@techbook.com + Michael L. Cole mlcole@nevada.edu + Lisa Henn lisa@boa.cis.ohio-state.edu + Eric McCaughrin mccaughe@cad.berkeley.edu + Daniel Ashlock Danwell@iastate.edu + Al Clark clark@netcom.com + Phil Corless apucorle@idbsu.idbsu.edu + Heather Blair h431@midway.uchicago.edu + dwhitney@hamp.hampshire.edu + Dave Stephenson dstephen@cmsa.gmr.com + Marc Wasserman mwasserm@diana.cair.du.edu + Jim Summers summers@asylum.cs.utah.edu + Brian Curran brian@meaddata.com + D. Alex Neilson neilson@skat.usc.edu + Scott Safier corwin+@cmu.edu + dascoser.bbs@cybernet.cse.fau.edu + Sierra Sponaugle sponaugl@silver.ucs.indiana.edu + John Murray dylan@drycas.club.cc.cmu.edu + Patricia Bender bender@riscee.pko.dec.com + Marc Andreessen marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu + Jerry Cox sasjec@asimov.unx.sas.com + Jan Peerson peerson@neyman.ucdavis.edu + Japan Info Soc jis@sfsuvax1.sfsu.edu + Rick Zaccone zaccone@rigel.cs.bucknell.edu + Patrick Pape pape@miller.cs.uwm.edu + pmk@craycos.com (Peter Klausler) + Daniel Hinojosa hinojosa@hpwrc07.hp.com + Julio Vidal vidal@mitvma.mit.edu + Dave Regan regan@jacobs.cs.orst.edu + Jim Puccio puccio@media.mit.edu + Dhanesh Samarasan dks@athena.mit.edu + + +and me: + + Mike Goldsman goldsman@cc.gatech.edu + + 36004 Gatech Station + Atlanta, GA 30332 + (404) 894-7302 (w) + (404) 872-5146 (h) + +Please send me any additions/corrections to this list. +It seems to be growing faster than I can keep up !!! + +============================================================================ +Bobby Knight told me this: 'There is nothing that a good defense +cannot beat a better offense.' In other words a good offense wins. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle comparing the + offensive capabilities of the Warsaw Pact + with the defensive system of NATO + +Why wouldn't an enhanced deterrent, a more stable peace, a better +prospect to denying the ones who enter conflict in the first place +to have a reduction of offensive systems and an introduction to +defensive capability. I believe that is the route this country +will eventually go. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Mars is essentially in the same orbit... somewhat the same distance from the +Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, +we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If +oxygen, that means we can breathe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Hawaii has always been a very pivotal role in the Pacific. It is IN +the Pacific. It is a part of the United States that is an island that +is right here. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, + Hawaii, September 1989 + +What a terrible thing to have lost one's mind. Or not to have a mind +at all. How true that is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle winning friends while + speaking to the United Negro College Fund + +You all look like happy campers to me. Happy campers you are, happy +campers you have been, and, as far as I am concerned, happy campers you +will always be. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the American Samoans, + whose capital Quayle pronounces "Pogo Pogo" + +"The Holocaust was an obscene period in our nation's history. I mean +in this century's history. But we all lived in this century. I didn't +live in this century." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + (The New Yorker, October 10, 1988, p.102) + +We expect them [Salvadoran officials] to work toward the elimination +of human rights. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +El Salvador is a democracy so it's not surprising that there are many voices +to be heard here. Yet in my conversations with Salvadorans... I have heard a +single voice. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and +democracy - but that could change. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, +and that one word is 'to be prepared'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, to the Phoenix Republican + Forum, March 1990 + +It's rural America. It's where I came from. We always refer to ourselves +as real America. Rural America, real America, real, real, America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Target prices? How that works? I know quite a bit about farm policy. +I come from Indiana, which is a farm state. Deficiency payments - +which are the key - that is what gets money into the farmer's hands. +We got loan, uh, rates, we got target, uh, prices, uh, I have worked +very closely with my senior colleague, (Indiana Sen.) Richard Lugar, +making sure that the farmers of Indiana are taken care of. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle on being asked to + define the term "target prices." + Quayle's press secretary then cut short the press + conference, after two minutes and 30 seconds. + +I'm not going to focus on what I have done in the past +what I stand for, what I articulate to the American people. +The American people will judge me on what I am saying and what I +have done in the last 12 years in the Congress. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I want to be Robin to Bush's Batman. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We should develop anti-satellite weapons because we could not have prevailed +without them in 'Red Storm Rising'. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The US has a vital interest in that area of the country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle Referring to Latin America. + +Japan is an important ally of ours. Japan and the United States of +the Western industrialized capacity, 60 percent of the GNP, +two countries. That's a statement in and of itself. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Who would have predicted... that Dubcek, who brought the tanks in in +Czechoslovakia in 1968 is now being proclaimed a hero in Czechoslovakia. +Unbelievable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + Actually, Dubcek was the leader of the Prague Spring. + +May our nation continue to be the beakon of hope to the world. + -- The Quayle's 1989 Christmas card. + [Not a beacon of literacy, though.] + +Well, it looks as if the top part fell on the bottom part. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to + the collapsed section of the 880 freeway after + the San Francisco earthquake of 1989. + [this may be a joke; the source is unclear. + but it's still funny] + +getting [cruise missiles] more accurate so that we can have precise precision. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle referring to his legislative + work dealing with cruise missiles + +I can identify with steelworkers. I can identify with workers that +have had a difficult time. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing workers at + an Ohio steel plant,1988 + +[I will never have] another Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy, +Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter grain embargo, Jimmy Carter grain embargo. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the Bentsen debate + +Certainly, I know what to do, and when I am Vice President -- and +I will be -- there will be contingency plans under different sets of +situations and I tell you what, I'm not going to go out and hold a news +conference about it. I'm going to put it in a safe and keep it there! Does +that answer your question? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle when asked what he + would do if he assumed the Presidency (1988) + +Lookit, I've done it their way this far and now it's my turn. I'm +my own handler. Any questions? Ask me ... There's not going to be any more +handler stories because I'm the handler ... I'm Doctor Spin. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to press reports + his aides having to, in effect, "potty train" him. + +I would guess that there's adequate low-income housing in this +country. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Let me just tell you how thrilling it really is, and how, +what a challange it is, because in 1988 the question is +whether we're going forward to tomorrow or whether we're +going to go past to the -- to the back! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We don't want to go back to tomorrow, we want to go forward. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I have made good judgements in the Past. +I have made good judgements in the Future. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +The future will be better tomorrow. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I have a very strong record on the Environment in the United States Senate. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I was known as the chief grave robber of my state. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We will invest in our people, quality education, job opportunity, +family, neighborhood, and yes, a thing we call America. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We'll let the sunshine in and shine on us, because today we're +happy and tomorrow we'll be even happier. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 + +We're going to have the best-educated American people in the +world. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This election is about who's going to be the next President of the +United States! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 1988 +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes - brought to you by Michael Goldsman (goldsman@cc.gatech.edu) +============================================================================ + + Don't forget about the importance of the family. It begins with +the family. We're not going to redefine the family. Everybody knows the +definition of the family. [Meaningful pause] A child. [Meaningful pause] A +mother. [Meaningful pause] A father. There are other arrangements of the +family, but that is a family and family values. + I've been very blessed with wonderful parents and a wonderful +family, and I am proud of my family. Anybody turns to their family. I have +a very good family. I'm very fortunate to have a very good family. I +believe very strongly in the family. It's one of the things we have in +our platform, is to talk about it. + I suppose three important things certainly come to my mind that we +want to say thank you. The first would be our family. Your family, my +family -- which is composed of an immediate family of a wife and three +children, a larger family with grandparents and aunts and uncles. We all +have our family, whichever that may be ... The very beginnings of +civilization, the very beginnings of this country, goes back to the family. +And time and time again, I'm often reminded, especially in this +Presidential campaign, of the importance of a family, and what a family +means to this country. And so when you pay thanks I suppose the first thing +that would come to mind would be to thank the Lord for the family. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +...Buzz Lukens took that fateful step... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle confusing the sexual + assaulter/congressman with Astronaut Buzz Aldrin. + +Okay, I won't open it until then + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after having been + presented with an empty box that was to contain + a gift from a sailing team in South America. + He was told that the gift was not ready yet, + but that it would be presented to him when they + arrived in the United States. + +During the White House Easter Egg Roll of 1991, Quayle signed autographs +using only his finger. He had prepared pre-signed cards which his aides +handed out while he made signing gestures. This allowed him +to move briskly and efficiently through the crowd, said his spokesman. + +Dan Quayle, in April 1991, was concerned that his advisors +may be getting out of touch with "Real Americans." In order +to combat this, he suggested that they read People magazine. + +People that are really very wierd can get into sensative positions +and have a tremendous impact on history. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I stand by all the misstatements that I've made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I'm going to be a vice president very much like George Bush was. +He proved to be a very effective vice president, perhaps the most effective +we've had in a couple of hundred years. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would like to express my sympathy to all those impacted by this disaster. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle standing in front + of the collapsed section of highway caused by the + Loma Preta quake. (CNN) + +The loss of life will be irreplaceable. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + after the San Francisco earthquake + +I couldn't help but be impressed by the magnitude of the earthquake. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, stepping out of + the helicopter upon arrival at Alameda Naval Air + Station. + + +Let me tell you something. As we were walking around in the store, Marilyn +and I were just really impressed by all the novelties and the different types +of little things that you could get for Christmas. And all the people that +would help you, they were dressed up in things that said 'I believe in Santa +Claus.' And the only thing that I could think is that I believe in +George Bush. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a garden center and + produce store in Baltimore (from the Los Angeles Times, + Douglas Jehl, November 6, 1988) + + + +It's a very valuable function and requirement that you're performing, +so have a great day and keep a stiff upper lip. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +The President is going to benefit from me reporting directly to him +when I arrive. + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + remarks to oil spill clean-up workers at Prince + William Sound, May, 1989 + +It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the +impurities in our air and water that are doing it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + + +We have a firm commitment to NATO, we are a *part* of NATO. We +have a firm commitment to Europe. We are a *part* of Europe. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I would not have married Dan Quayle had I not thought he was an equal to me. + -- Marilyn Quayle + + +I could take this home, Marilyn. This is something teenage boys might find of +interest. + --Vice President Dan Quayle, when purchasing a South + African Indian Doll that, when lifted, displays an erection. + +When you make as many speeches and you talk as much as I do and you get away +from the text, it's always a possibility to get a few words tangled here and +there + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (LA Herald Examiner 10/3/88) + +Public Speaking is very easy. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to reporters in 10/88 + +I am not part of the problem. I am a Republican. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I happen to be a Republican president- ah, the vice president. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (Newsweek 4/9/90) + +I've never professed to be anything but an average student. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during the + VP debate in Omaha, Nebraska (10/88) + +The other day [the President] said, I know you've had some rough times, and I +want to do something that will show the nation what faith that I have in you, +in your maturity and sense of responsibility. (He paused, then said) Would you +like a puppy? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle (LA Times 5/21/89) + +In George Bush you get experience, and with me you get- The Future! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in eastern Illinois + (LA Times 10/19/88) + +I've been told to keep my remarks relatively brief. I understand Quayle-hunting +season begins at noon. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to a crowd in Eau Claire, Wisc. + (LA Times 10/16/88) + +The destruction, it is just very heart-rendering. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle attempting to say the + SF earthquake wreckage was heart-rending + (Newsweek 10/30/89) + +I spend a great deal of time with the President. We have a very +close, personal,loyal relationship. I'm not, as they say, a potted +plant in these meetings. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending himself + (Tampa Tribune-Times 1/7/90) + +When I talked to him on the phone yetserday. I called him George rather than +Mr. Vice President. But, in public, it's Mr. Vice President, because that is +who he is. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle shortly after being named + Geo. Bush's running mate (8/28/88 the NY Times). + +I'm glad you asked me that. This gives me the perfect +opportunity to talk about the problems with this Congress... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle responding to reporter's + questions about his use of Air force 2 to + go on golf trips at the cost of $26,000/hour + +I love California, I practically grew up in Phoenix + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +My friends, no matter how rough the road may be, we can and we will, +never, never surrender to what is right + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, in a speech + to the Christian Coalition + +Maybe you guys will get lucky this year and face the Orioles in the +World Series + -- Vice President Dan Quayle encouraging the Milwaukee + Brewers after throwing out the opening pitch of the + season. (5/3/92 Sunday Detroit News) + +Are they taking DDT? + + -- Vice President Dan Quayle asking doctors at a Manhattan + AIDS clinic about their treatments of choice. + (NY Post, early May 92) + +We are leaders of the world of the space program. +We have been the leaders of the world of our... of the space program +and we're not going to continue where we're going to go, not withstanding +the Soviet Union's demise and collapse - the former Soviet Union - we now +have independent republics which used to be called the Soviet Union. +Space is the next frontier to be explored. And we're going to explore. +Think of all the things we rely upon in space today: communications +from... Japan, detection of potential ballistic missle attacks. Ballistic +missles are still here. Other nations do have ballistic missles. How do +you think we were able to detect some of the Scud missles and things like +that? Space, reconnaissance, weather, communications - you name it. We +use space a lot today. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes - brought to you by Michael Goldsman (goldsman@cc.gatech.edu) +============================================================================ + +America is great, because America is free. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Sometimes cameras and television are good to people and sometimes they +aren't. I don't know if its the way you say it, or how you look. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I just don't believe in the basic concept that someone should make their +whole career in public service. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +If you listen to the news, read the news, you'd think we were still +in a recession. Well, we're not in a recession. We've had growth; +people need to know that. They need to be more upbeat, more positive... + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in October 91 + +Need any help? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in October 91 addressing + announced 74,000 layoffs + +The message of David Duke, is this, basically: Big government, anti-big +government, get out of my pocketbook, cut my taxes, put welfare people +back to work. That's a very popular message. The problem is the messenger. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I do have a political agenda. It's to have as few regulations as possible. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Sam, had a great time this weekend but the golf was lousey. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle in a handwritten note + written to Sam Snead in the summer of 1991, + after they had played a round of golf. + (Herald-Times, Bloomington, IN, July 15, 1992) + +Who's responsible for the riots? The rioters! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving an intelligent, in-depth + analysis of the LA riots. (Herb Caen, SF Chronicle) + +It's immoral to parent irresponsibly... And it doesn't help +matters any when prime time tv, like "Murphy Brown", a character +who is supposed to represent a successful career woman of today, +mocks the importance of the father by bearing a child alone, +and calling it just another "lifestyle choice." Marriage is +probably the best anti-poverty program there is... +Even though our cultural leaders in Hollywood, network TV, the +national newspapers routinely jeer at [such values] I think most of +us in this room know that some things are good, and other things are wrong. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle addressing the + Commonwealth Club of San Francisco and criticizing + Murphy Brown's decision to NOT have an abortion + and to be a single (highly successful) mother. + When told about Quayle's comments, a senior + Bush campaign official replied only "Oh, dear." + Bush's top aid said, "The world is a lot more complex + than Dan would like to believe" + +I think especially in her position, a highly successful professional +woman, it would be a real exception to have an unwed child. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle to The Chron's Jerry Roberts. + +I don't watch it, but I know enough to comment on it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle defending his opinions about + the TV show "Murphy Brown" [Las Vegas RJ 21 May 92] + +The intergenerational poverty that troubles us so much today is +predominantly a poverty of values. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Illegitimacy is something we should talk about in terms of +not having it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +Speaking as a man, it's not a woman's issue. Us men are tired +of losing our women + -- Vice President Dan Quayle talking about + breast cancer + +I want to show you an optimistic sign that things are beginning +to turn around. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle trying to convince reporters + that the economy was doing better because a + Burger King had a "now hiring" sign in the window. + He was campaigning for reelection in Ontario, CA + in January 1992. + +You have a part-time job and that's better to no job at all + -- Vice President Dan Quayle after the manager of the + Burger King had said that the jobs offered were part-time + minimum wage jobs, which didn't pay enough to live on, + and that "It's hard to find people who want to actually + show up for the job." + +Wouldn't it be wonderful to have a cure for AIDS in the marketplace +before Magic Johnson gets AIDS? + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, 11/13/91 (CNN) + +We're in Florida. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining why he + had just purchased four peaches (and no citrus + fruits -- for which Florida is famous) at a Publix + supermarket in Oakland Park, Florida. Georgia (which + IS famous for peaches) did not gain from the transaction, + however; the peaches were from Chile. (The Sunstenial) + +I deserve respect for the things I did not do. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +I feel that this [1981] is my first year, that next year is an +election year, that the third year is the mid point and that the +fourth year is the last chance I'll have to make a record since the +last two years, I'll be a candidate again. Everything I do in those +last two years will be posturing for the election. But right now I +don't have to do that. + -- Senator Dan Quayle + +I don't have to experience tragedy to understand it. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle during a photo-op + in LA, responding to criticisms that he didn't + understand what it meant to live in the "inner + city." (WRAL 6/23/92) + +My position is that I understand from a medical situation, immediately +after a rape is reported, that a woman normally, in fact, can go to the +hospital and have a D and C. At that time... that is before the forming +of a life. That is not anything to do with abortion + -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining that Dilatation + and Curettage, a form of abortion which occurs + after fertilization, is not really abortion. + (the Washington post, 11/03/88) + +Add one little bit on the end... Think of 'potato,' how's it spelled? +You're right phonetically, but what else...? There ya go...alright! + -- Vice President Dan Quayle correcting a student's + correct spelling of the word "potatoe" during + a spelling bee at an elementary school in Trenton. + +I should have caught the mistake on that spelling bee card. But +as Mark Twain once said, "You should never trust a man who has only +one way to spell a word." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, actually quoting from + President Andrew Jackson. + +People who Bowl Vote. +Bowlers are not the cultural elite. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle while at a Las Vegas bowling + alley. the Vice-President bowled 5 times, and knocked + down 19 pins. (6/25/92, San Jose Mercury News) + The American Bowling Congress projected his score for a + full game to be 76. The Detroit average for amateur + players is 163 (USA Today, 7/6/92) + +It would be a serious mistake to replace a seasoned statesman with a +tempermental tycoon who has no respect for the constitution. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle giving his opinion about + Ross Perot's presidential campaign (June 1992) + +Dan Quayle had a trip planned to Beijing, but was worried because of +Xthe turmoil at that end. His security adviser however informed him that +Xit was pretty safe for D.Q. as, "They are only harassing intellectuals." + +And the President put his hand on my shoulder and said: "Dan, +I _knew_ Spiro Agnew. He was a friend of mine. And Dan... +You're no Spiro Agnew!" + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +This president is going to lead us out of this recovery. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle at a campaign stop in + California and and then at CA State University, Fresno + (The Quayle Quarterly, Spring/Summer 1992) + +We have to do more than just elect a new president if we truly want to +change this country." + -- Vice President Dan Quayle + +We are ready for any unforseen event that may or may not occur + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, September 1990 + +For NASA, space is still a high priority. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, September 1990 + +[The U.S. victory in Gulf war was a] stirring victory for the +forces of aggression. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle, April 1991 + +I hope I never have to deal with it. But obviously I would counsel her +and talk to her and support her on whatever decision she made. + -- Vice President Dan Quayle respondiing to Larry + King's question of how he would react if his 13-year-old + daughter chose to have an abortion. (CNN, July 22, 1992) + Marilyn Quayle later remarked that her daughter would + "take the child to term." +============================================================================ +Quayle Quotes - brought to you by Michael Goldsman (goldsman@cc.gatech.edu) +============================================================================ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Mike Goldsman __o o__ o__ o__ o__ +36004 Ga Tech Station _ \<,_ _.>/ _ _.>/ _ _.>/ _ _.>/ _ +Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (_)/ (_) (_) \(_) (_) \(_) (_) \(_) (_) \(_) +begin 600 mikeskey.pub +MF8X ZAA:*@AG;VQDF4E6K1P.[)Z%6I)@$M_I< +M2-L>:-]*PXH 70_R)Z^HD:Q!1LA;$DL6\I3SJZ/%TB& )A]%NL$2UI.R;@'W +*;AEF;KPY+P4 $0_R +end diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/radical.txt b/politicalTextFiles/radical.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48e7c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/radical.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7257 @@ + + +Address List for radical organizers +15 October 1992 + +This list was put together to help radical activists establish +contacts and to be used as a handy reference. It was largely +compiled from magazines and other lists. Some of the addresses +here are bound to be wrong, especially the older ones. +'Lang:'=languages spoken, (s:ZAG 6/92) is the source code. +Time is listed in 24h format. There is further information on +the last page. +NOTE: this is not an alternative Youth Hostel guide! +This list is available by FTP from ftp.css.itd.umich.edu +/poli. Please send corrections and additions to mckay@igc.org +or: + +ADDRESS LIST +c/o Love and Rage +PO Box 3 +Prince St. Station +New York, NY 10012 +USA + +or + +rad.doc + + +ADDRESS LIST +c/o APS +Postbus 6452 +NL-1005 EL Amsterdam +the Netherlands + +# Argentina # + +* Ricardo Accurso +Grupo Impulso Autogestionario +C.C. 984 +2000 Rosario +Area Correspondent +La Casa, a building shared by a number of independent groups, +including anarchists. (s:L&R 1/91) + +* Bibliotheca Popular Jose Ingenieros +Juan ramiro de Velasco 958 +1414 Buenos Aires +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/92) + +* F.L.A. + +: + +Brasil 1551 +1159 Buenos Aires +Argentina Federacion Libertaria, anarchist contact for +Argentina. (s:L&R 1/91) + +* F.O.R.A. +Onel. Salvadores 1200 +1167 Buenos Aires +Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina. Anarchist contact. +(s:L&R 1/92) + +* Fundacion para la Promocion de los Pueblos Indigenas +"Oyemboati" +C. de la Paz 2452 +8oB Buenos Aires 1428 +Tel: +541-782-3821 +Indigenous rights (s:SAIIC 3/92) + +* La Protesta Daniel Ferro +Casilla de Correo 20 +1439 Buenos Aires +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/92) + + +: + +# Australia # + +* Anarchist Media Institute +P.O. Box 20 +Parkville 3052 +Melbourne +Tel: +61-03-822-7940 +Formed in '86 by The Libertarian Workers for a Self-Managed +Society. Press releases and other dealings with mass media. +Also the address for the LWSMS and The Anarchist Age. (s:4/92) + +* Black rose +583a King Str. +Newtown 2042 +Sydney +Tel: +61-02-519-9194 +Anarchist Bookshop (s:AA 12/90) + +* Emma's Bookshop +82A Vulture Str. +West End 4101 +Brisbane +Tel: +61-07-844-4973 + +: + +Anarchist Bookshop (s:AA 12/90) + +* Green Left +PO Box 394 +Broadway +NSW 2007 +Australia +Tel: +61 02 690 1230 +fax: +61 02 690 1381 +e-mail: CDP:Peg:Greenleft (Pegasus) +Weekly newspaper put out by the Democratic Socialist Party. +(Former Trotskyist now Green) (s:2/92) + +* Jura Books +110 Crystal Str. +Petersham 2049 +Sydney +Tel: +61-02-550-9931 +Anarchist Bookshop (s:AA 12/90) + +* Pegasus Networks/ EarthNet +PO Box 424 +Byron Bay 2481 + +: + +New South Wales +Tel: +61-66-856-789 +Fax: +61-66-856-962 +e-mail: support@peg.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 11/90) + +* The Squatters Union +c/o F.Jacobsen +Post office Box 1127 +North Fitzroy +3068 Victoria (s:L&R 1/92) + +# Austria # +Wien, Vienna + +* Buerogemeinschaft Schottengasse +Schottengasse 3a/1/4/59 +A-1010 Wien +Tel: +43-222- +-Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer Wehrdienstverweigerung und +Gewaltfreiheit. Tel: -535-9109 +-Wiener Initiative "Oesterreich ohne Heer". Tel: -533-1238 +-SCI, Service Civil International-Oesterreicher Zweig. Tel: - + +: + +535-9108. +-EG Opposition- Kritisches EG Information und Aktionsbuero. +Tel: -535-1106 +Office complex with various peace and justice groups, radical +non-violent (s:2/91) + +* Frauen Solidaritaet +Weyrgasse 5/1 +1030 Wien +tel: +43-222-713-3594/Kl. 80 +Women Solidarity, quarterly, women and 3rd world. (s:91) + +* Homosexuelle Initiative Wien + +HOSI +Novaragasse +A-1020 Wien (s:2/91) + +* Infoladen Wien +Margaretenguertel 122-124/1/keller +A-1050 Wien +Tel +43-222-542-307 +Fax: +43-222-535-3856 + +: + +Lang: Ger, Eng, (Span) +Palestine (s:5/92) + +* Medienzentrum HTU +Wiedner Hauptstr. 8 +A-1040 Wien +Tel: +43-222-5486-1868 +Fax: +43-222-5691-54 (s:7/92) + +* Rosa Lila Villa +Linke Wienzeile 102 +A-1060 Wien +Tel: +43-222-568-150 +Lesbian and Gay House, (s:2/91) + +* TATBLATT +Gumpendorferstrasse 157/11 +A-1060 Wien +Tel +43-222-568-078 M-Th. 12-16h +Autonomist Paper (s:Tat 7/92) + +* Infoladen Linz +Kapuzinerstr. 36 + +: + +A-4020 Linz +Tel: +43-732-279-660 +Lang: ger, eng +antifa, women, squating, "Rechtshilfegruppe" +Contacts to groups: Kurds, homosexual groups (s:c 4/92) + +* Gruppe Infoladen +c/o Potjemkin +Ellsabethstr. 11 +A-5020 Salzburg (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Autonomous Frauenzentrum Frauenbeisl +Michael Gaismair str. 8 +A-6020 Innsbruck +Tel: +43-5222-275-845 +Autonomous women's center (s:EAC 89) + +* Platform fuer Frieden und Neutralitaet +c/o Carl Hofer +Amraserstr. 39/8 +A-6020 Innsbruck +Distributing brochure about blocade against the tank transport +through Austria. 5 DM (s:91) + +: + + +* Infoladen Graz +Schillerstr. 7/19 +A-8010 Graz (s:Clash 6/92) + +# Belgium # +Bruxelles, Brussel, Brussels +* Alternative Libertaire +2 rue de L'Inquisition +B-1040 Bruxelles +Tel: +32-2-736-2776 +Anarchist monthly in french (s:2/92) + +* A-Infos +Guernica +65 Rue du Midi +B-1000 Brussels +Anarchist news briefs. Guernica is a bar in the anarchist +scene.(s:Kal 10/91) + +* Anti-Imperialistische Bund +Kazernestraat 68 +B-1000 Brussels + +: + +Tel: +32-2-151-353 (s:EAC 89) + +* Antwerp BBS +BBS: +31-32-3877-0709 (s:8/91) + +* Correspondance Revolutionaires +BP 1310 +B-1000 Bruxelles 1 (s:AN 6/91) + +* CNAPD +34, rue de la Tulipe +B-1050 Bruxelles +Tel: +32-2-511-3699 +fax: +32-2-514-2813 +Comite National d'Action pour la Paix et la Developpment. +French organization. (s:2/91) + +* Studiekring Vrij onderzoek +Pleinlaan 2 +B-1050 Brussel +Tel: +32-2-6412328 +"Study circle Free Inquiry" at the Flemish University. +(s:2/91) + +: + + +# Brazil # + +* Anarkia +CP 5036 Cep041 +Porto Alegre Rs +(s:L&R 1/91) + +* Alternex +IBASE +Rua Vincente de Souza 29 +22 251 Rio de Janiero +Tel: +55-21-286-0348 +Fax: +55-21-286-0541 +E-mail: support@ax.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 11/90) + +* CAE-9 +Cx. postal 14576 +CEP 22420 +Rio de Janeiro-PJ +"Celula Anarquista Estufanti de Julho" Student anarchist +group. (s:AA 12/90) + +: + + +* GAJO +Cx. Postal 68003 +CEP 21.944 +Rio de Janeiro-RJ +Grupo Anarquista Jose Oitica. Student anarchist group. (s:AA +12/90) + +* Utopia +Cx. Postal 15001 +CEP 20.155 +Rio de Janeiro-RJ +Anarchist magazine. (s:AA 12/90) + +# Bulgaria # + +* M Gantcho Lazarov Damianov +Makariopolski No 7 +Kazanalak 6100 +Translates anarchist texts into Bulgarian and vice versa for +the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation (s:91) + +* Federation of Anarchist Youth + +: + +Todor Riznikoff +Tr. Kostov No. 4 ET.4 +Sofia (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Green Party +39 Dondukov Blvd. +Sofia 1594 +Tel: +359-2-390-093 (s:10/90) + +# Canada # + +* Lone Fighters National Communications Network +455-12st NW +Calgary, Alberta T2N IY9 +Peigan Native's struggle against dam project (s:L&R 3/92) + +* ALF News + +Box 42 10024-82 Ave +Edmonton, AB T6E 1Z3 +Animal Liberation Front (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Arm the Spirit + +: + +c/o Wild Seed Press +PO Box 57584 +Jackson Station +Hamilton, Ontario L8P 4X3 +Fax: 416-527-2419 +Autonomist/anti-imperialist Paper of militant resistance +(s:7/92) + +* Community Charge +PO Box 57069 +Jackson Station +Hamilton, ONT L8P 4X9 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Kahnawake Nation Office +Tel: 514-638-4750 +Kanesatake +Tel: 514-479-8353 +Mohawk group (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Mohawk Nation Office +P.O. Box 1987 +Kahnawake Quebec JOL 2BO (s:L&R 2/92) + + +: + +* Through the Walls +472 Albert St. +Kingston, ONT K7L 3W3 +Prison Movement (s:L&R 2/92) + +* CCRP +Box 505 +Station Desjardins +Montreal, Quebec H5B 1B6 +Canadian Center on Racism and Prejudice (s:KIO3/92) + +* Our Generation +Suite 444 +3981 boulevard St-Lawrence +Montreal, Quebec H2W IY5 +Tel: (514) 844-4076 +fax: (514) 849-1956 +Independant, semi-annuall journal dealing with the theory and +practice of contemporary anarchism and libertarian socialism. +Also address for Black Rose Books, the largest publisher of +anarchist books in North America. (s:91) + +* Autonomous Green Action + +: + +PO Box 2163, station D +Ottawa, ONT KIP 5W4 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Canadian University Press Nat'l Office +126 York St. +Suite 408 +Ottawa, ONT K1N 515 +Tel: 613-562-1791 (s:NLNS 4/92) + +* Outaouais Outrage +PO Box 4051, Station E +Ottawa, ONT K1F 5B1 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* ACT for Disarmament +736 Bathurst St. +Toronto, M5S 2R4 +Tel: 416-531-6154 +Fax: 416-531-5850 +email: web:act +Publish The Activist bi-monthly, anti-militarist (s:PN 8/92) + +* Anarchist Black Cross Toronto +PO Box 6326, Station A + +: + +Toronto, ONT M5W 1P7 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Buldozer/Prison News Service +P.O. Box 5052 Stn A. +Toronto, Ontario M5W 1W4 +Bimonthly paper (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Campaign of Self Discovery +Sans Garde +82 Willow Avenue #46 +Toronto, Ontario M4E 3K2 +Involved in the 500 year campaign (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Common Frontiers +PO Box 2207, Stn P +Toronto, ONT M5S 2T2 +Coalition of labor, church and community organizations in +Canada, Social Democrat agenda. (s:L&R 6/91) + +* Ecomedia +PO Box 915, Station F +Toronto, ONT M4Y 2N9 +Toronto's Anarchist Bi-weekly. + +: + +Anarchist Hotline: 535-5731 +"Events Listing for activities" (s:2/92) + +* Friends on the Lubicon +485 Ridelle Ave. +Toronto, ONT M6B 1K6 +Tel: 416-783-4694 +Supporting the struggle of the Lubicon Native Nation (s:L&R +4/92) + +* Kick it over +PO Box 5811, Stn A +Toronto, ONT M5W 1P2 +Anarchist paper (s:3/92) + +* Mujer a Mujer Toronto +606 Shaw st. +Toronto, ONT, N16 G3L6 +Women's group (s:EM 4/92) + +* The Rams Horn +125 Highfield Road +Toronto, ONT M4L 2V4 + +: + +"radical and interesting alalysis of both international +economics and trade, focuses on agriculture." paper. (s:L&R +6/91) + +* WEB +Nirv Centre +401 Richmond St. West; suite 104 +Toronto, Ontario M5V 3A8 +Tel: 416-596-0212 +and 416-974-9189 +e-mail: support@web.apc.org +Progressive computer network. (s:PN 4/92) + +* Wimmin Prisoner Survival Network +Box 770, Station P. +Toronto, Ontario M5S 2Z1 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Anarchist Black Cross Vancouver +PO Box 2881 +Vancouver, BC V6B 3X4 +Also for OH-TOH-KIN, native resistance paper (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Endless Struggle + +: + +PO Box 6901 Stn K. +Vancouver, B.C. V5K 4W7 (s:AN 91) + +* Radical Colours +c/o Theubyssey +University of B.C. +241 K, 6138 sub blvd. +Vancouver, B.C. (s:A 6/91) + +* Resistance +c/o Friends of Durruti +PO Box 2881 +Vancouver, BC V6B 3X4 +Autonomous/anti-imperialist magazine (s:L&R 4/92) + +# Chile # + +* Anarchist Collective of Concepcion +International Relations F.A.I. +Eduardo Torres +205 Sauces 426 +Lomos Colorados +Concepcion + +: + + +F.A.I., Intercity Anarchist Federation (s:L&R 11/91) + +* Association de Familiares de Prisoneros Politicos +Casilla 51300 Correo Central +Santiago (s:A 11/91) + +* Oscar Ortiz San Diego +1766 Santiago +Anarchist contact. (s:L&R 1/92) + +# Colombia # + +* X. Walter Alonso +AA 54839 +Medellin +Anarchist group, publish monthly bulletin Caminos +helped by Solidarite Amerique Latine, Grenoble, France (s:L&R +9/91) + +# Costa Rica # + +* Radio for Peace International + +: + +Apartado 88 +Santa Ana +Costa Rico +email: rfpicr@huracan.cr +Independent shortwave radio station (s:Z 7/92) + +# Czechoslovakia # +Praha, Prague + +* A-Kontra +c/o RAMAD +Bubenska 1 +17000 Praha 7 +Tel/Fax/Modem: +42-2-878-531 +Anarchist monthly. Also address for Romano Gendalos, Romani +Culture and Information Bulletin (s:A-K 8/92) + +* Art Forum +Valdsteinska 14 +11800 Praha 1 +Tel: +42-2-513-2551-4 +Art Forum +Karla IV 1 + +: + +36001 Karlovy Vary +Independant bookstore and oppositional documentation center, +citizens movement (s:4/92) + +* C.A.S. +P.O. Box 223 +1121 Praha 1 +Czechoslovak Anarchist Union (s:A-K 6/92) + +* Deti Zeme +PO Box 70 +16100 Praha 6 +Children of the Earth, Environmental group (s:A-K 5/92) + +* Information Center for Peace +Panska 7 +11669 Praha 1 +Tel: +42-2- + +-Independent Peace Association, Tel: -220-333 +-John Lennon's Peace Club +-Czechoslovakian Pacifist League, tel: -227-454 +-Helsinki Citizens Assembly, Tel: -220-181, Fax: -220-948 + +: + +-Czech Peace Union +-National Section of PAND, International Artists for Peace. +(s:2/91) + +* L.A.S. +P.Box 223 +11121 Praha 1 +Antifascist contact (s:7/92) + +* PRAK +Vaclavske nameski 55 +110 00 PRAHA 1 +Prague Radical Anarchist Group (s:4/92) + +* Rainbow Movement +Jakubske Nam. 7 +60200 Brno +Tel: +42-5-25337 +or -22556 +Fax: +42-5-22428 +and Deti Zemi (s:E 7/92) + +* Deti Zemi + +: + +Kovac Matej +Gorkebo 2359/4 +96001 Zvolen (s:E 7/92) + +# Denmark # +Kobenhavn, Copenhagen + +* Autonomt info +Elmegade 27 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N +Tel: +45-31-351-212 +Fax: +45-3582-4311 +(please mark Autonomt info) +M-Fr. 15-18h. +EEC-struggle, antifa, anti-repression, city-forming, +palestine, prison struggle +Infoshop (s: C 11/91) + +* Cafe Usmalia +Ungdomshuset +Jagtvej 69 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. +Fax: +45-3582-4311 + +: + +Lang: Eng, ger (s:c 4/92) + +* C-holdet +Nansensgade 48-50 +DK-1366 Kobenhavn K. +Direct action old people's group (s:AN 3/929 + +* Christiania Radio +Det bla Hus +Badsmandsstraede 43 +DK-1407 Kobenhavn K. (s:E 7/92) + +* Demosbutikken +Klmegade 27 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. +Run by different activist groups. (s:91) + +* Direkte Aktion +Box 303 +DK-1502 Kobenhavn V (s:E 7/92) + +* ECN +c/o TV STOP + +: + +Stengade 30 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn +Fax: +45-3139-7373 (s:91) + +* Norrebro Radio (byens Lyd) +Kapelvej 47 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. (s:E 7/92) + +* Nyt Forum +(Christiana) +Badsmandsstraede 43 +1407 Kobenhavn H +Info cafe (s:E 7/92) + +* radical +Very Inportant magazine for German speaking Autonomous/anti- +imperialist movements 3-4x yearly, ALWAYS use a double +envelope, inner with 'ZK' outer with this address: +Blalys +Griffenfeldsgade 29st. +DK-2200 N Kobenhavn (s:3/92) + +* Radio Rosa + +: + +Knabrostraede 3 +DK-1210 Kobenhavn K. (s:E 7/92) + +* Den Rode Bande +c/o Samovaren +Blagardsgade 24 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N (s:E 7/92) + +* Scan-Link nej Tak-gruppen +c/o Gimle +Thorshavnsgade 21 +DK-2300 Kobenhavn S. +Group which works against the Scanlink project.(s:91) + +* Sokkelund Radio +Radhusstrade 3 +DK-1210 Kobenhavn K. (s:E 7/92) + +* Vesterbro Radio +Halmtorvet 13 +DK-1700 Kobenhavn V.(s:91) + +* ZAPATA + +: + +Blagardsgade 12 +DK-2200 Kobenhavn N. +Autonomous info-cafe run by different activist groups. Publish +Autonomi Newsleter(s:AN 3/92) + +* Ekomedia +c/o Fredscentret +Guldsmedgade 25 +DK-8000 Arhus C +Giro: 9797912 (s:4/92) + +# Equador # + +* Intercom +Casilla 1703596 +Quito +Tel: +593-2-505-074 +email: intercom@ecoanex.ec +Progressive computer network. (s:PN 4/92) + +# Estonia # + +* Eesti Roheline Likanine + +: + +Toomas Frey +Tarto State University +Labaratory of Ecosystems +Ulikooli 18 +Tarto 202400 +Tel: +7-1434-34381,31971 +Fax: +7-1434-35440 +Telex: 173243 taunsu +Estonia Green Party (s:10/90) + +# Finland # +* Finland CW +Luokkasota +PO Box 53 +00241 Helsinki +Class War group (s:3/92) + +* Group 65 +c/o Novilisilita +0801 Helsinki +anarchist (s:EAC 89) + +* Nytkis-Naisjarjestojen yhteistyo-kvinno-organisationer i + +: + +samerbete +c/o Saarinimenk 6 +00530 Helsinki +tel: +358-0-77511 +Feminist (s:EAC 89) + +* Peace Union of Finland +Rauhaneseme +Veturitori +00520 Helsinki +Tel: +358-0-141-314 (s:EAC89) + +* S.A.I./I.A.A. +Box 7 +00801 Helsinki +Anarchist Federation (s:Kal 10/91) + +# France # +* L'EN Dehors-Librairie associative et libertaire +6 Rue Saint Fancois +F-3300 Bordeaux +Tel: +33-569-21778 +Radical center for meetings, debates and expositions. + +: + +Provides local population with info about nonauthoritarian +movements, feminism, third world issues. (s:EAC 89) + +* Femmes Libres +61 rue Pauly +F-33130 Begles +International network with bulletin, independant of all +political organizations, but accept anarcho-syndicalism as +common strategy. Publication of Libertarian Free Women. (s:91) + +* SCALP +c/o cpci bp 2571 +F-35036 Rennes +Section Contra Attaque a La Peur, Section Carrement Anti Le +Pen, Antifascist-autonomist group (s:91) + +* Solidarite Amerique Latine +c/o CDESI +102 rue D'Alembert +F-3800 Grenoble +Encourages such projects as the Medellin anarchists by sending +literature and selling T-shirts. (s:L&R 91) + + +: + +* A-Infos +c/o Humeurs Noires +BP 79 +F-59370 Mons en Baroeul +"We produre information about France in english and exchange +informations with Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain, ...and you +if you will" International Anarchist newspaper in French. See +also A-Infos Bruxelles, Den Haag, Lisbon, Athens, Moers +Germany. Published by FA. (s:B 9/91) + +* Patxa +23 bis Rue des Tonneliers +F-64100 Bayonne +Tel: +33-595-9064 +Radical Bookshop-documentation center."Anti-militarism, +feminism, anti-repression, squats etc." (s:EAC 89) + +* Wolnitza +42 Rue Bordeau +F-69001 Lyon +Tel: +33-7839-0907 +Fax: +33-7200-2278 (s:ECN 6/91) + + +: + +* Archives Recherches et cultures Lesbiennes +B.P. n' 662 +F-75531 Paris cedex 11 +Tel: +33-1-4805-2589 +Lives, theories, politics, cultures: international +documentation by for and about lesbians (s:91) + +* CNT AIT +33 rue des Vignoles +F-5020 Paris +Tel: +33-1-4372-0954 +Anarcho syndicalist union (s:D 5/92) + +* Collectif Anti-Celebration Imperialista +(Centre-social de Paris) +c/o TITO +65 Rue de Flandre +F-75019 Paris (s:A 11/91) + +* Federation Anarchiste Francaise +Publico +145 rue Amelot +F-75011 Paris + +: + +Tel: +33-1-4805-3408 +Fax: +33-1-4929-9859 +Publico is a bookstore. The FA publishes the weekly paper Le +Monde Libertaire. Also address for Radio Libertaire and +Commission Femmes. (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Flander's Office Supply +Rue de Laffaette +Paris +near Rue de Foubeurg, St. Dennis +sells "Corrector Bille" an ink desolver for 28 franks a +bottle! (s:3/92) + +* Mordicus +BP 11 +F-75622 Paris Cedex 13 +Tel: +33-43-370-398 +Autonomist paper ? (s:1/91) + +* Quilombo +c/o Octobre +BP 781 +F-75124 Paris Cedex 03 + +: + +Lang: Fren, Eng, Ital +Autonomist paper (s:A 11/91) + +# Georgia # + +* Gruzja +182 David Agmashenebeli Ave. +Tbilisi 380012 +Tel: +7-8832-348-068 +Fax: +7-8832-351-674 +Telex: 212289 green su +Green Party of Georgia (s:10/90) + +# Germany # +Infoladen=Infoshop +Frauen=Women +Antifa=Antifascist + +# East Germany (incl.West Berlin) # + +BERLIN + +* A-Laden + +: + +Rathenower Str. 22 +D-1000 Berlin 21 +Tel: +49-30-394-6167 +Fax: +49-30-394-8447 +M. & T. 17-20 h. Cafe +Anarchist Infoshop (s:5/92) + +* ACT UP Berlin +c/o Mann-O-Meter +Motzstrasse 5 +D-1000 Berlin 30 (s:2/91) + +* Anti-Atom-Buero +c/o Oekodorf +Kurfuerstenstr. 14 +D-1000 Berlin 30 +Tel: +49-30-261-6252 +Anti-Nuke (s:2/92) + +* Anti-Quariat +Oranianstr. 45 +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel: +49-30-615-7428 + +: + +Anarchist book publishers (s:2/92) + +* Antirassistische Initiative +Yorckstr. 59 +D-1000 Berlin 59 +Tel: +49-30-785-7281 +Fax: +49-30-786-9984 +or 852-0815 +Publish ZAG, antifascist magazine, and run antifascist info +telephone (s:7/92) + +* Infoladen Bambule +Schoenhauser Allee 20 +D-O-1058 Berlin +M-Fr. 15-19h. +Antifa, anarchism, Ireland (s:F 9/92) + +* Bandito Rosso +Lottumstr. 10a +Prenzlauer Berg +D-O-1054 Berlin +Infocafe (s:4\92) + + +: + +* Baobab Infoladen Eine Welt +Winsstr. 53 +D-O-1055 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-426-9451 +Former 'third world store' now 'One World Info-shop' (s:6/92) + +* Cafe Subversiv +Brunnenstr. 6/7 +D-O-1055 Berlin (s:91) + +* Daneben +Rigaer Str. 84 +Friedrichshain +D-O-1035 Berlin +Infoladen +M-Sa. 14-19 h. (s:6/92) + +* Edition ID-Archiv +Schliemannstr. 23 +D-O-1058 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-448-3671 x40 +or +49-271-385-495 (machine) +Fax: +49-30-448-1035 (mark for ID) + +: + +Publishers of many radical left books from the autonomist +spectrum (s:9/92) + +* FFBIZ +Dankelmannstr. 15/47 +D-1000 Berlin 19 +Tel: +49-30-321-2137 +"Women's Research Education Information Center" and archive +(s:Tag 91) +Women's Archive + +* Friedenszentrum +Martin Niemoeller Haus e.V. +Pacelliallee 61 +D-1000 Berlin 33 +Tel: +49-30-832-5497 +Mo-Fr 5-7pm +Peace Center (s:91) + +* Haus Der Demokratie +Friedrichstr. 165 +D-O-1080 Berlin +Unabhaengige Frauen Verband (Independent Women's Association) + +: + ++49-30-229-1685 ++49-30-229-1753 +Vereinigte Linke (United Left) ++49-30-229-2917 (s:6/92) + +* IDES +Crellestr. 22 +D-1000 Berlin 62 +Tel: +49-30-781-4018 +Information Service El-Salvador, Anti-imperialist newpaper +(s:91) + +* Infoladen +Kastanienallee 85/86 +O-1055 Berlin (s:C 3/92) + +* Initiativen gegen die Gen-Technik/Gen-ethisches Netzwerk +Winterfeldstr. 3 +D-1000 Berlin 30 +Tel: +49-30-215-3991 +or +49-30-215-3492 +or +49-30-215-3528 +Against gene-technology + +: + +(s:GS 91) + +* Lesben Stich +Postfach 360549 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +"The lesbian magazine for the errect gang." (s:91) + +* M-99 +Manteuffelstr. 99 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-612-7491 +Info and copy store (s:91) + +* Mehringhof +Gneisenausstrasse 2 +D-1000 Berlin 61 +A radical activist center for all of Berlin with bookstore +(Schwarze Risse), cafe/bar (Ex), and offices and mailboxes for +many groups including: Antifa Jugendinfo, Anti-faschistisches +Infoblatt, Durchblick (prison paper), Interim (weekly berlin +Infos), Lateinamerika Nachrichten, and legal aid: Tel +49-30- +692-2222 (s:91) + + +: + +* Nachladen +Waldemarstrr. 36 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-654-747 +Infoladen +M-F. 15-19h. T. women-lesbian day +Lang: ger, eng, span, french, dutch, ital +women, prison, gene-tech, city forming (s:C11/91) + +* O-21 +Oranienstr. 21 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Bookstore (s:91) + +* Omega 65 +Sparrstr. 21 +Wedding +D-1000 Berlin 65 +Tel: +49-30-453-7023 +Fax: +49-30-453-8678 +email: OMEGA@ibb.berlinet.in-berlin.de +M, Tu, Th, Fr: 16-20h +Lang: Eng, Ger + +: + +city forming, computer network, city burough paper. +Infoladen and SpinnenNetz Berlin. Responsible for distributing +mail to Berlin Infoshops, just write 'to distribute' (s:6/92) + +* Papiertiger +Cuvrystr. 25 +Kreuzberg +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-618-3051 +M-Fr 14:30-18h, Fr.women-lesbian day +Lang: ger, eng, span, greek +Contacts: archive, women, men, gay, Euskadi, jail, antifa, +spain, Eastern Europe, gene/bio, refugees. Library, Archive +and Infoshop. Responsible for distributing mail to Berlin +Infoshops, just write 'to distribute' (s: 3/92) + +* PDS +Kleine Alexander-Str. 28 +O-1020 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-822-1945 +Party of Democratic Socialists, reformed communist party(s:GS +91) + + +: + +* Schokofabrik +Mariannenstr. 6 HH +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Women's Center (s:8/91) + +* Schwarze Risse +Gneisenausstrasse 2a +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel: +49-30-692-8779 +Bookstore at Mehringhof. Wide selection of books, periodicals +etc. covering the left political spectrum. Mo.-Fri. 10-18:30h. +Sa. 10-14h. (s:6/92) + +* Schwarzrotbuch Verlag Berlin +c/o Ralf Landmesser +Rathenowerstr. 23 +D-1000 Berlin 21 +Tel: +49-30-394-7894 +Fax: +49-30-394-8441 +Publishes Anarchistische Taschenkalender (s:Kal 10/91) + +* die tageszeitung (taz) +Kochstrasse 18 + +: + +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel:+49-30-25902-0 +fax: +49-30-251-8095 + or +49-30-251-6062 +telex:182791 compd. +(USA & South Africa buro): +Tel: +49-30-25902-255 +Washington D.C. buro +1711 Massachusetts Ave.,NW +Apt. 320 Washington D.C. +Tel:(202) 265-7240 +fax: (202) 265-7259 +Alternative daily (s:6/92) + +* Telegraph +c/o Umeltbibliothek +Tel: +49-30-448-3687 x.25 +Fax: +49-30-448-1035 (mark Tel) +email: telegraph@vlberlin.comlink.apc.org +Opossitional monthly, one of the most important east German +magazines (s:8/91) + +* Thomas-Weissbecker Haus + +: + +Willhelmstr. 9 +D-1000 Berlin 61 +Tel: +49-30-2528539 +Palaestina-Buero M-F 17-20h. information and coffee (s:91) + +* Umweltbibliothek +Schliemannstr. 22 +Prenzlauer Berg +D-O-1058 Berlin +Tel: +49-30-448-5374 +Fax: +49-30-448-1035 (mark UWB) +Library, Info, Archive (GDR Opposition), Cafe. +Library: T-Th. 18-22 h.(s:91) + +* Wildcat + +Sisina +Postfach 360527 +D-1000 Berlin 36 +Tel: +49-30-612-1848 +Marxist autonomist magazine (s:8/92) + +# East Germany (cont.) # + +: + + +* Infoladen +c/o Lindenstr. 53 +D-O-1560 Potsdam +Tel/Fax: +49-331-23813 +(street address Hebbelstr. 24) (s:F 9/92) + +* Villa Eckestein +Berliner Str. 90 +Strausberg +Tel: +49-3341-22489 +Squat and infoshop (s:C 3/92) + +* AJZ +Karl Marx Platz +D-O-2200 Greifswald +Autonomous youth center (s:C 3/92) + +* Umweltbibliothek +An den Bleichen 2 +D-O-2300 Stralsund +Environmental library (s:Kas 6/92) + + +: + +* JAZ +August Bebel Str. 91-92 +D-O-2500 Rostock +Tel: +49-381-454-310 +Alternative youth center, with info office. (s:8/92) + +* Infoladen +UJZ 'Knast' +Bahnhofstr. 34 +D-O-3010 Magdeburg (s:C 3/92) + +* IJGD "Zora" +Johanneskloster 9 +D-O-3600 Halberstadt +Infoshop (s:Kal 91) + +* Infoladen +Kellnerstr. 18a +D-O-4020 Halle/.S +Tel: +49-345-25537 +Lang: ger, eng +antifa (s:c 4/92) + + +: + +* Vereinigte Linke +Grosse Klausstr. 11 +D-O-4020 Halle +Tel: +49-345-25537 +Office of the United Left (s:4/92) + +* Antifa USJV/DLJ +Rosa Luxemburgstr. 53 +D-O-4450 Grafenhainchen (s:91) + +* Antifa Jugend +Junitzerstr. 4 +D-O-4500 Dessau (s:C 3/92) + +* AJZ +Vollbrachstr. 1 +D-O-5061 Erfurt +Tel: +49-361-714-497 +Autonomous Youth Center (s:2/92) + +* Infoladen +Lasallestr. 57 +D-O-5020 Erfurt (s:7/92) + +: + + +* Infoladen Sabotnik +Mainzerhof +Mainzerhofplatz 6 +D-O-5020 Erfurt +Tel: +49-361-27865 +M, W, Su 17-21h. (s:F 9/92) + +* F.R.E.I. +PF 375 +D-O Erfurt +Fax/Tel: +49-361-603-793 +Free radio (s:2/92) + +* Infoladen Weimar +Gerber Str.1 +D-O-5300 Weimar +Distributor for infoshops in Thueringen (s:9/92) + +* Initiative "Jugend fuer Jugend" +Schlossberg 1 +D-O-6800 Saalfeld +Autonomist squat (s:9/92) + +: + + +* VL Leipzig +Bernhard Goehringingerstr. 152 +D-O-7030 Leipzig +Tel: +49-341-391-1149 +United Left (s:C 3/92) + +* Infocafe +Ernestinenstr. 9 +D-O-7031 Leipzig (s:C 3/92) + +* Friedensbibliothek +Blumenstr. 9 +O-7570 Forst +Peace Library (s:C 3/92) + +* Umweltzentrum +Sprembergerstr. 4 +D-O-7700 Hoyerswerde (s:Kal 91) + +* Demokratie Jetzt +Friedrichstr. 57 +D-O-8010 Dresden + +: + +Tel: +49-351-434-286 + +49-351-434-179 +Fax: +49-351-432-7586 (s:10/91) +Die Gruenen +Tel: +49-351-579-496 (s:90) + +* Infoladen Schlagloch +Klamenzer Str. 17 HH +D-O-8060 Dresden (s:Kal C 3/92) + +* "Wolfspelz" +Friedrichstr. 57 +D-O-8019 Dresden +Tel: +49-351-434-286 +Anarchist working group (s:C 3/92) + +* Antifa-Chemnitz +c/o Inka Brueckner +Arnotstr. 10 +D-O-9002 Chemnitz +Also mailing address for Anarchistisch Jugend Zentrum. +(s:3/92) + + +: + +* Informationszentrum Welt Laden +Henriettenstr. 5 +D-O-9006 Chemnitz +Tel: ++49-371-32983 +Fax: ++49-371-30000 +Tricont and solidarity trade Information center (s:6/92) + +* Buntes Zentrum Zwickau +Innere Plauensche Str.16 +D-O-9540 Zwickau +Tel: +49-375-294-918 +Various alternative, ecology and solidarity groups (s:5/92) + +* Antifada Kollektiv +Infobuero +Weststr.57a +D-O-9900 Plauen +Anti-fascist(s:8/92) + +# West Germany # + +2000 + + +: + +* Arbeiter Kampf (AK) +Schulterblatt 58 +2000 Hamburg 36 +Tel: +49-40-435-320 +fax: +49-40-439-4265 +Good monthly paper of the Kommunistischen Bund. (s:91) + +* BUKO +Nernstweg 32-34 +D-2000 Hamburg 50 +Tel: +49-40-341-444 +National Congress of Developmental Political Action Groups +(s:GS 91) + +* Chaos Computer Club +Schwenke Str. 85 +D-2000 Hamburg +Tel: +49-40-490-3757 +Fax: +49-40-491-7689 +email: Chaos-Team DS-Red@Chaos-HH.zer (s:91) + +* E.coli-bri +Nernstweg 32-34 + +: + +D-2000 Hamburg 50 +Material against the politics of population control and +genetechnology (s:2/92) + +* Frauenbuchladen +Bismarckstr. 98 +D-2000 Hamburg 20 +Women's bookstore, Home of the group "Anarchafeministinnen +Hamburg" (s:F 9/92) + +* GNN-Verlag +Guentherstrasse 6a +D-2000 Hamburg 76 +Address for Angehoerigen Info, bi-weekly paper, presents and +discusses the situation of revolutionary prisoners in Germany. +(s:91) + +* Libertaeres Zentrum +Lagerstr. 27 +D-2000 Hamburg 6 +Tel: +49-40-430-1396 +Anarchist Center (s:kal 10/91) + + +: + +* Nautilus-Buchladen +Bahrenfelder str. 68 +D-2000 Hamburg +Tel: +49-40-380-9537 +Anarchist Bookstore (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Cafe & Buch +Marktstr.? +D-2000 Hamburg 36 (s:F 9/92) + +* Schwarzmarkt +KL Schaeferkamp 46 +D-2000 Hamburg 36 +Tel: +49-40-446-095 +Fax: +49-40-410-8122 +M-Fr 12-18h. Th.women-lesbian day, Sa. 12-15 +Lang: ger, eng, norw, dan, dutch, (swed) +newspaper archive, political prisoners, legal aid, Ireland, +129a, antifa, ekom., infoshop (s:F 9/92) + +* Husumer Speicher +Hafenstr. 17 +D-2250 Husum + +: + +Autonomist Social Center (s:F 9/92) + +* Autonome Infogruppe +Schweffelstr. 6 +D-2300 kiel +Fax: +49-431-577-056 (s:F 9/92) + +* ZAPATA +Jungfernsteig 17 +D-2300 Kiel +Also for KAVIA/R (Kieler Anarchistisches Volk in den +Autonomen/RevolutionaerInnen) (s:F 9/92) + +* Rote-Hilfe +Postfach 6444 +D-2300 Kiel 14 +Legal Aid, and prisoners group National Office (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Omega +Bahnhofstr. 44 +D-2350 Neumuenster +Tel:+49-4321-45927 +Fax:+49-4321-46542 + +: + +Lang: ger, eng +Contacts: antifa, squaters, men against sexism, Land Unter +(magazine), refugees, Gerhard Boegelein (s:F 9/92) + +* ThePrax +c/o T-stuba +PB 506 +Im Stadtpark +D-2370 Rendsburg +Tel:+49-4331-29556 +or +49-4331-25887 +Contacts: antifa, archive, women+men group, kurdish group. +(s:F 9/92) + +* Frauen-Wohnprojekt +Norderstr. 70 +D-2390 Flensburg +Tel: +49-461-140-356 +Autonomist women's project with Women Antifa (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Flensburg +Hafermarkt 6 +D-2390 Flensburg + +: + +Tel: +49-461-12991 +Contacts: squating, antifa, 500 year campaign, Tibet +Also Autonomist social center with concerts (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen ASSATA +c/o Alternative +Auf der Wallhalbinsel 27 +D-2400 Luebeck +Tel: +49-451-705-434 +M,T,Fr. 16-20h. (s:F 9/92) + +* AGIPA-Press +Eichenberger St. 9 +D-2800 Bremen +Tel: +49-421-354-029 +Fax: +49-421-353-918 +Amerika Gegen-informationpresse about Mumia-Abu-Jamal and +other U.S. political prisoners. (s:7/92) + +* Anti-Rassismus-Buero Bremen +Sielwall 38 +D-2800 Bremen +Tel: +49-421-706-444 + +: + +and +49-421-78744 +Fax: +49-421-706-445 +Anti-racist office(s:Kas3/92) + +* Infoladen Umschlagplatz +St Paulistr. 10-12 +D-2800 Bremen 1 +Tel: +49-421-705-682 (s:F 9/92) +Infoladen. Kasiber, "city paper for Politics, Daily life, +Revolution", is also at this address under the name of 'VzVuN' +BBA, a civil initiative center is also at this address +Tel: +49-421-700-144 +M,W,Fr 16-19, Sa 11-14h + +* Hagazussa +Friesenstrasse 12 +D-2800 Bremen +Tel:+49-421-74140 +Lesbian and women's bookshop (s:EAC 89) + +* Missing Link +Westerstr. 118 +D-2800 Bremen + +: + +Tel: +49-421-504-348 +Fax: +49-421-504-316 +International Bookstore (s:7/92) + +* Robin Wood +Erlenstr. 34 +D-2800 Bremen 1 +Tel: +49-421-500-405 +or +49-421-500-406 +Fax: +49-421-500-421 +Environmental action group (s:GS 91) + +* Info-Cafe im Alhambra +Hermannstr. 83 +D-2900 Oldenburg +Tel: +49-441-14402 (17-18h.) (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Wilhelmshaven +Rheinstr. 104 +D-2940 Wilhelmshaven +Tel: +49-4465-8297 (s:3/92) + +* Infoladen Emden + +: + +Friedrich-Naumann Str. 16 +D-2970 Emden (s:C 3/92) + +# 3000 # +* Infoladen Kornstr. +Kornstr. 28-30 +D-3000 Hannover 1 +Tel:+49-511-715-032 +Lang: ger, eng, dutch (s:c 4/92) + +* ComLink +Moorkamp 46 +D-3000 Hannover 1 +Tel: +49-511-350-3081 +E-mail: sysop@comlink.de +Progressive computer network. (s:4/92) + +* Tuerkei Informationsbuero +Postfach 91 08 43 +D-3000 Hannover 91 +Tel: +49-511-318-654 +fax: +49-511-318-652 +Radical Turkey Information office (s:91) + +: + + +* Info-cafe & Frauen cafe +c/o Der Laden +Von Wintheim-Str. 1 +D-3200 hildesheim +Tel: +49-5121-82313 (s:Kal 91) + +* Antifajugend +c/o Asta-TU +Katharienstr. 1 +D-3300 Braunschweig +Tel: +49-531-391-4557 +M-Fr. 18-21h. ask for antifa youth (s:C 3/92) + +* Infoladen +c/o Erwerbslosverein +Cyriakring 55 +D-3300 Braunschweig +Tel: +49-331-83828 (s:GS 91) + +* Ohne Uns +c/o Detlev Beutner +Hamburger str. 284 + +: + +D-3300 Braunschweig +Tel: +49-531-33-49-28 +Paper for the total war resistor (s:1/92) + +* Gegen den Strom +Verlag die Werkstatt +Lotzestr. 24a +D-3400 Goettingen +Tel: +49-551-770-0557 +Fax: +49-551-770-3412 +A political appointment callender with address list. (s:GS +9/91) + +* Infoladen Goettingen +c/o Buchladen +Rotestrasse 10 +D-3400 Goettingen +Tel:+49-551-74552 or 74557? or 42128? +M-th. 15-19h, Fr. women-lesbian day 16-19h. +Lang: ger, eng, fren, span, ital. +Contacts: Palestine, antifa, women/lesbian center, migration +(s:91) + + +: + +* Kurzwellen Pressedienst +Weenderstr. 30 +D-3400 Goettingen 1 +Tel: +49-551-55121 +Fax: +49-551-44871 +Distribute magazines, Radio von Unten, Radio Magazine (monthly +in english), and Kurzwelle (s:Tel 4/92) + +* Antifa Notruf Kassel +Tel: +49-561-17919 (s:F 9/92) + +* Umweltzentrum +Elffbuchenstr. 18 +D-3500 Kassel +Tel: +49-561-775-307 +Environmental center +Contacts: anti-repression (s:F 9/92) + +* Bazille +Sickingenstr. 10 +D-3500 Kassel +Tel: +49-561-18529 +Fax: +49-561-103-276 (mark Bazille) + +: + +Autonomist center and infoshop (s:F 9/92) + +* BUNTE HILFE +CAFE' "AM GRUN" +Am Grun (s:A 6/91) +D-3550 Marburg +Legal Aid for activists + +# 4000 # +* Infocafe Nix Da +Kiefernstr. 15 +D-4000 Duesseldorf 1 (s:91) + +* Direkt Aktion +Fischerstr 94 +D-4100 Duisburg 1 +Anarcho-syndacalist bi-monthly paper of the FAU/IAA (Free +Workers' Union/ International Workers' Association) (s:Kal +10/91) + +* I-AFD +c/o Libertaeres Zentrum +Essenberger Str. 100 + +: + +D-4130 Moers +Tel: +49-2841-503-942 +Initiative fuer eine Anarchistisches Foederation Deutschlands, +part of the A-Infos network. (s:3/92) + +* Infoladen +Projektladen Querbeet +Hubertusstr. 35 +D-4150 Krefeld +Tel:+49-2151-773-622 (s:3/92) + +* Infoladen Bazille +c/o Druchluft +Am Forderturm 27 +D-4200 Oberhausen 1 + +* Projekt Archiv +c/o Druckluft (see above) +Repression, women, antifa, restructuring (s:F 9/92) + +* Attatroll Buchladen +Hernerstr. 16 +D-4350 Recklinghausen + +: + +Tel: +49-2361-17002 +M-F 9-18 h., Sa. 9-14 h. +Progressive and radical bookstore (s:7/91) + +* Infoladen Bankrott +c/o FS Politik +Scharnhorstr. 103 +D-4400 Muenster +Tel: +49-251-833-303 +Women/Lesbian, men, internationalism, anti-repression, total +draft resistors (s:F 9/92) + +* Schwarze Witwe +Achtermannstr 10-12 +D-4400 Muenster +Tel: +49-251-511-195 +Women's group (s:Tag 91) + +* Umweltzentrum +Scharnhorststr. 57 +D-4400 Muenster +Tel: +49-251-521-112, afternoons +Lang: ger, eng, + +: + +anti-nuke, environmental groups. Infoshop and distribution +(s:3/92) + +* Versteck +Leerer Str. 5 +D-4400 Muenster +Su-Fr 18-1h., W women-day +Autonomist Infocafe (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Z +Alte Muenze 12 +D-4500 Osnabrueck +Tel: +49-541-29606 +W. 18-20h., Th. 17-20h. (s:F 9/92) + +* Laden +Oesterholzstr. 88 +D-4600 Dortmund 1 +Tel:+49-231-837-481 +M. 17-19, T. 18-21, W. 17-21 women-day, Th. 17-23, F. 16-20 +lang: ger, eng, fren, it +antifa, racism/migration/refugees, prison struggle/regrouping, +women's struggle, internationalism (s:F 9/92) + +: + + +* Internationalismus-Archiv +Geschichtswerkstatt +Am Oelpfad 27 +D-4600 Dortmund-Hoerde +Tel:+49-231-412-242 +W 16-21h, Fr 10-14h Women's Internationalism Archive (s:8/92) + +* Infobuero +Dueppelstr. 35 +D-4630 Bochum +Tel: +49-234-300-110 (s:Kal 91) + +* Suedostasian-Informationsstelle +Josephinenstr. 71 +D-4630 Bochum 1 +Tel: +49-234-502-748 +Fax: +49-234-502-790 +email: GEOD:SEAINFO +Southeast Asia Info center (s:5/92) + +* Initiativzentrum +Weberstr. 79 + +: + +D-4650 Gelsenkirchen +Tel: +49-209-201-171 +Infoshop (s:GS 91) + +* Young Korean Movement of Europe +Park, Hee-Won +Im Pratort 29 +D-4690 Hernel +Tel: +49-2323-12153 (s:AML 8/92) + +* Infoladen Schnick Schnak +Borchener Str. 12 +Postfach 1334 +D-4790 Paderborn (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen "Anschlag" +Heeperstr. 132 +D-4800 Bielefeld +Tel:+49-521-171-253 +T. 16-20, W. 15-17, Th. 15-19 women-lesbian day, Fr. 17:30- +19:30 +Lang: ger, dutsch, eng, (span) +Contacts: antifa, women antifa, internationalism (s:F 9/92) + +: + + +* Felix-Fechenbach-Kooperative +Heidensche Str.3 +D-4937 Lage +Tel: +49-5232-64540 +Fax: +49-5232-68114 +Large progressive and radical mail order catalog (s:3/92) + +# 5000 # + +Koeln, Cologne + +* Eigenverlag des Vereins Beitraege zur feministischen Theorie +und Praxis e.V. +Herwartstr. 22 +D-5000 Koeln 1 +Tel: +49-221-526-422 +Journal, essays on feminist theory and praxis, three times +yearly(s:91) + +* Infoladen Koeln +Luedolf-Camphauesen Str. 36 +D-5000 Koeln + +: + +Tel: +49-221-522-907 +Fax: +49-221-518-034 (mark infoladen) +M.& Fr. 18-22h. +Lang: ger, eng, span +Contacts: radio FMLN, BRD-Cuba friends, antifa (s:F 9/92) + +* Kurdistan-Komittee in der BRD +Hansaring 66 +D-5000 Koeln 1 +Tel: +49-221-125-264? +Fax: +49-221-134-898? +Modem: -125-264? (s:3/92) + +* Tedkad Committee +Teichstr. 16/c. +D-5000 Koeln 30 +Tel: +49-221-531-278 +Fax: +49-231-531-700 +Support of the revolutionary struggle in Turkey and Kurdistan +(s:Clash 2/92) + +* Transparent +Maybachstr. 96 + +: + +D-5000 Koeln +Tel: +49-221-390-006 +Fax: +49-221-390-521 +Photos, Text, reporting (s:5/92) + +* Infoladen Bonn +Wolfstr. 10 hh +D-5300 Bonn 1 +Tel: +49-228-659-513 +Th-Fr. 16-19h. +Lang: ger, eng, span +Contacts: antifa, internationalism, political prisoners (s:F +9/92) + +* Netzwerk Friedenskooperative +Roemerstrasse 88 +D-5300 Bonn 1 +Tel: +49-228-692-904 +National coordination of mainstream peace groups (s:GS 91) + +* Oscar-Romero-Haus +Heerstrasse 205 +D-5300 Bonn 1 + +: + +Tel:+49-228-658-613 +Publish the monthly ila (Informationsstelle Lateinamerika), +also for Infostelle El Salvador and Guatemala. (s:91) + +* Le Sabot +Paulstr. 3 +D-5300 Bonn 1 +Tel/Fax: +49-228-695-193 +radical bookstore (s:F 9/92) + +* Rom e.V. +Bobstr. 6-8 +D-5000 Koeln +Tel: +49-221-242-536 +For understanding between Rom (Rommani and Sinti) and others. +Published a book about the persecution of the Romani in +Yugoslavia in WWII (s:4/92) + +* Tibet Initiative +Postfach 2531 +D-5300 Bonn 1 (s:91) + +* Die Gruenen (s:90) + +: + +Bundesgeschaeftsstelle +Ehrental 2-3 +D-5303 Bornheim-Roisdorf +Tel: +49-2222-70-08-0 (s:92) + +* Military Counseling Network +Bopparderstrasse 25 +D-5448 Kastellaun +Tel: +49-6762-2652 +A civilian nonprofit agengy with information on rights, +AWOL/UA problems, discharges, grievences, court-martial, non- +judicial punishment, etc. for U.S. military personel stationed +in Europe.(s:91) + +* Infoladen Wuppertal +Brunnenstr. 41 +D-5600 Wuppertal +Tel: +49-202-311-790 +T-Fr.11:30-18h, Sa. 12-14h. (s:C 3/92) + +* Senioren-Schutz-Bundes "Graue Panther" +Rathenaustrasse 2 +D-5600 Wuppertal 2 + +: + +Tel: +49-202-665-543 +Grey Panthers(s:91) + +* Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft-Vereinigte Kriegdienstgegner +DFG-VK +Schwanenstrasse 16 +D-5620 Velbert 1 +Tel: +49-2051-4217 +Fax: +49-2051-4210 +German Peace Society-United War Service Resistors. Mainstream +war resistance organization in Germany (s:92) + +# 6000 # +* ANTIFA NOTRUF ++49-69-703-337 +Antifascist hotline. (s:10/92) + +* AWI 1992 +c/o "3. Welt" Haus +Westerbachstr. 40 +D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 90 +Tel: +49-69-789-4846 +Contact for anti G7 campaign (s:6/92) + +: + + +* Dezentral +Sandweg 131 +D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. +Tel: +49-69-49-09-203 +Tu. 20h.- +Anarchistic-Libertarian project, cafe, meeting place, +anarchist booklender. (s:2/92) + +* Informationsdienst: Zentrum fuer Alternative Medien +Hamburger Allee 45 +Postfach 900343 +D-6000 Frankfurt 90 +Tel: +49-69-704-352 + +49-69-709-935 (machine) +Fax: +49-69-777-341 (mark for ID) +They are concerned with equal access to the media for +underprivileged groups and providing material and journalistic +support (ex. to censored authors) (s:10/92) + +* JUZ Bockenheim +Varrentrappstr. 38 +D-6000 Frankfurt 70 + +: + +Tel: +49-69-777-574 +Autonomist youth center with cafe, bar, concerts, and library. +(s:10/92) + +* Medico International +Obermainanlage 7 +D-6000 Frankfurt 1 +Tel: +49-69-499-0042 +Medical relief in Tricont, anti-interventionist (s:GS 91) + +* Pro Familia +Cronstettenstr. +D-6000 Frankfurt 1 +Tel: +49-69-550-901 +Family planning and reproductive rights (s:2/92) + +* VVN-Bund der Anti-faschisten +Bockenheimer Landstr. 79 +D-6000 Frankfurt +Biggest and oldest antifa organization, mainstream. (s:GS 91) + +* Zentrum +Hinter der Schoenen Aussicht 11 + +: + +D-6000 Frankfurt +Tel: +49-69-296-335, +Anarchist Autonomist Center +Archiv fuer Zeitgeschichten (Tues 18-20h) (s:ECN 1/92) + +* Infoladen Offenbach +Frankfurterstr. 63 hh +D-6050 Offenbach +Tel: +49-69-821-522 +Open M, W, Fr. +Lang: ger,eng +resistance info, extra antifa group and archive. (s:5/92) + +* Infoladen Basta +Frankfurter Str. 58 +Tel: +49-6154-295-639 +D-6100 Darmstadt +T. 20-22h., W. 18-20, Su 15-17 (s:F 9/92) + +* Frauen Literatur Vertrieb +c/o Anne Frey +Erich-Ollenhauer Str. 231 +D-6200 Wiesbaden + +: + +Tel: +49-611-410-780 +Women's publishing and distributing house. (s:12/91) + +* Infoladen Wiesbaden +Werderstr. 8 +D-6200 Wiesbaden +Tel: +49-611-440-664 +wed. 15-20h., Also for a USA working group with info from +A.I.M. (s:2/92) + +* Verein zur Foerderung Politischer Kultur und Kommunikation +Langgasse 24 HH +D-6200 Wiesbaden +Fax: +49-611-379-181 +Published an international overview of anti war actions, "Anti +Kriegs info". (s:3/91) + +* Infoladen Giessen +Suedenlage 20 HH +D-6300 Giessen +Tel: +49-641-74423 +T 16-19h, Th. 18-21h, Fr. afternoon (s:F 9/92) + + +: + +* Kleine Freiheit +Bismarkstr. 9 +D-6300 Giessen +Tel: +49-641-71850 +Left Bookstore (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Hanau +Metzgerstr. 6-8 +D-6450 Hanau (s:swing 9/92) + +* KomistA +c/o Sterneck +Eichenheege 12b +D-6457 Maintal +Tel: +49-6181-22-500 +Multi-media distributor, common basis is left, radical, +feminist and countercultural contents. See EAC (s:EAC 89) + +* Clock Work 129a +Leibnizstr. 24 +D-6500 Mainz +Monthly Info on Paragraph 129a (support of a terrorist +organization) and other political processes. 6000 circ. + +: + +(s:7/92) + +* Spinnennetz +Hintere Bleiche 20 +D-6500 Mainz +Modem: +49-6131-238-256 +Computer networking. Crosspoint for European Counter Network +(ECN) (s:6/92) + +* Infobuero +Am Landwehrplatz 2 +D-6600 Saarbruecken (s:AI 7/92) + +* Infoladen +Brauerstr. 39 +D-6600 Saarbrucken +Tel: +49-681-374-364 (s:C 3/92) + +* Dokugruppe +c/o Schwarzwurzel +Jakob-Binderstr. 10 +D-6700 Ludwigshafen +Put together a documentation of the fascist attacks in + +: + +Mannheim (s:RGI 9/92) + +* Contraste +Gaissbergstrasse 97 +Postfach 10 45 20 +D-6900 Heidelberg +Tel:+49-6221-13402 (editing) +fax: +49-6221-164-489 +Monthly for self-governing/ autonomous businesses (s:91) + +* Graswurzel Revolution +Schillerstrasse 28 +D-6900 Heidelberg +Tel: +49-6221-183-907 +Fax: +49-6221-163-118 +Monthly paper of non-violent action groups, pacifist +revolutionary and anarchist. Contact for the federation of +non-violent action groups (s:6/92) + +* Infoladen Moskito im AZ +Alte Bergheimerstr. 7a +D-6900 Heidelberg +Tel: +49-6221-181-200 + +: + +Fax: +49-6221-164-489 (mark for Infoladen) +M. women-lesbian day, T-Fr. 20-22h +Prison, Palestine, antifa, Autonomous Women/Lesbian Center, +Euskadi, men and gays, (s:3/92) + +# 7000 # + +* Anti-Kriegs Buero +Gutenbergerstr. 48 +D-7000 Stuttgart 1 +Tel: +49-711-624-701 +Anti-war office (s:1/91) + +* Bi Laden +Neckarstr. 73 +D-7000 Stuttgart 1 +(s:SW 9/92) + +* Infoladen Stuttgart +Moerickestr. 69 hh +D-7000 Stuttgart/ Heslach +Tel: +49-711-298-995 (s:Kas 6/92) + + +: + +* Schwarzer Faden +Postfach 1159 +D-7043 Grafenau 1 +Tel: +49-7033-44273 +Fax: +49-7033-45264 +Anarchist discussion, actualization of liberation theory, +culture. Quarterly. Also for Trotzdem publishers (s:3/92) + +* Pressehuette +c/o MALA +Forststr. 3 +D-7075 Mutlangen +Infoladen (s:90) + +* Infobuero +Neckarhalde 6 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Information and Peace Office (s:SW 9/92) + +* Info cafe +Schellingstr.6 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel: +49-7071-76909 + +: + +Th. 15-19h. (s:Kas 6/92) + +* Kultur des Friedens +Lustnauer Tor 4 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel:+49-7071-52200 +fax: +49-7071-24905 +International association of individuals working for peace and +understanding. Famous writers, artists, scientists, musicians. +(s:2/91) + +* Aktionszentrum Arme Welt +Lange Gasse 2 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel: +49-7071-23062 +'92 Campaign, 500 Year Plundering and EC Commen Market, Peru +Group (s:91) + +* Verein fuer Friedenspaedagogik Tuebingen +Bachgasse 22 +D-7400 Tuebingen +Tel: +49-7071-21312 +Peace Pedagogy. (s:2/91) + +: + + +* Zelle +Postfach 1952 +D-7410 Reutlingen +For Antifa RT. (s:GW 9/92) + +* Infoladen +c/o Buchhandlung des Rabe +Zunftstr. 8 +D-7500 Karlsruhe 41 +Tel:+49-721-408-378 daily: 15-18h. (s:c 4/92) + +* Archiv fuer Soziale Bewegungen in Baden +Wilhelmstr. 15 +D-7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-33362 +Fax: +49-761-381-414 +Archive for social movements (s:3/92) + +* Ca ira Verlag Joachim Bruhn +Postfach 273 +D-7800 Freiburg 1 +Tel: +49-761-100-031 + +: + +Marxist Publishers (s:91) + +* InformationsZentrum 3. Welt +Kronenstr.16 HH +Postfach 5328 +7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-74003 +Fax: +49-761-709-866 (M,F 10-16) +Third world solidarity info. Publish Blaetter des Iz3w (s:91) + +* Infoladen Subito +Klarastr. 73 +D-7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-278-322 +N-Th. 17-20h. +Lang: ger, eng, span +antifa, pupils, punx (s:F 9/92) + +* Radio Dreyeckland +Adlerstr. 12 +D-7800 Freiburg +Tel: +49-761-30407 +Free radio. (s:F 9/92) + +: + + +* Infocafe im Falkenkeller +Schillerstr. 1 +D-7900 Ulm +Tel: +49-731-64177 +Every 1. and 3. Sunday, after 11 (s:Kal 91) + +# 8000 # +Muenchen, Munich + +* Anti-Atom Buero +Holzstr. 2 +D-8000 Muenchen +Fax: +49-89-260-3513 (s:2/91) + +* Gruppe 2 +Oettlmairstr. 8 +D-8000 Muenchen 83 +Tel: +49-89-680-5122 +or +49-89-651-9359 +Film and video documentation (s:GS 91) + +* Humanistische Union + +: + +Braeuhaus 2 +D-8000 Muenchen 2 (s:GS 91) + +* Infoladen-Archiv Gruppe 2 +Sommerstrasse 24 +D-8000 Muenchen +Tel: +49-89-651-8448 + +49-89-651-9359 +Archive (s:Kal 91) + +* Infoladen Muenchen +Breisacherstr. 12 +D-8000 Muenchen 80 +Tel: +49-89-4489638 +Fax: +49-89-4802006 +Lang: It, Ger, eng +Contacts: antifa, women, G-7 (s:3/92) + +* Women's Coordination against G-7 +c/o Werkhaus +Leonardstr. 19 +D-8000 Muenchen 80 +Tel: +49-49-168-116 (s:3/92) + +: + + +* Kurdistan Informationszentrum +Pariser Str. 7 +D-8000 Muenchen 80 +Tel: +49-89-448-410 (s:SN 3/91) + +* Infogruppe +Oberaustr. 2 +D-8200 Rosenheim +(s:Kal 91) + +* BIWAK Buero +Engelburgergasse. 12 +D-8400 Regensburg +Tel: +49-941-55555 +Infoshop (s:F 9/92) + +* Infobuero Freies Wackerland +Altenschwand 91 +D-8465 Bodenwoehr +Tel: +49-9434-3368 (s:Kal 91) + +* Infoladen + +: + +c/o Buecherkiste +D-8500 Nuernberg 1 (s:Kas 6/92) + +* KOMM +Koenigstr. 93 +D-8500 Nuernberg +Autonomist center (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Wuerzburg +c/o AKW +Frankfurterstr. 87 +D-8700 Wuerzburg +Open: Th. 20-22h. (s:F 9/92) + +* Infoladen Augsburg +Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 21 +D-8900 Augsburg +Tel: +49-821-312-415 +Fax: +49-821-312-416 +Th. 18:30-21h. (s:F 9/92) + +# Great Britain # +* Bristol Housing Action Movement + +: + +160 Gloucester Rd. +Bristol B57 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* C.W.F. +International Secretary +PO Box 772 +Bristol Avon BS99 1EG +Class War Federation. Anti-authoritarian, working class, +revolutionary group. Publish Class War, 'Britain's most +unruly tabloid'. Don't mention Class War on the +envelope.(s:2/92) + +* Greenleaf Bookshop +82 Colston St. +Bristol Avon +Radical bookstore (s:92) + +* LibED +Phoenix House +170 Wells Rd. +Bristol B54 2AG +A magazine for the liberation of learning (s:91) + + +: + +* Grapevine radical and Community Bookshop +Unit 6 +Dales Brewery +Gwydir Street +Cambridge CB1 2LJ +Tel: +44-223-61808 +"Cooperative working; political, social, spiritual, and sexual +awareness; information services; antiracist, antisexist, non- +homophobic literature." (s:91) + +* Counter Information +Pigeonhole CI +c/o 11 Forth Street +Edinburgh, EH1 +Quarterly free info paper. Libertarien, Antagonist and +Community based. 13,000 circ. 4p. (s:7/92) + +* Direct Action +International Secretary +Edinbourgh DAM-IWA +PO Box 516 SWDO +Edinbourgh EH10 5JH +Anarcho-syndicalist union (s:56a 1/92) + +: + + +* Anarchist Workers Group +Box B20 +Huddersfield HX1 +Publish Socialism from Below (s:B 9/91) + +* Here and Now +P.O. Box 109 +Leeds LSS 3AA +(s:B 9/91) + +* Lamp Bookshop +91 Bradshawgate +Leigh WN7 4ND +Tel: +44-942-606-667 +"Community bookshop stocking radical and alternative books, +providing educational advice for adults and organizing visits +by writers in local schools." (s:EAC 89) + +* News From Nowhere Bookshop +112 Bold Street +Liverpool LI 4HY +Tel: +44-51-708-7270 + +: + +"Specialises in Lesbian and gay issues, racism, imperialism +and Ireland." (s:91) + +* 1-2-1 +121 Railton Rd. +Brixton, London SE24 +Tel: +44-71-274-6655 + +W, Th, Sa, 13-17 h. +F 14-17 h., Sun 15-17 h. +Cafe Fr. 8-11, +Cheap Food Sun. 13-17 h. +Infoshop, also for Lambeth Housing Action (s:B 9/91) + +* 56A +56 Crampton st. +Pullens Estate +Kennington, London +M,Th 15-19 h. +Infoshop (s:B 9/91) + +* A-Distribution +84b Whitechapel High Street + +: + +London E1 7QX +Tel: +44-81-558-7732 +Anarchist Trade Distribution (s:7/91) + +* Active Distribution +BM Active +London WC1N 3XX +Anarchist etc. distribution. (s:B 9/91) + +* Advisory service for squaters +2 St. Pauls Rd. +Islington +London N1 2QN +Tel: +44-71-359-8814 +"Gives legal, practical and general advice on squatting. +Produce and write 'squatters handbook'." Good contact for +squating actions. They're also interested in other +issues.(s:56a 1/92) + +* Anarchist Black Cross London +BM Hurricane +London WC1N 3XX +In contact with ABCs in Liverpool, Preston, Bolton, Leeds, + +: + +Sheffield, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Belfast. (s:56a 1/92) + +* Anarchist Communist Federation +c/o 84b Whitechapel High St. +London E1 7QX (s:B 9/91) + +* Anarchist Workers Group +BM Box 6548 +London WC1 3XX (s:56a 1/92) + +* Anti-Fascist Action +BM Box 1734 +London WC1N 3XX (s:Search 4/92) + +* Attack International +BM 6577 +London WC1N 3XX +Radical publishers (s:1/92) + +* The Book Place/ Peckham Publishing project +13 Peckham High St. +London SE1S SEB +Tel: +44- -701-1757 + +: + +Since 1977, antiracist bookshop. "Publishing by and for local +people" (s:EAC 89) + +* Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) +PO Box 273 +Forest Gate +London E7 (s:AML 2/92) + +* Federation of Radical Booksellers +c/o Housmans +5 Caledonian Road +London N1 9DX +"...aims to promote the distribution of a wide range of non- +sexist, non-racist literature committed to radical social +change." Publish The Radical Bookseller + +* Freedom Bookshop +84b White Chapel High St. +London E1 7AX +and Freedom an anarchist fortnightly (s:B 9/91) + +* GreenNet +23 Bevenden Street + +: + +London N1 6BH +Tel: +44-71-608-3040 +Fax: +44-71-253-0801 +e-mail: support@gn.apc.org +Progressive computer network. (s:PN 4/92) + +* Ha Ha +The Nevill Arms +Nevill Road +Stoke Newington +London WI6 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Housmans Bookshop +5 Caledonian Rd. +London N1 9DX +Tel: +44- -837-4473 +Since 1951. Big bookshop, originally pacifist, but with wide +range of material, publish the Housemans Peace Diary. Also +home to the Gay Liberation Front Information Service. (s:EAC +89) + +* London Greenpeace +5 Caledonian Rd. + +: + +London N1 9DX +Tel: +44-71-837-7557 +Radical anarchistic non-violent environmentalists. (s:B 9/91) + +* London Lesbian and Gay Centre +69 Cowcross Street. +London EC1M 6BP +Tel: +44-71-490-7153 +Out-rage group, publishes Queer Reality. (s:9/91) + +* News From Everywhere +Box 14 +136 Kingsland High Street +London E8 +(s:B 9/91) + +* Organization for Lesbian and Gay Action +Rm. 3, 38 Mount Pleasant +London WC1X OAP +Tel: +44- -833-3860 +"Organization for Lesbian and Gay Action, has three major +campaigns to counteract the effects of section 28 and fight +for lesbian and gay rights and equality: AIDS/HIV, Lesbian + +: + +custody, anti violence." Also for Act-Up (s:EAC 89) + +* Poll Tax Prisiner Group +c/o Brixton Law Center +506 Brixton Rd +London WCIX +Tel: +44-71-738-7586 + +Formed 10/90 to support those arrested in anti poll-tax +demos, most notably 3/31 and 10/20/90, also for Trafalgar +Square Defendants' Campaign (TSDC) (s:56a 1/92) + +* Searchlight +37B New Cavendish Street +London, WIM 8JR +Tel: +44-71-284-4040 +Fax: +44-71-284-4410 +International Anti-fascist monthly. (s:Search 4/92) + +* Shocking Pink +c/o 121 Railton Rd. +London SE24 +Feminist youth magazine (s:56a 91) + +: + + +* Solidarity +c/o 123 Lathom Rd. +London E62EA +A journal of Libertarian Socialism (s:92) + +* Southwark Homeless Information Project +612 Old Kent Road +London SE 15 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Statewatch +PO Box 1516 +London N16 8EW +Tel: +44-81-802-1882 +Fax: +44-81-880-1727 +email: GEO2:statewatch-off (s:AML 3/92) + +* Troops Out +PO Box 353 +London, NW5 4NH +Tel: +44-71-609-1743 +Paper produced by a collective drawn from branches of the +Troops Out Movement in London + +: + + +* War Resistors International +55 Dawes St. +London SE17 1EL +Tel: +44 71 703 7189 +fax: +44 71 708 2545 +Email: gn:warresisters (s:91) + +* Wildcat +BM Cat +London WC1N 3XX +Marxist autonomist magazine (s:56a 1/92) + +* Worker's Scud +Box 15 +138 Kingsland High St. +London E +"No patriot can shoot us down" (s:CI 9/91) + +* C.W.F. +National Secretary +PO Box 39 +SW PDO + +: + +Manchester, M15 +Class War Federation. Don't mention Class War on the envelope. +Danger mouth and adertising tel: +44-61-226-1293 Class War +Hotline: +44-737-778-525. Same address for the National +Secretary of DAM-IWA, anarcho-syndicalist union. (s:B 9/91) + +* Manchester 500 year of Resistance +c/o Box 13 +1 Newton St. +Manchester, M1 1HW (s:91) + +* Manchester Black Cross +Box 8 +1 Newton St. +Piccadilly +Manchester MI I8W (s:L&R 3/92) + +* Subversion +Dept. 10 +1 Newton St. +Piccadilly +Manchester M1 1HW +(s:B 9/91) + +: + + +* Incite +c/o Enfield Student Union +Middlesex Polytechnic +Queensway +Middlesex EN3 4SF +radical students' magazine (s:NLNS 2/92) + +* Anarchist Distribution Service +P.O. Box 446 +Sheffield S1 1NY +Tel: +44-742-610-627 +Also Sheffield Anarchists, Squaters Support Group, Pirate +Press, Class Struggle Anarchist Network and Taking Liberties, +newsletter of the Northern Anarchist Black Cross (s:B 9/91) + +* AK distribution +3 Balmoral place +Stirling +Scotland FK8 2RD +Tel: +44-31-667-1507 +Distribute many english books, pampflets amd magazines to +Europe. And AK Press (s:B 9/91) + +: + + +# Greece # + +* A-Infos +c/o P.O. Box 11251 +GR-54110 Thessaloniki +Anarchist news briefs (s:5/92) + +* Alternative Gallery Archive +c/o VGR Initiative +Postbox 20037 +GR-11810 Athens, Hellas +Tel: 346-2952 +Archive of Alternative/Libertarian culture and social ecology. +(s:ID 91) + +* Anarchist Coil +P.O. Box 30658 +GR-10033 Athens +"The Anarchist Coils's aim is to contribute to and co-ordinate +with those groups in the anarchist movement who seek social +intervention in specific social sectors that experience +domination and exploitation. Bi-monthly newspaper too." (s:AA + +: + +12/90) + +* ANARCHIST FOR THE SOCIAL-CLASS STRUGGLE +T.O. 31229 - T.K. 10035 +Athens (s:A 6/91) + +* Antiwar-Antinationalist campaign of Greece +Valtetsiou 35 +GR-10681 Athens +Fax: +30-1-364-0390 (s:Peace News 6/92) + +* The Breaker +Amfithea 17564 +Autonomous paper (s:EAC 89) + +* Diethnis Bibliothiki +Delfon Str. 2 +Athens +Anarchist Library (s:EAC 89) + +* Vasilis Karapilis +8 Aristidou +GR-10559 Athens + +: + +Tel: +30-1-322-4770 +Anarchist Lawyer, Anarchist Black Cross and A-Infos contact. +(s:Kal 10/91) + +* Librarie Internationaliste +Kallidromiou 40 +GR-10680 Athens Exarchia +Tel: +30-1-361-7512 +Situationalist bookshop and documentation center. "Aims to +present all radical movements either 'artistic' or +'political', mainly from the last two centuries. Especially +interested in 'counterinformation' bulletins from European +groups." (s:EAC 89) + +* "ORA NIHIL" +T.O. 31421 +Athena 47 (s:A 6/91) + +* Panajiotis +Kalamares Panajiotis +Pindoy 63 +GR-11141 Athens +Tel: +30-1-228-7180 + +: + +"Political theory and practice. Social struggles. Anarchist." +(s:EAC 89) + +* Hong Kong + +* Asian Students Association +511 nathan Road 1/F +Kowloon +Tel: 852-388-0515 (s:NLNS 6/92) + +* Black Bird/People Theater Collective +c/o Guo +PO Box 25244 +Harbour Building +Tel: 852-2-984-1890 (s:Kal 10/91) + +* Democracy Wall +POB 31340 +Causeway Bay +Hong Kong (s:L&R 3/91) + +# Hungary # + + +: + +* ANAP +H-1139 Budapest +Hajdu u.17 4/29 +Anarcho punk group (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Autonomia +c/o Eotvos Klub +Karolyi M. ut.9 +H-1053 Budapest (s:90) + +* Budapesti Anarchista Csoport +H-1399 Budapest +Pf. 701/900 +Budapest Anarchist Group and paper Anarchista Ojsag (s:L&R +5/92) + +* Demokrata +Kolaszi u. 48. +H-1039 Budapest +Contact: Jeno Nagy +Bookshop, distributor, publish Demokratia, independent +political journal. (s:EAC 89) + + +: + +* East-West Information and Communication Network +H-1144 Budapest +Furedi St. 19/a +Tel: +36-11-372-987 (s:91) + +* Feminist Network +Budapest 1056 +Szerb u.8. (s:L&R 5/92) + +* GEO +H-1139 Budapest +Pf. 701/546 +Aiming to create an international anarchist eco-settlement. +(s:L&R 2/92) + +* Index-Hires sajtoszolgalat +Szechenyirakpart 7 +H-1054 Budapest +Tel: +36-11-323-432 +Independent news and Press agency. since 1989. (s:EAC 89) + +# Iceland # + + +: + +* Campaign against military Bases +Mjolnisholt 14 +Reykjavik +Tel: +354-1-17966 (s:EAC 89) + +# India # + +* Charitable Trust +16, gor Bagh +New Delhi 110003 +Tibetan support group (s:91) + +* Information Office +Central Tibetan Secretariat +Gangchen Kyishong 176215 +Dharamsala +H.P. (s:91) + +* Tibetan Youth Congress +Mc Lead Ganj +Dharamsala 176215 +District Kangra +H.P. (s:91) + +: + + +# Ireland (the 26 counties) # + +* Quay Bookshop +24 Sullivans Quay +Cork +Tel: +353-21-967-660 +"Specialist Subjects: women studies, gay books, non-sexist +children's books, personal development and health. In the +same building also: a vegetarian restaurant and women's +center. (s:EAC 89) + +* Well Red Books +Dublin Resource Centre +6 Crow Street +2 Dublin +Tel: +353-1-771-974 (s:EAC 89) +Bookshop, secondhand books + +* Workers Solidarity Movement +POB 1528 +Dublin 8 +Publish Workers Solidarity. (s:56a 1/92) + +: + + +# North Ireland (the 6 counties) # + +* Just Books +7 Winetavern Street +Smithfield +BT1 1JQ Belfast +Tel: +44-232-225-426 +Women/Anarchist (s:56a 1/92) + +* Bookworn Community Bookshop +16 Bishop St. +BT 48 6PW Derry +Tel: +44-504-261-616 +since 1978. "Radical Bookseller, community bookshop, workers +cooperative. Irish interest, feminist, gay, radical politics." +(s:EAC 89) + +* War Zone +PO Box 148 +Belfast BT1 IJA +Group and centre (s:56a 1/92) + + +: + +# Israel and Occupied Territories # + +* Al-Haq +31 Main Street +PO Box 1413 +West Bank 02-956421 (s:Z 11/91) + +* Al-Fajr +7 Antara Ben Shaddad +P.O. Box 19315 +Jerusalem +via Israel +Tel: +972-2-271-655 +Fax: +972-2-273-521 +Palestinian English weekly, see also Hempstead N.Y. office +(s:PN 7/92) + +* The Alternative Information Center +PO Box 24278 +Jerusalem +Tel: +972-2-241-159 +Fax: +972-2-253-151 +Publish English language periodical (News From Within) on + +: + +situation and doings in the occupied territories, as well as a +weekly bulletin (The Other Front) of translations and +analytical commentary. They will send you for $5 a list of +Jewish and Palestinian activist organizations. (a similar list +is available on computer, contact mckay@igc.org)(s:AIC 5/91) + +* AL HAIAT Office for Press and Publication +Salah El Din street +JERUSALEM +Tel/Fax: +972-286-920 (s:A 6/91) + +* The Other Israel +PO Box 2542 +Holon 58125 +Tel/Fax: +972-3-556-5804 +Edited by Adam Keller. (s:7/92) + +* New Outlook +9 Gordon St. +Tel Aviv 63458 +or +Friends of New Outlook +150 5th Ave. suite 911 + +: + +New York, NY 10011 +Opinion and analysis, interviews and stories from Zionist +Left-Israelis (mainly Mapam, Ratz, PLP) with significant +Palestinian input. Have a list of peace-protest-coexistence & +justice groups in Israel.(s:AIC 5/91) + +* Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International +Affairs (PASSIA) +P.O.B. 19545 +Jerusalem +972-2-282-819 +Put out an annual diary which contains many palestinian +organizations and institutions (s:AIC 5/91) + +* Peace Movement Coordinating Committee of Haifa and the North +(PMCC) +P.O.B. 45583 +Haifa +Tel: +972-4-660-281 +Two year old working coalition for major Haifa and environs +peace and protest groups.(s:AIC 5/91) + +* Peace Now +177 Ben Yehuda St. + +: + +Tel Aviv 63472 +Tel: +972-3-546-0227 +Fax: +972-3-546-4239 +Jerusalem +Tel: +972-2-664716 +Haifa: Try PMCC (s:AIC 5/91) + +* WOFPP +POB 31811 +Tel Aviv +Tel/Fax: +927-3-528-6050 +Women's Organization for Political Prisoners (s:7/92) + +* Women in Black +PO Box 61128 +Jerusalem 91060 +Tel: +972-2-255-984 + +209 Dizengoff St. +Tel Aviv +Tel: +972-3-410-452 +Women who stand in vigil for one hour each Friday afternoon in +over 30 locations throughout Israel (and several in Europe and + +: + +North America) demanding an end to occupation. (s:AIC 5/91) + +* Women's Studies Center +PO Box 19591 +East Jerusalem via Israel +Tel: +972-2-958-848 +Fax: +972-2-894-023 (address to S.Mani)(s:oob 7/92) + +* Yesh Gvul +POB 6953 +Jerusalem 91068 +Tel: +972-2-250271 +Ishai Menuchin: +972-2-249-899 (h) +Tel Aviv: +972-3-513-1472 +"There is a Border/Limit" Works with resistors to military +service, holds forums, demonstrations and other activities. +(s:AIC 5/91) + +# Italy # +C.S.O.A. = Centro Sociale Occupato Autogestito = Self +governing squated social center + +Roma, Rome + +: + + +* CENTRO DOCUMENTAZIONE ANARCHICO (CDA) +Via dei Campani 69 +I-00185 Roma +Tel: +39-6-491-335 (s:A 6/91) + +* Lega Per L'Ambiente +Via Salaria 280 +I-00194 Roma +Tel: +39-6-844-2277 +email: legambiente@gn.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* RADIO ONDA ROSSA +Via dei Volsci 56 +I-00185 Roma +Tel: +39-6-491-750 +Fax: +39-6-446-3616 +Contact for Italian Autonomists, also for the European Counter +Network (ECN), an antagonist computer network. (s:11/91) + +* Radio Proletaria +Rome + +: + +Tel: +39-6-438-1533 + +39-6-430-744 +Autonomous Radio station. (s:EAC 89) + +* CENTRO DOCUMENTAZIONE E COMUNICAZIONE ANTAGONISTA +Via Goldoni 4 - c/p n.1632 PPTT succ.5 +I-06100 Perugia (s:A 6/91) + +* C.S.O. El Paso +Via Passo Buole 47 +I-10127 Turin +Tel: +39-11-650-2774 +Collective born in 1982. 1987 squated a villa called El +Passo. anarcho punk. (s:EAC 89) + +* Gruppo Anarchico di Controcultura +via Braccio da Montrone 71/A +I-00176 Roma +Working inside the antagonist movement (s:2/92) + +* Nautilus +C.P. 1311 +I-10100 Turin + +: + +Tel: +39-11-722-318 +Autonomous Social Center (s:91) + +* CENTRO DOCUMENTAZIONE COMUNICAZIONE ANTAGONISTA +Via S.Croce 10/R +I-16126 Genova (s:A 6/91) + +Milano, Milan + +* Centro Sociale Leon Cavallo +Via Leoncavallo 22 +I-20100 Milano +Tel/fax: +39-2-2614-0287 +Autonomous social center (s:6/92) + +* Decoder-International magazine +Via C. Balbo 10 +I-20136 Milan +Tel: +39-2-5831-2978 +"Revista Internazionale Underground", antagonist. (s:ECN 6/91) + +* Federazione Anarchia Italiana +c/o Federazione Milanese + +: + +Viale Monza 255 +I-20126 Milan +Tel: +39-2-255-1994 +Also for A-infos (s:91) + +* Libreria Calusca +Associazione Culturale Calusca-Libreria, Centro di +Informazione e Documentazione +via S. Croce 21 +I-20100 Milan +Tel: +39-2-832-7805 +Fax: +39-2-236-1589 +Gives particular attention to themes of 'antagonist' self +managed communication. (s:EAC 89) + +* Provocazione e Anarchismo +c/o C.P. 14021 +I-20140 Milan +or M.G. Scoppetta +C.P. 10705 +I-20110 Milano +Bi-monthly anarchist newspaper (s:91) + + +: + +* Radio Popolare +Piazza S. Stefano 10 +I-20121 Milan +Tel: +39-2-809-100 + +39-2-808-240 + +39-2-807-294 +Fax: +39-2-807-121 +Radical Radio station (s:EAC 89) + +* Radio Onda d'Urto +Contrada Del Carmine 16 +I-25100 Brescia +Tel: +39-30-46596 +Fax/modem: +39-30-377-1921 +Autonomist radio and ECN group (s:ECN 6/91) + +* C.S.O.A. Arkano +via Canaletto n.5 Borgomeduna +I-33170 Pordenone c.p. +social center, in the Contro Informazione spectrum (s:C 11\91) + +* C.S.O.A. Gramigna +via Monta n.100 + +: + +I-35136 Padova +social center and infocafe, in the Contro Informazione +spectrum (s:C 11\91) + +* Calasca +via del Zoni 14/18 +I-35100 Padova +bookstore (s:C 4/92) + +* RADIO SHERWOOD +Vicolo Pontecorvo 1a +I-35100 Padova +Tel: +39-49-875-2129 +Fax: +39-49-664-589 +Modem:+39-49-875-6112 +Main contact for Italian autonomen. also for ECN.(s:11/91) + +* Suedtiroler Hochschuelerschaft +via Sciliar 1 +I-39100 BOLZANO +Tel:+39-471-974-614 +fax +39-471-974-914 (s:A 6/91) + + +: + +* Contro Informazione +Via Taglia pietre 8b +I-40123 Bologna +Tel: +39-51-585-255 +revolutionary group and magazine (s:AN 6/91) + +* ECN Bologna +Centro di Comunicazione Antagonista +Via Avesella 5b +I-40121 Bologna +Tel: +39-51-260-556 +Autonomist (s:91) + +* ECN Firenze +Centro di Comunicazione Antagonista +via di Mezzo 46 +I-50100 Firenze +Tel/fax: +39-55-241-881 (s:ECN 6/91) + +* Centro Sociale Autogestito Intifada +via 25 Aprile +Ponte a Elsa +Empoli (FI) + +: + +Tel: +39-571-931-021 (s:6/92) + +* Circolo Culturela "Biblioteca Fracno Serentini" +Via S. Martino 108 +I-56100 Pisa +Contact: Robertino Barbieri +Tel: +39-50-879-202 +Anarchist archive, library, meeting place. Organizes +conferences and political events. (s:EAC 89) + +* C.S.A. Macchia Nera +Piazza S.Michele 5 +I-56100 Pisa +Autonomous center (s:EAC 89) + +* CSA MONTEVERGINI +Via Montevergini 20 +I-90100 Palermo +Tel: +39-91-342-648 +(s:A 91) + +Venezia, Venice +* Centro Soziale Autogestito "Morion" + +: + +Salizada San Francesco Della Vigna +Castello-Venezia +Tel: +39-41-520-5163 + +* ECN Napoli +Centro Soziale Autogestito Officina 99 +Via Carlo di Tocco 5 +Angolo via Gianturco 101 +Napoli +Tel/modem: +39-81-502-0238 (s:ECN 6/91) + +# Japan # + +* A.R.P. +P.O. Box 57 +Sakyo +Yubinkyoku +J-606 Kyoto +Libery Volo, organ of the Japanese Anarchist Federation +(s:6/92) + +* Asian Lesbian Network Nippon +c/o Regumi Studio Tokyo + +: + +Joki +Nakazawa Blde. 3F +23 Araki-cho +Shinjuku-Ku +Tokyo 160 (s:oob 5/92) + +# Korea # + +* C.I.R.A. Korea +K.P.O. Box 1938 +Kwanghwamoon +Post Office, Seoul +Bulletin of the Federation of Korean Anarchists (s:AA 12/90) + +* FAK +c/o Prof. Ha Ki Rak +706-022 Suseongku +Manchon 2 Dong 990-44 +Taegu +Federation of Korean Anarchists (s:Kal 3/90) + +* Korean Women's Associations United +1-23 Chung-ding + +: + +Choon-ku +Seoul +Tel: 738-2883 +Fax: 7222-9244 +Umbrella group, 25 member groups campaigning to change the +family laws (s:NLNS7/92) + +* KWWA +Kwanum Pogyowon Building, 3rd floor +Guro Dong 482-1 +Guro-Ku +Seoul +Korean Women Workers Association (s:NLNS 7/92) + +* Women's Society for Democracy +306, Chung Jeung Ro 3 GA, +Seodaemoon-Ku +Seoul 120-013 +Organizing among housewives and office workers (s:NLNS 7/92) + +# Latvia # + +* The Association for Equal rights for Sexual Minorities + +: + +Riga 226001 +Box 460 (s:smot 2/92) + +* Green Party +Mezha Prsop.1 +Riga 226014 +Tel: +7-0132-282-882 (s:10/90) + +* VAK +Artilerias 66-5 +Riga 226009 +Tel/Fax: +7-132-612-850 +Telex: 161172 Tema su +Environmental Protection Club + +# Lithuania # + +* Eugenius Misiunas +234520 Kapsukas (Mariampole) +Veniovos 9, app. 33 +Anarchist contact (s:Kal 9/91) + +* Lietuvos Zakioji Partija + +: + +Pylimi 4 +23200 Vilnius +Tel: +7-0122-266-268 +Fax: +7-0122-614-544 +Lithuanian Green Party (s:10/90) + +# Luxembourg # + +* A-Infos +c/o AB +1, rue Auguste Dutreux +L-1899 Kockelscheier +Anarchist news briefs (s:3/92) + +* Selbstverwalt Jugendzentrum +Letzebuerg +1, Place des bains +L-1212 Luxembourg +Tel: 461186 +Fax/answering machine: 474087 or 474102 +Self governing youth center (s:3/92) + +# Mexico # + +: + + +* Amor y Rabia +Apartado Postal 11-351 +C.P. 06101 Mexico +D.F. Mexico (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Colectivo Cambio Radical +Apdo. Postal 13-441 +C.P. 03501 Mexico +D.F. Mexico (s:L&R 9/91) + +# Namibia # + +* CANAMCO +c/o Peter J. Van Wyk +P.O. Box 50295 +Windhoek +Tel: (061)-37908 +Fax: (061)-33347 +Community radio initiative (s:AML 4/92) + +* Sister Collective +P.O. Box 60100 Katutura 9000 (s:oob 3/92) + +: + + +# Netherlands # + +* Activist Press Service (APS) +Postbus 6452 +NL-1005 EL Amsterdam +Tel/Fax: +31-20-686-6213 +BBS: +31-20-684-2147 +E-Mail: aps@igc.org or aps@aps.hacktic.nl +Radical computer network. Part of the European Counter +Network (ECN). (s:8/92) + +* ACT-UP! +PB 15452 +NL-1001 ML Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-639-2522 +Aids Coalition to Unleash Power! (s:NN 1/92) + +* Bilwet +Postbus 76116 +NL-1001 RE Amsterdam +Fax: +31-20-620-3297 +radical author collective (s:6/92) + +: + + +* CLASH +'Magazine for Resistance in Europe'. Autonomist, Anti- +imperialist. Editions in German and English +Always use double envelope. Inner to CLASH, outer to: +Stichting Marinus vd Lubbe +Postbus 11149 +NL-1001 GL Amsterdam (s:6/92) + +* Het Fort van Sjakoo +Postbus 16578 +NL-1001 RB Amsterdam +(Jodenbreestraat 24) +Tel: +31-20-625-8979 +Fax: +31-20-620-3570 +M-Sa: 11-18 h. +Specialized in libertarian and radical ideas from the first to +the fifth world and beyond. Big book store! (s:8/92) + +* Foundation Europe Against the Current +Jodenbreestraat 24 +NL-1011 NK Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-625-8979 + +: + + +31-20-627-2643 +Fax: +31-20-620-3570 +Published Europe Against the Current in 1989, a catalogue of +alternative, independent and radical Information +Carriers.(s:3/92) + +* de Harde Kern +Kinkerstraat 48 huis +NL-1053 DX Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-612-6172 +Fax: +31-20-616-8967 +Information and action center. Involved in Israel boycott and +refugee support (s:APS 1/92) + +* International Institute of Social History +Cruquiusweg 31 +NL-1019 AT Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-668-5866 +Fax: +31-20-665-4181 +email: GEO2:IISG +"The best archiv of the left in Europe" Also the home of ID- +Archiv, (s:3/92) + + +: + +* International archief vd Vrouwenbeweging +Keizersgracht 10 +NL-1015 CN Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-6244-2685 +International archive of the women's movement (s:NN 3/92) + +* Kriminalisierungsrundbrief +German magazine on the criminalization of the movement. Use 2 +envelopes! inner envelope with Kriiminalisierungsrundbrief, +outer envelope with: +Vrouwengroep OLW +de Wittenstraat 73 +NL-1052 Amsterdam (s:AN 3/92) + +* NN +Ostadestraat 233d +NL-1073 TN Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-671-6773 +Bi-weekly radical activist paper.(s:8/92) + +* Patapoe +PB 3369 +NL-1001 AD Amsterdam + +: + +very good pirate radio, 101.5 FM (s:3/92) + +* Radio 100 +PO Box 10096 +NL-1001 EB Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-616-3421 + +31-21-616-2641 +Pirate radio station. 100.1 FM (s:8/92) + +* Ultimatum +Houtkopersburgwal 15 +NL-1011 LL Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-624-4158 +Central American paper, infocenter, etc. (s:NN 1/92) + +* de Vrije +PB 75412 +NL-1070 AK Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-616-5598 +Anarchist monthly (s:NN 1/92) + +* Vrije Keyser +PB 14521 + +: + +NL-1001 LA Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-688-1914 +Fax: +31-20-684-9505 +pirate squaters' radio, 96.2 FM (s:3/92) + +* Xantippe +Prinsengracht 290 +NL-1016 HJ Amsterdam +Tel: +31-20-623-5854 +Fax: +31-20-624-8013 +M.13-18. Tu-F.10-18. Sa.10-17. +'The largest women's bookstore in the world' (s:NN 3/92) + +* De Lynx +Baanstraat 5a +NL-1941 CE Beverwijk +Tel: +31-2510-12183 +Leftwing progressive bookshop.(s:NN 1/92) + +* De Invalshoek +Koppenhinksteeg 2 +NL-2312 HX Leiden +Tel: +31-71-127619 + +: + +W. 14-18h., Fr. 20-24h. +Lang: dutch, eng, ger +Europe '92, gay, women, animal liberation +Infoshop(s:c 4/92) + +* Manifest +Hooglandsekerkgracht 4 +NL-2312 MT Leiden +Tel: +31-71-125-691 +left bookshop (s:8/92) + +* A-Infos +c/o C.A.S. +P. Box 61523 +NL-2506 AM Den Haag +Anarchist news briefs (s:Kal 10/91) + +* KONFRONTATIE +Post Bus 10233 +NL-2501 HE Den Haag +Tel: +31-73-136-927 +Radical movement monthly, much discussion and theory (s:3/92) + + +: + +* de Rode Hond +Prins Hendrikstraat 138 +NL-2518 HX Den Haag +Tel: +31-70-364-8861 +left bookshop (s:8/92) + +* AMOK +Esdoornstraat 14 +NL-2551 AJ Utrecht +Tel: +31-30-442-122 +Anti-Militarist Research. Newspaper and archive (s:APS 1/92) + +* Rooie Rat +Oudegracht 65 +NL-2511 AD Utrecht +Tel: +31-30-317-189 +Left bookstore. Also for SMAK, distributer, including pink and +pink/black star pins (s:4/92) + +* Anti Racisme Informatie Centrum +Grotekerkplein 5 +NL-3011 GC Rotterdam +Tel: +31-10-411-3911 + +: + +Fax: +31-10-412-8433 (s:ZAG 8/92) + +* Infoshop Phoenix +Stieltjesstraat 38 +NL-3071 JX Rotterdam +Tel: +31-10-423-1385 +Wed. 19-23h. +Antifascism, anarchism, animal liberation, anti-militarism. +(s:c 4/92) + +* Vrije Bond +PB 31067 +NL-3003 HB Rotterdam +Tel: +31-10-413-0885 +Anarcho-syndicalist union (s:NN 1/92) + +* Vrienden van EPP'92 +Asniederslaan 14 +NL-5615 GE Einhoven +Tel: +31-40-448-087 +Fax: +31-40-440-356 +email: epp@gn.apc.org +European Peace Pilgrimage 1992 (s:91) + +: + + +* Infocafe Assata +Koninginnelaan 1 +NL-6542 Nijmegen +Tel: +31-80-730-353 (s:NN 8/92) + +* Assata +Tweede Walstraat 21 +NL-6511 LN Nijmegen +Tel/Fax: +31-80-605-208 +Bookstore (s:c 4/92) + +* Radio Rataplan +PB 1252 +NL-6501 BG Nijmegen +Tel: +31-80-223-940 +Free Radio, 102.5 FM (s:NN 1/92) + +* Wilde Wereld +Burgtstraat 3 +NL-6701 DA Wageningen +Tel: +31-8370-23588 +Infoshop and Bio-technologie Archive (s:E 7/92) + +: + + +* Infoshop Groningen +Postbus 2107 +NL-9704 CC Groningen +Tel: +31-50-133-247 +(Steentilstraat 38) +And VIC, peace center and office of AMOK noord. (s:c 4/92) + +* RAFKO +Postbus 902 +NL-9700 AX Groningen +Tel: +31-50-143-927 +Revolutionair Anarchisties Feministies Kollektief. "Political +bookstore started by a revolutionary anarchist feminist +collective." (s:EAC 89) + +# New Zealand # + +* Anarchist Alliance of Aotearea +PO Box 78-104 +Grey Lynn (s:PE 10/91) + +* Association for Transarmament + +: + +PO Box 5629 +Dunedin (s:GWR 11/91) + +* Nexus +Private Bag 3059 +Hamilton +Tel: 71-569-139 ext. 19 +Fax: 71-563-161 +Official Weekly of the Waikato Student Union. (s:AA 12/90) + +* Social Dis-ease +c/o Anarchy Organization +P.O. Box 14 156 +Kilbirnie +Wellington +An anarcho-punk spasmodical-previously titled "Anti-System" +(s:AN 6/91) + +# Nicaragua # + +* CRIES (Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Economicas y +Sociales) +Iglesia Carmen + +: + +1 cuadra al lago +Apartado 3516 +Managua +Tel: +505 (2) 26.2.28 +or 25.1.37 +Fax: +505 (2) 26.1.80 +e-mail: support@ni.apc.org +Progressive computer netwrok (s:PN 4/92) + +# Norway # + +* Blitz Info group +Pilestredet 30 c. +N-0146 Oslo +Tel: +47-2-110-109 +Fax: +47-2-112-349 +Lang: Nor, Eng, ger, Span, Ital +Autonomist Bookcafe (s:c 4/92) + +* Gate avisa +Futurum Forlag A/5 +Hjelmsgt.3 +N-0355 Oslo 3 + +: + +Tel: +47-2-691-284 +Anarchist paper (s:2/91) + +* Tronsmo Bokhandel +Kristian Augustsgate 19 +N-0164 Oslo +Tel: +47-2-202-509 + +47-2-203-787 +radical cultural bookshop (s:EAC 89) + +* UFFA +Innherredsun. 69c +7002 Trondheim +Tel: +47-7-514-849 +Fax: +47-7-535-552 +Lang: Eng,Ger,Nor,Dan,Swe +animal liberation, antifascism, environment +Autonomist Youth House. (s:c 4/92) + +* Asfaltindianerne +PO Box 1218 +N-9001 Tromso +Tel: +47-838-7599 + +: + +Fax: +47-838-7470 +Put out a bulletin of actions against the Gulf War and called +for Aug 28, 90 as International Action Day. (s:clash 1/91) + +* Ekomedia +PO Box 98 +N-9160 Vannvag +Fax: +47-83-49334 +International News from Northern Norway in English (s:11/91) + +# Panama # + +* Information Center for the Coordinating Commission +c/o Asociacion Kunas Unidos por Nabguana +Apartado Postal 536 +Panama 1 +Tel: 507-63-88-79 +or 507-63-40-27 +Fax: 507-69-35-14 +Continental Coordinating Commission of Indigenous Nations and +Orginazations (s:AML 10/92) + +# Paraguay # + +: + + +* Coordinadora de Organizaciones Sindicales Independientes +Brasil y Mcal Estigarribia +1er Piso +Asuncion (s:L&R 11/92) + +# Peru # + +* CAL +Juilio C. Tello 421 +Urbanizazion San Jose +Callo 2 + +Anarcho-syndicalist org. (s:L&R 11/91) + +* Moviemiento Homosexual de Lima +Apartado 110289 +Lima 11 (s:Amazora 6/92) + +# Philippines # + +* The Center for Women's Resources +#18 Sot. Lozano St. + +: + +Quezon City +Tel: 921-21-68 +(s:TWR 3/92) + +# Poland # +FA=Polish Anarchist Federation + +* FA Bielsko-Biala + +Andrzej Kapcia +Goleszowska 10 m.18 +43-300 Bielsko-Biala +A group of punk-anarchists. (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Czestochowa + +Artur Kielasiak +Pietrusinskiego 14 m.15 +42-200 Czestochowa (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Debica + +Marek Cyran + +: + +Glowackiego 39 m.114 +39-200 Debica +The new, young group from Debica. Mostly anti-draft +activities, anti-militarism, environmentalism, animal rights +and punk/h.c. (s:FA 5/92) + +* Klaudiusz Wesolek +Slupska 32 m.22 +80-392 Gdansk +Especially problems of local community and students' +activities. Free Syndicate of Students (s:FA 5/92) + +* Czarny Alians +PO Box 67 +81806 Sopot +Tel: +48-58-518-676 +Black Alliance, anarchist contact in Gdansk. Especially free +market, struggle against taxes, freedom of drugs and +pornography, pacifism, animal rights, vegetarianism; also +address of "Man-Gala Press" (s:FA 5/92) + +* ZGAGA + + +: + +Marek Rau +Cicha 4 m.4 +05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki +Autonomous Anarchist Group From Grodzisk (s:FA 5/92) + +* An-Arche +Uniwersytet Slaski +Bankowa 12B, Pok. 1 +40-007 Katowice +Tel: +48-32-58-82-11 wewnetrzny (x.) 396 mondays +Circle of friends interested in libertarian anarchism, ecology +pacifism and (mostly) counter-culture. National information +office of the Anarchist Federation, Contacts with Green +Federation +or Dariusz Tkaczyk +Miedzyblokowa 14A m.10 +41-713 Ruda Slaska +Especially punk/hard core music, distribution of tapes, +records, magazines, T-shirts, organizing concerts, publication +of music etc.; also punk/h.c. magazine "V Kolumna" (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Kielce + + +: + +Tomasz Bednarski +Warszawska 47 m.35 +25-531 Kielce +or Wojciech Wytrych +os. Barwinek 22 m.43 +25-113 Kielce +Counter-culturists and libertarian anarchists. (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Koszalin + +Jacek Stralka +Projektantow 15 m.10 +73-324 Koszalin (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Krakow +Marek Kurzyniec +Narzymskiego 32 m.25 +Krakow +Especially anarcho-syndicalism, radical movements in the +world, Russia and other parts of the ex-USSR; also FA's +Committee for ex-USSR affairs. (s:FA 5/92) + +* LAGA + +: + + +Tomast Wojcicki +Boleslawa Chrobrego 15 m.3 +20-611 Lublin +Lublin Autonomous Anarchist Group (s:FA 5/92) + +* OGAS + +Beata Kubica +Sieradzka 5 m.708 +45-334 Opole +Opole Group of Social Activity, part of the FA and Federacja +Zielonych (the Green Federation). Especially women's rights, +feminism, pacifism, environmentalism, animal rights. (s:FA +5/92) + +* FA/WiP Rzeszow +Jagiellonska 6 +Rzeszow +Activities mostly for the benefit of anti-militarism, ecology +and alternative culture. (s:FA 5/92) + +* FA Szczecin + +: + + +Bartosz Sawicki +Boryny 38 m.11 +70-017 Szczecin +Mostly activities among young people, anti-draft activities. +(s:FA 5/92) + +* Dariusz Misiuna +PO Box 131 +Warszawa 4 +Especially situationism, anti-psychiatry, avantguard art; also +"Nagi Krol" publishing house. (s:FA 5/92) + +* Polish Feminist Association +ul. Gorska 7/53 +Warsaw, Poland (s:91) + +* Piotr Rymarczyk +Grzybowska 30 m.914 +00-863 Warszawa +Especially self-government activities, enti-militarism, +ecology, alternative culture; address of RSA Warszawa. (s:FA +5/92) + +: + + +# Portugal # + +* A-Infos +Maldicao/c. Lux +Apartado 21477 +P-1134 Lisboa cedex +Anarchist news briefs (s:Kal 10/91) + +* A Ideia +Av. Guerra Janqueiro 19-5 +P-1000 Lisbon +anarchist magazine (s:91) + +* Post Scriptum +c/o Rua Visconda des Devesas 600 +P-4400 Vila Nova de Gaia +Tel: +351- -302-432 +Contact Nuno Carvalho +"Post-Scriptum began as an anarcho/punk magazine but soon we +saw that it was not enough... Now we are interested in many +subjects...." (s:EAC 89) + + +: + +# Puerto Rico # + +* Ofensiva '92 +Apartado Postal 20190 +Rio Piedras 00928 +National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +(s:ATS 6/92) + +# Rumania # + +* Miscarea Ecologista Romania +Str. Olga Bancic 11 +Bucuresti Sector 2 +Tel: +40-0-112-943 +or 113-715 +Ecologist group (s:10/90) + +* Partidul Ecologist Roman +B-dul Leontin Salajan 55 +Bloc M1A Scara B +Etaj 5, Ap.58 +Bucuresti Sector 3 +Ecologist group (s:10/90) + +: + + +# Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine # +Moscow, + +* ACT UP/Moscow +c/o Roman Kalinin +103009 Moscow-9 +Do. Vostrebovaniya +Tel: +7-095-153-9035 (s:L&R 6/91) + +* 'AGRO' Association +Moscow 129224 +Box 157 +Editors of the Magazine 'Risk' + +Queer contact (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* AROM +Young Anarchist front +contact: Oleg (Kay) Kokotov +Moscow 123480 +Ul. Geroev Panfilostev +Dom 3 Korp 1 Kv 59 + +: + +Tel: +7-095-51340 (s:91) + +* The Free Trade Union of the Republic of Belorussia +Belorussia, 220600 Minsk +pl. Svobody, 23 +Tel: (Minsk) 271316 +or 275778 (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* GlasNet +Ulitsa Yaroslavskaya 8 +Korpus 3 Komnata 111 +129164 Moscow +Tel: +7-095-217-6173 +or +7-095-217-6182 +email: support@glas.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* the Group for Psychological Aid to Sexual Minorities +Moscow +Ul. Malomoskovskaya, 4 +'Medecine and Reproduction' +N.Oleynikov (s:SMOT 2/92) + + +: + +* IRA Ukraine +Drepropetrovsk 320100 +Pr. Geroev 20/95 +Ukraine + +Anarchist Federation (s:91) + +* IREAN +c/o Dmitri Kostenko +Moscow 105215 +Ul. Parkovaya 9 aya +Dom 55 KV 60 +Tel: +7-095-963-7861 (Vladim Damier) +Initiative of Revolutionary Anarchists (s:L&R 4/92) + +* K.A.S. +113209 Moskva +u. Bolotnikovskaya dom 38 +korp.6, kv.47 +A. V. Shershukov +Tel: +7-095-121-7001 +or +117279 Moskva + +: + +ul.Miklukho-Maklaya dom 38 +kv.136 +V. gubarev +Tel: +7-095-420-3770 +International Secretary +Mike Tsomva +Volzhsky Boulvard 21/62 +109 402 Moscow +Tel: +7-095-179-1395 + +Confederation Anarcho-Syndacalists and their paper Obschina + +* KAS-KOR Digest +44-71 Street N. Krasnocielskaya +Moscow 107066 (s:Kal 10/91) +or PO Box 16 +Moscow 129642 +Tel: +7-095-921-0655 (s:CI 7/92) +KAS info in English and French + +* Moscow Foundation of Social Initiatives +email: glas.sagapitov or saagapitov + + +: + +* Moscow Union of Homosexuals +Moscow 109180 J-180 +Box 11 +Editors of the Newspaper 'Tema' (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* Nester +c/o Yuri Anisimov +Zhitomir 262030 +Ul. Manvilsky 98 +Kv. 47 +Ukraine +Publication of the confederation of Ukrainian Anarchists (CAO) +(s:L&R 11/91) + +* 'Nevskaya Perspektiva' Association +Saint-Petersburg 191186 D-186 +Box 108 + +Queer contact (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* The Russian Organization for Lesbian Rights +Tel: +7-095-177-2428 (Sveta) +or +7-095-153-9035 (Genia) (s:SMOT 2/92) + +: + + +* 'Sibirsky Variant' +Barnaul 656054 +Box 783 +Queer magazine (s:SMOT 2/92) + +* SMOT +Independent free trade union (s:SMOT 2/92) + +Alexandre Tchoukaev +145 rue Amelot +F-75011 Paris, France + +Moscow 109371 +I-aia Novokovzminskai ul, +dom 16, kor 1, kv 13 +Olga Korzinina + +St.Petersburg 191014 +Ligovskiy Prospekt +dom 2, kv 8 +Wladimir Sitinsky + + +: + +Smolensk 214033 +Ul. Rilenkova dom 17, kv 8 +Raskasov Victor +Cloushankov Nickolay + +Belorussia Minsk 220094 +Prospekt Rokossouskovo +dom 12, kov 1, kv 550 +Anatoli Matreinko + +# South Africa # + +* The Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand + +PO Box 23017 +Joubert Park 2044 +Johannesburg (s:AML 4/92) + +* South African Student Press Union +13 DJ du Plessis Building +PO wits +Johannesburg 2050 (s:NLNS 4/92) + + +: + +* SPEAK +P.O. Box 45213 +Mayfair 2018 +Women's journal (s:oob 3/92) + +* US-SA Sister Community Project/Global Exchange +PO Box 5328 +Johannesburg 2000 +Tel: +27-11-834-1677 +Fax: +27-11-834-8385 +email: sapp@igc.org (s:PN 9/92) + +# Spain and Euskadi # + +* Ateneo Libertario Poble Sec +c/ El Cano 48 +E-08004 Barcelona +Tel: +34-3-329-3661 +Anarchist cultural center etc. Publish Revista Libertaria and +put together address list. (s:DL 91) + +* El Lokal +c/. La Cera 1 + +: + +E-08001 Barcelona +Tel: +34-3-329-0643 +Fax: +34-3-424-3871 +Book store, bar and anarchist publisher. (s:c 4/92) + +* Desenmascaremos ei 92 +AEDENAT c/ Campomanes 132 +E-28013 Madrid +Tel: +34-1-541-1077 or 1071? +Campaign against olympics, expo and Columbus (s:3/92) + +* LUCHA AUTONOMA +A.C. GATO SALVAJE +Costanilla de los Desamparados 17 +E-28014 Madrid +Tel+34-1-420-0840 (s:A 6/91) + +* MERDE +Movimento El Rapto De Europa +Alaneda 22 +E-28014 Madrid +Tel: +34-1-429-0915 +radical distributor (s:EAC 89) + +: + + +* Minuesa +Ronda de Toledo 24 +E-28005 Madrid +Squated house and social center (s:A 6/91) + +* S.S.T.J. +Apdo 17.140 +E-28080 Madrid +Sabotaje, worker, autonomist/anarchist magazine (s:91) + +* Solidaridad Obrera +c/Montera 37-2'I- +E-28013 Madrid +Tel: +34-1-523-1516 (s:B 9/91) + +* UPA +Hortaleza 19 1d +Madrid +Tel: +34-1-532-4238 +News agency and info center. Good for contacts with free +radios (s:A 6/91) + + +: + +* AUPA +APTDO 3113 +Pamplona +Contact for repression in Sevilla (s:7/92) + +* Egozki Etxez +Nabarreria 6-1. +E-31001 Irunez +Tel: +34-48-22-0758 +and Eguzki Irratiz a free radio (s:D 5/92) + +* Izar Beltza +Ap. Correis 1188 +E-31015 Irunez +Tel/fax: +34-48-224-766 +Th. 21-22h. +Group Anarchiste in Pamplona (s:D 5/92) + +* Komite Internazistak +c/o Cruce de la calle Descalzos y Eslava Bajo +Iruna (Navarra) +Tel: +34-48-211-173 +Fax: +34-48-212-758 + +: + +Contact for repression in Sevilla (s:7/92) + +* BILBOKO GAZTETXEA +c/Banco de Espana n.2 +Bilbao Vizkaia Euskadi +Tel +34-4-416-3612 (s:91) + +* cnt +c/vivda de Epalza 12, 2' +E-48005 Bilbao +Tel/fax: +34-4-415-3880 +Anarcho-syndicalist union (s:2/92) + +* Kontzienzi Eragozpen Mugimendua +Carniceria Vieja 9-4 +E-48005 Bilboa +Tel: +34-4-415-3771 +Basque Antimilitarist Movement, from an anti-capitalist +perspective. (s:EAC 89) + +* Tas-Tas +Apdo 275 +Orereta + +: + +Tel: +34-4-351-2086 +"Tas Tas, Alternative Information Agency collects and +distributes information about the alternative movements in +Spain and Euskadi. Puts out a weekly bulletin based on daily +contacts with other groups. The information is archived. +(s:EAC 89) + +* Ateneo Libertario de Zaragoza +Apdo 1090 +E-50080 Zaragoza +Tel: +34-76-383-673 +18-20h. Mon-Fri. (s:B 9/91) + +* Autonomas de Zaragoza +Ber Entatto +c/Mayor 50 +E-50001 Zaragoza (Aragon) +(s:B 9/91) + +* Kolectivo Dinamita +(Grupo Autonomo Libertario) +Apdo. 832 +E-50080 Zaragoza (Aragon) (s:B 9/91) + +: + + +* Urtoki Kolektiboa +Apdo. 1453 +San Sebastian +Tel: +34-43-421-931 +Fax: +34-43-471-931 +Lang: eng +Liberation of the Basque country (s:C 4/92) + +* 'El Patio' +Calle Moratin 7 +Sevilla +Tel: +34-5-456-0241 +Fax: +34-5-421-4111 +Contact for repression in Sevilla (s:7/92) + +Sweeden + +* Riksfoerbundet Stoppa Rasismen +Box 29 +S-145 01 Norsburg +Tel: +46-8-642-90-67 (s:AN 3/92) + + +: + +* Bokhandeln Info +Hornsgatan 151 +S-11734 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-658-5839 +Fax: +46-8-641-6295 +M-Fr. 13-19h Sa. 11-16 +Contacts: women, antifa, class struggle, anarchist and +syndicalist. Anarchist bookstore and contact for the Anarchist +Federation Stockholm (s:c 4/92) + +* NordNet +Huvudskaersvaegen 13, nb +S-12154 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-600-0331 +Fax: +46-8-600-0443 +e-mail: support@pns.apc.org +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* Info +Hornsg. 151 +S-11734 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-658-5839 (s:B 9/91) + + +: + +* SAC-The Syndicalists +Central Organization of Swedish Workers +Box 6507 (Cveavagen 98) +S-113 50 Stockholm +Tel: +46-8-673-3559 +Fax: +46-8-673-0345 +Syndicalist trade union. Publish a newsletter in english. (s:B +9/91) + +* Barrikaden +Box 7539 +S-20042 Malmo +Lang: eng, ger, (french) +Contacts: womens groups, EEC groups, film and newspaper +groups, antifa, environmental groups. Barrikaden is a +newspaper. (s:c 4/92) + +* Wapiti +Kiliansg. 15 +S-22221 Lund +Tel: +46-14-0977 +M-F 11-20h, S 11-15 (s:c 4/92) + + +: + +* Kaffee 44 +Tjarhovsgatan 46 +Tubestation "Medborgarplatsen" +Kapsylen (s:B 9/91) + +* Farnas-Pobeln +Salterigatan 12 +Goteborg +Tel: +46-31-546-093 (s:B 9/91) + +# Switzerland # + +* International Center for Research on Anarchism (CIRA) +avenue de Beeaumont 24 +CH-1012 Lausanne +Tel: +41-21-324-819 + +41-21-323-543 +M-F. 16-19 h. (s:8/91) + +* Autonome +VolkBibliothek +Reitschule +Neubruckstr. 8 + +: + +CH-3012 Bern +Tel: +41-31-246-317 +Fax: +41-31-247-874 +Lang: ger, eng, span (fren, ital) (s:c 4/92) +antifa, Bern groups + +* Komitee Schluss mit den Schnuffelstaat +Postfach 6948 +CH-3001 Bern +Tel: +41-31-454-858 +Fax: +41-31-452-258 +Anti-repression (s:ECN 4/92) + +* Megaphon +Postfach 7611 +CH-3001 Bern +Autonomist weekly (s:91) + +* Libertaeres Zentrum Basel +Brombacherstr. 33 +CH-4057 Basel +Tel: +41-61-692-9029 +PC 40-25374-6 (s:Kal 91) + +: + + +* Mieter/innen Laden +Haltingerstr. 20a +CH-4057 Basel (s:91) + +* FraZ +Postfach 648 +CH-8025 Zuerich +Tel: +41-1-272-7371 +Feminist magazine, "Lesbian, resistance"(s:91) + +* Gruppe fuer eine Schweiz Ohne Armee +GSOA-Sekretariat +Post-Fach 261 +CH-8026 Zuerich +Tel: +41-1-273-0100 +Fax: +41-1-273-0212 +Group for a Switzerland without an Army (s:91) + +* Infoladen-cafe Kasama +Backerstr. 51 +CH-8004 Zuerich +Lang: Ger, Eng, Fren, Ital, Span, Turk (s:c 4/92) + +: + + +* Infoladen & Internationales Widerstandsarchiv +Kanzleistr. 56 +CH-8004 Zuerich +Infoladen & International Resistance Archive (s:c 4/92) + +* Information aus dem Widerstand in der Schweiz +Baslerstrasse 106 +CH-8048 Zuerich +Tel: +42-1-491-2066 +"Current topics from the autonomous movement in +Switzerland"(s:91) + +* Radio Lora +Militaerstr. 186 +CH-8004 Zuerich +Tel: 41-1-241-5959 +Free radio station (s:7/92) + +* H.R. Fricker +Buero fuer Kunsterische Umtriebe +CH-9043 Trogen +Netwoker info distributers (s:OM 3/92) + +: + + +# Thailand # + +* Ladies Lodge +Asian Lesbian network +PO Box 322 +Rajdamnern, Bankok + +Don't use the work lesbian in the address! (s:Emma '92) + +* Women's Association +64 Petchabur, Bankok (s:Emma '92) + +* Women's Information Center (WIC) +Counseling for Prostitutes +PO Box 747 +Bankok 10700 +(s:Emma '92) + +# Turkey # +* Green Party +Fax: +90-51-63502 (s:91) + + +: + +* Efendisiz + +Ufuk Ozcan +P.K. 953 +34437 Sirkeci +Istanbul +Anarchist paper, use a bland envelope, don't mention Efendisiz +(s:kal 91) + +* Yesiller Partisl +Rihtim cd. +Nemlizade sk.#4 +Kadikoy +Istanbul +Tel: +90-1-338-8395 +or 337-3985 +Green Party (s:10/90) + +# Uganda # + +* Arise + +ACFODE + +: + +ACFODE house, Bukoto +PO Box 16729 +Kampala-Uganda +Tel: 245936 K'la +Women's Quarterly (s:oob 3/92) + +# Uruguay # + +* Chasque +Miguel del Corro 1461 +Montevideo 11200 +Tel: +598-2-496-192 +Fax: +598-2-419-222 +email: apoyo@chasque.org.uy +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* Federacion Anarquista Uruguaya +cc 14031 Montevideo (s:L&R 1/91) + +* NGONET +Casilla Correo 1539 +Montevideo 1100 +email: ngonet@igc.org, ngonet@chasque.org.uy, geo2: ngonet + +: + +(s:PN 4/92) + +* Opcion Libertaria Geal +Casillo de Correo 141 +Montevideo +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/91) + +* Solidaridad Magallaves +1764 Montevideo +Anarchist contact (s:L&R 1/91) + +# U.S.A. # +Country code for telephone: +1 + +# 00000-09999 # + +* Center for Popular Economics +P.O. Box 785 E +Amherst, MA 01004 +Tel: 413-545-0743 +email: malinowitz@econs.umass.edu (s:AML 5/92) + +Boston + +: + + +* Free My People +328 Warren St. +Roxbury, MA 02119 +Tel: +617-427-9795 +Black youth organization (s:Thistle 2/91) + +* Fund for a Free South Africa +729 Boylston St., 5th Floor +Boston, MA 02116 +Tel: 617-267-8333 +Fax: 617-267-2585 +Supports the ANC (s:Z 11/91) + +* Gay Community News +62 Berkeley St. +Boston, MA 02116 +Tel: 617-426-2723 (s:KIO 3/92) + +* Infact +256 Hanover St. +Boston, MA 02113 +Tel: 617-742-4583 + +: + +Sponsors of General Electric and Nestle boycotts (s:BayDir +2/92) + +* Midnight notes +Box 204 +Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 +Marxist Autonomist? journal (s:90) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +Box 613 +Dorchester, MA 02124 (s:ATS 6/92) + +* National Toxics Campaign +1168 Commonwealth Ave. +Boston, MA 02134 +Tel: 617-232-0327 +Progressive environmental group (s:peg 1/91) + +* Revolutionary Sisters of Color +PO Box 191021 +Roxbury, MA 02119 +radical feminist, socialist and activist organization of women +of color (s:oob 8/92) + +: + + +* South End Press +116 St. Botolph St. +Boston, MA 02155 +Radical non-authoritarian publishers (s:92) + +* Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament (WAND) +PO Box 153 +New Town Branch +Boston, MA 02258-9990 (s:91) + +* Z Magazine +150 West Canton St. +Boston, MA 02118 +Tel: 617-236-5878 +Fax: 617-247-3179 +Radical Anti-authoritarian monthly with articles from bell +hooks, Noam Chomsky etc. (s:3/92) + +Cambridge + +* AFSC-NE +2161 Mass Ave. + +: + +Cambridge, MA 02140 +Tel: 617-661-6130 +* American Friends Service Committee (Quaker) Peace and +justice organization (s:91) + +B.A.D. +P.O. Box 1323 +Cambridge, MA 02238 +Boston Anarchist Drinking Brigade, a small band of anarchists +who meet weekly in a local bar to socialize. Also address for +Joe Peacott, author of various anarchist texts (s:9/91) + +* Boston Mobilization for Survival (mobe) +11 Garden Street +Cambridge, MA 02138 +Tel: 617-354-0008 +Non-violent progressive activism (s:91) + +* Cambridge Peace Commission +Kathy Hoffman +City Hall Annex +57 Inman St. +Cambridge, MA 02139 + +: + +Tel: 617-349-4694 (s:91) + +* Coalition for palestinian Rights +P.O. Box 2316 +Cambridge, MA 02238 +Tel/Fax: 617-661-9167 (s:TWR 6/92) + +* Cultural Survival +11 Divinity Ave. +Cambridge, MA 02138 +Tel: 617-495-2562 +Publish Cultural Survival quarterly, support of aboriginal +peoples (s:AML 91) + +* East Coast Bisexual Network +Box 639 +Cambridge, MA 02140 +Tel: 617-247-6683 (s:AML 91) + +* New Liberation News Service +PO Box 325 +Kendall Square Branch +Cambridge, MA 02142 + +: + +Tel: +1-617-492-8316 +email: nlns@igc.org +Progressive press service for college and community papers +(s:10/92) + +* Political Research Associates +678 Mass. Ave, Suite 205 +Cambridge, MA 02139 +Tel: 617-661-9313 +Non-Profit center that analyzes authoritarian and right wing +trends. (s:AML 9/92) + +* University Conversion Project +Box 748 +Cambridge, MA 02142 +Tel: 617-354-9363 +email: kowan@ai.mit.edu (s:3/92) + +* Radical America +One Summer St. +Somerville, MA 02143 +Tel: 617-628-6585 +Radical journal (s:91) + +: + + +* The Watch +Box 12 +Brandeis Univ. +Waltham, MA 02254 +Tel: 617-736-4776 +Progressive student paper (s:NLNS 6/92) + +* autonome forum +PO Box 1242 +Burlington, VT 05402-1242 +email: aforum@moose.uvm.edu +Autonomist/anti-imperialist group, involved in Arm the Spirit +and Love and Rage (s:9/92) + +* Institute for Social Ecology +PO Box 89 +Plainfield, VT 05667 +Tel: 802-454-8493 (s:Z 4/92) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +138 Jefferson St. +Hartford, CT 06106 (s:ATS 6/92) + +: + + +* Donnelly/Colt +Box 188 +Hampton, CT 06247 +Tel: 203-455-9621 +Fax: 203-455-9621 +progressive mail order, pins, stickers etc. (s:MAP 9/92) + +* Hermes +c/o WSA +Wesleyan University +Middletown, CT 06457 +Progressive student paper (s:NLNS 91) + +* Inland Book Company +P.O. Box 120261 +East Haven, CT 06512 +Tel: 203-467-4257 or 8364? +orders 243-0138 +Big mail order catalogue of leftist and alternative titles +(s:92) + +* Open Media + +: + +P.O. BOX 2726 +Westfield, NJ 07091 +Tel: 908-789-9608 +Fax: 908-654-3829 +Put out the Open Magazine Pampflet Series (s:2/92) + +# 10000-19999 # + +New York City + +A-Central +208 East 7th Street +New York, NY 10009 +anarchist bookstore (s:Shadow 6/91) + +* A-distribution +339 Lafayette #202 +New York, NY 10012 +Anarchist distribution (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Alternative Media Information Center +39 West 14 st., Suite 403 +New York, NY 10011 + +: + +Tel: 212-929-2663 +Fax: 212-929-2732 (s:Z 12/91) + +* Anarchist Black Cross NY +PO Box 20521 +Tompkins Square Station +New York, NY 10009 (s:L&R 3/92) + +* Anarchist Switchboard +324 E 9 St.N +New York, NY 10003 +Tel: 212-475-8312 +publish Anarchist Social (s:DL 91) + +* Anarchist Youth Federation/NYC +PO Box 365 +Canal St. Station +New York, NY 10013-0365 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Autonomedia +POB 568 +Brooklyn, NY 11211 +Marxist autonomist publishers (s:89) + +: + + +* Red Balloon Collective +2652 Cropsey Ave. #7h +Brooklyn, NY 11214 +Tel: 718-449-0037 (s:NLNS 6/92) + +* The Campaign to Free Black Political Prisoners and P.O.W.'s +in the U.S. +PO Box 339-Kingsbridge Station +Bronx, NY 10463-0339 +Tel: 718-624-0800 +Working on Dhoruba bin Wahad's campaign. (s:EM 3/92) + +* Children of War +85 S. Oxford St. +Brooklyn, NY 11217 +Tel: 718-858-6882 (s:AML 91) + +* Citizen Soldier +175 Fifth Ave #808 +New York, NY 10010 +Tel: 212-777-3470 +Non-profit GI/veteran's rights advocacy organization. + +: + + +* C.W. New York City +P.O. Box 20370 +Tompkins Sq. Stn. +NYC, 10009 +Class War group. (s:3/92) + +* Coalition to Stop US Intervention in the Middle East +36 East 12th St., 6th floor +New York, NY 10003 +Tel: 212-254-5385 +Fax: 212-979-1538 +And the Commission of Inquiry, and the Haiti Commission for +Inquiry (s:3\92) + +* Commission of Inquiry +39 West 14th St. +New York, NY 10010 +Tel: 212-633-6646 (s:AML 8/92) + +* Cuba Information Project +121 West 27 Street, Room 301 +New York, NY 10001 + +: + +Tel: 212-927-0613 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Deep Dish TV +339 Lafayette Street +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-473-8933 +Fax: 212-420-8223 +email: deepdish@igc.org (s:Z 4/92) + +* Democratic Socialists of America +15 Dutch St. #500 +New York, NY 10038 +Tel: 212-962-0390 (s:AML 91) + +* FAIR +130 W 25th Street +New York, NY 10001 +Tel: 212-633-6700 +Fax: 212-727-7668 +email: fair@igc.org +Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting. Publish Extra! (s:AML +9/92) + + +: + +* Free Puerto Rico Committee +PO Box 2512 +Cadman Plaza +Brooklyn, NY 11202 +Tel: 212-243-0202 (s:AML4/92) + +* The Guardian +24 West 25th +New York, NY 10010 +Tel: 212-691-0404 +Radical independent newsweekly (no longer existant?) (s:91) + +* Impact Visuals +28 West 27 St, suite 901 +New York, NY 10001 +Tel: 212-683-9688 +Fax: 212-725-8318 +Radical foto agency.(s:Z4/92) + +* International Solidarity Network +PO Box 20114 +Tompkins Sq. Station +New York, NY 10009 + +: + +Fax: 212-924-9055 (s:Clash 1/91) + +* Lies of Our Times +145 West 4th St. +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-254-1061 +FAx: 212-254-9598 +telex: 650-305-3524/MCI +Monthly magazine of media criticism (s:2/92) + +* Love and Rage +PO Box 3 +Prince Street Station +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-925-7966 +Fax: 212-925-7976 +email: loveandrage@igc.org +North American, revolutionary anarchist newsmonthly, in +English and spanish. Also for Autonomist Anarchist Action +(s:L&R 4/92) + +* Media Network +39 W. 14 St, suite 403 + +: + +New York, NY 10011 +Tel: 212-929-2663 +Links independent media producers to audiences who seek +alternative points of view on the issues affecting their +lives (s:Z 4/92) + +* Mobilization for Survival +45 John St. +Suite 811 +New York, NY 10273-0090 (s:91) + +* Movement Support Network +Center for Constitutional Rights +666 Broadway, 7th floor +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-614-6422 (hotline) (s:1/91) + +* The Nation +Box P12 +72 Fifth Ave. +New York, NY 10011 +email: nation@igc.org +Leftist magazine (s:AML 7/92) + +: + + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +203 E. 115th St. +New York, NY 10029 (s:ATS 6/92) + +* National Lawyers Guild +55 Avenue of the Americas +New York, NY 10013-0089 (s:91) + +* NSNGNY +339 Lafayette St. +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-674-9499 +Nica. Soli. Net. of Greater NY (s:91) + +* Neither East Nor West +528 Fifth Street +Brooklyn, NY 11215 +Tel: 718-499-7720 +Activists East and West working together, Anarchist emphasis +(s:91) + +* New Jewish Agenda + +: + +64 Fulton St.#1100 +New York, NY 10038 +Tel: 212-227-5885 +Fax: 212-962-6211 + +* NY Transfer News Service +235 East 87th Street +New York, NY 10128 +Modem: 718-448-2358 +8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, 300, 1200, 2400 Baud, 24 +hours. +email: nytransfer@igc.org +Radical computer network (s:7/92) + +* The Office of Tibet +241 E. 32st. +New York, NY 10016 +Tel: 212-213-5010 +U.S. representative of the Tibetan government-in-exile +(s:6/92) + +* Paper Tiger +339 Lafayette St. + +: + +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-228-6370 +Tel: 212-420-9045 for Paper Tiger Television +They have video tapes for activism. (s:AML 3/92) + +* QUISP +PO Box 282 +Cathedral Station +New York, NY 10025 +Tel: 212-969-8598 +Queers United in Support of Political Prisoners (s:L&R 6/92) + +* Radical Women +32 Union sq. East +New York, NY 10003 +Tel: 212-677-7002 +or 491-5163 +International socialist feminist organization (s:Shadow 9/92) + +* The Shadow +P.O. Box 20298 +New York, NY 10009 +Tel: 212-971-9611 (s:Shadow 9/92) + +: + + +* Urban Justice Institute +PO Box 416 HUB station +Bronx, NY 10455 +Tel: 212-716-3540 (s:NLNS 7/92) + +* WBAI-FM Radio +505 Eighth Ave., 19th fl. +New York, NY 10018 +Tel: 212-279-0707 +Pacifica Radio Network Affiliate, progressive, 99.5 FM (s:AML +9/92) + +* War Resisters League +339 Lafayette St. +New York, NY 10012 +Tel: 212-228-0450 +Fax: 212-228-6193 +Non-violent peace and justice group (s:oob 5/92) + +* WHAM +PO Box 733 +New York, NY 10009 + +: + +Tel: 212-713-5966 +Wmen's Health Action and Mobilization (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Witness for Peace +198 Broadway #302 +New York, NY 10273-0013 +Tel: 202-797-1160 (s:AML 91) + +* Workers Solidarity Alliance +International Secretary +339 Lafayette St., Room 202 +New York, NY 10012 +US distributor of SMOT and East European News. +See WSA, San Francisco (s:L&R 9/91) + +* East Timor Action Network-U.S. +P.O. Box 1182 +White Plains, NY 10602 +Tel: 914-428-7299 +Fax: 914-428-7383 +email: cschreiner@igc.org (s:TWR 7/92) + +* Followship of Reconcilliation (FOR) + +: + +Box 271 +Nyack, NJ 10960 +Tel: 914 358-4601 + +Interfaith pacifist group, resources on non-violence. (s:91) + +* Al-Fajr +16 Crowell St. +Hempstead, NY 11550 +Tel: 516-485-5736 +Fax: 516-564-8850 +N.Y. office of the Jerusalem based Palestinian English weekly +(s:PN 7/92) + +* Student Leader Press Service +NYSSL +20 Center St. +New Paltz, NY 12561-0211 +Tel: 914-255-2500 (24h. hotline) (s:NLNS 10/90) + +* Akwasasne Notes +c/o Freedom School +Freedom School Road + +: + +P.O. Box 196 +Rooseveltown, NY 13683-0196 +Tel: 518-358-9531 +fax. 613-575-2063 +Paper of the Mohawk nation of Akwasasne. (s:91) + +* Attica Justice Committee +605 Richmond Ave. +Buffalo, NY 14222 (s:EM 11/91) + +* Mumia Abu-Jamal +#AM-8335 Huntington SCI +Drawer R +Huntington, PA 16652 +Former Black Panther on death row, political prisoner (s:7/92) + +* Ecologia +Box 199 +Harford, PA 18823 +Tel: 717-434-2873 +Fax: 717-434-2769 +email: ecologia@igc.org +working with ecology movements in Eastern Europe (s:1/92) + +: + + +Philadelphia + +* Ramona Africa +Minister of Communications +MOVE organization +1630 S.56th St. +Philadelphia, PA 19142 +The sole survivor of the police bombing of the MOVE house +which killed 11 people. Out of prison after 7 years. (s:7/92) + +* American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) +1501 Cherry Street +Philadelphia, PA 19102 +Tel: 215-241-7167 (s:AML 91) + +* Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO) +2208 South St. +Philadelphia, PA 19146 +Tel: 215 545-4626 (s:AML 91) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +3604 N. 7th Ave. + +: + +Philadelphia, PA 19140 (s:ATS 6/92) + +# 20000-29999 # + +Washington D.C. + +* American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee +4201 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Suite 500 +Washington, DC 20008 +Report incidents to: 1-800-347-HATE (s:91) + +* American Civil Liberties Union +122 Maryland Ave. NE +Washington, DC 20002 +Tel: 202-544-1681 +Mainstream opponents of censor and government repression +(s:AML 91) + +* Christic Institute +1324 N. Capitol St. NW +Washington, DC 20002-3337 +Tel: 202-797-8106 +Database: + +: + +BBS, Wash. D.C. 202-529-0140 +Mnet, Chicago 312-436-3062 +Newsbase, S.F. 415-824-8767 +N.Y. on line 718-852-2662 +email Christic@IGC.ORG +progressive peace and justice organization (s:92) + +* Comadres USA +945 G St. NW +Washington, DC 20001 +Tel: 202-393-0126 +Committee of Mothers of the Dissappeared in El Salvador. +(s:AML 91) + +* Committee in Solidarity with the People in El Salvador +(CISPES) +PO Box 12056 +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-265-0890 +Solidarity with the FMLN and the popular movement (s:91) + +* Common Cause +2030 M Street, NW + +: + +Washington, DC 20036 +Tel: 202-833-1200 (s:AML 91) + +* Covert Action Information Bulletin +PO Box 34583 +Washington, DC 20043 +Tel: 202-737-5317 (s:AML 9/92) + +* D.C. SCAR +PO Box 18291 +Washington, DC 20036 +SCAR News subscriptions: 202-529-20036 +Ray Davis: 202-483-4593 +Student Coalition Against Racism (s:91) + +* Education For the People +Tel: 202-234-0041 (s:91) + +* Freedom Now!/DC +Campaign for Amnesty and Human Rights for Political Prisoners +in the U.S. +PO Box 28191 +Washington, DC 20038 (s:7/92) + +: + + +* Friends of the Earth +218 D. St., SE +Washington, DC 20003 +Tel: 202-544-2600 (s:Peg 1/91) + +* Greenpeace USA +1436 U St. NW +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-462-1777 (s:peg 1/91) + +* Grey Panthers +1424 16th St. NW, #602, DN +Washington, DC 20036 +Tel: 202-387-3111 +Seniors movement (s:AML 91) + +* Indochina Resource Action Center +1628 16 St, NW, 3rd floor +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-667-4690 +Fax: 202-667-6449 +"A national clearinghouse for Indochinese refugees, and a + +: + +technical assistance center for the empowerment of the +Indochinese-American community." (s:TWR 6/92) + +* The International Campaign for Tibet +1511 K. St. NW, suite 739 +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-628-4123 +'Works to inform and educate the international community about +conditions in Tibet.' (s:6/92) + +* Korea Info & Resource Center +1314 14th St., NW +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-387-2551 +Fax: 202-387-2984 +email: KIRC@igc.org +Korean all news service (s:PN 8/92) + +* League of indigenous Sovereign Nations +c/o Piscataway Indian Nation +Washington Peace Center +2111 Florida Ave, NW +Washington, DC 20008 + +: + +Tel: 202-234-2000 +Organizing a march at the UN on Oct.12. (s:PN 9/92) + +* National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) +1101 14th St., NW +Washington, DC 2005 +Tel: 202-408-4627 (s:91) + +* National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest +1801 18th St., NW +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-234-0041 +working against the military in universities (s:91) + +* National Gay and Lesbian Task Force +1517 U St., NW +Washington, DC 20009 (s:91) + +* National Student Action Center +PO Box 15599 +Washington, DC 20003 (s:AML 91) + +* Network of People in Solidarity with Guatemala (NISGUA) + +: + +1314 14th St. NW +Washington, DC 20005 +Tel: 202-483-0050 +Fax: 202-234-1656 +email: nisgua@igc.org (s:PN 9/92) + +* New Afrikan Network +PO Box 90604 +Washington, DC 20090 +involved in Mumia Abu-Jamal's case. (s:L&R 1/92) + +* NICANET +1247 E St., SE +Washington, DC 20003 +Tel: 202-544-9355 +Nicaragua solidarity network (s:91) + +* off our backs +2423 18th st, NW, 2nd floor +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-234-8072 +a women's newsjournal, monthly (s:oob 8/92) + + +: + +* Sane/freeze +1819 H St. NW #1000 +Washington, DC 20006 +Tel: 202 862-9740 +Mainstream peace and justice lobby,(s:Peg 1/91) + +* Washington Peace Center +2111 Florida Ave. NW +Washington, DC 20009 +Tel: 202-234-2009 +Tel: 202-234-2000 (s:5/92) + +* Equal Justice USA/LDF +PO Box 5206 +Hyattsville, MD 20782 (s:NLNS 5/92) + +* Alternative Press Center, +PO Box 33109 +Baltimore, Maryland 21218 +Tel: 301-243-2471 +National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +(s:ATS 6/92)ublish Alternative Press Index and Directory of +Alternative and Radical Publications, over 350 periodicals + +: + +listed ($3). (s:91) + +* Student Environmental Action Coalition (SEAC) +PO Box 1168 +Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1168 +Tel: 919 967-4600 +email: seac+@andrew.cme.edu +Large progressive student environmental coalition (s:Peg 1/91) + +* Art Decco +PO Box 12504 +Raleigh, NC 27605 +supporters of Love and Rage (L&R 4/92) + +* Rural Southern Voice for Peace +1898 Hannah Branch Road +Burnsville, NC 28714 +Tel/fax: 704-675-9590 +email: the Well rsvp (s:AML 5/92) + +# 30000-39999 # + +* Love and Rage Supporters in Atlanta + +: + +PO Box 5236 +Decatur, GA 30307 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Gainsville Iguana +c/o CISPLA +PO Box 14712 +Gainsville, FL 32604 +Radical paper serving the Gainsville and U. of Florida +community (s:NLNS 9/92) + +* Amor y Rabia +P.O. Box 45-2001 +Miami, FL 33245 +Supporters of Love & Rage (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Guangara Libertaria +PO Box 1516 +Riverside Station +Miami, FL 33135-1516 +Quarterly magazine in spanish and english published by Cuban +anarchists in exile (s:AA 12/90) + +* Prisoner's Legal News + +: + +PO Box 1684 +Lake Worth, FL 33460 +Paper produced by and for prisoners. Anarchist Black Cross +contact (s:1/92) + +* Anarchist Action Network +Suite 147 +3325 Lorna Rd#2 +PO Box 360999 +Birmingham, AL 35236 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* People's Justice Alliance +PO Box 281 +Chattanooga, TN 37401 +Tel: 615-265-6713 +Hosted the beyond domination conference in Feb.(s:L&R 1/92) + +* The Alternative +UT Box 16156 +UT Station +Knoxville, TN 37996-4900 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Lame Monkey Manifesto + +: + +PO Box 8763 +Knoxville, TN 37996-4800 +U. of Tennessee's radical paper (s:NLNS 90) + +* WSA East Tennessee Group +c/o Box 8436 +U.T. Station +Knoxville, TN 37996-4900 +Workers Solidarity Alliance. See WSA San Francisco (s:ALB +2/90) + +* New Afrikan People's Organization +P.O. Box 31762 +Jackson, MS 39286 +Tel: 601-354-8731 +A "Revolutionary Nationalist Organization" who want to unite 5 +southern states into an all black homeland. Publish "By Any +Means Necessary." (s:91) + +# 40000-49999 # + +* Cincinnati Autonomous Anarchist Collective +PO Box 19589 + +: + +Cincinnati, OH 45219 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Fifth Estate +4632 Second Ave. +Detroit, MI 48201 +Tel: 313-831-6800 +anarchist paper and bookstore (s:AML 10/92) + +* Friends of radio Detroit +PO Box 11410 +Detroit, MI 48211 +Pirate Radio taken off the air 4/92 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Labor Notes +7435 Michigan Ave. +Detroit, MI 48210 (s:91) + +* Solidarity +Center for Changes +7012 Michigan Ave. +Detroit, MI 48210 +Tel: 313-841-0160 +Socialist Organization, publish Against the Current. (s:91) + +: + + +# 50000-59999 # +* Left Green Clearinghouse +P.O. Box 366 +Iowa City, IA 52244 (s:91) + +* Retrofuturism +PO Box 227 +Iowa City, IA 52244 +A journal of insurgant criticism (s:OM 3/92) + +* Edge Cooperative +P.O. Box 845 +Madison, WI 53701-0845 +Tel: 608-255-4460 +The Madison Edge, progressive biweekly community paper. +(s:NLNS 9/92) + +* Midwest Treaty Network +South/Central Office: +731 State St. +Madison, WI 53703 +Northeast Office: + +: + +Box 217 +Lac du Flambeau, WI 54538 +Working to protect Native American spearfishing rights (s:91) + +Minneapolis +* Alliance for Cultural Democracy +PO Box 7159 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Involved in anti-columbus activities (s:L&R 9/91) + +* American Indian Movement +1308 E. Franklin Avenue +Minneapolis, MN 55404 +Tel: 612-872-7812 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Anti-Racist Action +P.O. Box 80634 +Minneapolis, MN 55408 +Militant anti-racist group (s:PE 10/91) + +* AWOL +PO Box 7293 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 + +: + +Love and Rage Supporters (s:L&R 4/92) + +* The Central America Resource Center +317 17th Ave, SE +Minneapolis, MN 55414-2077 (s:TWR 3/92) + +* huracan +PO Box 7591 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Quarterly newspaper devoted to the quincentennial (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Love & Rage supporters +PO Box 581354 +Minneapolis, MN 55458-1354 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Mayday Books +301 Cedar Ave +Minneapolis, MN 55454 +Tel: 612-333-4719 +Independent radical bookstore (s:5/92) + +* Profane Existence +P.O. Box 8722 + +: + +Minneapolis, MN 55408 +Tel: 612-377-5269 +Anarchist Punk paper (s:PE 10/91) + +* Youth Green Clearing House +PO Box 7293 +Minneapolis, MN 55407 +Tel: 612-823-3468 +eco-anarchist network (s:L&R 1/91) + +* Indigenous Womens's Network +Winona LaDuke +White Earth Land Recovery Project +PO Box 327 +White Earth, MN 56591 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Liberate the Obsessed +PO Box 1916 +Rapid City, SD 57709-1916 +Love and Rage supporters (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Lakota Communications +PO Box 150 + +: + +Porcupine, SD 57772 +Radio in Lakota language (s:AML 4/92) + +* 1992 Alliance +Suzan Shown Harjo +American Indian Institute +Box 1388 +Bozeman, MT 59715 +Tel: 406-587-1002 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Earth First! +POB 5176 +Missoula, MT 59806 +Tel: 406-728-8114 +The paper of the direct action environmental group (s:L&R +9/91) + +# 60000-69999 # + +Chicago + +* Committee to End the Marion Prison Lockdown +Box 578172 + +: + +Chicago, IL 60657-8172 +Tel: 312-235-0070 (s:WCF 7/92) +or +343 S. Dearborn, Suite 1607 +Chicago, IL 60604 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* MLN +167 N. Claremont +Chicago, IL 60647 +Moviemento de Liberacion Nacional. Puerto Rican revolutionary +independanistas. (s:ATS 6/92) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +National Office +P.O. Box 476698 +Chicago, IL 60647 +Tel: 312-278-6706 (s:WCF 7/92) + +* Queer Nation Chicago +P.O. Box 166 +696 W. Barry +Chicago, IL 60657 +Militant lesbian gay bisexual group (s:CLASH 2/92) + +: + + +* Revolutionary Group X +P.O. Box 6022 +Chicago, IL 60680 +also address for Baklava (s:L&R 4/92) + +* US/Guatamala Labor education Project +c/o ACTWU-Chicago joint board +333 S. Ashland Ave. +Chicago, IL 60607 +Tel: 312-769-5038 +Fax: 312-769-1053 +email: usgep@igc.org (s:TWR 2/92) + +* Wind Chill Factor +P.O. Box 81961 +Chicago, IL 60681 +Anarchist magazine, also address for Baklava (s:WCF 7/92) + +* Libertarian Labor Review +Box 2824 +Champaign, IL 61825 +Anarcho-syndicalist group (s:L&R 4/92) + +: + + +* Black Liberation Radio +33 N. 12th Street +Springfield, IL 62702 +24h. pirate radio (s:KIO3/92) + +* The Greens/Green Party USA +BOX 30208 +Kansas City, MO 64112 +Tel: 816-931-9366 +email: gcoc@igc.org (s:NLNS 5/92) + +* WINGS +PO Box 5307 +Kansas City, MO 64131 +Tel: 1-800-798-9703 +or 816-361-7161 +email: wings@igc.org +Women's International News Gathering Service, produce a monthy +audio newsletter. (s:Z 7/92) + +* Anarchy +c/o CAL + +: + +POB 1446 +Columbia, MO 65205-1446 +Anarchist journal (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Loenard Peltier Defense Committee +PO Box 583 +Lawrence, KS 66044 +Tel: 913-842-5774 +Native American political prisoner (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Project 1313 +PO Box 1313 +Lawrence, KS 66044 +Anarchist Black Cross contact (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Take This! +c/o Disorientation +410 Kansas Union +Lawrence, KS 66045 +radical student paper at Kansas U. (s:NLNS 91) + +* Frankfurt Index +PO Box 181 + +: + +Frankfurt, KS 66427 +mom 'n pop Kansas paper brought out by radicals (s:NLNS 91) + +# 70000-79999 # +* Circle A Collective +1126 Marais +New Orleans, LA 70116 +supporters of Love & Rage (s:L&R 4/92) + +* The Texas Archives of Autonomist Marxism +c/o Harry Cleaver +Dept. of Economics +University of Texas +Austin, TX 78712-1173 +Fax: 512-471-3510 (s:1/92) + +80000-89999 + +* 500 Years of Resistance Coalition +PO Box 8901 +Denver, CO 80201 (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Saxifrage Group + +: + +P.O. Box 18717 +Denver, CO 80218 +anti-racist activism in Denver (s:L&R 8/91) + +* The Committee to Abolish Control Unit Prisons +Rock Mountain Peace Center +1520 Euclid +Boulder, CO 80402 +Tel: 303-444-6981 (s:AML 6/92) + +* The Match +Fred Woodworth +Post Office Box 3488 +Tucson, AZ 85722 +An anarchist journal 3x year (s:91) + +* Nuclear Resister +POB 43383 +Tuscon, AZ 85733 +Covers those in prison for opposing nuclear weapons and +nuclear power (s:KIO 3/92) + +* Support for Future Generations + +: + +P.O. Box 22134 +Flagstaff, AZ 86002 +Contact for Dine resisters at Big Mountain (s:Clash 6/92) + +* The Veterans Peace Action Team +P.O. Box 743 +Winslow, AZ 86047 +Tel: 602-289-4460 (s:Clash 6/92) + +* Latin American Data Base +latin American Institute +University of New Mexico +801 Yale, NE +Albequerque, NM 87131-1016 +Tel: 505-277-6839 +Fax: 505-277-5989 +email: up-LADP@unmvm (?) +LABD puts out 4 electronic newsletter on Latin American +themes. (s:TWR 92) + +* Resource Center +Box 4506 +Albequerque, NM 87196 + +: + +Tel: 505-842-8288 +Fax: 505-246-1601 +email: resourcectr@igc.org (s:PN 4/92) + +* Forest Guardians +Santa Fe, NM +Tel: 505-988-9126 +email to: ekemper@igc.org +Working against old growth logging in the Navajo Nation (s:AML +7/92) + +* Indigenous People's Alliance +c/o Tonantzin Land Institute +P.O. Box 40182 +Albuquerque, NM 87196-0182 +Tel: 505-766-9930 +Fax: 505-766-9931 +U.S. section of the Continental Coordinating Commission of +Indigenous Nations and Organizations. See also address in +Panama. (s:AML 10/92) + +* Southwest Network for Environmental & Economic Justice +211 10th Street, SW + +: + +Albuquerque, NM 87102 +Tel: 505-247-8832 +Fax: 505-247-9972 (s:Z 11/91) + +* American Peace Test +PO Box 26725 +Las Vegas, NV 89126 +email: aptvegas@igc.org +Against nuclear testing (s:AML 10/92) + +* Healing Global Wounds +PO Box 4082 +Las Vegas, NV 89127 +Tel: 702-386-8696 +Fax: 702-386-9335 +International event in Oct. 92, Nevada test site, 500 years, +Western Shoshone Nation (s:AML 9/92) + +* Western Shoshone Defense Project +General Delivery +Crescent Valley, NV 89821 +Tel: 702-468-0230 +Support of native resistance (s:PN 5/91) + +: + + +# 90000-99999 # + +* AMOK +POB 861867 +Los Angeles, CA 90086 +Interesting mail order catalogue (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers +6221 Wilshire Blvd., suite 419a +Los Angeles, CA 90048 +Tel: 213-930-2512 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Free Association +308 Westwood Plaza #324 +Los Angeles, CA 90024-1647 +Tel: 310-398-4153 +email: izzyi13@mus.ucla.edu +Alternative independent student based paper. (s:AML 5/92) + +* Guatemalan Cultural committee +P.O. Box 2151 +Los Angeles, CA 90051 + +: + +Tel: 213-386-5633 +Fax: 213-386-9262 (s:PN 5/92) + +* Empowerment Project +1653 18th str. Suite#3 +Santa Monica, CA 90404 +Tel: 310-828-8807 +Produced the films "Coverup" and the "Panama Deception" (s:PN +8/92) + +* United Anarchist Front +PO Box 1115 +Whittier, CA 90609 (s:L&R 4/92) + +* People Against Racist Terror +PO Box 1990 +Burbank, CA 91507 +Antifascist group (s:AML 9/92) + +* New Indicator +0323 Student Co-op center +UCSD 9500 Oilman Drive +La Jolla, CA 92093-0323 + +: + +Tel: 619-534-2016 +email: newindicator@ucsd.edu +25 year old radical student paper of UCSD. (s:L&R 3/92) + +* News International +6161 El Cajon Blvd. #4 +San Diego, CA 92115 +Tel: 619-696-9531 (s:NLNS 5/92) + +* Speak Out +PO Box 80847 +San Diego, CA 92138 +Tel: 619-223-3219 +email: speakout@igc.org +Radical speakers bureau (s:Z 10/91) + +San Francisco + +* ACT UP San Francisco +POBox 14844 +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-563-0724 +Fax: 415-431-1456 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +: + + +* Acts of Resistance +537 Jones #1584 +San Francisco, CA 94102 +Video production group and contact for the Anarchist media +Network (s:1/92) + +* AK Distribution +P.O. Box 40682 +San Francisco, CA 94140-0682 +Anarchist distribution (s:4/92) + +* All People's Congress +2489 Mission Street #28 (at 21st) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-821-6545 +A national multi-issue organization dedicated to fighting war, +social program cutbacks, racism, sexism, and homophobia; +supports pro-worker and pro-poor struggles. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* American Indian Movement (AIM) +2940 16th Street #104 +San Francisco, CA 94103 + +: + +Tel: 415-626-1875 (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Artists' Telivision Access +992 Valencia St. (near 21st) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-824-3890 +Video media facility for the community (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Bay Area Center for Art and Technology +1095 Market St. #209 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-695-0931 +Fax: 415-626-2685? +Produce Processed World, a libertarian white collar magazine. +(s:Z 5/92) + +* Blacklist Mailorder +475 Valencia St. +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Mailorder catalogue, anarchist punk recordings and periodicals +(s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Bound Together Books + +: + +1369 Haight St. +San Francisco, CA 94117 +Tel: 415-431-8355 +anarchist bookstore (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Brasil Action Solidarity Exchange (BASE) +2141 Mission Street #202 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 510-531-4754 (Misha) +or 415-824-8366 (Ann) +Does solidarity work with the popular movements of Brazil; +actions include fundraising for Brazilian popular +movements,educational campaigns, and direct action; a +fiscally-sponsored project of Global Exchange. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* CISPES +3382 26th Street +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-648-8222 +Fax: 415-648-6529 +Committee In Solidarity with the People of El Salvador. +Working to end U.S. intervention in El Salvador; supports the +FMLN and the popular movement. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +: + + +* City Lights +261 Columbus +San Francisco, CA 94133 +Left bookstore (s:Anarchy 9/91) + +* Earth First!, Bay Area +POBox 411233 +San Francisco, CA 94141 +Tel: 415-949-0575 (event hotline) +Fax: 510-631-7958 +Direct Action environmental group. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Earth Island Institute +300 Broadway, suite 28 +San Francisco, CA 94133-3312 +Tel: 415-788-3666 +Fax: 415-788-7324 +email: earthisland@igc.org +MCI mail: 2829302 +AT-Work, Appropriate Technology working group +email: atwork@igc.org (s:AML 9/92) + + +: + +* Emergency Committee to Stop the U.S. War in the Middle East +2489 Mission Street #28 (at 21st) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-821-6545 +Formed to oppose the U.S. invasion of Iraq; opposing the +continued war against Iraq in the form of economic sanctions +and supply of military funding and equipment to the Middle +East; supports U.S. military withdrawal to allow +self-determination by the Arab people. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Food First +145 9th St. +San Francisco, CA 94103-2628 (s:AML 4/92) + +* Food Not Bombs, San Francisco +3145 Geary Blvd. #12 +San Francisco, CA 94118 +Tel: 415-330-5030 +A consensus-run group feeding hungry people every day, +providing health and social justice information with hot +vegetarian meals, also caters demos. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Incendiary Publications + +: + +P.O. Box 210095 +San Francisco, CA 94121-0095 (s:ALB 2/90) +Publish, among others Anarchist Labor Bulletin, monthly +newsbulletin of the Anarchist Labor Network formed at the '89 +Anarchist Conference in San Francisco. Also address for +Office Workers United. (s:ALB 2/90) + +* Industrial Workers of the World +1095 Market St., suite 204 (at 7th) +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-863-9627 +Fax: 415-626-2685 +email: IWW@igc.org +Syndicalist union (s:10/92) + +* International Committee of Lawyers for Tibet +347 Dolores Street #206 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-252-5967 +Fax: 415-626-0865 +Provides legal expertise and resources for Tibetans, Tibet +support groups and non-governmental organizations in order to +address human rights abuses and effect positive change in + +: + +Tibet. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission +540 Castro Street +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-255-8680 +Fax: 415-255-8662 +email: jbinder@igc.org (s:AML 4/92) + +* Irish Republican Socialist Committee (IRSC) +2057-B 15th Street +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-861-5711 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* John Brown anti-Klan Committee +220 9th St., Suite 443 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-330-5363 +Publish the anti-Klan paper No KKK (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* LesCon +584 Castro Street +San Francisco, CA 94114 + +: + +Lesbian contradiction, a journal of irreverent feminism (s:Z +7/92) + +* Leonard Peltier Defense Committee +2940 16th Street #104 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-626-1875 +Working for the release of political prisoner and AIM leader +Leonard Peltier; this is the western regional office of the +committee. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Modern Times Bookstore +888 Valencia St. (near 20th) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-282-9246 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* National Committee to Free Puerto Rican Prisoners of War +3543 18th st. Box 12 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-561-9055 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Norma Jean Croy Defense Committee (NJCDC) +473 Jackson Street, 3rd Floor + +: + +San Francisco, CA 94111 +Tel: 415-986-5591 +Norma Jean Croy is a Native American woman who remains in +prison even though her brother, Patrick Hooty Croy, was +acquitted in 1990 after a re-trial found him not guilty, due +to self-defense, of the shooting to which Norma Jean was an +alledged accomplice. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Out of Control +Box 30 +3543 18th St. +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Lesbian committee to support women political prisoners (s:L&R +8/91) + +* Outrage! San Francisco +3543 18th Street #34 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-985-7141 +Direct action for lesbian / gay rights. (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* Pacific News Service +450 Mission Street, #506 + +: + +San Francisco, CA 94105 +Tel: 415-243-4364 +Fax: 415-243-0815 (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Palestine Solidarity Committee (PSC) +POBox 27462 +San Francisco, CA 94127 +Tel: 415-861-1552 +Fax: 415-861-7966 +A national grassroots organization working for Palestinian +rights and to change government policy toward the Middle East; +currently involved in the 'Don't Pay for Occupation' Campaign +to stop U.S. aid for Israeli occupation; publishes 'Palestine +Focus', 6 issues for $10. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Paper Tiger TV West / Deep Dish Satelite Network +POBox 1271 +San Francisco, CA 94141-1271 +Tel: 415-695-0931 +Producers of local news & media criticism programs. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Peace Brigades International + +: + +333 Valencia Street #330 +San Francisco, CA 94103 +Tel: 415-864-7242 +Fax: 415-431-5953 +email: pbiusa@igc.org +Sends international volunteers to Guatemala, El Salvador, and +Sri Lanka; also working on conflict resolution between Native +Americans and whites along the U.S.A / Canadian border. +(s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Peace Net +18 de Boom Street +San Francisco, CA 94107 +Tel: 415-442-0220 +fax: 415-546-1794 +telex: 154205417 +Internet: support@igc.org +Telnet: 192.82.108.1 +Progressive computer network (s:PN 4/92) + +* Political Ecology Group (PEG) +519 Castro St. +Box 111 + +: + +San Francisco, CA 94114-2577 +Tel: 415 861-5054 +All volunteer organization which grew out of EPOCA and the +Attention Shoppers affinity group. Part of the Tides +foundation? (s:Peg 1/91) + +* Political Prisoner Hotline +Tel: 415-985-7488 +Sponsored by the Freedom Now Network. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Prairie Fire Organizing Committee +POBox 14422 +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-330-5310 +Anti-imperialist activists who publish the political journal +'Breakthrough', hold study groups and forums, and participate +in women's, lesbian / gay, anti-intervention, anti-racist, +political prisoner, and environmental movements. (s:BayDir +2/92) + +* Pressure Drop Press +POB 460754 +San Francisco, CA 94146 + +: + +published terrorizing the neighborhood etc. (s:PE 10/91) + +* The Prison Radio Project +2420 24th Street +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-648-4505 +Produces radio programs on prison issues, including U.S. +political prisoners. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Punchline +PO Box 460683 +San Francisco, CA 94146 +Fanzine (s:PE 10/90) + +* Queer Nation San Francisco +3543 18th Street #34 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-985-7141 (phone menu) +An informal, multicultural, direct-action group committed to +the recognition, preservation, expansion, and celebration of +queer culture in all its diversity. (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* Queer Planet + +: + +1046 Florida St. +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-648-5155 +email: Queerplanet@igc.org +Dedicated to promoting Queerness in the world (s:AML 9/92) + +* Radical Women +Valencia Hall +523-A Valencia (near 16th Street) +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-864-1278 +A multi-racial socialist feminist organization dedicated to +achieving full equality for women, people of color, lesbians, +gays, and working people. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Rainforest Action Network +450 Sansome st. #700 +San Francisco, CA 94111 +Tel: 415-398-4404 +Fax: 415-398-2732 +email: rainforest@igc.org (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Roots Against War + +: + +1347 Divisadero #350 +San Francisco, CA 94115 +Tel: 415-749-7645 [5/92] +An alliance of African American, Arab, Asian, Latina/Latino, +Native American, and indigenous people in the Bay Area, +mobilizing our people against US intervention in our homelands +and the violence and aggression we live under here. (s:BayDir +5/92) + +* Speak Out! +2215-R Market St.#520 +San Francisco, CA 94114 +Tel: 415-864-4561 +Radical speakers bureau (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Veterans Peace Action Teams +P.O. Box 170670 +San Francisco, CA 94117 +Tel: 415-753-2130 (s:91) + +* The Web +P.O. Box 40890 +San Francisco, CA 94110 + +: + +Tel: 415-431-8615 +Anarchist newsletter for San Francisco Bay Area. Bi-monthly +(s:AML 9/92) + +* Women Against Imperialism +3543 18th St. #14 +San Francisco, CA 94110 +Tel: 415-995-4735 +A feminist activist group connecting issues of violence +against women, reproductive freedom, lesbian liberation, +political prisoners, anti-racism, anti-intervention, and...; +opposing the Columbus Day celebration. (s:oob 6/92) + +* Workers Solidarity Alliance +National Secretary +c/o WSA +PO Box 40400 +San Francisco, CA 94140-40400 +email: wsa@lever.com +International secretary-New York, NY +Latin Am. Solidarity Working Group-San Antonio, TX +WSA East Tennessee Group-Knoxville, TN (s:L&R 4/92) + + +: + +* Anarchist Black Cross +PO Box 215 +San Lorenzo, CA 94580 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Bay Area Campus Activist Alliance (BACAA) +130 Bryant +Palo Alto, CA 94301 +Tel: 415-328-2387 +A coalition of several Bay Area campus groups; publishes a +newsletter; focussing on cutbacks in public education and the +1992 Anti-Columbus Day '500 years of resistance' project meets +around the Bay Area. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +Oakland + +* Bay Area Anti-Apartheid Network +POBox 98 +Oakland, CA 94604 +Tel: 415-332-3819 (evening) +or 415-255-7296 (day) +A network of 30 anti-apartheid groups in the Bay Area. +(s:BayDir 4/92) + + +: + +* BACORR +5337 College Ave.#213 +Oakland, CA 94618 +Tel: 415-541-5690 +or 408-739-6505 +reproductive rights (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* Bay Area Green Party +PO Box 20999 +Oakland, 94620 +Tel: 415-649-9773 (s:10/91) + +* Bay Area Anti-Racist Action +PO Box 3501 +Oakland, CA 94609 (s:L&R 2/92) + +* Food Not Bombs, East Bay +1601 18th Street +Oakland, CA 94607 +Tel: 510-644-4187 +Serves free hot vegetarian meals in People's Park monday thru +friday at about 1:30 pm. (s:BayDir 4/92) + + +: + +* International Campaign to Free geronimo ji Jaga (Pratt) +POBox 3585 +Oakland, CA 94609-0585 +Tel: 510-268-0979 +or 510-655-2587 +or 510-486-8224 +The defense committee for geronimo ji Jaga (Pratt), 20-year +political prisoner and former Black Panther Party leader, in +solidarity with over 100 other political prisoners. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Intertribal Friendship House +523 East 14th Street +Oakland, CA 94606 +Tel: 510-452-1235 +Fax: 510-452-1243 +A community resource center and archive; provides photographs, +tapes, documents, newsclippings and other information that +focusses on contemporary history of the American Indian +community in the Bay Area. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Pledge of Resistance +4228 Telegraph Ave.suite #100 (at 43rd) + +: + +Oakland, CA 94609 +Tel: 510-655-1181(National Resource Center) +or 510-655-1177(Bay Area) +Fax: 510-655-1185 +Anti-interventionist civil disobedience (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* South and Meso American Indian Information Center +P.O. Box 28703 +Oakland, CA 94604 +Tel: 510-834-4263 +Fax: 510-834-4264 +email: saiic@igc.org +street address 1212 Broadway, rm 830 +Promotes peace and social justice for indigenous people by +providing information about struggles in South and +Meso-America and by facilitating exchanges and direct contacts +between indigenous people. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Third World Resources +464 19th St. +Oakland, CA 94612-2217 +Tel: 510-835-4692 +Fax: 510-835-3017 + +: + +email: tfenton@igc.org +A quarterly review of resources from and about the Third +World. An affiliate of the Data Center. (s:TWR 7/92) + +* Uhuru House +7911 MacArthur Blvd +Oakland, CA 94605 +Tel: 510-569-9620 +Headquarters of the National People's Democratic Uhuru +Movement; a mass-based organization struggling for democracy +and self-determination in the black community; publishes the +Burning Spear newspaper and books & pamphlets. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Uhuru Solidarity Center +4905 Telegraph Avenue +Oakland, CA 94609 +Tel: 510-655-6969 +A white communitry organization that builds the movement for +reparations in support of the black community's struggle for +self-determination and democratic rights; see also Cafe Uhuru +at the same address. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* The Video Project + +: + +5332 College Ave., suite 501 +Oakland, CA 94618 +Tel: 510-655-9050 +Fax: 510-655-9115 +National non-profit distributor of videos on critical global +issues (s:Z 4/92) + +Berkley + +* The ANTI-WARior +48 Shattuck sq. +Berkeley, CA 94704 +Tel: 510-273-2427 +Fax: 415-861-4854 +A newsletter of military dissension and resistance (s:BayDir +4/92) + +* Arab World and Islamic Resources and School Services (AWAIR) +2095 Rose Street #4 +Berkeley, CA 94709 +Tel: 510-704-0517 +Providing quality materials and services for educators +teaching about the Arab world and about Islam at the + +: + +pre-college level. (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* The Black Panther Newsletter Committee +PO Box 519 +Berkley, CA 94701-0519 +Tel: 510-534-5878 +or 510-534-4726 (s:BayDir 2/92) + +* BREAK THE SILENCE MURAL PROJECT +1442 A Walnut street 252 +Berkeley, CA 94709 +Tel: 510-540-0161 +Group of Jewish women artists who have painted murals in +collaboration with Palestinians in the West Bank and the U.S. +on the theme of Palestinian independence (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Earth Action Network +1711-D MLKing Way +Berkeley, CA 94709 +Tel: 510-843-4306 +Tel: 510-843-8788 (recorded events list) +Fax: 510-649-1895 +BBS: 510-843-1256 + +: + +Organizes environmental direct actions along the lines of +Earth First! with an urban focus; provides extensive +information, networking and support services to other groups +for putting together publicity, benefits and demonstrations; +fax service for press releases. (s:BayDir 3/92) + +* Ecology Center +2530 San Pablo Avenue (near Dwight Way) +Berkeley, CA 94702 +Tel: 510-548-2220 +or 510-644-3822 (recycling hotline) +email: ecologycntr@igc.org +A bookstore, ecological living / gardening supply +store,library open tuesday thru saturday 11 to 5; monthly +newsletter (with an events calendar) available with $25 +membership or on the street;curbside recycling program and two +farmers markets; call for the 'Eastbay Recycling Guide'. +(s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Patriotic Young Koreans +2335 Dwight Way #101 +Berkeley, CA 94704 +Tel: 510-548-1504 + +: + +Fax: 510-540-6520 +Affiliated with the state-wide Korean Coalition for +Reunification of Korea; promoting peace and cooperation, and +awareness of Korean issues in the American public. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* People's Park Defense Union (PPDU) +1901 Sixth Street +Berkeley, CA 94710 +Tel: 510-843-8788 (recorded hotline) +or 510-843-4306 +or 510-425-0150 24-hour bulldozer alarm (beeper). (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Real Dragon Prison Project +POBox 3294 +S. Berkeley Stn. +Berkeley, CA 94703-9991 +Tel: 415-861-6515 +(3175 Adeline) +Provides socially and politically relevant reading materials +to U.S. political prisoners and POW's; provides public +education materials about (1) new trends in maximum security + +: + +imprisonment / control units, (2) U.S. political prisoners and +POW's, and (3) the crisis in U.S. prisons in the context of +racism and classism in society . (s:BayDir 4/92) + +* Slingshot +700 Eschelman Hall +University of California +Berkeley, CA 94720 +Radical student paper (s:Sling 3/92) + +* Women of Color Resource Center +2288 Fulton St, suite 103 +Berkeley, CA 94704 +Tel: 510-848-9272 +Publishes "National Directory of Women of Color Organizations +and Projects" (s:oob 7/92) + +* The Nuklear Democracy Project +P.O. Box 1047 +Bolinas, CA 94924 +Tel: 415-868-1900 +Fax: 415-868-1901 +Working for public control over the nuclear industry (s:91) + +: + + +* Women to Women Communications +PO Box 161775 +Cupertino, CA 95016 +Publish an international listing of over 400 women's magazines +(s:KIO 3/92) + +* Young Koreans United of SF Bay Area +POBox 612676 +San Jose, CA 95161-2676 +Tel: 408-437-9454 +Working toward the liberation, reunification, and +democratization of Korea; call ahead to send a fax. (s:BayDir +3/92) + +* Mendocino Environmental Center +106 W.Standley St. +Okiah, CA 95487 +Tel: 707-468-1660 +Working on the Bari/Cheney case. (s:PN 9/92) + +OR + + +: + +* Campaign for a Hate Free Oregon +PO Box 3343 +Portland, OR 97208-3343 +Tel: 503-233-4501 +Working to prevent anti-gay/lesbian laws in Oregon (s:NLNS +9/92) + +* A.Y.F. +P.O. Box 162 +Eugene, OR 97440 +Anarchist Youth Federation (s:1/92) + +* Student Insurgent +University of Oregon +EMU suite 1 +Eugene, OR 97403 +radical student paper at U.Oregon (s:91) + +* P/CA +P.O. Box 276 +Kent, WA 98035 +Prison/community alliance working to abolish the State Parole +Board, also involved in Prisoner's Legal News (s:1/92) + +: + + +Seattle + +* Collective media +PO Box 20213 +Seattle, WA 98102 +Tel: 206-521-0327 +Fax: 206-325-7794 +Put out poster series of war resisters +email: rrowland@igc.org (s:AML 7/92) + +* Farm Worker Support Task Force +4759 15th Ave., NE +Seattle, WA 98105 (s:AML 4/92) + +* Friends of Liberty +Box 95686 +Seattle, WA 98145-2686 +Anarchist Black Cross contact (s:L&R 4/92) + +* Left Bank Books +92 Pike St. +Seattle, WA 98101 + +: + +Tel: 206-622-0195 +In the Pike Place Market +(s:PE 10/91) + +* Left Bank Distribution +4142 Brooklyn Ave, NE +Seattle, WA 98105 +Tel: 206-632-5870 (s:PE10/91) + +* Peaceworks Park +PO Box 95685 +Seattle, WA 98145-2685 +Tel: 206-547-5435 (s:91) + +* People's Video +PO Box 99514 +Seattle, WA 98199 +Tel: 206-789-5371 (s:91) + +* Seattle Leonard Peltier Support Group +P.O. Box 2104 +Seattle, WA 98101 +Put out "In Total Resistence" (s:L&R 11/91) + +: + + +* Support for Native Sovereignty +Po Box 2104 +Seattle, WA 98101 +Tel: 206-547-3983 +"Working to support Native American sovereignty and land +rights" (s:L&R 9/91) + +* Vietnam Vets against the war-Anti-Imperialist +PO Box 95172 +Seattle, WA 98145-2172 +Tel: 206-328-4377 +email:vvawai@igc.org (s:AML5/92) + +* Bayou La Rose +PO Box 5464 +Tacoma, WA 98405-0464 +anarchist paper (s:KIO 3/92) + +* American Peace Test +Tel: 702-363-7780 (s:AML4/92) + +# Yugoslavia # + +: + + +# Bosnia-Herzegovina # + +* Center for Anti-War Activities +Hasana Kikica 8 +71000 Sarajevo +Fax: +38-71-664-540 (s:AML 6/92) + +* Sarajevo Centre for Peace +Dobrovoljascka 3 +71000 Sarajevo +tel: +38-71-214-884 +Fax: +38-71-216-238 (s:AML 3/92) + +# Croatia # + +* Anti-War Campaign Council of Croatia +Gajeva 4/II +41000 Zagreb +Tel: +38-41-431-658 +Fax: +38-41-425-552 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Autonomija + +: + +c/o Vesna Terselic +ADSH +Gajeva 45 +41000 Zagreb (s:Kal 9/91) + +* Svarun +Trg zrtava fasizma 13 +41000 Zagreb +Tel: +38-41-410-724 +Working Group for Environmental, Peace, Feminist and Spiritual +Initiatives. (s:EAC 89) + +# Macedonia # + +* Green Action Skopje +c/o Jovan Nansijevski +Tel: +38-91-213-966 +Fax: +38-91-201-75 (s:AML 3/92) + +# Montenegro # + +* Citizens Committee for Peace +Hercegovascka 15 + +: + +81000 Titograd +tel/fax +38-81-41914 (s:AML 3/92) + +# Serbia # + +* Centre for Anti-War Action +Prote Mateje 6 +11000 Belgrade +Tel: +38-11-431-298 +Fax: +38-11-681-989 (s:AML 3/92) + +* GAMA +Prof Milandin Zivotic +Dom Omladine +Makedonska 22 +11000 Belgrade +(Citizens Action for Peace)(s:AML 3/92) + +* Women in Black +c/o Stasa Zajovi +Dragoslava Popovia 9/10 +11 Belgrade (s:AML 3/92) + + +: + +# Slovenia # + +* Centre for the Culture of Peace and Nonviolence +Mestni Trg 13, +61000 Ljubljana +tel/fax: +38-61-224-666 +BBS: +days: +38-61-218-663 + +38-61-154-156 + +38-61-154-185 + +38-61-154-270 +night:+38-61-211-553 (s:3/92) + +# Vojvodina # + +* Anti-War Centre of Ada +Vera Vebel +Sencanski Put 27 +24430 Ada (s:AML 3/92) + +* Anti-War Centre of Novi Sad +c/o Nenad Mirovi +Narodnog Fronta 43 + +: + +21000 Novi Sad +Tel: +38-21-363-302 +fax: +38-21-57-797 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Peace Movement of Pancevo +c/o Sasa Marinkovic +Br Jovanovica 62a +26000 +Pancevo, Vojvodina +tel: +38-13-3882 +fax: +38-13-41735 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Peace Movement Vojvodina +c/o Slavenka Ljubic +Maksima Gornog +10/III, 2100 Novi Said +Tel: +38-21-619-019 (s:AML 3/92) + +* Women in Black +Biljana Regodi +Vojvodanska 53 +26000 Pancevo (s:AML 3/92) + + +: + +A note about the Telephone numbers +The + in front of the number stands for the number you have to +dial from your country to call internationally (011 in the +U.S., 00 in Germany). To call long distance within a country +you must leave out the country code. In most of Europe you +then add a 0 to the front of the number, in Spain a 9 and in +the U.S. and Canada, a 1. + +Another Note Most of the countries are ordered by zip code or +alphabeticly by city name. + +And yet another: The source code at the end of each address +shows when and where each address was found. Addresses with +older dates are more likely to be wrong. + +Source Codes: +56a-Infoshop, London +A-Private +AA-The Anarchist Age, Anarchist Media Institute, Melbourne +Australia +AI-Angehoerigen Info, GNN Verlag 2000 Hamburg Germany +AIC-Alternative Information Center, Jerausalem +A-K-A-Kontra, Prague + +: + +ALB-Anarchist Lobor Bulletin, Incindiary Publ, San Francisco, +CA 94121 USA +Amazora-Autonomist lesbianwomen magazine, c/o +PapiertigerInnen, Berlin +AML-Activ-L@UMCVMB, computer mailing list +AN-Autonomi Newsletter, Zapata, Kobenhavn +Anarchy-Columbia, MO 65205 USA +APS-Activist Press Service, Amsterdam +ATS-Arm The Spirit, Hamilton Ontario, Canada +B-Private +BayDir-A Bay Area Progressive Directory, very good: +Ken Cheetham, POB 11232, Berkeley, CA 94701-2232 +Tel: 510-848-9862 x.3 +Fax: 510-848-9862 x.4 +email: cheetham@igc.org +C-Private +CI-Counter Information, Edinburgh, Great Britain +Clash-Amsterdam +D-private +DL-Direcciones Libertarias, Ateneo Libertario, Barcelona Spain +E-Private +EAC-Europa Against the Current, Amsterdam +ECN-European Counter Network, Radio Sherwood Padova Italy, APS + +: + +Amsterdam, SpinnenNetz 6500 Mainz Germany, Omega Berlin. +EM-Ecomedia Toronto Canada +Emma-German women's magazine +FA-Anarchist Federation, Katowice Poland +GS-Gegen den Strom Kallender +ID-Archiv, Amsterdam +Kal-Anarchistischer Taschenkalender, Schwarzrotbuch Verlag, +Berlin +Kas-Kasiber, 2800 Bremen Germany +KIO-Kick It Over, Toronto, Canada +L&R-Love and Rage, New York +MAP-UUCP computer news group misc.activism.progressive +NENW-Neither East Nor West, New York 11215 USA +NLNS-Cambridge, MA 02142 USA +NN-Amsterdam +oob-off our backs, Washington, DC 20009 USA +OM-Open Media, Westfield, NJ, 07091 USA +PE-Profane Existance, Minneapolis, MN 55408 USA +Peace News-WRI, London +PEG-Political Ecology Group, San Francisco +PN-PeaceNet, San Francisco +QN-QueerNation computer mailing list +RGI-RuhrgebietsInfo, Infoladen Bazille 4200 Oberhausen or + +: + +Infoladen 4600 Dortmund, Germany +SAIIC-South and Meso American Indian Information Center, +Oakland, CA 94604 USA +Search-Searchlight, London +Shadow-New York City +Sling-Slingshot, Berkeley, 94720 USA +SMOT-Russia +SN-SpinnenNetz, 6500 Mainz Germany +SW-Suedwind, c/o Biladen or Infoladen, 7000 Stuttgart, or +Infobuero 7400 Tuebingen Germany. +Swing-Infoladen 6450 Hanau, Zentrum 6000 Frankfurt, Infoladen +6100 Darmstadt, Infoladen 6050 Offenbach, Germany +Tag-fuer Tag, German autonomist women-lesbian callender +Tat-Tatblatt, Wien, Austria +Tel-Telegraph, Berlin +TWR-Third World Resources, San Francisco +WCF-Wind Chill Factor, Chicago 69681 USA +ZAG-Antirasistischer Initiative Berlin +Z-Magazine, Boston 02118 USA + +(END) + + +(END) + + +(END) diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ratma.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ratma.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ced9d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ratma.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6304 @@ + 97 page printout + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The value of this 360K disk is $7.00. This disk, its printout, +or copies of either are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** + THE + RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + IN TWO PARTS + + PART I. -- Theology: Its Superstitions and Origin. + PART II. -- Rationalism: Its Philosophy and Ethics. + + BY + ALETHEIA, M.D., + + Author of "A Rationalist Catechism," "The Agnostic's Primer," etc. + **** **** + + "To the mind, as it develops in speculative power, the problem +of the universe suggests itself. What is it? and Whence comes it? +are questions that press for solution, when, from time to time, the +imagination rises above daily trivialities." + HERBERT SPENCER. + + LONDON: + WATTS & CO., 17, JOHNSON'S COURT, FLEET ST. + 1897. + **** **** + TO + A DEAR WIFE + THIS MANUAL IS AFFECTIONATELY + DEDICATED, + IN REMEMBRANCE OF JOINT EFFORTS + TO DISCOVER, AMID THE CONFLICTING + BELIEFS AND OPINIONS OF THE DAY, + WHAT IS TRUTH. + + PREFACE. + + Most of us have been born and bred under the influence of some +form of religious superstition, which was imposed upon us, from a +very proper sense of duty, by our parents. But parents, though +having complete control over the education of their children, +cannot commit them, when they arrive at years of discretion, to any +particular line of thought or opinion. If this were possible, in +what a state of appalling ignorance should we be now! The world +progresses, and why? Because knowledge progresses. Every generation +adds something to the knowledge of the preceding one. Our parents +acted up to their lights, and may their memories be held in honor +and esteem. But, when the enlightenment of the age causes us to +exchange the superstitions of our youth, instilled into us from our +infancy upwards, for something better, wiser, and more in +accordance with the advancement of science and knowledge, it +becomes necessary for us to test the teaching we have received, and +inform ourselves as to what we must reject and what we may safely +retain. It is all very well to say, "Study science and philosophy;" + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +but how many of us are in a position to do this? Only the limited +few. How are poor people, and those who have not had the advantage +of a scientific education, to know what is right and true? And if +we take from them that religious belief which has for so long +acted, not only as a power for good in the land, but as a +recognized motive to right living, we must give them something +definite in return. We must give them a better, higher, more real +motive for right living. This has been the object which the Author +has had in view in compiling the following pages. He has endeavored +to furnish sufficient information to enable the least pretentious +student to give a reason for the faith that is in him. The articles +are necessarily short, for he has confined himself as much as +possible to main points. He hopes that his critics will bear with +him in the difficult task he has undertaken; and if his little +manual helps even one inquirer to a knowledge of "what is truth," +or assists in uniting, in however small a measure, individuals of +similar schools of thought, be they known as Freethinkers, +Rationalists, Secularists, Agnostics, or Atheists (for union is +strength), he will have obtained his reward. He wishes to express +his acknowledgment and indebtedness to the authors from whose works +he has so freely drawn. + + The writer may be accused of dogmatism, but it is impossible +to teach without it. The Rationalist has nothing to say against +"dogmatism" itself; it is a dogmatism consisting of unverified and +unverifiable dogmas -- dogmas that must not be questioned or +inquired into, but be held on "faith" as "mysteries," that he +objects to. Let the dogmatism be one of truth, one that can bear +the light of day, that can be explained by human reason, and be +proved by indisputable evidence then the dogmatism is not only +justifiable, but essential. + + CONTENTS. + + INTRODUCTION. + + PART I. + + CHRISTIANISM: ITS SUPERSTITIONS AND ORIGIN. + THE SUPERNATURAL. + REVELATION. + THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS NOT ORIGINAL. + INSPIRATION. + MISTRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE TEXT. + SOME BIBLE LEGENDS. + The Creation. + The Two Accounts of the Story of Creation. + The "Fall of Man." + The Deluge. + The Tower of Babel, etc. + A FEW CONTRADICTIONS IN THE "INSPIRED TEXT." + THE CHRISTIAN MESSIAH; AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. + EVENTS IN THE LIFE, OF JESUS; MIRACLES, ETC. + ORIGIN OF THE BIBLE. + PRAYER. + WORSHIP, SACRIFICE, AND BAPTISM. + HEAVEN, HELL, GHOSTS, AND BOGIES. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + FUTURE LIFE. + CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS; THE CROSS, ETC. + ANCIENT FESTIVALS, SABBATHS, ETC. + ANCIENT GODS, TRINITIES, AND SCRIPTURES. + ORIGIN OF RELIGION (THEOLOGY). + ORIGIN OF THE WORD "CHRISTIAN." + THE FRUITS OF CHRISTIANISM. + + PART II. + + RATIONALISM: ITS PHILOSOPHY AND RULE OF LIFE. + + RATIONALISM. + FIRST PRINCIPLES. + TRUTHS. + SOME DEFINITIONS. + KNOWLEDGE, BELIEF, FAITH, ETC. + THE CAUSE OF ALL. + LIFE. + ORIGIN OF LIFE. + EVOLUTION. + POLARITY. + ASCENT OF MAN. + DEATH AND DISSOLUTION. + MORALITY. + THE UNIVERSE. + THE EARTH; GEOLOGICAL EPOCHS, ETC. + THE SOLAR SYSTEM; SEASONS, ETC. + THE ANCIENT ZODIAC. + + ETHICS AND CUSTOMS OF SOCIAL LIFE. + + DUTY AND FAULT. + MAN'S MORAL CODE. + RATIONALIST SOCIETIES. + PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND THEIR ORIGIN. + NAMING AND REGISTRATION OF CHILDREN. + MARRIAGE. + BURIAL OF THE DEAD. + FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH. + OATHS, AFFIRMATIONS, AND LAST WILL. + + **** **** + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + INTRODUCTION. + + OUR opening words in this Manual shall be an expression of +gratitude to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace for their +discovery of the Origin of Species; to Thomas Henry Huxley for his +unrelenting protest against dogmatic creeds, and his victorious +controversy with the clergy, whose pretence to a knowledge of +things divine induced him to coin the term Agnosticism; to the +illustrious Herbert Spencer for the Synthetic Philosophy, which so +clearly demonstrates the truth of the evolution doctrine, and which +sweeps away the cobwebs of theology; and to the great cloud of +witnesses for Reason for the aid they have rendered, and the +disinterested sufferings they have borne, in the cause of liberty +of thought. + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + What have these pioneers of science fought for? Why have they +sacrificed time, money, domestic comfort, and popularity? Is it +possible, as the tongue of ignorance suggests, that these men have +devoted their lives and abilities to the deliberate uprooting of +religion and morality, by which society would be thrown into a +state of chaos, and a way of unlimited freedom opened up for the +working of wickedness? Certainly not. They have, indeed, striven to +uproot the evil plant which is variously called theology, +ecclesiastes, clericalism. But they have not striven to uproot +moral and intellectual truth. + + And they did well to strike at the power of the priest. For +centuries the human mind has been fettered by the priestly chain. +The priest claimed the whole life. Scarcely had a child entered the +world when he lost his freedom in the rite of baptism; his will was +made captive by the representative of theology; he was educated in +the way of credulity, so that when he came to the age of Reason (or +what should have been Reason) he submissively accepted the priest's +dogmas as being of divine origin and supernaturally revealed. +Ninety-nine men out of every hundred have been satisfied to accept +the word of the priest for the truth of these dogmas, to yield +their souls up as slaves to clericalism, and swear allegiance to +the illegitimate authority of "The Church." + + The questions which Rationalists fearlessly set themselves to +solve are: -- Is there any truth in the so-called Christian +"revelation" which has for so long a period maintained its hold +over the Western world? And, further, has any revelation of a +supernatural character ever taken place? Or, is the only revelation +which possesses any human value the revelation of natural science? + + If a revelation had been made to the human race by a divine +and almighty being, we should be justified in expecting it to be +done in a manner clear, unmistakable, and evident to all, and it +would have had an irresistible claim upon our allegiance. But this +has not happened. On the contrary: instead of being furnished with +proofs, we are enjoined to ask no questions; we are told that doubt +is sin, and that we must reduce ourselves to a condition of +infantile dependence; we are bidden to accept all the statements +which the priestly dispensers of "revelation" choose to dole out to +us, however much opposed to reason, nature, and science. When we +examine the alleged revelation, we discover that it consists of a +series of legends, characterized by a morality which is frequently +atrocious, and by absurdities which rank with the tales of the +nursery. And we find that the divinity worshipped by the churches +is an imaginary figure, a fetish established for the benefit of the +clerical caste, and supported by the priesthood for mercantile +ends. It is time to cast off the bondage so long imposed upon us, +and snap the rod of hell so long held over our heads. We must +transfer our allegiance from God to Man. Instead of wasting our +time and energy in contemplating and appeasing a fictitious deity, +and obeying the selfish motive of desire for future reward, let us +dedicate our lives to the interests of the present world, to social +cooperation, to the study of natural science, to the explanation of +the phenomena that environs us, to the spread of knowledge and +happiness. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The Christian myth is based on no valid evidence: it rests +only on the assumed "inspiration" of the Bible -- a collection of +ancient writings, most of them written no one knows when, where, or +by whom. Some people fear lest, if the Christian myth were +discarded, each individual would seize the liberty to do as he +liked, and give way to all kinds of libertinism, and repeat the +motto of the debauches, "Eat, drink, and be merry, for to-morrow we +die." But this very fear suggests the existence of an improper +motive to goodness, and that a selfish prudence and pious cunning +had been the only means to virtue furnished by Christianism. Shall +we admit that there can be any true spring of morality in the fear +of offending a deity who possesses the bad attributes of +vindictiveness, jealousy, and cruelty; and in the dread of losing +heaven and incurring the pains of hell? Such an inadequate motive +to right conduct leaves out of the consideration the welfare of our +fellow-men, and the desire to please and make others happy. + + When asked to reject the unwarranted theory of a future life, +some experience a revulsion against the idea of not meeting again +those who have become endeared to them in the present life. But, if +it can be shown that we know, and can know, nothing of a world-to- +come, and that assertions on the subject are vain incursions into +the realm of the unknowable, our duty is to resign ourselves to the +solemn Inevitable. He who accepts the belief in Immortality does so +simply on the bare word of another man, who knows no more about the +mystery than himself. Is it right to believe what we cannot +possibly know, merely because other people believe it, or because +it yields irrational comfort? Why should we stake our happiness on +the chances of a visionary future, instead of realizing the +possibilities of a life which, if we develop it in defiance of the +dictates of orthodoxy, may yield so much profit and enjoyment? What +pleasure can we derive from speculating whether our departed +friends have succeeded in obtaining a place in Elysium; or whether, +having fallen short of the regulations laid down by the deity, they +have attained the Middle State of Purgatory, where a due amount of +suffering is officially meted out to them; or whether they (good +and amiable as they appeared to us) have had the misfortune to fall +under the divine displeasure, and are condemned to the eternal +flames of Hell? God is represented to us as being good and merciful +and omnipotent. Could he not, then, have made mankind perfect and +incapable of sin? For, if he had done this, the necessity for a +hell would never have arisen. + + Christianism ridicules the superstition of the pagan, and +holds up its hands in sanctimonious horror at the worship of +natural objects. But is it more foolish to adore the glorious and +beneficent sun than to adore a being who has been built up out of +materials supplied by the human imagination? If you ask a +theologian where this creature of fancy exists, and on which of the +innumerable heavenly bodies he has pitched his residence, you get +no intelligible answer. Surely the various forms of Paganism were +as rational as (i.e., not more irrational than) the vague and +plagiarized creed of Christendom? + + Can our words of scorn towards Christianism be justified? The +following pages will show. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + PART I. + + CHRISTIANISM: ITS SUPERSTITIONS & ORIGIN. + ______ + + THE SUPERNATURAL. + + FROM the earliest ages man has believed in the supernatural. +Primitive man had no knowledge of the laws of nature and of their +uniformity; he had no conception of cause and effect, nor of the +indestructibility of force; ignorant of medical science, he +believed in charms, magic, amulets, and incantations. It never +occurred to the savage that disease was natural. Unacquainted with +chemistry, medieval man sought for the elixir of life in cunning +compounds, and hoped to discover the philosopher's stone which +should turn the baser metals into gold , unskilled in mechanics, he +has searched for an instrument which would produce perpetual motion +and keep up a ceaseless creation of force. The source of political +authority was traced to a supernatural will. For ages man's only +conception of morality was embodied in the idea of obedience, not +to the requirements of nature, but to the supposed commands of a +being superior to nature. Nature itself was supernatural to +primitive man, But gradually man's confidence in natural law has +increased with the growth of his knowledge; and the miraculous has +vanished from medicine, chemistry, etc. No divine whim is allowed +to confuse the laws of mechanics. The authority to make and execute +laws is recognized as proceeding from the will of the governed, and +not from an extra-mundane power. "Man," says Ingersoll, "should +cease to expect aid from a supernatural source, being satisfied +that the supernatural does not exist that worship has not created +wealth; that prosperity is not the child of prayer that the +supernatural has not succored the oppressed, clothed the naked, fed +the hungry, shielded the innocent, stayed the pestilence, or freed +the slave." + + SUPERNATURAL REVELATION. + + We should expect that a message divinely revealed to man would +be a unity, and not split into different portions; that each single +part would corroborate and confirm the others; that contradictions +would be absent; that the contents would be reconcilable with +science; and that its morality should be perfect. Now, does the +Christian revelation possess these characteristics? We shall find +that it does not possess one of them. Not only so, but its alleged +divine origin is attested by no reliable evidence, and its purely +human development can be distinctly traced. The sources of its +dogmas may be detected in the older religions of Babylonia, Persia, +Egypt, etc. In other words, the pretended revelation was borrowed +from Paganism. We find its leading myths, such as the supernatural +birth of a Savior, the slaughter of the Innocents, the temptation +in the wilderness, the performance of miracles, the death and +resurrection of the god, forming features in pre-christian +religions. + + The very fact of there being more than one "revelation" is +sufficient to raise doubts in the minds of reasoning people as to +the validity of any of them. The particular "revelation" which the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +average man accepts depends upon the accident of his birth, Creeds +follow geographical lines. If we happen to be born in Great Britain +or the British colonies, we adopt one of the many varieties of +Christianism; if in Turkey, Mohammedanism; if in China, Taoism, or +Confucianism, or Buddhism; if in India, Brahmanism; if in a certain +quarter of Bombay, Parseeism, etc. And each "revelation" claims +divine origin. The Mohammedan appeals to the Koran, the Parsee to +the Zend-avesta, the Taoist to the Tau-teh-king; the Buddhist to +his Tripitaka; the Brahman to his Vedas and the Christian to his +Bible. Though we observe in these phases of faith many resemblances +suggestive of borrowing and derivation, we also observe differences +in important details. Each counts itself orthodox, and regards the +rest as heretical or infidel. Our notion of truth or heresy, +therefore, is modified according to the locality of out birth and +the sphere of our education. + + Christianity cannot boast an inner unity of its own. It is +divided into a bewildering array of sects. The Churches of Christ +differ from each other on more or less essential questions. In +these schisms they simply exemplify the contradictions presented by +their Scriptures. Yet, marvelous to say, the only point the sects +agree upon is the necessity of appeal to these very scriptures +which yield so many interpretations! In Roman Catholic countries +Protestant agents seek to make converts, a Protestant Bishop being +a short time ago consecrated for Catholic Madrid, while Roman +Catholic bishops map out dioceses in the midst of Protestant +populations. The Catholic churches insist on the duty of eating +their god; the Protestants regard this doctrine as an abomination. + + The Christian revelation is blindly accepted on the assumption +that the Bible is inspired. We shall see if there exist solid +grounds for the assumption. Is the "revelation" reconcilable with +science? The researches and discoveries of modern science have laid +bare the fallacies upon which the Bible is founded, and the +erroneous opinions that run through it. They have demonstrated that +there is no such thing as instantaneous creation; that the present +cosmos has been gradually evolved from a preexistent one; that +matter is indestructible, eternal, fixed in quantity; that neither +man nor animals nor plants were called into being so recently as +6,000 years ago; that our ancestors lived millennia before the +supposed date of the creation; and that our race has ascended +through long processes of development from simple protoplasmic +cells. Genesis itself speaks with an uncertain voice. It contains +two separate stories of the creation, and they contradict one +another. The Genesis cosmogony is based upon mistaken ideas of the +universe, the shape and movements of the earth and sun, and their +mutual relations. And upon the truth of the occurrences reported in +Genesis rests the whole Christian theory of "Redemption." If the +"Fall" of man did not occur, sin did not enter the world by the +disobedience of Eve. And if Eve did not introduce the microbes of +sir, there is no sin-disease for all mankind to inherit; and, +consequently, there is no necessity for a Savior or Redeemer to +suffer the sacrifice entailed by the fault of the ancestors of the +race. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Till a comparatively recent date Christianity taught the +Ptolemaic theory of the universe -- i.e., that the earth was the +center of a system of planets, and that the sun rose and set daily +over it. By order of the Congregation of the Holy Office, Giordano +Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600 for indulging in astronomical +speculations; for supporting the Copernican theory, the reason +given being because it was "contrary to the bible;" and for +suggesting that the Bible did not contain the whole of science. In +1616 Galileo was summoned before the Inquisition, and cawed by +threats for teaching new theories of the heavens. He was again +hauled up, at the age of seventy, for writing a book on the System +of the World, in which he proved the truth of the Copernican +theory, which is now accepted by all the civilized world. He was +made to kneel, and swear, with his hands on the gospels, that it +was not true that the earth moved round the sun, and that he would +never again spread the "damnable heresy." Here we have evidence of +two failures on the part of the Christian Church: it condemned the +thinkers, who maintained a theory of the universe now everywhere +admitted; and it publicly declared its conviction that the +Copernican theory ran counter to the science of the Bible. + + Again, is Christianity sound in its moral teaching? The Yahuh +(Jehovah) of the Old Testament authorizes, directly or indirectly, +the burning of witches (Ex. xxii. 18), human sacrifice (Ex. xiii.), +slavery (Ex. xxi., xxv.), adultery (Gen. xii. 10), violation of +virgins (Mum. xxxi. 17), and many other acts of gross injustice. +The Jesus of the New Testament teaches improvidence by the precept +that no thought is to be taken for the morrow as to food, drink, or +clothing -- an injunction which is at variance with all prudence +and economic wisdom. He took part in encouraging the ignorant and +cruel method of treating disease as the work of demons. He +pretended to drive "unclean spirits" out of the poor lunatic who +spent his life among the tombs, and whom no man could bind with +chains. We are expected to believe that the devils asked to be sent +into a herd of swine, after which they ran violently down the hill +into the sea and were drowned. No mention is made of any recompense +having been made to the owner of the herd (numbering about 2,000), +and, as Jesus is said to have been in a chronically impecunious +state, we may assume that none was made. Another example of +injustice is exemplified in the statement, "Whosoever hath to him +shall be given, and he shall have abundance; but whosoever hath +not, from him shall be taken away even that which he hath." As +further cases, take the advice to offer the other cheek when +smitten -- a course which insults human dignity -- or the +admonition to hand over a second garment to the robber who has +despoiled you of your coat -- a direct premium on stealing. The +cursing of the barren fig-tree was a display of folly and childish +petulance. Immorality marks the prophecy of Jesus, which has only +too literally been fulfilled, that bloodshed should prepare the way +of Christian triumph. He said: "Think not that I am come to send +peace on earth, but a sword." In the fulfillment of this prophecy +fifty millions of people were destined to perish. + + We may, therefore, accept it as proved that the "revelation" +which Christian priests offer for our acceptance is not of divine +origin, and that, in the words of Mr. S. Laing, "The subjects which +their theologians profess to have such an exact knowledge of are, +for the most part, subjects respecting which nothing is or can be +known." Christianism is nothing but "Paganism writ different" -- in +other words, it is Paganism modernized. + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS CHRIST NOT + ORIGINAL. + + We often hear of the beauty and charm of the teachings of +Jesus, and of the self-evidence of their divine source. But, on +investigation, we find that his doctrines do not bear the stamp of +originality. Nor did he so far value them himself as to put them +consistently into practice -- e.g., having taught his followers +that whosoever should call his brother a fool should be in danger +of hell-fire, he himself called the Pharisees fools, and so +unconsciously pronounced his own sentence! + + If he had been a true Messiah, he would surely have utilized +the opportunity afforded him when the lawyer came and asked him, +before a large crowd, what he should do to inherit eternal life. +Yet what happened? Did the Son of God adduce any striking proof of +his divinity by enunciating new and wonderful precepts of wisdom +and morality? No he repeated, nearly word for word, certain maxims +which he had culled from the books of Deuteronomy and Leviticus. +The commands given in Matt. Vii. 22 and xxiii. 37-46 simply echo +the teachings of previous sages. Thus, Confucius, who lived some +550 years before Christ, uttered the words: "Do not to another what +you would not want done to yourself; thou hast need of this law +alone; it is the foundation of all the rest"; and "Acknowledge thy +benefits by return of other benefits, but never avenge injuries." +The so-called "Lord's Prayer" is merely a reiteration of similar +prayers in the Jewish Talmud. The conversation between Jesus and +Nicodemus echoes the teaching of Krishna in the Hindu poem of the +Bhagavat-Gita. The doctrine of the water that removes thirst for +ever has its parallel in Hindu mythology, and Philo had already +taught it as follows: "The Word (Logos) is the fountain of +life...... it is of the greatest consequence to every person to +strive without remission to approach the divine Word of God above, +who is the fountain of all wisdom, that, by drinking largely of +that sacred spring, instead of death, he may be rewarded with +everlasting life." Many other passages in the Fourth Gospel show +dependence on the non-Christian works of Philo. + + INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE. + + This is, as Mr. Laing remarks, "a theory which breaks down +when tested by the ordinary rules of criticism, and examined +impartially by the light of modern knowledge." As before pointed +out, no inspired writing should be self-contradictory, or contain +false statements; and the Bible suffers from both these marks of +fallibility. + + The Bible comprises a Hebrew and a Christian portion, both +being, as regards the bulk of their contents, of unknown +authorship. Both are accepted by Christians as inspired, it being +popularly supposed that the New Testament contains the fulfillment +of the types and prophecies of the Old. The most important theme of +the Old Testament is that of the Creation and Fall; and the leading +topic of the New is the career of the Christian Savior who appeared +as the propitiation for the sin which occurred at the beginning of +human history. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Now, the Bible not only makes mistakes in matters of science, +but it puts forward two contradictory accounts of the Creation. +These are given in the first and second chapters of Genesis, and +they disagree in nearly every detail. If such errors occur in one +historical particular, they may occur elsewhere. The whole theory +of inspiration is vitiated and our confidence disappears. The more +we read the Bible, the more convinced we feel of its lack of +clearness and authority and educative value. Had it been divinely +inspired, we may be sure it would have taken the form of +unimpeachable history and logical instruction, so that no doubt +could or would have arisen in the mind of the most cultured reader, +If we are born tainted with original sin, and if that sin is +removable, means would have been taken to impart to the world the +mode of salvation, and this in such a way that conviction of its +truth would follow immediately on hearing or reading. What, on the +contrary, has occurred? We hear of miracles having been performed +in cases where they were not needed; and we find them absent in +circumstances where they might have rendered real aid. Surely, if +miracles could have been worked for such trifling purposes as the +provision of wine for wedding guests, we might have expected some +miraculous intervention to secure the general acceptance of the +Bible canon. Where is our certainty? Books once regarded with +suspicion now find an honored place in the Bible; and books once +included in the sacred collections of the early churches are now +cast into outer darkness. We are left, in this happy-go-lucky +manner, to ascertain the mode of redemption from a sin which we did +not commit, but yet have to incur the penalty for. The divine +message, instead of being published in the sight of all men, has +been inscribed on old parchments hidden away in all sorts of holes +and corners, as if the very authors had been ashamed of their +productions. These parchments are, in some instances, old skins +from which pagan manuscripts had been partially erased before the +"Word of God" was written on them by Christian pens. Is this the +way in which a good and just God would treat mankind? It does not +seem reasonable. Goodness and justice, forsooth! Look at the +attitude which, according to the New Testament itself, God adopts +towards the race he has created. Jesus tells his followers that, +before some of them taste of death, he will return (of course, he +did not) on clouds of glory and in the day of vengeance. Vengeance! +A jealous and revengeful God will return to wreak his anger upon +the helpless creatures, who are guiltless of the responsibility of +the sin of their "first parents," and whose appearance on this +planet at all he might have mercifully prevented! + + MISTRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE TEXT. + + The current translations in this country are known as the +Authorized and the Douay versions, the latter having been rendered +into English from the Latin. The authorized version of the time of +James I. was so erroneously executed that a revised translation was +called for a few years ago. Though more correct than its +predecessor, this is still marred by many faulty readings; and some +interpolations, admitted as suspicious by the revisers themselves, +are suffered to remain. An instance of these interpolations will be +found in the last chapter of the Mark-gospel, from verse 9 to the +end. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Then, again, the language has been so manipulated as to induce +the reader to believe that the Jews were monotheists or worshippers +of one God only, and to render obscure the immortal character of +Yahuh (the "Lord"). Elohim (literally the gods) is rendered God, +and Yahuh Elohim (literally Yahuh of the Gods) is rendered Lord +God. Jephthah, who sacrificed his daughter because she came to +greet him, argues with the Amorites that every nation is entitled +to what its national God bestows upon it (Judges ii. 24). The +sixty-eighth Psalm is positively a song to the Sun-God! It opens +with the invocation, "Let God arise" (literally, "Let the Mighty +One arise"), and bids all inferior creatures "cast up a highway for +him that rideth through the heavens by his name Yah." The frequent +references to sun-gods under various names are all disguised by the +English version. The title Adonai, the Phoenician name for the sun- +god, is, when it occurs single, translated "the Lord;" but, when it +is met with in conjunction with Yahuh or Elghiin, "the Lord God." +Psalm cx. i ought to read "Yahuh said to Adonai (or "to our +Adonis"), Sit at my right hand." The popular deity of Thebes, Amen- +Ra, is met with in the Psalms as "Ammon" (the hidden sun). He is +one with Adonai; with "the Stygian Jupiter" when he descended to +the lowest point of his annual declination in December; with the +Olympian Zeus, rising to his highest point of ascension in June; +and with the Jupiter Ammon, worshipped as the hidden or occult God, +and reappearing in the sign "Aries" (see Is. xlv. 15). The name +"Ammon" in Is. lxv. 16 is twice wrongly rendered "the God of +Truth," instead of "the God Ammon." This deity is again alluded to +in Ps. x. 1, where "Lord" ought to read "Yahuh," and again in Ps. +lxxxix, 46, "Yahuh, how long wilt thou hide thyself?" and verse 52, +"Blessed be Yahuh for ever more (who is) Ammon, even Ammon." The +name Ammon, in its shortened form of "Amen," found its way later +into the Greek language, and was used in the sense of truly. In the +Apocalypse the word is written with "Ho" prefixed, when it is +rendered "The Amen," a senseless expression. In Rev. iii. 4 we +ought to read "These things, saith Ammon, the true and faithful +witness." + + Another name for the Hebrew sun-god is Shaddai, sometimes +conjoined with the prefix El, Bel (the Babylonian sun-god), and +Baal (the Syrian). Yahuh, or Yahweh, is usually written "Jehovah," +which does not convey to the mind any idea of the true Hebrew +pronunciation of Yahouyeh. The name was pronounced by the Semites +generally (by whom Yahuh was worshipped) as Yahuh, Yahu, or Yho. In +the reign of the Assyrian King Sargon II. the throne of Hamath was +occupied by Yahou-behdi, which name literally means the "Servant of +Yahuh." The Phoenicians venerated this deity also, for in the +inscriptions of Assur-bani-pal, another Assyrian King, we read that +the name of the then crown-prince of Tyrenus Yahu-melek = "Yahuh is +my King." On a coin from Gaza of the fourth century B.C., now in +the British Museum, is a figure of a deity in a chariot of fire, +over whose head is written Yho in old Phoenician characters. But +Yahuh held only a subordinate position in the general mythology of +the Semites, and he only owes his notoriety to the fact that he was +chosen as the patron deity of the Beni-Israel. The word Ashera or +Asherah is admitted in the preface to the Revised Bible to be +"uniformly and wrongly rendered grove" in the authorized version. +Why this misleading device? In order, probably, to conceal the +gross character of the thing signified. The Ashera was an upright +stone, and was undoubtedly a Phallic (sexual) emblem. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The "two angels," who are represented as appearing to Lot in +the city of Sodom, are, in the original text, gods. Adam's demon- +wife, Lilith, has been suppressed in Isaiah xxxiv. 14, and the +meaningless expression, "the night monster," substituted. + + Jesus, pronounced in Hebrew Yezua, was a very common name. The +Jesus of the New Testament was, to a large extent, a mythical +personage, being a personification of the sun-god and Savior -- +Bacchus, the Phoenician Ies, identical with the Hindu Krishna or +Christna, the Persian Mithra, the Egyptian Horus, and other sun- +gods. After the captivity the name was interchanged with Joshua or +Yahoshua -- the successor of Moses; in the Greek it was Yesous and +Jason. In the authorized version it was rendered Jesus (Acts vii. +45, Heb. iv. 8), but in the revised version it is rendered Joshua +-- the "same word rendered Jeshua in Nehemiah viii. 17. The idea +connected with the word Jesus, and with the letters I H S and I E +E S, was Phallic vigor. + + The word repent has been in the Douay version wrongly rendered +through the Latin do penance. + + We shall now examine some of the many renderings of the Hebrew +word Ruach, and shall see how they illustrate ecclesiastical +ingenuity in building up a system of ghosts, and even a theory of +Apostolic succession! + + The word rendered Ghost, Holy Ghost, and Spirit in the New +Testament is the Greek word Pneuma, which is the equivalent of +Ruach in the Hebrew of the Old Testament. Both words mean air in +motion or breath. Ruach is rendered in Gen. iii. 8, "in the cool of +the evening;" in Gen. viii. 1 as "wind;" and in Gen. i. 2 Ruach +Elohini is translated "the spirit of God," but, literally rendered, +it should be "the breath of the gods." In the Latin Vulgate, from +which the Catholic or Douay translation is made, pneuma is rendered +"spiritus," from Spiro = I breathe. When the Bible was translated +from the Latin into Anglo-Saxon, "spiritus" was rendered gast. In +the Middle English gast became goost and gost, approaching very +near to, and probably derived from, the old German geist, which is +the present equivalent of pneuma, spiritus, and ruach. If these +words mean breath in Genesis, they also mean breath in the New +Testament. + + "Jesus gave up the Ghost," "the Holy Ghost shall come upon +thee," and "receive ye the Holy Ghost," etc., are all +mistranslations. In Luke iv. 1 the same word pneuma is rendered +differently: "And Jesus, being full of the Holy Ghost (pneuma) ... +was led by the Spirit (pneuma)," In Luke viii. 55 the same word +again is rendered spirit, instead of breath. These are only a few +of the inaccuracies to be found. And thus the various translations +of the Bible, instead of being executed in a spirit of scholarly +candor, have only testified to the theological bias of the +translators. + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + SOME BIBLE LEGENDS. + + A cursory notice of the stories of "Creation" and "Fall of +Man," "the Deluge," and the "Tower of Babel" (all of Babylonian +origin), with a few remarks on the New Testament, will suffice to +show the kind of literature that educated men are asked by +Christians to accept as "inspired." + + THE CREATION STORY. ERRORS OF FACT. + + 1. "The earth was without form and void." Every object has +form, which is an essential of material existence. Void means empty +or vacant. To speak of the earth as being -- i.e., existing, +occupying space, and yet void -- is a direct contradiction. 2. +First day. -- "Light and darkness" created and "divided" from each +other. Light and darkness could not be created, for every educated +person knows that they are both produced by the relative position +of the earth with regard to the sun; but the sun is not created +till the fourth day; and light and darkness could not be divided, +for they were never mixed. The writer was obviously ignorant of the +nature and property of light, and would have been much surprised +had he been told that it is radiant energy transmitted from the sun +through the ethereal medium of the universe in vibratory waves. 3. +Second day. -- "A firmament in the midst of the waters" created. +The writer evidently is laboring under the delusion that the earth +was flat and occupied a position in the center of the universe. In +the old Vedic cosmology the world was round and supported on +columns; that of the Hindus was convex, and was supported on +elephants which stood on an immense tortoise. 4. Third day. -- The +vegetable kingdom created -- Grass, herbs, fruit trees, yielding +fruit" -- mosses, trees, insectivorous plants (though insects are +not yet created), and flowing plants without insects to fertilize +them. All this without a ray of sunshine, and without an atom of +chlorophyll to give color to the plants, leaves, and flowers. 5. +Fourth day. -- "The sun to rule the day, and the stars to rule the +night." Here is evidence that the writer was a planet worshipper. +He was unaware of the fact that it is to the sun that we are +indebted for light and vegetation. 6. Fifth day. -- "Whales, +fishes, and birds" created. The water population first, the winged +population second, and the land population third. Here is an error +again, for science proves that a part of the water population +appeared first, the land population second, and the winged popula- +tion last. 7. Sixth day. -- "Insects, reptiles, cattle, man" +created. Insects and reptiles are proved by science to have been +evolved thousands, possibly millions, of years before man. 8. +Discrepancies in the two stories. -- The first account (the +Elohistic) in Genesis extends from i. i to ii. 3, when the second +account (the Yahvistic) commences, and extends to the end of the +chapter. The word Elohim (plural), meaning the gods or the mighty +ones, is used in the first account; the words Yahuh Elohim, +erroneously rendered Lord God, meaning Yahuh of the Gods, are used +in the second account. + + In parallel columns we shall expose the discrepancies of the +two Creation stories: -- + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + GENESIS i. to ii. 3. GENESES ii. 4 to end. + + 1. The appellation of 1. The appellation of deity +deity is uniformly "Elohim" is uniformly "Yahuh Elohim" +(the gods), rendered God. (Yahuh of the gods), rendered + Lord God. + + 2. The portion of the 2. It is called "the +universe beyond the earth is heavens." +called "the heaven." + + 3. The earth, a chaos 3. The earth is a dry +covered with water. The waters plain. Vegetation cannot exist +must be assuaged before because there is no moisture +vegetation can appear. (ii. 5). + + 4. Plants are created 4. Plants appear to be +from the earth generally confined to the Garden of Eden +(i. 12). (ii. 8, 9). + + 5. Fowls, fish, and 5. Fowls and land animals +aquatic animals form one created at the same time in one +act of creation, land animals creative act (ii. 19). +and reptiles another +(i. 21-25). + + 6. Fowls created out of 6. Fowls created out of the +the water (i. 20). ground (ii. 19). + + 7. Trees created before 7. Trees created after man +man (i. 12-27). (ii. 7, 8). + + 8. Fowls created before 8. Fowls created after man +man. (ii. 19). + + 9. Man created after 9. Man created before +beasts (i. 24-31). beasts (ii. 7-19). + + 10. Man and woman created 10. Woman created after man +at the same time (i. 27). with a considerable interval + between. + + 11. Man created in the 11. This is not intimated. +image of God." It is only after Adam and Eve + have partaken of the tree of + knowledge that "God" is led to + say: "The man is become as one + of us." + + 12. Man at the creation 12. He is given fruit +given fruit and herbs to alone, and only after he sins +subsist upon (i. 29). and the curse is pronounced + upon him is he ordered to "eat + the herb of the field," as a + consequence of his "fall" + (iii.18). + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + 13. Man given dominion 13. Man confined to a +over all the earth (i. 26). garden (ii. 15). + + 14. The heavens and the 14. No mention made of the +earth created in six literal six days' creation. On the +days. contrary, the account mentions + "the day that the Lord God made + the earth and the heavens" + (ii. 4). + + 15. The purpose of this 15. Contains no recognition +story appears to be to of the Sabbath. The purpose +inculcate the divine appears to be to establish the +institution of the Sabbath. doctrine of the Fall of Man. + + 16. Anthropomorphic 16. Absent. +conception of God present. + + 17. Elohim comprises 17. Yahuh is a deity in one +two separate beings -- body, both sexes combined. +male and female. + + 18. God from his throne 18. God comes down on +in heaven calls various earth, plants a garden, molds +elements into being -- man out of clay, breathes into +"Let the earth bring forth his nostrils, fashions woman + ...... and it was so." out of a rib, makes birds and + animals, and brings them to + Adam to see what he will call + them. + + 19. Though not in accord 19. Is destitute of +with science, possesses scientific and literary merit. +literary merit. + + These two accounts can neither be reconciled with each other, +nor be made to harmonize with science. Dean Stanley says "The first +and second chapters of Genesis contain two narratives, differing +from each other in almost every particular of time, place, and +order." + + THE FALL OF MAN. + + This story is about as foolish and illogical a legend as that +of the Creation. Here we have presented to us a pair of human +beings, who have no "knowledge of good and evil," and are commanded +by the deity (literally, the gods) not to eat a certain fruit which +would give them that knowledge, and which a wise deity would +naturally have allowed them to eat, if, thereby, they would know +good from evil. They ate the fruit, and the deity, in fright +because man has now "become as one of us" (plural) -- i.e., having +equal power with gods -- comes hurrying down from his throne in +heaven, and curses not only Adam, Eve, and the serpent, but even +the ground. The first three are condemned to certain punishments, +in which their innocent posterity are to participate. These +legendary punishments have, of ,course, never been fulfilled. Man +was to "eat bread by the sweat of his face," which we know all men + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +do not do. Woman was to "bring forth children in sorrow and +multiplied conceptions;" many perform this function of nature +without sorrow, and some actually with pleasure, and the process in +the human female is only similar to what may be observed every day +among the cattle and beasts, who have never been "cursed," and +whose conceptions are conspicuously "multiplied." The Serpent was +doomed to glide on his belly and consume a diet of "dust." Serpents +have crawled ever since they were evolved as reptiles, and they do +not eat "dust." + + Leaving out of view the peevish and undignified action of the +Hebrew deity, what shall we say to the patent injustice and +incongruity of the punishment? The innocent serpent and all future +serpents cursed because the devil pretended to be a serpent; the +guilty devil getting off scot free, and permitted to roam about the +world to do further mischief; and all mankind condemned to bear the +burden of Original Sin as an after-effect of this one trivial act +of disobedience, the theft of a fruit! For such a theft in the +present day a human and uninspired magistrate would mete out, +perhaps, a day's imprisonment; but here we have a deity, +represented to us by himself and his followers as all-good, all- +wise, benevolent, merciful, and forgiving, condemning the whole +human race to a punishment far in excess of any sin that could be +remitted by man, and utterly disproportionate with the offence. +Then we are told that man was made in "the image and likeness of +God" -- who, we are also told, "has no image nor likeness" -- "no +form nor parts." The fact is, instead of man being made in the +image and likeness of God," the god that man desires to worship has +been made in his own image and likeness, and the originators of the +story, in their primeval ignorance and credulity, drew the +inconsistent materials of the legend from the store of their own +anthropomorphic fancy. The deity at first pronounces all his +"creations" "good," and afterwards repents of having made man. It +might be difficult to conceive a deity of infinite wisdom and +knowledge regretting his work, but not so difficult when we +consider that he was also given to changing his mind; for do we not +find him laying down at one time (Leviticus xxiv. 20) the theory of +"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" as a principle, and at +another Matthew (v. 38) the reverse? Yet, unless Christians accept +all this tissue of contradictions, their theory of redemption falls +to the ground like a house of cards. + + "The discovery and decipherment of the Assyrian records," says +Mr. Edwards, (Witness of Assyria, p. 9.) "have raised the curtain +upon forgotten dramas of the earth's history, and have removed the +Jewish writings from the solitary position they once occupied. We +have now before us the voluminous literature of a race allied to +the Jews in blood, creed, thought, and language. The stories of +Creation, Deluge, and Tower of Babel are shown to be Babylonian; +the ritual, dress, and furniture of the Temple were Babylonian; and +the religious poetry of the Hebrews is anticipated by that of +Babylon. The history and chronology of the Hebrew scriptures are +proved faulty and unreliable, and the whole evidence at command +supports the opinion of critics as to the very late date of the +Jewish literature." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + During the explorations of the ancient cities of Assyria and +Babylonia a number of clay tablets have been discovered, containing +accounts of Creation, Flood, and Tower of Babel. They are written +in cuneiform (wedge-shaped) characters, in the form of epic poems. +The story of Creation occupies seven tablets, and gives two +accounts, which are now called the "Akkadian" and the "Babylonian." +Tablets have also been discovered amid the ruins of the ancient +city of Tel-el-Amarna, in Egypt, evidently relics of an ancient +library containing the official correspondence between the King of +Egypt and the officers and sovereigns of Assyria, Babylonia, and +other Asiatic countries; one was also discovered among the ruins of +Lachish in Southern Palestine. The decipherment of these may be +looked upon as one of the wonderful discoveries of our age; for, by +this, the origin of the two contradictory accounts of Creation +given in Genesis, which before was a puzzle, is now disclosed. The +Babylonian account is identical with the Elohistic, relating how +the creation of the world took place by successive stages, man +being the final act; the Akkadian is identical with the Yavistic, +man being created before plants and animals. The first tablet opens +with a description of chaos: "At that time the heaven above had not +yet announced, or the earth beneath recorded, a name. The unopened +deep was their generator; Mummu-Tiamat (the chaos of the sea) was +the mother of them all. Their waters were embosomed as one, and the +cornfield was unharvested. The pasture was ungrown. At that time +the gods had not appeared, any of them ...... no destiny had they +fixed. Then the great gods were created." + + THE DELUGE -- The twelve tablets in which this legend appears +correspond with the twelve signs of the zodiac and the twelve +months of the Akkadian year, and describe the exploits of the +Chaldean Hercules-Gilgames. The story is told by the Chaldean Noah- +Tamzi, Izduhar, or Hasisadra (Xisuthros of Berosus, and in Semitic +-- Shamas napisti -- the "Sun of Life") -- to Gilgames, in the +eleventh tablet. This flood lasted six days and nights. The story +tells how, at the end of the Flood, Tamzi looked out of his ship +and saw that "mankind was turned to clay; like reeds the corpses +floated." Relating how he was commissioned by the gods to save +himself and family, he says: "I alone was the servant of the great +gods. Their father, Anu, their king; their counsellor, the warrior +Bel; their throne-bearer, the god Uras; their prince, En-nugi; and +Hea, the Lord of the Underworld, repeated their decree. I this +destiny hearing, Hea said to me: Destroy thy house and build a +ship, for I will destroy the seed of life." Instructions are then +given as to the size of the ship, which eventually landed on Mount +Nizor (Mount Rowandiz) -- the Akkadian Olympus. In the Hindu legend +of the flood a rainbow appeared on the surface of the subsiding +water, the ark or ship resting on the Himalayas. In the ancient +Greek legend Deucalion is the hero, and the ship rested on Mount +Parnassus. The Chinese, Parsees, Scandinavians, Mexicans, and other +ancient nations, also had similar legends. The Biblical legend, and +the older legend from which it took its rise (probably during the +captivity), may have been founded on a real occurrence in the +Tigris-Euphrates valley. A flood of considerable extent may have +been originated by the usual periodical rise of the two great +rivers, which took place in the eleventh month of the Chaldean +year; and was caused probably by a combination of accidental +circumstances favorable to the event -- a typhoon in the Indian + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +ocean and a favorable wind. Noah's ark was 150 yards long by 25 +feet wide, and 15 feet high. In this ark were crammed pairs, +sevens, or fourteens of every living thing. There are already known +at least 1,600 species of mammalia, 12,500 of birds, 600 of +reptiles, and 1,000,000 of insects and other inferior creatures, +besides animalcule. These came from all parts of the earth. The +South American sloth, it is calculated, must have started several +years before the Creation to have been there in time. The voyage +lasted over a year (compare Genesis vii. 11 and vii. 14,) Eight +persons attended to the wants of some two million living creatures, +and Noah provided food for all of them! The flood is said to have +covered the whole earth, so that it must have risen higher than 5 +1/2, miles -- the height of the highest mountain, Mount Everest -- +about 2 1/2 miles above the level of the top of Mount Ararat, on +which the ark is said to have filially rested! The injustice of +drowning all created beings because the Creator had made one +species imperfect is obvious. + + THE TOWER OF BABEL is said to have been named so "because the +Lord did there confound the language of all the earth," and we have +always been given to understand that the name "Babel" is derived +from balal, to confound; but this is altogether erroneous. The +"inspired" writer must have been romancing! We now know, from the +tablets that have been found among the ruins of Babylon, the exact +form of the name by which its inhabitants called it Bab-ilu = the +gate of God, (Witness of Assyria," P- 37.) sometimes written with +two signs -- a gate and god; and there can, therefore, be no +mistake about it. The Hebrew bears the same interpretation without +any forced etymology -- Babel = the gate of God. The place was not +founded by Semitic Babylonians, but by the Akkadians, and it was +neither a city nor a town, but a temple, consisting of seven +platforms, each being tinted a different color, and dedicated to +the seven planets, the topmost one being dedicated to the moon. It +was called by the Semitic invaders Ca-dimorra, the gate of God thus +being translated by them into their own tongue. The story of the +confusion of languages was a theory born in the imagination of the +writer of the "inspired text." So much for the veracity and +"inspiration" of Genesis xiv. 9. + + We have neither time nor space to do more than mention some of +the other chief absurd stories and legends found in the Bible, in +many of which immoral teaching is very conspicuous. The stories of: + + DANIEL AND THE LION'S PIT (Daniel vi.) and the injustice to +the Royal officers, their wives and families, allowed by the Hebrew +god. The same power that saved the God-fearing and divinely- +protected Daniel could have prevented the in justice of punishing +the innocent wives and children of the officers who were simply +carrying out their orders, for a fault they did not commit. THE +EXODUS FROM EGYPT (Exodus vii.), the writer of which was evidently +familiar with a similar legend of the Sun-god Bacchus; for Orpheus, +the earliest Greek poet, relates that Bacchus had a rod with which +he drew water from a rock, and performed miracles, and which he +could change into a serpent at pleasure; and that he passed through +the Red Sea dry shod at the head of his army. That Pharaoh and his +host should have been drowned in the Red Sea, and the fact not be +mentioned by any historian of the period, is incredible; but such + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +is the case. RECEIPT OF THE DECALOGUE by Moses (Exodus xix.). +Almost every nation of antiquity had a legend of their holy men +ascending a mountain to ask counsel of their gods. Minos, the +Cretan law-giver, ascended Mount Dicta and received from Zeus the +sacred laws. A similar legend is told of Zoroaster, to whom Ormuzd +handed "The Book of the Law" -- the "Zend Avesta." SAMSON'S SIX +EXPLOITS (Judas xiv. and xv.) are culled from the exploits of +Hercules and lzdubar. JONAH AND THE FISH (Jonah i. and ii.), where +he is thrown from a ship and swallowed up by a whale, in whose +stomach he remained alive three days and nights, during which time +he offered up a prayer to Yahuh, apparently composed of odd bits +taken from the Psalms. When Yahuh spoke to the whale, it vomited +Jonah on to dry land, alive and well! The truth of this story is +guaranteed by Jesus, in Matthew xii. 40. ELIJAH ASCENDING IN A +WHIRLWIND. THE RE-ANIMATION OF DRY BONES to form a large army +(Ezekiel xxxvii.).The TALKING ASS (Numbers xxii,); the TALKING +SERPENT (Genesis iii.); and the TALKING CLOUD (Exodus xxxiii.). The +ARMY OF DEAD MEN, wakening up and finding themselves dead corpses +(2 Kings xix.). THE GOING BACK OF THE SUN to guarantee the efficacy +of a fig poultice (2 Kings xx.), and the STANDING STILL. OF THE SUN +one whole day, until the people had avenged themselves upon their +enemies (Joshua x.). THE GIANTS generated by the sons of God with +the women of the earth -- becoming "mighty men and men of renown" +(Genesis vii.). THE FLOATING IRON AXE-HEAD (2 Kings vi.). THE RIVAL +GODS in the house of Dapon; the Jewish god being in a box (i Samuel +v.). The RAISING OF THE SPIRITS OF THE DEAD by means of the witch +of Endor (i Samuel xxviii.). (Where are the witches of the present +day?) The DESTRUCTION OF 600 PHILISTINES with an ox-goad, by one +man (judges iii.). MOSES turning the water of the river into blood +with his magic rod (Exodus vii.), and DESCRIBING HIS OWN DEATH +(Deuteronorny xxiv.). AARON'S PLAGUE OF FROGS, produced by +stretching his hands over the waters of Egypt (Exodus viii.). + + These are specimens of absurd legends, which, with the +abominable immoralities of the Pentateuch, form part of the Holy +Scriptures, the same "inspired word" which Jesus "expounded" to his +followers, and which he told them were able to make them wise unto +salvation (Luke xxiv. 25); and "given by inspiration of God" (2 +Timothy iii. 15), "as profitable for doctrine, reproof, correction, +and instruction in righteousness;" and for the non-acceptance of +which he reproves them (Luke xvi. 31; John vi. 39, 46); and +containing "the Law," which he said he had "not come to destroy" -- +"the Law," with the Jews, being the Pentateuch." + + The New Testament upholds the innumerable atrocities of the +Old, and adds worse terrors and atrocities of its own in the shape +of eternal torments (Matthew V. 28; xviii. 8; xxiii. 32 3. xxv. 41; +Mark ix. 43); a minute description being given of Hell by Christ to +the multitude (Luke xvi. 23), and by "John the Divine;" and the +rejoicing of the saints over the sufferings of the tormented +(Revelation xiv. 9, 11; xix. 1-4, 20; xx. 1-3, 10). The way to life +made by a beneficent Creator, we are told (Matthew vii. 14), is +"narrow," and to be found by "few,;" that "many" of his own +creations, which he pronounced to be "very good," are called by +this loving Creator "but few chosen " (Matthew xxii. 13; Luke xiii. +23). This Hell, as described in Revelation xxi. 8, xxii. 15" 1 +Corinthians vi. 9, is for those "that know not God" (2 +Thessalonians 1. 7), for those who describe a fool correctly +(Matthew v. 22), for unbelief, and for the rich. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + A FEW CONTRADICTIONS TAKEN FROM THE + + "INSPIRED WORD." + + + Adam condemned to a prompt death. + + "But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt +not eat; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely +die" (Gen. ii. 17). + + Yahuh pleased with his work. + + "And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was +very good" (Gen. i. 31) + + Does not repent. + + "God is not a man that he should lie; neither the son of man +that he should repent" (Num. xxiii. 19). + + Lives 930 years. + + "And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty +years, and he died" (Gen. v. 5). + + Displeased with his world. + + "And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, +and it grieved him at his heart" (Gen. vi. 6). + + Does repent. + + "And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil +way; and God repented of the evil that he had said that he would do +unto them" (Jonah iii. 10).20 + + Unchangeable. + + "For I am the Lord; I change not" (Mal, iii. 6). + + Peaceful. + + "God is not the author of confusion, but of peace" (i +Cor. xiv. 33). + + Merciful. + + "The Lord is good to all, and his tender mercies are over all +his work" (Ps. cxlv. 9). + + "The lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy" (Jas. v. 11). + + "For his mercy endureth for ever" (i Chron. xvi. 34). + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Visible. + + "And the Lord spake to Moses face to face, as a man speaketh +to his friend" (Ex. xxiii. 11). + + "For I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved" +(Gen. xxxii. 30). + + "And I will take away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back +parts, but my face shall not be seen" (Ex. xxii. 23). + + Changeable. + + "Therefore the Lord God of Israel saith, I said indeed that +thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for +ever; but now the Lord sayeth, be it far from me ... Behold, the +days come that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy +father's house" (i Sam. ii. 30). + + Warlike. + + "The Lord is a man of war" (Ex. xv. 3). + + "Think ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you +no, but a sword [division]" (Luke xii. 51). + + Unmerciful. + I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy, but destroy them" +(Jer. xiii. 14). + + "And Joshua did unto them as the Lord bade him. He houghed +their horses, and burnt their chariots with fire ... and smote all +the souls that were therein, with the edge of the sword, utterly +destroying them" (Josh. xi. 9). + + "For ye have kindled a fire in mine anger that shall burn for +ever" (Jer. xvii. 4). + + "And the Lord said unto Moses, take all the heads of the +people, and hang them up before the Lord against the Sun, that the +fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel" (Num. xxv. +4). + + Invisible. + + "No man hath seen God at any time" (John i. 18). + + Rests and is refreshed. + + "For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, and on the +seventh day he rested and was refreshed" (Ex. xxxi. 17). + + Omnipresent. + + "Whither shall I flee from thy presence? If I ascend up into +heaven, thou art there; if I make my bed in hell, behold thou art +there. If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the +uttermost parts of the sea; even there shall thy hand lead me, and +thy right hand shall hold me" (Ps. cxxxix. 7). + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Omniscient. + + "For his eyes are upon the ways of man and he seeth all his +goings, there is no darkness nor shadow of death, where the workers +of iniquity may hide themselves" (Job xxxiv. 21). + + All-powerful. + + "With God all things are possible" (Matt. xix. 26). + + Impartial. + + "There is no respect of persons with God" (Rom. ii. 11). + + + Of truth. + + "A God of truth he is, and without iniquity" (Deut. xxxii. 4). + + Is never tired. + + "Hast thou not heard that the everlasting God, the Lord, the +creator of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, neither is weary +(Is. xi. 28). + + Not omnipresent. + + "And the Lord said, because of the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah +is great, and because their sin is very grievous; I will go down +now and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry +of it which is come unto me, and if not, I will know" (Gen. xviii. +20). + + Not omniscient. + + "And Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the +Lord God, among the trees of the garden" (Gen. iii. 8). + + Not all-powerful. + + "And the Lord was with Judah, and he drove out the inhabitants +of the mountain, but could not drive out the inhabitants of the +valley, because they had chariots of iron" (judges i. 19). + + Partial. + + "For the children being not yet born, neither having done any +good or evil, that the purpose of God, according to election, might +stand, ... it was said unto her, the elder shall serve the younger. +As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated" (Rom. +ix. 11). + + Of untruth. + + "And there came forth a spirit and stood before the Lord and +said ... I will go forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth +of all his prophets. And be said ... go forth and do so" (i Kings +xxii. 21). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Of Justice and rectitude. + + "Just and right is he" (Deut. xxxii. 4). + + "Shall not the judge of all the earth do right?" (Gen. xviii. +25). + + Is love. + + "And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. +God is love" (i John iv. 16). + + His anger lasts but a moment. + + "His anger endureth but a moment" (Ps. xxx. 5). + + Requires burnt offerings. + + "Thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for +atonement" (Ex. xxix, 36). + + "And the priest shall burn all on the altar to be a burnt +sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savoir unto the +Lord" (Lev. i. 9). + + Tempts no man. + + Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God; for +God cannot be tempted of evil, neither tempteth he any man (James +i. 13). + + Of injustice and wrong. + + "For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the +iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth +generation" (Exod. xx. 5). + + "Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their +fathers (Is. xiv. 21). + + "For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts that they +should come against Israel in battle, that he might utterly destroy +them, and that they might have no favor (Josh. xi. 20). + + "I make peace and create evi: I, the Lord, do all these things +(Is. xlv. 7). + + Is not love. + + "The Lord thy God is a consuming fire" (Deut. iv. 24). + + Last forty years. + + "And the Lord's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made +them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation +that had done evil in the sight of the Lord was consumed" (Num. +xxxii. 13). + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Does not require burnt offerings. + + "To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me, +saith the Lord ... I delight not in the blood of bullocks or of +lambs" (Is. i. 11). + + "For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the +day that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt +offerings or sacrifices" (Jer. vii. 22). + + Does tempt man. + + "And it came to pass after these things that God did tempt +Abraham (Gen. xxii. 1). + + Is compassionate. + + "The Lord is gracious and full of compassion, slow to anger, +and of great mercy (Ps. clv 8). + + Is revengeful and cruel. + + "God is jealous, and the Lord revengeth; and is furious the +Lord will take vengeance on his adversaries" (Nahum i. 2). + + "And the Lord said unto Joshua ... he that is taken with the +accursed thing [the gold, kept back from the priests] shall be +burnt with fire, he and all that he hath; ... and Joshua and all +Israel with him took action, and his sons, daughters ... and all +that he had ... and stoned him, and burnt them with fire after they +bad stoned them ... so the Lord turned from the firmness of his +anger" (Josh. vii. 10). + + "And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Avenge the children of +Israel of the Midianites ... and they slew all the males; and the +children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives ... and +Moses said unto them: Have ye saved all the women alive? Kill every +male among the children and every woman that hath known man, ... +but all the female children ... keep alive for yourselves" (Num. +xxxi. 1). + + "I will send wild beasts among you that will rob you of your +children" (Lev. xxvi. 23). + + "Then I will walk contrary unto you also in fury ... and ye +shall eat the flesh of your Sons and of your daughters" (Lev. xxvi. +28). + + "A wind from the Lord brought forth quails from the sea, and +let them fall by the camp ... and while the flesh was between their +teeth, the wrath of the Lord was kindled against them, and he smote +them with a great plague" [for desiring a change of food from +manna] (Num. xi. 31). + + "And that night the angel of the Lord smote in the camp of the +Assyrians 185,000 men" (2 Kings xix. 35). + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + His statutes are right. + + "The statutes of the Lord are right" (Ps. xix. 8). + + Wills to save man. + + "Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the +knowledge of truth" (i Tim. ii. 4). + + is good. + + "Good and upright is the Lord" (Ps. xxv. 8). + + Forbids human sacrifice. + + "Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following +them, ... for even their sons and their daughters have they burnt +in the fire of their gods" (Deut. xii. 30). + + Prayer shall be answered. + + "Every man that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh findeth" +(Matt. vii. 8). + + Forbids murder. + + "Thou shalt not kill" (Ex. xx. 13). + + "And he that killeth any man shall surely be put to death" +(Lev. xxiv. 17). + + Forbids stealing + + "Thou shalt not steal (Ex. xx. 15). + + His statutes are not right. + + "Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and +judgments whereby they should not live" (Ezek. xx. 25). + + Wills not that all shall be saved. + + "God shall send them a strong delusion, that they shall +believe a lie; that all might be damned who believe not the truth" +(2 Thess. ii. 11). + + Is not good. + + "Shall there be evil in a city, and the Lord hath not done +it?" (Amos iii. 6). + + Commands human sacrifice. + + "No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord of all +that he hath, both of man and of beast, and of the field of his +possession, shall be sold or redeemed; every devoted thing is most +holy unto the Lord. None devoted [consecrated] which shall be +devoted of men shall be redeemed, but shall surely be put to death" +(Lev. xxvii. 28). + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Prayers shall not be answered. + + "Then they shall call upon me, but I will not answer; they +shall seek me early, but shall not find me" (Prov. i. 28). + + Commands murder. + + "Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Put every man his sword by +his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp +and slay every man his brother ... his companion, and ... his +neighbor" (Ex. xxxii. 27). + + "Now, go and smite Amalek and utterly destroy all that they +have, and spare them not, but slay both man and woman, infant and +Suckling" (i Sam. xv. 3). + + Commands stealing. + +"When ye go ye shall not go empty; but every woman shall borrow of +her neighbor, and of her that sojourneth in her home, jewels of +silver and of gold and raiment; and ye shall put them on your sons +and your daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians" (Ex iii. 21). + + Forbids adultery. + + Thou shalt not commit adultery" (Ex. xx. 14). + + Forbids vengeance. + + "Thou shalt not avenge nor bear any grudge against the +children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as +thyself" (Lev. xix. 18). + + The name of the Lord shall save. + + "Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be +saved" (Rom. x. 13). + + Commands adultery. + + When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the +Lord thy God hath delivered them into thy hands ... and seest among +the captives a beautiful woman, and thou hast a desire unto her +that thou wouldst have her to thy wife, then shalt thou bring her +home to thine home ... and she shall be thy wife" (Deut. xxxi. 10). + + Commands vengeance. + + "Let this be the reward of mine adversaries from the lord and +of them that speak evil against my soul ... Let his children be +fatherless, and his wife a widow ... Let his children be +continually vagabonds and beg; let them seek their bread also out +of desolate places (Ps. cix.). + + The name of the Lord shall not save. + + "Not every one that saith unto me Lord, lord, shall enter into +the kingdom of heaven, but he that doeth the will of my father +which is in heaven" (Matt. vii. 21). + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE CHRISTIAN MESSIAH. + + Certain of the doctrines and stories contained in the +Christian Scriptures are almost identical with those held by the +Buddhists, and the Essene or Therapeut monks of Egypt -- Essene +being the Egyptian, and Therapeut the Greek name for "healer." This +is not surprising, when we find that the first followers of Jesus +-- Jesusites or Yesuans -- were nearly all Essenes, he being one +himself. The Yesuans were not called Christians till the latter +part of the first century, at Antioch. It was to the espousal of +the cause of Jesus by the Essene magicians that the future success +of Christianism was due. They accepted the Jesus of Nazareth whom +the Jews, for very good reasons, rejected as the expected Messiah, +or Avator. It simply required a change of names for the scriptures +of these Essenes to become the scriptures of the new sect. "The +probability that that sect of vagrant quack-doctors -- the +Therapeutae -- who were established in Egypt and its neighborhood +many ages before the period assigned by later theologians as that +of the birth of Jesus, were the original fabricators of the +writings contained in the New Testament, becomes a certainty on the +basis of evidence (than which history has nothing more certain) +furnished by the unguarded but explicit, unwary, but most +unqualified and positive, statement of the historian Eusebius, that +'those ancient Therapeutae were Christians, and that their ancient +writings were our gospels and epistles.'" ['Bible Myths' by T.W. +Doane.] Eusebius was Christian, Bishop of Caesarea (fourth +century). A messiah was expected every 600 years, and Jesus +appeared on the scene at the time when one was expected. This was +a great inducement to the Jews to accept Jesus, if he could but +show proofs of his divine mission, which he was unable to do. The +Christians were to the Essenes what the Essenes were to their +predecessors -- the Buddhists of Egypt and the Jews, and what these +were to the Brahmins, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Akkadians. As +each messiah was accepted, the old legends were repeated with +slight alterations, and so became part of the new revelation. The +Essenes had a full hierarchy, similar to that of the present +Catholic Church -- Bishops, Priests, Deacons, etc., and they +worshipped Serapis (a sun-god) long after they became followers of +Jesus. The Emperor Hadrian, in a letter to the Consul Servanus, +writes: "There are there (in Egypt) Christians who worship Serapis +and devoted to Serapis are those who call themselves 'Bishops of +the Christ."' In contrast to the great antiquity of the sacred +books and theologies of Paganism, we have the facts that the +gospels were not written by the persons whose names they bear. They +are worse than anonymous, being written many years after the +lifetime of the reputed writers, and rendered almost undecipherable +by the numerous additions and erasures. Bishop Faustus admits that +"it is certain that the New Testament was not written either by +Christ or his Apostles, but a long time after them, by some unknown +persons ... Besides these gospels, there were many more which were +subsequently deemed apocryphal." Yet he is satisfied to take these +writings as inspired, though they were not written by the persons +whose names were attached to them, and therefore are admitted +forgeries! Marvelous credulity! The discrepancies between the +fourth gospel and the first three (called "Synoptic") are numerous: +"If Jesus was the man of the first, he was not the mysterious being +of the fourth. If his ministry was only one year long, it was not + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +three years long. If he made but one journey to Jerusalem, he did +not make many. If his method of teaching was that of the Synoptics, +it was not that of the fourth gospel. If he was the Jew of the +first, he was not the anti-Jew of the fourth." ["Old and New +Testament" Julian.] Eusebius relates the absurd story of King +Abgarus writing a letter to Jesus, and of Jesus's answer. And +Socrates relates how the Empress Helena, Constantine's mother, went +to Jerusalem to find the cross of Christ. She is said not only to +have found the cross, but the nails with which Christ was attached. +"Besides forging, lying, and deceiving for the cause of Jesus, the +Christian Fathers destroyed all evidence against themselves and +their theology, which they came across. Gibbon tells us that, in +book viii., ch. 21, Eusebius says that he has related what might +redound to the glory, and that he has suppressed all that could +tend to the disgrace, of religion." Such an admission of the +violation of our fundamental laws of history speaks for itself. In +Cruse's translation of Eusebius's History, all after chapter xiii. +of book viii. is omitted. Why? + + A fragment of a Gospel of Peter, which, according to early +Christian writers, was in common use in the second century, and +received as inspired with the rest of the New Testament writings, +has recently been found in an Egyptian tomb at Akhmim. This gospel +directly contradicts most important details in the accounts given +of the alleged appearances of Jesus after his death in the so- +called canonical gospels, the Acts, and the Pauline epistles. Thus, +at one fell swoop, disappear Peter's following of triple denial the +presence of John and others at the foot of the cross the +appearances to Mary Magdalene and other women; the walk to Emmaus; +the apparition to the eleven of a material body through closed +doors; the second apparition to remove Thomas's doubts; the +appearances at Jerusalem during forty days by many living proofs; +those mentioned in the epistles to the Corinthians." ["Gospel of +Peter" by S. Laing.] The gospel was at a later period dropped, +probably for the reason, says Mr. Laing, that it "fevered the +heresy of the Docetae, who held that the body of the Christ was a +specter or illusion for the gospel says, relating to the +Crucifixion "They brought two malefactors, and crucified him +between them; but he kept silence, as feeling no pain," and this +silence is maintained until he died, crying out, "My power, my +power, thou hast left me," which sounds, says Mr. Laing, "more like +the cry of a baffled magician than of either a natural man or a Son +of God... This contradicts no less than eight utterances from the +cross recorded in the canonical gospels: (1) 'My God, my God, why +hast thou forsaken me?'; (2) 'Father, forgive them, for they know +not what they do' (3) 'Verily, this day thou shalt be with me in +Paradise;' (4) 'Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit;' (5) +'Woman, behold thy son';' (6) 'Behold thy mother;' (7) 'I thirst;' +(8) 'It is finished.'" Still more startling is the account given of +the Resurrection and Ascension, which differs in essential points +from the already contradictory accounts given in the canonical +gospels. + + We will now proceed to inquire if there is any evidence in the +writings of the historians contemporary with the time of Jesus. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + JESUS AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. + + IF all the wonderful things said about Jesus were true, we +should naturally expect to hear something about him in the writings +of the period. But not one of the writers of the first century -- +"the Augustan Age of Letters" -- even mentions him, his apostles, +or his miracles. There were writers in History, Natural History, +Medicine, Materia Medica, Astronomy, Miracles, Fables, Satire, etc. +What do Josephus and Tacitus say? Nothing. Such extraordinary +events as feeding thousands of people with a few small loaves and +fishes; raising the dead to life again; their ghosts walking about +the streets; miraculous darkness covering all the land for several +hours; earthquakes; mysterious voices from the clouds; rising +through the air into the clouds, etc., must have formed topics of +general conversation, and must have found a place in the literature +of the day. Cures being wrought must have interested the writers on +medicine; but not a word on the subject. It is incredible that no +one except the four interested partisans, who are supposed to have +written the gospels, should ever have referred to them. Josephus +was a Jew, and lived in the country where all these things are said +to have occurred, and wrote a history of the period; yet he makes +no mention of even the existence of Jesus. But in the manuscript of +his "Antiquities" (book xviii., 3) an unknown hand has inserted +between the account of the Sedition of the Jews against Pontius +Pilate, and that of Anubis and Pauline in the Temple of Isis, a +purple patch relating to Jesus, which is clearly a forgery. +Josephus, a Jew, is made to say: "Now, there was about this time +Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a +doer of wonderful works; a teacher of such men as receive the truth +with pleasure." Now, it is not likely that a Jew would show such a +respect towards Jesus, who was known among his own people as a +seditious person; and talk about his teaching "the truth." Further +on he is made to say: "He was the Christ, and when Pilate ... had +condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did +not forsake him , for he appeared to them alive again the third +day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand +other wonderful things concerning him." These are expressions, not +of a Jew, but of a Christian; and surely the writer could not have +remained a Jew another hour. Forgeries were easy in those days, +when all books were written on skins, to which fresh pieces could +easily be fastened. Neither Philo, nor the two Plinys, nor any +other writer of the age, mention the name of Jesus, much less the +"ten thousand other wonderful things" mentioned by the interpolator +of Josephus. Tacitus wrote a History, and made no mention of Jesus. +But a forged "Introduction," entitled "The Annals of Tacitus," was +found in a Benedictine monastery at Hirsehfelde, in Saxony, in 514. +These "Annals" were not found in any other copy of the History of +Tacitus, and not one writer from the time of Tacitus to the above +date had mentioned the existence of the work. Beatus Rhenanus first +called them "Annals" in 1533. It appears that in the time of +Wicliffe, when the existence of Christendom was seriously menaced +and the Inquisition was instituted, people were inquiring into the +origin of Christianity. Large sums of money were offered for the +discovery of ancient manuscripts, which would bear testimony to the +divine authority of the Church, in consequence of which the supply +was equal to the demand, as it generally is, and plenty of +manuscripts were forthcoming from needy monks. Among these were the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +"Annals" of Tacitus, composed by a late Papal secretary, Poggio +Bracciolini, at the price of 500 gold sequins, and re-written by a +monk at Hirschfelde, in imitation of a very old copy of the +"History" of Tacitus. In this Tacitus is represented as saying that +"one Christus was put to death under Pontius Pilate, and had left +behind him a sect called after him." The forged writings were sent +to his friend and employer, Niccoli, with a letter in which the +following occurs: "Everything is now complete with respect to the +little work, concerning which I will, on some future opportunity, +write to you; and, at the same time, send it to you to read in +order to get your opinion on it." After its discovery it was +deposited in the Library at Florence. Mr. W. Oxley says: "The +nefarious and mendacious writings of anonymous monkish authors have +been noticed and exposed even by Catholic historians, The late +Cardinal Newman, in his 'Grammar of Assent' (P. 289), says, +referring to the opinion of Father Hardouin: 'Most of our Latin +classics are forgeries of the monks of the thirteenth and +fourteenth centuries.' Such a statement, coming from one of the +heads of the Church, is more than significant ... In Hardouin's +'Prolegomena' (1766) he says: 'The ecclesiastical history of the +first twelve centuries is absolutely fabulous. The series of Popes +is no more authentic than the series of Jewish high priests. The +agreement of the monastic chronicles for the year 1215 shows that +they were all the product of one monastic 'Scriptoria.' Not one was +written by a contemporary of the events described. Gregory 'the +great,' elected 1227, is the first of whom we have any historic +notice; which leaves a forged and fraudulent list of some 180 Popes +who never had an existence other than in the worse than imagination +of the compilers ... There are no tombs or sepulchers of any of the +Popes prior to this date, nor yet coins, but what are acknowledged +to be spurious." Hardouin (who was "a learned scholar and a writer +of high position in the Jesuit College in Paris" 1645-1728) exposes +the worthlessness and lying legends of the so-called "Patristic +Fathers." He dates the first design of the forgers in France from +1180-1229, which was continued 1245-1314; and the construction of +this class of literature went on to an immense extent during the +next 150 years. + + EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF JESUS. + + On examining the New Testament carefully, we find numerous +discrepancies and contradictions concerning the details of the life +of Jesus. His birth is said, in the "Matthew gospel," to have +occurred during the reign of Herod, who was made Governor of Judoea +(a province of Syria), B.C. 40, under the imperial Anthony, and +died at Jericho (B.C. 4) after a period of absence on account of +illness from Jerusalem. In Luke the birth is said to have taken +place when Quirinus (Cyrenius) was Governor of Judoea (5 C.E.), and +when Augustus was Emperor, nine years at least after the death of +Herod. He is said to have been born of a virgin. Doane says: "The +worship of 'the Virgin,' 'the Queen of Heaven,' 'the Great +Goddess,' 'the Mother of God,' etc., which has become one of the +grand features of the Christian religion (the Council of Ephesus +1431 C.E.] having declared Mary 'Mother of God,' her 'Assumption' +being declared in 813, and her 'Immaculate Conception' in 1851), +was almost universal for ages before the birth of Jesus." ["Bible +Myths" p. 326.] And Dr. Inman says: "The pure virginity of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +celestial mother was a tenet of faith for 2,000 years before the +virgin now adored was born." ["Ancient Faiths" vol. 1, p. 159.] The +following were all worshipped as virgin goddesses: -- Maya, the +mother of Buddha; Devaki, the mother of Krishna ( = the black); +Isis, of Egypt and Italy, mother of Horus; Neith, the mother of +Osiris; Mylitta, of Babylon, and later of Greece, mother of Tammuz; +Nutria, of Etrusca and Italy; Myrrha, mother of Bacchus.; Cybele +(to whom Lady Day was formerly dedicated); Juno (represented, like +Isis and Mary, standing on the crescent moon); Diana (represented, +like Isis and Mary, with stars surrounding her head). "Upon the +altars of the Chinese temples were placed, behind a screen, an +image of Shin-moo, or the 'Holy Mother,' sitting with a child in +her arms, in an alcove, with rays of glory around her head, and +tapers constantly burning before her." [Gross, "Heathen Religions," +p. 60.] The most ancient pictures and statues in Italy and other +parts of Europe, says Doane (p. 335), are black. The "Bambino" at +Rome, and the Virgin and Child at Loretto are black, as are other +similar images in Rome. + + The death of Jesus is said, in three of the gospels, to have +taken place after the Passover feast; in one, before that feast, +The "Mark" gospel states that he was crucified at the third hour; +the "John" gospel, that he was under examination at the sixth hour; +the "Matthew" and "Mark" gospels, that it was dark from the sixth +to the ninth hour. In the number of women who came to the tomb +after the Resurrection, the "John" gospel gives one; "Mark," three, +and "Luke," a large number. The number of angels at the tomb is +given in the "Mark" gospel as "a young man clothed in white;" in +the "Luke," as three men in shining garments while in the "John" an +entirely different account appears. From the above it will be seen +that Herod, who spent the last two years of his life as an invalid +at the hot springs of Calirrhoe, dying on his way home to +Jerusalem, could not have had the alleged interview with the +Magicians on their arrival in Judaea; nor could he have slaughtered +the innocents. The Magicians, it must be remembered, after seeing +the new star, had to travel 1,500 miles across a desert from Persia +to Bethlehem, a journey which could not be accomplished under two +years by their method of travelling. + + THE CRUCIFIXION. + + The idea of redemption from sin by the sufferings and death of +a divine "incarnate Savior" was common among the ancients, and was +the crowning point of the idea entertained by primitive man, that +the gods demanded a sacrifice to atone for sin or avert calamity. +Among the Hindus the same idea was prevalent. The Rig Veda +represents the gods as sacrificing Purusha, the first male, and +supposed to be coeval with the Creator. Krishna came upon earth to +redeem man by his sufferings. He is represented hanging on a cross, +the tradition being that he was nailed thereto by an arrow. +[Guigniaut, "Religion de l'Antiquite."] Dr. Inman says: Krishna, +whose history so closely resembles our Lord's, was also like him in +his being crucified." ["Ancient Faiths," vol. 1, p. 411.] Hanging +on a tree was a common form of punishment. It was frequently called +"the accursed tree." "He that is hanged on a tree is accursed of +God" (Deut. xxi. 22 and Gal. iii. 13). If an artificial gibbet were +made, it was cruciform, but yet was called "a tree." [Higgins, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +"Anacalypsis" vol. 1.] Crucifixes displaying the god Indra are to +be seen at the corners of the roads in Tibet. In Some parts of +India the worship of the crucified god Bulli, an incarnation of +Vishnu, occurs. The "incarnate god" Buddha and "suffering Savior +expired at the foot of the tree." The expression is frequently used +in the Roman Missal. Osiris and Horus were also crucified as +saviours and redeemers. The sufferings, death, and resurrection of +Osiris formed the great mystery of the Egyptian religion. Attys was +"the only begotten son and savior" of the Phrygians, represented as +a man nailed or tied to a tree, at the foot of which was a lamb. +Tammuz or Adonis, the Syrian and Jewish Adonai, was another virgin +born god, who "suffered for mankind" as a "crucified savior." +Prometheus, of Greece, was with chains nailed to the rocks on Mount +Caucasus, "with arms extended," [Murray, "Manual of Mythology" p. +82] as a savior; and the tragedy of the crucifixion was acted in +Athens 500 years before the Christian era. [Doane, "Bible Myths," +p. 192] Bacchus, the offspring of Jupiter and Semele, "the only +begotten son," the "sin-bearer," "redeemer," etc., Hercules, son of +Zeus; Apollo; Serapis; Mithras, of ancient Persia -- "The Logos;" +Zoroaster; and Hermes, were all "saviours" centuries before Jesus +was made one. + + THE DARKNESS OF THE CRUCIFIXION. + + WE are told by the "Luke" gospel that "there was darkness from +the sixth to the ninth hour;" by "Matthew," that "the earth quaked, +the rocks we're rent, and the graves were opened, and many bodies +of the saints, which slept, arose and came out of their graves and +went into the holy city and appeared to many." But if such +extraordinary events had really happened, surely some persons would +have been curious enough to have obtained from the resurrected +saints some account of their experiences in the other world. But +history records nothing, not even their names. Is it possible that +such unusual events could have occurred and no notice be taken of +them by the historians of the time? The star of Jesus, having shone +at the time of his birth, made it necessary, for his success as an +"Avatar" (Messiah) and "Savior," that something miraculous should +happen at his death, as had happened at the death of the others +whose stars had also shone; the myth would not have been complete +without it. Darkness, rending the veil of the temple, earthquakes, +etc., were prodigies that attended the death of nearly all ancient +heroes. An eclipse was out of the question to account for the +darkness, because the Passover moon was at the full, and an eclipse +would only last about six minutes. At the death of the Hindu +savior, Krishna, "a black circle surrounded the moon, and the sun +was darkened at noon-day; the sky rained fire and ashes; flames +burned dusky and livid; demons committed depredations on earth. At +sunrise and sunset thousands of figures were seen skirmishing in +the air; and spirits were to be seen on all sides." [Amberley's +"Analysis of Religious Belief."] At the conflict between Buddha, +the "Savior of the world," and the Prince of Evil, a thousand +appalling meteors fell; darkness prevailed; the earth quaked; the +ocean rose; rivers flowed back; peaks of lofty mountains rolled +down; a fierce storm howled around; and a host of headless spirits +filled the air. When Prometheus was crucified by chains on Mount +Caucasus, the whole frame of nature became convulsed -- the earth +quaked; thunder roared; lightning flashed; winds blew; and the sea + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +rose. The ancient Greeks and Romans thought that the births and +deaths of great men were announced by celestial signs. On the death +of Romulus, founder of Rome, the sun was darkened for six hours. +When Julius Caesar was murdered, there was darkness for six hours. +When AEsculapius, "the savior," was put to death, the sun shone +dimly from the heavens, the birds were silent, the trees bowed +their heads in sorrow, etc. When Hercules died, darkness was on the +face of the earth, thunder crashed through the earth. Zeus, "the +god of gods," carried his son home, and the halls of Olympus were +opened to welcome him, where he now sits, clothed in a white robe, +with a crown upon his head. When Alexander the Great died, similar +events occurred. When Atreus, of Mycenae, murdered his nephews, the +sun, unable to endure a sight so horrible, turned his course +backwards and withdrew his light. When the Mexican crucified +savior, Quetzalcoatle, died, the sun was darkened. + + Belief in the influence of the stars over life and death, and +in special portents at the death of great men, survived even to +recent times. Shakespeare says ("Hamlet," scene 1., act 1.): -- + + "When beggars die there are no comets seen + The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes." + + THE DESCENT INTO HELL. + + The apocryphal "gospel of Nicodemus" gives an account of the +descent of Jesus into hell, of his rising again on the third day, +and ascending, in company with numerous saints and Adam, into +heaven; and of the attempt of Satan and the Prince of Hell to close +the gates of hell against him; when, in voice of thunder, +accompanied by the rushing of winds, was heard: "Lift up ye gates +(of hell), O ye Princes, and be ye lifted up, O ye everlasting +gates, and the King of Glory shall come in." The story is +interesting as showing the ideas on the subject that were held in +the early days of Christianism. + + "The reason why 'the Christ' Jesus has been made to descend +into hell," says Doane, "is because it is part of the universal +mythos, even the three days' duration. The saviours of mankind had +all done so; he must, therefore, do likewise." ["Bible Myths," p. +213.] The following gods "descended into hell, and remained there +for the space of three days and three nights, as the sun did at the +winter solstice, rising again on the third day, as did the sun +when, at midnight, on December 24th and 25th, he commenced his +annual ascension: -- Krishna, the Hindu savior; ["Asiatic +Researches," vol. 1 p. 237: Bonwick, "Egyptian Belief," p. 168.] +Zoroaster, the Persian savior; ["Monumental Christianity," p. 286.] +Osiris ["Dupuis, "Orgin of Religious Belief," p. 256; Bonwick, p. +125.] and Horus, [Doane, "Bible Myths," p. 213.] of Egypt; Adonis; +[Bell, "Pantheon," vol. 1, p. 12.] Bacchus; [Higgins, +"Anacalypsis," vol. 1. p. 322: Dupuis, p. 257.] Hercules; [Taylor, +"Mysteries," p. 40.] Mercury ["Pantheon," vol. 2, p. 72.] Baldur +and Quetzalcoatle, [Bonwick, p. 169; Mallet, p. 448.] etc. + + The story of Jesus descending into hell had its origin in the +old pagan story of a war in heaven. This story, besides being given +in the Apocalypse or Revelation, is to be found in the Persian Zend +Avesta, and was known to the Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, ancient + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Mexicans, the natives of the Caroline Islands, the Hindus, etc. It +was told of the Infant Krishna, "whose life was threatened by the +tyrant Kansa, who had heard a prediction that Krishna (or Christna) +would one day slay him. The child escaped and grew up among rustic +cow-herds. Among the miracles he performed was the raising of a +widow's son from the dead. He slew Kansa, and descended into hell +to restore certain children to their sorrowing mothers." This is +strangely like the story we read of Jesus. In Egypt, Typhon was the +"god of evil;" and Anubis, the "jackal-headed genius of death," +conducted souls to the land of shades. Osiris was "god of the +underworld and judge of the dead." + + The "descent into hell" was not added to the Apostles' Creed +until after the sixth century. The Creed before that stood as +follows: -- "I believe in God the Father Almighty; and in Jesus +Christ, his only begotten son, our Lord; who was born of the Holy +Ghost and Virgin Mary; and was crucified under Pontius Pilate, and +was buried; and the third day rose again from the dead; ascended +into heaven; sitteth on the right hand of the Father; whence he +shall come to judge the quick and the dead; and in the Holy Ghost; +the Holy Church; the remission of sins; and the resurrection of the +flesh. -- Amen." It is not to be under stood that this Creed was +framed by the apostles, or that it existed as a creed in their +time. It was an invention of a much later period. + + THE RESURRECTION AND ASCENSION. + + The narrators, of the gospels differ considerably in their +accounts of the Resurrection, which can only be explained by the +fact that it was necessary for the later ones to correct, and +endeavor to reconcile with common sense, the mistakes, and +absurdities of the earlier ones. The "Matthew" and "John" gospels +do not even mention the Ascension. The "Mark" gospel says that +"Jesus was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of +God;" but the twelve verses in which the account appears are +admitted in the revised edition to be spurious. The "Luke" gospel, +is the only one that can be said to give the story, the writer +says: "He was carried up into heaven." The writer of the Acts says: +"He was taken up, and a cloud received him out of sight." No +evidence whatever is forthcoming to support the assertion. Krishna +"rose from the dead, and ascended bodily into heaven all men saw +him." Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, "ascended into heaven." The +coverings of the body of Buddha, son of the Virgin (Queen) Maya, +"unrolled themselves, and the lid of his coffin was opened by +superhuman agency, when he ascended bodily into heaven." Lao-Kiun, +or Lao-Tse -- the virgin born -- "ascended bodily into heaven," +since which he has been worshipped as a god, and splendid temples +erected to his memory. Zoroaster, the Persian savior, "ascended to +heaven." AEsculapius, "the son of god" -- the "savior," "rose from +the dead," after being put to death, which event (and this shows +how easy it is to fulfil prophecies when they are useful to further +a cause) was prophesied in Ovid's "Metamorphoses": -- + + "Then shalt thou die, but from the darkness above + Shalt rise victorious, and be twice a god." + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The "savior," Adonis, after being put to death, "rose from the +dead," and the Syrians celebrate the festival of the "Resurrection +of Adonis " in the early spring. The festival was observed in +Alexandria, the cradle of Christianism, in the time of Bishop Cyril +(412 C.E.); and at Antioch, the ancient capital of the Greek Kings +of Syria, where the followers of Jesus were first called +"Christians" in the Emperor Jillian's time (363 C.E.). The +celebration in honor of the Resurrection of Adonis came at last to +be known as a Christian festival, and the ceremonies held in +Catholic countries on Good Friday and Easter Sunday are nothing +more than the festival of the death and resurrection of Adonis. +This god is propitiated as "O Adonai" in one of the Greater +Antiphons of the Roman Catholic Church. Osiris, after being put to +death, "rose from the dead," and bore the title of the "Resurrected +One." "It is astonishing to find," says Mr. Bonwick, "that at +least 5,000 years ago men treated an Osiris as 'a risen savior,' +and confidently hoped to rise, as he arose, from the grave." +["Egyptian Belief."] + + The Phrygian savior, Attys or Atyces, and the Persian savior +and "mediator between god and man," Mithra, were "put to death and +rose again." Tammuz, the Babylonian savior, son of the virgin +Mylitta; Bacchus, son of the virgin Semele; Hercules, son of Zeus; +Memnon, whose mother Eos wept tears at his death, like Mary is said +to have done for Jesus; Baldur, the Scandinavian lord and savior; +and the Greek Amphiarius, "all rose again after death." + + So that we see that Mary and Jesus were nothing more than +representatives of Isis and Horus of Egypt, Devaki and Krishna of +Judaea, Ormuz and Mithra of Persia, and many other virgins and +virgin-born gods, who were the pagan prototypes of the modern black +virgin and child of Loretto, the "Bambino" or black child at Rome, +and the virgin and child of the Roman Missal and the English +prayer-book. + + MIRACLES are imaginary deviations from the known laws of +nature by the supposed will and power of a deity, which laws have +been proved by experience to be firm and unalterable; no deviation +from them having ever yet been known. Belief in miracles is +generally the result either of ignorance, or of the confusion of +belief with knowledge; and their acceptance, without proper +verification, is responsible for the countless errors, delusions, +and superstitions which have gained possession of the human mind. + + There was a disposition among the people who lived +contemporary with Jesus to believe in anything. It was a credulous +age. All leaders of religion had recommended themselves to the +public by working miracles and curing diseases. The expected +messiah, in order to stand any chance of success, must therefore +work miracles and heal from sickness. The Essenes, as we have seen, +pretended to effect miracles and extraordinary cures, and Jesus was +an Essene. The biographers of Jesus, therefore, not wishing their +master to be outdone, made him also a performer of miracles, of +which prodigies and wonders the legendary history of Jesus +contained in the New Testament is full. Without them Christianism +could not have prospered. "The Hindu sacred books represent +Krishna, their savior and redeemer, as in constant strife against + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the evil spirit, surmounting extraordinary dangers, strewing his +way with miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, restoring +the maimed, the deaf, and the blind; everywhere supporting the weak +against the strong, the oppressed against the powerful. The people +crowded his way and adored him as a god, and these pretended +miracles were the evidences of his divinity for centuries before +the time of Jesus. [Doane -- "Bible Myths."] Buddha performed what +appeared to be "great miracles for the good of mankind, and the +legends concerning him are full of the most extravagant prodigies +and wonders." "It was by belief in these," says Burnouf, "that the +religion of Buddha was established." Innumerable are the miracles +ascribed to Buddhist saints. Their garments and staffs were +supposed to imbibe some mysterious power, and blessed were they who +were allowed to touch them. A Buddhist saint, who attained the +power called "perfection," was able to rise and float along through +the air, his body becoming imponderous. Buddhist annals give +accounts of miraculous suspensions in the air. We are also told +that in B.C. 217 nineteen Buddhist missionary priests entered China +to propagate their faith, and were imprisoned by the emperor; but +that an angel came and opened the prison door and liberated them. +The Hindu sage, Vasudeva (i.e., Krishna), was liberated from prison +in like manner. We may, therefore, easily see where the legends of +Peter and his release from prison (Acts v.), and the Ascension, +came from. + + Zoroaster, the founder of the religion of the Persians, +opposed his persecutors by performing miracles in order to confirm +his divine mission. Bochia, of the Persians, also performed +miracles, the places where they occurred being consecrated, and +people flocked in crowds to visit them. Horus and Serapis, Egyptian +saviours, performed great miracles, among which was that of raising +the dead to life. Osiris and Isis also performed miracles, and +pilgrimages were made to the temples of Isis by the sick. Marduk, +the Assyrian god ("the Logos") -- "he who made heaven and earth" -- +"the merciful one," "the life giver," etc., performed great +miracles and raised the dead to life. Bacchus, son of Zeus by the +virgin goddess Seniele, was a great performer of miracles, among +which may be mentioned his changing water into wine, as is recorded +of Jesus. AEsculapius, son of Apollo, the Creek god, was also a +great performer of miracles, and cured, the sick and raised the +dead. Apollonius, of Tyana, in Cappadocia, born about four years +before Jesus, among other miracles restored a dead maiden to life. +Simon Magus, the Samaritan, by his proficiency in performing +miracles was called "the Magician" and "Magus." He travelled about +and made many converts, professed to be "the Wisdom of God," "the +Word of God," "the Paraclete" or "Comforter," "the image of the +eternal father manifested in the flesh," and his followers claimed +that he was "the first born of the Supreme." All these were titles +in after years applied to Jesus. They also had a gospel called "The +Four Corners of the World," from which Irenaeus probably borrowed +his reason for the choice and number of the four gospels. Menander, +"the wonder-worker" of Samaria, was another great performer of +miracles. Eusebius says of him: "He revelled in still more arrogant +pretensions to miracles ... than his master (Simon Magus) ... +saying that he was in truth the Savior." ["Ecclesiastical History," +lib. iii, 26.] Justin is quoted by Eusebius as having said of +Menander: "He deceived many by his magic arts ... and there are now + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +some of his followers who can testify the same." Vespasian, a +contemporary of Jesus, performed wonderful miracles. Tacitus says +that "he cured a blind man in Alexandria by means of his spittle, +and a lame man by the mere touch of his foot." + + Miracles were not uncommon among the Jews before and during +the time of Jesus. Casting out devils was an everyday occurrence, +and miracles were frequently wrought to confirm the sayings of the +Rabbis. One is said to have Cried out, when his opinions were +disputed: "May this tree prove that I am right!" and the tree is +said to have been torn up by the roots and hurled to a distance. +And when his opponents declared that a tree could prove nothing, he +said, "May this stream then witness for me," and at once it flowed +the opposite way. [Geikie, "Life of Christ."] "No one custom of +antiquity is so frequently mentioned by ancient historians as the +practice which was so common of making votive offerings to their +deities, and hanging them up in their temples -- images of metal, +stone, and clay; arms, legs, and other parts of the body, in +testimony of some divine cure effected," says Middleton. ["Letters +from Rome."] It was a popular adage among the Greeks -- "Miracles +for fools." The shrewder Romans said: "The common people like to be +deceived; deceived let them be." Celsus, in common with most +Greeks, looked upon Christianity as a "blind faith" that "shunned +the light of reason." In speaking of Christians, he says: "They are +forever repeating: 'Do not examine; only believe, and thy faith +will make thee blessed; wisdom is a bad thing in life, foolishness +is to be preferred."' [Origen, "Cont. Celsus," bk. 1, ch. 9.] + + Jesus was accused of being a "necromancer, and a magician, and +a deceiver of the people," says Justin Martyr. He was said to have +been initiated in magical art in the heathen temples of Egypt. Both +Jesus, and Horus the Egyptian savior, are represented on monuments +with wands, in the received guise of necromancers, while raising +the dead to life. Dr. Middleton tells us that "there was just +reason to suspect that there was some fraud " in the actions of +these Yesuans, or primitive Christians, who travelled about from +city to city to convert the Pagans; and that "the strolling wonder- +workers, by a dexterity of jugglery, which art, not heaven, had +taught them, imposed on the credulity of the pious Fathers, whose +strong prejudices and ardent zeal for the interests of Christianity +would dispose them to embrace, without examination, whatever seemed +to promote so good a cause ... the pretended miracles of the +primitive Church were all mere fictions, which the pious and +zealous Fathers, partly from a weak credulity and partly from +reasons of policy, were induced to espouse and propagate for the +support of a righteous cause." The primitive Christians were +perpetually reproached for their credulity; and Julian says that +"the sum of all their wisdom was comprised in the single precept -- +'believe.'" According to the very books which record the miracles +of Jesus, he never claimed to perform such deeds, and Paul declares +that the great reason why Israel did not believe Jesus to be the +Messiah was that "the Jews required a sign." "John," in the second +century, makes Jesus reproach his fellow-countrymen with "Unless +you see signs and wonders you do not believe." It is evident, +therefore, that, had he performed the miracles that his followers +said he did, the Jews would have accepted him as their Messiah; and +that, since he was not accepted by them, we may justly conclude + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +that he performed no miracles. His miracles were evidently +concocted and recorded for him. When told that, if he wanted people +to believe in him, he must first prove his claim by a miracle, he +said: "A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign, and no +sign shall be given it except the sign of the prophet Jonah." This +answer not satisfying the questioners, they came to him again, and +asked: "If the kingdom of God is, as you say, close at hand, show +us at least some one of the signs in the heavens which are to +precede the coming of the Messiah?" It was generally understood +then that the end of the present age was at hand, and was to be +heralded by signs from heaven. The light of the sun was to be put +out, the moon turned to blood, the stars robbed of their +brightness, etc. Historians of that period, curiously enough, have +recorded miracles and wonders alleged to have been performed by +other persons, but not a word is said by them about the miracles +claimed by Christians to have been performed by Jesus. Justus of +Tiberias, who was born about five years after the time assigned for +the crucifixion of Jesus, wrote a Jewish History, but it contained +no mention of the coming of Jesus, nor of the events concerning +him, nor of the prodigies he is supposed to have wrought. If they +could have been present at one of Messrs. Maskelyne and Cook's +entertainments, these credulous ancients would have certainly +wanted to worship these expert conjurers as gods; and the dentist +who could fit the vacant gums with a new set of teeth, or the +driver of a steam engine, would have been probably deified as +"creators." "Our increased knowledge of nature," says Dr. Oort, +"has gradually undermined the belief in the probability of +miracles, and the time is not far distant when, in the mind of +every man of any culture, all accounts of miracles will be banished +altogether to their proper region -- that of legend." What was said +to have been done in India was said by the writers of the gospels +to have been done in Palestine. The change of names and places, +with the mixing up of various sketches of Egyptian, Phoenician, +Greek, and Roman mythology, was all that was necessary. They had an +abundance of material, and with it they built. A long-continued +habit of imposing upon others would in time subdue the minds of the +impostors themselves, and cause them to become at length the dupes +of their own deception." + + ORIGIN OF THE BIBLE. + + We must not suppose that the Jews had their Bibles as +Christians now have. In the reign of Josiah, about 100 years before +the captivity, there was only one copy of the "Law of Moses" in the +whole of Judoea. It was neither read nor even consulted by them, +for when Hilkiah the priest accidentally found a copy in a "rubbish +heap of the Temple" [Julian, "Old and New Testament."] it was +announced as a wonderful discovery; but it was afterwards destroyed +by fire. All that the Jews knew about Moses and his religion they +learnt from hearsay, just as the Greeks and Romans knew about their +mythology. It was a system taught by their priests. Ezra says (2 +Esdras xiv.) he was the only man who knew it by heart, and that +after the return from captivity in Babylon he retired to a field +for forty days, and wrote from memory the five books of Moses, +probably including Joshua and other historical books of the Old +Testament, aided by drinking a cup full of some strong liquor of +the substance of water and the color of fire! Moses and Joshua + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +could not have been the authors of the books attributed to them, +for they describe their own deaths. Ezra must have been born in +captivity; and during the period of seventy years the Jews must +have lost a great many of their own traditions, and imbibed many of +the Babylonian, conforming, to a great extent to the custom of +these people, among whom they lived, and many were born. + + The Old Testament was written in ancient Hebrew on rough +skins, in ink almost obliterated by age, and crossed in different +inks and languages. The writing consisted of capital letters only, +very badly formed, and with no vowels, stops, or division into +words by spaces; being, like modern Hebrew, written from right to +left. There were originally about 150 old writings of this +description, supposed to have been inspired by the "spirit of God." +Fifty-three were formerly considered by the Christian Church as +canonical; they included the "Pentateuch," or five books of Moses +but in 1380 fourteen were decided to be uncanonical, and were +classed as "apocryphal by Wicliffe -- the Reformer and Bible +translator. These fourteen books were omitted from the Protestant +Bibles, though they are said in the Articles of Religion of the +English State Church to be useful "for example of life and +instruction of manners." Many of the old writings are now lost, + + The books of the New Testament were written on papyrus, some +in Greek and some in Latin; "Matthew" was written in Syro-Chaldaic; +"Mark," "Luke," "John," Acts, and Romans, in Greek. Twenty-seven +books are now considered to be canonical, but there were sixty-one +others now classed as apocryphal. "Twelve were excluded at first, +but afterwards received as canonical; among the apocryphal books +were 'the Gospel of the Egyptians,' one of the Essene Scriptures, +and one a Gospel which circulated among the Christians of the first +three centuries, containing the doctrine of a 'Trinity,' a doctrine +which was not established in the Christian Church till 327 C.E., +but which was taught by a Buddhist sect in Alexandria. There were +forty-one, consisting of absurd fables, many of which are lost; and +twenty-eight writings mentioned or referred to in the various +canonical books, which also are lost." [H.J. Hardwicke, "Evolution +and Creation."] + + "Out of 182 works accepted for centuries as the genuine +writings of Christians during the first 180 years of the present +era, only twelve are now contended by theologians to be genuine; +170 forged writings permitted by the alleged 'Guider into all +truth' to have existed for centuries, and believed in by poor, +feeble man." [Julian, "Old and New Testament Examined."] The +manufacture of some of these manuscripts probably took place at the +great monastery at Mount Athos, in Salonica, where about "60,000 +monks were employed" [Investigator, "Origin of the Christ Church."] +in that occupation. The first that we know of the four Christian +gospels is in the time of Irenaeus, who, in the second century, +intimates that he has "received four gospels as authentic +scriptures." "This pious forger was probably the adapter of the +John Gospel." [Investigator, "Origin of the Christian Church."] + + Three accounts are given of how the books which now appear in +the New Testament were chosen: (1) That by Popius, in his +"Synodicon" to the Council of Nicaea, says that 200 "versions of +the gospel were placed under a Communion table, and, while the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Council prayed, the inspired books jumped on the slab, but the rest +remained under it." (2) That by Irenmus says "the Church selected +the four most popular of the gospels." (3) That by the Council of +Laodicea (366) says that "each book was decided by ballot. The +Gospel of Luke escaped by one vote, while the Acts of the Apostles +and the Apocalypse were rejected as forgeries." + + PRAYER. + + Prayer to deities is a very ancient superstition, As the +planetary gods were supposed to influence events, it was natural +that pleading should be resorted to by primitive man to satisfy his +daily wants. But prayer to an inscrutable power, of which we know +nothing beyond what has been revealed to us by science and +phenomena, would involve a belief in the personality of that power, +and its possession of human attributes, such as hearing, pitying, +etc.; and, as that power is inscrutable and infinite, we cannot +give to it, and it cannot receive from us, anything. "Anything that +we do, or fail to do, cannot in the slightest degree affect an +'infinite power;' consequently, no relations can exist between the +finite and the infinite." [R.G. Ingersoll.] The means of providing +for his daily wants have been discovered by man, and he has no +reason for expecting, and no right to conceive it possible, that +the immutable laws of nature will, or can, be upset in his favor, +to the possible detriment and inconvenience of others. All supposed +response to prayer can be traced to natural causes, if we only have +sufficient knowledge to enable us to trace it. Christians tell us +that "God knows the secrets of the heart" (Psalm xliv. 21); if this +is so, why pray to him? Also, that "all the inhabitants of the +earth are reputed as nothing, and that he (Yahuh -- ie, Jehovah) +doeth according to his will among them, and none can stay his hand" +(Daniel iv. 35); also, "For I the Lord change not" (Malach iii. 6). +Then what can possibly be the use of prayer? If Yahuh does 'just as +he likes, nothing can change him; and if he knows everything, +including our wants, what is the use of pestering his throne with +prayers? + + Again, if prayer was of any use we should expect to see some +practical result from it. But do we? Those who are prayed for most +are those who are prayed for publicly; these are sovereigns and +other heads of States, the nobility, and the clergy. Can we say +fairly that these are any the better for all the prayers that go up +to the throne of Yahuh? Experience teaches us that the answer is +"No." Have our kings or queens enjoyed better health, become any +richer, or lived any longer for the prayer in the State Prayer +Book, that asks that it may be granted him or her "in health and +wealth long to live"? Are our nobility endowed with greater divine +"grace, wisdom, or understanding" for the prayers that go up to +this effect? Experience teaches us that the contrary is the case. +Are the clergy of the State Church, who are supposed to be called +to the ministry by the Holy Ghost, protected more than anyone else +against temptation, immorality, infectious diseases, sickness, or +the asphyxiating effects of gas or drowning? Missionaries are eaten +and digested by cannibals, just as any other person who has only +his own prayers to rely upon. Do we ever hear of cannibals +suffering in any way after eating "holy missionary"? Does prayer +protect us from calamitous floods? Is it not proverbial that + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +prayers for rain, in seasons of drought, have no effect? Were the +lives of the Prince Consort, the Duke of Clarence, the Czar of +Russia, the German Emperor, or Presidents Lincoln or Garfield, +saved because of the national prayers that went up for them? No, +these all died because their physicians were unable to cure them. +When the Prince of Wales recovered from his fever, thanksgivings +went up all over the land to Yahuh's throne. But why should his +recovery be attributed to prayer, and not to the skill of the first +physicians of the day? If Yahuh could save the Prince of Wales, he +surely could have saved those above mentioned who died. We are told +he is not a respecter of persons. Then why should Yahuh show ill- +nature towards them, and display such favor to the Prince of Wales? +The answer is obvious: the Prince was cured by his physicians. Does +the history of earthquakes and other misfortunes, due to natural +phenomena, show that praying people are saved from danger, while +the non-praying ones suffer? When the earthquake of 1887, in the +south of France, occurred, were the churches (God's own houses) +saved, and the gaming-tables at Monte Carlo destroyed? No, just the +contrary. Why did the late successful preacher, Spurgeon (a +minister of God), go to Mentone, when he had the gout, leaving his +congregation behind to pray for him; notwithstanding which +collective praying, he died? Mr. Foote says: "As soon as the +Mediterranean air and sunshine have given him relief, he writes to +the Tabernacle: 'Beloved, the Lord has heard our prayers ... Not +only could God cure Spurgeon's gout in the south of London as +easily as in the south of France, but he might extend his divine +assistance to the myriad sufferers from disease in the back streets +and slums of the Metropolis, who do not earn a few thousands a year +by preaching the gospel, and are unable to take a month's holiday +at a fashionable watering-place." [Introduction to "Folly of +Prayer."] Perhaps his rushing off to Mentone made Yahuh think he +had not sufficient faith in the success of the combined prayers of +his faithful but credulous followers. Praying people have a happy +knack of making full use of mundane assistance at the same time, on +the principle of "God helps those who help themselves," in the +carrying out of which cunningly-devised clerical principle it is +difficult to see where "God's help" comes in. Prayer for recovery +from illness, when the bliss of paradise -- which is said to be so +delightful to 'believers' -- awaits them, is difficult to +comprehend." + + WORSHIP AND SACRIFICE. + + WORSHIP. -- Man is naturally filled with wonder and +admiration, if not reverence, when he beholds the magnificence of +the visible universe; when he contemplates the marvelous beauty and +harmony of nature, and her grand and immutable laws, his own +existence, and that of all other life by which he is surrounded. +This devotion to science is the truest and only worship that can be +offered to the unseen and unknown. "Worship is not a mere lip +homage, but a homage expressed in actions; not a mere respect, but +a respect proved by the sacrifice of time, thought, and labor." [H. +Spencer.] The infinite cannot require worship from the finite, for +the finite cannot assist the infinite. The idea of worship +naturally follows the idea of a man-like deity, given to anger and +jealousy; one deity among others, and jealous of the others. But + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +when science teaches us that we have no grounds for conceiving the +unknown power and cause to be man-like, lip-worship disappears with +the disappearance of the human attributes, jealousy and +vindictiveness. + + Sacrifice was the earliest form of worship. "When it was once +laid down," says Mr. Doane, "as a principle that the effusion of +blood appeased the anger of the gods; that their punishment was +turned aside from them to the victim, their object naturally was to +conciliate the gods and obtain their favor by so easy a method. It +is in the nature of violent desires and excessive fears to know no +bounds " -- as we have seen, in the year 1895, in the burning of a +wife by her husband, in Ireland, as a witch and when the blood of +animals was not deemed a price sufficient, they began to shed that +of human beings." Abram was ordered by Yahuh to offer up his son +Isaac, and a similar story is related by the Hindus of a certain +king, who had no son, and also promised the goddess Varuna that, if +he were granted the favor of a son, he would offer him up as a +sacrifice. The child Kohita was duly born, and, when the father +told him of the vow he had made and bade him prepare for sacrifice, +the boy ran away, and wandered in the forest, where he met a +starving Brahmin, whom he persuaded to sell one of his sons for 100 +cows. This boy was brought to the king, and about to be sacrificed +as a substitute, when, on praying to the gods, he was released. The +Greeks had two versions of a similar fable; one, that Agamemnon had +a daughter whom he dearly loved, and whom he was ordered by the +deity to offer up as a sacrifice. When preparations were being +made, the goddess carried the girl away, and substituted a stag. +The other is of a Greek king, who had offended Diana, when the +sacrifice of his daughter was demanded; but she suddenly +disappeared just before the fatal blow. In time of war the captives +were chosen for sacrifice; but in time of peace they offered their +slaves. In great calamities or famines the king was, on the least +pretext, sacrificed, as being the highest price with which they +could purchase the divine favor. Kings also offered their children. +"The altar of Moloch reeked with blood." Fair virgins and children +were sacrificed by being thrown into a furnace shaped like a bull, +"while trumpets and flutes drowned their screams, and the mothers +looked on, and were bound to restrain their tears." Carthage was a +notable place for these sacrifices. The offering of human +sacrifices to the sun in Mexico and Peru was extensively practiced. +The ancient Egyptians annually celebrated the resurrection of their +god and savior Osiris, and at the same time commemorated his death +by eating the consecrated wafer which had become "veritable flesh +of his flesh " -- the body of Osiris -- thus eating their god, as +the Christians do. Bread and wine were brought to the temples as +offerings. The Essenes, or Therapeuts, worshippers of Mithra, the +Persian Sun-god, the second person of the Trinity, no doubt +introduced the Eucharist idea, along with baptism, and other Pagan +rites, among the early Christians. When it was introduced into Rome +by the Persian magicians, the eucharistic mysteries were celebrated +in a cave. The ancient Greeks had their "Mysteries," wherein they +"celebrated the sacrament of the Lord's supper," called also +"Eleusinian mysteries." These were offered every fifth year by the +Pagan Athenians in honor of "Ceres," the goddess of corn. She was +supposed to have given "her flesh to eat," and Bacchus, the god of +wine, "his blood to drink." "Many of the forms of expression in the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Christian solemnity are precisely the same as those that +appertained to the Pagan rite." [Rev. R. Taylor.] The Pagan priest +dismissed his congregation with "The Lord be with you" -- an +expression retained to this day in the English Protestant Church, +and in the Catholic Church as "Dominus vobiscum." + + The Jews offered up human sacrifices to their gods Moloch, +Baal, Chemosh, Apis -- the bull-god of the Egyptians, and Yahuh +(Exodus xiii. 2; xxii. 29; xxxii. 27; Judges xi. 31; Joshua vi. 17; +1 Samuel xv. 32; 2 Samuel xxi. 6; 1 Kings xviii. 40; 2 Kings x. 24; +Jeremiah vii. 30). Yahuh commands that "none devoted (consecrated) +of men shall be redeemed, but shall surely be put to death" +(Leviticus xxvii. 28). the story of Jesus and his disciples being +at supper, and his breaking bread, may be true; but the +expressions, "Do this in remembrance of me," "This is my Body," and +"This is my blood," are undoubtedly of Essene origin, inserted to +give to the new mystic ceremony some authority which, it has been +stated, was never intended. + + BAPTISM, by immersion, or sprinkling, for the remission of +sin, is to be found in countries the most widely separated on the +face of the earth, and was a Pagan rite adopted by Christians. With +both Pagans and Christians, the ordinance gave full expiation from +original sin, restoring instantly to original purity. Infant +baptism was practiced by Buddhists. In Mongolia and Tibet candles +burn, incense is offered, and the child is dipped three times in +water, accompanied by prayers, and named. Adult baptism was +practiced by the Brahmans, the Zoroastrians and Mithraists of +Persia -- the latter mark the sign of the cross on the forehead; by +the Egyptians, the Essenes (ascetics, of Buddhist origin), and by +the Greeks and Romans. The goddess Nundina took her name from the +ninth day, on which all male children were sprinkled with holy +water (as females were on the eighth), named, and a certificate +given of "regeneration." Adults, initiated in the sacred rites of +Bacchus, were regenerated by baptism. Fire was used in many +instances as well as water, the Romans using both; and baptism by +fire is still practiced. This is what is alluded to in Matthew iii. +11, which makes John say: "I baptize you with water; but he shall +baptize you with the Holy Ghost (breath) and with fire." + + HEAVEN, HELL, GHOSTS, AND BOGIES. + + Heaven and hell, as residences of gods, angels, and devils, +are very ancient myths. The idea arose among the ancients, by the +fact of the sun going down into apparent darkness. "Heaven," says +Doane, "was born of the sky, and nurtured by cunning priests, who +made man a coward and a slave. Hell was built by priests, and +nurtured by the fears and servile fancies of man during the ages +when dungeons of torture were a recognized part of every +Government, and when the deity was supposed to be an infinite +tyrant, with infinite resources of vengeance ... the devil is an +imaginary being, invented by primitive man to account for the +existence of evil, and relieve the deity of his responsibility. The +famous Hindu 'Rakshasas,' of our Aryan ancestors -- the dark and +evil clouds personified -- are the originals of all devils. The +cloudy shape has assumed a thousand different forms, horrible or +grotesque and ludicrous, to suit the changing fancies of the ages." +["Bible Myths."] Heaven, or Paradise, was by some placed in the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +clouds, by others in the moon, by others in the far-off isles. +Everything there was lovely and beautiful, and all was enjoyment, +with music, dancing, and singing. The Mohammedan Paradise had the +additional luxury of all women existing there for men's pleasure. +Angels were "divinely-chosen messengers," "vicars of God," and +"Messiahs." The virgin-born Krishna, or Christna, and Buddha were +incarnations of Vishnu, called "Angel-Messiahs" "Avatars," or +"Christs." The ideas of heaven and hell varied with each country, +according to the likes and dislikes of each. As all nations have +made a god, and that god has resembled the persons who made it, so +have all nations made a heaven, and that heaven corresponds to the +fancies of the people who created it. + + Primitive (savage) man, seeing his shadow, and that it moved +about with him, and hearing the echo of his voice, thought that it +was his "second self." Cases of suspended animation swooning, +fainting, and comatose conditions from injuries -- would be +considered to be death, and when animation was restored the second- +self, who had left the body for a short period, had returned. In +expectation of this reanimation, it became customary to supply the +actual dead with the necessaries of life -- food, drink, clothing, +etc. -- and murders, self-immolations, and destructions of live- +stock took place, with the idea that they should accompany the +departed soul. Men had their cattle, horses, dogs, wives, slaves, +and, money buried with them; women, their domestic appliances; and +children, their toys. Every dead person became a "ghost," and added +one more to the others gone before, "haunting the old home, +lingering near the place of burial, and wandering about in the +adjacent bush." [H. Spencer, "Principles of Society."] Thus an +invisible world of ghosts, spirits, etc., arose in the primitive +mind. The spirits of the wicked dead, the offspring of fallen +angels, etc., became "demons," and were the cause of all their +troubles. The simple state of the dead was called "sheol," which, +when it acquired a more definite meaning of a miserable place, +became "Hades," afterwards developing into a place of torture or +diabolical government having gradations, "Gehenna." As the place of +burial became gradually more distant -- even to the top of high +mountains -- so did the idea of resurrection. The other life, which +at first repeated this exactly, became more and more unlike it, and +from an adjacent spot passed to the distant place of the future. +These beings, to whom was ascribed the power of making themselves +at one time visible and at another invisible, became gradually +omnipresent. "With the development of the doctrine of ghosts grew +up an easy solution of all those changes which the heavens and +earth are hourly exhibiting. Clouds that gather and vanish, +shooting stars, sudden darkening of the water's surface by a +breeze, storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc., were +attributed to departed souls, probably acting as officials for an +angered deity. Thus arose ancestor worship, prayer, deities, etc. + + The Bogie of the modern nursery is identical with the slavonic +Bog, Bag-a-boo, or Bug-bear; and the Buga of the cuneiform +inscriptions -- names of the supreme power. The "Rock of Behistan" +-- "the sculptured chronicle of the glories of Darius, King of +Persia" -- situated on the western frontier of Media, on the high +road from Babylon to the eastward, was used as a "Holy of Holies." +It was named Bagistane -- the place of the Baga, referring to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Ormuzd, chief or the Bagas -- the old Aryan Bhaga of the Rig Veda +(Buddhist scriptures), "the Lord of Life," "the Giver of Bread," +and "the Bringer of Happiness." "Thus the same name which, to the +Vedic poet, to the Persian of the time of Xerxes, and to the modern +Russian, suggests the supreme majesty of deity, is in English +associated with an ugly and ludicrous Fiend." [Bible Myths.] + + FUTURE LIFE. + + Belief in re-animation implies a belief in a future life, a +doctrine which would be also suggested by the appearance of the +dead in dreams. The belief in a future life for man was almost +universal among nations of antiquity, The Egyptians and Hindus +believed that man had an invisible body, ghost, or shade -- i.e., +a soul -- within the material body. Among the former, the dead were +spoken of as "Osiriana" -- i.e., gone to Osiris. On a monument, +which dates ages before Abram is said to have lived, is found the +epitaph, "May thy soul attain to the creator of all mankind." +Sculptures and paintings in the tombs of the dead represent the +deceased ushered into the world of spirits by funeral deities who +announce "a soul arrived in Amenti." At death the soul went to +enjoy Paradise (the Elysian Fields) for a season; some to suffer in +hell (Tartarus and Valhalla of the Teutonic nations), till its sins +were expiated; and others to an intermediate place where they were +purified by wind, water, or fire. This belief is handed down to our +day in the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory. The souls were weighed +in a balance, the good spirits entering Elysium, where they judged +men after death as gods. The Persian Zend-Avesta says that Ahriman +threw the universe into disorder by raising an army against Ormuzd, +and, after fighting against him for ninety days, was at length +vanquished by Hanover, the Divine Word. The account of the war in +heaven is similar to that held by nearly every nation. The +Christian account is given in Revelation (xi. 7), and in the +apocryphal book of Nicodemus; it is to be found in the Talmud and +in the Hindu "Aitareya-brahmana," written seven or eight centuries +B.C. The Egyptians' legend told of a revolt against the God Ra. But +accounts of these will be found in another place. It is a curious +circumstance that, though so many people who had been dead were +said to have "risen from their graves" and been seen "walking +about" after the death of Jesus, no information or statement of any +kind appears to have been left with regard to the spiritual world +they had visited. Surely, if such an event had taken place, +everyone "would have been greedy to hear the news, which could have +been so easily obtained. But all is silence. + + CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS. + + The chief of these may be said to be the cross. We should +naturally suppose that what in modern days is called the Christian +symbol -- the cross -- would be found upon every tomb in the +catacombs of Rome -- the cemetery of the early Christians, as it is +now seen in Catholic cemeteries. But nothing of the sort. The only +approach to such a symbol to be found in the catacombs is the +Buddhist sacred Swastica, also seen in the old Buddhist zodiacs, +and in the Asoka inscriptions. No cross of present-day shape is to +be found; and for a very good reason. The cross was not the symbol +of early Christianity. Jesus, after his acceptance as a Christ, was + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +worshipped under the form of a lamb -- "the Lamb of God." It was +not till the Council of Constantinople (707) that symbols of a +cross with a man nailed to it were ordered to be used in place of +the lamb, or ram, which was formerly used to denote the victorious +sun as he passed through the sign Aries, giving new life to the +world, when he was worshipped as "the Lamb of God." The lamb gave +place later to the Phallus. From the decree just alluded to the +identity of the worship of the astronomical "Aries," the ram or +lamb, and the Christian "Savior," is certified beyond the +possibility of a doubt; and the mode by which the ancient +superstitions were propagated is satisfactorily shown. The cross +was, like all the other emblems of Christianity, adopted from +Paganism. The Pagan cross was a later development of the older +"Crux Ansata," or combined phallic emblems, the two portions of +which represented the male and female procreative powers of nature +-- the oval or upper portion the "vulva," or "yoni" of the Hindus; +and also the lower portion or "Tau" -- the "Phallus," Ashera, +Priapus of the Jews, Linga of the Hindus, or membrum virile -- the +common symbol of the "Life-giver," which is sometimes also +represented by a lighted torch, a tree, a fish, or a scepter. It +was particularly sacred with the Egyptians, the Babylonians, the +Buddhists, and the Hindus. A cross was the symbol of the Hindu god, +Agni -- the "Light of the World." It was worn as a charm by +Egyptian women, and was later adopted by Christian women, Osiris +was represented with a scepter and a crazier, and stretched on a +crux ansata. The Egyptian savior, Horus, is represented sitting on +the lap of Isis, his virgin mother; a large cross being carved on +the back of the seat. On the breast of an Egyptian mummy (London +University Museum) is to be seen a cross upon a "calvary." The +Egyptian images generally hold a cross in their hands. In the cave +of Elephanta a figure is represented as destroying a crowd of +infants, with a "crux ansata," a "mitre," and a "crazier." The +Egyptian priest wore the "crux ansata" as a "Pallium," the head +passing through the vestment at the oval or "yoni;" just as the +priests of the Catholic Church wear their mass vestment. By the +side of one of the inscriptions in the Temple, on the Island of +Philas, are seen a "crux ansata" and a maltese cross; and, +curiously enough, the same are to be seen in a Christian church in +the desert to the east of the Nile. The cross is also to be found, +in some form, in the hands of Siva, Brahma, Vishnu, Krishna, +Svasti, and Jama, on the figures of ancient monuments. The god, +Saturn, was represented by a cross with a ram's horn; Venus, by a +circle with a cross -- the goddess of love. Krishna was also +represented suspended on a cross. On a Phoenician medal, found in +the ruins of Citium, are inscribed the cross with a rosary +attached, and a lamb -- this last being the early symbol of the +followers of Jesus. The priests of "Jupiter Ammon" carried in +procession a cross, and a box containing a compass or magnet called +"the ark of the covenant of God." "There is reason to believe that +the Chinese knew something about the polaric property of the +loadstone more than 2,000 years before the Christian era." +["Popular Encyclopedia"] We thus see that the cross was used as a +religious emblem many centuries before "Yesuism," or early +Christianity, by nearly every nation of the earth; and to reproduce +the various forms of crosses and emblems held by the ancients as +sacred would be considered indecent, and would shock modern ideas +of propriety. The Latin cross, rising out of a heart, like the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Catholic emblem, the "crux in corde," was also used by the +Egyptians; it represented goodness. Under the foundations of the +Temple of Serapis, at Alexandria, were discovered a cross and +phallic emblems, which caused the shocking murder of Hypatia by +Saint (?) Cyril's monks. The Egyptians put a cross upon their +sacred cakes -- whence arose the idea of "hot cross buns." Many +Egyptian sepulchers are cruciform in shape. Anu, the chief deity +among the Babylonians, and the sun-god Bel, or Bal, had the cross +for their sign. A cross hangs on the breast of Tiglath Pileser, in +the colossal tablet from Nimrod in the British Museum; another +king, from the ruins of Nineveh, wears a maltese cross on his +breast. The "St. Andrew's cross" originated in the four-spoked +wheel, on which Ixion, the god "Sol," was bound to, when crucified +in the heavens; two spokes confined the arms (or, of the dove, the +wings), and two the legs. Criminals were extended on this form of +cross. The ensigns and banners of the Persians were cruciform. "Few +cases," says the Rev. G.W. Cox, "have been more powerful in +producing mistakes in ancient history than the idea, hastily taken +by Christians, that every monument of antiquity, marked with a +cross, or with any of those symbols which they conceived to be +monograms of their god, was of Christian origin." ["Aryan +Mythology."] Neither the Yesuism, which was old enough to develop +conflicting sects, nor early Christianism, had any knowledge of a +cross, except as a symbol attached to a 'faith which they were +gradually leaving behind -- viz., the old paganism. The cross, too, +adopted by the Christian at the Council of Constantinople was not +the cross as it is known now among Christians, but quite a +different thing, being that of the Imperial murderer, Constantine, +which was nothing more than the monogram of the Egyptian "savior" +Osiris, and of Jupiter Ammon; it consisted of the letters X and P, +which in old Samaritan, as found on coins, stood for 400 and 200. +It was also found on the coins of the Ptolemies and Herod the +Great, forty years before our era. The insignia on the walls of the +Temple of Bacchus in Rome was a Roman cross and I H S -- the three +mystical letters to this day retained in Christian churches, and +falsely supposed to stand for "Jesus hominum salvator." Christian +ladies who work altar cloths for their churches little think that +they are working a pagan sign, the identical monogram of the +heathen sun-god Bacchus; but, after all, they are not far astray, +for Bacchus in Hebrew was "Yahoshua," or Joshua, which in +Phoenician is Ies, and in Greek Iesous, pronounced Yeasoos, from +which Jesus is derived; but, by doing so, they unwittingly admit +the pagan origin of their god. The monogram really represented +Phallic vigor. + + As with the cross and the "labarum," so likewise with many +other so-called Christian symbols; they are borrowed from paganism. +There is a medal at Rome of Constantius, Constantine's predecessor, +with this inscription on it: "In hoc signo victor eris" -- which +shows that Constantine borrowed the idea conceived by him in his +dream. + + The triangle, trefoil, and tripod were all pagan symbols of +their different trinities. The triangle is conspicuous as a sacred +emblem in Hindu and Buddhist temples, sometimes with the mystical +letters AUM on it, one letter at each angle = Brahma, Vishnu, and +Siva -- the Hindu trinity. It is also seen in the obelisk and +pyramids of Egypt. The trefoil adorned the head of Osiris, and was +used among the ancient Druids. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE FISH AND THE LAMB. -- Dagon, the fish-god of the +Babylonians, Assyrians, and Phoenicians, was sacred to Venus; and, +curiously enough, Catholics now eat fish on the day which was +dedicated to Venus -- Dies Veneris, or Friday -- "fish-day" as it +is called. The dag or fish, was the most ancient symbol of the +productive power, and was the emblem of fecundity. Vishnu, the +Hindu "Matsaya," or Messiah, "Preserver," "Mediator," and "Savior," +was identical with the Babylonian "Dagon," or fish-god. He became +a fish to save the "seventh Manu," the progenitor of the human +race, from the universal deluge. The earliest emblems of the +Christian Savior were "the good shepherd," "the lamb" (or ram), and +"the fish" -- the lamb and fish both being of zodiacal origin +("Aries" and "Pisces"). + + Jesus is represented in the catacombs as two fishes crossed, +not unlike "the sacred monogram." Dagon is mentioned in 1 Sam v. 2. +The dove was the symbol of the "spirit" among all the nations of +antiquity, as it is now with Christians. The Samaritans had a +"brazen fiery dove," instead of a "brazen fiery serpent;" both +referred to fire -- the symbol of the "Holy Ghost." Buddha is +represented, like Jesus, with a dove hovering over his head. The +goddess Juno is often represented with a dove on her head. It is +also seen on the heads of the images of Astarte, Cybele, and Isis. +The Virgin Mary ascending upon the crescent moon, so frequently +seen in pictures, is the modern adaptation of Isis rising +heavenward. The dove was sacred to Venus, and was intended as a +symbol of the "Holy Spirit;" it signified incubation, by which was +figuratively expressed the fructification of inert matter, caused +by the vital spirit or breath (ruach in Hebrew, and pneuma in +Greek). Fasting, scourging, shaving of heads ("tonsure"), rosary +beads, white surplices, mitres, craziers, etc., were customs and +symbols of the ancient Egyptians, and some, also, of the +Babylonians. + + ANCIENT FESTIVALS, SABBATHS, ETC.5 + + We have seen that Christmas day -- the birthday of Jesus -- +was the birthday of the sun and of all the sun-gods. As regards the +real birthday, the date and place of the birth of the man Jesus are +shrouded in mystery and uncertainty. Among the early Christians a +great divergence of opinion existed; some maintaining that it was +in May, others that it was in April, and others again that it was +in January. The festival of the nativity was celebrated at all +these times, at different periods of the world's history. At last +the Roman Christians gained the ascendancy, and fixed December +25th, as that was the day when nearly all the nations of the earth +celebrated the accouchement of the various "Queens of Heaven," of +the "Celestial Virgin" of the Sphere, the first stars of Virgo. +appearing at night above the horizon, and the birth of the new sun +-- the god Sol, The Christians thus stole a birth-day, for Jesus +"stepped into dead gods' shoes." Not only this, they continued the +pagan custom of decking their houses with evergreens and mistletoe. +Tertullian, a father of the Church, writing (200 C.E.) to his +brethren, accuses them of "rank idolatry for decking their doors +with garlands and flowers on festival days according to the custom +of the heathen." "Foliage, such as laurel, myrtle, ivy, oak, and +all evergreens, were 'Dionysiac' plants -- i.e., symbols of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +generative power, signifying perpetuity and vigor." The festival is +kept in India and China. Buddha, the son of the Virgin Maya, on +whom, according to Chinese tradition, the Divine Power, or Holy +Ghost, had descended, was said to have been born on this day. It +was also the birthday of the Persian sun-god and savior, Mithra. +The ancient Egyptians, centuries before Jesus lived, kept this day +as the birthday of their sun-gods. Isis, their Queen of Heaven and +Virgin Mother, was delivered on this day of a son and savior, +Horus. His birth was one of the greatest mysteries of their +religion. Pictures of it decorated the walls of their temples; +images of the virgin and child, and effigies of the son lying in a +manger, were common. At Christmas the image of Horus was brought +out of the sanctuary with great ceremony, as the image of the +Infant Bambino, or black child, is still brought out and exhibited +in Rome. Among the Greeks, the births of Hercules, Bacchus, and +Adonis were celebrated on this day. In Rome the festival was +observed as "Natalis Solis Invicti," "the birthday of Sol the +Invincible" -- the unconquered sun; on which day they held their +"Saturnalia," whence comes the Christmas "Lord of Misrule." A few +days before the winter solstice the Calabrian shepherds came into +Rome to play on the pipes. Here we see the origin of our "Waits." +The ancient Germans celebrated their "Yule Feast" centuries before +Christianity. "Yule" was the old German name for Christmas, as +"Noel" was the French, and signified the "revolution of the year." +The word was derived from the Hebrew -- Chaldee "Nule." On this +festival the gods were consulted as to the future, sacrifices were +offered to them, and jovial festivities took place. + + EASTER. -- This festival in ancient times spread from China -- +where it was called "the Festival of Gratitude to Tien" -- to the +whole of Pagan Europe. The festival began with a week's indulgence +in all kinds of sports -- the "Carne vale" ( = to flesh farewell), +or the taking a farewell to animal food, from which the modern word +Carnival is derived, being followed by a fast of forty days in +honor of the Saxon goddess Ostris, or Eostre of the Germans, whence +our Easter. The ancient Persians, at the festival of the solar new +year (March 21st, when the sun crosses the equator), presented each +other with colored eggs. Dyed eggs were sacred Easter offerings in +Egypt. The Jews used eggs at the Passover. The early Christians did +not celebrate the resurrection of their "Lord," but made the Jewish +Passover their chief festival. "A new tradition gained currency +among the Roman Christians that Jesus had not eaten the Passover +before he died, but had substituted himself for the 'paschal lamb.' +The resurrection then became the great Christian festival, and was +celebrated on the first pagan holiday -- the Dies Solis -- after +the Passover." + + THE PURIFICATION of the Virgin originated with the worship of +the Egyptian goddess Neith ( = starry sky), the virgin mother of +the sun-god Ra. The worship of this goddess was accompanied by a +profusion of burning candles. Her feast was called "the Feast of +the Purification." + + The idea of a SABBATH originated with the Akkadians, who +occupied a tract of land in the historic valley of the Tigris and +Euphrates about five thousand years before the "Christ" Jesus, +where the civilization of the world commenced. These Akkadians, who + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +were eventually conquered by the Assyrians, and from the ruins of +whose empire subsequently arose the monarchies of Nineveh and +Babylon, were the inventors of cuneiform writing, which consisted +of figures of various kinds of animals, limbs, etc., traced with a +style upon clay cylinders or tablets. Many of these have been found +under the ruins of the buried cities; twelve were found in +Babylonia in 1876 (see p. 23), others at Tel-el-Amarna in Egypt in +1887, and among the ruins of Lachish in Southern Palestine. These +are now decipherable. The religion of the Akkadians (Shamanism, +from the Semitic Shamas = sun) was astronomical and phallic. They +had their "Trinity" -- a celestial father and mother, and their +off-spring, the sun-god; also stories of an infant Sargon being +placed by his mother in a reed basket, and left on the bank of a +river, being subsequently found, and eventually becoming king of +Babylon (about B.C. 3750); of a creation; a tree of life; and a +deluge. The name Adam is derived from the Assyrian Adami -- man. +They also had their "holy water," "penitential psalms," table of +"shew-bread," and "ark" containing the images of their gods. They +dedicated special days to the sun, moon, and five planets -- Mars, +Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn -- each cycle of which became +a week of seven days. "The number seven thus became sacred to +them," as did the number twelve, which represented the twelve signs +of the zodiac, and from which the idea of the twelve apostles was +derived. "They had a special deity who received honor, as patron of +the number seven; and destructive tempests and winds were believed +to be directed by the will of seven wicked spirits." [F.J. Gould, +"A Concise History of Religion."] The seven heavenly bodies were +represented in the seven platforms, by which the astronomer priests +ascended to the summit of their temple, the so-called "Tower of +Babel." "The 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of each month were +called 'Sabbaths,' or 'Rest days,' and so rigorously was this day +kept that not even the king was permitted to eat cooked food, +change his clothes, drive his chariot, sit in the judgment-seat, +review his troops, or even take medicine on any of those days." [ +Ibid.] + + The Sabbatical idea, with many other religious customs and +observances, spread from the Akkadians to their Semitic conquerors, +the inhabitants of the neighboring countries of Phoenicia, Phrygia, +Canaan, and Syria; and from these to the Jews during their seventy +years' captivity. The Jews do not appear to have understood the +true astronomical origin of their Sabbath, for they give two +contradictory reasons for its institution; one in Exodus (xxii. and +xxxi. 17), where it is given as "because the Almighty rested on the +seventh day;" the other in Deuteronomy (v. 15), where it is given +as because "the Lord God brought them out from bondage in Egypt," +which event is computed to have occurred about 2,500 years later +than "the Creation." + + The Puritans in the sixteenth century, a bigoted and narrow +sect of Christians, attempted, with great fanaticism, to revive the +ceremonial obligations of the Jewish Sabbath; but altering the day +of the week from the seventh to the first, which secured for them +the name of "Sabbatarians." And the idea has been kept up in this +country by the retention in the Prayer Book of the State Church, of +the Hebrew Decalogue, with a prayer following each command, that +the deity will "incline their hearts to keep that law," +notwithstanding the new Hexalogue that Jesus is said to have + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +delivered to his disciples (Matthew xix. 18). Sabbatarians bring +forward as reasons for their superstition that on the first day of +the week "Paul preached" -- but he also preached on the Jewish +Sabbath three times (Acts xvi. 13; xvii; xviii. 4); the disciples +"assembled for the breaking of bread" -- but we are told they went +about breaking bread every day from house to house (Acts ii. 46); +and that "they were all with one accord in one place" -- these +commentators seem to forget that it was "on the feast of +Pentecost," which fell on the first day of the week, and that it +was on account of the feast, not the day of the week, that they +were gathered together; the last Jewish feast that Paul was anxious +to keep (i Corinthians xvi. 8). Sabbatarians, to be consistent, +ought not to permit fires to be lighted in their houses, even in +winter, for "ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations +upon the Sabbath day" (Exodus xxxv. 3); nor ought they to permit +the painting of pictures, the carving of sculpture, etc. Jesus is +shown, in the New Testament, to have abolished the Sabbath; for he +tells his hearers that both he and his father worked on the +Sabbath; and, when rebuked by the Pharisees for breaking the +Sabbath, replied that the Sabbath was made for man, not man for the +Sabbath; and he is said to have performed most of his miracles on +that day. The Yezuans, or Jesusites, and the Christians of a later +day kept no Sabbath, and discountenanced the keeping of holy days. +Not until the time of the Imperial Murder Constantine (321 C.E.) +was the idea of a Christian Sabbath conceived. The first day of the +week -- Sunday -- Dies Solis Venerabuis, was the great weekly +festival with the Pagans -- worshippers of the sun -- "sol", the +invincible." An edict was issued by Constantine to compel all +except laborers "to rest from all work on the venerable day of the +sun." Pagan idols were transformed into Christian saints, and Pagan +temples into Christian churches. But this edict, which was much +disliked by Christians, was repealed by the Emperor Leo in the +ninth century. Eusebius says: "They [the first Christians] did not +observe the Sabbath, nor do we; neither do we regard other +injunctions which Moses delivered to be types and symbols, because +such things as these do not belong to Christians." ["Ecclesiastical +History," book 1, ch. 4.] + + ANCIENT GODS, TRINITIES, AND SCRIPTURES. + + GODS. -- Ancestral spirits (the basis of Vedic religion and +the origin of religion in general), relics, stones, animals, the +generative powers of nature (phallic), plants, trees, fire and +lightning, water, thunder, planets, etc., have all been objects of +worship by man. "Primitive man regarded as supernatural whatever he +could not comprehend; and feared whatever was strange in appearance +and behavior; 'It was a spirit.'" [Herbert Spencer, "Sociology."] +Men of extraordinary talent were spirits, and it was a very short +step from the idea of a spirit to that of a god. But we have seen +that nearly every country has looked up to the sun with special +veneration, and most of the chief gods have been sun-gods; and very +naturally too, for all benefits received by man from nature were +seen to be derived from the rays of the sun-light, heat, fruit, +crops, and life itself; and much that was detrimental was +attributed to the absence of sunshine. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + The EASTERN SEMITES of Accadia, Babylonia, Assyria, etc., the +originators of the Chaldean religion, were astrologers and +astronomers, and they mapped out the ancient zodiac. It was in this +district that civilization may be said to have commenced; a library +of clay tablets was formed by King Sargon I., about 4,000 B.C., at +Nineveh, which gave stories of the Creation, Flood, and of a +conflict between the Sun-God and the demon Tiamat, and the descent +of Ishtar into Hades, etc. Their gods were Ana (lord of the sky); +Ea (of air and water); Darki (earth); Marduk, or Merodack, and Bel +(the sun), son of Ea; Bilit, or Mylitta (Bel's wife), to whom every +Babylonian woman had to offer her virginity; Sin (the moon); Ishtar +(evening star) -- for Ishtar's sake men made themselves eunuchs, +and women yielded to prostitution; Dagon (the fish-god) was of +Chaldean origin. + + THE WESTERN SEMITES, Of Canaan, Syria, Phoenicia, Phrygia, and +Asia Minor, retained many of the traditions and ideas of the +Easterns. Bel was by them transformed into Baal; Ishtar into +Ashtoreth and Astarte; Moloch into Ashera (Priapus, the phallic +god). They had also the legend of the dying sun-god, and of a +flood. Many of the stories of Jesus may be traced to these ancient +legends. They had also their Sabbath, like the Easterns. + + Philistines had Derketo (half woman, half fish); and Dagon. + + Moabites adored Chemosh. + + Hebrew Tribes -- Yahuh (Jehovah) or Yeho -- the provider of +sexual pleasure, Adonai, Baal, and El-Shaddai. + + India -- Brahma (the "savior" and androgynous creator), +Vishnu, and Siva; Vasudeva, Devaki, and Krishna (mother and child). +Gautama Buddha (god, man, and savior). Krishna and Osiris were +dark-skinned; Typhon was red; and Horus, white. The dark-skinned is +supposed to have represented the hidden sun at night. "Buddhism is +a sun myth. Emerging from the womb of the virgin dawn, the hero +ascends the sky to meet and conquer the storm spirit, after which +the fires of sunset redden over his funeral pile." Brahmanism grew +out of the old Vedic faith, and Buddhism out of Brahmanism -- now +Hinduism. + + Persia -- Mazda, or Ormuzd ("creator," "god of light, purity, +and truth "); Ahriman (the outcast, bad spirit); Zoroaster +(mediator between Ormuzd and Ahriman); Haoma, Tistrya (Dog Star); +Anahita (goddess of fruitfulness); Sraosha (god of prayer and +sacrifice); Devas (the shining ones, the children of Dyaus -- the +sky -- Dyaus Pitar, in Sanskrit, meaning heaven and father, in +Greek Zeu pater (Zeus), in Latin Jupiter and Deus); Prithivi (the +earth mother) represented the powers of nature. Indra was the god +of rain; Surya, the sun-god and Agni, the god of fire and +lightening -- a trinity. There were also the gods of day, dawn, +wind, etc. Zoroaster, the prophet of Mazda, founded Zoroastrianism, +an offshoot of Mazdaism, as was also Mithraism. Mithra was a sun- +god, and "Incarnate Word," "Lord of Light." Mithra, Zoroaster, +Krishna, Zeus of the Greeks, and Jesus were all said to be born in +caves. A figure of the sun-god Mithra is, says Mr. Gould, to be +seen in the British Museum. "The god is plunging a knife into a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +bull, and, while the bull is attacked from below by a scorpion, a +dog laps the blood which flows from the wound." The allusion is to +the sun entering into the zodiacal sign "Taurus" at the vernal +equinox, and the fate which compels its return to wintry depths +through the autumnal sign "Scorpio." The first day of the week was +dedicated to Mithra, whose devotees were baptized and marked on the +forehead with a holy sign, and solemnly partook of a round cake and +water. + + China -- Shang-Ti (B.C. 2,200), Kung Futse (Confucius -- B.C. +550), Lao-Tse, and Buddha. + + Japan Ceylon, Tibet, Corea, Siam, Burma -- Buddha; and remains +of phallic worship in some. + + Egypt -- Osiris (Father), the sun-god, after its disappearance +in the west, where he was slain by the envious night, and yet +destined to rise again the next morning; he was represented as a +mummy, wearing a maitre, and holding a scepter and crazier, and in +his hand a "crux ansata;" Osiris, Isis (virgin mother), and Horus +(the infant) formed a trinity; Amen-Ra ("the maker of all that +is"); Nut and Chonsu at Abydos; Typhon (god of evil); Khem (the +phallic god of reproduction) Ptah (the god of Memphis) -- said to +have produced the egg of the sun and moon. Ra was the sun god in +his splendor; Neith was his virgin mother. Pharaoh is derived from +Ptah and "Ra." Anubis was the jackal-headed genius of death and +Serapis, introduced from Asia. + + Africa -- Baal, Ammon, Isis, Horus, and Serapis. + + Greece -- Zeus, Apollo, Athene ("the Immaculate Virgin"), +Aphrodite, Herakles, Dionysus; later, Isis and Serapis. The Stoics, +Platonists, and Epicureans were philosophers, and occupied a +position similar to that of the Rationalists and Agnostics of the +present day. + + Italy and Rome -- Isis was a favourite goddess; Horus, Osiris, +Jupiter, Juno, Minerva. The Isis cult recognized magic, fortune- +telling by stars, palmistry, dreams, and consultations with the +dead. + + TRINITIES: + + Vedic -- Indra, Surya, and Agni. + + India -- Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; later Vasudeva, +Devaki, and Krishna. + + Egypt -- (In Abydos) Osiris, Isis, and Horus; (in Thebes) +Amen-Ra, Nut (Mut or Neith), and Chonsu. + + Greece -- Zeus, Athene, and Apollo. + + Rome -- Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. + + Chaldea -- Ana, Ea, and Bel. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Christian Countries -- Yahuh, Holy Ghost (Ruach), and +Jesus. + + SCRIPTURES, or sacred writings: + + Egyptians -- The Book of the Dead and the Maxims of Ptah +Hotep, eighteen in number (the most ancient book in the world); +written on papyrus B.C. 3,400. + + Aryans of Asia -- The Vedas. + + (1) Brahminism -- The Rig Veda; the Law Book of Manu. + + (2) Buddhism -- The Tripitaka, or Three Baskets. + + (3) Hinduism -- The Puranas, the Ramyana, and the Mahabharata, +an epic Poem B.C. 500, in which is the Bhagavadgita. + + Parseeism -- The Zend Avesta. + + Confucianism -- The Five Classics (King), and Four Shu. + + Taoism -- The Tau-teh-king. + + Judaism -- The Pentateuch and the Talmud, or Book of the Law. + + Christianism -- The Old and New Testaments. + Islamism -- The Koran. + + ORIGIN OF "RELIGION" (THEOLOGY). + + Religions may be said to have had their origin in astronomical +and phallic worship. + + Primitive Astronomy. -- The Akkadians may be considered the +fathers of astronomy, but the Indians, Egyptians, Persians, Ancient +Greeks, and Romans each had their zodiacs, which differed very +little from one another. The astronomer-priests were also +astrologers, and supposed the heavenly bodies to possess a ruling +influence over human and mundane affairs. Individual temperaments +were ascribed to the planet under which a particular birth took +place, as "saturnine" from Saturn, "jovial" from Jupiter, +"mercurial" from Mercury; and the virtues of herbs, gems, and +medicines were believed to be due to their ruling planets. The idea +of ruling is to be found in the story of Creation in Genesis, where +the sun is said to "rule the day," and the stars to "rule the +night." + + The modern zodiac is a fixed one, but with the ancients the +zodiac was a changing one, this being due to the fact of the +precession of the equinoxes, the sun failing to reach the +equinoxial point at the same time each year. The different signs of +the ancient zodiac in this way moved forward one degree in 71 or 72 +years, and one whole sign (30 degrees) in 2,152 years; so that, +between the years 4340 and 2188 B.C., the Bull was the first, +chief, or vernal equinoxial sign; and, from 2188 to 36 B.C., the +Ram or Lamb took its place, "at which time, the sun having ascended + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +from its lowest point of declination, at Christmas (December 21st +to 25th), arrives at that portion of its annual course when the +equator and the ecliptic cross each other," and the days become +longer than the nights. + + It must be borne in mind that, when the sun was in any +particular sign, the sign opposite to it in the zodiac, and the +constellations of that portion of the heavens, were visible from +our earth at night. When the Bull was the vernal equinoxial sign, +the sun was said to be "in Taurus;" and, when the Ram was the +vernal equinoxial sign, the sun was said to be "in Aries." They +divided each of the twelve signs into thirty degrees, and three +deacons of ten degrees each. As the sun passed from decan to decan, +and from sign to sign, the astrologer-priests publicly proclaimed +the exact moment of its entry into each. The first decan they +called the "Upper Room," the second the "Middle Room," and the +third the "Lower Room." + + The various signs of the zodiac, as well as the sun, moon, and +five planets, were considered by them as gods; and each was +associated with romantic stories of struggles, victories, and +defeats; and, according to their position in the zodiac, were +accounted powerful and victorious at one time, and weak and dying +at another. The sun passing through the twelve signs of the zodiac +was represented in the story of the twelve labors of Hercules, the +twelve patriarchs, the twelve tribes, etc. + + The six summer signs were considered specially bountiful and +holy, while the six winter signs were accounted less holy, but +quite as powerful for evil as the others were for good. When the +Bull was the vernal equinoxial point, the sun in Taurus was supreme +God; and, when the Ram or Lamb, the sun in Aries was supreme God. +"Although it was only in March that the sun was at the vernal +equinoxial point, yet the Bull-god, for 2.000 years prior to 2188 +B.C., was always supreme; and the Ram-god (in Egypt), or Lamb-god +(in Persia), after that date." [H.J. Hardwick, "Evolution and +Creation."] We have already seen that the different gods -- virgin- +born, crucified, and resurrected saviours -- were not real +personages, but merely personifications of the powers of nature, +and principally those of the sun. "One of the earliest objects that +would strike and stir the mind of man, and for which a sign or name +would soon be wanted, is surely the sun." In the Vedas the sun has +twenty different names, not pure equivalents, but each term +descriptive of the sun in one of its aspects when brilliant, Surya; +the friend, Mitra or Mithra; generous, Aryaman; beneficent, Bhaga; +nourishing, Pushna; creator, Tvashtar; master of the sky, +Divaspati; and so on." [S. Baring-Gould, "Origin of Religious +Belief."] Men "could not fail to note the change of days and years, +of growth and decay, of calm and storm; but the objects which so +changed were to them living things, and the rising and setting of +the sun, the return of winter and summer, became a drama in which +the actors were their enemies or friends. These gods and heroes, +and the incidents of their mythical career, would receive each a +local habitation and name, and these would remain as genuine +history, when the origin and meaning of the words had been either +wholly or part forgotten." [Doane, "Bible Myths."] + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + "The history of the Savior can be followed, step by step, in +the Vedic hymns; the development which changes the sun from a mere +luminary into a 'Creator,' 'Preserver,' 'Ruler,' 'Rewarder of the +World,' and, in fact, into a 'Divine or Supreme Being.' The first +step is the light which meets us on waking in the morning, and +which seems to give new life to man and nature. He is now called +'the Giver of Daily Life.' Then, by a bolder step, he becomes the +'Giver of Light and Life' in general. He who brings light and life +to-day is the same who brought light and life on the first of days. +And so he becomes a 'Creator' and, if a Creator, soon a 'Ruler of +the World.' Then he is conceived as a 'Defender' and 'Kind +Protector' of all living things, by driving away the dreaded +darkness of the night, and as fertilizing the earth. Then, as a +'Vigilant Eye,' seeing everything -- the works of the evil doer, +and that which no human eye can see." [Doane, "Bible Myths."] + + The history of Jesus, the Christian Savior, is simply the +history of the sun -- the real savior of mankind; and this can be +demonstrated beyond a doubt. I quote chiefly from Doane's "Bible +Myths": -- + + 1. The sun's birthday, at the commencement of its annual +revolution round the earth, the first moment after midnight of +December 24th, is the birthday of Jesus, Buddha, Mithras, Osiris, +Horus, Hercules, Bacchus, Adonis, and other sun-gods. On this day +was celebrated by all nations of the earth the accouchement of the +"Queen of Heaven," of the "celestial origin of the sphere," and the +birth of the god "Sol." On that day, the sun having fully entered +the winter solstice, the sign of the virgin was rising on the +eastern horizon, and the Persian magicians drew the horoscope of +the new year; the woman's symbol of which was represented, first, +by ears of corn, second, with a new-born male child in her arms, +"The division of the first decan of the virgin represents a +beautiful virgin with flowing hair, sitting on a chair, with two +ears of corn in her hand, and suckling an infant called Iaesus by +some nations, and Christ in Greek." [Volney, "Ruins."] + + 2. The sun alone is born of an immaculate virgin, who +conceived him without carnal intercourse, and who still remains a +virgin -- either the beautiful Dawn, or the dark earth or night. +The Roman Catholics represent the Virgin with the child in one +hand, and the lotus or lily in the other, but sometimes with ears +of corn. In the Vedic hymns the Dawn is called the "Mother of the +Gods," and is said to have given birth to the sun. The sun and all +the solar deities rise from the east, which originated the custom +of praying towards the east; and this practice is still to be seen +in the English Church, but has been dropped by the Roman Church +since the Reformation. + + 3. The bright morning star rises immediately before the sign +of "the virgin" is entered. This is the star which informs the +magicians and the shepherds who watched their flocks by night that +the Savior of mankind was about to be born. + + 4. All nature smiles at the birth of the Heavenly Being. In +the "Vishnu Purana," at the birth of Christna, we find: "The +quarters of the horizon are irradiate with joy, as if moonlight was +diffused over the whole earth," and "the spirits and nymphs of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +heaven dance and sing." At the birth of Buddha "caressing breezes +blow, and a marvelous light is produced." In the Fo-Sen-King of +China: "For the Lord and Savior is born to give joy and peace to +men and Devas, to shed light in dark places, and to give sight to +the blind." In the Prayer Book and New Testament: "To him all +angels cry aloud, the heavens, and all the powers therein." "Glory +to God in the highest, and on earth peace, goodwill towards men." + + 5. At early dawn, on December 25th, the astrologers of the +Arabs, Chaldeans, and other oriental nations, greeted the infant +savior with gold, frankincense, and myrrh. "They started to salute +their god long before the rising of the sun; and, having ascended +a high mountain, waited anxiously for the birth, facing the east, +and there hailed his first rays with incense and prayer." [Dupuis, +"Origin of Religious Belief."] He was acclaimed with: "Hail, Orient +Conqueror of gloomy night!" and "Will the powers of darkness be +conquered by the god of light?" by the shepherds. Jesus is said to +have been visited by the Magician sun-worshippers. + + 6. All sun-gods and saviours were born in caves, so was Jesus. +"This was the darkest abode from which the wandering sun starts in +the morning. As the dawn springs fully armed from the forehead of +the cloven sky, so the eye first discerns the blue of heaven, as +the first faint arch of light is seen in the east. This arch is the +cave in which the infant is nourished until he reaches his full +strength -- in other words, until the day is fully come ... At +length the child is born, and a halo of serene light encircles his +cradle, just as the sun appears at early dawn in all his splendor." + + 7. "All the sun gods are fated to bring ruin upon their +parents or the reigning monarch. For this reason they attempt to +prevent his birth; and, failing this, seek to destroy him when +born." Herod is the counterpart of Kansa, the dark and wicked +night; but he loses his power when the young prince of glory, the +Invincible, is born. The sun scatters darkness, and so it was said +the child was to be the destroyer of the reigning monarch, or his +parent, night; and the magicians warned the latter of the doom +which would overtake him. The newly-born babe is therefore ordered +to be put to death by the sword, or exposed on the hill-side, as +the sun seems to rest on the earth (Ida) at its rising. In oriental +mythology the destroying principle is generally represented as a +serpent or dragon; and "the position of the sphere on Christmas Day +shows the serpent all but touching, and certainly aiming at, the +woman" -- i.e., the figure of the constellation Virgo. Here we have +the origin of the story of the snake sent to kill Hercules, and of +Typhon, who sought the life of the infant Horus; and of Orion, who +besets the virgin mother Astrea; and of Latona, the mother of +Apollo, when pursued by the monster and, lastly, of the Virgin +Mary, with her babe beset by Herod. "But, like Hercules, Horus, +Gilgames, Apollo, Theseus, Romulus, Cyrus, and other solar heroes, +Jesus has a long course before him. Like them, be grows up wise and +strong, and the 'old serpent' is discomfited by him, just as the +sphinx and the dragon are put to flight by others." + + 8. "The temptation by, and victory over, the evil one, whether +Mara or Satan, is the victory of the sun over the clouds of storm +and darkness. In his struggle with darkness the sun remains the +conqueror, and the army of Mara or Satan broken or scattered; the + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Apearas, daughters of the demon, the last light vapours which float +in the heaven, try in vain to clasp and retain the vanquisher; he +disengages himself from their embraces, repulses them they writhe, +lose their form, and vanish." Free from every obstacle and +adversary, the sun journeys across space, having defeated the +attempts of his eternal foe; and, appearing in all his glory and +sovereign splendor, the god has attained the summit of his course, +It is the moment of triumph. + + 9. "The sun has now reached his extreme southern limit, his +career is ended, and he is at last overcome by his enemies, the +powers of darkness and of winter. The bright sun of summer is +finally slain, crucified in the heavens. Before he dies he sees all +his disciples -- his retinue of light; and the twelve hours of the +day, or the twelve months of the year, disappear in the sanguinary +melee of the clouds of the evening ... Throughout the tale the sun- +god was but fulfilling his doom. These things must be." + + 10. "And many women were there beholding from afar. In the +tender mother and the fair maidens we have the dawn who bore him, +and the fair and beautiful lights which flash the Eastern sky as +the sun sinks or dies in the west (these lights can only be +understood by those who have seen them; there is nothing like them +in this country). Their tears are the tears of dew, such as Eos +weeps at the death of her child. All the sun-gods forsake their +homes and virgin mothers, and wander through different countries +doing marvelous things. Finally, at the end of their career, the +mother from whom they were parted is by their side to cheer them in +their last hours." They were to be found at the last scene in the +life of Buddha, OEdipus (another sun), Hercules, Apollo, +Prometheus, etc. + + 11. "There was darkness over the land." This is the sun +sinking slowly down, with the ghastly hues of death upon his face, +while none are nigh to cheer him, save the ever-faithful women. +After a long struggle against the dark clouds who are arrayed +against him, he is finally overcome, and dies. Blacker and blacker +grow the evening shades, and finally "there is darkness on the face +of the earth, and the din of its thunder crashes through the air." + + 12. "He descended into hell." This is the sun's descent into +the lower regions. It enters the sign Capricorns, or the Goat, and +the astronomical winter begins. The days have reached their +shortest span, and the sun has reached his extreme southern limit. +For three days and three nights he remains in hell -- the lower +regions, Jesus is here like the other sun-gods. + + 13. "At the winter solstice the ancients wept and mourned for +Tammuz, the fair Adonis, and other sun-gods, done to death by the +boar, or crucified -- slain by the thorn of winter -- and on the +third day they rejoiced at the resurrection of their Lord of Light. +The Church endeavored to give a Christian significance to the +rites, which they borrowed from heathenism, and in this case the +mourning for Tammuz, the fair Adonis, became the mourning for +Jesus; and joy at the rising of the natural sun became joy at the +rising of the 'Sun of Righteousness ' -- at the resurrection of + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +Jesus from the grave. The festival of the resurrection was held by +the ancients on the 25th of March, when spring results from the +return of the sun from the lower or far-off regions, the equator +crossing the ecliptic, The sun rises in Aries." + + 14. It was not god the father who was supposed by the ancients +to have been the creator of the world, but god the son, the +redeemer and savior of mankind. Now, this redeemer was, as we have +seen, the sun, which in Vedic mythology was looked upon as the +ruler, the establisher, and creator of the world. Jesus is, +therefore, creator of all things. + + 15. Who is better able than the sun to be the judge of men's +deeds, seeing as he does from his throne in heaven all that is done +on earth? The Vedas speaks of Surya -- the pervading irresistible +luminary -- as seeing and hearing all things, noting the good and +evil deeds of men. Jesus is therefore judge of the quick and the +dead. + + 16. "The second coming of Vishnu (Krishna), Jesus, and other +sun-gods is also an astronomical allegory. The white horse, which +figures so conspicuously in legend, was the universal symbol of the +sun among oriental nations." + + "Jesus, then, is the toiling sun, with a career of brilliant +conquest, checked with intervals of storm, and declining to a death +clouded with sorrow and derision. He is in constant company with +his twelve apostles, the twelve signs of the zodiac ... when the +leaves fell and withered on the approach of winter, he would be +considered dying or dead, as no other power than that of the sun +can recall vegetation to life ... He is the child of the dawn, +whose soft violet hues tint the clouds of early morn; his father +being She sky, the heavenly father." + + "The sacred legends abound with such expressions as can have +no possible application to any other than to the 'god of day.' He +is the 'light to lighten the Gentiles, and to be the glory (or +brightness) of his people.' He is come 'a light into the world, +that whosoever believeth in him should not abide in darkness.' He +is 'the light of the world and 'is light, and in him no darkness +is.' Lighten our darkness, O Adonai, and by thy great mercy defend +us from all perils and dangers of this night.' 'God of god, light +of light, very god of very god' (Creed). 'Merciful Adonai, we +beseech thee to cast thy right beams of light upon thy church' +(Catholic Collect St. John). 'To thee all angels cry aloud, the +heavens, and all the powers therein. Heaven and earth are full of +the majesty of thy glory (or brightness). The glorious company of +the (twelve months or) apostles praise thee. Thou art the king of +glory (brightness), O Christ! When thou tookest upon thee to +deliver man thou passest through the constellation or zodiacal sign +-- the virgin. When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of winter, +thou didst open the kingdom of heaven (i.e., bring on the reign of +the summer months), to all believers." + + "We see, then, that Christ Jesus, like Christ Buddha, +Christna, Mithra, Osiris, Horus, Apollo, Hercules, and others, is +none other than a personification of the sun, and that the +Christians, like their predecessors, the Pagans, are really sun- + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 59 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +worshippers. It must not be inferred, however, that no such person +as Jesus of Nazareth ever lived in the flesh. The man Jesus is +evidently an historical personage, just as Sakaya, Prince Buddha, +Cyrus, King of Persia, and Alexander, King of Macedonia, are +historical personages; but the Christ Jesus, the Christ Buddha, the +mythical Cyrus, and the mythical Alexander, never lived in the +flesh. The sun myth has been added to the histories of these +personages in a greater or less degree, just as it has been added +to the history of many other real personages. After the Jews had +been taken captives to Babylon, around the history of their King +Solomon accumulated the fables which were related of Persian heroes +... When the fame of Cyrus and Alexander became known over the +known world, the popular sun-myth was interwoven with their true +history ... That the biography of Jesus, as recorded in the books +of the New Testament, contain some few grains of actual history, is +all that the historian or philosopher can rationally venture to +urge. But the very process which has stripped these legends of the +birth, life, and death of the sun, of all value as a chronicle of +actual events, has invested them with a new interest. They present +to us a form of society and a condition of thought through which +all mankind had to pass before the dawn of history. Yet that state +of things was as real as the time in which we live. 'They who spoke +the language of these early tales were men and women with joys and +sorrows not unlike our own." [Doane, "Bible Myths."] + + PHALLIC WORSHIP, -- "Throughout all animal life there is no +physical impulse so overbearing as the generative, unless we except +that for food. Food gives satisfaction. Rest to tired nature gives +pleasure. But the power of reproduction is the acme of physical +bliss, How natural, then, that this last-named impulse should, +early in human development, give direction and consequence to +religious fancies." 'This the reproductive power did in India, +Egypt, among the Buddhists, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Assyrians, +and ancient Hebrews. As they personified the sun and planets, air, +water, fire, etc., so they personified the sexual power; and the +worship, not of the actual organs, but of the fertilizing +principle, became a recognized custom, so much so that the ancients +used to swear by their generative organs, as Christians do now by +their Bible, as being the most sacred thing on earth, and +representing the divine energy in a state of procreative activity. +Thus we find in Psalm lxxxix. 49 (literally): "O my Adonis, where +are thy endearments of old, which thou swearedst for the sake of +love, by the phallus, O Ammon?" This had reference to the violent +death of Adonis, who, at the autumnal equinox, was attacked by a +wild boar, which tore away the membrum virile, and rendered him +impotent, until he was born again, when he acquired fresh powers, +and grew in beauty and stature, ready to reunite with Venus at the +vernal equinox. + + As we have before seen, the two sexual powers of nature were +symbolized respectively by an upright and an oval (and sometimes a +crescent or circle) emblem -- T and O; the Phallus, Ashera, Priapus +of the Jews (the Hebrew letter for which was a cross), or Linga (of +the Hindus); and the Hindu Yoni or Unit, the Vulvz or +Pudendumfeminy, sometimes represented as the mountain of Venus +(mons veneris). The former was a representation of the sun-god in +his majesty and glory, the restorer of the powers of nature after + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 60 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the long sleep or death of winter; and the latter, a representation +of the earth, who yields her fruit under the fertilizing power and +warmth of the sun, and when placed upon the Tau, T, or Phallus, +formed the "Crux Ansata," or conjunction of the sun and earth, male +and female. The Phallus placed erect as a tree, cross, or pole, +above a crescent or on a mons veneris, set forth "the marriage of +heaven and earth;" and, in the form of a serpent, represented "life +and healing," and was so worshipped by the Egyptians and Jews. The +two emblems of the cross and serpent (the quiescent and energizing +Phallus) are united in the brazen serpent of "the Pentateuch" The +conjunction of the two sexual emblems was represented in the Temple +by the circular altar of Baal-Peor, on which stood the "Ashera," +and for which the Jewish women wove hangings; and under whose +protective influence Jacob, on his journey to Laban, slept. It is +innocently reproduced in our modern " May-pole," around which +maidens dance, as maidens did of yore. The Catholic priest little +dreams that he wears a Phallic vestment at Mass, for upon his +vestment is the Crux Ansala (ansalus = handle), his head passing +through the oval or yoni; the Tau, or cross, falling from the chest +in front. The surplice, a figment of woman's dress, was used as a +Phallic or Yonijic vestment. + + The word Ashera (erroneously rendered, as we have seen, in the +translation of the Authorized Version, and so admitted in the +Revised Version), literally rendered, is pole, or stem of tree, +Phallus, The Jewish women made silver and golden Phalli (Ezekiel +xvi. 17). 'The "tree of the knowledge of good and evil," in +Genesis, is the "tree of life," or "Phallic pole," denoting the +knowledge which dawns on the mind with the first consciousness of +the difference in the sexes. The symbol of life, in cuneiform +writing, was the conjoined emblem -- the "Crux Ansata." Many of the +Egyptian gods are represented with this cross hanging from the +hand, which is passed through the oval. This is wrongly called a +hey by Mr. Sharpe in his " Egyptian Mythology" (p. 54). It was +customary to set up a stone, or "Hermes" (Hermes, or Mercury, was +an ancient heathen deity, the symbol of Phallus), on the road-side, +and each traveller as he passed paid his homage to the deity by +either throwing a stone on the heap, or by anointing the upright +stone with oil. Jacob "rose up early in the morning, and took the +stone that he had for a pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and +poured oil upon the top of it." And there is scarcely a nation of +antiquity which did not set up these stones, as emblems of the +reproductive power of nature, and worship them. The custom is found +among the ancient Druids of Britain. The Greek historian, +Pausanias, says: "The Hermiac statue, which they Venerate in +Cyllene above other symbols, is an erect Phallus on a pedestal." + + In connection with Phallic worship arose the idea of offering +the virginity of maidens to certain gods or goddesses. The +Babylonian women were compelled to offer themselves once in their +lifetime to the goddess Astarte, or Mylitta (the Assyrian for +Venus). Sitting in the Temple, they waited till some passer-by of +the opposite sex threw money into their laps, when they prostituted +themselves "for the sake of Mylitta." No man was ever refused. Many +women, not so inviting in appearance as others, would thus remain +waiting for years their turn. A similar state of things, only +worse, was reproduced among the Yezuans, or primitive Christians, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 61 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +at their "Agapai," or Love Feasts; the immoralities of which are +supposed to have been the real cause of the so-called persecutions +by the Roman emperors, under whom great freedom of religious +opinion was permitted and enjoyed. The unnatural actions practised +at these assemblies are mentioned by Eusebius (book vii., chap. +xi.). + + ORIGIN OF THE WORD "CHRISTIAN." + + The word "Christian" means a follower of a "Christ," which +word is derived from the Greek Christos, an anointed one, or +Messiah; but as many Christs -- Buddha, Krishna, and other +Messiahs, or Avatars -- had existed for thousands of years before +Jesus was declared a Christ, the name, as distinctive of followers +of jesus -- Jesusites or Yezuans -- was, and is, misleading. The +Yezuans, though looking to Jesus as their Master, were a +conglomeration of conflicting sects, whose angry disputes are facts +of history. They were chiefly Therapeut monks, having a knowledge +of Egyptian Osirianism, Persian Mithraism, Buddhism, and the +eclectic philosophy of Philo. They were not called Christians until +the middle of the first century of our era, when the name was first +applied to the new sect at Antioch, after which some attempt at +organization was made. What we now know as Christianism, or +Christianity, was gradually developed, through many centuries, as +a result of the numerous disputes that arose among the many +contentious sects that had already arisen, and through the cunning +adaptation by the monks of the old Pagan doctrines and legends to +the new circumstances, making Jesus (Yahoshua more correctly) the +leading personage. + + THE FRUITS OF CHRISTIANISM. + + To do no injustice to Christianism, it shall be judged by its +own law, and on its own principles. The Bible says (Matt. xii, 17): +"Every good tree bringeth forth good fruit, but a corrupt tree +bringeth forth evil fruit ... Wherefore by their fruits ye shall +know them." Now, let us see what has been the fruit of +Christianism. This system of religious belief may be said to have +had its birth in Alexandria, in Egypt. How did it establish itself +there? By the so-much-preached-about virtues of love and charity? +No, but by the carrying out of another Christian principle to be +found in Matt. x. 34, and again in Luke xii. 51: "Not peace, but a +sword ... father against son, and son against father;" by the +destruction of the magnificent library collected by the Ptolemies, +and containing over 600,000 volumes, by Theophilus, Christian +bishop of that place; also by the cruel and inhuman murder of +Hypatia, the popular lecturer, at Alexandria, in the next bishop's +(Saint Cyril's) time. "Each day, before her academy, stood a long +train of chariots; her lecture-room was crowded with the wealth and +fashion of Alexandria. They came to listen to her discourses on +those questions which man in all ages has asked, but which never +yet have been answered: 'What am I? Where am I? What can I know? +... As Hypatia repaired to her academy, she was assaulted by +Cyril's mob, a mob of many monks; stripped naked in the streets, +she was dragged into a church, and there killed by the club of +Peter 'the Reader.' The corpse was cut to pieces, the flesh was + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 62 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +scraped from the bones with shells, and the remnants cast into a +fire. For this frightful crime Cyril was never called to account. +It seemed to be admitted that the end sanctified the means." [Dr. +Draper, "Conflict between Religion and Science."] + + We now come to a later date -- the "Dark Ages" -- when the +Christian Inquisition flourished, but a great deal of the details +of which are little known, for so much secrecy was observed; but it +may give some idea of the horrors of this institution if we state +that, when the French took the city of Arragon, the Inquisition was +broken into, and "no fewer than 400 prisoners were set at liberty, +among whom were 60 young girls, who composed the Seraglio of the +three principal Inquisitors." [Saladin, "Women," vol. II] + + The account of how a young girl, to whom one of the +Inquisitors had taken a fancy, was taken from her home in the dead +of the night and handed over to the Inquisitors' officers by the +terror-stricken father, is also graphically given in the same book. + + "Let us look for a moment at the number of victims sacrificed +on the altars of the Christian Moloch: -- 1,000,000 perished during +the early Arian schism; 1,000,000 during the Carthaginian struggle; +7,000,000 during the Saracen slaughters. In Spain 5,000,000 +perished during the eight Crusades; 2,000,000 of Saxons and +Scandinavians lost their lives in opposing the introduction of the +blessings of Christianity. 1,000,000 were destroyed in the Holy(?) +Wars against the Netherlands, Albigenses, Waldenses, and Huguenots. +30,000,000 Mexicans and Peruvians were slaughtered ere they could +be convinced of the beauties(?) of the Christian creed. 9,000,000 +were burned for witchcraft. Total, 56,000,000. + + "Or let us look at the matter in another light. Let us +contemplate how the 'Holy Inquisition' treated their victims Men +and women burned alive under the rule of the 45 Inquisitor- +Generals, 35,534; burned in effigy, 18,637; condemned to other +punishments, 293,533. Total sacrificed to maintain the blessings of +Christianity, 347,704. In other words, these worthy followers of +'the Lamb,' the zealous imitators of him who 'came not to send +peace, but a sword;' to 'send fire on the earth' and 'not peace, +but rather division,' burned no less than 35,534 men and women ... +Rapidly the Christian priesthood converted the convents into +brothels; and, not content with debauching the 'brides of Christ,' +they converted into harlots the wives of men; and, by means of the +machinery of the confessional, they destroyed the chastity of the +wives of the laity, and rendered all marriage simply poly-androus +... The priests had harlots, concubines, and mistresses in every +town; and the Church, recognizing these illicit connections, +allowed the bishops to extract money from the priests in the shape +of a tax on their concubines." [H. Middleton.] Even the mild +Erasmus declared that the licentiousness of the "clergy has +debauched and turned into poor profligates 100,000 women in England +... Yet who is he, though he be never so much aggrieved, who dare +lay to their charge, by any action at law, even the leading astray +of a wife or a daughter? ... If he do, he is by-and-bye accused of +heresy." [Saladin's citation of Erasmus in "The Confessional."] + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 63 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + During this period also occurred the crusades against the +Albigenses for heresy, wherein some hundreds of thousands were +killed on both sides; the crusades against the Waldenses for +rejecting the Papal claims and denouncing the ignorance and +corruption of the clergy, wherein an enormous number were tortured +and massacred; the eight wars against the Huguenots, and the well- +known massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, in which 30,000 were +slaughtered -- a 'Te Deum' being afterwards sung at St. Peter's, +Rome, and a year of jubilee proclaimed in honor of it. This period +of history, when the Church of Jesus was enjoying its triumphant +ascendancy, has been described by a writer as being "one of the +most terrible periods in human history ... and the soil of Europe +was sodden with human gore, and that chiefly by the Western or +Roman Catholic Church. [W. Oxley.] + + To come to a later period. Under the Catholic Mary Tudor, 277 +persons were burned as heretics, among whom were five bishops, +twenty-one clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, eighty-four tradesmen, +one hundred husbandmen, servants, and laborers; fifty-five women, +and four children; besides many who were punished by imprisonment, +fines, and confiscations. Under Protestant Elizabeth -- the "bright +and occidental star" of the translators of King James's Bible [Vide +"Dedicatory Epistle."] -- more than 200 persons were destroyed, +either by burning or hanging, drawing (disembowelling), and +quartering; and a great number suffered from the penal laws against +Catholics in this and the following reigns. + + All this slaughter for the "greater glory of God"! Here, then, +we have a record of the fruits of Christianism! Under the influence +of this religion, through nineteen centuries, do we find that man +is more honest and straight towards his fellow man; that truth is +preferred to falsehood; that men love one another, and act +unselfishly in their lives? Or do we find that they are hypocrites, +adulterators of food, scampers of work and deceivers, worshippers +of imaginary deities, instead of lovers of each other; preachers, +but not doers? + + Part II. + + RATIONALISM: ITS PHILOSOPHY AND RULE OF LIFE. + ____ ____ + + RATIONALISM. + + RATIONALISM is a general term applied to a system of opinions +deduced from reason as distinct from supernatural revelation, and +is so wide in its meaning as to embrace various schools of thought, +such as Agnosticism, Freethinking, Secularism, Ethicalism, etc. The +word "agnostic" (derived from the Greek agnostos, unknown, or not +knowing) was coined by the late Professor T.H. Huxley, as being +descriptive of his own feelings and opinions upon the religious +questions of the day, in contradistinction to the "Gnosticism" of +theologians, who pretend to a certain knowledge of that which is +unknown to, and unknowable by, human faculties. He said: "There are +many topics about which I know nothing, and which ... are out of +the reach of my faculties;" he therefore called himself an +Agnostic. Again: "Agnosticism is not a creed, but a method, having + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 64 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +a single principle of great antiquity. It simply means that a man +shall not say that he knows or believes that which he has no +scientific grounds for professing to know or believe ... +Agnosticism says that we know nothing of what may be beyond +phenomena." + + As every man should be able to give a reason for the faith +that is in him, which, as Huxley says, "is a fundamental axiom of +modern science, as well as a maxim of great antiquity," some form +of words, expressing concisely what man may have sufficient grounds +for saying that he knows (as distinctive from a creed or belief), +is necessary for the education of the young, and for inquiring +adults; a form of words demonstrating those universal truths, +discoveries of science, which may be held and taught as being in +accordance with reason, and capable of demonstration; the mind +being still free, open to conviction, and to further developments +of science. As the Agnostic method or principle would limit us, if +strictly adhered to, to absolute knowledge, the term Rationalism is +preferred as being broader, and as admitting relative and deductive +knowledge, and some freedom of belief; for there are many things +which, although we may not be able to say that we know, yet that we +might have good grounds for saying that we believed, and so +convincing as to be accepted as deducible facts. These "will vary," +said Huxley, "according to individual knowledge and capacity, and +according to the general condition of science, for that which is +unproven to-day may be proven to-morrow." Agnosticism may be said +to be the method or principle upon which Rationalism works. + + The aim of Rationalism is knowledge and truth -- discarding +all supernatural revelation as superstition; morality -- as being +necessary for the organization of social life, not for the sake of +a reward hereafter; and universal happiness and prosperity -- not +misery, wretchedness, and poverty to please an imaginary deity, the +extent of whose pleasure is measured by the depth of misery into +which the object of his supposed creation is thrown. Its guiding +stars are love and sympathy. The Rationalist, having nothing to +fear from the vengeance of a vindictive and jealous deity, can have +no desire to be held in the esteem of his fellows as "god-fearing +"or" religious," aspiring only to goodness and truth between man +and man; knowing that happiness is the only good, that it is to be +obtained now, in this world, and not sought for in an imaginary +future, of which he has absolutely no knowledge. The term +"religious" is a vague one, and with many is held as being +synonymous with goodness. What is considered "religious" by one may +be "irreligious" to another; the degree of religiousness being +measured by the amount of outward support given to some particular +form of theology; so that, to the adherents of a particular creed, +one whose opinions would lead him to believe that all theological +theories and systems are erroneous and misleading would be +considered irreligious." + + FIRST PRINCIPLES. + + 1. "Positively, in matters of the intellect, follow your +reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other +consideration. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 65 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + 2. "Negatively, in matters of the intellect, do not pretend +that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or +demonstrable. + + 3. "The only negative fixed points are those negations which +follow from the demonstrable limitations of our faculties, + + 4. "The only obligation accepted is to have the mind always +open to conviction." + + TRUTHS. + + 1. Nothing can rightly be accepted as fact or knowledge that +cannot be verified by reason and evidence. + + 2. As the knowable is that which lies within, so the +unknowable is that which lies without, the range of human reason +and conception. + + 3. All knowledge is derived from phenomena; is relative, +subordinate, and finite. + + 4. All phenomena are manifested in accordance with a uniform +law of nature called "evolution," to which all progress and +development in the universe (including religious feeling and moral +ideas) are due. + + 5. The two principles which underlie all the evolutionary +processes are the "persistence of force" and the "conservation of +energy." + + 6. The universe is made up of matter and motion in a fixed +quantity; anything outside or beyond the universe is not only +unknown and unknowable, but inconceivable. + + 7. We have no knowledge of the "creation" of matter out of +nothing, or of any law by which it would be possible for such to +occur. All has been evolved from something existing before. + + 8. All phenomena are manifestations of, and caused by, a power +or cause, in and part of the universe, unknown and unknowable to +man. + + 9. As there can be no effect without a cause, no phenomenon +without power to produce it, we know that the cause exists. + + 10. The cause we know (by inference and deduction) to be +uncaused, the only cause, the first cause, absolute, supreme, and +infinite. + + 11. The nature and substance of the cause being unknown and +unknowable, we have no knowledge of the cause as a person, and +possessed of human attributes. + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 66 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE SUPREME CAUSE. + + "A pow'r there is, unseen, though real, + No faculty of man can sense; + Supreme, omnipotent, immense, + That none can know, but all must feel. + + "In all we see around, behold! + What order, beauty, form, and law; + The glorious sun, the wind-toss'd straw, + The wonders of this pow'r unfold. + + "From humble zoophyte to man, + Range through the mighty cosmic scale; + Not in the meanest link there fail + Traces of its imperial plan. + + "Stupendous pow'r! majestic scheme! + Lips feebly lisp thy worthy praise; + The awe-struck mind thy marvels daze; + Thou art! -- yet what man cannot dream." [Jenner G. Hillier.] + + SOME DEFINITIONS. + + PHILOSOPHY (philos, loving; sophia, wisdom) treats of nature, +science, and ethics. The unification, or completion, of facts to +form a whole is called a "synthesis." + + RELiGION (re, back or together; ligo, to bind) is subjective, +and is the feeling which has been evolved in man, as he acquired a +knowledge of right and wrong, but has not necessarily any +connection with the conception of a deity. It is the principle of, +or motive for, morality. It is this feeling which prompts man to +interest himself in the mysteries of phenomena and life, and by +which many are led, instead of into the paths of science, into the +realms of the supernatural, and into the hands of the theologian +with his "inspired revelations." + + THEOLOGY (theos, god; logos, discourse) is objective, and +relates to ideas and conceptions which man entertains respecting +the deity he has conceived in his mind, generally a manlike +(anthropomorphic) being; and the system of dogmas built up around +them, the adherence to which constitutes the sum of duty. The fear +of, and reverence for, the deity thus acts as the principle of, or +motive for, morality, in place of the pure and natural motive of +social fellowship and co-operation -- human love and sympathy. + + ECCLESIASTES or CLERICALISM is "the championship of a foregone +conclusion as to the truth of a particular form of theology," [T.H. +Huxley.] the non-acceptance of which -- notwithstanding the +negative results of a strict scientific investigation of the +evidence in its favor -- is believed to be morally wrong; thus +forcing a despotic adherence to certain dogmatic principles and +observances upon all. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 67 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + KNOWLEDGE, BELIEF, FAITH, ETC. + + Knowledge is a decision formed by the consciousness of actual +fact or phenomenon. It may be absolute and subjective, for we do +not know absolutely that anything outside of ourselves exists; or +inferential and objective. The latter is generally understood as +knowledge, for when confirmed by experience it becomes as certain +as the former. Knowledge is always relative, for we infer or assume +that certain states of our consciousness are caused by something +external to self, which supposed something we call matter; of it we +can know nothing, except as it affects our state of consciousness. +Our knowledge is thus seen to be limited and variable in extent; +and it is this that gives rise to what we call "chance." + + An inference is a truth or proposition drawn from another +which is admitted to be true; this is done by deduction (literally +a taking from another), an act or method of drawing inferences from +premises, a premise being a proposition laid down as the base of an +argument. Chance exists only subjectively, for it is a word which +expresses a state of our mind. When occurrences take place not +anticipated by us, we attribute them to chance; but, had our +knowledge been more extensive, they would have been certainties. +What may appear chance to one may be a certainty to another whose +knowledge is more advanced. There is no chance in nature, any more +than there is chaos, Every occurrence that takes place is a +certainty. It may appear to us a chance whether in the tossing of +a coin it "turns up heads or tails;" but, had the movement of the +coin been so slow that the eye could have followed every turn, we +should have said "the turn up" was a certainty. But the change in +our decision is a subjective one, and is due to the change that has +taken place in our minds from ignorance to knowledge; not an +objective one, due to any change in the coin. All nature acts in an +invariable order and by an uniformity, which, in the order of cause +and effect exhibited in a certain way under certain circumstances, +will invariably manifest itself in the same way, so long as the +conditions remain the same. + + Luck and ill-luck, good and bad fortune, are events which are +due to accidental circumstances, over which man has no control. +Accident took the late Colonel North to a part of the world where +existed nitrate fields; accident also rendered those nitrates at +that time valuable; with the result that, seizing his opportunity, +he developed them, and amassed a large fortune. Had accident taken +him to a part of the world where there were no nitrate fields, the +probability is he would not have amassed such a large fortune. +These very accidents, however, are subject to natural law. + + Belief is a decision formed on the support of some amount of +evidence, though not sufficiently conclusive to constitute +knowledge. + + Faith is an assent of the mind to what is declared by another, +supported on no evidence, or evidence so weak as to be unreliable. +Faith in religion is not justified. The late T.H. Huxley said: +"Skepticism is the highest of duties, and blind faith the one +unpardonable sin." To reject the truths acquired by scientific +research, proved by reason and experience to be true, is to be + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 68 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +guilty of wilful ignorance. But there is no obligation on any one +to believe anything on the mere word of another, without sufficient +evidence forthcoming to support it; and to accept any statement, +whether concerning religion or anything else, on blind faith is to +be guilty of credulity. The confusion of the meaning of such words +as knowledge, belief, and faith has led to very disastrous results; +not only in social and domestic life, where serious injuries have +been inflicted on individuals and their reputations, but in public +life, where wholesale cruelty and persecution have taken place, and +generally under the name of "religion." Dogmas concerning the +unknowable have been forced upon people as truths, which were only +pious beliefs. It is a universal law, and an Agnostic first +principle, that we should accept no statement as true on the simple +word of another, and without verification. + + THE CAUSE OF ALL. + + The unknown and unknowable power, existing in, and forming +part of, the universe, manifested as phenomena in matter and motion +(force and energy), is revealed to man by study of phenomena, and +by the application of certain scientific laws known by experience +and proved by experiment to be immutable and unvarying; as being +the first cause of the effects manifested, the only cause, the +uncaused cause -- infinite, absolute, and supreme. "The power which +the universe manifests to us is utterly inscrutable." [Herbert +Spencer.] As the supreme cause is unknowable, nothing is or can be +known respecting its nature or substance, and, a' fortiori, sex; +and what we know or can know respecting the relations of the +inscrutable cause to man, and such other mysteries as birth, life, +and death, are explained by the known or knowable natural laws of +science and evolution. "For the same reason, nothing is or can be +known of the supreme cause as a deity or god; for to conceive the +idea would involve a conception of the inconceivable; and as every +conception involves relation, likeness, and difference, whatever +does not present each of these is unknowable." [A. Simmons.] + + LIFE. + + Life is the force or power of motion existing in a body, and +is the animating principle which pervades all matter. It is a +product of evolution, and consists in the continuous adjustment of +internal relations to external relations. When the latter begin to +be numerous, complex, and remote in space and time, intelligence +shows itself." [H. Spencer.] Living matter differs from non-living +matter in possessing the power to initiate motion from within. In +the latter, all motion must be initiated from without. The whole +earth on which we live, and all the particles of matter comprising +it, are in continuous motion. Life is inter-changeable, and capable +of conversion into active organic structure; ever changing the face +of nature, and yet in itself unchangeable. It may be active, as in +animate organisms, or passive, quiescent, or latent, as in material +formations. The former differs from the latter in being possessed +of intelligence, "which enables it to adopt means to certain +desirable ends, thus manifesting a struggle for existence." Life in +animal organisms differs from that in vegetal organisms, in being +possessed of consciousness; conscious intelligence being the +distinguishing feature of animal life. Intelligence becomes +conscious in and with progressive evolution of structure arising + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 69 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +from the constant struggle for existence, whereby the fittest +survive. "Though the operations and faculties of the mind may be +known and studied, the thinking power itself cannot be +comprehended. We may symbolize the mind as a substance, but a +symbol is not the thing itself. To know the mind we must be able to +class it; but, being unique and unlike all other phenomena, it +cannot be classed. In ourselves (subject) and in the external +universe (object) we encounter a mystery which we can only, in dumb +wonder, refer to the unknowable absolute." [Spencer, summarized by +F.J. Gould.] + + ORIGIN OF LIFE. + + The essentials of life are heat and moisture. Life on our +earth was due, in the first instance, to energy radiated under the +form of light and heat from the sun, acting upon a minute atom of +protoplasm under water, in combination with chlorophyll, which has +the power of building up substances by producing respiration -- +i.e., by decomposing air and water, and taking up the oxygen +contained in both, thus forming hydrocarbons. The green color in +plants is produced by the action of chlorophyll, without which +there is no life. The structural starting-point of all life was the +primitive moneron, or minute particle of albuminoid matter called +protoplasm. This gradually assumed the cellular form, with central +nucleus, the chief center of activity, becoming an ameba. All +living matter is made up of one or many cells, multiplication +taking place by division; the cell becoming constricted in its +middle, the two ends gradually separate, thus forming two +independent cells. The single cell, the lowest member (amteba) of +the Protozoa group, being of astounding minuteness in size, does +everything appertaining to life -- feeling, moving, feeding, and +multiplying. The many-celled organisms (Afelazoa group), as they +were gradually evolved from the single cell, divided their various +functions among their component cells, each one adapting itself for +its own special work, division of labor causing difference of +structure -- root, stem, leaf, sap, and seed in the plant; bone, +muscle, nerve, tissue, blood, and eggs in the animal. Life precedes +the appearance and development of organized structures. + + "The sun's heat is the source of the social forces; social +forces are resolvable into mental forces, mental forces into vital +forces, vital forces into physical forces, and physical forces into +solar radiation. Without the sun's light and heat, neither an +animal nor a vegetal could exist for a single moment. The power of +the sun is responsible, not only for the growth of a plant and the +temperature of a climate; not only for the fluctuations in the +price of flower, and the ravages of a famine; but also for the rise +of a new literature and the fall of an old dynasty. To the force of +the sun we trace alike the force displayed by a running fox or by +a rippling rivulet, the force which vibrates in a musical note, or +in a yawning earthquake, and the force which moans in the wind or +which crashes in the cataract." [A. Simmons, "First Principles."] + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 70 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + EVOLUTION. + + Evolution is defined as being "an integration [elements +forming a whole] of matter, and a concomitant dissipation of +motion, during which matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent +homogeneity [of like elements] to a definite, coherent +heterogeneity [of unlike elements]; and during which the retained +motion undergoes a parallel transformation." [H. Spencer.] The +factors in the process constituting evolution are: (1) The +instability of the homogeneous, or unstable equilibrium, which is +apparent throughout the range of phenomena, in the evolution of +mechanics as in the evolution of the species; each species being an +assemblage of organisms, which does not remain uniform, but is ever +becoming multiform. (2) The multiplication of effects, or +production of many consequences by a single cause; the +heterogeneous producing, by the action of all parts on one another, +an immense variety of results. (3) Segregation or "gathering of +like units into groups, is constituted by that clustering of +similar things into aggregates which goes on simultaneously with +the grouping of the other aggregates or dissimilar things;" and it +is by this that we get that individuality or definiteness which all +objects manifest, and which takes place throughout all phenomena. +(4) Equilibration "is the goal to which the instability of the +homogeneous, the multiplication of effects and segregations, +inevitably tend; it is that universal balancing of active and re- +active forces which necessitates the rhythm of motion and the +harmony of nature ... It is the limit beyond which evolution cannot +proceed ... the redistribution of matter which we observe around us +must be arrested by the dissipation of the motions affecting them. +Different motions are resisted by opposing forces, and are, +therefore, continually suffering from deductions; and these +unceasing losses end in the cessation of motion." + + "This law of organic progress [evolution] is the law of all +progress. Whether it be in the development of the earth, in the +development of life upon its surface, in the development of +society, of government, of manufactures, of commerce, of language, +literature, science, art, this same evolution of the simple into +the complex, through a process of continuous differentiation, holds +throughout." [H. Spencer.] + + "The principle which underlies all the evolutionary processes +is the 'persistence of force.' It is by this that there is a +tendency in every organism to maintain a balanced condition. To it +may be traced the capacity possessed in a slight degree by +individuals, and in a greater degree by species, of becoming +adapted to new Circumstances. And not less does it afford a basis +for the inference that there is a gradual advance towards harmony +between man's mental nature and the conditions of his existence. +After finding that from it are deducible the various +characteristics of evolution, we finally draw from it a warrant for +the belief that evolution can end only in the establishment of the +greatest perfection and the most complete happiness." [A. Simmons.] +Nature knows nothing of annihilation, and nothing of creation; all +is evolution. "To some persons the foregoing formula will appear +startling, if not utterly bewildering. The vulgar notion, that +evolution is the passage of the quadruped into the biped -- that + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 71 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +evolution begins with a monkey and ends with a man -- seems beneath +notice, beneath contempt. Yet this notion is vaguely held by a +considerable majority of the general public. That evolution is +concerned with the development of the human race, whether from some +lower tribe of mammalia or from forms lower still, is quite true. +But this is an infinitesimal part of the great work of evolution." +[A. Simmons.] + + EVOLUTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL, -- "Every living thing is evolved +from a particle or germ of matter, in which no trace of the +distinctive characters of the adult form is discernible." And this +takes place by epigenesis, which consists in the differentiation of +the relatively homogeneous rudiment or germ into the parts and +structure which are characteristic of the adult. "In all animals +and plants above the lowest the germ is a nucleated cell, and the +first step in the process of evolution is the division of this cell +into two or more portions; the process of division is repeated +until the body, from being uni-cellular, becomes multi-cellular. +The single cell becomes a cell aggregate; and it is to the growth +and metamorphosis of the cells of the cell aggregate thus produced +that cell organs and tissues of the adult owe their origin. The +cells from the cell aggregate or morula diverge from one another in +such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which they +dispose themselves as a coat or envelope, and thus the morula +becomes a vesicle filled with a fluid -- the planula. The wall of +the planula is next pushed in on one side (invaginated), whereby it +is converted into a double-walled sac with an opening, which leads +into the cavity lined by the inner wall. This cavity is the +primitive alimentary cavity. The inner, or invaginated, layer is +the hypoblast; the outer, the epiblast; and the embryo in this +stage is termed a gastrula. In all the higher animals a layer of +cells makes its appearance between the hypoblast and the epiblast, +and is termed the mesoblast. In the further development the +epiblast becomes the ectoderm, or epidermic layer of the body (or +skin); the hypoblast becomes the epithelium of the middle portion +of the alimentary canal; and the mesoblast gives rise to all the +other tissues except the central nervous system, which originates +from an ingrowth of the epiblast. With regard to procreation, the +female germ or ovum in all the higher animals and plants is a body +which possesses the structure of a nucleated cell; impregnation +consists in the fusion of the nucleus of the male cell or germ with +the ovum; the structural components of the body of the embryo being +derived by a process of division from the coalesced male and female +germs; and it is probable that every part of the adult contains +molecules both from the male and from the female parent." [T.H. +Huxley, "Evolution in Biology."] + + EVOLUTION OF SPECIES. -- The "Darwinian" theory, now +universally accepted, is that "all organisms produce offspring, on +the whole, like themselves, but exhibiting new and individual +features. As the result of the severe struggle for existence, only +a small percentage survive to become reproductive adults. The +survivors are those whose variations enable them to gain some +advantage over their fellows in the struggle for food, mates, and +other conditions of well-being. A fit variation not only secures +the survival of its possessors, but is transmitted from parents to +offspring, and is intensified from generation to generation. By + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 72 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +this process of 'natural selection' of advantageous variations, +continued for generations, the modification of species has been +effected." [J.A. Thomson, "Zoology."] The variations in species +have assumed their present definite characters through long periods +of time. Domesticated animals, having all the essential characters +of new races, afford us good examples. These variations or changes +may arise from sustained environment -- i.e., external influences +and surroundings; from persistent change of function, as the result +of use and disuse; or from various protoplasmic causes. The +development of a new species is also intensified by sexual +selection, in which choice exercises an improving influence in +reproduction, thus tending to transmit certain qualities; and, by +sustained isolation, preventing by geographical separation, +intercrossing. It may thus be easily seen how man, by cultivating +his good faculties, and restraining and subduing his bad ones, can +improve the mental and moral qualities of his children; and, if +these qualities are perpetuated through subsequent generations, +improvement is effected in the race. + + During the PLUTONIC period of the earth's history no life +could exist. but during the following period -- the LAURENTIAN -- +when the earth had become sufficiently cooled to sustain life, a +tiny atom of protoplasm was evolved; later was developed, as we +have seen, a central nucleus (aytivla); then masses of these +nucleated cells (synamaebae); then the cells became ciliated, +forming ciliae; then, a number of these cells assuming a horse-shoe +shape, a rudimentary mouth was formed; then an alimentary canal was +developed in the same manner, evolving a low form of worm. In the +next period -- the SILURIAN -- we find rudimentary spinal cords and +vertebra, developing; then heads, hearts, and single nasal +cavities. In the next -- the DEVONIAN period -- we find double +nostrils developed, also fins and jaws, gills and lungs. Hitherto +all life has been "aquatic." Now we come to the period of "air- +breathers," the first of which were double-breathers, in both water +and air -- mud fishes. In the next -- the CARBONIFEROUS -- we find +tails and legs, and reptiles evolved, and from the latter complete +"air-breathers" -- birds. Then the enormous class of mammals. In +the next two periods -- the TRIASSIC and JURASSIC -- we find a +further development of mammals with marsupial bones. In the next -- +the EOCENE -- brain convolutions and placentals evolved; hoofed +animals, beasts of proy, water and air quadrupeds with claws, etc. +In the next -- the MIOCENE -- we find the order of Primates being +evolved, from which lemurs, New World monkeys, Old World apes, and +man have been evolved; all being of common mammalian descent. + + Man, representing the highest development of animal life, was +in Tertiary times a tree-dweller; later, a cave-dweller; and, later +still, a lake-dweller. Apes of the Old World came next, being the +highest of their class, and the nearest approach to man and, from +their many resemblances to the latter, called "Anthropoids." They +include gibbons, orangs, chimpanzees, and gorillas; all being +without tails and cheek pouches, and having teeth and catarhine +nostrils, like man. Man and the anthropoid ape are similar in +structure, bodily life, gesture, and expression, and both are +subject to the same diseases, form distinct societies, and combine +for protection; combination favoring the development of emotional +and intellectual strength. Where man differs from the ape is in the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 73 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +fact that he has a heavier brain and a broader forehead, and +possesses the power of building up ideas; he is more erect, and has +a more perfectly-developed vocal mechanism, a better heel, and a +shorter arm. His prolonged infancy helped to evolve gentleness, as +the habit of using sticks and stones, and of building shelters, +evolved intelligence. Man and the anthropoid, therefore, branched +off in different directions, from a common ancestor, through many +centuries of evolution and development; the gap between civilized +and savage man being greater than that between the savage and the +anthropoid ape. + + We must bear in mind that between the various periods just +mentioned, thousands and perhaps millions of years elapsed, so that +the evolution of the different species was a very gradual process, +and did not take place in the rapid manner in which man has, by +artificial selection and isolation, evolved the carrier-pigeon, the +race-horse, and the various kinds of dogs; many thousands of years +doubtless elapsing before mammals were evolved from previously +existing animals, and placentals from them. But "it does not follow +that evolution and civilization are always on the move, or that +their movements are always progressive on the contrary, history +teaches that they may remain stationary for long periods," [E.B. +Taylor, "Anthropology."] devolution or falling back sometimes +occurring. Examples of the degeneration of species are the modern +Portuguese of the East Indies, the Digger Indians of the Rocky +Mountains, and the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, and Chaldeans, +whose monuments and inscriptions show how ancient and how high was +their civilization. And all countries do not progress in the same +ratio of civilization. It is related that Captain Cook, on visiting +the South Sea Islanders, found them using only stone hatchets and +knives, showing that they had not progressed beyond the stone age. + + POLARITY. + + This is a theory propounded by Mr. S. Laing, but is not yet +universally accepted as a truth. He says: "Polarity, part of the +original impress, is the great underlying law of all knowable +phenomena, conscience, morals, free will, and determination, The +material universe is built up by the cause out of atoms and +energies by means of a polarity which makes them combine, and pass +from the simple and homogeneous into the complex and heterogeneous, +in a course of constant change and evolution; we know not how nor +why." + + THE ASCENT OF MAN. + + The development of man from the tiny ovule of the human ovary +is simply a recapitulation of his evolution from the structureless +atom of protoplasm from which all organic life originally sprang. +"Exactly in those respects in which developing man differs from the +dog, he resembles the ape ... It is only in the later stages of +development that the young human being presents marked differences +from the young ape, while the latter departs as much from the dog +in its development as the man does, Startling as this may appear, +it is demonstrably true, and it alone is sufficient to place beyond +all doubt the structural unity of man with the rest of the animal +world, and more particularly and closely with the apes. Thus + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 74 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +identical in the physical processes by which he originates; +identical in the early stages of his formation; identical, in the +mode of his nutrition before and after birth, with the animals +which lie immediately below him in the scale; man, if his adult and +perfect structure be compared with theirs, exhibits a marvelous +likeness of organization. He resembles them as they resemble one +another; he differs from them as they differ from one another." +[T.H. Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature."] There is an "all-pervading +similitude of structure" [Professor Owen.] between man and the +anthropoid apes. + + We have seen man gradually emerging from the primitive +condition of Tertiary times as tree-dweller, cave-dweller, and +lake-dweller; using stone implements with which to protect himself +and obtain food in the old Stone Age (the Paleolithic), and flint +implements in the new Stone Age (the Neolithic); and we have seen +his evolution from the man-like ape to the ape-like man (the Alali +of Haeckel), and from ape-like man to savage man (Homo ferox); from +savage man to semi-civilized man (Homo semi-ferox) of the Neolithic +period; and to civilized man (Homo cultus) of the Bronze Age; +reaching, eventually, by his higher development of brain, to the +highest position of animal (Homo sapiens), of the Iron Age. When in +his hybrid condition, he possessed a long head (dolichocephalic), +small, ill-developed brain, prognathous jaws, and prominent orbital +ridges; was of medium stature, and had great thickness of bones, +denoting great muscular strength. From this condition he gradually +acquired a round (mesocephalic) head, well developed brain, a less +protrusive chin and mouth, and arms shorter than legs. He has a +bigger forehead, smaller cheek-bones, and supra-orbital ridges, a +true chin, and more uniform teeth, with less conspicuous canines +than apes. Man alone, after his infancy is past, walks thoroughly +upright. Though his head is weighted by a heavy brain, it does not +droop forward, and it is probably to this fact that his perfect +development of vocal mechanism is due. The ape is subject, as we +have seen, to similar diseases as man various traits of gesture, +expression, etc., are similar in both and both are liable to +reversions and monstrosities. But, man being so far superior in +many ways to any species below him in animal life, probably due to +his higher development of vocal power, the idea would naturally +suggest itself to him in his early state of civilization that he +was too perfect a piece of mechanism to have been evolved from a +lower species; and he would, consequently, build up stories of his +instantaneous creation, which resulted in the Genesis fable, and +which have been perpetuated by the subsequent theologies. But we +must not imagine that man is a later development of the ape, for it +is clearly demonstrated that man could not have been evolved from +any known anthropoid ape; but it is probable that he arose from an +ancestral stock common to both (Alali) of the order of Primates, +when the anthropoid apes were known to have existed as a distinct +race, which takes us back to the Miocene age. In the struggle of +primitive man intelligence was of more use than strength. "When the +habits of using sticks and stones, of building shelters, and of +living in families began -- and they have already began among apes +-- it is likely that wits would grow rapidly. The prolonged infancy +characteristic of the human offspring would help to evolve +gentleness. But even more important is the fact that among apes +there are distinct societies. Families combine for protection -- + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 75 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the combination favors the development of emotional and +intellectual strength." [J.A. Thomson, "Zoology."] Man did not make +society, society made man. All repugnance to the doctrine of +descent, as applied to man, should disappear when we clearly +realize the great axiom of evolution, that "there is nothing in the +end which was not also in the beginning." + + Primitive man is believed to have been evolved in the +submerged continent of Lemuria, which was supposed to have existed +where the Indian Ocean now is, and to have joined Africa and the +island of Madagascar to the continent of Arabia and Hindostan. The +heads of the early ape-like men were of the same character as those +of the chimpanzee and gorilla -- dolichocephalic and prognathous, +and they were, like apes, cave-dwellers (troglodytes). In the +limestone caverns of France have been discovered the fossil remains +of men who inhabited caves and belonged to the Paleolithic or +Pleistocene period. [J.A. Thompson, "Zoology."] Rough, unpolished +stone implements and weapons were found with them. In the strata of +a later period have been found stone implements of a lighter make +and better finish; also spear-points made of horn, probably for +killing game, and skin-scrapers, probably for preparing skins for +clothing; for, with the development and civilization of man as a +cave-dweller, a finer and less heavy skin would naturally be +gradually developed, thus necessitating clothing in the case of +those who had wandered away from tropical regions into colder ones. + + In the strata of a still later period than the paleolithic, +admirably proportioned lancer-shaped implements of flint have been +found, suitable for arrows, javelins, and lances. And, later still, +arrows, darts of deer's horn, and bone appear; also stone and flint +tools, evidently used for making the above, But not one polished +implement or fragment of pottery has been found within that period. +"The mammoth still tenanted the valleys, and the reindeer was the +common article of food; they (paleolithic man) were hunters and +possessors of the rudest modes of existence, and with but little of +what is now called civilization." [S. Laing, "Human Origans."] + + In Kent's cavern, near Torquay, in England, has been found the +fossil of a human jaw buried in stalagmite, containing four teeth. +This was found lying in the strata of the paleolithic age, below +remains of extinct animals; while below all were bone and stone +(unpolished) implements of human workmanship. In the cave of Engis, +in the valley of the Meuse, has been found part of a skull of a man +of low degree of civilization, and of limited intellectual +faculties. And in the cave of Neanderthal, in Belgium, a skeleton +was found which has attracted much attention by its singularly +brutal appearance; and appears to be the nearest approach yet found +to the missing link between man and the anthropoid ape. The cranium +is human, but the super-orbital ridges are thick, prominent, and +ape-like. A human skull has also been found beneath four different +layers of forest-growth, dating at least 50,000 years ago. + + In the neolithic or new stone age the implements and weapons +of man which have been discovered are polished; pottery has been +found, and evidences of the use of fire, showing that man was +gradually adopting some form of social life. In this age are found +lake dwellings, which would lead us to infer that his intellect was +not sufficiently developed to enable him to protect himself from +the invasion of wild animals in a simpler manner. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 76 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + It is not surprising that so few specimens of primeval human +remains have been discovered, when we consider the enormous lapse +of time through which the evolution of man has proceeded, and the +natural tendency to the extinction of the various grades of life +between them, by the irresistible pressure of civilized man. The +Caribs of Tasmania have, for instance, become extinct; while +Australians, New Zealanders, aboriginal Americans, Eskimos, and +others, are also becoming extinct. A far greater physical and +mental interval is found to exist between a Hottentot -- whose +language consists of a series of clicks -- or a hairy Ainu of +Yesso, who are described as being "hardly above wild beasts," and +a cultivated European, than exists between the Hottentot or the +Ainu and the anthropoid ape. + + Man is now classed in the sub-class Anthropoidea, of the order +of mammalia, which consists of New World platyrhines (monkeys), Old +World catarhines (apes and baboons), and man. Primitive man +separated into two families: 1. The woolly-haired, all +dolichocephalic, migrated west and south, and evolved the Papuans +of New Guinea and Tasmania; (1) the Hottentots of South Africa, who +even now differ but little from the anthropoid apes, having dark +yellow hairy skins, long thin arms, short ill-developed legs, and +largely-developed buttocks; are semi-erect, and have inarticulate, +clicking speech (2) the negro of higher development than the +Hottentot; and (3) the Caffre of higher development again than the +negro, but having imperfect speech. All are savages. II. The +straight-haired; migrated south and east, and evolved; (i) the +Australians, dolicliocephalic and prognathous with smooth dark +brown skins, but articulate speech. These gradually separated into +(2) Mongolian or Turanian, and (3) Caucasian or Iranian. The +Mongolians occupied the North and East of Asia, Polynesia, and +America; were brachycephalic (broad-headed) and prognathous. These +subdivided into Mongols of China, Japan, Lapland, Finland, Hungary, +and the Malays or Dyaks of Borneo, with smooth, brownish yellow +skins, and the Mongols of America, with smooth red skins -- both +classes remained brachycephalic, but lost the prognathous +character. The Caucasian occupied Western Asia and most of Europe, +were mesocephalic (medium length of skull), prognathous, and cave- +dwellers, becoming subsequently agriculturalists with smooth dark +skins. These subdivided into the Senates of Arabia and Syria, and +the Aryan or Indo-European, both being mesocephalic, but not +prognathous. + + DISSOLUTION AND DEATH. + + For a definition of dissolution we cannot do better than quote +Mr. Spencer. It is "the absorption of motion and the concomitant +disintegration" (or separation of particles) "of matter ... the +change from the heterogeneous to the homogeneous. Precisely where +evolution ends dissolution begins, and their point of impact" (or +collision) "is equilibration." When the animating principle, or +vital force, leaves the body, and life ceases to exist in its +active and corporate form, death is said to take place; it is the +final equilibration which precedes dissolution, the bringing to a +close of all those conspicuous integrated motions that arose during +evolution. The conspicuous effects of the changes that occur at +death are: "First, the impulsions of the body from place to place + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 77 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +cease; then, the limbs cannot be stirred; later, the respiratory +actions stop; finally, the heart becomes stationary, and, with it, +the circulating fluids." [H. Spencer.] The body, by a process of +decomposition and disintegration, breaks up into molecules and +atoms, which disperse themselves as gases in and to the ethereal +medium, and a residue as ashes to the earth, whence they +originated, in all probability becoming eventually constituents in +other bodies. All life preys and feeds upon each other; and all +matter is indestructible and eternal. Death is thus seen to be +simply a change of form. "The transformation of molecular motion +into the motion of masses comes to an end; and each of the motions +of masses in a body, as it ends, disappears into molecular motions +... The process of decay involves an increase of insensible +movements; since these are far greater in the gases generated by +decomposition than they are in the fluid-solid matters out of which +the gases arise. Each of the complex chemical units composing an +organic body possesses a rhythmic motion in which its many +component units jointly partake. When decomposition breaks up these +complex molecules, and their constituents assume gaseous forms, +there is, besides that increase of motion implied by the diffusion, +a resolution of such motions as the aggregate molecules possessed +into motions of their constituent molecules." Of one thing we may +be certain -- viz., that no conduct on our part can in any way +affect the future of the breath or life which leaves us. Whatever +rewards or punishments may be ours, they are of this world. "In +view of, the termination of our present form of organic existence, +we can calmly resign ourselves to the inevitable lot of all organic +nature, feeling that we have done what we could in our brief +consciousness, and that, even as the rivers return to the Ocean +whence they came, so we return to the bosom of universal nature, +safe in her eternal embrace." [J. Badcock.] + + MORALITY. + + Morality is the practice of a certain mode of conduct in our +principles and actions in social life, the result of social +intercourse. Man, when he forsook his primitive and solitary life, +and by the desire for companionship -- the outcome of love and +sympathy -- adapted himself to a community life, by which +cooperation with his fellows became necessary, gradually acquired +a knowledge of right and wrong. Experience taught him that what was +for the good of the community was right, and that what was not for +the good of the community was wrong. Social life without some +system of morality could not exist; for without it there could be +no confidence, and without confidence no happiness. This knowledge +of right and wrong has become of universal obligation, and the +standard by which morality is estimated. + + Morality has been patronized by theology to such an extent, +adopted by it as its own offspring, and imposed upon the public as +such, that people have come to think that morality cannot exist +without theology, and are unable to understand any severance +between them taking place, without the annihilation of the former. +This is a mistaken notion, fostered by theological exponents for +their own interests. Morality is not dependent upon theology in any +of its many forms for its existence, and probably existed for +centuries before the idea of a personal God took possession of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 78 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +mind of man -- in fact, when community life first commenced. +Theology is a comparatively modern abnormal excrescence upon +morality, and has substituted an evil motive for a good one, a +selfish one for an unselfish one -- the fear of displeasing an +arbitrary, capricious, and despotic deity, with the accompanying +loss of the promised reward -- instead of the good of our fellows +and of the community at large; virtue consisting in being ready to +do violence to feelings and reason with child-like submission, to +please the deity and satisfy his mere will; vice being estimated by +the extent of the opposition to the will of the deity, and of the +anger aroused in him; proportionate punishment in a future world +acting as a restraint to human conduct, instead of the punishments +of this world. + + Now, true morality -- i.e., the morality the outcome of human +love and sympathy, which are the bases of co-operation -- will be +seen to be of a much higher and purer form, for it is the product +of unselfishness and the feeling of "goodwill towards others," +"doing as you would be done by," with the only reward of +reciprocated love and regard of our fellows in this world; doing +right because it is right, and avoiding evil because it is evil. +Virtue is not limited to merely abstaining from the healthy +exercise of those natural functions of the body which the various +theologies appear to lay so much stress upon, the desire to satisfy +which is inherent in, and part of, the nature of all animal and +vegetal life; and the repression of which in human life, to satisfy +the arbitrary will of an imaginary deity, is both physically and +morally injurious, and productive of disease -- but is general +moral goodness. The good feeling in man, together with State +legislation, are quite sufficient to restrain and control human +conduct and actions, and to act as a protection to marital and +other rights. + + The regard for goodness is increased and intensified by +practice and education -- not mere book education, but the +acquisition of general knowledge; for it is by this and the +exercise of reason and moral judgment that we know right from +wrong; that we know that "what a man sows, that will he reap: if he +sows good, he will reap pleasure; and if he sows evil, he will reap +pain." By intensifying the habit of choosing the one and avoiding +the other, man ennobles himself and his human nature; the knowledge +of having faithfully accomplished which, in life, enables him to +satisfy his conscience, that, when his time arrives, he may be able +to meet death with that fearless composure and fortitude which is +the inheritance of all who through life have lived truly and loved +their fellow men. + + THE UNIVERSE, + + By the universe (Greek, kosmos) we understand to be meant that +portion of the heavens which is visible from our earth, containing +the sun, moons, planets, stars, etc. The universe is a huge +manifestation of phenomena, and is crowded with life and activity. +It is made up of matter and motion, in space and time. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 79 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + MATTER, the ultimate nature of which is unknown, comprises all +substances that occupy space and affect the senses, is a fixed +quantity, indestructible and eternal. It is manifest in three +states -- solid, liquid, and gaseous. The smallest and indivisible +particles of matter are called atoms or chemical units; these, in +combination and forming the smallest compound bodies, are called +molecules or mechanical units. Matter may be visible and ponderable +like the stars and other bodies distributed throughout space, or +invisible and imponderable as the ether which fills the intervals +between the particles and the space in which the bodies are +distributed. + + MOTION is matter in the act of changing place through space +and time; it is produced or destroyed, quickened or retarded, +increased or lessened, by two indestructible powers of opposite +nature -- Force and Energy, both derived from the sun's heat. + + FORCE, the attracting power, is inherent in, and can never be +taken from, the ponderable matter, every atom possessing the +tendency to attract other atoms, or resist any separating power. +When it attracts atoms it is called chemical affinity, when +molecules -- cohesion, and when masses -- gravitation. Force is +constant, and its several qualities are grouped under one doctrine +called "the Persistence of Force." + + ENERGY, the repelling, separating, or pushing power, is also +a fixed quantity, but is not bound up with matter, but can be +transferred from atom to atom, or from mass to mass, and stored up. +It may be Passive or potential, like that existing in gunpowder +when quiescent; or active or kinetic, like that existing in the +same during the act of explosion. The qualities of convertibility +and indestructibility constitute the doctrine of "Conservation of +Energy." + + "We think in relations ... relation is the universal form of +thought ... Relations are of two orders -- those of sequence and +those of coexistence ... The abstract of all sequences is time, and +that of all co-existences is space. Time is inseparable from +sequence, and space from co-existence." [H. Spencer.] + + SPACE is the interval between objects. "We know space as an +ability to contain bodies." It is extension considered in its own +nature, without regard to anything it may contain, or that may be +external to it. It always remains the same, is infinite, and is +incapable of resistance or motion. + + TIME is the measure of duration, and the general idea of +successive existence. It may be absolute or relative. Absolute time +is considered without any relation to bodies or their motions. +Relative time is the sensible measure of any portion of duration, +often marked by particular phenomena. Time is measured by equable +motion. We judge those times to be equal which pass while a moving +body, proceeding with a uniform motion, passes over equal spaces. + + As matter is indestructible and eternal, so nothing is +created; everything has been evolved from something else existing +before. The universe is supposed to have been evolved from a cosmic +nebulous matter or dust, of tremendous extent, within the atoms of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 80 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +which existed the power to evolve all that now is -- sun, moons, +planets, etc., our earth, and all that is thereon -- seas, +mountains, animal and vegetal life, and eventually man, although +millions of years passed before man was evolved from the lowest +form of animal life. The force inherent in each atom of this dust +combined the atoms into molecules, by cohesive power united +molecules into masses; and by gravitation these masses revolved +round their several centers of gravity, and thus formed suns and +various other planetary bodies. As the atoms rushed together, +rotatory and orbital motion was produced, and a vibratory motion, +which became converted into the radiant energy of heat and light. +As contraction went on, portions of our sun became detached from +the bulging equator, and, flying off into space, gradually, by the +attraction of force, formed compact bodies, becoming independent +planets, one of which is our earth. The moon is supposed to have +been detached from our earth in a similar manner. It is estimated +that it is a hundred million years since the earth sufficiently +solidified and cooled to support vegetable and animal life. Sir W. +Herschell has discovered, by the telescope, worlds and systems in +the course of present formation, as described above. + + THE EARTH. + + The earth, which was imagined by the ancients to be flat, and +surrounded by water, "Oceans," is nearly spherical in shape, being +slightly flattened at the poles, and bulged towards the equator. It +consists of a core, at an intense heat within a rocky covering or +crust, three-fourths of which is covered by water, and the whole is +surrounded by an atmosphere reaching in height to from forty to +fifty miles. The entire mass -- solid, liquid, and gaseous -- spins +on its own axis or polar diameter, making an entire revolution in +23 hours, 56 minutes, and revolves through space along a certain +undeviating course called the plane of the ecliptic round the sun +at the rate of 1,000 miles a minute, making the complete revolution +in 165 days and 6 hours. The space through which the earth revolves +consists of ether. The earth is not upright while travelling along +its annual journey, but inclines always in one direction at an +angle of 23 degrees; in summer with its north pole towards the sun, +and in winter with the north pole away from the sun, which has the +effect of producing the seasons. The annual passage of the earth +round the sun describes, not a circle, but an ellipse. When the +portion of the earth which we inhabit is turned towards the sun we +call it day, it being night in the other portion which is turned +away from the sun. The inequality of day and night during different +periods of the year is due to the inclination of the axis of the +earth, as explained above. + + THE ATMOSPHERE in which we live is composed chiefly of the +uncombined elements of oxygen and nitrogen water being composed of +oxygen and hydrogen in combination. It is supposed to reach to from +forty-five to fifty miles, the exact distance being uncertain. It +is difficult to conceive, with the above knowledge, where Jesus +could have ascended to, what planet he visited, or how he could +have resisted the law of gravitation; it is for Christians to +explain these matters. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 81 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE CRUST OF THE EARTH consists of rock -- hard granite, loose +sand, ore veined with metal, and mud -- unstratified and +stratified. The unstratified, igneous, or plutonic rocks are those +which are nearest the center of the earth, and which have been +fused together by heat, or erupted from the interior by means of +volcanic agency. The stratified, aqueous, or neptunic rocks are +those which have been deposited as sediment by the action of water +or atmosphere; or which are due to the growth and decay of plants +and animals. The various strata of these have been divided, for +convenience, into epochs, periods, ages, etc., each having its +typical remains associated with it; and it is from the discoveries +of these that the age and origin of man have been estimated. Where +these stratified rocks are found to have become changed into a +crystallized state by the action of heat and pressure, resulting in +the efficenient of their original character, and in the destruction +of traces of any organic (plant or animal) remains in them, they +are called metamorphic. Occasional volcanic outbursts and +earthquakes show us that the original store of energy which the +earth acquired during the aggregation of the particles of which it +is built up, in their passage from a diffused nebulous (cloudy) +state to one of increasing density, under the action of the force +of gravitation, is not yet lost; and the escape of that energy, +through the crust of the ethereal medium, is continued, and its +final dissipation into space is, therefore, only a question of +time. + + GEOLOGICAL EPOCHS, PERIODS, etc., during which the +stratified rocks were deposited: -- + + The Primary Epoch: -- + + Plutonic period ... Conflict of inorganic forces. No life. + Laurentian period ... Monerae, then Amoebae. + Cambrian period ... Sponges, shell fish. + Silurian period ... Fishes, sea worms. + Devonian period ... Insect feeders and air breathers. + Carborliferous period ... Frogs, crocodiles, beetles. + Permian period ... Reptiles. + +The Secondary Epoch : -- + + Triassic period ... Pouched mammals. + Jurassic period ... Huge reptiles of sea, land, air, and + birds. + Cretaceous period ... Bony skeletoned fishes; Ammonites. + +The Tertiary Epoch: -- + + Eocene period ... Huge placental mammals, and probably man. + Miocene period ... Hoofed quadrupeds, anthropoid apes. + Pliocene period ... Bears, hyenas. + +The Quaternary Epoch: -- + + Glacial period, or Ice Age ... Positive age of (hybrid) man. + Paleolithic period ... Stone Age Savage man. + Neolithic period ... Stone Age Semi-civilized man. + Recent Bronze Age ... Civilized man. + Recent Iron Age ... Civilized man. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 82 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +The Present Epoch (Historic Era): -- + + Superstitious period or Theological Age. + Scientific period. + + The Tertiary epoch is dated at not less than 5,000,000 years +ago, and the Quaternary at not less than 1,000,000 years ago. + + THE SOLAR SYSTEM. + + The solar system consists of the sun and the following large +planets revolving round it, in the order of distance from the sun: +-- Mercury, 35 million miles distant; Venus, 66 million; the Earth, +91 million; Mars, 139 million; Jupiter, 476 million; Saturn, 872 +million; Uranus, 1,754 million; and Neptune, 2,746 million miles +from the sun. Also ninety-seven smaller or minor planets revolving +round the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, called +asteroids. Also meteors, shooting stars, comets, and moons or +satellites to some of the larger planets, Jupiter having five, +Saturn eight, Uranus four, Neptune one, and our Earth one. These +constituents of the Solar System float at various velocities in an +ethereal medium called "The Heavens," + + THE SUN consists of a nucleus of burning gaseous matter, +surrounded by envelopes called the Photosphere and the +Chromosphere, outside which is the mysterious corona "whose +delicate silver radiance forms the glorious nimbus of a total +eclipse." Being the nearest star to the earth, it radiates light, +heat, and energy to our planet. It revolves on its own axis in +space, which inclines towards the point of the zodiac occupied by +the earth in, September. It does not occupy the center of the +ellipse described by the earth, but one of the foci, being nearer +to the earth in winter than in summer. Its diameter is estimated as +being one hundred times larger than the earth, though it is by no +means the largest of the stars, and its distance from our earth is +estimated at 91 million miles. + + THE PLANETS are more or less burnt-out bodies revolving round +the sun in nearly circular orbits. Some, like our Earth and Mars, +have cooled down sufficiently to be covered by a hard crust and to +be fit abodes for living creatures. others, like Jupiter, are still +in a more or less heated and partly self-luminous condition. But +the majority of the planets are cold and non-luminous, like our +airless, silent, barren moon; and what light they give is +reflected. + + THE MOONS have no atmospheres, and accompany their several +planets in their revolutions round the sun. Our moon or satellite +makes one half of its journey round the earth, above the plane of +the ecliptic and the other below, the whole occupying 29 1/2 days. +Its distance from us is estimated at about 240 thousand miles. + + THE STARS are white hot, luminous bodies; the nearest one is +more than 19 thousand million miles away, and the more distant ones +so far off that light, which travels at the rate of 186 thousand +miles in a second of time, requires 50 thousand years to dart from +the stars to the eyes of man. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 83 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + THE SEASONS. -- During that part of the elliptical journey of +the earth round the sun when the axis of the earth inclines away +from the sun, winter commences (the solstice or standing still); +when its axis inclines towards the sun, at the other end of the +journey, summer commences; when the earth arrives (roughly) half- +way between these two points, on either side, spring and autumn +(the equinoxes, equal day and night) commence respectively, these +being the nearest distances, in the plane of the ecliptic between +the earth and the sun. Spring commences at the vernal equinox (the +commencement of the annual cycle of the ancient zodiac), when the +sun appears to enter that constellation of the zodiac called +"Aries" (March 21st). Summer commences at the summer solstice, when +the sun appears to enter "Cancer," the longest day, June 21St. +Autumn commences at the autumnal equinox, when the sun appears to +enter "Libra" (September 23rd). Winter commences at the winter +solstice, when the sun appears to enter "Capricorns," the shortest +day, December 21St. + + THE ANCIENT ZODIAC. + + The names of the ancient signs of the zodiac in Latin are: -- + + The Ram, the Bull, the Heavenly Twins, + And next the Crab the Lion shines, + The Virgin and the Scales, + The Scorpion, Archer, and He-goat, + The Man that bears the watering-pot, + And Fish with glittering tails. + + The equinoxial points (Aries and Libra) moved fifty degrees +westward every year; thus the signs became separated from their +corresponding constellations, the vernal equinoxial sign being the +first in the time of Hipparchus (2nd century B.C.). In 25,868 years +all the signs would have made a complete circuit. The groups of +stars in the different signs or constellations were named after +some fancied resemblance to animals or other objects of nature. And +the sun, in his supposed annual passage through the twelve signs, +was worshipped in his different forms. The Lion represented the sun +when at his fierce summer strength; the Balance, when the days and +nights are equal; the Water-pourer, the commencement of the +Monsoon, or period of torrential rain; and so on. The ancient +zodiac was arranged on the theory that the earth was flat and +immovable, and that the sun made an annual circuit round it. + + ETHICS AND CUSTOMS OF SOCIAL LIFE. + + DUTY AND FAULT. + + The science of ethics treats of moral duty and obligation. +Primitive man, from a solitary and selfish tree-dweller, through +long ages of time gradually became more social by companionizing +and cooperating with his fellows, by which were gradually evolved +sympathy, love, and generosity. Through further ages of time, as +civilization and refinement increased, the requirements of life +increased, and the dependence upon each other became more marked. +Man thus, by cooperation, took upon himself a duty which he had not +exercised in his primitive condition. Cooperation necessitated + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 84 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +protection to life and property, which again necessitated the +formulation of laws for the binding of each other to the observance +of certain rules of conduct, and for the good government of +communities. And, however much these may vary in detail in +different countries and in different ages, there is a general code +universally admitted and received which always exists, which has +been found by experience to be necessary for the protection of +cooperation, and, therefore, for the preservation of free social +intercourse. From cooperation, then, springs the whole duty of man +and wherever there is duty there may be neglect of duty. + + Duty may be civil and compulsory, or moral and voluntary. The +former is an obligation to comply with the statutory law of the +country, the failure to comply with which is more or less penal. +The latter is the outcome of a natural desire to do right, because +it is right, and to comply with the usages of society (in its broad +and general sense) and the conventionalities of life. The moral +duty of the theologian or religionist differs both in motive and in +scope from the rewardless duty of free men -- i.e., men free from +the trammels of theology, as above described. The extra duties +which the theologian recognizes, by virtue of his creed, are +prescribed by the dogmas of theology, and supposed to be related to +a deity or deities; the violation of these duties being called +"sin." The motive is one of fear, lest he should arouse, by his +neglect of duty, the anger of his deity, and so feel the force of +his vengeance after death in the fires of hell; or hope, if he +pleases his deity, of gaining the reward of heaven. The free man +has no fear of future punishment, nor hope of any reward, to act as +a stimulus to good conduct, beyond that of this world -- viz., a +good conscience. His morality is, therefore, of purer order. He +knows that, as he sows, so will be reap; that, by living his life +here on earth in sympathy with his fellows, doing his duty to the +best of his knowledge and ability, and producing happiness for +those around him, he is ennobling that body with which his life is +bound up, and is thus perfecting his human nature. + + Faults, misconduct, or wrong-doing may be of omission (neglect +of duty) or commission (actions), and may be (1) against the +written laws of the State, consisting of various legal distinctions +and technical terms, such as "misdemeanor," "felony," "larceny" +(theft), "crime," etc., being more or less penal, i.e., punishable +by the State; and (2) against the unwritten law of social life +which concerns conduct, manners, customs, etc., which are found by +experience to be necessary and good. The latter are voluntary, and +are dependent upon man's conscience or knowledge of right and +wrong, and may consist of faults against society (in its broad +sense) -- i.e., his fellow men, and faults against himself. + + We must bear in mind that, though many faults against society +are not penal -- i.e., punishable by any recognized system or code +-- yet there are punishments which during life follow wrong-doing; +for if we sow evil we shall sooner or later reap evil, and if we +sow good we shall reap good. The consciousness of having done +wrong, and the remorse which follows it, will haunt the mind in its +quiet moments. Good men and women aspire after good, some with +better results than others. Knowing the frailty of our natures, +never let it be said that the stronger and more resolute, and, +therefore, the more successful in avoiding evil, has cast a stone, +as it were, at the weaker. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 85 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + MAN'S MORAL CODE. + + MAXIMS. + + 1. In our moral conduct, to act towards others as we wish +others to act towards us. + + 2. To love our fellow-creatures. + + 3. To practice truth in word and deed. + + 4. To practice temperance in appetite or desire. + + 5. To practice thrift and economy. + + 6. To give offence to no one. + + 7. To encourage our good and restrain our evil impulses. + + 8. To obey the just laws of our country. + + Maxim 2 induces us: To bear no malice, and forgive injuries; +to be kind to children and dumb animals, and prevent cruelty to +them; to sympathize with those in trouble; to comfort the sick and +afflicted; to discourage slavery; while being kind to the poor and +deserving, to discourage idleness and mendacity; to avoid +attributing unjust or bad motives to the actions of others; to +exercise as much care for the reputation of others as for our own; +to be peacemakers, and discourage quarrels and dissensions, though +everyone is justified in defending himself and his country; to +respect the lives, property, and opinions of others; to show +respect for the dead; to practice civility and courtesy to all, +hospitality to strangers, and consideration to foreigners; to +encourage industry and education, and work for the support of +ourselves, our families, and those lawfully dependent upon us; to +produce happiness to all. + + Maxim 3 induces us: To avoid all pretence in life, deceptions +in business, and adulteration of food and drink. + + Maxim 5 induces us: To practice reasonable economy of +resources, by avoiding excess or undue expenditure of goods, +substance, or vital force; to be cleanly in habits and person. + + Maxim 7 induces us: To exercise, and so strengthen, the +faculties in man that are social and sympathetic: and to leave +unexercised, and so weaken, those faculties the functions of which +are adverse to social life. + + Maxim 8 induces us: To help in the enforcement of the just +laws of our country, which are necessary for the protection of +rights, and for the proper conduct and well-being of the community; +to assist in obtaining the repeal of partial and unjust laws, +instituted in the interests of faction or party, and against civil +and religious liberty. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 86 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + MAXIMS FOR PARENTS. + + 1. To love and be true to each other; to exercise that mutual +forbearance without which two people cannot live their lives +together in that happy union which alone can sustain domestic +happiness and command the respect of their children. + + 2. To maintain and encourage filial obedience and respect from +children to their parents; and to discourage excessive parental +indulgence. + + 3. To feed, clothe, and educate their children. + + MAXIMS FOR CHILDREN. + + 1. Love and obey your parents, teachers, and elders. + + 2. Always speak the truth. + + 3. Do not quarrel. + + 4. Do not take what is not your own, for that is stealing. + + 5. Be diligent at your lessons. + + 6. Do as you would be done by. "Do naught to others which, if +done to thee, would cause thee pain; this is the sum of duty." +[From the "Maha-bharata," an Indian epic poem, written six +centuries B.C.] + + VERSES FOR CHILDREN. + + I. + + Little drops of water, + Little grains of sand, + Make the mighty ocean + And the pleasant land. + Thus the little moments, + Humble though they be, + Make the mighty ocean + Of eternity. + Thus our little errors + Make a mighty sin: + Drop by drop the evil + Floods the heart within. + Little drops of kindness, + Little words of love, + Make the earth an Eden + Like a heaven of love. + + E.C. Brewer. + **** **** + Ne'er suffer thine eyes to close + Before thy mind hath run + O'er every act and thought and word, + From dawn to set of sun. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 87 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + For wrong take shame, but grateful feel + If just thy course hath been; + Such efforts made each day by day + Will ward thyself from sin. + + Adopted from Pythagoras. + **** **** + May duty be my guide to-day, + May love and truth illume the way, + May nothing warp or stain the soul, + May noble aims the will control. + + Gustav Spiller. + + IV. + + Wound not another, though by him provoked; + Do no one injury by thought or deed; + Utter no word to pain thy fellow creatures. + Treat no one with disdain; with patience bear + Reviling language; with an angry man + Be never angry; blessings give for curses. + E'en as a driver checks his restive steeds, + Do thou, if thou art wise, restrain thy passions, + Which, running wild, will hurry thee away. + + By an Indian writer, Manu, six centuries B.C. + **** **** + + GRACE is a short prayer used by Christians before and after +meals. The word is derived from the Latin "gratis," favor. All +foods, as well as other necessaries of life, are supposed by them +(but really believed by few) to be provided by favor of the deity. +But had not human hands or brains been brought to bear upon the +Christian meal, we may accept it as a moral certainty that no meal +would have been provided. The Rationalist, knowing full well that +his meals and everything he possesses depend either upon his own +exertions or upon other mundane circumstances, sees no necessity to +thank anyone, especially some invisible entity of which he knows +nothing, for what he has himself provided. It is customary, +however, at public dinners to offer some congratulation to those +present before enjoying the meal. The Rationalist may find the +following useful, in the event of a grace being called for: -- + + "May good digestion wait on appetite, and health on both." + +If a clergyman be present, it is an act of courtesy to offer him an +opportunity of saying a "grace," on the principle that everyone has +the right of his opinion; and it by no means follows that all +present are in agreement with those opinions. By thus respecting +the opinion of others, we are carrying out the true spirit of +freedom of thought. The clergyman of a State Church generally takes +precedence of those of the free denominations, but only as an act +of courtesy, he being an official in the ecclesiastical department +of the State. A Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church usually takes +precedence over all other clergy. {Why???} + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 88 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + SOCIETIES OF INTEREST TO RATIONALISTS. + + THE UNION OF ETHICAL SOCIETIES (Hon. Sec., Miss Zona Vallance, +The Deanery, Stratford, Essex.) -- These consist of the following: + + Ethical Societies. Place of Afeering. + + THE NORTH LONDON + + + THE SOUTH LONDON Surrey Masonic Hall, + Camberwell New + Road, S.E. + + THE EAST LONDON ... 78, Libra Road, + Roman Road, E. + + THE WEST LONDON ...Town Hall, High + Street, Kensington. + Leighton House, 9, + Leighton Crescent, N.W. + + THE PROVINCIAL COR- Mr. F. J. Gould, + RESPONDENCE COM- 12, Meynell Road, + MITTEE Hackney Common, N.E. + + The general aims of the Ethical Movement, as represented by +this federation, are: -- + + (1) By purely natural and human means to assist individual and +social efforts after right living. + + (2) To free the current ideal of what is right from all that +is merely traditional or self-contradictory, and thus to widen and +perfect it. + + (3) To assist in constructing a theory or science of Right, +which, starting with the reality and validity of moral +distinctions, shall explain their mental and social origin, and +connect them in a logical system of thought. + + The special objects of the federation are: -- + + (1) To bring into closer connection the federated Societies. + + (2) To provide for the special training of Ethical teachers +and lecturers. + + (3) To start, take over, and to control Ethical classes for +children, with or without the assistance of local committees. + + (4) To provide for the payment of teachers and lecturers. + + (5) To choose and dismiss teachers and lecturers, whether paid +or voluntary. + + (6) To publish and spread suitable literature. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 89 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + (7) And to further such other objects as may commend +themselves from time to time to the Union. + + THE NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY, whose motto is "We Seek for +Truth," has its offices at 376 and 377, Strand, W. President, Mr. +G.W. Foote; Hon. Sec., Mr. R. Forder. + + THE RATIONALIST PRESS COMMITTEE has its headquarters at 17, +Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C. Its objects are: (1) To +issue, or assist in the issue of Rationalist publications. + + (2) To carry on a systematic distribution of Rationalist +literature. Chairman, Mr. G.J. Holyoake; Secretary and Treasurer, +Charles A. Watts, from whom all information may be obtained. + + THE NATIONAL SUNDAY LEAGUE is a society for the promotion of +recreation and amusement on Sundays, and for the removal of +restrictions to the opening of public museums, picture galleries, +etc., on Sundays. Secretary, Mr. H. Mills, 34, Red Lion Square, +Holborn, W.C. + + PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND THEIR ORIGIN. + + SUNDAY, the first day of the week, commemorates the weekly +festival of the sun, the planet whose glorious rays give us life, +health, delight, and happiness. + + EASTER commemorates the vernal equinox, when the sun crosses +the equator, and the days become longer than the nights, and daily +increase in length; also the return of verdure, and the bursting +forth of the seed. It is, by arrangement, the first Sunday after +the full moon, which happens upon, or next after, March 21st; and +if the moon is at full on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. + + MAYDAY commemorates nature's profusion of flowers and blossom, +which has from early times found expression in dance and song, and +which instinctively excites feelings of gladness and delight. In +Rome the goddess Flora was specially venerated at this season, +which custom has its modern representation in "the May Queen." + + WHIT MONDAY. -- The Monday after Pentecost, which is seven +weeks after Easter, So-called from the white garments worn by the +newly-baptized Catechumens in the Christian Church, which rite took +place on the vigil of Pentecost. The holiday has outlived the +religious association out of which it originated. Pentecost was a +Jewish feast, held on the fiftieth day after the Passover, in +celebration of their "Ingathering," and in thanksgiving for their +harvest. The Christian Church adopted it from the Jews, and +celebrated the supposed descent of the "Holy Ghost," one of the +gods of the Trinity, on the Yezuan apostles. + + MIDSUMMER DAY (June 24th) commemorates the event of the sun +having attained his highest point in the heavens, and our northern +hemisphere being under the influence of the greatest effulgence of +his rays. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 90 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + LAMMAS MONDAY, or HARVEST FESTIVAL, is the first Monday after +"Lammas Day" (August 1st), and is kept as a holiday or "festival of +the ingathering." It derives its name of Lammas from a +superstitious offering in early times of the first fruits of the +harvest to the various deities. + + CHRISTMAS DAY commemorates the birthday of the new sun -- when +the sun, after descending to its lowest point in the heavens, and +after our northern hemisphere has been travelling away from the sun +and getting less of his rays daily, commences his return journey, +and daily rises higher in the heavens. It is also the birthday of +all the messiahs of the various revealed religions. + + BANK HOLIDAYS -- ENGLAND AND WALES: Good Friday, Whitsun +Monday, Lammas Monday, Christmas Day, and the day following; or, if +that day be Sunday, then Monday. The Stock Exchange have, in +addition to the above, May Day and November 1st. SCOTLAND: New +Year's Day, Good Friday, the first Mondays in May and August, and +Christmas; Day. + + THE NAMING AND REGISTRATION OF CHILDREN. + + When a birth takes place, personal information of it must be +given, free of charge, within six weeks, to the Registrar; by (1) +the father or mother; if they fail (2) the occupier of the house in +which the birth happened; (3) a person present at the birth; or (4) +the person having charge of the child: The penalty for not +registering within the time specified is 2 pounds. A written +request may be sent to the Registrar to come to the house and +register the child, for which he receives a fee of 1s. After three +months, a birth cannot be registered except in the presence of the +Superintendent Registrar, and on payment of fees to him and to the +Registrar. After one year, a birth can be registered only on the +Registrar General's express authority, and on the payment of +further fees. It is important to persons of all classes to be able +to prove their age and place of birth, the only legal proof of +which is by the civil register. Baptism, or christening, being a +superstition, is not necessary for the naming of children. The +child may be simply named by the parents at any time, without the +use of any religious or theological formulary. + + MARRIAGE. + + Marriage is a civil contract provided by the State for the +legal union of man and woman, and for the purpose of binding both +to certain reciprocal obligations. Marriage ceremonies, as +religious or ecclesiastical functions, are simply superstitions. +Among the ancient Hebrews and others the husband, was generally the +owner of so many slave concubines, and women were bought and sold +like cattle. In Mohammedan countries polygamy is permitted, but a +man is limited to four wives, the number of concubines being +unlimited. In this country, where the sexes have equal rights, +monogamy is the custom, and both are limited to one co-partner. The +marriage contract gives a joint proprietorship in children, and +there is, consequently, a filial claim upon both parents for +protection; and, as the wife is obviously unable to act as mother +and provider at the same time, the latter duty devolves by law upon + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 91 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +the husband and putative father, and he is compelled to provide for +wife and children. The benefit to the wife by the provision of +marriage must be obvious, for without such a tie the mother of a +family, having probably lost the charms of youth and beauty, might +be forsaken, and have to bring up her children single-handed, which +would be unjust to her and disastrous to the children, The marriage +contract is therefore provided, not only in the interests of +morality -- to check promiscuous intercourse -- but in the +interests of the wife and the offspring of the union. + + It is the duty of parents to exercise every precaution in +their power against increasing their families beyond what the means +at their disposal justify. Parents living in a civilized society +are not justified in recklessly giving birth to children whom they +have no adequate means of nourishing, clothing, and educating, and +who must either starve or be reared by the kindness and charity of +others. Such a state of things is demoralizing to the parents as +well as to the offspring. The over-population of the future is a +terrible thing to contemplate, but come it must if Christianism is +to continue to teach people that it is a blessed thing for a man to +"have his quiver full," which, taken literally, might have been +true; but, when misapplied, is about as wise as the recommendation +to neglect provision, and neither "toil nor spin," like the "lilies +of the field." Vegetable life is subject to the check of animal +life; the latter, more or less, preying upon the former. Man, by +his intellectual superiority, adopts artificial means to keep the +lower animal life down and prevent over-production; but he himself +has only his own carefulness to rely upon. Disease, famine, and war +have acted in former days as exterminators, and so kept population +down; but, as knowledge increases, disease is reduced or prevented, +famine is guarded against, and wars are avoided by the skill and +prudence of statesmen, a greater number live to struggle for +existence. The question of over-population is, therefore, of +importance; it concerns every parent, and its consideration is +becoming more pressing every year. "Population, when unchecked, +doubles itself every twenty-five years but the food to support the +increase will by no means be obtained with the same facility." +[T.R. Malthus.] At this rate, in a few thousand years, there will +literally not be standing-room for man's progeny." [Charles +Darwin.] In the United States the population has increased four +times in the two first periods of twenty-five years of this +century. + + It is also the duty of those contemplating marriage to make +their choice from families only of a high type, physical, mental, +and moral; and to avoid matrimonial alliance with those families +whose members manifest a strumous (consumptive, rickety) or +cancerous tendency. By the exercise of care in this matter greater +happiness is promoted in the family circle, and the human species +has a better chance of improvement and higher development. + + Early marriage should be encouraged to prevent prostitution, +and to afford opportunity to all, at a suitable age, of complying +with the demands of nature, which are more or less imperative all +through life, from the lowest form of organization to the highest. +Celibacy opposes itself directly to these natural laws, and the +boasted self-restraint of the celibate is frequently only surface- + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 92 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +deep, the solitude of the religious recluse fostering secret and +unnatural vices; and where it is deeper and real, it is so +generally at the expense of health and constitution. Young men, +with few exceptions, have a craving for female society, which is +part of their human nature; and many might be able to support a +wife in comparative comfort, and thus enjoy the companionship which +is their right, though, perhaps, not in a position to endure the +expenses necessarily attending the acquisition of such a family as +is the general result of a careless and thoughtless married life. +Through want of knowledge as to how to comply with the requirements +of the matrimonial state and practice thrift and economy, they are +compelled either to forego marriage altogether, or defer it till +their youth and vigor are gone. They are thus turned, as it were, +into the streets, in their hours of recreation, to seek that +pleasure which might be happily found in the companionship of a +wife and the comforts of a home. Advice in these matters ought to +be sought from a physician of the Rationalist school, free from +theological superstition. + + LAWS RELATING TO MARRIAGE + + (AT A REGISTRAR'S OFFICE.) + + Table of consanguinity and affinity, within the degrees of +which, in this country, marriages are made absolutely void by an +Act of William IV. A man may not marry his -- + + Grandmother Sister + Grandfather's wife Wife's sister + Wife's grandmother Brother's wife + Father's sister Son's daughter + Mother's sister Daughter's daughter + Father's brother's wife Son's son's wife + Mother's brother's wife Daughter's son's wife + Wife's father's sister Wife's; son's daughter + Wife's mother's sister Wife's daughter's daughter + Mother Brother's daughter + Stepmother Sister's daughter + Wife's mother Brother's son's wife + Daughter Sister's son's wife + Wife's daughter Wife's brother's daughter + Son's wife Wife's sister's daughter + + In the case of a woman, the sexes must be reversed. + + Marriage by Certificate. -- If both parties have resided in +the same district during the preceding seven days, a written notice +(on a special form, declaring there is no lawful hindrance as to +ages, residence, and consent of parents, if a minor) must be signed +by one of them before the Registrar, and given to the +Superintendent Registrar of the district. If they reside in +different Registrars' districts, a similar notice must be sent to +each Superintendent Registrar. The marriage may be contracted +within three calendar months of the notice; but not till twenty-one +days have elapsed, when the Superintendent Registrar will issue his +certificate to marry. Fee 9s. 7d. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 93 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Marriage by License. -- It is necessary for only one of the +parties to give notice to the Superintendent Registrar of the +district in which he or she has resided for the preceding fifteen +days. After the expiration of one day, next after the day of entry +of notice, the Superintendent Registrar issues his certificate and +license to marry. The marriage may be contracted at any time within +three calendar months after the date of entry of notice. Fees; 2 +pounds 17s. 1d. + +The Marriage Ceremony. -- Marriages are contracted before the +Superintendent Registrar and the Registrar of the district," and in +the presence of two witnesses, between 8 a.m. and 3 P.m. Each party +declares as follows: "I do solemnly declare that I know not of any +lawful impediment why I, A B, may not be joined in matrimony to C +D; and each shall say to the other: "I call upon these Persons here +present to witness that I, A B (or C D), do take thee, C D, (.or A +B), to be my lawful wedded wife (or husband.)" A wedding-ring is +usually required. + + It is hardly necessary to remark that "the solemnization of +marriages" in churches, or as "sacraments" of religion, is +superstitious, being a relic of days of ignorance, credulity, and +priestcraft. + + INSTRUCTIONS FOR BURIAL. + + Those desirous of being buried without religious ceremony or +interference by the clergyman of the parish should sign a +testamentary document to that effect (which may be obtained from +the National Secular Society [377, Strand, London, W.C.] for 2d. in +stamps), and notify the fact to the National Secular Society of +their having done so. + + For those intending to be buried in a CEMETERY, in +unconsecrated ground, a service may be held and an address given, +but for those whom circumstances may necessitate being buried in a +CHURCHYARD it is necessary that the Burial Law Amendment Act, 1880, +should be complied with, the chief regulations of which are as +follows: -- + + 1. Any responsible person having charge of the burial may do +all that is required without the above testamentary document; but +it is better to have it. + + 2. Forty-eight hours' notice in writing must be given to the +clergyman of the parish, or any person appointed to receive such +notice (sometimes the clerk or sexton), on a special form (supplied +with the form of Will above). + + 3. The burial must be between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m., from April +1st to October 1st; and between 10 a.m. and 3 P.m., from October +1st to April 1st. + + 4. In the case of a pauper buried by the parish, a copy of the +above notice must also be sent to the master of the workhouse. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 94 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + 5. If the day and hour be inconvenient to the clergyman, or in +conflict with any burial bye-law, or because the day is Sunday, +Good Friday, or Christmas Day, the clergyman may, on stating his +reasons, by twenty-four hours' notice in writing, postpone the +burial till the following day. + + 6. The clergyman is entitled to be paid the fees he would have +received if the service had been performed. + + 7. Everyone has free access to the funeral, but it must be +conducted in silence; and any riotous, violent, or indecent +behavior, or any offensive conduct towards the Christian religion, +is punishable by law. The address, if any, must therefore be given +at the home. + + 8. The person responsible for the burial must sign a +certificate (special form obtainable from the National Secular +Society), and deliver it to the clergyman in charge of the +churchyard, at the time of the funeral or next day, for entry in +the parish register. + + 9. The Act applies to England and Wales and the Channel +Islands only. + + FREEDOM OF THOUGHT. + + As the people are the source of all authority, so is liberty +of opinion the right of every human being; and as everyone has a +right to pursue his own good in his own way, so long as he does not +attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to +obtain it, so everyone has an absolute right to independence, and +is sovereign over himself, his own body and mind; and no one is +accountable to others for his opinions -- religious or otherwise. +Our opinions may be right or they may be wrong; but so may those of +others be. We ought, as individuals, just as society as represented +by the Legislature ought, always to be ready to hear with patience +the opinions of others. Neither the Legislature nor society has the +right to suppress the expression of opinion -- when within the +bounds of reasonable controversy; neither have we, as individuals, +the right to deny a hearing to the opinion of others because we in +our own judgment have condemned them. "If all mankind," says Mr. +J.S. Mill, "minus one were of one opinion, and only one person were +of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in +silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be +justified in silencing mankind ... The peculiar evil of silencing +the expression of opinion is that it is robbing the human race. If +the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of +exchanging error for truth; if wrong, they lose what is almost as +great a benefit -- the clearer perception and livelier impression +of the truth, produced by its collision with error." ["On +Liberty."] Again he says: "Mankind are greater gainers by suffering +each other to live as seems good to themselves than by compelling +each to live as seems good to the rest." Inducements may be offered +to us to hold certain opinions which we believe to be false, +because they may be useful; but no belief which is contrary to +truth can really be useful. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 95 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + + Liberty of thought and opinion, however, is not liberty of +speech. Liberty of speech is only justifiable under certain +restrictions, for there is no absolute freedom of speech in +civilized society; each individual must be limited in his speech as +in his conduct. All have a right to talk freely concerning public +matters, so long as they do not violate the moral law by menacing +the rights or welfare of others, by mischief-making, by exciting +the mob by inflammatory language or placards, or by instigating in +any other way to any mischievous acts. + + Under the old English law, the penalty for heresy, blasphemy, +and schism was death by burning, after trial by the ecclesiastical +courts. This death penalty was abolished in 1677, and the +ecclesiastical courts subsequently lost their jurisdiction over any +but the clergy of the Established Church. As heresy dropped out of +sight, attention was fixed on blasphemy, the law of blasphemous +libel still remaining on the Statute Book. "An Act for the more +effectual suppression of blasphemy and profaneness" was passed in +the reign of William III. (9 and 10, c. 32), which declares that +"any person or persons having been educated in, or at any time +having made profession of, the Christian religion within this realm +who shall, by writing, printing, teaching, or advised speaking, +deny any one of the persons in the Holy Trinity to be God, or shall +assert or maintain that there are more gods than one, or shall deny +the Christian doctrine to be true, or the Holy Scriptures of the +Old and New Testament to be of divine authority, shall upon +conviction be disabled from holding any ecclesiastical, civil, or +military employment, and on a second conviction be imprisoned for +three years, and deprived for ever of all civil rights." So much of +it as affected the Unitarians was ostensibly repealed by the 53 +George III., c. 160. But it still disgraces the Statute Book. In +1883 Messrs. Foote, Ramsey, and Kemp were successfully, and the +late Mr. Bradlaugh unsuccessfully, prosecuted under this Act. It +was alleged against them that they "wickedly and profanely +attempted to bring the Holy Scriptures and the Christian religion +into disbelief and contempt," not only "against the peace of our +lady the Queen," but also "to the great displeasure of Almighty +God." Here is a distinct attempt by the Legislature, not only to +suppress the opinions of individuals, but to force opinions upon +them which have never been proved to be right, but have actually +been proved to be wrong; and the confidence with which the +displeasure of the deity, in which its majority at the time of the +passing of the Act, believed, is declared, is a simple begging of +a very important and extensive question -- a claiming of +infallibility, and a presuming to a knowledge of the unknowable. + + The "Lord's Day Observance Act" of Charles I. prohibits public +crying and the exposure of goods for sale on Sundays. The amended +Act of 1871 requires the consent of the chief officer of the +district, two justices, or that of a stipendiary magistrate. + + Upholders of freedom of thought ought not to rest till these +partial and bigoted laws are repealed. For this purpose the late +Mr. Bradlaugh brought in a Bill in the House of Commons, and, +notwithstanding strong opposition, was successful in obtaining +forty-seven votes. The expression of opinion by Freethinkers is, +according to these laws, illegal; their corporate meetings are + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 96 + + THE RATIONALIST'S MANUAL. + +illegal, and they cannot hold property, receive legacies, in any +corporate capacity, or open any room for entertainment and +amusement on Sundays. + + OATHS, AFFIRMATIONS, AND LAST WILL. + + Any person required to take an oath is entitled, under the +Oaths Act, 1888, to swear with uplifted hand in the Scotch manner +(though it is not necessary that the Scotch form of words should be +used), or to affirm. Rationalists usually claim to affirm. The +witness (or, if a juryman, the juror) should say, "I object to be +sworn, on the ground that I have no religious belief." The official +administering the oath is then bound, without further question from +anyone, to permit witness to affirm. + + IF A JUROR, and he is told to "leave the box," he should at +once leave the Court; but if he is told to "leave the box, but not +the Court," he should say: "My Lord (if a judge of the High Court; +if a County Court judge or Coroner." Your Honorer;" if a Police +Magistrate or Mayor -- "Your Worship, I am ready and willing now to +perform my duty as juryman in the case in which my name has been +called, -- but if your Lordship dispenses with my services as +juror, I respectfully deny your jurisdiction to detain me in +Court." + + IF A WITNESS, and any question be put by the judge, he should +say: "My Lord, I Respectfully submit that, having made my objection +in the exact words of the statute, I am now entitled to affirm +without any question, and that I am not bound to answer any +question." If the judge persists in questioning witness as to his +opinion, he should be met by a respectful but distinct refusal to +answer. + + IF A CORONER OR MAGISTRATE should refuse to take his evidence, +witness should ask: "On what ground do you decline to take my +evidence?" and the answer be carefully written down, and sent to +the Secretary of the Rationalist Press Committee (17, Jobnson's +Court, Fleet Street, E.C.), or to the Secretary of the National +Secular Society (377, Strand, W.C.). + + The Acts are repealed which required the judge to be satisfied +of the sincerity of the objection when made on religious grounds. + + FORM OF AFFIRMATION. -- "I, A B, do solemnly, sincerely, and +truly declare and affirm that I will tell the truth, the whole +truth, and nothing but the truth." + + + FORM OF AFFIRMATION IN WRITING (instead of the ordinary +"affidavit" A B, of ____, do solemnly and sincerely affirm that. +Affirmed at ______, this day of ___, 18__. Before me, etc." + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 97 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ratright.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ratright.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4261d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ratright.txt @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + ANIMALS MUST DIE SO PEOPLE CAN LIVE + + (reprinted from the Minneapolis Star Tribune) + + + + + Demonstrations against the use of animals in medical +research bring out some interesting personalities. The +demonstrators are all vegetarians, because one cannot object to +killing animals for medical research while continuing to eat +them. And since more than 90% of animals used in medical +research are mice or rats, animal rights zealots should never use +mousetraps. + + Demonstrators wear rubber-soled canvas shoes, and if the +weather is cold, woolen, not leather, gloves. And since research +on contraception medication involves the use of rabbits, most of +the women in the groups probably are pregnant. + + None of these demonstrators would have been immunized +against polio-myelitis, diptheria, whooping cough or other +childhood diseases, or cured of potentially fatal infections by +antibiotics. Accident victims, salvaged from death by blood +transfusions, are disqualified from participation, as are +diabetics who depend on insulin for their continued existence. +Responses to these medical situations required animal research. + + Anyone with a prosthetic joint, a transplanted kidney or +a cardiac pacemaker, or a history of heart surgery, chemotherapy +or immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer or of successful +treatment of glaucoma, could not, in good conscience, represent +him or herself as an opponent of the use of animals in biomedical +research. Relatives of those with Alzheimer's disease must +disqualify themselves as marchers, since current research on +monkeys may eventually suggest effective ways to treat this +disorder. + + One would not expect protesters to bring along their pet +animals, since most domestic pets are protected against +distemper, infectious hepatitis, parasites and even rabies by +medications perfected through animal experimentation. And since +the 100 million cats and dogs in North America are carnivores, +requiring food obtained by killing other animals, pets must keep +a low profile to avoid the charge of hypocrisy. + + For consistency, one would expect animal rights groups +picketing rodeos, where animals are mistreated for +entertainment. And why not release cattle from slaughter houses +where they are killed without general anesthesia? + + The conscientious objector must also refrain from eating +animal flesh, but must also protest against others eating it. + + Fourteen million dogs, more than one third of the total +dog population in North America, are destroyed in public pounds +and animal shelters. Animal pounds and humane societies engaged +in animal control kill more than 50 cats and dogs for every one +that is sacrificed for research purposes. + + Although computer simulation, test-tube experimentation +and tissue cultures are gradually supplanting some types of +animal research, it would be a serious error to suppose that such +alternative techniques will soon be available for all research +that now uses live animal subjects. No other method can fully +replace the testing of a drug, a procedure or a vaccine in a +living organism. + + Successful alternatives to some types of animal-related +research have indeed been developed in the last decade, with a +40% drop in the number of animals used in research between 1968 +and 1978, with still further reductions since that time. + + The human body, however, is far more complex than a +tissue culture, with physical and chemical interactions that +cannot be reduced to a computer programme. Just as a new type of +aircraft can be tested in a wind tunnel but must eventually be +tried out by a test pilot, a new surgical operation, a new drug +or new treatment must be tried on the first human being. + + Who among healthy protesters would volunteer as a subject +for the study of AIDS? This disease must be studied in an +environment that provides for an immune system found only in a +living animal. + + The dispute regarding the use of laboratory animals has +heightened the research community's sensitivity to the need for +strict safeguards against pain and suffering when conducting +experiments. Let us hope that reason will prevail, and that +these well-intentioned efforts will not bring biomedical research +to a state of virtual paralysis as it has in England. + + John A. Kirchener Ph.D. +h +to a state of virtual paralysis as it \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/rebuttal.txt b/politicalTextFiles/rebuttal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b4bafa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/rebuttal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5423 @@ + INSLAW's ANALYSIS and REBUTTAL + of the + BUA REPORT + + Memorandum in Response to the + March 1993 Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua + to the Attorney General of the United States + Responding to the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc. + + + + + + + + + + + + INTRODUCTION + + + + The attempt by the Department of Justice (DOJ) to deal with +the INSLAW case through a Special Counsel, who is required to +report to the Attorney General, and a staff of DOJ attorneys +raises significant public policy questions. These are apparent on +the face of the Bua Report. + + For example, should DOJ, as one of the parties to a civil +dispute, be able to use the authority of a federal grand jury and +the secrecy requirements of its proceedings to improve its own +civil litigation posture? Should DOJ be using its own lawyers and +investigators and a federal grand jury to investigate colleagues, +superiors, and subordinates? How should the tension between the +obligation to enforce the criminal laws of the United States and +the legitimate need to safeguard intelligence and national +security be reconciled? + + The problems with the Bua Report, as set forth in INSLAW's +Analysis and Rebuttal, are much more concrete than the +aforementioned public policy questions. We do, however, think +that the problems identified by these questions should be +carefully and thoughtfully addressed as steps are being taken to +bring the INSLAW case to a fair, final and publicly acceptable +conclusion. + + The main body of this memorandum is divided into sections +addressing (1) DOJ's wrongful acquisition of an enhanced version +of PROMIS to which it was not entitled and which it has continued +to use without properly compensating INSLAW, (2) DOJ's attempt, +by improper means, to cause the conversion of the INSLAW +bankruptcy from reorganization to liquidation, and (3) the +indications of a more widely ramified conspiracy involving Earl +Brian and the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the +United States and foreign governments. + + Each of these sections examines the basis for the +conclusions reached in the Bua Report and points out errors and +omissions plainly demonstrable on the basis of evidence cited in +the report itself or readily available to the investigators in +the records of prior investigations and judicial proceedings. The +sections also identify evidentiary points as to which Judge Bua +chose to believe the self-serving statements of individuals +directly implicated in the theft of INSLAW's software, to +disbelieve the testimony on the same points by INSLAW witnesses, +and to ignore evidence supporting the findings of the Bankruptcy +Court for the District of Columbia, the United States District +Court for the District of Columbia, and the House Committee on +the Judiciary. + + In addition to the deficiencies apparent on its face, the +report reveals numerous failures to pursue testimony or +documentary evidence that could have contradicted its conclusions +and corroborated INSLAW's allegations. The following sections +identify these failures in at least 40 situations. + Immediately after his appointment, INSLAW called to Judge +Bua's attention the essentiality of assuring senior DOJ officials +and other government employees who had given important +information to INSLAW that they could disclose this information +to him or his staff without fear of reprisal. Any person +seriously attempting to uncover the truth would have gone to +great lengths to find a way of overcoming these apprehensions. +This was not done. Appended to this memorandum is a listing of +these informants together with a brief synopsis of information +they have furnished to INSLAW. The listing gives enough of an +indication of who they are to make clear that they deserve to be +taken seriously, but not so much as to make it possible to +identify them individually. The synopses make clear at the same +time that the information they could furnish strongly +corroborates other evidence of the wider conspiracy. + + The Bua Report denigrates the findings of the Bankruptcy +Court without clearly acknowledging that those findings were +affirmed and supplemented by two other entities independent of +DOJ, the U.S. District Court and the House Judiciary Committee. +Senior U.S. District Judge William B. Bryant, Jr., issued a 44- +page opinion, in which he states in part: + + It is sufficient to state that after careful review of + all of the volumes of transcripts of the hearings + before the bankruptcy court, the more than 1,200 pages + of briefs and supporting appendices, and all other + relevant documents in the record, there is convincing, + perhaps compelling support for the findings set forth + by the bankruptcy court. + + . . . the court has examined the bankruptcy judge's + findings of fact in the light of the entire record, and + finds his account of the evidence is eminently + plausible; and this court is not left with any notion + that a 'mistake has been committed,' Id. at 574. This + conclusion is reached without regard to the deference + to be accorded to the judge's opportunity to assess + credibility. The cold record adequately supports his + findings under any standard of review. + + The section on the wrongful acquisition of PROMIS amply +supports its thesis that the Bua Report focuses only on those +facts that its authors deemed relevant to the conclusions they +intended to reach. It calls attention to the fact that the report +based some of its most important conclusions on interviews with +unnamed individuals and on undisclosed documentary evidence. This +section also points out the report's remarkable credulity toward +professions of innocence by the very individuals heretofore +identified as the principal culprits in the theft of the +software. As the section observes, "To accept the self-serving, +long after-the-fact and post hoc rationalizations of these +individuals over their testimony at trial, which testimony +clearly evidenced their propensity for lying and covering up the +truth, as found by two federal courts, is ludicrous." + + The section on the conversion of the INSLAW bankruptcy +exposes the same pattern of justifying the DOJ version of the +facts and downplaying, misinterpreting, or ignoring evidence to +the contrary. This is particularly striking in the case of the +report's attempt to minimize the testimony of Anthony Pasciuto, +Deputy Director of the Executive Office for U.S. Trustees. In +reaching for an explanation of Pasciuto's conduct, his +testimony, and his subsequent recantation, the report avoids the +one most logical explanation: the fear that he would not get the +promotion he had long sought and the fear that he would be fired +for telling the truth, as he eventually was. + + Pages 28-35 of the section on the more widely ramified +conspiracy pull together the numerous indications that INSLAW's +PROMIS software is widely used throughout the United States +Government. A thorough investigation would, at a minimum, have +conducted the relatively simple and inexpensive computer-based +code comparisons between PROMIS and its suspected clones in U.S. +intelligence and law enforcement agencies, that might have shown +whether or not these claims are true. The Bua investigation made +no attempt to arrange such comparisons. + + Relevant both to DOJ's bad faith in its dealings with INSLAW +and to its involvement in a broader conspiracy is the issue of +the DOJ's complicity in the denial of reappointment to George F. +Bason, Jr., who presided over the Bankruptcy Court trial. The +report reveals that the criticisms of Judge Bason by his +predecessor, Roger Whelan, were influential in the Merit +Selection Panel's deliberations about Judge Bason's suitability +for reappointment. Whelan told the Panel that Judge Bason was a +poor administrator. Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson of the U.S. +District Court, however, told the Judiciary Committee that Judge +Bason's only administrative problems were inherited from Judge +Whelan and that these were soon brought under control by Judge +Bason. In the Chapter 11 proceeding, Roger Whelan represented the +INSLAW creditor which pressed hardest for INSLAW's liquidation +and which, in so doing, appears to have acted in collusion with +DOJ. The report also discloses direct communications on the +INSLAW case between a DOJ attorney and the Chair of the Merit +Selection Panel, communications whose existence was not revealed +in the course of two Congressional investigations on the subject. + + It is noteworthy in the circumstances that Judge Bua made an +eleventh-hour approach to INSLAW's lawyers in an effort to broker +a $25 million settlement between INSLAW and the DOJ. The +inference that Judge Bua was aware of the weaknesses in his own +report is difficult to avoid. + +I. DOJ WRONGFULLY OBTAINED AN ENHANCED VERSION OF PROMIS + TO WHICH IT WAS NOT ENTITLED AND THEREAFTER HAS USED + THAT VERSION WITHOUT PROPERLY COMPENSATING INSLAW + + In assessing the validity of the so-called "tentative" +factual conclusions reached in the Bua Report, one need be +mindful of the following telling admission of the authors: + + Our discussion here of the factual background of the + 1982 contract does not purport to be exhaustive. + Instead, _we have attempted to focus on those facts + that are relevant to the conclusions we have reached_. + Where it is necessary to explain specific findings or + conclusions, we have undertaken a more detailed + examination of certain events in subsequent sections of + this report. (Emphasis added.) (Page 15) + + In effect, the authors of the Bua Report determined, +apparently in advance, the conclusions that they intended to +reach and, thereafter, set about to "focus" on only those facts +that they deemed relevant to support those conclusions, to the +exclusion of the massive factual record that otherwise would, and +did, lead to the very opposite conclusions found not only by two +federal courts, but, in part, by the Committee on the Judiciary +of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Permanent +Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government +Affairs of the U.S. Senate. + + It is remarkable that the authors of the Bua Report either +ignored or rejected every conclusion reached by the federal +courts and the two legislative committees that was contrary to +the conclusions reached by the Bua Report, while at the same time +accepting those conclusions that were supportive of the +conclusions reached in the Bua Report. It is even more remarkable +that the Bua Report could find, on the one hand, that DOJ neither +obtained the enhanced version of PROMIS through fraud nor +wrongfully distributed PROMIS while, on the other hand, Judge Bua +repeatedly informed journalists covering the INSLAW case and once +conveyed directly to INSLAW's attorneys that he had reached the +opposite conclusion and had recommended that DOJ settle its +dispute with INSLAW by the payment of $25 million to INSLAW. + + The following is an attempt merely to highlight some of the +most glaring errors in the factual conclusions reached in the Bua +Report. + + A. Negotiation of the 1982 Implementation Contract + + The Bua Report found that DOJ had issued a Request for +Proposals (RFP) in late 1981 that solicited proposals on a +contract to: (1) implement computer-based PROMIS software in 20 +"larger" United States Attorneys' Offices and (2) create and +install word processing based case management software in the +remaining 74 offices. There is no dispute that, at the time that +the RFP was issued and the contract was awarded to INSLAW, both +DOJ and INSLAW understood that DOJ intended to utilize the +computer-based PROMIS only in the 20 larger offices; it clearly +was understood that the remaining 74 offices would not receive +this software. + The Bua Report acknowledged that INSLAW, in responding to +the RFP, specifically stated that: + + During the life of this project -- but not as part of + this project -- Inslaw plans new enhancements and + modifications to the basic PROMIS software and to the + original version of PROMIS for U.S. Attorneys. + ....[I]mprovements funded by other [i.e. non- + governmental] sources and developed and accepted for + inclusion in the software supported by Inslaw, will be + made available to the U.S. Attorneys' offices. (Page + 19) + + However, the Bua Report concluded, without any factual +support, that INSLAW did not clarify what it meant by "accepted +for inclusion" or "will be made available." This is wrong. + + First, the Bua Report ignores the fact that the quoted +statement was made specifically in response to the Statement of +Work, which in part required that: + + All systems enhancements, modifications, and + development performed _pursuant to this contract_ shall + be incorporated within the systems which have already + been installed in the U.S. Attorneys' Offices.... ( + 3.2.4.2) (Emphasis added.) + + INSLAW was responding to this portion of the Statement of +Work by advising DOJ that while INSLAW planned new enhancements, +they would not be as a part of, or pursuant to, this contract. +Thus, DOJ clearly was put on notice that these new enhancements +would not be made available for free. + + Second, there is ample testimony that both before and after +the PROMIS contract was signed, INSLAW specifically advised the +Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys ("EOUSA") in writing that it +had available for sale, at an additional cost, certain +proprietary enhancements to PROMIS. INSLAW provided this +information to DOJ because, by the time that DOJ issued the RFP, +INSLAW had made substantial enhancements to Old PROMIS. +(Hamilton, T. 105; Merrill, T. 763) These enhancements, which +eventually included major new functional subsystems and +substantial changes to the existing code, at a cost which INSLAW +estimated to be $8.3 million, rendered Enhanced PROMIS far +superior to Old PROMIS in terms of speed, flexibility, ease of +use, breadth of function, and ability to be modified for +particular needs. (Hamilton, T. 400; Merrill, T. 760-762; Holton, +T. 1216-1219) + In its Technical Proposal responding to DOJ's PROMIS Project +RFP, INSLAW informed DOJ that it had made enhancements to Old +PROMIS which were proprietary, and as to which it had made a +significant developmental and commercial commitment. (Answer +13; PX 12; Hamilton, T. 124-125; Gizzarelli, T. 482-483) In this +regard, INSLAW specifically made a claim of proprietary rights in +such enhancements. (Hamilton, T. 124) + + The Bua Report suggests that DOJ did not understand that +INSLAW had made this claim of proprietary rights, and that INSLAW +had failed to explain in sufficient detail the basis or impact of +that claim. That is not correct. In fact, in response to INSLAW's +proposal, DOJ specifically requested a clarification of INSLAW'S +claim of proprietary rights. (PX 13; Hamilton, T. 126; Merrill, +T. 766-767) In an amendment to its Technical Proposal dated +January 13, 1982, INSLAW responded to DOJ's inquiry and +specifically informed DOJ that ". . . all of INSLAW's software is +proprietary to it thus far." (PX 14; Hamilton, T. 127) DOJ did +not respond further to INSLAW's amendment of its Technical +Proposal. (Gizzarelli, T. 490; Merrill, T. 767-769) INSLAW also +indicated that such programs were copyrighted and that since May +1981 it had been developing privately financed enhancements to +PROMIS which were the exclusive property of INSLAW, and that DOJ +had no license to use these privately-financed enhancements. (PX +14) + + To illustrate this point, INSLAW, in its Technical Proposal, +singled out the two-program version of the data base adjustment +subsystem as an enhancement which had been developed by INSLAW +using private funds. (Hamilton, T. 125; PX 14) The data base +adjustment subsystem was not required to be delivered under the +contract nor had it been required to be delivered under any prior +DOJ contracts (Hamilton, T. 125, 2575-2578; Merrill, T. 768) By +this January 13 amendment, INSLAW illustrated the concept that +INSLAW had all the proprietary rights in Enhanced PROMIS +(Gizzarelli, T. 493) + + Subsequent to receipt of INSLAW's response to DOJ, and prior +to the execution of the contract, no one from DOJ made any +further inquiry of INSLAW, or raised any questions, concerning +INSLAW's right to assert its proprietary rights in Enhanced +PROMIS. (Hamilton, T. 128; Merrill, T. 767-769; Gizzarelli, T. +490) + + From the foregoing exchange of communications, it should be +clear that any rational person acting on behalf of DOJ would +understand that INSLAW was advising DOJ that the proprietary +enhancements developed by INSLAW would be made available to the +Department for a fee, should the Department desire to have those +enhancements included within the software delivered under the +contract. If there was any confusion on the part of DOJ, that +confusion was not the fault of INSLAW; had DOJ any further +questions concerning what was meant by the language in issue +after having received the January 13 clarification, it was up to +DOJ to seek answers to those questions. + + Not surprisingly, after thoroughly reviewing the record, +Judge Bryant reached the same conclusion: + + The parties negotiated for over two months, and finally + entered into a contract on March 16, 1982. Prior to the + execution of the contract, and for a time thereafter, + there were extensive discussions about what INSLAW + claimed were privately + funded enhancements which were featured in PROMIS. In + other words, INSLAW claimed that at the time of + entering into the contract their version of PROMIS was + considerably more advanced than it was at the time of + the pilot project, and that it claimed proprietary + rights to those features which were developed with + other than government funding. (D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 4)"1 + B. INSLAW's Continuing Assertion of Proprietary + Rights and DOJ's Improper Response + + To the extent that there was any lingering confusion on +DOJ's part regarding INSLAW's assertion of proprietary rights in +the enhanced version of PROMIS, that confusion should have been +removed by INSLAW's continuing assertion of those rights. Indeed, +in April 1982, INSLAW formally notified DOJ of its intent to +market Enhanced PROMIS as a fee-generating product to public and +private sector customers. (Hamilton, T. 134-136; Merrill, T. 775) +In this connection, Roderick M. Hills, an attorney for INSLAW, +wrote to Associate Deputy Attorney General Stanley E. Morris, +enclosing a memorandum written by Hamilton (with his counsel's +assistance) describing the origin and financing of Old PROMIS, +INSLAW's efforts to substantially improve the program utilizing +private funds, and the need to market such privately-financed +enhancements. (PX 21) + + Hill's letter solicited any questions or objections that DOJ +had to INSLAW's plans. (PX 21) In essence, this inquiry was +intended to provide advance notice to DOJ as to INSLAW's plans +and to obtain a "sign-off" letter from DOJ to respond to concerns +raised by IBM which at that time was considering a joint +marketing agreement with INSLAW. (Rogers, T. 422-424; Hamilton, +T. 277) The purpose of the "sign-off" letter, from INSLAW's +perspective, was to give INSLAW assurance that DOJ understood +what INSLAW was proposing to do, that it agreed with INSLAW's +legal position, and that it would take no affirmative action to +disrupt or impede INSLAW's marketing efforts. (Rogers, T. 444- +445) Any questions that DOJ continued to have should have been +answered by this memorandum. + + The Bua Report acknowledges the above facts but fails to +take into consideration that this additional effort by INSLAW +clearly should have put DOJ on notice that there were additional +enhancements included within the PROMIS software that were not +part of the software to be delivered under the contract, absent a +separate agreement regarding that software. + + There is no dispute that this plan obviously infuriated C. +Madison Brewer, DOJ's PROMIS Project Manager. The Bua Report +accepts the fact that Brewer vehemently took issue with the +representations and conclusions set forth in the Hamilton +memorandum, which Brewer referred to as "scurrilous," and further +acknowledges that Brewer's opposition to the plan was presented +in an improper manner. However, in a woefully inadequate effort +to downplay Brewer's conduct, the Bua Report proceeds to seek to +justify his opposition, while at the same time totally ignoring +all of the undisputed facts that evidence his outrageous conduct +directed at injuring INSLAW. + + First, the Bua Report's conclusion that at least some of the +positions taken by Brewer appear to have been well-founded is not +only wrong, but also is a facially obvious effort to obfuscate +the fact that virtually all of the substantive positions and +actions taken by DOJ, at the direction of Brewer, were not well- +founded. In this regard, the Bua Report credits Brewer for a +grand total of two correct positions, to the exclusion of all of +the incorrect positions. More particularly, the Bua Report states +that Brewer was correct to object to the extent that the Hamilton +memorandum claimed that all software developed after May 1981 was +proprietary, since the five BJS enhancements that were under +development would have been in the public +domain. INSLAW did not then, nor has it ever, disputed this +fact, and the memorandum did not take a contrary position. +Additionally, the Bua Report credits Brewer for correctly arguing +that INSLAW had received some federal funding after May 1981. +Once again, while this funding may have taken place, INSLAW was +not asserting any proprietary rights for software developed from +government funding under contracts containing federal data rights +clauses. Moreover, the specific contracts referenced in the Bua +Report did not encompass any software development work; +therefore, none of the proprietary enhancements was developed +using government money. Thus, the only two points on which the +Bua Report agrees with Brewer are non-issues, and serve only to +cloud the otherwise obvious wrongful conduct undertaken by +Brewer. + + The Bua Report ignores the fact that at an April 14, 1982 +meeting, Brewer actively considered terminating for the +government's convenience the month-old PROMIS Contract in +retaliation for INSLAW's letter to Morris. (Brewer, T. 1673; PX +23) In his testimony at trial, Brewer's deputy, Jack Rugh, +acknowledged that such a termination at that time would have been +"ludicrous." (Rugh, T. 1471; Brewer, T. 1673; PX 23) In addition, +Brewer discussed reprisals against INSLAW on its several other +contracts with DOJ, one of which was the BJS contract for +specific PROMIS enhancement development work which was not part +of the PROMIS enhancements claimed as proprietary by INSLAW. +(Hamilton, T. 114; PX 24) + + Another contract discussed at the April 14, 1982 meeting was +awarded to INSLAW in 1981 by DOJ to perform a needs analysis and +system design for PROMIS in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the +District of Columbia. (PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 122; Brewer, T. +1634, 1673; Hamilton, T. 141; PX 232) The authorized second phase +of this contract would have been a PROMIS implementation effort +by INSLAW at an estimated contract price of $600,000. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 123-124; Hamilton, T. 141-142) It was noted +during the April 14th meeting that DOJ was undecided about +whether to proceed with the contract's second phase and that +Brewer and Rugh would meet with the District of Columbia's U.S. +Attorney's Office staff to decide what would be done on the +contract. (PX 23) It was further noted that cancellation of the +authorized second phase would adversely affect INSLAW's ability +to keep its overhead rate in line with EOUSA expectations. (PX +23) + + Stating that he wanted to discuss the BJS contract with +INSLAW, Brewer demanded a meeting with INSLAW for April 19, 1982. +(PX 24; Brewer, T. 1638) + + At the outset of the meeting on April 19, 1982, Brewer +informed James Kelley, INSLAW's General Counsel, and Joyce Deroy +of INSLAW that his concern on the BJS contract arose from the +"scurrilous" memorandum written by Hamilton which was attached to +INSLAW's April 2, 1982 notice to Morris of its plans to market +Enhanced PROMIS. (PX 25; PX 26; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 137; +Brewer, T. 1671) + + As of this meeting, Brewer understood from Hamilton's +memorandum that INSLAW was asserting its ownership rights in +Enhanced PROMIS, as well as its right to market Enhanced PROMIS. +(PX 25; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 141) + + During the April 19, 1982 meeting, Brewer again referred to +the Hamilton memo and launched into a very emotional, even +belligerent, tirade. (PX 26; Brewer, T. 1639; Kelley, +T. 1397) During this part of the discussion of the Hamilton +memo, Brewer made a number of specific statements regarding the +memo. (PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 143) He stated that the Hamilton +memo was unnecessary because in Brewer's view DOJ had already +acknowledged INSLAW's right to sell Enhanced PROMIS. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 144-145) Nevertheless, and despite the obvious +inconsistency, it was Brewer's further understanding, he said, +that while INSLAW had the right to sell Enhanced PROMIS, DOJ had +unlimited rights to such software, including the right "to give +it away" to those very public and private sector entities to +which INSLAW would be attempting to market PROMIS. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 146-147; Brewer, T. 1683-1684) DOJ has the +audacity to contend that "[it] is in no way inconsistent" for +INSLAW to have "the right to sell . . . PROMIS" at the same time +that DOJ has "unlimited rights" to give PROMIS away to INSLAW's +intended customers. (DRPPFF 167) + + Brewer also questioned INSLAW's ability to perform the +PROMIS Contract and indicated that a number of people at DOJ were +upset with INSLAW and that the Hamilton memo had caused all kinds +of problems. (PX 26; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 172, 174-175) Brewer +further questioned the quality and timeliness of INSLAW's work, +citing the Illinois Criminal Justice Coordinating Council, the +Michigan Prosecuting Attorneys' Association and others as sources +of this information. (PX 26; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 175-176) + + Finally, Brewer strongly challenged INSLAW's right to claim +ownership of, and complete domain over, Enhanced PROMIS. (PX 26; +PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 177) + + Another matter of discussion by Brewer at the April 19, 1982 +meeting was a supplemental request for payment from INSLAW in the +amount of $125,000 in regard to the BJS contract (PX 324 [Brewer] +at pp. 141-142; Brewer, T. 1638, 1679; Hamilton, T. 144, 200). +Brewer contacted the superior of the contracting officer on the +BJS contract and asked that a "preliminary notice" of default be +issued on the contract2 as well as a reprimand to INSLAW for +failing to comply with the "Limitation of Cost Clause." (PX 27) +Subsequent to the meeting and at Brewer's insistence, INSLAW +agreed to absorb this $125,000 expense into the PROMIS Contract +without increasing the total cost of the PROMIS Contract and +without any additional payment under the BJS Contract. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 276-278; Brewer, T. 1640; Hamilton, T. 145)3 + + Subsequent to the April 19, 1982 meeting, Brewer met with +officials of the District of Columbia U.S. Attorney's Office to +recommend that they not go forward with Phase II of the contract. +(PX 232; PX 237; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 123; Brewer, T. 1674) +INSLAW was not formally notified of this decision until August +25, 1982, although it had successfully completed Phase I of the +D.C. U.S. Attorney's Contract on May 31, 1982. (Hamilton, T. 142; +PX 37; PX 38; PX 48) This formal notice was given just 13 days +after INSLAW received a letter from Deputy Attorney General +Stanley Morris dated August 11, 1982, which noted that INSLAW +could assert proprietary rights to any privately financed +PROMIS enhancements. (Hamilton, T. 138-140, 277; Merrill, T. 775- +776; PX 36) + + Brewer played a very important role in the decision not to +go forward with Phase II of the D.C. U.S. Attorney's Office +contract. (PX 232; PX 237; PX 324 [Brewer] at p. 124) Brewer +identified the purported basis for this decision, in part, as his +understanding that INSLAW was not able to perform because of the +demands being made upon INSLAW under the new three-year, PROMIS +Contract (PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 124-125; Brewer, T. 1635), +notwithstanding that the latter contract had only been in effect +a few months. + + Based on prior discussions with DOJ officials, INSLAW had +been led to believe that it would be awarded Phase II of the D.C. +U.S. Attorney's Office contract and had planned upon $600,000 of +revenue from Phase II for estimating its overhead rate for all of +its DOJ contracts and grants. (Hamilton, T. 143-144; Merrill, T. +774) After the decision not to go forward with Phase II had been +made, Brewer was informed by INSLAW's comptroller, Murray Hannon, +that denial of the $600,000 Phase II contract resulted in a +precipitous increase in INSLAW's overhead within a few months of +the decision, as Brewer had been forewarned would happen. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at p. 125) + + Finally, while the Bua Report went out of its way in an +attempt to exonerate Brewer, it is noteworthy that the Bua Report +did not even address the unrefutable fact that DOJ failed totally +to act upon, let alone consider, INSLAW's repeated assertions of +bias on the part of Brewer. As Judge Bryant found: + + INSLAW attributed its troubles to an acute bias on the + part of Brewer, who according to it was intent on + running the company out of business. INSLAW lodged many + complaints of bias and made several requests of DOJ to + investigate these complaints and give some relief from + what it perceived to be grossly unfair treatment. _DOJ + made no meaningful response to these complaints_, and + INSLAW's fortunes did not change. (Emphasis added.) (D. + Ct. Mem. Op., p. 6) + C. DOJ Obtained Enhanced PROMIS through Fraud and + Deceit + + + The Bua Report concluded that "[t]he evidence we have +compiled to date does not support a finding that DOJ employees +intentionally deceived or defrauded INSLAW, or that there was a +scheme to trick INSLAW into turning over its proprietary +software." (Page 125) This conclusion purportedly is supported on +the basis of a review of the deposition and trial testimony, +documents and interviews of "many of the individuals involved," +and the review of additional unspecified documentary evidence. +Not surprisingly, the Bua Report does not disclose the identity +of every one of the individuals interviewed or the "additional +documentary evidence" reviewed. In fact, however, virtually none +of the witnesses offered by INSLAW during the trial was +interviewed by the authors of the Bua Report, and those who were +interviewed commented at the time on the perfunctory character of +the inquiry. Indeed, it is astonishing that the authors of the +Bua Report could conclude, on the basis of interviews with DOJ +personnel conducted over 10 years after the events in question +and following an extensive trial and extraordinary post-trial +publicity, that those individuals acted only in the "best +legitimate interests of the government. " (Page 125) To accept +the self-serving, long after-the fact and post hoc +rationalizations of these individuals over their testimony at +trial, which testimony clearly evidenced their propensity for +lying and covering up the truth, as found by two federal courts, +is ludicrous.4 + + 1. The Advance Payment Dispute + + Under the PROMIS Contract, INSLAW was entitled to receive +payments in advance of the waiting period usually necessary to +process an invoice. In order to qualify for the advance payment +clause, INSLAW had to represent that it was not then capable of +obtaining financing from banks or other traditional commercial +sources. The contract also contained a provision that prohibited +INSLAW from pledging its rights under the contract. + + In November 1982, INSLAW informed DOJ that it had violated +inadvertently a technical covenant in the contract by assigning +its government invoices as collateral for a bank line of credit +that it had obtained in April 1982. DOJ responded to this by +threatening to terminate the advance payment clause and by +demanding that INSLAW turn over a copy of its software to DOJ. +The bankruptcy court found that the advance payment dispute was +manufactured, without justification, as a mechanism to injure +INSLAW and to require INSLAW to provide DOJ with a copy of the +software that would, in turn, enable DOJ to implement the +software in-house. + + The Bua Report rejected the conclusion reached by the +bankruptcy court. In doing so, the authors of the Bua Report seek +to justify the conduct of DOJ on the basis that DOJ's action +was predicated upon its belief that INSLAW had "lied" to it. +They conclude that it was the misrepresentations by INSLAW +concerning its ability to obtain outside financing that was the +primary reason for DOJ giving notice of termination of advance +payments. The authors of the Bua Report assert that, after +viewing the "demeanor" of the contracting officer, they concluded +that his version was believable on this point. This conclusion, +however, ignores virtually all of the evidence in the record +relating to this subject. + + First, the record is undeniably clear that, on February 19, +1982, prior to the issuance of the contract, when INSLAW sought +the so-called advance payment provision, commercial bank +financing was not available. Thus, INSLAW's representation to DOJ +at that time was correct and most certainly was not a lie. In +April 1982, largely on the strength of the $10 million contract +award, INSLAW was able to secure an additional line of credit +from the Bank of Bethesda. This credit was obtained, in part, +based upon the pledge of the receivables to the Bank. Thus, +contrary to the assertion in the Bua Report, INSLAW was not in +the process of obtaining commercial financing at the time that it +represented in its formal request that it was unable to do so, +and there is no conflict in the representation made in February, +prior to the contract, and the subsequent effort to obtain +financing in April, after the contract. The effort to obtain +financing took place later, and was predicated on the award of +the contract. Thus, INSLAW neither lied nor misrepresented +anything to DOJ. + + Notwithstanding, there is no dispute that the pledging of +the receivables resulted in a technical violation of the +contract. In November 1982, this technical violation was +discovered by DOJ's auditor Robert Whitely and discussed by him +with INSLAW. At that time, Whitely told INSLAW that he was fully +satisfied with the foregoing explanation and that, since DOJ was +in no way negatively impacted by the line of credit or the +pledge, he would not raise any question in the current audit +about this matter. Whitely fully acknowledged these facts, and +particularly the fact that the government was not placed in any +financial risk as a result of the technical violation. (PX 345 +[Whitely] at pp. 36-38, 40-44; Whitely, T. 1673-1764; Hamilton, +T. 166-167) However, when Whitely met with Videnieks and Brewer +and indicated his discovery of the technical violation, they +seized on the issue and maneuvered it into a controversy when +none really existed. Whitely later testified at trial that he had +been concerned about INSLAW's near insolvency, but could not +produce any contemporaneous documentation to verify the +truthfulness of such claims. + + Second, despite considerable written discussions within DOJ +concerning this matter, there is no record whatsoever of any DOJ +employees stating their belief that INSLAW had lied to them. In +fact, while Brewer and the contracting officer purportedly were +concerned about a substantial deterioration in the financial +condition of INSLAW, as well as other concerns that they +enumerated in writing, at no time did they state their belief +that INSLAW had engaged in any misrepresentations. Nor did they +seek to justify their conduct on that basis during their +depositions or at trial. In short, while they may have asserted +this so-called "lie" argument to the authors of the Bua Report, +over 10 years after the fact, they most certainly did not raise +this argument at any earlier time. + + Third, the entire premise on which DOJ threatened to +terminate the advance payment provision (i.e., the deteriorating +financial condition of INSLAW) was found by the bankruptcy +court to be a complete fabrication and a pretext for +demanding access to the computer software. Not surprisingly, this +wealth of evidence was totally ignored in the Bua Report. + + For example, despite the expressed concerns about the +financial condition of INSLAW, neither Brewer nor Videnieks could +identify any evidence which led them to believe that INSLAW's +financial condition had substantially deteriorated since the +award of the PROMIS contract in March 1982, nor any evidence of +any fraud. (PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 232-233; 241-245; Brewer, T. +1630; Videnieks, 207-208) In fact, Brewer and Videnieks were +mistaken in their assumption that INSLAW's financial condition +had deteriorated during the latter half of 1982; INSLAW was much +stronger in December 1982 than at the time the PROMIS contract +began. (Hamilton, T. 162) In fact, during 1982, INSLAW was able +to increase a previously existing line of credit of $700,000 with +First American Bank to a $1.2 million line of credit from the +Bank of Bethesda. (Hamilton, T. 159; Merrill, T. 799) In +addition, between August and December 1982, INSLAW entered into +the co-marketing agreement with IBM. (Hamilton, T. 160; Merrill, +T. 799) Perhaps most important is the fact that INSLAW had +obtained the PROMIS contract, and prospects were strong for +successful completion of the contract. (Hamilton, T. 160-161; +Sherzer, T. 958-959) + + Notwithstanding the evidence to the contrary, Brewer +informed Tyson, Director of EOUSA, about these same unsupported +concerns. (PX 49; Hamilton, T. 156-157) In a December 9, 1982 +memo to Tyson, Brewer raised the following issues: + + a. The prospect of INSLAW's bankruptcy; + + b. The possible need for in-house EOUSA personnel to + take over the PROMIS Project; + + c. Substantial questions of fraud being raised by + INSLAW's accounting practices; + + d. The need for close auditing review of INSLAW's + costs, particularly overhead and computer center + costs; and + + e. The prospect of terminating the PROMIS Contract. + (PX 49; Hamilton, T. 156-156) + + The December 9 memo also expressly detailed EOUSA's +commencement of planning for carrying-on the PROMIS Contract +Project in-house, using EOUSA employees ". . . in the event of +trouble" and stated that DOJ had "demanded, as is our right, from +INSLAW copies of all software documentation ...." (PX 49) +(Emphasis added.) This planning was not disclosed at any time by +DOJ to INSLAW. (Hamilton, T. 165) Had this planning been +disclosed to INSLAW, INSLAW would not have turned its software +over to DOJ pursuant to Modification 12. (Hamilton, T. 165-166) + + The December 9, 1982 Brewer memo was based on several +fundamental misconceptions. First, INSLAW had not incurred +$975,000 of additional bank debt, but $275,000, and the +additional borrowing was necessary to defray partially $344,000 +that DOJ then owed INSLAW +for its time-sharing services. (Hamilton, T. 157-158) +Second, Brewer misconstrued the Advance Payments provision of the +contract as a mechanism for "payment-in-advance" when it was +merely a contractual procedure for DOJ's timely payment of +INSLAW's vouchers for work already completed. (Hamilton, T. 158) +Third, Brewer erroneously concluded that INSLAW had +"reprogrammed" $100,000 in contributions to the INSLAW employee +profit-sharing plan because INSLAW had not yet deposited the +annual contribution, when, in fact, the deposit was not yet due +and owing. (Hamilton, T. 158-159) Fourth, Brewer incorrectly +concluded that the nature of INSLAW's indebtedness had become +"desperate" by December 1982, when, in fact, INSLAW believed it +had just obtained DOJ's " sign-off" to its rights to license its +privately-financed enhancements, had established its first sales +and marketing unit, and had consummated a national co-marketing +arrangement with IBM for the public sector. (Hamilton, T. 159- +161) Fifth, Brewer confused a version of PROMIS developed under +the Pilot contract using a COBOL compiler that the hardware +manufacturer (PRIME) had subsequently discontinued, with a +version developed by INSLAW's European subsidiary based on +current compiler technology; as a consequence of his lack of +understanding, Brewer had suggested possible fraudulent +accounting practices at INSLAW. (Hamilton, T. 162-165) INSLAW's +independent public accountants had, in fact, reviewed and +approved the accounting transactions. (Hamilton, T. 165) + + The Bua Report concludes that DOJ's actions concerning the +advance payments were fully justified by the memoranda they wrote +concerning the matter. According to the Bua Report, "[t]o believe +that DOJ's concerns about INSLAW's financial health were actually +a pretext, would require a finding that certain DOJ employees +were so prescient that they created numerous internal documents, +and indeed even misled their superiors, just so that they could +defend themselves against a claim of theft years later." No such +finding would be required. In fact, the only finding that is +necessary is that Brewer, for all of the reasons found by the +bankruptcy court, set about to manufacture a reason to justify +obtaining the software. There is nothing unusual in employees +attempting to paper the record in an effort to justify their +actions and that is exactly what happened here. The evidence +amply supports the bankruptcy court's findings that DOJ's +justification for seeking the software and cancelling the advance +payments provisions was unsupportable. + + In an effort to justify the conduct of DOJ, the authors of +the Bua Report go to great lengths to rebut the conclusion of the +bankruptcy court that Brewer and Videnieks had no basis to +believe that INSLAW was near insolvency and that Whitely's +testimony in support of this argument was manufactured solely for +use at trial. According to the report, "Judge Bason stated this +conclusion after finding that Whitely never prepared any report, +that Whitely never referred to INSLAW's potential insolvency in +his deposition, and that Videnieks did not mention Whitely in his +deposition." The report concluded that "all of these factual +assertions appear to be just plain wrong." (Page 131-132) In +fact, Judge Bason was absolutely correct and it is the authors of +the Bua Report that are "just plain wrong." + + Judge Bason first found that neither Brewer nor Videnieks at +their depositions could identify any evidence to demonstrate a +substantial deterioration in INSLAW's financial condition, +notwithstanding repeated opportunities during their +depositions to provide such evidence.5 While Videnieks did +suggest that he had been informed by the audit staff of the +possibility of INSLAW's financial failure, this was not evidence +of any deterioration in the financial condition of INSLAW. Judge +Bason next found that while Whitely asserted at trial his +conclusion regarding potential insolvency, Whitely did not +prepare a written report or any other document which "detailed" +his alleged conclusions. Judge Bason concluded, quite reasonably, +that if Whitely had reached such an obviously important, if not +critical, conclusion regarding the financial condition of INSLAW, +it would have been documented in his work papers, which it was +not. In fact, on rebuttal, INSLAW adduced the testimony of +Whitely's successor, Ms. Schacht, who testified that there was no +reference to such purported insolvency in the DOJ audit file nor +any discussions on this subject within DOJ's auditing group. +(Schacht, T. 2452) Not surprisingly, DOJ was unable to produce +any such written records that supported Whitely's trial +testimony, since none existed. While Whitely may have said he +prepared "work papers," the facts prove otherwise. Finally, Judge +Bason found that Whitely's other conclusions concerning the Irish +subsidiary receivable and the capitalization of software +development costs were directly contrary to the considered +opinion of Arthur Young & Co., a recognized independent +international auditing firm, which had given INSLAW, a "clean," +unqualified audit opinion as to its financial condition, and +itself was the source of INSLAW's accounting treatment of its +capitalization. (Whitely, T. 1777-1779) + + Obviously, Judge Bason was fully justified, based on the +record before him, in concluding that the basis for the advance +payment dispute was totally unjustified and manufactured. The Bua +Report does nothing to refute the conclusions reached by Judge +Bason, and its efforts to attack Judge Bason in this regard are +pathetic. + + 2. DOJ's Demand for the Software + + The bankruptcy court concluded that DOJ knowingly set out to +obtain the version of PROMIS to which it was not entitled under +the contract and which DOJ understood contained proprietary +enhancements belonging to INSLAW. The district court concurred +with this conclusion: + + Thus, the court is drawn to the same conclusion reached + by the bankruptcy court; the government acted willfully + and fraudulently to obtain property that it was not + entitled to under the contract. (D. Ct. Opinion, p. 34) + + The Bua Report stated that this conclusion required proof +that DOJ set out to obtain something to which it was not +entitled. Because DOJ purported initially only to seek the public +domain version of the software, the Bua Report concludes that +proof of DOJ's fraudulent intent is missing. The Bua Report +concludes that INSLAW had failed to maintain a contract version +of +PROMIS and that, had they done so, there would have been no +proprietary rights dispute, since INSLAW's production of such a +version would have satisfied any obligation it had under the +contract. This entire argument displays a fundamental +misunderstanding of the contract. + + First, the contract contemplated that DOJ promptly would +select the computer it wished to have installed at the 20 largest +U.S. Attorneys' Offices and that INSLAW would then implement the +public domain software on that hardware. This software then +consisted of two separate parts: the Pilot Project version and +the 5 BJS enhancements. Until DOJ selected its computer hardware, +there was no reason for INSLAW to maintain a separate public +domain version consisting of these then two separate and non- +integrated parts. The integration of the five BJS enhancements +with the Pilot Project version had to be done after DOJ selected +the specific computer hardware. The Pilot Project used PRIME +computers, and DOJ had not determined what brand and model of +computers it would buy for the 20 largest U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. For example, DOJ would not have reimbursed INSLAW to +create a separate Pilot Project PLUS five BJS enhancement version +for operation on a particular brand and model computer such as +the VAX mid-range computer from Digital Equipment Corporation +unless and until DOJ selected VAX for the 20 U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. Instead, DOJ selected PRIME. + + Second, contrary to the assertion in the Bua Report, INSLAW +did have a version of public domain PROMIS that was frozen and +bug free. The U. S . Attorneys' Offices in San Diego and Newark +were each operating the Pilot Project version of PROMIS, and +INSLAW was supporting that version and keeping it "bug free." The +five BJS enhancements had not been created at the time of the +original Pilot Project implementation. Whatever hardware DOJ +selected would also be used to replace the hardware in the San +Diego and Newark Pilot Project offices. Consequently, while +INSLAW ultimately would have to implement the Pilot Project +version, as supplemented by the BJS enhancements in each of the +two Pilot Project offices as well as in the other 20 largest U.S. +Attorneys' Offices, INSLAW could not reasonably have begun to add +the five BJS enhancements to the bug-free Pilot Project version +until DOJ made its computer hardware selection. DOJ had not made +its selection of the hardware by the time DOJ demanded the time- +sharing version of PROMIS. + + Third, the conclusion of the Bua Report that DOJ was unaware +of the fact that the version it sought contained the proprietary +enhancements is wrong. It is undisputed that during the period of +time before DOJ selected its hardware, it was understood that +INSLAW would accommodate DOJ by allowing the larger offices +access to INSLAW's computer in Maryland (not Virginia) on a time- +sharing basis. It was expected that DOJ would order the hardware +promptly, so that this accommodation would be short term. Since +it was not possible to implement the contracted-for version until +the hardware was selected, there was no reason to maintain a +separate copy of that version, and DOJ certainly knew this fact. + + For this temporary time-sharing accommodation to DOJ, INSLAW +used its proprietary VAX version of PROMIS in which other +proprietary enhancements also had been included ("the time- +sharing version") There was no contractual requirement that +INSLAW provide DOJ with this time-sharing software, and therefore +INSLAW had, quite properly, not anticipated that DOJ would demand +the underlying software which contained these proprietary +enhancements. Indeed, no one connected to the contract ever +contemplated the delivery to DOJ of the time-sharing version, +since this version was being used merely as a short-term +accommodation. As DOJ was +not expected ever to take delivery of the time-sharing +version, INSLAW could reasonably have planned to use its +proprietary version in the time-sharing service, because this +improved version would enable INSLAW to provide more responsive +time-sharing services to each of the largest U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. + + When DOJ demanded that INSLAW turn over its PROMIS software, +DOJ still had not selected either the minicomputer or the word +processing hardware that would ultimately be used to run +minicomputer PROMIS at the 20 larger offices and the word +processor-based case tracking software at the 74 smaller offices. +Thus, DOJ was not at that time prepared to implement the version +of PROMIS called for under the terms of the contract and, indeed, +INSLAW could not prepare the contracted-for version of PROMIS for +DOJ until DOJ had decided which minicomputer hardware to procure. +Therefore, when DOJ used the pretense of threatened termination +of advance payments as leverage to obtain the software, it had to +know that it was seeking the enhanced time-sharing version of +PROMIS to which it was not entitled under the contract, and which +DOJ understood contained proprietary enhancements belonging to +INSLAW. + + Finally, contrary to the assertion in the Bua Report, +whether DOJ had knowledge that it was seeking the time-sharing +version at the time it sent its initial request letter is not a +critical issue, because DOJ clearly understood that it was +seeking the proprietary version at the time it negotiated +Modification 12. By that time, there is no dispute that DOJ was +aware that the software it was demanding was the version +containing the proprietary enhancements. Even the Bua Report +concedes that by the time the parties were negotiating +Modification 12, INSLAW had informed DOJ that the VAX version of +PROMIS being provided under the time-sharing arrangements +contained enhancements that INSLAW considered proprietary. (Page +136) + + In fact, beginning at least as early as February 4, 1983, +when DOJ and INSLAW met to discuss DOJ's threatened +discontinuation of the advance payment provision, DOJ +specifically was put on notice that its simultaneous demand for +the underlying software would require INSLAW to turn over the +proprietary version of that software. Immediately upon learning +of this fact, there is no dispute that DOJ refused to resolve the +advance payment issue independently of the software issue, +notwithstanding that the two issues were unrelated. Indeed, as +even the Bua Report acknowledged, "from at least this point on, +DOJ collapsed the negotiations of the advance payment dispute +into the negotiations of the software request and the proprietary +rights issue." (Page 28) Thus, when DOJ used the pretense of +threatened termination of advance payments as leverage to obtain +the enhanced time-sharing software, it knowingly set out to +obtain a version of PROMIS to which it was not entitled under the +contract, and which DOJ understood contained proprietary +enhancements belonging to INSLAW. + + Even if DOJ started out to obtain nothing more than the +contracted-for version (albeit for improper purposes), DOJ +clearly was seeking the proprietary version at the time it put +into effect its plan to "get the goods"6 via Modification 12. As +such, the absence of evidence that DOJ +knew, when it initially requested a copy of the PROMIS +codes, that it would obtain something other than the contract +version is irrelevant; the evidence is undisputed that it knew +that it was going to receive the proprietary version when it set +about to obtain that version without any intention to negotiate +in good faith over its use. Thus, there is no "great weakness" in +Judge Bason's conversion theory. + + 3. The Negotiation of Modification 12 + + The parties thereafter entered into negotiations to resolve +both the proprietary rights and advance payment issues, +ultimately resulting in the execution of Modification 12 to the +contract. The Bua Report acknowledges that, without regard to +whatever rights DOJ had to the software prior to Modification 12, +DOJ clearly was "bargaining away" some of its rights when it +agreed to enter into Modification 12, and moreover, was +obligating itself to "live up" to the terms of that Modification. +(Page 136-137) + + Under this Modification, INSLAW agreed to turn over its +proprietary software on the basis of certain explicit commitments +by DOJ. First, DOJ was to bargain in good faith to identify the +proprietary enhancements contained within enhanced PROMIS. +Second, DOJ was to decide within a reasonable time which +enhancements it wanted to use, and to the extent that it did not +want to use certain of these enhancements, to direct INSLAW to +remove the enhancements it did not want. Third, DOJ was to +bargain in good faith with INSLAW as to the price to be paid for +those enhancements it did want. + + The bankruptcy court found that DOJ never intended to meet +its commitments under Modification 12 and that once DOJ had +received Enhanced PROMIS pursuant to Modification 12, DOJ +thereafter refused to bargain in good faith with INSLAW. DOJ +instead "engaged in an outrageous, deceitful, fraudulent game of +cat and mouse, demonstrating contempt for both the law and any +principle of fair dealing." While conceding that DOJ's conduct +following execution of Modification 12 was subject to criticism +and demonstrated "poor judgment," the Bua Report rejected the +bankruptcy court's finding of DOJ fraud under Modification 12, +based largely upon its post hoc meetings with Rugh and Videnieks: + + Bankruptcy Judge Bason found that DOJ "never intended + to meet its commitment" under Modification 12. We do + not believe the evidence supports this finding. The + weight of the evidence demonstrates that the DOJ + employees involved reviewed INSLAW's submissions in + good faith, and responded in ways that they + subjectively believed were within the government's + legitimate rights under the contract. We find no + evidence of bad faith or intentional wrongdoing. + + This conclusion is belied by any reasonable and objective +review of the facts relating to this matter. It is also belied by +the very reasoning adopted by the authors of the Bua Report. +The authors conclude that DOJ had an affirmative obligation +to "live up" to the procedures contained in Modification 12 and +in a March 18, 1983 letter written by Videnieks which provides +the foundation for Modification 12. Together, these documents +clearly obligated DOJ to negotiate in good faith with INSLAW to +determine which of the enhancements were proprietary and, +thereafter, which of those enhancements DOJ wanted to be included +in the software delivered under the contract. The Bua Report +found that DOJ failed to negotiate with INSLAW regarding an +acceptable methodology for determining which enhancements were +proprietary. Indeed, the Bua Report concluded that DOJ refused to +accept the methodology proposed by INSLAW, refused to explain the +basis of that rejection, and refused to provide INSLAW with the +methodology that would be acceptable to DOJ. In fact, the Bua +Report concluded that "[i]t is difficult for us to see a good +reason not to tell INSLAW what criticism DOJ had of INSLAW's +methodology ... it was in neither party's interest to have INSLAW +guessing about what was the problem with the methodology." (Page +139) Yet, notwithstanding having concluded that DOJ was obligated +to negotiate in good faith to live up to its commitments under +the Modification, and having concluded that DOJ failed to do so +for no "good reason," the Bua Report concludes that these two +failures were not done in bad faith. By definition alone, they +most certainly were. Moreover, when put in context, DOJ's actions +clearly were a continuation of the ongoing bad faith conduct +directed at INSLAW during the entirety of the contract. + + By way of background, when DOJ persisted in its attempts to +tie resolution of the advance payment issue to the proprietary +rights issue, INSLAW initially proposed that the parties enter +into an escrow agreement pursuant to which DOJ would receive the +software if, and only if, INSLAW went into bankruptcy. (PX 68; +Hamilton, T. 167-168; Brewer, T. 1693-1694; Merrill, T. 791) + + Although certain DOJ personnel recommended INSLAW's third- +party escrow proposal, it was rejected by Brewer and Videnieks, +because they could not thereby immediately obtain the software. +(PX 73) Videnieks and Brewer discussed this issue on or about +March 28, 1983 and decided to propose a letter response to +INSLAW's government contracts counsel, Harvey Sherzer, indicating +DOJ's intent "to back off [Advance payments] discontinuation and +promising non-dissemination [of PROMIS software] in return for +delivery of information demanded on 12/6~ (PX 73) Videnieks +prepared a draft of this letter which Brewer then rewrote (PX +73). This letter was submitted to William Snider, Administrative +Counsel for Procurement, who previously had indicated his +preference for a bilateral agreement between the parties embodied +in a contract modification. (PX 73) + + A March 28 memo further recounts that Videnieks was in full +agreement with Brewer about the letter, indicating quite +significantly ". . . why do you need signature if you got the +goods?" (PX 73; Videnieks, T. 1837-1838) + + Snider quickly responded to the Brewer/Videnieks proposal on +March 29, "sharply disagreeing on this approach." (Videnieks, T. +1838) At this point, Brewer "forbade" Videnieks +from entering into a "Mod" of the contract. (PX 73)7 Brewer +did not want a bilateral agreement if he could "get the goods" +without it. (Brewer, T. 1704-1705) + + On April 5, 1983 Videnieks and Brewer had a telephone +conversation in which Brewer told Videnieks that he would +"protect" him from "backing down" to Sherzer and Hamilton. (PX +73) After this conversation, Videnieks checked with Snider and +"MH" [INSLAW's comptroller, Murray Hannon], who confirmed that a +contract modification protecting INSLAW's proprietary +enhancements was a precondition to INSLAW's delivery of the +software. (PX 73; Brewer, T. 1208) Brewer understood that INSLAW +wanted such protection and that INSLAW would remove any +enhancements that DOJ did not want. (Brewer, T. 1708-1709) + + DOJ's March 18, 1983 response to INSLAW's March 11 escrow +agreement proposal dismissed the proposal but did offer, in +consideration of "getting the goods," to agree not to disseminate +or disclose the PROMIS software beyond EOUSA and the U.S. +Attorney's Offices enumerated in the PROMIS contract pending +resolution and negotiation of the proprietary enhancements issue +"until the data rights of the parties to the contract are +resolved." (PX 70; PX 71; Merrill, T. 792; Brewer, T. 1689-1690; +Hamilton, T. 168) This proposal by Videnieks was basically the +methodology proposed and discussed at the February 4, 1983 +meeting. (Merrill, T. 792) + + The March 18 letter also stated that once the "data rights" +issue was resolved, DOJ would review INSLAW's proprietary +enhancements to decide which (if any) enhancements DOJ desired to +include in the PROMIS Contract software. (PX 70; PX 71) + + Videnieks specifically stated in his March 18 letter that +after the proprietary enhancements issue was resolved, DOJ: + + . . . will review the effect of any enhancements which + are determined to be proprietary, and then either + direct INSLAW to delete those enhancements from the + versions of PROMIS to be delivered under the contract + or negotiate with INSLAW regarding the inclusion of + those enhancements in that software. The Government + would then either destroy or return the "enhanced" + versions of PROMIS in exchange for the Government + PROMIS software including only those enhancements that + should be included in the software. If this course of + action is acceptable to INSLAW there would be no need + for an escrow agreement. (PX 70; PX 71; Videnieks, T. + 1813-1815) + + The enhancements which DOJ did not want would be removed +from the software delivered to DOJ. (PX 70; PX 71; Brewer, T. +1690-1691, 1709; Hamilton, T. 330-331) + INSLAW understood from Videnieks' letter that it was +necessary to resolve the issue of "proprietary enhancements" as +soon as possible because INSLAW was scheduled to deliver software +to the 20 largest U.S. Attorney's offices beginning in the Summer +of 1983. (PX 73; Hamilton, T. 169) INSLAW also understood from +Videnieks' letter that it was to identify the enhancements that +had been privately financed, with evidence of the source of +private funding, and an indication as to why the enhancements +were not required to be furnished under the terms of the +contract. (Hamilton, T. 170; PX 70; PX 71) + + Most importantly, INSLAW understood from Videnieks' letter +that DOJ would negotiate with INSLAW to purchase any privately +financed enhancements that it desired to keep in the software +deliverable under the contract. (Hamilton, T. 171; Merrill, T. +792-793; Gizzarelli, T. 534; Sherzer, T. 977-979; PX 341 [Tyson] +at pp. 205-207, 212-214; PX 336 [Snider] at pp. 91-96; PX 70; PX +71) + + As of the time of Videnieks' letter, INSLAW was fully +prepared to delete any or all enhancements that DOJ indicated it +did not desire pursuant to the process laid out in Videnieks' +letter. (Hamilton, T. 172-173; Merrill, T. 793) + + William Snider, Administrative Counsel for the Justice +Management Division ("JMD") and a prime negotiator of +Modification 12, understood that Modification 12 was intended to +implement Videnieks' letter of March 18 and the intent to +negotiate on proprietary enhancements stated in that letter. (PX +336 [Snider] at pp. 7, 90-96) In that regard, Snider further +understood that if DOJ wanted INSLAW's proprietary enhancements, +then it would pay INSLAW for such enhancements. (PX 336 [Snider] +at pp. 91-96) Indeed, Snider had informed INSLAW representatives +at a meeting prior to the execution of Modification 12 that DOJ +would negotiate compensation to INSLAW for all such enhancements +that DOJ wished to use. (Hamilton, T. 177; Sherzer, T. 977; +Merrill, T. 790-791) + + In fact, however, notwithstanding the obligation of DOJ to +negotiate in good faith, Brewer had no intention to negotiate. +Indeed, Videnieks, Rugh and Brewer all testified that +notwithstanding Modification 12, they had no understanding of any +obligation on DOJ's part to negotiate with INSLAW concerning the +time-sharing or any other PROMIS software. (PX 324 [Brewer] at p. +163; Brewer, T. 1691-1693) Brewer had discussed his understanding +of Modification 12 with a number of people at DOJ and his views +in that regard were shared by Brewer's staff and by Videnieks. +(PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 163-164) This glaring admission was +ignored totally in the Bua Report, since this admission made at +the time of the trial totally contradicts the purported +statements made by these individuals to the authors of the Bua +Report in their post hoc interviews. Given the fact of these +admissions and the fact that DOJ's actions subsequent to +Modification 12 were consistent with the admissions, it is +impossible to conclude that DOJ's conduct was not taken in bad +faith. Moreover, this conduct at a minimum was a violation of the +contractual obligations of DOJ under Modification 12 to negotiate +in good faith. + + In reviewing the entire factual record, Judge Bryant +concluded: + + Once the software was in the possession of DOJ, there + is no evidence that the government ever negotiated in + good faith over the existence of the proprietary + enhancements claimed by INSLAW. The DOJ put the entire + onus of proof on + INSLAW, yet never indicated what methodology or proof + would be acceptable. The contract entered into by the + parties entitled the government to the version of + PROMIS then in the public domain. _The expert witnesses + demonstrate that INSLAW did enhance the software with + private funds. By failing to acknowledge or accept + INSLAW's claims. the government continued its + fraudulent behavior toward INSLAW. This behavior + persisted long after INSLAW filed for reorganization_. + (Emphasis added.) (D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 40) + + In the face of the factual record before the two federal +courts, it is impossible to conclude that DOJ acted other than in +bad faith. Most of the conduct of its key employees is +indefensible. Its failure to investigate the assertion of bias +also is indefensible. Its repeated false representations to +INSLAW's attorneys, as described in detail by the two lower +courts, is inexcusable. As Judge Bryant found: + + The government accuses the bankruptcy court of looking + beyond the bankruptcy proceeding to find culpability by + the government. What is strikingly apparent from the + testimony and deposition of key witnesses and many + documents is that INSLAW performed its contract in a + hostile environment that extended from the higher + echelons of the Justice Department to the officials who + had the day-to-day responsibility for supervising its + work. (D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 36) + + Even the most cursory examination of the record leads to the +inescapable conclusion of bad faith on the part of DOJ. The Bua +Report's contrary conclusion, based upon its long-after-the-fact +"demeanor" interviews of the DOJ employees responsible for the +bad faith, is simply ridiculous. + + 4. The Implementation and Use of the PROMIS + Software Beyond the 20 Offices + + Under Modification 12, DOJ agreed that it would not +distribute the software received under the Modification beyond +the offices enumerated under the contract. Subsequent thereto, +DOJ began to install this software beyond the 20 offices for +which the software was designated. The Bua Report concluded that +it was neither improper nor unreasonable for DOJ to "self" +install PROMIS beyond the 20 larger offices designated to receive +this version of PROMIS under the contract. Once again, this +conclusion is belied by any responsible understanding of the +contract and the circumstances under which Modification 12 was +negotiated. + + The contract between INSLAW and DOJ involved two separate, +severable, and clearly + distinguishable tasks: + + 1. To create, generate and implement software to be + used on computers ("the computer-based software") + at 20 designated larger U.S. Attorney's Offices + (with an option, admittedly never exercised, to + expand this use, to up to thirty offices) + + 2. To create, generate and implement a different kind + of software to be used on specified word + processing equipment ("the word processing based + software") at some 74 smaller U.S. Attorneys' + Offices. (PX 17) + Thus, Paragraph 1.2 of the contract provides in part: + + 1.2 The Contractor shall implement PROMIS software and + procedures as modified for the U.S. Attorney's + environment on Government furnished mini-computers + located in the larger U.S. Attorneys' Offices. + Case tracking systems that have been developed to + operate on Government furnished word processing + equipment shall be installed in the smaller U.S. + Attorneys' Offices.... + + The parties clearly understood that these were separate +tasks, and required the development and creation by INSLAW of two +different and distinguishable kinds of software, each to be +implemented only within the designated types of offices specified +in the contract for that particular kind of software. (PX 324 +[Brewer] at pp. 215-217; Snider 54-56; Gizzarelli, T. 479, 488, +494-495; PX 341 [Tyson] at p. 41; Hamilton, T. 110-111,115, 132- +134; Merrill, T. 770-771) + The computer-based software generated for the 20 larger +computer-site offices, as specified in the contract, was to be +used only at those offices, and the word processing based +software to be developed and created by INSLAW was to be used +only at the 74 smaller offices. (Hamilton, T. 132-134; Merrill, +T. 764; Gizzarelli, T. 488, 497-499; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 215- +216) At no time during any meeting, either before or after the +contract was signed, did anyone from DOJ inform INSLAW that DOJ +believed that the computer-based software could be used beyond +these 20 offices. (Merrill, T. 770; Hamilton, T. 134) The +contract did provide, however, that DOJ could extend the +implementation of computer-based PROMIS to an additional 10 +offices at an added price which the contract specified (and the +parties understood) would be negotiated between the parties. +(Hamilton, T. 124; PX 17; Merrill, T. 769-770; Gizzarelli, T. 496- +499; PX 324 [Brewer] at pp. 215-216) + + In effect, it was as if there were two contracts calling for +two types of software to be delivered to two types of offices, a +fact clearly understood by DOJ. (Hamilton, T. 110-111, 132-134; +Merrill, T. 764; Gizzarelli, T. 488, 494, 497-499) At the time +that Modification 12 was executed, both aspects of the contract +were still operative. Modification 12 required INSLAW to produce +all "computer programs" and documentation for the time-sharing +version, the computer-based version, and the word processing +based version. (Merrill, T. 786; Sherzer, T. 980; Hamilton, T. +152, 2583-2588) DOJ never told INSLAW that it was not required to +produce all of this under Modification 12 or that INSLAW was +producing too much. (Merrill, T. 787) + + Contrary to the mindless conclusion reached by the Bua +Report, the provisions of Modification 12 must be read +consistently with the existing contract, the terms of which +(Modification 12 unequivocally states) were not otherwise +changed. (Gizzarelli, T. 535; Sherzer, T. 1030) Thus, DOJ's +agreement not to disseminate or use the software beyond the 94 +offices has to be read in the context of the two contract tasks +that existed at that time. This means that the computer-based +software would not be disseminated beyond the 20 designated +larger offices for which this software was being created and +developed, and the word processing based software would not be +disseminated beyond the 74 offices for which that type of +software was +being created and developed. (Merrill, T. 787-788; Hamilton, +T. 177-178; Gizzarelli, T. 535) + + Contrary to the baseless assertions in the Bua Report, +Modification 12 sought to effect delivery to DOJ of all computer +programs developed under the contract, as well as INSLAW's +proprietary enhancements then incorporated in the software. The +statement of work defines the software for the word processing +machines as computer programs, (Hamilton, T. 2583) and +subparagraphs 3 and 5 of Modification 12 specify the delivery of +software for operation on word processing machines (Hamilton, T. +2584-2586). In addition, Modification 12 was directly related to +and fully embodies the process and intent of Videnieks' letter of +March 18, 1983. (Hamilton, T. 173; Gizzarelli, T. 535-536; +Merrill, T. 793-794; PX 336 [Snider] at pp. 7, 90-96) + + Subsequently, when DOJ unilaterally terminated the word +processing part of the contract for the convenience of the +Government following the execution of Modification 12, the 74 +word processing offices dropped out, and all that remained were +the 20 offices that were to receive the computer-based version of +PROMIS (plus the never-exercised option to extend the latter +version to ten additional offices at additional cost). At no time +had anyone from DOJ informed INSLAW that it was DOJ's intention +to implement PROMIS beyond the 20 offices specified in the +contract. Thus, only these 20 offices were among those the +parties contemplated would receive the computer-based PROMIS, and +it was only these offices that could receive the INSLAW software +until the data rights issue was resolved. No one ever +contemplated that DOJ would have the right to disseminate the +computer-based software beyond the 20 offices, and most certainly +not while there was still a dispute over the ownership rights in +that software. + + Finally, whether DOJ had the right to implement the software +beyond the 20 offices, while clearly relevant in the context of +an automatic stay bankruptcy proceeding, is not relevant to the +more important question of whether DOJ had the right to continue +to use the proprietary software, without compensation to INSLAW, +after the data rights issue was determined in favor of INSLAW. +During the course of the bankruptcy proceedings, extensive +evidence was introduced that demonstrated that the software used +by DOJ was the proprietary, non-public domain version created by +INSLAW using non-government funding, and that this proprietary +software was not deliverable under the contract. Thus, even if +DOJ had the right to use the software until the data rights issue +was resolved, once that issue was resolved by the court in favor +of INSLAW, DOJ no longer could continue to use the software +without appropriate payment to INSLAW. Even DOJ has conceded that +its right to use the software under Modification 12 was limited +to the period of time during which the parties were required to +negotiate the data rights issue. DOJ understood that it could not +continue to keep the software to the extent it contained +proprietary enhancements without paying INSLAW for the right to +do so. Yet, notwithstanding the extensive findings of the +bankruptcy court, as affirmed in total by the federal district +court, that the software used by DOJ rightfully belonged to +INSLAW and that DOJ was not entitled to use that software, DOJ +has continued to use the software without compensating INSLAW + +II. BUA'S INVESTIGATION OF THE EVIDENCE THAT DOJ ATTEMPTED + TO CAUSE THE CONVERSION OF THE INSLAW BANKRUPTCY BY + IMPROPER MEANS -- THE "INDEPENDENT HANDLING" PROCEEDING + + + The Bua Report devotes 41 pages to an analysis of the +factual underpinnings of the bankruptcy court's findings in the +"Independent Handling" proceeding. + + The Independent Handling proceeding in the Spring of 1987 +arose from INSLAW's request to the bankruptcy court to insulate +the handling of the INSLAW Chapter 11 reorganization by DOJ's +U.S. Trustee's program from improper influence by DOJ's Executive +Office for U.S. Attorneys. Such improper influence was reflected +in the contemporaneous handwritten notes of DOJ Contracting +Officer Peter Videnieks that INSLAW obtained during the first +quarter of 1987 in litigation discovery. + + A separate adversarial hearing ensued on this subject, and +the bankruptcy court found that DOJ officials had, in fact, +secretly attempted in 1985 forcibly to convert INSLAW from a +Chapter 11 reorganization into a Chapter 7 liquidation in order +to prevent INSLAW from seeking redress in the courts for DOJ's +theft of the PROMIS software in April 1983. + + While noting that the covert DOJ liquidation effort was "not +free from doubt," the report concludes that there is +"insufficient evidence to support a finding that DOJ planned or +attempted to convert the Inslaw bankruptcy case or engaged in any +cover-up to conceal the conduct alleged." This portion of the +report demonstrates, once again, that the Bua investigation's +focus and, indeed, its predisposition, was not to investigate DOJ +wrongdoing previously demonstrated to two courts through fully +litigated factual findings, but, instead, to justify DOJ's +conduct and exonerate the wrongdoers. + + The report correctly states that INSLAW's evidence in the +proceeding consisted essentially of six parts: (1) statements and +testimony by Anthony Pasciuto, then Deputy Director of DOJ's +Executive Office for U.S. Trustees; (2) handwritten notes of +Peter Videnieks', DOJ's Contracting Officer for the INSLAW +contract; (3) testimony and notes of Gregory McKain, a senior +INSLAW computer software engineer; (4) evidence that U.S. Trustee +William White requested that the bankruptcy court add language +barring him from disclosing INSLAW data to anyone at the +Executive Office for U.S. Trustees; (5) statements and deposition +testimony of U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Cornelius Blackshear; and (6) +evidence regarding the planned transfer of Assistant U.S. Trustee +Harry Jones from New York to Washington to work on the INSLAW +case. + + The core of the bankruptcy court's findings rests on the +intertwined relationship between the Videnieks notes, Rugh and +McKain's testimony, and McKain's notes. Videnieks made +contemporaneous notes of a telephone conversation he had with +Brewer's deputy, Jack Rugh, on February 20, 1985 (13 days after +INSLAW filed its Chapter 11 petition): + + JR called re[garding] "our computer". Brick [Brewer] + talked to Stanton . . . "No way "11"-will be "7". Need + home for computer. + + Videnieks' notes document a conversation with "JR" [Jack +Rugh] and what Rugh, a computer system executive for EOUSA, said +"re[garding] our computer. "8 The words following "Brick talked +to Stanton. . ." are a quote of what Stanton, the Director of the +Executive Office for U.S. Trustees, said. Quotation marks are +used to bracket what Stanton said: "no way '11' -will be '7'." It +cannot reasonably be inferred, as the Bua investigators infer, +that these four prefatory words in a seamless line of thought and +preceding an obvious quote of Stanton are somehow disconnected +from the quote they precede. As justification for such a +conclusion, the report cites "a space in the notes between the +words 'Brick talked to Stanton' and the words 'no way 11 will be +7'." In fact, there are three dots after the word "Stanton," +indicating all the more that the phrases following are quotes and +are connected to the rest of the conversation. + + Rugh testified that the notes correctly summarized what he +had told Videnieks, but that the statement "No way 11-will be 7" +represented merely his own personal view that INSLAW would be +liquidated and not something Brewer had told him as a result of +Brewer's conversation with Stanton. Rugh also testified about +subsequently calling INSLAW's McKain and telling him that he did +not think INSLAW would survive in bankruptcy, and trying to +arrange for the future hiring of McKain by DOJ. + + McKain testified, however, that Rugh told him that they had +"talked to the trustees" and that the trustees said INSLAW was +not going to make it and that INSLAW would be out of business in +30 to 60 days. McKain made contemporaneous notes which were fully +consistent with his testimony. Moreover, he acted immediately in +a manner consistent only with his version of events: He went to +Mr. Hamilton and repeated what Rugh had told him, and asked +whether this was true. Incensed, Hamilton, in turn, had counsel +contact the local U.S. Trustee, who said that he had not made any +such prediction, that it must have come from the Executive Office +for U.S. Trustees, i.e., from Stanton's office. Although Rugh +acknowledged that he may have mentioned talking to the trustees, +he categorically denied telling McKain that the trustees had said +INSLAW would likely be liquidated in 30 to 60 days. + + The bankruptcy court was thus presented with a classic +credibility conflict: Rugh's testimony and McKain's testimony +were irreconcilable. The court found that McKain was telling the +truth and that Rugh was lying. This conclusion was based not +simply upon the court's assessment of the witnesses' relative +courtroom demeanor, but also upon the corroboration of McKain's +version provided by his consistent contemporaneous notes and his +and Hamilton's unmistakably consistent actions: having INSLAW's +counsel contact and complain to the U.S. Trustee. If, as Rugh +maintained, Rugh had merely said that he thought that the company +would +be liquidated, INSLAW might have complained to Rugh's +superior, Brewer, or to the bankruptcy court, but not to the U.S. +Trustee. + + The testimony by Rugh that his statements to McKain +represented only his "personal view" that INSLAW would not +survive -- as opposed to what Brewer had told him as a result of +his discussion with Stanton -- was extremely suspect on its face. +Rugh is a non-lawyer who acknowledged that he had known of only +one or two prior bankruptcy cases in his life. It is surely +unlikely that Rugh would have taken the step of contacting one of +INSLAW's chief computer software engineers and offering him a job +based only on his own layman's opinion that the company would not +survive. In addition, Videnieks' notes contain the statement +"need home for computer." This reflects a seeming certainty that +INSLAW would be put out of business imminently -- prompting the +need for Rugh or someone in EOUSA to take action to arrange a new +site for the DOJ computer then being used to operate PROMIS in +the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Maryland from +INSLAW's Maryland computer center. + + Finally, it was the threatened immediacy of liquidation +forecast by Rugh that provoked such an intense response by McKain +and, in turn, by Hamilton. Liquidation in 30 to 60 days was +completely inconsistent with the briefing from INSLAW's +bankruptcy counsel that McKain and all INSLAW employees had +received only days before, to the effect that INSLAW could expect +to operate normally during the Chapter 11 Reorganization. Now, +according to Rugh, the employees would be out of work in 30 to 60 +days. Even if it were plausible that Rugh had merely stated his +"personal view" about eventual liquidation, the notion that he +also expressed his "personal view" that it would happen in 30 to +60 days is simply inconceivable. Yet, if Rugh had not stated that +liquidation would likely occur very soon, McKain would not have +reacted as he did. + The bankruptcy court's resolution of the Rugh-McKain +credibility dispute is thus solidly grounded on corroborating +evidence. It is obvious that both McKain and Rugh gave the +testimony at issue under oath and subject to cross-examination in +a courtroom before a fact finder. It is hardly appropriate for +Special Counsel Bua -- on the basis of interviews of some of the +witnesses (McKain was not interviewed) five years removed from +that courtroom -- to opine that had he been there, he would have +resolved the dispute differently. That he would undertake to do +so, reflects a transparent effort to exonerate DOJ, whatever the +evidence. For example, the report argues that "there is no more +reason to think that Rugh is lying about this than there is to +think that McKain is." It further states, "If Rugh can be said to +have lied to help his employer, DOJ, it is equally plausible that +McKain lied to help his employer, INSLAW." This statement is +preposterous on its face. McKain's actions were taken in 1985, in +response to a call from Rugh, documented by contemporaneous notes +and corroborated by the undisputed actions of his employer +promptly thereafter. All of this occurred long before INSLAW had +knowledge of any basis for a lawsuit against DOJ. Accordingly, +these statements in the Bua Report are not only unfounded, but +they also represent a crude and totally unwarranted smear of +McKain. + + The bankruptcy court's findings on the Rugh-McKain conflict +buttress the court's other findings. The conclusion that Rugh, a +subordinate non-lawyer, knowingly gave false testimony about his +call to McKain to conceal the truth, supports the conclusion that +it is likely that Stanton did make a commitment to Brewer to seek +INSLAW's liquidation despite both of their denials. +Stanton's actions in trying to bring Assistant U.S. Trustee +Harry Jones from New York to work on the case were certainly +consistent with such a commitment. The court's conclusion that +Judge Blackshear's testimony at his initial deposition, and in +his statements in his three prior telephone conversations with +INSLAW's attorneys and another judge -- that White had told him +that Stanton was going to ask him to send Harry Jones to +Washington to seek conversion of the INSLAW case -- was truthful +and that his two subsequent recantations were not truthful, is +also supported by the finding that Rugh falsely denied telling +McKain that the trustees had said INSLAW would be out of business +shortly. + + The Bua Report's treatment of the Pasciuto testimony also +reflects an apparent preconception. It is perhaps difficult to +fully perceive from the cold record Pasciuto's evident anguish +and emotional turmoil in the courtroom. He was, at the time of +his testimony, Deputy Director of the Executive Office for U.S. +Trustees. Out of conscience, he had secretly met with the +Hamiltons and told them of the scheme to liquidate INSLAW two +years before, expecting that his friends, William White and Judge +Blackshear, both then no longer employed by the Trustees' Office, +would candidly support his statements. While Blackshear initially +did support Pasciuto's testimony, he quickly recanted, and White +denied any knowledge of such a scheme. Thus, at the time of his +testimony, Pasciuto, who was still employed at DOJ's Executive +Office for U.S. Trustees, had the worst of all possible worlds: +being exposed as a "whistle blower" to his boss and being left +out on a testimonial limb with no corroborative support. + + INSLAW's trial team included former federal prosecutors with +well over sixty years of active trial experience. Pasciuto's +testimony was some of the most dramatic these lawyers had ever +observed in a courtroom. When confronted with the fact of his +secret meeting with the Hamiltons, Pasciuto first admitted the +meeting and then said he could not recall making the key +statements he had made. He wondered aloud whether the Hamiltons +had tape recorded the session. + + The Hamiltons had not. He said he had met with the Hamiltons +to hurt Stanton, whom he disliked. Finally, when confronted with +the fact that he had made the same statements at a meeting with a +judge, the Honorable Lawrence Pierce of the United States Court +of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Pasciuto admitted that he had +made the statements. Ultimately, the bankruptcy court ruled that +Pasciuto's hearsay statements were inadmissible. Yet no one who +was in the courtroom when he testified could fail to have +concluded that something was terribly wrong at DOJ. + + That conclusion was enhanced by DOJ's subsequent treatment +of Pasciuto. An investigation by DOJ's Office of Professional +Responsibility ("OPR"), incredibly, found that but for Pasciuto's +conduct, "the department would be in a much better litigation +posture," and concluded that he should be fired. Eventually, he +was allowed to resign. Before the Congressional committees, +Pasciuto maintained that he had told the Hamiltons the truth in +the first place, and had backed away from it because of pressure +from DOJ and fear of losing his job. The House Judiciary +Committee's Investigative Report had criticized OPR's treatment +of the Pasciuto case. The Bua Report rejects this criticism of +OPR, opining that Pasciuto only professed to have told the +Hamiltons the truth when he was confronted by OPR's +recommendation that he be fired for having set out to hurt his +superior, Stanton, by making false statements to the Hamiltons. + Pasciuto's conduct, his testimony, and his subsequent +recantation are most logically explained by fear: fear that he +would not get the promotion he had long sought and fear that he +would be fired for telling the truth, as he eventually was. The +claim that he made it all up to hurt Stanton is, in light of the +corroborating evidence which exists, obviously false, as Pasciuto +now acknowledges. For OPR to accept this claim and proceed to +recommend the disciplinary action of termination based on it, was +a charade -- designed to avoid the politically unpleasant task of +investigating the more serious wrongdoing that the underlying +situation reflected. + + In 1987, the year the bankruptcy court released its oral +opinion adverse to DOJ, three Presidential $20,000 awards were +made to Senior Executive Service employees at DOJ. One award went +to Stuart Schiffer, at the time a Deputy Assistant Attorney +General in the Civil Division who had been criticized by the +bankruptcy court in the INSLAW litigation against DOJ. A second +award went to Michael Shaheen, head of OPR and the author of the +December 23, 1987 report recommending the termination of +Pasciuto. A separate $10,000 award, also one of three in DOJ for +the year 1987, was given to Lawrence McWhorter, an EOUSA official +who hired Brewer and whose testimony the bankruptcy court found +"totally unbelievable." McWhorter was also promoted that year to +Director of EOUSA. Thus, more than half -- $50,000 out of a total +of $90,000 -- available for distribution to senior executives +within DOJ for the year -- was distributed to key officials +involved in maintaining DOJ's claim of a lack of wrongdoing. This +startling fact is not mentioned in the Bua Report. + +III. BUA'S INVESTIGATION OF POST-TRIAL LEADS ABOUT A MORE + WIDELY RAMIFIED CONSPIRACY INVOLVING EARL BRIAN AND THE + INTELLIGENCE AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF THE UNITED + STATE AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS + + + A. Bua's Investigation of the Alleged Justice + Department Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS + Software to U.S. Government Law Enforcement and + Intelligence Agencies, Other Than the U.S. + Attorneys' Offices + + A significant number of individuals, some employed by the +Department of Justice (DOJ), and others with claimed associations +with United States and/or Israeli intelligence, have told INSLAW +that its PROMIS software has been implemented throughout the +United States Government as the de facto standard database +management software system for the U.S. intelligence community. + + Among the agencies allegedly using PROMIS as their principal +case tracking and workflow management software system are the +Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement +Agency (DEA), and the U.S. Marshal's Service, all within DOJ +itself; and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the National +Security Agency (NSA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and +the White House National Security Council (NSC). + + In January 1992, INSLAW summarized these claims in a written +submission to Bua in which INSLAW identified many of the sources +of the allegations and also described other informants who were +unwilling to be identified unless assured of protection against +reprisals. + + Since January 1992, INSLAW has been told by still more +witnesses, including additional current or former DOJ employees, +that these basic facts not only are true, but also are widely +known to be true among the Senior Executive Service (SES) career +officials in DOJ and the FBI. + + Several sources have even claimed that the U.S. intelligence +and law enforcement agencies regularly exchange data from their +respective PROMIS-based systems via remote access through +computer terminals equipped with both traditional communications +modems and classified encoding equipment. + + At least two journalists, Richard Fricker and George +Williamson, have told INSLAW that current or former senior-level +CIA officials have confirmed to them that the CIA is using +INSLAW's PROMIS software and that the CIA obtained PROMIS from +DOJ. In the January 1993 issue of the national computer industry +magazine, Wired, Richard Fricker quotes from his interview with +an unnamed former senior CIA administrator who claimed to have +first-hand knowledge of these facts: + + "On Nov. 20, 1990, the Judiciary Committee wrote a + letter asking CIA director William Webster to help the + committee 'by determining whether the CIA has the + PROMIS software.' + "The official reply on December 11th: 'We have checked + with Agency components that track data processing + procurement or that would be likely users of PROMIS, + and we have been unable to find any indication that the + Agency ever obtained PROMIS software.' + + "But a retired CIA official whose job it was to + investigate the Inslaw allegations internally told + Wired that the DOJ gave PROMIS to the CIA. 'Well,' the + retired official told Wired, 'the congressional + committees were after us to look into allegations that + somehow the agency had been culpable of what would have + been, in essence, taking advantage of, like stealing, + the technology [PROMIS] We looked into it and there was + enough to it, the agency had been involved.' + + "How was the CIA involved? According to the same + source, who requested anonymity, the agency accepted + stolen goods, not aware that a major scandal was + brewing. In other words, the DOJ robbed the bank, and + the CIA took a share of the plunder." + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, The INSLAW +Affair, the House Judiciary Committee reported that the CIA +finally admitted having a software product called PROMIS but +claimed that the CIA's PROMIS was purchased from a small +Cambridge, Massachusetts, software company called Strategic +Software Planning Corporation.9 That company acknowledges +marketing and supporting a software product called PROMIS for +project management in the construction industry. The CIA also +disclosed that the PROMIS software it claims to have acquired +from the Cambridge, Massachusetts, company included an +"Intelligence Report System," a curious capability for +construction industry project management software. This latter +CIA disclosure was contained in a letter to Mr. Terry D. Miller, +the President of Government Sales Consultants, Inc., on April 5, +1993. + + Bua apparently made no effort to test the CIA's denial that +its PROMIS software product is based on INSLAW's PROMIS. Neither +apparently did he examine the claims that copies of PROMIS have +been implemented in the DIA and the National Security Council of +the White House. + + Bua did make very limited inquiries about the alleged use of +INSLAW's PROMIS by the DEA and the FBI within DOJ, and by the +NSA. However, Bua does not appear to have brought any of the U.S. +Government officials he contacted on this matter before the grand +jury or even to have placed them under oath. Neither did Bua have +anyone attempt to verify the denials of these officials by +comparing the source code in INSLAW's PROMIS with the source code +of the suspected cloned software systems. + + 1. The Implausibility That the Two + Principal DOJ Investigative Agencies, + the DEA and the FBI, Would Each Have + Developed a Complex On-line Case + Tracking and Workflow Management System + In-House at Approximately the Same Time. + + Before discussing Bua's very limited investigation of the +DEA, the FBI, and the NSA, it is important to understand that the +odds against a federal agency developing internally, without +contractor assistance, a complex, on-line software system, such +as a case tracking and workflow management system, are very high. +The odds against two separate agencies of the same department, +such as the FBI and the DEA within DOJ, each developing a +complex, on-line case tracking system are even higher. Finally, +the odds against two such agencies developing the same kind of on- +line case tracking system in-house at virtually the same time, +i.e., during 1988 and 1989, are higher still. + + Before considering claims from former and current senior DOJ +officials that both the DEA and the FBI have been operating +INSLAW's PROMIS software since the late 1980's, and before +examining apparent inconsistencies, contradictions and possible +dissembling in the statements made by DEA and FBI officials on +this subject, one should keep in mind that the backdrop for their +statements is the highly implausible scenario just described. + + 2. Indications of Possible Dissembling to + Bua by a Key DEA Official + + Bua apparently never questioned Carl Jackson, a recently +retired DEA deputy assistant administrator, about DEA's alleged +use of PROMIS, even though the September 1992 Investigative +Report by the House Judiciary Committee identified Jackson as the +source of allegations that the DEA had implemented PROMIS. + + Bua did, however, ask DEA Deputy Assistant Administrator for +Information Systems Phillip Cammera, whether the DEA had +implemented a PROMIS-derivative case tracking system. Cammera +assured Bua that the DEA had developed in-house its new case- +tracking system called Case Status System (CAST). The House +Judiciary Committee reported that CAST was developed in the 1988- +1989 time-frame. + + Cammera told a different story in late 1990, however, when +he was contacted by a former colleague, retired DEA Deputy +Assistant Administrator Carl Jackson.10 According to Jackson's +contemporaneous account to Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton of INSLAW, +Cammera confirmed Jackson's own recollection on the matter. +Jackson's recollection is that the Attorney General of the United +States issued "non-negotiable" orders to both the DEA and the FBI +in the summer of 1988 to "chuck" their existing case tracking +systems and replace them with PROMIS, and that the DEA at least +carried out the orders in the 1988-1989 time frame. + + + Jackson told the Hamiltons in 1990 that he had no way of +verifying whether the FBI had implemented PROMIS as the DEA had +done, but that he would have been surprised if the FBI had not +implemented PROMIS because the Attorney General had made it +explicitly clear that the orders were "non-negotiable." + + 3. Indications of Possible Dissembling to + Bua by the FBI + + In January 1992, INSLAW informed Bua in writing that it had +a source, described as a current senior DOJ career official, who +claims to have been told that the FBI did, in fact, at some point +in the late 1980s implement PROMIS as its investigative case +management system. The FBI calls its system FOIMS (Field Office +Information Management System). INSLAW's source, who is not +willing to be identified unless there is a guarantee of no +reprisal, claimed to have been told directly by John Otto, then +one of the top FBI officials, that the current version of FOIMS +is based on PROMIS. Otto served as Acting Director of the FBI +between the departure of William Webster and the arrival of +William Sessions. + + Bua interviewed Otto, who had since retired from the FBI, +but apparently did not place Otto under oath or bring him before +the grand jury. According to Bua, Otto flatly denied the account +given to INSLAW by the current senior DOJ career official. Bua +simply accepted Otto's non-sworn denial as well as Otto's claim +that he is virtually "computer illiterate" and therefore could +not have been engaged in the kind of conversation claimed by +INSLAW's confidential DOJ source. Had Bua attempted to verify +Otto's claim of computer illiteracy, however, he would have +learned that it is a highly implausible claim. For example, Otto +had direct management responsibility within the FBI for both +FOIMS and the nationwide UCR (Uniform Crime Report) system, +including the computer software that is at the heart of these +systems. Moreover, until the radical FOIMS software transplant of +June 1988, the FBI's investigative case management system +reportedly suffered from a very poor reputation among FBI agents; +Otto would have had management responsibility for correcting a +software system problem that may have been hampering the +performance of the FBI mission. + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, The INSLAW +Affair, the House Judiciary Committee noted its inability to +finance the kind of independent analysis required to test the +claims that the FBI's FOIMS system is based on PROMIS. The +Committee noted, however, that +the question "could be resolved quickly if an independent +agency or expert was commissioned to conduct a code comparison of +the PROMIS and FOIMS systems." + + FBI Director Sessions wrote to Bua on June 23, 1992, +agreeing to permit such an examination of the FOIMS code, +provided that the independent expert was acceptable to the FBI. + + Bua chose Professor Dorothy Denning, the Chair of the +Computer Science Department of Georgetown University. Bua notes +in his report that "the FBI voiced no objection to our choice and +processed her security clearance."11 + + In his report, Bua states that he provided to Denning "a +copy of INSLAW's FOIMS analysis plan" that detailed how the +developers of PROMIS would approach the question of whether the +FBI's FOIMS system was, in fact, based on INSLAW's PROMIS. + + One of the steps suggested by INSLAW was the use of a +software routine in the IBM operating system called SUPERC which +is able to do a code comparison at no cost to the Justice +Department, and the comparison can be accomplished in +approximately four (4) hours. The ease and short time within +which a code comparison could have been accomplished makes the +failure to conduct such a comparison utterly indefensible. + + According to Bua, Denning, however, decided that the source +code comparison, recommended by both the House Judiciary +Committee and INSLAW, "would be a waste of her time and the +government's money." + + INSLAW read the report Denning submitted to Bua, which +INSLAW obtained from FBI Director Sessions, to try to understand +the basis for this very surprising conclusion of Professor +Denning. + + To begin with, Denning uncritically accepted representations +by the FBI about the history and technical characteristics of +FOIMS that are contradicted by other FBI disclosures about FOIMS. + + For example, Denning accepted as fact that the original 1978 +COBOL-language version of FOIMS was replaced by the claimed +current NATURAL-language version of FOIMS in 1983.12 Published +data about FOIMS from the national market research firm, INPUT, +however, +traces the current version of FOIMS to June 1988, rather +than to 1983. This timing is consistent with the statements +attributed to John Otto by INSLAW's confidential senior DOJ +source, and also consistent with Carl Jackson's recollection that +the FBI had been ordered in the summer of 1988 to implement +PROMIS in place of the then current version of FOIMS. + + Denning then uncritically accepted FBI representations that +the current version of FOIMS is written in the NATURAL +programming language, rather than in COBOL, the programming +language used in INSLAW's PROMIS. As is evidenced in the +following paragraph and its footnote, this representation also +appears to be contradicted by other published data on FOIMS. + + "FOIMS now contains over 570,000 lines of code, " according +to a June 7, 1991 letter from FBI Assistant Director Delbert C. +Toohey to Mr. Terry D. Miller, President of Government Sales +Consultants, Inc. The claim that an application with 570,000 +lines of code is written in the NATURAL programming language is +"wrong by an order of magnitude," according to Mr. John A. +Maguire, the founder and, until recently, the Chief Executive +Officer of Software A.G. of North America, the U.S. company that +markets the NATURAL programming language.13 + + It is hard to escape the conclusion that the FBI dissembled +to Denning about the year of origin of the current version of +FOIMS and about the apparent use of the COBOL programming +language in the current version of PROMIS in an attempt to +diminish the credibility of the aforementioned claims that the +FBI "chucked" its earlier 1983 version of FOIMS, on orders from +the Attorney General in the summer of 1988, and replaced it with +INSLAW's PROMIS software. + + There would be ample reason for both the FBI and the DEA to +try to conceal their implementations of PROMIS in 1988 and 1989. +In January 1988, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court had issued a permanent +injunction against any further unlicensed proliferation of PROMIS +by the U.S. Government. If Attorney General Meese issued the +claimed orders to the FBI and the +DEA in the summer of 1988, it would have been a willful, +secret violation of a federal court order by the chief law +enforcement officer of the United States. + + Denning justified her decision not to do a code comparison +between FOIMS and PROMIS primarily on her professed belief that +FOIMS and PROMIS each support "entirely different" "application +domains," with FOIMS tracking investigations and PROMIS tracking +judicial proceedings; and that it is extremely difficult to +convert software that runs one application into software that +runs an entirely different application: + + Because it is extremely difficult to convert software + that runs one application into software that runs an + entirely different application, the differences in just + the FOIMS and PROMIS application domains show almost + conclusively that FOIMS was not derived from PROMIS. + ("Analysis of FOIMS and PROMIS," by Dorothy E. Denning, + January 10, 1993, Page 1) + + The aforementioned conclusions by Denning demonstrate that +she is misinformed about the case management application domain +in general and about INSLAW's PROMIS case management software in +particular. For example, INSLAW's PROMIS software is currently +being used for investigative case management by both state and +local governments and by nationwide property and casualty +insurance companies. Moreover, as INSLAW pointed out to Bua in +its written submission of January 1992, the PROMIS software has +been successfully applied to case management "application +domains" much more removed from PROMIS's criminal prosecution +"application domain" than FOIMS's criminal investigation +"application domain." INSLAW provided to Bua the examples of the +use of PROMIS in a nationwide credit bureau and in land +conveyance record keeping in the Republic of Ireland. + + Denning's analysis makes no sense whatsoever and is totally +inappropriate given the circumstantial evidence. The methodology +appears to be designed to rationalize and support a conclusion of +non-infringement rather than the conduct of an independent +objective analysis of the software programs in question to +ascertain the truth. + + Bua also addressed the question of the alleged use of PROMIS +by the National Security Agency (NSA). Bua did confirm that the +NSA has a software product called PROMIS but, once again, simply +accepted the apparently unsworn statement of a U.S. Government +official that the PROMIS software in question is not a derivative +of INSLAW's PROMIS. NSA evidently claims to use a commercial +database management system (DBMS) called M204, from Computer +Corporation of America, as the "engine" for its PROMIS system, +and to have written the application code, i.e., "the car" by +analogy, in an unspecified programming language. As with many of +the other suspected PROMIS-clone software systems, NSA claims to +have developed its PROMIS application code in house. NSA also +claims, according to Bua, that its PROMIS tracks information +related to its published intelligence reports, called "products" +by the NSA. Without explaining the basis for his statement, Bua +asserts that such an application is different from the +application domain of PROMIS: "NSA's PROMIS serves different +purposes... " INSLAW's PROMIS would, in fact, be easily adaptable +to tracking either the workflow that produces NSA's intelligence +output or the names, places, dates and events in the intelligence +reports or both. + + Bua also dismisses the possibility that NSA's PROMIS could +be based on INSLAW's PROMIS because INSLAW's PROMIS is "used with +a different database." Bua is apparently referring to the NSA +claim that it uses the commercial M204 DBMS as the engine for its +PROMIS application system. The choice of commercial DBMS "engine" +for PROMIS, however, has very little relevance to the question of +whether the application code is a clone of INSLAW's PROMIS. +INSLAW itself has incorporated a variety of different commercial +DBMS engines into its PROMIS software. There is no difficulty in +believing that NSA might have incorporated the M204 DBMS into its +copy of INSLAW's PROMIS or that the FBI may have incorporated the +ADABAS DBMS into its copy of INSLAW's PROMIS. + + In actuality, NSA's admission that it too uses a software +product called PROMIS and that the application domain of NSA's +PROMIS has something to do with the tracking of its published +intelligence information lends further plausibility to the claims +that virtually every major U.S. intelligence agency is using +INSLAW's PROMIS software. Bua, of course, could have easily +resolved the question by arranging for a code comparison, but +apparently chose not to do so. + + Bua's failure to arrange for the code comparisons between +INSLAW's PROMIS and its suspected clones in U.S. intelligence and +law enforcement agencies, where his federal grand jury's legal +authority to conduct such investigations was obvious, is all the +more mystifying in light of Bua's published statement that he +considered trying to do just such code comparisons with foreign +governments. Although a federal grand jury has no authority over +foreign governments, Bua made the following statement about what +he claimed he considered doing to check out the claimed +international distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS: + + Theoretically, we could continue our investigation of + this subject by contacting various foreign governments, + asking them to provide us with the source code to their + law enforcement software, and then hiring an expert to + compare that software to PROMIS. + + + B. Bua's Investigation of the Alleged International + Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS + + There are a number of individuals, with claimed ties to U.S. +and/or foreign intelligence agencies, who have told INSLAW a +remarkably consistent story about the alleged international +distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS software. + + Most of the accounts place Earl W. Brian at the center of +the worldwide sales and distribution. Virtually all of the +sources claim that U.S. intelligence, law enforcement and +national security agencies, including the Central Intelligence +Agency, the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement +Administration, and the White House National Security Council, +have supported Brian's worldwide sales and distribution of +PROMIS. The accounts are generally consistent about the +motivations for the sales: (1) the personal financial gain of +Earl Brian and colleagues; (2) the generation of extra funds for +financing U.S. covert intelligence operations that the U.S. +Congress has declined to finance, such as the mid-1980's covert +assistance to the Contras in Nicaragua; and (3) an initiative to +penetrate the secret files of foreign intelligence and law +enforcement agencies by inducing them to acquire and implement +the PROMIS database management software and the necessary +computer hardware, after the software and hardware have been +secretly modified to permit electronic eavesdropping by the U.S. +National Security Agency. + + One account even identifies the name of the individual, +Lindsey, who was allegedly appointed by the U.S. Government to +package INSLAW's PROMIS software for Brian's alleged sales to +such foreign intelligence agencies as Egypt's military +intelligence agency. Moreover, this source claims that Lindsey +was instructed to package the version of INSLAW's PROMIS that the +CIA obtained from DOJ and which has been operational within the +CIA ever since 1983, tracking U.S. and foreign covert +intelligence operations. + + Several of the accounts claim an important role for Israeli +intelligence in the international distribution of INSLAW's +PROMIS, with Israel brokering the sales to countries where it has +significant intelligence liaison and influence, such as +Singapore, South Africa, Eastern European countries, and Central +American countries. + + One source claims personally to have participated in at +least one meeting in the Justice Command Center at DOJ +headquarters between representatives of Israeli military +intelligence and representatives of DOJ regarding the use of +PROMIS databases in Israel to track terrorists in the Middle +East. + + An associate of the late journalist Danny Casolaro claims to +have seen U.S. Government communications intelligence documents +that Casolaro obtained from an employee of the National Security +Agency facility in Vint Hills, Virginia, concerning the sales of +PROMIS to Israel, Germany, South Africa and other countries, and +concerning the flow of the proceeds from some of the sales to +bank accounts in the Cayman Islands and in Switzerland. The NSA +employee identified by Casolaro's associate was found murdered in +his car at National Airport in January 1991. + + Many of these sources express fear of reprisal by the United +States Government if they were to come forward. The specific +types of reprisals, mentioned most often by those who express +fear, are loss of security clearances vital to their employment, +and criminal prosecution by DOJ under the espionage laws of the +United States for disclosing U.S. national secrets. + + Bua's consideration of the claims of the sale and +distribution of PROMIS to foreign governments was even more +superficial than his examination of whether PROMIS is being used +by the FBI, the DEA, and the National Security Agency. + + The following are examples of the superficiality of the Bua +investigation in the area of international distribution: the +alleged distribution of PROMIS to Canada and the alleged +distribution of PROMIS to Israel, together with the alleged +partnership between DOJ and Israeli intelligence in the theft of +PROMIS. + + 1. The Alleged Distribution of PROMIS to + Canada + + The first information that INSLAW received about the alleged +international distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS came from the +Government of Canada. In telephone calls and letters in late 1990 +and early l991, the Government of Canada informed INSLAW that it +was using its PROMIS software in several departments and agencies +and wished to learn whether INSLAW also had available a French- +language version of the PROMIS computer software and +documentation because there are two official languages in Canada, +English and French, and the Canadian Government at that point +only had the English version of PROMIS. The Government of Canada +eventually disclosed to INSLAW that the Royal Canadian Mounted +Police (RCMP) alone was using INSLAW's PROMIS to support 900 +separate office locations in Canada. + + After the U.S. media began to report on this disclosure by +the Government of Canada and on INSLAW's claim that it had +neither sold PROMIS to Canada nor authorized others to do soon +its behalf, the Government of Canada retracted its earlier oral +and written statements to INSLAW. Canada attempted to explain the +matter as an unfortunate mistake on the part of the Canadian +officials who had originally contacted INSLAW. Ultimately, the +Government of Canada settled on the story that the Department of +Public Works, not the RCMP, had bought the PROMIS software; that +the Department of Public Works had purchased only six copies of +PROMIS, instead of 900 copies; and that the Department of Public +Works had purchased PROMIS not from INSLAW, but from a small +software company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, called Strategic +Software Planning Corporation. This Cambridge, Massachusetts, +company is the same company that the CIA told the House Judiciary +Committee was the source of its PROMIS software. The CIA also +subsequently disclosed in an April 5, 1993 letter to Mr. Terry D. +Miller, President of Government Sales Consultants, that the +PROMIS software it obtained from the Cambridge, Massachusetts, +company included an Intelligence Report System, an unlikely +subsystem for construction industry project management, whether +in Canada or the United States. + + The only reference that Bua makes to the Canadian lead is in +footnote #90 on page 151 of his report, in which Bua appears to +scold the House Judiciary Committee for failing to accept at face +value Canada's claims that the original disclosures to INSLAW +were simply an unfortunate mistake. + Although INSLAW recognizes that Bua's federal grand jury had +no investigative jurisdiction over the Canadian Government, there +are other ways for a U.S. investigator to have pursued the +Canadian lead. To illustrate this point, we have attached as +Exhibit A a memorandum from John Belton, a former stockbroker in +Canada who has been attempting to investigate the Canadian PROMIS +distribution lead. In his memorandum, Belton first explains the +history of his interaction with Earl Brian and Hadron, Inc., and +recounts Brian's claims to Belton in early 1981 that Hadron's +future revenue stream was to come from Hadron's acquisition of a +computer software product for the administration of justice that +Brian described as having "great PROMIS(E)." Belton then +documents the fact that three reputable Canadian journalists have +each confirmed to him, based on their confidential informants +among senior current or former RCMP officials, that the RCMP is, +in fact, using PROMIS, despite the Government of Canada's public +denials. Finally, Belton quotes verbatim from his telephone +conversations during the past year with several U.S. businessmen. +These conversations document the existence of a business +relationship between Earl Brian's Hadron, Inc., and two Canadian +computer services companies on a large software sale to the +Government of Canada in 1983. Belton's memorandum also summarizes +leads that strongly suggest that these business transactions in +1983 involved the Privy Council of Canada and its intelligence +and security staff, and the acquisition of PROMIS by the RCMP +under the name Police Information Records System (PIRS). + + INSLAW told Bua about Belton's research in a written +submission to Bua in January 1992, but Bua made no attempt to +interview Belton. Instead of attempting to exculpate Earl Brian +and Hadron of any complicity in the theft and unauthorized +distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS software, Bua could have used the +federal grand jury to interrogate the U.S. businessmen whom +Belton interviewed, and to compel the production of potentially +relevant documents by Hadron, Earl Brian and the U.S. subsidiary +of one of the two Canadian companies that were Hadron's partners +in the 1983 software sale to Canada. + + 2. The Alleged Distribution of PROMIS to + Israel and The Alleged Partnership of + DOJ and Israeli Intelligence in the + Theft of PROMIS + + Bua devotes only a single paragraph to the alleged +distribution of PROMIS to the State of Israel, even though Bua +characterizes this distribution as the "one documented +international distribution" by DOJ of PROMIS. Predictably, Bua +accepts at face value DOJ's contention that the May 1983 internal +DOJ memorandum on the distribution of PROMIS to Dr. Ben Orr of +Israel was truthful when it memorialized the distribution to +Israel of the earlier, and by-then largely obsolete, public +domain version of PROMIS. + + The first reason to be skeptical about the truthfulness of +the claim that it was the older, public domain version that DOJ +gave to Israel is that Israel is both a technologically +sophisticated country and a strategically important ally of the +United States and, therefore, may not have been satisfied with +obtaining the public domain version of PROMIS in May 1983, after +that version had already become obsolete. + + The second reason for skepticism is that it would have been +an admission of wrongdoing for DOJ to have memorialized the +distribution of the proprietary version of PROMIS to Israel. In +April 1983, just one month before the internal DOJ memorandum on +the transfer of PROMIS +to Israel, DOJ had stolen the proprietary version of PROMIS +from INSLAW "through trickery, fraud and deceit, " according to +the findings of the U.S . Bankruptcy Court, affirmed by the U.S. +District Court, and confirmed and supplemented by the September +1992 Investigative Report by the House Judiciary Committee. In +modifying INSLAW's contract on April 11, 1983, DOJ had committed +itself contractually not to distribute the proprietary version +outside the 22 largest U.S. Attorneys' Offices. + + The third reason for skepticism is that DOJ did not produce +for the House Judiciary Committee any of the kinds of records +that should have accompanied such an international transfer of +computer software. Examples would be an export license from the +Commerce Department and documents explaining how it came to be +that mid-echelon DOJ officials were conveying a computer software +product to a foreign government. + + The fourth reason for skepticism is that Israeli +intelligence appears to have been working hand-in-glove with DOJ +officials during the winter and spring of 1983 on the theft of +the proprietary version of PROMIS from INSLAW. DOJ, in fact, sent +a very high-level Israeli intelligence official over to INSLAW in +February 1983 for a demonstration of the very proprietary version +of PROMIS that DOJ misappropriated from INSLAW in April 1983. + + In his report, Bua asks "why the DOJ would go to all the +trouble of documenting the fact that it was giving a copy of +PROMIS to Israel if this was some sort of covert operation." The +answer to Bua's evidently rhetorical question is that the DOJ +actions vis-a-vis INSLAW in the winter and spring of 1983 were, +in fact, apparently part of a covert DOJ-Israeli intelligence +operation, and the internal DOJ memorandum from May 1983 can be +understood as an integral part of the "trickery, fraud and +deceit" of the joint DOJ-Israeli intelligence covert operation. + + INSLAW discovered the apparent 1983 DOJ-Israeli intelligence +initiative on PROMIS by following up on leads in the September +1992 Investigative Report by the House Judiciary Committee. These +leads were, of course, available to Bua too. + + In February 1983, DOJ's Brewer telephoned INSLAW President +William Hamilton to ask if INSLAW would be willing to provide a +technical briefing and demonstration of the PROMIS software to a +visiting prosecutor from the Israeli Ministry of Justice. Brewer +identified this Israeli visitor as Dr. Ben Orr, the same person +to whom DOJ claims to have given the obsolete, public domain +version of PROMIS in May 1983, according to the contemporaneous +DOJ memorandum. Brewer told Hamilton that the visiting Israeli +prosecutor was heading a project to computerize the prosecutors' +offices in Israel. + + Following through on DOJ's request, INSLAW demonstrated the +proprietary version of PROMIS to the Israeli visitor in February +1983 . This is the same version of PROMIS, i. e., the version for +operation on Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computers, that +DOJ stole from INSLAW in April 1983. The Israeli visitor +displayed enthusiasm for the proprietary VAX version of PROMIS +when INSLAW demonstrated it to him. + + After the House Judiciary Committee published its report, +INSLAW wrote to the Israeli Ministry of Justice seeking +confirmation about whether there had actually been a Dr. Ben Orr +employed by the Ministry in February 1983 and, if so, where to +find him. + + The Ministry replied by letter that there indeed had been a +Dr. Ben Orr employed by the Israeli Ministry of Justice in 1983, +but that Dr. Ben Orr had since retired and is currently +practicing law in Jerusalem. + + Working with information supplied to INSLAW by the Israeli +Ministry of Justice, the foreign editor of a major Israeli daily +newspaper tracked down Dr. Ben Orr at his home in Jerusalem. The +foreign editor described Dr. Ben Orr as tall by Israeli standards +(5'10-1/2"), thin, having a full head of hair and possessing a +dignified demeanor. Dr. Ben Orr also disclosed to the foreign +editor that he had been stationed at the U.S. Department of +Justice in Washington, DC, for one year under an exchange +program, returning to Israel in May 1983 from his one-year stint +in Washington, DC. Most curiously, while the Israeli journalist +was visiting him in his home, Dr. Ben Orr produced what he +claimed was the very PROMIS computer tape given to him by DOJ in +May 1983. This is the kind of computer software tape that can +only be operated on large and very expensive computers, not the +kind of computers one would expect to find in a private +residence. + + Nothing about this Dr. Ben Orr fits the actual Israeli +visitor to INSLAW in February 1983. That visitor was very short +in height and quite stocky. He had a deeply receding hairline. +His demeanor could not easily be described as "dignified." +Moreover, unlike the real Dr. Ben Orr who had already been in +Washington, DC, for the better part of one year by the time of +the February 1983 visit, the Israeli visitor to INSLAW had come +directly from Tel Aviv to Washington, DC, after a brief layover +in New York City. In fact, the visitor to INSLAW telephoned from +New York City to delay the meeting at INSLAW for 24 hours because +he claimed that some friends in New York City were giving a party +in honor of his arrival in the United States from Israel. + + In retrospect, both DOJ and the visitor himself had deceived +INSLAW about the visitor's real identity. + + At approximately the same time that INSLAW discovered this +apparent DOJ-Israeli subterfuge from a decade earlier, INSLAW +received a lead that the name, Dr. Ben Orr, had, from time to +time, been used as a pseudonym by Rafi Eitan, a legendary Israeli +espionage official. Rafi Eitan was, for example, the Israeli +spymaster for Jonathan Pollard, a civilian U.S. Navy intelligence +analyst convicted in 1986 of spying for the Government of Israel. + + After locating a photograph of Rafi Eitan in a book on the +Pollard case, William Hamilton recognized Rafi Eitan as the +February 1983 Israeli visitor to INSLAW. + + Immediately thereafter, INSLAW arranged for a former INSLAW +vice president, who had spent several hours briefing the Israeli +visitor in February 1983, and who knew nothing about INSLAW's +recent investigation of the matter, to attempt to identify the +visitor from a photographic line-up of six reasonably similar +looking Caucasian males. INSLAW also arranged for the videotaping +of the process. The former INSLAW officer, without hesitation, +identified photograph #2 as the photograph of the February 1983 +visitor. That, of course, was a photograph of Rafi Eitan. + This identification of Rafi Eitan as the February 1983 +visitor to INSLAW obviously increases the credibility of the +sworn statements in 1991 by Ari Ben Menashe to the effect that +Rafi Eitan obtained a copy of the PROMIS software while on a +visit to the United States in the early 1980's, and that Rafi +Eitan worked with U.S. intelligence and Earl W. Brian on the +international distribution of PROMIS. + + Bua, however, dismisses Ben Menashe as a credible witness. +Bua contends that Ben Menashe abandoned the clear implications of +his sworn affidavits to INSLAW and of the chapter on PROMIS in +his recently published book, Profits of War, and cynically +confessed to Bua that he had no personal knowledge of Earl +Brian's sale of INSLAW's PROMIS software. Moreover, according to +Bua, Ben Menashe altered his story to say that Earl Brian was +selling a different software product called PROMIS that was +developed by the National Security Agency, independently of +INSLAW's PROMIS. + + Ben Menashe has denied to INSLAW that he ever made any such +statements to Bua or Bua's staff. INSLAW has no way of knowing +for certain what Ben Menashe said or did not say before Bua's +federal grand jury, but it seems unlikely that Ben Menashe would +have made statements to Bua that are totally inconsistent with +his earlier sworn testimony both to INSLAW and to the House +Judiciary Committee, and totally inconsistent with the thrust of +his recently published book, Profits of War. + + For example, in affidavits given to INSLAW in 1991, Ben +Menashe claims to have attended a PROMIS computer software sales +presentation by Earl Brian in 198714 to Israeli intelligence +agencies in Tel Aviv. Ben Menashe further claims in these sworn +statements that Earl Brian stated during this sales presentation +that the PROMIS software he was marketing to Israel was the same +PROMIS software then operating in DOJ, CIA, NSA and DIA. The DOJ +version in 1987 could only have been INSLAW's proprietary PROMIS +software installed in the 42 largest U.S. Attorneys' Offices. + + Ben Menashe's understanding that it was INSLAW's PROMIS +software that Earl Brian and Rafi Eitan were marketing +internationally is also clearly evidenced in his book, Profits of +War. For example, Ben Menashe claims in the book that Rafi Eitan, +Earl Brian, and Washington, DC, attorney Leonard Garment +conspired in 1986 or 1987 to deprive INSLAW of the ability to +seek redress in the courts for DOJ's theft of the PROMIS +software. Specifically, Ben Menashe claims in the book that Rafi +Eitan authorized the wire transfer of $600,000 from an Israeli +intelligence slush fund to Earl Brian's Hadron, Inc., in Fairfax, +Virginia, and that Hadron was thereafter to provide this money to +Leonard Garment at the law firm of Dickstein, Shapiro and Morin +in order to finance that law firm's separation agreement with +Leigh Ratiner. At the time of his firing by Dickstein, Shapiro +and Morin, where he had been a partner for 10 +years, Ratiner was the lead counsel on INSLAW's PROMIS +lawsuit against DOJ, which he had filed only four months before. + + In his report, Bua refers to Ben Menashe's published claim +of a payoff which, if true, would constitute obstruction of +justice. Bua explains, however, that he felt no obligation to +investigate the claim because he had decided that Ben Menashe had +very little credibility, and because he had assessed the claim as +implausible. + + Even the most cursory investigation would have contradicted +Bua's assertion that this claim by Ben Menashe is implausible. +Ratiner, for example, told the Hamiltons in October 1986 that his +firing was precipitated by his naming of Deputy Attorney General +D. Lowell Jensen in the INSLAW complaint against DOJ. + + Moreover, on October 6, 1986, the week before the law firm's +Senior Policy Committee met and voted to fire Ratiner, Leonard +Garment, a member of the Senior Policy Committee, had had a +social lunch with Deputy Attorney General Arnold Burns15 about the +INSLAW case. Garment never disclosed the lunch at the time either +to his partner, Leigh Ratiner, or to INSLAW, his firm's client. +According to the September 1989 Staff Report of the Senate +Permanent Investigations Subcommittee, Burns disclosed that he +met with Garment on October 6, 1986 to signal his readiness to +negotiate a settlement on the INSLAW case, as well as to +criticize the litigation strategy that Ratiner was then pursuing +in the INSLAW case.16 + + After Ratiner was fired, the law firm sent INSLAW a letter +containing an ultimatum that INSLAW authorize the law firm to +negotiate a settlement of INSLAW's claims, on terms proposed in +the letter, or else find new litigation counsel. The proposed +terms of settlement were payment of at least $1,000,000 of the +$2,000,000 that DOJ had withheld for INSLAW's implementation +services and the acknowledgment that DOJ was not obliged to pay +PROMIS license fees to INSLAW. The proposed terms were strikingly +close to Deputy Attorney General Burns' terms, as implied by his +August 1986 letter to Leigh Ratiner. INSLAW rejected the +ultimatum, found new litigation counsel, prosecuted and won the +case against DOJ at trial. + + Not only did Garment have an undisclosed communication with +DOJ on INSLAW at the time of Ratiner's firing, but Garment was +also simultaneously representing the State of Israel in the Rafi +Eitan-Jonathan Pollard espionage case. Although INSLAW did not +then know it, Rafi Eitan had also apparently collaborated with +DOJ on the 1983 theft of PROMIS. + + The Government of Israel reportedly hired Garment to help +prevent the Rafi Eitan- Jonathan Pollard espionage scandal from +spreading and leading to the criminal indictment of other co- +conspirators, such as Israeli Air Force Colonel Aviem Sella. The +Government of Israel +and Rafi Eitan would presumably have had a strong incentive +to conceal Rafi Eitan's role as a partner of DOJ in the theft of +the PROMIS software. DOJ, for example, granted Rafi Eitan +immunity from prosecution for his cooperation in the Pollard +espionage case. If it had become publicly known that Rafi Eitan +and DOJ had, in fact, been partners in the theft of the PROMIS +software and in its illegal distribution internationally, DOJ +might have been obliged to recuse itself from the prosecution of +the Pollard espionage case. At the very least, such DOJ decisions +as granting immunity from prosecution to Rafi Eitan would have +come under intense public scrutiny. + + Bua could presumably have investigated Ben Menashe's claim +by having the grand jury subpoena financial and accounting +records of Dickstein, Shapiro and Morin and Hadron, Inc., and by +interrogating appropriate individuals before the grand jury. It +is difficult to imagine a more serious instance of obstruction of +justice in the INSLAW case than that represented by Ben Menashe's +published claim. INSLAW has intelligence information that +Ratiner's settlement agreement with Dickstein, Shapiro and Morin +was in the approximate amount of the alleged wire transfer from +Israel and that the funds from which the Ratiner severance +payments were drawn were provided from outside the law firm. + + C. Bua's Investigation of Leads Relating to the Role + of DOJ Officials in Either Facilitating or + Covering Up the Use of INSLAW's PROMIS in + Intelligence/National Security Programs + + + 1. Ronald LeGrand + + In his report, Bua quotes extensively from William +Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit about what INSLAW had been +told in 1988 by Mr. Ronald LeGrand, when LeGrand was Chief +Investigator of the Senate Judiciary Committee. + + LeGrand attributed his information to a trusted source whom +he said he had by then known for 15 years and whom he described +as a senior DOJ career official with a title. The gist of the +information that LeGrand passed on from his source is that +Presidential appointee D. Lowell Jensen, who headed the Criminal +Division from early 1981 until approximately mid-1983, engineered +INSLAW's contract disputes with DOJ in order "to get INSLAW out +of the way" and be able to award the PROMIS-related case +management business to "friends."17 According to LeGrand, his +source identified two senior Criminal Division aides to Jensen as +among the several individuals through whom Jensen carried out the +alleged scheme: James Knapp, whom Jensen had brought with him +from California to be his principal political Deputy Assistant +Attorney General in the Criminal Division, and Miles Matthews, a +Knapp subordinate whom Jensen had elevated to the position of +Executive Officer for the Criminal Division. + + According to LeGrand, his source also identified three other +senior Criminal Division officials whom he described as knowing +the whole story of the alleged Jensen-directed scheme: These +officials are John Keeney, the highest ranking career lawyer in +the Criminal Division; Mark Richard, the career Deputy Assistant +Attorney General responsible in 1983 for intelligence, national +security and international terrorism issues within the Criminal +Division; and Philip White, who served under Mark Richard as +Director of International Affairs, starting in 1983. + + Bua quotes Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit as follows: + + Although Richard and White were 'pretty upset' about + it, the source did not believe that either of them + would disclose what they know _except in response to a + subpoena and under oath_. The source added that he did + not think that either Richard or White would commit + perjury. (Emphasis added.) + + Although Bua placed LeGrand before the grand jury, he merely +"interviewed" Keeney, Richard and White, who each denied knowing +anything. Bua apparently ignored the cautionary warning that Bua +himself quoted from Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit: "the +source did +not believe that either of them [Mark Richard or Philip +White] would disclose what they know except in response to a +subpoena and under oath." + + U.S. Government officials who are given access to classified +information are bound by security oaths not to disclose such +classified information except to individuals who have both the +required security clearance and the "need to know." If a highly +classified U.S. Government program, considered vital to the U.S. +national security, also included U.S. Government activities that +were approved at the highest levels of the United States +Government but which constituted violations of the federal +criminal laws, the security oaths could operate so as to +constrain the ability of U.S. Government officials to volunteer +information about the criminal activity embedded within the +classified U.S. intelligence/national security program. + + Mark Richard's and Philip White's official duties in 1983 +would have included collaboration with foreign intelligence and +law enforcement agencies on the problem of acts of terrorism +against U.S. citizens. During the past decade, the Middle East +has been the principal center of terrorism against U.S. citizens, +and Israel has been one of the most important allies of the +United States in the fight against Middle Eastern terrorism. + + If DOJ and the Government of Israel decided to collaborate +on an initiative against Middle Eastern terrorism, such +collaboration might well have included an effort to obtain +whatever information on suspected terrorists exists from the law +enforcement and intelligence files of other governments, +particularly in the Middle East. If other governments could be +induced to implement the PROMIS database management software +system in their intelligence and law enforcement agencies, and if +both the software system and the computer hardware acquired to +operate the software had been secretly modified to permit +electronic eavesdropping by U.S. and Israeli intelligence, the +joint DOJ-Israeli intelligence initiative against terrorism would +have been positioned in such a way as to maximize the potential +success of the DOJ-Israeli intelligence joint venture. One of +INSLAW's sources, Ari Ben Menashe, claims to have attended a +meeting in DOJ's Justice Command Center between DOJ officials and +Israeli military intelligence officials, where data on terrorists +were exchanged between the representatives of the two +governments. Ben Menashe claims that both governments were using +the PROMIS software to track terrorists. + + As noted in the preceding section, III.B.2., DOJ's PROMIS +Project Manager, C. Madison Brewer, sent over to INSLAW in +February 1983, under the guise of a visiting Israeli prosecutor, +one of the top Israeli espionage officials, Rafi Eitan. Brewer +asked that INSLAW provide a technical briefing on and +demonstration of PROMIS for this Israeli visitor, which INSLAW +did. At the time, Rafi Eitan was Anti-Terrorism Advisor to the +Prime Minister of Israel. According to the September 1992 +Investigative Report of the House Judiciary Committee, Brewer +testified that Jensen pre-approved virtually every action he took +with regard to INSLAW. Although it is unlikely that Brewer, as +the computer systems executive for U.S. Attorneys' Offices, would +normally have interacted with the top Anti-Terrorism Advisor to +the Prime Minister of another country, it is not implausible that +Jensen, Mark Richard and Philip White of DOJ's Criminal Division +would have had dealings with Rafi Eitan on such subjects as +extraditing suspected terrorists from abroad for criminal +prosecution in the United States. + + An American citizen's oath not to disclose classified +information must, under the law, give way to the obligation to +testify truthfully when compelled by appropriate legal process to +answer questions under oath. Bua's failure either to bring +Keeney, Richard and White before his grand jury or to place them +under oath, in spite of being warned of the necessity to do so, +is difficult to understand. Moreover, it invites concerns about a +purposeful effort to avoid placing DOJ witnesses in a position +where they would have to choose between perjury and damaging +disclosures about the use of a national security initiative to +conceal violations of the federal criminal law. + + Such concerns are fueled further by Bua's silence in his +report about another disturbing development regarding DOJ and +LeGrand. In 1991, DOJ sought to block INSLAW's request to the +U.S. District Court to re-open discovery. One tactic employed by +DOJ was to sponsor a sworn statement by LeGrand purporting to +cast doubt on the accuracy of Hamilton' s December 1989 affidavit +about LeGrand. Unfortunately for LeGrand and DOJ, Senator Sam +Nunn had, in the meantime, confirmed the accuracy of Hamilton's +statements about LeGrand in a letter to the editor of the New +Republic magazine. According to Senator Nunn, LeGrand had +repeated the same story that he told the Hamiltons to the staff +of the Senate Permanent Investigations Subcommittee chaired by +Senator Nunn. Bua's report devoted almost four pages to LeGrand's +testimony before the grand jury. All of it has been redacted. +From the questions that Bua reports asking DOJ officials, +however, it appears that LeGrand's grand jury testimony was +consistent with his earlier statements to the Hamiltons. Bua +makes no mention of LeGrand's subsequent contradictory statement +sponsored by DOJ in 1991 in the U.S. District Court for the +District of Columbia. + + 2. Garnett Taylor and the Alleged DOJ + Destruction of Classified + Intelligence/National Security Documents + Relating to INSLAW + + INSLAW urged Bua to subpoena Garnett Taylor, a former DOJ +security officer, before Bua's grand jury and to interrogate him +about several matters, including the alleged destruction by DOJ +officials of classified national security/intelligence documents +relating to INSLAW. As with LeGrand, Taylor's testimony before +the grand jury has been redacted from Bua's report, but it is +possible to draw some inferences about Taylor's grand jury +testimony from Bua's narrative about his interview with James +Walker, Taylor's former DOJ supervisor. + + Bua's narrative about his interview with James Walker +implies that Walker's former subordinate, Taylor, testified +before the grand jury that Walker had instructed Taylor to +retrieve classified intelligence/national security documents +relating to the INSLAW case from the files of a Civil Division +attorney who had left DOJ, and then to destroy those documents. +There is also the further implication in the Bua Report that +Taylor also alleged that Walker later cancelled the instructions +to Taylor and, thereafter, carried out the retrieval and +destruction of the classified INSLAW documents himself. + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, the House +Judiciary Committee reported that over 50 sensitive files or +documents relating to INSLAW had disappeared from the Civil +Division's litigation files while the House Judiciary Committee +sought access to the Civil Division's files on INSLAW. + + Bua states that the House Judiciary Committee's report +contains the suggestion that a missing Civil Division file on +INSLAW "may have been destroyed because it contained documents +that implicated DOJ officials in a criminal conspiracy relating +to INSLAW." + + Bua disposes of this suspicion by describing it as +unfounded. Bua accomplishes this by accepting at face value the +account given by Sandra Spooner, the lead Civil Division +litigation counsel on INSLAW. Bua does confirm that one file of +privileged documents is missing, but instead of conducting an +investigation, Bua snidely insinuates that the House Judiciary +Committee's investigators could have stolen it: "Even the +Committee investigators had limited access to the storage room +and therefore the missing file. By no means do we suggest that +one of the investigators stole the file." + + According to Bua, James Walker confirmed that Garnett +Taylor's official responsibilities, when he worked for Walker, +included "responsibility for shredding classified documents once +a determination was made that the documents need not be +retained." Bua also claimed that "Walker stated that it was +conceivable that Taylor had been dispatched to take care of a +file cabinet belonging to a DOJ employee who had left." + + When it came to Taylor's apparent claim that Walker had +"reassigned Taylor to another task and handled the disposition of +the documents in the file cabinet himself," Bua accepts at face +value Walker's statement that he had "no recollection" of such an +incident. If Walker were to recollect such an incident, of +course, Walker might well expose himself to criminal prosecution +for obstruction of justice. Bua also uncritically accepts +Walker's statement that "there were never any INSLAW documents in +any of the safes he controlled or any of the safes he knew +about." + + Walker is DOJ's Special Security Officer with responsibility +for administering the facility on the 6th floor of DOJ +headquarters that houses Sensitive Compartmented Information.18 + + Walker's apparently unsworn denials of Taylor's sworn +statements were good enough for Bua. INSLAW has other U.S. +Government witnesses, however, who claim to know about the +incident that Walker claims he cannot recollect. One of these +witnesses claims to have been an eye witness to at least part of +the incident. These witnesses are unwilling to be identified +unless given guarantees that there will be no reprisals. + It is difficult to understand why Bua would not have +insisted on inspecting the Sensitive Compartmented Information +Facility (SCIF) administered by James Walker to determine whether +SCIF vault houses materials relating to the PROMIS software +and/or INSLAW, whether in the form of documents, microfiche or +remotely-located computer-based PROMIS data accessible by +computer terminals within the confines of the SCIF. It is +difficult to justify Bua's failure to attempt to resolve +empirically the apparent discrepancy between the grand jury +testimony of Taylor and the unsworn "failure to recollect" +statements by Walker. Bua presumably could have brought Walker +and other DOJ security officers before the federal grand jury, +and also subpoenaed DOJ's records on the destruction or +relocation of classified intelligence and national security +records. + + D. Bua's Investigation of Leads About Earl W. Brian, + the Principal Alleged Private Sector Co- + Conspirator of DOJ and U.S. Intelligence Agencies + in the Theft and Distribution of PROMIS + + + As noted in Section III.B., Bua's Investigation of the +Alleged International Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS, most of +the accounts of the foreign sales and distribution of PROMIS +place Earl W. Brian at the center of the activity. + + Bua subdivides his investigation of this question into two +parts: the Claimed Direct Evidence of a Conspiracy and the +Claimed Circumstantial Evidence of a Conspiracy. + + 1. Bua's Investigation of the Claimed + Direct Evidence of a Conspiracy + + Bua begins this section by claiming to have interviewed +individuals whom INSLAW and others have identified as having +personal knowledge of the activities of Earl Brian in connection +with the distribution of PROMIS software. Bua then addresses in +particular Michael Riconosciuto, Ari Ben Menashe, and Charles +Hayes. + + (a) Michael Riconosciuto + + Michael Riconosciuto served as Director of Research during +the early 1980's for the Joint Venture between the Wackenhut +Corporation of Coral Gables, Florida, and the Cabazon Band of +Mission Indians in Indio, California. The Wackenhut Corporation +reportedly regularly conducts highly classified contract work for +U.S. intelligence and law enforcement agencies.19 Riconosciuto +claims that Earl W. Brian and Peter Videnieks, DOJ's PROMIS +Contracting Officer, were frequent visitors to the Joint Venture +in Indio, California, because the Joint Venture was modifying the +PROMIS software so that Earl Brian could sell it to foreign +governments for their intelligence and law enforcement agencies. + + (1) Bua's Claimed Inconsistencies in + Riconosciuto's Various Statements about + When and From Whom He Claims to Have + Obtained the PROMIS Software + + Bua claims to have found inconsistencies among several sworn +statements by Riconosciuto, relating both to the number of copies +of the PROMIS software that Riconosciuto claims to have received +and to the identification of the party or parties from whom +Riconosciuto claims to have received the PROMIS software. + + In both his affidavit to INSLAW and in his sworn statement +to the House Judiciary Committee, Riconosciuto is apparently +consistent in claiming to have received a single copy of +PROMIS, as well as in claiming to have obtained PROMIS from +Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks, the Justice Department's PROMIS +Contracting Officer. In testimony at his criminal trial in +Tacoma, Washington, in January 1992, however, Riconosciuto made +references to receiving several copies of PROMIS and to receiving +those copies from Dr. John P. Nichols, the Administrator of the +Joint Venture. + + These accounts may not, in fact, be in conflict. +Riconosciuto may have focused his testimony to the House +Judiciary Committee and to INSLAW on the one incident that +combines the proprietary version of PROMIS and direct evidence of +DOJ complicity in its dissemination; i.e., the chain of custody +from DOJ Contracting Officer Peter Videnieks to Brian to +Riconosciuto. This is the kind of evidence that both INSLAW and +the House Judiciary Committee were seeking. Riconosciuto's +testimony about receiving the proprietary version of PROMIS from +Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks would not necessarily mean that +Riconosciuto did not receive other copies of PROMIS from +individuals such as John P. Nichols. Moreover, Riconosciuto's +testimony to INSLAW and the House Judiciary Committee would not +exclude the possibility that Riconosciuto also obtained copies of +the earlier public domain version of PROMIS for modification +under the auspices of the Joint Venture. This could also account +for Riconosciuto's apparent inconsistencies about the years when +he claims to have worked on PROMIS, which Bua noted as additional +reasons to question Riconosciuto's credibility. + + Bua also apparently does not realize that INSLAW had another +DOJ customer, in addition to the Executive Office for U.S. +Attorneys, to which it delivered the proprietary version of +PROMIS: DOJ's Land and Natural Resources Division. That DOJ +division has been subscribing to INSLAW's PROMIS software support +services since January 1982 and receiving proprietary +enhancements to PROMIS pursuant to the Annual INSLAW Software +Support Agreements ever since.20 These standard INSLAW Software +Support Agreements legally bar DOJ from copying or disseminating +the proprietary enhancements in the same way as INSLAW's standard +PROMIS license agreement does. Bua's failure to understand this +point also led to the following statement by Bua that is patently +untrue: + + It is undisputed that INSLAW did not produce a copy of + enhanced PROMIS to DOJ until April 20, 1983.21 + + (2) Bua's Investigation of Riconosciuto's + Claim to Have Worked on PROMIS Under the + Auspices of the Wackenhut/Cabazon Joint + Venture + + Bua states that his investigators "interviewed a number of +people whom Riconosciuto identified as having knowledge of the +activities involving PROMIS at the Cabazon Reservation," +including Robert Nichols and Peter Zokosky, and that his +"interviews" led him to the tentative conclusion "that there were +absolutely22" no activities undertaken by Wackenhut, Riconosciuto, +or the Cabazons that had anything to do with PROMIS or any other +software." + + Robert Nichols and Peter Zokosky have each reportedly had +extensive employment in classified U.S. Government intelligence +and national security activities. Nichols, in fact, testified +under oath at a civil trial in Los Angeles in 1993 about his +claimed 18 year association with the CIA. Each presumably took an +oath not to disclose voluntarily any classified information that +he may have acquired as part of his U.S. Government work, except +to individuals who possess both the requisite security clearances +and the "need to know." The only way to overcome that sworn +obligation to silence is to use compulsory legal process, such as +a federal grand jury, to require such an individual to answer +highly detailed questions under oath. Bua apparently did not do +this. + + If Riconosciuto is telling the truth about modifying +INSLAW's PROMIS software with a "trap door" for electronic +eavesdropping by the U.S. Government, the U.S. intelligence +agency whose vital interests would be most clearly implicated in +any such project is the National Security Agency (NSA). + + That the Joint Venture was carrying out contract R&D for the +National Security Agency and that Michael Riconosciuto was +personally involved in such work can be inferred from statements +and actions of Robert Nichols and Peter Zokosky. + + Robert Nichols told Mr. and Ms. Hamilton about an incident +in the early 1980's when a colonel from the NSA Headquarters at +Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, allegedly flew out to the Cabazon +Reservation for the day for the single purpose of assuring that +FBI agents, investigating a triple homicide of the Vice Chairman +of the Cabazon Tribe and two associates, did not attempt to probe +the classified U.S. Government work being performed under the +auspices of the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint Venture. + + Robert Nichols also told the Hamiltons about having +accompanied Michael Riconosciuto on a visit to a classified NSA +contractor facility in the Silicon Valley and to have observed +Riconosciuto's apparently unrestricted and unescorted access to +both the contractor's employees and to offices within the +contractor facility that were prominently marked as off-limits to +any unescorted visitors. + +Robert Nichols also told the Hamiltons about frequent +alleged telephone conversations at the Wackenhut-Cabazon Joint +Venture between Michael Riconosciuto and Bobby Inman. Bobby Inman +served in the early 1980's consecutively as Director of the +National Security Agency and Deputy Director of the Central +Intelligence Agency. + + For his part, Peter Zokosky sent Mr. and Ms. Hamilton an +excerpt from Public Law 86-36 of 1959 on NSA, with the following +words highlighted: + + Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, + nothing in this Act or any other law ... shall be + construed to require the disclosure of the organization + or any function of the National Security Agency, or any + information with respect to the activities thereof ... + + (3) Bua's Attempt to Discredit Riconosciuto + Based on Bua's Own Misinformation about + the Wackenhut Corporation, and Bua's + Failure to Investigate Riconosciuto's + Claim That He and Earl Brian Worked + Together in 1980 as Contract Employees + of Wackenhut + + Riconosciuto claims that he and Earl Brian made a trip to +Iran in 1980 as independent contractors with a subsidiary of the +Wackenhut Corporation known as the Wackenhut Research +Corporation. + + Bua states that the Wackenhut Research Corporation does not +exist. While that statement is true for 1993, what is important, +is that the Wackenhut Research Corporation did exist in 1980, as +a subsidiary of the Wackenhut Corporation, according to the 1980 +Annual Report for the parent company. Rather than diminishing +Riconosciuto's credibility, the reference to a subsidiary that +has not been in existence for a decade but that was in existence +when Riconosciuto claims it was, actually enhances Riconosciuto's +credibility. + + Bua further criticizes Riconosciuto for failing to produce, +as he promised Mr. and Ms. Hamilton in a May 1990 telephone +conversation memorialized by the Hamiltons, copies of Internal +Revenue Service (IRS) 1099 independent contractor forms for his +and Earl Brian's claimed contract work for the Wackenhut Research +Corporation in 1980. Bua's federal grand jury presumably could +have issued a subpoena to the IRS and/or to the Wackenhut +Corporation for the records in question and, in so doing, +determined whether Earl Brian and Michael Riconosciuto each +worked for the same unit of the Wackenhut Corporation at the same +time in 1980. Because Earl Brian has repeatedly denied Michael +Riconosciuto's claims, Bua could have used this opportunity to +determine empirically whether it is Michael Riconosciuto or Earl +Brian who is lying. + + (4) Bua's Investigation of Riconosciuto's + Claimed Involvement With Earl Brian and + Peter Videnieks + + Bua states that Sam Cross, who was Chief of Police in Indio, +California, in the early 1980's, "made a point of staying aware +of what was going on at the Cabazon Reservation during that +period, and that he never heard any mention of the name Earl +Brian." If the NSA could send a colonel 3,000 miles across the +United States to make certain that FBI agents investigating a +triple homicide near the reservation did not find out anything +about the classified projects undertaken by the reservation's +Joint Venture, there is no reason to believe that a local police +chief would fare any better in gaining access to classified Joint +Venture projects. Bua's +reliance on Sam Cross' ability to know about such classified +activities would, therefore, appear to be misplaced. + + Bua quotes John P. Nichols, the Director of the Wackenhut- +Cabazon Joint Venture, as being "emphatic that Riconosciuto's +allegations concerning PROMIS are fabricated" "and that he had +never heard of Earl Brian or any of his companies prior to +Riconosciuto's allegations." Although Bua details Riconosciuto's +criminal history, he fails to mention that John P. Nichols was +incarcerated in the mid-1980's following a conviction for +contracting with professional "hit men" for a number of +assassinations. The disclosure of such information is relevant +for anyone trying to determine how much weight to give to John P. +Nichols' statements. Moreover, Bua apparently did not place +Nichols before the grand jury or even under oath. + + Bua states that Brian's presence at the September 10, 1981 +weapons demonstration, as reported in the September 1992 +Investigative Report of the House Judiciary Committee, "would be +significant" because Brian "has steadfastly denied having been to +the Cabazon reservation, or ever having met Riconosciuto or any +one affiliated with the Cabazons." + + The Indio Police Department conducted surveillance of the +September 10, 1981 weapons demonstration and recorded both Earl +Brian and Michael Riconosciuto as attending, with Earl Brian +arriving as a passenger in a Rolls Royce automobile driven by +Wayne Reeder, whom Bua describes as a real estate developer. Bua +reports that Wayne Reeder claims that Earl Brian was not present +with him on September 10, 1981. Wayne Reeder's character and +integrity are, however, currently under challenge by the United +States Government. Reeder was indicted for insurance fraud by the +U.S. Attorney's Office in Rhode Island in June 1993.23 Moreover, +Bua apparently did not place Reeder before the grand jury or even +under oath. + + Bua also credits Earl Brian's denial that he was at the +September 10, 1981 weapons demonstration in Indio, California, +and notes that Brian's denial is supported by various documents, +including Brian's personal calendar and expense records +purporting to show Earl Brian as being on the East Coast of the +United States on the day in question. Bua further notes that the +notations on some of these documents were made by one of Brian's +subordinates. + + Earl Brian's veracity and the reliability of documents +furnished by Earl Brian are open to question, however, as the +result of Brian's decision not to contest a civil lawsuit filed +by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on June 28, +1993 against Earl W. Brian and several former subordinates at +Financial News Network (FNN). In a 60-page civil complaint filed +in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the SEC +charged Brian with securities fraud, with causing the creation of +fraudulent documents, with executing and backdating fraudulent +documents, with directing a subordinate to execute a fraudulent +and backdated document, and with making materially false or +misleading statements. Brian settled his part of the SEC lawsuit +the very day it was filed by agreeing to be bound by a permanent +injunction not +to commit securities fraud in the future, and not to make or +cause others to make a materially false or misleading statement +in the future. + + Bua determined that Riconosciuto is not to be believed, but +that Earl Brian and Peter Videnieks are "credible witnesses, both +in their demeanor and in the substance of their statements." + + In reaching that conclusion, Bua apparently did not speak to +the former FNN Director of Administrative Services, Ms. Margaret +Wiencek. INSLAW, however, not only spoke to Margaret Wiencek but +also obtained from her a copy of a sworn statement she gave +recently to the U.S. Customs Service Internal Affairs +investigators who were interviewing Wiencek about Peter +Videnieks. Videnieks left DOJ in September 1990 to become +Director of Operational Procurement at the U.S. Customs Service. + + In her sworn statement, Wiencek describes a file at FNN +Headquarters that contained copies of correspondence to and from +Dominick Laiti, then Chairman of Earl Brian's Hadron, Inc., +relating to the PROMIS software and INSLAW, Inc. Wiencek also +claims personally to have taken telephone messages at FNN +Headquarters from Peter Videnieks and Michael Riconosciuto during +the first quarter of 1987. That is the quarter when INSLAW filed +a pleading in U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia +concerning the covert DOJ effort in 1985 to force INSLAW into +Chapter 7 liquidation. + + (b) Ari Ben-Menashe + + Section III.B.2., Bua's Investigation of the Alleged +International Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS, contains a +detailed analysis of Bua's statements about Ari Ben Menashe's +claims and alleged claims. That analysis is not repeated in this +section. One example of Ben Menashe's credibility regarding the +international distribution of PROMIS is his sworn statement in +1991 about the pivotal role played in this area by an Israeli +espionage official, Rafi Eitan. In early 1993, INSLAW was able +independently to corroborate Eitan's collaboration with DOJ in +the 1983 theft of PROMIS. + + Bua states that Ben Menashe's claims have been "convincingly +denied by two witnesses whose statements we believe," ... "Earl +Brian, under oath, and Robert McFarlane, in a telephone +interview." + + As noted earlier, Brian's acceptance on Monday, June 28, +1993 in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia of the +permanent injunction sought by the U.S. Securities and Exchange +Commission (SEC) not to engage in securities fraud in the future, +raises valid questions about the veracity and integrity of Earl +Brian, one of the witnesses upon whom Bua relied. + + Although Bua detailed Riconosciuto's criminal record, he +failed to mention that the other witness upon whom he relied in +dismissing Ben Menashe's claims, Robert McFarlane, also has a +federal criminal record, arising from his conduct in the +Iran/Contra affair as National Security Advisor to the President +of the United States. McFarlane's conviction was for lying. + (c) Charles Hayes + + The Bua Report contains several redacted pages relating to +the grand jury testimony of Charles Hayes. + + INSLAW, of course, has no way of knowing what Charles Hayes +said or did not say before Bua's grand jury, but Hayes executed +an affidavit on November 30, 1992 claiming that on or about +August 26, 1992 he had appeared to testify before the grand jury +in Chicago; that he gave testimony concerning his "direct +knowledge of the commission of felonies" "related to the INSLAW +affair"; that he submitted a list of names of witnesses who have +direct knowledge of the INSLAW affair and supplied the addresses +and telephone numbers of those witnesses; and that none of the +witnesses had been contacted as of November 30, 1992. + + Hayes had previously told Mr. and Ms. Hamilton that he met +with Earl Brian, Richard Secord and Oliver North in Sao Paulo, +Brazil, in the mid-1980's while those three individuals were +purchasing weapons for the Contras in Nicaragua, and Brian was +marketing INSLAW's PROMIS software to the Government of Brazil. + + (d) Richard Babayan + + Bua apparently did not bring before the grand jury or even +interview Richard H. Babayan, who provided an affidavit to INSLAW +on March 22, 1991, concerning a PROMIS software sales +presentation by Earl W. Brian and Richard Secord to the +Government of Iraq during 1987. In his affidavit, Babayan also +claims that a Miami, Florida, resident, Sarkis Saghanolian, +assisted Earl Brian in completing the sale of the PROMIS software +to Iraq "for use primarily in intelligence services, and +secondarily in police and law enforcement agencies." + + INSLAW furnished a copy of this affidavit to Bua in January +1992, but Bua apparently never interrogated Babayan; Richard +Secord, named by both Babayan and Hayes as a Brian colleague +during PROMIS marketing forays abroad; or Sarkis Saghanolian. + + 2. Bua's Investigation of the Claimed + Circumstantial Evidence of a Conspiracy + + (a) The September 1983 Fund raising + Trip to New York City by Earl + Brian, Dominick Laiti, and Paul + Wormeli + + Bua quotes from William Hamilton's December 1989 affidavit +about Earl Brian, Hadron Chairman Dominick Laiti, and Hadron +Executive Paul Wormeli gathering in New York City in September +1983 to raise equity capital from the Wall Street Investment +Bank, Allen and Company. In his affidavit, Hamilton quotes +Wormeli as stating that the equity capital was to finance +Hadron's expansion in criminal justice information systems. In +his affidavit, Hamilton also quotes Wormeli's former secretary, +Marilyn Titus, as stating that the purpose of the trip was "to +raise capital to buy the court software." + + Bua quotes Titus as stating that "she does not believe she +ever told William Hamilton that the purpose of the 1983 fund +raising trip was to raise capital _to obtain PROMIS or +INSLAW_." (Emphasis added.) Titus was apparently not placed +under oath, and she was also apparently asked to confirm a +statement that is different from the one that Hamilton claims +that Titus made. + + Bua states that Laiti insisted the equity capital was +intended to be used by Simcon, Hadron's police information +systems subsidiary in 1983. Bua also claims that "Wormeli +essentially confirmed what Laiti told us." What Wormeli had told +INSLAW, however, is that he was shocked to discover that Laiti +was seeking to raise $7 million in equity capital for criminal +justice information systems because Simcon could only use $2 +million. Wormeli told INSLAW that he never was told how the other +$5 million was going to be used. + + Wormeli also told INSLAW that during the September 1983 fund +raising visit to Allen and Company, he and Laiti not only met +with Mark Kesselman, a Vice President, but also met with Herbert +A. Allen, Jr., then the Chief Executive Officer of Allen and +Company. Wormeli told INSLAW that at the time of the 1983 visit, +Allen and Company owned about $5 million of Hadron's common +stock. + + Bua apparently did not subpoena records of Allen and Company +about the Hadron fund raising effort in 1983, and did not +interview Herbert A. Allen, Jr. What Bua did do is have a trans- +Atlantic telephone interview with Kesselman in Switzerland. +Kesselman claims that he could not even remember the name of the +company seeking the funds. With a $5 million equity investment in +Hadron, Herbert A. Allen, Jr., presumably, would have been able +to remember the name of the company and possibly important +details concerning the intended use of the proceeds. With such a +substantial investment in Hadron in 1983, Allen and Company may +also have had documents relating to Hadron's planned expansion in +criminal justice information systems that could explain the $5 +million for which Wormeli cannot account. + + (b) The 53rd Street Ventures Connection + + (1) Patricia Cloherty's Alleged Claims About + Earl Brian + + On Thursday, May 5, 1988, the CBS Evening News with Dan +Rather broadcast an unusually long, approximately seven minute, +segment on the INSLAW affair, highlighting the alleged role of +Earl W. Brian in the DOJ theft of the PROMIS software. + + The annual meeting of the National Association of Venture +Capitalists was at that very time taking place in Washington, DC, +and both Richard D'Amore and Patricia Cloherty were in +attendance. D'Amore was on INSLAW's board of Directors and was a +partner in Hambro Venture Capital, then the lead venture capital +investor in INSLAW. Cloherty and her husband, Daniel Tessler, +controlled 53rd Street Ventures, which also then had an equity +investment in INSLAW. Cloherty also had by this time become the +Chief Operating Officer of Alan Patricoff and Associates, a very +large venture capital firm in New York City that had controlled +53rd Street Ventures until 1984, when Cloherty and Tessler took +it over. + + On Friday, May 6, 1988, Richard D'Amore visited William +Hamilton at INSLAW's offices in Washington and told him that he +had seen Patricia Cloherty at the venture capitalists conference +and had mentioned to her the previous evening's telecast on +INSLAW and the alleged +role of a venture capitalist by the name of Earl Brian. +According to D'Amore, Cloherty responded by stating, in words or +substance, that she "knew all about Earl Brian's role in the +INSLAW case." + + According to William Hamilton's desk calendar for Tuesday, +May 10, 1988, Hamilton telephoned Patricia Cloherty at Alan +Patricoff and Associates. Without disclosing to her that D'Amore +had recounted his conversation with Cloherty, Hamilton asked +whether Earl Brian or his InfoTechnology, Inc., venture capital +firm had ever done any deals with Alan Patricoff and Associates +or 53rd Street Ventures through early 1984 when Patricoff and +Associates managed 53rd Street Ventures. Cloherty claimed not to +know and did not commit to try to find out when Hamilton asked +that she do so. Hamilton did tell Cloherty about the alleged role +of venture capitalist Earl Brian as a partner in the DOJ +corruption against INSLAW, and Cloherty did not disclose to +Hamilton that she knows Earl Brian and, in fact, had served on a +board of directors with him during the 1980's, disclosures that +Cloherty made to Bua. + + In his December 1989 affidavit, Hamilton quotes the +statement about Earl Brian that Cloherty allegedly made to +D'Amore in May 1988, without providing the aforementioned +background details about the CBS Evening News story being +telecast while Richard D'Amore and Patricia Cloherty, each with +venture capital investments in INSLAW, were in Washington, DC, +for a national conference of venture capitalists. + + According to Bua, both Cloherty and D'Amore denied having +had such a conversation in May 1988, and D'Amore denied having +told Hamilton about such a conversation. Bua apparently did not +place Cloherty or D'Amore under oath. Bua never asked Hamilton +for further information, such as some of the contextual details +described above, that Bua could have used in trying to refresh +the recollections of Cloherty and D'Amore or, alternatively, in +trying to impeach their testimony. Moreover, Bua could have +easily verified the CBS telecast on Brian and INSLAW occurring +while Cloherty and D'Amore were together in Washington, DC, at a +venture capital conference. + + Instead of doing such work, however, Bua uncritically +accepted Cloherty's and D'Amore's non-sworn denials and then +irresponsibly used those denials to support his conclusion that +Hamilton's sworn representations cannot be relied upon. + + Bua quotes Daniel Tessler as stating that "his wife, +Patricia Cloherty, has no knowledge of Earl Brian ..." Bua then +quotes Patricia Cloherty as not only admitting that she knows +Earl Brian but also admitting to have served with Earl Brian +during the 1980's on the Board of Directors of the National +Association of Small Business Investment Companies. 53rd Street +Ventures is, in fact, a Small Business Investment Company. + + Bua should also have wondered how Hamilton could have +correctly associated Patricia Cloherty with Earl Brian, when +Cloherty's own husband professes not to have known of any such +association, unless Hamilton's highly plausible account of his +May 1988 conversation with D'Amore in Washington, DC, is true and +accurate. + + + (2) Daniel Tessler's Non-Sworn Denial of + Hamilton's Sworn Statement About Tessler + Demanding Voting Rights to the + Hamiltons' Common Stock on the Eve of + INSLAW's Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filing + + In his December 1989 affidavit, Hamilton states that Daniel +Tessler appeared at INSLAW in December 1984, just several weeks +before INSLAW was finally forced to file for Chapter 11 +bankruptcy protection, and gave William Hamilton an ultimatum to +turn over to Tessler by the close of business that day the voting +rights to Mr. and Ms. Hamilton's controlling interest in INSLAW. +Otherwise, neither 53rd Street Ventures nor Hambro Venture +Capital would even attempt to help INSLAW raise new capital to +avoid financial collapse, according to Hamilton's sworn statement +about Tessler's ultimatum. + + Bua reports that Tessler denied Hamilton's sworn testimony, +and Bua apparently accepts Tessler's non-sworn denial without any +further investigation. Someone who cannot remember his wife's +business relationship with Earl Brian may not, however, have the +most reliable memory. Moreover, if Tessler was acting secretly on +behalf of Earl Brian when he sought the voting rights of the +Hamiltons' controlling interest in INSLAW, he may have violated +the Federal Banking Criminal Statute, 18 U.S.C. 215 because +Tessler was then an officer of a Small Business Investment +Company (SBIC). 53rd Street Ventures, as an SBIC, is a "financial +institution" as defined in section 103 of the Small Business +Investment Act of 1958. Section (2) of 18 U.S.C. 215 makes it a +federal crime for anyone who + + "as an officer, director, employee, agent or attorney + of a financial institution, corruptly solicits or + demands for the benefit of any person, or corruptly + accepts or agrees to accept anything of value from any + person, intending to be influenced or rewarded in + connection with any business or transaction of such + institution;" + + It may be unrealistic to expect Tessler to admit to Bua +conduct that could arguably expose Tessler to prosecution under +18 U.S.C. 215. + + (3) Bua's Investigation of Hamilton's Claims + About Jonathan Ben Cnaan of 53rd Street + Ventures + + In his December 1989 affidavit, Hamilton recounts a +conversation with Jonathan Ben Cnaan of 53rd Street Ventures. +According to Hamilton, Ben Cnaan disclosed to Hamilton, in +October 1983, a meeting that Ben Cnaan had had in September 1983 +in New York City with someone whom Ben Cnaan described at the +time as a businessman with ties to the highest level of the +Reagan Administration. Ben Cnaan said that the businessman had +told 53rd Street Ventures about Hadron's acquisition overture to +INSLAW in April 1983; about his absolute determination to gain +control of the PROMIS software for use in federal government +contracts; about the contract disputes having arisen in INSLAW's +contract with DOJ following INSLAW's refusal to sell out to +Hadron; and about the fact that those disputes would never be +able to be resolved as long as INSLAW refused to let the unnamed +businessman use PROMIS for federal government contracts. + Bua describes at length his efforts to find Ben Cnaan. He +states that he would have liked to have talked with Ben Cnaan but +then implies that it is not that important because Earl Brian has +already denied being the businessman depicted in the statements +attributed to Ben Cnaan, and, moreover, Hamilton does not +actually quote Ben Cnaan as claiming that the unnamed businessman +was Earl Brian. + + Earl Brian, Dominick Laiti, and Paul Wormeli were in New +York City the very same month that Ben Cnaan had the meeting with +the unnamed businessman. Brian was, according to the Bua Report, +on the Board of Directors of the National Association of Small +Business Investment Companies. 53rd Street Ventures is a Small +Business Investment Company. + + Conducting a sworn interrogation of Ben Cnaan, under the +circumstances, would have been extremely important. If Ben Cnaan +were to identify either Earl Brian or Dominick Laiti as the +businessman to whom he referred in his October 1983 meeting with +William Hamilton and if Ben Cnaan would confirm the essence of +the statements attributed to him in Hamilton's affidavit24, it +would directly tie Earl Brian and Hadron into the DOJ use of +contract disputes with INSLAW as leverage to help Hadron wrest +control of the PROMIS software. + + Ben Cnaan apparently visited New York City in early 1993, +from Israel where he currently lives. With a modest effort, +INSLAW was able to discover Ben Cnaan's current address and +telephone number in Israel: + + Ha' Adamit #6 + Herzlia, Israel + Telephone 258-7787. + + (c) The Systems and Computer + Technology, Inc. (SCT) Connection + + Bua professes not to understand how INSLAW's "allegations +about SCT would fit into INSLAW's theory of a Hadron conspiracy." +Bua further states that "there would be no apparent reason for +Brian or Hadron to be attempting to control INSLAW (through SCT) +in 1986." + + SCT launched a "hostile takeover" bid for INSLAW in May +1986, the very month that DOJ issued its Request for Proposals +for the Uniform Office Automation and Case Management Project, +code-named Project EAGLE. This was the largest procurement in DOJ +history. INSLAW believes that the PROMIS software was intended by +DOJ to be the uniform case management software for the Project +EAGLE computers.25 INSLAW further believes that Earl +Brian's Hadron, Inc. was originally slated to receive the +Project EAGLE contract award by DOJ as a sweetheart gift from +Brian's long-time friend, then Attorney General Meese. INSLAW +believes that Brian and DOJ abandoned the plan to use Hadron as +the vehicle for the contract in the fall of 1985, following the +failure of the covert DOJ effort to force INSLAW's liquidation. + + INSLAW believes that, by January 1986, Brian and DOJ had +substituted Tisoft, Inc. as the vehicle for the planned +sweetheart Project EAGLE award.26 That month, Tisoft was +awarded a $30 million computer systems contract by Meese's +Justice Department, and Tisoft also amended its articles of +incorporation to permit the sale of common stock to new outside +owners who would then have majority control of the company. + + Margaret Wiencek, the former Director of Administrative +Services at Earl Brian's Financial News Network (FNN), claims +that Patrick R. Gallagher of Tisoft, Inc. was also someone who +regularly telephoned the chairman's office at Earl Brian's FNN +Headquarters in Los Angeles during at least 1987. + + INSLAW believes that DOJ encouraged the SCT hostile takeover +bid for INSLAW in 1986 in order to preclude INSLAW from seeking +redress in the courts for DOJ's 1983 theft of the PROMIS software +and to remove INSLAW as an obstacle to the planned award of +Project EAGLE to Tisoft and the planned implementation of PROMIS +on the Project EAGLE computers. + + Bua placed quotation marks around the word "hostile" in +referring to SCT's effort to purchase INSLAW in early 1986, +suggesting that he doubted INSLAW's characterization of the SCT +initiative as a "hostile takeover" initiative. Through third- +party discovery in 1987, however, INSLAW obtained an internal SCT +document prepared in conjunction with SCT's investment bankers in +December 1985. That SCT document uses the words "hostile +takeover" to describe the then-planned effort to acquire INSLAW. + + E. Bua's Investigation of the Death of the + Investigative Journalist, Danny Casolaro + + 1. Evidence That Casolaro Broke the INSLAW + Case the Week He Died + + In August 1990, Mr. Terry D. Miller, President of Government +Sales Consultants, Inc., encouraged a free-lance investigative +journalist by the name of Danny Casolaro to consider +investigating DOJ's theft of the PROMIS software. Casolaro and +Miller had previously worked together on the publication of a +newsletter that focused, at least in part, on federal government +computer procurement fraud, and Miller thought Casolaro had the +ideal background for the INSLAW investigation. Miller is also a +friend of Mr. and Ms. Hamilton. + + On Saturday, August 10, 1991, approximately one year after +Casolaro began his full-time, self-financed investigation of the +INSLAW affair, Casolaro was found dead in the bathtub of his room +in the Sheraton Hotel in Martinsburg, West Virginia. Casolaro's +wrists on both arms had been slashed, with almost a dozen +slashes, some deep enough to have severed the tendons. The local +Martinsburg, West Virginia, authorities ruled Casolaro's death a +suicide. + + In the late afternoon of the Monday before his death, i.e., +on August 5, 1991, Casolaro had telephoned Miller to tell him +that the INSLAW case, to which Miller had directed him one year +earlier, had proved to be the story of his lifetime. + + Later that night, Casolaro telephoned Robert Booth Nichols +in Los Angeles. Nichols has a background in CIA covert +intelligence operations and, in the course of about 100 hours of +telephone conversations with Casolaro during the previous 12 +months, Nichols had served as a sounding board for Casolaro's +probe of the clandestine world of U.S. and foreign intelligence +operations. According to Nichols' statement to William Hamilton, +Monday night's telephone call from Casolaro was the first time in +their year-long colloquy when Casolaro was not seeking any +information. Casolaro told Nichols that he had just come back +from a meeting with a source on the INSLAW case, that he now knew +everything there was to know about the INSLAW case, that the +Hamiltons were going to be quite excited, and that Casolaro had +to return right away for another meeting with the same source to +collect the final piece of documentary evidence. Nichols +described Casolaro that night as "euphoric." + + Also Monday night, Casolaro met with Ann Klenk, a fellow +journalist and long-time friend, at a pub frequented by Casolaro. +According to Klenk, Casolaro said he had just returned from West +Virginia, where he had met with a source on the INSLAW case, and +that he had already broken the INSLAW case, but that he had to +return right away to West Virginia to pick up a final piece of +the evidence. + + The next day, Tuesday, August 6, 1991, Casolaro telephoned +William Turner in Winchester, Virginia, and told him that he +would be having a follow-up meeting later in the week in +Martinsburg, West Virginia, with some employees from the office +of Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia. Casolaro described one +of the employees as a relative of Ms. Barbara Videnieks and +further described that person as his source on INSLAW. According +to Turner, +Casolaro asked him to remove two numbered and sealed packets +of Casolaro's INSLAW documents from Turner's home safe and bring +them the 20-mile distance to Martinsburg, West Virginia, on the +afternoon of Friday, August 9, 1991 so that Casolaro could show +them to Ms. Videnieks' relative. Ms. Barbara Videnieks is the +Chief of Staff to Senator Robert Byrd. Her husband, Peter +Videnieks, was the DOJ Contracting Officer on INSLAW's PROMIS +contract. According to Michael Riconosciuto, Peter Videnieks was +also a close associate of Earl Brian in Brian's alleged +international sales and distribution of PROMIS. Ms. Margaret +Wiencek, former Director of Administrative Services at Financial +News Network (FNN) Headquarters in Los Angeles, claims, in sworn +testimony, to have taken telephone messages from Peter Videnieks +in 1987 in the office of the FNN Chairman. Earl Brian was +Chairman of FNN in 1987. Both Videnieks and Brian have, however, +denied under oath even knowing each other. + + On Wednesday, August 7, 1991, Casolaro socialized with a +friend by the name of Ben Mason. Casolaro told Mason that he had +broken the INSLAW case but had to return to Martinsburg, West +Virginia, the following day for a final meeting with some +individuals with whom he had just recently met. + + On Thursday, August 8, 1991, Casolaro traveled to +Martinsburg, West Virginia, and checked into the Sheraton Hotel. + + On Friday afternoon, August 9, 1991, Turner met with +Casolaro in the parking lot of the Sheraton Hotel and delivered +both sealed packets of Casolaro's INSLAW documents, as well as +documents relating to Turner's own case. Turner's own case +involved alleged federal contract fraud at Hughes Aircraft, where +Turner had apparently been employed as a flight simulation +engineer. Casolaro reconfirmed to Turner that his meeting with +Ms. Barbara Videnieks' relative and one other employee from +Senator Byrd's office was still on for Friday night. Casolaro +warned Turner "to watch his rear," and made arrangements to meet +Turner the following day, Saturday, in the Washington, DC, area +to celebrate. + + On Saturday morning, August 10, 1991, Casolaro was found +dead in the bathtub of his Sheraton Hotel room. + + Turner has contemporaneous handwritten notes about his +conversations with Casolaro on Tuesday and Friday of the week +Casolaro died. Bua neither questioned Turner nor sought copies of +his notes. + + Bua never questioned Terry Miller or Ben Mason either. +Although Bua or one of his Assistant U.S. Attorneys spoke by +telephone with both Ann Klenk and Robert Nichols, no one from +Bua's team ever attempted to probe their knowledge of Casolaro's +investigative work in the days preceding his death. + + Notwithstanding these facts, Bua stated that he was +persuaded from his review of the investigative records of the +local Martinsburg authorities "that Mr. Casolaro's death was +fully and fairly investigated and that the conclusion of the +local authorities that his death was a suicide was amply +supported by the facts." + + Bua details various items of physical evidence from +Casolaro's hotel room that he claims "strongly supports the +conclusion of the local authorities that the death was a +suicide." Bua fails, however, to take any cognizance of the fact +that none of Casolaro's investigative working papers was found in +the hotel room. Casolaro always carried such files with him, was +seen leaving Washington for Martinsburg with the files, and was +seen in Martinsburg with the files. Moreover, the two packets of +Casolaro's sensitive INSLAW documents and the Hughes aircraft +documents that Turner claims to have personally delivered to +Casolaro in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Friday afternoon were +also missing. + + Riconosciuto claimed in a sworn affidavit, prior to his +arrest in early 1991, that Peter Videnieks had threatened him +with prosecution and conviction if he testified about the INSLAW +matter. Casolaro was evidently having a secret follow-up meeting +in Martinsburg, West Virginia, with someone in Senator Byrd's +office who is related to Peter Videnieks' wife, Barbara. + + In a telephone conversation one weekend shortly before his +death, Casolaro read to William Hamilton detailed biographical +data about various employees in Senator Robert Byrd's office and +told Hamilton that he believed he could break the INSLAW case by +penetrating Senator Byrd's office. + + Casolaro had told the Hamiltons of other connections to +Peter and Barbara Videnieks and Senator Robert Byrd's office +during the final two months of his life. On June 12, 1991, for +example, Casolaro said that he had spoken by telephone with Peter +Videnieks at Videnieks' office at the U.S. Customs Service but +that Videnieks had declined to answer Casolaro's questions about +INSLAW and had, instead, referred Casolaro to Charles Ruff, the +Washington, DC, attorney whom DOJ was paying to represent Peter +Videnieks in the House Judiciary Committee's investigation of the +INSLAW case. + + Casolaro also told the Hamiltons about a series of meetings +he had had during the final month of his life with a covert +intelligence operative of the U.S. Army Special Forces whose name +is Joseph Cuellar. According to Casolaro, Cuellar, during a +purportedly chance encounter at Casolaro's neighborhood pub in +mid-July 1991, asked Casolaro what line of work he was in and, +upon hearing Casolaro describe his journalistic investigation of +the INSLAW case, asserted that he knew all about INSLAW because +Peter Videnieks was one of his closest friends. According to +Casolaro, Cuellar also stated that his ex-wife worked for Ms. +Barbara Videnieks in Senator Byrd's office. Casolaro told the +Hamiltons that Cuellar had later persuaded Peter Videnieks to +meet Casolaro and discuss the INSLAW case with him. The Hamiltons +never heard whether the meeting actually took place, however. + + Lynn Knowles, a friend of Casolaro's, attended at least two +of the meetings between Casolaro and Cuellar. Bua never sought to +interview Knowles, and there is no reason to suspect that Bua +sought to interrogate Cuellar either. She told William Hamilton +that she and Cuellar had spoken by telephone several days after +Casolaro's death and that Cuellar said the following to Knowles, +in words or substance: + + What Danny Casolaro was investigating is a business. If + you don't want to end up like Danny or like the + journalist who died a horiffic death in Guatemala,27 + you'll stay out of this. Anyone who asks too many + questions will end up dead. + + 2. The Question of the FBI's Role in the + Investigation of Casolaro's Death + + Bua also absolves DOJ of having exerted any influence on the +investigation executed by the West Virginia authorities, "beyond +the normal and expected assistance law enforcement agencies +typically provide one another." Bua further describes this +exception as "assistance and information sharing between the +local authorities and the regional FBI office..." + + Bua apparently did not look into the FBI's role in the +execution of a search warrant in William Turner's home in +September 1991 or in the refusal, long after criminal charges +against Turner were dismissed, to return to Turner documents +taken from Turner's home safe. About six weeks after Casolaro's +death, Turner, who has one artificial leg, was arrested and +charged with the robberies of two local area banks. That same +month, the FBI assisted local authorities in executing a search +warrant in Turner's home. The official inventory of the search +lists the seizure of a spiral notebook that Turner claims +contains detailed notes about his collaboration with Casolaro and +that Turner says was taken by the FBI from Turner's home safe. +This is the same home safe where Turner claims he stored sealed +packets of Casolaro's sensitive documents on INSLAW. + + The local authorities dropped the bank robbery charges +against Turner after keeping him in pre-trial incarceration in +the county jail for over six months. FBI "enhancements" of the +photographs taken by hidden bank cameras reportedly established +that Turner was not the robber. At a preliminary hearing, an eye +witness to one of the robberies, a bank teller, also reportedly +acknowledged that Turner could not have been the robber she saw +run out the bank because his artificial leg would obviously have +prevented Turner from running. + + Turner claims that the local FBI office in Winchester, +Virginia, has refused to return the documents seized from his +home in September 1991, on the grounds that the Martinsburg, West +Virginia, authorities do not wish to have those documents +returned. On May 26, 1993, Turner filed a motion in the U.S. +District Court for the Western District of Virginia in +Harrisonburg, Virginia, seeking to compel the FBI to return his +documents and other personal property. The motion is pending. + + In its September 1992 Investigative Report, the House +Judiciary Committee stated that it had deposed for two days FBI +Special Agent Thomas Gates, who had been discussing the INSLAW +investigation with Casolaro during the final four weeks of +Casolaro's life. Gates evidently testified that Casolaro had told +him about a specific threat on his life, shortly before Casolaro +was found dead. Gates also testified to the House Judiciary +Committee that the FBI +may have jurisdiction to investigate the possible murder of +Casolaro under the Interstate Transportation in Aid of +Racketeering (ITAR) statute. + + Bua, apparently, inexplicably failed to interview FBI +Special Agent Thomas Gates. Notwithstanding this failure, Bua +makes the following statement in his report on page 247: + + A private citizen's death, whether a suicide or a + murder, is outside the normal jurisdiction of the + federal government. Instead, it is a state or local + matter. Accordingly, we find nothing unusual in the + fact that DOJ did not undertake to investigate + Casolaro's death. + + F. Bua's Comments About the Alleged Sham Contract + Disputes + + In Section III, C.1., INSLAW details Bua's seemingly +superficial investigation of specific allegations from a credible +source that Presidential appointee D. Lowell Jensen engineered +INSLAW's contract disputes in the spring of 1983 in order to +force INSLAW out of business so that DOJ's PROMIS-based business +could be awarded to political friends and supporters of the then +current administration. As demonstrated in this section, there is +an obvious contrived quality to each of the two major contract +disputes and additional evidence suggestive of a key role for +Jensen in either engineering the dispute, e.g., the dispute about +the amount of fee owed INSLAW in light of the termination for +convenience of the word processing part of the contract, or in +perpetuating a wholly contrived dispute, e.g., apparently +refusing to allow DOJ attorney Janis Sposato to act independently +in seeking to resolve the computer time-sharing billing dispute +on the merits. + + In Section III, D.2(3), INSLAW details Bua's failure to +interrogate Jonathan Ben Cnaan about what he was told in +September 1983 by someone he would only identify as a +"businessman with ties to the highest level of the Reagan +Administration" who was determined to wrest control of PROMIS +from INSLAW for use in federal government contracts. Ben Cnaan, +in a meeting with William Hamilton in October 1983, quoted the +unnamed businessman as boasting that INSLAW had been hit with +contract disputes at DOJ right after INSLAW refused to be +purchased by Earl Brian's Hadron and further boasting that the +contract disputes would prove insoluble unless and until INSLAW +agreed to allow the businessman to use the PROMIS software in +federal government contracts. + + Either of the two aforementioned investigative leads could, +if properly pursued, have produced external evidence in support +of INSLAW'S claim that the contract disputes that arose in the +spring of 1983 were sham disputes concocted in order to drive +INSLAW out of business so that DOJ could award the PROMIS case +management software business to political friends and supporters. + + Bua stated that he "did not believe it was appropriate ... +to attempt to determine the esoteric government cost accounting +issues..." underpinning those contract disputes, but that he did +examine the disputes sufficiently in order to be able "to +determine whether the DOJ's positions and actions leading up to +the parties' disputes were so clearly baseless or without +foundation as to give rise to a reasonable inference that the +origins of the disputes must have been motivated by improper +purpose and a desire to force INSLAW into bankruptcy." + + 1. DOJ's Refusal, Apparently at the Behest + of Presidential Appointee D. Lowell + Jensen, to Resolve, on the Merits, Its + Main Contract Dispute with INSLAW, a + Dispute That is Self-Evidently Contrived + + Bua's inquiry led him to conclude that "the government's +positions about overcharging and cost overruns were founded upon +legitimate, good faith concerns and the desire to + protect the government's interests, and not out of the +desire to bankrupt INSLAW or to force its liquidation." + + Bua bases his conclusion in part, at least, on the fact that +both DOJ's Audit Staff and the Defense Contract Audit Agency +(DCAA) agreed that INSLAW's computer time-sharing costs under its +PROMIS Implementation Contract were "essentially unauditable." +Moreover, Bua quotes DCAA as finding that DOJ overpaid INSLAW for +the computer time-sharing services by approximately $590,000. + + In examining the criticism that INSLAW's computer time- +sharing costs are "essentially unauditable," it is important to +position that criticism in context: The U.S. Government has never +had any problem auditing the costs in INSLAW's computer cost +center, and there has never been any material disagreement +between DOJ and INSLAW on the "actual and allowable" costs in the +computer cost center. For the peak year of INSLAW's PROMIS time- +sharing services under the DOJ contract, i.e., Fiscal Year 1983, +the computer cost center had slightly more than $2.5 million in +"actual costs, allowable under U.S. Government contracts." (This +amount includes $344,229 of Fiscal Year 1982 computer center +costs that DOJ "carried forward" into Fiscal Year 1983 for +reimbursement purposes.) + + Almost all of the business of INSLAW's computer center in +1983 was with various U.S. Government customers, and, in light of +the fact that INSLAW and the U.S. Government have always been in +basic agreement about the amount of "actual and allowable" +computer center costs that fiscal year, one might reasonably ask +what is the problem. + + The problem is what subset of the $2.5 million in actual and +allowable computer center costs during Fiscal Year 1983 should be +allocated to one particular U.S. Government contract, i.e., DOJ's +PROMIS Implementation Contract. + + When DOJ and INSLAW negotiated the PROMIS Implementation +Contract during the winter of 1982, DOJ officials told INSLAW +that DOJ wished to pay only for successful use of INSLAW's +computer time-sharing services by U.S. Attorneys' Offices as +measured by such indices as the number of successfully completed +update or inquiry transactions and the number of devices used to +access the time-sharing service by the U.S. Attorneys' Offices.28 +DOJ told INSLAW, further, that it would not reimburse computer +time-sharing costs except in relationship to such measures of +successful use of the time-sharing service by U.S. Attorneys' +Offices. + + Based on these DOJ guidelines, INSLAW and DOJ negotiated a +time-sharing billing formula that both parties believed would +fairly compensate INSLAW for its expected computer time-sharing +costs by measuring not costs, but the aforementioned indices of +successful use of the PROMIS time-sharing service. Once the +parties to a contract negotiate the terms for the computer time- +sharing billing formula or algorithm, the vendor writes a piece +of computer software that automatically keeps track of the very +indices that the parties have agreed will serve +as the basis for the billings. Conversely, the piece of the +computer software is not written to track factors that are not to +be taken into consideration in computing the computer time- +sharing billings such as the subset of the computer center's +actual and allowable costs that are allocable on any given day to +the PROMIS Implementation Contract. + + DOJ has consistently refused to acknowledge the fact that +the reason that the subset of INSLAW's actual and allowable +computer center costs that should properly be allocated to the +PROMIS Implementation Contract cannot be verified through a +standard U.S. Government cost incurred audit is that the time- +sharing billings were not supposed to be either based on incurred +costs or subject to an incurred cost audit. + + In 1985, Deputy Attorney General D. Lowell Jensen arranged, +at INSLAW's request, an effort to negotiate a settlement of the +computer time-sharing billing question and the other disputes +under the contract. Janis Sposato, who chaired the negotiations +for DOJ, insisted on DOJ's right to try to reconstruct, by rule +of thumb, the estimated subset of actual and allowable computer +center costs for Fiscal Year 1983 that were actually incurred in +performance of the computer time-sharing service under the PROMIS +Implementation Contract. DOJ and INSLAW had about 10 negotiation +sessions in 1985, with most of the time spent on trying to +reconstruct the actual time-sharing costs for 1983. DOJ and +INSLAW had already managed to establish the reasonableness of +most of the Fiscal Year 1983 computer time-sharing billings under +the DOJ contract when Sposato and INSLAW discovered another cost +category that was sufficiently large by itself to remove any +remaining question about the billings under the negotiated +formula.29 In other words, the negotiations had led to the +inescapable conclusion that DOJ would not have overcompensated +INSLAW for computer time-sharing costs during Fiscal Year 1983 if +DOJ had honored its Negotiated Agreement on computer time-sharing +billings under that contract. + + Instead of disposing of the computer time-sharing question, +however, Sposato announced shortly thereafter, in words or +substance, as follows: "My management upstairs is unwilling to +allow me to make any more concessions." At the time, Sposato +reported directly to the Assistant Attorney General for +Administration, whose offices were on the same floor as +Sposato's. That individual, however, reported, in turn, directly +to Deputy Attorney General Lowell Jensen, whose offices were +several floors upstairs. INSLAW inferred then and infers now that +Sposato was alluding to Deputy Attorney General Lowell Jensen's +unwillingness to permit a resolution on the merits of the Fiscal +Year 1983 computer time-sharing issue because it was DOJ's main +"fig leaf" for its wrongful withholding of payments under the +contract. + + Although Sposato did not disclose it to INSLAW, DOJ already +knew that INSLAW's computer time-sharing billings for Fiscal Year +1983 were reasonable. In 1987, INSLAW obtained through discovery +an internal DOJ memorandum authored in 1981 by the Assistant +Attorney General for Administration, purporting to estimate what +it should cost for a vendor in +Washington, DC, to provide 12 months of PROMIS computer time- +sharing services to the very same U.S. Attorneys' Offices +supported by INSLAW in Fiscal Year 1983. DOJ's "should cost" +estimate was slightly higher than INSLAW's billings for Fiscal +Year 1983 under the Negotiated Agreement for time-sharing +billings. The DOJ memorandum also explicitly anticipated the need +for the very kinds of contractor technical support personnel that +DOJ had ignored in determining that INSLAW's computer time- +sharing costs were excessively high. + + How, then, did DCAA decide that DOJ had overpaid INSLAW for +such services? Number one, DOJ strenuously resisted INSLAW's +repeated requests before the Department of Transportation Board +of Contract Appeals (DOTBCA) to produce to INSLAW and to DCAA +DOJ's records and notes on the 1985 so-called negotiations on +this very subject. DOJ never produced the documents, and the +DOTBCA judge declined to order DOJ to produce them. Number two, +DCAA, in applying its own rules of thumb without talking to +INSLAW, made some very significant mistakes of fact. Although Bua +makes no mention of it, INSLAW filed before DOTBCA a sworn +affidavit from the senior DCAA auditor on INSLAW acknowledging +such material errors of fact in the DCAA audit and stating that +DCAA "should have considered the materiality of such +reallocations of cost once it had been advised of the issues +above and of the cost impact to the PROMIS Implementation +Contract for Fiscal Year ended 30 September 1983." + + The total costs under the three-year PROMIS Implementation +Contract that are in dispute between the DCAA audit report and +INSLAW are about $1.2 million. The computer timesharing billing +question alone accounts for all but $100,000 of that amount. + + 2. Presidential Appointee D. Lowell Jensen + Leads DOJ Effort to Withhold Payment of + INSLAW's Profit by Blaming INSLAW for + DOJ's Own Delays in the Word-Processing + Part of the INSLAW Contract + + DCAA and INSLAW also have a disagreement on one other issue: +the amount of fee or profit payable to INSLAW under the PROMIS +Implementation Contract. As with the negotiated time-sharing +billing algorithm, the amount of fee earned is not properly +subject to an incurred cost audit. INSLAW is claiming $1,145,000 +in fee, and DCAA has recommended $687,000 in fee, a difference of +$458,000. + + The amount of fee earned by INSLAW is related primarily to +the legal effect on "target costs" under INSLAW's contract of the +DOJ's February 1984 termination, for the convenience of the +government, of the word processing part of the PROMIS +Implementation Contract. In other words, it is primarily a legal +question, not an incurred cost audit question. As with the +computer time-sharing billing issue, however, an honest decision +by DOJ would expose the truth about the contrived and wrongful +basis for the withholding and, thereby, deprive DOJ of its other +principal "fig leaf. " + + DOJ had required the winning vendor to implement in each of +the 70 smaller U.S. Attorneys' Offices, on government-furnished +word processing machines, a rudimentary case management software +capability. In February 1984, Presidential appointee D. Lowell +Jensen +approved a DOJ decision to terminate the word processing +part of the contract for the convenience of the government. The +legal effect of a convenience termination is that the contractor +bears no financial responsibility for the partial termination. + + In December 1983, however, Jensen had secretly pre-approved +a plan for DOJ Contracting Officer Peter Videnieks to terminate +INSLAW's PROMIS Implementation Contract, apparently in its +entirety, for INSLAW's alleged default on the word processing +part of the contract. INSLAW did not find out about this until it +obtained DOJ documents in litigation discovery in 1987. + + What prompted the Jensen decision to transform an apparent, +planned complete termination for default into a partial +termination for convenience was an internal February 1984 legal +opinion by DOJ's internal contract administration counsel, +William Snider. Snider pointed out that DOJ could not sustain a +case against INSLAW for delay in the word processing phase of the +contract because DOJ itself had been late in selecting the word +processing hardware for this portion of the contract, a +prerequisite to INSLAW's ability to begin the work, and because +DOJ had failed thereafter to negotiate with INSLAW a new, legally +binding schedule for the word processing part of the contract. + + DOJ Administrative Counsel William Snider authored the +internal legal opinion in the month of February 1984, when the +Senate Judiciary Committee commenced its hearings on the +confirmation of Edwin Meese as Attorney General of the United +States, and when Judiciary Committee member, Senator Max Baucus, +sent a team of General Accounting Office auditors into DOJ on an +emergency investigation of INSLAW's PROMIS Implementation +Contract. Senator Baucus' office had received a tip from a DOJ +whistleblower to the effect that as soon as Meese was confirmed +as Attorney General, he and Jensen planned to award a "massive +sweetheart contract" to unnamed "friends" to implement the PROMIS +software in every litigative office of DOJ. + + Jensen's wrongful role in the word processing dispute is +even more obvious than his role in the computer time-sharing +billing dispute. DOJ has been unwilling, however, to admit the +increasingly inescapable fact that DOJ officials concocted the +contract disputes in order to get leverage over INSLAW in DOJ's +theft of the PROMIS software. + + G. Bua's Investigation into Possible DOJ Complicity + in the Failure of Judge Bason to Obtain + Reappointment to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court + + A Merit Selection Panel, headed by U.S. District Judge Norma +Johnson, was appointed in 1987 to make recommendations to the +D.C. Judicial Council, as well as to the ultimate appointing +authority, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of +Columbia, about the ranking of various applicants, including +incumbent Judge George F.. Bason, Jr., for the new, 14-year term +of sole U.S. Bankruptcy Judge for the District of Columbia. + + The Merit Selection Panel gave its number one ranking to a +DOJ attorney, S. Martin Teel, who had no judicial experience and +very little bankruptcy law experience. Teel had represented the +U.S. Government before Judge Bason in the INSLAW bankruptcy +proceeding in an attempt in 1987 to convince Judge Bason to force +INSLAW into liquidation. + + On September 18, 1987, while the Merit Selection Panel was +sitting, Judge Bason announced his oral ruling in the adversary +proceeding of INSLAW, Inc. v. the U.S. Department of Justice. In +that ruling, Judge Bason found that DOJ officials "took, +converted, stole" INSLAW's proprietary PROMIS computer software +product "through trickery, fraud and deceit." S. Martin Teel +argued for INSLAW's liquidation before Judge Bason approximately +a month after the aforementioned oral ruling. + + 1. The Merit Selection Panel Determined + That It Would Be Inappropriate to Permit + Judge Bason's Inslaw Ruling to Influence + Its Evaluation of Bason + + Bua reports that the Panel members agreed that the Inslaw +opinion should not influence their evaluation of Judge Bason and +that based on his inspection of the notes of the Panel and of the +Judicial Council, "There is no indication that the Inslaw ruling +played any role in the process." + + Bua noted that the Merit Selection Panel extended +invitations to both DOJ and to INSLAW counsel Charles R. Work to +appear before the Panel to discuss their respective views of +Judge Bason and that INSLAW counsel Charles Work did make such an +appearance, but that DOJ declined the opportunity. Bua then makes +the following statement: + + It would be odd, however, if DOJ had foregone an + opportunity to fully express its views of Judge Bason + in an ex-parte proceeding with a pledge of + confidentiality, in favor of a covert mission to unseat + him. We found no evidence of any such covert effort by + DOJ. + + In view of Bua's aforementioned statement that Panel members +did not consider it appropriate for Judge Bason's adverse ruling +against DOJ to influence their evaluation of Bason's candidacy, +DOJ would have been well advised not to have proceeded openly. As +is explained hereafter, Bua found that DOJ did, in fact, wish to +unseat Judge Bason, and that one DOJ +attorney, at least, conveyed his negative view of Judge +Bason directly to the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel. + + 2. DOJ Civil Division Attorney Stuart + Schiffer, Currently the Acting Assistant + Attorney General for the Civil Division, + Assumes the Leadership Role to Separate + the Inslaw Case from Judge Bason + + According to the House Judiciary Committee's September 1992 +Investigative Report entitled The INSLAW Affair, Deputy Attorney +General Arnold Burns, in approximately July 1987, asked the Civil +Division to "consider initiatives for achieving a more favorable +disposition" of the INSLAW adversarial proceeding against DOJ +being tried before Judge Bason. The Committee also reported that, +based on Burns' request, Stuart Schiffer, Deputy Assistant +Attorney General in the Civil Division, initiated research by +Civil Division attorneys in July 1987 "to investigate the +possibility of having Judge Bason disqualified from the INSLAW +case on the grounds of bias." + + 3. Schiffer Had a Long-Term Friendship with + the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel + + In addition to being the chief DOJ official concerned with +finding a way "to achieve a more favorable disposition" by +separating the INSLAW case from Judge Bason," Schiffer also had a +long-term personal relationship with Judge Norma Johnson, the +Chair of the Merit Selection Panel. For example, according to +Bua, "Judge Johnson and Stuart Schiffer were office partners when +both began their legal careers as staff attorneys with DOJ in +the early 1960's," and "they have stayed in touch over the years, +mostly when Judge Johnson has called Schiffer to recommend one of +her clerks for employment with DOJ." + + According to Bua, "Judge Johnson did call Schiffer during +the merit selection process," but Judge Johnson was only seeking +"Schiffer's candid appraisal of two candidates from DOJ who were +in the panel's short list." According to Bua, Judge Johnson told +Schiffer "that she was not calling about Bason and that she did +not want to hear anything about Bason," and that "Schiffer said +nothing about Bason." + + 4. After Discussing the Inslaw Case with + Schiffer, Another DOJ Attorney Contacts + the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel + about INSLAW + + According to Bua, Schiffer did make known "his displeasure +with Bason" to another DOJ attorney, Royce Lambreth, who +subsequently turned over directly to Judge Johnson a copy of a +transcript of Judge Bason's September 25, 1987 oral ruling +against DOJ, using "a tone of voice that allowed Judge Johnson to +surmise Lambreth's negative view of Bason's ruling." Shortly +thereafter, Lambreth was confirmed as a U.S. District Judge for +the District of Columbia. + + According to Bua, "although Judge Johnson presented the +opinion without commentary, at least one Panel member perceived +that the opinion was presented, not because it revealed great +wisdom and scholarship but because it reflected unfavorably on +Judge Bason's suitability for the bench." + + According to Bua, Judge Lambreth cannot recall where he +obtained the transcript of Judge Bason's oral ruling in the +INSLAW case. Retired Assistant U.S. Attorney Froman "has no +recollection of being asked to obtain or of obtaining the INSLAW +ruling," although she was the subordinate to Lambreth with +responsibility for maintaining the file on INSLAW within the U.S. +Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia. + + Until the Bua investigation, Judge Johnson, according to the +Bua Report, had maintained to the Senate Permanent Investigations +Subcommittee and possibly also to the House Judiciary Committee +"that she had no contacts with DOJ regarding Judge Bason and she +received no negative input from DOJ regarding the INSLAW case." + + Bua states that "the Senate and the House Reports both found +no evidence that anyone from DOJ had attempted to influence the +selection process." According to the Bua Report, however, the +failure of Judge Johnson to recall the communication from then +DOJ Attorney Royce Lambreth would have deprived the two +investigations of any knowledge of just such an attempt. + + "It was the only judicial opinion that was circulated," +according to the Bua Report. During his tenure on the U.S. +Bankruptcy Court, Judge Bason reportedly had approximately 70 +published opinions. + + Bua absolves Royce Lambreth of any questions of impropriety +in regard to his previously undisclosed communications with the +Chair of the Merit Selection Panel about his criticism of Judge +Bason's ruling against DOJ in the INSLAW case. Bua separately +absolves Lambreth whether he was acting in his then capacity as a +DOJ attorney or in his then future capacity as a U.S. District +Court judge. Bua was apparently ready to absolve Lambreth of +wrongdoing irrespective of any final determination of the facts +about his motivation. + + 5. The Attempt by Judge Bason's + Predecessor, Roger Whelan, to Disparage + Bason to the Merit Selection Panel for + the Administrative Disarray in the + Clerk's Office That the Chief Judge of + the U.S. District Court Traces to the + Tenure of Whelan Himself + + The House Judiciary Committee stated as follows in its +September 1992 Investigative Report: "According to [then Chief +U.S. District] Judge Robinson, Judge George Bason inherited a +mess (administratively) in the clerk's office when he took over +from Judge Roger Whelan." + + According to the House Judiciary Committee's report, Chief +Judge Robinson also stated that "Judge Bason was getting the +system under control"..." by May 1986, and so reported that +fact in the Judicial Conference report for the D.C. Circuit +that year." The Committee also quotes Mr. Martin Bloom, who took +over as clerk of the D.C. Circuit Bankruptcy Court in 1986, to +the effect that by "the latter part of 1987, administratively, I +think the court was up to par. " + + With Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson blaming the administrative +problems in the bankruptcy court clerk's office on the tenure of +former Judge Roger Whelan and with both Judge Robinson and the +new clerk, brought in by Judge Bason, agreeing that the +administrative problems had been cured at the latest by the +latter part of 1987, it is curious that the Merit Selection Panel +had concluded that the administrative problems still existed and +that they were the fault of Judge Bason. Even more disturbing is +the evidence from the Bua Report that the Panel reached this +conclusion in large part on the basis of ex-parte communications +from Judge Whelan himself: + + One lawyer who commented negatively about Judge Bason + to the Panel was Roger Whelan, the bankruptcy judge who + preceded Bason. + + What is relevant is the perception that Judge Bason was + a poor administrator. That perception, accurate or not, + was made known to the Panel at least by former Judge + Whelan. + + We note only that the Panel's apparent perception that + Judge Bason was an inefficient administrator was not + totally baseless, and, more importantly, was not + attributable to a DOJ campaign against Bason. The Panel + had heard that criticism at least from former + Bankruptcy Judge Whelan ... + + The Bua Report makes it clear that Whelan's ex-parte +criticisms of Judge Bason to the Merit Selection Panel were +influential in the Panel' s deliberations about Judge Bason's +suitability for reappointment. This fact makes it most unusual +that the Panel failed to interview any of the individuals most +responsible for the administration of the court about Whelan's +allegations that Judge Bason was a poor administrator. According +to the House Judiciary Committee's September 1992 Investigative +Report, the Panel failed to interview Judge Bason, Bankruptcy +Court Clerk Martin Bloom, the former bankruptcy court clerk, or +Chief Judge Robinson about Whelan's representations concerning +Judge Bason's responsibility for the administrative problems. +Moreover, according to the Committee, the Panel also failed to +examine any statistics in order to determine empirically the +administrative condition of the court. + + 6. At the Time of Whelan's Effort to + Discredit Judge Bason to the Merit + Selection Panel, Whelan Was Representing + One of INSLAW's Creditors, a Creditor + That Appeared to Have Been Acting in + Collusion with DOJ in the INSLAW Affair + + During 1987, Roger Whelan became counsel of record for AT&T +in the INSLAW bankruptcy. AT&T has employed no fewer than five +law firms of record to represent its interests in the INSLAW +bankruptcy. AT&T's interests arose from its having contracted in +August 1984 with INSLAW to port the INSLAW case management +software for operation on AT&T's then-new line of mini-computers +and from AT&T's having advanced to INSLAW that month +approximately $380,000 to perform the software port. AT&T +expected to recover the advance from future royalties payable to +INSLAW on the basis of AT&T's sale of the INSLAW software to +AT&T's law firm customers. + + On February 8, 1985, the day after INSLAW filed for +bankruptcy protection, AT&T's first outside counsel in the INSLAW +bankruptcy proceeding filed his Notice of Appearance with the +U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Washington, DC. Kenneth Rosen had +previously been employed in DOJ's U.S. Trustee's Office for the +Southern District of New York under Cornelius Blackshear, and +Blackshear's then First Assistant Harry Jones.30 In a deposition, +Jones, whom Bankruptcy Judge Bason ruled was supposed to relocate +temporarily to Washington, DC, in 1985 in order to force INSLAW +into a Chapter 7 liquidation, acknowledged that he and Rosen had +continued a close social relationship since working together in +the DOJ Trustee's Office in New York City, but denied ever +discussing the INSLAW matter with Rosen + + AT&T had become a member of INSLAW's Unsecured Creditors +Committee in an unusual fashion, through assistance from DOJ +itself. DOJ's U.S. Trustee's Office for the Washington, DC, area +appointed the Unsecured Creditors Committee from the creditors +listed by INSLAW, in a mandatory filing with the bankruptcy +court, as the 20 largest unsecured creditors. AT&T was not on the +INSLAW list. After announcing the appointment of the Committee, +DOJ's Trustee's Office announced the supplementary appointment of +AT&T to the Committee. + + Between February and August 1985, when the covert DOJ scheme +to force INSLAW into liquidation was under way, Rosen was +extraordinarily active in the INSLAW bankruptcy. For example, +Rosen deluged INSLAW, its bankruptcy counsel, the counsel for the +Unsecured Creditors Committee, and the bankruptcy court with +written and/or telephonic questions and objections relating to +the most routine business decisions by INSLAW such as hiring a +replacement financial controller. Rosen's behavior was so +striking that it elicited two letters of rebuke from the +Unsecured Creditors Committee, the first from the Committee's +counsel and the second from a businessman on the Committee. +Rosen's co-counsel in the INSLAW bankruptcy was Shea and Gould, a +firm that does not normally represent AT&T. Shea and Gould had, +however, served for many years, including 1985, as the mergers +and acquisition counsel for Hadron, Inc. and for Earl Brian's +other companies. This was also Rosen's first time representing +AT&T. + + In June 1986, AT&T told INSLAW that it had fired Rosen as +its counsel in the INSLAW case. + + In April 1986, Dixon and Dixon, an Omaha, Nebraska, law +firm, filed its Notice of Appearance in the INSLAW bankruptcy on +behalf of AT&T. Roger Whelan became Washington co-counsel for +Dixon and Dixon in the INSLAW bankruptcy, although INSLAW does +not know the exact date of Whelan's retention by AT&T. + + The first move that Dixon and Dixon made on behalf of AT&T +was an attempt to strip INSLAW of protection against hostile +takeover bids, by trying to convince the Unsecured Creditors +Committee, which had always supported INSLAW's periodic requests +for extensions in the "period of exclusivity," to refuse any more +extensions. This AT&T initiative occurred in April 1986. Several +weeks after this unsuccessful effort by AT&T's new lead counsel, +a Pennsylvania-based computer services company, Systems and +Computer Technology (SCT), secretly approached INSLAW's Unsecured +Creditors Committee with an offer of several millions of dollars +in cash for INSLAW's creditors if the Committee would support the +forced sale of INSLAW to SCT. SCT had met with DOJ officials, in +advance of its hostile takeover attempt, to discuss the prospects +for settling INSLAW's contract disputes once SCT acquired INSLAW +and removed William A. Hamilton as President. One of the DOJ +officials that SCT met with was a Presidential appointee from the +same California county as Edwin Meese and Lowell Jensen. + + Sidley and Austin, which normally serves as AT&T's outside +general counsel and bankruptcy counsel, became the fifth counsel +of record for AT&T in the INSLAW bankruptcy.31 Sidley and Austin +and Dixon and Dixon attended virtually every bankruptcy court +hearing on INSLAW during 1988 and early 1989 and sought +aggressively to block INSLAW's Plan of Reorganization on behalf +of their client, AT&T. + + 7. At the Time of Roger Whelan's Ex-Parte + Denigration of Judge Bason to the Merit + Selection Panel, Thomas C. Papson, a + member of the Panel, was Counsel of + Record to AT&T in an Unrelated U.S. + Government Contract Appeals Proceeding, + and Whelan was Counsel of Record to AT&T + in the INSLAW Bankruptcy + + Thomas C. Papson, a member of the Merit Selection Panel, was +counsel of record for AT&T at the General Services Board of +Contract Appeals (GSBCA) during 1987 on litigation relating to +contract awards.32 The contracts in question were precursors to +the award by the General Services Administration of the massive +FTS-2000 contract for a new telephone service for the United +States Government, one of the largest, if not the largest, +contracts in the history of the United States Government. AT&T +eventually won the majority position in the FTS-2000 contract +award. + 8. The Mysterious "Read and Destroy" + "Confidential Memorandum" to the Chair + of the Merit Selection Panel Highly + Critical of Judge Bason, a Memorandum + That No One Acknowledges Authoring + + According to the House Judiciary Committee, a federal judge +gave the Committee a "Confidential Memorandum" dated December 8, +1987, that contained instructions at the top that it should be +destroyed after reading. The judge who furnished the copy to the +Committee told the Committee that "it was an important document +and that it would be improper to destroy it." The memorandum was +addressed to Judge Norma Johnson, but the author's name is not +shown on the document. The author of the unsigned confidential +memorandum is a member of the Merit Selection Panel, according to +the federal judge who furnished the copy to the Committee and +according to one other member of the Merit Selection Panel, as +reported by the House Judiciary Committee. + + The November 24, 1987 written report of the Merit Selection +Panel did not include any of the observations contained in the +December 8, 1987 Confidential Memorandum, according to the House +Judiciary Committee. One of the observations in the confidential +memorandum, according to the Committee, reads as follows: + + Judge Bason evidenced no inclination to come to grips + personally with the management challenge posed by the + terrible shortcomings of the Office of the Clerk of our + Bankruptcy Court. + + The Bua Report disclaims knowledge of who authored the +confidential memorandum, except to say that "the heart of the +memo suggests that it is intended to reflect only an individual +Panel member's views." + + Although Bua claims not to know who authored the +confidential memorandum that appears to contain untrue, +derogatory information about Judge Bason's administrative +abilities, he is prepared to absolve DOJ of any role in the +creation or distribution of the memo: + + There is no indication that someone from DOJ either + prepared or planted the memo. The views expressed in + the memo do not contain any criticism of Bankruptcy + Judge Bason's rulings in the INSLAW matter. + + Bua apparently did not entertain the possibility that DOJ +could have "prepared or planted" or otherwise caused to be +"prepared or planted" by others a confidential memorandum that +would derail Judge Bason's appointment on grounds that, however +spurious and unfounded, would obscure any possible linkage to +DOJ's real motivation in getting rid of Judge Bason: anger at his +ruling against DOJ in the INSLAW case. + + A sitting federal bankruptcy judge was denied what should +have been a relatively routine reappointment to the bench. His +replacement was a clearly less qualified DOJ attorney who had +unsuccessfully argued just weeks earlier for INSLAW's liquidation +before the very same federal +bankruptcy judge. This overt DOJ effort to force INSLAW's +liquidation occurred shortly after Judge Bason had condemned DOJ +for an earlier, covert effort to force INSLAW's liquidation. + + The written record of the Merit Selection Panel's +deliberations indicates that the failure of Judge Bason to win +reappointment was largely the result of criticisms of Judge +Bason's administrative abilities. According to the House +Judiciary Committee's published interviews with the individuals +best able to assess the conditions of the Office of the Clerk of +the Bankruptcy Court during Judge Bason's tenure, the criticisms +are without foundation. The Merit Selection Panel, however, +accepted them as true without subjecting the allegations to even +the most minimal due diligence verification. + + Roger Whelan, the primary source of the disparagement of +Judge Bason to the Merit Selection Panel, either knew or should +have known that the criticisms he was voicing to the Panel were +without foundation, because the problems he was attributing to +Judge Bason were, in fact, the legacy of Whelan's own tenure as +sole bankruptcy judge for the District of Columbia, according to +then U.S. District Court Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson. Moreover, +Judge Bason had already remedied the administrative problems he +had inherited, according to the House Judiciary Committee. + + Confidence in the reliability of the Merit Selection Panel's +written record is, moreover, called into question by the House +Judiciary Committee's discovery of a "Read and Destroy" +"Confidential Memorandum" containing harsh and false criticism of +Judge Bason' s administrative abilities. Both the House Judiciary +Committee and the Bua Report agree that the Confidential +Memorandum appears to have been written by a member of the Merit +Selection Panel. No member of the Panel has, however, +acknowledged authorship. + + Although the reasons cited in the record of the Merit +Selection Panel for replacing Judge Bason do not withstand any +serious scrutiny, there is evidence that DOJ was seeking to +remove Judge Bason because of his unfavorable rulings against DOJ +in the INSLAW case, combined with the fact that there were more +cases still be tried in the INSLAW case. DOJ, in fact, had +secretly communicated to the Chair of the Merit Selection Panel +its strong disapproval of Judge Bason's then recent oral ruling +against DOJ in the INSLAW case. The Chair thereafter circulated +to the other members of the Panel a transcript of Judge Bason's +oral ruling, secretly furnished by a DOJ attorney. These +communications between DOJ and the Merit Selection Panel were +kept secret during two separate Congressional investigations into +the question of whether DOJ had influenced the decision on Judge +Bason's reappointment. + + At the same time that Roger Whelan was disparaging Judge +Bason to the Merit Selection Panel, Whelan was counsel of record +for AT&T in the INSLAW bankruptcy. Whelan's client, AT&T, had +evidently been working in collusion with DOJ throughout the +INSLAW bankruptcy in an effort to obstruct INSLAW's successful +reorganization. + + While Whelan was disparaging Judge Bason to the Merit +Selection Panel, Thomas C. Papson, also then an attorney of +record for AT&T in an unrelated U.S. Government contract +proceeding, was a member of the Panel. The Chair of the Panel, +Judge Norma Johnson, who failed to disclose to two Congressional +investigations ex parte communications with a DOJ attorney +disparaging Judge Bason's ruling in the INSLAW case, is a long- +time friend of Stuart +Schiffer, currently the Acting Assistant Attorney General +for the Civil Division and the DOJ official who spearheaded the +effort to remove Judge Bason from the INSLAW case. + + In light of the foregoing, the following statement in the +Bua Report would appear to be open to question in any serious, +independent investigation: + + The Panel also heard from bankruptcy practitioners, + including a former bankruptcy judge, who opposed + Bason's reappointment for reasons wholly unrelated to + INSLAW. +_______________________________ + 1 The Bua Report criticized the Investigative Report of the +House Committee on the Judiciary for creating the impression that +Judge Bryant reviewed the evidence de novo. It is the Bua Report +that should be criticized. While Judge Bryant did not find that +he was required to review the evidence de novo, effectively, he +did so anyway. In so doing, he stated: + + It is not necessary to duplicate the bankruptcy court's +exhaustive findings of fact here. It is sufficient to state that +_after careful review of all of the volumes of transcripts of the +hearings before the bankruptcy court. the more than 1.200 pages +of briefs and supporting appendices and all other relevant +documents in the record_, there is convincing, perhaps compelling +support for the findings set forth by the bankruptcy court. +(Emphasis added.) + + Judge Bryant went on to say: + + In accordance with the principles set out in Anderson v +Bessimer City, 470 U.S. 564, 571-75 (1985), the court has +examined the bankruptcy judge's findings of fact in the light of +the entire record, and finds that his account of the evidence is +eminently plausible; and _this court is not left with any notion +that a "mistake has been committed_." Id. at 574. This conclusion +is reached without regard to the deference to be accorded the +judge's opportunity to assess credibility. _The cold record +adequately supports his findings under any standard of review_. +Accordingly the findings will not be disturbed. (Emphasis added.) +(D. Ct. Mem. Op., p. 37) + + 2 Notwithstanding, Brewer conceded on November 24, 1982, +that there was no factual support for any allegation that INSLAW +did not perform its best efforts on the BJS contract. (PX 45) + + 3 Brewer misconstrued the BJS contract as a commitment to +produce specified enhancements at a fixed price instead of a +"best efforts" commitment for development of an unspecified +number of enhancements within a cost-plus contract. (Hamilton, +257-258; Deroy, T. 2460-2462) + + 4 Moreover, the suggestion of the authors of the Bua Report +that "we have not found that INSLAW has demonstrated any +proprietary rights in the software" is outrageous given the +extensive record that obviously was ignored totally by them. It +is noteworthy that Judge Bason devoted over 31 pages and 74 +separate findings of fact establishing the unquestionable +conclusion that INSLAW created an enhanced version of PROMIS, +that was proprietary to it, using private funds. To suggest +otherwise in light of this record, and especially given the +obvious fact that the authors of the Bua Report did absolutely +nothing to review the findings of the bankruptcy court, as fully +adopted by the federal district court, is unconscionable. + + 5 According to the Bua Report, Videnieks asserted at trial +that he was told by INSLAW's comptroller that INSLAW had missed +at least one payroll. This was not true. Had the authors of the +Bua Report inquired of INSLAW, they would have found that INSLAW +never missed a payroll during the three years of the contract, +notwithstanding the fact that DOJ held back almost $2 million in +payments under the contract. Not surprisingly, as in virtually +every other instance in which DOJ's testimony supported the +conclusions that the authors of the Bua Report intended to reach, +they made no effort to verify the accuracy of that information +with INSLAW. + + 6 These words, that served as the theme for INSLAW's +prosecution of its civil claims, are taken from the +contemporaneous handwritten notes of DOJ Contracting Officer +Peter Videnieks for March 28, 1983: + + Letter was Brick's idea - and I thought/think its the best +way -- Why do you need signature _if you got the goods?_" +(Emphasis added.) + + 7 At trial, Brewer denied this fact three times. (Brewer, T. +1692, 1694, 1702) This was the only circumstance in which +Videnieks could recall not following a Brwer guidance which would +have resulted in a destriment to INSLAW. (Videnieks, T. 1859- +1860, 1861) Even with this single exception, Videnieks +acknowledged that the only reason he ignored Brewer's guidance is +that DOJ's Administrative Counsel Snider applied pressure on +Videnieks to proceed on the basis of a bilateral contract +modification. (Videnieks, T. 1861-1862) + + 8 "Our computer" refers to a PRIME mid-range computer +belonging to DOJ's Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys that was +housed temporarily in INSLAW's Computer Center in Lanham, +Maryland. INSLAW used that computer temporarily to support the +PROMIS operation in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District +of Maryland via telecommunications, while a computer center was +being built in the Baltimore U.S. Attorney's Office. This +activity is separate from INSLAW's use of its own VAX mid-range +computer at the same Lanham, Maryland computer center for +temporary computer time sharing of PROMIS in the 10 largest U.S. +Attorneys' Offices. It is the latter time-sharing that DOJ +refused to compensate INSLAW for in accordance with a Negotiated +Agreement. The wrongful withholding of payments for the later +PROMIS computer time sharing service is the principal sham +contract dispute described in Section C.6 of this document. + + 9 In late 1990 and early 1991, the Government of Canada +contacted INSLAW by telephone and by letter seeking information +about the availability of a French-language version of PROMIS and +disclosing that the English language version of PROMIS was then +operating in several departments and agencies of Canada's federal +government. The Canadian officials also told INSLAW that one of +these agencies, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), was +using PROMIS to support 900 office locations throughout Canada. +After the U.S. and Canadian media began reporting on this +disclosure and on INSLAW's claim that it had neither sold PROMIS +to the Government of Canada nor authorized others to do so on its +behalf, the Government of Canada retracted its prior oral and +written disclosures to INSLAW, attributing them to an unfortunate +mistake by the Canadian officials involved. Eventually, Canada +settled on the explanation that its Department of Public Works +had purchased six copies of the PROMIS software product +manufactured by Strategic Software Planning Corporation of +Cambridge, Massachusetts. According to that company, its PROMIS +software product is for project management in the construction +industry. Canada has never disclosed whether its Department of +Public Works also uses the Intelligence Report System that the +CIA claims to have acquired with its copy of PROMIS from the same +vendor. + + 10 INSLAW President, William Hamilton, recited in a sworn +affidavit filed in camera in U.S. District Court for the District +of Columbia on October 17, 1990 in support of INSLAW's request to +re-open discovery against DOJ, the statements that Carl Jackson +made to Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton and Jackson's claim to have +confirmed those facts in 1990 with Phillip Cammera. + + 11 This account by Bua cannot possibly do justice to the +PBI's probable reaction to the appointment of Denning as the +independent expert. Denning is the leading proponent within U.S. +academia for a controversial joint initiative of the FBI and the +NSA called the Clipper Chip. According to press accounts, Denning +is one of the few people outside of the U.S. Government who has +received a security briefing on the Clipper Chip. The Clipper +Chip was developed by NSA and proposed by the NSA and the FBI for +incorporation into computer hardware manufactured in the United +States. It is designed to preserve the technical capability of +the FBI and the NSA to eavesdrop on the computer-to-computer +communications of U.S. businesses. + + 12 Denning states that a new version of FOIMS created in 1983 +was written in the NATURAL programming language and used the +ADABAS database management system (DBMS). A DBMS can be +analogized to an engine in a car, and the case tracking +application code can be analogized to the car itself. FBI +information system officials directly informed INSLAW in 1983, +however, that the new 1983 version of FOIMS would use ADABAS as +the DBMS, but would have newly-written COBOL-language application +code. Because of these representations to INSLAW in 1983, INSLAW +provided oral and written briefings to the FBI that year on how +it could avoid the delay and costs associated with writing a new +COBOL-language application system by, alternatively, inserting +the ADABAS "engine" into the tried and proven and thoroughly +debugged PROMIS COBOL code. Prior to providing these briefings to +the FBI, INSLAW consulted with technical representatives of +Software A.G. of North America, the vendor of both ADABAS and the +NATURAL programming language. + + 13 The ratio of numbers of line of code between COBOL and +NATURAL is 10 to 20 times as many COBOL lines of code as NATURAL +lines of code for the same application, according to Maguire. If, +therefore, FOIMS contained 570,000 lines of code written in the +NATURAL programming language, a corresponding case tracking +system written in COBOL would consist of 5.5 to 11 million lines +of COBOL code. INSLAW's PROMIS software is widely regarded as +extremely rich in case tracking functionality and yet it has only +about 500,000 to 600,000 lines of COBOL, code, with the exact +number dependent upon each customer's application of the on-line +DESIGN subsystem and its automated COBOL code generator. An +application software system such as a case tracking system that +contains the equivalent of millions of lines of COBOL is +extremely unlikely. If the PROMIS software were translated into +the NATURAL programming language, for example, it would have +about 30-60,000 lines of NATURAL code instead of 500-600,000 +lines of COBOL code. + + 14 In these 1991 affidavits, Ben Menashe distinguishes +between the copy of PROMIS that Rafi Eitan allegedly obtained +during the early 1980's on a visit to the United States, and the +copy of PROMIS that Brian was marketing in Tel Aviv in 1987. +According to Ben Menashe, Israel was authorized by the United +States to use the initial Rafi Eitan copy of PROMIS solely for +the signal intelligence penetration of other governments, whereas +the copy of PROMIS that Israel allegedly purchased from Earl +Brian in 1987 was for the internal database management of Israeli +intelligence files. + + 15 Burns had succeeded Jensen as Meese's Deputy Attorney +General in July 1986, when Jensen became a U.S. District Judge in +San Francisco. + + 16 Deputy Attorney General Bums had himself written to +Ratiner in late August 1986, signaling DOJ's readiness to settle +rapidly the disputes underlying the $'~,000,000 in payments +withheld by DOJ for INSLAW's implementation services, provided +that INSLAW would agree to recognize the U.S. Government's right +to use PROMIS wherever it wished, without paying license fees to +INSLAW. + + 17 In the same December 1989 affidavit cited by Bua, Hamilton +stated that Jensen's private secretary at DOJ, Marilyn Jacobs, +had made a similar disclosure to a DOJ informant who does not +wish to be identified until assured of protection against +reprisal. Bua took no initiative to provide such assurances +against reprisal. + + 18 Sensitive Compartmented Information is defined as follows +in Bob Woodward's book, VEIL: + + "the process of further restricting access to the most +sensitive information by imposing special controls and handling. +Compartments of such information for a particular operation or +sensitive source or method of collecting intelligence are +generally given code words. Individuals in the government from +the President on down must be granted specific code-word access +to each compartment. Code words are selected at random. Some +employed by the NSA for signals intelligence include RUFF, ZARF, +SPOKE, MORAY and two of the most restrictive involving decoded +messages, UMBRA and GAMMA. VEIL was the code word for the covert +action compartment during the last several years of the Reagan +Administration." + + 19 See, for example, an article about the Wackenhut +Corporation in the September 1992 issue of SPY Magazine by John +Connolly entitled "Inside the Shadow CIA." + + 20 DOJ's Land and Natural Resources Division has the version +of INSLAW's proprietary PROMIS software that operates on IBM and +IBM-clone mainframe computers under the MVS operating system. In +contrast, the version of PROMIS stolen by DOJ in April 1983 +contained the proprietary enhancements that are prepared for +operation on Digital Equipment Corporation VAX mid-range +computers under the VMS operating system. + + 21 Upon information and belief, DOJ stole both the +proprietary version of PROMIS for IBM mainframe computers, which +DOJ has had in its possession since 1982, and the version for VAX +mid-range computers, which DOJ misappropriated from INSLAW in +April 1983. The timing of the April 1983 theft of the VAX version +of proprietary PROMIS was, based on information and belief, +dictated by unmet, urgent customer needs in the +intelligence/national security arena. + + 22 Bua states that the evidence "suggests" "that there were +absolutely no activities...." The juxtaposition of "suggests" and +"absolutely" is, of course, inconsistent. + + 23 See The United States of America vs. Charles S. +Christopher, a/k/a Chris Christopher, and George Wayne Reeder, +a/k/a Wayne Reeder, filed in the District Court of the United +States for the District of Rhode Island concerning the violation +of Title 18, U.S.C., Sections 371, 1343, 2314, and 2. + + 24 As INSLAW informed Bua in its January 1992 written +submission, the Washington Business Journal confirmed the +accuracy of Hamilton's account in an interview with Ben Cnaan in +January 1990. + + 25 DOJ officials have consistently been less than candid +about the relationship between Project EAGLE and case management +software in general and the PROMIS case management software in +particular. For example, Stephen Colgate, currently the Assistant +Attorney General for Administration, during Congressional +testimony on March 2, 1989, deflected an inquiry from Congressman +Early about the connection between Project EAGLE and DOJ's case +management system by insisting that Project EAGLE "is a uniform +office automation system." One of Colgate's subordinates, +however, was more candid in a private August 25, 1989 letter to +the General Services Administration (GSA). Frank A. Guglielmo, +Director of DOJ's Computer Technology and Telecommunications +Staff, informed GSA that DOJ plans to develop a case management +software system for implementation on every Project EAGLE +computer: " ... it will take approximately three years to develop +and install the caseload management system for the EAGLE +project." Moreover, Guglielmo blamed the U.S. Bankruptcy Court's +permanent injunction against further unauthorized use of INSLAW's +PROMIS software as preventing DOJ from porting PROMIS to the +Project EAGLE computers. Guglielmo further informed GSA in the +letter that DOJ would have to purchase $4 million worth of new +computers from PRIME to continue operating the PROMIS software +that U.S. Attorneys' Offices had been operating on older model +PRIME computers during the three-year period required for the +development of the new Project EAGLE case management software +system. + + Another example is the contradiction between DOJ's published +answers to the questions from Project EAGLE bidders, on the one +hand, and DOJ's statements in federal court in the INSLAW +litigation against DOJ, on the other hand. On September 26, 1986, +DOJ published to the bidders an unequivocal denial that certain +technical requirements mandated in the August 1986 Amendment to +the EAGLE Request for Proposals implied an undisclosed DOJ plan +to implement the PROMIS software on the EAGLE computers: "The +equipment acquired from this solicitation will not be required to +run either PROMIS ... " On April 15, 1988, however, DOJ told +Senior U.S. District Judge William B. Bryant, Jr. that it had +mandated the very same August 1986 technical requirements "so +that the EOUSA [Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys] can make +PROMIS, which is written in the COBOL language, run on the new +[EAGLE] hardware, if it decides to do so." + + 26 In an investigative report dated November 26, 1991 and +entitled Deficiencies in the Department of Justice Award and +Management of Its Project Eagle ADP Procurement, the House +Judiciary Committee noted the following anomalies: + + o DOJ was negligent in keeping vendors other than Tisoft + fully informed of material facts; + + o DOJ allowed Tisoft to substitute its maintenance + subcontractor after the award even though that + subcontractor had been a major factor in DOJ's + justification for making the award to Tisoft; + + o Each vendor, except Tisoft, was challenged on + statistics regarding its system's performance; + + o DOJ contributed $200,000 to Tisoft to help finance the + settlement of bid protests by other vendors with the + provision that the settlement documents be sealed from + public view; + + o Tisoft agreed to pay up the $6.1 million to the + protesting vendors, depending upon Tisoft's gross + revenues during the life cycle of the contract, to help + induce those vendors to drop their protests, indicating + that Tisoft envisioned earning very substantial profits + under the EAGLE contract; + + o Tisoft paid for at least one golfing outing for a + member of DOJ's technical evaluation team during the + pendency of the EAGLE procurement; + + o One of Tisoft's proposed computer systems failed to + support user demand when installed; and + + o DOJ officials misused the technology upgrade clause in + Tisoft's contract in order to correct weaknesses in + Tisoft's bid. + + 27 Anson Ng, described as a stringer for the Financial Times +of London, was found dead in Guatemala in July 1991, the month +before Casolaro died. + + 28 Increases in the number of devices such as computer +terminals and printers that the U. S . Attorneys' Offices elected +to use in accessing the PROMIS time-sharing service were assumed +by DOJ and INSLAW to be a proxy for satisfaction with the +quality, reliability and usefulness of the time-sharing service. + + 29 DOJ had inexplicably overlooked this entire category of +costs, i.e., the costs of highly paid operating system software +specialists and statistical analysts who adjust the time-sharing +system daily in reaction to fluctuations in demand among the 10 +major city U.S. Attorneys' Offices. Because these employees +worked on the computer time-sharing system remotely from INSLAW's +headquarters, rather than locally from the Lanham, Maryland, +physical computer center, DOJ simply disregarded the obvious need +for such technical support personnel in deciding that INSLAW's +time-sharing costs were too high. + + 30 In an affidavit filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of +INSLAW in 1991, Ari Ben Menashe claims that Kenneth Rosen, like +Earl Brian, had a close working relationship with Rafi Eitan, a +legendary Israeli intelligence official whose apparent +involvement with DOJ in the theft of PROMIS is summarized in C3, +Bua's Investigation of Leads Relating to the Role of DOJ +Officials in Either Facilitating or Covering Up the Use of +INSLAW's PROMIS in Intelligence/National Security Programs. + + 31 Sidley and Austin replaced Roger Whelan as co-counsel of +record in the INSLAW bankruptcy in February 1988. + + 32 See, for example, GSBCA No. 9252-P, a Protest by AT&T +Communications, Inc. regarding Solicitation No. ETN-87-0001, +where Thomas C. Papson and two other attorneys from McKenna, +Conner and Cuneo made appearances on November 9, 1987 on behalf +of AT&T Communications, Inc. + +_________________________________________________________________ + + Exhibit A + +MEMORANDUM 10 June 1993 +To: William A. Hamilton +Subject: The Relevance of My Records and Investigative + Files in Earl Brian and Hadron to Any + Investigation of the INSLAW Affair in the + United States and the Failure of Judge + Nichols Bua or His Staff to Seek Information + from me + +From: Jon A. Belton + +FOR THE RECORD + +At your request, I am addressing in this memorandum three points: + + A. The Potential Significance to the INSLAW Affair in + the United States of My Contemporaneous Records + and Investigative Files Regarding an Alleged Major + Securities Fraud in Canada in the Early 1980's + Involving Earl W. Brian, a United States Citizen, + and several U.S. Corporations Then Controlled by + Brian, Including Hadron, Inc.; + + B. Whether U.S. Justice Department Special Counsel + Nichols J. Bua or His Staff Sought to Interview Me + or Obtain Copies of my Records and Files; and + + C. Highlights of my Investigative Leads Regarding the + Role of Earl W. Brian and Hadron, Inc., in the + Alleged Unauthorized Distribution of INSLAW's + PROMIS Software Product to Canada in 1983. + +A. The Potential Significance to the INSLAW Affair in the + United States of My Contemporaneous Records and + Investigative Files Regarding an Alleged Major + Securities Fraud in Canada in the Early 1980's + Involving Earl W. Brian, a United States citizen, and + Several U.S. Corporations Then Controlled by Brian, + Including Hadron, Inc. + +I became acquainted with Earl W. Brian and various U.S. +Corporations controlled by Brian during the 1980-1982 time +period. As a Canadian stockbroker during that period, I had +clients investing money in the publicly-traded securities of such +Brian-controlled corporations as Hadron, Inc. of Fairfax, +Virginia. + +Over time, I became concerned that Brian and his associates had +engineered and executed a massive securities fraud in Canada, and +I have been attempting ever since the 1980-1982 time period to +get the Government of Canada to conduct a credible investigation, +and, failing that, I have been conducting my own investigation. +In the normal course of business, I make detailed contemporaneous +notes of meetings and telephone conversations. These notes have +been invaluable in my investigative work. + +For example, notes that I took at a dinner meeting with Earl +Brian in Montreal on 23 February 1981 reveal that Brian expected +Hadron, Inc., to acquire an unnamed company that marketed a +computer software product for the administration of justice. +Brian said the software product had "great PROMIS[E]." Brian +linked Hadron's future revenue stream to its planned acquisition +of this software product. I believe now that Brian was already +foretelling his planned acquisition of INSLAW, Inc., and the use +of its PROMIS case management software product to obtain +sweetheart contracts from the United States government through +his friendship with Edwin Meese. During this same Brian visit to +Montreal, I also became aware of plans for a follow-up meeting +between Edwin Meese and one of the Canadian financiers with whom +Brian was dealing. + +It is also my belief that Earl Brian's connections with U.S. +intelligence agencies have accounted for the failure of the +Government of Canada and its Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) +to conduct any credible criminal investigation of the alleged +Brian securities fraud in Canada. According to my contemporaneous +written notes for 25 November 1985, for example, RCMP officer +Wayne Dunn, who was then directing an investigation of Brian, +said as follows to me: "Re: Earl Brian - Play low - We don't want +the CIA taking shots at you." + +B. Whether U.S. Justice Department Special Counsel + Nicholas J. Bua or His Staff Sought to Interview me or + Obtain Copies of My Records and Files. + +You have advised me that INSLAW made a written submission to +Justice Department Special Counsel Nicholas Bua in January 1992 +on the crimes that were committed, the persons who appeared to +have committed the crimes, and the state of the evidence +uncovered as of that date, and that INSLAW identified me as a +potential source of information on the subject. Free-lance +journalist Richard Fricker, who himself had reviewed my files, +also informed me that on a number of occasions he personally +related to Judge Nicholas Bua the significance of certain data +from my ongoing investigation that would be of material +assistance to Bua's investigation of the INSLAW affair. + +Neither Judge Bua nor any of his staff has ever contacted me or +sought copies of any of my records or files. + +C. Highlights of my Investigative Leads Regarding the Role + of Earl W. Brian and Hadron in the Alleged Unauthorized + Distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS Case Management + Software Product to Canada in 1983 + +In early 1991 the Department of Communications of the Government +of Canada notified INSLAW by letter that its PROMIS computer +software product was being used in several departments and +agencies of the federal government of Canada and asked INSLAW to +complete a questionnaire about the availability of French- +language versions of its software and documentation. +Subsequently, Department of Communications officials told INSLAW +representatives that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was +using PROMIS in approximately 900 offices. + +After the U.S. press began reporting on this disclosure and on +INSLAW's revelations that it had neither licensed the PROMIS +software to the Canadian Government nor authorized others to do +so on its behalf, the Government of Canada retracted its earlier +statements and attributed those statements to a mistake on the +part of the Department of Communications officials. + +Several Canadian journalists, including Eric Reguly of the +Financial Post in Toronto, Zuhair Kashmeri, then of the Globe +and Mail in Toronto, and Charles Greenwell of CJOH-TV in Ottawa, +have, however, told me that current and/or former officials of +the RCMP have privately confirmed to each of them that the RCMP +is, in fact, using the PROMIS software. PROMIS is apparently +known within the RCMP by the name of P.I.R.S. (Police Information +Records System). The RCMP publicly insists that it developed +P.I.R.S. internally. Reporter Greenwell told me that one of his +trusted sources claimed that the RCMP does not have the internal +technical software resources to have developed a complex +investigative tracking software system such as P.I.R.S. and that +the RCMP claims to have developed P.I.R.S. internally are an +important clue that the RCMP is not telling the truth about +P.I.R.S. + +Documents released under the Access to Information Act, moreover, +reveal the participation of at least one Canadian contractor in +P.I.R.S software development work at the RCMP: I.P. Sharp Company +in Toronto, and also that 1983 was the year for nationwide +implementation of P.I.R.S. within the RCMP. + +My investigation has developed leads linking Earl Brian's Hadron, +Inc. of Fairfax, Virginia, and two Canadian computer services +companies in the unauthorized distribution of INSLAW's PROMIS +software into Canada in approximately 1983. The two Canadian +companies are I.P. Sharp of Toronto and SystemHouse of Ottawa. +Ironically, I.P. Sharp brought its first application software +product to market in approximately 1983, a tracking system for +factory floor automation, and called the product PROMIS. +Eventually, I.P. Sharp created the PROMIS Systems Corporation as +a wholly-owned subsidiary. I.P. Sharp is no longer in business +but the PROMIS Systems Corporation is still in operation. + +On 1 April 1992, for example, Mr. William Stamey, a computer +services executive in Virginia, told me, in the course of a +telephone interview, about a conversation he had had in +approximately 1984 with a former colleague of his by the name of +Mr. D. George Davis. Davis had been marketing or sales vice +president of Hadron in 1983, and left Hadron, according to his +statements to Stamey, after he had been deprived by Hadron's +Chairman, Dominick Laiti, of a very substantial commission on the +sale of a computer software product to the Government of Canada. +The following are excerpts from Stamey's comments to me: + + "SystemHouse and Hadron had a bunch of source codes..." + + "SystemHouse Canadian operation ...had a member of ... + the Privy Council in pocket." + + " ... I.P. Sharp , SystemHouse, I.P. Sharp and Hadron + were all linked together in someway." + + " ... Hadron had done some software modifications for + SystemHouse and I.P. Sharp." + +On 6 April 1992, I had a telephone interview with Mr. Paul +Wormeli, who was an officer of Hadron's law enforcement software +subsidiary in 1982 and 1983. Wormeli told me that he "vividly" +recalled the fact that Davis had been deprived of the software +sales commission and that "his commission beef" related to a +transaction in Canada involving both I.P. Sharp and SystemHouse. + +On 18 May 1993, Wormeli said as follows to me in a telephone +interview: + + "Well I know for a fact that Hadron was messing around + with I.P. Sharp, because I was asked to evaluate + putting together a joint marketing deal with them at + one point. So that the connection was there..." + +When I interviewed D. George Davis by telephone on 2 April 1992, +he denied the loss of software sales commission, but acknowledged +knowing about both SystemHouse and I.P. Sharp. Although he denied +any personal involvement with these two companies, in 1983, he +carefully refrained from exculpating Hadron itself: + + "I know who they are." "The had no contracts with me." + "I don't know about Hadron." + +Davis also appeared to be suggesting that the matter I was +questioning him about also involved Earl Brian and Edwin Meese: + + "Though Brian and Meese, who I don't think much of, + were involved, I was not party to that unfortunately." + +On 16 December 1992, Canadian reporter Charles Greenwell was +interviewing Mr. Roderick M. Bryden, the founder and former +Chairman of SystemHouse, on a different subject when he suddenly +turned the questions to INSLAW and PROMIS. Mr. Greenwell +subsequently informed me that Mr. Bryden responded as follows: + + "Oh yeah, we got INSLAW from I.P. Sharp. Clark handled + that whole matter." + +On 23 March 1993, one of my associates asked a current employee +of SystemHouse about INSLAW's PROMIS software and received the +following reply: + + "Oh yeah, we have it." "But we bought it legally." + +As noted earlier, William Stamey had recalled that the +unauthorized introduction of the PROMIS software into Canada had +come about in part as the result of a relationship between +SystemHouse and a member of the Privy Council. Reporter Charles +Greenwell independently told me that a trusted source informed +him that INSLAW's PROMIS software was introduced into Canada +through the Privy Council Office and that a Mr. LeCours of the +Privy Council staff has knowledge of the facts but is fearful of +the reprisal. There is a J.A. LeCours of the Privy Council staff +who is a senior specialist on intelligence and security issues. + +/s John A. Belton + + +_________________________________________________________________ + + Exhibit B + + + + A Synopsis of Specific Claims About U.S. Department of Justice + (DOJ) Malfeasance + Against INSLAW Made by Credible Individuals Who Are Fearful of + Reprisal + + The characterization of each witness is intended to be +sufficient to enable the reader to assess the witness's +credibility but not detailed enough to permit actual +identification of the witness. + + WITNESS #1. This individual is a computer systems specialist + who worked at the World Bank Headquarters in Washington, DC + for a number of years in the 1980's and who has been + reluctant to come forward publicly because of fear of + reprisal. + + This individual claims to have first hand technical + knowledge, supplemented by contemporaneous, handwritten + notes, of the implementation at the World Bank Headquarters + in 1983 of INSLAW's PROMIS computer software product, on a + VAX mid-range computer from Digital Equipment Corporation. + According to this individual, the World Bank acquired a VAX + mid-range computer in its computer data processing center in + 1983 and, thereafter, in June 1983, acquired from a source + unknown to this individual, INSLAW's PROMIS software for + implementation on the VAX computer. According to this + individual, the World Bank's implementation of PROMIS was + not in support of the traditional PROMIS application domain + of legal office case management. Instead, the World Bank + implemented PROMIS to track its own "international message + flow," as well as the international message flow of its + sister institution, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). + + WITNESS #2. This individual is a current mid-level U.S. + Government employee with extensive experience in + intelligence/national security activities, who is fearful of + reprisal. + + This individual claims to have knowledge, obtained + contemporaneously with the actual event in June 1983, of a + meeting at the World Bank Headquarters in June 1983 + concerning DOJ's conveyance to the World Bank of the + "proprietary VAX" version of INSLAW's PROMIS software. + According to this individual (who also claims to have + contemporaneous handwritten notes), the DOJ was represented + at the meeting by D. Lowell Jensen, then Assistant Attorney + General for the Criminal Division. Among others who this + individual claims attended the meeting was Stanley Sporkin, + then General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency + (CIA). According to this individual, the initiative to + implement PROMIS at the World Bank came from the Bank + Operations Division of the CIA.1 + + Upon information and belief, the objective of the + PROMIS implementation at the World Bank was to provide an + early warning system to the U.S. intelligence community of + signs of planned defaults on international loans. During the + first few years of the Reagan Administration, a number of + the so-called less developed countries actively considered + defaulting on their international debts. + + WITNESS #3. This individual is a current mid-level DOJ + career employee who has been in a position to know a good + deal about the INSLAW Affair for the relevant period of the + 1980's, and who, INSLAW has been told by others, has first- + hand knowledge of DOJ's dissemination to the World Bank in + 1983 of the PROMIS software, and of the concealment or + destruction by DOJ of contemporaneous, written documentation + of the conveyance. + + This individual, during the course of a recent meeting + with attorneys for INSLAW, emphasized repeatedly that anyone + who provides information to INSLAW will get into significant + trouble, and that there would be swift retribution against + anyone in DOJ who even talks about the INSLAW matter. This + individual claims that all of the people at DOJ who are + responsible for "getting" INSLAW have been promoted and + awarded bonuses. This individual expresses sorrow and + perhaps even shame for what DOJ has done to INSLAW, but + declines to acknowledge the validity of any particular claim + except through sworn testimony before an independent + counsel. This individual states that no one would cooperate + with any investigation unless it is truly independent of + DOJ, and unless assured of no retaliation. Finally, this + individual says that the exodus from DOJ of the Republican + Party political appointees will be of some help on the + INSLAW matter but that it will not of itself be enough + because "too many career people have either been part of + destroying INSLAW or have 'winked' at it." + + WITNESS #4. This individual is a former very high ranking + DOJ official who told an intermediary in May 1993 that his + disclosure of information about DOJ's misconduct against + INSLAW would lead to economic reprisals against him by the + Republican Party. + + According to the intermediary, this individual claims + to have the following specific knowledge regarding DOJ's + malfeasance against INSLAW: + + o It was orchestrated by Lowell Jensen who, in turn, + relied principally on the Criminal Division's + Executive Officer Miles Matthews; + + o The Justice Command Center is linked to the INSLAW + scandal; + + o DOJ procurement executive Elizabeth "Pat" Rudd + played a very important role in the INSLAW + scandal; and + + o Other current or former DOJ officials who were + personally involved in the misconduct against + INSLAW are as follows: + + o Harry Flickinger + o Anthony Moscotto + o Anthony Liotta + o Carol Dinkens + o Thomas Stanton + o Charles Neal + + WITNESS #5. This individual is a senior DOJ career official + with extensive knowledge of DOJ information systems. + + This individual claims that John Otto, while serving as + one of the highest ranking FBI officials in the late 1980's, + disclosed directly to this individual in a private meeting + at the FBI that the FBI was about to implement the PROMIS + software under the FOIMS (Field Office Information + Management System) name, and that the adoption of the tried + and proven PROMIS software was expected to cure the poor + reputation of FOIMS among FBI employees. + + WITNESS #6. This individual is a mid-level DOJ career + employee who fears retaliation unless there is an + independent counsel. + + This individual claims to have witnessed an admission, + contemporaneously with the referenced activity, by Marilyn + Jacobs, then DOJ secretary to D. Lowell Jensen, to the + effect that Jensen, Jacobs' immediate supervisor, was the + person behind all of INSLAW's problems at DOJ. + + WITNESS #7. This individual is a high level career official + of the U.S. Government, who currently holds a position of + considerable responsibility and who was unwilling to be + identified by INSLAW to Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua. + + This individual claims to have witnessed admissions by + former DOJ Security Officer Garnett Taylor concerning the + deliberate destruction of documentary evidence in the INSLAW + case by DOJ security officials, and concerning the alleged + role of Anthony Moscotto, currently Director of DOJ's + Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys (EOUSA), in an + "affirmative decision" by DOJ to remove Judge George F. + Bason, Jr. as sole federal bankruptcy judge for the District + of Columbia. + + WITNESS #8. This individual is currently a relatively senior + career employee of the United States Government who had been + employed during relevant years of the 1980's in DOJ's + Justice Management Division, and who is prepared to answer + questions truthfully if compelled to do so by subpoena from + a duly constituted government inquiry into the INSLAW + Affair. + + This individual claims, based on a conversation with an + intermediary, that everyone from "the director level on up" + within DOJ's Justice Management Division knew that the + INSLAW case was caught up in a covert U.S. Government + intelligence operation and that this is why there were + classified intelligence/national security documents on + INSLAW and the PROMIS software stored in the security vault + of DOJ's Office of Security and Emergency Planning. This + individual also claims to know about a connection between + the Justice Command Center and the malfeasance against + INSLAW, and about the award of promotions and bonuses to + certain DOJ career officials for their participation in the + wrongdoing against INSLAW. + + WITNESS #9. This individual is a trusted friend of Mr. + and Ms. Hamilton who, in turn, has a close relationship with + one or more persons currently holding senior level positions + in the Central Intelligence Agency. This individual has been + unwilling to submit to interviews by anyone officially + associated with the U.S. Government, whether in Congress or + in the DOJ. This individual has served as a conduit of + information that certain senior level CIA officials wish to + have conveyed to Mr. and Ms. Hamilton. + + This individual has conveyed the following information + to Mr. and Ms. Hamilton: + + o The CIA secretly obtained a copy of the + proprietary version of PROMIS from DOJ in order to + determine whether PROMIS could be used to solve a + longstanding, unmet need in the U.S. intelligence + community for compatible data base management + software. + + o The initial unauthorized use of PROMIS in the U.S. + intelligence community was for an intelligence + application aboard nuclear submarines. PROMIS is + currently installed on every nuclear submarine of + the United States and Great Britain, and the + application domain for this use of PROMIS is + extremely sensitive.2 + + o The CIA implemented PROMIS internally after + integrating PROMIS with another piece of computer + software. The CIA uses its version of PROMIS to + keep track of the covert intelligence operations + of U.S. and foreign governments. + + o PROMIS is being used as an inventory tracking + system for long range missiles and nuclear + warheads, in the United States as well as in + several other nations that possess nuclear + weapons. + + o The U.S. Government appointed someone by the name + of Lindsey to package a reduced-functionality + derivative of the CIA's version of PROMIS for Earl + W. Brian to sell to the intelligence agencies of + foreign governments. + + o One of Earl Brian's sales of PROMIS was to the + military intelligence agency of the Government of + Egypt, through "what appears to be a CIA holding + company." + + o There is one use of PROMIS by the United States + Government that is considerably more sensitive + than any that have been identified to the + Hamiltons by this individual, and so sensitive + that decisions on disclosure are restricted to the + four statutory members of the National Security + Council, i.e., the President, the Vice President, + the Secretary of State and the Secretary of + Defense. + + o One of the places where the proprietary version of + PROMIS is being used without license from INSLAW + is the Office of the Attorney General of the + United States. + + o As a condition of his nomination as Attorney + General, William Barr was required to give + assurances to President Bush that he would be able + to maintain the coverup in the INSLAW case. + + o In early 1993, elements of the CIA intercepted a + person or persons in the vicinity of the + Hamilton's family residence who were apparently + planning to carry out some act of physical + violence. On at least one other occasion, elements + within the CIA have intercepted or nullified plans + by others to kill Mr. and Ms. Hamilton. + + WITNESS #10. This individual is a computer programmer aboard + a U.S. nuclear submarine. The individual would evidently + face the loss of his security clearance and possibly + criminal prosecution by DOJ if he were to provide testimony + in the INSLAW case. + + Through an intermediary, a member of the Hamilton + family was told that this individual has first hand + knowledge about the fact that INSLAW's PROMIS software has + been implemented aboard the U.S. nuclear submarine on which + he serves, and that this individual is deeply sorry for what + the U.S. Government has done to INSLAW and to the Hamilton + family. + + WITNESS #11. This individual is a current career employee of + DOJ who lacks confidence in the ability of DOJ to fairly and + thoroughly investigate the misconduct against INSLAW. + + This individual claims to have witnessed DOJ officials, + Garnett Taylor and James Walker, remove classified + intelligence/national security documents from DOJ's Civil + Division for relocation or destruction. + +_______________________________ + 1 This kind of high technology penetration of the +international banking system by U.S. intelligence is cited as one +of the important accomplishments claimed by William Casey for his +tenure as Director of Central Intelligence, in Bob Woodward's +book, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, page 386, +"There was penetration of the international banking system, +allowing a steady flow of data from the real, secret sets of +books kept by many foreign banks that showed some hidden +investing by the Soviet Union." + +2 In his book, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, +Bob Woodward attributes to William Casey the claim that one of +Casey's principal achievements as Director of Central +Intelligence was in devising "better techniques to monitor its +[i.e., the Soviet Union's] ballistic-missile submarines." (p. +386) + + +[Electronic Edition of 29July93 + from + pinknoiz@well.sf.ca.us] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/recesion.txt b/politicalTextFiles/recesion.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e464ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/recesion.txt @@ -0,0 +1,417 @@ + 8/93 +Why do recessions and depressions happen? The average +mainstream opinion will list reason after reason after reason +... of which virtually all are beyond the direct control of man +and seem as unpredictable as the weather. 'Events get beyond our +ability to control them ...' is the usual line we our force fed +to believe. People will not hesitate to blame our politicians , +however, as the direct cause for many of our woes. Then how is +it that the forces that control our monetary system have +repeatedly escaped the public eye when it comes time to analyze +the effects of scarce credit? Why do they get to hide behind the +'uncontrollable events' scenario while our politicians do not? +Judge for yourself the power of the Federal Reserve- the power +that crushed a healthy American economy back in the years 1920 +and 1921 - and see who is to blame and just how 'unpredictable +and uncontrollable' the causes of recessions/depressions can be. + +The Federal Reserve secretly held a meeting in Washington DC on +May 18, 1920 from which they printed 100 copies of what they +discussed. One copy was discovered by the Manufacturers Record +and written about in the Feb 22, 1923 edition. That editorial +was later entered into the Congressional Record of the 67th +Congress 4th session 2/28/23. The actual Federal Reserve +meeting text was itself entered into the Congressional Record +and can be found in Senate document #310 (2/24/23). The +following excerpts comes from the Manufacturers Record story, +Senator Heflin's comments after the article was read into the +record, and the Federal Reserve text itself. My comments are +enclosed in brackets []. All the material to follow can be found +at any public library that serves as a government depository; +or you can find it in the book 'Bankonomics in One Easy Lesson' +(which consists entirely of the MR story, Sen. Heflin's +comments, and the entire Fed text) available for $10 via +Monetary Science Box 86 Wickliffe, Ohio 44092 + + After one of the most fateful meetings in the financial history +of the world ... Governor Harding of the Federal Reserve Board, +in closing that meeting of the Federal Reserve Board, The +Federal Advisory Council, and the class "A" directors [the +Board, even up to today, is advised by the F.A.C.; the FAC and A +directors are ALWAYS comprised of bankers] of the Federal +Reserve banks said: "I would suggest gentlemen, that you be +careful not to give out anything about any discussion of +discount rates. ... if people think rates are going to be +advanced there will be an immediate rush to get into the banks +before the rates are put up, and the policy of the reserve board +is that that is one thing we never discuss with a newspaper man +... And I think we are all agreed it would be very ill-advised +to give out any impression that any general overhauling of +rates was discussed at this conference. ... We ... will prepare +a statement which will be given to the press tomorrow morning +and we will all see what it is." + +In a rather lengthy opening speech Governor Harding said: +"Every effort should be made to stimulate necessary production, +especially of food products and to avoid waste." And having +encouraged the farmers to the utmost extent during the spring of +1920 to carry on their farming operations despite the high wages +that were being paid labor, drastic deflation was put into +effect, breaking down the prices of farm products to an extent +that literally bankrupted hundreds of thousands of farmers. + +"We can", said Governor Harding, "restrict credit and expand +production," No human being has yet found a way to restrict the +credit facilities essential for increasing production and at the +same time bring about increased production. That statement is +so rankly absurd ... And as that day's meeting was devoted to a +discussion of how to increase interest rates in order to lessen +the volume of business, it is interesting to quote from a +statement made by Comptroller Crisinger, recently nominated as +governor of the Federal Reserve Board, in which he said: +"Falling prices and high interest rates are never twin sisters +of prosperity." "It is very clear", said Governor Harding, "that +if we find it impossible under the present circumstances to +increase the volume of production of the most essential +articles, the only thing for us to do is to reduce consumption +of those articles." This plan ... had been secretly inaugurated +long before the meeting ... for on Feb. 12, 1920, the +Manufacturers Record published an extract from a letter from one +of the foremost bankers in the country ...he said: "You can +further see that if by any pressure these bonds can be turned +out of the Federal Reserve banks and turned over to the strong +boxes of great institutions ... just to that extent the 12 +[Federal Reserve] banks would be in a position to extend +additional facilities to merchants and business men generally. +Of course it seems hard that anyone who for patriotic purposes +should have invested in Government bonds should be practically +called upon to part with say, a loss of from 8 to 9 percent, but +facts are stubborn things and conditions more important than +theories." The same banker wrote us ... that there was too much +business in the country and it should be brought down to normal +conditions. Governor Harding said: "We should be careful, +however, not to overdo this matter of liquidation." ... But +drastic deflation is exactly what took place. ... Over and over +again during the process of deflation it was stated by Governor +Harding and others that the banks of the country were guilty of +misleading, even to the extent of practically lying to their +customers by declining to make loans. .. in Governor Harding's +speech he said: "The directors of the Federal reserve banks are +clearly within their rights when they say to any member bank, +'We ... want you to reduce. We can not let you have any more." + +After closing his address the meeting was opened by Governor +Harding with an invitation to those in attendance to make +reports as to conditions in their communities ... Mr. Thomas +Beal of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston said: "We seem to +been able to have had some liquidation in our district." Mr. +Kennard of the same bank said ... "I also think that the rates +for money should continue on a high level, with the hope of +causing liquidation in commodities." Mr. Kennard emphasized +the congestion of the transportation facilities, and the fact +that the warehouses were congested because they did not have the +shipping facilities .. and yet without shipping facilities +merchants and manufacturers were told that they must ship their +stuff in order to liquidate their accounts. + + Mr. James A. Alexander of New York, said: "Large users of +credit are inquiring as to what the future has in store for them +... unless there is a very substantial contraction ... the users +of credit [bank created money] in the country may become more +hopeful again that the situation is not one to be feared, and +they will feel justified in going ahead and making very +substantial and large commitments for the future." " I am afraid +that somebody is bound to be penalized in order to bring about +'production' ... further expansion must be prevented and that +curtailment should be had wherever possible." " There is one +thing, I think, to be feared, and that is if the transportation +facilities are improved and commodities moved freely and credits +[bank created money] are thereby released it may make a +temporary ease in the money market , and may encourage people to +go ahead and expand. I believe now is the time to put the rates +up and to keep them up." Mr. Tremon also of the New York +district said: "We can do that if we begin and restrict credit +within reason the granting of credit through individual banks. +... The way to do it is to bring them face to face with the +officials of the Federal reserve banks in each district and have +them understand the situation and have them in turn go back and +deal with the commercial and business interests." + +When the Government sold its bonds the Treasury Department and +the banks of the country pledged to 20,000,000 buyers of these +bonds that they could be carried through the banks until they +could be paid out for earnings. On the subject of liquidating +these Government bonds, Mr. Wayne [Philadelphia FRB director] +said: "We have been endeavoring in our own bank in the last +month to force Liberty bonds on the market, but they do not go +on very comfortably. People who have to part with them and lose +13 points do not part with their money very gracefully. Mr +Francis Douglas of the Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank ... +suggested that a letter stating the actual conditions should be +sent to the various banks, not only the member banks but +nonmember banks, throughout the country in a plan of education, +and added: "It would be very beneficial and would help a great +deal in the deflation of credit." + +Mr. Robert Wardorp of the Cleveland Reserve bank said: "I think +a reasonable depression in business will be a good thing for +the country." + +Mr. Charles E. Reiman of Baltimore, a director of the Richmond +bank said: "I hardly see the necessity of increasing the rate at +this time ... With regard to the retail business, I have made a +pretty close examination of it, and I do not think the shelves +are overloaded." Mr. Reiman was entirely correct in his position +that there was no necessity of increasing the rate and that the +country was not overstocked with goods. + +Mr. J.K. Ottley of the Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank said: "I +would not feel at this time ... that a raise in the rate was +necessary other than to put in this basic line and make the +penalties very strong as they progress." In view of the fact +that penalties rates were inflicted by the Atlanta [Fed Rsv] +bank on one Alabama bank, which was trying to protect its farmer +customers, up to 87 1/2 percent, the Atlanta bank evidently +carried out the suggestion of making the penalties very strong + +Mr. George M. Reynolds of Chicago was evidently not in favor of +breaking down business so as to get a new basis from which to +start again. Mr. Charles H. McNider said: "We feel there must be +reason, there must be sanity, that the essentials must be taken +care of, that there can not be an extraordinary cutting down of +credits [bank money] at this time because that would create a +disaster. We ought to deflate in a sane and reasonable manner." +Unfortunately, Mr. McNider's suggestions were not taken, for we +deflated in an insane and extraordinary manner, and the result +was world disaster. Mr E. L. Johnson, of the Chicago Federal +Reserve Bank ... added: "Governor Harding's speech should be +properly disseminated among them with a show of authority, even +if you do not have it." What an amazing statement ... Governor +Harding's speech should be broadly disseminated among the banks +with a show of authority, even if Governor Harding did not have +such authority! Mr. Wesley C. McDowell of the Minneapolis +Reserve Bank said: ... "The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis +is making $10,000 a day. Is that profiteering when they have +been using our money without any interest ever since it started? +... it does not seem to me that now is the proper time to +increase our rate ... We want to stop some of this high finance +in politics in business." Mr. J.C. Mitchell of Denver ... "In my +opinion we corrected the trouble there by putting in the +progressive interest rate ... We considered it a little bit +drastic, but we thought we would try it." Mr. Mitchell thought +it was a success. We venture to say that a million people in +that territory thought it was a dismal failure. Mr. John T. +Scott of the Dallas bank said: ...I believe we ought to continue +our efforts with our member banks throughout the country and +induce them to curtail their loans as far as possible to only +the legitimate needs of legitimate business ... The Federal +Reserve banks have been charged with profiteering by reason of +the rates that they are now charging. We are making in the +neighborhood of 100 percent on our capital" Mr. C.K. McIntosh of +San Francisco, said: ... "We know that there is a demand that +exceeds the supply of credit; we know that there must be +discrimination, and we are ready to join in any proposition" Mr. +John Perrin, of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, said: ... +"If it were possible for every bank in the country to reduce its +loans during the next three or four months to the extent, say, +of 10 percent , there would be a total expansion in the fall +possible of approximately $2,000,000,000" Here is a definite +suggestion as to calling loans amounting to $2,000,000,000 in +order that they might be reloaned in the fall. + +When the Federal reserve system undertook to violate every +promise made by the government and by the banks in persuading +people to buy Liberty bonds, promising to carry them and then +calling loans on them in order to force them out of the banks, +breaking them down from 12 to 15 points or more, the honor of +the Government and the good faith of the of banks was trampled +in the mire and millions of bonds brought in good faith by +patriotic people to help the banks and help the government were +forced to be sold at a loss, and the national government bought +$2,000,000,000 of its own dishonest promises to pay ... And at +these low prices hundreds of millions of bonds were bought in by +big estates and big institutions, with heavy losses to innocent +original purchases. Mr. John Skelton Williams [Comptroller of +the Currency and member exofficio of the Board back then] ... +said: "If anything of that kind comes it will be our fault, the +fault of those who are in charge of the banking and commercial +interests of the country, and I do not believe that they are +going to bungle it." Unfortunately those in charge of the +banking interests of the country did bungle it .. and proved by +the figures which he has published showing how badly it was +bungled. As the Manufacturers Record showed a few weeks ago, the +decline in the value of farm lands in 1920 and 1921 under +deflation amounted to about $18,000,000,000 and the decline in +the value of farm products of these two years as compared with +1919 prices showed a decrease of over $14,000,000,000 making a +total loss to the farmers of upward of $32,000,000,000. If to +this we add the decrease in securities, stocks and bonds of +railroads and industrial corporations ...we wiped out about +$50,000,000,000 of values. Mr. [John Skelton] Williams +repeatedly warned the board of the danger that faced the country +from its deflation campaign ... on July 31, 1920, Comptroller +Williams gave a statement to the press showing that the unused +lending power of the reserve banks was still $750,000,000. ... +On August 9, 1920, Mr. Williams called attention of the reserve +board to the fact that certain banks in New York were using the +funds of the reserve system for speculative ventures and were +extorting grossly excessive interest rates from customers +...August 26, 1920, Comptroller Williams filed a memorandum with +the board urging a reduction in rates ... the reserve board's +answer ... was to tighten the screws still further ... When +Comptroller Williams a few weeks later offered a resolution in +the board to require the banks ... to limit interest charged ... +the board voted down his resolution. + +[comments from Senator Heflin after the Manufacturers Record +article was read into the record] + +The Supreme Court of the United States rendered decision months +ago taking the Federal Reserve Board seriously to task, +criticizing and condemning its conduct in its effort to destroy +a little State bank out in Nebraska, and no news was ever sent +out from the Capital regarding that decision ... I wonder what +influence it was that kept that information from going out to +the country. ... Scores of newspapers nestling about these +regional reserve banks have attacked me, have written +editorials criticizing and condemning me for the fight that I +have made .. They were simply doing what they were told to do +... I said on this floor time and time again that there was a +conspiracy, a secret meeting held somewhere ... that it was +prearranged. ... These newspaper yelpers of the Federal Reserve +Board said, "There is nothing in it." ... I have here a copy of +the little journal that was kept of that conspiracy that they +held [the text that's entered in Senate document #310] ... We +never got hold of this little document until Governor Harding +was driven from the Federal Reserve Board. + +The country did not know that within 30 days there would be +serious trouble in the financial world over here. The country +did not know that the Liberty bonds, ... were to tumble down, +and that the people who had them and were trying to hold them +would be forced to throw them upon the market and that the bond +sharks of Wall Street would feast and fatten upon them. + +It was agreed in that secret meeting to hoist the black flag; +but the people being slaughtered did not know it. Out in +Southern California the bankers; convention was in session. ... +and this Federal reserve agent got up and said to these bankers: +"You must not loan any more money on farm paper, agricultural +products, live stock" and so forth and dozens of bankers sprang +to their feet and said "We do business with the farmers and +cattle people. ... They need money, and we must let them have +money." Then this agent made this significant statement : "If +you loan them money, we will not rediscount your paper." + +I referred to a man from the Northwest, a Republican himself a +wealthy man, now a Senator in this body, telling me that they +sent him word that they were going to deflate, and telling him +to act accordingly and get in out of the weather and he said, "I +can not get in. ... if you do deflate, it is going to cost me +thousands of dollars." and he said, "It did cost me thousands of +dollars." + +Governor Harding did not go off the board until his term expired +by law August 9. ... it was disclosed that he could not be +confirmed by the Senate if he had been reappointed. + +I would like to ask them if the spokesman for the New York bank +did not protest, as the secret record shows he did, against +having this progressive interest rate applied to New York, and I +would like to ask them why it was they never did apply that rate +to New York. [NY is the home of the financial lords - it isn't +hard to see why they wouldn't want what they planned for the +rest of the country to happen in their own back yard.] + +They were spreading their propaganda over the country in an +effort to educate the people that panics could not be prevented, +that they would just come anyhow every 5 or 10 years. + +Under this deflation drive I saw the agricultural masses of the +South and West swept down, pillaged and plundered by the +speculators and gamblers of the country. I saw 7,000,000 men +driven out of employment. I saw industries stand idle. I saw +stagnation in business in my country... + +Turning to the Congressional Record No. 196, issue of August 2, +1922, we find on page 11871, that, having charged the governor +of the Federal Reserve Board, Mr. Harding, with having applied +the progressive interest rate to the agricultural sections of +the South and West, but not at all to other sections of the +country, the Senator [Heflin] continued, "I hold in my hand a +letter, written by the governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of +Atlanta, in which he acknowledges that they charged a bank in my +State 87 1/2 percent interest." ... this valuable document had +been furnished him by the former Comptroller of the Currency , +Williams. .. Moreover, Senator Heflin made it absolutely clear +that this rate was actually collected. ... as Senator Heflin so +trenchantly put it: "Six percent in New York, and an interest +rate of 87 1/2 percent in Alabama." + + [Manipulation of the United State's money supply for the +benefit of bankers did not start with the Federal Reserve. It +actually pre-dates the Constitution itself with the private Bank +of North America. The following letters illustrate this. They +concern Senator John Sherman who the most prominent supporter of +the 1863 National Banking Act. These letters can be found, among +other places, in the books "Federal Reserve, Fractional Reserve +and interest-free Government Credit Explained" by Dr. Peter +Cook of Monetary Science "Money: Questions and Answers" Fr. +Coughlin also available via M.Science] + + Rothschild Brothers, Bankers + London, June 25th, 1863 +To:Messrs. Ikleheimer, Morton, and Vandergould, +No. 3, Wall st., New York, U.S.A. + + Dear Sir: A Mr. John Sherman has written us from a town +in Ohio, U.S.A. as to the profits that may be made in the +National Banking business under a recent act of your Congress, a +copy of which act accompanied this letter. Apparently this act +has been drawn upon the plan formulated here last summer by the +British bankers... that if enacted into law, would prove highly +profitable to the banking fraternity throughout the world. Mr. +Sherman declares that there has never been such an opportunity +for capitalists to accumulate money, as that presented by this +act, ... "it gives the National Banks an almost absolute control +of the National money system. The few who can understand the +system," he says, "will either be so interested in its profits +or so dependent of its favors that there will be no opposition +from that class, while on the other hand, the great body of +people, mentally incapable of understanding the tremendous +advantages that capital derives from the system, will bear its +burdens without complaint and perhaps without suspecting that +the system is financially inimical to their interests."... + "Your respectful servants, + Rothschild Brothers." + + [The answer to the above letter:] + New York City, July 6th 1863 +"Messrs Rothschild Brothers London, England + + "Dear Sirs: We beg to acknowledge the receipt of your +letter of June 25th, in which you refer to a communication +received from the Hon. John Sherman of Ohio, with reference to +the advantages and profits of an American investment under the +provision of Our National Banking Act. "The fact that Mr. +Sherman speaks well of such an investment or of any similar one, +is certainly not without weight, for that gentleman possesses in +a marked degree, the distinguishing characteristics of a +successful financier. His temperament is such that whatever his +feelings may be they never cause him to lose sight of the main +chance. He is young, shrewd, and ambitious. He has fixed his +eyes upon the Presidency of the United States and is already a +member of Congress. He rightfully thinks he has everything to +gain both politically and financially (he has financial +ambitions, too) by being friendly with men and institutions +having large financial resources, and which at time, are not too +particular in the methods, either obtaining government aid, or +protecting themselves against unfriendly legislation. We +trust him here implicitly. His intellect and ambition combine +to make him exceedingly invaluable to us indeed, we predict that +if his life is spared, he will prove to be the best friend the +moneyed interests of the world ever had in America." + Your most obedient servants, + "Ikleheimer, Morton and Vandergould" + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/reconfig.txt b/politicalTextFiles/reconfig.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0188ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/reconfig.txt @@ -0,0 +1,316 @@ + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Testimony of Dr. Arjun Makhijani on the Programmatic + Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Reconfiguration + of the Nuclear Weapons Complex, given at Washington, D.C., June + 12, 1991. + + + + My name is Arjun Makhijani. I am representing the Institute +for Energy and Environmental Research of Takoma Park, Maryland, +of which I am the president. I appreciate this opportunity to +present my views. I am submitting a written statement for the +record. + + There are a number of overarching issues regarding the +scientific and technical content and integrity of the +Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement which must be +addressed so that the range of reconfiguration options +corresponds to the reality of a rapidly changing world and the +immense needs for money and technical resources of the problems +of nuclear and non-nuclear hazardous wastes which have already +been created from past weapons production. The scope proposed by +the DOE for the reconfiguration PEIS is fundamentally deficient +on a number of grounds. + + The most fundamental deficiency has already been much +discussed as part of extensive and repeated public comments on +the scope of the Environmental Restoration and Waste Management +PEIS -- the modernization PEIS and Environmental +Restoration/Waste Management PEIS need to be a part of a single +interconnected document. Despite these many comments the DOE is +single-mindedly pursuing and original, flawed decision to do two +documents, each highly flawed in its own concept, in large +measure because of the failure to properly consider nuclear waste +issues. + +Risk Minimization + + In my own comments on the scope of the Environmental +Restoration and Waste Management PEIS, I had noted that risk + + 2 + + +minimization should be a primary goal of the entire PEIS. This +should include the approach to the problem, the way in which +scenarios are set and may other aspects of environmental +evaluation. One of the most basic aspects of risk minimization, +as I noted in my testimony of January 14, 1991, is that it "is +not only each risk from each operation that is to be reduced. +Rather, a programmatic statement is done precisely because we +seek to minimize overall risk." This cannot be done if +modernization, production for existing plants and risks from past +activities are considered separately. + + During that same process of comment on the scope of the +Environmental Restoration and Waste Management PEIS, some twenty +groups sent a letter to Secretary Watkins asserting that it would +be absurd and unacceptable to consider a clean-up plan which +excluded waste generation from new weapons production activities. +It is similarly absurd and unacceptable to exclude crucial waste +management aspects from an environmental impact statement about +modernization that claims to be a "programmatic" statement. + +Waste Management Impacts + + There are a number of practical problems which arise out of +the omission of critical waste management issues. First, some of +the waste generated may need to be sent either to high-level +waste repository or to a transuranic waste repository. Space +considerations for these repositories, waste forms, geologic +isolation criteria for specific waste forms, and many other +factors will impact on the environment and the health of future +generations. Yet, both Yucca Mountain and the Waste Isolation +Pilot Project are excluded from the scope of the modernization +PEIS. Indeed, the modernization PEIS does not even consider one +of the most important elements of the proposed modernization -- +the New Production Reactor. + + The excuse for excluding the NPR is the same as that for +excluding Yucca Mountain and WIPP -- that they are the subjects +of separate EIS processes. Yet it defeats the purpose of a +programmatic statement if the interactions and implications of +critical aspects of the program are not considered. The New +Production Reactor will have spent fuel driver rods, possibly +reprocessing wastes, "low-level" wastes, decommissioning wastes, +as well as emissions to the environment from routine operations. +While the modernization PEIS excludes the NPR and associated +wastes from its scope, the NPR draft EIS in its turn also +excludes environmental impacts from reprocessing driver rods, as +well as high-level waste repository impacts. Thus, among the +most serious radioactive waste impacts of tritium production and +possible associated uranium and plutonium recovery have been +neatly sidestepped in this way. DOE should have incorporated +these obvious aspects into a programmatic statement on its own. +Not only has it failed to meet the obvious, minimum test of +technical completeness for a programmatic statement, it continues + + 3 + + +to repeatedly ignore suggestions that would enable a minimally +complete PEIS to be done. This is hardly indicative of a new +culture committed to environmental protection above all else. +Rather it looks, walks and quacks like the same old production- +oriented duck. + +Unfunded Obligations from Past Production + + The U.S. government, through its DOE budget owes the nuclear +waste fund a very substantial sum of money for disposal costs of +high level radioactive waste from weapons production in the +repository. According to Ron Callen, the director of the Nuclear +Waste Program Assessment office of the national Association of +Regulatory Utility Commissioners, the DOE owes about one billion +dollars to this fund and this amount is increasing, since +interest on this obligation is accruing. The DOE has only +contributed $5 million into this Fund so far, a laughable sum +compared to even the level of obligation of about $500 million +which it itself acknowledges. + + The DOE has also reneged on its promise in its first Five +Year Plan to contribute $200 million per year into this fund. It +may be that this is due to the general stringency in which the +present budgetary decisions are being made that these obligations +to the Nuclear Waste Fund are not being met. But that only +illustrates the point that I have made that it is precisely +because there are substantial unfunded and underfunded +liabilities relating to past waste and pollution that the DOE and +the U.S. government should set aside all monies proposed to be +devoted to modernization to a special cleanup fund. The +obligations to the Nuclear Waste Fund should be met forthwith. + +Size of the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal + + The requirements for nuclear weapons materials as defined by +the Pentagon have been changing very rapidly due to the evolving +international situation. Thus, a couple of years ago, a +substantial downsizing of the arsenal was not even under +consideration. Yet DOE is now considering scenarios with an +arsenal 15% of the size of the present one. To propose to invest +huge sums of money in a new weapons complex when superpower +military tensions have declined drastically and indeed when they +have even collaborated on settling conflicts around the world +would appear to be financially imprudent, especially in a time +when other social and environmental needs are unmet. This is not +mere speculation. DOE has in the past few years spent hundreds +of millions of dollars trying to restore facilities which are not +required due to the changing international situation. DOE has +yet to analyze this experience and examine its implications for +the modernization program. + + It must be borne in mind that the proposed new nuclear +weapons complex is supposed to provide for U.S. nuclear weapons + + 4 + + +requirements until around the middle of the next century. +Planning for such a long time horizon is a chancy business under +any circumstances. Doing so in the present circumstances when +the political assumptions upon which the arsenal has been based +have been changing very rapidly is like trying to predict the +course of Alice in Wonderland as she enters the rabbit hole. It +might be an interesting exercise, but one wouldn't want to bet +tens of billions of dollars of public money on it. It is all the +more shocking that this is being pursued without serious +consideration or discussion of the financial and political risk. + +Non-proliferation Considerations + + The political and military risk could be considerable. To +begin to spend billions of dollars on a new nuclear weapons +production complex when the United States already has 20,000 +nuclear weapons could be regarded in the Third World, and perhaps +even in certain quarters in the Soviet Union as a highly +provocative act at a time when the U.S. is proclaiming interest +in nuclear non-proliferation and superpower cooperation. Even +before this, the nuclear non-proliferation talks for the renewal +of the treaty are mired in controversy over the failure of the +U.S. to even negotiate for a comprehensive test ban and the +practical failure of the superpowers to substantially reduce +their nuclear arsenals. + + At the same time we have the spectacle of one of the +superpowers, the Soviet Union, asking for hundreds of billions of +dollars in aid from the other. Such sums would hardly be given +serious consideration if the Soviet Union did not possess and +vast nuclear arsenal. Much less would major Third World +countries' leaders be given serious consideration should they ask +to be present at the economic summit of the major economic +powers. The implications of this are surely not lost on +potential nuclear weapons powers in the Third World. + + Even these few basic preliminaries regarding non- +proliferation questions lead to the conclusion that embarking on +a modernization of the U.S. nuclear weapons complex is a highly +risky, politically and militarily. The world has changed too +fast for the implications of this to be thought through +sufficiently to arrive at conclusions regarding the size of the +U.S. arsenal, even according to criteria of the Pentagon. +Indeed, the very criteria are in flux; if they are not, they +should be because the world situation is changing so fast. + +Conclusions + + The fact that so much has been said on the subject of +integrating the two PEIS statements, that it makes eminent +technical and environmental sense, and that the DOE has continued +to ignore it outright shows that despite a great deal of talk +about public participation, change in culture at DOE and so on, + + 5 + + +there has been little practical cognizance of public comment or +actual change in culture whenever it touches upon nuclear weapons +production. The DOE continues to pursue goals and means that it +has already decided, regardless of public comment, so that public +comment is turning into a farce. + + In addition to the futile expenditures which DOE has already +made on facilities which it will never use, there is problem of +whether there will be sufficient money and technical resources +available for clean-up in future years. Clearly, there is +considerable uncertainty whether the clean-up program can be +adequately funded in the long-term, even if DOE cannot +efficiently spend much more money today. It would therefore be +prudent to set aside considerable sums of money for the long-term +clean-up program at the present time when there is no clear +justification for spending money on new production facilities and +when it would be politically prudent to await further +developments over the next three years in terms of U.S.-Soviet +relations and other international political and military issues. + + I recommend that all expenditures on modernization be halted +for three years and that such a scenario be explicitly considered +in the modernization PEIS. The total halting of production +activities in the present nuclear weapons complex should also be +part of this scenario. Activities related to reducing the size +of the arsenal should, of course be considered, and various +levels should be incorporated, as part of these same +considerations. Any new facilities needed for reducing arsenal +size, as distinct from modernization should be clearly specified +and clearly distinguished from new production or refurbishing of +old weapons into new designs. If the DOE feels that any of the +facilities associated with the modernization PEIS may be relevant +to clean-up these should be justified only on the grounds of its +being the best available technology for clean-up and have no +production related component. It is unacceptable for DOE to +continue to hide production under the guise of clean-up. + + During this time the implications of the U.S. nuclear +program for building a new nuclear weapons complex for waste +management, for the environment, for nuclear non-proliferation, +for U.S.-Soviet relations, for contingencies related to the +possible political break-up of the Soviet Union should all be +examined more carefully and thoroughly. The latter aspects are +not the charge of the DOE, of course, but the modernization +program is profoundly affected by them. A more careful, prudent +course is much more desirable than the spectacle of spending huge +sums of public money on scenarios for arsenal size which change +wildly from year to year. + + The funds now earmarked for modernization should be set +aside in a fund earmarked for clean-up, analogous to the nuclear +waste fund. In fact, I recommend that some of the funds +earmarked for production should be put into the nuclear waste + + 6 + + +fund to which the DOE has already huge unfunded obligations. +This issue is worth considering in some detail as it concerns the +failure of the DOE and the U.S. government to attend to waste +management costs for past operations while charging ahead with +plans for further production. + + Then instead of having increasing labilities and wastes, we +will in a position that some interest will be to accrue to the +clean-up program from these funds which have been set aside. +This will enable us to begin to meet at least in some modest +measure our commitment to future generations of leaving them a +safer, healthier and more peaceful world. Thank you. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/redarmy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/redarmy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c79b15e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/redarmy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +Newsgroups: talk.politics.guns +From: aforum@moose.uvm.edu (autonome forum) +Subject: a history of the Red Army Fraction (RAF) +Message-ID: <1993Jan5.105236.4742@uvm.edu> +Organization: University of Vermont -- Division of EMBA Computer Facility +Date: Tue, 5 Jan 1993 10:52:36 GMT +Lines: 250 + +subject: a history of the Red Army Fraction (RAF) +posted by: autonome forum +-- + + + THE HISTORY OF THE RED ARMY FRACTION (RAF) + + The Red Army Fraction, Germany's oldest revolutionary armed +clandestine organization has, for the past 22 years been, as they +put it, "shaking the imperialist system". The most recent +communique the RAF (10.4.92), in light of the changed world +situation and the rise of the new world order, takes a +retrospective and introspective look at its history and political +theory and practice with the aim of fostering discussion and +debate around armed resistance to imperialism and capitalism. In +this communique, for the first time in a long while, the RAF +takes itself to task; questioning and debating both its role in +the fight against imperialism and the merits of its guerrilla +actions as a means of attacking and overcoming imperialism, in +order that a new political orientation may be found. Most +importantly, the RAF has decided to stop its attacks while this +debate and discussion goes on. What follows is a very brief +overview of the history and politics of the RAF. + The RAF emerged in 1970, out of the anti-Vietnam war student +movement, and after a brief period of consolidating itself as an +organization it began attacks in support of the Vietnamese +people's liberation struggle, bombing targets associated with +U.S. imperialism's and fascist West Germany's complicity in the +Vietnam war. In May of 1972, the RAF attacked a whole series of +targets - Army bases, police headquarters, the right-wing press, +and more. In a communique accompanying the May 12, 1972 bombing +of a police headquarters, the RAF summed up their duties as "the +steady development of the revolutionary guerrilla movement, the +long and protracted process of the struggle for liberation from +fascism, capitalism, capitalist exploitation and suppression of +the people." And in a document entitled "Concept of the Urban +Guerrilla", the RAF stressed its link with liberation struggles +in the three continents (Africa, Asia, and Latin America), +putting forward the strategy of "fighting from the inside"; +waging the struggle from the metropoles, the homelands of +imperialism, in support of these liberation struggles. + By 1975, most of the RAF's founders were either in jail or +dead. In spite of intense repression, the RAF continued to +maintain its revolutionary offensive. A 1974 hungerstrike by RAF +prisoners culminated in the murder by the state of Holger Meins, +a RAF founder. Consequently, a commando from the June 2nd +Movement, a more anarchist guerrilla grouping, shot and killed +the president of the West Berlin Supreme Court, and the Holger +Meins Commando of the RAF occupied the West Germanan embassy in +Stockholm, Sweden, in an unsuccessful attempt to gain freedom for +their imprisoned comrades, most of whom were standing trial at +the Stammheim prison. + From the start, there was criticism of the RAF and its +actions. For example, the editors of the British periodical +"Anarchy" took the RAF to task rightly, arguing that "the armed +resistance of the RAF is both centralised and spectacular, and +this has two very negative effects: their actions don't relate to +people's everyday experience and the majority of people look at +their struggle with the police as some kind of private feud in +which they have no part." Further, they argued that the RAF, by +refusing to combine legal and illegal work, and by carrying out +actions which were supplementary rather than integral to the +struggle, had effectively cut themselves off from comrades who +were willing to help them. They had isolated themselves from the +masses, preaching a political elitism and avant-guardism that +seperated them "from the many types of direct action that are +carried out at the grass-roots level." + In 1976, Ulrike Meinhof, another founder of the RAF, was +murdered by the state, leading to demonstrations throughout +Europe, including the bombing of the West German consulate in +Nice and the bombing of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio station in +Frankfurt. Then, in September 1977, as the Stammheim trial +continued, the RAF kidnapped the Daimler-Benz Chief Executive +Martin Schleyer, a former S.S. officer. To make a long and +complex story short, the RAF demanded the release of its +imprisoned comrades in exchange for Schleyer; the state refused. +Consequently, Palestinian comrades hijacked a Boeing 737 and +reiterated the demands of the RAF. The elite anti-terrorist +German GSG 9 squad stormed the plane freeing the passengers and +killing some of the hijackers. The German state then murdered +three RAF members in their cells at Stammheim. Martin Schleyer +was later found, executed by the RAF. + Between 1977 and 1979, the RAF was somewhat less active. +Their base of support fell away, and in the eyes of many the RAF +had become essentially a 'free the guerrilla organization' - all +of its actions seemed to be aimed only at liberating its +prisoners and it appeared to be engaged primarily in a private +war with the state. Further, the main original political +motivation of the RAF - the Vietnam war - was over. + By 1979, the RAF emerged with a new orientation - U.S. +imperialism's and NATO's plans to turn Europe, and Germany in +particular, into one huge NATO installation complete with nuclear +weapons. A new base of support was sought among the growing anti- +nuclear and militant peace movements in Germany in order to build +an anti-imperialist movement that could effectively combat NATO's +plans to use Germany as the 'take-off' point for its wars against +the Third World, all under the slogan: "War on Imperialist War". +Also in 1980, the June 2 Movement announced that it was +disbanding and joining the RAF, stating that its notion of +"spontaneous proletarian politics" had produced division among +the guerrilla movement. In a communique they argued that "It can +never be the job of the guerrilla to please the population and to +get their applause, but the job of the guerrilla is to become the +frontline." + The RAF's new offensive started with their unsuccessful +attempt on Alexander Haig, at that time a NATO General, and +continued through into 1981 with a failed rocket grenade attack +on NATO Commander U.S. General Kroesen, and a bomb attack on the +U.S. Air Force/NATO headquarters at Ramstein. In a communique +accompanying the Ramstein action, the RAF stated that they +targeted it because it was the base for nuclear war in Europe, +and the starting base for war in the Third World. + In 1981, the Revolutionary Cells (an autonomous guerrilla +structure, in existence since 1973) issued a long paper in which +they castigated the RAF; taking the RAF to task for their +abstractness. The RZ put forward their ideas of a 'popular' +guerrilla, arguing for a guerrilla force "of which the activities +are understood, which enjoys the sympathy of the people, and with +a perspective on broad support." Importantly, the RZ criticized +the RAF for not acknowledging that in addition to the class +struggle between proletarians and capitalists, there are also +other contradictions which must be solved; for example "the +women's movement and over-exploitation and sexist suppression of +women, the ecological movement and the destruction of +environmental conditions by industrial technology." These are all +criticisms which the RAF appears to be, since 1989, addressing +more seriously, as the April '92 communique points out. + The year 1982 saw the RAF author an important document +entitled 'Guerrilla, Resistance and the Anti-Imperialist Front' +which called for a united anti-imperialist front against NATO +imperialism, and in which the RAF essentially recognized and +realized that they had made serious tactical and political +mistakes in 1977. Essentially, the RAF criticized its earlier +vanguardist ideas, and called for anti-imperialist struggle +alongside others, rather than the RAF being at the forefront of +the struggle. While in 1982 and 1983 the RAF was operationally +quiet, in 1984 the RAF came alive. + On December 4, 1984, RAF prisoners began a collective +hungerstrike which called for the unity of all political +prisoners and which again called for a united front against +imperialism. This hungerstrike mobilized, and was accompanied by, +a large number of attacks and actions by anti-imperialist groups, +including Belgium's Communist Fighting Cells (CCC), the +Revolutionary Cells (RZ), and France's anti-imperialist Action +Directe (AD). These actions were not just carried out in +solidarity with the hungerstrike, but as part of the over-all +offensive against NATO and imperialism. + On January 15, 1985, in a joint communique, the RAF and +Action Directe, announced the formation of what they termed "the +international organization of proletarian struggle in the +metropoles, with its politico-military core: the West European +guerrilla." Ten days later Action Directe executed french General +Audran, stating in a communique that he had "been central to the +strategic imperialist project of homogenizing the European states +under NATO's control." Then on February 1, 1985, the RAF executed +Audran's German counterpart, Ernst Zimmerman. + In August, the George Jackson Commando of the RAF/AD +attacked the Rhein-Mein Air Base due to its role as "a centre for +war against the Third World." In order to gain access to the +airbase, the RAF executed an American G.I. and used his I.D. card +to get them in. This caused fierce debate among the German left, +and further served to alienate the RAF from some of its base of +support. As one autonomist put it: "Any military line of action +is wrong when it proceeds in isolation from what is being fought +against. If I fight against something, then I must also have a +line to those who are the victims of what I am fighting against. +This is not at all the case with the RAF. With the Revolutionary +Cells it is different; they make sure that their actions convey a +message." + In July of 1986, the RAF assassinated the German +industrialist Karl-Heinz Bekurts who was involved with SDI +research, and in October of 1986, high-ranking Foreign Officer +Gerald von Braunmuhl was executed, "one of the central figures in +the formation of the West European policy in the overall system +of imperialism." + The year 1988 saw the RAF issue a joint communique with a +fraction of Italy's now-defunct Red Brigades - the BR-PCC (Red +Brigades-Fighting Communist Party) - in which the unity of the +revolutionary movement was called for, in the face of unification +in Europe, and in which it was argued that "the attack of the +West European front against the strategic projects for the +political, economic, and military formation of West Europe aims +at weakening the imperialist system and causing a thorough +political crisis." In September of 1988, the RAF carried out an +unsuccessful attack on the German Secretary of State for the +Minister of Finance, Hans Tietmeyer, and in November of 1989 they +were succesful in executing one of the world's most powerful +financiers, Alfred Herrhausen. In 1989, the RAF carried out yet +another unsuccessful hungerstrike which called for an end to +isolation toruture and the regroupment of political prisoners. + July of 1990 saw Hans Neusel, state secretary in the +Interior Ministry and the government's leading 'terrorism' +expert, survive a RAF attack. In the accompanying communique, the +RAF appeared to have taken some of the criticisms directed at it +to heart; it acknowledged the need for resistance to come from +within grassroot movements, and called for the building up of a +"counter-power from below" which would be made up of a diversity +of struggles, including, for example, the squatters movement. + During the Gulf War, the RAF machine-gunned the American +embassy in Bonn in response to the devastation in Iraq being +waged by US/UN forces. The accompanying communique called for, +among other things, solidarity with the struggle of the political +prisoners in the isolation units in the U.S. In 1991, the RAF +asassinated the head of the company responsible for the +reconstructing of East Germany along capitalist lines, Detlev +Rohwedder, "one of the architects of the new Germany". In the +communique around this action, the RAF argued for the necessity +of pushing through "the preconditions for a self-determined life +with human dignity in the struggle against the reactionary great +German and West European plans to exploit people here and in the +Three Continents." + Since then, the RAF has again been operationally quiet, +although they have been releasing communiques around issues such +as political prisoners, and attempts by the police to criminalize +the legal resistance movements by stating that parts of it carry +out logistical support for the RAF. [NOTE: another communique +around the G-7 summit was released on 29.6.92 -ed.] + With this most recent communique, the RAF appears to be +taking the criticism levelled at it throughout its history ever +more seriously. A reading of the communique makes clear that the +RAF is shedding its vanguardist ideas, and is taking into account +other struggles and other contradictions, i.e. racism and sexism. +They now see various struggles such as the squatting and anti- +fascist movements, the struggle by refugees and immigrants +against racist asylum policies, and the fight by social prisoners +against isolation as all being integral to the building of a +counter-power from below. + It is unclear what role the RAF will play within this +"counter-power". Whether or not the RAF continues to carry out +actions on a lower-level as a "popular guerrilla", as the +Revolutionary Cells mentioned above, or whether they will cease +to exist entirely, remains to be seen. This decision by the RAF +to break with its past history and practice has precipitated +massive discussion and debate within the German autonomous left. +Many are discussing the role of the armed resistance - how and in +what context. The building of a revolutionary movement requires +that these questions be discussed, not only in Germany and in +other parts of the world, but also here in North America. + + For the full text of this communique, or of any of the +communiques mentioned, and for information about armed struggle, +political prisoners, and militant resistance in Germany, North +America, and the rest of the world, write to Arm The Spirit, or +contact Autonome Forum via e-mail: aforum@moose.uvm.edu + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + autonome forum: aforum@moose.uvm.edu + "solidarity is a weapon!" +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/reinventa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/reinventa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22f0897 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/reinventa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1792 @@ + + +The following is the introductory book chapter from one of the best + +introductory books on anarchism, which is unfortunately out of print. This + +is excerpted from *Reinventing Anarchy: What are the anarchists thinking + +these days?* edited by Howard J. and Carol Ehrlich and others, and + +published by Routledge & Kegan Paul in 1979. + + + +Questions and answers about anarchism + + + +The editors + + + + + +1 How would an anarchist revolution come about? + + + +For social anarchists revolution is a process, a process leading to the + +total deflation of state authority. That process entails self- and + +collective education and the building of alternative institutions as + +mechanisms of survival, of training and as models of a new society. + +Continuing parts of that process are repeated symbolic protests and direct + +assaults on ruling class institutions. + +As more and more people regard the anarchist alternatives as preferable to + +the status quo, state power begins to be deflated. When the state can no + +longer maintain the confidence of substantial segments of the population, + +its agents will have to rely increasingly on the mobilization of the police + +and the military. Of course, that increase in force has multiple possible + +outcomes, ranging from the total repression of the Left to the further + +leftward mobilization of the population that regards this increased use of + +force illegitimate. + +Our scenario does not rule out guerrilla warfare and armed struggle. But in + +the United States, for example, with its mammoth police apparatus, + +extensive files and surveillance of radicals, and its over 3,600 + +underground 'emergency operating centers' for ruling-class and military + +retreats, the idea of a primarily military revolution is an atavistic + +Marxist fantasy. + +So where do we go from here? The next act in the revolutionary drama + +remains to be written. Drawing a battle plan today seems pointless. The + +overthrow of the state - the building of anarchist societies - will be an + +overwhelming majoritarian act. It cannot be otherwise. When, say, 5-10 per + +cent of the population identify themselves as anarchists, it is our guess + +that there would be a range of contingencies available that we could not + +possibly anticipate today. + + + +2 Who will make the anarchist revolution? + + + +Everyone. Every day in their daily lives. + + + + + +3 How can an anarchist society prevent the development of informal elites, + +new bureaucracies and a reconcentration of power? + + + +There is nothing integral to the nature of human social organization that + +makes hierarchy, centralization and elitism inescapable. These + +organizational forms persist, in part because they serve the interests of + +those at the top. They persist, too, because we have learned to accept + +roles of leadership and followership; we have come to define hierarchy as + +necessary, and centralization as efficient. All of this is to say that we + +learned the ideological justifications for elite organizational forms quite + +well. + +We could dismiss the question by pointing out that social motivations to + +power, elites and elitism and bureaucracy would not exist in an anarchist + +society. The question should not be dismissed, however, when we talk about + +building an anarchist society in the shell of another. In + +such a context we will inevitably be struggling against the life-denying + +values of our socialization. Hierarchy, dominance and submission, + +repression and power - these are facts of everyday life. Revolution is a + +process. and even the eradication of coercive institutions will not + +automatically create a liberatory society. We create that society by + +building new institutions, by changing the character of our social + +relationships. by changing ourselves - and throughout that process by + +changing the distribution of power in society. It is by the constant + +building of new forms of organization, by the continual critical evaluation + +of our successes and failures, that we prevent old ideas and old forms of + +organization from re-emerging. + +If we cannot begin this revolutionary project here and now, then we cannot + +make a revolution. + + + + + +4 How will decisions be made? by consensus? by majority? + + + +Groups will make decisions by consensus because majority rule is + +unacceptable for people who think that everyone should run his or her own + +life. Decision-making by majority rule means that the minority voluntarily + +gives up control over the policies that affect them. + +To operate by consensus, groups will discuss an issue until it is resolved + +to the satisfaction of everyone. This doesn't mean that there's only one + +way of doing things. People must accept that many ways can coexist. They + +also must realize that there can be multiple policies on most issues with + +people free to choose which policy they want. + +The principle of consensus can be effective because membership in a + +community is voluntary and because that membership entails agreements on + +its basic goals and values. + +The workings of consensual decisions have many advantages. It is the only + +way to prevent a permanent minority from developing. It takes into + +consideration the strength of feelings. It is more efficient for group + +action because people are genuinely involved in achieving consensus and are + +therefore more likely to act on their decisions. + +One of the things people have difficulty understanding about group + +consensus is that it does take into account the strength of feelings and + +differences in perspectives of all of the people involved. In a social + +anarchist meeting the process of decision-making is as important as the + +outcome itself. + +Of course, people will have to learn to recognize what they want and to + +express their desires in a constructive way. If they do not know what they + +want a false consensus develops because people are just trying to go along + +with the group so as not to make trouble. If decisions are reached this way + +people remain unhappy about the outcome; their + +participation may drop to a low level and they may ultimately feel that + +they have to leave the group. + + + + + +5 How can people be motivated to participate in decisions that affect them + +if they don't want to participate? + + + +In the kinds of societies in which we live now, this is a pseudo-question. + +People are managed; they are rarely asked to participate. The unmotivated + +citizen of the capitalist/socialist state has sized up the situation + +correctly, and has concluded that non-participation is the only realistic + +choice . + +What about an anarchist community, where everyone would have genuine + +control over his or her life? We would assume that nonparticipants would be + +few - but if they existed, we would have to ask why. This is no idle + +question: if it wished to survive, an anarchist community would have to + +solve this problem. If it failed to do so, the community would be on the + +road back to social inequality. And it would no longer be anarchist. + +There are two reasons why a person might not participate in making + +decisions. The first would be lack of time. But if a person is too busy, + +then either s/he has voluntarily taken on too much work, or the others are + +shirking. In neither case is the community functioning on genuine social + +anarchist principles. + +The second reason is quite different. Non-participation would be due not to + +working too much out of a misplaced sense of priorities, but to failure to + +see the linkage between personal autonomy and community functioning. Some + +people may feel that community decision-making is beneath them; this 'star' + +mentality needs to be effectively challenged every time it occurs. Others + +may genuinely believe that the community affords them everything they need + +for their physical and psychological well-being, so they are perfectly + +happy letting others make the decisions. Still others may feel alienated, + +or lack confidence in their ability to make competent decisions. + +All of these people are handicapped by 'old ideas.' These are well suited + +to a stratified society in which a few run the lives of everyone, but they + +are severely damaging to an anarchist community. People who think in these + +ways need loving support from others, a feeling of being an essential part + +of the community, and gentle (but firm) pressure to participate. This may + +take time, but it can be done. + + + + + +6 When does a community become too large to operate with direct + +participation by everyone? Is a system of representation ever justified? + + + +We do not really know the maximum or optimum size of a community that would + +still allow effective participation, but there are numerous examples of + +communities, some as large as 8,000 people, where all the people actively + +participated in self-government. For example, during the Spanish Revolution + +self-governed villages all over Spain formed into federations to + +co-ordinate decisions affecting all of them. In Denmark in 1971 about 600 + +people occupied an army camp and set up a viable functioning community that + +not only lasted for years but was able to defend itself nonviolently from + +attacks by the government. + +In these examples everyone made decisions about the goals of the community + +and how to achieve them. Then the people who were actually doing the + +particular tasks were able to work in their own way. + +In a decentralized society that is composed of many communities the lines + +of communication go in multiple directions. Two-way television and other + +technological improvements make direct democracy possible in larger groups, + +but there will probably still be times when representatives will be + +necessary. Selection procedures for these representatives would no doubt + +vary. Sometimes representatives could be drawn by lot and other times on + +the basis of task-specific skills or abilities. + +The system of representation, however, must meet certain criteria. + +Representatives must come from the group of people whom they represent and + +they must be accountable to that group. To make them accountable, + +representatives should be assigned for a brief period of time or to do a + +specific task. In an anarchist society nobody could make a career of + +'politics.' The role of representative could be rotated among members of + +the community. All important decisions would be made by the group as a + +whole; the representatives would just communicate the decisions of their + +group to the larger group. Representatives must also be subject to + +immediate recall. + +The decisions about what functions best for one community or one group will + +have to be made by that group at the time depending upon the circumstances. + +But there is every reason to believe that people can effectively + +participate in managing their own lives. + + + + + +7 Will there still be experts and specialization? If so, how will experts + +be trained? How will we know they are competent? Can we have experts in a + +non-hierarchical society? + + + +Differences in skill and knowledge will continue to exist. Such differences + +are compatible with a free and egalitarian society. People may also want to + +develop their abilities in their own way. And this too is compatible with + +social anarchism. + +Much of the work that is now done by specialists can be learned in + +a relatively short time so that it could be done by nearly everyone. One + +problem with specialists in our society is that they restrain the number of + +people who are trained. Obviously there is some work, such as surgery or + +architecture, that requires a high degree of skill acquired through lengthy + +training. No one wants to be operated on by someone who has only two weeks + +of training, and few people would feel comfortable in a five-story building + +assembled without blueprints. The real problem becomes training specialists + +who will be accountable to the people they serve. We want co-operation + +between specialist and 'client,' not solidarity among specialists. To + +ensure this there could be no positions of privilege for specialists, and + +they must be committed to sharing their knowledge with everyone. + +In a decentralized or small society, judging the competence of someone + +whose labor is highly visible, such as a carpenter, is not difficult. In + +somewhat more complex cases, say in judging the competence of a surgeon, + +one possibility is to have the people who work with the surgeon along with + +those from the community be the judge of the quality of work . + +Expertise and non-hierarchy can co-exist only if specialization does not + +convey special privileges: only if people who are experts do not monopolize + +or control resources or information; and only if people are committed to + +co-operative and collective work rather than destructive competition. + + + + + +8 Who will do the dirty work? + + + +We all will. In an anarchist community, people wouldn't categorize work as + +'dirty' or clean,' as 'white-collar' or 'blue-collar.' That way of thinking + +can exist only in a class-stratified society - one that teaches its members + +that maintenance tasks are undignified, demeaning, and to be avoided if + +possible. For anarchists, all socially useful work has dignity. and + +everyone would co-operate to sustain the community at a mutually + +agreed-upon level of health, comfort and beauty. Those who refuse to + +collect the garbage, clean streets and buildings, trim the grass, provide a + +clean water supply and so on would be acting in a most irresponsible + +fashion. It they continued to refuse, they would be asked to leave. + +Does this seem coercive? A successfully self-governed community must be + +comprised of people who voluntarily live and work together, who agree on + +the necessary tasks, and who have the self-discipline to carry out their + +share of these tasks (no more and no less). Those who refuse are coercing + +others; they are implicitly saying that their time is to be spent doing + +more important things; that they are above such menial tasks. In an + +anarchist community no one is 'above' anyone else; no one is more important + +than anyone else. To think so will destroy both equality and freedom. + +One of the things that makes 'dirty' work so onerous is that only some + +people do it, and they work at it full-time. Very few maintenance tasks + +would seem totally awful if they were rotated, and each person knew s/he + +would be doing it for a short period of time. Short work periods on the + +garbage truck, or cleaning public bathrooms or fertilizing fields would + +seem - well. not ,fun of course (anarchists aren't stupid) but would be + +tolerable if each person knew they would end soon. + + + + + +9 Will any people have more money and property than others? Who will + +control the means of production and how will profits be distributed? + + + +In an anarchist society everyone will have an equal right to the basic + +liberties and material goods. which is consistent with a similar right for + +others. People would, of course, maintain personal possessions, but we + +would expect that the matter of the accumulation of property and property + +rights would be very different. Certainly the meaning of money and property + +would be quite different in an egalitarian and nonhierarchical society. + +It is hard to conceive of a serious alternative to a market economy. + +However, unlike the capitalist market place, the anarchist economy would + +not be based on the maximization of control and profit. Therefore, there + +would be no need to monopolize resources, expand markets or create useless + +products and/or consumer demands. Worker and community control of the + +workplace would be the organizational form for regulating productivity and + +profits in keeping with the needs of the community . + +While an anarchist economic theory remains to be written. its theorems will + +all have to be derived from principles of social justice, from principles + +that claim the maximum values of freedom and equality for all people. + + + + + +10 Aren't anarchists ignoring the complexity of urban life? Aren't they + +rejecting technology and industrial development? Don't they really + +want to go back to a simpler society? + + + +Any anarchists who ignore the complexities of modern urban-industrial + +societies are wrong. A return to a 'simpler' society' is a fantasy of + +escapists, not of persons seriously committed to building a new society. + +The underlying issue for us as social anarchists is the determination of + +the optimum size for urban settlements. The equation for an optimum + +size would doubtless have to balance factors of self-sufficiency, self + +governance and the minimizing of damage to the ecosystem. + +The related technological problems must be taken seriously by all + +anarchists. Can we satisfy our energy requirements with technologies that + +do minimal environmental damage? Can we develop a technology that can be + +comprehended by most people? Can we develop a technology that is a genuine + +substitute for human labor? The answer to these questions is yes. The + +technology and knowledge are already here: the issue is their + +implementation. + +The result of implementing such technological changes and building + +self-governing and relatively self-sufficient communities would probably + +bring about substantial differences in urban settlements. We suspect that + +these differences would yield even more 'complex' urban arrangements than + +we now have. We suspect, too, that they would result in more genuinely + +humane cities. + + + +11 How will an anarchist society meet the threat of foreign invasion? + + + +Paradoxically, the more successfully it meets the threat of armed force, + +the more likely it is to move away from anarchist principles. War always + +seems to turn relatively free and open societies into repressive ones. Why? + +Because war is irrational: it fosters fear and hopelessness in the gentle; + +it brings out aggression, hatred and brutality in the truculent; it + +destroys the balance between people and nature; it shrinks the sense of + +community down to one's immediately endangered group; and under conditions + +of starvation and deprivation it pits neighbor against neighbor in the + +fight for survival. If a besieged anarchist community did successfully + +resist foreign invasion, then it should immediately work to reestablish the + +interrelationships of trust, mutual aid, equality and freedom that have + +probably been damaged. 'War is the health of the state;' but it can be a + +fatal disease for an anarchist community. + +If war came, however, how would the society organize to defend itself? Let + +us assume that the anarchist federation of North America is invaded by + +troops of the Chinese, Swedish, Saudi Arabian or Brazilian government. What + +would happen? There would be no state apparatus to seize; instead, the + +invaders would have to conquer a network of small communities, one by one. + +There would be no single army to defeat, but an entire, armed population. + +The people would challenge the invasion with resistance - strikes, + +psychological warfare, and non-co-operation as well as with guerrilla + +tactics and larger armed actions. Under these circumstances, it is unlikely + +that the invaders would conquer the federation . + + + +12 What about crime? + + + +Much of what is now defined as crime would no longer exist. The + +communalization of property and an ethic of mutual aid would reduce both + +the necessity and the motivation for property crimes. Crimes against people + +seem more complex, but we reject the idea that they are rooted in 'original + +sin' or 'human nature.' To the degree that such crimes stem from societally + +based disorders of personality, we can only anticipate that their incidence + +- as well as their actual form - would be radically altered . + +In a social anarchist society, crime would be defined solely as an act + +harmful to the liberties of others. It would not be a crime to be different + +from other people, but it would be a crime to harm someone. Such hostile + +acts against the community could be prevented, above all, by inculcating a + +respect for the dignity of each person. Anarchist values would be + +reinforced with the strongest of human bonds, those of affection and + +self-respect. + +Remaining crimes would not be administered by masses of lawyers, police and + +judges; and criminals would not be tossed into prisons, which Kropotkin + +once labeled 'universities of crime.' Common law and regularly rotated + +juries could decide whether a particular act was a crime, and could + +criticize, censure, ostracize or even banish the criminal. However, in most + +cases we anticipate that criminals would be placed in the care and guidance + +of members of the community. + + + + + +13 How shall public health issues be handled? + + + +Public health issues would be handled like all other issues. This means + +that decisions about inoculations and other health issues would be made at + +the local level by the people who would be affected by the decision. This + +would result in a very different type of health care. Health care workers + +would be members of the community where they worked. Their function would + +be to provide day-to-day care and advice to people on how to remain + +healthy. People would have a chance to talk frequently with these workers + +and would know that they were really concerned about health and not about + +making money or gaining status in the community. + +If there were a threatened epidemic of some deadly flu and a vaccine were + +developed the people in the community would be able to get together to + +discuss the risks and benefits of the inoculations. Once the group decided + +that inoculations would benefit the community they would try to persuade + +everyone to be inoculated because the more people who were protected the + +less likelihood there would be of an epidemic. If there were a clear case + +of people being a danger to the health of the entire community then they + +would be asked to make a choice between being vaccinated and remaining in + +the community, or leaving to find another group that was more compatible. + + + + + +14 There are times when the state takes care of the sick and elderly, or + +protects individuals against coercion (for example, children brutalized + +by parents; blacks attacked by whites). If the state disappears, who will + +take over these functions? + + + +People who look at the world this way believe that there are only two + +possibilities: either there is state regulation and an orderly society, or + +there is a stateless chaos in which life is nasty, brutish and short. In + +fact, even when the state functions in a benevolent or protective manner, + +it is capricious: sometimes it helps the helpless; other times it doesn't. + +Sometimes social welfare workers remove a child from a vicious environment + +- and other times the child is left at home, perhaps to be further + +brutalized, even killed. Sometimes the state protects the civil rights of + +oppressed minorities; other times it ignores these rights, or even joins in + +the persecution. We cannot count on the state to do anything to protect us. + +It is, after all, the major task of the agents of the state to protect the + +distribution of power. Social justice is a secondary concern. + +In fact, we can only count on ourselves, or on those with whom we are + +freely associated in community. This means that helping functions will be + +performed by those groups that have always done them, with or without the + +state: voluntary associations. However, in an anarchist community, the need + +for such services will be less frequent. For example, if there is no longer + +systematic poisoning of the environment, diseases caused by this pollution + +(pesticide poisoning, asbestosis, Minimata disease) won t happen; if there + +are no longer extremes of wealth and poverty, diseases caused by lack of + +adequate food, shelter, and medical care will not exist; if children and + +adults can freely choose whether or not to live together, much violence + +against loved ones will disappear; if racism is systematically attacked, + +then the majority ethnic group won't harass minorities. There will, of + +course, still be a need for mutual aid and protection - but this will be + +provided by the community, for all its members. + + + + + +15 Would an anarchist society be less likely to be sexist? racist? + + + +Anarchists usually talk about the illegitimacy of authority, basing their + +arguments on the premise that no person should have power over another. A + +logical extension of this argument is to attack the power relationships in + +which men dominate women and some racial and ethnic groups dominate others. + +Thus anarchism creates the preconditions for abolishing sexism and racism + +Anarchism is philosophically opposed to all manifestations of racism and + +sexism. Equally important as its philosophical commitments is the fact that + +with anarchism there would be no economic basis to support racist or sexist + +ideas or practices. Work and income would be divided equitably, so there + +would be no need to subordinate a class of people to do the dirty work or + +to work at low pay to support the dominant class. + +Sexism and racism would not automatically disappear in the process of + +building an anarchist society. A conscious effort would have to be made to + +change old behavior and attitudes. + + + + + +16 What do anarchists think about sex, monogamy, and family? + + + +Anarchists believe that how you live your daily life is an important + +political statement. Most people in industrialized societies spend a + +significant portion of their lives in what may be the last bulwark of + +capitalism and state socialism - the monogamous nuclear family. The family + +serves as the primary agent for reproducing the dominant values of the + +society, both through the socialization of children and the social control + +of its members. Within the family all of the pathologies of the larger + +society are reproduced: privatized social relations escapism patriarchal + +dominance, economic dependency (in capitalist society), consumerism, and + +the treatment of people as property. + +In an anarchist society, social relations will be based on trust, mutual + +aid, friendship and love. These may occur in the context of the family (if + +people choose to live in a family setting), but they certainly do not have + +to. Indeed, these conditions may be more easily achieved outside the + +family. + +Will there be monogamous relations in an anarchist society? Clearly people + +will have the option to choose how they want to live with whom, and how + +long they want to live in these relationships. This will of course include + +the option of monogamy. However, without a system based on patriarchy. + +economic insecurity and religious or state authority, we doubt that + +monogamy would be anything more than an anachronism If and when people did + +elect to live monogamously. it presumably would be seen as a choice made by + +both persons. Today, of course, monogamy is considered far more important + +for women than for men. This is called the double standard: and it has no + +place in a society of free and equal women and men. + +The family? The nuclear family is not universal, but social systems for the + +rearing of the young, the care of the elderly, and companionate relations + +are. We think that whole new forms of communal and collective living + +arrangements will grow to replace the traditional family system . + +Sex? Of course. But this does not mean that all kinds of sexual behavior + +would be condoned. We cannot imagine a truly anarchist society condoning + +rape, sexual exploitation of children, or sex that inflicts pain or + +humiliation, or involves dominance and submission. In sexual behavior, as + +in all other forms of behavior, social anarchism is based on freedom, trust + +and respect for the dignity of others. In fact, in an anarchist society + +sexuality would lose all the inegalitarian and oppressive meanings it now + +has. + + + + + +17 Is it coercive to require education for children? What should its + +content and structure be? + + + +When people today worry about the coercive character of mandatory public + +education, we think that their concern really stems from the authoritarian + +character of schooling. Schools are an extension of the state; they + +reproduce the class, sex, race and other divisions on which the state is + +built. In an anarchist society, the social function of schools and the + +potential of education would be quite different. + +Even today, we think that the implications of withholding basic education + +from young children are far more coercive than the requirement that they be + +educated. Without at least a minimal level of literacy, people would be + +much worse off than they already are. In an anarchist society education + +would, of course, provide far more. Education would be fundamentally + +liberating because it would help people learn how to learn; and it would + +teach them much more than they could ever acquire on their own about the + +physical world and the world of ideas. It would also help them learn to be + +free and self-directed. + +Such education is so important for young children that neither they nor + +their parents should be able to decide that the child doesn't need it. + +Bakunin stated the reason well: + + + +Children do not constitute anyone's property . . . they belong only + + to their own future freedom. But in children this freedom is not yet + + real; it is only potential. For real freedom - . . . based upon a feeling + + of one's dignity and upon the genuine respect for someone else's + + freedom and dignity, i.e., upon justice - such freedom can develop in + + children only through the rational development of their minds, + +character, and will. + + + +What would anarchist education teach the young? Intellectual and physical + +skills that help to develop literate, healthy and competent people should + +be taught. Essential intellectual materials would include some that + +children now learn, and some that they don't: reading and writing, + +self-care (emotional and physical), farming and carpentry, cooking, and + +physical education. Children in the upper elementary grades would be + +introduced to literature and the other arts, crosscultural materials, and + +the principles of anarchist community organization and economics. However, + +the content of these materials should reflect anarchist values: it would be + +senseless to teach the principles of capitalist politics and economics + +(except perhaps as a horrible example), an acceptance of stratification, or + +materials that advocate racist, sexist or other inegalitarian ideas. + +Not only the content, but also the structure of anarchist education is + +vitally important. It is difficult to develop liberatory modes of thought + +and action in an atmosphere of intimidation, regimentation, boredom and + +respect for authority. We do not mean to imply that children should devalue + +teachers; but genuine respect must be based upon what someone knows and how + +effectively s/he teaches it, not upon position, age or credentials. It will + +be difficult to create an atmosphere of mutual respect and orderly process + +without imposing discipline. But liberatory education cannot take place in + +an authoritarian setting. + +What else? Well, schools should be small, so that each child can get the + +attention and stimulation s/he needs. Activities should be varied, and + +distinctions between work and play narrowed as far as possible. Grading and + +competition with each other would be eliminated. Students would learn to + +set standards for themselves, and to try to meet them. (If they did not, + +the child should not evaluate him/herself negatively. Guilt and + +self-deprecation are enemies of autonomy and healthy functioning ) Teachers + +would be selected on the basis of knowledge and interpersonal competence, + +not upon the possession of formal + +credentials. Probably few people would make a career of teaching, but many + +members of the community (including some older children) would spend time + +doing it. Schools would be integrated into the community, and everyone + +would participate in the direction of the schools. + +When would education end? Ideally, never. Instead of being a prison, which + +inmates flee as soon as the guard's back is turned (which is what many + +public schools are like today), the anarchist school would encourage people + +to see education as a lifelong process. As the child becomes an adult, + +education would increasingly become an informal self-directed activity + +which would take place outside the school. But people would return for + +further formal study as often, and as long, as they wish. + + + + + +18 What is the relation of children to authority? + + + +The line between nurturance and the authoritarian control of children is + +difficult to draw. Perhaps in an anarchist society that boundary line will + +be more clearly sketched. + +Infants and young children are unquestionably dependent on others for their + +survival. Perhaps the difference between nurturance and authoritarianism + +arises when a child has acquired the skills for her or his own survival. If + +we accept that boundary, then we will have to work at determining what + +those skills minimally are. The skills themselves - once we go beyond the + +acquisition of language - are not absolute. They are relative to the social + +conditions under which people live. For example, under capitalism, where + +income and work are tied together and where both are prerequisites for + +food, housing, medical care and the like, survival training must last + +longer. Partly because of this long period of dependency, there has been a + +strong tradition in such settings to view the child (and young adult) as + +property, hence at the disposal of the family or state. Certainly, the + +political economy is one condition that fosters dependence on authority. + +Fostering authoritarian dependence is, in fact, a major mechanism of social + +control in capitalist and state socialist societies. Today it is easier to + +catalog examples of dependence and authoritarian social conditions than it + +is to provide examples of social conditions that encourage self-management + +and autonomous behavior. + +The quintessence of nurturant child-rearing in an anarchist community would + +be the teaching of children to like themselves, to learn how to learn, and + +how to set standards for self-evaluation. + + + +19 Has there ever been a successful anarchist organization? If so, why + +don't they last longer? + + + +Yes, there has been. In fact, there have been many groups that have been + +organized without centralized government, hierarchy, privilege and formal + +authority. Some have been explicitly anarchist: perhaps the best-known + +examples are the Spanish industrial and agricultural collectives, which + +functioned quite successfully for several years until destroyed by the + +combined forces of the authoritarian Left and the Right. + +Most anarchist organizations are not called that - even by their members. + +Anthropological literature is full of descriptions of human societies that + +have existed without centralized government or institutionalized authority. + +(However, as contemporary feminist anthropologists point Gut, many + +so-called 'egalitarian' cultures are sexist.) + +Industrialized societies also contain many groups that are anarchist in + +practice. As the British anarchist Colin Ward says, 'an anarchist society, + +a society which organizes itself without authority, is always in existence, + +like a seed beneath the snow.' Examples include the leaderless small groups + +developed by radical feminists, co-ops, clinics, learning networks, media + +collectives, direct action organizations such as the Clamshell Alliance; + +the spontaneous groupings that occur in response to disasters, strikes, + +revolutions and emergencies; community-controlled day-care centers; + +neighborhood groups; tenant and workplace organizing; and so on. Not all + +such groups are anarchist, of course, but a surprising number function + +without leadership and authority to provide mutual aid, resist the + +government, and develop better ways of doing things. + +Why don't they last longer? People who ask this question expect anarchist + +organizations to meet standards of permanence that most anarchists, who + +value flexibility and change, do not hold; and that most non-anarchist + +groups cannot meet. There is, of course, another reason why many anarchist + +organizations do not last longer than they do. Anarchists are enemies of + +the state - and the state managers do not react kindly to enemies. + +Anarchist organizations are blocked, harassed, and sometimes (as in the + +case of Spain, and more recently Portugal) deliberately smashed. Under such + +circumstances, it is a tribute to the persistence and capabilities of many + +anarchists that their organizations last as long as they often do. + + + + + + + +11 How will an anarchist society meet the threat of foreign invasion? + + + +Paradoxically, the more successfully it meets the threat of armed force, + +the more likely it is to move away from anarchist principles. War always + +seems to turn relatively free and open societies into repressive ones. Why? + +Because war is irrational: it fosters fear and hopelessness in the gentle; + +it brings out aggression, hatred and brutality in the truculent; it + +destroys the balance between people and nature; it shrinks the sense of + +community down to one's immediately endangered group; and under conditions + +of starvation and deprivation it pits neighbor against neighbor in the + +fight for survival. If a besieged anarchist community did successfully + +resist foreign invasion, then it should immediately work to reestablish the + +interrelationships of trust, mutual aid, equality and freedom that have + +probably been damaged. 'War is the health of the state;' but it can be a + +fatal disease for an anarchist community. + +If war came, however, how would the society organize to defend itself? Let + +us assume that the anarchist federation of North America is invaded by + +troops of the Chinese, Swedish, Saudi Arabian or Brazilian government. What + +would happen? There would be no state apparatus to seize; instead, the + +invaders would have to conquer a network of small communities, one by one. + +There would be no single army to defeat, but an entire, armed population. + +The people would challenge the invasion with resistance - strikes, + +psychological warfare, and non-co-operation as well as with guerrilla + +tactics and larger armed actions. Under these circumstances, it is unlikely + +that the invaders would conquer the federation . + + + +12 What about crime? + + + +Much of what is now defined as crime would no longer exist. The + +communalization of property and an ethic of mutual aid would reduce both + +the necessity and the motivation for property crimes. Crimes against people + +seem more complex, but we reject the idea that they are rooted in 'original + +sin' or 'human nature.' To the degree that such crimes stem from societally + +based disorders of personality, we can only anticipate that their incidence + +- as well as their actual form - would be radically altered . + +In a social anarchist society, crime would be defined solely as an act + +harmful to the liberties of others. It would not be a crime to be different + +from other people, but it would be a crime to harm someone. Such hostile + +acts against the community could be prevented, above all, by inculcating a + +respect for the dignity of each person. Anarchist values would be + +reinforced with the strongest of human bonds, those of affection and + +self-respect. + +Remaining crimes would not be administered by masses of lawyers, police and + +judges; and criminals would not be tossed into prisons, which Kropotkin + +once labeled 'universities of crime.' Common law and regularly rotated + +juries could decide whether a particular act was a crime, and could + +criticize, censure, ostracize or even banish the criminal. However, in most + +cases we anticipate that criminals would be placed in the care and guidance + +of members of the community. + + + + + +13 How shall public health issues be handled? + + + +Public health issues would be handled like all other issues. This means + +that decisions about inoculations and other health issues would be made at + +the local level by the people who would be affected by the decision. This + +would result in a very different type of health care. Health care workers + +would be members of the community where they worked. Their function would + +be to provide day-to-day care and advice to people on how to remain + +healthy. People would have a chance to talk frequently with these workers + +and would know that they were really concerned about health and not about + +making money or gaining status in the community. + +If there were a threatened epidemic of some deadly flu and a vaccine were + +developed the people in the community would be able to get together to + +discuss the risks and benefits of the inoculations. Once the group decided + +that inoculations would benefit the community they would try to persuade + +everyone to be inoculated because the more people who were protected the + +less likelihood there would be of an epidemic. If there were a clear case + +of people being a danger to the health of the entire community then they + +would be asked to make a choice between being vaccinated and remaining in + +the community, or leaving to find another group that was more compatible. + + + + + +14 There are times when the state takes care of the sick and elderly, or + +protects individuals against coercion (for example, children brutalized + +by parents; blacks attacked by whites). If the state disappears, who will + +take over these functions? + + + +People who look at the world this way believe that there are only two + +possibilities: either there is state regulation and an orderly society, or + +there is a stateless chaos in which life is nasty, brutish and short. In + +fact, even when the state functions in a benevolent or protective manner, + +it is capricious: sometimes it helps the helpless; other times it doesn't. + +Sometimes social welfare workers remove a child from a vicious environment + +- and other times the child is left at home, perhaps to be further + +brutalized, even killed. Sometimes the state protects the civil rights of + +oppressed minorities; other times it ignores these rights, or even joins in + +the persecution. We cannot count on the state to do anything to protect us. + +It is, after all, the major task of the agents of the state to protect the + +distribution of power. Social justice is a secondary concern. + +In fact, we can only count on ourselves, or on those with whom we are + +freely associated in community. This means that helping functions will be + +performed by those groups that have always done them, with or without the + +state: voluntary associations. However, in an anarchist community, the need + +for such services will be less frequent. For example, if there is no longer + +systematic poisoning of the environment, diseases caused by this pollution + +(pesticide poisoning, asbestosis, Minimata disease) won t happen; if there + +are no longer extremes of wealth and poverty, diseases caused by lack of + +adequate food, shelter, and medical care will not exist; if children and + +adults can freely choose whether or not to live together, much violence + +against loved ones will disappear; if racism is systematically attacked, + +then the majority ethnic group won't harass minorities. There will, of + +course, still be a need for mutual aid and protection - but this will be + +provided by the community, for all its members. + + + + + +15 Would an anarchist society be less likely to be sexist? racist? + + + +Anarchists usually talk about the illegitimacy of authority, basing their + +arguments on the premise that no person should have power over another. A + +logical extension of this argument is to attack the power relationships in + +which men dominate women and some racial and ethnic groups dominate others. + +Thus anarchism creates the preconditions for abolishing sexism and racism + +Anarchism is philosophically opposed to all manifestations of racism and + +sexism. Equally important as its philosophical commitments is the fact that + +with anarchism there would be no economic basis to support racist or sexist + +ideas or practices. Work and income would be divided equitably, so there + +would be no need to subordinate a class of people to do the dirty work or + +to work at low pay to support the dominant class. + +Sexism and racism would not automatically disappear in the process of + +building an anarchist society. A conscious effort would have to be made to + +change old behavior and attitudes. + + + + + +16 What do anarchists think about sex, monogamy, and family? + + + +Anarchists believe that how you live your daily life is an important + +political statement. Most people in industrialized societies spend a + +significant portion of their lives in what may be the last bulwark of + +capitalism and state socialism - the monogamous nuclear family. The family + +serves as the primary agent for reproducing the dominant values of the + +society, both through the socialization of children and the social control + +of its members. Within the family all of the pathologies of the larger + +society are reproduced: privatized social relations escapism patriarchal + +dominance, economic dependency (in capitalist society), consumerism, and + +the treatment of people as property. + +In an anarchist society, social relations will be based on trust, mutual + +aid, friendship and love. These may occur in the context of the family (if + +people choose to live in a family setting), but they certainly do not have + +to. Indeed, these conditions may be more easily achieved outside the + +family. + +Will there be monogamous relations in an anarchist society? Clearly people + +will have the option to choose how they want to live with whom, and how + +long they want to live in these relationships. This will of course include + +the option of monogamy. However, without a system based on patriarchy. + +economic insecurity and religious or state authority, we doubt that + +monogamy would be anything more than an anachronism If and when people did + +elect to live monogamously. it presumably would be seen as a choice made by + +both persons. Today, of course, monogamy is considered far more important + +for women than for men. This is called the double standard: and it has no + +place in a society of free and equal women and men. + +The family? The nuclear family is not universal, but social systems for the + +rearing of the young, the care of the elderly, and companionate relations + +are. We think that whole new forms of communal and collective living + +arrangements will grow to replace the traditional family system . + +Sex? Of course. But this does not mean that all kinds of sexual behavior + +would be condoned. We cannot imagine a truly anarchist society condoning + +rape, sexual exploitation of children, or sex that inflicts pain or + +humiliation, or involves dominance and submission. In sexual behavior, as + +in all other forms of behavior, social anarchism is based on freedom, trust + +and respect for the dignity of others. In fact, in an anarchist society + +sexuality would lose all the inegalitarian and oppressive meanings it now + +has. + + + + + +17 Is it coercive to require education for children? What should its + +content and structure be? + + + +When people today worry about the coercive character of mandatory public + +education, we think that their concern really stems from the authoritarian + +character of schooling. Schools are an extension of the state; they + +reproduce the class, sex, race and other divisions on which the state is + +built. In an anarchist society, the social function of schools and the + +potential of education would be quite different. + +Even today, we think that the implications of withholding basic education + +from young children are far more coercive than the requirement that they be + +educated. Without at least a minimal level of literacy, people would be + +much worse off than they already are. In an anarchist society education + +would, of course, provide far more. Education would be fundamentally + +liberating because it would help people learn how to learn; and it would + +teach them much more than they could ever acquire on their own about the + +physical world and the world of ideas. It would also help them learn to be + +free and self-directed. + +Such education is so important for young children that neither they nor + +their parents should be able to decide that the child doesn't need it. + +Bakunin stated the reason well: + + + +Children do not constitute anyone's property . . . they belong only + + to their own future freedom. But in children this freedom is not yet + + real; it is only potential. For real freedom - . . . based upon a feeling + + of one's dignity and upon the genuine respect for someone else's + + freedom and dignity, i.e., upon justice - such freedom can develop in + + children only through the rational development of their minds, + +character, and will. + + + +What would anarchist education teach the young? Intellectual and physical + +skills that help to develop literate, healthy and competent people should + +be taught. Essential intellectual materials would include some that + +children now learn, and some that they don't: reading and writing, + +self-care (emotional and physical), farming and carpentry, cooking, and + +physical education. Children in the upper elementary grades would be + +introduced to literature and the other arts, crosscultural materials, and + +the principles of anarchist community organization and economics. However, + +the content of these materials should reflect anarchist values: it would be + +senseless to teach the principles of capitalist politics and economics + +(except perhaps as a horrible example), an acceptance of stratification, or + +materials that advocate racist, sexist or other inegalitarian ideas. + +Not only the content, but also the structure of anarchist education is + +vitally important. It is difficult to develop liberatory modes of thought + +and action in an atmosphere of intimidation, regimentation, boredom and + +respect for authority. We do not mean to imply that children should devalue + +teachers; but genuine respect must be based upon what someone knows and how + +effectively s/he teaches it, not upon position, age or credentials. It will + +be difficult to create an atmosphere of mutual respect and orderly process + +without imposing discipline. But liberatory education cannot take place in + +an authoritarian setting. + +What else? Well, schools should be small, so that each child can get the + +attention and stimulation s/he needs. Activities should be varied, and + +distinctions between work and play narrowed as far as possible. Grading and + +competition with each other would be eliminated. Students would learn to + +set standards for themselves, and to try to meet them. (If they did not, + +the child should not evaluate him/herself negatively. Guilt and + +self-deprecation are enemies of autonomy and healthy functioning ) Teachers + +would be selected on the basis of knowledge and interpersonal competence, + +not upon the possession of formal + +credentials. Probably few people would make a career of teaching, but many + +members of the community (including some older children) would spend time + +doing it. Schools would be integrated into the community, and everyone + +would participate in the direction of the schools. + +When would education end? Ideally, never. Instead of being a prison, which + +inmates flee as soon as the guard's back is turned (which is what many + +public schools are like today), the anarchist school would encourage people + +to see education as a lifelong process. As the child becomes an adult, + +education would increasingly become an informal self-directed activity + +which would take place outside the school. But people would return for + +further formal study as often, and as long, as they wish. + + + + + +18 What is the relation of children to authority? + + + +The line between nurturance and the authoritarian control of children is + +difficult to draw. Perhaps in an anarchist society that boundary line will + +be more clearly sketched. + +Infants and young children are unquestionably dependent on others for their + +survival. Perhaps the difference between nurturance and authoritarianism + +arises when a child has acquired the skills for her or his own survival. If + +we accept that boundary, then we will have to work at determining what + +those skills minimally are. The skills themselves - once we go beyond the + +acquisition of language - are not absolute. They are relative to the social + +conditions under which people live. For example, under capitalism, where + +income and work are tied together and where both are prerequisites for + +food, housing, medical care and the like, survival training must last + +longer. Partly because of this long period of dependency, there has been a + +strong tradition in such settings to view the child (and young adult) as + +property, hence at the disposal of the family or state. Certainly, the + +political economy is one condition that fosters dependence on authority. + +Fostering authoritarian dependence is, in fact, a major mechanism of social + +control in capitalist and state socialist societies. Today it is easier to + +catalog examples of dependence and authoritarian social conditions than it + +is to provide examples of social conditions that encourage self-management + +and autonomous behavior. + +The quintessence of nurturant child-rearing in an anarchist community would + +be the teaching of children to like themselves, to learn how to learn, and + +how to set standards for self-evaluation. + + + +19 Has there ever been a successful anarchist organization? If so, why + +don't they last longer? + + + +Yes, there has been. In fact, there have been many groups that have been + +organized without centralized government, hierarchy, privilege and formal + +authority. Some have been explicitly anarchist: perhaps the best-known + +examples are the Spanish industrial and agricultural collectives, which + +functioned quite successfully for several years until destroyed by the + +combined forces of the authoritarian Left and the Right. + +Most anarchist organizations are not called that - even by their members. + +Anthropological literature is full of descriptions of human societies that + +have existed without centralized government or institutionalized authority. + +(However, as contemporary feminist anthropologists point Gut, many + +so-called 'egalitarian' cultures are sexist.) + +Industrialized societies also contain many groups that are anarchist in + +practice. As the British anarchist Colin Ward says, 'an anarchist society, + +a society which organizes itself without authority, is always in existence, + +like a seed beneath the snow.' Examples include the leaderless small groups + +developed by radical feminists, co-ops, clinics, learning networks, media + +collectives, direct action organizations such as the Clamshell Alliance; + +the spontaneous groupings that occur in response to disasters, strikes, + +revolutions and emergencies; community-controlled day-care centers; + +neighborhood groups; tenant and workplace organizing; and so on. Not all + +such groups are anarchist, of course, but a surprising number function + +without leadership and authority to provide mutual aid, resist the + +government, and develop better ways of doing things. + +Why don't they last longer? People who ask this question expect anarchist + +organizations to meet standards of permanence that most anarchists, who + +value flexibility and change, do not hold; and that most non-anarchist + +groups cannot meet. There is, of course, another reason why many anarchist + +organizations do not last longer than they do. Anarchists are enemies of + +the state - and the state managers do not react kindly to enemies. + +Anarchist organizations are blocked, harassed, and sometimes (as in the + +case of Spain, and more recently Portugal) deliberately smashed. Under such + +circumstances, it is a tribute to the persistence and capabilities of many + +anarchists that their organizations last as long as they often do. + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/rel_anar.txt b/politicalTextFiles/rel_anar.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5a3142 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/rel_anar.txt @@ -0,0 +1,734 @@ +From ats5@internet01.comp.pge.com Thu Aug 4 15:11:05 1994 +Date: Wed, 3 Aug 94 23:46:49 PDT +From: Andy Smith +Subject: THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM + + + THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM + To Modern Society + by Sam Dolgoff + +This pamphlet is the second printing of an expanded version of an article that +appeared in a 1970 issue of "Libertarian Analysis". It is the first pamphlet +published by "Soil of Liberty". A second pamphlet, "A Critique of Marxism", +also by Sam Dolgoff, is also available ($0.55). Bulk rates are available for +both. +Sam has been active in the anarchist movement since the 1920's and is a re- +tired house painter living in New York City. +"Soil of Liberty" offers a literature service through the magaizne and a +partial listing is available. Magazine subscriptions are $3 - $4 per year. + +Soil of Liberty +POB 7056 +Powderhorn Station +Minnepolis, MN 55407 + + First Printing - August 1977 + Second Printing - September 1979 + +NOTE: ABOVE LISTED PRICES ARE AT LEAST 9 YEARS OLD, SO ASSUME THAT THEY ARE +NOW HIGHER. + + + Bourgeois Neo-Anarchism + + Meaningful discussion about the relevance of anarchist ideas to modern +industrialized societies must first, for the sake of clarity, outline the dif- +ference between today's "neo-anarchism" and the classical anarchism of +Proudhon, Kroptkin, Malatesta and their successors. With rare exceptions one +is stuck by the mediocre and superficial character of the ideas advanced by +modern writers on anarchism. Instead of presenting fresh insights, there is +the repetition of utopisitic ideas which the anarchist movement had long since +outgrown and rejected as totally irrelevant to the problems of our increas- +ingly complex society. + Many of the ideas which the noted anarchist writer Luigi Fabbri a half cen- +tury ago labelled "Bourgeois Influence in Anarchism" are again in circulation. +[1] For example, there is Kingsley Widmer's article, "Anarchism Revived -- +Right, Left and All Around." Like similar bourgeois movements in the past, +Widmer correctly points out that: + + "...Anarchism's contemporary revival...mostly comes from the dissident + middle class intellectuals, students and other marginal groups who base + themselves on individualist, utopian and other non-working class aspects + of anarchism..." [2] + + Other typical bougeois anarchist characteristics are: ESCAPISM - the hope +that the establishment will be gradually undermined if enough people 'cop-out' +of the system and "live like anarchsts in communes and other life-style ins- +titutions..." +NECHAYEVISM - romantic glorification of conspiracy, ruthlessness, and violence +in the amoral tradition of Nechayev. +BOHEMIANISM - total irresponsibility; exclusive preoccupation with one's pic- +turesque 'life-style'; exhibitionism; rejection of any form of organization or +self-discipline. +ANTI-SOCIAL INDIVIDUALSIM - the urge to "idealize" the most anti-social forms +of individual forms of individual rebellion." (Luigi Fabbri) + + "...intolerance of oppression [writes Malatesta], the desire to be free + and develop one personality to its full limits, is not enough to make one + an anarchist. That aspiration towards unlimited freedom, if not tempered + by a love for mankind and by the desire that all should enjoy equal free- + dom, may well create rebels who...soon become exploiters and tyrants..." + [3] + + Still other neo-anarchist are obsessed with "action for the sake of +action." One of the foremost historians of Italian anarchism, Pier Carlo +Masini, notes that for them 'spontaneity' is the panacea that will automat- +ically solve all problems. No theiretical or practical preparation is needed. +In the 'revolution' that is 'just around the corner' the fundamental differen- +ces between libertarians and our mortal enemies, authoritarian groups like the +Marxist-Leinists, will miraculously vanish. + + "Paradoxically enough [observes Masini], the really modern anarchists are + those with white hair, those who guided by the teachings of Bakunin and + Malatesta, who in Italy and in Spain (as well as in Russia) had learned + from bitter personal participation how serious matter a revolution can + be...[4] + + It is not our intention to belittle the many fine things the scholars do +say, nor to downgrade the magnificent struggles of our young rebbles against +was, rascism and the false values of that vast crime "The Establishment" -- +struggles which sparked the revival of the long dormant radical movement. But +they stress the negative aspects and ignore or misinterpret the constructive +princples of anarchism. Bakunin and the classical anarchists always emphasized +the necessity for constructive thinking and action + + The 1848 revolutionary movement "was rich in instincts and negative theo- + retical ideas which gave it full justification for its fight against + privilege, but it lacked completely any positive and practical ideas + which would have been needed to enable it to erect a new system upon the + ruins of the old bourgeois setup...[5] + + Lacking such solid foundations, such movements must eventually disinteg- +rate. + + Distorting Anarchist Ideas + + Some works on anarchism, like George Woodcock's "Anarchism" and the two +books by Horowitz and Joll both titled "The Anarchists" -- perpetuate the myth +that the anarchist are living antiques, visionaries yearning to return to an +idyllic past. According to Woodcock, "...the historical anarchist movement +that sprang from Bakunin and his followers is dead..." The cardinal principles +of classical anarchism: economic and political decentralization of power, +individual and local autonomy, self-mangaement of industry ('workers control') +and federalism are + + obsolete forms of organization (running counter) to the world-wide trend + toward political and economic centralization....The real social revolu- + tion of the modern age is in fact the process of centralization toward + which every development of scientific and technological progress has con- + tributed... .the anarchist movement failed to present an alternative to + the state or the capitalist economy. [6] + + It is hard to understand how scholars even slightly acquainted with the +vast libertarian literature on social reconstruction come to such absurd con- +clusions!! A notable exception is the French sociologist-historian Daniel +Guerin whose excellent little book "L'anarchisme" has been translated into +English with an introduction by Noam Chomsky (Monthly Review Press, N.Y.). +Guerin concentrates on the constructive aspects of anarchism. While not with- +out its faults (he underestimates the importance of Kropotkin's ideas and +exagerates Stirner's), it is still the best short introduction to the subject. +Guerin effectively refutes the arguements of recent historians, paricularly +Jean Maitron, Woodcock and Joll concluding that their + + ...image of anarchism is not true. Constructive acarchism which found its + most accomplished expression in the writings of Bakunin, relies on organ- + ization, on self-discipline, onintegration, on a centralization which is + not coercive, but federalist. It relates to large scale industry, to mod- + ern technology, to the modern proletariat, to genuine internationalism... + In themodern world the material, intellectual and moral interests have + created between all parts of a nation and even different nations, a real + and solid unity, and this unity will survive all states...[7] + + To assess the extent to which classical anarchism is applicable to modern +societies it is first necessary to summarize briefly its leading constructive +tenets. + + Complex Societies Necessitiate Anarchism + + It is a fallacy to assume that anarchists ignore the complexity of social +life. On the contrary, the classical anarchists have always rejected the kind +of "simplicity" which camouflages regimentation in favor of the natural comp- +lexity which reflects the many faceted richness and diversity of social and +individual life. The cybernetic mathematician John B. McEwan, writing on the +relevance of anarchism to cybernetics explains: + + Libertarian socialists, synonym for non-indvidualist anarchism, especially + Kropotkin and Landauer, showed an early grasp of the complex network of + changing relationships, involving many structures of correlated activity + and mutual aid, independent of authoritarian coercion. It was against + this background that they developed their theories of social organiza- + tion....[8] + + One of Proudhon's greatest contributions to anarchist theory and socialism +in general was the idea that the very complexity of social life demanded the +decentralization and autonomy of communities. Proudhon maintained that "... +through the complexity of interests and the progress of ideas, society is +forced to abjure the state...beneath the apparatus of government, under the +shadow of its political institutions, society was slowly and silently pro- +ducing its organization, make for itself a new order which expressed its +vitality and autonomy..." [9] + Like his predecessors, Proudhon and Bakunin, Kropotkin elaborated the idea +that the very complexity of social life demanded the decentralization and +self-management of industry by the workers. From his studies of economic life +in England and Scotland he concluded that: + + ...production and exchange represented an undertaking so complicated + that no government (without establishing a cumbersome, inefficient, bur- + eaucratic dictatorship) would be able to organize production if the work- + ers themselves, through their unions, did not do it in each branch of + industry; for, in all production there arises daily thousands of diffi- + culties that...no government can hope to foresee.... Only the efforts of + thousands of intelligences working on problems can cooperate in the + developement of the new social system and find solutions for the thou- + sands of local needs....[10] + + Decentralization and autonomy does not mean the breakup of society into +small, isolated, economically self-sufficient groups, which is neither poss- +ible nor desirable. The Spanish anarchist, Diego Abad de Santillan, Ministry +of the Economy in Catalonia in the early period of the Spanish Civil War (Dec. +1936), reminded some of his comrads: + + ....Once and for all we must realize that we are no longer...in a little + utopian world..., we cannot realize our economic revolution in a local + sense; for economy on a localist basis can only cause collective priva- + tion..., economy is today a vast organism and all isolation must prove + detrimental...We must work with a social critierion, considering the + interests of the whole country and if possible the whole world..."[11] + + A balance must be achieved between the suffocating tyranny of unbridled +authority and the kind of "autonomy" that leads to petty local patriotism, +separation of little grouplets, and the fragmentation of society. Libertarian +organization must reflect the complexity of societal relationships and promote +solidarity on the widest possible scale. It can be defined as federalism: co- +ordination through free agreement -- locally, regionally, nationally and +internationally. A vast coordinated network of voluntary alliances embracing +the totality of social life, in which all the groups and associations reap the +benefits of unity while still exercising autonomy within their own spheres and +expanding the range of their freedom. Anarchist organizational principles are +not separate entities. Autonomy is impossible without decentralization, and +decentralization is impossible without federalism. + The increasing complexity of society is making anarchism MORE and NOT LESS +relevant to modern life. It is precisely this complexity and diversity, above +all their overriding concern for freedom and human values that led the anar- +chist thinkers to base their ideas on the principles of diffusion of power, +self-management and federalism. The greatest attribute of the free society is +that it is self-regulating and "bears within itself the seeds of its own re- +generation" (Buber) The self-governing associations will be flexible enough to +adjust their differences, correct and learn from their mistakes, experiment +with new, creative forms of social living and thereby achieve genuine harmony +on a higher humanistic plane. Errors and conflicts confined to the limited +jurisdiction of special purpose groups, may do limited damage. But miscalcula- +tions and criminal decisions made by the state and other autocratically +centralized organizations affecting whole nations, and even the whole world, +can have the most disasterous consequences. + Society without order (as the word "society" implies) is inconceivable. But +the organization of order is not the exclusive monopoly of the State. For, if +the State authority is the sole guarantee of order, who will watch the watch- +men? Federalism is also a form of order, which preceeded the establishment of +the State. But it is order which gurantees the freedom and independence of the +individuals and associations who freely and spontaneously constitute the fed- +erations. Federalism is not like the State, born of the will to power, but is +recognition of the ineluctable interdependence of mankind. Federalism springs +from the will to harmony and solidarity. + + Modern Industry Better Organized Anarchistically + + Bourgeois economists, sociologists and administrators like Peter Druker, +Gunnar Myrdal, John Kenneth Galbraith, Daniel Bell, etc., now favor a large +measure of decentralization not because they suddenly became anarchists, but +primarily because technology has rendered anarchistic forms of organization +"operational necessities". But the bourgeois reformers have yet to learn that +as long as these organizational forms are tied to state or capitalism, which +connotes the monopoly of political and economic power, decentralization will +remain a fraud -- a more efficient device to enlist the cooperation of the +masses in their own enslavement. To illustrate how their ideas inadvertently +demonstrate the practicality of anarchist organization and how they contradict +themselves, we cite the "free enterpriser" Drucker and the "welfare statist" +Myrdal. In the chapter titled "The Sickness of Government", Drucker writes: + + ...Disenchantment with government cuts across national boundaries and + ideological lines...government itself has become one of the vested int- + erests...the moment government undertakes anything it becomes entreched + and permanent...the unproductive becomes built into the political process + itself...social theory to be meaningful at all, must start with the real- + ity of pluralism of institutions, a galaxy of suns rather than one big + center surrounded by moons that shine only by reflected light...a society + of institutional diversity and diffusion of power...in a pluralist + society of organizations (each unit would be) limited to the specific + service it renders to the member of society which it meant to perform -- + yet, since every institution has power in its own sphere, it would be as + such, affected with the public interest...such a view of organizations + as being autonomous and limited are necessary both to make the organiza- + tion perform and to safeguard the individual's freedom....[12] + + After demonstrating the 'monstrosity of government, its lack of performance +and its impotence,' Drucker flatly contradicts himself and comes to the surpris- +ing conclusion that "never has strong, effective government been needed more +than in this dangerous would...never more than in this pluralist society of +organizations." + Mydal convincingly demonstrates that both the Soviet and the "free world +states" need decentralization for administrative efficiency in order that +(political and economic life) shall not succumb to the rigidity of the central +apparatus. But then he expects the paternalistic welfare state to loosen "its +controls over everyday life" and gradually transfer most of its powers to "all +sorts of organizations and communities controlled by the people themselves..." +No anarchist could refute Myrdal's arguement better than he does himself: + + ...to give up autocratic patterns, to give up administrative controls and + ...withdraw willingly from intervening when it is no longer necessary, + are steps which do not correspond to the inner workings of a functioning + bureaucracy...[13] + + If these advocates of decentralization and autonomy were consistent, they +would realize that the diffusion of power leads to anarchism. + + "Forming the New Society Within the Shell of the Old" + (preamble of the I.W.W.) + + The anarchist have always opposed the Jacobins, Blanquists, Bolsheviks and +other would-be dictators, who would in Proudhon's words "...reconstruct +society upon an imaginary plan, much like the astronomers who for respect for +their calculations would make over the system of the universe..."[14] + The anarchist theoreticians limited themselves to suggest the utilization +of all the useful organisms in the old society in order to reconstruct the +new. They envisioned the generalization of practices and tendencies which are +already in effect. The very fact that autonomy, decentralization and federal- +ism are more practical alternatives to centralism and statism already presup- +poses that these vast organizational networks now performing the functions of +society are prepared to replace the old bankrupt hyper-centralized administra- +tions. That the "elements of the new society are already developing in the +collaspsing bourgeois society" (Marx) is a fundamental principle shared by all +tendencies in the socialist movement. + Society is a vast interlocking network of cooperative labor and all the + deeply rooted institutions now functioning, will in some form continue to +function for the simple reason that the very existence of manking depends upon +this inner cohesion. This has never been questioned by anyone. What is needed +is emancipation from authoritarian institutions OVER society and authoritari- +anism WITHIN the organization themselves. Above all, they must be infused with +revolutionary spirit and confidence in the creative capacities of the people. +Kropotkin in working out the sociology of anarchism, has opened an avenue of +fruitful research which has been largely neglected by social scientists busily +engaged in mapping out new area for state control. + Kropotkin based himself on the essential principle of Anarchist-Communism +---abolition of the wage system and distribution of goods and services on the +principle, "From each according to hos ability and to each according to his +needs." He envisaged the structure of an Anarchist-Communist society as +follows: + + The Anarchist writers consider that their conceptions (of Anarchist-Com- + munism) is not a utopia. It is derived, they maintain, from an ANALYSIS + OF TENDENCIES that are at work already, even though State Socialism may + find temporary favor with the reformers...the anarchists build their + previsions of the future upon those data which are supplied by the obser- + vations of life at the present time...the idea of independent communes + for the territorial organization, and of federations of trade unions for + the organizations of [people] in accordance with their different func- + tions, gave a CONCRETE conception of a society regenerated by a social + revolution. There remained only to add to these two modes of organiza- + tion a third, which we saw rapidly developing during the last fifty + years.....the thousands upon thousands of free combines and societies + growing up everywhere for the satisfaction of all possible and imaginable + needs, economic, sanitary, and educational; for mutual protection, for + the propaganda of ideas, for art, for amusement, and so on...an inter- + woven network, composed of an infinite variety of groups and federations + of all sizes and degrees, local, regional, national and international... + (which) substitute themselves for the State and in all its functions... + ALL of them covering each other, and all of them always ready to meet the + needs by new organizaions and adjustments. [15] + + Kropotkin's federalism aspires to the "...complete independence of the +Communes, the Federation of Free Communes and the Social Revoltion IN THE +COMMUNES, that is, THE FORMATION OF ASSOCIATED PRODUCTIVE GROUPS IN THE PLACE +OF THE STATE ORGANIZATION...."(Martin Buber, "Pathways in Utopia") The miniature municipal states, +fashioned after the national States in which elected officials of political +parties -- lawyers, professionals, and politicians but NOT THE WORKERS, con- +trol social life will also be eliminated. For a Social Revolution that does +not reach local and even neighborhood levels leads inevitably to the triumph +of the counter-revolution. + For Krpotkin, the " `Commune' is no linger a territorial agglomeration; +but...a synonum for the grouping of equals, knowing no borders, no walls. The +social Commune...will cease to be clearly defined. Each group of the Commune +will necessarily be attracted to similar groups of other Communes; they will +group together, federate with each other, by bonds at least as solid as those +tying them to their fellow townsmen; (they will) constitute a Commune of int- +erests, of which members will be diseminated through a thousand cities and +villages. Each individual will find satisfaction of his needs only in group- +ing together with other individuals have the same tastes and living in a +hundred other Communes." [16] + The following excerpt from "El Communism Libertario" gives some of Dr.Issac +Puente's ideas on the political and economic organization of society. Puente, +a medical doctor, was an important anarchist thinker and activist who was im- +prisoned and then murdered by the fascists while fighting on the Saragossa +front in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. + + Libertarian Communism is the organization of society without the State +and without capitalist property relations. To establish Libertarian Communism +it will not be necessary to invent artificial forms of organization. The new +society will emerge from the "shell of the old". The elements of the future +society are already planted in the existing order. They are the syndicate +(union) and the Free Commune (sometimes called the 'free municipality') which +are old, deeply rooted, non-Statist popular institutions spontaneously organ- +ized and embracing all towns and villages in urban and in rural areas. The +Free Commune is ideally suited to cope successfully with the problems of +social and economic life in libertarian communities. Within the Free Commune +there is also room for cooperative groups and other associations, as well as +individuals to meet their own needs. (providing, of course, that they do not +employ hired labor for wages."...The terms 'Libertarian' and 'Communism' de- +note the fusion of two inseperable concepts, the indispensable pre-requisites +for the Free Society: COLLECTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY. + + Workers Control + + The anarchist's insistance on workers' control -- the idea of self-manage- +ment of industry by workers' associations "in accordance with their differenct +functions", rest on very solid foundations. This tendency traces back to +Robert Owen, the first International Workingmens' Association, the Guild Soc- +ialist movement in England and the pre-World War I syndicalist movements. With +the Russian Revolution, the trend towards workers' control in the form of free +soviets (councils) which arose spontaneously, was finally snuffed out with the +Kronstadt massacre of 1921. The same tragic fate awaited the workers' councils +in the Hungarian, Polish and East German rising around 1956. {Typist's Note: +This was written before Solidarity also brough this forth in 1980.} Among the +many other attempts that were made, there is of course the clasiic example of +the Spanish Revolution of 1936, with the monumental constructive achievements +in the libertarian rural collectives and workers' control of unrban industry. +The prediction of "News Bulletin" of the reformist International Union of Food +and Allied Workers Association (July 1964) that "...the demand of workers' +control may well become the common gound for advanced sectors in the labor +movement both "east" and "west"..." is now a fact. + Although the purged Bolshevik "left oppositionist", Victor Serge, refers to +the economic crisis that gripped Russia during the early years of the revolu- +tion, his remarks are, in general, still pertinent and incidentally illustrate +Kropotkin's theme: + + ...certain industries could have been revived [and] an enormous degree of + recovery achieved by appealing to the initiative of groups of producers + and consumers, freeing the state strangled cooperatives and inviting the + various associations to take over management of different branches of + economic activity...I was arguing for a Communism of Associations -- in + contrast to Communism of the State -- the total plan not dictated on high + by the State, but resulting from the harmonizing by congresses and spec- + ial assemblies from below.[17] + + Augustin Souchy, vetern Anarcho-Syndacalist activist, theoretician, one- +time Secretary of the anarcho-syndaclist International Workingmens' Associa- +tion and actively involved with the Spanish National Confederation of Labor, +wrote that + + ...during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) the Spanish workers and + peasants were establishing what could be loosely called "Libertarian + Syndicalist Socialism": a system without exploitation and injustice. In + this type of libertarian collectivist economy, wage slavery is replaced + by the equitable and just sharing of labor. Private or State Capitalism + (or State "Socialism") is replaced by workers' factory council, the union, + the industrial association of unions up to the national federation of + industrial unions. [18] + + It is essentially a system of workers' self-management at all levels. + + "After the Revolution" + + The anarchist thinkers were not so naive as to expect the installation of +the perfect society composed of perfect individuals who would miraculously +shed all their ingrained prejudices and old habits on the day after the revol- +ution. They were primarily concerned with the immediate problems of social +reconstruction that will have to be faced in any country -- industrialized or +not. + They are issues which no serious revolutionary has the right to ignore. It +was for this reason that the anarchists tried to work out measures to meet the +pressing problems most likely to emerge during what Malatesta called "the +period of reorganization and transition." We summarize Malatesta's descussion +of some of the more important questions. [19] + Crucial problems cannot be avoided by postphoning them to the distant +future -- perhaps a century or more -- when anarchism will have been fully +realized and the masses will have finally become convinced and dedicated +anarchist-communists. We anarchists must have our own solutions if we are not +to be relegated to the role of useless and impotent grumblers, while the more +realistic and unscrupulous authoritarians seize power. Anarchy or no anarchy, +the people must eat and be provided with the necessities of life. The cities +must be provisioned and vital services cannot be disrupted. Even if poorly +served, the people in their own interests would not allow us or anyone alse to +disrupt these services unless and until they are reorganized in a better way; +and this cannot be achieved in a day. + The organization of the anarchist-communist society on a large scale can +only be achieved gradually as material conditions permit, and as the masses +convince themselves of the benefits to be gained and as they gradually become +psychologically accustomed to radical alterations in their way of life. Since +free and voluntary communism (Malatesta's synonym for anarchism) cannot be +imposed, Malatesta stressed the necessity for the coexistence of various eco- +nomic forms, collectivist, mutualist, individualist -- on the condition that +there will be no exploitation of others. Malatesta was confident that the +convincing example of successful libertarian collective will + + attract others into the orbit of the collectivity...for my part I do not + believe that there is "one" solution to the social problem, but a thou- + sand different and changing solutions, in the same way as social exist- + ence is different in time and space...[20] + + "Pure Anarchism Is A Fiction" + + Aside from the "individualists" (a very ambiguous term) none of the anar- +chist thinkers were "pure" anarchists. The typical "pure" anarchist grouping, +explains Geirge Woodcock, "is the loose and flexible affinity group" which +needs no formal organization and carries on anarchist propaganda through an +"invisible network of personal contacts and intellectual influences." Woodcock +argues that "pure" anarchism is incompatible with mass movements like anarcho- +syndicalism because they need + + stable organizations precisely because it moves in a world that is only + partly governed by anarchist ideals...and make compromises with day-to- + day situations...[It} has to maintain the allegiance of masses of + [workers] who are only remotely conscious of the final aim of anarchism. + [21] + + If these statements are true, then "pure" anarchism is a pipe dream. First, +because there will never be a time when everybody will be a "pure" anarchist, +and humanisty will forever have to make "compromises with the day-to-day situ- +ation." Second, because the intricate economic and social operations of an +interdependent world cannot be carried on without these "stable organiza- +tions," even if every inhabitant were a convinced anarchist, "pure" anarchism +would still be impossible for technical and functional reasons alone. This is +not to say that anarchism excludes affinity groups. Anarchism envisions a +flexible, pluralist society where all the needs of mankind would be supplied +by an infinite variety of voluntary associations. The world is honeycombed +with affinity groups from chess clubs to anarchist propaganda groups. They are +formed, dissolved and reconstituted according to the fluctuating whims and +fancies of the individuals adherents. It is precisely because they "reflect +individual preferences" that such groups are the lifeblood of the free +society. + Bu anarchist have also insisted that since the necessities of life and +vital services must be supplied without fail and cannot be left to the whims +of individuals, they are Social Obligations which every able bodied individual +is honor-bound to fulfill, if he expects to enjoy the benefits of collective +labor. The large scale organizations, anarchistically organized, are NOT a +DEVIATION. They are THE VERY ESSENCE OF ANARCHISM AS A VIABLE SOCIAL ORDER. + THERE IS NO "PURE" ANARCHISM. THERE IS ONLY THE APPLICATION OF ANARCHIST +PRINCIPLES TO THE REALITIES OF SOCIAL LIVING. THE AIM OF ANARCHISM IS TO STIM- +ULATE FORCES THAT PROPEL SOCIETY IN A LIBERTARIAN DIRECTION. IT IS ONLY FROM +THIS STANDPOINT THAT THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM TO MODERN LIFE CAN BE PROPERLY +ASSESSED. + + Automation Could Expedite Anarchism + + We consider that the constructive ideas of anarchism are rendered even more +timely by the cybernetic revolution still in its early stages, and will become +increasingly more relevant as this revolution unfolds. There are, even now, no +insurmountable technical-scientific barriers to the introduction of anarchism. +The greatest material drawback to the realization of the ideal of "To each +according to his needs from each according to his ability" has been the scarc- +ity of goods and services. "...Cybernation, a system of almost unlimited pro- +ductive capacity which requires progressively less human labor...would make +possible the abolition of poverty at home and abroad..." [22] In a consumer +economy where purchasing power is not tied to production, the wage system be- +comes obsolete and the preconditions for the realization of the socialist +ideal immeasurably enhanced. + When Kropotkin in 1899 wrote his "Fields, Factories and Workshops", to +demonstrate the feaseability of decentralizing industry to achieve a greater +balance between rural and urban living, his ideas were dismissed as premature. +It is now no longer disputed that the problem of scaling down industry to man- +ageable human proportions, rendered even more acute by the pollution threat- +ening the very existence of life on this planet, can now be largely solved by +modern technology. There is now an enormous amount of research on this subject +---see his "Post Scarity Anarchism" (Ramparts Press, 1971) The following are +a few examples: + + Marshall MuIuhan writes: "ELECTRICITY DOES NOT CENTRALIZE BUT DECENTRAL- +IZE...ELECTRIC POWER, EQUALLY AVAILABLE IN THE FARMHOUSE AND THE EXECUTIVE +SUITE, PERMITS ANY PLACE TO BE A CENTER, AND DOES NOT REQUIRE LARGE AGGREA- +TIONS...airplanes and radio permit the utmost continuity and diversity in +spatial organization...(pp 47-48)...by electricty, we everywhere resume PER- +SON-TO-PERSON RELATIONS ON THE SMALLES VILLAGE SCALE...IT IS A RELATION IN +DEPTH, AND WITHOUT DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS AND POWERS...(p 225)...IN THE WHOLE +FIELD OF THE ELECTONIC REVOLUTION THIS PATTER OF DECENTRALIZATION APPEARS IN +MULTIPLE GUISES...("Understanding Media", emphasis added) + + Franz Schurman in "The New American Revolution", 1971, advocates an +"ANARCHO-SYNDICALIST SOLUTION BASED ON DECENTRALIZED ASSOCIATIONS..." + + Christopher Lasch, discussing R.A. Dahl's "Authority in the Good Society" +(New York Review of Books, 10-21-71) writes, "Self-mangement will transform +corporate employees from corporate subjects to citizens of the enterprise... +SELF-MANAGEMENT WILL NOT BE INTRODUCED FROM ABOVE BUT FROM BELOW...He (Dahl).. +DENIES THAT WORKERS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO RUN INDUSTRY IN THE INTEREST OF +SOCIETY...." + + The reviewers of John M. Blair's critique of economic centralization (New +York Times Book Review, 9-10-72) find that Blair's researches are most impres- +sive in debunking the myth that large scale, centralized enterprises are more +efficient...the largest railroad in America, Penn Central, couldn't keep track +of its boxcars...The most successful of all industrial behemoths, General +Motors, long ago decentralized its operations; only the profits are concen- +trated. + Blair's point is re-enforced by a will-known English economist, E. F. Schu- +macher in "Small Is Beautiful", "The achievement of Sloan and General Motors +was to structure the gigantic firm in such a manner that it became, in fact, A +FEDERATION OF REASONABLY SIZED FIRMS..." + John Kenneth Galbraith in the "New Industrial State" wrote, "In giant indus- +trial corporations AUTONOMY IS NECESSARY FOR BOTH AND SMALL DECISIONS AND... +LARGE QUESTIONS OF POLICY...the comparative advantages of atomic and molecular +for the generation of scientists, technical, economic, and planning judge- +ments. ONLY A COMMITTEE, OR MORE PRECISELY, A COMPLEX OF COMMITTEES CAN +COMBINE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE THAT MUST BE BROUGHT TO BEAR...(p.111). +THE EFFECT OF THE DENIAL OF AUTONOMY AND THE INABILITY OF THE TECHONOSTRUCTURE +(coporate centralized industry) TO ACCOMODTE ITSELF TO CHANGING TASKS HAS BEEN +VISIBLY DEFICIENT OPERATIONS...THE LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS ARE, +THE MORE THEY MUST BE DECENTRALIZED..." (emphasis in all above quote has been +added) + One of the major obstacles to the establishment of the free society is the +cumbersome, all pervasive, corporate-statist apparatus manned by an entrenched +bureaucratic elite class of administrators, managers and officials who at all +levels exercise de facto control over the operations of society. This has up +till now been regarded as an unaviodable evil, but thanks to the development +of computerized technology, this byzantine apparatus can now be dismantled. + Alan Toffler ("Future Shock", 1970, p.141) summing up the evidence, con- +cludes that "far from fastening the grip of bureaucracy on civilization more +than before, automation leads to its overthrow..." Another source, quoting +Business Week, emphasizes that + + ...automation not only makes economic planning necessary -- it also makes + it possible. The calculations required for planning on nationwide scale + are complicated and difficult, but they can be performed by the new elec- + tronic computers in an amazingly short time... + + The libertarian principle of workers' control will not be invalidated by +changes in the composition of the work force or in the nature of work itself. +With or without automation, the economic structures of the new society must be +based on self-administration by the people directly involved in economic func- +tions. Under automation millions of highly trained technicians, engineers, +scientists, educators, etc, who are already organizaed into local, regional, +national, and international federations will freely circulate information, +constantly improving both the quality and availability of goods and services +and developing new products for new needs. + By closely intermeshing and greatly expanding the already existing networks +of consumer cooperative associations with the producer associations at every +level, the consumers will amke their wants known and be supplied by the pro- +ducers. The innumerable variety of supermarkets, chain stores and service +centers of every description now blanketing the country, though owned by corp- +orations or privately, are so structured that they could be easily socialized +and converted into cooperative networks. In general, the same holds true for +production, exchange, and other beranches of the economy. The integration of +these economic organisms will undoubtedly be greatly facilitated because the +same people are both producers and consumers. + The progress of the new society will depend greatly upon the extent to +which its self-governing units will be able to speed up direct communication +- to understand each other's problems and better coordinate activities. Thanks +to modern communications technology, all the essential facilities are now +available: tape libraries, "computer laundromats", closed television and tele- +phone circuits, communications satelities and a plethora of other devices are +making instant, direct communication on a world scale accessable to all +(visual and radio contact between earth and moon within seconds!). "Face-to- +face democract" -- a cornerstone of a free society, is already foreshadowed by +the increasing mobility of peoples. + There is an exaggerated fear that a minority of scientific and technical +workers would, in a free society, set up a dictatorship over the rest of soc- +iety. They certainly do not new wield the power generally attributed to them. +In spite of their "higher" status, they are no less immune to the fluctuation +of the economic system than are the "ordinary" workers (nearly 100,000 are +jobless). Like lower paid workers, they too, must on pain of dismissal obey +the orders of their employers. + Tens of thousands of frstrated first-rate technical and scientific em- +ployees, not permitted to exercise their knowledge creatively, find themselves +trapped in monotonous, useless and anti-social tasks. And nothing is more mad- +dening than to stand helplessly by, while ignoramuses who do not even under- +stand the language of science, dictate the direction of research and develop- +ment. Nor are these workers free to exercise these rights in Russia or any- +where else. + In addition to these general consideration, there are two other preventa- +tive checks to dictatorship of the techno-scientific elite. The first is that +the wider diffusion of scientific and technical training, providing millions +of new specialists, would break up any possible monopoly by a minority and +eliminate the threat of dictatorship. "The number of scientists and techolo- +gists in this country has doubled in little more than ten years and now forms +twenty percent of the labor force -- this growth is much faster than that of +the population..." (New York Times, 12-29-70) + The second check to dictatorship is not to invest specialists or any other +group with political power to rule over others. While we must ceaselessly +guard against the abuse of power, we must never forget that in the joint ef- +fort to build a better world, we much also learn to trust each other. If we do +not, then this better world will forever remain a utopia. + + + The True Revelance Of Anarchism + + I have tried to show that anarchism is not a panacea that will miraculously +cure all the ills of the body social, but rather, a 20th century guide to +action based on a realistic conception of social econstrction. The well-nigh +insuperable material obstacle to the introduction of anarchism -- scarcity +of goods and services and excessive industrial-mangerial centralization - have +or can be removed by the cybernetic-technical revolution. Yet, the movement +for empancipation is threatened by the far more formidable political, social +and brain-washing techniques of "The Establishment". + In their polemics with the Marxists, the anarchists insisted that the +political state subjects the economy to its own ends. A high sophisticated +economic system, once viewed as the prerequisite for the realization of +socialism, now serves to reinforce the domination of the ruling classes with +the technology of physical and mental repression and the ensuing obliteration +of human values. The very abundance which can liberate man from want and +drudgery, now enables the state to establish what is, in effect, a national- +ized poorhouse, where the millions of technologically unemployed -- forgotten, +faceless outcasts on public "welfare," will be given only enough to keep them +quiet. The very technology that has opened new roads to freedom, has also +armed states with unimaginably frightful weapons for the annihilation of +humanity. + While the anarchists never underestimated the great importance of the eco- +nomic factor in social change, they nevertheless rejected fanatical economic +fatalism. One of the most cogent contributions of anarchism to social theory +is the proper emphasis on how political institutions, in turn, mold economic +life. Equally sigificant is the importance attached to the will of man, his +asperations, the moral factor, and above all, the spirit of revolt in the +shaping of human history. In this area too, anarchism is particularly relevent +to the renewal of society. To indicate the importance attached to this factor, +we quote a passage from a letter that Bakunin wrote to his friend Elisee +Reclus: + + ...the hour of revolution is passed, not because of the frightful dis- + aster [the Franco-Prussian War and the slaughter of the Paris Commune, + May 1871] but because, to my great dispair, I have found it a fact, and + I am finding it every day anew, that revolutionary hope, passion, are + absolutely lacking in the masses; and when these are absent, it is vain + to make desperate efforts... + + The availability of more and more consumer goods plus the sophisticated +techniques of mass indoctrination has corrupted the public mind. Bourgeoisifi- +cation has sapped the revolutionary vitality of the masses. It is precisely +this divorce from the inspiring values of socialism, which, to a large extent, +accounts for the venality and corruption in modern labor and socialist move- +ments. + To forge a revolutionary movement, which, inspired by anarchist ideas, +would be capable of reversing this reactionary trend, is a task of staggering +proportions. But therein lies the true relevance of anarchism. + + + REFERENCES + +1 - "Influences Bougueses en el Anarquismo" Solidaridad Obrera, Paris, 1959. +2 - "The Nation", 11-16-70 +3 - "Errico Malatesta: Life and Ideas", Freedom Press, London, 1965, p. 24 +4 - quoted in a letter to a friend +5 - "Federalism-Socialism-Anti-Theologism" +6 - "Anarchism", World Publishing, Cleveland, 1962, p. 469, 473 +7 - "L'Anarchisme", Gallimard, Paris, 1965, p. 180, 181 +8 - "Anarchy", # 25, March 1963, London +9 - "General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century", Freedom Press, + London, 1923, p. 89 +10- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Vanguard Press, New York, 1927, p. 76, 77 +11- "After the Revolution", Greenbery Publisher, New York, 1937, p. 85, 100 +12- "The Age of iscontinuity", Harper & Row, New York, 1968, + p. 212, 217, 222, 225, 226, 251, 252 +13- "Beyond the Welfare State", Yale University Press, New Haven, 1968, + p. 102, 97, 108 +14- Op cit #9, p. 90 +15- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Dover Publications, 1970 edition, + pp. 166-7, 168, 284, 285 +16- Words of a Rebel, quoted by P. Berman in "Quotations from the Anarchists", + New York, 1972, p. 171 +17- "Memoirs of a Revolutionary", Oxford University Press, London, 1967, + pp. 147-8 +18- "Nacht Uber Spanien", Verlag die Freie Gesellschaft, Darmstadt-land, + 1954(?), p. 164 +19- Op cit #3, p. 100 +20- Ibid, p. 99, 151 +21- "Anarchism", p. 273, 274 +22- "Manifesto"...Committee for the Triple Revolution, quoted in "Liberation" + magazine, New York, April 1964 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ren!yoa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ren!yoa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99e7a7a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ren!yoa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + Canada's Young Offender's Act + And how to take advantage of it! + + By: Reno + + +First there are three age groups you need to know about: +16 and 17 year olds, those from 12 to 15 years old, and those under +12. + +If you are 16 or 17 and commit a crime, if it is very violent, things +like murder or rape, you will probably be switched to an adult court +with adult penalties. Other than that, if you don't have an extensive +criminal record, and play it up to the police, crown prosecutor and +the courts, doing things like crying and saying you are sorry, you +will get away with any crime that does not involve weapons with +nothing more than "community service" or a "suspended sentence". +If you have committed murder your best bet is to say that you "hear +voices" so they think you are crazy and send you to a hospital for +the criminally insane, but if you "get better" over the next 6 months +and claim you don't hear the voices telling you to commit crimes +anymore, you will be let off scott-free. Normally, you will never +be identified publicly, with the exception of if they get a special +court order for the media if they are looking for you and you have +committed a violent crime. + +If you are 12 to 15 years old, you are covered by the Young Offenders +Act and can not be transferred to adult court under any circumstances. +The most jail time you can serve is 3 years, and only murders will get +that. Of course if your parents have money, if you kill off your whole +family, you will get 3 years in a juvenile facility (school, games, TV, +pizzas, etc.) which isn't bad if you will be the only survivor and will +inherit half a million dollars once you get out. That would work out +to you getting over $160,000 a year for time in the facility; well worth +it. If you don't commit violent crimes and put on a good show, with crying +and saying you are sorry, even for B&E's and organized theft rings +you will at the most get some "community service". You can never be +publicly identified for your crimes. + +This means that you can organize swarmings of people to rob them, or +swarm a whole store, and rip off the stuff they sell and the cash +register's and get no jail time, just a bit of time help out a church +group or in a old peoples home. + +You will still get stiffer sentences for things like rape but there +are ways around that. If your local friendly drug dealer can get you +either "Roofies" (Rohypnol) or Halcyon, drop it in a drink (even a +pop drink) you give to a girl. In about 15 minutes for the Roofies, +or about half an hour for the Halcyon, they will be somewhat drunk and +will not remember what happened during the next 4 hours. You can do +whatever you want to them and they won't remember a thing! + +If you are under 12, you are home free. You CANT BE CRIMINALLY CHARGED +WITH ANY CRIMES IN CANADA. You literally can get away with murder! +This means if you want to organize a gang, it is best that you teach +those under 12 years old to do the murders and the selling of drugs, +while you older guys do the swarmings, trashings, store thefts and +manage the gang. + +Remember never talk to the cops. By law, you have to tell the pigs +who you are, but if you are going to be charged anyways, why tell them +even that? Beyond identifying yourself, you don't have to legally tell +them anything, so don't. And if you are questioned, demand a lawyer. + +************************************************************************* + +This and other great files are available from the following +Warez, Porno and Anarchy/Crime BBS's: + +Number Board Nup + +(416) 748-1161 Hacker's & Phreaker's In Limbo Zoltrix (my BBS) +(905) 847-0159 Dog Pound Outstanding +(416) 321-8983 Nether World +(416) 534-0417 Hacker's Hideaway - Zencor HQ +(416) 674-3970 Terror of Destruction +(905) 542-3532 Illusions +(905) 823-5532 Phreak Asylum +(416) 264-3216 The Core + +************************************************************************* diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/resolcon.txt b/politicalTextFiles/resolcon.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..824ebe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/resolcon.txt @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ + + +DECLARATION AND RESOLVES OF THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS: + + +OCTOBER 14, 1977 + + Whereas, since the close of the last war, the +British parliament, claiming a power, of right, to +bind the people of America by statutes in all cases +whatsoever, hath, in some acts, expressly imposed +taxes on them, and in others, under various presences, +but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue, +hath imposed rates and duties payable in these +colonies, established a board of commissioners, with +unconstitutional powers, and extended the +jurisdiction of courts of admiralty, not only for +collecting the said duties, but for the trial of +causes merely arising within the body of a county: + And whereas, in consequence of other statutes, +judges, who before held only estates at will in their +offices, have been made dependant on the crown alone +for their salaries, and standing armies kept in times +of peace: And whereas it has lately been resolved in +parliament, that by force of a statute, made in the +thirty-fifth year of the reign of King Henry the +Eighth, colonists may be transported to England, and +tried there upon accusations for treasons and +misprisions, or concealments of treasons committed +in the colonies, and by a late statute, such trials +have been directed in cases therein mentioned: + And whereas, in the last session of parliament, +three statutes were made; one entitled, "An act to +discontinue, in such manner and for such time as are +therein mentioned, the landing and discharging, +lading, or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise, +at the town, and within the harbour of Boston, in +the province of Massachusetts-Bay in New England;" +another entitled, "An act for the better regulating +the government of the province of Massachusetts-Bay +in New England;" and another entitled, "An act for the +impartial administration of justice, in the cases +of persons questioned for any act done by them in the +execution of the law, or for the suppression of +riots and tumults, in the province of the +Massachusetts-Bay in New England;" and another +statute was then made, "for making more effectual +provision for the government of the province of +Quebec, etc." All which statutes are impolitic, +unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, +and most dangerous and destructive of American +rights: + And whereas, assemblies have been frequently +dissolved, contrary to the rights of the people, when +they attempted to deliberate on grievances; and +their dutiful, humble, loyal, and reasonable +petitions to the crown for redress, have been +repeatedly treated with contempt, by his Majesty's +ministers of state: + The good people of the several colonies of +New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, +New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Newcastle, Kent, and +Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North- +Carolina and South-Carolina, justly alarmed at these +arbitrary proceedings of parliament and +administration, have severally elected, constituted, +and appointed deputies to meet, and sit in general +Congress, in the city of Philadelphia, in order to +obtain such establishment, as that their religion, +laws, and liberties, may not be subverted: Whereupon +the deputies so appointed being now assembled, in a +full and free representation of these colonies, taking +into their most serious consideration, the best means +of attaining the ends aforesaid, do, in the first +place, as Englishmen, their ancestors in like cases +have usually done, for asserting and vindicating their +rights and liberties, DECLARE, + That the inhabitants of the English colonies in +North-America, by the immutable laws of nature, the +principles of the English constitution, and the several +charters or compacts, have the following RIGHTS: + Resolved, N.C.D. 1. That they are entitled to +life, liberty and property: and they have never ceded +to any foreign power whatever, a right to dispose of +either without their consent. + Resolved, N.C.D. 2. That our ancestors, who first +settled these colonies, were at the time of their +emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the +rights, liberties, and immunities of free and natural- +born subjects, within the realm of England. + Resolved, N.C.D. 3. That by such emigration they +by no means forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of +those rights, but that they were, and their descendants +now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all +such of them, as their local and other circumstances +enable them to exercise and enjoy. + Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English +liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the +people to participate in their legislative council: and +as the English colonists are not represented, and from +their local and other circumstances, cannot properly +be represented in the British parliament, they are +entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation +in their several provincial legislatures, where their +right of representation can alone be preserved, in all +cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only +to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as +has been heretofore used and accustomed: But, from the +necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual +interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to +the operation of such acts of the British parliament, +as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our +external commerce, for the purpose of securing the +commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother +country, and the commercial benefits of its respective +members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or +external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in +America, without their consent. + Resolved, N.C.D. 5. That the respective colonies +are entitled to the common law of England, and more +especially to the great and inestimable privilege of +being tried by their peers of the vicinage, according +to the course of that law. + Resolved, N.C.D. 6. That they are entitled to the +benefit of such of the English statutes, as existed at +the time of their colonization; and which they have, by +experience, respectively found to be applicable to +their several local and other circumstances. + Resolved, N.C.D. 7. That these, his Majesty's +colonies, are likewise entitled to all the immunities and +privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal +charters, or secured by their several codes of +provincial laws. + Resolved, N.C.D. 8. That they have a right +peaceably to assemble, consider of their grievances, +and petition the king; and that all prosecutions, +prohibitory proclamations, and commitments for the +same, are illegal. + Resolved, N.C.D. 9. That the keeping a standing +army in these colonies, in times of peace, without the +consent of the legislature of that colony, in which +such army is kept, is against law. + Resolved, N.C.D. 10. It is indispensably necessary +to good government, and rendered essential by the +English constitution, that the constituent branches of +the legislature be independent of each other; that, +therefore, the exercise of legislative power in several +colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by +the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous and +destructive to the freedom of American legislation. + All and each of which the aforesaid deputies, in +behalf of themselves, and their constituents, do claim, +demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights and +liberties, which cannot be legally taken from them, +altered or abridged by any power whatever, without +their own consent, by their representatives in their +several provincial legislature. + In the course of our inquiry, we find many +infringements and violations of the foregoing rights, +which, from an ardent desire, that harmony and mutual +intercourse of affection and interest may be restored, +we pass over for the present, and proceed to state such +acts and measures as have been adopted since the last +war, which demonstrate a system formed to enslave America. + Resolved, N.C.D. That the following acts of +parliament are infringements and violations of the +rights of the colonists; and that the repeal of them is +essentially necessary, in order to restore harmony +between Great Britain and the American colonies, viz. + The several acts of Geo. III. ch. 15, and +ch. 34.-5 Geo. III. ch.25.-6 Geo. ch. 52.-7 Geo.III. +ch. 41 and ch. 46.-8 Geo. III. ch. 22. which impose +duties for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, +extend the power of the admiralty courts beyond their +ancient limits, deprive the American subject of trial +by jury, authorize the judges certificate to indemnify +the prosecutor from damages, that he might otherwise +be liable to, requiring oppressive security from a +claimant of ships and goods seized, before he shall be +allowed to defend his property, and are subversive of +American rights. + Also 12 Geo. III. ch. 24, intituled, "An act for +the better securing his majesty's dockyards, magazines, +ships, ammunition, and stores," which declares a new +offence in America, and deprives the American subject +of a constitutional trial by jury of the vicinage, by +authorizing the trial of any person, charged with the +committing any offence described in the said act, out +of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in +any shire or county within the realm. + Also the three acts passed in the last session of +parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the +harbour of Boston, for altering the charter and +government of Massachusetts-Bay, and that which is +entitled, "An act for the better administration of +justice, etc." + Also the act passed in the same session for +establishing the Roman Catholic religion, in the +province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system +of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, to the +great danger (from so total a dissimilarity of +religion, law and government) of the neighboring +British colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and +treasure the said country was conquered from France. + Also the act passed in the same session, for the +better providing suitable quarters for officers and +soldiers in his majesty's service, in North-America. + Also, that the keeping a standing army in several +of these colonies, in time of peace, without the +consent of the legislature of that colony, in which +such army is kept, is against law. + To these grievous acts and measures, Americans +cannot submit, but in hopes their fellow subjects in +Great Britain will, on a revision of them, restore us +to that state, in which both countries found +happiness and prosperity, we have for the present, +only resolved to pursue the following peaceable +measures: 1. To enter into a non-importation, non- +consumption, and non-exportation agreement or +association. 2. To prepare an address to the people +of Great-Britain, and a memorial to the inhabitants +of British America: and 3. To prepare a loyal address +to his majesty, agreeable to resolutions already +entered into. + +------------------------------------ + + Taken from: Journals of Congress (ed. 1800), I. pp. 26-30. + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. + + + + + + +<<< PRE-CONSTITUTION DOCUMENTS >>> + + 1 1215 - The Magna Carta + 2 1390 - The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations + 3 1620 - The Mayflower Compact + 4 1639 - The Fundamantal Orders of 1639 + 5 1676 - First Thanksgiving Proclamation + 6 1775 - The Charlotte Town Resolves + 7 1775 - Declaration of the Causes... of Taking up Arms + 8 1776 - The Declaration of Independence + 9 1776 - The Virginia Declaration of Rights + 10 1777 - The Articles of Confederation + 11 1777 - Declaration and Resolves of the 1st Cont. Congress + 12 1783 - The Paris Peace Treaty + 13 1786 - The Annapolis Convention +------------------------------------------------ +h=Help, x=Exit Free-Net, "go help"=extended help + +Your Choice ==> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/revsexsm.txt b/politicalTextFiles/revsexsm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59f4f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/revsexsm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Long Beach (Calif.) Press-Telegram +Wednesday Oct. 25, 1989 + + + + Sexism and a commentator's misplaced fear of fly + + By 'Asta Brown + + Not long ago on National Public Radio, there was a great flap over +a new advertisement for Sansabelt men's slacks. In an apparent attempt +to to give the brand's image some new voltage, the ad shows a woman +confiding that she never decides whether a passing man warrants her +attention "until I look down." The NPR commentator was having none of +it. Since such crude statements about women a no longer indulged by +society, she argued, we should now raise a hue and cry on behalf of all +the men wronged by this reverse sexism. + This is very high-minded, and surely there are at least a couple of +guys out there crossing their legs and feeling grateful for the reverse +chivalry. But most men aren't going to find such an ad offensive, +they're going to find it for what it is: a feeble attempt to turn the +tables. + To the dismay of any post-feminists hoping this will show men just +how lousy it feels to be a sex object, men may well find the scenario +amusing or even flattering. + The ad is not guilty of reverse sexism. There is only sexism, +period, and it has always worked two ways. The same sexism that denies +the full humanity of women also denies the full humanity of men. + While we have made some progress on behalf of women, sexism against +men is so ubiquitous and deep that we must break profound taboos even to +suggest that it exists. And here is where public radio failed us, in +railing against silly old Sansabelt: There is nothing very sexist about +a woman sizing up a guy's physical contours; in a way, it's kind of +refreshing. + True sexism against men is far more subtle, and the woman doing it +isn't looking at the front of anybody's pants: She's checking out the +bulge of the wallet in back. Just as sexism reduces women to sexual +objects, it reduces men to financial objects. Just as woman have been +exploited as sexual and emotional commodities, men are exploited as cogs +in the economic machinery, expendable war fodder, and providers who must +never fail. For every two guys discussing a particular girl's physical +charms, there are two girls discussing a particular guy's career +prospects. + For too long we have approached sexism as a problem caused by men, +to be solved by women. It is neither. We all create it, and we are the +only ones who can cure it. + No wonder the subject is taboo: Once we face the problem and the +pain, we're going to have to do something about it. And if you think +there was hell to pay when women raised the first flag of non- +cooperation (Death of the family! No more babies! Extinction of the + species!), wait until men finally decide to chuck the moneyclips and +claim their full humanity: Economic disaster! Political and social +chaos! Goodbye global security! Despite the alarms, we've weathered the +first uprising with families and babies to spare. + The outcome of the next anybody's guess, but one thing is sure: The +men who raise the flag of their non-cooperation will have the attention +of the female species, and they won't have to wear Sansabelts to get it. +------------------------------------------------------------- + Bowen lives in northwestern Montana. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/rights.txt b/politicalTextFiles/rights.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c446491 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/rights.txt @@ -0,0 +1,473 @@ + + + RIGHTS GUARANTEED + + Let's eyeball the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amend- + ments to the Constitution. + Now we will really see some fancy magic by the Cult of + the Black Robes. Decision after decision from federal + courts across the United States magically become 'law'. The + Bill of Rights bears no resemblance to the way they were + originally written. + When ratifying the Constitution, the states felt there + were not enough restrictions on the power of the new central + government. They requested that a Bill of Rights be added + at the first opportunity. Many argued that no bill of + rights was needed. Alexander Hamilton said, "The truth is, + after all the declamations we have heard, that the Constitu- + tion is itself, in every rational sense, and to every useful + purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS." + Hamilton insisted there was nothing in the Constitution + which would allow the government to assume powers which the + bill of rights sought to protect. To reduce the fears of + some of the states, the First Congress proposed 12 amend- + ments to the various states for ratification. + + Here is the preamble to the Bill of Rights as they were + submitted: "The conventions of a number of the States, + having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, + expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or + abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restric- + tive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground + of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the + beneficent ends of its institution. . " + + The intent of the First Congress when the Bill of + Rights were assembled. . 'In order to prevent abuse of its + powers, we are going to include further restrictions on the + central government to promote the general welfare, make a + more perfect union, establish justice and secure the + blessings of liberty.' + Every clause in the first ten amendments is a restric- + tion on the government. It's not how they interpret it nor + how some judge decides it should apply . . . it's a restric- + tion, period! + The first two of the proposed 12 amendments were not + ratified by the states. The first concerned representation + in Congress and the second with restricting Congress from + raising its salary. The first eight amendments are really + specific restrictions and the last two cover any issue not + covered in the first eight. The ninth and tenth are the + ones government ignores the most. + The First Amendment prohibits the restriction of your + religious freedoms which we have already covered in earlier + sections. It covers freedom of speech but if you speak out + against sensitive issues, you'll be surprised how fast they +  + will shut you up. + Many people were recently arrested for demonstrating in + front of the Supreme Court, and in front of the White House + and Congress. What about the farmers demonstrating in front + of the Chicago Board of Trade or people involved in the + abortion issue? Can we still peaceably assemble? Today you + are free to assemble when the government tells you it is OK + otherwise, you will probably end up in jail. The charge is + generally 'criminal trespass'. What? Where did they find + that one? + This is a right which has been turned upside down. + About par for the course, isn't it? By what authority does + government at any level ignore these restrictive clauses? + The last clause is the right to petition for a redress + of grievances. This is one which has fallen into disuse. + Do you feel you have a grievance against the government? + The word redress means to right a wrong, correct an + error, remedy or relieve, to correct or reform. Now do you + have a grievance that you would like to have redressed? + Submit a petition. + There is no specific form to use. The 1st Amendment + does not specify to which branch of government the petition + has to be sent. Any branch, department, section, court, + commission, etc., must accept your petition. They must + answer and redress what you are complaining about. This is + a right every reader should exert! + At the end of the book, you'll find a copy of a + Petition For Redress of Grievances. It's an ASCII file and + can be printed out on any printer. It includes the First + Amendment to show those to whom you are directing your + petition that you know the amendment. It gives them a + chance to read it if they don't know what it says. Print it + then lay out your complaint in your own words. + The simpler you explain what you want corrected, the + less chance there is for any bureaucrat to misinterpret what + you are trying to get across. Also cite whatever provision + of the constitution you are showing has been violated. + You might cite the full Ninth and Tenth Amendments to + prove that the persons to whom you are addressing your + petition have no authority to assume any powers not specifi- + cally granted in the Constitution. + If you are wrong, they will let you know in a hurry. I + wouldn't accept their answers at face value but check them + out against my own interpretation of the Constitution and go + after them again. + You are perfectly free to address it to anyone in the + government, be it your own representative, senator, the + President or Vice-president, the head of a department, a + judge, the Supreme Court, whomever! Every bureaucrat with + an ounce of so called power in government should receive a + petition for redress. + A likely place to show the people what answers are + returned would be to write letters to the editors of any + newspaper in the country.  + This Right to Petition for Redress is a tremendous tool + for American citizens which has not been used for many + years. It is an area in the Bill of Rights with which they + have no experience ignoring so we should make extensive use + of this right. + Now the Second Amendment. The judicial branch of + government, our protectors, have effectively disarmed + Americans! + Look at the "gun laws" which courts have upheld all + over the country. Our 'leaders' have decided that you + should not own a handgun, assault rifle or a machine gun for + that matter. What gives them the right to decide that? + Arms are defined as "Weapons, especially firearms." It + doesn't say only firearms so where do they make the distinc- + tion? + It's plain that the "right of the people to keep and + bear arms shall not be infringed." It has nothing to do + with the militia! + This is part of those declaratory and restrictive + clauses added to prevent a misconstruction or abuse of it's + powers. + They can do nothing which will keep an American citizen + from owning any weapon he or she desires. It's that simple! + This was a unique stance for any government to guarantee its + citizens the right to own weapons. Switzerland is another + which has such a guarantee. + Where does it say that arms need to be registered? No + where! This is part of the prohibition on Congress. + Registration is a dangerous practice and must be stopped. + You don't have to look too far into history to see why + government wants a list of owners of weapons . . . then it's + no problem to visit everyone on the list and demand the + weapon be turned in. That is while they hold a weapon on + the owner. + We have had presidents shot in our history, other + people in government have been shot but the Second Amendment + has stood firm. + Suddenly, in the early sixties, we have a president + shot (under circumstances that suggest it was other than a + plain citizen), then his brother is shot and now all + Americans are dangerous and should no longer be able to buy, + have or keep weapons. Isn't that strange? + Why were the major gun laws passed in 1968 and not when + other presidents were killed? Is this part of what the + courts call "public policy" and the Constitution be damned? + It's a policy to get the weapons away from Americans for + purposes other than some public official may be shot. + You hear much talk about guns being authorized only for + the militia which is gobbledygook. Here are statements of + several states when they ratified the Constitution and + requested a Bill of Rights: "The people have a right to + keep and bear arms; that a well regulated militia, + including the body of the people CAPABLE OF BEARING ARMS, is + the proper, natural and safe defence of a free State;". +  + Notice the semicolon after keep and bear arms. . . + There is no connection of that statement to the well + regulated militia. These are two complete and separate + statements. + Perhaps they no longer want us to be a free State. + The State of New Hampshire was even more direct in its + demand on the arms issue. "Congress shall never disarm any + citizen unless such are or have been in rebellion." + The people of those times would have never given up + their weapons whether they were a member of the militia or + not! The same applies today. No one is forced to own a + gun. And no one has the right to tell a citizen he or she + cannot own a gun whatever shape or form it may take. + Our 'leaders' have probably suddenly discovered that + they bleed as we do. They want to take away your weapons to + reduce their chance of bleeding! That is ridiculous also. + The persons intent on doing bodily harm to anyone will find + a way to get the weapon they need regardless of what the + government has to say about weapons. + If everyone owned a weapon, whether it be a hand gun, + rifle, shotgun or even a machine gun, there would be a lot + less violence with weapons. + The two incidents recently, one in New York City, the + other in Chicago show that Americans have a right to defend + themselves. The public and law enforcement officials are + solidly behind the idea that citizens have that right. Some + of the elected officials are not so happy about it. + So what is the purpose of gun laws? Simply people + control. + New York City has the first and strictest gun control + law on the books and what good does it serve? If people are + intent on committing violence, they will use screwdrivers or + baseball bats. Are they going to outlaw screwdrivers next? + Nonsense. + Look at Switzerland . . . Every able bodied man is + trained in weapons and issued a weapon to keep in his home, + ready always. Switzerland has the lowest crime rate in the + world. There is a lesson there; gun control is an insult to + the American people. + Government spends billions on all sorts of weapons but + feels the citizen who has a constitutional right to have + weapons is not to be trusted owning a handgun. Is it just + because they do it and the "guardian of our rights" decide + they will rubber stamp it because it is 'public policy' now? + How did a clause designed to be a restriction on big + brother get turned around to become a restriction on the + people who delegated the right to be governed? + Another recent issue in the area of the 2nd Amendment + shows the contempt the bureaucracy has for us . . bullet + proof vests. There is a proposal floating around that would + outlaw anyone except law enforcement personnel from owning + or wearing a bullet proof vest. + There will be exceptions to allow our leaders to wear + one if they desire. They just want to make certain that +  + they will not bleed but we will. How about that? + How many people would go through the expense of a + bullet proof vest is questionable. Yet they have no right + to "pass a law" saying we can't own one. + Every American citizen should own at least one weapon + and know how to use it proficiently. Should an incident + arise, you must be able to protect yourself or family. If + you have a weapon and never have to use it, what have you + lost? Nothing . . . and that is the point. + Every time there is an incident involving a weapon + where several people are shot or killed, idiots come out of + the woodwork screaming for more gun control. Yet some jerk + can drive an automobile into a crowd and kill five or six + people. No one says we should outlaw automobiles . . . yet + these people are as dead . . . + Let me point out now that we have gone through all the + points on 'keeping and bearing arms'. . . I am NOT a member + of any gun club or NRA. I just believe in our Constitution. + The Third Amendment is one which is mainly the result + of the Revolutionary War. . "No soldier shall be quartered + in any house. . " but this should be considered together + with the intent of the 2nd Amendment. It reinforces the + reason for the 2nd. I sincerely hope we never have to try + to force the issue of soldiers in American homes through our + kangaroo court system. + "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated. . " and if you still + believe that, I have a piece of ocean front property in + Arizona I want to sell. + The people of the colonies had a lot of trouble with + searches and seizures which were conducted by the Kings men. + They used "Writs of Assistance" which were papers they + carried in their pockets. They would simply fill out a name + and hand it to the individual and they had the 'right' to + search their home. + There was no need to show "probable cause" or to get a + warrant from a judicial officer, they just went in a + person's home and looked and took whatever they decided they + wanted. See the reason for the 4th Amendment? + Now the courts have decided that the police can stop an + automobile, search it and seize what they find without a + warrant. The executive branch has been given 'authority' to + go to your bank and get all your records and papers + (Internal Revenue Service) without even letting you know. + They can go to the telephone company and get all the records + of your calls, etc. + Apparently youngsters in school are not people as + defined in the 4th Amendment because school officials can + open a locker and search whenever they want. Does the 4th + Amendment say schools or school kids are exempt from the + restriction? + People who are only accused of a 'crime' have had + papers taken without search warrants and even had the papers +  + confiscated without any authority in our Constitution. Case + after case the courts have watered down the Fourth Amendment + until it is now practically nonexistent. Why? + More usurpation of the protections we are guaranteed in + the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. We must assume + control of our government! + When we speak of the Fifth Amendment, most people think + of "someone invoking the Fifth" or refusing to testify + against himself. (Judges have it even easier, all they have + to say is it is frivolous.) But the Fifth Amendment is an + involved amendment and contains a bunch of guarantees. + There are many parts to the 5th Amendment. . No one + shall be tried for the same crime twice. . No one shall be + held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except + through a Grand Jury. . No one is required to be a witness + against himself. . . Nor can any citizen be deprived of + life, liberty or property without due process of law. . Nor + can private property be taken for public use without just + compensation! That's a load of protection for us. + The 5th Amendment is more dead than the 4th Amendment. + There are some judges who will not even allow the 5th Amend- + ment to be mentioned in their courtrooms. Do you remember + what their oath said? + All the clauses of this amendment are important to our + survival but the most important part is: "nor be deprived + of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." + This about covers all the other issues of the entire + amendment. + Now courts are trying to decide or demanding that a + citizen define due process. More judicial buffoonery! What + is the 'law'? First, our Constitution and secondly, all + laws passed in conformance with the Constitution. + If your papers are seized without a warrant parti- + cularly describing the papers to be seized, this is not due + process. Any reader can figure from that just what due + process is. + Did you agree to allow our rights to be ignored or + purposely violated? If we have all these rights and the + entire government must respect and protect them, how could + they possibly do their job? + In the Sixth Amendment, we examine the rights of a + person who is accused of a crime. The accused has the right + to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury where the + crime was to have been committed. + The accused also has the right to be informed of the + nature and cause of the crime he/she is being charged with. + Also to be confronted by the witnesses against him. They + also have the right to have the government pay for witnesses + if the accused can't afford to pay to have them testify for + him. Further, they have the right to have assistance of + counsel for their defense. + Most of this amendment has been turned around. The + speedy trial requirement has usually been observed. Public + trial has not. There have been many instances where judges +  + decide what will be made public violating this amendment. + They claim they have 'discretion' to decide that point. + Where does this amendment allow for that discretion? + An impartial jury is a requirement being ignored more + and more. Government prosecutors have been known to check + backgrounds of potential jurors through computers and + eliminate those who would not be favorable to their side. + They deny this saying this could never happen in our system. + But they don't always tell the truth as we have seen. + We spoke earlier about the necessity of an impartial + jury trying the law as well as the supposed crime. When + pressed about this, the federales will admit that the jury + has the right to try the law also but feel they are not + required to inform the jury of this fact. + It is most important that any accused person have a + truly impartial jury as required by this amendment. It + should not be necessary for a person accused of a crime to + have to try to prove that the jury was biased in any way. + This is one of those sneaky points where the government can + get away with handpicking the jury to assure a conviction. + If a jury is truly impartial, you should be able to go + out into the street and pick the first twelve people you + meet to be jurors. + Having the right to be confronted with the witnesses + against him is also by the wayside. Now we have undercover + agents who simply make an accusation and are protected from + appearing as required by this amendment. + Must protect their identity . . . they say. What about + this constitutional requirement? + The right to counsel has been twisted out of recogni- + tion. According to the judges and courts, when it says + counsel, it means attorney or lawyer. + But it doesn't say that. Counsel has never been + defined as an attorney. Judges and attorneys are all + members of the same fraternity. They have decided that + counsel means attorney to keep their friends working. + Why should it matter to a court if you have an + attorney? They require an attorney because attorneys are a + member of the court. The courts will then force the + attorney to follow their rules and sacrifice your rights in + order not to upset the judge or court. If you were accused + of a crime and you knew a person who was not an attorney but + was well versed in law, you have the right under the Sixth + Amendment to have him assist you in your defense. + Judges enjoy amending the Constitution and you will + have a fight on your hands to insist that this right be + respected. But, what is a little fight with a public + servant? Remember . . . the judicial branch considers + rights as fighting words. + The Seventh Amendment assures the right to a jury trial + in a civil case according to the practice of common law. + Common law practice came to this country from Great Britain + and was used throughout the original thirteen colonies at + the time the Constitution was adopted. For a good explana- +  + tion of common law, purchase a copy of The Federalist Papers + and read paper #83 by Alexander Hamilton. + The right to a trial by jury in a criminal case has + already been guaranteed in the basic document. Neverthe- + less, the states wanted this further restriction. The right + in a civil case where the value in controversy exceeds + twenty dollars shall be preserved. The case could be tried + before a judge alone but only if the parties in the suit + agree to waive the jury. + This also means that each citizen is guaranteed the + right to demand a jury trial anytime they are assessed by + big brother, whether it be a fine or an assessment by the + Internal Revenue Service. That any controversy where the + value exceeds twenty dollars, you have the right under this + amendment to demand that the fact be tried before an + impartial jury. This was included to prevent overzealous + actions by the central government and their agents. + The Eighth Amendment forbids the government from + demanding excessive bail where, considering the financial + circumstances of the individual, the government could keep + someone in jail for an indefinite period where the needs of + justice would not be served. + It's obvious that this practice has been turned around + because judges will decide that they want to hold someone in + jail and set excessive bail requirements. There again, we + find judges amending the Constitution violating Article V of + the basic document. They have decided . . . It's as simple + as that! + The men who wrote the Constitution and the Bill of + Rights knew they could not cover all the events and cir- + cumstances that might happen in the future so they included + two more amendments as "catch-alls." + The Ninth and Tenth Amendments. The first eight + amendments were abuses which the colonists suffered under + British Royal rule and were spelled out as prohibitions + against the national government. Now to make sure the + government was kept inside the fence of delegated powers, + they included the Ninth Amendment. + It reads as follows: "THE ENUMERATION IN THE CONSTITU- + TION, OF CERTAIN RIGHTS, SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUED TO DENY OR + DISPARAGE OTHERS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE." The Ninth makes + it unmistakably clear that the government cannot and could + not interfere with any rights which the people retained. + These include an endless list of things not spelled out in + the first eight amendments. A citizen has the right to do + or not do whatever he or she pleases as long as the rights + of others are not violated. Of course those choices must be + in keeping with the JUST laws which conform with and are + passed in pursuance of the Constitution. + Now let's again take a look at what the Tenth Amendment + spells out: "THE POWERS NOT DELEGATED TO THE UNITED STATES + BY THE CONSTITUTION NOR PROHIBITED BY IT TO THE STATES, ARE + RESERVED TO THE STATES RESPECTIVELY OR TO THE PEOPLE." + How do they get away with police powers, making any +  + thing but gold and silver coin as tender, allowing a private + corporation control the value of our money, establishing + crimes, etc? These two amendments simply point out what was + true . . . That the new government was one of specific, + limited, enumerated powers delegated by us. + Have they faithfully observed these amendments? Of + course not. Now you can see why the national government + ignores these two amendments. They show absolutely that + they are forbidden from doing anything which was not spelled + out. + These two amendments are the 'yardsticks' by which we + can judge whether any branch of government, be it the + legislative, executive or judicial, is exceeding it's + authority. Is our Constitution dead? It's up to you. + Let's read in part what the Declaration of Independence + says about rights being violated: "That to secure these + rights, governments are instituted among men. . That, + whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these + ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, + and to institute a new government. . [when we are forced to + suffer] a long train of abuses and usurpations. . It is + their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- + ment, and to provide new guards for their security." + Our government, under constitutional standards, has + only three functions. They are (1) DELIVER OUR MAIL, (2) + DEFEND OUR SHORES and (3) STAY THE HELL OUT OF OUR LIVES! + There is nothing further! They have NO OTHER POWER. + + + REGISTRATION DETAILS COMING UP .... + + THANKS FOR YOUR SUPPORT .... +  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/rights_o.txt b/politicalTextFiles/rights_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbf7b35 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/rights_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN + +Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 + + +The representatives of the French people, organized as a National +Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of +the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of +the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a +solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of +man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all +the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of +their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative +power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared +at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political +institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order +that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple +and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of +the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore +the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence +and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights +of man and of the citizen: + +Articles: + +1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social +distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. + +2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of +the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights +are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. + +3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the +nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which +does not proceed directly from the nation. + +4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which +injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights +of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other +members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These +limits can only be determined by law. + +5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. +Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no +one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. + +6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has +a right to participate personally, or through his representative, +in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it +protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of +the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public +positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and +without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. + +7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in +the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one +soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, +any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned +or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as +resistance constitutes an offense. + +8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are +strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer +punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law +passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense. + +9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been +declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all +harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's +person shall be severely repressed by law. + +10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, +including his religious views, provided their manifestation does +not disturb the public order established by law. + +11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the +most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, +accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall +be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be +defined by law. + +12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen +requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, +established for the good of all and not for the personal +advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted. + +13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance +of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This +should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in +proportion to their means. + +14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally +or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public +contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is +put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of +collection and the duration of the taxes. + +15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an +account of his administration. + +16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, +nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all. + +17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one +shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally +determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition +that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified. + +------------------------------------- + +The above document was written by The Marquis de Lafayette, +with help from his friend and neighbor, American envoy to France, +Thomas Jefferson. Lafayette, you may recall, had come to the +Colonies at age 19, been commissioned a Major General, and was +instrumental in the defeat of the British during the American +Revolutionary War. He considered one special man his 'father': +George Washington. + +French King Louis XVI signed this document, under duress, but +never intended to support it. Indeed, the Revolution in France +soon followed, leading to the tyrannical rule of Napolean +Bonaparte. + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/roa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/roa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..518210c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/roa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1458 @@ + + + THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM + + To Modern Society + + by Sam Dolgoff + + + +This pamphlet is the second printing of an expanded version of an article that + +appeared in a 1970 issue of "Libertarian Analysis". It is the first pamphlet + +published by "Soil of Liberty". A second pamphlet, "A Critique of Marxism", + +also by Sam Dolgoff, is also available ($0.55). Bulk rates are available for + +both. + +Sam has been active in the anarchist movement since the 1920's and is a re- + +tired house painter living in New York City. + +"Soil of Liberty" offers a literature service through the magaizne and a + +partial listing is available. Magazine subscriptions are $3 - $4 per year. + + + +Soil of Liberty + +POB 7056 + +Powderhorn Station + +Minnepolis, MN 55407 + + + + First Printing - August 1977 + + Second Printing - September 1979 + + + +NOTE: ABOVE LISTED PRICES ARE AT LEAST 9 YEARS OLD, SO ASSUME THAT THEY ARE + +NOW HIGHER. + + + + + + Bourgeois Neo-Anarchism + + + + Meaningful discussion about the relevance of anarchist ideas to modern + +industrialized societies must first, for the sake of clarity, outline the dif- + +ference between today's "neo-anarchism" and the classical anarchism of + +Proudhon, Kroptkin, Malatesta and their successors. With rare exceptions one + +is stuck by the mediocre and superficial character of the ideas advanced by + +modern writers on anarchism. Instead of presenting fresh insights, there is + +the repetition of utopisitic ideas which the anarchist movement had long since + +outgrown and rejected as totally irrelevant to the problems of our increas- + +ingly complex society. + + Many of the ideas which the noted anarchist writer Luigi Fabbri a half cen- + +tury ago labelled "Bourgeois Influence in Anarchism" are again in circulation. + +[1] For example, there is Kingsley Widmer's article, "Anarchism Revived -- + +Right, Left and All Around." Like similar bourgeois movements in the past, + +Widmer correctly points out that: + + + + "...Anarchism's contemporary revival...mostly comes from the dissident + + middle class intellectuals, students and other marginal groups who base + + themselves on individualist, utopian and other non-working class aspects + + of anarchism..." [2] + + + + Other typical bougeois anarchist characteristics are: ESCAPISM - the hope + +that the establishment will be gradually undermined if enough people 'cop-out' + +of the system and "live like anarchsts in communes and other life-style ins- + +titutions..." + +NECHAYEVISM - romantic glorification of conspiracy, ruthlessness, and violence + +in the amoral tradition of Nechayev. + +BOHEMIANISM - total irresponsibility; exclusive preoccupation with one's pic- + +turesque 'life-style'; exhibitionism; rejection of any form of organization or + +self-discipline. + +ANTI-SOCIAL INDIVIDUALSIM - the urge to "idealize" the most anti-social forms + +of individual forms of individual rebellion." (Luigi Fabbri) + + + + "...intolerance of oppression [writes Malatesta], the desire to be free + + and develop one personality to its full limits, is not enough to make one + + an anarchist. That aspiration towards unlimited freedom, if not tempered + + by a love for mankind and by the desire that all should enjoy equal free- + + dom, may well create rebels who...soon become exploiters and tyrants..." + + [3] + + + + Still other neo-anarchist are obsessed with "action for the sake of + +action." One of the foremost historians of Italian anarchism, Pier Carlo + +Masini, notes that for them 'spontaneity' is the panacea that will automat- + +ically solve all problems. No theiretical or practical preparation is needed. + +In the 'revolution' that is 'just around the corner' the fundamental differen- + +ces between libertarians and our mortal enemies, authoritarian groups like the + +Marxist-Leinists, will miraculously vanish. + + + + "Paradoxically enough [observes Masini], the really modern anarchists are + + those with white hair, those who guided by the teachings of Bakunin and + + Malatesta, who in Italy and in Spain (as well as in Russia) had learned + + from bitter personal participation how serious matter a revolution can + + be...[4] + + + + It is not our intention to belittle the many fine things the scholars do + +say, nor to downgrade the magnificent struggles of our young rebbles against + +was, rascism and the false values of that vast crime "The Establishment" -- + +struggles which sparked the revival of the long dormant radical movement. But + +they stress the negative aspects and ignore or misinterpret the constructive + +princples of anarchism. Bakunin and the classical anarchists always emphasized + +the necessity for constructive thinking and action + + + + The 1848 revolutionary movement "was rich in instincts and negative theo- + + retical ideas which gave it full justification for its fight against + + privilege, but it lacked completely any positive and practical ideas + + which would have been needed to enable it to erect a new system upon the + + ruins of the old bourgeois setup...[5] + + + + Lacking such solid foundations, such movements must eventually disinteg- + +rate. + + + + Distorting Anarchist Ideas + + + + Some works on anarchism, like George Woodcock's "Anarchism" and the two + +books by Horowitz and Joll both titled "The Anarchists" -- perpetuate the myth + +that the anarchist are living antiques, visionaries yearning to return to an + +idyllic past. According to Woodcock, "...the historical anarchist movement + +that sprang from Bakunin and his followers is dead..." The cardinal principles + +of classical anarchism: economic and political decentralization of power, + +individual and local autonomy, self-mangaement of industry ('workers control') + +and federalism are + + + + obsolete forms of organization (running counter) to the world-wide trend + + toward political and economic centralization....The real social revolu- + + tion of the modern age is in fact the process of centralization toward + + which every development of scientific and technological progress has con- + + tributed... .the anarchist movement failed to present an alternative to + + the state or the capitalist economy. [6] + + + + It is hard to understand how scholars even slightly acquainted with the + +vast libertarian literature on social reconstruction come to such absurd con- + +clusions!! A notable exception is the French sociologist-historian Daniel + +Guerin whose excellent little book "L'anarchisme" has been translated into + +English with an introduction by Noam Chomsky (Monthly Review Press, N.Y.). + +Guerin concentrates on the constructive aspects of anarchism. While not with- + +out its faults (he underestimates the importance of Kropotkin's ideas and + +exagerates Stirner's), it is still the best short introduction to the subject. + +Guerin effectively refutes the arguements of recent historians, paricularly + +Jean Maitron, Woodcock and Joll concluding that their + + + + ...image of anarchism is not true. Constructive acarchism which found its + + most accomplished expression in the writings of Bakunin, relies on organ- + + ization, on self-discipline, onintegration, on a centralization which is + + not coercive, but federalist. It relates to large scale industry, to mod- + + ern technology, to the modern proletariat, to genuine internationalism... + + In themodern world the material, intellectual and moral interests have + + created between all parts of a nation and even different nations, a real + + and solid unity, and this unity will survive all states...[7] + + + + To assess the extent to which classical anarchism is applicable to modern + +societies it is first necessary to summarize briefly its leading constructive + +tenets. + + + + Complex Societies Necessitiate Anarchism + + + + It is a fallacy to assume that anarchists ignore the complexity of social + +life. On the contrary, the classical anarchists have always rejected the kind + +of "simplicity" which camouflages regimentation in favor of the natural comp- + +lexity which reflects the many faceted richness and diversity of social and + +individual life. The cybernetic mathematician John B. McEwan, writing on the + +relevance of anarchism to cybernetics explains: + + + + Libertarian socialists, synonym for non-indvidualist anarchism, especially + + Kropotkin and Landauer, showed an early grasp of the complex network of + + changing relationships, involving many structures of correlated activity + + and mutual aid, independent of authoritarian coercion. It was against + + this background that they developed their theories of social organiza- + + tion....[8] + + + + One of Proudhon's greatest contributions to anarchist theory and socialism + +in general was the idea that the very complexity of social life demanded the + +decentralization and autonomy of communities. Proudhon maintained that "... + +through the complexity of interests and the progress of ideas, society is + +forced to abjure the state...beneath the apparatus of government, under the + +shadow of its political institutions, society was slowly and silently pro- + +ducing its organization, make for itself a new order which expressed its + +vitality and autonomy..." [9] + + Like his predecessors, Proudhon and Bakunin, Kropotkin elaborated the idea + +that the very complexity of social life demanded the decentralization and + +self-management of industry by the workers. From his studies of economic life + +in England and Scotland he concluded that: + + + + ...production and exchange represented an undertaking so complicated + + that no government (without establishing a cumbersome, inefficient, bur- + + eaucratic dictatorship) would be able to organize production if the work- + + ers themselves, through their unions, did not do it in each branch of + + industry; for, in all production there arises daily thousands of diffi- + + culties that...no government can hope to foresee.... Only the efforts of + + thousands of intelligences working on problems can cooperate in the + + developement of the new social system and find solutions for the thou- + + sands of local needs....[10] + + + + Decentralization and autonomy does not mean the breakup of society into + +small, isolated, economically self-sufficient groups, which is neither poss- + +ible nor desirable. The Spanish anarchist, Diego Abad de Santillan, Ministry + +of the Economy in Catalonia in the early period of the Spanish Civil War (Dec. + +1936), reminded some of his comrads: + + + + ....Once and for all we must realize that we are no longer...in a little + + utopian world..., we cannot realize our economic revolution in a local + + sense; for economy on a localist basis can only cause collective priva- + + tion..., economy is today a vast organism and all isolation must prove + + detrimental...We must work with a social critierion, considering the + + interests of the whole country and if possible the whole world..."[11] + + + + A balance must be achieved between the suffocating tyranny of unbridled + +authority and the kind of "autonomy" that leads to petty local patriotism, + +separation of little grouplets, and the fragmentation of society. Libertarian + +organization must reflect the complexity of societal relationships and promote + +solidarity on the widest possible scale. It can be defined as federalism: co- + +ordination through free agreement -- locally, regionally, nationally and + +internationally. A vast coordinated network of voluntary alliances embracing + +the totality of social life, in which all the groups and associations reap the + +benefits of unity while still exercising autonomy within their own spheres and + +expanding the range of their freedom. Anarchist organizational principles are + +not separate entities. Autonomy is impossible without decentralization, and + +decentralization is impossible without federalism. + + The increasing complexity of society is making anarchism MORE and NOT LESS + +relevant to modern life. It is precisely this complexity and diversity, above + +all their overriding concern for freedom and human values that led the anar- + +chist thinkers to base their ideas on the principles of diffusion of power, + +self-management and federalism. The greatest attribute of the free society is + +that it is self-regulating and "bears within itself the seeds of its own re- + +generation" (Buber) The self-governing associations will be flexible enough to + +adjust their differences, correct and learn from their mistakes, experiment + +with new, creative forms of social living and thereby achieve genuine harmony + +on a higher humanistic plane. Errors and conflicts confined to the limited + +jurisdiction of special purpose groups, may do limited damage. But miscalcula- + +tions and criminal decisions made by the state and other autocratically + +centralized organizations affecting whole nations, and even the whole world, + +can have the most disasterous consequences. + + Society without order (as the word "society" implies) is inconceivable. But + +the organization of order is not the exclusive monopoly of the State. For, if + +the State authority is the sole guarantee of order, who will watch the watch- + +men? Federalism is also a form of order, which preceeded the establishment of + +the State. But it is order which gurantees the freedom and independence of the + +individuals and associations who freely and spontaneously constitute the fed- + +erations. Federalism is not like the State, born of the will to power, but is + +recognition of the ineluctable interdependence of mankind. Federalism springs + +from the will to harmony and solidarity. + + + + Modern Industry Better Organized Anarchistically + + + + Bourgeois economists, sociologists and administrators like Peter Druker, + +Gunnar Myrdal, John Kenneth Galbraith, Daniel Bell, etc., now favor a large + +measure of decentralization not because they suddenly became anarchists, but + +primarily because technology has rendered anarchistic forms of organization + +"operational necessities". But the bourgeois reformers have yet to learn that + +as long as these organizational forms are tied to state or capitalism, which + +connotes the monopoly of political and economic power, decentralization will + +remain a fraud -- a more efficient device to enlist the cooperation of the + +masses in their own enslavement. To illustrate how their ideas inadvertently + +demonstrate the practicality of anarchist organization and how they contradict + +themselves, we cite the "free enterpriser" Drucker and the "welfare statist" + +Myrdal. In the chapter titled "The Sickness of Government", Drucker writes: + + + + ...Disenchantment with government cuts across national boundaries and + + ideological lines...government itself has become one of the vested int- + + erests...the moment government undertakes anything it becomes entreched + + and permanent...the unproductive becomes built into the political process + + itself...social theory to be meaningful at all, must start with the real- + + ity of pluralism of institutions, a galaxy of suns rather than one big + + center surrounded by moons that shine only by reflected light...a society + + of institutional diversity and diffusion of power...in a pluralist + + society of organizations (each unit would be) limited to the specific + + service it renders to the member of society which it meant to perform -- + + yet, since every institution has power in its own sphere, it would be as + + such, affected with the public interest...such a view of organizations + + as being autonomous and limited are necessary both to make the organiza- + + tion perform and to safeguard the individual's freedom....[12] + + + + After demonstrating the 'monstrosity of government, its lack of performance + +and its impotence,' Drucker flatly contradicts himself and comes to the surpris- + +ing conclusion that "never has strong, effective government been needed more + +than in this dangerous would...never more than in this pluralist society of + +organizations." + + Mydal convincingly demonstrates that both the Soviet and the "free world + +states" need decentralization for administrative efficiency in order that + +(political and economic life) shall not succumb to the rigidity of the central + +apparatus. But then he expects the paternalistic welfare state to loosen "its + +controls over everyday life" and gradually transfer most of its powers to "all + +sorts of organizations and communities controlled by the people themselves..." + +No anarchist could refute Myrdal's arguement better than he does himself: + + + + ...to give up autocratic patterns, to give up administrative controls and + + ...withdraw willingly from intervening when it is no longer necessary, + + are steps which do not correspond to the inner workings of a functioning + + bureaucracy...[13] + + + + If these advocates of decentralization and autonomy were consistent, they + +would realize that the diffusion of power leads to anarchism. + + + + "Forming the New Society Within the Shell of the Old" + + (preamble of the I.W.W.) + + + + The anarchist have always opposed the Jacobins, Blanquists, Bolsheviks and + +other would-be dictators, who would in Proudhon's words "...reconstruct + +society upon an imaginary plan, much like the astronomers who for respect for + +their calculations would make over the system of the universe..."[14] + + The anarchist theoreticians limited themselves to suggest the utilization + +of all the useful organisms in the old society in order to reconstruct the + +new. They envisioned the generalization of practices and tendencies which are + +already in effect. The very fact that autonomy, decentralization and federal- + +ism are more practical alternatives to centralism and statism already presup- + +poses that these vast organizational networks now performing the functions of + +society are prepared to replace the old bankrupt hyper-centralized administra- + +tions. That the "elements of the new society are already developing in the + +collaspsing bourgeois society" (Marx) is a fundamental principle shared by all + +tendencies in the socialist movement. + + Society is a vast interlocking network of cooperative labor and all the + + deeply rooted institutions now functioning, will in some form continue to + +function for the simple reason that the very existence of manking depends upon + +this inner cohesion. This has never been questioned by anyone. What is needed + +is emancipation from authoritarian institutions OVER society and authoritari- + +anism WITHIN the organization themselves. Above all, they must be infused with + +revolutionary spirit and confidence in the creative capacities of the people. + +Kropotkin in working out the sociology of anarchism, has opened an avenue of + +fruitful research which has been largely neglected by social scientists busily + +engaged in mapping out new area for state control. + + Kropotkin based himself on the essential principle of Anarchist-Communism + +---abolition of the wage system and distribution of goods and services on the + +principle, "From each according to hos ability and to each according to his + +needs." He envisaged the structure of an Anarchist-Communist society as + +follows: + + + + The Anarchist writers consider that their conceptions (of Anarchist-Com- + + munism) is not a utopia. It is derived, they maintain, from an ANALYSIS + + OF TENDENCIES that are at work already, even though State Socialism may + + find temporary favor with the reformers...the anarchists build their + + previsions of the future upon those data which are supplied by the obser- + + vations of life at the present time...the idea of independent communes + + for the territorial organization, and of federations of trade unions for + + the organizations of [people] in accordance with their different func- + + tions, gave a CONCRETE conception of a society regenerated by a social + + revolution. There remained only to add to these two modes of organiza- + + tion a third, which we saw rapidly developing during the last fifty + + years.....the thousands upon thousands of free combines and societies + + growing up everywhere for the satisfaction of all possible and imaginable + + needs, economic, sanitary, and educational; for mutual protection, for + + the propaganda of ideas, for art, for amusement, and so on...an inter- + + woven network, composed of an infinite variety of groups and federations + + of all sizes and degrees, local, regional, national and international... + + (which) substitute themselves for the State and in all its functions... + + ALL of them covering each other, and all of them always ready to meet the + + needs by new organizaions and adjustments. [15] + + + + Kropotkin's federalism aspires to the "...complete independence of the + +Communes, the Federation of Free Communes and the Social Revoltion IN THE + +COMMUNES, that is, THE FORMATION OF ASSOCIATED PRODUCTIVE GROUPS IN THE PLACE + +OF THE STATE ORGANIZATION...."(Martin Buber, "Pathways in Utopia") The miniature municipal states, + +fashioned after the national States in which elected officials of political + +parties -- lawyers, professionals, and politicians but NOT THE WORKERS, con- + +trol social life will also be eliminated. For a Social Revolution that does + +not reach local and even neighborhood levels leads inevitably to the triumph + +of the counter-revolution. + + For Krpotkin, the " `Commune' is no linger a territorial agglomeration; + +but...a synonum for the grouping of equals, knowing no borders, no walls. The + +social Commune...will cease to be clearly defined. Each group of the Commune + +will necessarily be attracted to similar groups of other Communes; they will + +group together, federate with each other, by bonds at least as solid as those + +tying them to their fellow townsmen; (they will) constitute a Commune of int- + +erests, of which members will be diseminated through a thousand cities and + +villages. Each individual will find satisfaction of his needs only in group- + +ing together with other individuals have the same tastes and living in a + +hundred other Communes." [16] + + The following excerpt from "El Communism Libertario" gives some of Dr.Issac + +Puente's ideas on the political and economic organization of society. Puente, + +a medical doctor, was an important anarchist thinker and activist who was im- + +prisoned and then murdered by the fascists while fighting on the Saragossa + +front in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. + + + + Libertarian Communism is the organization of society without the State + +and without capitalist property relations. To establish Libertarian Communism + +it will not be necessary to invent artificial forms of organization. The new + +society will emerge from the "shell of the old". The elements of the future + +society are already planted in the existing order. They are the syndicate + +(union) and the Free Commune (sometimes called the 'free municipality') which + +are old, deeply rooted, non-Statist popular institutions spontaneously organ- + +ized and embracing all towns and villages in urban and in rural areas. The + +Free Commune is ideally suited to cope successfully with the problems of + +social and economic life in libertarian communities. Within the Free Commune + +there is also room for cooperative groups and other associations, as well as + +individuals to meet their own needs. (providing, of course, that they do not + +employ hired labor for wages."...The terms 'Libertarian' and 'Communism' de- + +note the fusion of two inseperable concepts, the indispensable pre-requisites + +for the Free Society: COLLECTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY. + + + + Workers Control + + + + The anarchist's insistance on workers' control -- the idea of self-manage- + +ment of industry by workers' associations "in accordance with their differenct + +functions", rest on very solid foundations. This tendency traces back to + +Robert Owen, the first International Workingmens' Association, the Guild Soc- + +ialist movement in England and the pre-World War I syndicalist movements. With + +the Russian Revolution, the trend towards workers' control in the form of free + +soviets (councils) which arose spontaneously, was finally snuffed out with the + +Kronstadt massacre of 1921. The same tragic fate awaited the workers' councils + +in the Hungarian, Polish and East German rising around 1956. {Typist's Note: + +This was written before Solidarity also brough this forth in 1980.} Among the + +many other attempts that were made, there is of course the clasiic example of + +the Spanish Revolution of 1936, with the monumental constructive achievements + +in the libertarian rural collectives and workers' control of unrban industry. + +The prediction of "News Bulletin" of the reformist International Union of Food + +and Allied Workers Association (July 1964) that "...the demand of workers' + +control may well become the common gound for advanced sectors in the labor + +movement both "east" and "west"..." is now a fact. + + Although the purged Bolshevik "left oppositionist", Victor Serge, refers to + +the economic crisis that gripped Russia during the early years of the revolu- + +tion, his remarks are, in general, still pertinent and incidentally illustrate + +Kropotkin's theme: + + + + ...certain industries could have been revived [and] an enormous degree of + + recovery achieved by appealing to the initiative of groups of producers + + and consumers, freeing the state strangled cooperatives and inviting the + + various associations to take over management of different branches of + + economic activity...I was arguing for a Communism of Associations -- in + + contrast to Communism of the State -- the total plan not dictated on high + + by the State, but resulting from the harmonizing by congresses and spec- + + ial assemblies from below.[17] + + + + Augustin Souchy, vetern Anarcho-Syndacalist activist, theoretician, one- + +time Secretary of the anarcho-syndaclist International Workingmens' Associa- + +tion and actively involved with the Spanish National Confederation of Labor, + +wrote that + + + + ...during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) the Spanish workers and + + peasants were establishing what could be loosely called "Libertarian + + Syndicalist Socialism": a system without exploitation and injustice. In + + this type of libertarian collectivist economy, wage slavery is replaced + + by the equitable and just sharing of labor. Private or State Capitalism + + (or State "Socialism") is replaced by workers' factory council, the union, + + the industrial association of unions up to the national federation of + + industrial unions. [18] + + + + It is essentially a system of workers' self-management at all levels. + + + + "After the Revolution" + + + + The anarchist thinkers were not so naive as to expect the installation of + +the perfect society composed of perfect individuals who would miraculously + +shed all their ingrained prejudices and old habits on the day after the revol- + +ution. They were primarily concerned with the immediate problems of social + +reconstruction that will have to be faced in any country -- industrialized or + +not. + + They are issues which no serious revolutionary has the right to ignore. It + +was for this reason that the anarchists tried to work out measures to meet the + +pressing problems most likely to emerge during what Malatesta called "the + +period of reorganization and transition." We summarize Malatesta's descussion + +of some of the more important questions. [19] + + Crucial problems cannot be avoided by postphoning them to the distant + +future -- perhaps a century or more -- when anarchism will have been fully + +realized and the masses will have finally become convinced and dedicated + +anarchist-communists. We anarchists must have our own solutions if we are not + +to be relegated to the role of useless and impotent grumblers, while the more + +realistic and unscrupulous authoritarians seize power. Anarchy or no anarchy, + +the people must eat and be provided with the necessities of life. The cities + +must be provisioned and vital services cannot be disrupted. Even if poorly + +served, the people in their own interests would not allow us or anyone alse to + +disrupt these services unless and until they are reorganized in a better way; + +and this cannot be achieved in a day. + + The organization of the anarchist-communist society on a large scale can + +only be achieved gradually as material conditions permit, and as the masses + +convince themselves of the benefits to be gained and as they gradually become + +psychologically accustomed to radical alterations in their way of life. Since + +free and voluntary communism (Malatesta's synonym for anarchism) cannot be + +imposed, Malatesta stressed the necessity for the coexistence of various eco- + +nomic forms, collectivist, mutualist, individualist -- on the condition that + +there will be no exploitation of others. Malatesta was confident that the + +convincing example of successful libertarian collective will + + + + attract others into the orbit of the collectivity...for my part I do not + + believe that there is "one" solution to the social problem, but a thou- + + sand different and changing solutions, in the same way as social exist- + + ence is different in time and space...[20] + + + + "Pure Anarchism Is A Fiction" + + + + Aside from the "individualists" (a very ambiguous term) none of the anar- + +chist thinkers were "pure" anarchists. The typical "pure" anarchist grouping, + +explains Geirge Woodcock, "is the loose and flexible affinity group" which + +needs no formal organization and carries on anarchist propaganda through an + +"invisible network of personal contacts and intellectual influences." Woodcock + +argues that "pure" anarchism is incompatible with mass movements like anarcho- + +syndicalism because they need + + + + stable organizations precisely because it moves in a world that is only + + partly governed by anarchist ideals...and make compromises with day-to- + + day situations...[It} has to maintain the allegiance of masses of + + [workers] who are only remotely conscious of the final aim of anarchism. + + [21] + + + + If these statements are true, then "pure" anarchism is a pipe dream. First, + +because there will never be a time when everybody will be a "pure" anarchist, + +and humanisty will forever have to make "compromises with the day-to-day situ- + +ation." Second, because the intricate economic and social operations of an + +interdependent world cannot be carried on without these "stable organiza- + +tions," even if every inhabitant were a convinced anarchist, "pure" anarchism + +would still be impossible for technical and functional reasons alone. This is + +not to say that anarchism excludes affinity groups. Anarchism envisions a + +flexible, pluralist society where all the needs of mankind would be supplied + +by an infinite variety of voluntary associations. The world is honeycombed + +with affinity groups from chess clubs to anarchist propaganda groups. They are + +formed, dissolved and reconstituted according to the fluctuating whims and + +fancies of the individuals adherents. It is precisely because they "reflect + +individual preferences" that such groups are the lifeblood of the free + +society. + + Bu anarchist have also insisted that since the necessities of life and + +vital services must be supplied without fail and cannot be left to the whims + +of individuals, they are Social Obligations which every able bodied individual + +is honor-bound to fulfill, if he expects to enjoy the benefits of collective + +labor. The large scale organizations, anarchistically organized, are NOT a + +DEVIATION. They are THE VERY ESSENCE OF ANARCHISM AS A VIABLE SOCIAL ORDER. + + THERE IS NO "PURE" ANARCHISM. THERE IS ONLY THE APPLICATION OF ANARCHIST + +PRINCIPLES TO THE REALITIES OF SOCIAL LIVING. THE AIM OF ANARCHISM IS TO STIM- + +ULATE FORCES THAT PROPEL SOCIETY IN A LIBERTARIAN DIRECTION. IT IS ONLY FROM + +THIS STANDPOINT THAT THE RELEVANCE OF ANARCHISM TO MODERN LIFE CAN BE PROPERLY + +ASSESSED. + + + + Automation Could Expedite Anarchism + + + + We consider that the constructive ideas of anarchism are rendered even more + +timely by the cybernetic revolution still in its early stages, and will become + +increasingly more relevant as this revolution unfolds. There are, even now, no + +insurmountable technical-scientific barriers to the introduction of anarchism. + +The greatest material drawback to the realization of the ideal of "To each + +according to his needs from each according to his ability" has been the scarc- + +ity of goods and services. "...Cybernation, a system of almost unlimited pro- + +ductive capacity which requires progressively less human labor...would make + +possible the abolition of poverty at home and abroad..." [22] In a consumer + +economy where purchasing power is not tied to production, the wage system be- + +comes obsolete and the preconditions for the realization of the socialist + +ideal immeasurably enhanced. + + When Kropotkin in 1899 wrote his "Fields, Factories and Workshops", to + +demonstrate the feaseability of decentralizing industry to achieve a greater + +balance between rural and urban living, his ideas were dismissed as premature. + +It is now no longer disputed that the problem of scaling down industry to man- + +ageable human proportions, rendered even more acute by the pollution threat- + +ening the very existence of life on this planet, can now be largely solved by + +modern technology. There is now an enormous amount of research on this subject + +---see his "Post Scarity Anarchism" (Ramparts Press, 1971) The following are + +a few examples: + + + + Marshall MuIuhan writes: "ELECTRICITY DOES NOT CENTRALIZE BUT DECENTRAL- + +IZE...ELECTRIC POWER, EQUALLY AVAILABLE IN THE FARMHOUSE AND THE EXECUTIVE + +SUITE, PERMITS ANY PLACE TO BE A CENTER, AND DOES NOT REQUIRE LARGE AGGREA- + +TIONS...airplanes and radio permit the utmost continuity and diversity in + +spatial organization...(pp 47-48)...by electricty, we everywhere resume PER- + +SON-TO-PERSON RELATIONS ON THE SMALLES VILLAGE SCALE...IT IS A RELATION IN + +DEPTH, AND WITHOUT DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS AND POWERS...(p 225)...IN THE WHOLE + +FIELD OF THE ELECTONIC REVOLUTION THIS PATTER OF DECENTRALIZATION APPEARS IN + +MULTIPLE GUISES...("Understanding Media", emphasis added) + + + + Franz Schurman in "The New American Revolution", 1971, advocates an + +"ANARCHO-SYNDICALIST SOLUTION BASED ON DECENTRALIZED ASSOCIATIONS..." + + + + Christopher Lasch, discussing R.A. Dahl's "Authority in the Good Society" + +(New York Review of Books, 10-21-71) writes, "Self-mangement will transform + +corporate employees from corporate subjects to citizens of the enterprise... + +SELF-MANAGEMENT WILL NOT BE INTRODUCED FROM ABOVE BUT FROM BELOW...He (Dahl).. + +DENIES THAT WORKERS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO RUN INDUSTRY IN THE INTEREST OF + +SOCIETY...." + + + + The reviewers of John M. Blair's critique of economic centralization (New + +York Times Book Review, 9-10-72) find that Blair's researches are most impres- + +sive in debunking the myth that large scale, centralized enterprises are more + +efficient...the largest railroad in America, Penn Central, couldn't keep track + +of its boxcars...The most successful of all industrial behemoths, General + +Motors, long ago decentralized its operations; only the profits are concen- + +trated. + + Blair's point is re-enforced by a will-known English economist, E. F. Schu- + +macher in "Small Is Beautiful", "The achievement of Sloan and General Motors + +was to structure the gigantic firm in such a manner that it became, in fact, A + +FEDERATION OF REASONABLY SIZED FIRMS..." + + John Kenneth Galbraith in the "New Industrial State" wrote, "In giant indus- + +trial corporations AUTONOMY IS NECESSARY FOR BOTH AND SMALL DECISIONS AND... + +LARGE QUESTIONS OF POLICY...the comparative advantages of atomic and molecular + +for the generation of scientists, technical, economic, and planning judge- + +ments. ONLY A COMMITTEE, OR MORE PRECISELY, A COMPLEX OF COMMITTEES CAN + +COMBINE THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE THAT MUST BE BROUGHT TO BEAR...(p.111). + +THE EFFECT OF THE DENIAL OF AUTONOMY AND THE INABILITY OF THE TECHONOSTRUCTURE + +(coporate centralized industry) TO ACCOMODTE ITSELF TO CHANGING TASKS HAS BEEN + +VISIBLY DEFICIENT OPERATIONS...THE LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS ARE, + +THE MORE THEY MUST BE DECENTRALIZED..." (emphasis in all above quote has been + +added) + + One of the major obstacles to the establishment of the free society is the + +cumbersome, all pervasive, corporate-statist apparatus manned by an entrenched + +bureaucratic elite class of administrators, managers and officials who at all + +levels exercise de facto control over the operations of society. This has up + +till now been regarded as an unaviodable evil, but thanks to the development + +of computerized technology, this byzantine apparatus can now be dismantled. + + Alan Toffler ("Future Shock", 1970, p.141) summing up the evidence, con- + +cludes that "far from fastening the grip of bureaucracy on civilization more + +than before, automation leads to its overthrow..." Another source, quoting + +Business Week, emphasizes that + + + + ...automation not only makes economic planning necessary -- it also makes + + it possible. The calculations required for planning on nationwide scale + + are complicated and difficult, but they can be performed by the new elec- + + tronic computers in an amazingly short time... + + + + The libertarian principle of workers' control will not be invalidated by + +changes in the composition of the work force or in the nature of work itself. + +With or without automation, the economic structures of the new society must be + +based on self-administration by the people directly involved in economic func- + +tions. Under automation millions of highly trained technicians, engineers, + +scientists, educators, etc, who are already organizaed into local, regional, + +national, and international federations will freely circulate information, + +constantly improving both the quality and availability of goods and services + +and developing new products for new needs. + + By closely intermeshing and greatly expanding the already existing networks + +of consumer cooperative associations with the producer associations at every + +level, the consumers will amke their wants known and be supplied by the pro- + +ducers. The innumerable variety of supermarkets, chain stores and service + +centers of every description now blanketing the country, though owned by corp- + +orations or privately, are so structured that they could be easily socialized + +and converted into cooperative networks. In general, the same holds true for + +production, exchange, and other beranches of the economy. The integration of + +these economic organisms will undoubtedly be greatly facilitated because the + +same people are both producers and consumers. + + The progress of the new society will depend greatly upon the extent to + +which its self-governing units will be able to speed up direct communication + +- to understand each other's problems and better coordinate activities. Thanks + +to modern communications technology, all the essential facilities are now + +available: tape libraries, "computer laundromats", closed television and tele- + +phone circuits, communications satelities and a plethora of other devices are + +making instant, direct communication on a world scale accessable to all + +(visual and radio contact between earth and moon within seconds!). "Face-to- + +face democract" -- a cornerstone of a free society, is already foreshadowed by + +the increasing mobility of peoples. + + There is an exaggerated fear that a minority of scientific and technical + +workers would, in a free society, set up a dictatorship over the rest of soc- + +iety. They certainly do not new wield the power generally attributed to them. + +In spite of their "higher" status, they are no less immune to the fluctuation + +of the economic system than are the "ordinary" workers (nearly 100,000 are + +jobless). Like lower paid workers, they too, must on pain of dismissal obey + +the orders of their employers. + + Tens of thousands of frstrated first-rate technical and scientific em- + +ployees, not permitted to exercise their knowledge creatively, find themselves + +trapped in monotonous, useless and anti-social tasks. And nothing is more mad- + +dening than to stand helplessly by, while ignoramuses who do not even under- + +stand the language of science, dictate the direction of research and develop- + +ment. Nor are these workers free to exercise these rights in Russia or any- + +where else. + + In addition to these general consideration, there are two other preventa- + +tive checks to dictatorship of the techno-scientific elite. The first is that + +the wider diffusion of scientific and technical training, providing millions + +of new specialists, would break up any possible monopoly by a minority and + +eliminate the threat of dictatorship. "The number of scientists and techolo- + +gists in this country has doubled in little more than ten years and now forms + +twenty percent of the labor force -- this growth is much faster than that of + +the population..." (New York Times, 12-29-70) + + The second check to dictatorship is not to invest specialists or any other + +group with political power to rule over others. While we must ceaselessly + +guard against the abuse of power, we must never forget that in the joint ef- + +fort to build a better world, we much also learn to trust each other. If we do + +not, then this better world will forever remain a utopia. + + + + + + The True Revelance Of Anarchism + + + + I have tried to show that anarchism is not a panacea that will miraculously + +cure all the ills of the body social, but rather, a 20th century guide to + +action based on a realistic conception of social econstrction. The well-nigh + +insuperable material obstacle to the introduction of anarchism -- scarcity + +of goods and services and excessive industrial-mangerial centralization - have + +or can be removed by the cybernetic-technical revolution. Yet, the movement + +for empancipation is threatened by the far more formidable political, social + +and brain-washing techniques of "The Establishment". + + In their polemics with the Marxists, the anarchists insisted that the + +political state subjects the economy to its own ends. A high sophisticated + +economic system, once viewed as the prerequisite for the realization of + +socialism, now serves to reinforce the domination of the ruling classes with + +the technology of physical and mental repression and the ensuing obliteration + +of human values. The very abundance which can liberate man from want and + +drudgery, now enables the state to establish what is, in effect, a national- + +ized poorhouse, where the millions of technologically unemployed -- forgotten, + +faceless outcasts on public "welfare," will be given only enough to keep them + +quiet. The very technology that has opened new roads to freedom, has also + +armed states with unimaginably frightful weapons for the annihilation of + +humanity. + + While the anarchists never underestimated the great importance of the eco- + +nomic factor in social change, they nevertheless rejected fanatical economic + +fatalism. One of the most cogent contributions of anarchism to social theory + +is the proper emphasis on how political institutions, in turn, mold economic + +life. Equally sigificant is the importance attached to the will of man, his + +asperations, the moral factor, and above all, the spirit of revolt in the + +shaping of human history. In this area too, anarchism is particularly relevent + +to the renewal of society. To indicate the importance attached to this factor, + +we quote a passage from a letter that Bakunin wrote to his friend Elisee + +Reclus: + + + + ...the hour of revolution is passed, not because of the frightful dis- + + aster [the Franco-Prussian War and the slaughter of the Paris Commune, + + May 1871] but because, to my great dispair, I have found it a fact, and + + I am finding it every day anew, that revolutionary hope, passion, are + + absolutely lacking in the masses; and when these are absent, it is vain + + to make desperate efforts... + + + + The availability of more and more consumer goods plus the sophisticated + +techniques of mass indoctrination has corrupted the public mind. Bourgeoisifi- + +cation has sapped the revolutionary vitality of the masses. It is precisely + +this divorce from the inspiring values of socialism, which, to a large extent, + +accounts for the venality and corruption in modern labor and socialist move- + +ments. + + To forge a revolutionary movement, which, inspired by anarchist ideas, + +would be capable of reversing this reactionary trend, is a task of staggering + +proportions. But therein lies the true relevance of anarchism. + + + + + + REFERENCES + + + +1 - "Influences Bougueses en el Anarquismo" Solidaridad Obrera, Paris, 1959. + +2 - "The Nation", 11-16-70 + +3 - "Errico Malatesta: Life and Ideas", Freedom Press, London, 1965, p. 24 + +4 - quoted in a letter to a friend + +5 - "Federalism-Socialism-Anti-Theologism" + +6 - "Anarchism", World Publishing, Cleveland, 1962, p. 469, 473 + +7 - "L'Anarchisme", Gallimard, Paris, 1965, p. 180, 181 + +8 - "Anarchy", # 25, March 1963, London + +9 - "General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century", Freedom Press, + + London, 1923, p. 89 + +10- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Vanguard Press, New York, 1927, p. 76, 77 + +11- "After the Revolution", Greenbery Publisher, New York, 1937, p. 85, 100 + +12- "The Age of iscontinuity", Harper & Row, New York, 1968, + + p. 212, 217, 222, 225, 226, 251, 252 + +13- "Beyond the Welfare State", Yale University Press, New Haven, 1968, + + p. 102, 97, 108 + +14- Op cit #9, p. 90 + +15- "Revolutionary Pamphlets", Dover Publications, 1970 edition, + + pp. 166-7, 168, 284, 285 + +16- Words of a Rebel, quoted by P. Berman in "Quotations from the Anarchists", + + New York, 1972, p. 171 + +17- "Memoirs of a Revolutionary", Oxford University Press, London, 1967, + + pp. 147-8 + +18- "Nacht Uber Spanien", Verlag die Freie Gesellschaft, Darmstadt-land, + + 1954(?), p. 164 + +19- Op cit #3, p. 100 + +20- Ibid, p. 99, 151 + +21- "Anarchism", p. 273, 274 + +22- "Manifesto"...Committee for the Triple Revolution, quoted in "Liberation" + + magazine, New York, April 1964 + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/roe.txt b/politicalTextFiles/roe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5d55fc --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/roe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +SHOULD CONSERVATIVES GIVE UP ON SUPREME COURT?-HUMAN EVENTS 7/11/92 + +In the wake of the Supreme Court's June 29 decision in which a +plurality of two justices appointed by Ronald Reagan and a third +named by George bush went out of their way t reaffirm the court's +1973 invention in Roe v. Wade of a purported constitutional right +to have abortions, stunned conservatives were asking themselves +what more, if anything, can be done to bring a halt to the +arbitrary - and blatantly unconstitutional-usurpation of power by +judges in this country. + There have been five vacancies on the nine-member court since +1981. On each and every one of those occasions liberals accused +the White House of administering ideological "litmus" tests on a +variety of political issues to potential nominees. + And just as frequently Administration spokesmen denied the +imposition of such tests, insisting that, in choosing justices, +Presidents Reagan and Bush had only one overriding objective: that +those selected for the court would honor their solemn obligation as +judges - indispensable to our system of separation of powers - to +interpret the Constitution, not impose their own personal whims +about what they would like it to say. + Yet in their jointly written plurality opinion in Planned +Parenthood v. Casey, Reagan-appointed Justices Sandra Day O'Connor +and Anthony Kennedy, together with Justice David Souter, a Bush +appointee, committed the one transgression that the chief +executives to whom they owe their high positions had taken pains to +avoid - judicial activism. + At issue in the case was the constitutional validity of a +Pennsylvania statute placing several restrictions on the process of +obtaining an abortion in that state, and many had thought that the +High Court might use the case to reverse the controversial holding +in Roe that purported to discern a constitutionally protected +"right" to an abortion. The Bush Administration, in its amicus +brief, had sought such a reversal. + In the end the court, with the concurrence of O'Connor, +Kennedy and Souter, upheld most, though not all, of the limitations +enacted by Pennsylvania. Yet, far from overturning Roe, the three +Reagan-bush appointees went out of their way to reaffirm what they +termed Roe's "central holding": that the availability of abortion +prior to "viability" of the fetus - i.e., the point when the unborn +child is capable of living outside the mother's womb-is a right +grounded in the Constitution. + In conjunction with the even stronger pro-abortion position of +the court's long-time zealots for abortion-on-demand - Justices +Harry Blackmun, who wrote the 1973 opinion in Roe, and John Paul +Stevens - the effect of the plurality opinion was to reaffirm the +notion of a constitutional "right" to an abortion, despite the +absence of any credible evidence for such a finding. + As Justice Antonin Scalia noted in a scathing dissenting +opinion that was joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Justice +Byron White, and the most recent addition to the court, Clarence +Thomas, it is obvious that abortion is not a constitutionally +protected "liberty" for the same reason that it's obvious "that +bigamy is not constitutionally protected - because of two simple +facts: (1) the Constitution says absolutely nothing about it, and +(2) the longstanding traditions of American society have permitted +it to be legally proscribed." + Indeed, as Chief Justice William Rehnquist explained, the +historical traditions of the American people in no way support the +view that the right to terminate one's pregnancy is "fundamental." +On the contrary, wrote Rehnquist, "The common law which we +inherited from England made abortion after 'quickening' an offense. + "At the time of the adoption of the 14th Amendment [cited by +O'Connor-Kennedy-Souter as the locus of the constitutional abortion +"right"], statutory prohibitions or restrictions on abortion were +commonplace; in 1868, at least 28 of the then 37 states and eight +territories had statutes banning or limiting abortion. by the turn +of the century virtually every state had a law prohibiting or +restricting abortion on its books." + By the middle of the current century, the chief justice +continued, "a liberalization trend had set in. But 21 of the +restrictive abortion laws in effect in 1868 were still in effect in +1973 when Roe was decided, and an overwhelming majority of the +states prohibited abortion unless necessary to preserve the life or +health of the mother. + "On this record, it can scarcely be said that any deeply +rooted tradition of relatively unrestricted abortion in our history +supported the classification of the right to abortion as +'fundamental' under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment." + As in Roe, then, the "right" to abortion elaborated in Planned +Parenthood v. Casey had nothing to do with the Constitution. It +was a judge-made law, pure and simple. Illegitimate in any case, +a judicial power grab of this kind is particularly disgraceful +coming from justices heretofore known as judicial conservatives or +moderates. + Most shocking about this court decision was the role of +Justice Kennedy. When nominated by President Reagan in 1987, +following the defeat of the Robert Bork nomination, then-Judge +Kennedy of the Appeals Court for the 9th Circuit brought with him +a record of well-enunciated respect for judicial restraint. + As a justice of the High Court, Kennedy not only continued to +burnish that record in general, but, on the specific issue of +abortion, he joined just three years ago in a plurality opinion in +Webster v. Reproductive Health Services that would have directly +overturned Roe, saying that there was no more right to terminate a +pregnancy than to engage in any other action not specifically +protected by the Constitution. + Whether legally or philosophically, there is no way to square +the position taken by Kennedy last week with his position in +Webster. The judicial unrestraint in Casey represents a shift so +abrupt that it is hard to view it as less than a betrayal of +principle. + Though O'Connor had always been regarded as somewhat less +faithful to judicial conservatism than Kennedy, her position in +Casey also represented a reversal of some of her past +pronouncements on abortion and a pronounced step toward unabashed +judicial activism. + As the New York Times reported last week, "In her early +opinions, Justice O'Connor proposed replacing Roe v. Wade with an +'undue burden' test that would have allowed more restrictions than +the test she, Justice Kennedy and Justice Souter adopted today. + "Because she had initially referred to the state's interest in +the life of the fetus as 'compelling, it had not been at all clear +whether her original 'undue burden' test would find it +unconstitutional for a state to ban abortion"- something a state +explicitly cannot do under the opinion co-authored by O'Connor in +Casey. + Souter, of course, was a pig in a poke from the outset, having +brought to his confirmation hearings virtually no "paper trail" and +little more than an endorsement by the moderate, pro-abortion Sen. +Warren Rudman (R.-N.H.). But Souter's current disposition, along +with that of O'Connor and Kennedy, seems all too clear. + Together, the three justices have sent a loud signal that, in +cooperation with the court's liberals, Blackmun and Stevens, they +intend to forge a new direction for the court that is far less +judicially conservative than had been expected. + For those who were paying attention, a warning shot came even +before Casey when, by the same 5-to-4 majority, the court on June +24 banned the use of prayers at public-school graduation +ceremonies- a practice that has been as ubiquitous a part of +American tradition since the time of the Founding Fathers as legal +abortion conspicuously has not been. + As if to turn the knife after first sticking it into those who +revere the tradition of judicial restraint, the three justices not +only jointly authored the plurality opinion, which is unusual, but +the read their decision from the bench for dramatic effect. + Their clear goal was to emphasize that, no matter that +millions of Americans resent the hijacking of the Constitution +represented by Roe, the controversial decision is still going to +be, for the foreseeable future, the unrepealable law of the land. + It was a thoroughly disgusting performance. As both Chief +Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia observed, Justices O'Connor, +Kennedy, and Souter could not even bring themselves "to say that +Roe was correct as an original matter." Instead, they said that +what was important "is not the soundness of Roe's resolution of the +issue, but the precedential force that must be accorded to its +holding." + So instead of arguing that Roe was correctly decided, the +unholy trio devoted many pages to a discussion of stare decisis, +the legal doctrine that states that, when possible, the court +should "abide by, or adhere to, decided cases." + Yet, noted Rehnquist and Scalia, the plurality decision's +discussion of stare decisis was actually bogus since Kennedy et al. +did not actually uphold Roe and related cases in their original +form but imposed their own new version of what Roe should mean. + While acknowledging that they may not have supported Roe had +they been on the court in 1973, the three justices argued that +people have come to rely on the Roe precedent, that "people have +organized intimate relationships and made choices that define their +views of themselves and their places in society" based on the +availability of abortion, and that it would be disruptive to +reverse the decision now, even if it was wrongly decided in the +first place. + The plurality gave as still another reason for not overturning +Roe that to "overrule under fire... would subvert the court's +legitimacy." In short, they did not want to be seen as bowing to +pressure from right-to-life activists who have demonstrated against +a decision that they are convinced was wrongly decided. + But this was silly on its face. For one thing, the justices +do not seem to mind that Roe v. Wade might be seen as having +catered to the demands of those who favor abortion-on-demand. The +Chief Justice pointed to the obvious when he noted that the court +has been subjected to "political pressure" from both sides of the +abortion issue. + Moreover, as Justice Scalia wrote, for a court majority that +says it can make up the law as it goes along, "unrestrained by +meaningful text or tradition," to then state that the court "must +adhere to a decision for as long as the decision faces 'great +opposition' and the court is 'under fire' acquires a character of +almost czarist arrogance. + "We are offended by these marchers who descend upon us, every +year on the anniversary of Roe to protest our saying that the +Constitution requires what our society has never thought the +Constitution requires. These people...must be taught a lesson. We +have no Cossacks, but at least we can stubbornly refuse to abandon +an erroneous opinion that we might otherwise change-to show how +little they intimidate us." + As still another excuse for refusing to overturn Roe whether +or not it was correctly decided initially, the three justices wrote +that, when the court has decided a case "in such a way as to +resolve the sort of intensely divisive controversy reflected in +Roe," the court should stand its ground and tell both sides to +acquiesce in the court's decision. + But this description of what the court had achieved in handing +down Roe suggests that the three justices have lost their grip on +social reality. Far from "resolving" a controversy, the court's +Roe edict took what was a relatively mild dispute in some of the +states and fanned it to a new level of intensity nationwide. + In words that remind us of the value of our heritage of +federalism and states' rights, Scalia noted: + "Not only did Roe not, as the court suggests, resolve the +deeply divisive issue of abortion; it did more than anything else +to nourish it, by elevating it to the national level where it is +infinitely more difficult to resolve. National politics were not +plagued by abortion protests, national abortion lobbying, or +abortion marches on Congress, before Roe v. Wade was decided. + "Profound disagreement existed among our citizens over the +issue-as it does over other issues, such as the death penalty-but +that disagreement was being worked out at the state level. As with +many other issues, the division of sentiment within each state was +not as closely balanced as it was among the population of the +nation as a whole, meaning not only that more people would be +satisfied with the results of state-by-state resolution, but also +that those results would be more stable. Pre-Roe, moreover, +political compromise was not possible." + But, said Scalia, "Roe's mandate for abortion-on-demand +destroyed the compromises of the past, rendered compromise +impossible for the future, and required the entire issue to be +resolved uniformly, at the national level. At the same time, Roe +created a vast new class of abortion consumers and abortion +proponents by eliminating the moral opprobrium that had attached to +the act... + "Many favor all of those developments," said Scalia, "and it +is not for me to say that they are wrong. But to portray Roe as +the statesmanlike 'settlement' of a divisive issue, a +jurisprudential Peace of Westphalia that is worth preserving, is +nothing less than Orwellian." + That justices appointed by Reagan and Bush have turned their +back on restraint and apparently set the stage for the court to +undertake a new round of the judicial activism that conservatives +had thought a thing of the past is a profound disappointment. Have +the Supreme Court appointments of Reagan and Bush been for naught? +many wonder. + Such frustration is understandable, but there have been some +gains. Thus, even while maintaining that there is a constitutional +right to abortion, last week's court decision allowed some state +limits on abortion that had not been allowed before. Most +importantly, the Casey decision did newly specify that states can +ban abortion except to save the life or health of the mother once +an unborn child has reached "viability," which had not been allowed +under some past court rulings. + The court also allowed Pennsylvania to require parental +notification before a minor can get an abortion and upheld the +state requirement of a 24-hour waiting period after giving informed +consent to a physician. (On the other hand, the court disallowed +a provision requiring wives to inform their husbands before +aborting a baby that was also his child.) + Probably the best grounds for hope at this stage, however, is +that, for all of the disappointment of last week's decision, the +court fell only one vote short of overturning Roe ad of upholding +school prayer, which means that further changes in the composition +of the court may yet make a reversal possible. It should be +remembered, moreover, that other Reagan and Bush nominees have not +disappointed but, indeed, form the hard core of the court's current +conservative bloc. + President Bush, who is in trouble with conservative groups, +may be able to regain some conservative support by pledging, if +reelected, to redouble his commitment to choosing only judges who +will interpret and not make the law. Last week's betrayal shows +how difficult such a quest is, but it is clearly not impossible. + As constitutional scholar Bruce Fein points out, the key +lesson that should come out of last week's decision is that, in +nominating new judges, it is not enough to select candidates who +have judicially conservative instincts; they must have judicially +conservative convictions. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ron_paul.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ron_paul.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a71bea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ron_paul.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1041 @@ + + +Libertarian Party's Ron Paul Sends "Dear Frank" Letter + +from the Libertarian Party News, March/April 1987 + + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + Following is the text of a letter sent to Frank Fahrenkopf, chairman of + +the Republican National Committee, by Ron Paul, former member of Congress + +from Texas and now a member of the Libertarian Party. + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + + As a lifelong Republican, it saddens me to have to write this letter. + +My parents believed in the Republican Party and its free enterprise + +philosophy, and that's the way I was brought up. At age 21, in 1956, I cast + +my first vote for Ike and the entire Republican slate. + + + Because of frustration with the direction in which the country was + +going, I became a political activist and ran for the U.S. Congress in 1974. + +Even with Watergate, my loyalty, optimism, and hope for the future were tied + +to the Republican Party and its message of free enterprise, limited + +government, and balanced budgets. + + + Eventually I was elected to the U.S. Congress four times as a + +Republican. This permitted me a first-hand look at the interworkings of the + +U.S. Congress, seeing both the benefits and partisan frustrations that guide + +its shaky proceedings. I found that although representative government still + +exists, special interest control of the legislative process clearly presents + +a danger to our constitutional system of government. + + + In 1976 I was impressed with Ronald Reagan's program and was one of the + +four members of Congress who endorsed his candidacy. In 1980, unlike other + +Republican office holders in Texas, I again supported our President in his + +efforts. + + + Since 1981, however, I have gradually and steadily grown weary of the + +Republican Party's efforts to reduce the size of the federal government. + +Since then Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party have given us skyrocketing + +deficits, and astoundingly a doubled national debt. How is it that the party + +of balanced budgets, with control of the White House and Senate, accumulated + +red ink greater than all previous administrations put together? Tip O'Neill, + +although part of the problem, cannot alone be blamed. + + + Tax revenues are up 59 percent since 1980. Because of our economic + +growth? No. During Carter's four years, we had growth of 37.2 percent; + +Reagan's five years have given us 30.7 percent. The new revenues are due to + +four giant Republican tax increases since 1981. + + + All republicans rightly chastised Carter for his $38 billion deficit. + +But they ignore or even defend deficits of $220 billion, as government + +spending has grown 10.4 percent per year since Reagan took office, while the + +federal payroll has zoomed by a quarter of a million bureaucrats. + + + Despite the Supply-Sider-Keynesian claim that "deficits don't matter," + +the debt presents a grave threat to our country. Thanks to the President and + +Republican Party, we have lost the chance to reduce the deficit and the + +spending in a non-crisis fashion. Even worse, big government has been + +legitimized in a way the Democrats never could have accomplished. It was + +tragic to listen to Ronald Reagan on the 1986 campaign trail bragging about + +his high spending on farm subsidies, welfare, warfare, etc., in his futile + +effort to hold on to control of the Senate. + + + Instead of cutting some of the immeasurable waste in the Department of + +Defense, it has gotten worse, with the inevitable result that we are less + +secure today. Reagan's foreign aid expenditures exceed Eisenhower's, + +Kennedy's, Johnson's, Nixon's, Ford's, and Carter's put together. Foreign + +intervention has exploded since 1980. Only an end to military welfare for + +foreign governments plus a curtailment of our unconstitutional commitments + +abroad will enable us really to defend ourselves and solve our financial + +problems. + + + Amidst the failure of the Gramm-Rudman gimmick, we hear the President + +and the Republican Party call for a balanced-budget ammendment and a line- + +item veto. This is only a smokescreen. President Reagan, as governor of + +California, had a line-item veto and virtually never used it. As President + +he has failed to exercise his constitutional responsibility to veto spending. + +Instead, he has encouraged it. + + + Monetary policy has been disastrous as well. The five Reagan appointees + +to the Federal Reserve Board have advocated even faster monetary inflation + +than Chairman Volcker, and this is the fourth straight year of double-digit + +increases. The chickens have yet to come home to roost, but they will, and + +America will suffer from a Reaganomics that is nothing but warmed-over + +Keynesianism. + + + Candidate Reagan in 1980 correctly opposed draft registration. Yet when + +he had the chance to abolish it, he reneged, as he did on his pledge to + +abolish the Departments of Education and Energy, or to work against abortion. + + + Under the guise of attacking drug use and money laundering, the + +Republican Administration has systematically attacked personal and financial + +privacy. The effect has been to victimize innocent Americans who wish to + +conduct their private lives without government snooping. (Should people + +really be put on a suspected drug dealer list because they transfer $3,000 at + +one time?) Reagan's urine testing of Americans without probable cause is a + +clear violation of our civil liberties, as are his proposals for extensive + +"lie detector" tests. + + + Under Reagan, the IRS has grown bigger, richer, more powerful, and more + +arrogant. In the words of the founders of our country, our government has + +"sent hither swarms" of tax gatherers "to harass our people and eat out their + +substance." His officers jailed the innocent George Hansen, with the + +President refusing to pardon a great American whose only crime was to defend + +the Constitution. Reagan's new tax "reform" gives even more power to the + +IRS. Far from making taxes fairer or simpler, it deceitfully raises more + +revenue for the government to waste. + + + Knowing this administration's record, I wasn't surprised by its Libyan + +disinformation campaign, Israeli-Iranian arms-for-hostages swap, or illegal + +funding of the Contras. All this has contributed to my disenchantment with + +the Republican Party, and helped me make up my mind. + + + I want to totally disassociate myself from the policies that have given + +us unprecedented deficits, massive monetary inflation, indiscriminate + +military spending, an irrational and unconstitutional foreign policy, zooming + +foreign aid, the exaltation of international banking, and the attack on our + +personal liberties and privacy. + + + After years of trying to work through the Republican Party both in and + +out of government, I have reluctantly concluded that my efforts must be + +carried on outside the Republican Party. Republicans know that the + +Democratic agenda is dangerous to our political and economic health. Yet, in + +the past six years Republicans have expanded its worst aspects and called + +them our own. The Republican Party has not reduced the size of government. + +It has become big government's best friend. + + + If Ronald Reagan couldn't or wouldn't balance the budget, which + +Republican leader on the horizon can we possibly expect to do so? There is + +no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of + +government. That is the message of the Reagan years. + + + I conclude that one must look to other avenues if a successful effort is + +ever to be achieved in reversing America's direction. + + + I therefore resign my membership in the Republican Party and enclose my + +membership card. + + +-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- + + +The Case for Drug Legalization + + +by Ron Paul, MD + + + Today in Washington and on the campaign trail, Republicans and + +Democrats, conservatives and liberals, are calling for drastic action on + +drugs. + + + The Reagan administration has made these substances a special issue, of + +course. From Nancy Reagan and her "Just Say No" to Ed Meese and his anti- + +"money-laundering," officials have engineered mammoth increases in government + +spending for anti-drug efforts, and for spying on American citizens. + + + + The Assault on our Privacy + +<*=----------------------=*> + + + Our financial privacy has been attacked with restrictions on the use of + +honestly earned cash, and bank surveillance that has sought to make every + +teller a monetary cop. + + + In the name of fighting drugs, the central government has modernized its + +vast computer network and linked it with data files in states and localities, + +enabling the IRS, FBI and other agencies to construct dossiers on every + +innocent American. + + + In the Washington, D.C., of 1988, anyone exercising the basic human + +right to privacy is branded a possible criminal. This kind of 1984-think, + +more appropriate to Soviet Russia than the U.S.A., has grown alarmingly since + +Reagan came into office. + + + As human beings, we have the right to keep our personal and family + +finances - and other intimate matters - secret from nosey relatives. Yet the + +politicians, who are dangerous as well as nosey, claim the right to strip us + +bare. This dreadful development is foreign to our Constitution and + +everything America was established to defend. The politicians claim it has + +nothing to do with taxing and controlling us. + + + In this, as in virtually everything else, the politicians are lying. In + +fact, I believe that the drug hysteria was whipped up to strengthen big + +government's hold over us, and to distract Americans from the crimes of + +Washington, and the addiction to big government that is endemic there. + + + There is Another Way + +<*=----------------=*> + + + Instead of spending tax money and assaulting civil liberties in the name + +of fighting drugs - usually couched in childish military metaphors - we + +should consider a policy based on the American tradition of Freedom. And I + +know the people are ready. + + + I'm traveling full-time now, all over the country, and wherever I go, I + +get the message loud and clear: Americans want a change in federal drug + +policy. They may wonder about the proper course. But I am convinced that + +here, as in all other areas of public policy, the just and efficacious + +solution is liberty. + + + Drugs: Legal and Illegal + +<*=---------------------=*> + + + Alcohol is a very dangerous drug. It kills 100,000 AMericans every + +year. Bit it is no business of government to outlaw liquor. In a free + +society, adults have the right to do whatever they wish, so long as they do + +not agress or commit fraud against others. + + + Tobacco is an even more dangerous drug. It kills 350,000 Americans a + +year in long, lingering, painful deaths. As a physician, I urge people not + +to smoke. But I would not be justified in calling in the police. Adults + +have the right to smoke, even if it harms them. + + + From the decades-long government propaganda barrage about illegal drugs, + +we could be excused for thinking that illegal drugs must be even more + +dangerous than alcohol and tobacco. + + + In fact, 3,600 people die each year from drug abuse. That's less than + +4% of those doomed by alcohol, about 1% of those killed by tobacco. Yet we + +are taxed - and are supposed to undergo extensive other restrictions on our + +liberty - to support a multi-billion dollar War on Drugs, which, like all the + +other wars since the Revolution, benefits only the government and its allied + +special interests at the people's expense. + + + Not satisfied with the present level of violence, politicians are now + +advocating strip-searching every American returning from a foreign country, + +jailing people caught using marijuana in their own homes, turning the army + +into a national police force, giving customs agents the power and weapons to + +shoot down suspected aircraft, and transforming America into a police state - + +all because not enough Americans will Just Say No. + + + Politicians want to mandate random urine drug tests for all employees - + +public and private - in "sensitive" jobs. Leaving aside the problem of + +defective laboratories and tests, the high number of "false positives," and + +the humiliation of having to urinate in front of a bureaucrat, what about the + +concepts of due process or innocent until proven guilty? One of the great + +American legal traditions, coming to us from the common law, is probable + +cause. Because of the experiences our ancestors had with the British + +oppressors, it is not constitutional to search someone without probable cause + +of criminal activity. And this is a very intimate search indeed. + + + If this sort of search is justified, why not enter homes at random to + +look for illegal substances (or unreported cash)? Not even the Soviets do + +that, yet American politicians advocate something similar with our bodies. + +The Reagans, emulating Stalin, have even praised the chilling example of a + +child informing on his parents and urged others to follow his example. + + + The 1980's war on drugs has increased the U.S. prison population by 60%, + +while street crime has zoomed. Seventy percent of the people arrested for + +serious crimes are drug users. And all the evidence shows that they commit + +these crimes to support a habit made extremely expensive by government + +prohibition. Urban street crime, which terrorizes millions of Americans, is + +largely the creation of the U.S. drug laws. That alone is reason enough for + +legalization. + + + Drug Prohibition in American History + +<*=--------------------------------=*> + + + All the drugs now illegal in the United States were freely available + +before the passage of the Harrison Act in 1914. Until that year, patent + +medicines usually contained laudanum - a form of opium, which is why - at + +least temporarily - they were indeed "good for all ailments of man or beast." + + + First the feds - with the help of organized medicine - restricted + +narcotic drugs to prescription only. Thus, physicians were still able to + +treat addicts. Then the feds made that illegal, drastically raising the cost + +of drugs, with the results we all know. + + + Yet about the same percentage of the population abused these substances + +in 1888 as in 1988. In other words, some people will abuse drugs, just as + +some people will abuse alcohol, no matter whether they are legal or illegal. + +All the government can do by outlawing these items is vastly increase their + +cost, and vastly decrease our liberties. But his is no bad thing to the + +government. Government officials - from Washington grandees to the county + +sheriff - get rich off bribes and corruption, as during Prohibition, and the + +innocent pay through zooming crime and lessened freedom. + + + That does not mean, obviously, that illegal drug use is a good thing. + +As a physician, a father, and a grandfather, I despise it. My wife, Carol, + +and I have worked for years with a volunteer organization in our home town + +that fights teen drug and alcohol use. But we do it through moral and + +medical persuasion. Government force can't solve problems like this, it can + +only make them worse and spread the burden to many innocent Americans. + + + The federal government began the modern war on drugs as part of its + +efforts to destroy the 1960's anti-war movement, since so many of its people + +used marijuana, often as an anti-Establishment statement. For the feds, this + +was a way to jail domestic enemies for non-political crimes. + + + At the urging of the Nixon administration, which spied on and tax- + +audited so many Americans for opposing it, Congress greatly escalated the + +drug war in 1969. (Given all the evidence that the CIA has been involved in + +drug running since the 1950's, as pointed out by Jonathan Kwitny of the Wall + +Street Journal and others, they might not have liked the competition either!) + +Today, the feds spend almost $4 billion a year through the Customs Service, + +the Coast Guard, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the FBI, and the IRS. State, + +county, and local law enforcement adds billions more. + + + Despite all this firepower, today one in five Americans from the ages of + +20-40 use illegal drugs regularly. Millions over 40 join them, and last year + +824,000 Americans were arrested for it, including Elvy Musikka of Hollywood, + +Florida. This elderly widow was thrown into jail for possession of four + +marijuana plants, even though her doctor has said that without marijuana, + +glaucoma will destroy her eyesight. All over America, the prison population + +has increased 60% in the last five years, largely due to drug laws. + + + In spite of the immense sums of money spent on the crusade, drug use has + +not decreased. Heroin use has stayed level, while cocaine consumption has + +vastly increased, with about 5 million people regularly using it. + + + During the 1930's and 1940's, Harry Anslinger, the head of the Federal + +Bureau of Narcotics, whipped up the first drug fervor. Today the demon is + +"crack." To Anslinger, marijuana created "drug fiends," and as a result + +government violated civil liberties on a wide scale and imposed Draconian + +prison sentences for the possession of small amounts. + + + The result was not, of course, the elimination of marijuana use, just as + +the earlier Prohibition failed to stop Americans from drinking alcohol. + + + That "noble experiment" attempted by constitutional amendment and + +rigorous regulation to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages. The "temperance" + +movement called alcohol the main cause of violent crime and broken families, + +and called for rooting it out. + + + The result of the war on drugs of the 1920's was disaster. Gangs of + +bootleggers replaced ordinary businessmen as sellers of the now forbidden + +substance. Notorious criminals such as Al Capone achieved their status + +through their control of the illegal trade in drink, just as criminals today + +derive much of their revenue from the market for illegal narcotics. Of + +course, drinking among the public did not disappear, though adulterated and + +poisoned alcohol led to many deaths. + + + However unsuccessful they were at stopping drinking, government agents + +did succeed in suppressing civil liberties. We owe wiretapping to the + +Prohibition Era, and warrantless searches of private homes were common. Some + +federal agents, not content with what they viewed as an overly slow judicial + +process, destroyed supposed contraband on their own authority. And as + +happens today, government raids on bootleggers often resulted in shootouts + +with the innocent caught in the crossfire. A government policy calling for + +total victory, at whatever cost, over something many people wanted, meant + +inevitable death and destruction. + + + Unseen Effects of Government Intervention + +<*=-------------------------------------=*> + + + Today and then, one of the unexpected results of outlawing desired + +substances is to increase their potency. + + + A uniform tax on gasoline of so many cents per gallon promotes the + +production of higher octane gas, which sells for more and gives the consumer + +better performance. A uniform "tax" of the danger of going to jail imposed + +on making and selling alcohol during Prohibition stimulated the production of + +such items as White Mule whiskey, with "twice the kick," as well as of often + +dangerous substitutes such as synthetic gin made of wood or denatured + +alcohol. It also favored the production of whiskey itself over beer and + +wine. During Prohibition, distilled spirits accounted for more than 80% of + +the total underground sales. Before and after the criminalization of + +drinking, the figure was 50%. + + + In the legal drug market, the trend is towards LOWER potency, as with + +low-tar, filtered cigarettes, decaffeinated coffee, and "lite" beer and wine. + + + But with illegal drugs, as with alcohol during Prohibition, the reverse + +is true. Stronger cocaine, heroin, and marijuana have lead to more deaths, + +as have the adulterated products which kill most of the people listed dying + +from drug overdoses. + + + Designer Drugs + +<*=----------=*> + + + But what if the feds could seal the borders tight, and prevent the + +domestic cultivation of all illegal plants? We would see a massive increase + +in an already visible trend: "Designer Drugs." + + + These chemically engineered artificial substances are up to 6,000 times + +as strong as morphine, and their toxic effects are bizarre and unpredictable. + +They are far more dangerous than heroin or cocaine, yet the government is in + +effect stimulating their production by focusing on their competition. + + + Unlike natural narcotics, a few pounds of designer drugs could supply + +the entire U.S. market for a year. And they can be manufactured by the same + +clandestine chemists who now extract morphine from opium and convert morphine + +to heroin. + + + What if We Tried Legalization? + +<*=--------------------------=*> + + + When the American people got fed up with their rights being trampled, + +they organized and supported candidates who pledged to erase the Prohibition + +Amendment from the Constitution. When they succeeded, most states legalized + +the distribution and sale of liquor, and the criminal gangs dominating the + +trade went out of business. The repeal of a bad law accomplished what the + +indiscriminate use of force and tax money could never do: the end of + +criminal trade in liquor. It would be no different for drugs. + + + If the use and sale of drugs were not illegal, the power of crime + +syndicates now controlling these substances would disappear. These + +organizations derive their power and influence only from the fact that their + +business is illegal. + + + Though the benefits in the destruction of criminal organizations more + +than justify an end to government intrusion in this area, a policy of + +decriminalization would have many other good results. For one thing, the + +users of drugs who now commit violent crimes to pay for heir "fix" would have + +much less incentive to do so. Prices of drugs, now subject to open + +competition, would drop sharply. Since narcotics are "downers," addicts + +would have no incentive to act any different from "Bowery" alcoholics. + +Instead of raving criminals, they would become street people. + + + Even addicts would be better off. The major cause of death is not from + +drugs' narcotic properties. It is from poisoned drugs and adulteration. It + +is impossible for the user to know how much he is taking. Illegality causes + +these problems - the drug user can hardly ask his pusher for lab tests. + + + A legal market would be an entirely different affair. Just as a + +customer in a liquor store need not wonder if his whiskey contains poison, or + +what he percentage of pure alcohol is, the consumers of drugs would no longer + +face a danger that is 100% Made in Washington. + + + Also, the use of contaminated needles by narcotics users has been a key + +factor in the spread of AIDS. Through the availability of sterile needles in + +a free and open market, decriminalization would help control the spread of + +this disease. + + + But if we legalized the trade in narcotics, wouldn't we have many more + +drug addicts than today? Wouldn't a lower price increase demand? + + + Leaving aside the "forbidden fruit" phenomenon - the fact that many + +people find something more desirable precisely because it is illegal - the + +law of demand does not tell us how much consumption will increase with + +lowered prices. In fact, the data show that consumption of drugs remains + +fairly constant under widely varying conditions. + + + Just as the sharply higher "price" of the escalated war on drugs has not + +lowered drug use during the 1980's, legalization would not increase it. Just + +as the availability of alcohol does not make everyone a drunkard, so the + +absence of criminal sanctions would not convert everyone into a drug user. + + + Another important point: not all consumers of either alcohol or drugs + +use them at problem levels. Most people who use liquor are not alcoholics, + +and many users of drugs try them only occasionally. Most drug users are not + +"addicts" dependent on their daily use. + + + What About Children? + +<*=----------------=*> + + + Would decriminalization place drugs in the hands of children? No, in + +fact, outlawing them has done it. Because of the severe penalties inflicted + +on adult drug suppliers in the 1970's, criminal syndicates now use juvenile + +distributors. Youngsters, even if prosecuted, are tried in special courts + +which cannot impose severe penalties. Thanks to the government, pushers now + +have every incentive to involve children in their business. Just as a free + +society properly has laws against selling liquor to minors, we would bar the + +sale of drugs to them. + + + Law Officials Advocate Legalization (In Private) + +<*=--------------------------------------------=*> + + + A few years ago, a friend was a consultant to a gubernatorial campaign. + +To aid the candidate in forming his anti-crime policies, my friend assembled + +a group of top DA's. All were glad to help, but they also unanimously + +agreed, - off the record, of course - that nothing significant could be done + +about crime until "drugs are legalized." + + + They will never be legalized, said one famous prosecutor, because too + +many government officials make too much money off the drug trade: from the + +feds to the county sheriff: "BILLIONS of dollars." These men were also + +furious because of spending priorities. Every dollar spent pursuing drug + +dealers and users who didn't aggress against the innocent was a dollar less + +available going after criminals. + + + Narco-Terrorism + +<*=-----------=*> + + + Bok Kwan Kim, a 49-year-old electrical assembly worker, lived peacefully + +in a tiny apartment with his wife, three daughters, and 78-year-old mother- + +in-law in Newark, California. + + + Then late on the night of May 12th, nine narcotics police broke down his + +front door, handcuffed him and beat him until he was unconscious, handcuffed + +his wife and shoved her to the floor as their daughters screamed, and + +ransacked the apartment. Not one piece of furniture was left unbroken; every + +pillow or piece of upholstery was torn and emptied of its stuffing. All their + +dishes and porcelain were shattered. Only a picture of Jesus on the wall was + +left in one piece. + + + Why? The narcotics police had gotten a false tip from an informer that + +Kim had a stock of amphetamines. Why the beating? The police said Kim had + +"resisted" the destruction of his home and few possessions. + + + Kim is still in the hospital, and his daughters have nightmares every + +night. The head of the narcotics squad apologized, but noted that "this is + +war." + + + Yes, but war on whom? We now have Republicans and Democrats passing + +laws - over the Pentagon's wise opposition - to turn the military into narco- + +police, which arrest civilians. And if anyone's rights are violated? The + +military narcotics police are to be immune from suit. + + + Under the government's so-called Zero Tolerance program, boats and cars + +are being confiscated right and left. Recently a $3 million yacht was + +commandeered by the Coast Guard because a few shreds of marijuana were found + +in a wastebasket. The Coast Guard had boarded the vessel despite there being + +to probable cause of crime. The owner was not on board, and his employees + +were transporting the ship. Who did the marijuana belong to? It didn't + +matter. A yacht - which an entrepreneur had worked all his life to own - was + +stolen by the U.S. Government, and will be sold at auction. What's next? A + +house confiscated because someone finds pot in the garbage can? (Now that + +the Supreme Court says police can search your garbage without a warrant.) + + + Mises on Drug Prohibition + +<*=---------------------=*> + + + Ludwig Von Mises, the outstanding economist and champion of liberty of + +our time, as usual summed it all up in 'Human Action' + + + "Opium and morphine are certainly dangerous, habit-forming drugs. But + +once the principle is admitted that it is the duty of government to protect + +the individual against his own foolishness, no serious objections can be + +advanced against further encroachments. A good case can be made out in favor + +of the prohibition of alcohol and nicotine. And why limit the government's + +benevolent providence to the protection of the individual's body only? Is + +not the harm a man can inflict on his mind and soul even more dangerous than + +bodily evils? Why not prevent him from reading bad books and seeing bad + +plays, from looking at bad paintings and statues, and from hearing bad music? + +The mischief done by bad ideologies, surely, is much more pernicious, both + +for the individual and for the whole society, than that done by narcotic + +drugs... + + + "[N]o paternal government, whether ancient or modern, ever shrank from + +regimenting its subjects' minds, beliefs, and opinions. If one abolishes + +man's freedom to determine his own consumption, one takes all freedoms away." + + +Ron Paul, MD, is the Libertarian Party's 1988 candidate for President of the + +United States. + + +Paid for by the Ron Paul for President Campaign + +1120 NASA Road 1, Suite #104 + +Houston, Texas 77058 + +713-333-1988 + + + + Transcriber's note: it is now 1990 and Ron Paul received roughly + +400,000 votes in his campaign for president. As far as I know he was the + +only candidate to openly support legalization and in my opinion it is a shame + +that the Women's League of Voters didn't let him debate with Bush and + +Dukakis. I am sure both of the latter would have had a rough time handling + +questions which actually pertained not only to the issues, but also to + +objective reality. If you like what Congressman Paul has to say, or if you + +are just curious, write for FREE information to: + + +Advocates for Self-Government + +5533 E. Swift + +Fresno, Ca 93727 + + +or: + + +Libertarian Party National Headquarters + +1528 Pennsylvania Ave, S.E. + +Washington, DC 20003 + +202-543-1988 + + + +The Dak, 7-22-90 + + +Holiday Inn, Cambodia BBS - 209/456-8584 - 24 Hours since 11/84 + + +"Society in every state is a blessing, but government, even in its best + +state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one." + + + - Thomas Paine, 1776 + + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/rossmodm.txt b/politicalTextFiles/rossmodm.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ea6854 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/rossmodm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +A ROSS PEROT FOR THE MODEM-MINDED + +How many people know that the recently passed federal budget +package includes a special tax on modems? + Too many, according to James Leonard. The tax doesn't exist, of +course, but it's an example of the kind of misinformation that gets +spread over the nation's computerized bulletin boards. + With a growing subscriber base of around 3 million personal +computer users, various types of online services "can spread these +rumors like firestorms across the electronic global community," +says Leonard, a spread sheet specialist who lives in Seattle. + To douse those flames - and to help ensure that modem users +aren't targeted by a tax - he has set out to form a group called +the International Association of Modem Users. "THIS NOT A HOAX!" +shouts his invitation, which he dispatched on six bulletin board +systems two weeks ago. + As Leonard notes, bulletin board users are nothing: if not +responsive. When the owners of Cambridge-based Channel 1 opened +up a forum for discussion of their dispute with the state +over telecommunications taxes - with the hyperbolic +claim that the Department of Revenue is "attempting to +tax the flow of information" indignant users couldn't +log on fast enough. + Among other things, they used the opportunity to de- +clare their devotion to Libertarian politics, to warn gov- +ernment "to keep its cotton-pickin' hands off the infor- +mation superhighway" and to diagnose the Department +of Revenue's behavior as "immoral, indecent and evil." +One suggested that the state's behavior befits "the old Soviet +Union, before it collapsed." + Leonard, who apparently prides himself on being +sleepless, in Seattle hangs out online every night from +5:30 p.m. to 2 a.m. During that time, he says he's picked +Up all manner of inaccurate reports about state efforts to +tax various aspects of modem usage. But he believes that +the fundamental fear is based in a simple truth: "It's be- +ing driven by cities and states, who are all looking for new +revenue." + For now, Leonard is handing out free memberships +to anyone who wants to join his group 10 days after his +appeal went out, he had received 175 responses, from as +far away as Thailand - and he expects to spend time try- +ing to verify rumors members hear about relevant legislation. As +the grass-roots group gets organized, though, he will begin +charging dues. He already compares his fledgling movement to United +We Stand, Ross Perot's organization. "I think I am like him," he +says,"but I don't have a drawl." + Nevertheless, he does believe he's the first to tap into +a potentially powerful constituency. "Modem use crosses +all classes of people," Leonard says, "and they all strong- +ly believe it's their right to communicate freely." + JOSH HYATT + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/roundup.txt b/politicalTextFiles/roundup.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be16e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/roundup.txt @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + ROUNDUP -- THE WORLD'S MOST POPULAR WEED KILLER + + Eduardo Neaves was a healthy and happy twelve-year-old, the son + of migrant farm workers. But after swimming in a canal in Coral + Gables, Florida, he became a "total quadriplegic." The canal was + contaminated with four times the recommended-use level of Roundup, a + herbicide produced by The Monsanto Company. Toxicologists were not + surprised by the central nervous system damage that still afflicts the + boy five years after the incident but were unable to prove a + connection between Roundup and the paralysis in court. + But whether Roundup can cause damage to the central nervous + system may never be known. Although Monsanto's original neurotixicity + studies were ruled invalid by the EPA because of "extensive gaps in + the raw data supporting study findings and conclusions," there is no + requirement that a new study be made. However, Roundup is far more + dangerous than the public has been led to believe. Records of + pesticide poisoning compiled over the last five years by California's + Department of Agriculture show that among some 200 pesticides widely + used in the state, Roundup has been linked to the greatest numbers of + eye, skin, and internal injuries. The EPA's own Pesticide Incident + Monitoring System (which was dissolved by the Reagan administration) + recorded more than 100 cases of Roundup poisoning in 1980. Despite its + own findings, the EPA concluded the weed killer is "not a primary skin + irritant, and is only minimally irritating to the eye." That judgement + was based solely on data provided by Monsanto. + Dr. Ruth Shearer, a genetic toxicologist, charged that Monsanto's + claims about the safety of the product are dishonest because they are + based on phony studies on cancer and birth defects performed by the + now defunct Industrial Bio-Test lab (IBT). Once the nation's leading + generator of health effects studies for companies whose chemical + products require government approval, IBT was found to have conducted + shoddy tests and falsified results. Monsanto was IBT's biggest + customer, according to court documents, and was reported to be one of + four chemical companies that knew of IBT's fraudulent testing + practices. One IBT executive, Paul L. Wright, was employed by Monsanto + before and after his tenure at the testing lab. It was during + Wright's stay at IBT that the lab performed tests involving Roundup's + connection to mutation in mice and tumors in rabbits. Wright was + convicted of fraudulent testing in 1983. (The IBT story was the top + "censored" story of 1982.) Despite the known hazards, the danger is + compounded by the variety of new uses for which the herbicide is being + promoted. It is applied to citrus and grape groves in California, + soybeans in the Middle West, Christmas trees in Maine, coffee beans in + Brazil, as well as crops grown for vitamins and spices, house plants, + and government forests in the Pacific Northwest. In fact, Roundup + is the world's most popular brand-name herbicide. It is easily + Monsanto's most important product, the first herbicide to reach annual + sales of $1 billion. It is marketed in 120 countries and accounts for + more than half of Monsanto's foreign sales. + Given Roundup's fraudulent approval; its significant health and + environmental hazards; and that it is the most widely used brand-name + herbicide in the world, the issue deserves significant media + attention. At the very least, Monsanto should be required to redo the + studies that are now known to be invalid. + + SOURCE: THE PROGRESSIVE, July 1987, "Weed Killer," by Anthony L. + Kimery, pp 20-21. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/russia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/russia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2382782 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/russia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ + + THE COMING RUSSIAN INVASION OF ISRAEL + + April 14, 1978 + An open letter to... + + Mr. Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary + Union of Soviet Socialist Republics + The Kremlin + Moscow, U.S.S.R. + + Sir: + Your days are numbered! Time is running out for Russia. This is + clearly set forth in Bible prophecy, which we will shortly point out + to you. Russia has very cleverly, so you believed, armed herself to + the teeth, while by treaties and overtures for co-existence she has + disarmed the rest of the world. But your plans are not hidden from + God nor from those who have read His prophecies. + It is very clear that you plan to blackmail the free nations of + the world by means of your overwhelming military might, into total + nonintervention while you attack Israel on the pretext of settling the + Middle East situation. You will very likely have the enthusiastic + support of most of the Arab nations as you make this attack on Israel. + But what they will fail to realize is that Soviet Russia will remain + true to her double-crossing tactics of the past, and once you are + established in conquered territory in Israel you plan to then absorb + the rest of the Middle East. And this would not be difficult once you + are there with your armed might. + But God has some violent suprises awaiting you in Israel. In + 1968, shortly following the 1967 six-day war in Israel, we wrote an + open letter to Mr. Aleksei N. Kosygin, who was then Premier of Soviet + Russia. We feel it would be well to call your attention to the + contents of that letter, because the warnings to Mr. Kosygin ten years + ago are just that much nearer fulfillment today. You at that time + were arming Egypt for another attack on Israel. We warned you that + according to Bible prophecy the Arabs would never overcome Israel - + that God would again fight for them. That statement proved all too + true when through your misguidance you directed Egypt in her first + attack on Israel in 1973. + By now all the world knows that Egypt is thoroughly fed up with + your trickery and deceit. So you plan to soon take the matter in hand + and deal with Israel yourself, and once and for all eliminate Israel + from the map. But before you do so it might be well for you to read a + copy of the open letter which we sent to Mr. Kosygin in 1968, warning + him of the consequences of such action. Here is the letter we sent to + Mr. Kosygin: + + An open letter to ... + + Mr. Aleksei N. Kosygin, Premier + Union of Soviet Socialist Republics + The Kremlin + Moscow, U.S.S.R. + + Sir: + This is a warning! You and the rest of the Communist world, who + have defied the God who created you, and have persecuted and murdered + millions of Christians and plotted Israel's destruction, beware. The + God of the universe is nearly finished with taking your abuse. You + and your comrades are destined soon to lead your nation into total + disaster as reward for the evil you have perpetrated. + Your doom was foretold some 2,570 years ago, as God, whom you + deny and hate, spoke through His prophet Ezekiel. If you can track + + + + + + + down a Bible somewhere in Russia, you will find the account of your + impending judgment in chapters 38 and 39 of Ezekiel, in the latter + part of the Old Testament. Just prior to this section, in chapters 36 + and 37, the regathering of Israel as a nation is foretold and + described. The next two chapters, 38 and 39, proceed to tell how God + is going to allow you to enter the land of Israel, not for glory, not + for plunder, but for judgment. + God is the Judge and the Sovereign Ruler of His entire universe. + You have blasphemed and slandered your Sovereign. You have plundered, + castigated, and murdered millions of His subjects from the Baltics to + the China Sea. And you have meted out special persecution to those + who love and serve His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ. For His + chosen people, Israel, you are planning annihilation. + God is righteous. He would be unrighteous to ignore your crimes + and plans of total world takeover. To you and all who have rebelled + against Him, God has said, "Be sure, your sin will find you out." In + another place He said, "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also + reap." And you are about to reap your judgment - in Israel. + God says He will be waiting for you in Israel in the latter + years. And who can deny that these are the latter years of this age? + You plan for the coming age of Communist Utopia, world-wide, with God + banished from the earth. But God promises the Millennium, with His + Son, Jesus Christ ruling as KING OF KINGS and LORD OF LORDS. Who do + you suppose is right? + Concerning you, or your successor, God said to the prophet + Ezekiel, "Son of man, set thy face against Gog, of the land of Magog, + the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, and + say, Thus saith the Lord God; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the + chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: And I will turn thee back, and put + hooks into thy jaws." (Note: Gog is the political leader or chief + commissar of Russia; Maygog is Russia, the nation). + Magog, Meshech, and Tubal, spoken of here, were three sons of + Japheth, who was one of the sons of Noah, who survived the great + Flood. These three sons of Japheth are said to be the progenitors of + the races inhabiting Eastern Turkey, Russia and much of Siberia. + Notice that God speaks of your impending judgment here even + before He tells where it will happen. Then He goes on to state that + He will bring you, with your "army, horses and horsemen," down into + the land of Israel. Your unholy purpose is also described. Your + predator nation is out to take prey, and take prey in Israel, and in + Jerusalem, home of Christendom and Judaism. + You were dealt a small suprise in Israel in June of 1967. You + and your Politburo are the ones who have promoted the vengeance, the + hatred, and the arming of the Arab nations against Israel. You are as + interested in destroying Israel as you are in destroying Christendom. + You were undoubtedly greatly suprised to see the tiny nation of Israel + crush the imposing but not-so-great Arab confederation of nations. Be + assured of this: it was something more that the economic power and the + military prowess of the Israelis which put the Arabs to flight. It is + God who both prospers world empires and calls them into judgment. + We understand that you are rearming Egypt and Syria, along with + other Arab nations, for further battle with Israel. You have + declared, with your peace-gilded hypocrisy, that you will put + everything you have behind the Arabs against Israel. According to the + prophecy in Ezekiel, we declare that the Arabs will never overcome + Israel. God will again fight for them. + Your prophet, Lenin, forecast that Russia would defeat the + British Empire not on the banks of the Thames, but on the banks of the + Yangtze, the Ganges, and the Nile. The prophet Ezekiel, on the other + + + + + + + hand, forecasts that the anti-god Russian Empire will meet defeat not + on the banks of the Volga but on the banks of the Jordan, the Suez, + and Lake Galilee. This is an irony, Mr. Kosygin, an irony among + ironies. + In fact, you are soon to realize that the situation is so serious + that you will need to use the armies of Russia, and others, to win + this war you are perpetrating in the Middle East. + God says here through Ezekiel, that Persia, the present Iran, + will be with you, besides "Gomer and all his bands; the house of + Togarmah of the north quarters, and all his bands." + Gomer, spoken of here, was another son of Japheth (you can review + his genealogy in chapter ten of Genesis), and Togarmah was a son of + Gomer. Gomer is said to have settled the area that is now West + Germany and Poland, and Togarmah later went south into what is now + Western Turkey. So it appears that East Germany, Poland, Turkey, and + Iran will be going with you down into Israel "together with their + bands" - which possibly will include other Central European countries + you have enslaved. + Just how soon this will happen we do not know, but it cannot be + very far distant. You have set your mind to take Israel, and no doubt + you have other plans to seize the Arab nations. + But take heed: here is another warning to you from God, which He + spoke through the prophet Zechariah. He said, "Behold, I will make + Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the people round about, when + they shall be in the siege both against Judah and against Jerusalem. + And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all + people: all that burden themselves with it shall be CUT IN PIECES, + though all the people of the earth be gathered together against it" + (Zechariah 12:2,3). + God warns here that all who lay hands on Israel shall be "cut in + pieces." Egypt and the other Arab nations have already been cut in + pieces by God's defense of Israel. And if they renew the war, even + with twice the armor and with much wiser and braver leadership, they + will again be cut in pieces, most likely in a much greater way, just + as surely as God is real. And when you bring your great armies down + from the North, they will be cut and quartered and fed to the wild + beasts of the field (see Ezekiel 39:17-22). + It is positively dangerous to touch God's chosen nation. To + Abraham, Israel's founder, God said, "I will bless them that bless + thee, and curse him that curseth thee" (Genesis 12:3). God has great + plans for Israel, and He doesn't plan to allow you or anyone to stop + Him. + It's quite plain to see why you desire to seize the Arab nations, + and destroy Israel. After all, Israel is the great ancestral home of + the world's great faiths. Christianity and Judaism. It would be + quite a psychological victory. Then also, the Dead Sea in Israel is + estimated to contain $1,270,000,000,000 (one trillion, two hundred + seventy billion dollars) worth of minerals. The potash alone in the + Dead Sea would fertilize the lands of the world for several centuries. + This would give you a tremendous economic advantage over the rest of + the world. + And with the vast oil deposits of the Middle East under your + control, you would have a strangle hold on the industry of Western + Europe. Then also, Israel is the land bridge from Europe and the + Middle East into Africa. This would give you easy access into that + great Continent. So the taking of Israel and the destruction of her + peoples is quite important to you. But know this for sure - God is + watching your moves, and He knows your plans He will be waiting for + you in Israel. + In this 38th chapter of Ezekiel, God tells you to "be prepared" + + + + + + + and to make every possible preparation for this invasion. Go ahead, + make the most complete invasion plans ever made. Remember, you will + be fighting God Almighty, whom you say does not exist; but just in + case you should find He does exist, you will want the greatest army + and the finest equipment any army has ever amassed. But then realize + this: the larger your army and the more grandiose your plans and + preparations in every way, the greater witness it will be to God's + existence and to His power when you are destroyed by Him on the + mountains of Israel. + In this 38th chapter of Ezekiel, God says, "In the latter years + thou shalt come into the land that is brought back from the sword, and + is gathered out of many people, against the mountains of Israel, which + have been always waste: but is is brought forth out of the nations, + and they shall dwell safely all of them." This is a good description + of present day Israel, where the mountains have been reforested, and + the swamps reclaimed. They have been regathered from the nations into + their anceient land, and they have reclaimed and reforested the land + within your lifetime. + Then God says, Thou shalt ascend and come like a storm, thou + shalt be like a cloud to cover the land, thou, and all thy bands and + many people with thee" Ordinarily, we speak about going down south, + but God says that when you go south you are going to ascend. Could it + be that this means you will come with a mighty air armada, dropping + supplies, equipment, and paratroopers? Coming "like a storm" + certainly describes the deafening roar of a vast air armada. And + "covering the land like a cloud" aptly describes a vast air drop. + Evidently, you are also going to send a good portion of your army + on horseback. That seems rather strange in this day of mechanized + war. But we have been informed that you have purchased horses from + all over America and throughout South America and elsewhere. Your + explanation has been that you needed them on the farms. Are you + really using horses for plowing in this day of mechanized farming? + Another strange thing is that God says here, through Ezekiel, + that you will have weapons that can be burned. Could it be that + science will soon advance to the place where metal and mechanized army + units will be obsolete because of powerful neutralizing rays that are + being developed? + ====================================================================== + RUSSIA'S COMING INVASION + ====================================================================== + + E. Germany)---------| | RUSSIA - U.S.S.R. | + Poland ) | --------------|--------------------| + | | + | | + Turkey | | + | | | |----------- Iran (Persia) + | | | | + V V V | + ************ | + ** Israel ** <-------| + ************ + ^ ^ + | | + Libya ----------| | + | + |-- Ethopia + + ====================================================================== + + + + + + + + You have asserted that there is no God. You have published it, + and you have seen to it that one billion or so impressionable students + have been so informed or taught around the earth. You have acted as + if you believe there is no God before whom you will one day stand for + judgment. You have no use for the Bible or its teachings. + Nevertheless, on the mountains of Israel, YOU are destined to teach + the nations with great testimony both as to the existence of God and + as to the soverignty of God over the affairs of men and their + governments. This will be the greatest lesson the world has had in + many years - in fact, in several millennia, since the days of the + Egyptian Pharaoh, to be exact. + Ironically, even as Pharaoh of Egypt became a leading example of + God's sovereignty in the Old Testament era, so you or your successor + are destined to become the great example of God's sovereignty in the + era of Christendom. In fact, the nature of the cosmic judgments that + befell Egypt may be remarkably parallel to the judgment that is your + destiny. To better understand the nature of your coming judgment, you + may wish to read Exodus, chapters 7 through 14, which gives the + account of the destruction of Egypt in that former day. + God says through the prophet Ezekiel that the Israeli Army will + not need to conquer you. God is going to take care of that little + matter. And it is a very little matter when you consider the Almighty + God, Creator of all. Russia and all her cohorts are as nothing when + compared to the great God of the universe, Who has created all things + and Who holds all things in His hand. + Also, be apprised of the fact that you will not be prevented in + your evil intentions by the nations of the earth, the Western powers. + They will not come to help Israel. They may talk; they may vacillate; + they may watch; they may even complain; but they will fail to act. + They may disapprove, and ask what you are doing. Here is what will + happen among the commercial or Western powers: God says "Sheba and + Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions + thereof, shall say unto thee, Art thou come to take a spoil? hast thou + gathered thy company to take a prey? to carry away silver and gold, to + take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil?" Many Bible + scholars suggest that Tarshish represents the commercial or maritime + powers of the world. + No, you will have no trouble in approaching Israel, as far as + other governments are concerned, or even from the Israeli Army. But + there, on the mountains of Israel, you will meet your God! + God says here, "And I will bring thee against my land, that the + heathen may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before + their eyes." + Here's what will happen: God's anger is fiercely burning toward + you, and He has prophesied thus: "In my jealousy, and in the fire of + my wrath have I spoken, surely in that day there shall be a great + shaking in the land of Israel; so that the fishes of the sea, and the + fowls of the heaven and the beast of the field, and all creeping + things that creep upon the earth, and all the men that are upon the + face of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall + be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall + fall to the ground. And I will call for a sword against him + throughout all my mountains saith the Lord God: every man's sword + shall be against his brother. And I will plead against him with + pestilence and with blood; and I will rain upon him, and upon his + bands, and upon the many people that are with him, an overflowing + rain, and great hailstones, fire, and brimstone. Thus will I magnify + myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be known in the eyes of many + nations, and they shall know that I am the Lord." + Unless you repent of your evil intentions and values, this will + + + + + + + surely come to pass, and it may be very soon. Your armies will be + destroyed by earthquake, by flood, by great hailstones, by fire and + brimstone! You will perish upon the mountains of Israel as a witness + to the Almighty God, whom you despise and deny. Among those remaining + alive, there will be such confusion that they will annihilate each + other because "every man's sword shall be against his brother." + Further on, God says, "I will turn thee back and leave but the sixth + part of thee" (Ezek 39:2). + Then in the 39th chapter, God says, somewhat ironically, that He + will give your bodies to the birds and the beasts of the field. He + started out this prophecy with the figure of speech that He wwould + "put hooks in your jaws." It is in the market place where we see + animals, often quartered, with hooks in their jaws, hanging where it + is possible for the meat cutter to cut off portions for his customers. + God will serve the portions of your flesh to the animals of the field. + God says here, "Speak unto every feathered fowl, and to every beast of + the field, assemble yourselves, and come; gather yourselves on every + side to my sacrifice that I do sacrifice for you, even to a great + sacrifice upon the mountains of Israel, that ye may eat flesh and + drink blood....Thus ye shall be filled at my table with horses...with + mighty men, and with all men of war, saith the Lord God." + The irony is this - the predators of the field will feed upon the + armies of the predator nation, and the vultures of the air will feast + upon the armies of a vulture government. And who will then complain + of such poetic justice? "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also + reap." + God further says here that all the men of Israel will be busy + burying your bodies to clean up the land. He says later on that they + will hire men in continual employment in your burial. This burial + will take seven months. That will be ample time for the birds of the + air and the predators of the field to feast sumptuously. + And here is a strange thing, but it shall happen. God says, + "Behold, it is come, and it is done, saith the Lord God; this is the + day whereof I have spoken. And they that dwell in the cities of + Israel shall go forth, and shall set on fire and burn the weapons, + both the shields and the bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the + handstaves, and the spears, and they shall burn them with fire seven + years; so that they shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut + down any out of the forests; for they shall burn the weapons with + fire." + We have been given to understand that you in Russia are making + weapons from a treated wood called Lignostone. This wood, we + understand, is chemically treated and stronger than steel, yet remains + elastic. The British are using a similar material for gears in their + large vehicles. We have also been told that it burns brilliantly, + with intense heat. So the Israelis may have remembrance of your + invasion for seven years as they use your weapons, or the materials + derived from them, for fuel. + To you, your Politburo, and your atheistic cohorts, we challenge + you to read about your destiny in these chapters in the Book of + Ezekiel, if you dare. In fact, reading the Bible in its entirety will + reveal to you something about the mercy of God, as well as something + about the justice of God. There is also something about forgiveness + of sins and Life everlasting. + God further warns here in this 39th chapter, "And I will send a + fire on Magog, and among them that dwell carelessly in the isles." + God says here that He will send fire and judgment upon the land + of Russia while your armies are invading Israel. So even at home, God + will search you out. The same fire shall also strike other parts of + the world "among them that dwell carelessly in the isles" where men + + + + + + + are given over to living for material things, for pleasure, for self, + and have little or no regard for God, their Creator. This could be + part of the same fire from outer space that is prophesied to strike + your armies in Israel. + God is faithful to His promises of judgment as well as His + promises of blessing. Both are certain. You can still make certain + of God's blessing in your own individual life if you will repent and + turn from your evil plans and turn to your God and Maker, and to + Christ your Redeemer. "Today, if ye will hear His voice, harden not + your heart..." (Hebrews 3:7,8). + + Very sincerely, + Ray W. Johnson + Donald W. Patten + + Mr. Brezhnev - + + There is one thing which we failed to point out to Mr Kosygin, + because at that time we did not think it was significant. The matter + to which we refer is that of Ethiopia. The Prophed Ezekiel + (Ezekiel 38:5) states that Lybia and Ethiopia will also join you in + your infamous invasion of Israel. The country of Sudan, north of + Ethiopia, was part of Ethiopia in Bible times, so it won't be + surprising if you will somehow include Sudan also among the invaders. + At the time of writing to Mr. Kosygin the matter of Ethiopia + seemed insignificant, first, because of her weakness, and second, + because we couldn't see how or why Ethiopia would ever get involved in + such a nefarious attack against Israel. But with Russia's involvement + so extensive now in Ethiopia, this matter becomes one of prime + importance, and very understandable. This teaches us again that we + can't take any statement by God as being insignificant, or + questionable. + It might be of interest to you to notice that not one of the + nations you have previously used in your invasions of Israel will be + included in your most infamous invasion. The reason for this is not + presently known. One reason could be that Israel may be forced to + occupy these nations, if they continue to harass and threaten her very + existence. There are Bible prophecies which appear to indicate that + this will be the case. There will no doubt be other reasons as well. + But the fact that the nations presently most hostile toward Israel + will not have a part in your coming ill-fated invasion, is certainly a + matter of real interest, even if at present we cannot be sure of the + reason. + Your invasion of Israel will very likely end communism in Russia. + We say this for the following reasons: Chapters 1 & 2 of the Prophet + Joel also appear to refer to your invasion of Israel, as the invasion + described by Joel has never yet occurred. And in 2:20 Joel has this + to say to Israel about the remains of your army after God is finished + with you in Israel: "I will remove far off from you the northern army, + and will drive him into a land barren and desolate, with his face + toward the east sea, and his hinder part toward the utmost sea, and + his stink shall come up, and his ill savor shall come up, because he + hath done great things." This states that those of your army who + escape annihilation in Israel, especially the generals and other top + officers, besides political leaders, will be banished into Siberia. + That's exactly the description of the land into which God says He will + drive your "northern army." Siberia, as you well know is a land + "barren and desolate." And Siberia faces the Pacific Ocean, no doubt + spoken of here as the "east sea." The Pacific Ocean is "east" of + Israel. And the "hinder part," or the backside of Siberia, is on the + + + + + + + Artic Ocean. This ocean could be termed the utmost sea." There, + your temperal judgment will be finalized. But there is also a + judgment to come, when all mankind will stand before God, there to + receive His judgment as to eternal destiny. + God is a God of mercy, and He will even there in Siberia grant + you forgiveness if you honestly and humbly seek Him and repent of your + ungodly attitudes and actions. The time of the great judgment will be + too late. "Today is the day of salvation." + Allow me to point out one more fact, Mr. Brezhnev. You have + endeavored to thoroughly downgrade God in Russia. But through the + fulfillment of this Bible prophecy God will be glorified by you and + all others who have sought to eliminate Him from the scene in Russia. + Here's what God says your attack against Him and His people in Israel + will accomplish: + "Thus will I magnify myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be + known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the + Lord" (Ezekiel 38:23). + So even in this ill-fated invasion God will be glorified, and no + doubt many will be caused to place their trust in Him and in the + Savior, Jesus Christ. We greatly rejoice to know that God will + prevail and bring blessing and glory to His own. And we trust that + you also will one day desire to receive God's forgiveness, that you + too might enter His glorious presence as a son of God. + + Very sincerely, + Ray W. Johnson + Donald W. Patten + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510-527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sabotage.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sabotage.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40af2ae --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sabotage.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1636 @@ + + +SABOTAGE + + + +THE CONSCIOUS WITHDRAWAL OF THE WORKERS' INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY + + + +ELIZABETH GURLEY FLYNN + + + +PRICE TEN CENTS + + + +OCTOBER, 1916 + +I. W. W. PUBLISHING BUREAU + +CLEVELAND, O., U. S. A. + + + +[since withdrawn as official union literature] + + + + Its Necessity In The Class War + + General Forms of Sabotage + + Short Pay, Less Work, "Ca Canny" + + Interfering With Quality of Goods + + Boyd's Advice to Silk Mill Slaves + + "Dynamiting" Silk + + Non-Adulteration and Over-Adulteration + + Interfering With Service. "Open Mouth" Sabotage + + Following The "Book of Rules" + + Putting The Machine on Strike + + "Print The Truth or You Don't Print at All" + + "Used Sabotage, But Didn't Know What You Called It" + + Sabotage and "Moral Fiber" + + Limiting The Over-Supply of Slaves + + Sabotage a War Measure + + + + + +The interest in sabotage in the United States has developed lately on account of + +the case of Frederick Sumner Boyd in the state of New Jersey as an aftermath of + +the Paterson strike. Before his arrest and conviction for advocating sabotage, + +little or nothing was known of this particular form of labor tactic in the + +United States. Now there has developed a two-fold necessity to advocate it: not + +only to explain what it means to the worker in his fight for better conditions, + +but also to justify our fellow-worker Boyd in everything that he said. So I am + +desirous primarily to explain sabotage, to explain it in this two-fold + +significance, first as to its utility and second as to its legality. + + + +Its Necessity In The Class War + + + +I am not going to attempt to justify sabotage on any moral ground. If the + +workers consider that sabotage is necessary, that in itself makes sabotage + +moral. Its necessity is its excuse for existence. And for us to discuss the + +morality of sabotage would be as absurd as to discuss the morality of the strike + +or the morality of the class struggle itself. In order to understand sabotage or + +to accept it at all it is necessary to accept the concept of class struggle. If + +you believe that between the workers on the one side and their employers on the + +other there is peace, there is harmony such as exists between brothers, and that + +consequently whatever strikes and lockouts occur are simply family squabbles; if + +you believe that a point can be reached whereby the employer can get enough and + +the worker can get enough, a point of amicable adjustment of industrial warfare + +and economic distribution, then there is no justification and no explanation of + +sabotage intelligible to you. Sabotage is one weapon in the arsenal of labor to + +fight its side of the class struggle. Labor realizes, as it becomes more + +intelligent, that it must have power in order to accomplish anything; that + +neither appeals for sympathy nor abstract rights will make for better + +conditions. For instance, take an industrial establishment such as a silk mill, + +where men and women and little children work ten hours a day for an average wage + +of between six and seven dollars a week. Could any one of them, or a committee + +representing the whole, hope to induce the employer to give better conditions by + +appealing to his sympathy, by telling him of the misery, the hardship and the + +poverty of their lives; or could they do it by appealing to his sense of + +justice? Suppose that an individual working man or woman went to an employer and + +said, "I make, in my capacity as wage worker in this factory, so many dollars' + +worth of wealth every day and justice demands that you give me at least half." + +The employer would probably have him removed to the nearest lunatic asylum. He + +would consider him too dangerous a criminal to let loose on the community! It is + +neither sympathy nor justice that makes an appeal to the employer. But it is + +power. If a committee can go to the employer with this ultimatum: "We represent + +all the men and women in this shop. They are organized in a union as you are + +organized in a manufacturers' association. They have met and formulated in that + +union a demand for better hours and wages and they are not going to work one day + +longer unless they get it. In other words, they have withdrawn their power as + +wealth producers from your plant and they are going to coerce you by this + +withdrawal of their power; into granting their demands," that sort of ultimatum + +served upon an employer usually meets with an entirely different response; and + +if the union is strongly enough organized and they are able to make good their + +threat they usually accomplish what tears and pleadings never could have + +accomplished. + + + +We believe that the class struggle existing in society is expressed in the + +economic power of the master on the one side and the growing economic power of + +the workers on the other side meeting in open battle now and again, but meeting + +in continual daily conflict over which shall have the larger share of labor's + +product and the ultimate ownership of the means of life. The employer wants long + +hours, the intelligent workingman wants short hours. The employer is not + +concerned with the sanitary conditions in the mill, he is concerned only with + +keeping the cost of production at a minimum; the intelligent workingman is + +concerned, cost or no cost, with having ventilation, sanitation and lighting + +that will be conducive to his physical welfare. Sabotage is to this class + +struggle what the guerrilla warfare is to the battle. The strike is the open + +battle of the class struggle, sabotage is the guerrilla warfare, the day-by-day + +warfare between two opposing classes. + + + +General Forms of Sabotage + + + +Sabotage was adopted by the General Federation of Labor of France in 1897 as a + +recognized weapon in their method of conducting fights on their employers. But + +sabotage as an instinctive defense existed long before it was ever officially + +recognized by any labor organization. Sabotage means primarily: the withdrawal + +of efficiency. Sabotage means either to slacken up and interfere with the + +quantity, or to botch in your skill and interfere with the quality, of + +capitalist production or to give poor service. Sabotage is not physical + +violence, sabotage is an internal, industrial process. It is something that is + +fought out within the four walls of the shop. And these three forms of sabotage + +-- to affect the quality, the quantity and the service are aimed at affecting + +the profit of the employer. Sabotage is a means of striking at the employer's + +profit for the purpose of forcing him into granting certain conditions, even as + +workingmen strike for the same purpose of coercing him. It is simply another + +form of coercion. + + + +There are many forms of interfering with efficiency, interfering with quality + +and the quantity of production: from varying motives -- there is the employer's + +sabotage as well as the worker's sabotage. Employers interfere with the quality + +of production, they interfere with the quantity of production, they interfere + +with the supply as well as with the kind of goods for the purpose of increasing + +their profit. But this form of sabotage, capitalist sabotage, is antisocial, for + +the reason that it is aimed at the good of the few at the expense of the many, + +whereas working-class sabotage is distinctly social, it is aimed at the benefit + +of the many, at the expense of the few. + + + +Working-class sabotage is aimed directly at "the boss" and at his profits, in + +the belief that that is the solar plexus of the employer, that is his heart, his + +religion, his sentiment, his patriotism. Everything is centered in his pocket + +book, and if you strike that you are striking at the most vulnerable point in + +his entire moral and economic system. + + + +Short Pay, Less Work, "Ca Canny" + + + +Sabotage, as it aims at the quantity, is a very old thing, called by the Scotch + +"ca canny." All intelligent workers have tried it at some time or other when + +they have been compelled to work too hard and too long. The Scotch dockers had a + +strike in 1889 and their strike was lost, but when they went back to work they + +sent a circular to every docker in Scotland and in this circular they embodied + +their conclusions, their experience from the bitter defeat. It was to this + +effect, "The employers like the scabs, they have always praised their work, they + +have said how much superior they were to us, they have paid them twice as much + +as they have ever paid us; now let us go back to the docks determined that since + +those are the kind of workers they like and that is the kind of work they + +endorse we will do the same thing. We will let the kegs of wine go over the + +docks as the scabs did. We will have great boxes of fragile articles drop in the + +midst of the pier as the scabs did. We will do the work just as clumsily, as, + +slowly, as destructively, as the scabs did. And we will see how long our + +employers can stand that kind of work." It was very few months until through + +this system of sabotage they had won everything they had fought for and not been + +able to win through the strike. This was the first open announcement of sabotage + +in an English-speaking country. + + + +I have heard of my grandfather telling how an old fellow came to work on the + +railroad and the boss said, "Well, what can you do?" + + + +"I can do 'most anything," said he -- a big husky fellow. + + + +"Well," said the boss, "can you handle a pick and a shovel?" + + + +"Oh, sure. How much do you pay on this job?" + + + +"A dollar a day." + + + +"Is that all? Well, -- all right. I need the job pretty bad. I guess I will take + +it." So he took his pick and went leisurely to work. Soon the boss came along + +and said: + + + +"Say, can't you work any faster than that?" + + + +"Sure I can." + + + +"Well, why don't you?" + + + +"This is my dollar-a-day clip." + + + +"Well," said the boss, "let's see what the $1.25-a-day clip looks like." + + + +That went a little better. Then the boss said, "Let's see what the $1.50-a-day + +clip looks like." The man showed him. "That was fine," said the boss, "well, + +maybe we will call it $1.50 a day." The man volunteered the information that his + +$2-a-day clip was "a hummer". So, through this instinctive sort of sabotage this + +poor obscure workingman on a railroad in Maine was able to gain for himself an + +advance from $1 to $2 a day. We read of the gangs of Italian workingmen, when + +the boss cuts their pay -- you know, usually they have an Irish or American boss + +and he likes to make a couple of dollars a day on the side for himself, so he + +cuts the pay of the men once in a while without consulting the contractor and + +pockets the difference. One boss cut them 25 cents a day. The next day he came + +on the work, to find that the amount of dirt that was being removed had lessened + +considerably. He asked a few questions: "What's the matter?" + + + +"Me no understan' English" -- none of them wished to talk. + + + +Well, he exhausted the day going around trying to find one person who could + +speak and tell him what was wrong. Finally he found one man, who said, "Well, + +you see, boss, you cutta da pay, we cutta da shob." + + + +That was the same form of sabotage -- to lessen the quantity of production in + +proportion to the amount of pay received. There was an Indian preacher who went + +to college and eked out an existence on the side by preaching. Somebody said to + +him, "John, how much do you get paid?" + + + +"Oh, only get paid $200 a year." + + + +"Well, that's damn poor pay, John." + + + +"Well," he said, "Damn poor preach!" + + + +That, too, is an illustration of the form of sabotage that I am now describing + +to you, the "ca canny" form of sabotage, the "go easy" slogan, the "slacken up, + +don't work so hard" species, and it is a reversal of the motto of the American + +Federation of Labor, that most "safe, sane and conservative" organization of + +labor in America. They believe in "a fair day's wage for a fair day's work." + +Sabotage is an unfair day's work for an unfair day's wage. It is an attempt on + +the part of the worker to limit his production in proportion to his + +remuneration. That is one form of sabotage. + + + +Interfering With Quality of Goods + + + +The second form of sabotage is to deliberately interfere with the quality of the + +goods. And in this we learn many lessons from our employers, even as we learn + +how to limit the quantity. You know that every year in the western part of this + +United States there are fruits and grains produced that never find a market; + +bananas and oranges rot on the ground, whole skiffs of fruits are dumped into + +the ocean. Not because people do not need these foods and couldn't make good use + +of them in the big cities of the east, but because the employing class prefer to + +destroy a large percentage of the production in order to keep the price up in + +cities like New York, Chicago, Baltimore and Boston. If they sent all the + +bananas that they produce into the eastern part of the United States we would be + +buying bananas at probably three for a cent. But by destroying a large quantity, + +they are able to keep the price up to two for 5c. And this applies to potatoes, + +apples, and very many other staple articles required by the majority of people. + +Yet if the worker attempts to apply the same principle, the same theory, the + +same tactic as his employer we are confronted with all sorts of finespun moral + +objections. + + + +Boyd's Advice to Silk Mill Slaves + + + +So it is with the quality. Take the case of Frederic Sumner Boyd, in which we + +should all be deeply interested because it is evident Frederic Sumner Boyd is to + +be made "the goat" by the authorities in New Jersey. That is to say, they want + +blood, they want one victim. If they can't get anybody else they are determined + +they are going to get Boyd, in order to serve a two-fold purpose to cow the + +workers of Paterson, as they believe they can, and to put this thing, sabotage, + +into the statutes, to make it an illegal thing to advocate or to practice. Boyd + +said this: "If you go back to work and you find scabs working alongside of you, + +you should put a little bit of vinegar on the reed of the loom in order to + +prevent its operation." They have arrested him under the statute forbidding the + +advocacy of the destruction of property. He advised the dyers to go into the dye + +houses and to use certain chemicals in the dyeing of the silk that would tend to + +make that silk unweavable. That sounded very terrible in the newspapers and very + +terrible in the court of law. But what neither the newspapers nor the courts of + +law have taken any cognizance of is that these chemicals are being used already + +in the dyeing of the silk. It is not a new thing that Boyd is advocating, it is + +something that is being practiced in every dye house in the city of Paterson + +already, but it is being practiced for the employer and not for the worker. + + + +"Dynamiting" Silk + + + +Let me give you a specific illustration of what I mean. Seventy-five years ago + +when silk was woven into cloth the silk skein was taken in the pure, dyed and + +woven, and when that piece of silk was made it would last for 50 years. Your + +grandmother could wear it as a wedding dress. Your mother could wear it as a + +wedding dress. And then you, if you, woman reader, were fortunate enough to have + +a chance to get married, could wear it as a wedding dress also. But the silk + +that you buy today is not dyed in the pure and woven into a strong and durable + +product. One pound of silk goes into the dye house and usually as many as three + +to fifteen pounds come out. That is to say, along with the dyeing there is an + +extraneous and an unnecessary process of what is very picturesquely called + +"dynamiting." They weight the silk. They have solutions of tin, solutions of + +zinc, solutions of lead. If you will read the journals of the Silk Association + +of America you will find in there advice to master dyers as to which salts are + +the most appropriate for weighting purposes. You will read advertisements -- + +possibly you saw it reprinted in "The Masses" for December, 1913 -- of silk + +mills, Ashley & Bailey's in Paterson, for instance, advertised by an auctioneer + +as having a plant for weighting, for dynamiting silk par excellence. And so when + +you buy a nice piece of silk today and have a dress made for festive occasions, + +you hang it away in the wardrobe and when you take it out it is cracked down the + +pleats and along the waist and arms. And you believe that you have been terribly + +cheated by a clerk. What is actually wrong is that you have paid for silk where + +you have received old tin cans and zinc and lead and things of that sort. You + +have a dress that is garnished with silk, seasoned with silk, but a dress that + +is adulterated to the point where, if it was adulterated just the slightest + +degree more, it would fall to pieces entirely. + + + +Now, what Frederic Sumner Boyd advocated to the silk workers was in effect this: + +"You do for yourselves what you are already doing for your employers. Put these + +same things into the silk for yourself and your own purposes as you are putting + +in for the employer's purposes." And I can't imagine -- even in a court of law + +-- where they can find the fine thread of deviation -- where the master dyers' + +sabotage is legal and the worker's sabotage illegal, where the consist of + +identically the same thing and where the silk remains intact. The silk is there. + +The loom is there. There is no property destroyed by the process. The one thing + +that is eliminated is the efficiency of the worker to cover up this adulteration + +of the silk, to carry it just to the point where it will weave and not be + +detected. That efficiency is withdrawn. The veil is torn from off production in + +the silk-dyeing houses and silk mills and the worker simply says, "Here, I will + +take my hands off and I will show you what it is. I will show you how rotten, + +how absolutely unusable the silk actually is that they are passing off on the + +public at two and three dollars a yard." + + + +Non-Adulteration and Over-Adulteration + + + +Now, Boyd's form of sabotage was not the most dangerous form of sabotage at + +that. If the judges had any imagination they would know that Boyd's form of + +sabotage was pretty mild compared with this: Suppose that he had said to the + +dyers in Paterson, to a sufficient number of them that they could do it as a + +whole, so that it would affect every dye house in Paterson: "Instead of + +introducing these chemicals for adulteration, don't introduce them at all. Take + +the lead, the zinc, and the tin and throw it down the sewer and weave the silk, + +beautiful, pure, durable silk, just as it is. Dye it pound for pound, hundred + +pound for hundred pound." The employers would have been more hurt by that form + +of sabotage than by what Boyd advocated. And they would probably have wanted him + +put in jail for life instead of for seven years. In other words, to advocate + +non-adulteration is a lot more dangerous to capitalist interests than to + +advocate adulteration. And non-adulteration is the highest form of sabotage in + +an establishment like the dye houses of Paterson, bakeries, confectioners, meat + +packing houses, restaurants, etc. + + + +Interfering with quality, or durability, or the utility of a product, might be + +illustrated as follows: Suppose a milkman comes to your house every day and + +delivers a quart of milk and this quart of milk is half water and they put some + +chalk in it and some glue to thicken it. Then a milk driver goes on that round + +who belongs to a union. The union strikes. And they don't win any better + +conditions. Then they turn on the water faucet and they let it run so that the + +mixture is four-fifths water and one-fifth milk. You will send the "milk" back + +and make a complaint. At the same time that you are making that complaint and + +refusing to use the milk, hundreds and thousands of others will do the same + +thing, and through striking at the interests of the consumer once they are able + +to effect better conditions for thgemselves and also they are able to compel the + +employers to give the pure product. That form of sabotage is distinctly + +beneficial to the consumer. Any exposure of adulteration, any over-adulteration + +that makes the product unconsumable is a lot more beneficial to the consumer + +than to have it tinctured and doctored so that you can use it but so that it is + +destructive to your physical condition at the same time. + + + +Interfering with quality means, can be instanced in the hotel and restaurant + +kitchens. I remember during the hotel workers strike they used to tell us about + +the great cauldrons of soup that stood there month in and month out without ever + +being cleaned, that were covered with verdigris and with various other forms of + +animal growth, and that very many times into this soup would fall a mouse or a + +rat and he would be fished out and thrown aside and the soup would be used just + +the same. Now, can anyone say that if the workers in those restaurants, as a + +means of striking at their employers, would take half a pound of salt and throw + +it into that soup cauldron, you as a diner, or consumer, wouldn't be a lot + +better off? It would be far better to have that soup made unfit for consumption + +that to have it left in a state where it can be consumed but where it is + +continually poisonous to a greater or less degree. Destroying the utility of the + +goods sometimes means a distinct benefit to the person who might otherwise use + +the goods. + + + +Interfering With Service. "Open Mouth" Sabotage + + + +But that form of sabotage is not the final form of sabotage. Service can be + +destroyed as well as quality. And this is accomplished in Europe by what is + +known as "the open mouth sabotage." In the hotel and restaurant industry, for + +instance -- I wonder if this judge who sentenced Boyd to seven years in state's + +prison, would believe in this form of sabotage or not? Suppose he went into a + +restaurant and ordered a lobster salad, and he said to the spic and span waiter + +standing behind the chair, "Is the lobster salad good?" "Oh, yes, sir," said the + +waiter. "It is the very best in the city." That would be acting the good wage + +slave and looking out for the employer's interest. But if the waiter should say, + +"No, sir, it's rotten lobster salad. It's made from the pieces that have been + +gathered together here for the last six weeks," that would be the waiter who + +believed in sabotage, that would be the waiter who had no interest in his boss' + +profits, the waiter who didn't give a continental whether the boss sold lobster + +salad or not. And the judge would probably believe in sabotage in that + +particular instance. The waiters in the city of New York were only about 5,000 + +strong. Of these, about a thousand were militant, were the kind that could be + +depended on in a strike. And yet that little strike made more sensation in New + +York City than 200,000 garment workers who were out at the same time. They + +didn't win very much for themselves, because of their small numbers, but they + +did win a good deal in demonstrating their power to the employer to hurt his + +business. For instance, they drew up affidavits and they told about every hotel + +and restaurant in New York, the kitchen and the pantry conditions. They told + +about how the butter on the little butter plates was sent back to the kitchen + +and somebody with their fingers picked out cigar ashes and the cigarette butts + +and the matches and threw the butter back into the general supply. They told how + +the napkins that had been on the table, used possibly by a man who had + +consumption or syphillis, were used to wipe the dishes in the pantry. They told + +stories that would make your stomach sick and your hair almost turn white, of + +conditions in the Waldorf, the Astor, the Belmont, all the great restaurants and + +hotels in New York. And I found that that was one of the most effective ways of + +reaching the public, because the "dear public" are never reached through + +sympathy. I was taken by a lady up to a West Side aristocratic club of women who + +had nothing else to do, so they organized this club. You know -- the + +white-gloved aristocracy! And I was asked to talk about the hotel workers' + +strike. I knew that wasn't what they wanted at all. They just wanted to look at + +what kind of person a "labor agitator" was. But I saw a chance for publicity for + +the strikers. I told them about the long hours in the hot kitchens; about + +steaming, smoking ranges. I told them about the overwork and the underpay of the + +waiters and how these waiters had to depend upon the generosity or the + +drunkenness of some patron to give them a big tip; all that sort of thing. And + +they were stony-faced. It affected them as much as an arrow would Gibraltar. And + +then I started to tell them about what the waiters and the cooks had told me of + +the kitchen conditions and I saw a look of frozen horror on their faces + +immediately. They were interested when I began to talk about something that + +affected their own stomachs, where I never could have reached them through any + +appeal for humanitarian purposes. Immediately they began to draw up resolutions + +and to cancel engagements at these big hotels and decided that their clubs must + +not meet there again. They caused quite a commotion around some of the big + +hotels in New York. When the workers went back to work after learning that this + +was a way of getting at the boss via the public stomach they did not hesitate at + +sabotage in the kitchens. If any of you have ever got soup that was not fit to + +eat, that was too salty or peppery, maybe there were some boys in the kitchen + +that wanted shorter hours, and that was one way they notified the boss. In the + +Hotel McAlpin the head waiter called the men up before him after the strike was + +over and lost and said, "Boys, you can have what you want, we will give you the + +hours, we will give you the wages, we will give you everything, but, for God's + +sake, stop this sabotage business in the kitchen!" In other words, what they had + +not been able to win through the strike they were able to win by striking at the + +taste of the public, by making the food non-consumable and therefore compelling + +the boss to take cognizance of their efficiency and their power in the kitchen. + + + +Following The "Book of Rules" + + + +Interfering with service may be done in another way. It may be done, strange to + +say, sometimes by abiding by the rules, living up to the law absolutely. + +Sometimes the law is almost as inconvenient a thing for the capitalist as for a + +labor agitator. For instance, on every railroad they have a book of rules, a + +nice little book that they give to every employee, and in that book of rules it + +tells how the engineer and the fireman must examine every part of the engine + +before they take it out of the round house. It tells how the brakeman should go + +the length and the width of the train and examine every bit of machinery to be + +sure it's in good shape. It tells how the stationmaster should do this and the + +telegraph operator that, and so forth, and it all sounds very nice in the little + +book. But now take the book of rules and compare it with the timetable and you + +will realize how absolutely impossible the whole thing is. What is it written + +for? An accident happens. An engineer who has been working 36 hours does not see + +a signal on the track, and many people are killed. The coroner's jury meets to + +fix the responsibility. And upon whom is it fixed? This poor engineer who didn't + +abide by the book of rules! He is the man upon whom the responsibility falls. + +The company wipe their hands and say, "We are not responsible. Our employee was + +negligent. Here are our rules." And through this book of rules they are able to + +fix the responsibility of every accident on some poor devil like that engineer, + +who said the other day, after a frightful accident, when he was arrested, "Yes, + +but if I didn't get the train in at a certain time I might have lost my job + +under the new management on the New Haven road." That book rules exists in + +Europe as well. In one station in France there was an accident and the station + +master was held responsible. The station masters were organized in the + +Railwaymen's Union. And they went to the union and asked for some action. The + +union said, "The best thing for you men to do is to go back on the job and obey + +that book of rules letter for letter. If that is the only reason why accidents + +happen we will have no accidents hereafter." So they went back and when a man + +came up to the ticket office and asked for a ticket to such-and-such a place, + +the charge being so much, and would hand in more than the amount, he would be + +told, "Can't give you any change. It says in the book of rules a passenger must + +have the exact fare." This was the first one. Well, after a lot of fuss they + +chased around and got the exact change, were given their tickets and got aboard + +the train. Then when the train was supposedly ready to start the engineer + +climbed down, the fireman followed and they began to examine every bolt and + +piece of mechanism on the engine. The brakeman got off and began to examine + +everything he was supposed to examine. The passengers grew very restless. The + +train stood there about an hour and a half. They proceeded to leave the train. + +They were met at the door by an employee who said, "No, it's against the rules + +for you to leaev the train once you get into it, until you arrive at your + +destination." And within three days the railroad system of France was so + +completely demoralized that they had to exonerate this particular station + +master, and the absurdity of the book of rules had been so demonstated to the + +public that they had to make over their system of operation before the public + +would trust themselves to the railroad any further. + + + +This book of rules has been tried not only for the purpose of exoneration; it + +has been tried for the purpose of strikes. Where men fail in the open battle + +they go back and with this system they win. Railroad men can sabotage for others + +as well as for themselves. In a case like the miners of Colorado where we read + +there that militiamen were sent in against the miners. We know that they are + +sent against the miners because the first act of the militia was to disarm the + +miners and leave the mine guards, the thugs, in possession of their arms. Ludlow + +followed! The good judge O'Brien went into Calumet, Mich., and said to the + +miners -- and the president of the union, Mr. Moyer, sits at the table as + +chairman while he said it -- "Boys, give up your guns. It is better for you to + +be shot than it is to shoot anybody." Now, sabotage is not violence, but that + +does not mean that I am deprecating all forms of violence. I believe for + +instance in the case of Michigan, in the case of Colorado, in the case of + +Roosevelt, N. J., the miners should have held onto their guns, exercised their + +"constitutional right" to bear arms, and, militia or no militia, absolutely + +refused to gfive them up until they saw the guns of the thugs and the guns of + +the mine guards on the other side of the road first. And even then it might be a + +good precaution to hold on to them in case of danger! Well, when this militia + +was being sent from Denver up into the mining district one little train crew did + +what has never been done in America before; something that caused a thrill to go + +through the humblest toiler. If I could have worked for twenty years just to see + +one little torch of hope like that, I believe it worth while. The train was full + +of soldiers. The engineer, the fireman, all the train crew stepped out of the + +train and they said, "We are not going to run this train to carry soldiers in + +against our brother strikers." So they deserted the train, but it was then + +operated by a Baldwin detective and a deputy sheriff. Can you say that wasn't a + +case where sabotage was absolutely necessary? + + + +Putting The Machine on Strike + + + +Suppose that when the engineer had gone on strike he had taken a vital part of + +the engine on strike with him, without which it would have been impossible for + +anyone to run that engine. Then there might have been a different story. + +Railroad men have a mighty power in refusing to transport soldiers, + +strike-breakers and ammunition for soldiers and strike-breakers into strike + +districts. They did it in Italy. The soldiers went on the train. The train + +guards refused to run the trains. The soldiers thought they could run the train + +themselves. They started and the first signal they came to was "Danger." They + +went along very slowly and cautiously, and the next signal was at "Danger." And + +they found before they had gone very far that some of the switches had been + +turned and they were run off on to a siding in the woods somewhere. Laboriously + +they got back onto the main track. They came to a drawbridge and the bridge was + +turned open. They had to go across in boats and abandon the train. That meant + +walking the rest of the way. By the time they got into strike district the + +strike was over. Soldiers who have had to walk aren't so full of vim and vigor + +and so anxious to shoot "dagoes" down when they get into a strike district as + +when they ride in a train manned by union men. + + + +The railroad men have mighty power in refusing to run these trains and putting + +them in such a condition that they can't be run by others. However, to + +anticipate a question that is going to be asked about the possible disregard for + +human life, remember that when they put all the signals at danger there is very + +little risk for human life, because the train usually has to stop dead still. + +Where they take a vital part of the engine away the train does not run at all. + +So human life is not in danger. They make it a practice to strike such a vital + +blow that the service is paralyzed thereafter. + + + +With freight of course they do different things. In the strike of the railroad + +workers in France they transported the freight in such a way that a great + +trainload of fine fresh fruit could be run off into a siding in one of the + +poorest districts of France. It was left to decay. But it never reached the + +point of either decay or destruction. It was usually taken care of by the poor + +people of that district. Something that was supposed to be sent in a rush from + +Paris to Havre was sent to Marseilles. And so within a very short time the whole + +system was so clogged and demoralized that they had to say to the railroad + +workers, "You are the only efficient ones. Come back. Take your demands. But run + +our railroads." + + + +"Print The Truth or You Don't Print at All" + + + +Now, what is true of the railroad workers is also true of the newspaper workers. + +Of course one can hardly imagine any more conservative element to deal with than + +the railroad workers and the newspaper workers. Sometimes you will read a story + +in the paper that is so palpably false, a story about strikers that planted + +dynamite in Lawrence for instance (and it came out in a Boston paper before the + +dynamite was found), a story of how the Erie trains were "dynamited" by strikers + +in Paterson; but do you realize that the man who writes that story, the man who + +pays for that story, the owners and editors are not the ones that put the story + +into actual print? It is put in print by printers, compositors, typesetters, men + +who belong to the working class and are members of unions. During the Swedish + +general strike these workers who belonged to the unions and were operating the + +papers rebelled against printing lies against their fellow strikers. They sent + +an ultimatum to the newspaper managers: "Either you print the truth or you'll + +print no papers at all." The newspaper owners decided they would rather print no + +paper at all than tell the truth. Most of them would probably so decide in this + +country, too. The men went on strike and the paper came out a little bit of a + +sheet, two by four, until eventually they realized that the printers had them by + +the throat, that they could not print any papers without the printers. They sent + +for them to come back and told them, "So much of the paper will belong to the + +strikers and they can print what they please in it." + + + +But other printers have accomplished the same results by sabotage. In Copenhagen + +once there was a peace conference and a circus going on at the same time. The + +printers asked for more wages and they didn't get them. They were very sore. + +Bitterness in the heart is a very good stimulus for sabotage. So they said, "All + +right, we will stay right at work, boys, but we will do some funny business with + +this paper, so they won't want to print it tomorrow under the same + +circumstances." They took the peace conference, where some high and mighty + +person was going to make an address on international peace and they put that + +man's speech in the circus news; they reported the lion and the monkey as making + +speeches in the peace conference and the Honorable Mr. So-and-so doing trapeze + +acts in the circus. There was great consternation and indignation in the city. + +Advertisers, the peace conference, the circus protested. The circus would not + +pay their bill for advertising. It cost the paper as much, eventually, as the + +increased wages would have cost them, so that they came to the men figuratively + +on their bended knees and asked them, "Please be good and we will give you + +whatever you ask." That is the power of interfering with industrial efficiency + +by bad service. It is not the inefficiency of a poor workman, but the deliberate + +withdrawal of efficiency by a competent worker. + + + +"Used Sabotage, But Didn't Know What You Called It" + + + +Sabotage is for the workingman an absolute necessity. Therefore it is almost + +useless to argue about its effectiveness. When men do a thing instinctively + +continually, year after year and generation after generation, it means that that + +weapon has some value to them. When the Boyd speech was made in Paterson, + +immediately some of the socialists rushed to the newspapers to protest. They + +called the attention of the authorities to the fact that the speech was made. + +The secretary of the socialist party and the organizer of the socialist party + +repudiated Boyd. That precipitated the discussion into the strike committee as + +to whether speeches on sabotage were to be permitted. We had tried to instill + +into the strikers the idea that any kind of speech was to be permitted; that a + +socialist or a minister or a priest, a union, organizer, an A. F. of L. man, a + +politician, an I. W. W. man, an anarchist, anybody should have the platform. And + +we tried to make the strikers realize. "You have sufficient intelligence to + +select for yourselves. If you haven't got that, then no censorship over your + +meetings is going to do you any good." So they had a rather tolerant spirit and + +they were not inclined to accept this socialist denunciation of sabotage right + +off the reel. They had an executive session and threshed it out and this is what + +occurred. + + + +One worker said, "I never heard of this thing called sabotage before Mr. Boyd + +spoke about it on the platform. I know once in a while when I want a half-day + +off and they won't give it to me I slip the belt off the machine so it won't run + +and I get my half day. I don't know whether you call that sabotage, but that's + +what I do." + + + +Another said, "I was in the strike of the dyers eleven years ago and we lost. We + +went back to work and we had these scabs that had broken our strike working side + +by side with us. We were pretty sore. So whenever they were supposed to be + +mixing green we saw to it that they put in red, or when they were supposed to be + +mixing blue we saw to it that they put in green. And soon they realized that + +scabbing was a very unprofitable business. And the next strike we had, they + +lined up with us. I don't know whether you call that sabotage, but it works." + + + +As we went down the line, one member of the executive committee after another + +admitted they had used this thing but they "didn't know that was what you called + +it!" And so in the end democrats, republicans, socialists, all I. W. W.'s in the + +committee voted that speeches on sabotage were to be permitted, because it was + +ridiculous not to say on the platform what they were already doing in the shop. + + + +And so my final justification of sabotage is its constant use by the worker. The + +position of speakers, organizers, lecturers, writers who are presumed to be + +interested in the labor movement, must be one of two. If you place yourself in a + +position outside of the working class and you presume to dictate to them from + +some "superior" intellectual plane, what they are to do, they will very soon get + +rid of you, for you will very soon demonstrate that you are of absolutely no use + +to them. I believe the mission of the intelligent propagandist is this: we are + +to see what the workers are doing, and then try to understand why they do it; + +not tell them it's right or it's wrong, but analyze the condition and see if + +possibly they do not best understand their need and if, out of the condition, + +there may not develop a theory that will be of general utility. Industrial + +unionism, sabotage are theories born of such facts and experiences. But for us + +to place ourselves in a position of censorship is to alienate ourselves entirely + +from sympathy and utility with the very people we are supposed to serve. + + + +Sabotage and "Moral Fiber" + + + +Sabotage is objected to on the ground that it destroys the moral fiber of the + +individual, whatever that is! The moral fibre of the workingman! Here is a poor + +workingman, works twelve hours a day seven days a week for two dollars a day in + +the steel mills of Pittsburg. For that man to use sabotage is going to destroy + +his moral fiber. Well, if it does, then moral fiber is the only thing he has + +left. In a stage of society where men produce a completed article, for instance + +if a shoemaker takes a piece of raw leather, cuts it, designs it, plans the + +shoes, makes every part of the shoes, turns out a finished product, that + +respresents to him what the piece of sculpturing represents to the artist, there + +is joy in handicraftsmanship, there is joy in labor. But can anyone believe that + +a shoe factory worker, one of a hundred men, each doing a small part of the + +complete whole, standing before a machine for instance and listening to this + +ticktack all day long -- that such a man has any joy in his work or any pride in + +the ultimate product? The silk worker for instance may make beautiful things, + +fine shimmering silk. When it is hung up in the window of Altman's or Macy's or + +Wanamaker's it looks beautiful. But the silk worker never gets a chance to use a + +single yard of it. And the producing of the beautiful thing instead of being a + +pleasure is instead a constant aggravation to the silk worker. They make a + +beautiful thing in the shop and then they come home to poverty, misery, and + +hardship. They wear a cotton dress while they are weaving the beautiful silk for + +some demi monde in New York to wear. + + + +I remember one night we had a meeting of 5,000 kiddies. (We had them there to + +discuss whether or not there should be a school strike. The teachers were not + +telling the truth about the strike and we decided that the children were either + +to hear the truth or it was better for them not to go to school at all.) I said, + +"Children, is there any of you here who have a silk dress in your family? + +Anybody's mother got a silk dress?" One little ragged urchin in front piped up, + +"Shure, me mudder's got a silk dress." + + + +I said, "Where did she get it?" -- perhaps a rather indelicate question, but a + +natural one. + + + +He said, "Me fadder spoiled the cloth and had to bring it home." + + + +The only time they get a silk dress is when they spoil the goods so that nobody + +else will use it; when the dress is so ruined that nobody else would want it. + +Then they can have it. The silk worker takes pride in his products! To talk to + +these people about being proud of their work is just as silly as to talk to the + +street cleaner about being proud of his work, or to tell the man that scrapes + +out the sewer to be proud of his work. If they made an article completely or if + +they made it all together under a democratic association and then they had the + +disposition of the silk -- they could wear some of it, they could make some of + +the beautiful salmon-colored and the delicate blues into a dress for themselves + +-- there would be pleasure in producing silk. But until you eliminate wage + +slavery and the exploitation of labor it is ridiculous to talk about destroying + +the moral fiber of the individual by telling him to destroy "his own product." + +Destroy his own product! He is destroying somebody else's enjoyment, somebody + +else's chance to use his product created in slavery. There is another argument + +to the effect that "If you use this thing called sabotage you are going to + +develop in yourself a spirit of histility, a spirit of antagonism to everybody + +else in society, you are going to become sneaking, you are going to become + +cowardly. It is an underhanded thing to do." But the individual who uses + +sabotage is not benefiting himself alone. If he were looking out for himself + +only he would never use sabotage. It would be much easier, much safer not to do + +it. When a man uses sabotage he is usually intending to benefit the whole; doing + +an individual thing but doing it for the benefit of himself and others together. + +And it requires courage. It requires individuality. It creates in that + +workingman some self-respect for and self-reliance upon himself as a producer. I + +contend that sabotage instead of being sneaking and cowardly is a courageous + +thing, is an open thing. The boss may not be notified about it through the + +papers, but he finds out about it very quickly, just the same. And the man or + +woman who employs it is demonstrating a courage that you may measure in this + +way: How many of the critics would do it? How many of you, if you were dependent + +on a job in a silk town like Paterson, would take your job in your hands and + +employ sabotage? If you were a machinist in a locomotive shop and had a good + +job, how many of you would risk it to employ sabotage? Consider that and then + +you have the right to call the man who uses it a coward -- if you can. + + + +Limiting The Over-Supply of Slaves + + + +It is my hope that the workers will not only "sabotage" the supply of products, + +but also the over-supply of producers. In Europe the syndicalists have carried + +on a propaganda that we are too cowardly to carry on in the United States as + +yet. It is against the law. Everything is "against the law," once it becomes + +large enough for the law to take cognizance that it is in the best interests of + +the working class. If sabotage is to be thrown aside because it is construed as + +against the law, how do we know that next year free speech may not have to be + +thrown aside? Or free assembly or free press? That a thing is against the law, + +does not mean necessarily that the thing is not good. Sometimes it means just + +the contrary: a mighty good thing for the working class to use against the + +capitalists. In Europe they are carrying on this sort of limitation of product: + +they are saying, "Not only will we limit the product in the factory, but we are + +going to limit the supply of producers. We are going to limit the supply of + +workers on the market." Men and women of the working class in France and Italy + +and even Germany today are saying, "We are not going to have ten, twelve and + +fourteen children for the army, the navy, the factory and the mine. We are going + +to have fewer children, with quality and not quantity accentuated as our ideal + +who can be better fed, better clothed, better equipped mentally and will become + +better fighters for the social revolution." Although it is not a strictly + +scientific definition I like to include this as indicative of the spirit that + +produces sabotage. It certainly is one of the most vital forms of class warfare + +there are, to strike at the roots of the capitalist system by limiting their + +supply of slaves and creating individuals who will be good soldiers on their own + +behalf. + + + +Sabotage a War Measure + + + +I have not given you are rigidly defined thesis on sabotage because sabotage is + +in the process of making. Sabotage itself is not clearly defined. Sabotage is as + +broad and changing as industry, as flexible as the imagination and passions of + +humanity. Every day workingmen and women are discovering new forms of sabotage, + +and the stronger their rebellious imagination is the more sabotage they are + +going to invent, the more sabotage they are going to develop. Sabotage is not, + +however, a permanent weapon. Sabotage is not going to be necessary, once a free + +society has been established. Sabotage is simply a war measure and it will go + +out of existence with the war, just as the strike, the lockout, the policeman, + +the machine gun, the judge with his injunction, and all the various weapons in + +the arsenals of capital and labor will go out of existence with the advent of a + +free society. "And then," someone may ask, "may not this instinct for sabotage + +have developed, too far, so that one body of workers will use sabotage against + +another; that the railroad workers, for instance, will refuse to work for the + +miners unless they get exorbitant returns for labor?" The difference is this: + +when you sabotage an employer you are sabotaging somebody upon whom you are not + +interdependent, you have no relationship with him as a member of society + +contributing to your wants in return for your contribution. The employer is + +somebody who depends absolutely on the workers. Whereas, the miner is one unit + +in as society where somebody else supplies the bread, somebody else the clothes, + +somebody else the shoes, and where he gives his product in exchange for someone + +else's; and it would be suicidal for him to assume a tyrannical, a monopolistic + +position, of demanding so much for his product that the others might cut him off + +from any other social relations and refuse to meet with any such bargain. In + +other words, the miner, the railroad worker, the baker is limited in using + +sabotage against his fellow workers because he is interdependent on his fellow + +workers, whereas he is not meterially interdependent on the employer for the + +means of subsistence. + + + +But the worker will not be swerved from his stern purpose by puerile objections. + +To him this is not an argument but a struggle for life. He knows freedom will + +come only when his class is willing and courageous enough to fight for it. He + +knows the risks, far better than we do. But his choice is between starvation in + +slavery and starvation in battle. Like a spent swimmer in the sea, who can sink + +easily and apathetically into eternal sleep, but who struggles on to grasp a + +stray spar, suffers but hopes in suffering -- so the worker makes his choice. + +His wife's worries and tears spur him forth to don his shining armor of + +industrial power; his child's starry eyes mirror the light of the ideal to him + +and strengthens his determination to strike the shackles from the wrists of toil + +before that child enters the arena of industrial life; his manhood demands some + +rebellion against daily humiliation and intolerable exploitation. To this + +worker, sabotage is a shining sword. It pierces the nerve centers of capitalism, + +stabs at its hearts and stomachs, tears at the vitals of its economic system. It + +is cutting a path to freedom, to ease in production and ease in consumption. + + + +Confident in his powers, he hurls his challenge into his master's teeth -- I am, + +I was and I will be -- + + + + "I will be, and lead the nations on, the last of all your hosts to meet, + + Till on your necks, your heads, your crowns, I'll plant my strong, resistless + + feet. + + Avenger, Liberator, Judge, red battles on my pathway hurled, + + I stretch forth my almighty arm till it revivifies the world." + + + + + + + + + +PREAMBLE + + + +Industrial Workers of the World + + + +The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. The can be no + +peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the working people and + +the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. + + + +Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world + +organize as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production, + +and abolish the wage system. + + + +We find that the centering of the management of industries into fewer and fewer + +hands makes the trade unions unable to cope with the ever growing power of the + +employing class. The trade unions foster a state of affairs which allows one set of + +workers to be pitted against another set of workers in the same industry, thereby + +helping to defeat one another in wage wars. Moreover, the trade unions aid the + +employing class to mislead the workers into the belief that the working class have + +interests in common with their employers. + + + +These conditions can be changed and the interest of the working class upheld only + +by an organization formed in such a way that all its members in any one industry, + +or in all industries if necessary, cease work whenever a strike or lockout is on in + +any department thereof, thus making an injury to one an injury to all. + + + +Instead of the conservative motto, "A fair day's wage for a fair day's work," we + +must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, "Abolition of the wage + +system." + + + +It is the historic mission of the working class to do away with capitalism. The + +army of production must be organized, not only for the everyday struggle with + +capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been + +overthrown. By organizing industrially we are forming the structure of the new + +society within the shell of the old. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/samllbs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/samllbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..382c8c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/samllbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,250 @@ +***** Reformated. Please Distribute. + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON SMALL BUSINESS + + + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore believe in business. They +believe in the marketplace. They know that +economic growth will be the best jobs program this +country will ever have. Small businesses create +most of the new jobs in this country and they need +to flourish if we are all to prosper. + +America cannot afford another four years without a +strategy to make our economy grow again. We must +put an end to the era of rewarding outrageous +executive pay and shipping American jobs overseas +while leaving small businesses without basic +support. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will make the change. +They will encourage small business people and +entrepreneurs to take risks, and reward those with +the patience, the courage, and the determination to +create new jobs. A Clinton/Gore Administration +will provide incentives for those who start new +businesses and develop new technologies. And it +will make sure that the small defense contractors +who helped win the Cold War don't get left out in +the cold. + +Create incentives for small businesses to invest + +* Offer a new enterprise tax credit that + provides a 50 percent tax exclusion for those + who take risks by making long-term investments + in new businesses. + +* Provide a targeted investment tax credit to + encourage investment in new plants and + productive equipment here at home that we need + to compete in the global economy. + +* Make permanent the research and development + tax credit to reward companies that invest in + ground-breaking technologies. + +Contain small business health care costs + +* Provide affordable, quality health care for + all Americans, while protecting small + businesses from rising health care costs. + +* Phase in small employer and new business + health care responsibilities until costs are + reduced. In the interim their employees will + be covered by the public health care program + with co-payment requirements to discourage + over-utilization and encourage shared + responsibility. + +* Stop underwriting practices that divide + Americans into small risk groups and raise the + cost of health care coverage for small + business. Institute a broad-based community + rating system to guarantee access, continuity + and renewability of coverage. + +* Allow small businesses to buy into a public + health program if it is less expensive than + similar plans offered by private insurers. + +* Promote managed competition by eliminating + barriers to small businesses that want to band + together to form larger groups to purchase + health insurance at lower prices. + +Facilitate defense conversion for small defense +contractors + +* Increase technical, financial, and marketing + assistance to Americas small businesses, which + will be critical in the provision of new, + high-tech jobs for former small defense + contractor employees. + +* Provide small business conversion grants + through the Small Business Administration + (SBA) to help small defense contractors + finance their transition from defense to + civilian production. + +* Create a small business Technical Extension + Service, based on the successful Agriculture + Extension and Minnesotas effective Project + Outreach Program, to give small businesses + easy access to technical expertise. A primary + goal of the Extension Service will be to + provide information on marketing, finance and + technology to assist firms converting to + civilian production. + +* Require the SBA to set aside a percentage of + its loan program for successful small business + defense contractors attempting to convert to + civilian enterprise. + +Increase small business exports and ensure fair +trade + +* Work to create an open trading system and + support efforts to reduce trade barriers + through the General Agreement on Tariffs and + Trades (GATT). + +* Pass a sharper, stronger Super 301 trade bill + to encourage our trading partners to permit US + goods access to their markets. + +* Negotiate a North American Free Trade + Agreement to promote increased trade with + Mexico, but only if its fair to American + farmers and workers and contains provisions to + protect the environment. + +Encourage small businesses to invest in rural +areas and inner-cities + +* Set up a national network of small business + community development banks like the South + Shore Bank of Chicago and its rural + counterpart, the Southern Development + Bancorporation in Arkansas, to give low-income + entrepreneurs the tools they need to start new + businesses. Small business is the key to + employment in our cities and must be + encouraged. The South Shore Bank has proven + that free enterprise can flourish with the + proper financial support in the most + challenging of circumstances. + +* Create urban enterprise zones to encourage + investment in inner-city development and + provide jobs for local residents. + +* Rewrite and pass a stronger Community + Reinvestment Act that challenges banks to lend + to entrepreneurs and promotes development + projects that reinforce community and + neighborhood goals. + +* Support the Minority Small Business Investment + Company and other programs that encourage + development of minority-owned small + businesses. + +Expanded opportunity for small business + +* In the last half of the 1980s, because of + Bill Clinton's leadership, the number of + manufacturing jobs in Arkansas grew at ten + times the national average. Much of the + growth was in small business. For example, + from 1979 to 1991, there was a 142 percent + increase in the number of Arkansas companies + exporting products. Nearly 75 percent of these + companies had less than 200 employees. + +* For the year ending in May 1992, Arkansas + ranked second nationally in absolute creation + (+29,000) and second nationally in job growth + rate. + +* Created the Arkansas Development Finance + Authority (ADFA) to provide a source of + long-term, low-interest, and fixed-rate + financing for economic development projects. + ADFA was among the first agencies in the + nation to develop an industrial bond pooling + program, which enables small businesses to + participate in the bond market and brings down + the net interest rate for Arkansas borrowers. + ADFAs flexible regulations have also brought + millions of out-of-state dollars into + Arkansas, and have provided 46 companies more + than $65 million in bond loans. + +* Reorganized the non-profit Arkansas Capital + Corporation, which makes reduced interest + loans to small businesses that do not meet + requirements for conventional bank loans. + Between 1985 and April 1992, the ACC approved + more than $18 million in economic development + loans. The ACC also sponsored the formation + of the Arkansas Certified Development + Corporation, which serves as a vehicle for + long-term financing under an SBA program. + +* Helped establish the private Southern + Development Bancorporation, which since 1988 + has made more than $12 million in development + loans, mainly in Arkansas small businesses. + +* Established a Linked Deposit Program, which + allows up to $50 million of state funds in + lending institutions to be loaned to small + businesses at below-market rates. + +* Senator Gore is the author of the Small + Business Innovation Development Act of 1982 + which directs the federal government to + provide a more equitable and effective + distribution of federal research and + development funds toward small businesses. + +* Cosponsored numerous bills to encourage small + business ownership and maintain a favorable + tax policy for small business growth. + +* Cosponsored the Small Business Capital + Formation Act, which would provide + preferential tax treatment for capital gains + on small business stock held over four years. + +* Cosponsored a bill which would amend the + Internal Revenue Code to promote small + businesses. Support for minority businesses + +* Bill Clinton created the Minority Business + Development Division of the Arkansas + Industrial Development Commission. The + Division has given $5.2 million in financial + assistance to minority-controlled businesses + in Arkansas and offers regular financial + advice. + +* Created a Small Business Revolving Loan Fund + to provide loans to small and minority + businesses, mainly in rural areas. + +* Al Gore cosponsored numerous bills designed to + encourage small business ownership and + maintain a favorable tax policy for small + business growth. + +* Has consistently supported programs to assist + businesses owned by minorities and women. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/scsa-ash.txt b/politicalTextFiles/scsa-ash.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..123a751 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/scsa-ash.txt @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ + Separation of Church and State in America: A Short History + by Mister Zen + Copyleft 1992 - All Rites Reversed + ------------------------------------------------------ + +This short work is in response to recent statements made on CultWatch +to the effect that: + + a) The USA has no Constitutional Ammendment providing for the + separation of church and state. + + b) The founding fathers did not intend for there to be such a + separation. + + c) The USA was intended by the founding fathers to be a Christian + nation. + + d) That the 1st Ammendment to the Constitution is absolute, in + that any attempt to make illegal prayer in schools is + unconstitutional. + +I believe these statements to be erroneous, and am therefore +promulgating this thesis. I hope that it sheds some light on +the situation. + +Since it would appear to be Christians who are putting forth +the aforementioned balderdash, I'd like to begin by quoting an +authority whom some may have respect for, who spoke on the +separation of church and state. His name was Jesus of Nazareth, +and he has been quoted as having said, "Render to Caesar the +things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's" +(Mark 12:17), which I believe indicates a clear distinction +being made between things secular and things spiritual. It +would appear, Christians, that your own founder [sic] was in +favor of keeping church and state separate! + +In order to better understand why our founding fathers wished +to keep separate the functions of church and state, it would do +to take a close look at prevailing conditions in England prior +to the colonization of America. + +In the 16th and 17th centuries, the government attempted to +declare illegal and destroy any religion that did not adhere to +standards set forth by the official state church, the Church of +England (Anglican). This included Catholics and some Protestant +faiths. Puritans were prohibited from publishing their books +and pamphlets. A famous Puritan, John Milton, did succeed in +publishing a protest against the situation, the "Areopagitica." + +Popular dissent against the restrictive laws led in part to the +English Civil War in 1642, which put the Puritans in power. +Apparently unable to learn their lesson after having been +repressed themselves, they promptly began oppressing the +Catholics. Then came Oliver Cromwell, who favored religious +toleration. Following him came the restoration of Charles II to +the throne in 1660, and he instituted the Clarendon Code in +1661, which legalized persecution of non-Anglicans. There was, +again, a great deal of dissent over this unpopular law, and +following the Glorious Revolution in 1689, William III and Mary +II again permitted religious toleration. + +One may note with irony that it was the many foibles and +caprices of the monarchy and government of England that led +many of our founding fathers to leave England for America in +the first place. However, once here, our worthy forefathers +could not resist the temptation to set up their own official +religions, and to begin persecuting those who were not members. + +In Virginia in particular, the Church of England was the +official church. In 1758, there was a confrontation with angry +Baptists and Presbyterians, which led to the Anglican Church +being removed as the official church of Virginia in 1779. + +In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Mason +completed the Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty, which +legally separated church and state, and established the +principles which would later be followed by the United States +of America. Indeed, Thomas Jefferson stated that his intention +was to erect a "wall of separation between church and state." + +In the 1st Ammendment to the Constitution of the United States, +first penned by Madison in 1789, it was stated, in part, +"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...," which +has been interpreted by some to be absolute. However, such has +not proven to be the case, with the 1st Ammendment, or indeed, +with any of the others. Congress has passed many, many laws +which have been deemed to be "in the public interest" that have +restricted the free practice of religion in one form or +another. The most innocuous of these are laws requiring +churches to conform to building and fire codes, as well as +sanitation laws. The IRS has assumed the role of determining +whether or not a religious group is indeed a church for +purposes of avoiding taxation. + +The Supreme Court, since the earliest days of our government, +has consistantly determined that there are two parts to the +1st Ammendment - the "free exercise" portion, and the +"establishment" portion. The Establishment Clause specifically +prohibits any law "respecting an establishment of religion," +while the Free Exercise Clause bans laws "prohibiting the free +exercise of religion." These two clauses are designed to +protect the same basic value - the freedom of every individual +to worship (or not to worship) as he or she wishes, without +government interference. The Supreme Court has consistantly +held that the government may neither engage in nor compel +religious practices, that it effect no favoritism among sects +or between religion and non-religion, and that it work +deterrence of no religious belief. + +Now comes the tough part - the Supreme Court has had to walk a +tightrope since the earliest days of our government, balancing +the desire to leave religions alone to practice as they please +and the need to protect the legal, social and religious needs +of society as a whole. Examples of tough decisions abound. For +example: + + Reynolds v. United States, 1878 - Mormans claim religious + freedom to practice polygamy under the Free Exercise + Clause. Denied. + + West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943 - West Virginia + law requiring that students in public schools salute the flag + struck down. + + Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education, 1930 - Public + schools may legally furnish secular textbooks for the use + of children in religious schools. + + Everson v. Board of Education, 1947 - State reimbursement of + parent's money spent for public bus transportation of their + children to parochial schools does not constitute + "establishment of a religion." + + McCollum v. Board of Education, 1948 - Public schools may + cooperate with churches for religious education of children, + but may not use public property or funds, and religion itself + may not be promoted. + + Engel v. Vitale, 1962 - The Supreme Court struck down mandatory + prayer in public schools. A period of silence may be observed + during which children may pray if they wish, but the school + may not conduct devotional exercises, compose prayers, read + the bible, or otherwise enter the field of religious + instruction. + + Walz v. Tax Commission, 1970 - Traditional freedom from taxation + for churches upheld. + + Cruz v. Beto, 1972 - Prisoners have the freedom to worship as + they please. + + Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984 - Cities have the right to display + Nativity Scenes in public Christmas displays. + +In the preceding text, I have attempted to show that the four +assertations mentioned herein are incorrect, and I believe +that I have acheived that goal. It should be obvious to even +the most casual reader that the USA does, indeed provide for +the separation of church and state in its Constitution. In +addition, as quotes by Thomas Jefferson would indicate, our +founding fathers, the framers of the Constitution, did most +definately intend for there to be a distinct and inviolate +separation between church and state in our country. Further, as +the many divisions of Christian sects in both England and +America would indicate, it would have been impossible for our +forefathers to have intended for the USA to become a +"Christian" nation, as there was then, as there is now, no one +"Christian" religion - indeed, when the various factions and +sects are brought together in one place, they immediately +attempt to oppress each other. And finally, I have shown that +the Supreme Court has consistantly held, that although the 1st +Ammendment is most important and deserving of respect, it must +be tempered (as all laws must) by the needs of the people it +serves. --Mister Zen--- + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/scud.txt b/politicalTextFiles/scud.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..298b413 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/scud.txt @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +History & Description of the Soviet SCUDS ---- +by Jack E. Hammond, Defense Data Inc +January 18th 1991 + +Israel has been hit by between 6 to 8 SCUD medium range ballistic missiles +(Israel now says 10). The following is a short history of the SCUD. + +The first version of the SCUD was the R-11\SS-1b\SCUD-A (USSR\US\NATO) and +appeared about 1957. It was carried by a tracked vehicle and was erected +on round table then the tracked carrier was pulled away from the missile, +i.e. like the WW2 German V-2 rockets. Unlike the V-2 it had the advantage +of using semi-storable liquid fuels (these fuels are dangerous though to +human contact and the crews are required to wear rubbers suits making many +to think they all have chemical warheads). But they still had the +disadvantage of using the V-2 type guidance system with a internal gyro +and radio cut off to control the trajectory. This requires a weather +balloon being tracked to predict the air currents before launch. The +SCUD-A main weak point was its accuracy -- hitting somewhere in a circle +of around 4 km (CEP of 4km). + +The second version of the SCUD was the R-17\SS-1c\SCUD-B and first +appeared in 1965. Besides being slightly longer, it was mounted on a 8X8 +wheeled vehicle, the MAZ-543\7310TLM Uragan transport-erector. This +vehicle gave a great highway and semi-rough terrain mobility making them +easy to hide and hard to find. The biggest improvement was the inertial +strap down guidances system which improved the CEP to 1 km. Minimum time +from first fueling to firing is 90 minutes. + +Besides the standard HE or variable tactical nuclear warheads the Soviets +also developed a chemical warhead that if filled with VX (nerve agent). It +uses a proximity fuze that activates a small HE charge that rams a pusher +down spreading the nerve agent. This warhead was developed for use +against NATO air bases to hinder refueling and arming of its strike +aircraft. + +The R-17\SS-1c\SCUD-B or versions of it are the most common and has a +length of 11.2 m (38 ft 9 in), Span: 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), Diameter: 85 cm +(2 ft 10 in), Weight: 6300 kg (13,890 lb), Range: 280 km (170 mi), +Warhead: either tactical nuclear or high explode warhead weighing +approximately 1 ton. + +After the SCUD-B the Soviets had a small scale development of two more +version. The SS-1d\SCUD-C (no known Soviet designation) which has a +longer range but an even worst CEP than the SCUD-A. The second version +was the SS-1e\SCUD-D -- and THANK GOD help us that none were exported. +The SCUD-D is fitted with a improved guidance and has a submunnition +warhead. Against air bases it is extremely dangerous -- EXTREMELY! (The +Soviets have re designated their missiles and the R-17 is now the R-300) + +There one other SCUD-B version developed, and that was the M-11 by the +People Republic of China. The M-11 can be launched from the same Soviet +made MAZ vehicle. The M-11 was developed strictly to acquire gold +currency -- export -- and the PLA has no need for it. + +Today in the Soviet Army the SCUDs are being replaced by the OTR-23\SS-23 +Spider (Soviet\NATO). The Spider uses solid fuel, is super accurate -- +measured in 10s of meters) -- and most Third World leaders would give half +their oil, prettiest daughter and even their left testicle if requested +for some of them. Syria has them in limited numbers, and Israel hates the +Soviets for it. + +The Arab SCUDS ---- + +In the 1970s the Arabs had the short range FROG free flight artillery +rockets. To keep the Israeli AF from attacking their cities they +requested the SCUD-B. For the Arabs the Soviets developed an export model +(i.e. Mickie Mouse version in their terms). Called the R-17E, it was a +SCUD-B with the SCUD-A guidance system (i.e. instead of a 1km CEP a 4 km +CEP). The first models were shipped shortly before the 1973 war: e.g. +Egypt, Syria, Libya (a lot of them with 72 transport-erectors -- which is +what counts), North Korea, Iraq (36 transport-erectors) and South Yemen +(not the Republic of Yemen). + +The first combat use of the SCUD was when the Egyptians launched a number +of them during the 1973 War against suspected Israeli military +installations in Sinai. Nothing is know about their effectiveness. Also, +as a sidenote, in April 1986 the Libyans launched two export SCUDs against +Italian island of Lampedusa, where the USN has a navigation station. Both +landed in the sea off the island. + +The Iraqi SCUDS: Terror in the Cities ---- + +From the outset of the Iran-Iraq Gulf War the Iraqis used short range FROG +free flight artillery rockets. Even though Iraqis had the SCUD-Bs they +could not use them because their missile crews were not trained. By 1982 +the crews were trained and the war was going against Iraq. In October 27 +1982 they fired the first SCUD missile that killed civilians when one +impacted the Iranian city of Dezful killing 21 and reportedly injuring in +the hundreds. (Many are now saying, "Gawd! The one that hit Tel Aviv +didn't do that -- not even killing one!" Please keep reading.) + +Iraq continued to firing SCUDs against cities killing hundreds of Iranian +civilians. In 1985 the tables turned when Iran acquired a small number of +SCUDs from Libya. Soon Bagdhad was getting hit. At first Saddam tried to +shove it off as car bombs, but it was soon out and Saddam suffered a +massive lose of "face.": i.e. the Iraqi capital was being hit but not the +Iranian capital. Saddam tried to acquire a missile that could reach +Teheran -- e.g. reported the older liquid fueled Soviet SS-12 Scaleboard +(now destroyed under the INF treaty). The Soviets by this time were +changing and refused. But for some reason -- i.e. thought to be hard +currency -- provided a huge number of R-17\SCUDs (reports are from +anywhere from 200 to 500). From these missiles the Iraqis with foreign +experts developed the al-Husayn. THESE ARE WHAT HIT TEL AVIV ON JANUARY +18th 1991. + +Most so called experts state that the al-Husayn was an R-17E fitted with +strap on boosters to increase its range. THIS IS 100% FALSE! It is a lot +simpler. The Iraqis and their foreign engineers took a standard R-17E and +reduced the warhead from 2000 lbs to less than 500 lbs. This over doubled +the range to approximately 370 miles with a report CEP 500m. (This writer +does not accept that figure.) On February 29th 1988 the first al-Husayn +impacted Teheran. From then on Iran's strong morale to continue the war +with Iraq began to come unglued. A reported 200 al-Husayn were launched +against Teheran. Then besides the deaths created by the light warhead of +the al-Husayn, the Iranians learned that Iraq was developing a chemical +warhead (if they have or not is not known) and the Great Imman done +something worst than taking poison. + +Finally, besides the al-Husayn the Iraqis have developed an improved +version of the SCUD, called the al-Abbas, which has the same range of the +al-Husayn but the SCUDs original 2000 lb warhead with a reported CEP of +300m. (Also, not believe by this writer.) The al-Abbas was developing by +cannibalizing two SCUDs and extending the fuel tankage. Iraq has not +manufactured many because they have only so many SCUDs. If a al-Abbas had +been launched the deaths in Tel Aviv would have been much great -- i.e. +especially with all the civilians in soft sealed upper story rooms +expecting an chemical attack. + +THE END>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/secular.txt b/politicalTextFiles/secular.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f279e22 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/secular.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10076 @@ + 155 page printout + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + The value of this 360K disk is $7.00. This disk, its +printout, or copies of either are to be copied and given away, +but NOT sold. + + Bank of Wisdom, Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + + **** **** + + EDITED BY + + E. HALDEMAN-JULIUS B-733 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH, + + SECULAR MOVEMENT + + By JOHN EDWIN McGEE + + **** **** + + CONTENTS + + CHAPTER PAGE + + Preface ................................................ 2 +I ORIGINS ................................................ 2 + +II. A PERIOD OF FREE ASSOCIATION + Basic Features ........................................ 15 + A Masterful Convert ................................... 17 + Literature ............................................ 19 + Assemblages ........................................... 21 + Advancing Secularist Doctrines ........................ 22 + Attacking the Churches ................................ 30 + Opposition to Secularism .............................. 34 + Dissension ............................................ 36 + +III. THE BRADLAUGH EPOCH + Organization .......................................... 38 + Leaders ............................................... 42 + Publications .......................................... 46 + Meetings .............................................. 48 + Ceremonies ............................................ 51 + Furthering the Principles of Secularism ............... 52 + Anti-Church Activities ................................ 68 + The Attack upon Secularism ............................ 70 + Association with Organized International Freethought... 72 + +IV. THE FOOTE-COHEN ERA + Proportions of the Secular Movement ................... 73 + Administrative Affairs ................................ 74 + Outstanding Adherents ................................. 80 + Printed Matter ........................................ 81 + Public Occasions ...................................... 83 + Propagation of Secular Teachings ...................... 84 + Fighting the Religious Interests ...................... 89 + The Campaign against Secularism ....................... 90 + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 1 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +V. SIGNIFICANCE .......................................... 92 + Bibliography .......................................... 97 + + **** **** + + PREFACE + + + Despite the significant part which the British Secular +Movement has played in bringing about many of the ideas and +institutions which are of fundamental importance in the Great +Britain of today, the public has not had ample opportunities for +acquiring information concerning the Movement. To begin with, the +history of the undertaking has never been written. Added to this +is the fact that while many comments have been made on the +Secular Movement, they almost always have been tinged with the +emotion of Partisanship, and have departed widely from the +detached and impartial observations associated with the careful +historian. Finally, though biographies have been written of the +most prominent of the Secularist leaders, the authors of these +books have magnified the persons whose lives they treated at the +expense of the Secular Movement itself. These facts seemed to me +to provide ample justification for the writing of a sound history +of the Secular Movement, and inspired me to attempt to produce +such a history. + + The entire manuscript was read with much care by Professor +Preston Slosson, of the University of Michigan. Professor Slosson +offered many valuable suggestions for the improvement of the +work. I am grateful indeed for the advice which Professor Slosson +gave me. + + My debt to my late wife is simply limitless. For many +laborious months she worked along with me in the libraries, +helping me to gather the raw materials for the book from the +almost inexhaustible list of sources -- mainly pamphlets and +magazines -- which contain them. Besides all this she offered +valuable suggestions and helped solve knotty problems in +connection with the preparation of the manuscript. I wish to +acknowledge my deep appreciation for her assistance. + + JOHN EDWIN McGEE. + + April, 1948. + + **** **** + + CHAPTER I + + ORIGINS + + No phase of the history of Great Britain is more stirring +than the organized efforts, in the years after the middle of the +19th century, to achieve a less harsh and cruel existence for the +great masses of the British common people; and of the numerous +campaigns for popular reform which marked the post mid-19th +century period none, was more impressive than the British Secular + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 2 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Movement. The Secularists, as those who carried on the Secular +Movement were called, labored for their cause with a zeal which +at times was almost fanatical. They waged their fight, too, +simultaneously on many fronts. And, though often discriminated +against socially for their efforts, they persevered in their +undertaking almost from the very beginning of the second half of +the 19th century right down to the present time. + + Except for a few of the leaders, who, because of being, say, +journalists or small shopkeepers, belonged to the lower middle +class, the Secularists were virtually all members of the +workings, classes; and the Secular Movement was undertaken to +bring to an end a set of conditions which from the working class +point of view was provokingly unsatisfactory. When the +Secularists began their work these unfavorable conditions were in +evidence throughout every sphere of British society. In the +political realm the laboring masses of men and women counted for +little indeed. The monarchy itself, though a strictly limited +one. was identified with the traditions and interests of the +aristocracy, while the cost of its upkeep (which was +considerable) fell upon the people as a whole. The House of Lords +was composed of Church dignitaries and hereditary peers whose +associations, tastes, and outlook were these of the privileged +classes. The Members of the House of Commons were elected by +voters drawn from the middle and upper classes, and belonged +themselves to these groups. Government was really an affair of, +by, and for the higher classes. + + The economic and social setup, too, was unfavorable to the +welfare of The laboring masses. Thanks to the enclosure of lard +in the country and to the application of machinery to industry in +the towns, fewer workers were needed by the employing classes +than were available. In consequence, low wages were paid in cases +where employment was granted. while in many instances work was +not to be had on any terms. Poverty thus dogged the heels of the +working classes, and with poverty went crowded, unwholesome +living conditions. Then, too, no systematic provision was made +for the care of those who became destitute, or for those who +lingered on a while on earth after they were no longer able to +work. Added to all this was the fact, that there were almost no +opportunities available to the poor, especially in urban +districts, for wholesome recreation and entertainment. Week-end +pleasure trips, for example, even to nearby places, could not be +afforded. Wide and varied social contacts were out of the +question. The museums, libraries, and art galleries were all +closed on Sunday, the one day of the week when workingmen might +have visited them. Even Sunday music in the parks was +nonexistent. Bleak indeed were the lives of those whose lot it +was to toil. + + The schools of the day served the lower classes +inadequately. No state-controlled school system providing +universal, secular education was in existence, and the private +(denominational, usually Anglican), state-added schools that +constituted such a system as did exist not only failed to extend +any educational training whatever, to more than half of the +common people but did not make available even to the remainder a +strictly secular education. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 3 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Operative, in effect, primarily against the unprivileged +classes were various obstructions and dangers to the free +expression of opinion. There was, to begin with, the matter of +free speech as exemplified at public meetings in the parks and +other open spaces. Theoretically, the right to hold such meeting +was assured. Actually, however, they were from time to time +interfered with by the public authorities. The situation in +regard to the freedom of the press, too, was not satisfactory. +Though supposedly free, the press was subjected to restrictions +which amounted to serious loss of liberty. For one thing, there +were occasional instances of governmental interference with the +right of publication. Then, too, indirect expedients were +resorted to for regulating the press. Taxes were levied on +newspapers, on advertisements, and on paper, and enactments -- +the so-called Security Laws -- calling upon newspapers to provide +security against blasphemous or seditious utterances were +sometimes invoked. Finally, various arrangements and regulations +existed which prevented equality before the Law for all forms of +speculative opinion. First, there were the provisions concerning +oath-taking. As the situation stood, the taking of an oath +ordinarily accompanied legal testimony. Quakers and other +religious persons who had conscientious scruples against oath- +taking were, however, allowed simply to make an affirmation. But +no such privilege was extended to the non-religious. These had +either to take the oath or to lose the right to testify. Indeed, +they might be deprived of the right of testimony even though +willing to take the oath, if interested parties chose to have the +state of their religious opinions brought to light. Secondly, +there was a State Church -- a church endowed and supported by the +state and therefore by the citizens as a whole irrespective of +their religious beliefs or church affiliations. And thirdly, +there was the situation as to blasphemy. What was called +blasphemy was punishable as a crime, alike under a statute which +had been enacted during the reign of William III and subsequently +amended so as not to apply to the Unitarians, and under the +common law. And in both cases blasphemy was narrowly conceived as +a denial or reproach of the Christian religion regardless of the +tone of such condemnation. Thus, the statute, as it now stood, +declared as guilty of blasphemy "any person or persons having +been educated in, or at any time having made profession of, the +Christian religion within this realm who shall, by writing, +printing, teaching, or advised speaking ... assert or maintain +that there are more Gods than one, or shall deny the Christian +doctrine to be true, or the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New +Testament to be of divine authority"; and under the common law, +according to the pronouncement (1675) of Lord Chief Justice Sir +Matthew Hale, whose interpretation was still the generally +accepted one, it was blasphemous "to speak in reproach of the +Christian religion." It was true that no prosecution had ever +taken place under the statute, but there was no assurance that +such would always be the case; and under the common law numerous +prosecutions down through the years had occurred. + + In the face of all these conditions a course of action +looking to the promotion of mass welfare might logically have +been undertaken by organized Christianity. As a matter of fact +there were Churchmen here and there who engaged in such a task. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 4 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +In the Church of England the "Christian Socialists" -- Maurice, +Kingsley, and other -- expressed sympathy for the working classes +and furthered industrial cooperation. And in the Nonconformist +Churches there were undoubtedly active friends of such causes as +democracy, social legislation, secular education, and Church +disestablishment. But the Churches as organized bodies did not +rise to the occasion; nor, for that matter, did the bulk of their +responsible representatives as individuals. Officially and +unofficially the tendency was to support the existing conditions. +To this end, clergymen and prominent laymen (who themselves +generally belonged to the middle and upper classes) expressed +themselves in speeches, sermons, and publications. They not only +propagated an otherworldly attitude calculated to divert +attention from the hardships and injustices of this life, but +made frequent use of biblical texts which were of a reactionary +cast -- such texts as "The Powers that be are Ordained by God," +and "Meddle not with them that are given to change." As Professor +Faulkner summed up the situation, "Organized Christianity +deliberately refused the leadership in political and social +reformation..." [Harold Underwood Faulkner, "Chartism and the +Churches" (1916), pp. 119-120.] Thus, from the point of view of +the working classes, the Church itself was objectionable. + + it was these conditions -- political, social, intellectual, +and religious -- that produced not only the British Secular +Movement but the many other reforming enterprises already +referred to in these pages; and it was these conditions which +inspired, in almost every case, persons who were both able and +earnest to assume positions of leadership in such undertakings. +Such a person was George Jacob Holyoake, the founder of the +British Secular Movement, and, in the earliest years of the +enterprise, the most conspicuous figure among the Secularists. A +frail little man with weak eyes and a thin voice, Holyoake was +nevertheless by nature a crusader. Yet, in his crusading efforts +he ordinarily manifested pronounced courtesy and restraint +towards opponents of his aims. In fact, his manner of dealing +with persons in the opposite camp was so agreeable that they +themselves often referred to it as praiseworthy. On the other +hand, Holyoake was sharply critical of most of the Secular +leaders, and at times even tended to side with "the enemy" +against them. Especially was this the case after he ceased to be +the controlling influence in the Secular Movement. Whatever the +justification may have been for his attitude toward his +colleagues, it was resented by them, all the more so because it +stood out in contrast with his manner toward the opponentes of +Secularism; and when he finally died they expressed little +regret. Nevertheless, it would be erroneous to assume either that +Holyoake did not possess superior personal qualities or that he +was not of great value to the Secular Movement. His qualities as +an individual, as we have already intimated, were of a high +order. Perhaps Spencer placed a true estimate on them when he +said: "Not dwelling upon his intellectual capacity, which is +high, I would emphasize my appreciation of his courage, +sincerity, truthfulness, philanthropy, and unwavering +perseverance. Such a combination of qualities it will I think, be +difficult to find." [Quoted in David Duncan, "Life and Letters of +Herbert Spencer" (1908), p. 468.] As for Holyoake's services to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 5 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the Secular Movement, though it is true that he was not +altogether successful in his efforts at organizing and +consolidating the enterprise, he gave the undertaking its initial +impetus and played a truly important part in Secularist activity, +especially in the earlier years of the Secular Movement, both as +a forceful journalist and pamphleteer and (despite his physical +handicaps) as an effective speaker. And his work in the Secular +Movement was merely a part of what, from first to last, he was +able to do. As we shall see, he lectured and wrote in the +interest of Owenism, and was for a time one of the Chartist +leaders. He rendered distinguished service as a champion and +historian of the Cooperative Movement. He helped the Rationalist +Press Association to get started. No one will deny that Holyoake +served well the cause of popular reform. + + Holyoake was born at Birmingham on April 13, 1817. He early +became conscious of the problem of poverty; for, though the wages +of his father, who was an employee in a Birmingham foundry, were +supplemented for a time by profits from a button-making shop +operated by the boy's mother, the income of the family was +scarcely sufficient for more than the bare necessities. + + Holyoake's father had "a pagan mind" and was indifferent to +religion; but his mother was a woman of piety and imbued her son +so effectively with religious fervor that he assiduously attended +various nonconformist places of worship and was spoken of as the +"angel child." + + The, educational training which Holyoake received was +definitely limited. He attended a dame's school for a period, but +was compelled to spend much of his time in a tinner's shop +attaching handles to lanterns; and inasmuch as at the age of 9 he +began a 13-year period of full-time work as a whitesmith in the +foundry that employed his father, his opportunities for +educational pursuits became still more restricted. Nevertheless, +in 1833, he entered the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, where he +remained for five years, and where, through persistent night +study, he made an impressive record. + + Certain of Holyoake's professors and fellow-students at the +Mechanics' Institute were staunch disciples of Robert Owen, who, +having abandoned the technique he originally followed of trying +to achieve reform through the aid of upper-class persons, was now +conducting one of his working class movements; and one of these +academic associates of Holyoake, Frederick Hollick, a student, +endeavored to win Holyoake to the cause of Owenism, but was not +even able to persuade him to attend a single Owenite meeting. The +prospective convert did, however, attend such a meeting, though +most unintentionally. Upon hearing from his associates that a +clergyman whom he greatly admired, Robert Hall, was to speak on a +certain date, Holyoake put in an appearance, only to learn, to +his astonishment, that he had misunderstood the name of the +speaker, who was not Robert Hall, but Robert Owen. Owen proved to +be less scandalizing than Holyoake had supposed, and the young +man, desiring to become better acquainted with Owenism so that he + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 6 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +might defend it against what he conceived to be the false +comments of certain of his friends, began to attend Owenite +meetings. The upshot was that in 1840 he definitely affiliated +himself with the Movement. + + Early in 1839 Holyoake had abandoned his employment at the +Birmingham foundry. Later in the same year he had worked for a +brief period as a guide at an exhibition of machinery which was +being held at Birmingham. In the early autumn of 1839 he had +become an instructor at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, but +had surrendered his position under pressure, in January, 1840, +after having been denounced by religious persons for Owenite +leanings. In the course of the next few months he had taught in a +private school, served as bookkeeper for a venetian blind maker, +written advertisements, and given private lessons in mathematics. +At the time when he joined the Owenite Movement he was +unemployed, and he promptly began to devote his entire time to +its service. + + Holyoake's experiences as one of the disciples of Robert +Owen were certainly not lacking in variety. At the outset he +accepted a lectureship with the Branch at Worcester. After he had +served in this capacity for several months, the Congress of 1841 +appointed him "Station Lecturer" and sent him to take up his +duties at Sheffield. His services as lecturer were soon, however, +brought temporarily to a close, thanks to the interference of the +clergy with the Owenite Movement. Owen's plans for reform had +always met with a certain opposition from the clergy, but +beginning in 1846 their hostility took a new and more powerful +form, inasmuch as they now sought to strike at the Movement by +crippling its revenues. Seeing that the "Socialists," as the +Owenites were popularly called, took money at their meeting-house +doors on Sunday, they invoked Parliamentary legislation +forbidding any but religious bodies from doing so, and demanded +that the Owenite lecturers either desist or make profession, on +oath, of the Protestant religion. The Central Board of the +Movement favored making the declaration, and some of the +lecturers did so. Holyoake, however, along with certain others, +refused to take the oath. The result to Holyoake was that the +Owenite authorities requested and secured his resignation. +Inasmuch as at this time his fellow-Owenite, Charles Southwell, +who, with other followers of Owen, had defiantly started the +anti-theological Oracle of Reason, was in prison for a +provocative article he had written in the fourth number of that +paper, Holyoake took over the editorship of the periodical, and, +throwing off the last vestiges of his religious belief, carried +the paper forward in a militantly rationalist fashion. But he did +not do so for long, as he soon met a fate similar to that which +had befallen Southwell. Upon completing a lecture at Cheltenham +he was goaded by a clerical member of his audience into making +what was construed as a blasphemous remark, [Holyoake made the +remark upon being told that he had spoken of our duty to man but +had said nothing about our duty to God. His words were: "I appeal +to your heads and your pockets if we are not too poor to have a +God. If poor men cost the state so much, they would be put, like +officers, upon half pay. I think that while our distress lasts it +would be wise to do the same with the Deity."] and was + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 7 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +consequently compelled to serve a sentence of six months in the +Gloucester jail. After his release he was permitted to resume +lecturing -- at Worcester. But he soon went to London, where he +became Secretary to "Branch 53" and where, in December, 1843, he +founded, with his fellow-Owenite, M.Q. Ryall, the freethought +Movement. After 15 months the Movement failed, however, from an +inadequate circulation, and Holyoake accepted the post of +lecturer to the disciples of Owen in Glasgow. But he resigned +shortly afterwards and returned to London, where he founded, in +1846, the 'Reasoner' as an Owenite organ. + + In the course of time Holyoake became dissatisfied with the +Owenite Movement as a medium for his activity. For one thing, the +enterprise assumed what he came to conceive as an unsatisfactory +character. When Holyoake joined the undertaking, it was partly +concerned with promoting the establishment of a network of +cooperative communities. But it was also, in some measure, an +ethical movement. Not only did it endeavor to imbue the public +with the social morality requisite to the introduction of the +utopian villages; it looked forward to the time when the ideal +neighborhoods would themselves provide an environment conducive +to the further improvement of morals. Finally, when Holyoake +became connected with the Owenite enterprise, the movement was in +an incidental way fighting the churches as forces impeding the +achievement of its aims. As the years passed, however, the +Owenite crusade took on an altered character. When the clergy +carried their opposition to Owenism to the point of interfering +with its revenue, the Movement began to devote pronounced +attention to anti-religious agitation. And when, in 1845, +Queenwood, the embodiment of one of the utopian communities to +which the Socialists looked forward, failed, blasting all hope +for an early achievement of their social goal, the Owenites +virtually allowed the community ideal to lapse, while at the same +time they permitted the ethical aspects of their program, with +which it was associated, to fall into the background; so that the +Movement became primarily an anti-religious endeavor. Now +Holyoake contributed to the altered character of the Socialist +enterprise, first by plunging into the freethought campaign and +later by abandoning the community ideal and its attendant ethical +program. Nevertheless, he came to feel that the modified program +was inadequate. + + But there was another reason why Holyoake ceased to be +satisfied with the Owenite Movement. In the five or six years +following the abandonment of the Queenwood experiment, the +Movement declined alarmingly. It broke up into its constituent +bodies, and the individual societies either actually ceased to +exist or suffered a perilous thinning of their ranks. + + As the Owenite Movement became less satisfactory, Holyoake +began to devote a good deal of attention to Chartism. For a good +many years he had been a Chartist in an incidental sort of way, +and now he became active in the Chartist cause. In 1848, for a +time, he served with W.J. Linton as coeditor of a short-lived +Chartist paper -- the Cause of the People -- and subsequently +served on the executive body of the Chartist Union. But organized + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 8 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Chartism itself turned out to be unsatisfactory. It, too, began +rapidly to decline, and, in addition, Holyoake fell into +disagreement with certain of the leaders over matters of policy. + + Under this combination of circumstances Holyoake cast about +for new reformist opportunities. In doing so, though he naturally +borrowed from his past, he utilized not primarily his Chartist +experience (though Chartism, as we shall see, did influence one +item in the program he formulated), but his experience, with +Owenism. Here is the way he proceeded. Starting with the +realization that in its best days the Owenite Movement was +essentially an ethical and social enterprise and accordingly was +primarily constructive rather than critical in character, he +moved on to the conception that freethought itself had a positive +as well as a negative aspect -- that in fact it could serve as +the basis of a system of ethics under which the natural order of +the freethinker would be the proper sphere of ethical goals, and +the improvement of man's life here on earth by rational means the +sum and substance of man's duty. + + The point of view that Holyoake thus hit upon satisfied him +as the thing he had felt the need of, and he determined to make +it the central impulse in a fresh start toward a powerful, +organized undertaking. Accordingly, giving it the name +"Secularism," rather than some anti-religions term, in order to +emphasize its constructive character, he took steps, at the end +of 1851, toward the inauguration of a new movement. In doing so, +he published a statement of the doctrines of Secularism, +announced the formation of a "Central Secular Society" in London, +the mission of which was the promotion of concerted action, and +invited persons desirous of forming, promoting, or constituting +Secular societies to communicate with the "Secretary" of the +Central Secular Society, in the person of himself. + + Holyoake's action led to concrete results. In the course of +the year 1852, scattered "Owenite" societies, to which Holyoake +had long lectured, styled themselves "Secular" bodies, and +interested individuals formed Secular societies here and there; +so that the British Secular Movement was brought into existence. +[G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), I, +10-225; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 16 +and 211-245; Joseph McCabe, "life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908) I, 1-118 and 211; "Reasoner," June 17, 1846, to +December 29, 1852, passim.] + + CHAPTER II + + A PERIOD OF FREE ASSOCIATION + + BASIC FEATURES + + In the period extending from 1852 to 1866 the organization +of the Secular Movement was incomplete. There were, of course, +the various organized local Secular societies, and there were, as +we shall see, certain factors which tended to bind the +Secularists together nationally in a psychological sense. But +there was no successful or enduring national organization. In + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 9 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +this respect the Secular Movement of these early years stood over +in contrast with organized Secularism in the decades that +followed. Such being the case it seems appropriate to discuss +this period of loose association as a unit in itself. + + Because of Secularist dissension, the nature of which will +later be explained, every effort made during these early years in +the interest of a national union of Secularists ended in failure. +Nothing whatever in this direction was accomplished by the +"Central Secular Society," which soon disappeared from the scene. +Secularist Conferences, meeting in 1852, 1855, and 1860, were +able to establish respectively a "preliminary" constitution, a +"provisional" committee, and a "central" committee, but all these +proved abortive. A "Propagandist Committee," which was formed in +1856, and a "College of Propaganda," which was matured in 1857, +both faded out after simply offering a few suggestions. In 1861 a +"National Secular Association" was actually proclaimed; but it +never became operative, and after some three months it +disappeared in a cloud of bitterness. ["Reasoner," 1852-1857, +passim. "National Reformer," 1860-1862, passim.] + + Though lacking a national organization, the early +Secularists were in some measure bound together. The "British +Secular Institute," a publishing and printing concern operated in +London by Holyoake, and spoken of by him as the Secularist +headquarters, was to a certain extent a unifying factor, as were +the periodical and other publications associated with the Secular +Movement. Then, too, the outstanding Secularist personalities, +such as Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, identified as they were +with the Secular Movement as a whole, were in some measure a +binding force. Above all, however, the Secularists were bound +together -- in so far as they were bound -- by their common +devotion to Secularist principles. + + The various local societies were effectively organized. Each +had its body of elected officials. In general, there were the +President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with a +Committee. A considerable number of these local Secular societies +existed. They were located in London, Manchester, Liverpool, +Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle, Sheffield, Leicester, Edinburgh, +and other towns and cities in various parts of the country. +[NOTE: The following societies (and possibly others) were in +existence during a part or all of the early period of Secularist +history: + + London societies: Deptford and Greenwich Secular Society; +East End Branch of the London Secular Society; East London +Secular Society; Frances Street Society; Hackney Hall Society; +Hoxton Class Room Society; Independent Secular Society; John +Street Branch of the London Secular Society; King's Cross secular +Society; London Secular Society; Marleybone and Paddington +Secular Society; North London Secular Institute; Paddington +Branch of the London Secular Society; Philpot Street Society; St, +George's Hall Society; South london Institute: Temple, Secular +Society; West End Branch of the London Secular Society; Woolwich +Branch of the London Secular Society. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 10 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Provincial societies: Abergavenny Secular Society; Ashton- +under-Lyne Secular Society; Bedlington Secular Society; +Birmingham Secular Society; Blackburn Secular Society; Bolton +Secular Society; Bradford Secular Society; Brighton Secular +Society; Bristol Secular Society; Burnley Branch of the Secular +Society; Bury Secular Society; Colne Branch of the Secular +Society; Dewsbury Secular Association; Doncastle Secular Society; +Durham Secular Society; Edinburgh Secular Society; Huddersfield +Secular Society; Hull Secularist Society; Keighley Secular +Society; leeds Secular Society; Leicester Secular Society; Leigh +Secular Society; Liverpool Secular Society; Manchester Secular +Society; Newcastle Secular Society; Northampton Secular Society; +Nottingham Secular Society; Oldham Secular Society; Over Darwen +Secular Society; Plymouth and Devenport Secular Society; Preston +Society; Redditch Secular Society; Rochdale Secular Society; +Sheffield Secular Association; Stafford Society; Stepney Society; +Sunderland Secular Society; Todmorden Secular Society; Wigin +Secular Society; Yarmouth Secular Society. "Reasoner," passim; +"National Reformers," passim; "Investigator," passim.] + + A set or doctrines for the early Secularists was proclaimed +by Holyoake, as we have seen, when he announced the formation of +the "Central Secular Society and urged the founding of a network +of local Secular bodies in affiliation with it. Inasmuch as it +was in response to this utterance, and the announcement and +invitation accompanying it, that bodies calling themselves +"Secular" societies sprang into existence, the statement may be +accepted as an expression of the views held by the early +Secularists, + + The "Principle" of the society is defined as "the +recognition of the 'Secular' sphere as the province of man," and +its "Aims" are said to be: + + "1. To explain that science is the sole Providence of Man -- +a truth which is calculated to enable a man to become master of +his own Fate, and protects him from dependencies that allure him +from his duty, unnerve his arm in difficulty, and betray him in +danger. + + "2. To establish the proposition that Morals are independent +of Christianity; in other words, to show that wherever there is a +moral end proposed, there is a secular path to it. + + "3. To encourage men to trust Reason throughout, and to +trust nothing that Reason does not establish -- to examine all +things hopeful, respect all things probable, but rely upon +nothing without precaution which does not come within the range +of science and experience. + + "4. To teach men that the universal fair and open discussion +of opinion is the highest guarantee of public truth -- that only +that theory which is submitted to that ordeal is to be regarded, +since only that which endures it can be trusted. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 11 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "5, To claim for every man the fullest liberty of thought +and action compatible with the possession of like liberty by +every other person. + + "6. To maintain -- that, from the uncertainty as to whether +the inequalities of human condition will be compensated for in +another life -- It is the business of intelligence to rectify +them in this world; and consequently, that instead of indulging +in speculative worship of supposed superior beings, a generous +man will devote himself to the patient service of known inferior +natures, and the mitigation of harsh destiny, so that the +ignorant may be enlightened and the low elevated." [G.J. +Holyoake, "Organization of Freethinkers" (1852)] + + From what has been said earlier in these pages, it will be +observed that the foregoing program had its roots in the +organized movement founded by Robert Owen, and that it basically +resembled the philosophy of Owenism in being essentially ethical +in character and having for its purpose the improvement of man's +well-being on earth by natural means. + + While Secularism was indebted primarily to the Owenite +Movement, its conception of morality owed something to +Utilitarianism, Thanks largely to the efforts of James Mill and +others, notably John Stuart Mill, the Benthamite doctrine that +all behavior is moral which is conducive to "the greatest +happiness of the greatest number" had created a considerable stir +by the time of the founding of the Secularist Movement, and +Holyoake was one of those who had felt its influence, as is +indicated by the fact that from 1846 to 1848 he published a +"Utilitarian Record" in connection with the Reasoner. In +recognition of the debt of Secularism to Utilitarianism, +Holyoake, at the end of 1851, referred to the persons composing +the "Central Secular Society" as "Utilitarians." ["Reasoner," +1846-1848 and January 14, 1852.] + + Despite the striking similarity between the fundamental +Secularist doctrines and Auguste Comte's conception of a +positive, or scientific, morality devoted to the promotion of +human progress on earth, Secularism apparently owes nothing +directly to Comte. Holyoake seems to have gained a first-hand +acquaintanceship with Comte's writings, from "the early sheets" +of Harriet Martineau's condensed English version of Comte's Cours +de philosophie positive, in 1853 -- several months after the +launching of the Secular Movement. In an indirect sense, Holyoake +may have owed something to Positivism, inasmuch as Positivist +ideas (unacknowledged as Comte's) were circulating in England +when Secularism was being worked out. Holyoake's reference to the +subject, in May, 1853, when he announced the forthcoming +publication of Miss Martineau's treatise, is suggestive. "I find +Comte's ideas," he says, "cropping up wherever I look on the +surface of our field of knowledge; but it is a rare thing to hear +his name. It is time that there should be an end to this. The +book and the man are too remarkable to be ignored; and we should +decline the shame of benefiting by his ideas, and taking the +credit of them." ["Reasoner," May 25, 1853. See also the +"Reasoner" for November 2, 1853.] Whatever the facts may be as + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 12 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +to Holyoake's indebtedness to the Positive philosophy, he freely +acknowledged the similarity between Secularism and Positivism, In +November, 1853, when announcing the appearance of the Martineau +volumes, he declared, "The 'Positive Philosophy of M. Comte' is +... a scientific Bible of Secularism." [Ibid., November 30, +1853.] And from July 6, 1856, to December 30, 1857, he used as a +subtitle for the Reasoner, which, as we shall see, he was then +editing as a Secularist periodical, the words "Journal of +Freethought and Positive Philosophy." [Ibid., for period +mentioned.] + + A MASTERFUL CONVERT + + Almost at the outset organized Secularism attracted to its +banner a man who was of profound significance both in shaping the +policy of the Secular Movement and in furthering its aims. +Charles Bradlaugh was indeed a powerful and impressive figure. +Large in stature, big-boned, and solidly built, be possessed, in +his best years, such amazing physical strength that he could +grapple successfully with three or four ordinary men. He had, +too, a rather large head, solemn, resolute features, and a +strong, masculine voice. Sincerity, earnestness, and strength of +character shone in his face, and his mind, though not original, +was a keen one. Combined in him with these characteristics and +qualities were a strong dislike for oppression, obscurantism, and +intolerance, and an unwavering sympathy for the downtrodden +masses. At the same, time, he possessed distinguished qualities +of leadership, and was a truly great orator. In fact, his +oratorical ability was probably greater than that of any of his +contemporaries with the exception of Gladstone. Under favorable +conditions he could sway an audience almost at will, arousing in +it the wildest enthusiasm for whatever he was advocating. As a +statesman and Member of Parliament, too, Bradlaugh was +distinguished, not merely because of his actual legislative +achievements, but because of his integrity and his almost +unbelievable industry; and the House of Commons, which for more +than five years refused to permit him to take his seat, +eventually expunged its exclusion proceedings from the record. +Bradlaugh's great powers of oratory, his simple sincerity, and +his talents as a leader gave him a hold upon his followers such +as few men have ever had. Many ordinary workmen not distinguished +for courage or bravery stood ready, if need be, to risk life and +limb for him, and on more than one occasion might have done so +had they not been restrained by Secularist leaders. Yet, +Bradlaugh was no demagogue, but a conscientious exponent of what +he believed to be genuine reform. And it should not be overlooked +(despite opinions to the contrary) that in his advocacy of reform +he followed a constructive as well as a destructive course, +promoting the positive principles of Secularism as well as +engaging in negative criticism. Indeed, if the phrase "Bradlaugh +the Iconoclast" might be correctly applied to him, he might just +as properly be designated as "Bradlaugh the Republican," or +"Bradlaugh the Educational Reformer," or "Bradlaugh, Friend of +the Masses," or, as was done a few years ago by some of his +admirers, "Bradlaugh, Champion of Liberty." [Centenary +Committee, "Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933).] It +is not strange that, in the light of such an extraordinary array + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 13 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +of qualities and interests, Gladstone described Bradlaugh as "a +distinguished man," [Quoted in John Morley, "Life of William +Ewart Gladstone" (1903), III, 21.] or that Bernard Shaw declared +of him, "He was a hero, a giant who dwarfed everything around +him, a terrific personality." [Quoted in Centenary Committee, +"Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933), P. 50.] + + + The son of a law clerk who married a nursemaid, Bradlaugh +was born in impoverished circumstances on September 26, 1833, in +Hoxton, London. His formal schooling came to an end when he was +but 11 years of age, and the education that he subsequently +received was secured through his own unaided efforts. Shortly +after leaving school Bradlaugh obtained work as an office boy at +the law offices where his father was employed; but, at the age of +14, he procured more lucrative employment as wharf clerk and +cashier with a firm of coal merchants. + + The boy's religious evolution was, to say the least, an +impassioned one. At the Church of St. Peter's, in Hackney Road, +where the Rev. John Graham Packer was the incumbent, young +Bradlaugh started out as an eagerly responsive pupil, and soon +became a, Sunday-school teacher. Difficulties, however, arose. In +studying, at Packer's request, the Thirty-nine Articles of the +Church of England and the four Gospels, in anticipation of being +confirmed by the Bishop of London, the young scholar found +discrepancies which troubled him. He asked for advice and +assistance in the matter from the Rev. Packer, but Packer, +instead of aiding the boy, wrote a letter to Charles Bradlaugh, +Senior, denouncing his son's inquiries as atheistical, and then +suspended young Bradlaugh for three months from his duties as +teacher. In the midst of his religious perplexities Bradlaugh +began, in 1848, to visit open-air meetings in Bonner's Fields, +where anti-theological discourses were delivered and discussed. +At first he replied to speakers with arguments in support of +Christianity; but in time he came to admit that his opponents +made out the best case, and ultimately began to give freethought +lectures himself. + + While still doubtful on certain points concerning religion, +Bradlaugh sent to Packer a copy of Robert Taylor's Diegesis. +Whereupon, in conjunction with the boy's father, Packer informed +the young heretic that unless he recanted within three days the +clergyman and the father would have him deprived of his situation +at the coal dealer's establishment. Believing, rightly or +wrongly, that the threat would be carried out, Charles Bradlaugh, +Junior, on the third day, packed his few belongings and left both +his employment and his home. + + For several months young Bradlaugh endeavored to earn a +living by selling first coal and then braces, but finding himself +unable to do so he enlisted in the 7th Dragoon Guards and was +sent to Ireland. He grew tired of army life, however, and in +1853, he used a portion of a legacy from his great-aunt to +purchase his release. Upon returning to London, the ex-soldier +obtained work from a solicitor, originally as an errand boy and +later as a clerk. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 14 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + As a result of his activities in connection with open-air +freethought meetings in the period before he joined the army, +Bradlaugh had met and become a friend of Holyoake's brother, +Austin, and through him had made the acquaintance of the more +widely-known George Jacob. Now that he was a civilian once more +his propagandist impulses again had an opportunity to assert +themselves; and, recalling the old days, he moved in the +direction of these men. Finding at hand the newly-begun Secular +Movement, with which they were identified, he took his place in +its ranks. + + For a period of about 16 years, Bradlaugh's services to the +Movement were usually on a part-time basis; but finally, +beginning in 1870, after a number of disappointing connections as +a law clerk and business associate, he devoted undivided +attention to the cause for a prolonged period. + + In the earlier stages of his Secularist career Bradlaugh +wrote and spoke as "Iconoclast." He began publicly to use his +true name upon becoming a candidate for parliament in 1868. +[Hypitia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894). I, 1-301; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 1-20; A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 1-132; +Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography', (1873), pp. 1-9.] + + LITERATURE + + The early Secularists endeavored to further their cause by +issuing and distributing various publications. Their activities +in this direction included, for one thing, the patting out of a +number of periodicals. The first of these in the field was the +Reasoner, which, as has been seen, was founded by Holyoake in +1846 as a journal of Owenism. Holyoake's changing outlook in the +period from 1846 to the end of 1851 was paralleled by a +corresponding change in the character of the Reasoner, so that +when the Secular Movement got under way in 1852 the paper easily +took its place as a Secularist organ. As such, under the +continued editorship of Holyoake, it placed primary emphasis upon +the direct propagation of Secularist principles, although +articles often appeared in its pages condemning theological ideas +and institutions as the major impediments to Secularism. The +Reasoner was issued weekly. In 1861, because of financial +difficulties, it went out of existence. ["Reasoner," all +numbers.] + + The second periodical to make its appearance within the +Secularist Movement was the 'Investigator,' which was founded in +1854. Edited successively by Robert Cooper, who had gone through +the Owenite Movement, "Anthony Collins" (W.H. Johnson), and +Bradlaugh, the Investigator devoted primary attention to +attacking the Churches, on the ground of their constituting the +most formidable barriers to Secularism. The paper was issued once +a month until March, 1859, after which it appeared twice monthly. +From the first to last financial losses were incurred in the +conduct of the journal, and in 1859 it ceased to exist. +["Investigator," all number.] + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 15 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The year 1860 saw the inauguration of the National Reformer, +a weekly journal which was destined to serve the Secularist cause +for more than 30 years. Although Bradlaugh founded the paper, he +was at first simply the largest shareholder, inasmuch as he +launched the enterprise through the formation of a joint-stock +company; but when, in 1862, as a result of financial +difficulties, the company was liquidated, he assumed complete +financial responsibility. The editorship of the National Reformer +was in the beginning shared by Bradlaugh and Joseph Barker, a +forceful ex-clergyman, but between the two men there speedily +arose bitter antagonism -- centering in the dislike which Barker +felt for Bradlaugh's advocacy of birth control -- which +threatened the interests of the journal and suggested the +desirability of a single editor. In consequence, the +shareholders, on August 26, 1861, dismissed both coeditors and +then bestowed the editorship solely on Bradlaugh, In 1863, when +beset by ill health, Bradlaugh turned over the editorship to his +sub-editor, John Watts, but in 1866, when the health of Watts +broke down, he took over the editorial duties again. The National +Reformer strove directly to advance the principles of Secularism, +but it did more; it fought indirectly for the Secularist cause by +waging continuous warfare against organized theology as the chief +obstacle that stood in the way of Secularism. ["National +Reformer," all numbers.] + + Still other periodicals appeared on the scene. In 1861 the +'Counsellor,' a monthly journal similar to the Reasoner, was +started by Holyoake; but upon the completion, near the end of +1861, of an arrangement by which Holyoake was to furnish three +pages of copy each week to the 'National Reformer the newly- +founded paper was brought to a close. ["Counsellor," all numbers; +Charles Bradlaugh, "Secular Prospects," "National Reformer," +November 16, 1861.] + + In 1863 another paper was launched by Holyoake, the +undertaking being occasioned by the termination of the +arrangement by which Holyoake was to supply copy for the National +Reformer. The new periodical, which followed along the lines of +the Reasoner and the Counsellor, bore the name at first of the +'Secular World' and subsequently of the 'Reasoner.' It appeared +at varying intervals and came to an end after only about two +years of apparently impoverished existence." [The conditions +under which the arrangement between Holyoake and the "National +Reformer," were brought to an end are not clear. + "National Reformer," March 8, 1862, to September 26, 1863, +passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), 1, 343-344; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), 1, 129-130; G.J. Holyoake, "Warpath of +Opinion" (189?), pp. 21-26.] + + Besides bringing out periodical literature, the early +Secularists published great numbers of books and pamphlets. These +included works enunciating Secularist principles and treatises +containing doctrines of an anti-theological character. The books +and pamphlets which the Secularists published were ordinarily +written by persons within the Secularist Movement, but from time +to time masterpieces were issued which were from the pens of + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 16 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +other secular-minded writers. A number of the Secularist +publications will be mentioned in connection with our discussion +of the propagandist activity carried on by the Secularists. [For +typical references to Secularist efforts in producing and +disseminating books and pamphlets see the "Reasoner December 7, +1853, and the "Investigator," October 1, 1858.] + + Various concerns for the sale, or the printing and sale, of +literature considered helpful to the secularist cause were +operated in London by Secularists of the early years. At the +outset a publishing firm was conducted by the veteran reformer +James Watson. In the spring of 1853 Holyoake set up a news and +book agency, and later in the same year made an arrangement with +Watson through which Watson retired from business and Holyoake +purchased the Watson concern. The two businesses were now merged +by Holyoake into a book-selling and publishing enterprise at 147 +Fleet Street -- a pretentious establishment usually referred to +as the "Fleet Street House." The venture was not financially +successful, however, despite assistance from numerous +Secularists, and in 1861 was terminated. During the remaining +years of the early period of Secularist history Holyoake's +brother, Austin, who had been connected with the Fleet Street +House, carried on a printing and publishing business, under the +name of "Austin and Company" ["Reasoner," May 11, 1853 - May 19, +1861, passim; William Kent, "London for Heretics" (1932), pp. +72-73; George Sexton, "John Watts," "National Reformer," November +11, 1866. + + The publishing and book-selling establishment conducted by +G.J. Holyoake at 147 Fleet Street, and referred to by him at one +time or another as the "Fleet Street Secular Institution" or the +"British. Secular Institute" on the ground that it served as a +center of Secularist propaganda, evoked criticism from various +Secularists as being operated ostensibly in the interest of the +Secularist cause but actually for private gain. "Reasoner," May +11, 1853 - May, 19, 1861, passim; " Investigator," November, 1857 +- June 16, 1858, passim; Charles Bradlaugh, "Freethought +Propaganda," "National Reformer." August 30, 1862; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake (1908), passim; G.J. +Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), II, +160-166; G.J. Holyoake, "English Secularism" (1896), p. 51.] + + ASSEMBLAGES + + The aims of the early Secularists were fostered likewise by +oral means. These took the form simply of meetings of one sort or +another. There were, to begin with, regular Sunday meetings in +the Secularist halls. Each of these exercises began with a +lecture and ended with a free-for-all discussion -- often an +animated one -- of the lecture. In discussing the various phases +of the Secular Program, the Secularist lectures really ranged +over a wide variety of subjects, including morals, public +affairs, biography, history, and science. This is abundantly +clear from the titles they selected, a few of which are: "The +Nature of Secularism and the Duties of Secularists"; "The Reform +Bill, Judged from the, Secular Stand-point"; "Women's Right to +the Franchise"; "Poverty and Its Relation to the Political + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 17 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Condition of the People"; "The Sunday, What It is and What It +Might Be"; "A Plea for Secular Education"; "Free Enquiry and Free +Speech"; "Life and Character of Thomas Paine"; "The New +Testament, Who Wrote It and What It Is Worth"; and "Science, the +Providence of Life." Among the Secularists who took a prominent +part in the work of lecturing at these meetings were the +following: Charles Bradlaugh, G.J. Holyoake, Mrs. Harriet Law, +John Maughan, and John Watts. Often the lectures at the meetings +were delivered by local speakers of the various societies; but +sometimes an interchange of lecturers was effected between +societies, and frequently such better-known London speakers as +Holyoake and Bradlaugh went on lecturing tours to the various +societies or prospective societies throughout the country." + + There were also meetings centering in debates. Public +discussions between Secularists and persons who rejected the +principles of Secularism were persistently sought by Secularist +leaders; and, while Secularist challenges to debate were usually +ignored (especially by individuals in positions of high +authority), a considerable number of debates were held, Those who +debated with the Secularists were usually clergymen, though such +was by no means always the case. Among the Secularists who +participated in the debates were Charles Bradlaugh (who easily +outdistanced other Secularists in respect to the number of +debates engaged in), Robert Cooper, G.J. Holyoake, and John +Watts. Those who took part in debate against the Secularists +included the Rev. W. Barker; the Rev. Joseph Baylee; the Rev. Dr. +Brindley; Mr. Court, representing the Glasgow Protestant +Association; Thomas Cooper, an ex-freethinking "Lecturer on +Christianity"; the Rev. Brewin Grant; W. Hutchins, the subeditor +of the Wigan Examiner; the Rev. T. Lawson; Mr. Mackie, editor of +the Warrington Guardian; Robert Maholm, a representative of the +Irish Church Mission at Birmingham; the Rev. T.D. Matthias; the +Rev. J. Sinclair; Mr. Smart, a teacher at the Neilson Institute +in Paisley; and the Rev. Woodville Woodman. The Secularist +debates ordinarily hinged upon the question of the merit of +Secularism, or the merit of Christianity, or the relative merit +of Secularism and Christianity. Such titles as: "Is Secularism +inconsistent with Reason and the Moral Sense, and condemned by +experience?" and "Are the doctrines and precepts of Christianity, +as taught in the New Testament, calculated to benefit humanity?" +and "Whether is Christianity or Secularism best calculated to +promote human happiness?" are typical. Though many of the debates +were one-night affairs, some lasted four, five, or even six +nights. Secularist debates attracted much attention, as they were +often lively occasions. Large crowds were frequently in +attendance, and Holyoake tells us that a published report of a +debate held at London in 1853 between himself and the Rev. Brewin +Grant sold to the number of 45,900 copies." [G. J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), p. 50. For examples of debates in +the earlier years of the Secular Movement see the following: G.J. +Holyoake and the Rev. Brewin Grant, "Discussion on Secularism' +(1854); Charles Bradlaugh and the Rev. T. Lawson, "Discussion on +the Question, Has Man A Soul?" (1861); and J.P. Adams, +"Discussion Between the Rev. J. Sinclair and Mr. J. Watts," +"National Reformer," May 15, 1862. Many references to debates +appear in Secularist periodicals of the period, especially in the +"Reasoner."] + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 18 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Finally, during the mild seasons of the year a few open-air +meetings were held by the early Secularists in parks or other +unoccupied spaces of London and one or two other cities. On such +occasions a Secularist speaker delivered a discourse and engaged +in controversy with challengers. The Secularist outdoor meetings +were held on the strength of the belief that persons who would +object to entering a Secular hall would listen to Secularist +messages uttered in a square or field. The persons who conducted +the outdoor meetings were minor lecturers in the Secular +Movement. [See issues of the "Reasoner" and of the "National +Reformer" published during the early period of the Secularist +Movement for references to outdoor meeting. Examples of such +references are: "Reasoner," September 17, 1854, and "National +Reformer," June 16,1860.] + + ADVANCING SECULARIST DOCTRINES + + The Secularists of the early years carried on a persistent +campaign for the purpose of promoting the diffusion and +application of Secularist principles. For one thing, they +endeavored assiduously to promote a wide acceptance of the +doctrines indispensably associated with Secularism as a +philosophy. Carrying on in this respect a work similar to the +strictly ethical labors of the Utilitarians, the Owenites, and +the English Positivists, they frequently asserted, on the +platform and in articles and pamphlets, that it is man's duty to +promote the well-being of man upon earth; that, indeed, the very +essence of morality is the improvement of human conditions in the +present life; and that such improvement is possible only by +natural means. [See, as examples, the following: G.J. Holyoake, +"Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People" (1854); +Charles Bradlaugh. "Secularism," "National Reformer," August 24, +1861; and John Watts, "Secularism and Christianity," "National +Reformer," March 26, 1864.] + + The propagation of Secularism as a conception by no means +exhausted the activity of the Secularists in the early years of +the Secular Movement. In fact, it constituted a small portion of +their endeavors. Not content with talking in general terms about +the advancement of human happiness, they sought to promote the +welfare of themselves and their fellows by working for the +achievement of specific goals in various departments of life. +They possessed, it is true, no synthetic scheme for the complete +organization of society in all its parts; but they did occupy +themselves with the improvement of various aspects of the social +order. + + One of the things they did was to advocate governmental +reform. The arrangement by which the middle and upper classes of +the period, through the retention of hereditary elements in the +government and the exclusion of the majority from participation +in the suffrage, controlled matters essentially in their own +interests, was unsatisfactory to the Secularists, inasmuch as +they were among the despoiled. Under these circumstances +Secularist speakers and writers carried on a two-fold agitation. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 19 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In the first place they embraced the tradition associated +most conspicuously with Thomas Paine and the French Revolution +and advocated the removal from the government of hereditary +institutions and the establishment of a, republic -- encouraged +in their effort, no doubt, by the inglorious reputation of the +first four Georges, by the popular apathy toward Queen Victoria +growing out of the Queen's secluded manner of living in the years +following the death (1861) of the prince consort, and by the +hatred of English liberals for the French Emperor Napoleon III. +Bradlaugh took the lead in the Secularist republican agitation, +and he condemned the undemocratic monarchy in no uncertain terms: + + "We attack the Crown," he declared, "because, denying +hereditary rights to monarchs, we contend that the chief of a +nation should be voluntarily elected by the nation, and that the +national chieftainship should not be considered as a family +heritage. We affirm that the people form the only rightful source +of any authority, and that no monarch can be entitled to wield +any authority which is not derived from the people. + + "We declare that any prince governing a nation without +having had the reins of government entrusted to him by the will +of the people, is a usurper of the nation's power. We attack the +Crown as long as it makes a pretense to exist 'by the Grace of +God,' instead of by the desire of the nation. [Charles Bradlaugh, +"Our Politics," "National Reformer," May 6, 1866. See also the +following: G.J. Holyoake, "Warpath of Opinion" (189?) pp. 73-74; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 36-37; Geoffrey +Dennis, "Coronation Commentary" (1937), pp. 13-16.] + + At the same time, combining the doctrine of manhood +suffrage, which had come down from the 18th century and which had +found a place in the program of the Chartists (with whom Holyoake +had been associated), with the doctrine of woman suffrage, which +itself was an 18th century product, leading Secularists labored +to secure the vote for all mature persons without regard to sex. +To this end they gave aid, for one thing, to societies interested +in a less-thoroughgoing extension of the franchise than that +favored by the Secularists. In this connection, Holyoake served +on the executive council of the National Parliamentary and +Financial Reform Association, and both Holyoake and Bradlaugh, at +still later dates, not only supported the Northern Reform Union +but served as offerers in the National Reform League. Along with +all this, the Secularists were in some measure active under their +own banner. Bradlaugh, Holyoake, and Mrs. Harriet Law all wrote +and spoke on the subject (or some phase of it), and Holyoake, as +a special aid to the claims of women in the matter, issued as a +pamphlet Mrs. John Stuart Mill's articles entitled "Are Women Fit +for Politics?" and "Are Politics Fit for Women?" ["Reasoner," +March 10, 1853, April 24, 1856, and March 3, 1857; Joseph McCabe, +"life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 12; +Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 120 and +128, and II (by J.M, Robertson), 168-169; J.M. Robertson, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 36-37; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty +Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), I, 225; G.J. Holyoake, +"Working Class Representation: Its Conditions and Consequences" +(1868), p. 3. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 20 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In 1958 Holyoake, took up a position somewhat at variance +with that indicated above. He came out in favor of an +"intelligence franchise" which would be extended to those men and +women who had passed a public examination in political economy +and English constitutional history. Holyoake's proposal was +endorsed, among the Secularists, by Joseph Barker. "Reasoner," +December 12, 1858, and March 4, 1860; Joseph Baker, "The Fitness +Franchise," "National Reformer," May 12, 1860. + + Holyoake manifested an interest, inherited from Robert Owen, +in women's rights in general. As early as 1847 he suggested the +desirability of systematic Feminist agitation by women, and in +the course of the early period of Secularist history he +occasionally wrote and spoke in advocacy of the rights of women. +Mrs. Harriet Law also advocated women's rights. "Reasoner," +August 11, 1847, November 16, 1856, and May 31, June 7, June 14, +and June 21, 1857; John Watts, "Freethought in England," +"National Reformer," November 5, 1964.] + + The early Secularists were also active in the reform of +living conditions among the toiling masses. As laborers they were +greatly distressed by the poverty, insecurity, and monotony which +characterized the lives of the working masses of that day, and +they sought to effect an improvement. + + In this connection, one of the things they undertook to +achieve was a "free and rational use of the Sunday," to the end +that those whose work kept them occupied for six days in the week +might not be prevented from securing needed recreation and +enlightenment on the one day of leisure, In their work of +broadening the use of the Sunday the Secularists exerted +themselves both as Secularists and as supporters of the National +Sunday League, which shared their aims in regard to the enlarged +use of the Sunday. + + One way in which the Secularists endeavored to make the +Sunday more helpful to those who toiled was by an effort to +procure the opening on that day of such institutions of public +enlightenment and recreation as art galleries, museums, and +libraries. They wrote and spoke on the subject and on three +occasions sent petitions to Parliament for the opening on Sunday +of the British Museum, Crystal Palace, the National Gallery, and +similar buildings. ["Reasoner," December 22, 1852, to May 13, +1855, passim; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" +(1892), II, 44; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" +(1905), II, 108.] + + As a further means of enriching the Sunday for the working +classes, the Secularists worked for Sunday music in the parks. +Their actions in this specific aspect of their Sunday program +began in 1856 when the Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, on the +appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, countermanded an order he +had previously given for government bands to play on Sunday in +the London parks. Incensed at the reversal of policy, the +Secularists resolutely asserted themselves. Holyoake wrote public +letters on the subject to both the Prime Minister and the +Archbishop of Canterbury, and Secularists not only wrote and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 21 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +spoke in protest against the removal of the bands, but attended +great indignation meetings arranged by the Sunday League. When +all of this led to no results, the Secularists aided the League +in putting into effect an arrangement by which private bands, +financed by popular subscription and by the sale of programs and +seats, provided music on Sunday during the summer months in the +parks of London and other cities. ["Reasoner," April 27, 1856, +to October 9, 1859, passim; "The Sunday Bands," "National +Reformer," May 28, 1865; W. Palmer, "Sunday Music in the Parks," +"National Reformer," May 21, 1865; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), I, 284. + + In still another way the Secularists endeavored to make the +Sunday a brighter day for themselves and others of the laboring +masses. During the holiday season they held excursions from time +to time on that day Sometimes a Secularist excursion was +conducted by a single society; but often a number of societies +would combine to arrange a trip to some designated point. +Secularist excursions were occasions for a variety of outdoor +games and diversions. Music, too, was enjoyed, and there were +speeches and a picnic lunch. Excursions were conducted, among +other places, to Hollingworth Lake, Broxbourne, Rye House, +Mottram, Forest Gate, Todmorden, High Beech, Richmond, Marsden +Rock, Riddlesdown, and Campsie Glen. [For typical references to +Secularist excursions, see the following: "Reasoner" August 24, +1853; "Investigator," August 1, 1859; "National Reformer," July +8, 1866.] + + As a means at once of providing recreation and fostering +social feeling, the early Secularists also arranged for +themselves and their friends occasional Sunday or week-day +entertainments. At these affairs conversation, games, talks, +music, and dancing all found a place, and, of course, there were +refreshments. [Examples of the countless references in +Secularist periodicals to social Meetings are the following: +"Reasoner," November 5, 1854, and December 9. 1957: "National +Reformer," November 23, 1861, and "Secular Organization," +"National Reformer," September 2, 1866.] + + The Secularists of the early years made an effort, too, to +overcome as far as possible the woeful insecurity which in that +period oppressed the working classes. For this purpose they +maintained a "General Secular Benevolent Society." The +institution was founded by the London Secular Society, but it was +operated in the interest of Secularists throughout the country. +The funds of the association were raised by subscription, and +financial assistance was given to persons in distress. The +Society was enrolled under the Friendly Societies Act in 1859. +["Reasoner," September 17, 1854. to June 2, 1860, passim; +"National Reformer." June 2, 1860, to October 29, 1865, passim.] + + Perhaps the most, basic work of the early Secularists in +their effort at social reform was the activity they carried on +for the elimination of the poverty that weighed so heavily upon +the laboring classes of those days. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 22 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + For a key to the solution of the problem of poverty, the +Secularists turned to the past. At the beginning of the 19th +century Thomas Malthus, in his 'Essay on the Principle of +Population,' had asserted that inasmuch as man's ability to +reproduce himself exceeds the power of nature to provide him with +the means of subsistence, human misery ensues unless man's +reproductive activities are curbed through the delay of marriage. +Francis Place. a generation later, accepted Malthus's doctrine +that the curtailment of human reproduction is the only means of +preventing the suffering attendant upon a deficiency of +nourishment, and, rejecting the Malthusian proposal as to +marriage, went on to formulate the principle that the proper +check to reproduction is through contraception. Place did not, +however, stop here. Aided by Richard Carlile, he carried on a +campaign among the people, telling them that the avoidance of +poverty is possible through family limitation, and acquainting +them with the nature and proper use of birth-control facilities. +The Secularists took over these Neo-Malthusian principles +championed by Place and Carlile as a remedy for poverty, and +carried forward the agitation they had begun." [Norman S. Himes. +"Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 209-236; C.V. +Drvsdale, "Bradlaugh and Neo-Malthusianism." "Champion of +Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933); Annie Besant, "The Law +Population" (1877); Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, +"Publishers, Preface to Dr, Knowlton's 'Fruits of Philosophy +"National Reformer," March 25, 1977.] + + The leadership in the Secularist birth-control agitation was +taken by Bradlaugh. He early spoke in favor of contraception, and +upon the appearance of the 'National Reformer' he committed that +journal to its advocacy. In 1861 he announced the formation of a +"Malthusian League" to further the cause. During the next few +years he wrote several times on the subject. In an article in the +National Reformer he declared, "A terrible error has been +permitted to go forth to the world, clothed with the authority of +divine command to humankind. The writer of Genesis says, 'Be +fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth,' but the Bible +nowhere teaches that the natural rate of the increase of +population is in excess of the rate of increase of the means of +subsistence." [Charles Bradlaugh "The Malthusian League," +"National Reformer," August 22, 1863.] In a pamphlet, Jesus, +Shelley, and Malthus (1861), he suggested that poverty should +neither be extolled as a virtue nor merely denounced as an evil, +but should be wiped out -- by Neo-Malthusian means. In a pamphlet +entitled Poverty: Its Effect Upon the Political Condition of the +People (1863), he contended that political freedom could be +achieved by the masses only to the degree that they were able to +divest themselves of poverty; but inasmuch as poverty was the +result of overpopulation, it could be eliminated through the +prevention of an excessive number of births. In a third pamphlet, +Why Do Men Starve? (1865), he asserted that they did so because +they were ignorant of the great Malthusian law of population, In +still another pamphlet, Labour's Prayer (1865), he maintained +that though the workers prayed to God without avail for relief +from poverty, they could secure relief through exercising a +degree of caution in increasing their numbers. Bradlaugh's birth- +control activities were accompanied by the efforts of other + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 23 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Secularists. Opposition to the agitation arose, however, from +Joseph Barker and others within the Secularist body. Possibly +because of this fact, the activity of the Secularists in the +interest of contraception tended in the last days of the early +era of Secularist history to become quiescent. Articles in the +National Reformer dwindled. Lectures became infrequent. Fresh +pamphlets ceased to appear. The Malthusian League all but +flickered out. ["National Reformer," June 14, 1860, to June 17, +1866, passim; Charles Bradlaugh, "Jesus, Shelley, and Malthus" +(1861); Charles Bradlaugh, "Poverty: Its Effect Upon the, +Political Condition of the People" (1963); Charles Bradlaugh, +"Why Do Men Starve?" (1865); Charles Bradlaugh, "Labour's Prayer" +(1965); Joseph Burker, "Modern Skepticism: A Life Story" (1874).] + + The labors of the Secularists in the interest of political +and social betterment during the early years of the Secular +Movement were paralleled by Secularist efforts for the reform of +education. The system of church-controlled schools prevailing in +the era did not satisfy the Secularists, both because it failed +to provide training for all and because it called for the +inculcation of religious dogmas; and they gave their +dissatisfaction appropriate expression by working to promote +universal education which would involve instruction exclusively +"in matters and duties pertaining to this life," + + As one part of this undertaking, the Secularists endeavored +to bring about a state-operated school system which would afford +strictly Secular education for the entire population. They not +only wrote and spoke as Secularists in the interest of an +educational system "free from the dogmatism of creeds," but +supported the agitation of a Manchester association, known as +"The Friends of Secular Education," which was composed of persons +who were not identified with the Secularist body -- though in +doing so the Secularists acted unobtrusively, lest they give +occasion to religious opponents of Secular education to declare +the Manchester movement "Infidel." ["Reasoner," June 2, 1852, to +August 19, 1857; G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism, the Practical +Philosophy of the People" (1954), pp. 11-12; Charles Bradlaugh +and G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism, Science and Atheism" (1870), +passim.] + + As the other phase of their work in behalf of Secular +education, the Secularists operated Secular schools of their own +-- no doubt with the expectation that they would be allowed to +lapse with the advent of a national system of schools providing +Secular instruction. Some of the Secularist schools gave day or +night instruction on week days, while others took the form of +Sunday schools, with classes usually in both the morning and +afternoon. Though the curricula varied, courses were given, in +one school or another, in the elementary subjects, in history and +science, and in the arts. Each school was attached to and +maintained by one of the various local Secular societies. In the +course of the period of Secularist history under discussion, at +least five or six schools were operated in London, and one each +in Birmingham, Glasgow, Rochdale, Halifax, Ashton-under-Lyne, +Huddersfield, Keighley, and possibly other places. Instruction in + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 24 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the Secularist schools was ordinarily made available to children +and adults alike. ["Reasoner," March 4, 1852, to December 9, +1857, passim; "National Reformer," September 7, 1861, to August +26, 1866, passim.] + + Of the several campaigns waged by the early Secularists in +their efforts to be of service in achieving improvement in +various departments of the social order, there is left for +discussion their struggle for the removal of obstructions and +dangers to intellectual freedom that remained from an earlier day +or were revived in their own -- obstructions and dangers which +were operative primarily against the working classes. This fight +they carried on partly by means of efforts looking to the +promotion among the people of attitudes unfriendly to all such +dangers and obstructions. Thus with tongue and pen they pleaded +the cause of freedom of thought in general. Holyoake, for +example, once declared: + + "Free inquiry ... is the first condition of progress. + All men may not be clever logicians; but their errors far + oftener arise from omitting to inquire than from error in + reasoning, They take so much for granted, that thought has + no proper and pure materials to exercise itself upon. Why is + the finder of facts, and facts are the food of thought, and + thought is the master of progress. . ." ["Reasoner," March + 11, 1855. See also "Reasoner," passim, and G.J. Holyoake, + "Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People" + (1854).] + + Besides making general appeals for intellectual liberty, the +Secularists worked for its realization in various limited +spheres. They contended, to begin with, for the right, which +theoretically had already been won, of public meetings in the +parks; and Bradlaugh, in 1855, twice rendered extraordinary +service in the cause. The first instance occurred at a Hyde Park +mass meeting of lower-class Londoners which was being undertaken, +despite a prohibitory notice by Sir Richard Mayne, Chief +Commissioner of Police, to protest against a bill that Lord +Robert Grosvernor had introduced in the House of Commons for +regulating the Sunday trading of the London poor. The authorities +moved to disperse the crowd, and Bradlaugh, mindful of the right +of meeting, resisted. "When others fled before a charge of +police," says Holyoake, "he stood his ground and seized in each +hand the truncheons of the two policemen, disarmed them, and +threatened to knock down a third policeman with each of the +truncheons if he approached." [G.J. Holyoake, "Life and Career +of Charles Bradlaugh" (1891).] On a subsequent occasion +Bradlaugh aided the cause with his testimony. Appearing before a +Royal Commission ordered by the House of Commons, he denied the +right of Sir R. Mayne to issue notices forbidding the people to +meet in Hyde Park. [Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. +Charles Bradlaugh," "National Reformer," August 31, 1873; Charles +Bradlaugh, "To the National Secular Society," "National +Reformer," April 28, 1878. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 25 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The early Secularists likewise endeavored to insure the +continued application of the acknowledged principle of a free +press. They advanced arguments to that end, and on one occasion, +when the freedom of the press was actually imperilled, they came +to grips with the Government. + + Their struggle with the Government arose when Edward +Truelove, a London publisher, was arrested by Government warrant +for publishing a pamphlet by W.E. Adams, Tyrannicide: Is It +Justifiable? which contained arguments in support of Orsini's +attempt on the life of Napoleon III. Bradlaugh became Honorary +Secretary of a committee formed to raise funds for defraying the +cost of Truelove's defense, and appeals for funds for the defense +were made both in the Reasoner and in the Investigator. Before +the case actually came to trial, the Government withdrew, on a +promise being given to discontinue the sale of the pamphlet." +["Reasoner," February 24 and March 24, 1858; "Investigator," +March 1, March 15, April 1, and July 15, 1858; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 17 and 64-71.] + + Secularist efforts were also exerted to secure the removal +of a number of indirect restrictions on the press which took the +form of taxes. When the Secular Movement came into being there +were duties alike on paper, on advertisements, and on newspapers; +and there was in existence, for the purpose of putting an end to +these burdens, the Association for Promoting the Repeal of the +Taxes on Knowledge. What the Secularists did was to aid the +Association in its work. Holyoake, who had already been of +service as a member of the Committee of the Association and as +Editor of the Reasoner before the Secular Movement began, +continued as a Secularist to serve on the Committee and to use +the Reasoner as a medium of publicity. But this was not all. Many +Secularists, encouraged by Holyoake, contributed funds in aid of +the Association and assisted it by signing and circulating +petitions to Parliament; and in one part of the work of the +Association, that of securing the repeal of the newspaper tax, +Holyoake himself helped by withholding from the Government the +taxes due on what was in effect a weekly newspaper which he +published for the Committee: + + Aided thus by Secularist contributions, and by the exertions +of publishers and members of Parliament, the Association was +successful in its operations: as early as 1853 the duty on +advertisements was removed; the year 1855 saw the abolition of +the newspaper stamp; the paper duty disappeared in 1861. +["Reasoner," August 1, 1849 - May 19, 1861, passim; "Presentation +to Mr. C.D. Collet," "National Reformer," March 15, 1862; C.D. +Collet, "History of the Taxes on Knowledge," I and II; G.J. +Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), 1, 273 ff.; +G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 118-123 and +11, 269-271; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), I, 257-275.] + + A notable phase of the effort which the Secularists exerted +in behalf of the free play of ideas within limited spheres was +their activity directed toward securing equality before the law +for all forms of speculative opinion. One part of this work was + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 26 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +their attempt to effect a modification of the arrangements +concerning the taking, of oaths. It will he recalled that as the +situation stood when the Secularists began their work Quakers and +other religious persons who had conscientious scruples against +oath-taking were permitted to accompany their legal testimony +with an affirmation, but that no such privilege was extended to +the non-religious. What the Secularists did, therefore, was to +advocate legislation to the end that Secularists and other non- +religious persons who objected to taking an oath might be +permitted the right of affirmation. In the earliest stages of the +Secular Movement (and even before) Holyoake petitioned the House +of Commons and utilized the Reasoner in the interest of remedial +legislation. In 1861, when Sir John Trelawney's Affirmation Bill +was before Parliament, Holyoake and other Secularists raised or +contributed funds and signed petitions in aid of the measure, +while Secularist writers called for its support, After the Bill +introduced by Trelawney had failed to pass, the Secularist +agitation continued. Writings by Secularists in favor of the +right to affirm now appeared in both the 'Counsellor' and the +'National Reformer.' ["Reasoner," July 8, 1849, to April 28, +1961, passim; "National Reformer," March 23, 1961, and March 15 +and 29, 1862: "Counsellor," August 1, October, and December, +1861; G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism: the Practical Philosophy of the +People" (1854), n, 12; G.J. Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, +"Secularism, Science, and Atheism" (1870), pp. 31-32; G.J. +Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892), II, 44: +G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" ( 1905), II, 78-91 and +95; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake," +(1908), I, 283, 303-304, and 337-338; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 129 and 168-169; A.S. Headingley, +"Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 83-85 and 96.] + + Another portion of the Secularist activity designed to +equalize all beliefs in the eyes of the law was their endeavor to +effect the disestablishment of the State Church. In this work the +Secularists utilized both the platform and the press, and based +their appeals upon a variety of grounds. Bradlaugh, for example, +on one occasion attacked the State Church with arguments derived +both from history and from the contemporary scene: + + "We desire to overturn the State Church and the State + Religion, because the existence of a State Church and State + Religion has ever been attended by crime, fraud, and + persecution; because a State Church has ever proved an + obstacle to political reform; because a State Church is like + a vampire, devouring the estates of our dead citizens and + preying on the industry of our living brothers and sisters." + [Charles Bradlaugh, "Our Policy," "National Reformer," + September 14, 1861.] + + And at another time Bradlaugh appealed for the cause alike +on intellectual and ethical grounds: + + "We attack the Church of England because by law the + Church is protected, to the disadvantage of all other + bodies. We deny the right of any statute-makers to limit + thought, or to grant a monopoly of trade in salvation. The + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 27 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Church is either of God or man. If of God, human legislation + can never add to its strength; and if the Church be of man + and not of God, then it exists under false pretenses, and + our attack is justified ... We attack the State Church and + its revenues because the Church of Christ, while declaring + that poverty is a blessing, has no logical justification for + its riches." [Charles Bradlaugh, "To New and Old + Supporters," "National Reformer," April 29, 1866. See also + the following: G.J. Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, + "Secularism, Science, and Atheism" (1870), pp. 31-32; G.J. + Holyoake. "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905). II. 108; G.J. + Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life" (1892). II, + 44; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob + Holyoake (1908), I, 283; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles + Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 129.] + + The remaining phase of the work by which the early +Secularists attempted the equalization of opinions before the law +was their effort to remove legal dangers attendant upon the +criticism of religion. Efforts in this direction were not, it is +true, undertaken at the very outset of the Secular Movement; for, +though speaking in reproach of the Christian religion was +punishable as blasphemy both under the Common Law and under a +statute dating back, in its essentials, to the reign of William +III, no prosecutions for blasphemy had taken place for several +years, and little, apprehension was felt of danger in that +direction. But in 1857 the situation was changed. The prosecution +in that year of Thomas Pooley. an illiterate well-sinker who was +not exactly sane, for blasphemy roused the Secularists to action +looking to the repeal of the blasphemy laws. As a first step, +they utilized the Pooley case as a means of discrediting them. +Holyoake, with the aid of funds contributed by Secularists, +investigated and publicized the whole affair. Percy Greg, who was +then identified with the Secularists under the name of Lionel +Holdreth, wrote letters to the 'Times' and the 'Daily News' +censuring the authorities for the "meanness and wickedness of +attacking this poor and defenseless man." Greg also wrote public +letters of protest to Mr. Justice Coleridge, who presided at the +trial, and to Sir R. Bethell, the Attorney General. And various +Secularists petitioned the Secretary of State for the Home +Department asking for the annulment of the sentence of 21 months' +imprisonment which had been meted out to the defendant. Thanks to +all this Secularist activity, and to similar efforts on the part +of Buckle, John Stuart Mill, certain journalists, various +clergymen, and others, as well as to the fact that Pooley's +mental condition was worsened by his confinement, the prisoner +was released after five months. ["Reasoner" August 12 to +December 23, 1857, passim: Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties +Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1913), pp. 69-70; "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," March 12, 1905.] + + In the years that followed the Pooley affair the Secularists +worked directly for the repeal of the blasphemy laws. Thus +Bradlaugh called for their destruction on the ground that they +were at once unjust, futile, and discriminatory: + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 28 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "We desire to remove from our statute books all + enactments and restrictions on blasphemy and infidelity, + because it is manifestly unjust to prosecute a man for the + honest utterance of his views, and because such enactments + have a tendency rather to produce hypocrisy than faith. We + object that at present a Turk, or Chinaman, or a Brahmin may + deny Christianity in England without committing an offense, + while we 'freeborn Englishmen' are liable for the same + denial to fine, imprisonment, and outlawry." [Charles + Bradlaugh, "Our Policy," "National Reformer," September 14, + 1861.] + + Thus, too, Bradlaugh strove to end the detested measures by +heaping upon them his contempt: + + "We declare that the Statutes against blasphemy by + which any Englishman is prohibited from denying, by word or + writing, any or either of the Thirty-nine Articles are a + disgrace to our civilization; and we shall continue to deny, + both orally and by writing, until the Church authorities + either prosecute us, or, for shame's sake, relinquish their + statute privilege of persecuting others." [Charles + Bradlaugh, "To Old and New Supporters," "National Reformer," + April 29, 1866. See also Charles Bradlaugh, "Our Politics," + "National Reformer," May 6, 186, and Hypatia Bradlaugh + Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 129. + + ATTACKING THE CHURCHES + + Paralleling the activity of the early Secularists in +advancing the doctrines of Secularism was the expenditure of +Secularist energy in a campaign against the churches. It is true, +as will be seen, that the Secularists were not in agreement as to +the advisability of attacking religion, and that some of them did +not participate in the campaign. Others, however, did so. The +basis of the attack of these Secularists on the churches was, of +course, the fact that, speaking in general, the religious bodies +impeded the removal of abuses in society, indirectly by the +inculcation of non-earthly attitudes among the people and +directly through the furtherance of interests associated +primarily with the upper classes. In waging among the masses a +crusade against religion, the anti-theological Secularists +carried forward a work which broadly speaking, had been initiated +by Thomas Paine and which had been continued, on the one, hand, +by Richard Carlile and other detached individuals, and, on the +other, by such Owenites as Charles Southwell and Holyoake. The +Secularist attack upon theology found expression in an occasional +book, in numerous articles and pamphlets, and in great numbers of +lectures. + + In carrying on their agitation the Secularist opponents of +theology used alike the arguments of distinguished rationalists +and the findings of science, history, and the higher biblical +criticism. As a matter of fact, the exploitation of reason, +science, biblical scholarship, and history constituted, for +practical purposes, the sum and substance of the anti-religious +work of the Secularists. It will be convenient, therefore, to +examine their activity under these four headings. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 29 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In utilizing reason against the religious interests, the +Secularists discussed mainly the Bible, immortality, and God. +With respect to the Bible, Secularist spokesmen contended that it +was not a divine revelation, but was simply a man-made book, +characterized by the frailties and imperfections of man and +reflecting the diverse minds and the various ages that produced +it. In support of this contention they brought forward "proofs" +of its fallibility. They endeavored, for one thing, to show that +its morality was a low one. For example, the Secularist writer +John Watts declared, "Deeds are here attributed to Deity that +would stamp the name of any man with well-merited infamy." [John +Watts, "Who is the Lord, that I Should Obey His Voice?" (1862).] +And Bradlaugh held up to scorn the misdeeds of such leading +biblical characters as Abraham, Jacob, Moses, and David. The +Secularists also attempted to show that the Bible contained +numerous discrepancies and contradictions, and that it +accordingly was not reliable. Bradlaugh, for instance, once said +(along, of course, with other things in the same vein) : "Take +... the healing of the centurion's servant, as contained in +Matthew ... and Luke ... : according to one gospel, the centurion +comes to Jesus; according to the other, he does not; according to +one, the healing took place before the healing of Peter's mother- +in-law, before the calling of Matthew and before the choice of +the 12; according to the other, the healing took place after all +three." ["Debate at Birmingham. ... National Reformer," October +12, 1961. See also the following: Robert Cooper, "The Bible and +Its Evidences" (1858); Iconoclast (Charles Bradlaugh),."The Bible +Not Reliable" (1858); "A Discussion ... Between the Rev. +Woodville, Woodman and 'Iconoclast'," "National Reformer," +November 2, 1861; Charles Bradlaugh, "To New and Old Supporters," +"National Reformer," April 2, 1866.] + + Concerning immortality, the Secularists energetically argued +either that it did not exist or that its existence was highly +improbable -- generally the former. Though Bradlaugh, John Watts, +and others took part in the agitation, perhaps the most +thoroughgoing efforts were those of Robert Cooper, who endeavored +to refute the outstanding arguments which proponents of the +doctrine of immortality had at one time or another advanced in +its behalf. To the argument for immortality based upon the +"universality" of the belief, he contended that the universality +of an opinion does not establish its validity, but that in any +case the belief in immortality was not universal. To the argument +that the doctrine of immortality is a consoling one, he replied +that though consolation might be derived from the anticipation of +heaven, it certainly was not to be had from the dread of hell. To +the argument that immortality is necessary to correct the +inequalities associated with life upon earth, he affirmed his +conviction that such inequalities would not be corrected beyond +the grave. "What!" he once asserted, "Because Deity cannot or +will not reward virtue and punish vice sufficiently in this +world, is that any assurance that he can or will do so in a world +to come? Because he allows injustice to be perpetrated here, is +that a Security that he would permit justice only to be +administered hereafter)" [Robert Cooper, "A Reply to Thomas +Cooper's Recent Lectures on 'God and a Future Life"' (1856), p. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 30 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +9.] Finally, to the argument that God would not have implanted +in men an ardent desire for immortality had he not intended to +extend it to them, Cooper asserted that human desires are not +invariably fulfilled. His own words are interesting: + + "Probably the most esteemed position in favor of + immortality is the following: 'It accords with the fondest + hopes and wishes of man; and God would never have implanted + in us a desire so predominant, were it not ultimately to be + gratified.' I reply ... because we 'desire' an object are we + therefore to infer, as rational beings, that our + inclinations will be realized? I have heard of 'jumping to + conclusions,' but this exceeds anything on record. If we + take an illustration, its gross fallacy will be palpable. + The desire to become rich is a strong feeling in every human + breast. Therefore every human being will some day be rich. I + might with great propriety maintain that this desire + 'accords with the fondest hopes and wishes of man; and God + would never have implanted in us a desire so predominant, + unless it were ultimately to be gratified.' The argument is + a parallel one, and equally conclusive and legitimate." + [Robert Cooper, "The Immortality of the Soul, Religiously + and Philosophically Considered," pp. 23-25. See also the + following: Charles Bradlaugh, "Has Man a Soul?" (1860?), and + John Watts, "Secularism: Its Relation to Christianity," + "National Reformer," April 2, 1864.] + + As regards God, Secularists such as Bradlaugh, Robert +Cooper, John Watts, and Holyoake (who sometimes disregarded his +avowed policy of not attacking the churches) advanced a variety +of arguments which were anti-theistic in character. One of these +was to the effect that the absolute creation of substance is +inconceivable. Another had it that the conception of an all-good, +all-wise, and all-powerful Deity is incompatible with the +existence of evil, A third stated that if God existed he would +make his existence known to men. Some of the Secularist arguments +were directed against the efforts of theists to prove God's +existence. Thus the contention that the moral tendencies in man +bespeak a moral governor was countered with the proposition that +it is just as true (or false) to say that the immoral tendencies +in man point to an immoral governor. And the argument from +design, to the effect that the marks of "design" in nature show a +designer of intelligence, was "answered" by the assertion that +under the same logic the designer himself must be admitted to +have been designed. [Robert Cooper, "A Reply to Thomas Cooper's +Recent Lectures on 'God and a Future State"' (1866); Charles +Bradlaugh, "Is There a God?" (1864 or earlier); John Watts, "The +Logic and Philosophy of Atheism" (1865); Charles Bradlaugh, "A +Plea for Atheism" (1864 or earlier); G.J. Holyoake, "Trial of +Theism" (1858).] + + The efforts of the Secularists to discredit theology by +appealing to science ordinarily took the form of pointing out +"discrepancies" between science (including evolutionary +teachings) and the Bible. At one time they would assert that +science emphatically declares man to have existed on earth for a +far greater period than that indicated in the Bible. At another + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 31 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +time they would contrast the scriptural view of the universe with +that of science -- as when Bradlaugh declared: "We notice that +the biblical account of the creation and its subsequent +references to the universe would picture the earth as the +principal feature of all existence, with the sun and moon as two +great lights, and the stars as simple accessories to the +illumination or adornment of the earth. It represents the earth +as a stationary, flat surface, with heaven above; that the sun +moved round the earth, and that the whole earth might be surveyed +from the summit of an exceedingly high mountain. Astronomical +discoveries have demonstrated the contrary of all this, and the +Bible is thus clearly not reliable." ["Iconoclast" (Charles +Bradlaugh), "The Bible Not Reliable" (1858). See also Charles +Bradlaugh, "Were Adam and Eve Our First parents?" (1864 or +earlier).] + + The use of the higher biblical criticism in connection with +the Secularist campaign against the churches centered in efforts +of the Secularists to discredit the traditional Christian +teachings as to the authorship of various books of the Bible. As +an instance of this sort of thing, Bradlaugh once assereted that +no one knew by whom, when, or where the Pentateuch was written; +and on another occasion he made a similar statement with respect +to the Four Gospels. + + The Secularists exploited history for their anti-religious +purposes in two or three different ways. For one thing, they +issued a publication, entitled Half-Hours with the Freethinkers, +containing short accounts of the lives and doctrines of eminent +freethought writers in all ages and lands. The work contained two +volumes. The first, which was prepared jointly by John Watts, +Bradlaugh, and W.H. Johnson, and which contained 24 biographies, +was completed in 1857. The second, containing 24 sketches, was +edited by Bradlaugh and John Watts, and appeared in 1864. In +these books, which brought together in readable form information +hitherto widely scattered and often inaccessible, the authors +aimed to show the common people that numbers of eminent men had +chosen to think freely for themselves on religious matters. Among +those whose lives were treated in the Half-Hours were Shelley, +Zeno, Voltaire, Spinoza, Hobbes, Paine, Epicures, Descartes, +Priestley, Hume, Condorcet, Helvetius, Anthony Collins, and +Holbach. The volumes were restrained in tone and were in +Considerable demand. [John Watts, "Iconoclast" (Charles +Bradlaugh), and "A. Collins" (W.H. Johnson), editors, "Half-Hours +with the Freethinkers" (1857); "Reasoner," January 18 and +September 9, 1857; "Autobiography of Mr. Charles BradlAugh," +"National Reformer," August 31, 1873.] + + On the strength of historical evidence the Secularists also +worked to destroy the notion that the religious beliefs and +practices mentioned in the Bible were unique and unrelated to +others. They pointed out identical or similar features associated +with the alien theologies, and suggested in each case that one of +the two systems was copied from the other or that both were +descended from a common original. In this connection they +published lists of Hebrew practices which they declared to have +been taken over from the Egyptians, and set forth resemblances + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 32 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +between Christian and Hindu teachings. On this last point, for +example, Bradlaugh once wrote as follows: "There are strange +similarities an coincidences between the myths of Christianity +and Hindooism. In each a trinity -- Father, Son, and Holy Ghost +-- Brahm, Vishnu, and Siva. In each a war in heaven and expulsion +of the rebellious angelic hosts. In each a good and evil spirit +who contend. In each an Abba Rama (Abram Brama). in each an +incarnation (Chrisna -- Christ). In this God man's history we +obtain further likenesses: + + CHRIST CHRISNA + +Of royal descent. Of royal descent. +Born of the Virgin Mary. Born of the Virgin. +In the lifetime of the In the lifetime of the + tyrant Herod. tyrant Cansa. +Who sought to kill him. Who sought to kill him. +He fled from the land of He fled from the land of + his birth. his birth. +Into Egypt where he was Into Mathura where he was + fostered fostered +by Joseph and his wife Mary. by Anada and his wife + Yasoda. +During his absence mothers wept During his absence mothers + wept + for their children destroyed. for their children +destroyed. +He was to bruise the serpent's He slew the serpent Caliya. + head. +He was meek. He was meek. +He washed the feet of the He washed the feet of the + Apostles. Brahmins. +He said faith would remove He by faith did remove + a mountain. a mountain on the tip of + his finger. +He made the blind to see. He made the blind to see. +And the lame to walk. And the lame to walk. +And raised the dead. And raised the dead. +He descended into hell. He went down into the lower + regions. +He ascended into heaven. He ascended into heaven. + +["Our Christianity," "National Reformer," February 8, 1862. See +also "Egypt and Mosaism," "National Reforaier," April 20, 1862.] + + Finally, the Secularists condemned in no uncertain terms the +historical role of the church. With great indignation they +accused the religionists of systematically and untiringly +persecuting scientists and progressive thinkers -- as when +Bradlaugh in the course of a lecture challenged his audience to +name one science of which the early promulgators were not +persecuted as heretics and infidels by the Bible teachers. +[Account, reproduced from "Wigan Observer," of Bradlaugh's +lectures at Wigan, "National Reformer," October 20, 1860.] And +with even greater indignation the Secularists declared the church +to have been in chronic opposition to the spirit of social +amelioration and, justice. [See for example, "Reasoner," +November 16, 1853, Supplement pp, 322-324. See also Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 127-128.] + + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 33 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + OPPOSITION TO SECULARISM + + The doctrines and activities of the early Secularists evoked +from various members of the clergy and other Christians a +determined opposition. The Secularist vision of a material and +social world devoid of the supernatural element was distasteful +to the general run of churchmen, as were the individual reforms +which the Secularists advocated. Even more repugnant was the +tireless campaign which the Secularist leaders directed against +the religious interests. Under these circumstances it was +inevitable that individuals associated with the churches should +strike at the forces of Secularism. The number of persons who +combatted the Secular Movement was limited, inasmuch as the bulk +of the clergy, including especially those of position and +influence, followed the policy of ignoring Secularism. +Nevertheless, the opposition was of an extent and significance +adequate to warrant attention. + + Among the forms it took were Christian efforts in debates +against Secularists and in replies to Secularist indoor and +outdoor lectures. There were also articles attacking Secularism +in religious periodicals, representative of which was the Rev. +Joseph Barker's "Six Chapters on Secularism or the Secular Theory +examined in the light of Scripture and Philosophy," which +appeared in the 'Christian News' in 1855. Non-periodical +publications, too, were forthcoming, such as Dr. John Alfred +Langford's 'Christianity, not Secularism, the practical +philosophy of the people: a reply to G.J. Holyoake's tract +"Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People" (1854) and +'The Spurious Ethics of Skeptical Philosophy, a Critique on Mr. +Holyoake's "Logic of Life"' (1860), by J. Clark. And there were +sermons. The Rev. J. Logan Aikman, in James's Place Church, +Edinburgh, denounced the Secular Movement as a vast conspiracy +for the overthrow of all religion and morality, and the Rev. +Brewin Grant, at the behest of congregationalist leaders, +undertook a "three years' mission" to check the spread of +Secularism. ["Reasoner," January 12 and October 19, 1853, and +January 11, 1867, to February 15, 1857, inclusive; G.J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), pp. 60-52; "Investigator," July +1854; R. Cooper, "Autobiographical Sketch of Robert Cooper," +"National Reformer," July 12, 1868; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years +of an Agitator's Life" (1892), 1, 255 and 262; A.S. Headingley, +"Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 49-50.] + + Such mild forms of opposition to the Secular Movement by no +means exhausted the resources of those who sought its +destruction. Frequently expedients of a more drastic character +were utilized. On several occasions Holyoake, Bradlaugh, and +other Secularist lecturers were refused the use of halls, +sometimes after they had already been engaged. Then, too, from +time to time, hostile action of a disorderly character grew out +of the efforts of Secularists to hold public meetings. Much light +is thrown on this latter variety of opposition by Bradlaugh's +account of his experiences in connection with a lecture which he +delivered in the Commercial Hall at Wigan on October 10, 1860, +"On the Wednesday evening," says Bradlaugh, "when I arrived at +the hall, I found it crowded to excess, and, in addition, many + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 34 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +hundreds outside unable to gain admittance. My name was the +subject of loud and hostile comment, several pious Christians in +choice Billingsgate intimating that they would teach me a lesson +... I requested the religious body to elect a chairman, and Mr. +Thomas Stuart was voted to the chair. Of this gentleman I must +say that he was courteous, generous, and manly, and by his kindly +conduct compelled my respect and admiration. Previous to my +lecture the majority of those present hooted and yelled with a +vigor which, if it betokened healthy lungs, did not vouch so well +for a healthy brain, and I commenced my address amidst a terrific +din. Each window was besieged, and panes of glass were dashed out +in mere reckless wantonness, while at the same time a constant +hammering was kept up at the main door. As this showed no +prospect of cessation, I went myself to the door, and, to my +disgust, found that the disturbance was being fostered and +encouraged by a clergyman of the Church of England [The Rev. +W.T. Whitehead.] who wished to gain admittance. I told him loss +of life might follow any attempt to enter the room in its present +over-crowded state. His answer was, 'That he knew there was +plenty of room and would come in.' To prevent worse strife I +admitted him, and by dint of main strength and liberal use of my +right arm repelled the others, closed the doors, and returned to +the platform. I had, however, at the door received one blow in +the ribs, which, coupled with the extraordinary exertions +required to keep the meeting in cheek, fairly tired me out in +about an hour. Several times, when any crash betokened a new +breach in either door or window, the whole of the audience toward +the end of the room jumped up, and I had literally to keep them +down by dint of energetic lung power. Toward the conclusion of +the lecture the secretary of the rector forced his way bodily +through a window, and I confess I felt a strong inclination to go +to that end of the room and pitch him back through the same +aperture. If he had intended a riot, he could not have acted more +riotously. Some limestone was drawn in at another window, and a +little water was poured through the ventilators, by some persons +who had gained possession of the roof. This caused some +merriment, which turned to alarm when an arm and hand, waving a +dirty rag, appeared through a little hole in the center of the +ceiling. One man in a wide-awake then jumped upon one of the +forms and excitedly shouted to me, 'See, the devil has come for +you.' After the lecture I received in the confusion several +blows, but none of importance. When I quitted the building one +well-dressed man asked me, 'Do you not expect God to strike you +dead, and don't you deserve that the people should serve you out +for your blasphemy?' Two spat in my face. I clenched my nails in +my hands with anger, and wished much that I had a few of my +Yorkshire friends round me to see fair play while I taught the +unmanly scoundrels better manners. I judged that it would be +scarcely wise to take the mob in their excited state to the hotel +where I was staying, and therefore proceeded to the railway +station (whither I was accompanied by several hundreds hooting, +yelling and hissing), preferring rather to take a ticket to +Liverpool than to have a worse riot. A new dilemma now arose; my +pockets were empty, all my cash, except some flaw halfpence, +being at the hotel. Fortunately I found means of escaping my +pursuers at some slight risk to my neck, and got safely back to +my hotel. My dangers were not yet over. Although there was no + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 35 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +crowd, only one person with me, and not the slightest disturbance +at the hotel, the landlady wished me at once to leave the house. +I appealed to her hospitality in vain. I next stood on my legal +rights, went to my bed room, locked the door, retired to bed, and +tried to dream that Wigan was a model Agapemone." [Charles +Bradlaugh, "Disgraceful Conduct of the Wigan Clergy," "National +Reformer," October 20, 1860.] + + The type of opposition involved in the above episode made +its appearance repeatedly. Once at Wigan stones were thrown at +Bradlaugh and John Watts as they entered a hall where a lecture +was to take place. During one of Bradlaugh's lectures at +Dumfries, the gas lamps of the hall were smashed and the +skylights were shattered by stones. When Bradlaugh delivered a +lecture on one occasion at Norwich, "yells, hisses, abuse, a +little mud, and a few stones formed the chorus and finale of the +entertainment." One day when just beginning a lecture at +Plymouth, Bradlaugh was ejected from a field he had hired for the +lecture and detained overnight by the police, at the instigation +of the Young Men's Christian Association. At another time a mob +at Guernsey broke into the house in which Bradlaugh was speaking. +Lectures at various places by Mrs. Harriet Law were interfered +with by persons who put out the lights or sprinkled cayenne +pepper about the floor. ["National Reformer," March 9, 16, and +23, 1861; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. C. Bradlaugh" +(1873), pp. 14-16; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), 1, 162-193; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 59-79; J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1920), p. 51; "Mrs. Harriet Law," "Freethinker," August 8, +1897.] + + The net result of the opposition of Secularism was the +strengthening of the Secularist cause. The Secular Movement had +originated in part as a protest against Christian opposition to +reform, and each fresh effort of Christians to prevent the +advancement of the Secularist program simply increased the +determination of the Secularists to achieve their goals. Then, +too, the opposition to Secularism constituted an effective +advertisement of the Secularist program. + + DISSENSION + + The Secularists of the early years were not able to avoid +disagreement within their own ranks. Almost from the very +beginning of the Secular Movement two factions were in evidence, +one being composed of Holyoake and persons who supported him, and +the other containing Bradlaugh and certain supporters of +Bradlaugh. + + The Secularists were not in disagreement as to the +principles of Secularism. It is true that some Secularists were +Atheists, some were Pantheists. and some were Theists, [See, for +example, Charles Bradlaugh, "To the ... Archbishop of York," +"National Reformer," October 16, 1881.] and that each group +would have been pleased to convert the others to its viewpoint. +Eligibility for membership in the Secular body, however, did not +depend upon these beliefs, but upon the acceptance of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 36 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +principle that morals and conduct should be devoted to the +promotion of man's happiness upon earth by natural means: and all +Secularists, of course, accepted this proposition. The Secularist +controversy hinged rather upon the question as to how Secularism +could best be advanced, and was concerned with the problem of +whether the Secularists should attack the churches. The view of +Holyoake and those who shared his opinion was that they should +not do So, [Holyoake spoke of occasions when opposition to +certain possible accomplishments of theology (such as reliance +upon prayer or the direct interference by the churches with the +Secular Movement) would be advisable (see, for example, the +"Reasoner," June 2, 1858), and from time to time he actually +attacked the essentials of specific theological doctrines -- as +in his "Trial of Theism" (1858).] but should limit themselves to +the task of working for the diffusion of Secularist principles. +They held that by following this policy the Secularists would not +only avoid engaging in an alien task, but would be able to +attract to the ranks of Secularism liberal-minded churchmen. +Bradlaugh and his supporters, however, took a widely different +view. Maintaining that the churches stood in the way of +Secularism, they held to be the task of the Secularists to do +everything possible to weaken their hold on the people. +["Reasoner," passim; "Investigator," passim; "National Reformer," +passim; "Counsellor," November, 1861; "Freethinker," February 8, +1891; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), passim; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Years of an Agitator's +Life" (1892), I, 139, and II, 290-294; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones +Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 18-19, and II, 98-101; G.J. +Holyoake, "Warpath of Opinion" (189?), p. 37; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), passim; G.J. Holyoake and +Charles Bradlaugh, "Secularism, Skepticism, and Atheism" (1870).] + + In spite of their differences of opinion as to method, and +notwithstanding much talking and writing about those differences, +the Secularists of the early years went on working together, in a +more or less friendly spirit, for the Secular cause. Their lack +of agreement did, however, prevent them from getting together in +a national union, and the divergent viewpoints of the two +factions were reflected in the policy of the various Secularist +periodicals, as well as in the character of the activities of +Secularists. + + At the outset of the Secularist controversy the supporters +of Holyoake constituted the bulk of the Secularist party, As the +years passed, however, more and more persons were attracted to +the point of view held by Bradlaugh; and by the end of the period +under consideration by far the greater portion of the Secularist +body shared his outlook. [John Watts, "Freethought: Its Advocacy +and Tendency," "National Reformer," May 28, 1865; G.W. Foote, +"George Jacob Holyoake." "Freethinker," February 12, 1893; Joseph +McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake (1908), I, +346.] + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 37 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + CHAPTER III + + THE BRADLAUGH EPOCH + + The triumph of the Bradlaugh viewpoint was paralleled by the +triumph, within the Secular Movement, of Bradlaugh himself. By +1866 he was the dominant personality among the Secularists, and +he remained such until 1890. His preeminence during the period +from 1866 to 1890 was so pronounced as to warrant the designation +of the era as the Bradlaugh Epoch. This period of Secularist +history stands apart from the years that preceded and those which +followed it, and forms a convenient unit for discussion. + + ORGANIZATION + + The very beginning of the new epoch saw the founding of the +National Secular Society, an association destined to endure +beyond the limits of the period. The Society was established by +Bradlaugh, who, taking advantage of the great popularity which he +had achieved among Secularists, as well as of the pronounced +lessening of the Secularist conflict which had made an earlier +union impossible, proclaimed the formation of the new enterprise +in September, 1866. [Charles Bradlaugh, "Secular Organization," +"National Reformer," July 16, August 5 and 12, and September 2, +1866 and June 16, 1867; Charles Watts, "Secular Organization," +"National Reformer," September 2, 1866.] + + A "programme" for the new association laid down "objects" +and "principles" for its guidance. Its "objects" were asserted to +be: + + "1st. To form an association for mutual help of all the +Freethinkers of Great Britain. + + 2nd. To conduct in the United Kingdom a more vigorous +Freethought propaganda, especially in districts where +Freethinkers are few and Freethought lectures are rare. + + "3rd. To establish a fund for the assistance of aged or +distressed Freethinkers. + + "4th. To provide parliamentary and other action in order to +remove all disabilities on account of religious opinions. + + "5th. To establish Secular schools and adult instruction +classes in connection with every local society, having members +enough to efficiently support such schools or classes." + + The "principles" of the new society were declared to be as +follows: + + "I. This Association declares that the Promotion of Human +Improvement and Happiness is the highest duty. + + "II. That the Theological Teachings of the World have been, +and are, most powerfully obstructive of human improvement and +happiness; human activity being guided and increased by a + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 38 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +consciousness of the facts of existence; while it is misguided +and impeded in the most mischievous manner when the intellect is +prostrated by childish and absurd superstitions + + "III. That in order to promote effectually the improvement +and happiness of mankind, every individual of the human family +ought to be well placed and well instructed; and all who are of +suitable age ought to be usefully employed for their own and the +general good. + + "IV. That human improvement and happiness cannot be +effectually promoted without civil and religious liberty; and +that, therefore, it is the duty of every individual -- a duty to +be practically recognized by every member of this Association -- +to actively attack all barriers to equal freedom of thought and +utterance for all, upon political and theological subjects." + + An amplificatory statement issued in connection with the +"programme" declared that the fourth "object" aimed specifically +at the removal of "the blasphemy statutes, the oath-taking +practices, and the ecclesiastical disabilities." ["Proposed +Programme for the National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +September 9, 1866; "National Secular Society," "National +Reformer," September 23, 1866.] + + Statements of the principles and objects of the society +published in the six or eight years following 1866 included +features either not specifically mentioned in the foregoing +"programme" or not stated in it so explicitly. A description +issued in 1868 asserted that the "principle" calling for the +promotion of human improvement and happiness involved "the +promotion of political advancement by the political education and +enfranchisement of the masses" and the promotion of social +improvement by investigating and counteracting or preventing in +the future the causes of poverty and social degradation." And a +statement of 1874 called for the following: + + "I. A system of really secular education, so that each child +may, at starting in life, be placed in a fair condition to form +more correct opinions, and be fitted for more useful conduct. + + "2. The disestablishment and disendowment of the State +Church, and the placing of all religions and forms of speculative +opinion on a perfect equality before the law. + + "3. Specially the improvement of the condition of the +Agricultural classes, whose terrible state of social degradation +is at present a fatal barrier to the formation of a good state of +society. + + "4. A change in the Land Laws, so as to break down the +present system by which enormous estates are found in few hands, +the many having no interest in the soil, and to secure for the +agricultural laborer some share of the improvement in the land he +cultivates. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 39 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "5. The destruction of the present hereditary Chamber of +Peers, and substitution of a Senate containing life members, +elected for their fitness, and therewith the constitution of a +National Party, intended to wrest the governing power from a few +Whig and Tory families. + + "6. The investigation of the cause of poverty in all old +countries, in order to see how far unequal distribution of wealth +or more radical causes may operate. The discussion in connection +with this of the various schemes for social amelioration, and the +ascertainment if possible of the laws governing the increase of +population and produce, and affecting the rise and fall of +wages." ["National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +February 2, 1868; "The National Secular Society," "National +Reformer," June 14, 1874.] + + Broadly speaking, the program thus gradually worked out +remained in effect until the very end of the Bradlaugh epoch; for +though it is true that in 1877 a fresh statement of "principles" +was issued for the society, and that still another was put out in +1886, these were substantially restatements of the basic ideas +with which the Secularists were already identified. [Annie +Besant, "Conference of the National Secular Society arid Other +Freethinkers," "National Reformer," May 27, 1877; "Annual +Conference of the National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +June 20, 1886.] + + The headquarters of the National Secular Society during the +era under consideration were in London, and its officers in the +period included a President, several Vice-Presidents, a +Secretary, a Treasurer, two Auditors, and members of a Council. +Except for the Councilors, each of whom was chosen by a local +Secular society, the officers were named at annual conferences of +Secularists. All officials were elected for one year and were +eligible for reelection. The President, the Vice-Presidents, the +Secretary, the Treasurer, the Council, and, after 1883, the +Auditors made up what was known as the Executive. The Executive +met each month, the President serving as Chairman, and all +voting. After 1877, members of the Council who resided more than +20 miles from the place of meeting of the Executive had the right +to be notified of the matters scheduled to come before the +Executive and to vote on such matters by letter. ["Officers of +the National Secular Society ... National Secular Society +Almanac" (1877), pp. 42-43, "National Reformer," September 9, +1866, to June 10, 1888, passim.] + + Alongside the Executive of the National Secular Society in +the Bradlaugh era were the Secularist Annual Conferences. +Attended by the officers of the National Secular Society, +delegates of the local Secular bodies, and individual Secularists +of the rank and file, these meetings served as occasions for the +submission of reports, the discussion of finances, the +determination of policy, the adoption of resolutions, the +election of various officers, and disposition of any other +matters of business relevant to the Secular Movement. The +Conferences took place on Whitsunday and were held in London, +Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, and other cities + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 40 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +throughout the country, the place of meeting being selected by +the Executive in the light of suggestions emanating from the +Secularist world. Voting at the Conferences ordinarily took place +by a show of hands; but upon occasions when such a vote was +challenged, voting by proxy was permitted. The Secularist +Conference was theoretically the dominant governing institution +within the Secular Movement. In actual practice, however, the +Conference was itself in large measure controlled by its +presiding officer, the President of the National Secular Society. +["National Reformer," September 29, 1867, to June 3, 1888, +passim.] + + Affiliated with the National Secular Society in the period +under discussion were Secularist bodies of a local character. +Each local society had its own group of officials, including, in +general, a President, one or more Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, a +Treasurer, and a Committee. The officers of each branch were +elected by the members of that branch. Although the local +societies were bound by the principles of the National Secular +Society they enjoyed an autonomous status in the management of +their routine affairs. Secular local societies were to be found +in Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, London, Edinburgh, +Glasgow, and many lesser places. [The list of local societies +affiliated with the National Secular Society within the limits of +the Bradlaugh Epoch included the following: + + London societies: Ball's Pond; Battersea; Bermondsey and +Rotherwithe; Bethnal Green; Brixton; Camberwell; Central London; +Clapham; Clerkenwell; Croyden; Crystal Palace District; Deptford; +East London; Edmonton; Finsbury; Forest Hill; Hackney; Holloway; +Hornsey Road; Hyde Park; Kensington and Hammersmith; Kilburn; +Kingston; Lewisham; Leytonstone; Milton Hall; Newington Hall; New +South Gate; North End; North Lambeth; North London; North +Middlesex; Northwest London; Oll South Gate; Paddington; Peckham +and Dulwich; Reading; South London, No. 1; South London, No. 2; +Southwest London; Stratford; Streatham; Tottenham; Walthamstow; +Walworth and Camberwell; West Central London; West Ham; +Westminster; Woolwich and Plumpstead. + + Provincial societies: Aberdare; Aberdeen, Abersychan and +Talywain; Ashton-under-Lynne; Atherton and Tlydesley; Batham; +Banbury; Barnsley; Barrow-in-Farness; Batley; Bedlington; +Belfast; Berkshire; Bingley; Birkenbead; Birmingham; Bishop +Auckland; Blackburn; Black Hill; Blaydon-on-Tyne; Blyth; Baldon +Colliery; Bolton; Bootle And Kirkdale; Bradford; Brierly Hill; +Brigham; Brighouse; Brighton; Bristol; Brotton; Bryne and +District; Burnley; Burton-on-Trent; Bury; Canning Town; Cardiff; +Carlton; Chatham, Brompton and Rochester; Chesterle Street; +Cleremont Hall; Clay Cross; Congleton; Cork; Coventry; +Cramlington; Crewe; Dalton-en-Furness; Darlington; Darwen; Denby; +Derby; Dewsbury; Dublin; Dudley Colliery; Dunkenfield; Dundee; +Eaton and Normandy; Edinburgh; Failsworth; Farsley; Freckleton; +Gateshead; Glasgow; Gorton; Gravesend; Grays; Grimsby; +Grisborough; Halifax; Hamilton; Hanley and Tunstall; Hartlepool; +Halsingden; Haslington; Hastings; Hatton and Easington; Hawick; +Headingley and Burley; Heckmondwicke; Heywood; Holstead; +Houghtonle-Spring; Huddersfield; Hull; Hulme; Hyde; Hythe; + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 41 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Ilkeston; Innesleithen; Ipswich; Jarrow; Jersey; Kerriemuir; +Kettering; Kidderminster; Kilmarnock; Kingston; Kirby; Lancaster; +Larne; Leeds; Leek and Congleton; Leigh; Leicester; Lincoln; +Liverpool; Lofthouse; Low Fell; Longton; Maidstone; Manchester, +No. 1; Manchester, No. 2; Mansfield; Middlesborough; Mold; +Mossley; Newcastle-on-Tyne; Newcastle-under-Lynne; New +Herrington; Newport; Normanton; Northampton; North Shields; North +Woolwich; Norwich; Nottingham; Oldham; Old Shildon; Over Darwen; +Oxhill; Paisley; Pendlebury; Pendleton; Perth; Petersborough; +Plaistow; Plumstead; Plymouth, No. 1; Plymouth, No. 2; Pontypool; +Portsmouth; Preston; Ramsbottom; Reading; Renfrew; Richmond; +Rochdale; Rossendale; Rotherham; Saint Helen's; Seaham Harbor; +Seghill; Sheffield, No. 1; Sheffield, No, 2; Shildon; Shipley; +Shrewsbury; Silverdale; Skipton; South Durham; South Eston; +Southampton; South Shields; Sowerley Bridge; Spennymoor; +Staleybridge; Stockport; Stockton-on-Tees; Stourbridge; +Stowbridge; Strood; Sudbury; Sunderland; Sutton-in-Ashfield; +Swansea; Swindon; Three Towns; Tildersley; Todmorden; Tow Low; +Tunbridge and Tunbridge Wells; Uxbridge; Wakefield; Walkerburn; +Walsend; Walsingham; Walthimstow; Walworth; Washington and +Usworth: Wednesbury; Wellingborough; West Auckland; West Bromwich +and District; West Gorton; West Hartlepool; White Haven; Wigan; +Willesden; Wolsingham; Wolverhampton; Wood Green; York. + + "National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac" for various years.] + + The membership of the National Secular Society during the +Bradlaugh epoch also embraced scattered individuals not belonging +to any of the branches. ["Conference of the National Secular +Society," "National Reformer," December 1, 1867.] + + From time to time in the era under consideration local +Secular bodies within given regions formed district organizations +for the purpose of promoting the exchange of lecturers among the +societies cooperating in such enterprises. These regional +associations had their own officers -- ordinarily a President, a +Secretary, a Treasurer, and a Committee -- and held "Annual +Conferences." Although from first to last a rather large number +of district unions were formed, they were very generally short- +lived institutions; and they naturally played no part in shaping +the course of the Secular Movement. Typical of the sectional +federations were the Manchester and District Secular Union, the +North of England Secular Propaganda Association, the Secular +Union for South Durham and North Yorkshire, the Yorkshire Secular +Lecturing Circuit, and the Northeastern Secular Federation. [The +list of unions in existence at one time or another during the +Bradlaugh era included also the following: the Lancashire Secular +Union, the Birmingham and Midland Secular Union, the Midland +Counties Secular Association, the West of England and South Wales +Secular Union, the Kent Secular Union, the Scottish Secular +Union, the Yorkshire Secular Lecturing Circuit, the Yorkshire +West Riding Secular Lecturing Circuit, the Midland Amalgamated +Secular Union, the Northern District Secular Association, the +London Secular Federation, the Northern Secular Federation, the + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 42 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +North Middlesex Secular Federation, the Yorkshire Secular +Federation, the Lancashire Secular Federation; the Lancashire and +Yorkshire Secular Federation, the Northern Federation of National +Secular Society Branches, and possibly others. + + "National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim. + + Two or three such organizations arose near the end of the +preceding Secularist era. "National Reformer," 1861-1865.] + + All local Secular bodies did not affiliate themselves with +the National Secular Society immediately upon its formation. +Those which did not elect at once to attach themselves to the +national organization nevertheless adhered to the principles of +Secularism, and, generally speaking, participated in the District +Unions and, to some degree, in the Annual Conferences. As the +years passed, one by one of these non-affiliating local groups +joined the National Secular Society. By the end of the period of +Secularist history now under consideration, very nearly all such +bodies had become members. [The Leicester Secular Society, which +remained attached to the Holyoake viewpoint, never became a +member of the National Secular Society. Possibly one or two other +societies remained permanently aloof. + + "National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac" for various years; G.J. +Holyoake, "Warpath of Opinion" (189?), p. 61.] + + For a brief portion of the Bradlaugh era there was in +existence outside the National Secular Society a Secularist +organization which, was not exactly local in character -- the +British Secular Union. This association arose in 1877 after +differences later to be explained had arisen between Bradlaugh +and Charles Watts and between Bradlaugh and Holyoake over legal +difficulties growing out of the sale of birth-control literature. +The society was founded by Holyoake and Watts. It had as officers +a Council, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and in 1881 and possibly +afterwards, a President. In its name Annual Conferences were +held. The program adopted by the association embraced the +principles of Secularism, but eschewed theological criticism. The +British Secular Union proclaimed itself a national body, and +announced the formation of a number of branches. It was never +able, however, to get on its feet, and its leaders presently +abandoned it. It died in 1884. ["In the course of the life, of +the British Secular Union, a branch existed at each of the +following places: London, Glasgow, Kingston, Leeds, +Kidderminster. Sheffield, Hull, Liverpool, Manchester, +Nottingham, Bradford, and Huddersfield. + + "Secular Review and Secularist," August 25 to December 15, +1877, passim; "British Secular Almanac" for years; 1879 to 1883; +"National Reformer." 18791885, passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 90 and 86.] + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 43 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + LEADERS + + As has been seen, the foremost individual among the +Secularists of the period from 1866 to 1890 was Bradlaugh. Except +for one year, [In 1871 Arthur Trevelyan, a financial benefactor +of the National Secular Society, was elected President. "National +Secular Society's Conference at Birmingham, National Reformer," +October 1, 1871.] he served as President of the National Secular +Society throughout the entire period; and he applied to the work +an energy and a resourcefulness not possessed by any of his +fellow secularists." ["Conference of the National Secular +Society" or equivalent title), "National Reformer," 1867-1890.] +But Bradlaugh was by no means the only distinguished personality. +Holyoake, though now less active in the Secular Movement than in +former years, remained associated with it, and not only at one +time held office as Vice-President of the National Secular +Society, but later served on the Council of the short-lived +British Secular Union. ["National Reformer," 1869-1890, passim; +G.W. Foote, "George Jacob Holyoake," "Freethinker," January 28, +1906.] There were also others, notably Mrs. Annie Besant, +Charles Watts, Dr. Edward Bibbins Aveling, George William Foote, +and John Mackinnon Robertson. + + Annie Besant was truly an extraordinary asset to the Secular +Movement. She devoted an astonishing amount of energy to the work +of diffusing Secular principles, and her industry was accompanied +by pronounced enthusiasm for the cause. At the same time, she +possessed in easy control of language that gave her great +effectiveness on the platform. In commenting upon her ability as +a speaker H.M. Hyndman once declared: "It is doubtful whether any +woman of our time has had the oratorical faculty and power of +rousing and dominating an audience to the extent which Annie +Besant at her best possessed it. [H. M. Hyndman, "Further +Reminiscences" (1912), p. 4.] Her personal qualities, too, were +invaluable. She was endowed with sensitiveness and good taste, +and her manner was unusually agreeable. Thanks to her finely +proportioned features, her expressive brown eyes, and her +abundant, dark, glossy hair, she was also unusually attractive in +appearance. It is little wonder that she was a colleague in whom +the Secularists took great pride. + + The birthplace of Annie Besant was London, where her father, +W.P.B. Wood, though a medical graduate of Dublin University, had +accepted an attractive commercial position; but in 1852, when +Annie was 5 years old, the father died, and Mrs, Wood soon +afterwards took her two children to live in Harrow, for the +purpose at once of earning a living by keeping in her home boy +students and educating her son at the school. + + The opportunity for Annie's education came a little later +when Annie met a Miss Marryatt at a neighbor's house. Miss +Marryatt, who used a portion of her considerable wealth to +educate various children, provided training for Annie over a +period of seven years, allowing her to return to Harrow during +vacations but caring for her during school terms. For five of the +seven years Miss Marryatt lodged Annie at her house near the +village of Charmouth in Dorsetshire. Later she took the girl for +two extended sojourns on the Continent and for a winter in +London. + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 44 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Upon the completion of her educational training, in 1863, +Annie returned to Harrow, where, for the next three years, her +chief interest was in religion. She had been reared an Anglican +and in 1862 had been confirmed at Paris by the visiting Bishop of +Ohio. Since childhood she had been deeply religious. Now, in her +middle teens, her religious fervor became so intense that she +yearned to sacrifice herself in the service of Christ. + + On a visit, in 1866, to her grandfather's in Clapham, Annie +Wood met the man whom she was to marry -- Frank Besant, a young +Cambridge graduate who had just taken holy orders and who was +serving temporarily as deacon in a newly-opened mission church at +Clapham. The wedding took place in 1867, after the Rev. Besant +had removed to Cheltenham, and the couple resided first at +Cheltenham and later at Sibsey. + + Meanwhile, Annie Besant abandoned her orthodoxy. As early as +1866 a shadow of doubt appeared before her mind when, in +anticipation of Easter, she studied the four gospel accounts of +Christ's last week on earth and found discrepancies. She managed +to revive her faith after this experience, but the memory of the +episode remained, and in 1871 a long and painful illness +undergone by her daughter raised a question in her mind as to the +mercy of God. At the same time, wide religious reading, made +possible by her sheltered role as a clergyman's wife, undermined +her confidence in revealed teaching in general. The outcome was +that she became a thoroughgoing Freethinker. + + During much of this time the relations of Mrs. Besant with +her husband had been growing increasingly strained. Physical and +temperamental incompatibility, accompanied by difficulties +growing out of the changes in Mrs. Besant's religious opinions, +caused such a breach that in October, 1873, Mrs. Besant procured +a legal separation. + + For several months before the separation occurred Mrs. +Besant had been actively interested in anti-theological +propaganda. Though her activity in this direction was essentially +an outcome of her religious evolution, it was precipitated by her +acquaintance with Thomas Scott, who financed the publication, +month by month, of heretical pamphlets. She had been introduced +to Scott, in 1872, by the liberal clergyman Charles Voysey, to +whom she had made herself known after hearing one of his sermons +when on a visit to the home of her mother, who was now living in +London. Scott invited Mrs. Besant to submit to him an essay for +publication. She did so, and he published it anonymously in the +spring of 1873. [The pamphlet was entitled "On the Deity of +Jesus of Nazareth. An Enquiry into the Nature of Jesus by an +Examination of the Synoptic Gospels," and was followed by a +companion treatise bearing the title "According to St. John." "On +the Deity of Jesus of Nazareth. Part II. A Comparison Between the +Fourth Gospel and the Three Synoptics." The title page of the +pamphlets bore the words "By the Wife a Beneficed Clergyman."] +In the ensuing months she published anonymously through Scott +several additional pamphlets. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 45 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Mrs. Besant about this time left Sibsey for London. While +studying in the metropolis, at the British Museum, she became +aware of the publishing firm of Edward Truelove, and on visiting +the Truelove shop on an errand, in the summer of 1874, she +chanced to see a copy of the National Reformer. From it she +learned of the existence and general character of the National +Secular Society. She was strongly impressed by the association, +and, after further inquiry, became one of its members. + + Pending the completion of the pamphlets begun anonymously +for Thomas Scott, Mrs. Besant published such Secularist writings +as she produced under a nom de plume -- "Ajax," suggested by the +statue, "Ajax Crying for Light," in the Crystal Palace -- and +refrained from going on the Secularist platform. Before many +months had passed, however, she plunged into lecturing and began +to sign her writings in her own name. [Annie Besant, "Annie +Besant" (1893), pp, 11-180; Geoffrey West, "The Life of Annie +Besant" (1929), pp. 7-80; Gertrude Marvin Williams, "The +Passionate Pilgrim" (1931), pp. 3-60; A.S. Headingley, "Biography +of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 159-162.] + + The value of Annie Besant to the Secularist cause was +speedily recognized by the Secularists, and from 1875 onward she +was elected year after year as a Vice-President of the National +Secular Society. Bradlaugh himself, as will presently be seen, +placed important responsibilities upon her in connection with the +National Reformer, and she and Bradlaugh worked as close +associates in the Movement. ["Conference of the National Secular +Society" (or equivalent title), "National Reformer," 1876-1889.] + + Efficient work was being done by Charles Watts before Mrs. +Besant became affiliated with the National Secular Society. Watts +possessed the gift of eloquence, and was also fond of debate, at +which he excelled. His effectiveness on the platform was +increased at once by a distinguished bearing and a genial +personality. As a writer Watts was the master of a lucid, +convincing style. His writings and lectures alike reflected a +humanitarianism that was contagious. + + Charles Watts, younger brother of John Watts, was born at +Bristol in 1836. The son of a Wesleyan minister, he was reared in +a religious atmosphere and early became a Sunday school teacher. +In the early 1850's Charles took two momentous steps. He left +Bristol for London and he gave up his religious orthodoxy. It is +not surprising, under these circumstances, to find him occupying +in 1860 a position with the National Reformer. In 1864 he was +promoted from the post of printer to that of sub-editor, and in +the same year he began to appear on the Secularist platform. When +the National Secular Society came into existence he became +affiliated with it, and, besides continuing editorial work and +lecturing, served it for a number of years in the capacity of +Secretary and Vice-President. Subsequently, for a time, he was +active with the British Secular Union. The connection of Charles +Watts with the English Secular Movement, as will be seen, was +interrupted in the later years of the Bradlaugh era, and was not +resumed until after Bradlaugh's death; but this interruption did +not occur until after Watts had rendered energetic service to the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 46 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +cause over a number of years. [William Stewart Ross, "Sketch of +the Life and Character of C. Watts" (188?); "National Reformer," +March 5, 1864, to June 11, 1876, passim; "Freethinker," July 22, +1894, and February 25, 1906; William Kent, "London for Heretics" +(1932), pp. 72-74; D.M. Bennett, "The World's Sages, Infidels, +and Thinkers" (1876), pp. 1004-1005: "Watts (Charles)," +"Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers," (1889), by J.M. +Wheeler.] + + Edward B. Aveling not only possessed wide scientific +knowledge, but was a competent writer, a forceful lecturer, and a +splendid teacher. His moral nature was not so well developed. He +was capable of rendering diligent service to the cause he deemed +to be a good one, even at the risk of great sacrifice to himself; +but in financial and personal relationships he displayed a +laxness that ultimately gave him an unenviable reputation among +his associates. +Whatever may have been Aveling's effect upon the fortunes of the +Secular Movement, it is a fact that he gave impetus to the +intellectual aspects of its program. + + The son of a Congregational minister, Aveling was born in +1851. He was educated at Taunton and London Universities. From +the latter institution he received the degree of Doctor of +Science. He also taught science at the University of London for +several years. Through Bradlaugh's daughters, who had enrolled as +students at the London University, he met Bradlaugh and Mrs. +Besant, and in 1879 he became identified with the Secular +Movement. + + As a Secularist Aveling rose rapidly. In 1880 and subsequent +years he was elected Vice-President of the National Secular +Society, and he was soon taking a leading part in various phases +of the work. His affiliation with the Secular Movement did not, +however, long endure. In 1884 he joined the camp of the +Socialists and disappeared from the Secularist scene. [Annie +Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 246 and 249; Henry S. Salt, +"Seventy Years Among Savages" (1921), pp. 80-81; Frederick +Rogers, "Labour, Life, and Literature" (1913), pp. 175-177; D.M. +Bennett, "An Infidel Abroad" (1881), pp, 784-785; H.M. Hyndman, +"Record of an Adventurous Life" (1911), pp. 262, 309, and 388; +H.M. Hyndman, "Further Reminiscences (1912), pp. 140-147; +Gertrude Marvin Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" (1931), pp. +109-110, 121, 132, 138-148; "National Reformer," August 3. 1879, +to September 7, 1884, passim; "Freethinker," June 10, 1883, and +July 13, 1884.] + + G.W. Foote was intellectually inclined, and through +persistent reading and thinking became a man of genuine culture. +At the same time he was intensely devoted to the principles to +which he gave his allegiance, and fought relentlessly in their +behalf. In doing so he wielded with equal effectiveness the +weapons of scholarship and logic and those of wit, satire, and +ridicule. Thus it is accurate to characterize Foote as a hard- +hitting scholar. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 47 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Foote was born in 1850 at Plymouth. In 1868 he settled in +London. Before going to London he had, as a consequence of +reading, abandoned the orthodox religious teachings to which he +had adhered as a boy, and soon after arriving in the metropolis +he associated himself with organized Secularism, + + In the Secular Movement Foote was active as an organizer, +lecturer, and writer. Though starting out with the National +Secular Society, he became identified with the British Secular +Union in 1877; but he soon returned to the National Secular +Society, and from 1882 onward through the Bradlaugh era served as +one of its Vice-PresidentS. ["Foote (George William)," +"Biographical Dictatory of Freethinkers" (1889), by J.M. Wheeler; +"Foote, George William," "Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe; Robert Flint, "Anti- +Theistic Theories" (1880), I,. 512; "Freethinker," July 1, 1883, +and May 15, 1898; "Truth Seeker," August, 1899.] + + J.M. Robertson was one of the ablest individuals attracted +to the Secular Movement. He was also a man of sterling character, +and he wrote and spoke with fidelity to his conception of truth. +Though not the equal of Bradlaugh or Annie Besant as a popular +propagandist, his scholarly endeavors were a valuable asset to +the Secularist cause, especially in the fields of practical +reform and Freethought agitation. + + Robertson was born in the Island of Arran on November 14, +1856. He attended school only to the age of 13, but subsequently +read widely on his own initiative. In 1878 he joined the staff of +the Edinburgh Evening News as feature writer. After moving toward +skeptical religious views by means of his own thought and +reading, he was made into a thoroughgoing Freethinker through +hearing Bradlaugh deliver a lecture at Edinburgh on Bruno. He +afterwards became actively connected with the Edinburgh branch of +the National Secular Society, and in 1884 went to London to +accept the sub-editorship of the 'National Reformer.' Besides +writing in the 'National Reformer' in the later years of the +Bradlaugh era, he lectured for Secularist societies. [J.M. +Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), Pt. two, pp. 142-143; +Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 285-286; Gertrude Marvin +Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" (1931), pp. 151-152; +"Robertson, Rt. Hon. John Mackinnon." "Who's Who" (British) +(1932); "National Reformer," October 12, 1884, to February 8, +1891, passim; "Freethinker," January 15 and 22, 1933.] + + PUBLICATIONS + + The Secularists of the Bradlaugh epoch produced and +distributed a great deal of propagandist literature, as the early +Secularists had done. For one thing, they continued the practice +of issuing magazines. One of the journals they put out -- namely, +the National Reformer -- had been founded, as we have seen, in +the earlier period. Bradlaugh, who had edited the paper +throughout the greater part of its existence in the former era, +continued as its sole editor until 1877. In that year Annie +Besant became co-editor with Bradlaugh. The co-editorship lasted +until 1887, when, for reasons which will be explained, Bradlaugh + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 48 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +once more became sole editor. The policies of the 'National +Reformer' throughout the Bradlaugh era remained what they had +been from the first appearance of the journal. The paper +continued to be issued weekly. ["National Reformer," all +numbers; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. 180; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 11, 15 and 87.] + + The periodicals originating in the Bradlaugh era included +the Reasoner, the Secular Chronicle,, the Secularist, the Secular +Review, the Liberal, the Freethinker, and the Present Day. + + The Reasoner was founded by Holyoake in 1871. It represented +an attempt to revive the periodical of the same name which had +passed out of existence in 1861. The new journal adopted the +viewpoint of the earlier paper. It was issued monthly. The +venture was not a success. Because of an inadequate circulation +the paper died in July of the year following its birth. [The new +"Reasoner" was printed by the Manchester Co-operative Society, +and half the space of the paper was devoted to cooperation. + + Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1909), II, 58-59,] + + The Secular Chronicle was issued in Birmingham, and combined +advocacy of Secularist principles with opposition to theology. It +was founded in 1872 by a young man named C.H. Reddels. In 1875 +Redders died, and the paper was taken over by Mrs. Harriet Law, +who had energetically spent many years as a Secularist lecturer. +From Mrs. Law the journal passed to one George Standring. +Starting as a monthly publication, the paper was converted into a +weekly organ in 1875; but in 1878 it again began to appear +monthly. From the first the Secular Chronicle failed to pay its +way, and in 1879 its existence was brought to a close. [Secular +Chronicle," passim; "National Reformer," December 11, 1870, to +April 6, 1879, passim; "Freethinker," August 1, 1897, to June 5. +1898, passim; "Law, Mrs. Harriet," "Biographical Dictionary of +Modern Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe.] + + The fortunes of the Secularist and the Secular Review were +closely linked together. The Secularist, which was issued weekly, +was launched as a joint enterprise by Holyoake and Foote at the +beginning of January, 1876, and represented the Secularist +viewpoint associated with the name of Holyoake. The two editors +of the paper speedily developed personal differences, however, +with the result that within less than two months Holyoake +withdrew, leaving the concern solely in the hands of Foote. After +severing his connection with the Secularist, Holyoake started, in +the same year, the Secular Review, a weekly journal expressive of +the Holyoake outlook. But in February, 1877, Holyoake, who was in +frail health, relinquished the editorship of the Secular Review +and turned it over to Charles Watts, after Watts had been +dismissed by Bradlaugh, for reasons which will be explained, from +a position as sub-editor of the National Reformer. When the +British Secular Union came into existence, the Secular Review +became identified with it. Likewise, Foote, who had left the +National Secular Society and become affiliated with the British +Secular Union, brought the Secularist into the camp of the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 49 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +British Secular Union. In the summer of 1877 the two papers were +amalgamated to form the Secular Review and Secularist, with Watts +and Foote as joint editors. Foote before long withdrew from the +project, and the Secular Review and Secularist became simply the +Secular Review, with Watts as sole editor. Shortly afterwards +Watts associated with himself in the editorship an impassioned +writer, William Stewart Ross, who wrote under the name of +"Saladin." With the failure of the British Secular Union in 1884 +Watts gave up the journal to Ross, who changed its name and +carried it out of the Secular Movement. ["Secularist," all +numbers; "Secular Review and Secularist," all numbers; Secular +Review," passim; "Agnostic Journal and Electric Review," passim; +William Stewart Ross, "Sketch of the Life and Character of +Charles Watts" (1877), pp. 5-6; "The Secular Review," "British +Secular Almanac for 1882," p. 32; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), 11, 79, 85-87, 142-143 +and 343; "National Reformer," January 9 to December 31, 1876; +"Freethinker,"; July 29, 1883, May 15, 1888, and December 9, +1906; "Foote (George William)" and "Ross (William Stewart)" +"Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers" (1889), by J.M. +Wheeler; "Foote, George William," "Watts, Charles," and "Ross, +William Stewart," "Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe.] + + The Liberal, a monthly journal founded by Foote at the +beginning of 1879, emphasized the principles of Secularism, but +also contained anti-religious agitation. The, paper was +unsuccessful and died within a year. [G.W. Foote, "Joseph +Mazzini Wheeler," "Freethinker," May 15, 1898; Charles Bradlaugh, +"Rough Notes National Reformer," November 24 and December 8, +1878; "Foote (George William)" "Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinkers" (1889), by J.M. Wheeler.] + + The Freethinker was established in 1881 by Foote, who +returned to the National Secular Society and identified the paper +with it. The Freethinker, though supporting the Secularist +principles, gave chief attention to agitation against theology. +The paper was militant in tone and made free use of satire and +ridicule. Foote edited it throughout the later Bradlaugh era, +except for a brief period, beginning in 1883 and ending in 1884, +when, as will be seen, he was undergoing imprisonment for +blasphemy. During that interval it was edited successively by +J.M. Wheeler, the former sub-editor, and, upon Wheeler's mental +breakdown, by Aveling. The paper was started as a monthly +publication; but with the issue of September 4, 1881, it began to +appear weekly. The "Freethinker" soon took its place as one of +the principal Secularist journals of the period. ["Freethinker," +all numbers; "National Reformer," April 17 and October 9, 1881, +and March 18, 1893.] + + The 'Present Day,' a monthly organ, was established by +Holyoake in 1883 and constituted one more effort to further by +journalistic means the Secularist policy which Holyoake +championed. But the paper was no more successful than Holyoake's +periodicals in the earlier years of the Bradlaugh era had been, +and in 1886 it was abandoned. [Edward B. Aveling, "Mr. Holyoake +and Freethought," "Freethinker," June 17, 1883; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 148-150 +and 344.] + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 50 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In addition to journals, non-periodical literature +enunciating Secularist and anti-religious principles was issued +in great quantities. Many of the works put out were written by +persons affiliated with the Secular Movement; but there were some +from the pens of others -- such as Thomas Paine's 'Age of +Reason,' Robert Ingersoll's lectures, Voltaire's Philosophical +Dictionary, Renan's 'Life of Jesus,' and John Morley's +'Rousseau.' The literature was generally sold at low prices; but +considerable portions of it were distributed gratuitously. In a +single year 48,000 tracts were granted by the Executive of the +National Secular Society for free distribution by the London +branches having open-air meetings. ["National Reformer," +1966-1890, passim; "British Secular Union Almanac for 1879" +(1878), p. 45.] + + The distribution of Secularist literature was facilitated by +firms operated by Secularists of London. One such enterprise was +the printing and publishing establishment which had been carried +on by Austin Holyoake in the latter part of the preceding +Secularist era. Austin Holyoake continued to conduct the +undertaking in the Bradlaugh period until his death in 1874, when +it was purchased by the Secularists for and on behalf of Charles +Watts. It was carried on by Watts for the next several years. The +concern received a blow in 1877 when (as will be explained) +Bradlaugh became displeased with Watts and withdrew his patronage +from it. Watts associated the business, however, with the British +Secular Union and kept it going until the Secular Union failed in +1884, when he turned it over to his son Charles A. Watts. Young +Watts terminated its affiliation with the Secular Movement. +Besides the Holyoake-Watts concern, there existed also, after +1877, the Freethought Publishing Company. This was a partnership +formed by Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant after Bradlaugh had broken +off all business relations with Watts. The establishment was +located at 28 Stonecutter Street for some years, but in 1882 +attractive and convenient premises were secured at 63 Fleet +Street. The Bradlaugh-Besant firm served the Secular cause +throughout the later years of the Bradlaugh Era and, as will be +seen, even afterwards for a short time." [William Stewart Ross, +"Sketch of the Life and Character of C. Watts," p. 7; "National +Reformer," April 26, 1874, to December 21, 1890, passim; "British +Secular Almanac for 1883" (1882), pp. 1-2; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 1, 12-17, and II, 17 and 100; +Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), 70, 80, and 81; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. +285.] + + MEETINGS + + Like the early Secularists, the Secularists of the Bradlaugh +era held assemblages of one sort or another. These included +regular Sunday meetings, debates, and outdoor exercises. + + At the Sunday meetings, held in Secular halls, the central +feature was the lecture. Every phase of the Secularist program +was discussed by the lecturers, and so the list of titles ranged +from "Secularism, the Gospel of Progress" to "The Mosaic +Cosmogony and Science," and from "Woman: Her Natural Position in + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 51 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Society, and Her Influence for Good and Evil" to "1793, 1832, and +1867." Often the lecturers were local speakers, but frequently +exchanges of lectures were arranged by the various district +organizations, and from time to time Bradlaugh, Annie Besant, +Foote, Holyoake, Charles Watts, and other Secularist leaders went +on lecturing tours throughout the country. The group of prominent +lecturers included, in addition to these leaders, Mrs. Harriet +Law, John Maughan, Thomas Slater, W.J. Ramsey, Touzeau Parris, +E.B. Aveling, Arthur B. Moss, J.M. Robertson, Mrs. Thornton +Smith, and G. Standring. The lecture at the Sunday meeting was +followed by a general discussion of the topic treated by the +lecturer. Opportunity was given at this time for criticism of the +lecture by persons in the audience; and critical remarks were +replied to by the lecturer. These post-lecture discussions were +often the occasion for spirited exchanges of verbal blows, and +constituted a popular feature of the Secularist meetings. Many +societies supplemented the lectures and discussions with vocal +and instrumental music. This took the form of hymns. The songs +rendered were expressive of Secularist belief and sentiment. Thus +some were devoted to the praise of freedom, or truth, or +friendship, or "brave reformers." Others urged defense of the +weak and desolate or obedience to the laws of nature. Still +others denounced poverty or suffering or extolled science, work, +or hope. All directly or indirectly inculcated that basic Secular +principle of self-help which one of them explicitly called for in +these words: + + People throughout the land, + Join in one social band, + And save yourselves; + If you would happy be, + Free from all slavery, + Banish all knavery, + And save yourselves. + + The songs used by the Secularists were written by Whittier, +Shelley, Longfellow, Shakespeare, Lowell, Swinburne, Milton, +Carlyle, and many others, including Annie Besant. ["National +Reformer" 1866-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac" (1881), p. 48, and (1886), +p. 42-47; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), +I, 53 and 238-251; "Secular Review and Secularist," September 22, +1870, and November 3 and 10, 1877; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" +(1893), pp. 191-201.] + + To facilitate the use of music in connection with Secularist +meetings Austin Holyoake and Charles Watts edited a Secular hymn +book. The volume appeared in 1871 and was entitled 'The +Secularist's Manual of Songs and Ceremonies.' It contained, +besides a statement of the principles of Secularism and other +matters, more than 100 original and selected songs. An improved +collection of hymns, authorized by the National Secular Society, +was edited by Annie Besant in 1875 under the title 'The Secular +Song and Hymn Book.' The new work contained words only, and not +musical notes, but the pieces included in it fitted designated +tunes appearing in Hymns Ancient and Modern, a popular Christian + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 52 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +hymnal. A second edition of the work came out in 1876. [Annie +Besant, Editor, "The Secular Song and Hymn Book" (Second +Edition), 1876; "National Reformer," July 30, 1971, December 19, +1875, and May 31, 1885.] + + Debates between Secularists and persons opposed to +Secularism were looked upon by the Secularists as golden +opportunities for spreading the principles of Secularism and +discrediting theological teachings, and were arranged on every +possible occasion. Though the Secularists courted debates with +any and all comers, their opponents were ordinarily clergymen or +other representatives of organized religion -- Anglicans, +Congregationalists, Methodists, Unitarians, Christadelphians, +Catholics, and possibly others. The following titles of debates +are typical: 'Is Christianity the Best System for the Promotion +of Human Happiness?"; "Are the Principles of Secularism the Best +Adapted to Promote the Happiness of the Human Race?"; "Are the +evidences adduced by Christians in support of the writings known +as the 'Bible,' sufficient to warrant their being received and +proclaimed as the word of God?"; and "Is Secularism the True +Gospel for Mankind?" Quite a number of persons participated in +debates against Secularists. The list of clergymen included the +Rev. J. Henson, the Rev. Alexander Stewart, the Rev. J.A. McCann, +the Rev. A. Hatchard, the Rev. G.F. Handel Rowe, the Rev. A.J. +Harrison, the Rev. Brewin Grant, the Rev. R. Shepherd, the Rev. +W. Howard, the Rev. T.D. Matthias, the Rev. William Adamson, the +Rev. J.C. Whitemore, the Rev. R.A. Armstrong, Father Ignatius, +the Rev. J.H. Gordon, the Rev. W.M. Westerby, the Rev. Marshden +Gibson, the Rev. B.H. Chapman, and others. Lay debaters were +approximately as numerous as the debating clergymen, and +included, besides others, W.T. Lee, S. Worley, Alexander +Robertson, Thomas Barber, W. Gillespie, David King (Editor of the +British Harbinger), T. Mahoney, William Rossiter (Principal of +the Camberwell Free Fine Arts Gallery), Walter R. Browne, H.D. +Jeffries, Robert Roberts (Editor of the Christadelphian), William +Simpson, Thomas Crow, H.A. Long, B. Harris Cooper, and G. Sexton. +For the Secularists, Bradlaugh, Charles Watts, Mrs. Harriet Law, +Annie Besant, Foote, Aveling, J. Symes, R. Rossetti, Sam +Standring, C.J. Hunt, and others participated. Secularist debates +were often lively affairs and were frequently attended by large +crowds. Bradlaugh, for example, reported that at one of his +debates with the Rev. A.J. Harrison there was present "an +audience of 5,000." Naturally the interest was at times intense. +In reporting a debate at Grimsby between Mrs. Harriet Law and the +Rev. R. Shepherd the Grimsby Advertiser declared, "Our readers at +a distance can scarcely form an idea of the deep interest +attached to the controversy by all parties in Grimsby, nor the +excitement which has manifested itself during the delivery of the +lectures." Many of the debates lasted for several nights. [The +remarks of the "Grimsby Advertiser" were quoted in "The +Secularist controversy," "National Reformer," May 26, 1867. The +debates were reported in the pages of Secularist periodicals such +as the "National Reformer," the "Freethinker," and the "Secular +Review and Secularist." Debates too numerous for citation were +published in pamphlet form. References to debates appear in such +biographies as Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner's "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894).] + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 53 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The outdoor assemblages arranged by the Secularists took +place in open spaces of numerous municipal centers -- London, +Portsmouth, Bristol, Leeds, Derby, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Hull, +Plymouth, Edinburgh, Rochdale, Nottingham, Sunderland, Hastings, +Northampton, and various others. The number of stations at which +outdoor meetings were held was an impressive one. In 1885 +(perhaps one of the most active years) there were in London alone +stations at Albert Embankment, Battersea Park, Clerkenwell Green, +Columbia Road, Elgin Road, Green Lanes, Hyde Park, Kensal Green, +Kingsland Green, Midland Railway Arches, Mile End Waste, Peckham +Rye, Plaistow Green, Regent's Park, Streatham Common, Victoria +Park, Walham Green, and possibly other places; and the list of +provincial stations reported the same year was a comparable one. +The Secularist outdoor meetings were ordinarily held by local +Secular societies, each participating society being in charge of +a station in it's vicinity. As the purpose of the meetings was +primarily to win converts to the Secular Movement, practically +all of the lecturers simply extolled the philosophy of Secularism +and attacked the Bible and Christianity: few discussed the +detailed political and social program sponsored by the +Secularists. The meetings were held during the spring, summer, +and autumn months. They were conducted usually by young men. +Persons in the audiences were encouraged to make comments on the +lectures, and often lively discussions took place between the +speakers and their critics. The Secularists were convinced that +many persons attended the Secularist outdoor exercises who never +could have been persuaded to enter the Secular halls. ["National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; +"National Secular Society's Almanac for 1881" (1880), p. 48.] + + CEREMONIES + + Departing from the policy of the early secularists, +Bradlaugh and his associates made use of ceremonies. These were +utilized upon the occasion of the naming of an infant of +Secularist parents and in connection of the burial of +Secularists, and were thus Secular counterparts to the +christenings and funeral rites associated with Christianity, +[See "Reports of Meetings" and "Obituaries" in the "National +Reformer" throughout the period, and "Obituary" and +"Correspondents" in the "Freethinker", for the years 1881 to +1890.] + + The Secular ceremonies were undertaken not only as a source +of emotional satisfaction to Secularism, but also as a means of +inspiring the social (and domestic) affections, it was thought, +too, that the use of the ceremonies would strengthen the Secular +Movement itself, by enriching its emotional appeal. [Austin +Holyoake, "Secular Ceremonies," "National Reformer," Jan. 12, +1968.] + + The forms used in connection with the Secular ceremonies +were prepared by Secularist leaders. Austin Holyoake and Charles +Watts, in 1868, published the ones which were generally used, +Watts bringing out the form for the naming of infants, and Austin +Holyoake issuing the burial form. A form for each of the +ceremonies was also brought out, however, by Annie Besant -- in + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 54 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +1883. [Holyoake, "Secular Ceremonies," "National Reformer," +November 15, 1868; Charles Watts, "Secular Ceremonies," "National +Reformer," December 20, 1969; R.C. Forder, "Monthly Meeting of +the Executive of the National Secular society," "National +Reformer," September 2, 1883.] + + The Secular ceremony for the naming of infants took place in +connection with the regular Sunday meetings. A Secularist +lecturer named the child and identified it with the Secular body. +At the same time, the officiant expressed thoughts and +aspirations appropriate to the occasion. He declared that by +publicly introducing their infant into the Secularist ranks, the +parents were giving a pledge that they desired to dedicate their +offspring to the cause of free inquiry and unsectarian progress; +and he expressed the wish that the child would at maturity +realize the parents' fondest hopes in these respects. On the +other hand, he reminded the parents that such a realization would +likely be forthcoming only if they guarded well the formation of +the child's character; and to this end he urged them to encircle +the child with pure influences and to foster within it the desire +for excellence and virtue. In his concluding remarks the +officiating lecturer expressed the hope that, in its last hours +of life, the infant named in the ceremony would obtain +consolation from a consciousness that to the best of its +knowledge and capacity it had been true to the Secularist +conception of the mission of life. + + At the Secular burial service, the Secularist who officiated +endeavored to afford consolation and reconcilement to the +bereaved. He recalled the loyal devotion of the deceased to the +Secular ideal of the service of humanity, and declared that such +devotion had not only rendered tranquil the deceased's life and +death, but that the remembrance of it constituted a legacy to +surviving relatives and friends. He then dwelt for a time on +personal matters relating to the deceased. Next, be discussed the +inevitability of death, but declared that it had no terrors for +persons who had the consciousness of a well spent life. Finally, +he exhorted his hearers to emulate the good deeds of the +deceased, and suggested that if they did so they would enjoy the +conviction that their own memory would be cherished by those who +came after them. [The foregoing descriptions are based upon the +forms produced by Austin Holyoake and Charles Watts.] + + FURTHERING THE PRINCIPLES OF SECULARISM + + A major activity of the Secularists in the period from 1866 +to 1890 was obviously efforts to promote the diffusion of +Secularist doctrines. In this connection secularist agitators +devoted considerable attention to furthering the spread of the +fundamental principles of Secularism. Through countless platform +utterances, as well as by pamphlets and by articles in Secular +periodicals, they endeavored to argue convincingly that a man's +highest duty is the promotion of human welfare upon earth and +that such an end can be achieved only by means of human effort +exerted in the light of Secular knowledge. [G.W. Foote, +"Secularism, the Philosophy of Life" (1879); Annie Besant, "The +True Basis of Morality" (1874); Charles Watts, "Secular Morality; + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 55 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +What Is It? An Explanation and a Defense" (1880); G.W. Foote, +"The Philosophy of Secularism" (1879); Arthur B. Moss, "The +Secular Faith" (1886); "National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; +"Freethinker'," 1881-1890, passim; "Secular Review and +Secularist," passim.] + + The less-basic features of the Secularist program were not, +however, neglected. The Secularists labored as energetically to +achieve the special reforms which they envisaged for various +departments of society as they worked to secure the adoption of +their broader principles. Indeed, in this connection they did not +entirely restrict themselves to matters specifically mentioned in +their printed statement of aims. In one or two directions they +endeavored to effect additional changes. It will be illuminating +to look at the entire range of their activity. + + One striking part of it was their agitation for the +abandonment of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. +[There were Secularist who were not Republicans. Charles +Bradlaugh, "To the Archbishop of York," "National Reformer," +October 16, 1881.] Though their greatest activity in this +direction occurred in the early 1870's, following the +establishment of the Third Republic in France, they labored at +the task throughout the entire period under discussion -- even in +the later years of the era, despite the fact that by that time +the monarchy was steadily growing in popularity, thanks to the +resumption by Queen Victoria of the ceremonial functions which +she had neglected in the years following Prince Albert's death. + + The efforts of the Secularists in favor of Republicanism +took the form, in part, of lectures. Bradlaugh, Charles Watts, +Mrs. Law, Holyoake, Annie Besant, Foote, and numerous other +Secularist speakers condemned the monarchy again and again, +charging that it was too costly for the toiling masses to +maintain, declaring that it fostered upper-class exploitation of +the people at large, and avowing that it was synonymous with +political incompetence. ["Reports of Meetings" "National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Special Notice," "Freethinker," +1881-1890, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), I, 306.] + + Various Secularists also wrote on the subject. The work +which was the most conspicuous was undoubtedly Bradlaugh's +Impeachment of the House of Brunswick, which, originally +published in 1872, reached by 1881 its eighth edition. Calling +for the exclusion of the reigning dynasty from the throne by +Parliament, upon the death or abdication of Queen Victoria, the +booklet justified its demand on the following grounds: + + "1st. That during the 157 years through which the + Brunswick family have reigned over the British Empire, the + policy and conduct of the majority of the members of that + family, and especially of the various reigning members, + always saving and excepting her present Majesty, have been + hostile to the welfare of the mass of the people. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 56 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "2nd. That during the same period of 157 years fifteen- + sixteenths of the entire National Debt have been created, + and that the balance due of this debt is in great part the + result of wars arising from the mischievous and pro- + Hanoverian policy of the Brunswick family. + + 3rd. That in consequence of the incompetency or want of + desire for governmental duty on the part of the various + reigning members of the House of Brunswick, the governing + power of the country has been practically limited to a few + families, who have used government in the majority of + instances as a system of machinery for securing place and + pension for themselves and their associates; while it is + submitted that government should be the best contrivance of + national wisdom for the alleviation of national suffering + and promotion of national happiness. + + "4th. That a large pension list has been created, the + recipients of the largest pensions being in most cases + persons who are already members of wealthy families, and who + have done nothing whatever to justify their being kept in + idleness at the national expense, while so many workers in + the agricultural districts are in a state of semi- + starvation; so many toilers in large works in Wales, + Scotland, and some parts of England, are in constant debt + and dependence; and while large numbers of the Irish + peasantry -- for ... generations ... denied life at home -- + have until lately been driven to seek those means of + existence across the sea which their own fertile land should + have amply provided for them. + + "5th. That the monarchs of the Brunswick family have + been, except in a few cases of vicious interference, costly + puppets, useful only to the governing aristocracy as a cloak + to shield the real wrong doers from the just reproaches of + the people. + + "6th. That the Brunswick family have shown themselves + utterly incapable of initiating wise legislation.... + + "7th. That under the Brunswick family the national + expenditure has increased to a frightful extent, while our + best possessions in America have been lost, and our home + possession, Ireland, rendered chronic in its discontent by + the terrible misgovernment under the four Georges. + + "8th. That the ever increasing burden of the national + taxation has been shifted from the land onto the shoulders + of the middle and lower classes, the landed aristocracy + having, until lately, enjoyed the practical monopoly of tax- + levying power. ..." + +And by way of giving greater force to his arguments, Bradlaugh +concluded the treatise with these challenging words: "I loathe +these small German breast-bestarred wanderers, whose only merit +is their loving hatred of one another. In their own land they +vegetate and wither unnoticed; here we pay them high to marry and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 57 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +perpetuate a pauper prince race. If they do nothing they are +'good.' If they do ill, loyalty gilds the vice till it looks like +virtue." [Charles Bradlaugh, "Impeachment of the House of +Brunswick."] + + Other Secularist writers, if not so exhaustive in their +arguments, were equally bold. Austin Holyoake, in a pamphlet +entitled 'Would a Republican Form of Government Be Suitable in +England?' (1873), declared, on grounds both of efficiency and +economy, that it would not- J.M. Robertson published pamphlet +entitled 'Why Preserve the Monarchy?' (1887), in which he argued +against its preservation on the ground that it was simply "a +great machine for manufacturing snobs and sycophants." Annie +Besant wrote an article in the National Reformer of January 16, +1887, proposing, in view of the growing expenditures of the +government, that the forthcoming Queen's Jubilee be celebrated by +abolishing the monarchy, Foote brought out three editions of a +pamphlet entitled Royal Paupers, showing what royalty does for +the people. And Charles Watts argued for Republicanism in a +number of pamphlets. [J.M. Robertson, "Why Preserve the +Monarchy?" (1887); Annie Besant, "Why We should Celebrate the +Queen's Jubilee," "National Reformer," January 16, 1887; J.M. +Robertson, "Royalism: a Note on the Queen's Jubilee" (1886); G.W. +Foote, "Royal Paupers; Showing What Royalty Does for the People" +(3rd edition, 1888); Annie Besant, "English Republicanism" +(1878); and George Standring, "Does Royalty Pay?" (1884).] + + Besides all this, the Secularists became actively interested +in the working-class section of the strong Republican movement +which manifested itself throughout the country after the Franco- +Prussian War. As the Republican workers followed the device of +forming Republican clubs, several Secular societies constituted +themselves Republican clubs for purposes of the agitation, and +Bradlaugh became the President of the London Republican Club. +Indeed, the Republican club of which Bradlaugh was President took +the initiative in the calling of a conference at Manchester of +delegates of Republican clubs '(May, 1873); and at the Manchester +Conference Bradlaugh, Foote, and other Secularists aided in the +formation of a short-lived National Republican League. [A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), p. 135; +"London Republican Club. The Inaugural Address of the President, +Mr. Charles Bradlaugh," May 12, 1871; "National Reformer," +January 5, 1873, to September 7, 1873, passim. + + In the later stages of the Franco-Prussian War, Bradlaugh +endeavored to aid the newly-established Third French Republic. In +connection with Dr. Richard Congreve, Professor E.S. Beesley, and +other Positivists, he organized a series of public meetings +looking to the termination of hostilities between France and +Prussia on terms as favorable to France as possible. "National +Reformer," September 18, 1870, to January 15, 1871, passim. +Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, +312-321.] + + Closely associated with the Secular Republican agitation was +the effort of the Secularists to secure the abolition of the +House of Lords. In this work resolutions were passed, petitions + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 58 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +were presented to Parliament, and many speeches were delivered. +Articles and pamphlets were written, too, for the cause, +sometimes in a spirit of fiery determination. Witness the words +of Mrs. Besant: + + "A House in the election of whose members the people + have no voice; a House whose members are born into it, + instead of winning their way into it by service to the + state; a House which is built upon cradles and not upon + merit; a House whose deliberations may be shared in by fools + or by knaves, provided only that the brow be coronetted -- + such a House is a disgrace to a free country, and an outrage + on popular liberty. ... The house of Lords must ... [go]. + +But these things were only a part of what the Secularists did. +When the People's League for the Abolition of the Hereditary +Legislative Chamber was formed, in 1884, the Executive of the +National Secular Society affiliated with the association, while +Foote and R.O. Smith, one of the Vice-Presidents of the National +Secular Society, served on its Administrative Committee. +[Bradlaugh urged that the place of the House of Lords be taken by +a second chamber composed of life members. Bradlaugh's position +was endorsed by the Executive of the National Secular Society in +1874. The bulk of the Secularist lecturers calling for the +abolition of the House of Lords envisaged a single-chamber +government. + + "National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1881- +1890, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), I, 264-266 and 393.] + + The agitation of the Secularists for the removal of +hereditary elements from the government was paralleled by +determined efforts which they made to bring about universal (male +and female) suffrage. Some of their most fervent work in this +direction was done at the very beginning of the period of +Secularist history now under consideration, when the working +classes were agitating for the reform of Parliament, preceding +the Reform Act of 1867. At this time the Secularists aided the +National Reform League -- as, indeed, they had already begun to +do before the close of the previous Secularist era -- because the +League, though calling only for manhood suffrage and not sharing +the Secularist aim of votes also for women, was traveling a great +distance toward the Secularist goal. Bradlaugh not only served +the League faithfully as one of its Vice-Presidents, but wrote in +the National Reformer and elsewhere in the interest of its cause +and delivered many addresses on its behalf. Holyoake, also, +lectured for the League and served it as Vice-President, Then, +too, Mrs, Harriet Law spoke under the auspices of the League. And +many Secularists of the rank and file assisted the League by +attending mass meetings which it arranged in London and other +cities. ["National Reformer," September 17, 1865, to June 9, +1867, passim; G.J. Holyoake, "Working Class Representation: Its +Conditions and Consequences" (1868), p. 3: Joseph McCabe, "Life +and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 11, 17, 23, +25-29, 34, and 35-36; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. +Charles Bradlaugh" (1873), p. 18; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 59 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894) I, 220-237; J.M. Robertson, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1920), p. 39; G.J. Holyoake, "Sixty Year's of an +Agitator's Life" (1892), II, 86-90; A.S. Headingley, "Biography +of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880). pp. 96-99.] + + In the period between the passage of the Reform Act of 1867 +with its extension of the suffrage to the mass of city workmen +and the Reform Act of 1884, the agitation of the Secularists in +the direction of votes for all men and women was not extensive. +Nevertheless there were efforts. Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant +lectured for the cause and one or two appeals were made in the +National Reformer. [Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 393; Annie Besant, "Civil and Religious +Liberty" (1882), p. 19; Centenary Committee, "Champion of +Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" (1933), 167-169; Annie Besant, "The +Political Status of Women" (1885); "National Reformer," January +2, 1870, to April 2, 1982.] + + After the Reform Act of 1884 had granted voting privileges +to the vast majority of rural workmen, the Secularists leave some +aid to the cause of votes for women. In 1885, J.M. Robertson, +writing in the National Reformer, supported it. In 1885, too, +Annie Besant argued for it in a pamphlet entitled The Political +Status of Women. And in 1886 Bradlaugh, then a member of +Parliament, supported a bill (which failed to pass) calling for +the bestowal upon women of the right of voting for Parliamentary +candidates. [Though voting for the woman suffrage bill of 1886, +Bradlaugh objected to its provision for withholding the suffrage +from married women, and gave notice of his intention to move in +the committee on the bill that the restriction be removed. He +never had the opportunity to do so, as the bill was blocked +before it reached the committee stage. + + Annie Besant, "The Political Status of Women" (1885); +"National Reformer." December 13, 1885, to December 26, 1886, +passim. + + In connection with the whole subject of the democratic +agitation of the Secularists, it is worth noting that Bradlaugh, +seconded by Annie Besant, opposed imperialistic aggression and +advocated home rule for Ireland, and that Mrs. Besant aided the +cause of women's rights in general. See, for example, "National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim.] + + Along with the foregoing activities, the Secularists of the +Bradlaugh period undertook to achieve various aims looking to a +more comfortable and pleasant life for the great masses of the +people. One of the things they did was to agitate for the opening +of libraries, museums, and art galleries on Sunday. In this +connection their efforts included, first of all, writing and +speaking as Secularists. Foote, for example, in 'Arrows of +Freethought' (1882), declared: + + "The Christians ... like going to the Church and public + house on Sunday, and those establishments are permitted to + open; they have no wish to go elsewhere, and so they keep + all other establishments closed. This is mere impudence. Let + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 60 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + them go where they choose and allow the same freedom to + other people. Those who advocate a free Sunday ask for no + favor; they demand justice. They do not propose to compel + any Christian to enter a museum, a library, or an art + gallery; they simply claim the right to go in themselves. + The denial of that right is a denial of liberty, which every + free man is bound to resent.... + + "Our toiling masses ... have one day of leisure in the + week. ... Yet the Christian legislature tries its utmost to + spoil the boon. ... Drunkenness is our national vice. ... + Give Englishmen a chance, furnish them with counter + attractions, and they will abjure intoxication like their + Continental neighbors. ..." + +In addition to working under their own party name, the +Secularists aided the National Sunday League. Mrs. Besant served +it as one of its Vice-Presidents, and both Holyoake and Bradlaugh +gave it platform assistance in connection with its great public +demonstrations. The labors of the Secularists (and the Sunday +League) were not in vain. By the end of the era of Secularist +history under consideration numbers of art galleries, libraries, +and museums in London and elsewhere were opened to Sunday +visitors. ["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; G.W. +Foote, "Sunday Tyranny," "Arrows of Freethought" (1882); Joseph +McCabe. "George Jacob Holyoake" (1922), pp. 36-37 and 67; Annie +Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. 249; "National Reformer," +1866-1890, passim.] + + Social entertainments were also provided by the Secularists. +On various occasions Secularists and their guests participated in +conversation, singing, and dancing, and tea. During the summer +season excursions and picnics were arranged. At attractive +retreats in the country children and grown-ups rambled and played +games, or enjoyed speeches, recitations, and songs. ["National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; "Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," +1881-1890, passim.] + + Then, too, by drawing upon an "Endowment Fund" which they +maintained, and which was replenished by popular subscription, +and by entertainments and lectures to which an admission fee was +charged, the Secularists rendered modest financial assistance, as +opportunity permitted, to those among their numbers who were sick +or in distress. ["National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), p. 119.] + + A basic phase of the Secularist activity in the field of +social betterment was concerned with conditions in the rural +districts. The evil state of affairs confronting the common +people in the country roused the Secularists to action. +Embracing, as their mature program, the proposals gradually +worked out by Bradlaugh, they demanded: (1) abolition of the laws +of primogeniture and entail; (2) reduction of the legal expenses +attendant upon the sale of land; (3) abolition of the Game Laws; +(4) compulsory cultivation of land (on the strength of the +principle enunciated by John Stuart Mill and others that private +ownership of land carried with it the public, obligation of its + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 61 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +improvement); (5) "Security to the tenant cultivator for +improvements"; (6) "Revaluation of lands for the more equitable +imposition of the land tax"; (7) a graduated land tax. [This +program was set forth in its entirety in 1880, One after another +of its proposals had, however, already been called for by +Bradlaugh and other Secularists.] In support of these measures, +in whole or in part, Secularist leaders not only wrote a number +of articles and pamphlets, and delivered numerous addresses, but +took other forms of action as well. Bradlaugh, for example, in +1869, wrote a public letter to Gladstone, who was then Prime +Minister, asking especially for compulsory land cultivation and +Game Laws abolition. Bradlaugh also, in 1880, formed a Land Law +Reform League which carried on an agitation in support of the +Secularist program. Annie Besant and Dr. Aveling served as Vice- +Presidents of the Reform League, and Bradlaugh himself became its +President. As a member of Parliament, though without success, +made strenuous efforts, each year from 1886 to 1890, inclusive, +to secure the support of Parliament to the principle of the +compulsory cultivation of the land. [Charles Bradlaugh, "The +Land Question" (18??); Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh," Pt. One, pp. 264 and 393 and Pt. Two (by J.M. +Robertson), pp. 179-184 and 368-369; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" +(1893), pp 251-252; Annie Besant, "Civil and Religious Liberty" +(187?),.pp. 12-18; C.C. Cattell. "The land: How to Make It Feed +the People and Pay the Taxes" (1879); Charles Bradlaugh, "1880: +Its Work and Promise," "National Secular Society's Almanac," +1881, p. 15; "Freethinker," passim; "National Reformer," +1866-1890, passim.] + + The Secularists of the Bradlaugh era undertook to strike at +the poverty of the rural and urban masses alike by means of +efforts looking to smaller working-class families; and, as the +best means of preventing large families, they exerted themselves +in the interest of birth control. To this end they not only +carried on an agitation in favor of birth control, but sold +literature containing instructions as to the proper methods of +effecting its accomplishment. In the first decade of the period +their activity in this sphere was not extensive. They did, +however, deliver addresses from time to time in advocacy of birth +control, and they circulated a few pamphlets of propaganda and +instruction, such as The Fruits of Philosophy (1832), by the +American physician, Dr. Charles Knowlton. [G.J. Holyoake and +Charles Bradlaugh, "Secularism, Science, and Atheism' (1870), pp. +31-32; Annie Besant, "The Law of Population" (1878); Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), 11, 16-17; +"National Reformer," April 26, 1869, to December 3, 1876, +passim.] + + The year 1877 saw a remarkable intensification of Secularist +birth-control activity. This grew out of circumstances connected +with the Knowlton pamphlet. On January 8, 1877, Charles Watts was +arrested for publishing 'The Fruits of Philosophy,' on the ground +that the work was obscene. When the trial came on, Watts pleaded +guilty, and was released under suspended judgment. Charles +Bradlaugh, Annie Besant and others, believing not only that +birth-control literature for the masses was imperiled, but +feeling that the situation involved the whole matter of a free + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 62 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +press, strongly condemned Watts for not fighting the charge that +had been made against him, Bradlaugh going so far as to deprive +him of his sub-editorship of the 'National Reformer' and to cease +patronizing his printing and publishing concern: and Bradlaugh +and Mrs. Besant, after now establishing a firm of their own -- +the Freethought Publishing Company -- proceeded to publish the +treatise themselves, notifying the authorities, at the same time, +of their action. But the publication of the Knowlton pamphlet was +only a part of the expanded birth-control agitation. Both +Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant were prosecuted and were condemned to +six months' imprisonment, though the sentence was subsequently +quashed on a legal technicality; and in the course of the trial +Mrs. Besant eloquently stated the case for birth control. At the +same time, by extensively publicizing their trial, the two +defendants at once called attention to the birth control +propaganda and promoted the sale of the pamphlet which they had +published. Furthermore, Bradlaugh founded a new Malthusian League +(the one which he established in 1861 had died some 10 years +previously) which spread the gospel of birth control for half a +century; and Mrs. Besant issued a pamphlet of her own, under the +title 'The Law of Population,' advocating birth control and +giving advice as to harmless ways of achieving it. [Charles +Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, Editors, "In the High Court of +Justice: Queen's Bench Division, June 18, 1877. The Queen v. +Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant. A verbatim report of the +proceedings of the trial of Bradlaugh and Besant for publishing +the Knowlton Pamphlet" (Third edition, 1878); Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), II, 20-29; Annie Besant, +"Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 205-213 and 220; Norman E. Himes, +"Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 239-240 and +245-251; Annie Besant, "The Law of Population" (author's American +edition, 1878); "National Reformer," January 14, 1877, to May 5, +1878, passim.] + + In the later years of the Bradlaugh period the activity of +the Secularists in the interest of birth control, though less +extensive than that of 1877, was considerable. One part of it +took place in connection with the case of the highly-respected +Secularist bookseller, Edward Truelove. In 1878 Truelove was +tried, sentenced, and compelled to undergo four months' +imprisonment and pay a fine of 50 pounds for selling two birth- +control pamphlets -- Robert Dale Owen's 'Moral Physiology' and +J.H. Palmer's 'Individual, Family' and National Poverty.' As they +had recently done in connection with the Bradlaugh-Besant +prosecution, the Secularists utilized the Truelove case to +advance the propaganda of birth control by giving the affair +extensive publicity in the Secularist press. The other part of +the Secularist activity was less sensational, but it extended +over a longer period of time and was perhaps in the end no less +effective. Secularist booksellers continued to circulate 'The Law +of Population' and other works of advice and instruction. +Secularist lecturers also made, frequent appeals throughout the +country. And J.M. Robertson wrote articles of advocacy in the +'National Reformer.' [Norman E. Himes, "Medical History of +Contraception" (1936), pp. 240-243; J.M. Robertson, "Socialism +and Malthusianism" (1885); Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), +pp. 228-231; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" +(1880), Preface in; "National Reformer," 1878-1890, passim.] + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 63 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The Secularist birth-control activity was of significance, +in at least two respects: it influenced the internal affairs of +the Secularist Movement, and it made itself felt in the life of +the nation as a whole. Each of these forms of influence demands, +in turn, a word of explanation. + + Bradlaugh, as will be recalled, in his displeasure at +Charles Watts for refusing to defend himself in court as the +publisher of Dr. Knowlton's pamphlet, not only removed Watts from +the sub-editorship of the National Reformer, but ceased to do +business with Watts' printing and publishing concern. Both men +appealed to the Secular party for moral support, and when, at the +Annual Conference of the National Secular Society, held a few +months afterwards, Bradlaugh was reelected as President, Watts +declined to accept a nomination for a Vice-Presidency and, a few +days later, resigned from the National Secular Society. + + Alongside of this, differences developed in another quarter. +Holyoake felt himself to have been aggrieved because Annie Besant +had asserted, in the Bradlaugh-Besant trial, that Holyoake had +sold the treatise by Knowlton on his own account, instead of +declaring that he had sold it as the "agent" of another +publisher; and he became still more displeased because Bradlaugh, +in a public statement, seemed to him to imply that the National +Secular Society endorsed the Knowlton pamphlet. As a result, +Holyoake resigned the office of Vice-President of the National +Secular Society and, like Watts, withdrew from the association. + + Though Holyoake and Watts were both in sympathy with birth +control, they came to disapprove of Dr. Knowlton's particular +treatment of the subject. Other Secularists shared this attitude. +Still others of the Secular body either were opposed outright to +birth control or felt that its championship by the Secularists +was inexpedient. + + Under the circumstances, Watts and Holyoake led some of the +dissatisfied Secularists out of the National Secular Society, and +with them founded the British Secular Union, the origin and brief +history of which have been alluded to in an earlier connection. +[William Stewart Ross, "Sketch of the Life and Character of C. +Watts" (188?), pp. 5-6: G.J. Holyoake, "The Warpath of Opinion" +(189?), pp. 27-35; "High Court of Justice, June 19," "Times," +June 20, 1877; G.M. Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" (1931) pp. +77-93; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), II, 77 and 79-85; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 163-165; "National Reformer," January 28 +to August 5, 1877, passim; "Secular Review and Secularist," June +30 to July 28, 1877, passim.] + + The influence of the Secularist birth-control agitation upon +the country at large was significant. In the first place, despite +the harsh -- and evil foul -- criticism which the campaign +evoked, it evidently promoted the practice of birth control on a +more extensive scale than had been the case hitherto. This is +indicated, for one thing, by the wide diffusion of the Secularist +propaganda. Approximately 100,000 copies of the Bradlaugh-Besant +edition of the Knowlton pamphlet were sold within the three +months following its publication, to say nothing of scores of + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 64 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +thousands of copies of the editions of earlier publishers. Then, +too, some 150,000 copies of Annie Besant's 'Law of Population' +were sold. And an undetermined number of persons read other +literature written or distributed by the Secularists, or heard +Secularist lectures, or came under the influence of the +Malthusian League. The Secularist promotion of birth control is +further indicated by the late-modern decline of the English birth +rate, which had its beginning at the very time the Secularist +propaganda achieved its greatest prominence -- in 1877, the year +of the prosecution of Bradlaugh and Mrs. Besant. ["National +Reformer," April 15, 1877, to July 26, 1891, passim; Norman E. +Himes, "Medical History of Contraception" (1936), 243-245 and +259; Annie Besant, "The Law of Population" (1877); Charles +Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, Editor,9, "In the High Court of +Justice; Queen's Bench Division, June 18, 1877. The Queen v. +Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant"; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), Pt. 'Two (by J. M. Robertson), pp- +175-177; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 224 and 229.] + + Besides increasing the practice of contraception, the +Secularist birth-control agitation (and from the point of view of +the Secularists this was the important matter) alleviated to a +degree some of the evils endured by the working classes. As we +have seen, the low wages and the periodic unemployment of the +British masses in the middle of the 19th century were associated +with the excessively large number of laborers available to the +employing classes. In so far, then, as the Secularists by their +promotion of birth control lessened this overpopulation, to that +extent they reduced the poverty and insecurity of the workers. +[The efforts of Holyoake to improve the lot of the working +classes by rendering assistance to the Cooperative Movement have +been alluded to in another connection.] + + The Secularists of the Bradlaugh era likewise endeavored to +secure the promotion of Secular education. This part of their +activity involved at once the operation of Secular schools of +their own and efforts looking to the furtherance of Secular +education in other schools of the country + + Secularist schools, operated in connection with local +Secular societies, were to be found in such large industrial +centers as London, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow, and Leeds, as +well as in many smaller places. Although instruction was given in +numerous subjects, including music, logic, and debating, chief +emphasis was placed upon courses in the sciences, As a rule, the +Secularist schools were open only on Sundays, though occasionally +a week night was utilized. Among those who taught or lectured +were such gifted individuals as Charles Watts, Dr. Edward B. +Aveling, Annie Besant, and Bradlaugh himself. To facilitate the +work, several manuals were used which were written by Secularist +teachers. Typical of these were Annie Besant's 'Heat, Light, and +Sound' (1881), 'General Biology' (1882), by Dr. Aveling, and +'Chemistry of the Home' (1881), by Bradlaugh's daughter, Hypatia +Bradlaugh. ["National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim; +"Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; "National Secular Society's +Almanac," passim; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 65 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +246-251; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" +(1880), pp. 22 and 119; Hypatia Bradlaugh, "Chemistry of the +Home" (1881); Annie Besant, "Physiology of the Home" (1891); +Annie Besant, "Light, Heat and Sound" (1881).] + + In furthering Secular education in non-Secular schools, both +before and after the Education Act of 1870 decreed the +establishment of non-denominational state schools as a supplement +to the state-aided Church schools, the Secularists worked for a +national system of state-controlled, state-supported schools +providing exclusively Secular education. In doing so they were +active in various ways. For one thing, they wrote and frequently +lectured. Then, too, numerous Secularists (including Dr. Aveling +and Mrs. Besant) secured positions as members of the elected +"boards of education" which controlled the state schools. And +Secularist parents often took advantage of a permissive clause in +the Education Act of 1870 to withdraw their children from +religious instruction in "board" schools." [G.J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), pp. 61-62 and 70; Geoffrey West, +"The Life of Annie Besant" (1929), p. 89; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 264; Joseph McCabe, "Life +and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 40 and 51-53; +"Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," 1881-1890, passim; "National +Reformer," 1866-1890, passim.] + + Hand in hand with these various forms of agitation went the +campaign which the Secularists of the Bradlaugh period waged for +the removal of existing barriers to the free expression of +opinion. In this connection their action involved, first of all, +efforts to undermine the foundation of all such barriers by +developing in the public mind attitudes hostile to them. To this +end Secularist writers and speakers argued eloquently in favor of +intellectual freedom. Observe the ringing words of Annie Besant: + + "I crave for every man, whatever be his creed, that his + freedom of conscience be held sacred. I ask for every man, + whatever be his belief, that he shall not suffer, in civil + matters, for his faith or his want of faith. I demand for + every man, whatever be his opinions, that he shall be able + to speak out with honest frankness the results of honest + thought, without forfeiting his rights as citizen, without + destroying his social position, and without troubling his + domestic peace. ..." [Annie Besant, "Civil and Religious + Liberty" (1882), pp. 20-21. See also the following: G.J. + Holyoake and Charles Bradlaugh, "Secularism, Science, and + Atheism" (1870), pp. 26-27; G.J. Holyoake, "Secularism, a + Religion Which Gives Heaven No Trouble" (1881), pp. 4-6 and + 14; Charles Bradlaugh, "The Attitude of Freethought in + Polities," "National Reformer," January 27, 1894; and Annie + Besant, "Why Should Atheists Be Persecuted?" (1884).] + + In addition to working for intellectual liberty in general +by trying to discredit collectively all barriers to it, the +Secularists endeavored to promote its achievement in limited +spheres by laboring to destroy various obstacles to it +individually. One of the most striking phases of this work was a +series of struggles to break down governmental interference with + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 66 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the right of public meeting. The first such encounter occurred in +1866, when the Government issued orders forbidding the Reform +League to hold a meeting scheduled to take place on, July 23 in +Hyde Park. Bradlaugh, who was then cooperating with the League, +not only recommended that the meeting be held despite the orders +of the Government, but urged Secularists to attend it; and when, +as the crowds assembled for the meeting, the police manifested an +intention to use force to prevent it from being held, he helped +lead the assembled multitude to Trafalgar Square, where the +meeting took place. [A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 96-99; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 220-237; "National Reformer." July 22 and +29, 1866, and August 31, 1873.] + + Another clash followed the prohibition by the Government of +a meeting in Trafalgar Square planned for July 31, 1871, by G. +Odger and some of his friends to protest against a governmental +grant to Prince Arthur. Bradlaugh joined with Odger in freshly +convoking the meeting, and, when the Government threatened and +prepared to use force, Bradlaugh reminded the Home Secretary, Mr. +Bruce, that the use of force would be illegal and would be +resisted. Some 30 minutes before the meeting was held, the +Government rescinded its prohibitory notice. [Charles Bradlaugh, +"Another Victory Over the Government," "National Reformer," +August 6, 1871; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Mr. Charles +Bradlaugh," "National Reformer," August 31, 1873; A.S. +Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. +132-133.] + + In 1872, after a group of individuals had been convicted for +holding meeting in Hyde Park on November 3 in violation of +certain regulations issued by Mr. Ayrton, Commissioner of Works, +Bradlaugh entered a third encounter with the authorities by +convoking a meeting for December 1 in the Park to protest against +the obnoxious restrictions. The meeting was allowed to be held, +and when Parliament met the regulations were annulled. +["National Reformer," November 24 and December 1 and 8, 1872, and +August 31, 1873.] + + Finally, in 1888, Bradlaugh, then a member of Parliament, +endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to bring about a Parliamentary +inquiry into the conduct of the police on November 13, 1887, when +they violently interfered with a public meeting which the +Federation of Metropolitan Radical Clubs was holding in Trafalgar +Square." ["National Reformer," November 20, 1877, to March 18, +1888, passim.] + + Side by side with all this went Secularist action looking to +the removal of existing limitations on free expression in the +press. One phase of this was efforts to get rid of the Security +Laws -- enactments, it will be recalled, which stipulated that +newspapers must provide security against seditious or blasphemous +utterances. The fight against the Security Laws was brought on in +1868. Following the example of Secularist periodicals such as the +Reasoner and the Investigator, and, indeed, of numerous other +papers, Bradlaugh had brought out the 'National Reformer' since +its foundation without providing the security called for by the + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 67 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Security Laws. For the eight years during which the paper had +been published the Government had ignored the situation. In fact, +the general enforcement of the Security Laws had for several +years been so ineffectual that they were really obsolescent. This +was the state of affairs in 1868 when the Government brought on +the Secularist campaign against the Security Laws by requesting +Bradlaugh to provide security against blasphemous or seditious +utterances in the National Reformer, and, upon his refusal to do +so, by prosecuting him for publishing the National Reformer +without providing the security. In carrying on the struggle the +Secularists worked both in the court room and in the country at +large. In the court room, Bradlaugh, who argued his own case, +frustrated the designs of the Government at almost every turn, +and so discouraged it in its efforts to carry forward the +prosecution to a successful conclusion that in the end it allowed +the case to be dropped. In the country at large, the Secularists +not only raised substantially all the funds required for meeting +Bradlaugh's expenses in connection with the litigation, but +worked directly for the repeal of the Security Laws by holding +meetings and filing petitions with Parliament. The two-fold +course of action on the part of the Secularists, together with +cooperating efforts by Milnor Gibson, John Stuart Mill, E.H.J. +Cranford, and other Members of Parliament, produced effective +results. The Government, discouraged at last in its efforts to +enforce the Security Laws, and impressed by the general +agitation, decided to repeal the obnoxious statutes -- a decision +which it carried out before the end of the year 1869. ["National +Reformer," May 3, 1868, to May 2, 1861). passim; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 Ed., 1913). pp, +78-80; Charles Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Charles Bradlaugh" +(1873), pp. 19-20; C.D. Collet, "History of the Taxes on +Knowledge" (1899), pp. 146-207.] + + There were two other phases of the action taken by the +Secularists in behalf of an unrestricted freedom of the press, +both of which were tied up, though in different ways, with the +prosecution of Secularists for circulating pamphlets favorable to +birth control. The first phase grew out of the trial of Charles +Watts for publishing Dr. Knowlton's The Fruits of Philosophy,, +and the second was connected with the trial, fine, and +imprisonment of Edward Truelove for selling Moral Physiology, by +Robert Dale Owen, and Individual, Family, and National Poverty, +by H.H. Palmer. With regard to the first phase, after Watts, +instead of fighting the charge against him on the strength of his +right to publish, had pleaded guilty and had been released under +suspended sentence (1877), the Secularist body as a whole, +apprehending the danger which the case involved to the liberty of +the press (and to the cause of birth control), itself entered +into a struggle with the authorities. Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, +who played the leading roles in the fight, boldly issued their +own edition of the Knowlton pamphlet, and, when brought to trial +for doing, so, defended their action (and the cause of a free +press) in the courts, At the same time, Secularists raised the +funds needed for the payment of the legal expenses of Bradlaugh +and Mrs. Besant, and the Secularist writers brought the whole +affair prominently before the public in terms favorable to the +free-press Cause. ["National Reformer," April 1, 1877, to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 68 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +December, 29, 1878, passim; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), +p. 231; Geoffrey West, "Life of Annie Besant" (1929), pp. 90-96; +Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), II,. 20-29; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 58-63; Irene +Clephane, "Towards Sex Freedom" (1935), pp. 102-108; Norman E. +Himes, "Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 239-240.] + + As for the phase of Secularist action which was related to +the prosecution of Edward Truelove, the Secularists gave Truelove +(and the cause) support by writing sympathetically in the +Secularist press, by raising funds which covered the defendant's +expenses in the case, and by vainly presenting memorials to the +Home Secretary asking for the prisoner's release. ["National +Reformer," May 20, 1877, to December 29, 1878. passim; Norman E. +Himes, "Medical History of Contraception" (1936), pp. 240-243; +Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), p. 231.] + + As a further part of their efforts in the interest of +intellectual freedom within limited spheres, the Secularists of +the Bradlaugh period worked for the equality of every form of +opinion in the eyes of the law. To this end they endeavored, for +one thing, to secure the right of affirmation instead of oath- +taking for all persons not already eligible to affirm -- in a +word, for the non-religious. The first two or three years of the +period under discussion witnessed a considerable amount of such +activity. Encouraged by the Executive of the National Secular +Society, Secularists in all parts of the country sent petitions +to Parliament. Bradlaugh communicated privately with Members of +Parliament and wrote in the National Reformer. Holyoake, who was +especially energetic in his efforts, urged witnesses to decline +the oath, drew up petitions, delivered lectures, and interviewed +Members of Parliament. [National Reformer," December 6, 1868, to +March 20, 1870, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 288-289; G.J. Holyoake, "English +Secularism" (1896), p. 119; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters, of +George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 46-49.] + + This early agitation came to a close when, in August, 1869, +there was passed the Evidence Further Amendment Act, the fourth +section of which declared: + + "If any person called to give evidence in any court of + justice whether in a civil or criminal procedure, shall + object to take an oath, or shall be objected to as + incompetent to take an oath, such person shall, if the + presiding judge is satisfied that the taking of an oath + would have no binding effect on his conscience, make a + promise or declaration." ["The Acts of Parliament Bearing + upon the Question of Affirmation," "National Reformer," + January 31, 1875; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles + Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 286; "Oath," "Chambers' + Encyclopedia."] + + The Secularists had good reason to rejoice not only at the +enactment of section four of the Evidence Further Amendment Act, +but because their agitation had helped prepare Members of +Parliament for favorable action on it. John Stuart Mill wrote to + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 69 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake: "You may justly take to yourself a good share of the +credit of having brought things to that pass." [Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 46-48; +G.J. Holyoake, "The Warpath of Opinion" (189?); G.J. Holyoake, +"English Secularism" (1896), p. 119; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones +Worth Remembering" (1905) II, 209-210; "Holyoake, George Jacob," +"Chambers' Encyclopedia"; Charles Bradlaugh. "The Oath Question," +"National Reformer," May 16, 1869; "Secular Progress," "National +Reformer," June 20, 1869; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 288-289.] + + Before many weeks had elapsed, however, the Secularists were +made forcibly aware that the legislation extending the right of +affirmation was by no means as inclusive as their interests +demanded. The Act went into effect on August 9, 1869. In December +of the same year Bradlaugh, who was then plaintiff in a lawsuit +in the Court of Common Pleas, was not permitted to testify before +an arbitrator appointed to ascertain a special fact in the case. +It will be recalled that the act of 1869 had used the term +"presiding judge." The arbitrator in question declined to receive +Bradlaugh's evidence on the ground that, as merely an arbitrator, +he was not a presiding judge and so was not qualified under the +act to satisfy himself as to whether the taking of an oath would +have no binding effect on Bradlaugh's conscience. ["National +Reformer," December 12, 1869, to January 30, 1870, passim; and +August 31, 1873.] + + Although Bradlaugh, after appealing in vain to the Court of +Common Pleas to direct the arbitrator to accept his testimony, +carried his case to the Court of Exchequer Chamber and, in May, +1870, was heard (and given a verdict in his own favor), the +Secularists did not wait until the outcome of the case was known +to do something about the situation in which the refusal of +Bradlaugh's testimony had shown them to be placed. Upon the +refusal of the Court of Common Pleas to direct the arbitrator to +receive Bradlaugh's evidence, they began a course of action by +which they sought to get section four of the Evidence Further +Amendment Act amended in such manner as to give to all +commissioners and other officers and persons authorized to +administer or take oaths or depositions in any civil or criminal +proceedings, power to take affirmation in lieu of oath in the +same manner as had been by the said section enacted that a +presiding judge might with reference to witnesses before any +court. Under the leadership especially of Bradlaugh, Secular +societies and individuals sent to Parliament more than 200 +petitions on the subject. Bradlaugh, Charles Watts, and Austin +Holyoake agitated in the National Reformer. Bradlaugh wrote to +Members of Parliament. ["National Reformer," January 2, 1870, to +April 28, 1878, passim; A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles +Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 119-123 and 124-125.] + + All this led George Denman, M.P., and other political +leaders to become interested in the matter, and to the passage, +in August, 1870, of the Evidence Amendment Act, by which the +fourth section of the Evidence Further Amendment Act was amended +in such a way as to meet the situation revealed in the Bradlaugh +case. The exact words of the act are these: + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 70 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "The words 'court of justice,' and the words 'presiding + judge,' in section four of the ... Evidence Further + Amendment Act, 1869, shall be deemed to include any person + or persons having by law authority to administer an oath." + [A.S. Headingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), + pp. 119-123; "Conference of the National Secular Society," + "National Reformer," October 2, 1870; "The Acts of + Parliament Bearing on the Question of Affirmation," + "National Reformer," January 31, 1875.] + + Even after the act of 1870 had been passed, the legislation +permitting affirmation of Freethinkers did not cover all +situations in which they might wish to affirm, nor did either the +act of 1869 or that of 1870 extend to Scotland. The result was +that the Secularists soon began to demand a further remedial +enactment. They endeavored now to have the law applied to the +United Kingdom in its entirety, and to get it broadened so as to +permit heretical jurymen to affirm instead of taking an oath, and +so as to follow the substitution in the case of Freethinkers of +solemn declarations for affidavits in interlocutory proceedings. +Their efforts along these lines were exerted between 1873 and +1880, and were for the most part made up of the filing with +Parliament of petitions. Through the agency of the National +Secular Society, 85 petitions, with 8,806 signatures were +presented in a single Parliamentary session; and many additional +petitions were presented in other sessions. [Charles Watts, +"Retrospect of 1876," "National Secular Society's Almanac for +1877" (1876), p.. 16; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 278; "National Reformer," January 5, 1873, +to June 16, 1978, passim.] + + Secularist agitation for the extension of the right of +affirmation was uninterruptedly continued for eight years after +1880. Indeed, the period from 1880 to 1888 witnessed a campaign +more spirited and more extensive in scope than that of the +preceding seven years. At the same time, the objective sought was +(ultimately) more comprehensive than it had been in the earlier +period. The campaign in the 80's can be better understood after a +hasty glance at the Bradlaugh Parliamentary Struggle, inasmuch as +this Parliamentary conflict was tied up with the question of the +right of Bradlaugh (and by implication the right of secular- +minded persons generally) to be admitted to Membership in +Parliament (having been duly elected) by making an affirmation of +allegiance, or even by taking the customary oath. + + In 1880 Bradlaugh was elected by the voters of the Borough +of Northampton to Membership in the House of Commons. Upon +presenting himself for the purpose of being seated by the House, +Bradlaugh asked to be permitted to affirm instead of taking the +oath, basing his claim upon the Evidence Amendment Acts, 1869 and +1870, which as will be recalled, permitted affirmation in courts +of justice, and upon the parliamentary Oaths Act, 1866 (as +amended), which gave the right to affirm in Parliament to Quakers +and all other persons "for the time being permitted by law to +make an affirmation in lieu of taking an oath." A Select +Committee, appointed by the House to give consideration to +Bradlaugh's request, denied his right to affirm. He then + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 71 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +announced his intention of taking the oath. Again a Select +Committee was appointed by the House to look into the matter, and +this body declared against his being allowed to take the oath, +asserting, by way of justification for the decision, that in +their judgment an oath would have no binding effect on his +conscience; but the Committee went on to recommend that he be +allowed to affirm at his legal peril. The House rejected the +recommendation of the Committee that Bradlaugh be allowed to +affirm. Bradlaugh then again presented himself and asked to be +sworn, but a hostile majority of the House peremptorily refused +to permit him to take the oath, and, upon his refusal to +withdraw, had him removed by the Sergeant-at-arms to the Clock +Tower of the House, where he was held until the following day. A +few days later, Gladstone, then Prime Minister, moved that +Members-elect be permitted to affirm, at their legal peril; and, +when the motion was carried, Bradlaugh took his seat. But upon +his first voting, the matter was carried into the courts, and, in +the spring of 1881, his seat was declared vacated. All this was +only a part of the contest. For almost five years after Bradlaugh +was Unseated the struggle continued in the House of Commons (from +the precincts of which Bradlaugh was on one occasion forcibly +ejected by four messengers and 10 policemen after a terrific +struggle), in the courts, and in the country at large, where +Secularists and other supporters of Bradlaugh wrote, held +hundreds of indignation meetings, signed petitions, and raised +expense funds, and where the opposition expressed its attitude +through meetings, petitions, and denunciations. Finally, after +Bradlaugh was elected for the fifth time by his Northampton +supporters, in the general election of 1885, a new Speaker, +ruling that a motion to prevent Bradlaugh from taking the oath +would be out of order, allowed him to take his seat (January 13, +1886). ["National Reformer," March 14, 1880, to January 24, +1886, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" +(1894), Part One, I, 144, 263-279, and 392-400, and Part Two (by +J.M. Robertson), pp. 203-367 and 370; Annie Besant, "Annie +Besant" (1893), pp. 253-276 and 313-314. + Holyoake always refused to take the oath, and publicly +criticized Bradlaugh, in the course of the Parliamentary +struggle, for being, willing to take it in the House of Commons. +"N.S.S. Conference," "National Reformer," June 12, 1881; Annie +Besant, "Oath-Taking," "National Reformer," May 8, 1881; G.J. +Holyoake, "Bygones Worth Remembering" (1905), I, 28; G.J. +Holyoake, "The Warpath of Opinion" (189?), pp. 41-50.] + + The Bradlaugh Parliamentary Struggle was colored by other +things than the legal rights (or disabilities) of heretical +Members-elect of Parliament. Religious animosity pure and simple +was back of a great deal of the hostility to Bradlaugh's being +permitted to take his seat. Dislike for Bradlaugh's Republicanism +and for his advocacy of family limitation through contraception +were also factors in the conflict. Political intrigue, too, +played a part -- as when the so-called Fourth Party, composed of +Lord Randolph Churchill and other Conservatives, endeavored with +hypocritical piety to embarrass the Liberal Prime Minister, +Gladstone, who, though religious, was not disposed to make +trouble for Bradlaugh, by making a noisy issue of the Bradlaugh +case. [R.C.K. Ensor, "England, 1870-1914" (1936), pp. 67-68; John + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 72 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Morley, "Life of Gladstone" (1903), III, 11-21; J.M. Robertson, +"A History of Freethought in the 19th Century" (1930), II, +427-429 and 433.] Despite these facts, the Secularists quickly +realized, as the conflict got under way, that more-inclusive +legislation in the interest of affirmation for Freethinkers was +needed than already existed or had been felt by the Secularists +to be needed. They saw clearly that there was needed legislation +which would not only embrace what they had for the past seven +years been seeking but would include also the assurance that +freethinking Members-elect of Parliament who objected to taking +the oath or who were objected to as incompetent to take the oath +might be seated through making an affirmation. Accordingly, a +Secularist course of action looking to such legislation was +undertaken, though, thanks to the circumstances of the moment, +the entire program was not always worked for at a given time. + + From 1880 to 1885 the action of the Secularists took the +form of efforts to secure the passage of a law permitting +affirmation to Members-elect in Parliament. When, in the early +stages of the Bradlaugh Parliamentary Struggle, a bill +authorizing affirmation in Parliament was twice unsuccessfully +introduced by Henry Labouchere, Member for Northampton, the +Secularists supported it by holding meetings and sending +petitions to Parliament. And when the government, in 1883, vainly +attempted the passage of a Parliamentary affirmation bill, the +Secularists petitioned Parliament in its favor. ["National +Reformer," April 17, 1881, to March 25, 1883, passim.] + + Beginning early in 1885 the Secularist agitation assumed a +broader form. There was introduced into Parliament at this time, +by C.H. Hopwood, a bill permitting affirmation to all persons in +every situation where the existing law called for an oath. On +Bradlaugh's initiative, the Secularists made this broader aim +their own, and supported the Hopwood bill by sending petitions to +Parliament. In the following year, they worked through +resolutions and petitions for the passage of a bill, which, +introduced by Sergeant Simon (later Sir John Simon) after the +failure of Hopwood's measure to become a law, substituted +affirmation for oath-taking in all cases outside courts of +justice -- though in supporting this bill they did so in the +expectation that it would be amended in the committee stage so as +to conform truly to their aims. The most impressive action which +the Secularists took in support of their broader program, +however, was taken after Simon's measure had been blocked, and +was in connection with the affirmation legislation which +Bradlaugh himself sponsored. ["National Reformer," 1885-1886, +passim.] + + Bradlaugh did not introduce his bill immediately upon +becoming recognized as a Member of Parliament, inasmuch as at +that time, as has been seen, he and his Secularist colleagues +were supporting Simon's measure. Indeed, he did not originally +plan to introduce the bill at all. As arranged at the outset -- +that is, after the failure of Simon's measure -- Simon himself +was to bring in a bill exactly along the lines envisaged by the +Secularists. But Simon's health became uncertain and it was +agreed that the new measure be taken in charge by Bradlaugh. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 73 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Backed by Secularist and other supporters, the bill was first +introduced in 1887, but was blocked. Bradlaugh again brought it +forward in January, 1888, and this time -- aided by petitions and +resolutions from Secularists and others -- carried it forward to +a successful conclusion. As enacted the measure was exactly as +the Secularists desired it, except for a few relatively +inconsequential words which said that for the individual to enjoy +the right to affirm he must state either that he is without +religious belief or that the taking of an oath is not in keeping +with his religious belief. The exact language of the bill -- the +so-called Oaths Act -- is as follows: + + "Every person upon objecting to being sworn, and + stating, as the ground of such objection, either that he has + no religious belief, or that the taking of an oath is + contrary to his religious belief, shall be permitted to make + his solemn affirmation instead of taking an oath in all + places and for all purposes where an oath is or shall be + required by law, which affirmation shall be of the same + force and effect as if he had taken the oath." + +The Oaths Act became law near the close of 1888. ["National +Reformer," December 26, 1886, to January 20, 1889, passim; +Centenary Committee, "Champion of Liberty: Charles Bradlaugh" +(1933), pp. 322-323.] + + Thus, thanks to the Secularists and those who cooperated +with them, the unrestricted right of affirmation for non- +religious persons ultimately became a reality. The fact that the +gain was only achieved in piecemeal fashion over a period of many +years simply brings more forcibly to the attention the +earnestness and conscientious sincerity of those who achieved it. + + Along with their affirmation campaign, the Secularists of +the Bradlaugh epoch undertook two other lines of action to secure +equality before the law for all forms of opinion. They endeavored +to achieve the disestablishment of the State Church, and they +worked for the repeal of the blasphemy laws. In their efforts +looking to the disestablishment of the State Church the +Secularists of the period under discussion were active in a +variety of ways. Bradlaugh, in 1886, voted as a Member of +Parliament for Henry Richard's motion' for the disestablishment +of the Church in Wales and in favor of Dr. Cameron's motion to +disestablish the Church in Scotland. Annie Besant wrote several +tracts urging the disestablishment of the Church of England. And +Bradlaugh, Mrs. Besant, G.W. Foote, and numerous other Secularist +speakers pleaded the cause of disestablishment from rostrums in +all parts of the country. [Annie Besant, "Threatenings and +Slaughters" (1886); Annie Besant, "For the Crown and Against the +Nation" (1886); "National Secular Society's Almanac for 1887" +(1886); "National Reformer," 1886-1890, passim.] + + The campaign which the Secularists of the Bradlaugh era +carried on for the repeal of the blasphemy laws was for quite a +number of years a rather lifeless one. Despite warnings from +Bradlaugh, the Secularists as a body were disposed to feel -- as +once they had done in earlier days -- that the blasphemy laws + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 74 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +were obsolete, and that agitation against them was unnecessary. +Nevertheless, they did send to Parliament a number of petitions +on the subject. ["National Secular Society's Almanac for 1977" +(1876), p. 16; "National Reformer," 1866-1890, passim.] + + This apathetic agitation was still in progress when, in the +early 80's, some four or five Secularists were prosecuted on the +charge of violating the blasphemy laws. The first case was +brought on at the behest of Sir Henry Tyler, M.P., and involved +an indictment for publishing or causing to be published certain +"blasphemous libels" in the Freethinker of May 28, 1882. At the +outset the charge was made against Foote, the editor, W.J. +Ramsey, the publisher, and E.W. Whittle, the printer; but, early +in the proceedings, the name of Bradlaugh was added to the list +of those indicted, on the ground that he was really the man +higher up in the case, and that of Whittle, the mere printer, +withdrawn. Bradlaugh was able to secure a separate trial for +himself, and, by establishing the claim that he was not the +publisher of the Freethinker on the date of May 28, was +acquitted. At the trial of Foote and Ramsey, the Lord Chief +Justice Coleridge, in summing up, liberally interpreted the law +of blasphemy, asserting, in effect, that an attack on even the +fundamentals of religion constituted blasphemy only if the +decencies of controversy were violated. When the jury returned +from its deliberations, it reported that it was unable to agree, +and before a scheduled new hearing took place the prosecutor +applied to the Attorney-General for a 'nolle prosequi.' This was +granted, and the case ended. Even before the above proceedings +were terminated, another prosecution was begun and carried to a +successful conclusion. In this instance "the City of London" took +action against Foote, Ramsey, and H.A. Kemp, respectively the +editor, publisher, and printer of the Freethinker, for publishing +"blasphemous libels" in the Christmas, 1882, number of the +Freethinker. Two trials were required for the disposal of the +case, as the original jury failed to reach an agreement. At the +second trial the jury pronounced the defendants guilty, and Mr. +Justice North, who presided at the trials and who manifested an +unsympathetic attitude towards the defendants, sentenced them to +imprisonment -- Foote for twelve, Ramsey for six, and Kemp for +three months. The Executive of the National Secular Society +sponsored a memorial to the Secretary of State for the Home +Department requesting a remission of the sentences imposed on the +convicted Secularists, but the memorial was rejected, and the +three men served out their sentences. ["National Reformer," July +16, 1882, to May 20, 1883, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1912), pp. 83-90; Annie Besant, +"Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 292-298; G.W. Foote, "The Blasphemy +Laws." "Freethinker." January 7, 1906; J,M. Robertson, "History +of Freethought in the 19th century" (1930), II, 430-433,] + + The prosecution of Foote and his fellow defendants, and +especially the conviction and imprisonment of Foote, Ramsey, and +Kemp, tended to arouse the Secularists from their state of apathy +in regard to the blasphemy laws, so that in the remaining years +of the Bradlaugh period they carried on a somewhat more spirited +campaign against them. From time to time resolutions were passed +and petitions sent to Parliament. Mrs. Besant wrote articles on + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 75 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the subject. The National Secular Society, early in 1884, became +affiliated with the Association for the Repeal of the Blasphemy +Laws (of which the Honorary Secretary was the Rev. W. Sharmon), +while in May of the same year Bradlaugh, Dr. Aveling, and Foote +spoke at one of the great public meetings which the Association +held in St. James's Hall, London. In 1886, in 1887 (with +reservations), and in 1888, Secularist support was given to anti- +blasphemy-law bills which Courtney Kenny, M.P., sought in vain to +carry through Parliament. Finally, Bradlaugh, with the backing of +his Secularist followers, tried in Parliament, without success, +to have the blasphemy laws repealed through the enactment of his +Religious Prosecutions Abolition Bill (1889). ["National +Reformer," 1882-1890, passim; "Freethinker," 1882-1890, passim; +Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" +(1908), 11, 145; Anne Besant, "Blasphemy" (1882); Annie Besant, +"Annie Besant" (1893), p. 288; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), Part Two (by J.M. Robertson), p. 405; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1913), pp. +98-99.] + + ANTI-CHURCH ACTIVITIES + + In carrying on agitation which not only looked to the wide +acceptance of Secularism as a system of ethics, but which aimed +to promote its practical application through the achievement of +reforms in the political, social, and intellectual spheres of +society, the Secularists of the Bradlaugh period followed a +course of action pursued by the earlier Secularists. As was the +case, too, with the Secularists of the preceding era, there was +among the Secularists of the years from 1866 to 1890 an unceasing +effort to undermine the strength of the churches, indeed, the +Secularists of the Bradlaugh epoch engaged more generally in this +type of endeavor than did their predecessors. Whereas in the +earlier period a decreasing number of Secularists declined to +engage in this work, practically all Secularists participated in +it during the later era. + + A discussion of some of the more typical of the combative +actions taken by the Secularists will be sufficient to +characterize the Secular campaign. One thing they did was to +place before the people biographical sketches of celebrated +Freethinkers, hoping to contribute to the undermining of +orthodoxy by showing that these persons -- and not the +theologians -- had been the true benefactors of mankind. Brief +sketches of Bruno, Campanella, Spinoza, Galileo, John Stuart +Mill, and other Rationalists appeared, and Joseph Mazzini +Wheeler, in 1889, brought out a Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinkers of All Ages and Nations. Wheeler's Dictionary +contained more than 1,600 names. [G.W. Foote and Charles Watts, +"Heroes and Martyrs of Freethought" (1875); J.M. Wheeler, +"Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of All Ages and Nations" +(1889). See also the following: Annie Besant, "Giordano Bruno" +(1877), and Arthur B. Moss "Bruno and Spinoza" (1885).] + + The Secularists also attempted to discredit the Bible. In +order to show that, instead of being a divine revelation, it was +simply a man-made document, they challenged its consistency, its +science, its historical veracity, its morality, and its reputed + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 76 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +authorship. Thus in an exhaustive treatment of the first 11 +chapters of the first book of the Old Testament entitled +'Genesis: Its Authorship and Its Authenticity' (1882), Bradlaugh +attempted to show: "1. That the Book of Genesis is unhistoric, +that it is not the work of any one writer, but is made up of +several documents, belonging to different ages, pieced together +after the lapse of many centuries, often clumsily, and sometimes +without regard to relevancy. 2. That the narrative is sometimes +self-contradictory, and that it is often contradicted by other +books of the Bible. 3. That its chronological statements are, on +the face of them, absurdly inaccurate, and that they are +overwhelmingly contradicted by history and modern discovery. 4. +That the Genesaic teachings on ethnology, geology, astronomy, +zoology, and botany are flatly in opposition to the best +knowledge in each of these sciences. And, 5. That such teachings +of the book as relate to morality would be destructive of human +happiness, if generally adopted. [Charles Bradlaugh, "Genesis: +Its Authorship and Authenticity" (1982), Preface. See also: +"Freethinker's Text-Book" (1881?), Parts I and II; Charles Watts, +"Christian Evidences Criticized" (1870); G.W. Foote and W.P. +Ball, "The Bible Handbook for Freethinkers and Inquiring +Christians" (1888); Charles Watts, "Science and the Bible +Antagonistic" (1874): Joseph Symes, "Christianity at the bar of +Science" (1881); G.W. Foote, "The Creation Story" (1882); Charles +Watts, "The Bible and Christianity" (1876); and Charles Watts, +Value of the Bible" (1882).] + + Another thing the Secularists did was to attempt to +undermine the belief that Christianity was divinely established +-- by showing it to be a natural growth. As Annie Besant +expressed the situation: + + "Every one who has studied the subject knows perfectly + well that Christianity, both in its myths and its doctrines, + is an outcome of many Eastern creeds. To Judaism it + admittedly owes much, but Judaism was itself an offshoot of + a mightier and wider Eastern religion, and borrowed its + legends wholesale from Persia and from lands lying yet + further eastward, as well as from the hoary faith of its + Egyptian neighbors. The roots of Christianity strike deep + into Judea and Hindustan, into Persia and Egypt; from each + it has drawn much: from each it has taken something ...: and + when we seek for the creator of Christianity we find no + awful Divine form, breathing life into a figure created by + its will; but we see the fingers of mystic Hindu, and + dignified fire-worshiper, of barbarous Jew and subtle + Egyptian, all working at the growing creed, molding into new + shape the plastic clay of human superstition, fashioning a + Mary from an Isis and a Devaki, sculpturing a Jesus from a + Buddha, an Osiris, and a Krishna, and presenting renovated + for the adoration of the modern world the Gods worn out by + the old." [Annie Besant, "Roots of Christianity: or, the + Christian Religion Before Christ" (1886). See also Charles + Watts, "Christian Evidence, (criticized" (197?). and + "Freethinker's Text-Book," Part II.] + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 77 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The Secularists endeavored, too, to destroy confidence in +particular doctrines characteristic of Christianity -- such as +the doctrine of rewards and punishments after death and the +doctrine of the efficacy of prayer. The doctrine that prayers are +answered, for example, was attacked energetically by Foote, Mrs. +Besant, and others. Foote, in his Letter's to the Clergy (1890), +asserted that belief in prayer goes hand in hand with ignorance +of natural causes: + + "There was a time when Christians prayed against an + eclipse -- because they did not understand its causes. ... + They still pray. ... against bad weather. ... When they do + understand its causes, they will cease praying against it, + and confine their supplications to what is still contingent. + ... Contingency is nothing but ignorance. ... Where light + obtains, you find we have nothing to do but submit to ... + the necessity of nature." + +And in the same treatise Foote went on to declare: + + "Is Prayer answered? ... I look abroad in the world, + and find no practical recognition of the efficacy of Prayer. + No Life Assurance Company would calculate a sovereign's life + policy on the ground that her subjects asked God to 'grant + her in health and wealth long to live.' No Fire Insurance + Company would grant a policy on a House of Prayer unless a + lightning conductor were run up to prevent the Deity from + making a mistake in a thunderstorm. Underwriters never think + of asking whether the captain prays. ... When the Peculiar + People use prayer, without ... medicine, they are browbeaten + by Christian coroners and jurymen. ... Mr. Francis Gaiton + ... keen scientific writer points out that in all the + medical literature of modern Europe he has been unable to + discover 'any instance in which a medical man of any repute + ... attributed recovery to ... prayer. ... By the aid of + historical and statistical tables, Mr. Galton discovers no + trace of Prayer as an efficient cause. ... President + Garfield's life ebbed slowly away amid a nation's prayers + for his recovery. ..." [G. W. Foote, "Letters to the + Clergy" (1890); Annie Besant, "What Is the Use of Prayer?" + (1884); G.W. Foote, "The Futility of Prayer" (1879).] + + Finally, a great deal of effort was exerted by the +Secularists in an attempt to show that the Church had been a +hindrance to civilization down through the centuries, They +declared that it long condoned the institution of slavery. They +asserted that it systematically encouraged belief in witchcraft +and took the lead in urging repressive measures against witches. +They affirmed that it had a cruel record as a persecuting +institution. They charged that it had impeded the growth of +science and general education. They averred that it had been +guilty of countless crimes, forgeries, and pious frauds. And they +contended that it had chronically stood out against social +reform. Mrs. Besant summed up the Secular indictment of the +historical role of the Church in these scornful words: + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 78 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + "Thus Christianity set itself against all popular + advancement, against all civil and social progress, against + all improvement in the condition of the masses. It viewed + every change with distrust, it met every innovation with + opposition. ... Only as Christianity has grown feebler has + civilization strengthened, and progress has been made more + and more rapidly as a failing creed has lost the power to + oppose...." ["Freethinker's Text-Book" (1881?), pp. + 423-476. See also the following: G.W. Foote, Christianity + and Progress" (1888)' Annie Besant, "The Fruits of + Christianity" (1878); Charles Watts, "Christianity: Its + Nature and Influence on Civilization" (1868); Joseph Symes, + "Christianity and Slavery" (1880); J.M. Robertson, "What Has + Christianity Done?" (187?); G.W. Foote and J.M. Wheeler, + "Crimes of Christianity" (188?); and Charles Bradlaugh, + "Humanity's Gain from Unbelief" (1889).] + + THE ATTACK UPON SECULARISM + + As was the case in the first era of Secularist history, so +now in the Bradlaugh period opposition to Secularism appeared in +the ranks of clerical and lay supporters of Christianity. Indeed, +throughout the greater part of the Bradlaugh era, a more +extensive anti-Secular campaign was waged than had been in +evidence during the earlier epoch of Secularist history -- no +doubt because in these Bradlaugh years the Secular Movement was a +stronger and more menacing force than it had been in its early +days. Sometimes the opposition took the form of nothing less than +rowdyism. At Deptford, Brighton, and other places Secularist +meetings were broken up by organized bands. When Annie Besant was +departing from Hoyland, after delivering a lecture there in 1876, +a crowd attempted to overturn her carriage. In 1867, at Mexbro, a +mob threw stones that shattered the windows of a hall in which +Charles Watts was lecturing, and at Congleton, in 1876, stones +were sent crashing through the windows of a hall in which a +meeting was being held by Bradlaugh. In 1875 Mrs. Besant was met +by stones at Darwen. On numerous occasions Secularist speakers +were assaulted, or jostled from their platforms, or greeted with +yells and hisses. [Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. +199-201; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), +passim; Gertrude Marvin Williams, "The Passionate Pilgrim" +(1931), p. 67; G.W. Foote, "Letters to the Clergy" (1890), +Preface, p. 4; Charles Watts, "Secular Progress in 1880." +"British Secular Almanac for 1881" (1880), p. 9; "National +Reformer," 1966-1890, passim; "Freethinker." 1881-1890, passim.] + + Annoyance, misrepresentation, and abuse of Secularists +played their part in the opposition to Secularism. Bradlaugh was +frequently referred to as an extremely coarse and vulgar person, +or as a man of contemptible morals. On April 3, 1869, at Blyth, +he was refused food and shelter at the inns. And we have seen +that, though repeatedly elected to membership in the House of +Commons, he was for years prevented from taking his seat. +Scurrilous attacks were made upon Annie Besant, and she was +subjected to humiliating and painful experiences. Permission to +use the garden of the Royal Botanic Society in connection with +her studies was denied her on the ground that the daughters of + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 79 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the curator used it. Despite the fact that Thomas Huxley and +others signed a memorial to the contrary, she (with Bradlaugh's +daughter Alice) was refused admittance to the class in practical +botany at the University of London. Other Secularists, too, came +in for unpleasant treatment, and there were derogatory statements +directed against the Secularist body as a whole. [Mrs. Humpbrey +Ward, "The History of David Grieve" (ed. of 1892), pp. 104 105; +"National Reformer," (1866-1890), passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), passim; Chapman Cohen, +"Bradlaugh and Ingersoll" (1933), pp. 46-52; Annie Besant, "Annie +Besant" (1893), pp. 170-175.] + + Legal action, as will be recalled, was utilized as a means +of combating Secularism in the Bradlaugh epoch. For one thing, +quite a number of Secularists, including virtually all those of +the top rank in ability and influence, were prosecuted. The first +person proceeded against was Bradlaugh himself. In 1868 he was +called into the courts by the Government for refusing, in +violation of the obsolescent Security Laws, to provide security +against blasphemous or seditious utterances in the National +Reformer. The efforts of the Government in this case were not +altogether successful, however, thanks to Bradlaugh's skillful +defense of himself, and eventually the prosecution was dropped. +Early in 1877 Charles Watts was prosecuted for publishing Dr. +Charles Knowlton's birth-control pamphlet. 'The Fruits of +Philosophy;' but as Watts, who pleaded guilty, declared his +ignorance of the contents of the book and disavowed any illegal +intentions in connection with the publication of it, he was +released under suspended judgment. Two months later "the +corporation of the City of London" prosecuted Bradlaugh and Mrs. +Besant for defiantly publishing their own edition of the Knowlton +pamphlet on the heels of the Watts case, and succeeded in having +them sentenced to six months' imprisonment, though the sentence +was later quashed on a legal technicality. In 1878, at the +instigation of the Society for the Suppression of vice, Edward +Truelove was tried, imprisoned for four months, and compelled to +pay a fine of 50 pounds for selling birth-control pamphlets -- +'Moral Physiology', by Robert Dale Owen, and J.H. Palmer's +'Individual, Family, and National Poverty.' Legal steps were +taken against Bradlaugh in connection with the Bradlaugh +Parliamentary Struggle. After Bradlaugh had been permitted to +affirm and to take his seat at his legal peril (1880), he was +proceeded against in the courts so effectively that he was +temporarily unseated (1881). In 1882 Sir Henry Tyler, M.P., +secured the prosecution of Foote and J.H. Ramsey on the charge of +publishing or causing to be published "blasphemous libels" in the +Freethinker: but the jury was unable to agree, and the case was +ended when the Attorney General granted a nolle prosequi at the +prosecutor's request. In 1882, also, "the City of London" +prosecuted Foote, Ramsey, and H.A. Kemp for publishing +"blasphemous libels" in the Freethinker, and did so with such +success that all three defendants suffered imprisonment -- Kemp +for three months. Ramsey for six months, and Foote for twelve +months. [The source materials for the above prosecutions are +listed in earlier foot-notes of this chapter -- in those +subjoined to previous discussions of the episodes in question.] + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 80 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Legal action against Secularism not only assumed the shape +of the prosecution of Secularists but took other forms. On the +ground that the Propagation of secularism was in violation of the +Blasphemy Laws, the courts, when appealed to, refused to permit +legacies to Secular bodies to pass into their hands. In 1869 an +arbitrator appointed to ascertain a special fact in a lawsuit +involving Bradlaugh in the Court of Common Pleas refused to allow +Bradlaugh to give evidence. Because she held and advocated +heretical opinions, the courts, in 1879, at the instance of her +former husband, the Rev. Frank Besant, deprived Annie Besant of +the custody of her child -- the daughter that had been awarded to +her at the time of her legal separation from her husband. +["Liberty of Bequest," "Freethinker,," December 17, 1893; +"National Reformer," December 12, 1869, to May 22, 1870, and +April 28, 1877, to April 20, 1879, Passim; A.S. Headingley, +"Biography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1880), pp. 119-123; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 284-289; Charles +Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1873), p. 21; +J.M. Robertson, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1920), pp. 21-22; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinion" (2 ed., 1913), pp. +81-82; Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 113-220; Geoffrey +West, "The Life of Annie Besant" (1929), pp. 96-101.] + + There were still other types of opposition to Secularism in +the Bradlaugh era. Many times the rental of halls was either +refused the Secularists or their use forbidden them (usually as a +result of pressure) after contracts had been signed. Discourses +against Secularism were also delivered from time to time. The +Christian Evidence Society, for example, sent out lecturers over +a period of years who labored energetically, sometimes even +appearing on the platform at the Secularist Hall of Science in +London. Attacks upon Secularism appeared, too, in the form of +publications. Opposition in periodical publications, such as the +'Eastern Post' and the 'Tissue,' usually took the form of hostile +reports of Secularist lectures, while systematic criticism of +Secularism appeared in such non-periodical treatises as +'Heterodox London: or Phases of Freethought in the Metropolis' +(1874). by Dr. Maurice Davies, a clergyman of the Church of +England. Finally, anti-Secularist opposition was expressed by +persons who debated with Secularists and by those earnest +individuals who replied from the audience to Secularist speakers. +["National Reformer," for the Bradlaugh era, passim; +"Freethinker." June, 1881, and November 20, 1892; Hypatia +Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, passim; Charles +Bradlaugh, "Autobiography of Charles Bradlaugh" (1873), passim; +A.S. Headlingley, "Biography of Charles Bradlaugh (1880), pp. +99-100; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), II, 60.] + + The opposition to Secularism in the Bradlaugh era not only +fired the Secularists to greater exertion in behalf of their +program, but helped familiarize the public with the rising +Secularist ideas; and the net result of all this was that the +cause of Secularism was strengthened. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 81 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + ASSOCIATION WITH ORGANIZED INTERNATIONAL + FREETHOUGHT + + British Secularism was not from first to last an isolated +and detached concern. In the course of the Bradlaugh epoch it +began to maintain a connection with international organized +Freethought. The opportunity for such affiliation came with the +formation, in 1880, of the International Federation of +Freethinkers which, organized on the initiative of the +Freethinkers of Belgium, held meetings from time to time, in such +urban centers as Amsterdam, Paris, London, and Brussels, for the +discussion of Freethought matters. British Secularism was +represented on the Council of the Federation, and delegates for +the British Secularists attended Federation meetings. In 1936 the +name International Federation of Freethinkers was changed to the +World Union of Freethinkers. Secularist affiliation with the +international body did not appreciably affect the aims, +practices, or fortunes of the British Secular Movement. +["National Reformer," passim; "Freethinker," passim; British +Secular Almanac for 1881" (1880), p. 10.] + + CHAPTER IV + + THE FOOTE-COHEN ERA + + PROPORTIONS OF THE SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Because of the conditions discussed early in these pages, +the British Secular Movement, from its beginning to the year +1885, was, on the whole, a growing enterprise. In 1865, the year +preceding the formation of the National Secular Society, there +were in existence about 25 local Secular societies. In 1885 there +were some four or five independent local bodies and 102 branches +of the National Secular Society. The total number of Secularists +in 1871 included slightly more than 1,000 members of the National +Secular Society plus a smaller number of persons attached to +local independent societies. In 1880 the total Secularist +enrollment embraced approximately 6,000 affiliates of the +National Secular Society together with a handful of other +persons. Though the total Secular membership in 1885 is not +precisely calculable, it was larger than in 1880 [It will be +observed that the above statements relative to the number of +Secularists refer to total enrollment, and not simply to the +number of individuals who had paid their dues. Estimates as to +paid-up membership would undoubtedly assume smaller proportions. + + "Reasoner," 1851-1861, passim; "National Reformer," +1861-1885, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1885, passim; "Secular +Review and Secularist," passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), passim; "National +Secular Society's Almanack for 1886" (1885), pp. 16 and 47.] + + The history of the Secular Movement from 1885 to 1946 was +marked by no such success. In fact, though there were times when +the Movement increased in numerical strength, the long-range +tendency was toward fewer Secular societies and a smaller number + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 82 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +of Secularists. In 1890, the last year of the Bradlaugh epoch, +there were three or four local independent bodies and +approximately 62 branches of the National Secular Society. In +1946 some 32 branches of the national organization existed along +(possibly) with one independent society. Exact membership figures +for the period are not available, but it may be said the +Secularist leaders of these years did not claim unprecedented +numbers. ["Freethinker," 1885 ff., passim; "National Reformer," +1885-1893, passim; "Secular Almanack," passim; H. Percy Ward, "To +the Secular Party," "Truth Seeker," April 1903; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), 11, 261.] + + By the end of the Bradlaugh period, then, the British +Secular Movement had already attained its largest proportions and +had entered upon a long period of lessened success. This adverse +development was connected with the mitigation of the harsh +circumstances which had oppressed the working classes and which +therefore inspired the Secular Movement. When the Secular +Movement began to languish, these unfavorable conditions had, +indeed, been extensively ameliorated. The political submergence +of the working classes, to begin with, was by no means so +complete as it once had been. It is true that the hereditary +element persisted in the government, and that woman suffrage had +not been introduced. Nevertheless, the Reform Act of 1867, which +granted the right of voting to the bulk of the male workers in +the cities, had been passed, as well as the Reform Act of 1884, +which admitted the mass of rural workmen to the suffrage; and, as +a consequence, the interests of the great masses of the people +could no longer be so readily flouted. + + The economic and social condition of the working classes was +somewhat improved. While long hours of work, low wages, +unfavorable living conditions, and slight opportunity for +wholesome recreation were still the order of the day, and while +security against the hazards of unemployment, sickness, and +invalidity were still unprovided for, the situation of the +laboring masses, at least in the cities, was not so desperate as +it once had been. Wages were on the whole not quite so low, and +hours of work not quite so long. Then, too, recreational +opportunities were somewhat improved -- thanks to the +introduction of Sunday music in the parks and to the opening on +Sundays of various libraries, art galleries, and museums. + + Educational facilities for the poor had undergone favorable +development. Though a nation-wide. system of government- +controlled schools providing in all cases Secular education did +not exist. the government had set up schools -- following the +Education Act of 1870 -- in localities where the private schools +were not providing educational training, and had authorized the +officials in these state schools to withhold religious +instruction from any child whose parent or guardian requested +that it be withheld. + + Barriers and threats to intellectual freedom, too, were less +in evidence. Interference with the popular platform and press did +now and then take place. Equality before the law for every shade +of opinion, however, was less far from achievement than had + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 83 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +earlier been the case. It is true that discriminations were still +the rule. The right of Freethinkers to affirm instead of taking +the oath, for instance, did not exist in all cases: it was not +operative in Scotland, and even in England it was not extended to +Members-elect of Parliament or to jurymen, nor was it permitted +in interlocutory proceedings. Then, too, the State Church +continued as before, and the blasphemy laws remained unrepealed. +Nevertheless, headway had been made through the passage of the +Evidence Amendment Acts (1869 and 1870), which granted to non- +religious persons the right of affirmation in courts of justice. + + Finally, the Church was beginning to be somewhat less out of +harmony with working-class interests. Though most Churchmen +remained in large part occupied with other worldly affairs and +with supporting traditional upper-class interests, a somewhat +increased number were now active on behalf of improved conditions +for the masses. In the Church of England the Guild of St. +Matthew, which had been founded in 1877, and which manifested the +same interest in the welfare of the workers that had been shown +by Maurice and Kingsley, was encouraging dissatisfaction with +existing abuses. Indeed. the Rev. Stuart Headlam, who was the +foremost propagandist associated with the Guild. was as tireless +in his efforts to improve the welfare of the masses as any +Secularist. And in the free churches friends of such popular +causes as democracy, social reform, secular education, and Church +disestablishment were active. + + The seduction of the evils which prompted the Secular +Movement naturally weakened the incentive to a campaign against +them; and when the stimulus to action had been sufficiently +undermined, the waning of the Secular Movement began. + + ADMINISTRATIVE AFFAIRS + + The event bringing to a close the Bradlaugh period and +marking the advent of a new epoch in Secularist history was the +resignation of Bradlaugh as President of the National Secular +Society. Bradlaugh resigned on the heels of a serious illness +which left him without the strength requisite for doing all that +he had been doing since the beginning of 1886, which, as will be +recalled, involved labors in Parliament as well as among the +Secularists. Even before sickness had overtaken him, however, +Bradlaugh had already intimated to the National Secular Society, +at its Annual Conference in the spring of 1889, that he expected +to retire from the presidency after one more year of service. It +is probable that Bradlaugh desired to expend the major portion of +his remaining energies within the precincts of Parliament, and +that action upon this desire was precipitated by illness. +Bradlaugh's resignation was offered (and regretfully accepted) on +February 16, 1890. ["National Reformer." October 27, 1889, to +February 23, 1890; "Freethinker," June 16 and November 17, 1889, +and December 30, 1906; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles +Bradlaugh" (1894), Pt. One, II, 87 and 89-90, and Pt. Two (by +J.M. Robertson), 408-411.] + + The proffer and acceptance of the resignation of Bradlaugh +took place at a special general meeting in London, of the members +of the National Secular Society which had been convoked by + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 84 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, and at this same meeting G.W. Foote was elected by +acclamation as Bradlaugh's successor. ["Resignation of Mr. +Bradlaugh," "National Reformer," February 23, 1890; G.W. Foote. +"To the Members of the National Secular Society," "Freethinker," +February 23, 1890.] + + After a generation of militant service as President of the +National Secular Society, Foote died (October 17, 1915), and was +succeeded in office by Chapman Cohen, who, in November, 1946, was +still occupying the post. ["Freethinker," 1890-1946; "National +Reformer," 1890-1893.] + + Since we are already well acquainted with Foote, it will be +necessary at this point only to make a few introductory +statements concerning Chapman Cohen. Though philosophically +inclined, Cohen is also interested in practical reform, and is +thus well suited by temperament to serve as Secularist leader. He +also possesses abilities useful to the head of a propagandist +organization, in that he is a cogent writer and speaker. And the +amount of labor he has devoted to the Secularist cause year after +year is nothing less than prodigious. In view of all this, it is +not surprising that his services as President of the National +Secular Society have evoked general satisfaction among his +colleagues. + + Cohen was born of Jewish parentage on September 1, 1868, at +Leicester. His formal educational training was slight, but he +read persistently on his own initiative, particularly in the +field of philosophy. Largely through his philosophical studies, +he developed views compatible with Secularism, and in 1889 began +to lecture in the Secular Movement. Beginning in 1895, he was +elected each year as a Vice-President of the National Secular +Society. Early in his career as a Secularist he was recognized as +Foote's chief colleague, and his election to succeed Foote as +President of the National Secular Society came in fulfillment of +a general expectation. [Chapman Cohen, "Almost an Autobiography" +(1940), pp. 26-123; "Truth Seeker," March, 1895; "Cohen, +Chapman," "Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists" +(1920), by Joseph McCabe; J.M. Robertson, "A History of +Freethought in the 19th Century" (1930), II, 590; "Freethinker," +October 23, 1892, to April 23, 1936, passim.] + + Inasmuch as the administrations of Foote and Cohen had much +in common, the history of the Secular Movement in the period +extending from 1890 to 1946 may conveniently be surveyed as a +unit; and since Foote and Cohen, each in his day, were the +outstanding leaders of the Movement, the period may fittingly be +designated as the Foote-Cohen era. + + The doctrines and purposes of the Secularist Movement in the +Bradlaugh era, which themselves, either explicitly or by +implication, were essentially those of the earlier Secularist +epoch, continued, with slight variations, to be those which +underlay Secularist action throughout the Foote-Cohen epoch, +Though no complete enumeration of them appears in any single +document, a satisfactory description of their more general +features is contained in a statement entitled "Principles and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 85 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Objects" which was issued in 1935, while a document "Immediate +Practical Objects of the National Secular Society" (1893) +contains an adequate account of their details. + + The document bearing the title "Principles and Objects" runs +as follows: + + "Secularism affirms that this life is the only one of + which we have knowledge, and that human effort should be + wholly directed towards its improvement; it asserts that + supernaturalism is based upon ignorance, and assails it as + the historic enemy of progress. + + "Secularism affirms that progress is only possible on + the basis of equal freedom of speech and publication; it + affirms that liberty belongs of right to all and that the + free criticism of aLl ilcdit5D$ignation as Vice-President of + the National Secular Society occurring on February 26, 1890, + her last contribution to the National Reformer appearing in + the issue of April 8, 1891, and her final appearance on a + Secularist platform not taking place, despite a "farewell + speech" delivered to Secularists on August 30, 1891, until + 1893. [Annie Besant, "Why I Became a Theosophist" (1889); + Annie Besant, "Annie Besant" (1893), pp. 202-203, 299-306, + 306 ff., 314, 320-321, and 329-364; "National Reformer, " + 1884-1893, passim; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles + Bradlaugh" (1893), Pt. One, 1, 14-15, and Pt. Two (by J.M, + Robertson), pp. 63, 382-383, and 407; "Mrs. Besant on + Herself and Others," "Freethinker," January 25, 1891; "Sugar + Plums," "Freethinker," August 6, 1905; G.W. Foote, "The New + Year." "Freethinker," January 1, 1893; H.M. Hyndman, + "Further Reminiscences," (1912), p. 6.] + + J.M. Robertson abandoned the Movement. He withdrew from the +Executive of the National Secular Society, in 1892, because of +displeasure over a decision made by the Executive as to the +disposition of funds contributed toward a memorial for Bradlaugh. +In May, 1893; after the fore-going action of the Executive was +approved by the Annual Conference of the National Secular +Society, he resigned his membership in the Society. He +disappeared entirely in October, 1893, when the National +Reformer, the editorship of which he had assumed, as will be +seen, upon Bradlaugh's death, failed. ["National Reformer," +1891-1893, passim; "Freethinker," 1891-1905, passim.] + + On January 22, when in his 89th year, Holyoake died. +Holyoake's Secularist activity, which was less extensive in the +Bradlaugh period than in the preceding era, had lessened still +more in the Foote-Cohen epoch, in fact, his services for many +years were definitely limited. There were intervals, indeed, when +he held himself almost entirely aloof from Secular circles. No +doubt all this was due to his disapproval of the extent to which +anti-Christian agitation was carried on by the bulk of the +secularist party, as well as to a critical attitude which he +often manifested towards his successors in the chieftainship of +the Secular Movement, and (latterly) to his advanced years. But +whatever the causes, his comparative inactivity was a fact. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 86 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Nevertheless, throughout all this time he was identified with the +Movement, and even after the beginning of the Foote-Cohen era had +served for four years as a Vice-President of the National Secular +Society and for some two years (though no doubt merely nominally) +as President of the British Secular League. Now at last, however, +death withdrew him. ["Freethinker," July 24, 1892, to February +4, 1906, passim); "National Reformer," January 17, 1867, to June +4, 1893, passim; Joseph McCabe, "Life and Letters of George Jacob +Holyoake" (1908), I, 334, and II, passim; J.M. Robertson, "A +History of Freethought in the 19th Century" (1930), II, 440; +Hypitia Bradlaugh Bonner, "Charles Bradlaugh" (1894), I, 35.] + + In 1891 occurred an event which gave promise of offsetting +to some degree the loss of the services of these well-known +persons. Charles Watts, who upon the failure of the British +Secular Union had accepted a Freethought "pastorate" in Canada, +returned to Great Britain and once more became affiliated with +the National Secular Society. ["National Reformer," 1866-1892, +passim; "Freethinker," 1890-1906, passim; F.J, Gould, "The +Pioneers of Johnson's Court" (1929), p. 6; William Kent, "London +Heretics" (1932), pp, 72-74,] + + For several years Watts labored for the Secularist cause, as +a writer and speaker, and as a Vice-President of the National +Secular Society. But these efforts were destined to come to a +close sooner than might generally have been expected. In the +Freethinker for March 17, 1901, an unusual and interesting +advertisement made its appearance. It declared that George +Anderson (a Secularist) had invited Charles A. Watts (son of +Charles Watts and founder of the Rationalist Press Association), +in conjunction with a few trusted friends, to arrange for the +building of a Freethought Institute in London, to the cost and +endowment of which Anderson was to contribute 15,000 pounds after +the like sum had been contributed by others. The advertisement +went on to state the aim of the promoters was to establish a +comprehensive society embracing all sections of the Freethought +and ethical movements, and to request those in sympathy with the +project to communicate with Charles A. Watts. Although the scheme +discussed in the advertisement fell through, it led (among other +things) to the cessation of Watts' Secularist labors. Foote, who +declared he had not been consulted by the promoters, and who +resented the whole affair, charged Watts with being secretly +connected with the project and with aspiring to be the resident +lecturer of the Institute. Watts denied the charge, but the two +men grew increasingly embittered. Finally, in July, 1902, Watts +resigned his office of Vice-President of the National Secular +Society and the Executive of the National Secular Society (who +sided with Foote) countered by erasing Watts's name from the +rolls of the Society. Watts then became a lecturer for the +Rationalist Press Association. ["National Reformer," 1991-1893, +"Freethinker," 1894-1906, passim.] + + It will be recalled, of course, that in 1915 G.W. Foote +died, and that more than half a century ago Chapman Cohen began +his long career of distinguished leadership in the Movement. + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 87 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + PRINTED MATTER + + Secularist efforts to assist in the propagation of +Secularism by means of publications of one sort or another were +continued in the Foote-Cohen era and met with a mixture of +success and failure. In the field of periodical publications, an +early development was the failure of the National Reformer. The +circulation of the Reformer had already begun to decline when, on +the death of Bradlaugh, J.M. Robertson assumed the editorship, +prepared in the main to follow the editorial policies so long +pursued by Bradlaugh himself. Inasmuch as under Robertson's +editorship subscriptions continued to fall off, there was no +choice but to bring the existence of the journal to an end. The +final issue of the paper was that of October 1, 1893. ["National +Reformer," February 22, 1891, to October 1, 1893, passim; +"Robertson, Rt. Hon. John MacKinnon," "Biographical Dictionary of +Modern Rationalists" (1920), by Joseph McCabe; "Robertson, Rt. +Hon. John MacKinnon," "Who's Who" (British), 1932; Joseph McCabe, +"Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 254.] + + In 1894 the merchant, J.W. Gott, together with one John +Grange and a man named Wakefield, launched at Bradford a +Secularist journal called the Truth Seeker. Starting as a monthly +publication, the paper later was issued at irregular intervals. +The advocacy of Secularist principles and Freethought agitation +both appeared in its pages. The Truth Seeker was a regional +paper, serving primarily the district around Bradford. After a +few years the Truth Seeker went out of existence apparently in +1905. ["National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," +May 20, 1894; "Truth Seeker," 1894-1905; "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," August 4, 1901.] + + A Secularist local journal, the monthly Leicester Reasoner, +was started by F.J. Gould, Secretary of the Leicester Secular +Society, in March, 1902. With the issue of February, 1903, +however, this paper died. ["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," March +10 and November 9, 1902, and January 4, 1903; "Leicester Secular +Society and Institute," "Freethinker," Nov. 23, 1902.] + + As a possible means of reaching a wider public than was +reached by the militant Freethinker, Foote undertook the +publication of a Secularists monthly journal bearing an +"inoffensive" title and adopting a policy which was less +aggressive. The new periodical -- which was named the Pioneer -- +was brought out on January 1, 1903. Though such "notorious" +Secularists as Foote and Cohen wrote for the paper, they used +pseudonyms, in an effort to attract readers that might otherwise +be frightened away. The new venture was not successful. The +readers of the Pioneer, in general, turned out to be persons who +were already reading the Freethinker. The paper did not make +converts for Secularism, and, besides, it failed to pay its way +financially. In less than 18 months after it made its initial +appearance, its existence was terminated. ["Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," November 23 and December 21, 1902; G.W. Foote, +"The Pioneer," "Freethinker," June 5, 1904.] + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 88 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Upon the death of Foote in 1915, the Freethinker passed into +the editorial hands of Mr. Chapman Cohen, who rededicated the +paper to the Secularist cause, and who conducted it year after +year with the same fearless aggressiveness as that practiced for +almost 35 years by his predecessor. In the autumn of 1946, though +the Freethinker had attained a longevity far exceeding that of +any other Secularist periodical, it still manifested the spirit +of youth. ["Freethinker," all numbers; Chapman Cohen, "Almost an +Autobiography," (.1940), pp. 118-135.] + + As in former years, the Secularists of the era under +consideration were able to issue publications calculated to +propagate Secularist and anti-theological principles books and +pamphlets by Secularists and others. Conspicuous in the list were +such works as J.W. Draper's 'History of the Conflict Between +Science and Religion,' and biographies such as Joseph McCabe's +'George Jacob Holyoake,' J.M. Robertson's 'Charles Bradlaugh,' +C.T. Gorham's 'Robert Ingersoll,' J.M. Robertson's 'Voltaire,' +and Guy A. Aldred's 'Richard Carlile.' This propagandist work of +the Secularists suffered a blow in connection with the present +war. Many of the publications ready for distribution from the +headquarters of the National Secular Society in London were +destroyed, on May 10, 1941, by fire resulting from an enemy air +raid; and the production of new copies -- any new treatises -- +was rendered difficult by the shortage of paper. ["Freethinker," +1890-1946. passim; "Truth Seeker," passim; "Secular Almanack," +passim; Executive of the National Secular Society, "General +Information for Freethinkers" (1921), p. 10.] + + A succession of publishing -- or printing and publishing -- +concerns in London served the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen +period. The Bradlaugh-Besant firm -- the Freethought Publishing +Company -- which had been founded in 1877, entered the new epoch, +but soon afterwards was dissolved. One cause of the dissolution +was, of course, the intellectual differences which had developed +between Bradlaugh and Annie Besant -- differences which carried +Mrs. Besant out of the Secularist Movement. Another factor in the +situation was Bradlaugh's declining health. A third reason for +the step was the fact that the expensive Fleet Street +establishment, even in those early days of waning Secularist +strength, was fast becoming an intolerable financial burden. The +dissolution took place in December, 1890. ["National Reformer," +August 3 and December 21, 1890; Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, +"Charles Bradlaugh" (1893), Pt. One, II, 15, and Pt. Two (by J.M. +Robertson), pp. 47 and 48; Geoffrey West. "Life of Annie Besant" +(1929), pp. 106-109.] Robert Forder now became the Secularist +publisher -- at 28 Stonecutter Street; but in 1899 a Freethought +Publishing Company, Limited, was formed by Foote, and Forder +became (for a time) one of its Directors. At first the +Freethought Publishing Company, Limited, was located at 28 +Stonecutter Street, but in April, 1900, No. 1 Stationer's Hall +Court became its address, and it moved to No. 2 Newcastle Street +in March, 1902. In July of the same year it added printing to its +activities. The Freethought Publishing Company, Limited, was not +successful financially, and in 1908 it was dissolved. Foote now +operated for Secularist purposes a personally owned concern -- +The Pioneer Press, Located at the outset at 2 Newcastle Street, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 89 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +the Pioneer Press was moved, on March 25, 1915, to 61 Farrington +Street. Upon the death of Foote, in 1915, the Pioneer Press was +converted into a company -- G.W. Foote and Company, Limited -- +with nearly the whole of the shares being held initially) by Mrs. +Foote. This concern -- often referred to as "The Pioneer Press +(G.W. Foote and Company, Limited) -- remained at 61 Farringdon +Street until the premises were destroyed by fire on May 10, 1941. +Soon after the fire a new location was found at 2 and 3 Furnival +Street, Holborn. In September, 1945, the address of the firm +became 41 Gray's Inn Road. ["National Reformer," August. 3, +1890; "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Secular Almanack," +passim.] + + PUBLIC OCCASIONS + + The meetings which the Secularists held on Sundays in +Secular halls, the Secular outdoor meetings in the parks, the +debates between Secularists and non-Secularists, and the Secular +ceremonies utilized in connection with the naming of the children +of Secularists and with Secularist funerals continued in the +Foote-Cohen era to be prominent features of organized Secularism. +Both with respect to their character and the arrangements +attending them, these exercises followed along the lines +previously laid down. There were, however, certain new +developments in connection with them, and these should be +noticed. + + As an addition to the song books already available for use +in connection with meetings arranged by the Secularists, one of +the most devoted and industrious of Secularists, Joseph Mazzini +Wheeler, compiled in the first decade of the era under +consideration a work entitled 'Freethought Readings and Secular +Songs.' The selections contained in the volume were expressive of +the Secularist ideal of devotion to individual and social well- +being, and included compositions by Algernon Charles Swinburne, +Giordano Bruno, Leigh Hunt, Omar Khayyam, Margaret Fuller, +William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and many other +writers. [J.M. Wheeler, "Freethought Readings and Secular Songs" +(189?).] + + A Secular song book was also compiled, at the request of +Sidney Gimson and F.J. Gould, of the Leicester Secular Society, +by Emily Josephine Troup. The volume was entitled 'Hymns of +Modern Thought,' and was published in 1900. It contained music +along with the words of the pieces: included in it, and gave +expression to the social aspiration associated with Secular +doctrine. [F.J. Gould, "Life-Story of a Humanist" (1922), p. +91.] + + The lists of Secularists who at one time or another in the +new era were prominent in connection with Secularist meetings and +debates, as well as the list of non-Secularists who in the course +of the period enjoyed prominence in debate against the +Secularists, differed, of course, from earlier lists. Among the +outstanding Secularist lecturers in the new era were Foote, Mrs. +Thorton Smith, Touzeau Perris, Arthur B. Moss, J.M. Robertson, +Charles Watts, Holyoake, W. Heaford, Joseph Symes, Stanley Jones, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 90 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cohen, J.T. Lloyd, W.J. Ramsey, R.H. Rossetti, George Whitehead, +George Bedborough, J.T. Brighton, and J. Clayton. The list of +well-known Secularist debaters now embraced Foote, Charles Watts, +J.M. Robertson, W. Heaford, Cohen, Stanley Jones, and George +Whitehead. The better known of those who in this era opposed the +Secularists in debate included the Rev. S. Brennan, the Rev. +J.F.B. Finling, the Rev. F.W. Ford, the Rev. J.M. Logan, the Rev. +J. Moffatt, the Rev. C. Fleming Williams, the Rev. Daniel Macrae, +Dr. Alexander Jamieson, President of the Glasgow Protestant +Laymen's Association, the Rev. W.T. Lee, W.S. Clarke, of the +Christian Defense Association, the Rev. H.W. Dick, the Rev. A.J. +Waldron, the Rev. Arthur J. Dade, the Rev. B.J. Coles, Noah +Railey, of the Christian Evidence Society, the Rev. W. Hatch, the +Rev. R.H. Homer, G.R. Samsays, Editor of the Birmingham 'Weekly +Mercury,' Canon Storr, the Rev. W.H. Claxton, the Rev. D. +Richards, N. Barbanell, Vice-President of the Spiritualist +National Union, the Rev. D. Nixon, the Rev. J. Hogg, the Rev, D. +Richards, the Rev. J.H. Mowers, G.H. Hicks, General Secretary of +the New Church Evidence Society, and Capt. B. Acworth, of the +Evolution Protest Movement. ["National Reformer," 1890-1893, +passim; "Freethinker," 1890-1946.] + + PROPAGATION OF SECULAR TEACHINGS + + The Secularists of the Foote-Cohen period continued without +interruption the Secularist efforts of earlier eras to promote +the spread and application of Secular principles. A considerable +portion of their efforts was directed towards furthering the +acceptance of the broad doctrines making up the Secularist +ethical philosophy. Secularist lecturers endeavored to diffuse +among the masses of the people the conviction that the service of +man is man's moral duty; that such service can be achieved only +by natural means; and that it should be guided by the light of +secular knowledge. [See "Sunday Lecture Notice," "Sugar Plums," +"Sunday Meetings" and "Mr. Foote's Engagement in "Freethinker," +passim.] + + Along with attempting to propagate the broad principles of +Secularism, the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era gave attention +in their agitation to the less-basic portion of the Secular +program. It is true that one or two items in this section seem to +have been neglected. It is also true that certain Secularists, +later to be noticed, did not work in behalf of some of the +points. But with these exceptions, the Secularists labored +zealously in this sphere. + + In the governmental sphere, they attempted, for one thing, +to secure the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of +a republic. Secularist republican agitation, it is true, was +strictly limited in extent. Nevertheless, Foote and other +Secularists now and then lectured to this end. [Ibid.] + + Scattered Secularist efforts were also made to secure the +abolition of the House of Lords. In 1894 the National Secular +Society became affiliated with the National League for the +Abolition of the House of Lords, while in the same year Foote and +a fellow Secularist, A.B. Moss, spoke at a great demonstration + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 91 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +which the League held in Hyde Park. Besides this, a Secularist +lecture was from time to time directed against the House of +Lords, and in 1910 the Annual Conference of the National Secular +Society carried a resolution to the effect that any reform of "a +Second Chamber" that might be undertaken should call for the +abolition of the hereditary principle, as well as for the +abandonment of the practice of granting membership to bishops and +archbishops of the Church of England on the strength of their +ecclesiastical positions. ["National Secular Society," +"Freethinker," February 22, 1894; "Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," +August 26 and September 2, 1894; "Sunday Lecture Notices," +"Freethinker," passim; "National Secular Society's Annual +Conference," "Freethinker," May 22, 1910.] + + Universal suffrage, too, was demanded. Inasmuch as the +Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 had brought about a situation in +which virtually all men enjoyed the right to vote, Secularist +interest in promoting the achievement of universal suffrage found +expression in the Foote-Cohen period only in connection with the +idea of votes for women; but in this sphere some action was in +evidence. There was passed, in 1913, by the Annual Conference of +the National Secular Society, a resolution in which the principle +of woman suffrage was endorsed. It will be observed that the +resolution was carried in the period preceding the close of the +First World War. Any agitation that might otherwise have been +undertaken after the war was rendered unnecessary by the +legislative enactments of 1918 and 1928, which granted suffrage +to women. ["National Secular Society's Annual Conference," +"Freethinker," May 25, 1913; G.W. Foote, "Women and Freethought," +"Freethinker," November 11, 1906; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II. 296.] + + The Secularists of the Foote-Cohen period endeavored in +various ways to improve the lot of the masses. One part of this +work was an attempt to provide wholesome recreation for +Secularists and their friends. Many social functions were +arranged for this purpose, and these took quite a variety of +forms, including teas, dances, concerts, dinners, dramatic +entertainments, picnics, and excursions. ["Freethinker," +1890-1946, passim; "National Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; +"Branches of the National Secular Society," "Secular, Almanack +for 1894" (1893), pp. 39-43; F.J. Gould, "Life Story of a +Humanist" (1923), pp. 85 and 88-89.] + + The Secularists likewise maintained a "Benevolent Fund" +which, derived from contributions and from the proceeds of +entertainments, was utilized to alleviate the suffering of +Secularists in distress, Though the sums on hand were always +small, deserving applicants were given some assistance. +["Benevolent Fund," "To Correspondents," "Sugar Plums," "National +Secular Society," and "Sunday Meetings," "Freethinker," passim; +"Ball's Pond Secular Sick and Tontine Society," "Secular Almanack +for 1894" (1893), p. 44; "Branches of the National Secular +Society," "Secular Almanack for 1901" (1900), 27-29.] + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 92 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In the interest of mass welfare, too, Secularist action in +the Foote-Cohen era was undertaken to promote birth control. Much +of this took the form of arguments in favor of the practice. In +this connection the point was made, as in the two earlier Secular +periods, that contraception was a means of preventing poverty due +to overpopulation. In the early 90's J.M. Robertson wrote to this +effect for the National Reformer, while the Secularist George +Whitehead did so in a volume entitled 'Birth Control and Race +Culture,' which he published in 1925. The argument was also +advanced (and this was apparently a new approach for the +Secularists) that birth control was an avenue to better health. +This viewpoint appeared in a short-lived periodical, bearing the +title Birth Control, which the Secularist George Standring +published in 1919. Alongside of Secularist arguments in favor of +contraception, there appeared efforts by the Secularists to +identify governmental agencies with its promotion. These were +exemplified in a resolution passed by the Annual Conference of +the National Secular Society, in 1930, urging the establishment +of municipal birth-control clinics. [J.M. Robertson, "What Neo- +Malthusians Teach," "National Reformer," November 8, 1891; George +Whitehead, "Birth, Control and Race Culture" (1925); Norman E +Himes, Medical history of Contraception" (1936); "National +Secular Society, Report of the Annual Conference," "Freethinker," +June 22, 1930; "Sunday Meetings," "Freethinker," passim; +"National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," June 9, +1895.] + + Paralleling these various forms of action were efforts which +the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era exerted in connection with +education. The educational goal of the Secularists, as we have +seen, was a system of state schools providing Secular education +at public expense; and Secular educational labors were mainly +directed to this end. Some effort was spent, however, in the +operation, as a device for use pending the achievement of the +Secularist goal, of Secular schools in connection with Secularist +societies. The schools which the Secularists operated were open +on Sundays or in the evening of week days, and offered +instruction in both scientific and non-scientific subjects. The +number of Secularist schools dwindled as the period under +consideration advanced, and by the autumn of 1946 had become +inconsequential. ["Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Guide to +the Lecture Room," "National Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; +"Branches of the National Secular Society," "Secular Almanack for +1894" (1893), pp. 39-43, and "Secular Almanack for 1901" (1900), +pp. 27-29; F.J. Gould, "life Story of a humanist" (1923), pp. +87-88.] + + Secularist efforts in the interest of Secular education in +state schools took a variety of forms. Down to 1900, when local +school board elections were held for the last time, Secularist +and other school-board candidates pledged to advocate state +Secular schools were supported by Secularists, sometimes with +success. Secularist writings for the cause of a state system of +Secular schools made their appearance, notably in 1897 and 1902, +when manifestos were issued by the National Secular Society. +Demonstrations which supported Secular education by the state +were held by the National Secular Society (1902), or (1904 and + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 93 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +1906) by the National Secular Society in collaboration with other +advanced bodies, such as the Trades Union Parliamentary Committee +and the Social Democratic Federation. The Executive of the +National Secular Society gave financial support to the Secular +Education League, which was founded in 1907, and which shared the +Secularist aim of secular schools maintained and controlled by +the state, while Foote and Cohen served on the Executive +Committee of the League. Lectures in support of state secular +education were delivered by Foote, Charles Watts, Cohen and +various other Secularists. Numerous resolutions in favor of +Secular education at the hands of the state were passed by Annual +Conferences of the National Secular Society. Secularist parents +now and then withdrew their children from religious instruction +in the state schools. ["Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Guide +to the Lecture Room," "National Reformer," 1891-1893; F.J. Gould, +"Life Story of a Humanist" (1923), p. 92; "Obituary," +"Freethinker," October 14, 1917. + + For several months the Secularists cooperated with the Moral +Instruction League, which was formed at the end of 1897 "to +substitute systematic non-theological moral instruction for the +present religious teaching in all State schools." The Executive +of the National Secular Society donated funds to the League and +four members of the Secularist Executive -- Foote, Charles Watts, +Cohen, and S. Hartman -- served in its Executive Committee. +Secularist cooperation with the league came to a close in 1899, +after the League had endorsed the use of the Bible in State +schools as an instrument of moral instruction. "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," July 11, 1897, to February 6, 1898, passim; Edith +M. Vance, "National Secular Society," "Freethinker," January 1, +1899; "National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," May +28, 1899.] +@@@@ + A prominent phase of the activity undertaken by the +Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era in the interest of reform in +various departments of society was the campaign which they +carried on for the removal of the obstacles that stood in the way +of free intellectual expression. As a part of this work they +sought to build up attitudes hostile to all such obstacles by +pointing out the need for intellectual liberty in general. +Various resolutions expressing concern over indications of an +intolerant spirit which were in evidence and urging support for +intellectual freedom were passed by Annual Conferences of the +National Secular Society. [Edith M. Vance, "National Secular +Society," "Freethinker," December 6, 1914, and December 9, 1917; +"National Secular Society's Annual Conference," "Freethinker," +1914-1946, passim.] + + Besides advocating freedom of the mind in general, the +Secularists opposed the violation of the principle of +intellectual liberty in various restricted spheres. For one +thing, they resisted interference with the press. On a number of +occasions when the freedom of the press was encroached upon they +sprang into action. In 1891, after a barrister-at-law, H.S. +Young, had been prosecuted for sending a birth-control tract in a +sealed envelope through the Post Office, and had been condemned +to pay a fine and costs amounting to more than 50 pounds, Foote + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 94 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cooperated with Dr. C.R. Drysdale, President of the Malthusian +League, in the formation of a Free Discussion Defense Committee +which held public meetings of protest against the prosecution. +["Free Discussion Defense Committee," "Freethinker," November 29, +1991; "Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," November 29, 1891, to June +12, 1892, passim; "National Secular Society's Conference," +"Freethinker," June 12, 1892.] In 1892 the Newcastle +Secularists, together with a few Spiritualists, raised funds for +the defense of one H. Loader, who was prosecuted for selling a +medical work on the population question, and held meetings to +protest against the prosecution and the sentence of a month's +imprisonment which the defendant received. ["Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," January 10 to February 14, 1992, passim; "National +Secular Society's Conference," "National Reformer," June 12, +1892.] In 1898 Foote, Holyoake, Charles Watts, and J.M. +Robertson cooperated with Bernard Shaw, H.M. Hyndman, and other +non-Secularists in a Free Press Defense Committee formed in +protest against the prosecution of George Bedborough, Secretary +of the Legitimation League, for circulating various works +published under the auspices of the League -- though the work of +the Committee was frustrated when Bedborough, through an +arrangement with the prosecution, escaped the risk of +imprisonment by pleading guilty. [Freethinker," January 12, +1898, to May 28, 1899, passim.] And two or three times since the +opening of the war which began in 1939, the National Secular +Society, through its Executive or its Annual Conference, has +passed resolutions protesting against the action of the +Government in suppressing newspapers and other periodicals +without a clear statement of the offense committed and without an +opportunity being given the proprietors involved of defending +themselves before a court of law. ["Freethinker," 1941-1946, +passim.] + + The Secularists also endeavored to put an end to violations +of the principle of the equality before the law of all forms of +opinion. They attempted, for one thing, to bring to a close the +privileges and advantages bestowed by the state upon religious +interests. Their work in this direction involved first of all +efforts to secure the disestablishment of the State Church -- at +first in all parts of Great Britain and later (after the Welsh +Disestablishment Bill became law in 1914) in England and +Scotland. Resolutions in favor of disestablishment were passed by +some three or four Annual Conferences of the National Secular +Society. ["National Secular Society's Conference" (or equivalent +title), "Freethinker," June 14, 1903, June 14, 1914, and June 19, +1927.] + + But the Secularists worked also to terminate various other +benefits which the church forces enjoyed at the hands of the +state. At Secularist Annual Conferences they passed resolutions +condemning the exemption of places of worship from taxation, the +use of religious ceremonials in connection with governmental +functions, the employment of chaplains by the state, the +compelling of soldiers and sailors to attend religious services, +the exemption of the clergy from military service, and the +broadcasting of sermons and religious services by the quasi- +public British Broadcasting Corporation. ["National Secular + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 95 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Society's Annual Conference" (or equivalent title), +"Freethinker," 1915-1946; Edith M. Vance, "National Secular +Society," "Freethinker," November 11, 1917; "Sugar Plums" +"Freethinker," December 1, 1918, and May 12, 1929; Executive of +the National Secular Society, "General Information for +Freethinkers" (1921), pp. 6-7. + + Resolutions less thoroughgoing than those referred to above +in connection with religious broadcasting were also passed by +Secularist Annual Conferences. From time to time the British +Broadcasting Corporation was condemned for not providing +alternate programs at those times when religious exercises were +presented. Apparently these milder resolutions were passed as +offering greater promise of early fulfillment than the others. +"National Secular Society's Annual Conference" (or equivalent +title), "Freethinker" May 25, 1930, Jane 7, 1921, and May 20, +1937.] + + In the interest of an equal status in the eyes of the law +for all varieties of opinion, efforts were likewise made by the +Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era to secure the repeal of the +blasphemy laws. Lectures were delivered, and in 1922 Cohen +brought out a pamphlet entitled 'Blasphemy: A Plea for Religious +Equality.' Then, too, Parliamentary candidates and Members of +Parliament were repeatedly urged to work for the cause, and when +bills calling for the repeal of the blasphemy laws were +introduced into Parliament, Secularist support was invariably +given to them. Besides all this, in 1922 the Secularists took the +initiative in the formation of the Society for the Abolition of +the Blasphemy Laws; and, after the organization was launched, +cooperated with it year after year, Cohen and other Secularists +serving on its Executive Committee. ["National Reformer," +1891-1893, passim; "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; Chapman +Cohen, "Blasphemy: A Plea for Religious Equality" (1932)] + + A further part of the Secularist effort in the Foote-Cohen +era to secure for all opinions an equal footing before the law +took the form of an attempt to bring about legislation which +would insure the payment of legacies to Secularist and other +Freethought bodies. It will be recalled that preceding the +establishment in 1898 of the Secular Society, Limited, bequests +of Secular societies had been withheld from them by the courts, +when appealed to, on the ground that their use by the Secularists +would constitute a violation of the blasphemy laws. The +Secularist agitation for the repeal of the blasphemy laws had +been designed in part to remedy this situation, but after long +years of effort success in getting the blasphemy laws repealed +still seemed remote; and in 1890 the Annual Conference of the +National Secular Society decided that action was desirable +looking to legislation specifically authorizing the payment of +Freethought bequests. + + The Conference requested Bradlaugh, who was then a Member of +Parliament, to do what he could for the cause. Bradlaugh did +nothing, for one reason or another, but the matter was +nevertheless pushed. Holyoake formed a Liberty of Bequest +Committee which persuaded a Member of Parliament for Northampton, + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 96 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Mr. Manfield, to introduce a bill legalizing the payment of +Freethought bequests, and the National Secular Society gave the +measure its support. ["National Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; +"Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," September 28, 1890, and November +21, 1891; G.W. Foote, "Mr. Holyoake's Bill," "Freethinker," +December 27, 1891; F.J. Gould, "Chats with Pioneers of Modern +Thought" (1898), p. 43; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth +Remembering" (1905), II, 199-204; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), 11, 264-265 and 344.] + + Secularist efforts to secure legislation which specifically +authorized the payment of bequests to Freethought bodies did not +long persist. The bill introduced by Manfield was blocked, and, +no further prospects of success appearing, the Liberty of Bequest +Committee before long vanished, while the National Secular +Society began once more to devote all its available energies to +the work of striving for the repeal of the blasphemy laws. +["National Secular Society's Conference," "Freethinker," May 20, +1894, and May 31, 1896; G.J. Holyoake, "Bygones Worth +Remembering" (1905), II, 199-204; Joseph McCabe, "Life and +Letters of George Jacob Holyoake" (1908), II, 264-265.] + + We have seen in another connection that after the +establishment of the Secular Society, Limited, bequests intended +for Secularist use which were willed to the Secular Society, +Limited, regularly came into the possession of the Secularists, +and that an appeal to the courts to withhold such a bequest +resulted in failure (1917). + + FIGHTING THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS + + Secularist efforts to advance the principles of Secularism +were only a part of the Secular activity in the Foote-Cohen era. +Energetic attempts were also made to undermine the strength and +influence of organized religion. Indeed, a, large portion of the +Secularist energies of the period went into this work; for not +only did the Secularists virtually all participate in it, but +some Secularists, fearing that the already diminished Secular +Movement would be further reduced by disagreements growing out of +a greatly diversified program, and arguing that practically all +Secularists could endorse anti-church agitation and intimately +connected endeavors, devoted all their energies to attacking the +churches and to the furtherance of those Secular teachings +(notably the doctrines of secular education and freedom of +thought) which were intimately bound up with the religious issue. +If the early Secularists devoted a proportionately large share of +their strength to the spread of the principles of Secularism at +the expense of anti-religious agitation, and the Secularists of +the Bradlaugh period expended relatively equal energies on the +propagation of the Secular principles and on campaigning against +the churches, the Secularists of the Foote-Cohen era devoted a +proportionately large share of their energies to anti-church (and +closely related) agitation. ["National Secular Society's +Conference" (or equivalent title), "National Reformer," May 27, +1888, and June 1, 1890; G.W. Foote, "Past, Present, and Future," +"National Secular Society's Almanack for 1894" (1893), pp. 15-16; +F.J. Gould, "Chats with Pioneers of Modern Thought" (1898), p. +43; "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 97 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Both Foote and Cohen sometimes wrote in favor of the +restriction of Secularist agitation to Freethought and closely +related matters, but neither thus consistently restricted his own +propagandist efforts. "Freethinker," 1890 and afterwards, +passim.] + + In their anti-church campaign the Secularists of the Foote- +Cohen era attempted to discredit alike the teachings of +Christianity and the role of the Church in history. The arguments +which they used in the main resembled the Secularist arguments of +earlier epochs, and like them were based largely upon modern +thought and knowledge. They made their appearance in articles and +pamphlets and in lectures. + + There was produced a sizeable collection of articles and +pamphlets. Foote brought out such hard-hitting publications as +'Is the Bible Inspired?' (1890) and 'The Book of God in the Light +of the Higher Criticism' (1897?). J.M. Wheeler published +'Paganism in Christian Festivals' (1895). The Secularist ex- +clergyman, J.T. Lloyd, came along with 'Prayer: Its Origin, +History, and Futility' (1916), and 'God-eating: A Study of +Christianity and Cannibalism' (1921). George Whitehead issued, +among other publications, 'Sex and Religion' (1930). Various +other Secularists also contributed pamphlets and articles, and +Cohen year after year put out forceful publications, typical +among which were 'Christianity and Social Ethics' (1910)), 'Women +and Christianity: the Subjection and Exploitation of a Sex' +(1919), and 'A Grammar of Freethought' (1921). [Numerous anti- +Christian pamphlets and articles of the period are listed in the +bibliography.] + + Lectures against the churches were delivered in great +numbers. In the course of the period Foote, J.M. Robertson, +George Standring, Charles Watts, Cohen, Touzeau Parris, Stanley +Jones, Sam Standring, W. Heaford, A.B. Moss, W.J. Ramsey, Robert +Forder, H. Snell, H. Percy Ward, and many other Secularists +participated in this work. Representative of the titles of the +Secularist anti-church lectures are the following: "Pagan Origin +of Christianity," "Miracles of the Bible: Are They true?" +"Christianity and Civilization," "Credibility of the Gospels," +"The Teachings of Jesus Opposed to True Morals," "Christian +Opposition to Science," "The Evolution of the Devil," "God's +Favorites," "The Bible Not Inspired," "God and Morality," +"Buddha, Confucius, and Christ," "The Dishonesty of the Church," +"Christianity the Enemy of Progress," "The Drawback of Theism," +"Does God Answer Prayer?" "The Decay of Christianity," +"Christism's Oppression of Women," "The Bible Fetish," +"Christianity the Enemy of Medical Science," "The Christian God +an Impossibility," "Self-reliance versus Trust in God," +"Freethought Martyrs," "The Trinity Puzzle," and "Religion the +Enemy of Man." ["Guide to the Lecture Room," "National +Reformer," 1890-1893, passim; "Sunday Meetings," "Mr. Foot's +Engagement" "Sunday Lecture Notices," and "Sugar Plums," +"Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim.] + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 98 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST SECULARISM + + Opposition to Secularism was in evidence among supporters of +Christianity in the Foote-Cohen era. This took the form partly of +a number of legal actions against minor Secularist agitators on +the ground of violation of the blasphemy laws. In 1911, 1913, and +1914 prison sentences totaling 10 months were meted out to Thomas +William Stuart for uttering "blasphemous" remarks while +lecturing. In 1912 Stephen Edward Bullock was sentenced to three +months' imprisonment for using "blasphemous" language at a +meeting. In 1911, 1917, and 1921 prison sentences aggregating 23 +months and two weeks were imposed on J.W. Gott for publishing +"blasphemous" matter in pamphlet form. [Hypatia Bradlaugh +Bonner, "Penalties Upon Opinions" (2d ed., 1913), pp. 106-109; +"Freethinker," 1911-1921, passim.] + + Anti-Secularist activity also found expression in rough and +noisy forms. Sometimes hooting, groaning, and jeering were +directed at Secular speakers. Various Secularist lecturers were +jostled off their platforms, and some were pelted with stones or +clods or rotten oranges. Now and then after a Secularist meeting +a howling crowd would follow the speaker to his bus or lodging. +["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," 1890-1946, passim; "Bethnal Green +Branch of the National Secular Society," "National Reformer," +September 27, 1891; "National Secular Society's Conference," +"Freethinker," June 6, 1909; Chapman Cohen, Almost in +Autobiography" (1940), pp. 72-78.] + + Light is thrown on a typical example of this sort of +opposition by the following account of what took place on +November 30, 1893, in connection with a lecture which Foote +attempted at Ryhope: + + "When Mr. Foote entered the hall he was cheered by a part of +the audience, and hooted and groaned at by another part. Mr. +Weightman, of Sunderland, took the chair, and appealed for fair +play, but he might as well have expostulated with a hurricane. +The meeting was a perfect pandemonium. Mr. Foote ... for the best +part of an hour ... held his ground, speaking all the time and +getting a minute's hearing whenever possible.... Some discussion +followed the lecture, and every time Mr. Foote rose to reply the +disorder was renewed. Finally some wretch turned the gas (lights) +off, and threw the hall into darkness. It required some +discretion, and a free use of matches, for the lecturer and his +friends to get out of the building. Some of the bigots followed +him to the miner's cottage he went to for a few minutes before +walking to the station. Here they made diabolical noises, mingled +with cries of 'Pull him out.' But they did not seem to like the +idea of beginning that business, and eventually Mr. Foote walked +safely to the station with the little band of Sunderland friends +and two or three members of the new Ryhope Branch. ["Sugar +Plums," "Freethinker," December 10, 1893.] + + Finally, there were occasional efforts to strike at +Secularism in debates, or through replies to Secularist lectures, +or by withholding halls from the Secularists. ["Freethinker"' +1890-1946, passim.] + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 99 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + Opposition to Secularism in the Foote-Cohen era was less +pronounced than it had been in the two earlier periods of +Secularist history. Even before the close of the Bradlaugh epoch +anti-Secularist activity began to be noticeably less in evidence, +and as the Foote-Cohen period advanced it became so reduced that +it was no longer a major source of disturbance to the +Secularists. ["National Reformer," 1860-1893, passim; +"Reasoner," 1852-1861, passim; "Freethinker," 1881-1946, passim.] + + In considerable part all this was due to a growth of the +spirit of religious tolerance in the period of the waning +opposition, and to the fact that the decline of the Secular +Movement which took place during these years caused it to be less +feared as a disturber of vested interests and cherished beliefs. +A factor of greater importance, however, was the progress of +Secularism. Not only did the Secular principle of the promotion +of human welfare upon earth become increasingly prominent among +Christians of the period, but many of the various lesser features +of the Secular program came to be more generally embraced by +them; and these developments naturally helped a great deal to +undermine the opposition to Secularism. + + **** **** + + CHAPTER V + + SIGNIFICANCE + + The British Secular movement was by no means out of harmony +with a significant section of British aspiration and sentiment. +As a matter of fact, the desires and aims of the Secularists +were, in their essentials, held in high esteem by many other +Britishers. If the Secularists desired to see advanced the +principle that the service of man by natural and enlightened +means constitutes the sum total of man's duty, others shared the +same desire. If the Secularists endeavored to achieve democracy, +they were not alone in their effort. If better conditions for the +masses were a Secularist object, so were they sought by many non- +Secularists. If the Secularists desired a state-controlled system +of schools affording Secular education, others shared their +desire. If greater intellectual freedom was a Secular tenet, so +was it an item of belief for many others. And if the Secularists +wished to discredit a reactionary church, others did, too. + + Despite the essential harmony between the Secularist +aspirations and a great deal of British sentiment, the +proportions of the organized Secularist undertaking were never +really large. Even in the best years of the Movement the number +of its affiliates reached only a few thousand and the centers of +action associated with it did not greatly exceed 100; and +throughout most of the period of its existence the dimensions of +which it could boast were considerably smaller. + + The main reasons why the Secular Movement never became +anything more than a comparatively small one appear to be the +following: + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 100 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + 1st. The Secularists scattered their efforts over too many +fields of endeavor. People generally preferred to identify +themselves with exclusively political, social, or intellectual +reform movements -- with specialized organizations, each of which +was devoted exclusively to the destruction of one of the many +evils fought by the Secularists. They felt that by so doing they +stood a better chance of success. The truth of this assertion is +suggested by the fact that numerous Secularists sooner or later +drifted away from the Secular Movement and became associated with +such undertakings, and by the no less eloquent fact that +proposals emanating from the Secularist body were in evidence +calling for the conversion of the Secular Movement into a +specialized endeavor -- ordinarily into a solely Freethought +enterprise -- on the ground that such a reconstruction would be +conducive to greater effectiveness. + + 2nd. The approach of the Secularists to the problem of +bettering the economic and social lot of the working classes was +too restricted. It is true, of course, that the Secularists +worked hard to improve the condition of the workers, as is shown +by their birth-control agitation, their land-reform activities, +their benevolent fund, and their furtherance of popular +recreation. But they tended to rely either on self-help devices +of one sort or another or on the removal of governmental +obstructions to self-help, and to show little appreciation of the +possibilities of social reform by means of positive state action. +It is no doubt true that in preaching the gospel of the +betterment of the masses the Secularists really helped promote +state-directed reform. It is also true that some Secularists +advocated this type of remedy. But the Secularist body as such +did not include this variety of social reform in its official +program. The period since the advent of the Secular Movement, +however, has been one which has aimed at social reform by +collectivist as well as individualist means. In fact, the demand +for positive social legislation has in recent decades been much +in the foreground. And persons who, though sharing the Secularist +zeal for social reform, were enamored of the collectivist variety +of reform, or who felt that both types were needed, refrained in +many cases from affiliating themselves with the Secularist body. + + 3rd. Secularists were apt to suffer petty persecution. +Intolerant Christians sometimes discriminated against them, +abused them in one way or another, or even ostracized them. It is +true that such unpleasant treatment sometimes strengthened the +Secular Movement, but such was not usually the case; for if there +were persons who accepted it as a challenge, there were many more +who shrank from it. The following type of observation is a +recurring one in Secularist literature: + + "We well know that, in various parts of England, also + in Scotland, there are large numbers who would openly join + the Secular body, but who, at present, hesitate and hold + back, because they have become cognizant of painful + instances in which the honest avowal of sentiment resulted + in loss of situation, or profit, or friends. ["Secularist + Propaganda." "National Reformer," January 4, 1862. See also + "Reasoner," November 17, 1852.] + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 101 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + 4th. The atmosphere of the Secularist camp smacked too much +of religion. Though the Secularists spent a great deal of energy +attacking religion, in many ways they resembled a religious +group. They had not only a moral code, but one which was similar +to parts of the code associated with Christianity. They talked +theology, just as the religionists did, though, of course, for a +different purpose. They had their Sunday lectures, which were not +altogether unlike sermons. They utilized ceremonies reminiscent +of sacraments. They even sang hymns. Nor was this all. Joseph +Barker, Joseph Symes Joseph McCabe (who for one year was +Secretary for the Leicester Secular Society), and John T. Lloyd +were former clergymen. H. Percy Ward had studied for the +ministry. Annie Besant was the one-time wife of a clergyman. And +John Watts, Charles Watts, and Dr. Aveling were the sons of +clergymen. Thus, as a result of training or temperament, the +Secularist leaders were often not so far removed psychologically +from the clergy. But the resemblance of the Secular Movement to +an organized religion was hardly an asset to it. The period +covered by the Secular Movement has been one in which +indifference to religion has become increasingly evident; and +persons who had ceased to be interested in clergymen and church +services were not always attracted by their Secularist +counterparts. + + But if the Secular Movement itself was always relatively +small, the influence which it exerted -- thanks to the talent and +industry of the Secularist leaders and to faithful support of the +leaders by the rank and file -- was by no means negligible. + + The changes involved in the Secularist influence were not +due altogether to the Secularists, but were brought about partly +by the non-Secularists already mentioned as sharing the +Secularist aims. In view of this fact, we shall find it +convenient, in discussing the Secularist influence, to mention +the various achievements which were brought about through the +total effort of the Secularists and the other like-minded +reformers, and then to assess the importance which the Secularist +action had in their accomplishment. + + Of the several developments which the Secularists helped to +bring about, one of the most conspicuous was the growth of the +idea that it is man's duty to promote human welfare on earth. +This idea became so widespread as to be almost universally +endorsed, and belief in it became so firmly established that its +truth was generally taken for granted. Action in accordance with +the principle, of course, was less general, and perhaps was +relatively rare. But the belief itself all but triumphed. It was +so firmly established that persons generally endeavored to +justify their actions by it, and so widely held that individuals +or groups with programs to advance ordinarily sought support for +them by identifying them with it. + + Another development had to do with democracy. Great progress +was made in the achievement of democratic government. Not only +were voting privileges secured for the great masses of men and +women alike (through the Reform Acts of 1867, 1884, 1918, and +1928), but the powers of the undemocratic House of Lords were so + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 102 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +greatly reduced (in 1911 by the Parliament Act) that it was no +longer able permanently to obstruct legislation enacted by the +popularly-elected House of Commons. + + The economic and social conditions surrounding the laboring +masses were definitely improved. Thanks at once to the widespread +adoption of the practice of limiting the size of families through +birth control and to much corrective legislation affecting +working conditions, hours of labor, and even wages, poverty and +hardship were somewhat reduced. Insecurity, too, was made less +general, through the enactment by Parliament of social-insurance +legislation relating to unemployment, accident, sickness, and +invalidity, as well as by means of voluntary associational +schemes. And recreational facilities were extended through the +provision on Sundays, during the summer months, of music in the +parks, and through the opening on Sunday of museums, libraries, +art galleries, and other recreational centers. + + Educational progress, too, was achieved. As a result of the +Education Act of 1370, many state schools were set up alongside +of the insufficiently-numerous private schools; and in these +state schools a strictly Secular education was made available to +any child whose parent or guardian requested that religious +instruction be withheld from him. + + Intellectual freedom was broadened. In 1853, 1855, and 1861 +respectively, the restrictive taxes on paper, advertisements, and +newspapers were removed. The legislation demanding the provision +of security against blasphemous or seditious utterances in +newspapers was abolished (1869). Through the Evidence Further +Amendment Act (1869), the Evidence Amendment Act (1870), and the +Oaths Act (1888) the right of non-religious persons to affirm +under all conditions in lieu of taking an oath was gained. And, +thanks to more liberal judicial interpretation, the blasphemy +laws came to be applied in less-oppressive ways -- as is Shown at +once by the triumph of the tendency to restrict blasphemy to the +criticism of religion in unseemly fashion, and by the +discontinuance of the practice of denying bequests to Freethought +bodies on the ground that such bodies violated the blasphemy +laws. + + Finally, various religious changes were brought about. The +church was both weakened and changed. Two important factors +weakened the church. In the first place, it was weakened by the +curtailment of its role in the political, educational, and social +spheres. The political authority of the church was reduced when +the Parliament Act, in curtailing the authority of the House of +Lords, restricted that of the ecclesiastical dignitaries who sat +in that body. The educational function of the church was +relatively lessened when the state undertook to supplement the +religious schools with schools of its own. And the social +functions of the church were proportionately reduced when +extensive action for the alleviation of poverty and distress +began to be taken by the state. + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 103 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + The church was also weakened by the increase of religious +skepticism. An impressive number of persons, especially among +university professors, members of the learned professions, +writers, shopkeepers. and city workers, ceased at once to endorse +the major tenets associated with organized Christianity and to +retain confidence in its fruits. This unbelief weakened the +church, not only because skeptics tended to withdraw their +membership and support from the religious bodies, but because +(though many became indifferent) they sometimes waged campaigns +against religion. + + The church was changed through the restatement of Christian +doctrines and through a modification of Christian action. As for +the restatement of doctrines, it is true that nothing was done +officially; but increasingly numerous individual church members +adopted a revised creed. They changed the traditional doctrines +in such a way as to enable them to stand the test of modern +thought and knowledge. What this amounted to, in broad terms, was +that they emerged with a creed which was essentially earth- +centered and humanitarian -- one which envisaged religion, not as +a device for securing happiness in a world to come, or as an +instrument for holding the lower orders in cheek, but as a means +of reducing the many evils suffered by the masses of mankind in +the present life, and, in general, of promoting human happiness +here in the world. + + Christian action came to be concerned more extensively with +the reform of conditions adversely affecting the lower classes. +The churches did not become primarily centers of reform, but +became such to an increasing degree. The lead in this direction +was taken by individuals and groups rather than by the churches +as organized bodies, but official action by the churches directly +was not altogether lacking. All in all, considerable effort was +put forth. Chief attention was paid to the improvement of the +social and economic condition of the workers. The Guild of St. +Matthew, the Christian Social Union, the Church Socialist League, +and other organizations, as well as numerous individuals, were +devoted primarily to this work. But other types of reform had +their Christian supporters. Thus there were advocates of +democracy, of Secular education, and of unrestricted intellectual +freedom. Perhaps the entire situation with respect to the +enlargement of Christian action in the interest of popular reform +is roughly characterized by Donald O. Wagner's summarizing +statement (1930) concerning the expansion of social-reform +activity in the Church of England since 1854. "Seventy-five years +ago," says Mr. Wagner, "bishops would have now been thought the +last possible converts to social reform. Many of them are far in +advance of their flocks and a few are nothing less than +agitators." [Donald O. Wagner, "The Church of England and Social +Reform Since 1854" (1930), p. 326.] + + Although the contributions which the Secularists made to +these several achievements cannot, of course, be measured with +any degree of precision, their size may be roughly approximated, +To the advancement of the idea that it is the duty of man to +promote man's well-being in this life they contributed much -- +thanks to their prolonged and energetic campaign to that end. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 104 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + + In the securing of the Parliamentary enactments involving +the furtherance of democracy, the Secularists played a part which +was important. They helped to augment the demand which brought +them about. + + The Secularist contribution to the improvement of conditions +among the workers was significant. For one thing, they aided +perceptibly in the alleviation of poverty. Not only did they +render much help in preparing the ground for remedial measures +through bringing the problem of poverty before the public eye, +but by furthering the limitation of the size of families among +the working elements in the population, they helped a great deal +to reduce the unemployment arising from the presence of a greater +number of workers than the employing classes needed. They also +contributed noticeably to the promotion of greater security for +the workers, mainly through publicizing working-class insecurity, +and to some slight degree by means of the Secular Benevolent +Fund. Finally, they played a considerable part in the procuring +of Sunday music in the parks, and in the opening of libraries, +art galleries, and museums on Sunday. + + The progress which was made in education owed a debt of +considerable proportions to the Secularists. The long years of +Secularist educational agitation helped much to ripen opinion for +the state-controlled schools which were set up, while the +operation of Secular schools by the Secularists and the +withdrawal of the children of Secularists from religious +instruction in the state-controlled schools furthered to some +slight degree the cause of secular education. + + The efforts of the Secularists counted for a great deal in +the broadening of intellectual freedom. To the campaign which +secured the repeal of the taxes on paper, advertisements, and +newspapers they contributed much financial and other aid. +Secularist defiance of the Security Laws was a major factor in +the securing of their repeal. The fight for the extension of the +right of affirmation was in large part won by the Secularists, as +is indicated by the fact that the Evidence Further Amendment Act, +the Evidence Amendment Act, and the Oaths Act were all passed in +direct response to Secularist action. And Secularist action with +respect to the blasphemy laws was to some degree effective. By +persistently talking and writing against these oppressive +measures, by violating them on innumerable occasions, and by +making systematic efforts to prevent their enforcement, the +Secularists did much to further the tendency towards a less harsh +interpretation of them -- the tendency to conceive of them as +applying, not to all critics of Christianity, but only to those +who in their criticism departed from the standards of good taste. + + The religious changes which were brought about were in +considerable part the result of Secularist labors. On the one +hand, the Secularists aided considerably the weakening of the +church. By helping to reduce the powers of the House of Lords +with its archbishops and bishop, by assisting in the +establishment of state schools at the expense of a completely +church-school system, and by furthering the improvement of the +condition of the lower classes by secular rather than by + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 105 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +religious means, they contributed significantly to the reduction +of the political, educational, and social role of the church. And +by carrying on a long and unbroken anti-religious campaign they +promoted to a large extent the growth of religious skepticism. + + On the other hand, the Secularists contributed a great deal +to the changing of organized Christianity. By exposing the +intellectual and social dereliction of the church, by luring away +many of its members, and by setting it an example of popular- +reform activity, they furthered extensively both the +modernization of Christian doctrine and the socialization of +Christian action. "We Christians," said the Rev. Stewart D. +Headlam, "owe much to the National Secular Society; it has helped +us to overthrow many idols and to sweep away much rubbish. +["Sugar Plums," "Freethinker," January 11, 1891.] + + In a word, though the Secular Movement was not an especially +large one, it helped much to advance the causes of democracy, +social reform, education, secularism, mental freedom, and +socialized morality. It contributed appreciably to the creation +of some of the, most characteristic features of present-day +British society. + + BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Adams, W. E., Memoirs of a Social Atom. (1903); + +Adams, W. E., The Slave-holder's War; an Argument for the Worth +and the Negro. + +Adams, W. E., Tyrannicide; Is it Justifiable? (1858). + +Agnostic (Anderson, George), An Agnostic's Progress from the +Known to the Unknown. (1884) + +Anderson, George, A Reply to Cardinal Manning's Essay on the +relation of the will to thought. By Materialist. (1886). + +"Anderson, George," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists, by Joseph McCabe (1920). + +Annie Besant, D.L.: Queen's Hall Jubilee Demonstration, July 23, +1924. Report of Speeches (1924). + +Annual Register for 1891. + +Arnold, Matthew, Culture and Anarchy. + +Aveling, E.B., Biological Discoveries and Problems. (1881). + +Aveling, E.B., The Bookworm and other sketches. (1879). + +Aveling, E.B., The Borderland between living and non-living +things, etc. (1883). + +Aveling, E.B., Botanical Tables for the use of students. (1874). + +Aveling, E.B., Comparative Physiology. (1876). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 106 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Aveling, E.B., The Creed of an Atheist. 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London Quarterly +Review, January, 1921. + +Barber, Thomas, Ought Charles Bradlaugh to be an M.P.? An +Expostulation addressed to the electorate of the borough of +Northampton... (1877). + +Barker, Joseph, Barker's Review of Polities, Literature, +Religion, and Morals, and Journal of Education,, etc. Vol. 1-3. +(1861-1863). + +Barker, Joseph, The Life of Joseph Barker written by himself, ed. +by his nephew J.T. Barker. (1880). + +Barker, Joseph, Modern Skepticism: A Journey through the land of +doubt and back again. A life story ... (1874). + +Barker, Joseph, Paine and His Calumniators. (186?). + +Barker, Joseph, A Review of the "Elements of Social Science." (by +George Drysdale). (1863). + +Barker, Joseph, The Theistic Controversy. (1860?). + +Barker, Joseph, and Thomas Cooper, The Belief in a Personal God +and a Future Life; six nights' discussion between Thomas Cooper +and Joseph Barker, held in St. George's Hall, Bradford, Sept. +1860. (1860). + +Barnes, Harry Elmer, The History of Western Civilization. (1835). + +Bax, Ernest Belfort, Reminiscences and Reflections of a mid and +late Victorian. (1918) + +Bedborough, George, Arms and the Clergy. (1934). + +Benn, A.W., The History of English Rationalism in the 19th +century. 1906). + +Benn, A.W., Modern England ... a record of opinion and action +from ... the French Revolution to the present day. (1908). + +Bennett, De R.M., An Infidel Abroad; a series of letters written +while on a ten weeks' visit to Europe. (1880). + +Bennett, De R.M., A Truthseeker Around the World. A series of +letters written while making a tour of the globe. (1881). + +Bennett, De R.M., The World's Sages, Infidels and Thinkers. +(1876). + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 108 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Benny, James, Benny on Bradlaugh and Hyndman, etc.; a review and +criticism of the recent debate on "Socialism" between Bradlaugh +and +Hyndman. ... (1884). + +Bernstein, Edward, My Years of Exile. (1921). + +Besant, Annie, Annie Besant; an autobiography. (1893). + +Besant, Annie, Auguste Comte: His Philosophy, His Religion, and +His Sociology. (1885). + +Besant, Annie, Autobiographical Sketches. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, The Beauties of the Prayer Book. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, Biblical Biology. A Contribution to Religious Non- +Science. (1884) + +Besant, Annie, Blasphemy. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, Catholicism and Rationalism. A review of two +nights' discussion ... between Charles Watts and "A Catholic," +with an essay on the relative merits of Secularism and +Catholicism by Annie Besant. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, "Charles Bradlaugh," Review of Reviews, March, +1891. + +Besant, Annie, "Charles Bradlaugh," Review of Reviews, April, +1891 + +Besant, Annie, The Christian Creed; or, What It is Blasphemy to +Deny. (1883) + +Besant, Annie, Christian Progress. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Circulation. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, Civil and Religious Liberty. With some hints taken +from the French Revolution. A Lecture (188?) + +Besant, Annie, Clericalism in France, By Prince Napoleon +Bonaparte (Jerome). Translated by Annie Besant. + +Besant, Annie, Coercion in Ireland and its Results. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, Constructive Rationalism. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, Disestablish the Church; or, Sins of the Church of +England. A series of pamphlets originally published separately in +1886 under the general title "The Sins of the Church." (1896) + +Besant, Annie, Egypt, a Protest Against the War. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, England Before the Repeal of the Corn Laws. (1881) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 109 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, England, India, and Afghanistan, and the Story of +Afghanistan; or, Why the Tory government gags the Indian press. A +plea for the weak against strong., (1879) + +Besant, Annie, England's Jubilee Gift to Ireland. (1887) + +Besant, Annie, The English Land System. (1882) + +Besant, Annie, English Marseillaise, with Music. + +Besant, Annie, English Republicanism. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Essays by Mrs. Besant. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, Essays on Socialism. (1887) + +Besant, Annie, The Ethics of Punishment. (1880) + +Besant, Annie, Euthanasia. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, Eyes and Ears, Six Chats on Seeing and Hearing +(1882) + +Besant, Annie, Force No Remedy. An Analysis of the Coercion Act +(Ireland) (1882). + +Besant, Annie, 1875 to 1891. A Fragment of Autobiography. (1891) + +Besant, Annie, Free Trade v. 'Fair' Trade. Five Lectures +delivered in the Hall of Science during October, 1881 (1881) + +besant, Annie, The Fruits of Christianity. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Giordano Bruno. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, God's views on marriage as Revealed in the Old +Testament. (1881?) + +Besant, Annie, Gordon Judged out of his own Mouth. (1885). + +Besant, Annie, The Gospel of Atheism: a Lecture. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, The Gospel of Christianity and the Gospel of +Freethought. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, Henry Varley Exposed. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, History of the Anti-Corn-Law Struggle. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, History of the Great French Revolution. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, History of the Great French Revolution. (1883) + +Besant, Annie, The Idea of God in the Revolution, by Emile +Acollas. Translated by Annie Besant (1877) + +Besant, Annie, The Influence of heredity on free will, by Ludwig +Buchner. Translated by Annie Besant (1880). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 110 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, Is the Bible Indictable? ... Being an Enquiry +whether the Bible comes within the ruling of the Lord Chief +Justice as to obscene literature (1877) + +Besant, Annie, Is Christianity a Success? (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Jules Soury's "Jesus of the Gospels." Translated +by Annie Besant + +Besant, Annie, Jules Soury's "Religion of Israel." Translated by +Annie Besant (1881) + +Besant, Annie, The Law of Population. Its consequence and its +bearing upon human conduct and morals (1877) + +Besant, Annie, Legalization of Female Slavery in England. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. (188?) + +Besant, Annie, Life, Death, and Immortality. (1886) + +Besaint, Annie, Light, Heat, and Sound. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, Marriage; as it was, as it is, and as it should +be. + +Besant, Annie, Mind in Animals, by Professor Ludwig Buchner. +Translated... by Annie Besant (1880) + +Besant, Annie, My Path to Atheism. (1877) + +Besant, Annie, The Myth of the Resurrection. (1884) + +Besant, Annie, The Natural History of the Christian Devil. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Natural Religion versus Revealed Religion. (187?) + +Besant, Annie, On the Atonement. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, On the Deity of Jesus of Nazareth ... (1873) + +Besant, Annie, On Eternal Torture. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, On Inspiration. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, On the Mediation and Salvation of Ecclesiastical +Christianity. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, On the Nature and Existence of God. (1875) + +Besant, Annie, On the Religious Education of Children. (187?) + +Besant, Annie, The Physiology of Home. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, The Political Status of Women. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, The Religion of Israel, by J. Soury. Translated by +Annie Besant. (1880). + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 111 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, "Reply to Gladstone's 'True and False Conceptions +of the Atonement'", Nineteenth Century, June, 1895 + +Besant, Annie, Roots of Christianity; or, The Christian Religion +before Christ (1886) + +Besant, Annie, Rushing into War. (1878) + +Besant, Annie, Secular Morality. National Secular Society's +Tracts -- No. 3 + +Besant, Annie, Editor, The Secular Song and Hymn Book. (1876) + +Besant, Annie, (Selection?) from the fifteenth edition of Dr. L. +Buchner's "Force and Matter," translated by Annie Besant. + +Besant, Annie, Sin and Crime: Their Nature and Treatment. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, Social and Political Essays. . + +Besant, Annie, The Story of the Soudan. (1884) + +Besant, Annie, Theological Essays and Debates + +Besant, Annie, The Trades Union Movement. (1890) + +Besant, Annie, The Transvaal. + +Besant, Annie, The True Basis of Morality. (1874) + +Besant, Annie, Vivisection. (1881) + +Besant, Annie, What Is the Use of Prayer? (1884) + +Besant, Annie, Why I Became a Theosophist. (1889) + +Besant, Annie, Why I do not Believe in God. (1887) + +Besant, Annie, Why Should Atheists be Persecuted? (1884). + +Besant, Annie, Woman's Position According to the Bible. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, The World and its Gods. (1886) + +Besant, Annie, A World Without God. (1885) + +Besant, Annie, and C. Bradlaugh, Landlords, Tenant Farmers, and +Laborers. (1880). + +Besant, Annie, and G.W. Foote, Is Socialism Sound? Verbatim +report of a four nights' debate between Annie Besant and G.W. +Foote ... (1887) + +Besant, Annie, and A. Hatchard, The Besant-Hatchard Debate. +(1880) + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 112 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Besant, Annie, and the Rev. G.F. Handel Rowe, Atheism and Its +Bearing on Morals. A Debate between Annie Besant and the Rev. +G.F. Handel Rowe ... (1887) + +"Besant, Annie", Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers, by J.M. +Wheeler (1889) + +"Besant, Annie", Chamber's Encyclopedia. + +"Besant, Annie", Who's Who. (1932) + +Besterman, Theodore, A Bibliography of Annie Besant. (1924) + +Besterman, Theodore, Mrs. Annie Besant, A Modern Prophet (1934) + +Bettany, F.G., Stewart Headlam. (1926) + +Binyon, Rev. R.C., The Christian Socialist Movement in England. +(1931) + +Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers of all Ages and Nations. +(1889) + +Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. (1920) + +Biographical Sketch of Arthur B, Moss. (Reprinted, with +additions, from 'The Radical.') + +Birch, William John, An Inquiry into the Philosophy and Religion +of the Bible. (1856) + +Birch, William John, Paul an Idea, not a fact. (1855) + +Birth Control, (1919) + +Blackie, John Stewart, The Natural History of Atheism. (1878) + +Blaikie, Rev. W.G., Christianity and Secularism compared in their +Influence and Effects. (1882) + +Blavatsky, Helene Petrovna, The Thersites of Freethought. Being a +reply to certain attacks. (189-?) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Charles Bradlaugh: A Record of his Life and +Work by His Daughter Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner., With an account +of his Parliamentary Struggle, Polities, and Teachings by John M. +Robertson, M. P. (1894) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., The Chemistry of the Home. (1881) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Did Charles Bradlaugh Die an Atheist? (1909) + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., The Labour System of Assam. + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Editor, Paine's Works + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Penalties Upon Opinion; or, Some Records of +the Laws of Heresy and Blasphemy ... (1913) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 113 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., The Slave Struggle in America. + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., Stricken India. + +Bonner, Mrs. H.B., "The Warpath of Opinion." A Reply (1902) + +"Bonner, Mrs. H.B.", Who's Who. (1932) + +Booth, Charles, Life and Labour of the People of London. +(1892-1897) +Bradlaugh, Alice, Mind Considered As A Bodily Function. (1884) + +Bradlaugh Centenary Committee, Editors, Champion of Liberty: +Charles Bradlaugh (1933) + +Bradlaugh and To-Day. Speeches delivered at the Centenary +Celebration ... 1933 (1933) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, American Cities. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Anthropology of Mr. Bradlaugh. A Page of His +Life (1873) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Atonement. (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Autobiography of Mr. C. Bradlaugh. (1873) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Bible Not Reliable. (1858) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Bible; What it is: Being an examination +there-of from Genesis to Revelation (1857-1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Broadsides, Ballads, etc., Collection of, +issued in connection with Northampton election ... (1874) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Capital and Labour. (1886) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Cardinal's Broken Oath. (1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Channel Tunnel: ought the democracy to +oppose or support it? (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Civil List and Grants to Royal Family. +(1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Compulsory Cultivation of Land: What it means +and why it ought to be enforced (1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Cromwell and Washington. (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Does the Bible contain a Perfect Code of +Morality, (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Doubts in Dialogue. (1891) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Eight Hours' Movement ... (1889) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 114 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Eight Hours' Question. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, England's Balance Sheet. (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A few Words about the Devil, and other +biographical sketches and essays (1864 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Five Dead Men Whom I Knew when Living; R. +Owen, J. Mazzini, C. Sumner, J.S. Mill, and Ledru Rollin (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Genesis, its Authorship and Authenticity +(1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, George, Prince of Wales, with recent +contrasts and coincidences. (18??) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Has Man a Soul? (1859) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Heresy: its utility and morality. (1868) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Hints to emigrants to the United States of +America. (1879) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, How are We to Abolish the Lords? (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Humanity's Gain from Unbelief, and other +selections from works of Charles Bradlaugh, with Prefatory note +by his daughter, H.B. Bonner (1929) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Impeachment of the House of Brunswick. (1872) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Indian Money Matters. (1889) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Inspiration of the Bible. (1873) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Irish Question. (1868) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Is there a God? (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Jesus, Shelley, and Malthits. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. (1884) + +BradlaUgh, Charles, Labour and Law. (1891) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Labor's Prayer. (1865) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Land Question. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Land, the People, and the Coming Struggle +(1871) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Laws Relating to Blasphemy and heresy. +(1878) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Letter from a Freemason, to General H.R.H. +Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. (1867) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 115 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Letter to Dr. Brindley. (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Abraham. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of David. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Jacob. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Jonah. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Life of Moses. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, London Republican Club. The inaugural address +of the President, Mr. C. Bradlaugh. (1871) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Lying for the Glory of God: a Letter to the +Rev. Canon Fergie, D.D., Vicar of Ince, near Wigan. (1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Market Rights and Tolls Restrictive of Trade. +(1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Abraham. (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of David., (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Jacob. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Jonah. (1861 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, New Life of Moses. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Northampton's Voice on the Royal Grants. +(1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Notes on Genesis. (1861 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Notes on Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. (1861 or +earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Parliament and the Poor. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Perpetual Pensions. (1880) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Plea for Atheism. (1864) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Political Essays. (Vol. I, 1864, Vol. II, +1865). + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Political Essays. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Poverty: its effects on the Political +condition of the people. (1863) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Prohibition of Free Speech. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Radical Program. (1885.) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Real Representation of the People. (1863) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 116 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Reform or Revolution. (1867) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, "The Republican Impeachment," Gentleman's +Magazine, January, 1873. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, A Review of the Work of the Rev. E. Mellor +... entitled "The Atonement, its relation to pardon," (1859) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Robert Cooper's "Holy Scriptures Analyzed," +with Sketch of his Life. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Secularism: What is it? National Secular +Society's Tracts -- No. 7 + +Bradlaugh, Charles, "Socialism; its Fallacies and Dangers," North +American Review,, January, 1887. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Some objections to Socialism. (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Speeches, by Charles Bradlaugh. (1890) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Supernatural and Rational Morality. (1886) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Taxation: how it originated, how it is spent, +and who bears it. (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Theological Essays. (1889) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The True Story of My Parliamentary Struggle. +(1882) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Twelve Apostles. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, The Two Napoleons. (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Were Adam and Eve our First Parents? (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What Can Theism say for itself? (1880?) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What did Jesus Teach? (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What Does the Bible Teach? (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What Does the Bible Teach about God? (1864 or +earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, What is Christianity? (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, When Were Our Gospels Written? (1867) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Who was Jesus Christ? (1860) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, "Why Are We Secularists?" National Secular +Society's Tracts -- No. 8. + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Why Do Men Starve? (1865) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 117 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Workmen and their Wages. (1888) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. R.A. Armstrong, Is it Reasonable +to Worship God? Verbatim report of two nights' debate at +Nottingham between the Rev. R.A. Armstrong and Charles Bradlaugh +(1878) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Rev. W. Barker, Modern Atheism and the +Bible: Report of the Discussion between the Rev. W. Barker ... +and Iconoclast ... (1862) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Rev. Dr. Joseph Baylee, God, Man, and the +Bible. Three Nights' Discussion between the Rev. Joseph Baylee +... and Charles Bradlaugh ... June, 1860 ... (191-) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Ernest Belfort Bax, Will Socialism +Benefit the English People? A Written debate between E. Belfort +Rax and Charles Bradlaugh (1887) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Annie Besant, and Charles Watts, The +Freethinkers' Textbook,, (1876-1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Annie Besant, In the High Court of +Justice: Queen's Bench Division, June 18, 1877. The Queen v. +Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant. A verbatim report of the +trial of Bradlaugh and Besant for publishing the Knowlton +Pamphlet (1878) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Annie Besant, Socialism; for and against: +written debate with Mrs. Besant (1887) + +Bradlaugh, C. and Dr. Brindley, Discussion Between 'Iconoclast' +and Dr. Brindley. (1860 or earlier) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W.R. Brown, Can Miracles be proved +possible? Verbatim report of the two nights' public debate +between ... Bradlaugh and W.R. Brown, etc. (1876) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Anthony Collins (W.H. Johnson), and John +Watts, Biographies of ancient and modern celebrated Freethinkers. +Reprinted from an English work, entitled "Half Hours with the +Freethinkers" (1877) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, Anthony Collins (W. H. Johnson), and John +Watts, Half-hours with Freethinkers. (October, 1856-1857) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Thomas Cooper, Two Nights' public +discussion ... on the being of a God as the maker and moral +governor of the universe ... 1864. (1874) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Rev. Marsden Gibson, Has Humanity Gained +from Unbelief? Two nights' debate between the Rev. Marsden Gibson +... and Charles Bradlaugh (1889) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W. Gillespie, Atheism Or Theism? Debate +between Iconoclast ... and W. Gillespie (1869-72) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 118 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, C. and Brewin Grant, A full Report of the Discussion +between B.G. and 'Iconoclast' ... (1858) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. Brewin Grant, Discussion on +Atheism. Report of a public discussion between the Rev. Brewin +Grant ... and C. Bradlaugh ... 1875 ... (1875) + +Bradlaugh, C., and A.J. Harrison, Secularism. Report of a public +discussion between the Rev. Alexander J. Harrison ... and Mr. +Charles Bradlaugh ... 1870 (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. A.J. Harrison, What does +Christian Theism Teach? Verbatim report of the two nights' +discussion between the Rev. A.J. Harrison and C. Bradlaugh ... +1872 (1909) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and G.J. Holyoake, Secularism, Skepticism, +and Atheism. Verbatim report of the proceedings of a two nights' +public debate between ... G.J. Holyoake and C. B. etc. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W. Hutchins, Christianity and Secularism; +Report of a Public Discussion Between Mr. W. Hutchins and Mr. C. +Bradlaugh ... 1861 ... (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and H.M. Hyndman, Eight Hours Movement. +Verbatim report of a debate between H.M. Hyndman and C. Bradlaugh +(1890) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and H.M. Hyndman, Will Socialism Benefit the +English People? Verbatim report of a debate between H.M. Hyndman +and C. Bradlaugh ... 1884 (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and David King, Christianity v. Secularism. +Report of a ... discussion between D. King ... and C. B.... +Subject: "What can Secularism do for Man that Christianity +cannot?" (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and La Bauchere, Northampton's Voice on the +Royal Grants. Preface by C. Bradlaugh ... (188?) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. T. Lawson, A discussion on the +Question, Has Man a Soul? between the Rev. T. Lawson ... and +Iconoclast ... (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. John Lightfoot, Eternal Torment. +A Written debate between the Rev. John Lightfoot ... and Charles +Bradlaugh ... 1876, (1888) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. James M. McCann, Secularism: +Unphilosophical, immoral, and anti-social. Verbatim report of a +three nights' debate between the Rev. Dr. Cann (sic) and Charles +Bradlaugh ... 1881. (1881) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Dr. W.C. Magee, Bishop of Peterborough, +Christianity in Relation to Freethought, Skepticism, and Faith. +Three Discourses by the Bishop of Peterborough, with special +replies by Charles Bradlaugh (1892) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 119 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Mr. Mackie, A Full Report of the +Discussion between Mr. Mackie ... and Iconoclast (Mr. Bradlaugh) +... 1861, on the question, What does the Bible teach about God? +(1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. T.D. Matthias, The Credibility +and Morality of the Four Gospels -- a debate ... (1859) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Sir Stafford Northcote, Northampton and +the House of Commons. Correspondence between C. Bradlaugh and Sir +Stafford Northcote, (1884) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Robert Roberts, Is the Bible Divine? A +six nights' discussion between Mr. Charles Bradlaugh and Mr. +Robert Roberts ... Together with a review of the discussion by +Mr. Roberts (1876) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and A. Robertson, The Existence of God. +Verbatim report of ... debate between Messrs, A. Robertson and +C.B. etc. (1870) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. J.H. Rutherford, Are the +Doctrines and precepts of Christianity, as taught in the New +Testament calculated to benefit humanity? Report of the debate +... between "Iconoclast" and J.H. Rutherford (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W. Simpson, Disestablishment and +Disendowment of the English Church. ... Report ... of the debate +between ... C. Bradlaugh and W. Simvson, etc. (1876) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and John Watts, Half-hours with Freethinkers. +(1864) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and W.M. Westerby, Has, or is, Man a Soul? +Debate between Rev. W.M. Westerby and Charles Bradlaugh (1909) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and the Rev. Woodville. Woodman, The +Existence of God: A Discussion between Rev. Woodville Woodman, +and "Iconoclast" 1861 (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles, and Woodville Woodman, Is the Bible a Divine +Revelation? A Discussion between Rev. W. Woodman and Iconoclast +... 1861 (1861) + +Bradlaugh, Charles. and Others. Notes on Christian Evidences; +being criticisms on "The Oxford House Papers" With replies by the +authors of the Papers (1909) + +"Bradlaugh, (Charles)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers, +by J. M. Wheeler (1889) + +"Bradlaugh, Charles." Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists, by Joseph McCabe (1920) + +"Bradlaugh, Charles," Dictionary of National Biography. (1901) + +"Bradlaugh, Charles," Chambers' Encyclopedia + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 120 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Bragdon. Claude Favette, A Brief Life of Annie Besant. (1909) + +The Brighton Guardian. (1878-1880) + +Buchanan, James, Faith in God and Modern Atheism. (1855) + +Buchanan, James, Modern Atheism under its forms of Pantheism, +Materialism, secularism, development, and natural laws. (1859) + +Butts. Asa K.. Sketch of the Life of Mrs. Besant. Prefatory to +American edition of her Marriage; as it was, as it is, and as it +should be (1979) + +Cattell. C.C., Compiler, Agnosticism: an exposition and a +defense. Selected from leading authorities (19-) + +Cattell. C.C., The Dark Side of Christianity. + +Cattell, C.C., In Search of a Religion. + +Cattell, C.C., Is Darwinism Atheistic? (1884) + +Cattell. C.C., The Land: How to Make it Feed the People and Pay +the +Taxes. ... With Reply to Hon. John Bright, M.P. (1879?) + +Cattell. C.C., The Man of the Past, the evidence of his natural +origin and great antiquity (1891) + +Cattell. C. C., The Martyrs of Progress. (1878) + +Cattell, C.C., Mr. John Bright and Labour Representation. + +Cattell, C.C., Radicalism and Imperialism. + +Cattell, C. C., Ralph Waldo Emerson, + +Cattell, C. C., Secularism, Its Principles Stated. + +Cattell. C. C., A Secularist's Principles. (1864) + +Cattell, C.C., Secularism: What is it? + +Cattell, C.C., The Solution of the Irish Land Question. What the +government must do. Inscribed to the Right Hon. W.E. Gladstone +(188-?) + +Cattell. C.C., What is a Freethinker with a special reference to +Mr. R.D. Dale, M.A. + +"Cattell, C.C.," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, +by +Joseph McCabe (1920) + +Centenary Committee, Editors, Champion of Liberty: Charles +Bradlaugh (1933) + +Cheyney, E.P., Modern English Reform (1930) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 121 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Chew. S.J., Mr. G.J. Holyoake refuted in his own words. (1852) + +Churchill. Winston Spencer. Lord Randolph Churchill. (1906) + +Clark, J., The Spurious ethics of the skeptical philosophy; a +critique of Mr. Holyoake's "Logic of Life" (1860) + +Clepane, Miss Irene, Towards Sex Freedom. (1935) + +Cohen, Chapman, Almost an Autobiography (1940) + +Cohen, Chapman, An Atheist's Approach to Christianity (1942) + +Cohen, Chapman, Blasphemy; a plea for Religious Equality (1922) + +Cohen, Chapman, Bradlaugh and Ingersoll. A centenary appreciation +of Two Great Reformers. (1933) + +Cohen, Chapman, Christianity and Slavery. With a Chapter on +Christianity and the Labour Movement. (1918) + +Cohen, Chapman, Christianity and Social Ethics. (1910) + +Cohen, Chapman, Christianity and Woman. (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Church's Fight for the Child (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, Creed and Character, The Influence of Religion on +social life (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, Deity and Design. (1912) + +Cohen, Chapman, Determinism or Free Will. (1912) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Devil (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Did Jesus Christ Exist? (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Essays in Freethinking. (1923-27) + +Cohen, Chapman, Evolution and Christianity. (1897) + +Cohen, Chapman, Fascism and Christianity (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, Foreign Missions: their dangers and delusions +(1901) + +Cohen, Chapman, Foundations of Religion + +Cohen, Chapman, Four Lectures on Freethought and Life + +Cohen, Chapman, Freethought and the Child (1939) + +Cohen, Chapman, Giving 'em Hell (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, God and Evolution (1925) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 122 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cohen, Chapman, God and Man. An Essay in common sense and natural +morality (1918) + +Cohen, Chapman, Gods and Their Makers. (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, God and the Universe. Eddington, Jeans, Huxley, +and Einstein. ... with a reply by Professor A.S. Eddington (1931) + +Cohen, Chapman, A Grammar of Freethought. (1921) + +Cohen, Chapman, Humanity and War (1939) + +Cohen, Chapman, Letters to a Country Vicar. (1934) + +Cohen, Chapman, Letters to the Lord. (1935) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Massacre of the innocents. National Secular +Society Leaflet No. 7 (1917) + +Cohen, Chapman, Materialism Restated. (1927) + +Cohen, Chapman, Morality Without God. (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Must We Have a Religion? (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, Opinions. Random Reflections and wayside sayings +(1930) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Other Side of Death. A critical examination +of the belief in a future life, with a study of spiritualism +(1922) + +Cohen, Chapman, An Outline of Evolutionary Ethics. (1896) + +Cohen, Chapman, Pagan Survivals in Modern Thought + +Cohen, Chapman, Pain and Providence. (189?) + +Cohen, Chapman, Pioneer Leaflets. No. 1 to 6 (1900?) + +Cohen, Chapman, Primitive Survivals in Modern Thought. (1935) + +Cohen, Chapman, Religion and the Child. (1916) + +Cohen, Chapman, Religion and Sex; studies in the pathology of +religious development (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, The Salvation Army and its Work. (1906) + +Cohen, Chapman, Selected Heresies from the writings of Chapman +Cohen. (1931) + +Cohen, Chapman, Socialism, Atheism, and Christianity. (1908) + +Cohen, Chapman, Socialism and the Churches. (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, Spain and the Church. (1936) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 123 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cohen, Chapman, Theism or Atheism; the great alternative (1921) + +Cohen, Chapman, Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live (1939) + +Cohen, Chapman, War -- civilization and the churches (1930) + +Cohen, Chapman, What is Freethought? (1937) + +Cohen, Chapman, What is the Use of a Future Life? (1938) + +Cohen, Chapman, What is the use of Prayer? (1897) + +Cohen, Chapman, Woman and Christianity. The subjection and +exploitation of a sex (1919) + +Cohen, Chapman, and C.E.M. Joad, Materialism: has it been +exploded? verbatim report of (a) debate between Chapman Cohen and +C.E.M. Joad ... 1928 ... revised by both disputants (1928) + +Cohen, Chapman, and Horace Leaf, Does Man Survive Death? Is the +Belief Reasonable? A debate between Mr. Horace Leaf and Mr. +Chapman Cohen ... 1920 (1920) + +Cohen, Chapman, and Hon. Edward Lyttleton, The Parson and the +Atheist, a friendly discussion on religion and life, between +(the) Rev. and Hon. Edward Lyttleton ... and Chapman Cohen (1919) + +"Cohen, Chapman," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, +by Joseph McCabe (1920) + +Cole G.D.H., Life of Robert Owen. (1930) + +Coleridge, Ernest Hartley, Life and correspondence of John Duke +Lord Coleridge, lord chief justice of England. (1904) + +Coleridge, Baron J.D., The Law of Blasphemous Libel. The summing +up in the case of Regina v. Foote and others, etc. (1883) + +Collet, C.D., History of the Taxes on Knowledge. Their origin and +repeal. With an Introduction by George Jacob Holyoake (1899) + +Collet, Sophia Dobson, The Almanack of Freedom. (1855) + +Collet, Sophia Dobson, George Jacob Holyoake and Modern Atheism. +A biographical and critical essay (1855) + +Conway, Moncure D., Autobiography. (1904) + +Conway, M.D., Blasphemous libels. (1883) + +Conway, M.D., The Oath and its ethics. (1881) + +Conway, Moncure D., The Voysey Case, from an heretical viewpoint +(1871) + +Cooper, Robert, Autobiography. (1874) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 124 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Cooper, Robert, The Bible and its Evidences. (1858) + +Cooper, Robert, The Immortality of the Soul, religiously and +philosophically considered. (1882) + +Cooper, Robert, A reply to Thomas Cooper's recent lectures on God +and a future State. (1856?) + +"Cooper, (Robert), Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers, by +J.M. Wheeler (1889) + +"Cooper, Robert," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, +by Joseph McCabe (1920) + +Cooper, Thomas, Life of Thomas Cooper. Written by Himself (1882) + +Cooper, Thomas, The Triumphs of Perseverance and Enterprise. +(1854) + +The Councillor on Secular, cooperative and political questions. +(1861) + +Courtney, Janet E., Freethinkers of the Nineteenth Century. +(1920) + +Cowper, B.H., The Logic of Life and Death, etc. (In answer to a +tract by G.J. Holyoake "The Logic of Death," etc.) (1865) + +Cumming, Dr., Moses right, Colenso wrong: being popular lectures +in reply to the first and second parts of "Bishop Colenso on the +Pentateuch" (1863) + +Curzon, F., The Gift of Life ... A Letter addressed to Mr. +Holyoake in reply to the "Logic of Death" (1853) + +Davidson, J. Morrison, Eminent English Liberals in and out of +Parliament. (1880) + +Davies, Dr. Maurice, Heterodox London: or phases of freethought +in the metropolis (1874) + +Dennis, Geoffrey, Coronation Commentary (1937) + +Dhar, Vishnunarayana, Mr. Bradlaugh's Indian Reform Bill. (1890) + +"Dr. Annie Besant, Crusader, is Dead" New York Times, Sept. 22, +1933. (1933) + +Dodsworth, James, Letter to the Shareholders of the National +Reformer Company, giving an account of the way in which the +editor was reelected at the March meeting, by James Dodsworth, +Chairman of the Board of Directors (1862) + +Douglas, John Sholte, 8th Marquis of Queensberry, The Religion of +Secularism and the Perfectibility of man (18??) + +"Douglas, Sir John Sholte," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists, by Joseph McCabe (1920) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 125 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Drysdale, George R., The Elements of Social Science. (1861) + +Duncan, David, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (1908) + +Elgood, John Charles, Thoughts on Theism ... A response to the +interrogatory of the lecture delivered by Charles Bradlaugh ... +last year and entitled "What Can Theism Say for itself?" ... +(1880) + +Elliott, Hugh, Editor, Letters (of John Stuart Mill) (1910) + +The English Leader, A Journal for the discussion of stationary +questions. (1864 and 1866) + +Farrar, Frederick William, The Bible, its meaning and Supremacy. +(1897) + +Farrar, Reginald, The Life of Frederick William Farrar, Sometime +dean of Canterbury, by his son R. Farrar (1904) + +Faulkner, H.U., Chartism and the Churches (1916) + +The Fleet Street Advertiser (1854) + +Flint, Robert, Anti-Theistic Theories. (1880) + +Foote, G.W., Arrows of Freethought. (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Atheism and Morality, (1880) + +Foote, G.W., Atheism and Suicide. A reply to Alfred Tennyson +(1881) + +Foote, G.W., The Atheist Shoemaker and the Rev. Hugh Price +Hughes, or, A Study in Lying, with a full and complete exposure +(1890) + +Foote, G.W., Bible and Beer. (1912) + +Foote, G.W., The Bible Devil. (189-?) + +Foote, G.W., The Bible God, (1889) + +Foote, G.W., Bible Heroes., (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Bible Romances, (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Blasphemy no crime, The whole question treated +historically,, legally, theologically, and morally with special +reference to the prosecution of the "Freethinker" (1882) + +Foote, G.W., The Book of God in the Light of Higher Criticism, +with Special reference to Dean Farrar's new apology (1897?) + +Foote, G.W., Christianity and Progress. A reply to the Rt. Hon. +W.E. Gladstone (1902) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 126 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., Comic Sermons and other fantasias, (1892) + +Foote, G.W., The Creation Story. (1882?) + +Foote, G.W., The Crucifixion. (188-?) + +Foote, G.W., Death's Test: or, Christian lies about dying +Infidels (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Defence of Free Speech; being a three hours' address +to jury in the Court of Queen's Bench before Lord Coleridge on +April 24, 1883 (New Ed., 1889) + +Foote, G.W., Dr. Torrey and the Bible, (1905) + +Foote, G.W., Dr. Torrey and the Infidels. (1905) + +Foote, G.W., Dropping the Devil, and other free Church +performances. (1902) + +Foote, G.W., The Few Who are Saved. (1910?) + +Foote, G.W., Flowers of Freethought. (1894), + +Foote, G.W., Futility of Prayer. (1879) + +Foote, G.W., Gladstone's Irish Stew.. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., The God the Christians Swear By. (1882) + +Foote, G.W., God in a Box. (189-?) + +Foote, G.W., God save the King, and other Coronation Articles, by +an English Republican (1903) + +Foote, G.W., God, The Soul, and a Future State. (1875) + +Foote, G.W., Gospel Ghosts, (189-?) + +Foote, G.W,, The Grand Old Book, a reply to the Rt. Hon. W.E. +Gladstone's "The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture" (1891) + +Foote, G.W., Editor, The Hall of Science libel case. With a full +and true account of "The Leeds Orgies". Edited, with an +introduction, by G.W. Foote (1895) + +Foote, G.W., Heroes and Martyrs of Freethought. (1876) + +Foote, G.W., The Impossible Creed; an open letter to the Bishop +of Peterborough (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Infidel Deathbeds. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., Ingersallism defended against Archdeacon Farrar. +(1892) + +Foote, G.W., Editor, "An Essay on Suicide," by David Hume; with +an historical and critical introduction by G.W. Foote (1894) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 127 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., Editor, A refutation of Deism in a dialogue by Percy +Bysshe Shelley. With an introduction by G.W. Foote (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Is the Bible inspired? ... A criticism on "Lux +Mundi" (1890) + +Foote, G.W., John Morley as a Freethinker: a statement and a +criticism. With numerous extracts from Morley's writings (1893) + +Foote, G.W., Jonah's Excursion to Nineveh. (1885) + +Foote, G.W., Letters to the Clergy. (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Letters to Jesus Christ. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., A Lie in Five Chapters? or, The Rev. Hugh Price +Hughes's "converted atheist" (1890) + +Foote, G.W.,. The Mother of God. (1918) + +Foote, G.W., Miscellaneous Essays. (1895) + +Foote, G.W., Mrs. Besant's Theosophy. (1889) + +Foote, G.W., My Resurrection; a missing Chapter from the Gospel +of St. Matthew, discovered and published by G.W. Foote (1892) + + Foote, G.W., The New Cagliostro; an open letter to Madame +Blavatsky (1889) + +Foote, G.W., Noah's Flood: a Chapter of Biblical Romauce (187-?) + +Foote, G.W., The Passing of Jesus: or, The Last adventures of the +first Messiah (1902) + +Foote, G.W., Peculiar People: an open letter to Mr. Justice +Wills, on his sentencing Thomas George Senior to four months' +imprisonment with hard labour, for obeying the Bible (1899) + +Foote, G.W., The Philosophy of Secularism. (1879) + +Foote, G.W., Editor, A philosophical inquiry concerning human +liberty, by Anthony Collins. Reprinted with preface and +annotations by G.W. Foote, and biographical introduction by J.M. +Wheeler. (1890) + +Foote, G.W., Prisoner for Blasphemy. (1886) + +Foote, G.W., Randolph Churchill: the Woodstock bantam (Second +edition, 1885) + +Foote, G.W., Reminiscences of Charles Bradlaugh. (1891) + +Foote, G.W., The Resurrection. (188-) + +Foote, G.W., A Rising God. (188-?) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 128 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., Rome or Atheism, the great alternative. (1892) + +Foote, G.W., Royal Paupers, showing what royalty does for the +people ... (Third edition, 1888) + +Foote, G.W., Salvation Syrup: or, Light on Darkest England. A +reply to 'General Booth. (1891) + +Foote, G.W., Secularism and its Misrepresentation. + +Foote, G.W., Secularism Restated. + +Foote, G.W., Secularism and Theosophy: a rejoinder to Mrs. +Besant's pamphlet (1889) + +Foote, G.W., Secularism, the True Philosophy of Life. An +exposition and a defence (1879) + +Foote, G.W., The Shadow of the Sword. (1885) + +Foote, G.W., The Sign of the Cross; a candid criticism of Mr, +Wilson Barrett's play (1896) + +Foote, G.W., A Virgin Mother. (1882?) + +Foote, G.W., The Wandering Jews. (1882) + +Foote, G.W., Was Jesus Insane? (1882) + +Foote, G.W., What is Agnosticism? With observations on Huxley, +Bradlaugh, and Ingersoll, and a reply to George Jacob Holyoake; +also a defence of atheism (1902) + +Foote, G.W., What was Christ? A Reply to John Stuart Mill. (i.e., +to, "Nature, the Utility of Religion, and Theism") (1887) + +Foote, G.W., Who Was the Father of Jesus? (1895) + +Foote, G.W., Why be good without hope of heaven or fear of hell? +The: answer of freethought + +Foote, G.W., Will Christ Save Us? (1892) + +Foote, G.W., and W.P. Ball. Editors, Bible Atrocities. (1891) + +Foote, G.W., and W.P. Ball, Editors, The Bible Handbook for +Freethinkers and Inquiring Christians (1888?) + +Foote, G.W., and W.T. Lee, Theism or Atheism: which is the more +reasonable? A public debate between Mr. W.T. Lee ... and Mr. G.W. +Foote ... 1895 (1896) + +Foote, G.W., and H.A. Long, Verbatim Report of the public +discussion upon 'The Origin of Man,' between ... G.W.F. and H.A. +Long ... (1877) + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 129 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Foote, G.W., and Rev. D.G. McCann, Christianity or Secularism, +Which is true? Verbatim report of a public debate between the +Rev. Dr. James McCann and Mr. G.W. Foote ... (1886) + +Foote, G.W., and G. Sexton, Christianity and Secularism. Verbatim +reports of two ... debates ... the second on Secularism, between +G.W.F. and G. Sexton. (1878) + +Foote, G.W., and G. Sexton, Is Secularism the true Gospel for +Mankind? Verbatim report of a debate ... between G.W.F. and G. +Sexton (1878) + +Foote, G.W., and Bernard Shaw, The Legal Eight Hours' Question. A +public debate between Mr. George Bernard Shaw and Mr. G.W. Foote +... (1891) + +Foote, G.W., and Charles Watts, Heroes and Martyrs of +Freethought. (1875) + +Foote, G.W., and J.M. Wheeler, Crimes of Christianity. (1887) + +Foote, G.W., and J.M. Wheeler, Editors, The Jewish Life of +Christ; being the Sepher Foldath Jeshu; or, Book of the +Generation of Jesus. Translated from the Hebrew. Edited (with an +historical preface and voluntinous notes). (1919) + +Foote, G.W., and J.M. Wheeler, Voltaire: a sketch of his life and +works. (1894) + +"Foote, George William," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Forder, R., Saint Agnes and Saint Bridget and their Pagan +Prototypes. (1888) + +Forder, R., 'There was War in Heaven.' An Infidel Sermon. (1891) + +Freethinker. (1881 to date) + +Gardiner, A.G., Life of Sir William Harcourt. (1923) + +Gay, Susan E., Life Work of Mrs. Besant. (1913) + +"George Jacob Holyoake," Review of Reviews,, v. 24, pp. 249-261 +(1901) + +Gill, Charles, The recent prosecutions (of G.W. Foote and others) +for blasphemy, and the debate in the House of Commons on the +Affirmation Bill., By the author of 'The Evolution of +Christianity.' (1883) + +"Gimson, Josiah," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +"Gimson, Sydney Ansell," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 130 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Girdlestone, A.G., Christianity under Fire. Forty-six points of +attack by C. Bradlaugh, examined in a lecture, etc ... (1876). + +Gladstone, W.E., The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture. Revised +and enlarged ... (1892) + +Gladstone, W.E., Ingersoll on Christianity. (1888) + +Gladstone, W.E., Parliamentary Oaths. Speech delivered in the +house of Commons, on the second reading of the parliamentary +Oaths Act Amendment Bill ... (1883) + +Gladstone, W.E., "True and false Conceptions of the Atonement," +Nineteenth Century, September, 1894. + +Goss, C.W.F., A Descriptive Bibliography of the Writings of G.J. +Holyoake. (1908) + +Gould, F.J., The Building of the Bible. Showing the chronological +order in which the books ... appeared ... (1898) + +Gould, Frederick James, Chats with Pioneers of Modern Thought. +(1898) + +Could, F.J., Life Story of a Humanist. (1923) + +Gould, F.J., The New Pilgrim's Progress from Christianity to +Secularism. (1883) + +Gould, F.J., "The New Secularism," Agnostic Annual and Ethical +Review (1902) + +Gould, F.J., The Pioneers of Johnson's Court; a history of the +Rationalist Press Association from 1899 onwards (1929) + +Gould, F.G., The Religion of the First Christians. (1901) + +Gould, F.J., Stepping-stones to Agnosticism, With an introduction +by G.J. (Holyoake). (1889) + +Gould, F.J., Will Women Help? An appeal to women to assist in +liberating modern, thought from theological hands (1900) + +"Gould, Frederick James," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Grant, Brewin, The Life of Joseph Barker the Infidel, done from +his own works, by B.G. (Reprinted from the Sheffield Christian +News.) (1860) + +Grant, Brewin, Oaths and Infidels: or the believableness of +Unbelievers. A letter to Lord J. Russell. (1854) + +Grant, Brewin, A Pen and Ink Sketch of Iconoclast (i.e. C. +Bradlaugh.) ... Seventh edition. (1860) + +Greg, Percy, The Creed of a Secularist, By Lionel H. Holdreth +(pseudonym) (1857) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 131 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Greg, Percy, The Devil's Advocate. (1878) + +Greg, Percy, Shadows of the Past. (1856) + +Handsacre, Alan, The Revenues of Religion with a record of +established religion in England (1932) + +Harrington, G.F. (Rev. William Mumford Baker), Northampton +Election Difficulties, dilated upon as a struggle by Bradlaugh +Atheism against Christianity. (1881) + +Headingley, Adolphe S., The Biography of Charles Bradlaugh. +(1883) + +Headiam, Stewart Duckworth, The London School Board in 1890: an +address, etc. (1890) + +Headlan, Stewart, Priestcraft or Progress. (1873) + +Heaford, William, Translator, Jesus Christ: His Apostles and +disciples in the twentieth century, by Count Camille de Renessee. +Translated ... by William Heaford (1907) + +Hillier, William, Christianity, Science, and infidelity: a series +of letters ... showing the follies ... of atheism ... occasioned +by the return of C. Bradlaugh as a member of Parliament for +Northampton ... With a prefatory recommendation by H. Varley +(1881) + +Hillier, William, Should Christians support Mr. Bradlaugh the +avowed Atheist, in his attempt to get into Parliament? Report of +a lecture, etc. (1883) + +Himes, Norman E., Medical History of Contraception. (1936) + +Himes, Norman E., Medical History of Contraception. (1934) + +Hinton, J. Howard, the Elder, A Lecture on the conclusion of the +discussion between G.J. Holyoake and ... B. Grant. (1853) + +Hinton, J. Howard, Secular Tracts,, (1853) + +Holyoake, Austin, The Apostles of Christ: a farce in Several +Acts. + +Holyoake, Austin, The Book of Esther; a specimen of what passes +as 'the inspired word of God.' + +Holyoake, Austin, Daniel the Dreamer: a biblical biography + +Holyoake, Austin, Does there exist a moral governor of the +Universe? An argument against the alleged universal benevolence +in nature (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, Facetiae for Freethinkers (collected by A. +Holyoake) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 132 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, Austin, Heaven and Hell: Where Situated. A Search after +the objects of man's fervent hope and abiding terror (18-?) + +Holyoake, Austin, Large or Small Families? on which side lies the +Balance of Comfort? (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, Ludicrous Aspects of Christianity; A response +to the Challenge of the Bishop of Manchester (18-?) + +Holyoake, Austin, Secular Ceremonies. A Burial Service (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, A Secular Prayer + +Holyoake, Austin, Sick Room Thoughts. + +Holyoake, Austin, Superstition, and how it operates upon the +Human Mind, forcibly portrayed by Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, +with Commentary by Austin Holyoake + +Holyoake, Austin, Thoughts on Atheism; or, Can Man by searching +find out God (1870) + +Holyoake, Austin, Would a Republican Form of Government be +Suitable for England? (1873) + +Holyoake, Austin, and Charles Watts, Editors, Secularists' Manual +of Songs and Ceremonies. (1871) + +"Holyoake, (Austin)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers by +J.M. Wheeler. (1889) + +"Holyoake, Austin," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Holyoake, G.J., Affirmation and appeal case fund. (1862) + +Holyoake, G.J., Alien features of Secularism. (1877) + +Holyoake, G.J., 'Among the Americans,' and 'A Stranger in +America.' (1881) + +Holyoake, G.J., Anti-Boycott Papers. (1902) + +Holyoake, G.J., British Secular Institute of Communication and +Propagandism. (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., Bygones Worth Remembering. (1905) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Case of Thomas Pooley. (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Changes in religious opinion in England since +1841. + +Holyoake, G.J., The Child's First Reading book. (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., The, Child's First Word book. (1854) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 133 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., The Child's Ladder of Knowledge. (1866) + +Holyoake, G.J., Circular from Mr. Holyoake (for friends of +Secular Progress only). (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., Editor, The Circular of the Anti-persecution +league. + +Holyoake, G.J., Civil Equality: the Parliamentary progress of the +Affirmation Bill (1863) + +Holyoake, G.J., Common People. (1870) + +Holyoake, G.J., Constitution and objects of Secular Societies +from the Manchester Conference Report. (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Controversial Characteristics of the Scotch +People. (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Cooperative Movement To-day. (1891) + +Holyoake, G.J., Cumming Wrong; Colenso right. A reply to Dr. +Cumming's 'Moses right, Colenso wrong' (1863) + +Holyoake, G.J., Death of Mrs. G.J. Holyoake, 1819-1884. (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., Defeat of the Rev. Sidney Gedge of Northampton in +the Queen's Bench. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Deliberate Liberalism; four instances of it +(1886) + +Holyoake, G.J., Diary. + +Holyoake, G.J., Eclectic Catalogue January 1866, (1866) + +Holyoake, C.J., English Secularism; a confession of belief (1896) + +Holyoake, G.J., Essentials of Co-operative Education. (1898) + +Holyoake, G.J., Excluded Evidence on the ground of speculative +opinion. (1865) + +Holyoake, G.J. Freethought Lectureships in connection with "The +Secular World." (1862) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Government and the Working Man's press. +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., The History of Co-operation in England: its +literature and its advocates (1875) + +Holyoake, G.J., History of Fleet Street House: a report of +Sixteen Years (1856) + +Holyoake, G.J., The History of the Last Trial by Jury for Atheism +in England; a fragment of autobiography, submitted for the +perusal of Her Majesty's Attorney-general and the British clergy +(1850) + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 134 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., History of the Travelling Tax (1901) + +Holyoake, G.J., Hostile and generous toleration. (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Impossibility of Proving the Existence of God +by the design argument. (1861) + +Holyoake G.J., The India and China tea mart; the history of +Indian and Chinese Teas (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., In the Matter of the Affirmation Bill. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., In Memoriam, Austin Holyoake died April 10, 1874. +(1874) + +Holyoake, G.J., Introduction to "Conspiracy of Grocers against +Public Education," by H.O. Arnold-Forster (1890?) + +Holyoake, G.J., John Stuart Mill as some of the working classes +knew him. (1873) + +Holyoake, G.J, The Jubilee History of the Leeds Industrial Co- +operative Society. (1897) + +Holyoake, G.J., Jurisprudence and Amendment of the law. (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., Lectures and Debates: their terms, condition and +character (1860) + +Holyoake, G.J., Ledru Rollin. (1855) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Lesson of the Hangman. + +Holyoake G.J., Editor, "Letter to the Parliament and to the +Press" (Pyat, Felix) (1858) + +Holyoake, G.J., Letter to the Subscribers of the Fund made during +my recent illness. (1877) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Liberal Situation; necessity for a qualified +franchise. A letter to Joseph Corven, jun. (1865) + +Holyoake, G.J., Libra; or, the balances; a review of 'Mene Tekel' +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Life and Career of Charles Bradlaugh. (1891) + +Holyoake, G.J., Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens, preacher and +political orator ... (1881) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Limits of Atheism; or, Why should sceptics be +outlaws? (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Logic of Death; or, Why should the Unbeliever +or Atheist fear to die? (1850) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Logic of Facts; or, Art of Reasoning by +Facts. (1848) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 135 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., The Logic of Life, deduced from the principle of +freethought (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Mr. Holyoake's Disconnection with the National +Reformer, and the correspondence which accounts for it (1862) + +Holyoake, G.J., Murder as a Mode of Progress. + +Holyoake, G.J., A New defence of the Ballot, in consequence of +Mr. Mill's objections to it (1868) + +Holyoake, G.J., New Ideas of the Day. (1887) + +Holyoake, G.J., Omar Khayyam; strange story of the Macmillans and +a Leicester Book-seller (1898) + +Holyoake, G.J., On Lecturing: its conditions and character (1860) + +Holyoake G.J., The Opportunity of Ireland. (1886) + +Holyoake: G.J., The Organisation of Freethinkers. (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Organisation; not of Arms, but of Ideas. (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Origin and Nature of Secularism. (1896) + +Holyoake, G. J., The Outlaws of Freethought: the policy which may +secure an affirmation bill (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Editor, The Path I took and where it led me. An +autobiography and argument. By a Monmouthshire Farmer. (1894) + +Holyoake, G.J., Patriotism by Charity. (1885) + +Holyoake, G.J., Plain words about Seculitrism. (1882) + +Holyoake, G.J., Plea for Affirmation in Parliament. (1882) + +Holyoake, G.J., Preface to 'The Confessions of Rousseau. +Abridged' (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., Preface to 'Essays in Rationalism, by Charles +Robert Newman (1891) + +Holyoake, G.J., Preface to 'Political Poems' by Victor Hugo and +Garibaldi, etc. + +Holyoake, G.J., The Principles of Secularism Briefly Explained. +(1859) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Provincial Mind. (1877) + +Holyoake, G.J., Public Lessons for the Hangman. (1864) + +Holyoake, G.J., Public performances of the.dead: a review of +American spiritualism (1865) + +Holyoake, G.J., Public Speaking and Debate. (1875) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 136 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., Reciprocity Explained. (1885) + +Aolyoake, G.J., Report of the Fleet Street House. (1858) + +Ifolyoake, G.J., Rich Man's Six, and Poor Man's one Day: a letter +to Lord Palmerston (1856) + +Holyoake, G.J., Robbing a Thousand Peters to pay one Paul. (1885) + +Holyoake, G.J., Robert Owen, Precursor of social progress (1902) + +Holyoake, G.J., A Secular Catechism for children; adapted from +the Rev. H.W. Crosskey's Catechism of religion for the use of +children (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., A Secular Prayer by Mr., G.J. Holyoake in +invertiel Church, Kirlcaldy (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., The secular preacher. With a picture of the Rev. +Thomas Binney (1857) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secular Prospects in Death. The late Councillor +Josiah Gimson (1883) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secular Responsibility, (1873) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism and the place it Occupies. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism distiguished from Unitarianism. (1855) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism, the practical philosophy of the +people, (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., Secularism a Religion which gives Heaven no +trouble ... (1882) + +Holyoake, G. J., Secularism; its sphere and its services, (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Self-Help a Hundred Years Ago. (1858) + +Holyoake, G.J., Self-Help by the People: the history of the +Rochdale Pioneers, 1844-1992 (1893) + +Holyoake, G.J., Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life. (1892) + +Holyoake, G.J., "Socialism and its advocates: a letter from Mr. +Joseph Barker; with the reply of the Editor of The Reasoner" +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., Social Ideas of the People, a Hundred Years Ago. + +Holyoake, G.J., The Social means of Promoting Temperance with +remarks on errors in its advocacy. (1859) + +Holyoake, G.J., Suppressed Lecture at Cheltenham. (1864) + +Holyoake, G.J., A Suppressed Princess. (1863) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 137 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., Thomas Cooper delineated as convert and +controversialist. A companion to his missionary wanderings (1861) + +Holyoake, G. J., Three Lectures in Heywood, in answer to Mr. E. +Grubb's lectures, entitled 'Infidelity Unmasked' (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Tracts for the Thoughtful. (1863) + +Holyoake, G. J., Travels in search of a Settler's Guide-Book of +America and Canada (1884) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Trial of Theism. (1858) + +Holyoake, G.J., Two Great Preachers: The Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, +the Rev. Dr. Joseph Barker; or, Appreciation distinct from +concurrence (1903) + +Holyoake, G.J. The Uselessness of Prayer. (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Value of Biography, in the formation of +individual character illustrated by the life and writings of +Charles Ruce Pemberton (1845) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Warpath of Opinion. (189-) + +Holyoake, G.J., Wayside points for New Roads; or, defences of +Freethinking (1852-1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., What may England yet do for Italy? (1861) + +Holyoake, G.J., What Would follow on the effacement of +Christianity? (1893) + +Holyoake, G.J., Why do the Clergy avoid discussion, and the +Philosophers discountenance it? (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., Working-class Representation: its conditions and +consequences ... (1868) + +Holyoake, G.J., The Workman and the Suffrage. Letters to Lord +John Russell, M.P., and the 'Daily News' (1859) + +Holyoake, G.J. and C. Bradlaugh, Secularism, scepticism, and +atheism. Verbatim Report of the proceedings of a two-nights' +public debate between Messrs. G.J. Holyoake and C. Bradlaugh +(1870) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant, Christianity and +Secularism. Report of a public discussion between B. Grant and +G.J. Holyoake. (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant Discussion on secularism. +Report of a Public discussion between, the Rev. Brewin Grant and +G.J. Holyoake. (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant, Part one of the +Correspondence between the Rev. Brewin Grant and Mr. G.J. +Holyoake. (1852) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 138 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant, Part II of the +Correspondence Between the Rev. Brewn Grant and G.J. Holyoake. +(1852) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. Brewin Grant Review of a controversy +between the Rev. Brewin Grant and G.J. Holyoake ... on the +question 'What advantages would accrue to mankind generally and +the working classes in particular, by the removal of Christianity +and the substitution of Secularis in its place?' (1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Dr. Frederic R. Lees, Public Discussion of +Teetotalism and the Maine Law, between George Jacob Holyoake, +Esq., and Dr. Frederic R. Lees (1856) + +Holyoak, G. J., and Mr. G.E. Lomax, Report of a discussion on the +Maine Law between Mr. G.J. Holyoake ... and Mr. G.E. Lomax. +(1858) + +Hiolyoake, G.J., and others, Giordano Bruno ... (1889) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. J.H. Rutherford, Christianity versus +Secularism: a public discussion ... between the Rev. J.H. +Rutherford and Mr, G.J. Holyoalce (1854) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Rev. J.H. Rutherford, Correspondence between +Mr. George Jacob Holyoake ... and the Rev. John H. Rutherford. +(1853) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Amos Scotton, The Jubilee History of the +Derby Cooperative Provident Societal, Ltd., 1850-1900 (1900) + +Holyoake, G.J., and Henry Townley, Public Ditscussion on the +Being of a God. (1852) + +Holyoake, G.J. and C. Watts, English Secularism and The Progress +of society. (1880) + +Holyoake, G.J., and J.F. Winks, Both Sides of the Debate between +Mr. J. F. Winks and Mr. G.J. Holyoake. (1852) + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinker's. (1889) + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Chambers' Encyclopedia. + +"Holyoake, George Jacob," Who's Who (British). (1906) + +Hooper, Charles E., The R.P.A.: Its Origin and Growth (1908) + +Hopkins, John Baker, "The Republican Impeachment," Gentleman's +Magazine, November, 1872. + +Hopkins, John Baker, "The Republican Impeachment," Gentleman's +Magazine, February, 1873. + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 139 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Hornibrook, Mrs. Ettie A., Sexual Health and Birth Control. +(1925) + +How C. Bradlaugh, M.P., was treated by the House of Commons. + +Hughes, Dorothea Price, The Life of Hugh Price Hughes. (1904) + +Hughes, Rev. Hugh Price, The Atheist Shoemaker. A page in the +history of the West London Mission (1889) + +Hughes, Thomas, James Frasier, second bishop of Manchester; a +memoir (1887) + +"The Human Origin and Imperfections of the Bible." + +Humanitas, pseud., Against Socialism. (1889) + +Humanitas, pseud., Charles Bradlaugh, M.P., and the Irish Nation. +(1885) + +Humanitas, pseud., A Fish in Labor; or, Jonah and the Whale +(1887) + +Humanitas, pseud., Is God the First Cause? (1883) + +Humanitas, pseud., The Horrors of War. (1870) + +Humanitas, pseud., Jacob the Wrestler. (1886) + +Humanitas, pseudo, Observations on the extension of "Contagious +Diseases Act," to civil populations (1869) + +Humanitas, pseud., Socialism a Curse. (1884) + +Humanitas, pseud., Twelve Reasons against Taking away Life as a +Punishment. (185?) + +Hutton, R.H., "Secularism," Expositor'. (1881) + +Hyndman, H.M., Further Reminiscences. (1912) + +The Investigator; a journal of secularism. (1854-59) + +Ion, pseud., Blasts from Bradlough's own Trumpet. (1882) + +Kent, William, London for Heretics. (1932) + +Knight, William, An Unsigned article containing an inalysis of +Bradlaugh's latest theistic argument in 'Freethinker's Text +Book', British Quarterly Review, July, 1871. + +Knowlton, Charles, Fruits of Philosophy. + +Laing, F.H., The Catholic Freethinker's Flysheet. Mr. Bradlaugh +the Model Protestant (1883) + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 140 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Langford, Dr. John Alfred, Christianity, not Seculatism, the +practical Philosophy of the People: a reply to G.J. Holyoake's +Tract 'Secularism, the Practical Philosophy of the People' (1854) + +Lansbury, George, My Life. (1928) + +"Law, Mrs. Harriet," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists (1920) + +Leeds Secular Society, The Converted Lecturer, or Mr. Gordon's +repudiation of Secular principles examined (1862) + +The Leicester Reasoner. (1902) + +The Liberal (1879) + +The Liberty of Bequest Intelligencer (1892) + +Linton, W.J,. Memories. (1895) + +Lloyd, John T., From Christian Pulpit to Secular Platform. (1903) + +Lloyd, John T., God. (1904) + +Lloyd, John T., God-eating.... (1921 + +Lloyd, John T., Prayer: its origin, history and futility. (1916) + +"Lloyd, John T., "Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +London Secular Society, Constitution and Laws of the London +Secular Society. (1853?) + +Lyall, Edna, (Bayly, Ada Ellen) Donovan: a Modern Englishman. +(1888) + +Lyall, Edna, (Bayly, Ada Ellen) We Too. (1884) + +McCabe, Joseph, A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalis's. +(1920) + +McCabe, Joseph, From Rome to Rationalism; or, Why I left the +Church (1897) + +McCabe, Joseph, George Jacob Holyoake. (1922) + +McCabe, Joseph, Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake. (1908) + +McCabe, Joseph, Modern Rationalism. (1897) + +McCabe, Joseph, Religion of the Twentieth Century. (1899) + +McCabe, Joseph, Translater, The Riddle of the Universe at the +close of the nineteenth century, by Ernst Haeckel (1900) + +McCabe, Joseph, Robert Owen., (1920) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 141 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +McCabe, Joseph, Twelve Years in a Monastery. (1897) + +"McCabe, Joseph," Who's Who (British). (1932) + +McCabe, Joseph, and Georges Darien, Can We Disarm. (1899) + +McCann, Rev. J., Anti-Secularist Lectures. (1867) + +McCann, Rev. James, The Death of Secularism. (1867?) + +McCann, Rev. James, Secularist Objctions to the Bible. (1867) + +Mackay, Charles R., Life of Bradlaugh. (1888) + +McLaren, A.D., The Christian's Sunday, its history and fruits +(1922) + +McLaren, A.D., Infidel Death-beds.... (1933) + +Magee, William Connor, and C. Bradlaugh, Christianity in Relation +to freethought, scepticism, and faith: Three discourses by the +bishop of Peterborough, with special replies by Charles Bradlaugh +(1892) + +Mallock, W.H., Is Life Worth Living? (1879) + +Mann, Tom, Tom Mann's Memoirs. (1923) + +Mann, Walter, Christanity in, China: an exposure of foreign +missions (1927) + +Mann, Walter, Modern Materialism. (1921) + +Mann, Walter, Pagan and Christian Moranly. (1917) + +Mann, Walter, The Religion of Famous Men. (1916) + +Mann, Walter, Science and the Soul. (1919) + +Marryat, Florence, Life and Letters of Captain Marryat. (1872) + +Malthus, Thomas, Essay on the Principle of Population. (1798) + +Maughan, John, Secularism,; what it is. (1858) + +Maughan, John,. Editor, The Stepping-Stone. + +Mawer, W., The Latest Constitutional Struggle: a register of +events which have occurred since April 2, 1880. (1883) + +May, Thomas Erskine, Constitutional History of England. (1880) + +Maynard, John of Plymouth, Exposure of the Infidel Notions of Dr. +Aveling on the Parentage of Man. (1882) + +Mencken, H.L., Treatise on Right and Wrong. (1934) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 142 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Miall, Bernard, Translator, My Years of Exile; reminiscenses of a +socialist, by Eduard Bernstein (1921) + +Mill, John Stuart, Autobiography. (1873) + +Mill, John Stuart, Nature, the Utility of Religion and Theism. +(1887?) + +"Mill (John Stuart), " Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Mill, John Stuart," Biographical Dictioitary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Molesworth, W.N., History of England (1830-1874) (1874) + +Morley, John, Life of William Ewart Gladstone. (1903) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Bible and Evolution. (1890) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Bible God and his favorites. (188-?) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bible Horrors: or, True Blasphemy (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bible-makers: Moses, Joshua ... and others +(1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bible Saints and Sinners. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Brain and the Soul. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Bruno and Spinoza. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Christianity: a degrading religion (1884) + +Moss, Arthur B., Christianity and Evolution. (1892) + +Moss, Arthur B., Christianity Unworthy of God. (1881) + +Moss, Arthur B., Darwin against Moses. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Design and Natural Selection. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Fictitious Gods. (1890?) + +Moss, Arthur B., Health, Wealth, and Happiness, (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Lectures and Essays. + +Moss, Arthur B., Malthusianism v. socialism. a debate between +Moss and H. Quelch ... 1899 + +Moss, Arthur B., Man and the Lower Animals (1886) + +Moss, Arthur B., Miracle Workers. (188-) + +Moss, Arthur B., Natural Man. (1884) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 143 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Moss, Arthur B., Nature and the Gods, (1884) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Old Faith and the New. (188-) + +Moss, Arthur B., Two Revelations. (1900?) + +Moss, Arthur B., The Secular Faith, (1886) + +Moss, Arthur B., Socrates, Buddha, and Jesus. (1885) + +Moss, Arthur B., Waves of Freethought + +"Moss (Arthur B.)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Moss, Arthur B., Biographical Dictioitary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Moss, Arthur B., and Agnes Rollo Wilkie, Was Jesus an Impostor? a +discussion between Agnes Rollo Wilkie and Arthur B. Moss (1885) + +Mr. Bradlaugh and the House of Commons. From a Hindoo Point of +view. (1884) + +Mr. Bradlaugh and the Oath Question. (1883) + +Mr Bradlaugh, the Member for Northampton. (1881?) + +The National Reformer. (1860-1893) + +National Secular Society, General Information for Freethinkers +(1921) + +National Secular Society, Leaflets, 1-4, 6-8. New Series, 1, 7, +9. (1917-1920?) + +National Secular Society, The Impossibility of Proving the +Existence of God by the argument from Design. + +The National Secular Society's Almanack. (1869 ff) + +Neale, Francis, A Freethinker's View of the Holy Bible. + +Neale, Francis, Heterodox Essays. (188-) + +Neff, Emery, Carlyle and Mill (1926) + +The New Generation, for January, 1922. + +The New House Agitator. (November, 1869) + +Newman, Charles Robert, Essays in Rationalism ... (1891) + +A Night with Bradlaugh! (1882) + +"Oath," Chambers' Encyclopaedia. + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 144 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Owen, Robert, The Life of Robert Owen. (1920) + +Oxford House Papers. (1897) + +Pack, Ernest, The Trial and Imprisonment of J.W. Gott for +Blasphenzy. + +Parker, John, Rev., The Difficulties of Infidelity. (1891?) + +Parker, Joseph, Rev., Secularist Theory -- A Critique (1857) + +Parker, Joseph, Rev., Six Chapters on Secularism. (1854) + +Paulson, E., The Crimes of Atheism. (1886) + +Peers, Robert, Thomas Cooper. (1931) + +Percival, P., The Position of Positivism, with some remarks on +the Position of Secularism (1891) + +Peterson, Houston, Havelock Ellis: Philosopher of Love. + +The Pioneer (1903-4) + +Plumptre, C.E., Miss, "Charles Bradlaugh: an Appeal," Westminster +Review, October, 1891 + +Plumptre, Constance E., On the Progress of liberty of thought +during Queen Victoria's Reign. (1902) + +Podmore, Frank, Robert Owen. (1906) + +The Present Day (1883-1886) + +"Prize Essay on Infidelity," issued by the Evangelical Alliance + +The Propagandist (1862) + +The Prosecution of Messrs. Foote and Ramsay for Blaphemy (1883) + +Quasimodo, pseud., Joseph Barker, and his expulsion from the +secular body. (1861) + +Quill, Malcolm, Memoirs of a Positivist. (1924) +The Radical. (1886-89) + +Ramsey, William James, In Prison for Blasphemy. (1883) + +Rationalist Press Association, Let Reason Prevail. (1935?) + +"The Reasoner." (1846-1861) + +Reddalls, G.H. Modern spiritualism; an examination and exposure +(1875) + +Pees, Rev., Seculorist's Catechism. + +Reid, R., Gambetta and Bradlaugh. (188?) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 145 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +"Religious Heresies of the Working Classes." Westminster Review, +1st quarter, 1862. + +The Republican. (1880 ff.) + +Republican Chronicle. (1875 ff) + +Robertson, James, Mr. Holyoake and his Assailants. (1862) + +Robertson, James, Secularists and the 'Investigator'. (1858) + +Robertson, James, Secularists and their Slanderers. (1858) + +Robertson, J.M., Charles Bradlaugh. (1920) + +Robertson, J.M., Culture and Action. (1884) + +Robertson, J.M., The Eight Hour Question. (1893) + +Robertson, J.M., The Fallacy of Saving. (1892) + +Robertson, J.M., A History of Freethought in the 19th Century. +(1930) + +Robertson, J.M., "Introduction" to The Natural History of +Religion. By David Hume (1889) + +Robertson, J.M., Over-population. (1890) + +Robertson, J.M., "The Philosophy of Bradlaugh," R.P.A. Annual, +1909. (1908) + +Robertson, J.M., The Pleasures of Malignity. (1884) + +Hobertson, J.M., The Population Question. (189-) + +Robertson, J.M., The Priest and the Child. (189-) + +Robertson, J.M., The Religion of Shakespere. (1884) + +Robertson, J.M., "Reminiscence of Bradlaugh," R.P.A. Annual and +Ethical Review, 1908, + +Robertson, J.M., Royalism: A note on the Queen's Jubilee. (1886) + +Robertson, J.M., Short History of Freethought, ancient and +modern. (1906) + +Robertson, J.M., Socialism and Malthusianism. (1885) + +Robertson, J.M., Editor, Speeches by Charles Bradlaugh. ... +(189-?) + +Robertson, J.M., Thomas Paine. (1888) + +Robertson, J.M., Torryism and Barbarism. (1885) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 146 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Robertson, J.M., What Has Christianity Done? (187?) + +Robertson, J.M., Why Preserve the Monarchy? (187?) + +"Robertson, (John Mackinnon)," Biographical Dictionary of +Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Robertson, The Right Honerable John Mackinnon," Biographical +Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. (1920) + +"Robertson, Rt. Hon. John Mackinnon," Who's Who (British) for +1932. + +Rogers, Frederick, Labour, Life, and Literature. (1913) + +Ross, Wm. Stewart, "The Secular Review," The Agnostic Annual, +1887. + +Ross, William Stewart, Sketch of the Life and Character of C. +Watts, (188?) + +"Ross, William Stewart," Biogralihical Dictionary of +Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Ross. William Stewart," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Salt, Henry S., The Life of James Thompson. (1889) + +Salt, Henry S., Seventy Years Among Savages. (1921) + +Savage, James A., Modern Atheism. (1853) + +Scott, Rev. John, Christianity and Secularism. (1856) + +Scott, Thomas, Farewell Address. (1877) + +Scotulus, pseudonym, The Blunders of Faith. An answer to 'The +Difficulties of Infidelity' (1891) + +Secular Chronicle (1872-1875) + +The Secular Miscellany. (1854) + +Secular Society, Limited, A Fight for right. The decision of the +House of Lords in re Bowman and others v. the Secular Society, +Limited. Verbatim report. With introduction by Chapman Cohen. +(1917) + +Secularism," Chambers' Encyclopaedia. + +"Secularism," Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1929) + +"Secularism," Saturday Review. July 2, 1859. + +Secularist, The Creed of a Secularist. (1876) + +Secularist (1876-1877) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 147 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Secular Review (1881?-) + +Secular Review (1876-1877) + +Secular Review and Secularist, (1877-?) + +The Secular World and Social Economist. (1863-64) + +Selbourne, Lord, Memoirs. (1896, 1398) + +Sexton, Dr. George, The Fallacies of Secularism. (1877) + +Sexton, Dr. George, The Folly of Atheism. (1880) + +Sexton, George, Thomas Paine. (1867) + +Shaw, G.B., Quintessence of Ibsenism. (1904) + +Shaw, G.B., G. Lansbury, and others, Dr. Annie Besant: Fifty +Years in Public Work (1924) + +"Snell, Henry," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +Society of Secularists, Code of the tenets or governing +principles of the Society of Secularists. (1881) + +Southwell, Charles, Another 'Fourpenny Wilderness'. + +Southwell, Charles, Confessions of a Freethinker. + +Southwell, Charles, I am an Infidel. Why are You a Christian? ... + +Southwell, Charles, The Impossibility of Atheism demonstrated. +(1854) +Southwell, Robert, Superstition, Unveiled. (1854) + +The Spectator, A Weekly review of Polities, literature, theology +and art, April, 1886. + +Standring, George, Court Flunkies their 'work' and wages (1879) + +Standring, George, Does Royalty Pay? (1884) + +Standring, George, Life of Charles Bradlaugh. (188?) + +Standring, George, Life of Col. R.G. Ingersoll. (1881) + +'Standring, (George) Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Standring, George," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Stead, W.T., "Annie Besant," Review of Reviews for October, 1891. + +Stead, W.T., Character Sketches of modern celebrities (1892) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 148 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Stead, W.T., Interviews with Mr. W.T, stead on the Church of the +Future. (1891) + +Stead, W.T., Portraits and Autographs. (189O) + +Stephens, E.A. A New and original reply to Paine's 'Age of +reason,' with an appended dissertation on Secularists and +secularism + +Stephens, E., Atheism and Future Punishment. (1878) + +Stevenson, R.L., Underwoods. + +Stopes Marie, Contraception. + +Stopes, Marie, Early Days of Birth Control. (1922) + +Superstition and Fanaticism: their disastrous effects upon +mankind + +Symes, Joseph, Christianity at the Bar of Science. (1881) + +Symes Joseph, Christianity Essentially a Persecuting Religion, +(1882) + +Symes, Joseph, Christianity and Slavery. (1880) + +Symes, Joseph, Hospit(its and Dispensaries not of Christian +Origin. (187-) + +Symes, Joseph, The Life and Death of my Religion. (1884) + + +Symes, Joseph, Man's Place in Nature; or, Man, an animal among +animals (1878) + +Symes, Joseph, The Methodist Conference and Eternal Punishment. +(1877) + +Symes, Joseph, The New Testament Manuscripts; or, Christianity +completely undermined (1906) + +Symes, Joseph, Philosophic Atheism; a bundle of fragments (1879) + +Symes, Joseph, Universal Despair; or, Who will be damned if +Christianity be true (1883) + +Symes, Joseph, and G. St. Clair, Is Atheism or Theism more +rational? a discussion between Mr. Joseph Symes and Mr. George +St. Clair (1882) + +"Symes (Joseph)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Symes, Joseph," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. + +"Tributes to Dr. Annie Besant, D.L., P.T.S., Servant of Humanity. +From Representative Indians and Europeans," New India, August 25, +1924. + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 149 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Troup, Emile Josephine, Compiler, Hymns of Modern Thought. (1900) + +The Truth Seeker. + +Turley, W., Mr. Holyoake and His Detractors. (1862) + +The Universal Republic. + +Upsaka, pseud., Buddha the Atheist. (1928) + + +"Vance, Edith Maurice," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +Varley, Henry, An Address to the Electors of the Borough of +Northampton. (1881) + +Varley, Henry, Mr. Bradlaugh Shown to be utterly unfit to +represent any English constituency. (1881) + +Verbatim Report of the two trials of G.W. Foote, W.J. Ramsay and +H.A. Kemp, for blasphemous libel in the Christmas Number of the +'Freethinker' ... (1883) + +Wagner, D.O., The Church of England and Social Reform since 1854 +(1930) + +Ward, Mrs. Humphrey, The History of David Grieve. (1892) + +Ward, Mrs. Humphrey, Robert Elsmere. (1891?) + +Watts, Charles, The Alleged resurrection of Jesus: was it a fact? +(187-?) + +Watts, Charles, Atheism and the French Revolution. (188?) + +Watts, Charles, Atheism and the Gloucester Execution. (187-?) + +Watts, Charles, The BibIe and Christianity. (1876) + +Watts, Charles, The Bible: is it reliable as a guide? (1873) + +Watts, C., and G.W. Foote, Editors, British Secular Almanack, +1878 ff. + +Watts Charles,The Character of Christ. (187?) + +Watts: Charles, The Christian Deity. (1873) + +Watts, Charles, Christian Evidences Criticised, A Reply to the +Christian Evidence Society (1870) + +Watts, Charles, Christianity: its nature and influence on +civilization. (1868?) + +Watts, Charles, The Christian's Notion of Man s ultimate State of +Existence. (186-?) + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 150 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Watts, Charles, The Christian Scheme of Redemption. (1868) + +Watts, Charles, The Claims of Christianity Examined from a +rationalist Standpoint. (1895) + +Watts, Charles, A Defense of Secular Principles. (187?) + +Watts, Charles, The English Church a Failure as a Reforming +agency. (1880) + +Watts, Charles, The English Monarchy and American Republicanism. +(1873) + +Watts Charles, English nonconformity: what has it done for mental +freedom and national progress? (187-) + +Watts, Charles, Freethought and modern Progress. (1868) + +Watts, Charles, The Government and the People: a plea for reform, +(1873) + +Watts, Charles, Is Immortality a Fact? (1902) + +Watts, Charles, The Modern Defense of Christianity. (188-?) + +Watts, Charles, The Moral value of the Bible, (187-) + +Watts, Charles, Philosophy of Secularism. (1890?) + +Watts, Charles, A Refutation of Mr. Bradlaugh's Inaccuracies and +Misrepresentations. (1877) + +Watt's, Charles, Republicanism. (1873) + +Watts, Charles, Science and the Bible Antagonistic. (1874) + +Watts; Charles; A Secular burial service. Arranged by and +published for the council of the British Secular Union (188?) + +Watts, Charles, Secular Ceremonies: the Naming of Infants (1869) + +Watts, Charles, The Secular Duties of Life. (187?) + +Watts, Charles, Secular Morality: What is it? An Exposition and a +defense (1880) + +Watts, Charles, Secular and Theological Forces. (187?) + +Watts, Charles, Secularism and Christianity. (1867) + +Watts, Charles, Secularism; its principles and its duties. (1880) + +Watts, Charles, Secularism in its various Relations. + +Watts, Charles; Spiritualism, a delusion. (1900) + +Watts, Charles, Theological Persecution and Freethought +Martyrdom. (188-?) + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 151 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Watts, Charles, Why am I an Atheist? or, Theism criticised (188?) + +Watts, Charles, and Rev. Wm. Adamson, Full Report of the Public +Discussion on the Question, is the Belief in an Infinite Personal +Being Reasonable and Beneficial? between the Rev. Wm. Adamson ... +and Mr. C. Watts ... (1872) + +Watts, Charles, and B.H. Cooper, Debate on the Christian +Evidences between Mr. C. Watts and B.H. Cooper, Esq. ... (1871) + +Watts, Charles, and T. Crow, Merits and demerits of Secularism. +Verbatim report of a discussion betiveen T. Crow and C. Watts ... +(1876) + +Watts, Charles, and Alexander Jamieson, Verbatim report of four +nights' discussion on the question: 'Is Secularism superior to +Christianity?' and 'Is Christianity Superior to Secularism?' +Between Dr. Alexander Jamieson ... and Mr. Charles Watts ... +(1895) + +Watts, Charles, and Alexander Jamieson, Verbatim report of three +nights' discussion of the questions: Is it reasonable to believe +in the existence of a powerful and intelligent being distinct +from the material universe? and Has Man a soul that will live in +a future State? Between Dr. Alexander Jamieson ... and Mr. +Charles Watts ... (1894) + +Watts, Charles, and Dr. George sexton, Debate on Christianity ... +between ... G. Sexton ... and C. W., etc. (1877) + +Watts, Charles, and Rev. A. Stewart, Four nights' Public +Discussion between the Rev. A. Stewart ... and Mr. C. Watts, on +Is the Belief in the Being of an Infinite Personal God +Reasonable? and Are the Four Gospels Authentic and worthy of +credit? (1873) + +"Watts (Charles)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. +(1889) + +"Watts, Charles," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists. +(1920) + +Watts, John, The Christian Doctrine of the Destruction of the +World Examined and refuted. (1865) + +Watts John, The Christian Doctrine of Man's Depravity Refuted. +(186-?) + +Watts: John, The Criminal History of the Clergyman. (1857) + +Watts, John, The Devil: who he is, and whence he came. + +Watts, John, Half Hours with Freethinkers. (1856-57) + +Watts John, The Heart of Man Shown not to be Deceitful above all +hings, and Desperately Wicked (Jeremiah Refuted) (1961) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 152 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Watts, John, Is Man Immortal? + +Watts' John, The Logic and Philosophy of Atheism. (1865) + +Watts, John, The Miracles and Prophecies of the Bible no Proof of +Christian Truth. (1861) + +Watts, John, The Origin of Man. (1861) + +Watts, John, Rev. Brewin Grant Extinguished. (1861) + +Watts, John, Secularism, 'the one thing needful.' (186?) + +Watts, John, Who Were the Writers of the New Testament? + +"Watts (John)," Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers. (1889) + +"Watts, John," Biographical Dictionary of Modern Ratioalists. +(1920) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Editor, Christianity and Agnosticism. A +Correspondence between a clergyman of the Church in Scotland and +George Anderson (1899) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Christianity: defective and unnecessary. +(1900?) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Mrs. Watts' Reply to Mr. Bradlaugh's +misrepresentations. (1877) + +Watts, Kate Eunice, Reasons for not accepting Christianity. + +Webb, Beatrice, My Apprenticeship. (1929) + +Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, Industrial Democracy. (1897) + +Weekly Times and Echo + +Wells, Geoffrey Harry, (pseud., West, Geoffrey) Mrs. Annie Besant +(1927) + +Wells, Geoffrey Harry, (pseud., West, Geoffrey) Six Brilliant +English Women; ... Annie Besant (1930) + +West, Geoffrey, The Life of Annie Besant. (1929) + +Wharton, Charles H., Mr. Bradlaugh and the Oath. A Letter +addressed to ... the members of the House of Commons (1882) + +What Secularists are and what are their aims. + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Bible Studies; essays on phallic worship +and other curious rites and customs (1892) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Biographical Dictionary of Freethinkers +(1889) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 153 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Footsteps of the Past. Essays on human +Evolution. + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazvini, Compiler, Freethought Readings and +Secular Songs. (189-.) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Introduction to "An Essay on Miracles," +by David Hume (1882) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, Paganism in Christian Festivals. (1932) + +Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini, and G.W. Foote, Voltaire: a sketch of +his life and works. With selections from his writings. (1894) + +"Wheeler, Joseph Mazzini," Biographical Dictionary of Modern +Rationalists. (1920) + +White, Dr. Frank W,, Birth Control and its opponents. (1935) + +White, Frederick, William T. Stead. (1925) + +Whitehead, George, Bernard Shaw explained. (1925) + +Whitehead, George, Birth Control and Race culture, (1925) + +Whitehead, George, The Case against Theism. (1922?) + +Whitehead, George, The Evolution of Morality. (1933) + +Whitehead, George, Free thought on Sex! The social and personal +aspects of sex and race culture (1922) + +Whitehead, George, Gods, Devils, and Men. (1928) + +Whitehead, George, Jesus Christ: Man, God, or Myth (1921) + +Whitehead, George, A Lesson in Socialism from Jack London's +'White Fang' (1913?) + +Whitehead, George, Man and his Gods (1921) + +Whitehead, George, A Modern Outline of Evolution. (1933) + +Whitehead, George, Religion and Woman. (1928) + +Whitehead, George, Sex and Religion. (1930) + +Whitehead, George, Spiritualism Explained. (1928) + +Whitehead, George, Towards a Better World. (1931) + +Whitehead, George, Unemployment: causes and remedies, (1933) + +Whitehead, George, The Unfair Sex. The truth about women (1930) + +Whitehead, George, What is Morality? (1925) + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 154 + + A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH SECULAR MOVEMENT + +Whitmore, Rev. C.J., What Becomes of the Infidel Leaders? + +Wigan Examiner (October, 1860, to February, 1861) + +Williams, Mrs. Gertrude Leavenworth, The Passionate Pilgrim; a +life of Annie Besant (1931) + +Winterton, F., There is a God. (1883) + +Working Man, The fallacies of Atheism exposed. A reply to Dr. +Bradlaugh's 'Plea for Atheism.' (1882) + +Yorkshire Tribune, (July, 1855-September, 1855) + + + + + + + + + **** **** + + Reproducible Electronic Publishing can defeat censorship. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + + The Bank of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful, +scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of +suppressed books and will cover American and world history; the +Biographies and writings of famous persons, and especially of our +nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and +religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to +the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so +that America can again become what its Founders intended -- + + The Free Market-Place of Ideas. + + The Bank of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old, +hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts +and information for today. If you have such books please send us +a list that includes Title, Author, publication date, condition +and price desired, and we will give them back to America. + + **** **** + + + + + + + + Bank of Wisdom + Box 926, Louisville, KY 40201 + 155 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/security.txt b/politicalTextFiles/security.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d13b48 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/security.txt @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ + + + SECURITY IN SOCIALISM + + + "Folks . . . have we got a good deal for the American + people. With all the soup kitchens, with all the hungry + people waiting in line for food, with all the elderly people + with no place to sleep or call home, we've decided to + implement a program to eliminate the chances for anything + like that ever happening again." + "It won't cost the average person much at all. We will + put a small charge on the salary of all working people. + Each employer will contribute a larger amount. All these + monies will be put into an insurance fund. Employers will + be able to afford the higher assessment. After all, look at + all the profits they make. We will pay these funds to + everyone at age 65 so no one will ever have to worry about + their golden years again." + "In fact, to be fair to the women, we will begin to pay + them at age 62 since women have less earning power and + outlive their husbands. The citizens will now have fewer + problems as they get older and receive benefits from this + system." + This system will be called Social Security. It's time + for the government to take care of it's hard working + people." + The length and depth of the depression in the early + 1930s was a significant selling point for the social + security program. Many researchers and historians claim the + depression was orchestrated. Behind the scenes power + brokers wanted the slump to give the government reason to + implement socialistic programs. There is much reading + available in this area of history also. + This adventure in socialism began in earnest in August + 1935 when Congress passed the Social Security Act. The act + established the Social Security Board. It consisted of 3 + members who were chosen by the President and approved by the + Senate. They were to be so independent that they were to + report directly to the president. This continued until 1939 + when the board became part of the Federal Security Agency. + They created this agency to include health and education + activities. + Health and education activities? It looks as though + our government recognized the importance of educating the + people in socialist principles way back in 1939. + What a farce. What a sham put over on the American + people. Show me where there is any security in socialism? + I'm not twisting words around. That's exactly what Social + Security means . . . security in socialism. Let me tell you + there is NO SECURITY IN SOCIALISM! + Our federal government has been violating the law since + the beginning of this program. There is no permission in + our Constitution for any socialist programs. We gave no + authority for free cheese, specific welfare such as food +  + stamps, medicare, medicaid or Social Security. + How did our nation ever manage 146 years without such + an idiotic program? Didn't we have any people who lived to + be 65? How did they ever survive without big brother + looking out for them? How did our country manage to endure + with all those old people dying right in our streets? Did + we just allow them to starve to death with no handouts from + government? + Regardless, you say, they only have our own good in + mind. Don't you believe it! There is only one thing they + have in mind . . . the destruction of our Constitution. + Control of the American people is also high on their list. + Looking at social security practically, it is simply another + form of taxation. The operation of the taxing provisions of + the social security system are now part of the Internal + Revenue Code. + Encyclopedia Americana tells us "The term 'social + security' is usually employed to indicate specific govern- + ment programs designed primarily to prevent want by assuring + to families the basic means of subsistence." + How white of them. What business is it of government? + Where can you find any authorization in our Constitution for + programs to prevent want? They are encroaching into lives + of citizens without a legal right. Unconstitutional . . . + it's a seizure of powers we did not grant when we estab- + lished the authority for government. If they assume any + power we did not allow, it's illegal. That's pretty strong + so now let's go ahead and prove it. + The supremacy clause of our Constitution makes that + crystal clear. We have established that our document is the + supreme law of our land. + Any laws made which don't conform to the authority we + granted in the basic document are NO GOOD! + And if that weren't plain enough for the people working + for government, the Tenth Amendment clears that up. + + ARTICLE X + "The powers not delegated to the United States by + the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the + States, are reserved to the States respectively or + to the people." + + I'm certain any reader can understand that. Why do you + suppose the federal government can't understand it? Is it + possible they prefer to think the Tenth Amendment doesn't + exist? Either that is true or this is an obvious case of + collusion between the branches of our government. + Recently a program concerning our Constitution aired on + PBS. The moderator said he had gone to every lawyer and + judge he could find the day before the program. He asked if + any of them knew what the Tenth amendment said and NOT ONE + could answer his question! Not one even knew the general + subject matter of the amendment. Does our Constitution + still exist? So much for our intelligent judges and +  + lawyers. Give me a break. + When the first twelve proposed amendments were + submitted to the states in 1789 to become our Bill of + Rights, the Congress included this introductory statement + (or preamble): + + "The Conventions of a number of the States, having + at the time of their adopting the Constitution, + expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconcep- + tions or abuse of its powers, that further + declaratory and restrictive clauses should be + added: And as extending the ground of public + confidence in the Government, will best insure the + beneficent ends of its institution:" + (Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union + of the American States. House Document No. 398, 69th + Congress, 1st Session 1965) + + The First Congress is assuring the people that these + new amendments will be a tighter rope to confine the + government. And the legal eagles today do not know what the + tenth amendment says or means? When we get into a discus- + sion of the Bill of Rights, you will quickly see how the + federales believe the preceding preamble. + Going back to our venture into socialism, let's take a + look at the numbers for a moment. What happens to the money + which a man has paid into the system for 40 or more years? + And what if he should die before he becomes eligible to + collect benefits? Does it go to his wife or survivors? You + know better than that. It's gone . . . it has become a + gratuitous donation to Big Brother. An amount equal to + taxes collected from individuals are assessed from their + employers. All this money goes to the general fund and + spent for anything, legal or illegal. + And assuming there is now a widow, what would she + receive from his donations? Certainly not the amount paid + into the system, nor even the interest on those funds. + How many of our elderly citizens do not have enough money to + pay for their rent, utilities or food? We won't even + mention an occasional night out to the movies or a vacation + to enjoy their remaining years. How many of our older + citizens have to depend on a church function for a meal? + How many wait at the Salvation Army or some other private + charity for Thanksgiving or Christmas dinner? This is a + crime. What did they say was the intent of the Social + Security program? To prevent want by assuring to families + the basic means of subsistence. + Horse manure! People for generations have been led to + believe that this program would take care of them in later + years. What's the story we hear often now? The program + will be broke in 'X' numbers of years. Mercy, it's running + out of money so we have to increase the withholding levels. + The government, the way it is running today, is the solution + to nothing . . . it's the problem.  + Alexander Hamilton argued fervently in Paper No. 84 + that we did not need a Bill of Rights since the Constitution + was in itself a bill of rights. He asks the question, "For + why declare that things shall not be done which there is no + power to do?" (The Federalist Papers.) He insisted that + the national government could do nothing which was not + specifically allowed in the document. However the Congress + proposed a Bill of Rights. It was adopted to further tie + down the new government to prohibit any abuse of its powers. + How does this government get itself involved in the + business of welfare or social security? The amendment + process was not invoked to ask for our consent agreeing + to a change. I didn't agree to any change allowing for + socialism, did you? + Can our constitution be changed by an act of Congress + or by an order by the executive branch? Maybe an order by a + federal judge can do it. Not true! It can only be changed + under Article V if you and I agree to the change at the + voting booth. So--did you agree to the change? Remember + what the Tenth Amendment said? + Let's pretend for a moment there was no social security + program enacted. The people had not been lulled into a + false sense of protection by a devious government. Suppose + then the people had put the same amount of money into a + savings account for the same period. They could retire very + comfortably on the interest alone. + Let's carry our fairy tale a little further. As in the + previous illustration, let's say a man paid into a trust + fund for 30 or 40 years. Then he died before reaching 65. + What would the family live on in a case like this? Why all + the money which had not been donated to big government. His + widow and entire family could live extremely well on the + interest received from the trust fund. And there would be + money for education. That would be if our government in + their 'wisdom' had not tried to exercise control over people + in violation of our basic law. + I don't for a moment suggest that we cut off social + security payments tomorrow. There is no question what the + outcome of such a drastic measure would be. The vastness of + the dilemma and the people who exist only because of those + meager payments shows a real problem. The program should be + phased out over the next 15 to 20 years. + People who are now paying into the system should be + given the option for their money to be withheld as it is + presently. If they so choose, the money can go into a + private trust to gain interest and increase in value. The + difference now being that these monies will remain the + property of the one allowing the deductions. Naturally it + would pass on to his or her heirs as with any other prop- + erty. Congress could not use this money for any expenditure + they feel the urge to implement. For example, they couldn't + use these funds to raise their own salaries at whim. + For others who don't want money taken out of their + salaries, they should drop out of the system altogether. +  + Government has no right to intrude into the private affairs + of Americans. "But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- + tions, pursing invariably the same object evinces a design + to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, + it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to + provide new guards for their future security." (Declara- + tion of Independence.) + The lone woman on the Supreme Court (Sandra Day + O'Conner) remarked to a TV reporter one day that she used to + think Social Security was unconstitutional. Now she doesn't + think so . . . wonder who gave her the indoctrination? + How do we correct the situation? Since Congress + created the boondoggle, Congress will have to be the ones to + change it. Call the local offices of your Senators and + Representatives and ask questions about this adventure in + socialism. Be certain to point out the lack of jurisdiction + for these type of programs. Tell them you want something + done about this violation of our Constitution. Further, + remind them you will be watching to see what is being done. + Phone calls every couple of weeks wouldn't be too often. It + has to be impressed on their minds that these socialistic + programs have to cease. + I'm certain you will hear a story like, "These things + are so interwoven in the fabric of our society, they would + be impossible to change." Remind our illustrious 'leaders' + that if any practice was unconstitutional when it began, it + is still unconstitutional. No amount of usage will make the + practice legal or give it an illusion of respectability. + There was never any intent on the part of the Founders + to allow the phrase "general welfare" to signify a right to + establish any specific welfare programs. To find the origin + of this statement, we must look to our first compact of + government, The Articles of Confederation. + + Article III states: "The said states hereby severally + enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for + their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and + their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to + assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks + made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, + sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever." + (Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union) + + From this it's obvious what the term general welfare + means. There is no need to insult the readers intelligence + to imply that the general welfare clause magically became + authorization for specific welfare. + Another area in our Constitution which they may argue + is permission for social security, is the "necessary and + proper" clause (Art I, Sec 8). That's weak and won't hold + water. This only gives power to make laws which are + necessary and proper to carry out the duties and powers + listed in the basic document. It's not for anything they + decide is a great idea.  + Hamilton, in Paper #78, said: "There is no position + which depends on clearer principles than that every act of a + delegated authority, contrary to the tenor of the commission + under which it is exercised, is void." Anything they do + which is beyond what we have allowed or agreed to is void. + To return to the greatness this country was destined to + achieve, we must demand our government obey the law. It + must return to the confines to which we agreed when the + Constitution was established. + If you ever see the original of our Constitution (or an + exact copy), the first three words use decorative letters. + WE THE PEOPLE. Their authority for government comes from us + and only we can agree to a change. + If the members of Congress are not receptive to our + demands, we have a duty to vote them out of office. We must + sent Americans to Washington who will obey the oath to + support the supremacy of our Constitution which we ordered + in Article VI, Sec 3. + For this evil to continue, all we need do is nothing! + There is a limit to their power and that limit is you and + me. + Recently, in a controversy concerning the poor and + food, Reagen put his foot in his mouth. (Or, maybe it was + Nancy's foot!) He said the poor were unable to find food or + stamps due to a lack of knowledge. A late-night comedian + commented that if that is true, his staff must be starving + to death! 'Nuff said. + + + REGISTRATION IS ONLY $19.95.  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/selfgov.txt b/politicalTextFiles/selfgov.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad4d7fe --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/selfgov.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +The Self Governor Compass - + +Wondering where your political identity lies? Take this little quiz and +find out: + +Choose Y - Yes N - No M - Maybe + +Personal Self Governor - + +1. Military service should be voluntary (no draft) ---------- Y M N +2. Gov't should not control Radio, TV, or the Press --------- Y M N +3. Repeal regulations on sex by consenting adults ----------- Y M N +4. Drug laws do more harm than good. Repeal them ----------- Y M N +5. Let people emmigrate and immigrate freely ---------------- Y M N + +Economic Self Governor - + +1. Business & farms should operate with out subsidies ------- Y M N +2. Peolpe are better off with free trade than with tariffs -- Y M N +3. Min. wage laws cause unemployment. Repeal them ---------- Y M N +4. End taxes. Pay for services with user fees -------------- Y M N +5. Europe & Japan should pay for their own defense ---------- Y M N + +Now, let's score your answers: + +First, in the personal, then in the economic areas. For each Y, score +20, for each M, score 10, and for each N score 0. Now, index your +scores on the chart below to find your "political identity." + +L = Liberal +A = Authoritarian +R = Right +C = Centrist +X = Libertarian + + P G 100 L L L L L X X X X X + E O 90 L L L L L X X X X X + R S V 80 L L L L C C X X X X + S E E 70 L L L C C C C X X X + O L R 60 L L C C C C C C X X + N F N 50 A A C C C C C C R R + A O 40 A A A C C C C R R R + L R 30 A A A A C C R R R R + 20 A A A A A R R R R R + 10 A A A A A R R R R R + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + ECONOMIC + SELF GOVEROR + +For an information kit about libertarian ideas, write to: + + + Libertarian Party + 1528 Pennsylvania AVE, SE + Washington, DC 20003 + + 1-800-682-1776 + + +---------------------------------------- +This sheet adapted from a Libertarian Party handout. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sellam.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sellam.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4436c07 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sellam.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ + + + + Sell American...and Make a Fortune Doing It! + + What would happen if, in your business, all you + did was "buy" from yourself? + You wouldn't make very much money, would you? + Think about it! That's exactly what this country + would be doing if we only "Buy American." + Every time we sell an American made product in the + international marketplace, those dollars come back into + the U.S. economy, increasing profits, creating jobs, + making America stronger. 80% to 85% of U.S. businesses + don't export. + But American products are in demand. Amway + recently went into Mexico, expecting $3 to $4 million + in sales the first year. Instead they hit $15 million + in sales the first year and $50 million the second + year, and said that they have never seen such strong + demand for American products in any of the more than 20 + countries they are now in. + Yet it seems that when someone thinks about + getting into international trade, they decide to import + instead of export. Actually, exporting is just as easy + as, maybe even easier than, importing. Besides, as an + importer, you have to buy things to sell here...that + takes money. But, as an exporter, you are selling + things overseas...which doesn't take much money at all. + As a matter of fact, you can actually start your + own export business for a couple hundred dollars. Your + very first order could easily return your investment + ten-fold or more. There are thousands upon thousands + of products you can start exporting tomorrow! Most of + the books and courses on exporting being offered today + are theoretical, not practical. In reality, selling + overseas is no more difficult than a company in New + York selling & shipping a product to a buyer in + California. + The most useful complete startup is a manual + called "Sell American", and you can get free + information on it by writing to Sell American, Dept. + 70197, P. O. Box 5385, Cleveland TN 37320. Once you + finish reading "Sell American" you can export U.S. made + products simply and easily, and start earning your + fortune in the international marketplace. + With the end of the cold war, unification of + Europe, the breakup of the Soviet Union, and free trade + agreements being established in the Americas, every + entrepreneur should now recall the words of Thomas + Jefferson -- "A merchant, by his very nature is a + citizen of the world." While the governments discuss + the issues of world trade, it is up to us as merchants + (entrepreneurs) to meet the challenge head-on with + action, instead of talk. As an American entrepreneur, + you should make it your responsibility to "Sell + American." + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/seven.txt b/politicalTextFiles/seven.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6972b34 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/seven.txt @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ + + + ASSET PROTECTION AND TAX SAVINGS + + While it is very nice to save on estate taxes, + most would be much more interested in saving taxes this + year, right now while you are still alive. The "estate + plan", when properly implemented has the delightful + side effect of making excellent use of your children + before they thought they could, or were inclined to be, + helpful. Remember that children over the age of 14 + have their very own tax brackets which start at 0% and + linger at 15% for a time or so, just as yours did, and + only after more income than they will make or than you + need to give them for their support jump up to the + higher tax brackets. It is possible, especially for + the self-employed,to cut the total tax bite in half by + simply spreading the tax liability among family + members. + + At this point you say, "Now just a minute, I know + what you are about to say, and I assure you that giving + assets or income to my children at this stage of their + teenage lives is a type of suicide that I do not + contemplate." You are right! Let me assure you that + no one is foolish enough to suggest that any assets or + income should be put under the "control" of children, + who at the age of 16 think that a 944 Porsche turbo + something or other is an appropriate investment. + + The Family Limited Partnerships, and Children's + Trusts allow income to be attributed to the children's + tax brackets while leaving the "control" and "use" to + more responsible parties. In the case of the Family + Limited Partnership, the more responsible party would + be you. In the case of the Children's Trust, that + person would be a trusted other. However, the children + and their guardians, and once again, you, would be able + to have lower tax bracketed dollars available for + luxuries such as family trips, piano lessons, math + camp, private schools, college, medical school, etc. + + Consider this: Mr. and Mrs. Business Partners set + up a Children's Trust for their children and funded it + with real estate in which their business was housed. + The kids wanted the building to be a retail space + suitable for an ice cream parlor, but since they were + not in charge of the decisions, the building purchased + was an 80,000 square foot steel and block industrial + building suitable for the parent's manufacturing + business. + + The business, which had a good profit picture and + cash flow, paid rent to the Children's Trust, thereby + writing off the lease payments at a higher tax bracket + than the children's tax bracket and accepting the + payments in the lower children's bracket. Tax savings + were realized each year. In addition, Mr. and Mrs. + Business Partners suggest to the Children's Trust, + that, with the profits from the lease, it could buy + office equipment which it could lease to the business + on a "one year renewable lease" for market lease + payments, i.e., 75% of the value of the equipment each + year. More tax savings were realized. + + It is only incidental to this discussion on the + advantages of the "estate plan" to mention that when + Mr. and Mrs. Business Partners went out of business + because the widgets which the parents were + manufacturing were replaced by a new super duper better + thing, the Children's Trust survived the parent's + bankruptcy and with the appreciated value of the real + estate and value of the still owned equipment, sold its + assets and loaned Mr. and Mrs. Business Partners + $500,000.00 to start a new business. + + The above examples are illustrative of the old + adage, "divide and conquer." If they only file a joint + return, no married couple will ever get ahead tax wise. + If through a proper estate plan additional entities are + created the serve the dual purpose of providing lawsuit + and asset protection while dividing income into lower + tax brackets. Creating additional entities does itself + provide a record keeping and filing burden. It is bad + enough facing April 15th each year with one + incomprehensible form! However, if you are unwilling + to pay attention to the details there are others who + will do it for a fee. Failure to care may result in + exposure to judgments and the possible greater burden + of "starting over." + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow01.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow01.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50b7206 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow01.txt @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +Israel and the Iraqi threat - Eitan Vazani / Israel +--------------------------------------------------- +. +First, let me introduce myself. +I was born in Israel almost 23 years ago, and lived here ever since. +While graduating high school I was attracted to the world of micro- +computers. I bought a small computer (Tandy Color Computer compatible), +and started with BASIC. Today, after 9 years of learning by myself, I am +a professional programmer and work for a software company. +Several months ago I decided to find out something about BBSing +outside Israel. I picked several names & numbers randomly, and started +calling. It seems that I was lucky - the Shadow BBS was the first BBS +I tried in the U.S.A., and the one which I liked the most. +I really enjoy this BBS, so I decided to this special contribution, +with the approval of the SysOp, of course. +. +Before discussing the situation now, I will make a short introduction. +For 2000 years Jews were spread all over the world. In 1948, at the +end of a long struggle, and after the loss of 6 million Jews (a third +of the Jewish people), the state of Israel was established and declared. +Since then, Israel is in a constant state of war with the Arab nations. +. +The Iraqi problem has no direct connection to Israel or to Israel's +relationships with the Arabs. Iraq resides about 300 miles away from +Israel, with Syria and Jordan in between. +. +The problem with Iraq started in the 70's, with the rise of their leader, +Saddam Houssain. Saddam was born to a poor peasants family, and was +neglected by his parents. He grew up and lived in the streets. Thus he +became hard and cruel, as he had to fight each day in order to exist. +An old Israeli man, that was born in Iraq and escaped many years ago, +knew Saddam as a little boy. He helped him every now and then, and Saddam +remembered that. Years later, when Saddam was on his way to take over +Iraq, he helped that man get out of the Iraqi prison. (He was arrested +only for being a Jew, not a criminal). +Saddam always wanted power. As a young man he was leading gangsters and +was known for his cruelty. He was also known for his pistol, which he +carried all the time and used without hesitation. Years later, he used +his pistol to shoot personally high officers of his own army, in front of +their friends or families (unbelievable but true!). He became involved +with political groups. First, because he was attracted to violent +groups, and after some time in prison, his political views started to +develop. At some point he decided that he is going for the top. +He started to make his way into the system, and once inside, he used his +charisma and violence to clear the way up. He finally succeeded. +. +Saddam invested Iraq's resources in the Army. When he thought he has +a powerful army, he tried to conquer some territories from Iran, which +was in the first days of the Hayatholla Houmainy revolution. +He failed, and he was dragged into a long war in which he couldn't win. +His pride did not let him stop, and so Iraq lost hundreds of thousands +of its men, and completely ruined its economy. Only about two years ago +the Iran-Iraq war came to an end. Saddam found himself with a poor +country, huge debts, and desperate people. He knew very well that if +he had let the people think quietly for some time, they were to rebel and +probably kill him because he had ruined their country. +Saddam's investment in military power included a lot of scientific +progress, and the development of non-conventional weapons and missiles. +He paid European and American companies for knowledge, scientist, trained +personnel and materials. Although Israel warned many times, no +government paid any attention to Iraq's progress. Usually, the Europeans +were happy with the money they got, and the U.S.A. did not interfere +in order to maintain "friendly" relationships. +(German companies stand out with their good will to serve Iraq. Maybe +once again Jews will die of German gas). +Iraq also tried to develop an atomic ability, but Israel did a great +favor to the world, and bombed his nuclear labs (With endless criticism +about it from the American government and European countries. Ha!). +So, when Iraq came out of the war with Iran, the situation was this: +Poor country, defeated but experienced army, and smart leader. +Saddam continued to feed the people with false pride (and hard, cruel +government), but he knew that this cannot last for ever. +. +The solution was simple. Once again he started his propaganda about the +greatness of the Iraqi people (=himself). He announced himself to be +the follower of ancient kings, and prepared his people to "make justice +with the world, and claim what belongs to the Iraqi". He did not hide +his intentions, and declared that parts of Kuwait used to belong to +Iraq, and that he himself was going to restore them. Quietly, he +continued his progress in military research, and prepared his army for +another war. The facts were there, but the world refused to see. +. +When Saddam felt powerful enough, he invaded Kuwait. +The invasion could solve all his problems. He could have a good portion +of the world's oil production, in order to establish Iraq's economy, and +he could make the Iraqi people forget the disaster he brought before. +What happened since Saddam invaded Kuwait is well known, so I can skip +most of the details. However, there is one thing to say about it. +A quick American response, attacking Iraq the day after the invasion, +could put an end to Saddam's terror. Now we are facing a much more complex +problem, and no one can be sure as to its end. +. +Now, back to the Israeli point. When Saddam realized that he is facing +an international coalition against him, including other Arab countries, +he started looking for a way out. But he could not afford an escape, he +wanted to win something. Then he thought of getting Israel into it. +He tried to compare the Israel/Palestinian problem with the Iraq/Kuwait +situation, in an attempt to turn attention to Israel. When this did not +work, he threatened to drag Israel to a war with Iraq, with very bold +threats to use chemical weapons against Israel. This is a "very good +thinking" on his side. Arab countries will not oppose him in such a case, +thus breaking the international coalition against him, and Kuwait will be +forgotten until it is too late. But Israel is far from being afraid. +. +Now, Israel is prepared to anything that might happen. The people are +calm, cool, even making jokes about it all. But, don't be mistaken, +Israeli people and army are well prepared. Most of the time Israel is +busy with lots of problems, mostly within Israel (not with the Arabs). +Now, everything is put aside, and we are preparing for Iraqi attack. +Gas masks were given to most of the people (those who live in the south +of Israel, or those who live near Arab villages, did not get gas masks yet, +because they are less likely to be hit). +Instructions were given as to how to be protected during a gas attack. +Each family prepared one of its rooms, for case of gas attack. The chosen +room was hermetically sealed with nylon sheets and adhesive tape over the +windows, with some extra ready for sealing the door if the time comes. +The gas masks were stored in this room with some bottled water and food, +a radio receiver, a telephone, etc. +We are all feeling pretty safe, with a slight tension. We trust our army, +and especially our air-force. +The army is prepared of course. Pilots are sitting 24 hours in their +fighter planes, and anti-aircraft artillery is waiting with hands ready +on the trigger. +It may seem strange to non-Israeli, but everything is normal. No one +is making any special plans. You must remember that Iraq has always +been our enemy, and we are not surprised by any of their moves, or by any +of their weapons. More than 40 years of constant war, immunized us. +We even hope that there will be a war, because Saddam Houssain must be +killed, and Iraq's weapons must be destroyed. For us, the worst can +happen if Saddam gives up now and get out of Kuwait. This means that +he will continue to gain more power and develop atomic weapons. +During this time, Israel will be busy with its own problems, including +an increasing pressure from U.S.A. government about the Palestinian matter. +In 2-3 years Saddam will have the most deadly arsenal in the middle-east, +and then real troubles will start. He will be able to take over several +oil-producing countries, and control most of the world's oil production. +And of course he will try to hit Israel, but with deadly power. +(Israel is so small, that 3 atomic bombs will be enough to wipe out +2-3 million people out 4.5!). +But if there is war now, the American army will simply terminate the +era of Saddam Houssain. If he tries to attack Israel, we will not wait +and respond with power, and that will not leave him a chance. +. +By the time you read this, you may know if a war is going on or not. +Anyway, I hope this was interesting for you to read. If there is war +and Israel is involved, I promise to write how it feels here. +I would like to have responses to what I wrote. Please feel free even +to correct my English - it is very helpful to me. +Notice, that in order to explain today's situation, I had to give some +description of the past. This description skips many important facts, +and I could hardly allow myself to make it that short. +What I would really like to do, is to explain in several articles the +history of the Jewish people and how it leads to Israel. After that, +many things will seem different about Israel, and it will be possible +to understand the sometimes strange behavior of Israel. +Please tell me if you wish me to continue writing. +. +Yours, +. +Eitan Vazani, +Tel-Aviv, Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow02.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow02.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71d3670 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow02.txt @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Israel at the start of the Iraqi war - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------------------------- +. +Hello again to all Shadow BBS callers. +. +I am writing this a mere 90 minutes since U.S. forces started attacking +Saddam Houssain's forces. The past 3 days in Israel were loaded with +high tension, which is now at its peak. When the attacks began 90 mins. +ago, it was 2:00 am. Many people in Israel were not sleeping and sat +listening to the radio, waiting for the news. And the news arrived. +Israeli government instructed everybody to stay at home, and prepare +the gas protection means (gas mask, Atropin shot, cleaning powder, etc.). +Quickly, all those who were staying up called their friends to make sure +they wake up and get ready. Within an hour most of Israel began preparing +to a possible a gas attack (Conventional explosive attacks are less +worry, since many people here are familiar with it). +I for example, were sleeping at my girlfriend's house. Like the rest of +the people here, I suspected that "tonight is the night", but nevertheless +fell asleep. My girlfriend's grandmother was to nervous to stay up, and +she sat listening to the radio. When she heard that it's started, she +awakened the rest of us. After calming down my girlfriend, I explained +to her how to use the gas mask, and rushed home to wake up my parents +and my sister (who just came for a free evening from the army...). +I woke up everybody, and briefed them with everything I already knew. +We prepared the house by closing all the windows, and prepare our gas +masks. Within minutes we started calling friends and neighbors to make +sure they are awake and aware of the situation. +Although CNN reports that U.S. Air Force attacked missiles and planes +dangerous to Israel, we are all very tense. The Iraqis have about 30 +small, movable missile launchers, and there are good chances that some +of them were not destroyed. Also, they might send some bombers to a +one way mission against Israel. +We are tense and I admit that we are a bit afraid, but we keep cool in +order to behave properly if anything happens. +I must say that nearly all the people in Israel are actually glad to have +this war, since avoiding it simply means that Saddam Houssain will gain +more power (including nuclear weapons), which he will use against Israel +without mercy. For now, Israel was not attacked, and therefore did not +attack Iraq. But this may change every minute. +This is all for now, there are several things that I should do. +I will write more when I have something you. I guess you are the first +to get first hand information from Israel. +From what I know until now, U.S. forces are doing just great. I must +thank you, the people of America, for stopping this mad terrorist. +Israel knows too well the pain of losing sons and husbands in a war, +so we are all hoping and praying for American soldiers to get back home +soon and safe. +. +Goodbye, +. +Eitan Vazani. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow03.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow03.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..576524c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow03.txt @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +Israel under Iraqi missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +------------------------------------------------- +. +Once again I am writing to you from Israel. This time, about something +that I hope you will never experience. I am typing this several hours +after Iraqi missiles landed in 2 major cities in Israel. The words for +this article were running in my mind during the attack, though. +. +It was about 2:00 am, when I was sitting in front of my computer playing +some games. Having the war started the night before I could not sleep, +even though I slept very little during the last 24 hours. The great +performance of U.S. Air Force was good news to us, and a great relief. +The last night and day brought good news to Israel. Most of the Iraqi +installation has been destroyed or damaged. However, we all had this +feeling that we are not safer than before. So did feel Israeli army +leaders, and they warned again and again that not all Iraqi missiles +were destroyed. They suspected that small, mobile missile launchers were +hidden underground and are fully operational. Also, large part of the +Iraqi air force was also hidden underground. So, as were happy with the +success of U.S. Air Force, we were also worried and prepared. +Thus at 2:00 am in the second night of the war, I was sitting worried +and playing computer games. The radio was on, playing some music and +songs, and I expected to hear some news. For a long time there were no +news breaks, and music was just playing on, so I was really absorbed in +the game I was playing. Suddenly, a loud whistle sounded in the radio +followed by a high toned whistle, a pause, and a steady, tense voice +saying (translated): "Rattlesnake, Rattlesnake, Rattlesnake". It sounded +like some army password or code word, but the army never interferes with +radio frequencies. I was puzzled, and switched to another frequency of +the same station. The music continued. I switched back to the previous +frequency - music again. I had a feeling that something unusual is about +to happen, so I lowered the volume and listened. Only then I noticed the +alarm outside. I waited a few seconds to be sure that this was a general +emergency alarm. It was. I rushed to my parents room and woke them up. +A few seconds later we heard weak explosion sounds, but felt no blow. +While my parents were jumping out of their bed, I woke up my sister, and +called my girlfriends house to make sure they are awake. I woke up her +father and he heard the alarm at once and got up. There was nothing +special on the radio, the music continued. We all gathered in my sister's +room, (which we prepared for a gas attack a few days ago), took the gas +masks out of the boxes, and waited. We didn't know what to do. +I tried calling the police, then some emergency numbers - all busy. +We listened to the radio. There was music, and some guy talking, and the +whistle again. After a short pause the guy on the radio said that he will +find out what that whistle was. Some more music, and then an announcement: +"Due to a missile attack on Israel, all people are request to enter their +sealed rooms, and wear gas masks immediately!". The message was repeated +several times. We were a bit shocked, but did not panic. We put on the +masks, and expected the worse. Of course, our two dogs came into the +sealed room with us. We called some relatives and friends to make sure +they were all aware of the situation. They were. +The radio continued with alternating announcements and songs, but provided +no further information. We looked at each other, and watched our masked +faces in the mirror, for entertainment and good spirit. We were tense, +and made no attempt to cover it, but the all knew that strong mentality +is important, even crucial, so we laughed, argued, cursed Saddam and +discussed Israel's possible responses. The time passed, and an army +spokesman talked on the radio. He said that several missiles had landed in +various places, but refused to say where the missiles had landed, or what +kinds of missiles (conventional explosives or chemical). About an hour +and 15 minutes since the alarm, the army spokesmen said the gas masks are +to be removed and replaced in their boxes, but no one is to leave the +sealed room. Another 15 minutes pass, and there was another announcement: +"All people in Tel Aviv and nearby towns, and all people in Haifa and its +surroundings, are to wear gas mask again. All other people are to stay +in the sealed rooms." +This got us a bit confused, but we put the masks back on. Another half +an hour, and we were told to remove the masks. This sounded like a final +decision and it relieved us a bit. However, we had to stay in the sealed +room and wait for further instructions. We waited, proposing different +ways of punishing Saddam and Iraq for their terrorism. Another news break +revealed that in all Israel there were only 7 injured, and even those got +only some scratches and are to be sent back home within a short time. +From this information we deduced that the missiles were of the explosive +type, and did not carry chemical warheads. Some time later it became +clear that this is the situation, but we were still instructed to stay in +the sealed room until further notice. +While waiting, I fell into imagining myself in an F-15, bombing Saddam +and his missile launchers. Being very tired now, I fell into a good +sleep, and woke up 4 hours later. It was 10:15 am, and after being +updated with the latest news, I sat down to write these words. +. +Now, you can see what Israel is facing each and everyday, for more +than 40 years. Saddam Houssain is not the first fanatic Arab that is +trying to massacre the poeple of Israel. He is also not the last. +Maybe now you can understand why Israel cannot agree to give up more of +its land. We need some safety margin. If such a missile attack gets +heavier, we need some place to go, to hide. Israel had given 3/4 of +its lands to Egypt for peace that we still can't trust. Now, the U.S.A, +and virtually all the world, wants Israel to give up a 1/4 of what is +left. Why? Maybe I'll discuss the motives in a later article. +. +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. +Attacked, but the last laugh will be ours. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow04.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow04.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e577446 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow04.txt @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Israel expecting another Iraqi missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +------------------------------------------------------------- +. +It is night again, almost midnight. I spent the last several hours in +my girlfriends house. We already had an alarm. Again, with beating +hearts, we ran into the sealed room and wore the gas masks. Again, +fear and uncertainty. It took 15 minutes until the army announced +that we can relax, there is no missile attack. This happened because +of an information about an attack, which proved to be incorrect. +At the same time, we learned later, there was also an alarm in Saudi- +Arabia and Bahrain. +. +I am sitting to write again. It is 1:15 am and I just finished +watching TV (Wise Guy). In the middle we had another alarm. This +time my brother (who came back from the army for a vacation), was the +first to notice. We jumped on our feet and rushed to wake up our +parents. Until they woke up, the alarm stopped. We listened to the +radio - nothing, just music. Within several minutes we heard the +cancellation alarm. A minute later the radio informed us that we can +relax. Another minute passed and we were informed that this happened +due to a Soviet satellite launch or destruction. +. +We are becoming very sensitive and very nervous. We are virtually +waiting for an attack. We jump to every sound louder than usual. +This is a very heavy load on our nerves, but we won't break down. +There are no signs of panic in Israel. No one is trying to escape +to the (safe) south. The TV and radio people are doing wonderful +job. They sound calm and relaxed all the time, even when the alarms +sound, and even when a missile attack is going on outside. +We, and probably the rest of the Western countries, are waiting to see +in which way Israel will reply Saddam's missiles. We have a feeling +that a surprise is being planned for Saddam. Maybe it won't be soon, +but he will be punished. +. +I guess I'll play some more games. Maybe I'll try some fighter pilot +simulation, and imagine that I am bombing Iraqi missile sights... +. +Nervous, tired, but strong, patient and proud, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow05.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow05.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e29cc53 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow05.txt @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +Israel under second missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +-------------------------------------------------- +. +Another missile attack has ended just a few minutes ago. It was my +father's turn to be the first to notice the alarm. The attack started +around 7:15 in the morning. We expected it. We knew that the Iraqis +are going to try to surprise us (the previous attack was at 2:00 am). +Once again, Israel reacted quickly and efficiently. With a minute or +two most people got inside their sealed rooms and wore the masks. +Two minutes since the alarm started, I heard 3-4 loud explosions. This +means that the missiles landed in Tel Aviv or nearby. +A short time passed and the army spokesman announced that the north and +the south regions of Israel are safe (no gas), and there is no need to +stay in a sealed room. In the central region (Tel Aviv area - where +missiles hit), people were instructed to stay in sealed rooms and keep +wearing gas masks. It took 15 more minutes to declare that the attack +is over, meaning the missiles were explosives again, not gas. +There are no news about casualties yet, so I will add it later. +. +It is hard to believe that it happens to me. Until now I only read +about bombing and gas attacks. (You may be surprised to know that +Israel cities used to be very safe, even in war). Sometimes I have +the feeling that I am in a movie, or that it is just a dream. +But don't worry, there is no way we will give up. +Writing all these articles also helps me. It is some way to relieve +tensions, to keep me doing something useful. A therapy maybe ... +. +It is afternoon, and the details of the morning missile attack are now +fully known. 16 people were injured very lightly, all of them except +one have been released from hospital. Several of them were not +physically injured, but suffered a mental shock. +. +It will be dark again in 2-3 hours, and we will once again wait for a +missile attack. During the day we feel pretty safe, but since the last +attack was in the early morning, it may change. However, if Iraq tries +to launch missile in daylight, they will be much easier to track down +and be destroyed. +. +Please note that I am not trying to bring you the news faster than CNN. +CNN can report live, but the reporters are not personally and +emotionally involved. For them, Israel is just another news sight, +and they can't get the real feeling of Israeli public. +They are doing wonderful job, though, all throughout the world, and we +watch many CNN reports which we consider to be of an excellent value. +I think the way CNN works is a perfect model of how a news network +should do its job. +. +Night has passed and it is morning again. This night was quiet, and +there was only one short, false alarm, at 22:00. I stayed the night +in my girlfriend's house. She is very nervous these days, and tired +of the tension. She considers flying to Germany to stay with her aunt. +During the night the army revealed that the U.S.A sent Patriot missiles +to try to protect Israel. These were designed as anti-aircraft +missiles, but due to outstanding performance they were converted to +intercept missiles too. However, it was stated the the Patriot cannot +stop all missiles. (By the way - parts of the Patriot guidance systems +are made in Israel). +Life in Israel are not yet back to their normal course. Residents of +the south were instructed to go to work as usual, but stay tuned. +The rest of Israel people should go shopping and return home as soon as +possible. I suspect that the quiet night is just another Iraqi attempt +to trick us. I am sure that they will launch more missiles tonight, or +maybe they will wait some more. +At least, we got some sleep. +. +That's it for now. Bye, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow06.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow06.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..572c027 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow06.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +Israel attempts to get back to normal life - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------------------------------- +. +Another quiet night was followed by a quiet day. +It is now late at night again, and who knows how this one will be. +To sum up last several nights: +- The war started, everybody got up because of the excitement and also + to make final preparation for missile attack. +- Expected missile attack arrives at 2:00. +- Another missile attack, this time at 7:15 am. We get used to it. +- A quiet night with lots of tension. +- Another quiet night. +- This night "happens" right now. +. +We heard about the outstanding performance of the American Patriot +missile in the Saudi Arabia. We hope it to be just as successful +in case of an attack on Israel. (U.S.A sent Patriot missiles with +American crews to protect Israel, until Israel crews take over). +. +Today, people started to go to work as usual. Of course, only those +who live in places that are less likely to be attacked. Many people +couldn't sit at home all day, and they were eager to get out. Some of +them did go out to work, to shop or just spend some time outside. +I heard that one missile exploded in the vicinity of my work place. +It could be that my office was hit, I just don't know yet. +Surprisingly, the government and the army announced that tomorrow +everything will be back to normal, except schools and universities. +So I'll go to work in the morning, and find out if my office still +exists. Anyway, I will also go to see the explosion sight and describe +it to you soon. +I don't know whether to go to sleep and worry for not being ready in +case of an attack, or to stay up and be sleepy during the day (remember +that I have to go to work!). +. +Now, the matter of American POW seems to be serious. I guess all of +you are familiar with the details, but I will repeat some of it: +The Iraqies seem to hold American, British, Saudi and Kuwaiti pilots. +The number of them is still unknown. Some of them were shown on TV +in Iraq. They were obviously forced to talk against the war and +"praised" the peaceful Iraq. There are rumors that they were displayed +in the streets of Baghdad in order to cheer up the Iraqi people. +Iraq announced that the pilots will be held in several installations +to prevent bombing these installations. +Well, the facts speak for themselves. I have nothing more to add, +except that this barbaric behavior is not particular to Iraq or to +Saddam Houssain. It is characteristic to most Arab people. The reason +to this is simple: A fanatic, ruthless religion, which is deeply set +in the minds of the Arabs for 1300 years. +And Israel faces 400 millions of these Arabs. Think about it. +. +Well, it seems that there is nothing more to report, except that +Israel is trying to live its normal life. It is too soon to try to +draw any conclusions about the behavior of Israeli people, since +another attack may start another period of stress, which will change +the picture. +. +Goodbye for now. +I will be glad to answer any questions regarding the situation in +Israel now. (Please save more general topics to a time when it all +calms down here). +Eitan Vazani. +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow07.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow07.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf6e478 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow07.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +Israel gets the third missile attack - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------------------------- +. +It is now 22:50. +The third missile attack ended about 2 hours ago. The alarms, the gas +masks, the explosions, the radio. Within 30 minutes we were free to +get out of the masks and the sealed rooms. We heard that one missile +did hit somewhere, and that 2 Patriot missile were launched to try to +intercept incoming Scud missiles. +. +While writing the above sentences, my grandmother have called to +describe what she saw on TV - a CNN report from the bombing location. +I stopped writing and tried to get some information. Israeli TV and +radio broke in with news - very bad news. The missile directly hit +a building. The building collapsed and was totally destroyed. All +people living in this building were killed or injured. I know that +around 60 people were hit, but I do not know how many were killed, +or the state of the injured. +. +While listening to the radio for more news, I'll write about the what +was going on during the day. +. +Today most people got back to work. Most but not all. The car parking +yards near my office were only half full. I guess that some people +stayed at home because they did not know that they should go to work, +some people were still afraid to leave home, and some wanted to stay +with their kids (schools are still closed). +At work, everybody was full with stories, rumors and information. +But we got used to the idea of working again, and we were carried away +with the problems we have to tackle. +In my last article I wrote that I heard that a missile exploded near +my office. Well, this was one of the rumors. +. +News keep arriving. No exact numbers yet, but it looks very sad. +Until now, I thought that Israel's government is right in its decision +not to take action against Iraq. 10-15 missiles hit in the first and +second attacks, but there were only a few injured lightly. The damage +was more serious, but money can fix it. Now, it is time to act. +A missile directly hit a building full of innocent people. Old people, +kids, babies, a little black dog (one injured kid arrived to hospital +with his dog still in his hands. I think (and hope) the dog is ok). +The more I think about it, the more I support a wild attack on Iraq. +I do not want to die because I am too forgiving and nice to my enemy. +There must be an end to such thing. +It is impossible to track down each and every missile launcher. They +are well hidden and protected in underground bunkers. The Iraqis have +several hundreds (maybe thousands) of Scud missiles, some of them might +carry a chemical warhead. Iraq still has most of its military power. +Iraq still produces ammunition and gas, many aircrafts are still waiting +for a chance to take off, military communications still work, and Saddam +Houssain and his assistants are still alive. +This means that there is more death waiting for us. +The answer in my opinion, be prepared, is an atomic bomb. This will put +a nice end to the world's number one terrorist. I know it is a radical +step, but this will solve the problem (which, by now, is unbearable), +and it will teach all Arabs a lesson they will never forget: Israel +will protect itself by ALL means - do NOT mess with us. It worked for +the U.S.A. 45 years ago, and it will work again. +By the way, I think that residents of Baghdad should be warned 24 hours +before the bombing. This will prevent any loss of life, except maybe +for Saddam Houssain that is hiding in his bunker. He is too affraid +to get out, so he will have to stay there, buried alive. +But I am afraid our politicians do not have the guts to do it. +I guess I many will not agree, and I will probably get angry letters. +. +But if you want to reply, think about this: +Your city is attacked by missiles every night, people are killed, +injured, their homes destroyed. The enemy prepared this for 10 years, +and now is going to take it out. You also expect a chemical attack. +How would you respond? +. +Eitan Vazani, +From very sad and angry Israel. +We will act. +. +A minute before I posted this article, I heard on the radio that 60 +people were injured, and 3 were killed. The 3 people that were killed +are old, and they probably died of shock, not because of the impact. +3 of the injured are very seriously injured, one of the is a baby with +head injury. +I may add now, that 4 old women died at the night of the first attack. +They suffocated because they did not use the gas mask correctly. +. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow08.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow08.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1748091 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow08.txt @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +Israel gets attack #4 - Eitan Vazani. +------------------------------------- +. +Last night we had another missile attack. Again, it was a single +missile (like on the day before). But this time - surprise - the +Patriot missiles successfully intercepted the Scud. The Scud missile +was meant for Haifa (Israel 3rd large city, in the North). Not one +person was hurt, only some windows broke because of the explosion. +We feel better now, knowing that the Patriots can protect us, but it +can also drive the Iraqis mad, and they will try to launch many +missiles at once, enough for us to run out of Patriots. And it is +not clear what happens when a Patriot intercepts a Scud with a chemical +warhead - this can prove a real trouble. +But we were glad anyway. +. +Yesterday, I went to look at the place were the missile had landed the +night before (attack #3). This was the first time I see something like +this in my own eyes, and now it seems like I had a bad dream. +This is a simplified drawing of the area: +. + +---------+ +---------+ + Partially | #| | | + collapsed-> | ######| |#########| <-Completely destroyed & + +---------+ ***|#########| <-collapsed, disappeared. + +---------+ + +---------+ +---------+ + Damaged but | ###| | | <-This part is being built- + in 1 piece->| | |---------| didn't get a scratch! + | | | | + +---------+ +---------+ +. +Each block is a building, the "***" is where the missile hit the ground. +The "##" represent severely damaged building. +All buildings are 2 stories high, but the lower-left one, which is 3. +. +The place is 5 minutes walk from my office. Air distance is about +500 yards. When I walked there, it was very easy to locate. At 400 +yards away, I saw the first broken windows, only a few of them. +As I approached, there were more broken windows, piled under each +building. As I approached more, the piles became bigger, and contained +not only glass, plastics and wood, but also pieces of all kinds of +stuff you find in every house. +Police tried to prevent crowding around the place, but many people came +to see what a Scud can do. The police blocked the nearby streets about +120 yards away, but I sneaked in a bit more, to about 60 yards away. +Closer than that, only reporters, army and VIP could get. +There is no point in describing what I saw, since you can see it on TV. +But the point is in the strange feelings. Suddenly, a place I know +so well, which used to be like an average living quarter of every other +city, looks like a big pile of broken glass, plastic, wood and iron. +Those who live around are wandering around confused, shocked. This is +not a sight we are used to, (I repeat: Israel is a safe place!). +It made me imagine hot it should look if a missile hit MY house. +Something that I used to see on TV, in an action file or in a news +report from constant-war places like Lebanon, becomes a real thing. +I stood there for an hour, and I could not get my eyes off. It is not +only the sight of the crashed building that strikes (I could barely see +it), but the damage around. The signs of destructions that are so +clearly visible all around, the piles of debris, the TV crews, the +police, the army, the confused neighbors, the government agents +estimating the damage. +A strange feeling. +Thinking about it later, the Scuds are not very effective. Only a +direct hit can destroy a building, and only if this is an old one. +New buildings, built by modern standards, won't break down. It is +easily proven: The building next to the crashed one is being built, +and it was not at all damaged. +Later, I heard from my father, that a friend from his work has an aunt +that LIVED IN THE CRASHED BUILDING, and she was NOT WOUNDED AT ALL, +except for the regular scratches and cuts. +This is amazing. +2 of the 3 people who died that night, died because of heart attack. +On of them lived more than a mile away. The third died because of the +impact and the pressure of the walls that covered her. +All three were more than 60 years old. +. +Another point: the destructive missile was successfully intercepted +by a Patriot missile, launched by Israeli crew. Unfortunately, only +the rear part of the missile was destructed, while the explosive +warhead continued on its path of death. +. +But, as I mentioned before, a Patriot destroyed the last missile, and +the mood is better. +I have to wait a few more days before I can try to figure out Iraq's +"policy" of launching missiles, so I will stop here. +. +Bye, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shadow09.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shadow09.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba764ba --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shadow09.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +Israel, now its #5 - Eitan Vazani. +---------------------------------- +. +Well, we are past missile attack number 5. The night before was really +a quite night (well, only one false alarm. It doesn't count). +. +The attack tonight was another multi-missile attack. After this one I +know the meaning of "fear" much better. At noon I drove to my uncle's +house, visiting my grandmother on my way. I went there to teach his +12 years old daughter some DOS basics (he wants to learn some too). +I arrived there around 15:00, and started lecturing. At 18:30 my uncle +got worried, and told me I better get back home soon, so I will not be +caught outside while there is an attack. I told him I'll just stay +some more to explain another DOS command or two. A few minutes later +the sirens went off. Quickly we got to the sealed room, and started +wearing our gas masks. My uncle and his wife have three daughters, the +oldest is 12 years old, the second is about 10, and the youngest is 4 +or 5. They all behaved perfectly, not panicking at all. The little +one was actually laughing and seemed to enjoy the excitement. +While wearing my mask, I heard 3-4 successive whistles. They were very +loud, low and coarse. At that moment I was sure that the Scud missiles +are going to get. I was frightened to hell. I didn't want to die that +soon. I don't really remember what was going through my mind at that +moment, I only remember being frightened as I have never been before. +I looked at my uncle. He was smiling and said something like "hey, +that's the Patriots going at the Scuds". +I relaxed just a bit, because I knew there aren't any Patriot launchers +around. I asked him: "How come we can hear the Patriots here?" +He still smiled: "Oh, didn't I tell you the army brought here several +launchers yesterday?" +I felt better at once, but we continued to discuss it some more until I +relaxed. +While this was going on, we heard 3-4 explosions, one of them louder +than the rest. The army spokesman talked on the radio. He confirmed +that several Scuds were identified, and that Patriots were launched to +intercept them. He also said that "there were several hits". +We didn't know whether he meant Scuds hit us, or Patriots hit Scuds. +He did not give any further information. Within half an hour the +southern and east-northern regions of Israel were cleared to take off +the gas masks, but still stay in their sealed rooms. Since only the +east part of the northern region was allowed to remove the masks, I +assumed (correctly), that Haifa (in the west-north) was attacked too. +Some more time passed, and all Israel was cleared to remove the gas +masks and free to go out of the sealed room. No more information was +given, except that there were injured people. We relaxed a bit, and +I stayed to eat a delicious dinner there. Information arrived a bit +at a time. 7 Scud missiles were launched at us, 2-3 toward Haifa, +and the rest toward Tel Aviv. Most of them (5 or 6) were intercepted +and destroyed by Patriot missiles. 1 or 2 got away and reached the +ground to explode. A building collapsed, cars went on fire, and many +were injured. Again, no one of those in the crashed building was too +badly hurt. In other places, pieces (probably large ones) of the +intercepted Scuds hit the ground and buildings, causing minor damages +and wounding some people. +Later I found out that 1 person got killed, 1 very badly injured, +3 seriously injured, and 30 lightly wounded. +. +I don't know how long Israel will restrain itself. The public still +supports this policy, but I guess it will change if this goes on for +another week or two. +Israel gains very important political points. The whole world suddenly +loves Israel. We get financial support from the U.S.A., from Jews all +over the world, even from Germany (their minister of foreign affairs +was here and got hard complaints about the German part in Iraq's arsenal. +He apologized again and again, and promised that Germany will keep its +eyes open and its mind thinking). +But all this will disappear within one month from the end of the war. +Israel will be pressed and threatened again by everyone (incl. U.S.A), +to give the Arabs more lands, so that it will be easier to wipe us off. +We have been through this story several times, and the end was never +a really happy one. When the Arabs will get rid of Saddam they will +start again yelling about "the crimes of the imperialist Israel". +And the world will support them, because it pays off pretty well. +Arabs can offer cheap oil to its supporters, Israel can hardly return +a smile and a warm "thank you" to its supporters. +This is why I think Israel should do something. But this something +should be so hard, so aggressive and so frightening, that Arabs will +remember it forever, with their spines shivering at the thought of it. +It is our only chance to have peace with them. When they understand +that Israel is crazier than any Arab, they will stop messing with us, +and they will look for ways to have peace with Israel. When that time +comes, Israel will be happy to have peace with everyone. +But remember: THE KEY IS FEAR. History proves that nothing can speed +up peace. When enemies fear each other too much - they want peace. +Look how the U.S.A and the U.S.S.R were happy to make peace. Why? +The fear of each other's power was too great. Finally, the Russians +couldn't stand the technological race, and headed peace. The U.S.A +did not stand in the way, and shook the Russian hand warmly. +This is the case in the middle east. They must understand that Israel +is impossible to defeat. Not only that: Israel will take the most +destructive approach to its enemies. Then they will REALLY want peace. +. +This leads to me to consider nuclear weapons. +Currently, nuclear weapons are considered as a last resort. +When Israel is about to be destroyed, the atomic bombs will be used. +But this will be too late. If Israel is destroyed, who cares what +will happen then? What good will come from bombing the Arabs with +atomic bombs? Ok, so we'll get 100 million. So? Israel will still +be destroyed. +I claim, that using nuclear weapons now, will set the Arabs on the +right course very quickly. It will also save lots of lives from +future wars (and there will be for sure). The next war (or even this +one) may involve chemical and biological warfare. It may involve +atomic bombs on the Arab side, which will mean the end of Israel. +So lets US do it as soon as possible, and it will bring the peace. +. +Well, it is not in my hands. +. +Bye, +Eitan Vazani, +Israel. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/share02.txt b/politicalTextFiles/share02.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41493c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/share02.txt @@ -0,0 +1,724 @@ +Articles from SHARE International - Copyright 1992, All rights reserved. +Electronically reprinted with permission. +For reprint permission, contact TARA Center, UID 73437,1345, PO Box 6001, +No.Hollywood, CA 91603. + + CHILDREN FIRST: BUILDING A GLOBAL AGENDA + by Audrey Hepburn + +Actress Audrey Hepburn spent five years of her young life in Nazi-occupied +Holland during World War II. She survived the deprivation with a "marvellous +family," a diet consisting largely of turnips, and "wonderful conversations +about what we were going to eat after the war." When the end of the war came, +she was one of the first recipients of UNICEF aid to Europe. Hepburn could not +have known then that more than four decades later, in 1988, she would be +invited by UNICEF to take on "her most wonderful and rewarding role," as +fellow actor Gregory Peck put it + + UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. + +Her compassion and commitment carry her beyond fund-raising benefits to +sometimes difficult and dangerous fieldwork in countries such as Ethiopia, +Sudan, and El Salvador. For all her efforts, she is paid by UNICEF the royal +sum of US$1 per year. Hepburn gave the following talk recently at the +Commonwealth Club in San Francisco. + + + "Until four years ago when I was given the great privilege of + becoming a volunteer for UNICEF, I, like all of you, was overwhelmed + by a sense of helplessness when watching television or reading about + the indescribable misery of the children and their mothers in the + developing world. If I feel less helpless today, it's because I have + now seen what can be done, and what is being done by UNICEF, by many + marvellous agencies, churches, governments, and most of all, with + very little help, by people themselves. + + Today we stand at the crossroads: Our world has changed dramatically + in a short time, and we must now plot a new course for the future. + I'm here on behalf of UNICEF to talk about where children fit into + the new course, to talk about priorities. We have to recognize that + children have not been our greatest priority, but they must be. And + if we seize the opportunity now before us, they really can be. + + I was among the first recipients of UNICEF aid after World War II, + which is why I have such a deep, personal appreciation for UNICEF. + Mine was the first generation to live in the ominous shadow of the + nuclear age, and we were the first children to grow up with the term + "Cold War" and all its divisive and paranoid implications. We had + survived the bombing of Europe only to find ourselves, in a very real + sense, coming of age in another war, the costs of which were very + steep indeed. + + Deaf ears + + This conflict between East and West soon became a political framework + for the entire globe. The superpowers intervened in developing + countries in order to gain territorial advantages, and rival factions + in these countries were all too willing to choose sides in exchange + for support in their internal struggles. The prevailing world order + was marked by barricades, real and imaginary, and it fostered a + mentality of us versus them. The real losers, of course, were the + children: the children of Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle + East who suffered from daily neglect. The choice between guns and + bread had never been more immediate nor lopsided as it was during the + height of the Cold War. + + UNICEF, the world's leading voice for children, tried to protect + them. UNICEF reminded governments time and again that the needs of + children were urgent and the most important, but its warnings fell on + ears that were either deaf or simply too preoccupied to listen. When + I first became involved with UNICEF, the organization that had meant + so much to me and many other children in post-war Europe, I didn't + think I'd live to see the end of that bitter struggle. Like the + children of countries like Lebanon and Mozambique, who have known + little peace, I had grown up with the Cold War, and it was part of + all of our lives. + + Then, and it seemed to happen overnight, the world changed + dramatically. Like the Berlin Wall and the Soviet empire, the old + order has come tumbling down. We now have something that is so rare + in the course of civilization: a second chance. + + Quiet catastrophe + + Now, more than 45 years after it pleaded with the world to remember + its children, UNICEF is once again making the case for our next + generation. As the new world order comes into focus, UNICEF is + reminding the world's leaders of the devastating realities. While the + world was busy fortifying the ideological chasm that divided it, the + children have been paying for it with their lives: 40,000 a day, 15 + million a year. No earthquake, no flood, ever claimed 40,000 children + on a single day. Though these children are the quiet catastrophe and + never make headlines, they are just as dead. By any measure this is + the greatest tragedy of our times. They've been dying from + preventable diseases, including measles and tuberculosis. They've + been dying in wars, caught in the cross-fire of those who should have + been protecting them. They've been dying for lack of proper nutrition + when the world has more than enough food. They've been dying from + dehydration caused by diarrhea more than from any other single cause + because they don't have clean drinking water. + + World Summit for Children + + In September of 1990, when the old world order was showing signs of + collapse, UNICEF hosted 71 heads of state at the World Summit for + Children in New York to address the appalling situation of children. + The summit yielded a historic agreement on specific goals to help + children by the year 2000. In its latest message to the world's + leaders, UNICEF released its 1992 State of the World's Children + Report. In this year's report, UNICEF offers 10 agenda items for the + formation of a new world order. + + I won't talk about all the specific propositions, but I would like to + mention a few of them: + + a) That the promises of the World Summit for Children be kept. These + include a one-third reduction in child deaths, and a halving of child + malnutrition by the year 2000. + + b) That demilitarization should begin in the developing world, and + that falling military expenditures in the industrialized countries + should be linked to increased, unconditional international aid and + the solving of global problems. Currently, developing countries spend + about $150,000 million on arms each year. Meanwhile, the five + permanent members of the UN Security Council sell 90 per cent of the + world's arms. What does this mean? It means that we are entrenched + as a global community in a destructive cycle of weapons + proliferation. Achieving all of the summit goals would require some + $20,000 million a year, an amount equal to two-thirds of the + developing world's military spending, and just 1 per cent of that in + industrialized countries. + + c) That the growing consensus around market economies be accompanied + by a commitment to a strong investment in people, especially + children. Simply put, this means that there are things that a free + market alone cannot do. Governments must combine free-market forces + with assurances of health and education for all, especially children, + even in bad economic times. The importance of this proposition is not + limited to developing countries. As UNlCEF's report also points out, + the situation of urban and poor children in the United States + continues to worsen. Child poverty is on the rise, and the real value + of Aid to Families with Dependant Children has dropped 40 per cent in + the last 20 years. Even here, in the country that is the world's + model of a free economy, we are slow to realize that all children do + not benefit from that system. We must build what amounts to a safety + net to catch these children before it is too late. There are some + encouraging signs that the world's leaders may listen this time. The + World Summit for Children is clearly one of them. The United Nations + Convention on the Rights of the Child has now been ratified by 107 + countries, and more than 30 others have signed it with the intention + to ratify. + + Miracle of the decade + + Last October I was at the United Nations with President Carter and + other dignitaries when UNICEF and the World Health Organization + certified to the Secretary General that they and the world's + governments had achieved their goal of universal child immunization + by 1990. This is the miracle of this decade. This does not mean that + we have immunized every child or that every country is winning the + battle with vaccine-preventable diseases. It does mean that 80 per + cent of the world's one-year olds have been immunized against the six + major child-killing diseases: measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, + whooping cough, diphtheria, and polio. This effort is saving some 3 + million young lives each year. + + In 1974, less than 5 per cent of the developing world's children were + vaccinated. It's difficult to grasp the full meaning of these + successes until you've looked into the eyes of these children who can + too often be numbers. Rather than share with you the horrors I've + witnessed, I prefer to remind you of how easy it is to reach out and + help these children. There has never been a better opportunity to + give our children the future they deserve. We have low-cost + technologies like immunization and oral rehydration therapy. We have + ample resources made available due to the end of the Cold War, and we + have the commitment of the world's leaders. What remains is for us to + change our attitudes as a society, to build a movement for children, + and to ensure that the promises of the World Summit for Children are + kept. + + Twenty years ago, few people thought about recycling their + newspapers, few people worried about the effect of hair spray on the + ozone layer, few people questioned the amount of pollution their cars + were spewing into the atmosphere, but slowly and effectively the + environmentalists in this country and around the world built a + movement that could not be ignored, and they have brought about a + fundamental change in the way we live our lives and the way we see + our planet. We have taken responsibility for our neglect. So too must + we take responsibility for the neglect of our children. So too must + we effect a basic change in our priorities and concerns. We must + resolve ourselves as a community to put the needs of children first + in war and in peace, in good times and in bad. + + So today, I speak for children who can't speak for themselves, + children who are going blind from lack of vitamins, children who are + slowly being mutilated by polio, children who are wasting away in so + many ways from lack of water. I speak for the estimated 100 million + street children in this world, who have no choice but to leave home + in order to survive, who have absolutely nothing but their courage, + their smiles, their wits, and their dreams; for children who have no + enemies, yet are invariably the first tiny victims of war, wars that + are being waged through terror, intimidation, and massacre; for + children who are therefore growing up surrounded by the horrors of + violence; for the hundreds of thousands that are refugees; and for + the rapidly increasing number of children suffering from or orphaned + by AIDS. + + The great task ahead + + The task that lies ahead for UNICEF is ever great, whether it's + repatriating millions of children in Africa or Asia, or teaching + children how to play who only have learned how to kill. Children are + our most vital resource, our hope for the future. Until they can be + assured of not only physically surviving the first fragile years of + life, but are free of emotional, social, and physical abuse, it's + impossible to envisage a world that is free of tension and violence. + It is up to us to make it possible. Charles Dickens wrote: "In their + little world, in which children have their existence, nothing is so + finely perceived and so finely felt as injustice" injustice which we + can avoid by giving more of ourselves. Yet we often hesitate in the + face of such apocalyptic tragedy. Why, when the way and low-cost + means are in place to safeguard and protect these children? It is for + leaders, parents, and young people - young people who have the purity + of heart which sometimes age tends to obscure - to remember their own + childhood and come to the rescue of those who start life against such + heavy odds. Simply because they are children, every child has the + right to health, to education, to protection, to tenderness, to life. + + + Interview with Maitreya's associate + + Two journalists, working independently, regularly contribute articles +to Share International based on interviews with one of Maitreya's close +associates. This month we received a contribution from Brian James. + + The whole world is becoming bankrupt + by Brian James + 29 May 1992 + + World Collapse - It is not only large financial institutions which are +tumbling into bankruptcy, the whole world is becoming bankrupt - mentally +and spiritually, said Maitreya's associate. The world is going through a +huge crisis and all the medicines have been tried and failed. Maitreya +says that the tumour has got to burst open before the healing can begin, +he said. + The world is in such a chaotic state that it could happen at any time. +The politicians and the generals can do nothing to stop it - everything +they have tried to avert disaster has failed. + The Tokyo Stock Market has been turned by the politicians and +businessmen into a giant monster serving only a culture of greed. Now it +is crashing like everything else. Even the United Nations is being forced +to serve the interests of the strong and the greedy. Only charitable +institutions, like Oxfam, are caring for the weak and the needy; +governments are too caught up in killing and destroying. + Scientists have become like witches - brewing up new creatures through +genetic experiments to make money. + Crime is on the increase throughout the Western world. Look at the faces +of the politicians, they have no sparkle. What is happening is beyond +their comprehension. The world is like a volcano waiting to erupt - in +fact it is only a matter of time before it bursts open. America - The +disintegration that is taking place in the former Soviet Union is now +happening in America. The Los Angeles riots are not an isolated outburst. +Every state is crumbling and it is worsening day by day, said the +associate. + The states are desperately turning to the Federal Government for aid, +but it is not forthcoming. The associate claimed that America was +suffering in retribution for that country's indiscriminate bombing of +Iraq. + Britain - This country faces the same disintegration as America. Are +the people happy? No, there is no happiness here, there is so much +friction and confusion, said the associate. There is going to be a +massive revolt as people take to the streets and demand action to bring +back harmony and justice. Not even the police or the military will be +able to control it. Japan - The Japanese are sitting on a time bomb. +The destruction would be far worse than in any other Western country, +said the associate. Yugoslavia - Why didn't the American, British and +other Western powers send in military forces to stop the Yugoslavian army +from slaughtering innocent people? It is because they could not see any +gain in doing so, unlike their need to protect their oil interests in +Kuwait. They only evaluate humanity on a material level, said the +associate. + + QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS + by Benjamin Creme + + Q. I should be more than interested to know whether, following the +report of the appearance of Maitreya in Nairobi in 1988, further +appearances have been reported in other parts of the world. + A. As regular readers of Share International will know, Maitreya has +made, since June 1988 in Nairobi, a series of appearances in like manner +_ that is, appearing (and disappearing) before large (until now, orthodox +Christian) gatherings in different parts of the world, on which we still +await media comment and reaction. These have been, so far: September +1991, Mexico City; January 1992, Mexico City; 1 March 1992, Moscow; 22 +March 1992, Leipzig, Germany; 5 April 1992, Hanover, Germany; 26 April +1992, D*sseldorf, Germany; and 24 May 1992 in Switzerland. These +appearances will continue until media investigate and report on the +phenomenon. + As my Master reveals in His article in this [printed] issue of Share +International, they are being accompanied by mysterious and miraculous +events which have yet to reach the ears of the general public. Already, +at Tlacote, not far from Mexico City, a spring of water has surfaced with +amazing healing properties. Similar manifestations will be found in due +course, near the cities at which Maitreya has appeared - further signs of +His presence. + Q. (1) There are plans for a major international Christian festival +in Birmingham, UK, featuring Reinhard Bonnke, one of the world's leading +evangelists. Crowds of up to 35,000 are expected to attend the meetings +at the end of July. Is this the type of gathering at which Maitreya would +make an appearance? (2) Has He made such an appearance at a gathering at +all in England? + A. (1) These meetings in Birmingham in July might well seem ideal +opportunities for Maitreya to appear before large gatherings of people +with, most probably, media coverage as well. We can be sure, too, that +Maitreya is not unaware of this fact. However, it is my information that +He has no plans to appear there. Working strictly within the Law +governing our free will (which conditions the pace of His emergence), His +aims at present are less ambitious: so far, apart from Nairobi in June +1988, He has been appearing to groups of between 500 and 900 people. +However, with Maitreya, everything is fluid and mobile, and, if +circumstances permitted (due to humanity's action for the better), I have +no doubt He would avail Himself of wider opportunities to make His +presence known in this way. + (2) To Christian groups, no; but since 1977, He has spoken to large +audiences within the Asian community, not, however, appearing and +disappearing but in the ordinary way. + Q. Is Maitreya 'in on' the "One World Government" of President Bush +and the infamous "Tri-Lateralists"? I pray that the two are not the same. + A. President Bush's vision of a "New World Order" and "One World +Government" envisages an order in which the US, and therefore capitalism, +dominates and celebrates its triumph over a defunct communist ideology. +As I understand it, this is certainly not consistent with Maitreya's +predictions of a new political process (neither capitalism nor communism) +in which the voice and will of the peoples of the world are given +expression; in which consensus rather than confrontation and competition +will be the hallmarks; and in which a new political/economic structure - +Democratic Socialism or Social Democracy, symbolized by the reunification +of East and West Germany - will become the norm throughout the world. + + Q. Could you give the point in evolution and ray structure of the +science fiction writer Isaac Asimov (1920 -1992)? + A. Soul 3; Personality 4, sub-ray 6; Mental 7, sub-ray 3; Astral 4, +sub-ray 6; Physical 3, sub-ray 7. He was 1.6 degrees initiate. + + Q. Was Rasputin overshadowed by any of the Masters? If so, were they +trying to bring about reforms to defuse an explosive situation which led +to the downfall of the Tsars and the ruling aristocracy? + A. No. + + Q. In one of your books you say that the astral is only an +illusionary level of consciousness. I don't quite understand that. + A. The astral planes, the emotional/astral planes, exist as energy. The +function of our astral-emotional body is to act as a physical-plane +expression or vehicle for 'buddhi'. Buddhi is the second of the three +planes of the spiritual triad. The nature of atman, of the Self, is +spiritual will, spiritual love/wisdom and spiritual intelligence, and +these are reflected in the soul as atma, buddhi and manas. They all need +a vehicle, and the vehicle for buddhi (love/wisdom or group +consciousness, - intuition, group awareness) is the purified +astral/emotional body in the advanced individual, particularly, of +course, in a Master. + + The average individual is still caught up in the desire, rather than the +spiritual, principle. Desire governs the function of the personality and +the vehicles of the personality (the physical body, the astral-emotional +body and the mental body); but the physical body purified, the +astral/emotional body purified, and the mental body purified eventually +become the vehicles for atma, buddhi and manas. Until that point is +reached the person is swept along by the illusions of the astral plane +which are created by the thoughtform-making process of humanity. + + We have a physical body with an etheric sheath. The physical body dies +and is put in the ground or burned, but the etheric counterpart of that +body is a sheath which, normally within three days, dissipates and +returns to the ocean of etheric matter which surrounds us all. We are +then left in our astral sheath in which we exist for a shorter or longer +time on one or other of the seven astral planes (hopefully the higher +planes, because the lower are terrible). The more advanced a person is +the more he or she will be on the higher planes, and the less time will +be spent on these planes. + + On the astral planes there are 'facsimiles' of various Masters - the +Masters DK, Morya, Koot Hoomi, Serapis, Jesus, Hilarion and various other +Masters, created, as astral thoughtforms, by humanity. There are many +mediumistic, astrally sensitive individuals who 'receive' from these +'facsimiles' so-called 'teachings from the Masters' which are more or +less erroneous. + + Originally, the teachings came from the real Masters through people like +Alice Bailey, Eleanor Roerich, Helena Blavatsky, and which are reflected +back on to the astral planes by the disciples of the world. They are then +reflected back again through the astral sensitives with all the +distortions of the astral planes - the planes of distortion. It is like +what happens in dreams. Can you believe what happens in your dreams? The +astral planes are your dreams because your dreams happen on the astral +plane, are the result of the faculty of the lower mind during light sleep +- in deep sleep there is no dreaming - to create astral thoughtforms. +This activity of the lower mind goes on and on, the most fantastic things +happen. Then you wake up. The astral planes are as real as your dreams; +that is what I mean by the unreality of the astral planes. + + Q. How important is diet - the eating of dairy or vegetable products, +for example - in the pursuit of perfection? + A. It depends at what stage one is. For those coming up to the first +initiation, vegetarianism is usually a requirement, and at that stage +people usually automatically become vegetarian. They know, because as you +come towards the first initiation the soul prompts you. + + The first initiation becomes possible when you have made contact with +your soul. For long ages the soul is not the slightest bit interested in +its vehicle, its reflection, the man or woman in these successive +incarnations. The person is so removed from the soul, so cut off from it, +that there is nothing the soul can do, but eventually, as it is +approaching the first initiation - say, two or three lives before the +first initiation - the soul sees that things are beginning to happen; its +reflection is beginning to respond. It stimulates its vehicles and begins +to build the 'antahkarana', a column of light from the soul to the +person, and it introduces the person to meditation of some kind. + + Meditation is a more or less scientific method (depending on the +meditation) of coming into contact with the soul and eventually becoming +at-one with it. So the soul brings the person to meditation, and, more +and more, pours its energy into the person, on all planes - physical, +astral/ emotional, and mental. It 'grips' its vehicle in this way, while +the person meditating is building this antahkarana up towards the soul. +He becomes more idealistic, more aspiring, because the soul is pouring +down what we call the Christ Principle - the soul is the Christ +Principle, the principle of consciousness. This stimulates the aspiration +towards a higher life, and the person's predilections, their interests, +begin to change. They usually become more serious, less wasteful of time, +they get bored with earlier pursuits and are attracted to a deeper, more +meaningful aspect, coming from the soul. They begin to relate to +humanity in a broader sense, to feel responsibility, and they begin to +want to serve the world in some way. They usually think they should +become vegetarian and eventually it becomes a must for them. This is +because the first initiation is the result of the control of the physical +elemental. + + All of our bodies are made up of the life activity of tiny little +devic, or angelic, lives. This body that we think is solid physical is +made up of the activity of little devas, little angels, tiny little devic +lives, and they control us or we control them - it is one or the other. + + The first initiation is only possible when we control their activity +rather than they ours. The second initiation is only possible when we +control the activity of the astral devas, the third when we control the +activity of the mental devas. These three vehicles of the soul on the +physical plane have to be controlled. The readiness for the first +initiation demonstrates when we have a good degree of control over the +activity of the physical body _ not too much food, not too much sex, not +too much drink, not too much of anything; it does not have to be a +totally vegetarian diet. There are fanatics around in every sphere but +you will find that there is always a purification of the diet which leads +to purification of the body. + + Then for the second initiation you begin to work on the control of the +astral/emotional reactions to life. The soul through the mental body +controls the astral body, and then the soul through the mental body +controls the mental body itself. + Once these three controls are established, the three initiations can +take place and you are divine. At the fourth initiation the soul is no +longer needed _ it is the divine intermediary between the spark of God +and the man or woman on the physical plane. The vehicle for the soul, the +body of the soul on the soul plane (called the causal body), is shattered +and the soul is reabsorbed into the divine Self, the spark of God. The +man then stands as a living God, a divine God-man. Until the third +initiation is taken you are potentially divine but not yet totally +divine. + So it is to do with the impulse of the soul that one comes into +vegetarianism. Once you have proved that you have control, the need for +control does not become so marked. The habit goes on but it is not +essential. + + Q. Do animals have souls? + A. Individually, no. Animals are expressions of a group soul _ there is +the soul which is 'cat', or 'dog', or 'horse' or 'camel', but they do not +have individualized souls in the way humans have. The individualization +of humanity occurred, according to esoteric teachings, no less than +18-and-a-half million years ago. + + Q. Who taught you so that you have reached the stage where you can +meet a Master? This is my first meeting here and I feel very frustrated +because there seems a lot to know and a lot to learn. Why can't Share +International have a sort of Entity that people who want to know and +learn can learn from? + A. You mean why don't we start a school? A school would require a group +of teachers who know at least a page more than others do in order to +teach - and there are groups all over the world who do nothing else. Our +task is not to set up a school but to make known that the Christ is in +the world, that the Masters are returning - there are now 14 Masters in +the world besides Maitreya - and to prepare the way, to create the +climate of hope, of expectancy, for His coming, so that He can enter our +lives without infringing human free will. That is a full-time job - just +to publish Share International is pretty-well a full-time job. To travel +around the world as I do is almost a full-time job. Besides that I am a +painter, I am married, have two children, I have to sleep occasionally, I +have to eat sometimes ... you are asking the impossible! + + Let me just say, if you want to know about the esoteric teachings in the +academic sense, read the Alice Bailey teachings. There are 24 books, they +are available in all the esoteric bookshops. The first was published in +1922. Start with these, with Initiation Human and Solar and go on. No one +need be short of something to read. + + Q. Could you please give the ray-structure and point in evolution of +the late healer and medium Estelle Roberts? + A. Soul 2; personality 6, sub-ray 4; mental body 6, sub-ray 4; astral +body 6, sub-ray 2; physical body 3, sub-ray 3. She was 1.2 degrees +initiate. + + Q. It is thought that the late Vicky Wall, who was given the formulas +for the soul colour therapy 'Aura-Soma' through direct channelling, has +returned to Sirius. Could you confirm this please? + A. I must confess that this question makes me smile. Sirius is the +alter-ego of this Solar system and only Masters of the fifth initiation +or higher may _ if it is Their destiny _ go to Sirius and, by the same +token, only Avatars can come from Sirius to this planet. + The late Vicky Wall had not yet taken the first initiation; her point in +evolution was 0.8. So much for "direct channelling", 99.999 per cent of +which comes from the astral planes _ the planes of illusion. + + Q. Can you please give the ray structure and point in evolution of +the late German philosopher Martin Heidegger? + A. Soul 4; Personality 3, sub-ray 7; mental body 4, sub-ray 6; astral +body 6, sub-ray 2; physical body 7, sub-ray 3. He was 1.7 degrees +initiate. + + Q. Please give the ray structure and point in evolution of the late +Arthur Rubinstein, the famous pianist. + A. Soul 2; Personality 4, sub-ray 4; mental body 4, sub-ray 6; astral +body 6, sub-ray 6; physical body 7, sub-ray 7. He was 1.75 degrees +initiate. + + Benjamin Creme _ meetings and tours + + UK _ Benjamin Creme lectures at Friends' Meeting + House, Euston Road, London NW1: Thursday 16 July, + Thursday 6 August. Lectures begin 7 pm; doors + open/literature available 6.30 pm. Enquiries: % + 071-485 1739 or fax/answerphone: % 071-482 1113. + Canada _ Vancouver BC: Lecture, 26 June; + Meditation, 27 June + Enquiries: % 604-736-8272 + USA _ Los Angeles: Lecture, 30 June; Meditation, 1 + July + Enquiries: % 818-785-6300 + Mexico _ Mexico City: Lecture, 4 July; Meditation, + 5 July + USA _ San Francisco: Meditation, 8 July; Lecture, 9 + July + Enquiries: % 510-841-3738 + Tara Center Network Conference, 10-12 July. + Holland _ Lecture, 17 September; International + Transmission Meditation Conference, September + 18-20. Enquiries: PO Box 41877, 1009 DB Amsterdam. + Germany _ Munich: 8-9 October. Enquiries: % + 089-12332522; Hamburg: 10-11 October. Enquiries: % + 040-5552216. + Switzerland _ Geneva: 24-25 October. Enquiries: % + 021-369984. Zurich: 26-27 October. + + + Islamic fundamentalism today + by Aziz-ud-Din Ahmad + +It was peculiar to see Afghan pakols - the woolen caps typically worn in +Peshawar and Kabul - on the heads of protesters in the capital of +Algeria. Stranger still, a few weeks later, to hear that the "Afghans" +had attacked the city's police. Algeria had become the latest country to +be rocked by Islamic Fundamentalism, a movement that today haunts the +entire Muslim world from Morocco to Indonesia. Like the ghost of Hamlet's +father, it is here, there and everywhere. + +Its force, however, differs from region to region and from country to +country. Somewhere a ripple, at other places a minor current, it has +assumed the form of a storm at least in two countries. The storm centre +is the Middle East, where fundamentalism achieved its first victory when +the Iranian clergy overthrew Shah Reza Pahlavi in violent revolution. +Iran became a beacon of light for fundamentalists in Muslim countries the +world over. Here was a country bravely introducing a system of laws, +based on the Koran, which many Westernized Muslims had regarded as +impractical. It had gone even further: it challenged the two superpowers +simultaneously. Could this system bring prosperity and enlightenment to +the downtrodden Muslim masses of the Third World? Could it help them +achieve a respectable place among the nations of the world, denied to +them since the overthrow of the Abbasids in Baghdad and the Ummawis in +Andalusia? + +Not only fundamentalists but many other Muslims looked towards +revolutionary Iran in wonder and awe. Islamic fundamentalist parties +languishing in neighboring countries received moral encouragement and +were revitalized. Egypt came first, with the Ikhwan, or Muslim +Brotherhood, goaded to new activity by the Iranian example. Taking full +benefit of the freedoms allowed to them by the government of Hosny +Mubarak, they plunged into the political arena, gaining (in alliance with +the socialist Labour Party) 60 National Assembly seats in the 1987 +elections.A similar feat was performed by the Ikhwan in Jordan in the +1989 elections. In the kingdom's first general elections in 22 years, the +fundamentalists garnered no less than 20 seats in a house consisting of +only 80 deputies. In alliance with 12 other like-minded members, this +gave them the largest single voting bloc. While participating in +elections in Egypt and Jordan, the Ikhwan have by no means confined +themselves to democratic methods alone. + +In neighboring Sudan, they fully supported the military led by Brigadier +Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir, who overthrew Sadiq al-Mahdi. As reward, they +were the only political group represented in the new cabinet. Islamic +fundamentalism is also on the rise in the Arab Meghreb, which might well +become its second stronghold after the Middle East. 1990 was marked by +outbursts of fundamentalism in both Tunisia and Morocco. Violent +protests by fundamentalists in that year led to arrests in Tunisia. The +clash with police apparently involved a protest at the government's +handling of flood victims in the country. The militancy, however, was an +expression of the new spirit with which fundamentalism has been animated +in recent years. In Morocco that same year about 2,000 fundamentalists +were beaten and arrested when they took to the streets demanding the +release of six jailed leaders. + + +Algeria, however, has emerged as the stronghold of the resurgent +fundamentalism in the Arab Maghreb. Strange for a country where Western +culture has left widespread impact. Unlike Iran, where most people do not +know any European language, virtually all Algerians speak French as a +second language. Half the country gets its daily news from the French +media, while 4 million Algerians live abroad in Italy, Spain or France, +frequently traveling back and forth. Fundamentalists won the Algerian +municipal elections over a year ago and were on the verge of coming to +power through a thumping electoral victory in the recent general +elections when they were stopped short by the military (which has in fact +ruled Algeria since its liberation in 1962). The military top brass, +trained in elite French military schools, were perhaps afraid of what +fundamentalism might do to their lifestyles. After initially showing +restraint, the fundamentalists are now on the war path against the army, +which they regard as a usurper of power. The Islamic Salvation Front +(FIS) is demanding that the election results be respected and that the +current ruling council bow to the will of people. It is still too early +to predict the outcome of that confrontation. + +In the Asia-Pacific region, meanwhile, the cradle of the Islamic +fundamentalist movement is Indonesia. The former Dar-ul-Islam and the +Masjumi Party have been replaced by the new fundamentalist Partai +Persatuan Pembongan, or PPP. In Indonesia, fundamentalists have tried a +number of methods to come to power, from participation in elections to +insurrection. Targeted by Soekarno, against whom they had never taken +arms, the fundamentalists had hoped for better treatment from Suharto, +especially as they had collaborated with him in the massacre of +Indonesian communists. But Suharto was slow in allowing them to function. +Nevertheless, with the Communist Party -- the second-largest in Asia +after China's--banned and its rank and file killed and jailed in +thousands, the Indonesian PPP has emerged as the second-largest party in +the Parliament. The ruling Golkar Party got 299 seats in the 1987 +elections, while the PPP won 61 seats and the PDI, the pro-Soekarno +party, lagged behind with no more than 40 seats. + +There is also an Islamic party in Malaysia, which calls itself Partie +Islam Pas, or PAS for short. Though the party has little impact on +national politics, it has formed government in one of the provinces in +coalition with the ruling party of Mohatir Mohammad. In Pakistan, Jama +at-e-Islami represents the fundamentalist trend. Formed in 1941, it has +enjoyed little electoral strength, being more of a cadre party than a +mass party. Despite its discipline and a formidable propaganda machine, +it could only bag four seats in the 1970 national elections. Its +performance in 1988 and 1990 was better because of the electoral alliance +it made with the Muslim League and others, but it stands as nothing +compared to the other parties in the country. + +The Soviet entry in Afghanistan revived the fundamentalist trend that had +remained latent in that country before then. The mullah had performed +important social functions in traditional Pukhtun society but had never +been recognized as a ruler. After the Afghan revolution, however, +fundamentalism was encouraged as a counterpoise to communist ideology. +The material aid from the Middle East strengthened the trend., And as +Afghan nationalism was anathema to the establishment in Pakistan, +important sections of it gave important assistance to the fundamentalist +parties. + + +What is the social base of fundamentalism in the Muslim world today? +Poverty and illiteracy, maintain some writers. But is this the real +reason? If this were so, Pakistan should be the first stronghold of +fundamentalism because it is at the bottom of the list among Muslim +countries in these benchmarks, just above Sudan and Afghanistan. Iran, +where fundamentalism continues to thrive, had a per capita income of +$2,160 and a literacy rate of 48 per cent in 1977-- that is, on the eve +of the Iranian revolution--compared to $200 per capita income and a +literacy rate of 24 per cent for Pakistan that same year. Algeria, Egypt, +Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Indonesia have per capita incomes of $1,951, +$686, $551, $800, $884 and $560 respectively, and literacy rates of 46, +44, 58, 24, 62 and 64 per cent. Only Sudan and Afghanistan come near +Pakistan, with respective per capita incomes of $370 and $168 and +literacy rates of 20 and 10 per cent. + +In Muslim countries, it is clear, fundamentalism does not attract the +poor and uneducated alone. It appeals to a section of the educated youth +as well, who are drawn towards it as an alternative political system in +post-colonial societies ruled by corrupt and inefficient political elites +tied to the West. Most of the Muslim countries suffered under colonial +rule and the masses expected a better dispensation after liberation from +the foreign yoke. They grew disillusioned, however, as decades after +liberation the people continued to suffer under the unscrupulous and +corrupt generals, bureaucrats and politicians. In these countries, where +common people did not often have clean potable water to drink, the ruling +elite spent its ill-gotten wealth on costly luxuries imported from abroad +and on highly ostentatious living. Not only was this true of the ruling +elites tied to the bourgeois West but also of the nationalist or +socialist elites aligned with the former Soviet bloc. + +This negligence provided more than enough material to the +fundamentalists, who simultaneously condemned capitalism, nationalism and +socialism--along with the big and the small Satan supporting them. The +puritanical life style of many fundamentalist leaders along with their +stress on honesty and otherworldliness, has sometimes led people to think +that they would be able to end the corruption and dishonesty if they were +in power. + +What is the social base of fundamentalism in the Muslim world today? +Most of the Muslim countries suffered under colonial rule and the masses +expected a better dispensation after liberation from the foreign yoke. +They grew disillusioned, however, as decades after liberation the people +continued to suffer under the unscrupulous and corrupt generals, +bureaucr... [A portion of text is missing.] + + +[End of File] +### \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/shrine.txt b/politicalTextFiles/shrine.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ff6876 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/shrine.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +The following was excerpted from the Free Net BBS by Myrna M. Quayle +for the members of the NORTHEAST OHIO PC CLUB members and guests who +are interested in genealogy and the historic events that helped shape +their ancestors lives. + + ******* + +ABOUT THE FREEDOM SHRINE + +If you ask a small child to tell you what historical documents he holds +most dear, you're liable to get for your answer the question: "What's a +historical document?". If you ask the average student in the typical +city, the response will vary, depending on his or her social status, +education, family background, and a myriad of other choices. The aver- +age adult might come back with a very short list, and it will usually +include The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution. But ask a +librarian...and you'd better be prepared for a long dissertation... + +Each area of this country that has a FREE NET will likely have a list +of titles special to their area, and keyed to the curricula of the +local education system. Some of the choices special to one area will +have little significance in another part of the country...those +documents likely of interest to most parts of the United States are +included in every FREE NET... + +The idea for this Freedom Shrine was born in the Year of the Constitu- +tion, when that treasured document was celebrating its 200th anniver- +sary. There were few places you could go "on line" to actually read +the words that the Framers laid down in 1787, and which have stood up +to the test of time...and some don't show up in ANY electronic system. +The idea...was originally submitted by Gerald E. Murphy, USN (Ret) of +Lakewood, OH and it was he that provided much of the research...that +you are about to enjoy as you re-live the history of the United States +of America. + +...the documents are either written out in full or the details, which +provide sufficient background to their understanding, are spelled out +in these suggested books and other documents, either in full or by +reference... + +Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + The Salted Slug Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 415-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + New Dork Sublime Demented Pimiento 415-566-0126 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diverse sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/six.txt b/politicalTextFiles/six.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a1d059 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/six.txt @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ + + + ASSET PROTECTION USING SWISS ANNUITIES + + Growing the wealth is important, but so is + protecting it from false claimants, and Switzerland + excels at this. Almost anybody with wealth in the U.S. + is at risk, as discussed in the early sections of + this report. With everything that can happen to + savings, it is nice to know that there is something, + somewhere, nobody can touch. + + According to Swiss law, insurance policies -- + including annuity contracts -- cannot be seized by + creditors. They also cannot be included in a Swiss + bankruptcy procedure. Even if an American court + expressly orders the seizure of a Swiss annuity account + or its inclusion in a bankruptcy estate, the account + will not be seized by Swiss authorities, provided that + it has been structured the right way. + + There are two requirements: A U. S. resident who + buys a life insurance policy from a Swiss insurance + company must designate his or her spouse or + descendants, or a third party (if done so irrevocably) + as beneficiaries. Also, to avoid suspicion of making a + fraudulent conveyance to avoid a specific judgment, + under Swiss law, the person must have purchased the + policy or designated the beneficiaries not less than + six months before any bankruptcy decree or collection + process. + + The policyholder can also protect the policy by + converting a designation of spouse or children into an + irrevocable designation when he becomes aware of the + fact that his creditors will seize his assets and that + a court might compel him to repatriate the funds in the + insurance policy. If he is subsequently ordered to + revoke the designation of the beneficiary and to + liquidate the policy he will not be able to do so as + the insurance company will not accept his instructions + because of the irrevocable designation of the + beneficiaries. + + Article 81 of the Swiss insurance law provides + that if a policyholder has made a revocable designation + of spouse or children as beneficiaries, they + automatically become policyholders and acquire all + rights if the policyholder is declared bankrupt. In + such a case the original policyholder therefore + automatically loses control over the policy and also + his right to demand the liquidation of the policy and + the repatriation of funds. A court therefore cannot + compel the policyholder to liquidate the policy or + otherwise repatriate his funds. If the spouse or + children notify the insurance company of the + bankruptcy, the insurance company will note that in its + records. Even if the original policyholder sends + instructions because a court has ordered him to do so, + the insurance company will ignore those instructions. + It is important that the company be notified promptly + of the bankruptcy, so that they do not inadvertently + follow the original policyholder's instructions because + they weren't told of the bankruptcy. + + If the policyholder has designated his spouse or + his children as beneficiaries of the insurance policy, + the insurance policy is protected from his creditors + regardless of whether the designation is revocable or + irrevocable. The policyholder may therefore designate + his spouse or children as beneficiaries on a revocable + basis and revoke this designation before the policy + expires if at such time there is no threat from any + creditors. + + These laws are part of fundamental Swiss law. + They were not created to make Switzerland an asset + protection haven. There is a current fad of various + offshore islands passing special legislation allowing + the creation of asset protection trusts for foreigners. + Since they are not part of the fundamental legal + structure of the country concerned, local legislators + really don't care if they work or not. And since most + of these trusts are simply used as a convenient legal + title to assets that are left in the U.S., such as + brokerage accounts, houses, or office buildings, it is + very easy for an American court to simply call the + trust a sham to defraud creditors and ignore its legal + title -- seizing the assets that are within the + physical jurisdiction of the court. + + Such flimsy structures, providing only a thin + legal screen to the title to American property, are + quite different from real assets being solely under the + control of a rock-solid insurance company in a major + industrialized country. A defendant trying to convince + an American court that his local brokerage account is + really owned by a trust represented by a brass-plate + under a palm tree on a faraway island is not likely to + be successful -- more likely the court will simply + seize the asset. + + But with the Swiss annuity, the insurance policy + is not being protected by the Swiss courts and + government because of any especial concern for the + American investor, but because the principle of + protection of insurance policies is a fundamental part + of Swiss law -- for the protection of the Swiss + themselves. Insurance is for the family, not something + to be taken by creditors or other claimants. No Swiss + lawyer would even waste his time bringing such a case. + + Swiss annuities minimize the risk posed by U. S. + annuities. They are heavily regulated, unlike in the + U.S., to avoid any potential funding problem. They + denominate accounts in the strong Swiss franc, compared + to the weakening dollar. And the annuity payout is + guaranteed. + + Swiss annuities are exempt from the famous 35% + withholding tax imposed by Switzerland on bank account + interest received by foreigners. Annuities do not have + to be reported to Swiss or U.S. tax authorities. + + A U.S. purchaser of an annuity is required to pay + a 1% U.S. federal excise tax on the purchase of any + policy from a foreign company. This is much like the + sales tax rule that says that if a person shops in a + different state, with a lower sales tax than their home + state, when they get home they are required to mail a + check to their home state's sales tax department for + the difference in sales tax rates. + + The U.S. federal excise tax form (IRS Form 720) + does not ask for details of the policy bought or who it + was bought from -- it merely asks for a calculation of + 1% tax of any foreign policies purchased. This is a + one time tax at the time of purchase; it is not an + ongoing tax. It is the responsibility of the U. S. + taxpayer, to report the Swiss annuity or other foreign + insurance policy. Swiss insurance companies do not + report anything to any government agency, Swiss or + American -- not the initial purchase of the policy, nor + the payments into it, nor interest and dividends + earned. + + Special Advantages of Swiss Annuities + * They Pay Competitive Dividends and Interest. + * No foreign reporting requirements. A swiss + franc annuity is not a "foreign bank account," subject + to the reporting requirements on the IRS Form 1040 or + the special U. S. Treasury form for reporting foreign + accounts. Transfers of funds by check or wire are not + reportable under U. S. law by individuals -- the + reporting requirements apply only to cash and "cash + equivalents" -- such as money orders, cashier's checks, + and travellers' checks. + * No forced repatriation of funds. If America + were to eventually institute exchange controls, the + government might require that most overseas investments + be repatriated to America. This has been a common + requirement by most governments that have imposed + exchange controls. Insurance policies, however, would + likely escape any forced repatriation under future + exchange controls, because they are a pending contract + between the investor and the insurance company. Swiss + bank accounts would probably not escape such controls. + (To the bureaucrats writing such regulations, an + insurance policy is a commodity already bought, rather + than an investment.) + * Instant liquidity. With the Swiss Plus plan, + described later, an investor can liquidate up to 100% + of the account without penalty (except for a SFr500 + charge during the first year.) + * Swiss safety. As already discussed, Switzerland + has the world's strongest insurance industry, with no + failures in 130 years. + * No Swiss tax. If an investor accumulates Swiss + francs through standard investments, he will be subject + to the 35% withholding tax on interest or dividends + earned in Switzerland. Swiss franc annuities are free + of this tax. In the U. S., insurance proceeds are not + taxed. And earnings on annuities during the deferral + period are not taxable until income is paid, or when + they are liquidated. + * Convenience. Sending deposits to Switzerland is + no more difficult than mailing an insurance premium in + the United States. A personal check in U. S. dollars + is written and sent overseas (50 postage instead of + 29 ). Funds can also be transferred by bank wire. + * Qualified for U.S. Pension Plans. Swiss + annuities can be placed in a U. S. tax-sheltered + pension plans, such as IRA, Keogh, or corporate plans, + or such a plan can be rolled over into a Swiss-annuity. + (To put a Swiss annuity in a U.S. pension plan, all + that is required is a U.S. trustee, such as a bank or + other institution, and that the annuity contract be + held in the U.S. by that trustee. Many banks offer + "self-directed" pension plans for a very small annual + administration fee, and these plans can easily be used + for this purpose.) + * No Load Fees. Investment in Swiss annuities is + on a "no load" basis, front-end or back-end. The + investments can be canceled at any time, without a loss + of principal, and with all principal, interest and + dividends payable if canceled after one year. (If + canceled in the first year, there is a small penalty of + about 500 Swiss francs, plus loss of interest.) + + Swiss Plus + A new Swiss annuity product (first offered in + 1991), SWISS PLUS, brings together the benefits of + Swiss bank accounts and Swiss deferred annuities, + without the drawbacks -- presenting the best Swiss + investment advantages for American investors. + + SWISS PLUS, is a convertible annuity account, + offered only by Elvia Life of Geneva. Elvia Life is a + $2 billion strong company, serving 220,000 clients, of + which 57% are living in Switzerland and 43% abroad. + The account can be denominated in the Swiss franc, the + U.S. dollar, the German mark, or the ECU (European + Currency Unit), and the investor can switch at any time + from one to another. Or an investor can diversify the + account by investing in more than one currency, and + still change the currency at any time during the + accumulation period -- up until beginning to receive + income or withdrawing the capital. + + Although called an annuity, SWISS PLUS acts more + like a savings account than a deferred annuity. But it + is operated under an insurance company's umbrella, so + that it conforms to the IRS' definition of an annuity, + and as such, compounds tax-free until it is liquidated + or converted into an income annuity later on. + + SWISS PLUS accounts earn approximately the same + return as long-term government bonds in the same + currency the account is denominated in (European + Community bonds in the case of the ECU), less a half- + percent management fee. + + Interest and dividend income are guaranteed by a + Swiss insurance company. Swiss government regulations + protect investors against either under-performance or + overcharging. + + SWISS PLUS offers instant liquidity, a rarity in + annuities. All capital, plus all accumulated interest + and dividends, can be freely accessible after the first + year. During the first year 100% of the principal is + freely accessible, less a SFr500 fee, and loss of the + interest. So if all funds are needed quickly, either + for an emergency or for another investment, there is no + "lock-in" period as there is with most American + annuities. + + Upon maturity of the account, the investor can + choose between a lump sum payout (paying capital gains + tax on accumulated earnings only), rolling the funds + into an income annuity (paying capital gains taxes only + as future income payments are received, and then only + on the portion representing accumulated earnings), or + extend the scheduled term by giving notice in advance + of the originally scheduled date (and continue to defer + tax on accumulated earnings). + + Contact Information + The only way for North Americans to get + information on Swiss annuities is to send a letter to a + Swiss insurance broker. This is because very few + transactions can be concluded directly by foreigners + either with a Swiss insurance company or with regular + Swiss insurance agents. + + When you contact a Swiss insurance broker, be sure + to include, in addition to your name, address, and + telephone number, your date of birth, marital status, + citizenship, number of children and their ages, name of + spouse, a clear definition of your financial objectives + (possibly on what dollar amount you would like to + invest), and whether the information is for a + corporation or an individual, or both. + + So far one firm specializes in dealing with + English speaking investors, and everybody in the firm + speaks excellent English. They are also familiar with + U. S. laws affecting the purchase of Swiss annuities. + + Contact: + + Mr. Jurg Lattmann. + JML Swiss Investment Counsellors AG, Dept. 212, + Germaniastrasse 55 + 8031 Zurich + Switzerland + telephone (41-1) 363-2510 + fax: (41-1) 361-074, attn: Dept. 212 + + A Swiss annuity for a portion of your assets can + add a useful pillar to your overall protection plan, + because it is something completely separate from your + structure of family limited partnerships and living + trusts, and has its own independent set of protective + rules. It also adds an extremely important + diversification into a "hard money" asset. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/smartcrd.txt b/politicalTextFiles/smartcrd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b153af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/smartcrd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +The following story is taken from The SPOTLIGHT newspaper, +published weekly in Washington, D.C. by Liberty Lobby. +Subscriptions, $36/year. Contact, The SPOTLIGHT, 300 Independence +Ave., SE, Washington, D.C. 20003, or call (202) 546-5611. + + +TECHNOLOGY & LIBERTY + + Deep in the heart of America's defense +and national security Establishment--far from +prying eyes, congressional scrutiny and cranky +civil libertarians--there is an ongoing project +code-named Tesserea. Tesserea is part of a +larger and even more mysterious program +that's called Mosaic. + + Tesserea is a Smart-Card development +project. Supposedly, the Pentagon's boffins are +trying to improve on the time-honored GI +"dogtag" so familiar to American veterans. +They're trying to make dogtags "smart." At least +that's what they have told sources about +Tesserea and Mosaic. + + Word is that these Pentagon scientists +have succeeded in astonishing ways. Is that +good news? Read on about Tesserea and decide +for yourself. + +'TESSEREA' + + What are we talking about here? Let's +define our terms. I used Webster's Unabridged +Dictionary and several texts on classical history. +The results were interesting, to say the very +least. + + "tesserea n. Lat. (pl. tessereae): 1) Four- +cornered, 2) The quality of being four-sided, +'four-sidedness'; tesserea referred to four- +cornered objects like chairs, tables, stools, dice +etc, 3) (Art) A piece of mosaic tile; a single +piece of a mosaic [emphasis mine], 4) +(Politics) An identity chit or marker +[emphasis mine]; in ancient Rome, tessereae +were identity tokens issued to legionnaires, +conquered peoples and slaves. Slaves or Gauls +who refused to accept tesserea were often +branded or maimed for purposes of +identification and taxation [emphasis +mine]." + + What kind of "smart" GI dogtag is this? + + What manner of American military +identification system would take its name from +the hated identity chits of Roman conquerors, as +they enslaved the entire known world 2,000 +years ago? + +MOTHER OF ALL SMART CARDS + + If Tesserea sounds bad, Mosaic looks even +worse. In fact, if the stories about it are true, +Mosaic could be the mother of all Smart-Card +projects--Tesserea included. Mosaic reportedly +goes far beyond personal identification devices, +like Smart Cards or "smart" computer databases, +such as the one proposed by Hillary Clinton for +her National "Health" Security identification +system. + + Mosaic is said to be literally global in +scope. It reportedly involves state-of-the-art +wireless communications technology and +regional monitoring systems to track the +Tesserea identity devices. Initially, cellular- +telephone-like communications networks will +do the monitoring, but eventually space-based +satellite networks will do it. Today's existing +satellite networks can already locate ships and +aircraft within 500 feet of their actual position, +anywhere on earth. + +'SMART' DOGTAGS? + + For the military, the idea of "smart" +dogtags sounded reasonable, even laudable. +Imagine a military ID that can be instantly +located anywhere in the world, so +reinforcements or rescuers can be dispatched to +soldiers, sailors or fliers in trouble within +minutes, either in peacetime or war. + +Who knows? Such devices could even be +implanted into servicemen and women. They +could be powered by the person's body heat +through a simple, low-voltage thermocoupling +element. They'd be a permanent military +security device, right out of Star Trek. + + With the heartbreak of America's +Vietnam-era MIAs still fresh in people's minds, +such "smart" dogtags sound like an exciting and +innovative prospect. How many of those missing +men might have been saved if rescuers had +been able to instantly "zero-in" on them in the +jungles or rice paddies of Southeast Asia? + +KNOWING & GOING + + Then it dawned on me: By all indications, +six U.S. administrations, the CIA, the Joint Chiefs +of Staff--even the KGB--always knew more-or- +less where our MIAs were. Even today, they +apparently know where "bodies are buried" (or +stacked up, to be more precise--the remains of +America's inconvenient MIAs are consistently +reported to be stored in above-ground +mausoleums in Hanoi). + + My point is this: Tesserea and Mosaic +won't necessarily guarantee a different +outcome, if the Vietnam MIA tragedy is ever +repeated. "Knowing" and "going" are two +different things. "Inconvenient" servicemen and +women--those who support covert operations, or +government-organized crime, or who simply +know too much or cost international finance +capital too much--will undoubtedly continue to +be abandoned. With or without Tesserea cards. + + Furthermore, once these devices are +perfected and deployed--and they may be +working just fine, right now--will they be +limited to the armed forces? Or will they serve +as prototypes for more general Smart Carding? +Will the people who carry them even know +what these things are? + + Personally, I'm not persuaded Tesserea's +Smart-Card "dogtags" are intended only for +servicemen and women. On the contrary, it +appears likely that the Smart Card technology +being developed in these shadowy programs +could be bad news for all Americans, who are +already hard-pressed to safeguard the +remaining shreds of their personal privacy. + + That's been the pattern--these frightful +projects move around, from one secret agency +to another, sucking up public funds and then +vanishing into covert "blackness", only to +resurface somewhere else. More advanced, +more pervasive, and usually masquerading as +something else. + +VICTIMS OF CLASSICAL EDUCATION + + We live in an age when secret government +code-names are almost always gibberish-words +randomly generated by computer. So where did +the exquisite, archaic logic of these two code- +names come from? + + Tesserea for the identity +device . . . Mosaic for an awesome, space- +based monitoring program to track all the +identity devices. All the people forced to carry +these things would be reduced to a vast +mosaic--instantly identifiable and findable, +wherever in the world they may be. + + In my college days, I was privileged to +attend a school with a pretty good classical +history department. We used to kid the +fledgling classicists, calling them "victims of a +classical education". But we all knew there were +powerful lessons to be learned from classical +history, however. + + Nowhere are those lessons more poignant +than in the frightful slave-empire of ancient +Rome. If these frightful plans Tesserea and +Mosaic go forward and become America's +"Health" Card system (or something else), we +could all become the victims of "someone's" +classical education. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/smbd.txt b/politicalTextFiles/smbd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b80cc35 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/smbd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +SOMETHING MUST BE DONE! + +By RICHARD M. EBELING + +During hard times there are few phrases as frequently heard +as, "Something must be done!" And what is usually meant by the +phrase is that governmental action is needed to cure the +economic woes of society. + +In other words, government spending should be increased to +raise the demand for goods and services; interest rates should +be lowered to stimulate investment activity; protection should +be given to domestic producers to insulate them from the +unscrupulous "poaching" of foreign producers; public-works +projects should be used to guarantee a job at a "living wage" +to all of those desiring to work. + +We live in an era that has seen the bankruptcy of socialism, +the failure of the welfare state, the corrupting influences of +governmental regulatory activity, the irresponsibility of +government deficit-spending and the unprincipled political +pandering to every conceivable special-interest group. And yet +still the cry is heard: "Something must be done!"--by the +government. + +Fifty-five years ago, the English economist John Maynard +Keynes published his book The General Theory of Employment, +Interest and Money. He ended the volume by pointing out to his +readers, "The ideas of economists and political philosophers, +both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more +powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is +ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to +be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually +the slaves of some defunct economist." + +At the end of the twentieth century, Americans, and indeed +practically the entire world, are the slaves of defunct +collectivist economists of half a century ago. Faced with the +trauma and tribulations of the Great Depression, intellectuals +of almost every stripe came to the conclusion that individual +freedom and free markets could not be trusted to either +deliver the goods or the jobs that seemed to be so desperately +needed. Their only disagreements were over the form which +government management should take. + +Marxists looked to Moscow and Stalin's five-year plans. A +socialist command economy might be harsh and lacking in some +of the "bourgeois" freedoms, they believed, but at least +everyone had a job; and planning assured that society's +resources would not stand idle. + +Fascists looked to Rome and Berlin. Even though Hitler's +racial policies in the 1930s became an uncomfortable +embarrassment, fascism, as an economic system, still appealed +to many. Here, government did not have to nationalize +industry. It could instead plan the economy in partnership +with business and labor--setting wages and prices and +establishing employment and production targets for growth and +stability. + +Keynes and his "New Economics" seemed to offer a third way. +Government did not have to nationalize or directly plan an +economy. By use of government deficit spending and +manipulation of interest rates through control of the money +supply, government planners could influence the demand for +goods and services and the amount of private investment +activity. By using these policy tools, government could +indirectly manage an economy for "full employment." + +Over the last fifty years, just about every variation on the +collectivist economic theme has been tried. And every one has +turned into disaster. + +Central planning has twisted men's souls and ravaged their +bodies. Both communist and fascist forms of planning have +denied human beings their most basic freedoms and produced +nothing but poverty and terror. + +And while Keynesian economics and neo-mercantilist trade +policies have appeared less visibly destructive of freedom and +prosperity, their effects have been no less detrimental. +Moreover, in the name of "full employment" and "economic +stabilization," the economic power of governments in the +Western world has become immense. Governments in America and +western Europe now absorb anywhere from twenty-five to +seventy-five percent of all of the wealth produced by the +people in these nations. Governmental regulations intrude into +every corner of economic life. Government determines who can +work and under what conditions, how products may be produced +and in what manner they may be marketed, what kind of profits +may be earned, and what level of wages must be paid. + +Nor have Keynesian "demand management" policies brought +economic stability. The post-World War II period has seen +nothing but unending cycles of booms and busts, inflations and +recessions. And with every enlargement in the size of +government has come an increased number of groups in the +society dependent upon the continuation of governmental +spending and protection. The corruption of our legislative +processes is merely one aspect of the political consequences +of Keynesian economics put into practice. + +During the first half of this century, many economists and +political philosophers were drunk with the idea of power. They +suffered from what the Austrian economist Friedrich A. Hayek +has called "the pretense of knowledge." They were convinced +that they had the wisdom and ability to plan, guide and direct +the lives of millions. Their minds had given them the insight +and knowledge to know how to "set things right." + +Market demand was too low? They knew just the right amount of +government spending to rectify the problem. Wealth was +unfairly distributed? They knew just the right amount of +taxation and redistribution of wealth to assure "economic +justice." Industry and jobs were not where they should be in +the economy? They knew just where industry should be located +and where jobs should be created. + +Through the public educational process and other forms of +government propaganda, Americans were brainwashed into +believing them. And even though every economic intervention +has failed and continues to fail, Americans still believe +them. Why? Because they have been conditioned to believe our +government masters and brainwashers when they tell us that +next time "they will get it right," that they have learned +from their mistakes, and that Americans should just continue +to trust them. + +But they are not to be trusted. Not only because power +corrupts, but also because they can never know how to do all +of the things they promise to do. No mind or group of minds +can ever have the ability or capacity to master all of the +knowledge and information that is required to plan, direct or +guide an economy. + +The value of a market economy is that it leaves each +individual free to plan his own affairs and to use his own +knowledge as he sees fit. But if he is to benefit personally +from that knowledge, he knows that he must use it in a way +that serves the ends of society. He can earn a living only by +using his knowledge to fulfill the wants and desires of others +in the peaceful social order of voluntary exchange. + +Competitively established market prices, both for resources +and commodities, transmit across the entire economy +information about the ever-changing supply-and-demand +conditions to which each member of the society must adjust if +he is to go about his business of earning a living. The market +incorporates and encapsulates more knowledge and information +than any economic planner or interventionist can ever hope to +know or master. + +But if the market is to fulfill its informational tasks, it is +vital that we return to first principles. By protecting and +respecting individual life and property, government can help +to secure the conditions for prosperity; but government cannot +create that prosperity. Prosperity comes only from men +applying their minds and the means available to them for +various desired ends. Prosperity, therefore, can only come +from freedom, because only when men are free do they have the +interest and the incentive to set their minds to work. + +What does this mean in terms of economic policy? The exact +opposite of what the economic planners and social engineers +desire. Government's role in society must be reduced to the +much ridiculed "night-watchman state." And government +expenditures must be lowered to only those needed to protect +individual liberty and private-property rights. + +This means: no governmental subsidies; no governmental +protectionist privileges; no governmentally sponsored +monopolies or cartels; no governmental licensing of +occupations or professions; no governmental regulation of +industry or the workplace; no governmental setting or +influencing of wages or prices; no public-works projects; no +governmental "demand management" policies; no governmental +control of money. + +As we approach the end of the twentieth century, we are at a +dead end with collectivist and interventionist economic +policy. Something must be done! But not by the government! The +place to start is to recognize that we are the intellectual +victims of defunct economists and political philosophers of a +bygone era and, more important, to recognize that governmental +policies are the cause, not the cure, of our economic +problems. + +Professor Ebeling is the Ludwig von Mises Professor of +Economics at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and also +serves as vice-president of academic affairs at The Future of +Freedom Foundation. + + +------------------------------------------------------------ +From the May 1991 issue of FREEDOM DAILY, +Copyright (c) 1991, The Future of Freedom Foundation, +PO Box 9752, Denver, Colorado 80209, 303-777-3588. +Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit +and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sovconst.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sovconst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc330cf --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sovconst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,377 @@ +To USSR-L subscribers, +There have been some postings lately asking what SOVSET is and +who it serves. In general it would not be proper to copy +SOVSET's material and distribute in USSR-L, since SOVSET is +a service subscribers pay for. In the case of the following +article, which was posted by SOVSET today (Nov. 13), I own the +copyright. I am posting it on USSR-L partly to give you an idea +of the material carried by SOVSET. + +Darrell Hammer + +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + WRITING A NEW RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION + + Darrell P. Hammer + Indiana University + + In June the newly elected Congress of People's Deputies of +the RSFSR resolved to write a new constitution for the republic, +and appointed a constitutional commission of 100 members under +the chairmanship of Boris Eltsin.[1] The commission promptly +created a "working group" of legal experts. These experts +completed their work in less than four months, and have now +submitted a working draft of a new constitution for consideration +by the commission.[2] + Despite the speed with which it was put together, the draft +is long and detailed, probably too detailed to be a good +constitution. Some of the detailed provisions, however, are +dictated by Soviet experience and an obvious desire to keep +history from repeating itself. For example, the draft makes +usurpation of power a state crime, and makes it unlawful to +establish a one-party system. + The draft consists of five sections, which cover these +topics: (1) basic principles, (2) rights and obligations of +citizens, (3) civil society, (4) the federal system, and (5) the +structure of the state. A number of questions, however, were +left to be resolved by the constitutional commission. The +experts were unable to agree on two important points, the nature +of the Presidential office, and the electoral system. + BASIC PRINCIPLES + The working draft solemnly proclaims the Russian Federation +to be a sovereign state, repeating the language of the +Declaration on Sovereignty adopted by the first Congress of +People's Deputies.[3] Since the RSFSR was already "sovereign"[4] +it was not clear what the declaration really meant. It did +contain a "supreme law" clause, proclaiming the supremacy of the +RSFSR Constitution and RSFSR laws on the entire territory of the +republic.[5] The working draft is slightly different, and makes +only the republic constitution the supreme law. + The draft provides for strict separation of powers between +the legislature (the Parliament or State Duma), the executive +(President), and the courts. + THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS + The draft offers a long list individual rights, but it adds +(like the ninth amendment to the U. S. Constitution) that the +enumeration of certain rights should not be construed as limiting +other rights not mentioned in the document. Citizens are +promised equality of rights regardless of social origin, +property, place of residence, language, race, attitude toward +religion, political or other convictions, party membership, or +previous criminal conviction. Men and women are to be treated +equally. The rules for attaining or losing citizenship are to +be defined by law, but no one can be arbitrarily deprived of +citizenship, and no citizen can be forcibly deported. All +citizens have the right to leave the federation, and to return. +Citizens have the right to life, and capital punishment can be +applied by a court only as an "exceptional measure" for the most +serious crimes.[6] + Interference in the private or family life of citizens is +forbidden. The inviolability of the individual is guaranteed, +and no one can be arrested except on the basis of a court order. +The draft contains a long list of individual rights--most of +which already exist on paper, such as the right to privacy of +correspondence (USSR Constitution, art. 56). + However, the restrictions on individual rights in article 39, +50 and 51 of the USSR Constitution have been eliminated. The +draft does provide that the exercise of rights by one person +should not damage the legal interests or rights of another. +Furthermore, individual rights may not be exercised for the +purpose of overthrowing the political order by force, for +propagandizing war, or for stirring up religious, social, or +national hostility.[7] + The writers of the draft were less categorical in defining +economic rights. In contrast to the USSR Constitution (art. 42), +which guarantees free medical care, the draft promises free care +only to those who lack the resources to pay for it. The draft +promises free access only to "basic education" (osnovnoe +obrazovanie), without defining this term. It offers the +individual "social protection against unemployment" but it does +not guarantee everyone a job. + As in the Declaration on Sovereignty, the draft provides that +citizens are under the protection of the Russian Federation, both +on its territory and outside its borders. + The draft provides for procedural rights in language much +like that of the U. S. Constitution. It protects accused persons +against double jeopardy and self-incrimination, and it guarantees +the right to counsel. To protect these rights, the draft would +create a new office, Supreme Defender (Verkhovnyi +pravozashchitnik), who is elected by Parliament. + CIVIL SOCIETY + The chapter on civil society is designed to protect private +property and the market system. The draft goes far beyond the U. +S. Constitution, and proclaims private property as an +"inalienable natural right." The essential clause of this +follows: + Free enterprise is recognized and guaranteed by law. + The right to free enterprise (independent economic + activity for the purpose of making a profit) is recognized + for individuals, for societies organized for this purpose, + for state enterprises, and for enterprises owned by local + government. + Relations between enterprises are regulated by contract. + The state guarantees the right to freely enter into + contracts, and to judicial resolution of conflict connected + with them. Administrative compulsion to enter into deals is + forbidden. + The procedure and forms of entrepreneurial activity, of + the creation of societies of entrepreneurs, and the + obligations of entrepreneurs in relation to agencies of the + state or local government, are defined by law. + Under the heading of "civil society" the draft also discusses +the family, education, culture, the media, religion, and public +organizations and political parties. The family is described as +the natural nucleus (yacheika) of society, and is put +under the special protection of the state. Censorship is +forbidden, and all political parties are promised equal access to +state-owned radio and television. Neither the state nor any +political party is to exercise a monopoly over the media. + The federation is to be based on political and +ideological pluralism (plyuralizm) which is said to rule +out totalitarianism or any form of dictatorship. There is to be +no official state ideology. The draft provides for a multiparty +system, and a one-party system is explicitly outlawed. However, +the draft allows the banning of political parties which propagate +racial, religious, national, or class hatred, which employ force +or threaten the forcible overthrow of the government, which +oppose the law-governed state. Political parties are not to have +organizations within the public service, in the armed forces, or +in the police. (An alternate version would add state enterprises +and educational institutions to this list.) + THE FEDERAL SYSTEM + In July the presidium of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet issued a +call for a "federal treaty" to be negotiated among all the +territorial units which make up the federation.[8] The +constitution writers did not wait for this treaty, but proceeded +to work out the details of the new federal structure. + The federation is composed of national-territorial formations +(republics) and regions (also referred to as federal +territories), which are both referred to as the "subjects" of the +federation. The republics presumably are the present-day +autonomous republics, oblasts, and districts, and the territories +are presumably the oblasts and krais. However, any territory +can, through a referendum, transform itself into a republic, and +any republic can become a territory. The draft lists twenty-four +functions which are reserved to the federation, and of these the +following are of special interest: + 1. Preserving the unity of an all-Russian market. + 2. Control over natural resources. + 3. Managing the money supply, including foreign currency. + 4. Foreign policy and inter-state relations. + 5. Customs and border control. + 6. Activities in the cosmos. + 7. Standards for measurement and time. + 8. Protection of copyright and patents. + 9. Defense and the armed forces, security services and +federal police. + These are all functions which now belong to the all-union +government. If they are in fact assumed by the Russian republic, +the adoption of this constitution would mean the disappearance of +the USSR as we know it. In addition, the draft provides that the +federation has jurisdiction in criminal law, as at present. In +the case of civil, labor, economic and procedural law, the +federation lays the foundation; writing specific law codes in +these spheres is left to the national or regional governments. +This provision follows the present model, where the all-Union +Supreme Soviet enacts "fundamental laws" but the drafting of +codes is left to the union republics.[9] + The USSR is never mentioned in the working draft. However, +the document provides that the Russian Federation can voluntarily +enter into a commonwealth or union with other sovereign states. +The Russian Federation would reserve to itself the right to +secede from any such union. The Russian language is to be the +official language of the federation. Every subject, however, can +choose a different official language for its own territory. + THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE + The experts were divided on the role and functions of the +President, and so section 5 of the draft is given in two +versions, A and B. Version A provides for a presidency more or +less on the French model, while version B offers an American- +style presidency. In version A the President appoints a premier, +who presides over a government that is responsible to parliament. +In version B, the President is not only chief of state but also +head of the government. + The President. The functions of chief of state are to +be vested in a new official, the President of the Federation. +The President is to be elected by popular vote for a four-year +term, and is limited to two terms in office. The functions of +the President which are common to both versions are the +following: + 1. Represents the Federation in internal and international +affairs. + 2. Guarantees the proper execution of the Constitution and +the laws. + 3. Subject to the approval of Parliament, appoints the +chairman and members of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme +Court, ministers, ambassadors, and other officials. + 4. Removes ministers and other officials. + 5. Guides the execution of foreign policy and concludes +treaties, subject to the approval of Parliament. + 6. Is the commander in chief of the armed forces. + 7. Declares a state of emergency, subject to approval of +Parliament. + 8. When there is a danger of attack, calls for a partial or +general mobilization, subject to approval of Parliament. + 9. In the event of attack, orders the armed forces into +action, subject to approval of Parliament. + 10. Signs and promulgates laws of the Federation. +The President has a veto power over legislation. In version B, +he must act on legislation within fifteen days, and a veto can be +overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Parliament. + According to version A, the President's veto can be +overridden by a simple majority. Version A also provides that +the President, after consultation with the House of People's +Representatives, appoints the premier. He is also empowered to ask the +house for a vote of confidence in the government. + The President can be removed from office by impeachment, but +the process is complex. Either house of parliament can impeach +the President by a two-thirds vote. The case is then heard by +the Constitutional Court. The final decision is taken by the +other house, and the President can be removed by a two-thirds +vote. The role of the court in this process is not clear. The +draft does not specifically say whether the court can terminate +the impeachment process by acquitting the President, or merely +gives an opinion. + The draft also provides for a Vice President, whose primary +function is to preside at joint sessions of the parliament. The +Vice President can act for the President during temporary periods +of absence. If the presidential office is vacated for any reason +the Vice President assumes the office of President for the +remainder of the term. If the vice presidency becomes vacant a +new Vice President can be elected by the parliament. + Parliament. The State Duma consists of two houses--a +House of People's Representatives, and a Federal Council. The +House of People's Representatives is directly elected by the +people. The Federal Soviet consists of an equal number of +representatives from each subject of the federation. The working +draft offers two plans for election of the Federal Council-- +either direct election by the people, or election by the +legislature of the territorial units that they represent. + In version A, the Parliament is responsible for forming a +government. However, the premier is nominated by the President +and confirmed by the House of People's Representatives. Only +this house can dismiss the government by a no-confidence vote. +Either house can dissolve itself, in which case the President +must call a new election for that house. Version A also provides +that legislation originates in the House of People's +Representatives. + In version B the Parliament is elected for a fixed term, and +elections are to be held on the second Sunday of March every +fourth year. + The Electoral System. The draft provides for two +different electoral systems. Version I provides for single- +member constituencies which are to be approximately equal in +size. + Version II provides for proportional representation. The +country is to be divided into a number of multi-member districts, +and in each district deputies are to be elected by a list system. +In countries where it has been tried, the list system has +strengthened individual parties by making it virtually impossible +to get elected without a party endorsement. The draft has tried to +overcome this buy allowing individuals to get their names on the +list without party approval, and by allowing the individual +voters, if they choose, to list their order of preference among +the candidates. This system would theoretically allow +independent candidates to win election, but it would also +confront the voter with a very complicated set of choices. + The Courts. The draft proposes a Constitutional Court +and a Supreme Court, but empowers Parliament to set up other, +inferior courts. Judges of these two top-ranked courts are +appointed by the President with the approval of Parliament. +Other federal judges are appointed by the President alone. +Judges are to be appointed for life, except that Parliament may +set a compulsory retirement age.[10] + The Constitutional Court consists of eleven judges appointed +by the President and confirmed by Parliament. It is empowered to +decide the constitutionality of statutes or other legal +enactments, both of the Federation and of its subjects. As +already noted, the Constitutional Court "participates" in the +impeachment process. It has additional powers, including the +right (at the request of Parliament) to give authoritative +interpretations of the Constitution, and to determine the +competence of the President to exercise his office. + The Supreme Court functions as the final appeals court in +cases of criminal, civil, or administrative law. + Emergency Powers. The draft devotes almost three +pages to the President's emergency powers. If the President +declares a state of emergency, either locally or throughout the +federation, Parliament must be notified within seventy-two hours, +and such a declaration can remain in effect for only thirty days. +Parliament can extend the emergency powers, but only for thirty- +day periods. A state of emergency cannot be used to limit the +powers of Parliament or the courts, and during a state of +emergency the Constitution cannot be amended and the election +laws cannot be changed. + Ratification and Amendment. The constitution is to +take effect only after ratification by a national referendum. +Once the new constitution comes into force, the constitution of +1978 is void. Statutes passed by the RSFSR remain in force only +if they do not contradict the new constitution or new statutes +passed on its authority. + The draft provides for an amendment process which is slow and +cumbersome. and it also lays down a rule that the "basic +principles" of the constitution cannot be changed. First, an +amendment must be formally proposed to the Parliament. The +proposer can be a group consisting of one-fifth of the members of +either house, or the President, or by one million citizens, or a +variety of others. Six months following the formal proposal, the +parliament can act, and the proposal needs a two-thirds vote of +both houses. Then the amendment must be submitted to the +subjects of the federation for ratification. The amendment is +formally adopted if two-thirds of the subjects agree to +ratification. + CONCLUSION + This working draft is more than a constitution. It is also a +declaration of independence. The Russian Federation, operating +under this proposed constitution, would be an independent and +sovereign state. Even if the federation chose to exercise its +right to enter into a commonwealth, the resulting union would +only be a loose confederation. + The speed with which the draft was put together suggests that +the RSFSR leadership is anxious to produce a finished +constitution before the all-union constitutional commission +finishes its work. However, the draft is far too long for an +effective constitution. Large sections of the document could be +left for enactment by the new parliament, as organic law. + Before it finishes its work, the Russian commission must +decide what kind of presidency it wants. It ought to give +consideration to a third model--the German model, where the +President is only a ceremonial head of state and real executive +power is vested in the head of government. + NOTES + 1. Sovetskaya Rossiya, June 17, 1990. + 2. Konstitutsiya (osnovnoi zakon) Rossiiskoi federatsii. +Proekt rabochei gruppy i gruppy ekspertov Konstitutsionnoi +komissii RSFSR - s parallel'nymi mestami i variantami. This +document is dated Oct. 11, 1990. Hereafter the document is +referred to as a working draft. + 3. Sovetskaya Rossiya, June 14, 1990. + 4. Constitution of the USSR (1977), art. 76; Constitution of +the RSFSR (1978), art. 68. + 5. The declaration in fact is not consistent with the +republic constitution, since that constitution (art. 76) provides +that USSR laws are binding on republic territory. + 6. Soviet criminal law presently defines the death penalty +as an exceptional measure. Osnovy ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva +Soyuza SSR i soyuznykh respublik (1959), art. 22. However, +the death penalty can be used to punish a variety of crimes -- +not only murder, serious crimes against the state, and certain +crimes committed in wartime, but also counterfeiting, illegal +dealing in foreign currency, bribe-taking, and aggravated rape. + 7. Art. 39 of the USSR Constitution provides that individual +rights cannot be exercised in a way which damages the interests +of society or the state. Articles 50 and 51 provide that the +rights of free expression and association are granted in order to +advance the interests of the system. + 8. Sovetskaya Rossiya, July 20, 1990. + 9. Family law is considered a separate branch of law in the +USSR: the fundamentals are laid down in all-union legislation, +and each republic has a code of family law. This sphere of law +is not mentioned in the draft. + 10. Some members of the working group opposed the idea of a +Constitutional Court, and there is a second version of this +section which omits any mention of that court. In the second +version, the Supreme Court rather than the Constitutional Court +would be involved in the impeachment process. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/space.txt b/politicalTextFiles/space.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b01c63 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/space.txt @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +***** Reformattted. Please distribute. + + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON AMERICA'S SPACE PROGRAM + + + +The end of the Cold War offers new opportunities +and new challenges for our civilian space program. +In recent years the program has lacked vision and +leadership. Because the Reagan and Bush +administrations have failed to establish priorities +and to match program needs with available +resources, the National Aeronautics and Space +Administration (NASA) has been saddled with more +missions than it can successfully accomplish. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore support a strong U.S. +civilian space program -- for its scientific value, +its economic and environmental benefits, its role +in building new partnerships with other countries, +and its inspiration of our nations youth. A +Clinton/Gore Administration space program will seek +to meet the needs of the United States and other +nations while moving toward our long-term space +objectives, including human exploration of the +solar system. A Clinton/Gore space program will +also promote the development of new technologies, +create new jobs for our highly-skilled former +defense workers, and increase our understanding of +the planet and its delicate environmental balance. + +Move beyond the Cold War + +* Restore the historical funding equilibrium + between NASA and the Defense Departments space + program. The Reagan and Bush Administrations + spent more on defense space initiatives than + on civilian space projects. + +* Achieve greater cooperation in space with our + traditional allies in Europe and Japan, as + well as with Russia. Greater U.S.-Russian + cooperation in space will benefit both + countries, combining the vast knowledge and + resources both countries have gathered since + the launch of Sputnik in 1957. + +Improve the American economy through space + +* Direct NASA to give high priority to continued + improvement of the American civil aircraft + industry, which faces increasing international + competition. NASA research can play an + important role in developing less polluting, + more fuel efficient, and quieter aircraft. + +* Work to improve our space industries + competitiveness. Well direct NASA to develop + cutting-edge rocket and satellite + technologies. We will also develop a new, + cost effective, and reliable launch system to + maximize scientific and commercial payloads. + +Link NASA and the environment + +* Support NASA efforts -- like Mission to Planet + Earth -- to improve our understanding of the + global environment. + +* Call on NASA to develop smaller, more focused + missions which address pressing environmental + concerns. + +Strengthen NASA and education + +* Direct NASA to expand educational programs + that improve American performance in math and + science. Space education can help maintain our + technological edge and improve our + competitiveness. + +* Direct NASA to expand the outreach of its + educational efforts beyond its five field + centers, so that millions more people can + learn about space. + +* Maintain the Space Shuttles integral role in + our civilian space program. The Shuttle is + extremely complex and will always be expensive + and difficult to operate. But we must take + full advantage of its unique capabilities. + +* Support completion of Space Station Freedom, + basing its development on the twin principles + of greater cooperation and burden sharing with + our allies. By organizing effectively on this + project, we can pave the way for future joint + international ventures, both in space and on + Earth. + +Encourage planetary exploration through the best +space science + +* Stress efforts to learn about other planets. + These improve our understanding of our own + world and stimulate advances in computers, + sensors, image processing and communications. + +* Fully utilize robotic missions to learn more + about the universe. + +* Although we cannot yet commit major resources + to human planetary exploration, this dream + should be among the considerations that guide + our science and engineering. Because the + entire world will share the benefits of human + planetary explorations, the costs for any such + projects should be borne by other nations as + well as the United States. + +The Record + +* Senator Al Gore chairs the Senate Subcommittee + on Science, Technology, and Space, which has + primary responsibility for NASA and plays a + key role in efforts to strengthen and + revitalize America's space program. + +* Strongly favors a balanced manned and unmanned + space program. Supports completion of Space + Station Freedom and enhancements to the fleet + of Space Shuttles to ensure safety and + reliability. + +* Has championed Mission to Planet Earth, an + initiative designed to gather comprehensive + information on the Earth's changing + environment. He strongly supports efforts to + channel information on the Earth's environment + to teachers and school children. + +* Strongly supports efforts to strengthen our + leadership in aviation. + +* Has tried to use space exploration as a bridge + to international cooperation, not competition. + Pushed the administration to investigate the + possibilities for integrating surviving + elements of the Soviet space program into the + U.S. program in ways beneficial to America and + its aerospace workers. + +* Following the Challenger disaster, Senator + Gore uncovered quality assurance deficiencies + at NASA, gaining a greater commitment to + quality assurance and accountability at NASA. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/spaceusa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/spaceusa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eed845e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/spaceusa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ + +I know there are a lot of BBSers out there who are interested in space +exploration. We want NASA to launch more research missions, to see +private enterprise in space, to go where no man has gone before... + +What can we do to see to it that the politicians who run this country +have the same vision? How can we persuade them to stop cutting NASA's +budget, and increase it instead? How can we get politicians to give +incentives to private companies who help to develop space? + +These questions were going through my mind and I thought "Voting picks a +politician, not an issue. We have to make the politicians KNOW how we +feel. We have to MAKE SPACE DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH AN ISSUE. Make it as +big an issue as Reagan's War on Drugs." + +To do this, we have to ACT, and the ACTION is a simple one. Simply +download this message as an ASCII file. SEND IT TO AS MANY BBSES AS YOU +CAN. Then put it in your wordprocessor, chop everything above and below +the dotted line, select one or both of the candidates you want to write +to, and mail out the letter. You can alter the letter to fit your own +style and tastes, the important thing is to ACT! Mail the letter as soon +as possible. The sooner the politicians KNOW how we FEEL, the sooner they +can ACT. +More [Y/n/=]?                   + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +President George Bush +1 Pennsylvania Ave. +Washington, D.C. 20003 + +Dear Mr. Bush: + +I heard a lot of campaign promises during the last election, but I didn't +hear one word about space exploration or NASA. NASA's budget has been cut +and cut again ever since men walked on the moon. This country built up an +incredible space exploration system during the 1960's. By the early 70's +we had the hardware to get us to any planet in the solar system, and then +we threw it all away for no good reason. + +People used to say that space exploration was too expensive. That we +spent all of that money to get "a few moon rocks." Now they realize that +all of the money we've spent on space development has been repaid many, +many times. Weather satellites alone have saved enough lives and averted +enough property damage to pay for the entire space program. Microelec- +tronics, which were developed primarily for the space program, have given +us the entire modern computer and software industry. Satellites allow us +to find scarce resources on our planet. + +Speaking of resources, this planet's resources are divided among five +billion people. Some of these people are very rich, some poor. But even +the richest person on the planet only owns a portion of it. Now look up. +There are an infinite number of planets up there. Enough raw materials +and natural resources to make every person on this planet a billionaire. +And it's all just sitting there for the taking. This isn't a dream, we +can grab this wealth with today's technology, just ask your science +advisors if you don't believe me. But we must act now, before someone +else beats us to it. + +Please think about what I've said. The 1990's could be remembered as the +decade that America recaptured space. + + +Sincerely, + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +If you're feeling especially productive, you can also send this letter to +your state and federal politicians. If you don't know their addresses, +call your local Voter Registration number. It's in the white pages under +County Government Offices. + +If you want more ideas on how you can help to promote space development +send a long, self-addressed stamped envelope to: + +Jeff Hunter +& the Temple of the Screaming Electron +P.O. Box 5378 +Walnut Creek, CA 94596 + +BBS: 415/935-5845 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/special.txt b/politicalTextFiles/special.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..abc6187 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/special.txt @@ -0,0 +1,507 @@ + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + IS THIS AN UNTAMPERED FILE? + + This ASCII-file version of Imprimis, On Line was + packaged by Applied Foresight, Inc. (AFI hereafter). + Every AFI-packaged ASCII version of Imprimis is + distributed in either an "-AV protected" ZIP file + format or a SDN (Shareware Distributors Network) + protected SDN file. + + "AV" is the authenticity verification feature provided + to registered PKZIP users, which Applied Foresight, + Inc., is. If you are using the MS-DOS PKUNZIP.EXE + program written by PKWARE Inc. and do not see the "-AV" + message after every file is unzipped AND receive the + message "Authentic files Verified! #JAA646 Applied + Foresight Inc." when you unzip this file then do not + trust it's integrity. If your version of PKUNZIP is not + the PKWARE-authored program (for instance, you are + running a non-MS-DOS version), then this message may + not be displayed. (Note: version 2.04g of PKZIP was + used to create this authentication message.) + + SDN is the major distributor of Shareware and + Copyrighted Freeware and users who extract files from + an SDN file with the current version of the archive + utility ARJ, should see: + + *** Valid ARJ-SECURITY envelope signature: + *** SDN International(sm) SDN#01 R#2417 + + This file is an SDN International(sm) Author-Direct + Distribution. It should be verified for the SDN + Security Seal by the FileTest utility available at The + SDN Project AuthorLine BBS 203-634-0370. + + (Note: prior to about May, 1993, SDN used PAK to + archive its distributions and its authenticity message + differs from the above.) + + Trust only genuine AFI-packaged archives ... anything + else may be just that: ANYTHING ELSE. + + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + Imprimis, On Line + Special Edition, November 1993 + + IMPRIMIS (im-pri-mis), taking its name from the Latin + term, "in the first place," is the publication of + Hillsdale College. Executive Editor, Ronald L. + Trowbridge; Managing Editor, Lissa Roche; Assistant, + Patricia A. DuBois. Illustrations by Tom Curtis. The + opinions expressed in IMPRIMIS may be, but are not + necessarily, the views of Hillsdale College and its + External Programs division. Copyright 1993. Permission + to reprint in whole or part is hereby granted, provided + a version of the following credit line is used: + "Reprinted by permission from IMPRIMIS, the monthly + journal of Hillsdale College." Subscription free upon + request. ISSN 0277-8432. Circulation 480,000 worldwide, + established 1972. IMPRIMIS trademark registered in U.S. + Patent and Trade Office #1563325. + + --------------------------------------------- + + Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242 + Special Edition + + --------------------------------------------- + + A Special Message From_ + Stanley D. Crow + Attorney at Law + + --------------------------------------------- + + In recent years you and I have participated together in + campaigns to prevent the establishment of an Idaho + state lottery (we lost) and casino gambling (we won). + When we undertook those campaigns, we had many good + reasons to do so, but among them was our mutual desire + to uphold and preserve traditional values--the values + that make the difference between a society that thrives + and one that wanes, between a society that is blessed + with honor and one that is cursed with disrespect, and + between a society that encourages vigorous virtues and + one that degrades into malaise and dysfunction. + + The founders of our nation had carefully + considered the teaching of centuries concerning how man + should relate to God, how man should relate to man, and + how government should encourage those right + relationships. In turn, they created a governmental + system that both presupposed a moral, upright, and + self-responsible citizenry and that strived, until + comparatively recently, to preserve those conditions. + + As our government has let us down, you and I and + many others have stepped forward to fill the gap. One + of the most effective in doing so is Dr. George Roche, + whom I regard to be a philosopher of and for our times + and a hero in the truest sense of the word. As + president since 1971 of Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, + Michigan, Dr. Roche has led his school to become one of + the leading, if not the leading, institutional + proponents and exponents of the interrelated causes of + freedom for the individual, Judeo-Christian values for + individuals and society, and a deep understanding of + and firm commitment to the heritage of Western + civilization. + + Through its own determined fight to be completely + independent of government regulation and funding, + through its renowned academic and public policy + seminars both on campus and around the nation, through + its brilliant exposition of the values that underlie + free enterprise, through its academic rigor, and + through its many publications--including the books of + Dr. Roche and others and this Imprimis you hold in your + hands--Hillsdale College has provided all of us with an + inspiring example and the means of victory. + + I believe this so strongly that I have arranged + for you to have a free subscription to the monthly + Imprimis, at no cost or obligation if you so desire. + Simply return the postpaid business reply envelope + inside and join me as a faithful and appreciative + Imprimis reader. + + Sincerely, + Stanley D. Crow + + --------------------------------------------- + + "Capitalism and the Future of America" + By George Roche, President, Hillsdale College + + --------------------------------------------- + + The brilliant young economist George Gilder has written + that the most important event in recent history is "the + demise of socialist dream." However, he also notes + "_the failure of capitalism to win a corresponding + triumph." + + Why is this so, when capitalism has so obviously + provided more material benefits for every individual, + regardless of economic or social condition, than any + other system in the history of the world? Why, when + capitalism's intellectual defense has been so ably + undertaken by some of the greatest minds of our time is + socialism, thinly disguised, still taught in our + schools and promoted by our politicians? And why, when + capitalism's results are so demonstrably humanitarian, + is it still seen as a symbol for greed and + exploitation? The perplexing answers to these questions + share a common root: They all lie in the realm of + ideas. Ideas, I find myself often saying, rule the + world--not armies, not economics, not politics, not any + of the things to which we usually give our allegiance, + but ideas. + + "Ideas have consequences"--in just three words + Richard Weaver encapsulated an entire philosophy of + life that is also a challenge, a call to action for all + of us. Throughout history there have been formative + moments in which particular ideas and particular + leaders exert a profound impact on the character and + events of a nation. These special epochs, marked by the + emergence of a new consensus, can readily be found in + American history. The first great sea-change in + American society occurred fully 150 years before the + American Revolution when our colonial ancestors enjoyed + a large measure of self-government. From the start, the + American colonial experience had drawn heavily upon the + traditional liberties of British subjects and upon + their rich heritage of individual freedom guaranteed by + the Magna Carta. + + By the eighteenth century, however, the British + were pursuing a different goal. A new economic idea, + mercantilism, dominated British thinking. Government + planning and control regulated society and manipulated + individuals. Eventually, the American colonists ran out + of patience with this growing governmental interference + in their affairs. During the summer of 1776, Thomas + Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a + revolutionary document destined to represent liberty + for the American republic as long as it should endure. + + Coincidentally, during that same summer in 1776, a + book was published thousands of miles away from the + American colonies, a book destined to have a profound + effect on America. The author, Adam Smith, was a + professor of moral philosophy at the University of + Glasgow, and the book was The Wealth of Nations. As a + moral philosopher, Smith contended that men must be + free to make their own decisions because, if they are + not, a moral paralysis soon sets in. From this basic + truth, he examined mercantilism and discovered that + this early form of the planned economy was denying men + freedom of choice and thus distorting British society. + Eleven years later, fifty-five men met in Philadelphia + to draft our Constitution. Motivated primarily by the + ideas articulated by Jefferson and Smith, our Founding + Fathers charted our national path toward limited + government, the dignity of free men, and the marvelous + prosperity we have enjoyed in this country. + + The next great sea-change in our nation's history + occurred around the turn of the twentieth century. + Unfortunately, these new ideas favored the collective + over the individual, redirecting America on an + increasingly hazardous path as the century progressed. + The setting was ripe. For years, as America's + industries boomed, immigrants poured in and cities + mushroomed, it began to seem to some that the scale of + life itself had so magnified that the common man no + longer had a fair chance to get ahead in the world. Far + from what one might expect, the momentum for + collectivism was imparted not by public figures but by + little-known men of ideas whose names not one in a + hundred Americans would recognize. + + In certain elite circles, some wondered whether + the answers for America's growing pains might not lie + elsewhere than in the common sense of the Founding + Fathers and the time-tested traditions of our Judeo- + Christian heritage--and whether those answers might not + instead be found in the work of certain "daring" + European thinkers like Marx, Darwin, and Freud whose + ideas had rocked the Old World during the 1800s. + + So a relative handful of professors and + intellectuals, writing in the first years of this + century and drawing on iconoclastic theories already + well advanced in Europe, brought those ideas to America + and began a process that remade the face of American + society within thirty years, roughly between 1900 and + 1930. These collectivist ideas spread from a few + seminal thinkers, to the second- and third-hand + purveyors of ideas--teachers, ministers, the working + press--the word wielders. The collective mentality + continued to spread, reaching the professions, the + business community, the courts, the novelists, the + artists, the general public and last--always last--the + politicians. + + Of the first seminal thinkers of the new era, John + Dewey has had a lasting impact on our philosophy, our + education, our culture, and, ultimately, our + government. From his "progressive school" experiment of + the mid-1890s at the University of Chicago, Dewey + advocated a system of education which would produce a + new generation of Americans with a preference for group + and social activity and who viewed themselves not as + individuals but as members of a "total democratic + society." He emphasized the unfinished nature of + society and the universe and called for "a new kind of + religion" to be derived from human experience and + relationships. + + Dewey's intellectual colleagues were themselves + busy on other fronts. At Col-umbia, anthropologist Ruth + Benedict and her mentor Franz Boas were developing the + ideas that man could be understood only as a social + animal, since his character was allegedly the exclusive + creation of his society and environment. Charles + Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution + was another key turning point. He set aside the + traditional ideas of American society in favor of an + essentially Marxian philosophy of history in which the + Founding Fathers were portrayed as having placed the + economic welfare of a few ahead of the total social + welfare of all. + + The flamboyant Thorstein Veblen poured out his + bitter frustration on the business community in shrill + anticapitalist diatribes like The Theory of the Leisure + Class. Meanwhile, Veblen's fellow economists John R. + Commons and Richard Ely pioneered in charting a vastly + expanded role for organized labor in the new + collectivity. + + Sociologist Lester Frank Ward, one of the true + patron saints of the modern American collectivist + ideal, saw politics as a manipulating device designed + to control all society, stating: "Modern society is + suffering from the very opposite of paternalism--from + under-government." In Ward, all those years ago, we + thus find the original germ of an idea that has been + central to the social planner's rhetoric from the New + Deal era to the Clinton era. + + By 1932, the year the arch-collectivist and + political pragmatist Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected + president, the intellectual revolutionaries had already + done their work, and they rapidly became the new + political establishment. Under FDR, the new generation + of intellectuals managed to use the Depression as a + pretext for a massive collectivization of American + society throughout the decade of the 1930s. They failed + to cure the Depression, but a "fortunate" circumstance- + -World War II--did it for them. After the war, the + social engineers stood ready with further collectivist + gimmicks such as the Full Employment Act of 1946. + + There was steady pressure throughout the Truman + years for major expansion of the federal role in + health, in education, and in welfare--pressure that + finally resulted in new government programs under the + succeeding Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower. + Thus Eisenhower proved once again that Republican + administrations usually ratify rather than reverse the + collectivist inroads of their Democratic predecessors. + The same pattern of ratification and acceleration was + repeated two decades later when the Nixon and Ford + administrations helped consolidate most of Lyndon + Johnson's Great Society programs, exacerbated the oil + crisis and other economic woes through an unprecedented + program of peacetime wage-and-price controls, and + presided over the regulatory explosion of the early + 1970s. + + In the last months of the Reagan presidency, we + wondered if the pattern had been repeated. Many saw + Reagan's election in 1980 and his subsequent reelection + in 1984 as genuine evidence of Americans' + disenchantment with government, a disenchantment that + cuts across ideological lines and is an inevitable + reaction to the love affair with statism that has been + carried on for so long. But whatever one thinks in + retrospect of Reagan's actual accomplishments, it is + uncertain whether much has changed. Critics on the left + have declared that the end of the Reagan era signaled + the end of conservatism's brief resurgence. + + Undeniably the idea of capitalism, a central tenet + of conservatism, remains under constant assault, and + its detractors comprise a majority in our schools, our + media, and even our political and cultural leadership + communities. One faction we may dub the "anti- + capitalists," those who regard the redistribution of + wealth in the name of "economic justice" as the proper + goal of all economic activity. They claim that modern + capitalism began with the Industrial Revolution and + heralded child labor, wage slavery, urban squalor and a + Hobbesian existence for the working class. The late + 20th century, they insist, is still an era of + exploitation. + + A second group, however, focuses less on + capitalism's evils than its supposed inadequacies. It + is all right to defend free enterprise, so the + reasoning goes, but today there are simply too many + demands on the system--too many poor, too many + problems, too many inequities--for individuals or the + free market to handle. Government must, therefore, step + in and act as the problem-solver. Far more people + belong to this group than the first. They have accepted + the need for intervention even though they may harbor + no hostility to capitalism. + + Both groups are obsessively results-oriented. They + begin with the premise that the world is perfectible + and that man possesses the means to perfect it through + his own reason and through man-made institutions. + Capitalism simply cannot fulfill their expectations. + Yet no amount of intellect and no economic system--no + man-made system at all, for that matter--can cure every + ill the world produces; it probably can't even cure + half of them. Sadly, the false notion persists that + some other system, some other grand vision, can achieve + the impossible. + + The central idea of capitalism does not lie in the + miracle of the market or even the ingenuity of the + entrepreneur. It rests, rather, on the fundamental + principle of freedom. One of the great sources of + strength for America has been our commitment to + economic, political, and religious freedom. Within our + open society, individuals are free to provide for + themselves and their families, to compete with others + and to join with them in voluntary associations. We + have been free to support those professions, + businesses, schools, hospitals, churches, and cultural + institutions which best meet our individual needs and + preferences. In other words, we have prospered with + competition and voluntary association in the private + sector. The American economy, despite its ups and downs + and the serious threats it faces from over regulation, + the deficit, and the other problems of our times, has + worked beautifully--beyond the wildest dreams of the + utopian social planners. But it has worked precisely + because we have allowed individuals to act freely on + their own. + + Self-transcendence is the ability to rise above + the merely animal, merely physical self and freely + choose the conditions and terms of our own existence, + to decide what is of ultimate importance and act upon + it whether or not other people understand, whether or + not it is dangerous, whether or not it makes us rich. + Only human beings have that capacity. Only you and I + do. We have the capacity to rise above our merely + physical selves. + + Self-transcendence, based on individual choice, + touches every aspect of our lives. If economic + transactions were based on the immediate cave man rip- + off--the idea that I want to grab all I can get, and I + want to get it right now, and I will not honor any + obligation that interferes with this--no long-term + economic planning would be possible. No investment, + nothing of what we call a capital structure, could ever + come into existence, unless legal contracts were + honored. That necessitates self-transcending people, + people willing to honor their commitments. + + That is the leadership commitment we are + discussing. All civilization is based upon the + integrity of the self-responsible individual, directed + by a view of justice, of restraint, and of + responsibility. + + There was a time when this country of ours valued + such an idea. It placed its faith in the responsible + individual and the institutional structure, giving form + to our lives. And it is the erosion of that faith which + today destroys us from within. I submit to you that + unless we recover it, all the methods in the world to + do something better economically, technologically, or + socially are just so much spitting in the wind. + + We must insist upon a return to a hierarchy of + values which gives primacy to the dignity of the + individual and to the instructional forms which + guarantee that dignity. + + It is here that the free market, private property, + private institutions--that whole private sector idea-- + has special validity, because it does leave people free + to build their own voluntary associations, to be + uniquely self-transcending, to get on with the dignity + of leading their own lives. + + Remember, then, when we as leaders are talking + about the private sector, that we are committed to it + not because it works, though it works very well. All + kinds of economic arguments demonstrate that the free + market provides prosperity. It solves social problems. + It works. But that is not the argument that we should + advance. People are not inspired by the argument that + they will have more refrigerators if they are free men. + Our message must not be that the free market is good + because it works, but rather that it works because it + is good--because it has the fundamentally proper view + of human nature. + + This is what capitalism offers for our American + future. Together we can invest our resources and + energies in a system which provides a level of + prosperity and personal dignity unheralded in the + history of the world. Its legacy of freedom, passed + from one generation to the next, is now ours to defend + for our children, and for all who will follow. + + + --------------------------------------------- + + George Roche has served as president of Hillsdale + College since 1971 and in the last two decades has + attracted international attention for his battle to + protect the school from federal intrusion. (Despite the + fact that Hillsdale has never accepted federal funds, + the Supreme Court has challenged Hillsdale's + independence.) Firing Line, the MacNeil-Lehrer News + Hour, News-week, the New York Times, Reader's Digest, + Time, Today, the Wall Street Journal, and scores of + other television, radio, magazine, and newspaper + sources have chronicled his efforts. + + Formerly the presidentially-appointed chairman of + the National Council on Educational Research, the + director of seminars at the Foundation of Economical + Education in New York, a professor of history at the + Colorado School of Mines, and a U.S. Marine, George + Roche is also the author of 10 books on education, + history, philosophy, and government, including America + by the Throat: The Stranglehold of Federal Bureaucracy + (1985), Going Home (1986), A World Without Heroes: The + Modern Tragedy (1987), A Reason for Living (1989), and + One by One: Preserving Values and Freedom in Heartland + America (1990). + ### + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + End of this special edition of Imprimis, On Line; + Information about the electronic publisher, + Applied Foresight, Inc., is in the file, IMPR_BY.TXT + + For the November 1993 issue, there is the normal issue + of Imprimis issued by Hillsdale College. + See the file, IMPR9311.TXT + +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/spend$.txt b/politicalTextFiles/spend$.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1108a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/spend$.txt @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + CUSTOM COMPUTING + 6815 DICKINSON COURT + TAMPA FLORIDA 33634-4707 + CIS: 71327,1251 + +Sat 07-31-1993 + + CLINTON'S NEW MATH + +Following are some excerpts from a Wall Street Journal column by Tom Bethell. +It discloses some interesting revelations about Clinton's so-called +"Deficit Reduction Budget." This guy and his Liberal lemmings in +Congress are the biggest accumulation of liars one could ever imagine +in his wildest dreams. Remember now, these guys say they are "cutting" +spending. Yeah, right. [Uploader comments in square brackets] + +============================================================================ + +"On April 8, the Office of Management and Budget [now headed by Mr. +Panetta] released the 1994 federal budget." + +"On April 9, major newspapers published stories on the budget, but all +failed to publish the outlay and revenue totals shown below." + +" --------------------------------------------------------- + |CLINTON'S BUDGET TOTALS | + |in billions of dolars, rounded | + | | + | 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998| + |=========================================================| + |Outlays $1,468 1,515 1,574 1,625 1,690 1,781| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Receipts $1,146 1,251 1,328 1,413 1,476 1,531| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Deficit $322 264 246 212 214 250| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Defense | + |Outlays $277 264 258 252 234 239| + |---------------------------------------------------------| + |Source: Office of Management and Budget | + --------------------------------------------------------- " + +[SPENDING CUTS??? YEAH, IN DEFENSE] + +"The Washington press corps has permitted Clinton to talk of "spending +cuts without exposing the absurdity of his claim." + +"Spending totals increase from $1.468 billion to $1.781 billion in +five years despite real reductions in military spending." + +"In Washington parlance, the phrase "spending cuts" means merely +reductions in planned increases. John Cognan, deputy director of +OMB in 1988-1989, says that "the Ways and Means and Finance committees +deliberately legislate future spending increases that they have no intention +of granting, so that they can later reduce them and say they have 'cut +the budget.'" + +======================================================================= + +[FROM THE UPLOADER: I don't know about those who read this, but, I +get fed up with the way the mainstream media condone these 'dirty +little secrets' the Liberals keep from the American public. To anyone +who doesn't have TV cable, the privilege of watching C-SPAN is worth +the price of basic cable. C-SPAN and C-SPAN II provide live coverage +of the floor activities in the House and Senate, but, in off-hours, +they cover a lot of other activities of political interest. One of +the most enlightening was coverage of the gay rally in Washington in +April. + +While we're talking about facts, I have to reiterate some facts about +the national debt, the annual budget deficit, and the bald-faced lies +this guy Clinton and his henchmen have foisted on us since he started +his campaign in 1991. All we heard about was the evil and greedy 12 +years of Reagan-Bush. They were (and still are) totally supported by +the visible media people from Sam Donaldson to Bryant Gumbel. I won't +bore you with all the details, but, here are a couple summaries. + +By the way, I don't put up anything here that is not verifiable. + +Ronald Reagan took office Jan. 20, 1981, and left office Jan. 20, 1989. +Government receipts (income) in 1991 were $599 billion and outlays +(spending) were $678 billion. In 1989, income was $991 billion, and +spending was $1,143 billion (that means 1.143 TRILLION). The budget +deficit wasn't exacerbated by lack of revenues. It was caused by +congressional spending that was out of control. And, I don't want to +hear any more of this drivel from the Liberals that, "We authorized +less than any budget sent to us by Reagan." + +Now comes the really heinous part. Remember the 1989 figures: Income - +$991 billion, spending - $1,143 billion. In 1992, these were the +actual numbers: Income - $1,092 billion, Spending - $1,382 billion. + +It doesn't make any difference how much money comes into the government +piggy bank. Congress will spend more. Also, remember this: ALL +SPENDING legislation originates in the House Ways and Means committee. +What the President sends up is relatively meaningless, except when the +White House is controlled by the same people who control congress. + +Please do us one favor. Go back and read the Income/Spending numbers +once more. And, don't forget. The entire House is up for re-election +in '94. Thirty-four Senate seats are up. Of those, 20 are held by +Democrats, 12 are held by Republicans, and two will simply be vacant. +Metzenbaum (D-OH) and Danforth (R-MO) have announced they will not +seek re-election. + +Thanks for reading. UPLOADED BY: Vern Semrad + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/spook.txt b/politicalTextFiles/spook.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..939c8a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/spook.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@ +From zeug@noel.pd.orgTue Nov 22 07:52:38 1994 +Date: Mon, 21 Nov 1994 13:29:00 -0500 (EST) +From: robert cheatham +To: synners@noel.pd.org +Subject: Spook Paranoia (fwd) + + + +robert cheatham +Domain: zeug@pd.org +UUCP: ...!emory!pd.org!zeug + +---------- Forwarded message ---------- +Date: Mon, 21 Nov 1994 10:07:56 -0700 (MST) +From: Captain Privacy +To: Cyber Mind +Subject: Spook Paranoia + + +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- + + National Security Agency Employee Manual + +Security Guidelines + +This handbook is designed to introduce you to some of the basic +security principles and procedures with which all NSA employees must comply. +It highlights some of your security responsibilities, and provides guidelines +for answering questions you may be asked concerning your association with this +Agency. Although you will be busy during the forthcoming weeks learning your +job, meeting co-workers, and becoming accustomed to a new work environment, you +are urged to become familiar with the security information contained in this +handbook. Please note that a listing of telephone numbers is provided at the +end of this handbook should you have any questions or concerns. + +Introduction + +In joining NSA you have been given an opportunity to participate in the +activities of one of the most important intelligence organizations of the United +States Government. At the same time, you have also assumed a trust which +carries with it a most important individual responsibility--the safeguarding of +sensitive information vital to the security of our nation. + +While it is impossible to estimate in actual dollars and cents the value of the +work being conducted by this Agency, the information to which you will have +access at NSA is without question critically important to the defense of the +United States. Since this information may be useful only if it is kept secret, +it requires a very special measure of protection. The specific nature of this +protection is set forth in various Agency security regulations and directives. +The total NSA Security Program, however, extends beyond these regulations. It +is based upon the concept that security begins as a state of mind. The program +is designed to develop an appreciation of the need to protect information vital +to the national defense, and to foster the development of a level of awareness +which will make security more than routine compliance with regulations. + +At times, security practices and procedures cause personal inconvenience. They +take time and effort and on occasion may make it necessary for you to +voluntarily forego some of your usual personal perogatives. But your +compensation for the inconvenience is the knowledge that the work you are +accomplishing at NSA, within a framework of sound security practices, +contributes significantly to the defense and continued security of the United +States of America. + +I extend to you my very best wishes as you enter upon your chosen career or +assignment with NSA. + +Philip T. Pease +Director of Security + + +INITIAL SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES + +Anonymity + +Perhaps one of the first security practices with which new NSA personnel should +become acquainted is the practice of anonymity. In an open society such as ours +this practice is necessary because information which is generally available to +the public is available also to hostile intelligence. Therefore, the Agency +mission is best accomplished apart from public attention. Basically, anonymity +means that NSA personnel are encouraged not to draw attention to themselves nor +to their association with this Agency. NSA personnel are also cautioned neither +to confirm nor deny any specific questions about NSA activities directed to them +by individuals not affiliated with the Agency. + +The ramifications of the practice of anonymity are rather far reaching, and its +success depends on the cooperation of all Agency personnel. Described below you +will find some examples of situations that you may encounter concerning your +employment and how you should cope with them. Beyond the situations cited, your +judgement and discretion will become the deciding factors in how you respond to +questions about your employment. + +Answering Questions About Your Employment + +Certainly, you may tell your family and friends that you are employed at or +assigned to the National Security Agency. There is no valid reason to deny them +this information. However, you may not disclose to them any information +concerning specific aspects of the Agency's mission, activities, and +organization. You should also ask them not to publicize your association with +NSA. + +Should strangers or casual acquaintances question you about your place of +employment, an appropriate reply would be that you work for the Department of +Defense. If questioned further as to where you are employed within the +Department of Defense, you may reply, "NSA." When you inform someone that you +work for NSA (or the Department of Defense) you may expect that the next +question will be, "What do you do?" It is a good idea to anticipate this +question and to formulate an appropriate answer. Do not act mysteriously about +your employment, as that would only succeed in drawing more attention to +yourself. + +If you are employed as a secretary, engineer, computer scientist, or in a +clerical, administrative, technical, or other capacity identifiable by a general +title which in no way indicates how your talents are being applied to the +mission of the Agency, it is suggested that you state this general title. If +you are employed as a linguist, you may say that you are a linguist, if +necessary. However, you should not indicate the specific language(s) with which +you are involved. + +The use of service specialty titles which tend to suggest or reveal the nature +of the Agency's mission, or specific aspects of their work. These professional +titles, such as cryptanalyst, signals collection officer, and intelligence +research analyst, if given verbatim to an outsider, would likely generate +further questions which may touch upon the classified aspects of your work. +Therefore, in conversation with outsiders, it is suggested that such job titles +be generalized. For example, you might indicate that you are a "research +analyst." You may not, however, discuss the specific nature of your analytic +work. + +Answering Questions About Your Agency Training + +During your career or assignment at NSA, there is a good chance that you will +receive some type of job-related training. In many instances the nature of the +training is not classified. However, in some situations the specialized +training you receive will relate directly to sensitive Agency functions. In +such cases, the nature of this training may not be discussed with persons +outside of this Agency. + +If your training at the Agency includes language training, your explanation for +the source of your linguistic knowledge should be that you obtained it while +working for the Department of Defense. + +You Should not draw undue attention to your language abilities, and you may not +discuss how you apply your language skill at the Agency. + +If you are considering part-time employment which requires the use of language +or technical skills similar to those required for the performance of your NSA +assigned duties, you must report (in advance) the anticipated part-time work +through your Staff Security Officer (SSO) to the Office of Security's Clearance +Division (M55). + +Verifying Your Employment + +On occasion, personnel must provide information concerning their employment to +credit institutions in connection with various types of applications for credit. +In such situations you may state, if you are a civilian employee, that you are +employed by NSA and indicate your pay grade or salary. Once again, generalize +your job title. If any further information is desired by persons or firms with +whom you may be dealing, instruct them to request such information by +correspondence addressed to: Director of Civilian Personnel, National Security +Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland 20755-6000. Military personnel should +use their support group designator and address when indicating their current +assignment. + +If you contemplate leaving NSA for employment elsewhere, you may be required to +submit a resume/job application, or to participate in extensive employment +interviews. In such circumstances, you should have your resume reviewed by the +Classification Advisory Officer (CAO) assigned to your organization. Your CAO +will ensure that any classified operational details of your duties have been +excluded and will provide you with an unclassified job description. Should you +leave the Agency before preparing such a resume, you may develop one and send it +by registered mail to the NSA/CSS Information Policy Division (Q43) for review. +Remember, your obligation to protect sensitive Agency information extends +beyond your employment at NSA. + +The Agency And Public News Media + +- From time to time you may find that the agency is the topic of reports or +articles appearing in public news media--newspapers, magazines, books, radio +and TV. The NSA/CSS Information Policy Division (Q43) represents the Agency in +matters involving the press and other media. This office serves at the +Agency's official media center and is the Director's liaison office for public +relations, both in the community and with other government agencies. The +Information Policy Division must approve the release of all information for and +about NSA, its mission, activities, and personnel. In order to protect the +aspects of Agency operations, NSA personnel must refrain from either confirming +or denying any information concerning the Agency or its activities which may +appear in the public media. If you are asked about the activities of NSA, the +best response is "no comment." You should the notify Q43 of the attempted +inquiry. For the most part, public references to NSA are based upon educated +guesses. The Agency does not normally make a practice of issuing public +statements about its activities. + +GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES + +Espionage And Terrorism + +During your security indoctrination and throughout your NSA career you will +become increasingly aware of the espionage and terrorist threat to the United +States. Your vigilance is the best single defense in protecting NSA +information, operations, facilities and people. Any information that comes to +your attention that suggests to you the existence of, or potential for, +espionage or terrorism against the U.S. or its allies must be promptly reported +by you to the Office of Security. + +There should be no doubt in your mind about the reality of the threats. You +are now affiliated with the most sensitive agency in government and are +expected to exercise vigilance and common sense to protect NSA against these +threats. + +Classification + +Originators of correspondence, communications, equipment, or documents within +the Agency are responsible for ensuring that the proper classification, +downgrading information and, when appropriate, proper caveat notations are +assigned to such material. (This includes any handwritten notes which contain +classified information). The three levels of classification are Confidential, +Secret and Top Secret. The NSA Classification Manual should be used as +guidance in determining proper classification. If after review of this document +you need assistance, contact the Classification Advisory Officer (CAO) assigned +to your organization, or the Information Policy Division (Q43). + +Need-To-Know + +Classified information is disseminated only on a strict "need-to-know" basis. +The "need-to-know" policy means that classified information will be +disseminated only to those individuals who, in addition to possessing a proper +clearance, have a requirement to know this information in order to perform +their official duties (need-to-know). No person is entitled to classified +information solely by virtue of office, position, rank, or security clearance. + +All NSA personnel have the responsibility to assert the "need-to-know" policy +as part of their responsibility to protect sensitive information. +Determination of "need-to-know" is a supervisory responsibility. This means +that if there is any doubt in your mind as to an individual's "need-to-know," +you should always check with your supervisor before releasing any classified +material under your control. + +For Official Use Only + +Separate from classified information is information or material marked "FOR +OFFICIAL USE ONLY" (such as this handbook). This designation is used to +identify that official information or material which, although unclassified, is +exempt from the requirement for public disclosure of information concerning +government activities and which, for a significant reason, should not be given +general circulation. Each holder of "FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY" (FOUO) information +or material is authorized to disclose such information or material to persons +in other departments or agencies of the Executive and Judicial branches when it +is determined that the information or material is required to carry our a +government function. The recipient must be advised that the information or +material is not to be disclosed to the general public. Material which bears +the "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" caveat does not come under the regulations +governing the protection of classified information. The unauthorized +disclosure of information marked "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" does not constitute an +unauthorized disclosure of classified defense information. However, Department +of Defense and NSA regulations prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of +information designated "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY." Appropriate administrative +action will be taken to determine responsibility and to apply corrective and/or +disciplinary measures in cases of unauthorized disclosure of information which +bears the "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" caveat. Reasonable care must be exercised in +limiting the dissemination of "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" information. While you +may take this handbook home for further study, remember that is does contain +"FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY" information which should be protected. + +Prepublication Review + +All NSA personnel (employees, military assignees, and contractors) must submit +for review any planned articles, books, speeches, resumes, or public statements +that may contain classified, classifiable, NSA-derived, or unclassified +protected information, e.g., information relating to the organization, mission, +functions, or activities of NSA. Your obligation to protect this sensitive +information is a lifetime one. Even when you resign, retire, or otherwise end +your affiliation with NSA, you must submit this type of material for +prepublication review. For additional details, contact the Information Policy +Division (Q43) for an explanation of prepublication review procedures. + +Personnel Security Responsibilities + +Perhaps you an recall your initial impression upon entering an NSA facility. +Like most people, you probably noticed the elaborate physical security +safeguards--fences, concrete barriers, Security Protective Officers, +identification badges, etc. While these measures provide a substantial degree +of protection for the information housed within our buildings, they represent +only a portion of the overall Agency security program. In fact, vast amounts +of information leave our facilities daily in the minds of NSA personnel, and +this is where our greatest vulnerability lies. Experience has indicated that +because of the vital information we work with at NSA, Agency personnel may +become potential targets for hostile intelligence efforts. Special safeguards +are therefore necessary to protect our personnel. + +Accordingly, the Agency has an extensive personnel security program which +establishes internal policies and guidelines governing employee conduct and +activities. These policies cover a variety of topics, all of which are +designed to protect both you and the sensitive information you will gain +through your work at NSA. + +Association With Foreign Nationals + +As a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and by virtue of your access to +sensitive information, you are a potential target for hostile intelligence +activities carried out by or on behalf of citizens of foreign +countries. A policy concerning association with foreign nationals has been +established by the Agency to minimize the likelihood that its personnel might +become subject to undue influence or duress or targets of hostile activities +through foreign relationships. + +As an NSA affiliate, you are prohibited from initiating or maintaining +associations (regardless of the nature and degree) with citizens or officials +of communist-controlled, or other countries which pose a significant threat to +the security of the United States and its interests. A comprehensive list of +these designated countries is available from your Staff Security Officer or the +Security Awareness Division. Any contact with citizens of these countries, no +matter how brief or seemingly innocuous, must be reported as soon as possible +to your Staff Security Officer (SSO). (Individuals designated as Staff +Security Officers are assigned to every organization; a listing of Staff +Security Officers can be found at the back of this handbook). + +Additionally, close and continuing associations with any non-U.S. citizens which +are characterized by ties of kinship, obligation, or affection are prohibited. +A waiver to this policy may be granted only under the most exceptional +circumstances when there is a truly compelling need for an individual's +services or skills and the security risk is negligible. + +In particular, a waiver must be granted in advance of a marriage to or +cohabitation with a foreign national in order to retain one's access to NSA +information. Accordingly, any intent to cohabitate with or marry a non-U.S. +citizen must be reported immediately to your Staff Security Officer. If a +waiver is granted, future reassignments both at headquarters and overseas may +be affected. + +The marriage or intended marriage of an immediate family member (parents, +siblings, children) to a foreign national must also be reported through your +SSO to the Clearance Division (M55). + +Casual social associations with foreign nationals (other than those of the +designated countries mentioned above) which arise from normal living and +working arrangements in the community usually do not have to be reported. +During the course of these casual social associations, you are encouraged to +extend the usual social amenities. Do not act mysteriously or draw attention +to yourself (and possibly to NSA) by displaying an unusually wary attitude. + +Naturally, your affiliation with the Agency and the nature of your work should +not be discussed. Again, you should be careful not to allow these associations +to become close and continuing to the extent that they are characterized by +ties of kinship, obligation, or affection. + +If at any time you feel that a "casual" association is in any way suspicious, +you should report this to your Staff Security Officer immediately. Whenever +any doubt exists as to whether or not a situation should be reported or made a +matter of record, you should decided in favor of reporting it. In this way, +the situation can be evaluated on its own merits, and you can be advised as to +your future course of action. + +Correspondence With Foreign Nationals + +NSA personnel are discouraged from initiating correspondence with individuals +who are citizens of foreign countries. Correspondence with citizens of +communist-controlled or other designated countries is prohibited. Casual +social correspondence, including the "penpal" variety, with other foreign +acquaintances is acceptable and need not be reported. If, however, this +correspondence should escalate in its frequency or nature, you should report +that through your Staff Security Officer to the Clearance Division (M55). + +Embassy Visits + +Since a significant percentage of all espionage activity is known to be +conducted through foreign embassies, consulates, etc., Agency policy +discourages visits to embassies, consulates or other official establishments of +a foreign government. Each case, however, must be judged on the circumstances +involved. Therefore, if you plan to visit a foreign embassy for any reason +(even to obtain a visa), you must consult with, and obtain the prior approval +of, your immediate supervisor and the Security Awareness Division (M56). + +Amateur Radio Activities + +Amateur radio (ham radio) activities are known to be exploited by hostile +intelligence services to identify individuals with access to classified +information; therefore, all licensed operators are expected to be familiar +with NSA/CSS Regulation 100-1, "Operation of Amateur Radio Stations" (23 +October 1986). The specific limitations on contacts with operators from +communist and designated countries are of particular importance. If you are +an amateur radio operator you should advise the Security Awareness Division +(M56) of your amateur radio activities so that detailed guidance may be +furnished to you. + +Unofficial Foreign Travel + +In order to further protect sensitive information from possible compromise +resulting from terrorism, coercion, interrogation or capture of Agency +personnel by hostile nations and/or terrorist groups, the Agency has +established certain policies and procedures concerning unofficial foreign +travel. + +All Agency personnel (civilian employees, military assignees, and contractors) +who are planning unofficial foreign travel must have that travel approved by +submitting a proposed itinerary to the Security Awareness Division (M56) at +least 30 working days prior to their planned departure from the United States. +Your itinerary should be submitted on Form K2579 (Unofficial Foreign Travel +Request). This form provides space for noting the countries to be visited, +mode of travel, and dates of departure and return. Your immediate supervisor +must sign this form to indicate whether or not your proposed travel poses a +risk to the sensitive information, activities, or projects of which you may +have knowledge due to your current assignment. + +After your supervisor's assessment is made, this form should be forwarded to +the Security Awareness Director (M56). Your itinerary will then be reviewed in +light of the existing situation in the country or countries to be visited, and +a decision for approval or disapproval will be based on this assessment. The +purpose of this policy is to limit the risk of travel to areas of the world +where a threat may exist to you and to your knowledge of classified Agency +activities. + +In this context, travel to communist-controlled and other hazardous activity +areas is prohibited. A listing of these hazardous activity areas is +prohibited. A listing of these hazardous activity areas can be found in Annex +A of NSA/CSS Regulation No. 30-31, "Security Requirements for Foreign Travel" +(12 June 1987). From time to time, travel may also be prohibited to certain +areas where the threat from hostile intelligence services, terrorism, criminal +activity or insurgency poses an unacceptable risk to Agency employees and to +the sensitive information they possess. Advance travel deposits made without +prior agency approval of the proposed travel may result in financial losses by +the employee should the travel be disapproved, so it is important to obtain +approval prior to committing yourself financially. Questions regarding which +areas of the world currently pose a threat should be directed to the Security +Awareness Division (M56). + +Unofficial foreign travel to Canada, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexico does not +require prior approval, however, this travel must still be reported using Form +K2579. Travel to these areas may be reported after the fact. + +While you do not have to report your foreign travel once you have ended your +affiliation with the Agency, you should be aware that the risk incurred in +travelling to certain areas, from a personal safety and/or counterintelligence +standpoint, remains high. The requirement to protect the classified +information to which you have had access is a lifetime obligation. + +Membership In Organizations + +Within the United States there are numerous organizations with memberships +ranging from a few to tens of thousands. While you may certainly participate +in the activities of any reputable organization, membership in any international +club or professional organization/activity with foreign members should be +reported through your Staff Security Officer to the Clearance Division (M55). +In most cases there are no security concerns or threats to our employees or +affiliates. However, the Office of Security needs the opportunity to research +the organization and to assess any possible risk to you and the information to +which you have access. + +In addition to exercising prudence in your choice of organizational +affiliations, you should endeavor to avoid participation in public activities +of a conspicuously controversial nature because such activities could focus +undesirable attention upon you and the Agency. NSA employees may, however, +participate in bona fide public affairs such as local politics, so long as such +activities do not violate the provisions of the statutes and regulations which +govern the political activities of all federal employees. Additional +information may be obtained from your Personnel Representative. + +Changes In Marital Status/Cohabitation/Names + +All personnel, either employed by or assigned to NSA, must advise the Office of +Security of any changes in their marital status (either marriage or divorce), +cohabitation arrangements, or legal name changes. Such changes should be +reported by completing NSA Form G1982 (Report of Marriage/Marital Status +Change/Name Change), and following the instructions printed on the form. + +Use And Abuse Of Drugs + +It is the policy of the National Security Agency to prevent and eliminate the +improper use of drugs by Agency employees and other personnel associated with +the Agency. The term "drugs" includes all controlled drugs or substances +identified and listed in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, as amended, +which includes but is not limited to: narcotics, depressants, stimulants, +cocaine, hallucinogens ad cannabis (marijuana, hashish, and hashish oil). +The use of illegal drugs or the abuse of prescription drugs by persons employed +by, assigned or detailed to the Agency may adversely affect the national +security; may have a serious damaging effect on the safety and the safety of +others; and may lead to criminal prosecution. Such use of drugs either within +or outside Agency controlled facilities is prohibited. + +Physical Security Policies + +The physical security program at NSA provides protection for classified +material and operations and ensures that only persons authorized access to the +Agency's spaces and classified material are permitted such access. This +program is concerned not only with the Agency's physical plant and facilities, +but also with the internal and external procedures for safeguarding the +Agency's classified material and activities. Therefore, physical security +safeguards include Security Protective Officers, fences, concrete barriers, +access control points, identification badges, safes, and the +compartmentalization of physical spaces. While any one of these safeguards +represents only a delay factor against attempts to gain unauthorized access to +NSA spaces and material, the total combination of all these safeguards +represents a formidable barrier against physical penetration of NSA. Working +together with personnel security policies, they provide "security in depth." + +The physical security program depends on interlocking procedures. The +responsibility for carrying out many of these procedures rests with the +individual. This means you, and every person employed by, assign, or detailed +to the Agency, must assume the responsibility for protecting classified +material. Included in your responsibilities are: challenging visitors in +operational areas; determining "need-to-know;" limiting classified +conversations to approved areas; following established locking and checking +procedures; properly using the secure and non-secure telephone systems; +correctly wrapping and packaging classified data for transmittal; and placing +classified waste in burn bags. + +The NSA Badge + +Even before you enter an NSA facility, you have a constant reminder of +security--the NSA badge. Every person who enters an NSA installation is +required to wear an authorized badge. To enter most NSA facilities your badge +must be inserted into an Access Control Terminal at a building entrance and you +must enter your Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the terminal keyboard. +In the absence of an Access Control Terminal, or when passing an internal +security checkpoint, the badge should be held up for viewing by a Security +Protective Officer. The badge must be displayed at all times while the +individual remains within any NSA installation. + +NSA Badges must be clipped to a beaded neck chain. If necessary for the safety +of those working in the area of electrical equipment or machinery, rubber +tubing may be used to insulate the badge chain. For those Agency personnel +working in proximity to other machinery or equipment, the clip may be used to +attach the badge to the wearer's clothing, but it must also remain attached to +the chain. + +After you leave an NSA installation, remove your badge from public view, thus +avoiding publicizing your NSA affiliation. Your badge should be kept in a safe +place which is convenient enough to ensure that you will be reminded to bring it +with you to work. A good rule of thumb is to afford your badge the same +protection you give your wallet or your credit cards. DO NOT write your +Personal Identification Number on your badge. + +If you plan to be away from the Agency for a period of more than 30 days, your +badge should be left at the main Visitor Control Center which services your +facility. + +Should you lose your badge, you must report the facts and circumstances +immediately to the Security Operations Center (SOC) (963-3371s/688-6911b) so +that your badge PIN can be deactivated in the Access Control Terminals. In the +event that you forget your badge when reporting for duty, you may obtain a +"non-retention" Temporary Badge at the main Visitor Control Center which serves +your facility after a co-worker personally identifies your and your clearance +has been verified. + +Your badge is to be used as identification only within NSA facilities or other +government installations where the NSA badge is recognized. Your badge should +never be used outside of the NSA or other government facilities for the purpose +of personal identification. You should obtain a Department of Defense +identification card from the Civilian Welfare Fund (CWF) if you need to +identify yourself as a government employee when applying for "government +discounts" offered at various commercial establishments. + +Your badge color indicates your particular affiliation with NSA and your level +of clearance. Listed below are explanations of the badge colors you are most +likely to see: + + Green (*) Fully cleared NSA employees and certain military + assignees. + + Orange (*) (or Gold) Fully cleared representative of other + government agencies. + + Black (*) Fully cleared contractors or consultants. + + Blue Employees who are cleared to the SECRET level while + awaiting completion of their processing for full + (TS/SI) clearance. These Limited Interim Clearance + (LIC) employees are restricted to certain activities + while inside a secure area. + + Red Clearance level is not specified, so assume the holder + is uncleared. + +* - Fully cleared status means that the person has been cleared to the Top +Secret (TS) level and indoctrinated for Special Intelligence (SI). + +All badges with solid color backgrounds (permanent badges) are kept by +individuals until their NSA employment or assignment ends. Striped badges +("non-retention" badges) are generally issued to visitors and are returned to +the Security Protective Officer upon departure from an NSA facility. + +Area Control + +Within NSA installations there are generally two types of areas, +Administrative and Secure. An Administrative Area is one in which storage of +classified information is not authorized, and in which discussions of a +classified nature are forbidden. This type of area would include the +corridors, restrooms, cafeterias, visitor control areas, credit union, barber +shop, and drugstore. Since uncleared, non-NSA personnel are often present in +these areas, all Agency personnel must ensure that no classified information is +discussed in an Administrative Area. + +Classified information being transported within Agency facilities must be +placed within envelopes, folders, briefcases, etc. to ensure that its contents +or classification markings are not disclosed to unauthorized persons, or that +materials are not inadvertently dropped enroute. + +The normal operational work spaces within an NSA facility are designated Secure +Areas. These areas are approved for classified discussions and for the storage +of classified material. Escorts must be provided if it is necessary for +uncleared personnel (repairmen, etc.) to enter Secure Areas, an all personnel +within the areas must be made aware of the presence of uncleared individuals. +All unknown, unescorted visitors to Secure Areas should be immediately +challenged by the personnel within the area, regardless of the visitors' +clearance level (as indicated by their badge color). + +The corridor doors of these areas must be locked with a deadbolt and all +classified information in the area must be properly secured after normal +working hours or whenever the area is unoccupied. When storing classified +material, the most sensitive material must be stored in the most secure +containers. Deadbolt keys for doors to these areas must be returned to the key +desk at the end of the workday. + +For further information regarding Secure Areas, consult the Physical Security +Division (M51) or your staff Security Officer. + +Items Treated As Classified + +For purposes of transportation, storage and destruction, there are certain +types of items which must be treated as classified even though they may not +contain classified information. Such items include carbon paper, vu-graphs, +punched machine processing cards, punched paper tape, magnetic tape, computer +floppy disks, film, and used typewriter ribbons. This special treatment is +necessary since a visual examination does not readily reveal whether the items +contain classified information. + +Prohibited Items + +Because of the potential security or safety hazards, certain items are +prohibited under normal circumstances from being brought into or removed from +any NSA installation. These items have been groped into two general classes. +Class I prohibited items are those which constitute a threat to the safety and +security of NSA/CSS personnel and facilities. Items in this category include: + + a. Firearms and ammunition + b. Explosives, incendiary substances, radioactive materials, highly + volatile materials, or other hazardous materials + c. Contraband or other illegal substances + d. Personally owned photographic or electronic equipment including + microcomputers, reproduction or recording devices, televisions or + radios. + +Prescribed electronic medical equipment is normally not prohibited, but +requires coordination with the Physical Security Division (M51) prior to being +brought into any NSA building. + +Class II prohibited items are those owned by the government or contractors +which constitute a threat to physical, technical, or TEMPEST security. +Approval by designated organizational officials is required before these items +can be brought into or removed from NSA facilities. Examples are: + + a. Transmitting and receiving equipment + b. Recording equipment and media + c. Telephone equipment and attachments + d. Computing devices and terminals + e. Photographic equipment and film + +A more detailed listing of examples of Prohibited Items may be obtained from +your Staff Security Officer or the Physical Security Division (M51). + +Additionally, you may realize that other seemingly innocuous items are also +restricted and should not be brought into any NSA facility. Some of these +items pose a technical threat; others must be treated as restricted since a +visual inspection does not readily reveal whether they are classified. These +items include: + + a. Negatives from processed film; slides; vu-graphs + b. Magnetic media such as floppy disks, cassette tapes, and VCR + videotapes + c. Remote control devices for telephone answering machines + d. Pagers + +Exit Inspection + +As you depart NSA facilities, you will note another physical security +safeguard--the inspection of the materials you are carrying. This inspection +of your materials, conducted by Security Protective Officers, is designed to +preclude the inadvertent removal of classified material. It is limited to any +articles that you are carrying out of the facility and may include letters, +briefcases, newspapers, notebooks, magazines, gym bags, and other such items. +Although this practice may involve some inconvenience, it is conducted in your +best interest, as well as being a sound security practice. The inconvenience +can be considerably reduced if you keep to a minimum the number of personal +articles that you remove from the Agency. + +Removal Of Material From NSA Spaces + +The Agency maintains strict controls regarding the removal of material from its +installations, particularly in the case of classified material. + +Only under a very limited and official circumstances classified material be +removed from Agency spaces. When deemed necessary, specific authorization is +required to permit an individual to hand carry classified material out of an NSA +building to another Secure Area. Depending on the material and circumstances +involved, there are several ways to accomplish this. + +A Courier Badge authorizes the wearer, for official purposes, to transport +classified material, magnetic media, or Class II prohibited items between NSA +facilities. These badges, which are strictly controlled, are made available by +the Physical Security Division (M51) only to those offices which have specific +requirements justifying their use. + +An Annual Security Pass may be issued to individuals whose official duties +require that they transport printed classified materials, information storage +media, or Class II prohibited items to secure locations within the local area. +Materials carried by an individual who displays this pass are subject to spot +inspection by Security Protective Officers or other personnel from the Office +of Security. It is not permissible to use an Annual Security Pass for personal +convenience to circumvent inspection of your personal property by perimeter +Security Protective Officers. + +If you do not have access to a Courier Badge and you have not been issued an +Annual Security Pass, you may obtain a One-Time Security Pass to remove +classified materials/magnetic media or admit or remove prohibited items from an +NSA installation. These passes may be obtained from designated personnel +in your work element who have been given authority to issue them. The issuing +official must also contact the Security Operations Center (SOC) to obtain +approval for the admission or removal of a Class I prohibited item. + +When there is an official need to remove government property which is not +magnetic media, or a prohibited or classified item, a One-Time Property Pass is +used. This type of pass (which is not a Security Pass) may be obtained from +your element custodial property officer. A Property Pass is also to be used +when an individual is removing personal property which might be reasonably be +mistaken for unclassified Government property. This pass is surrendered to the +Security Protective Officer at the post where the material is being removed. +Use of this pass does not preclude inspection of the item at the perimeter +control point by the Security Protective Officer or Security professionals to +ensure that the pass is being used correctly. + +External Protection Of Classified Information + +On those occasions when an individual must personally transport classified +material between locations outside of NSA facilities, the individual who is +acting as the courier must ensure that the material receives adequate +protection. Protective measures must include double wrapping and packaging of +classified information, keeping the material under constant control, ensuring +the presence of a second appropriately cleared person when necessary, and +delivering the material to authorized persons only. If you are designated as a +courier outside the local area, contact the Security Awareness Division (M56) +for your courier briefing. + +Even more basic than these procedures is the individual security responsibility +to confine classified conversations to secure areas. Your home, car pool, and +public places are not authorized areas to conduct classified discussions--even +if everyone involved in he discussion possesses a proper clearance and +"need-to-know." The possibility that a conversation could be overheard by +unauthorized persons dictates the need to guard against classified discussions +in non-secure areas. + +Classified information acquired during the course of your career or assignment +to NSA may not be mentioned directly, indirectly, or by suggestion in personal +diaries, records, or memoirs. + +Reporting Loss Or Disclosure Of Classified Information + +The extraordinary sensitivity of the NSA mission requires the prompt reporting +of any known, suspected, or possible unauthorized disclosure of classified +information, or the discovery that classified information may be lost, or is not +being afforded proper protection. Any information coming to your attention +concerning the loss or unauthorized disclosure of classified information should +be reported immediately to your supervisor, your Staff Security Officer, or the +Security Operations Center (SOC). + +Use Of Secure And Non-Secure Telephones + +Two separate telephone systems have been installed in NSA facilities for use in +the conduct of official Agency business: the secure telephone system (gray +telephone) and the outside, non-secure telephone system (black telephone). All +NSA personnel must ensure that use of either telephone system does not +jeopardize the security of classified information. + +The secure telephone system is authorized for discussion of classified +information. Personnel receiving calls on the secure telephone may assume that +the caller is authorized to use the system. However, you must ensure that the +caller has a "need-to-know" the information you will be discussing. + +The outside telephone system is only authorized for unclassified official +Agency business calls. The discussion of classified information is not +permitted on this system. Do not attempt to use "double-talk" in order to +discuss classified information over the non-secure telephone system. + +In order to guard against the inadvertent transmission of classified +information over a non-secure telephone, and individual using the black +telephone in an area where classified activities are being conducted must +caution other personnel in the area that the non-secure telephone is in use. +Likewise, you should avoid using the non-secure telephone in the vicinity of a +secure telephone which is also in use. + +HELPFUL INFORMATION + +Security Resources + +In the fulfillment of your security responsibilities, you should be aware that +there are many resources available to assist you. If you have any questions or +concerns regarding security at NSA or your individual security +responsibilities, your supervisor should be consulted. Additionally, Staff +Security Officers are appointed to the designated Agency elements to assist +these organizations in carrying out their security responsibilities. There is +a Staff Security Officer assigned to each organization; their phone numbers are +listed at the back of this handbook. Staff Security Officers also provide +guidance to and monitor the activities of Security Coordinators and Advisors +(individuals who, in addition to their operational duties within their +respective elements, assist element supervisors or managers in discharging +security responsibilities). + +Within the Office of Security, the Physical Security Division (M51) will offer +you assistance in matters such as access control, security passes, clearance +verification, combination locks, keys, identification badges, technical +security, and the Security Protective Force. The Security Awareness Division +(M56) provides security guidance and briefings regarding unofficial foreign +travel, couriers, special access, TDY/PCS, and amateur radio activities. The +Industrial and Field Security Division (M52) is available to provide security +guidance concerning NSA contractor and field site matters. + +The Security Operations Center (SOC) is operated by two Security Duty Officers +(SDOs), 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The SDO, representing the Office of +Security, provides a complete range of security services to include direct +communications with fire and rescue personnel for all Agency area facilities. +The SDO is available to handle any physical or personnel problems that may +arise, and if necessary, can direct your to the appropriate security office +that can assist you. After normal business hours, weekends, and holidays, the +SOC is the focal point for all security matters for all Agency personnel and +facilities (to include Agency field sites and contractors). The SOC is located +in Room 2A0120, OPS 2A building and the phone numbers are 688-6911(b), +963-3371(s). + +However, keep in mind that you may contact any individual or any division +within the Office of Security directly. Do not hesitate to report any +information which may affect the security of the Agency's mission, information, +facilities or personnel. + +Security-Related Services + +In addition to Office of Security resources, there are a number of +professional, security-related services available for assistance in answering +your questions or providing the services which you require. + +The Installations and Logistics Organization (L) maintains the system for the +collection and destruction of classified waste, and is also responsible for the +movement and scheduling of material via NSA couriers and the Defense Courier +Service (DCS). Additionally, L monitors the proper addressing, marking, and +packaging of classified material being transmitted outside of NSA; maintains +records pertaining to receipt and transmission of controlled mail; and issues +property passes for the removal of unclassified property. + +The NSA Office of Medical Services (M7) has a staff of physicians, clinical +psychologists and an alcoholism counselor. All are well trained to help +individuals help themselves in dealing with their problems. Counseling +services, with referrals to private mental health professionals when +appropriate, are all available to NSA personnel. Appointments can be obtained +by contacting M7 directly. When an individual refers himself/herself, the +information discussed in the counseling sessions is regarded as privileged +medical information and is retained exclusively in M7 unless it pertains to the +national security. + +Counselling interviews are conducted by the Office of Civilian Personnel (M3) +with any civilian employee regarding both on and off-the-job problems. M3 is +also available to assist all personnel with the personal problems seriously +affecting themselves or members of their families. In cases of serious +physical or emotional illness, injury, hospitalization, or other personal +emergencies, M3 informs concerned Agency elements and maintains liaison with +family members in order to provide possible assistance. Similar counselling +services are available to military assignees through Military Personnel (M2). + +GUIDE TO SECURITY + +M51 PHYSICAL SECURITY 963-6651s/688-8293b (FMHQ) +968-8101s/859-6411b (FANX) + +CONFIRM and badges Prohibited Items +(963-6611s/688-7411b) +Locks, keys, safes and alarms SOC (963-3371s/688-6911b) +Security/vehicle passes NSA facility protection and compliance +Visitor Control +Inspections +Red/blue seal areas New Construction +Pass Clearances (963-4780s/688-6759b) + +M52 INDUSTRIAL AND FIELD SECURITY +982-7918s/859-6255b + +Security at contractor field site facilities +Verification of classified mailing addresses for contractor facilities + +M53 INVESTIGATIONS 982-7914s/859-6464b + +Personnel Interview Program (PIP) Reinvestigations +Military Interview Program (MIP) Special investigations + +M54 COUNTERINTELLIGENCE 982-7832s/859-6424b + +Security counterintelligence analysis Security compromises + +M55 CLEARANCES 982-7900s/859-4747b + +Privacy Act Officer (For review of security files) Continued SCI access +Contractor/applicant processing Military access + +M56 SECURITY AWARENESS 963-3273s/688-6535b + +Security indoctrinations/debriefings Embassy visits +Associations with foreign nationals Briefings (foreign travel, +Security Week ham radio, courier, +Security posters, brochures, etc. LIC, PCS, TDY, + special access, etc.) +Foreign travel approval +Military contractor orientation +Special Access Office (963-5466s/688-6353b) + +M57 POLYGRAPH 982-7844s/859-6363b + +Polygraph interviews + +M509 MANAGEMENT AND POLICY STAFF 982-7885s/859-6350b + +STAFF SECURITY OFFICERS (SSOs) + +Element Room Secure/Non-Secure +A 2A0852B 963-4650/688-7044 +B 3W099 963-4559/688-7141 +D/Q/J/N/U 2B8066G 963-4496/688-6614 +E/M D3B17 968-8050/859-6669 +G 9A195 963-5033/688-7902 +K 2B5136 963-1978/688-5052 +L SAB4 977-7230/688-6194 +P 2W091 963-5302/688-7303 +R B6B710 968-4073/859-4736 +S/V/Y/C/X C2A55 972-2144/688-7549 +T 2B5040 963-4543/688-7364 +W 1C181 963-5970/688-7061 + +GUIDE TO SECURITY-RELATED SERVICES + +Agency Anonymity 968-8251/859-4381 +Alcohol Rehabilitation Program 963-5420/688-7312 +Cipher Lock Repair 963-1221/688-7119 +Courier Schedules (local) 977-7197/688-7403 +Defense Courier Service 977-7117/688-7826 +Disposal of Classified Waste + - Paper only 972-2150/688-6593 + - Plastics, Metal, Film, etc 963-4103/688-7062 +Locksmith 963-3585/688-7233 +Mail Dissemination and Packaging 977-7117/688-7826 +Medical Center (Fort Meade) 963-5429/688-7263 + (FANX) 968-8960/859-6667 + (Airport Square) 982-7800/859-6155 +NSA/CSS Information Policy Division 963-5825/688-6527 +Personnel Assistance + - Civilian 982-7835/859-6577 + - Air Force 963-3239/688-7980 + - Army 963-3739/688-6393 + - Navy 963-3439/688-7325 +Property Passes (unclassified material) 977-7263/688-7800 +Psychological Services 963-5429/688-7311 + +FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS/DESIGNATORS + +ARFCOS Armed Forces Courier Service (now known as DCS) +AWOL Absent Without Leave +CAO Classification Advisory Officer +COB Close of Business +CWF Civilian Welfare Fund +DCS Defense Courier Service (formerly known as ARFCOS) +DoD Department of Defense +EOD Enter on Duty +FOUO For Official Use Only +M2 Office of Military Personnel +M3 Office of Civilian Personnel +M5 Office of Security +M7 Office of Medical Services +NCS National Cryptologic School +PCS Permanent Change of Station +PIN Personal Identification Number +Q43 Information Policy Division +SDO Security Duty Officer +SOC Security Operations Center +SPO Security Protective Officer +SSO Staff Security Officer +TDY Temporary Duty +UFT Unofficial Foreign Travel + +A FINAL NOTE + +The information you have just read is designed to serve as a guide to assist +you in the conduct of your security responsibilities. However, it by no means +describes the extent of your obligation to protect information vital to the +defense of our nation. Your knowledge of specific security regulations is part +of a continuing process of education and experience. This handbook is designed +to provide the foundation of this knowledge and serve as a guide to the +development of an attitude of security awareness. + +In the final analysis, security is an individual responsibility. As a +participant in the activities of the National Security Agency organization, you +are urged to be always mindful of the importance of the work being accomplished +by NSA and of the unique sensitivity of the Agency's operations. + + +-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- +Version: 2.3a + +iQCVAgUBLa9Y1V/ScHuGXWgVAQHkeQQAkpMGm/PbkTuHwc4scPN4lQMMzUbuWd8K +vgogfVK7XO/QlcILCdaxG8GiGmLdZ/YqR28gpw0CKVkO7f8wr9cl7W1JCyKuGM2q +ojNRdruU2o2c9nSy6oq+QjdAbMOoO4YfPVcsYFTfBhp8CLGXJAwBUFc3C+5GNHH7 +sTQbSgSsk0M= +=l735 +-----END PGP SIGNATURE----- +-- +"When cryptography is outlawed, bayl bhgynjf jvyy unir cevinpl!" JPB + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/spooks.txt b/politicalTextFiles/spooks.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd3731e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/spooks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + THE DAY THE SPOOKS STEPPED ON MA BELL + By: Donald E. Kimberlin + + There's nothing in Bell advertising to dissuage the public +of its common notion that Bell runs the entire realm of +telecommunications worldwide. The extent of this misapprehension +shows in items like the widespread news report that bombing of +the telephone building in Baghdad was "the AT&T building" proves +our press knows no better than to continue to mislead the public. +AT&T isn't about to help, either, when it publicizes its +placement of earth stations in the Gulf War zone, never telling +the public it rented them from Alascom, a firm with no ownership +by AT&T. + But people in other nations know AT&T doesn't rule the roost +of telecommunications. Sometimes they just have to let yet +another stubborn Yank learn the hard way, one more lesson at a +time. Sometimes that stubborn Yank is one like me. + My lesson occurred in 1963, while employed by AT&T in one of +the three shortwave radio operations they ever built. It was in +Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the plant operation providing the +communications channels they public used to Central America and +the Caribbean. + Few today even give a thought to how they got telephone +connections to other countries in a time before there were +satellites and underseas telephone cables. To the outside world, +no one knew a crew of us was on the scene behind what they heard +was the "Miami Overseas Operator." That operator just pushed +plug into a jack on a switchboard and spoke to an operator in the +other country. That jack was just wired to us at Fort Lauderdale, +where we launched the voices off to bounce from the ionosphere +via high-powered transmitters and rhombic antennas to other +nations. In the other nation, the operation and people all +belonged to the telephone company of that nation ... independent +and soveriegn in their domain as Bell is within its domain. + The independent other nation in this story was Costa Rica, +and its international operation was Compania Radiografica +Costarricense, a nationalized descendant of the "banana republic" +era operations started there by Tropical Fruit Company of Boston +before World War I. Radiografica was one of the best, most +stable points we worked, and even if one had the notion of +talking via "shortwave radio," their operations with us were so +good that most of the time, you'd never know it. + For many years, we had only two channels to San Jose from +the U.S., and Radiografica also operated links to other Latin +American nations such as Mexico. These were, of course, multiple- +channel independent sideband radios, so two channels meant we +were interested only in having clear radio spectrum "space" only +three kiloHertz above and below the carrier frequency. We would +have to change carrier frequency two or three times a day, to +higher frequencies in the daytime and lower frequencies at night. +One of the best frequencies we enjoyed with San Jose was 15580 +kHz, a spot now used by international shortwave broadcasters. It +was assigned the call letters TIW 55 to Radiografica by the Costa +Rican government. + In that summer of 1963, Radiografica opened up two +additional channels with us. This meant that the added channels +would occupy radio spectrum "space" out to 6 kHz either side of +15580 when TIW 55 was on the air. by and large, this was clear +space and we had two added channels all day free of any noise or +interference. + Except ... the day we started using the additional space, a +Morse code transmission popped up low into the new Channel Four. +It just called somewhere else over and over, sending, "JW de IQ," +or something of the sort. It was about 1 kHz inside our channel, +producing very clear Morse code in the telephone circuit between +San Jose toward Miami. Every afternoon, for a couple of hours, +it continued on and on. It never sent anything else; it never +seemed to make contact with whoever was on its other end. + I often was assigned to the group of channels that included +Costa Rica, and we enjoyed excellent relations with our +coordinates there. They spoke perfect English for our benefit, +and it seemed there were things they knew that we didn't know, at +least in this case. We of course, could not use the interfered- +with channel for a public telephone circuit, so we would cut it +off, waiting for the interference to clear, leaving the other +three for the Miami operators to use. But, since the traffic was +so heavy, Miami wanted the circuit. Our alternative, to shut +down all four momentarily and use some other frequency that might +produce four channels, but noisier, was not attractive. + Whenever there was interference, we performed an +"observation" of who it was. We had all the good tools - elegant +receivers, radio direction finder, spectrum analyzers and +demodulators for every kind of telegraph and facsimile. There +wasn't much we couldn't identify and pin down to its source. + And, there's a whole system of rationalization for settling +territorial disputes on radio between countries. It's called the +International Frequency Registration Board, a function of the +Comite Consultatif Internationale des Radio (obviously not a French +name for our francophone readers - it's a modern Swiss +bastardization of French), an arm of the International +Telecommunications Union. Drawing its authority from treaties +all United Nations members sign, the IFRB is the repository of +registrations each nation sends to Geneva, with seniority claims +of use, so interference complaints between nations can be +arbitrated when they occur. Our "tool" was a copy of the multi- +volume International Frequency Register, IFRB's computer printout +of every radio transmitter licensed by every nation in the world +... except for military, intelligence and clandestine operations. + The source of my problem, even though it could be clearly +heard, was of course not listed in the IFRB books. I made out a +report each day, and it didn't go away. I asked our San Jose +colleagues, and they immediately showed signs of knowing it was +there, but offered no information about who it was. I asked if +they could contact it, as my direction finder had showed it was +coming from somewhere near their direction, and all San Jose +would say was they "would try." Nothing happened, and we +continued to lose a couple of hours on that channel each day. I +suggested to the San Jose staff that if they knew who it was, if +they would just slide down the band about a kilohertz, they would +fall in between our channels and we could co-exist with them. +San Jose said they "would try." Nothing changed, and we kept +losing channel time. + Finally, my Yankee sense of fairness and my short temper +combined to make decide to take some definitive action. That was +to make a complaint via official channels, in this case the FCC +Field Monitoring station (then) at Fort Lauderdale. Because AT&T +is not in charge of the world, any officially-registered +complaint through IFRB channels has to be observed by them, and +forwarded by them. We talked to the FCC monitoring station with +fair regularity, so it only took a local phone call. + Again, somebody else knew more about the interloper than did +I or Ma Bell. As soon as I mentioned the frequency and the call +signs, the FCC duty officer replied, "Oh them? Are you really +certain you want to file a complaint?" I asked what was wrong +with doing so, and he said, "Oh....nothing, I guess. But maybe +you don't really want to make a complaint." He certainly knew +who it was, but he wasn't going to tell me, nor would he advise me +there was any adverse result to doing so. I insisted, so pressed +on to file a complaint. + Nothing happened for a couple of days. We used TIW 55 daily +for many hours, except for the couple of hours interference to +that one channel each afternoon. Then, on the third day, at +about 9 or 10 AM, I asked San Jose to change frequency to TIW 55, +I found out what had happened. + Just 48 hours after my going on record with the FCC, my +colleague in San Jose said, "I'm sorry to tell you the Costa +Rican government has cancelled our license to operate on TIW 55. +You'll have to choose another channel, Old Man." + The spooks indeed stepped on Ma Bell that day. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/spy-waco.txt b/politicalTextFiles/spy-waco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eda5d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/spy-waco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +The Sunday Times, London, 21 March 1993 + + FBI BRINGS OUT SECRET ELECTRONIC WEAPONS AS WACO SIEGE DRAGS ON + + Behind the glare of television cameras a silent, secret war +is being waged in Waco, Texas. By day federal agents conduct +tortuous negotiations with David Koresh, the 33-year-old leader of +the Branch Davidian cult who claims to be the new Messiah. By +night they mount a sophisticated surveillance operation. + + It is an electronic war to prepare for the unthinkable: a new +armed assault on the compound should the cult disciples decide to +commit mass suicide or stage a violent breakout. Three weeks after +a bloody shoot-out that left four federal agents dead, Koresh and +his followers appear unhurried. The only hopeful indication came +last week when Koresh said astrological events showed he was close +to receiving a sign from God. + + The impasse has incensed the American authorities, still +smarting after their disastrous daylight assault on the ranch in +an attempt to arrest Koresh on arms charges. At one stage William +Sessions, the FBI director, wanted to fly down to Texas to rally +his men but his aides argued it would only disrupt their strategy +to end a siege that has already outlasted the Alamo. + + Instead of seeking confrontation, the FBI decided to apply +stealth. Using the latest technology, security forces have been +quietly penetrating the compound to build up a complete picture of +what is going on inside. + + Aircraft flying overhead can pick up conversations between +cult members and pinpoint their position using infra-red devices +that lock on to hear sources. The walls, air vents and chimneys +are all places where tiny fibre-optic microphones and cameras have +been inserted to relay audio and visual images back to the control +centre. + + "They need to know exactly who is in which room, what morale +is like, what they are saying to each other, where the guards are," +said an SAS veteran who was involved in the storming of the Iranian +embassy in London in 1980. "If you have to go in, you don't want +any surprises." + + Two weeks ago, the FBI requested that special surveillance +plane fly down to Waco. The multi-sensor aircraft is made by +Pilatus Britten-Norman on the aisle of WIght and is a conversion +of their civilian Islander. Equipped with a forward looking infra- +red radar and a low-light television camera, it can pick up and +track targets in all weather. + + Other equipment has been adapted from the hospital operating +theatre. Fibre-optic cables which can be inserted into walls and +down chimneys are identical to the cameras used to explore +patients' arteries and organs. At Waco, they relay a full-colour +picture of a whole room from a lens measuring no more than an +eighth of an inch. + + Even before the raid last month, the compound had been +infiltrated by undercover agents worried by the growing arsenal of +weapons. While the agents were inside, normal telephones are +believed to have been replaced by converted sets which double as +microphones to relay all conversation inside a room. + + But the technology is not all on the government side. The +cult is believed to have powerful thermal-imaging night sights in +its armoury, which includes machineguns and anti-tank weapons. To +counter that threat, federal agents have mounted powerful arc +lights, ready to blind those inside. + + The siege has become a focal point for the world's special +forces eager to see the latest equipment being applied in a real +crisis. OBserver teams from the American Delta Force and British +SAS have already visited Waco. + + Last week negotiations continued without any sign of progress. +At one stage, it seemed 30 of the 105 cult members remaining in the +compound might be about to leave and three buses were driven up to +the gates. Then Koresh broke off negotiations saying he had to go +to the lavatory. He did not return. + + The federal agents hope that an assault will not be necessary. +They are putting their faith in the motto of the New York police +hostage rescue team: "We Bore Them to Death." But unless Koresh +gets his sign from God it could be a long wait: the cult has enough +food and water to last at least a year. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/spyplane.txt b/politicalTextFiles/spyplane.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2437b37 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/spyplane.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + SPY PLANE USED AT WACO + + The Islander was conceived in the early 1960s by the original +Britten-Norman company founded by John Britten and Desmond Norman, +in an effort to produce a very simple, light twin-engined transport +for third-level and commuter airlines. The company had a 25 per +cent interest in Cameroon Air Transport and the BN-2, as the new +twin was designated, was designed specifically to meet the needs +of that company, which was regarded as typical of many through t +the world which needed an aircraft with 6-10 seats, good take-off +performance, low purchase cost, low operating costs and easy +maintenance. Featuring a high-mounted, untapered and strutted +wing, fixed landing gear and unusual 'wall-to-wall' seating in the +fuselage, with three access doors (two to port and one to +starboard), the BN-2 prototype was powered by a pair of 210hp +(157kW) Continental IO-360-B engines and flew on 13 June 1865. +With a span of 45ft (13.7m) and gross weight of 4,750lb (2,155kg), +it was later fitted with 260hp (194kW) Lycoming )-540-E engines, +with which it flew on 17 December 1965, the span then being +increased to 49ft (14.9m) and gross weight to 5,700lb (2,585kg). +A production prototype to similar specification flew on 20 August +1966. After it had encountered financial difficulties in 1972, the +Britten-Norman company was acquired by the Fairey Group, but the +latter also went into receivership in 1977, whereafter the Britten- +Norman designs and facilities at Bembridge in the Isle of Wight +were acquired by Pilatus, part of the Swiss Oerlikon-B hrle +manufacturing group. + + +VARIANTS + + The first production standard of Islander, as the BN-2, was +similar to the prototype in its modified form, the first aircraft +flying on 24 April 1967. In June 1969, the production standard +became the BN-2A, with a number of product improvements, a further +change to BN-2B being made in 1978 with higher landing weight and +improved interior design. Both the BN-2A and BN-2B were made +available in a number of subvariants, the most significant options +being [one line missing] flown on 30 April 1970): Riley-Rajay +superchargers on standard O-540 engines; extended-span wing tips +containing extra fuel tankage; and a long-nosed BN-2S with two more +seats in the cabin, replacing baggage stowage space that was +provided, instead, in the nose (first flown 22 August 1972). A +series of suffix numbers added to the Bn-2A and BN-2B designations +indicated these and other options, such as revised wing leading- +edge camber to meet US certification requirements, drooped flaps +for better single-engined climb, and (the -20 series) a higher +gross weight. On 6 April 1977, the BN-2A-40 prototype flew with +600shp (448kW) Lycoming LTP [one line missing] Islander. The BN- +2T prototype first flew on 2 August 1950 and many of the previously +described options are also available on this model. Specifically +military versions are known as Defenders. + + +SERVICE USE + + The BN-2 Islander received British certification on 10 August +1967 and first deliveries were made on 13 and 15 August +respectively, to Glosair and Loganair. FAA approval on 19 December +1967 was followed by first deliveries to the USA in January 1968. +The BN-2T Turbine Islander obtained UK certification in May 1981 +and US approval (to FAR Pt 23) on 15 July 1982. + + +[Box} +SPECIFICATION +(BN-2T Turbine Islander) + +Power Plant: Two Allison 250-B17C turboprops each rated at 400shp +(298kW) thermal capacity and flat-rated at 320 shp (238.5kW) with +Hartzell three-blade constant-speed, fully-feathering propellers +of 6ft 8in (2.03m) diameter. Fuel capacity, standard, 108 Imp gal +(492l). + +Performance: MAx operating speed, 152kts (315km/h) at 10,000ft +(3,050m) and 154kts (285km/h) at sea level; cruising speed at 72 +per cent power, 150kts (278km/h) at 10,000ft (3,050m) and 142kts +(283km/h) at 5,000ft (1,525m); Initial rate of climb, 1,050 ft/min +(5.3m/sec); service ceiling, over 25,000ft (7,620m); take-off +distance to 50ft (15.2m), 1,250ft (380m); landing distance from +50ft (15.2m), 1,115ft (340m); range with max payload, no reserves, +141 naut mls (261km); range with max fuel, IFR reservers, 590 naut +mls. + +Weights: Empty equipped weight, 4,040lb (1,832kg); max payload, +2,454lb (1,113kg); payload with max fuel, 1,340lb (608kg); max +take-off weight, 7,000lb (3,175kg); max landing weight, 6,800lb +(3,084kg); max zero-fuel weight, 6,200lb (2,857kg). + +Dimensions: Span, standard tips, 49ft 0in (14.9m) or, extended +tips with fuel tankage 53ft 0in (16.15m); overall length, standard +nose, 35ft 7 3/4 in (10.87m) or, with weather radar nose, 36ft 3 +3/4 in (11.07m); overall height, 13ft 8 3/4in (4.18m); sweepback, +nil; wing area, standard tips, 325.0 sq ft (30.19sq m) or, with +extended tips, 337.0sq ft (31.31 sq m). + +Accommodation: Cabin length, 10ft 0in (3.05m), max width 3 ft 7in +(1.09m); max height, 4ft 2in (1.27m). Accommodation for up to 10 +occupants (including pilot), on two individual side-by-side seats +and four bench-type seats, with no aisle. Access to seat row +through individual doors. Up to 49cu ft (1.39 cu m) of baggage +volume, plus optional nose compartment with 22 cu ft (0.62cu m) +capacity; maximum cabin freight capacity (no passenger seats), 166 +cu ft (4.70cu m). + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sr-71.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sr-71.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..654bc70 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sr-71.txt @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + +The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird +---------------------------- + +Perhaps one of the most ellegant aircraft of recent times is the +Lockheed SR- 71A Blackbird. It's unique shape means that it is easily +identifiable, if it is seen that is. With altitude records of 85,000 +ft, and a top speed of Mach 3.17 means that people rarely have the +chance to see it. + +It should be noted however that the Blackbird is far from a new plane, +the initial contract was awarded to Lockheed in 1954, as a successor +to the ageing U-2. The project was financed greater after the need +for a replacement was emphasized by the shooting down of Francis Gary +Powers on Mayday 1960 over central Russia. The design team headed by +Kelly Johnson knew that conventional aluminium couldn't be used for +this plane as it wouldn't withstand the stresses and temperatures +envolved with sustained Mach 3 flight. Indeed over the engine fins, +the temperature can rise to an amazing 1050 degrees Fahrenheit. It +was decided to use titanium, which at the time was very difficult to +extract and very expensive. However this didn't discourage the design +team. Firstly the plane was designed as an interceptor, but on +further design work it was found improbable to carry weapons with the +amount of fuel required for long fast flights. Power is supplied to +the Blackbird by the innovative J-58 Pratt & Whitney continous bleed +turbojet engines. These in themselves were an engineering feat. +Specially designed nacelles and highly complex fuel system lead to +these engines developing an incredible 32,500 lbs thrust with full +afterburn, which is used on the majority of flights. However this +doesn't come cheap and the Blackbird eats 8,000 gallons an hour of +special JP-7 high temperature fuel. The Blackbird is effectively a +flying fuel tank with the most sophisticated spying computers in +existence. As it flys by at Mach 3+ it certainly isn't difficult to +spot the Blackbird. + +On account of its capabilities the Blackbird is said to have been used +on many of the worlds flare points including Greek/Turkish conflict, +and Vietnam. These planes will continue to prove very useful to the +U.S.A.F, even if it is just in its capacity as a showpiece. It +doesn't blend in with the rest at airshows. Certainly the Blackbird +is a technical achievement perhaps unmatched in military aircraft +since the Spitfire. Also it is relatively hidden to enemy radar, at +its top speed of Mach 3.17, it only occasionally occurs on a radar +screen as a fast moving dot, or maybe it is identified by the +occasional sonic boom. However with the introduction of infra-red +radar and very high speed missiles, the Blackbird is under greater +threat, but these systems are so expensive and relatively useless that +the Blackbird will certainly be around for a few years to come. The +'stealth' project in development at the moment is unlikely to knock +the SR- 71 out of service in the near future, because the technology +it needs to use is still somewhat in the future and completely +untested. + +Some of the more interesting facts about the plane have occured from +the Mach 3 flight that it endures: + +The pilots are all volunteers, and have to wear space suits similar to +those worn by space shuttle crews and valued at around $100,000. They +are internally refrigerated. The length of the Blackbird increases by +1 foot when in flight at Mach 3+. + +The engines are removed and cleaned after every 200 hours flying. The +fuel tanks are cleaned and re-sealed after 200 hours, and despite this +they still leak when they are cold. The oil used to lubricate the +engine, is solid for a good deal of the early flight, and only becomes +liquid after the temperature reaches 84 F. Also the cockpit window +gets so hot, that the crew can heat tubes of food against the window +by holding it there, the temperature can reach 400 F. The tyres are +inflated to 400 psi with nitrogen to avoid bursting due to the heat +changes. While at sustained Mach 3 flight, the end of the fuesalage +glows red hot continuously. + +The Blackbirds operate on occasion from Kadena, Okinawa, U.S.A and +Mildenhall, Suffolk, England, and they have an individual hangar at +Beale Airforce base in California, where they are all based. The +number of Blackbirds isn't known exactly, but is thought to be about +24. This'll certainly give a new meaning to the saying: + +'Four and twenty Blackbirds.......' + +-----**The End**----- + +An insight into one of the wonders of Aerospace, written by Micro Brat +(c) 1987. The SR-71A usually makes an appearance at the Farnborough +and Mildenhall airshows in England each year. + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Rat Head Ratsnatcher 510-524-3649 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sr71book.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sr71book.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59d490a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sr71book.txt @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ + + +Here is a list all the books and magazines I have that contain articles on +the Blackbirds. Most of these books are available at hobby stores or from +Aerofax, Inc (817-261-1905), Zenith Books (800-826-6600) and Historical +Aviation (800-225-5575) mailorder book stores. A few were obtained at the +AF Museum and the National Air and Space Museum. I'll try to list them in +order of which ones Ifeel provide the most info (hopefully also most accurate +info). This list was last updated on December 6, 1991. +. +SR-71/YF-12/A-12 BLACKBIRD - Jay Miller - Aerofax Minigraph 1 +. +LOCKHEED SR-71 BLACKBIRD - Paul F Crickmore - Osprey Air Combat +. +LOCKHEED BLACKBIRDS - Anthony Thornborough & Peter Davies. +. +SR-71 BLACKBIRD - Paul F Crickmore - Osprey Air Combat +. +SR-71 INSIDE LOCKHEED'S BLACKBIRD - Michael O'Leary and Eric Schulzinger +. +WINGS Magazine - October 1986 (still available from Sentry Books) +. +BLACK MAGIC AMERICA'S SPYPLANES: SR-71 and U-2 - Michael O'Leary + and Eric Schulzinger - Motorbooks International +. +AMERICAN SPYPLANES - Mike Spick - Osprey Combat Aircraft Series +. +US SKY SPIES SINCE WORLD WAR 1 - Michael O'Leary +. +BLACKBIRD IN ACTION - Lou Drendel Squadron/Signal Publications +. +SPYPLANES AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE AIRCRAFT - Bill Gunston - ARCO +. +POPULAR MECHANICS - June 1991 +. +AIR COMBAT - May 1990 - Volune 18 Number 4 +. +AERIAL ESPIONAGE - Dick van der Aart - ARCO/Prentice Hall Press +. +POPULAR SCIENCE - November 1988 - (Speculation on AURORA Plane) +. +AIR & SPACE Smithsonian - October/November 1990 +. +SPYPLANE - David Donald - Motorbooks International +. +AEROPHILE - Volune 1 Number 5 - August 1978 +. +AIR COMBAT - June 1981 - Volune 9 Number 4 +. +VAN SICKLE'S MODERN AIRMANSHIP 5TH EDITION - John F. Welch - TAB +. +SPORT AVIATION (EAA Magazine) - December 1989 +. +SCALE MODELER - January 1977 - Volune 12 Number 1 +. +AIRPOWER - Volune 20 Number 3 - May 1990 +. +There must be dozens of SR-71 articles in Aviation Week & Space Technology. +I haven't collected many of these yet so I'm not listing any of them. Others +are urged to list which issues have articles. Also I'm sure I left out a few +entries here and there. I have taken many color photos of SR-71 64-17976 which +is on display at the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio. I could make them +available for a nominal fee if anyone is interested. Also willing to trade +some for pictures of the F-117! My address: Albert H. Dobyns, 717 Wehrli Drive, +Naperville, IL 60540. Home phone number is 708-369-0206. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sr71loss.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sr71loss.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07fe94d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sr71loss.txt @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ + If you've ever wondered about the Lockheed A-12, YF-12, SR-71 + planes that were lost, this list is for you! The information + in this list is a combination of information in three books: + Jay Miller's Aerofax Minigraph 1 SR-71 (A-12/YF-12/D-21), Paul + F Crickmore's Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, and Lockheed Blackbirds + by Anthony Thornborough and Peter Davies. The A-12's have Air + Force serial numbers from 60-6924 through 60-6941 with the + exception of 60-6934, 60-6935, and 60-6936 which are YF-12A's. + Serial numbers 64-17950 through 64-17981 are SR-71's. 12/8/91 + + 60-6926 This was the second A-12 to fly but the first to crash. + On 24 May 1963, CIA pilot Ken Collins was flying an inertial + navigation system test mission. After entering clouds, frozen + water fouled the pitot-static boom and prevented correct + information from reaching the standby flight instruments and + the Triple Display Indicator. The aircraft subsequently + entered a stall and control was lost completely followed by the + onset of an inverted flat spin. The pilot ejected safely. The + wreckage was recovered in two days, and persons at the scene + were indentified and requested to sign secrecy agreements. A + cover story for the press described the accident as occurring to + a F-105, and is still listed in this way on official records. + + 60-6928 This aircraft was lost on 5 January 1967 during a + training sortie flown from Groom Lake. Following the onset of + a fuel emergency caused by a failing fuel guage, the aircraft + ran out of fuel only minutes before landing. CIA pilot Walter + Ray was forced to eject. Unfortunately the ejection seat + man-seat separation sequence malfunctioned, and Ray was killed + on impact with the ground, still strapped to his seat. + + 60-6929 This aircraft was lost on 28 December 1965 seven + seconds into an FCF (Functional Check Flight) from Groom Lake + performed by CIA pilot Mel Vojvodich. The SAS (Stability + Augmentation System) had been incorrectly wired up, and the + pilot was unable to control the aircraft 100 feet above the + runway. The pilot ejected safely. A similar accident occurred + when the first production Lockheed F-117 was flown on 20 April + 1982 by Bill Park. It's control system had been hooked up + incorrectly. Bill Park survived the accident but had injuries + serious enough to remove him from flight status. + + 60-6932 This aircraft was lost in the South China Sea on 5 June + 1968. CIA pilot Jack Weeks was flying what was to be the last + operational A-12 mission from the overseas A-12 base at Kadena + AB, Okinawa. The loss was due to an inflight emergency, and + the pilot did not survive. Once again the official news release + identified the lost aircraft as an SR-71 and security was main- + tained. A few days afterwards the two remaining planes on + Okinawa flew to the US and were stored with the remainder of the + OXCART family. + + 60-6934 This aircraft, the first YF-12A, was seriously damaged + during a landing accident at Edwards AFB (date unknown). The + rear half was later used to build the SR-71C (64-17981) which + flew for the first time on March 14 1969. + + 60-6936 This aircraft, the third YF-12A, was lost on 24 June + 1971 in an accident at Edwards AFB. The specific cause of the + accident is not listed in any of my reference material. + + 60-6939 This aircraft was lost on approach to Groom Lake on 9 + July 1964 following a Mach 3 check flight. On approach, the + flight controls locked up, and Lockheed test pilot Bill Park + was forced to eject at an altitude of 1500 feet in a 45 degree + bank angle! + + 60-6941 This was the second A-12 to be converted to an M-12 for + launching the D-21 reconnaissance drone. During its first + flight test on 30 July 1966 for launching the drone, the drone + pitched down and struck the M-12, breaking it in half. Pilot + Bill Park and LCO (Launch Control Officer) Ray Torick stayed + with the plane a short time before ejecting over the Pacific + Ocean. Both made safe ejections, but Ray Torick drowned before + he could be rescued. This terrible personal and professional + loss drove "Kelly" Johnson to cancel the M-12/D-21 program. + + 64-17950 The prototype SR-71 was lost on 10 January 1967 at + Edwards during an anti-skid braking system evaluation. The + main undercarriage tires blew out and the resulting fire in the + magnesium wheels spread to the rest of the aircraft as it ran + off the end of the runway. Lockheed test pilot Art Peterson + survived. + + 64-17952 This aircraft disintegrated on 25 January 1966 during + a high-speed, high-altitude test flight when it developed a + severe case of engine unstart. Lockheed test pilot Bill Weaver + survived although his ejection seat never left the plane! RSO + (Reconnaissance System Officer) Jim Zwayer died in a high-G + bailout. + + 64-17953 This aircraft was lost on 18 December 1969 after an + inflight explosion and subsequent high-speed stall. Lt Col Joe + Rogers and RSO Lt Col Garry Heidebaugh ejected safely. + + 64-17954 This aircraft was demoloshed on 11 April 1969 under + circumstance similar to 64-17950. New aluminum wheels and + stronger tires with a beefed up compound were retrofitted to + all SR-71's. Lt Col Bill Skliar and his RSO Major Noel Warner + managed to escape uninjured. + + 64-17957 This aircraft was the second SR-71B built for the Air + Force. It crashed on approach to Beale on 11 January 1968 when + instructor pilot Lt Col Robert G. Sowers and his "student" + Captain David E. Fruehauf were forced to eject about 7 miles + from Beale after all control was lost. The plane had suffered + a double generator failure exacerbated by a double flameout and + pancaked upside down in a farmer's field. + + 64-17974 This aircraft was lost on 21 April 1989 over the South + China Sea and is the last loss of any Blackbird as of December + 1991. Pilot Lt Col Dan House said the left engine blew up and + shrapnel from it hit the right-side hydraulic lines, causing a + loss of flight controls. House and RSO Blair Bozek ejected and + came down safely in the ocean. They had been able to broadcast + their position before abandoning the Blackbird, and rescue + forces were immediately on the way. However the crew were + rescued by native fisherman. The local chieftain's new throne + is Colonel House's ejection seat! + + 64-17977 This aircraft ended its career in flames by skidding + 1000 feet off the end of runway 14 at Beale on 10 October 1968. + The takeoff was aborted when a wheel assembly failed. Major + James A. Kogler was ordered to eject, but pilot Major Gabriel + Kardong elected to stay with the aircraft. Both officers + survived. + + (Last updated 27 December 1991) + ***** THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE LIST. MORE TO COME ***** + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sr71nasa.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sr71nasa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..216b903 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sr71nasa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,352 @@ +Msg#:18489 *AVIATION* +01/25/92 22:44:00 (Read 0 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALBERT DOBYNS +Subj: SR-71 DATA + AD> I'm interested in seeing what the researcher's handbook has in it. + +OK, here is the best of what I have picked up... + + Lockheed SR-71 + Supersonic / Hypersonic Research Facility + Researcher's Handbook + Volume I Executive Summary + +This handbook provides information on use of the SR-71 for basic and applied +research, theoretical or applied development, testing and evaluation of +material or equipment, in any field of user interest in the supersonic/ +hypersonic arena. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an overview +of the capabilities and limitations of the SR-71 as a high altitude, high +Mach, research, development, and test and evaluation (RDT&E) platform + +Primary Function .................High Speed Test Platform +Speed ............................More Than 2,000 Miles Per Hour (Mach 3.2) +Altitude .........................Above 80,000 Feet +Number of Engines ................Two J-58 Turbojets with Afterburners +Range ............................More Than 2,000 Miles +Crew .............................Two: Pilot and Test Engineer + +Dimensions: + Span ...........................55.6 Feet + Length .........................107.4 Feet + Height (Parked) ................18.5 Feet + Weight .........................143,000 Pounds + +Flight Envelope + - Maximum Performance + Mach 3.2+, Altitude: Above 85,000 Feet + - Airspeeds + 310 - 450 KEAS (Normal) + 500 KEAS (Extended) + - Dynamic Pressure Range: 325 - 847 lbs/sq.ft + - Heat Soak: Over 600 F for 60 minutes + - Remain at Mach 3.00: Over 60 Minutes Per Sortie + +Flight Profile-Maximum Range + - Total Time: ~ 100 Mins + - Mach 3.0 Time: ~ 64 Mins + - T/O Gross Wt: 140,000 lbs + - T/O Fuel: 80,000 lbs + +Flight Profile - Maximum A/B Cruise + - Total Time: ~ 83 Mins + - Mach 3.0 Time: ~ 48 Mins + - T/O Gross Wt: 140,000 lbs + - T/O Fuel: 80,000 lbs + +Extended Flight Envelope - Development + - Beyond 3.2 + Thrust/Drag: Not An Immediate Limit + Inlet Temperature, Aerostability, and Hot Structure Considerations + Engineering/Flight Qualification Required + - Equivalent Airspeed Beyond 500 KEAS + Engineering/Flight Qualification Required + +Demonstrated Integration + - Lockheed Skunk Works Has Demonstrated Highly Successful Systems + Engineering/Integration On The SR-71 + Optical Film Cameras (Visual and IR) + Imaging Radar Systems + ELINT + Air-to-Ground Data Linking + Analog and Digital Recording Devices + Design of Real-Time Satellite Data Link + Design of a Global Position System (GPS) + Captive Test Of Radar For Reentry Vehicle + Laser Communication + +Successful Tests and Demonstrations + - Overland Sonic Boom Characterization + - Shuttle Re-Entry Flight Path Emulation + - Extended High-Heat Profile + - Digital Automatic Flight/Inlet Control Development + - Advanced Sensor/EW Interoperability + - High-Altitude Turbulence Characterization + - High-Temperature Structure And Thermal Protection Materials + +Other RDT&E Testing Potential + - CFD Code Validation + - Laminar Flow Control Experiments + - Upper Atmosphere Characterization + - Inlet/Engine Compatibility + - Sonic Boom Evaluation/Propagation + - High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) Component Evaluation + - Sensor/Processor Experiments + - Endothermic Fuel Testing + +Msg#:19737 *AVIATION* +01/28/92 16:27:52 (Read 0 Times) +From: ALBERT DOBYNS + To: DEAN ADAMS +Subj: REPLY TO MSG# 18489 (SR-71 DATA) +Great stuff!! Is there more? + +Msg#:19165 *AVIATION* +01/25/92 23:19:00 (Read 0 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALBERT DOBYNS +Subj: RE: NASA'S NEW NUMBERS + AD> to take a trip west: gotta get pictures of them with their new numbers! + +I just noticed a nice picture in the Jan 13 AW&ST (page 56), of the new +NASA #831 SR-71B refueling from KC-135 #53135 right over Edwards... + +Msg#: 9492 *AVIATION* +02/01/92 23:46:00 (Read 0 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALBERT DOBYNS +Subj: REPLY TO MSG# 4841 (SR-71 DATA) + AD> Great stuff!! Is there more? + +Yea, I picked up the second half of this data. + + Lockheed SR-71 + Supersonic / Hypersonic Research Facility + Researcher's Handbook + Volume I Executive Summary + +Internal Payload Provisions: + - Large Payload Compartments/Bays + Abundant Electrical Power: 60KVA, 115/220V, 400Hz + Abundant Cooling Air: More Than 30 Pounds Per Minute, 35 Deg F Air + More than 150 Liters LN2 Available + Accessible Through Large Doors/Hatches + Existing Payload Upload/Download Provisions + +Payload Bay Capacities: + Payload Vol (Cu ft) Typical payload Max Dims in Bay (inches) + Bay Each Bay Weight (Each Bay) - Typical Mounting + A (Nose) 23 550 lbs 30 X 30 X 75 + C 7.2 150 lbs 24 X 24 X 16 + D 12 230 lbs 11 X 17 X 80 + K & L 29.2/Bay 900 lbs 16 X 17 X 92 + M & N 21.7/Bay 200 lbs 18 X 18 X 49 + P & Q 32.0/Bay 340 lbs 18 X 18 X 90 + S & T 22.7/Bay 400 lbs 18 X 18 X 62 + +Internal Payload Deployment: + - High Altitude, High Mach Missile Launch + Demonstrated GAR-9 (Phoenix Type) Launches + Altitudes from 65,000 to 76,000 feet + Target Aircraft Was From 500 To 40,000 Feet + Internal Carriage + Piston Eject + All But One Of 7 Launches Successful + (Failure Caused By Missile Gyro Failure) + +Modification Potential: + - Aircraft Can Be Modified To Accomplish: + Internal Carriage: Free Flight Deployment + External Carriage: Captive Experiments + External Carriage: Free Flight Deployment + +External Carriage - Captive: + - Experiments Designed For SR-71 Integration + Suggest Potential Of Aircraft For Future + Experimental Payloads + Reentry Vehicle Sensor On Half Body + High-Altitude/High-Mach Air Particulate Sampler + Full Scale Supersonic Nacelle + +Air Particulate Sampler: + W1 W2 Filter Approach + Flow Rate Inlet Exit Velocity - Maximum + SCFM Width Width FPS + + 708 5.43 1.00 177 + 1000 7.68 1.71 258 + +Upper Surface Flow Field + Local Flow Conditions Are Uniform + Within A Large Region In The Expansion + Dominated Flow Above The Aircraft + +External payload Deployments + - D-21 Supersonic Drone. 5 Successfully Launched At Mach 3. + - Advanced Concepts - Hypersonic Research Vehicle. Studied But Not Developed + - Upper Or Lower Deployment Possible + +Msg#:11067 *AVIATION* +02/04/92 21:50:00 (Read 1 Times) +From: DEAN ADAMS + To: ALL +Subj: NASA SR-71/YF-12 DATA (1/2) +Here is a four page fact sheet I recently picked up at the Dryden PA office. +It has a lot of interesting information about current and past Blackbird +activities at NASA Ames-Dryden... +--------------------------------------------------------------------- + +NASA Facts +Ames Research Center +Dryden Flight Research Facility + + SR-71 + "The Blackbird" + +Three SR-71 aircraft have been loaned to NASA by the U.S. Air Force as +testbeds for high speed, high altitude aeronautical research. The aircraft, +two SR-71A's and the only SR-71B pilot trainer aircraft in operation, are +based at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif. + +Developed for the U.S. Air Force as a reconnaissance aircraft more than +27 years ago, SR-71's are still the world's fastest and highest-flying +production aircraft. + +The aircraft can fly more than 2200 mph (Mach 3+ or more than three times +the speed of sound) and at altitudes of over 85,000 feet. This operating +environment makes the aircraft excellent platforms to carry out research +and experiments in a variety of areas -- aerodynamics, propulsion, +structures, thermal protection materials, high-speed and high-temperature +instrumentation, and sonic boom characterization. + +Data from the SR-71 high speed research program will be used to aid +designers of future supersonic/hypersonic aircraft and propulsion +systems. Beneficiaries of this data include a future high speed civil +transport and the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) program. + + + Program Management + +The SR-71 program at Dryden is part of NASA's overall high speed aeronautical +research program, and is expected to involve many NASA research centers, and +other government agencies. + +Project manager at Dryden is David P. Lux + + + NASA Flight Crews + +Each NASA crew consists of a pilot and a flight engineer. + +Currently assigned as SR-71 project pilots at Dryden are Stephen D. Ishmael +and Roger E. Smith. Flight engineers are Robert E. Meyer and Marta Bohn- +Meyer. The Meyers are the first husband-wife team of aeronautical engineers +on flight status at Dryden. + +Both pilot-engineer crews have trained for many hours in the SR-71 flight +simulator at Dryden to become thoroughly acquainted with aircraft systems +and operational procedures. The simulator is the same unit used by Air +Force personnel at Beale AFB, Calif., before the SR-71s were retired from +military service in 1990. + +As military aircraft, SR-71's had a crew of two -- a pilot and a +reconnaissance systems officer. + + + Mach 3 at Dryden + +Dryden has a decade of experience at sustained speeds above Mach 3. +Two YF-12 aircraft were flown at the facility between December 1969 and +November 1979 in a joint NASA/Air Force program to learn more about the +capabilities and limitations of high speed, high altitude flight. + +The YF-12s were prototypes of a planned interceptor aircraft based on a +design that later evolved into the SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft. + +Research information from the YF-12 program was used to validate analytical +theories and wind tunnel test techniques to help improve the design and +performance of future military and civil aircraft. The then-developing +American supersonic transport project would have benefited greatly from +YF-12 research data. + +The aircraft were a YF-12A (serial 935) and a YF-12C (serial 937). They +logged a combined total of 242 flights during the program. A third aircraft, +a YF-12A (serial 936), was flown by Air Force crews early in the program. +It was lost because of an inflight fire in June 1971. The crew was not hurt. + +The YF-12s were used for a wide range of experiments and research. Among the +areas investigated were aerodynamic loads, aerodynamic drag and skin +friction, heat transfer, thermal stresses, airframe and propulsion system +interactions, inlet control systems, high altitude turbulence, boundary layer +flow, landing gear dynamics, measurement of engine effluents for pollution +studies, noise measurements, and evaluation of a maintenance monitoring and +recording system. + +On many YF-12 flights medical researchers obtained information on the +physiological and biomedical aspects of crews flying at sustained high +speeds. + +From February 1972 until July 1973, the YF-12A was used for heat loads testing +in Dryden's High Temperature Loads Laboratory (now the Thermostructures +Research Facility). The data helped improve theoretical prediction methods +and computer models of that era dealing with structural loads, materials, and +heat distribution at up to 800 degrees (F), the same surface temperatures +reached during sustained speeds of Mach 3. + + + SR-71 Specifications & Performance + +The SR-71 is a delta-wing aircraft designed and built by Lockheed. They +are powered by two Pratt and Whitney J-58 axial-flow turbojets with +afterburners, each producing 32,500 pounds of thrust. + +Speed of the aircraft is announced at Mach 3.2 -- more than 2000 mph. They +have a range of more than 2000 miles and fly at altitudes of over 85,000 ft. + +As research platforms, the aircraft can cruise at Mach 3 for more than one +hour. For thermal experiments, this can produce heat soak temperatures of +more than 600 degrees (F). + +The aircraft are 107.4 feet long, have a wing span of 55.6 feet, and are +18.5 feet high (ground to top of rudders when parked). + +Gross takeoff weight is about 140,000 pounds, including a fuel weight of +80,000 pounds. + +The airframes are built almost entirely of titanium and titanium alloys to +withstand heat generated by sustained Mach 3 flight. + +Aerodynamic control surfaces consist of all-moving vertical tail surfaces +above each engine nacelle, ailerons on the outer wings, and elevators on +the trailing edges between the engine exhaust nozzles. + +The three SR-71's at Dryden have been assigned the following NASA tail numbers: +NASA 831 (B model), military serial 64-17956, manufactured in September 1965; +NASA 832 (A model), military serial 64-17971, manufactured in October 1966; +NASA 844 (A model), military serial 64-17980, manufactured in July 1967. + + + Development History + +The SR-71 was designed by a team of Lockheed personnel led by Clarence +"Kelly" Johnson, at that time vice president of the company's Advanced +Development Projects. The Advanced Development Projects is commonly +referred to as the "Skunk Works". + +The basic design of the SR-71 and YF-12 aircraft originated in secrecy in the +late 1950s with the aircraft designation of A-11. Its existence was publicly +announced by President Lyndon Johnson on Feb. 29, 1964, when he announced that +an A-11 had flown at sustained speeds of over 2000 mph during tests at +Edwards, Calif. + +Development of the SR-71's from the A-11 design, as strategic reconnaissance +aircraft, began in February 1963. First flights of an SR-71 was on Dec. 22, +1964. + +The YF-12's were experimental long-range interceptor versions of the same +airframe and were first displayed publicly at Edwards on Sept. 30, 1964. + + -nasa- +December 1991 + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/sr71xtra.txt b/politicalTextFiles/sr71xtra.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e0ad7c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/sr71xtra.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Here is the info on the plaques at the Blackbird Airpark as read from +Paul Stahl's photos he sent me. Thanks again to Paul for sending them +to me. Please note that there are a few typos/spelling errors in this +information. I included them in the spirit of accurate reporting!? + + LOCKHEED + + SR-71A + +The SR-71A reached a speed of Mach 1.3 during its maiden flight from +Plant 42 on December 22, 1964. After extensive flight testing at +nearby Edwards AFB, the Blackbird entered operational service with the +Strategic Air Command (SAC) in January 1966 at Beale AFB, California. +Primary overseas operating locations were Kadena AB, Japan and RAF +Mildenhall, England. On March 6, 1990, an SR-71 set a transcontinental +coast to coast record, flying 2,404 statute miles in 68 minutes 17 +seconds. + + ************** + +This aircraft, #61-7973, was delivered to SAC in 1968. It served its +entire career in operational reconnaissance with the 9th SRW. It's +last flight was July 21, 1987 from Mildenhall to Plant 42. It has +1729.9 total flying hours. Restoration courtesy of Lockheed Advanced +Development Company. + + + SPECIFICATIONS + + Wing Span...........................55.6 ft + Wing Area.......................1,795 sq ft + Length (excluding pitot)...........103.8 ft + Height..............................18.5 ft + Empty Weight.....................67,500 lbs + Gross Takeoff Weight............152,000 lbs + Maximum Fuel Capacity............84,180 lbs + Engine.....2 Pratt & Whitney J-58 Turbojets + Static Thrust (each)...........32,500 lbs + Crew......................................2 + Sensor Payload....................3,500 lbs + + + PERFORMANCE + + Maximun Speed..........Mach 3.2 (2,112 mph) + at 85,000 ft (estimated) + Maximum Range (unrefuelled)........3,250 mi + Maximum Operational Ceiling.......85,000 ft + + + This aircraft is on loan from the USAF Museum Program + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ss_info2.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ss_info2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff12e5c Binary files /dev/null and b/politicalTextFiles/ss_info2.txt differ diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ssnumber.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ssnumber.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87bd598 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ssnumber.txt @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +Archive-Name: ssn-privacy + + + What to do when they ask for your Social Security Number + + by Chris Hibbert + + Computer Professionals + for Social Responsibility + + + Many people are concerned about the number of organizations asking for their + Social Security Numbers. They worry about invasions of privacy and the + oppressive feeling of being treated as just a number. Unfortunately, I + can't offer any hope about the dehumanizing effects of identifying you with + your numbers. I *can* try to help you keep your Social Security Number from + being used as a tool in the invasion of your privacy. + + Surprisingly, government agencies are reasonably easy to deal with; private + organizations are much more troublesome. Federal law restricts the agencies + at all levels of government that can demand your number and a fairly + complete disclosure is required even if its use is voluntary. There are no + comparable Federal laws restricting the uses non-government organizations + can make of it, or compelling them to tell you anything about their plans. + Some states have recently regulations on collection of SSNs by private + | + entities. With private institutions, your main recourse is refusing to do + | + business with anyone whose terms you don't like. + + + Short History + + Social Security numbers were introduced by the Social Security Act of 1935. + They were originally intended to be used only by the social security + program, and public assurances were given at the time that use would be + strictly limited. In 1943 Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9397 which + required federal agencies to use the number when creating new record-keeping + systems. In 1961 the IRS began to use it as a taxpayer ID number. The + Privacy Act of 1974 required authorization for government agencies to use + SSNs in their data bases and required disclosures (detailed below) when + government agencies request the number. Agencies which were already using + SSN as an identifier before January 1, 1975 were allowed to continue using + it. The Tax Reform Act of 1976 gave authority to state or local tax, + welfare, driver's license, or motor vehicle registration authorities to use + the number in order to establish identities. The Privacy Protection Study + Commission of 1977 recommended that the Executive Order be repealed after + some agencies referred to it as their authorization to use SSNs. I don't + know whether it was repealed, but that practice has stopped. + + Several states use the SSN as a driver's license number, while others record + it on applications and store it in their database. Some states that + routinely use it on the license will make up another number if you insist. + According to the terms of the Privacy Act, any that have a space for it on + the application forms should have a disclosure notice. Many don't, and + until someone takes them to court, they aren't likely to change. (Though + New York recently agreed to start adding the notice on the basis of a letter + written by a reader of this blurb.) + + The Privacy Act of 1974 (5 USC 552a) requires that any federal, state, or + local government agency that requests your Social Security Number has to + tell you four things: + + 1: Whether disclosure of your Social Security Number is required or + optional, + + 2: What law authorizes them to ask for your Social Security Number, + + 3: How your Social Security Number will be used if you give it to them, + and + + 4: The consequences of failure to provide an SSN. + + In addition, the Act says that only Federal law can make use of the Social + Security Number mandatory. So anytime you're dealing with a government + institution and you're asked for your Social Security Number, just look for + the Privacy Act Statement. If there isn't one, complain and don't give your + number. If the statement is present, read it. If it says giving your + Social Security Number is voluntary, you'll have to decide for yourself + whether to fill in the number. + + Private Organizations + + The guidelines for dealing with non-governmental institutions are much more + tenuous. Most of the time private organizations that request your Social + Security Number can get by quite well without your number, and if you can + find the right person to negotiate with, they'll willingly admit it. The + problem is finding that right person. The person behind the counter is + often told no more than "get the customers to fill out the form completely." + + Most of the time, you can convince them to use some other number. Usually + the simplest way to refuse to give your Social Security Number is simply to + leave the appropriate space blank. One of the times when this isn't a + strong enough statement of your desire to conceal your number is when + dealing with institutions which have direct contact with your employer. + Most employers have no policy against revealing your Social Security Number; + they apparently believe that it must have been an unintentional slip that + you didn't give out your SSN. + + Public utilities (gas, electric, phone, etc.) are considered to be private + organizations under the laws regulating SSNs. Most of the time they ask for + an SSN, and aren't prohibited from asking for it, but they'll usually relent + if you insist. Ask to speak to a supervisor, insist that they document a + corporate policy requiring it, ask about alternatives, ask why they need it + and suggest alternatives. + + + Lenders and Borrowers (those who send reports to the IRS) + + Banks and credit card issuers and various others are required by the IRS to + report the SSNs of account holders to whom they pay interest or when they + charge interest and report it to the IRS. If you don't tell them your + number you will probably either be refused an account or be charged a + penalty such as withholding of taxes on your interest. + + Many Banks, Brokerages, and other financial institutions have started + implementing automated systems to let you check your balance. All too often, + they are using SSNs as the PIN that lets you get access to your personal + account information. If your bank does this to you, write them a letter + pointing out how many of the people you have financial business with know + your SSN. Ask them to change your PIN, and if you feel like doing a good + deed, ask them to stop using the SSN as a default identifier. Some + customers will believe that there's some security in it, and be + insufficiently protective of their account numbers. + + When buying (and possibly refinancing) a house, most banks will now ask for + your Social Security Number on the Deed of Trust. This is because the + Federal National Mortgage Association recently started requiring it. The + fine print in their regulation admits that some consumers won't want to give + their number, and allows banks to leave it out when pressed. [It first + recommends getting it on the loan note, but then admits that it's already on + various other forms that are a required part of the package, so they already + know it. The Deed is a public document, so there are good reasons to refuse + to put it there, even though all parties to the agreement already have + access to your number.] + + + Insurers, Hospitals, Doctors + + No laws require medical service providers to use your Social Security Number + as an ID number (except for Medicare, Medicaid, etc.) They often use it + because it's convenient or because your employer uses it to certify + employees to its groups health plan. In the latter case, you have to get + your employer to change their policies. Often, the people who work in + personnel assume that the employer or insurance company requires use of the + SSN when that's not really the case. When my current employer asked for my + SSN for an insurance form, I asked them to try to find out if they had to + use it. After a week they reported that the insurance company had gone + along with my request and told me what number to use. Blood banks also ask + for the number but are willing to do without if pressed on the issue. After + I asked politely and persistently, the blood bank I go to agreed that they + didn't have any use for the number. They've now expunged my SSN from their + database, and they seem to have taught their receptionists not to request + the number. + + Most insurance companies share access to old claims through the Medical + Information Bureau. If your insurance company uses your SSN, other + insurance companies will have a much easier time finding out about your + medical history. You can get a copy of the file MIB keeps on you by writing + to Medical Information Bureau, P.O. Box 105, Essex Station, Boston, MA + 02112. Their phone number is (617)426-3660. + + If an insurance agent asks for your Social Security Number in order to + "check your credit", point out that the contract is invalid if your check + bounces or your payment is late. They don't need to know what your credit + is like, just whether you've paid them. + + + Children + + The Family Support Act of 1988 (42 USC 1305, 607, and 602) apparently + requires states to require parents to give their Social Security Numbers in + order to get a birth certificate issued for a newborn. The law allows the + requirement to be waived for "good cause", but there's no indication of what + may qualify. + + The IRS requires taxpayers to report SSNs for dependents over one year of + age, but the requirement can be avoided if you're prepared to document the + existence of the child by other means if challenged. The law on this can be + found at 26 USC 6109. + + Universities and Colleges + + Universities that accept federal funds are subject to the Family Educational + Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (the "Buckley Amendment"), which prohibits + them from giving out personal information on students withses, and phone + numbers, and another exception for release of + information to the parents of minors. There is no exception for Social + Security Numbers, so covered Universities aren't allowed to reveal students' + numbers without their permission. In addition, state universities are bound + by the requirements of the Privacy Act, which requires them to provide the + disclosures mentioned above. If urity Numbers is a problem + + The Social Security Number doesn't work well as an identifier for several + reasons. The first reason is that it isn't at all secure; if someone makes + up a nine-digit number, it's quite likely that they've picked a number that + is assigned to someone. There are quite a few reasons why people would make + up a number: to hide their identity or the fact that they're dohat it makes it + hard to control access to personal information. Even assuming you want + someone to be able to find out some things about you, there's no reason to + believe that you want to make all records concerning yourself available. + When multiple record systems are all keyed by the same identifier, and all + are intended to be easily accessible to some users, it becomes difficult to + allow sh the passage of the Immigration reform law. While making up a number + is usually good enough to fool the public library, employers submit the number + to the IRS, which cross checks with its own and SSA's records. Because of the + checks, illegal workers need to know what name goes with the number so they + won't be caught as quickly. + + + What you can do to protect your number + + tion and expecting them to + understand and cooperate. If that doesn't work, there are several more + things to try: + + 1: Talk to people higher up in the organization. This often works + simply because the organization has a standard way of dealing + with requests not to use the SSN, and the first person you deal + with just hasn't been around long enough to know what it is. + o get back to your supervisor and + affect your job. + + 3: Threaten to complain to a consumer affairs bureau. Most newspapers + can get a quick response. Ask for their "Action Line" or + equivalent. If you're dealing with a local government agency, + look in the state or local government section of the phone book + under "consumer affairs." If it's a federal lp. + + 4: Insist that they document a corporate policy requiring the number. + When someone can't find a written policy or doesn't want to + push hard enough to get it, they'll often realize that they + don't know what the policy is, and they've just been following + tradition. + + 5: Ask what they need it for and suggest alternatives. If you're + talking to someyour number in order to have a + continuing relationship, you can choose to ignore the request + in hopes that they'll forget or find another solution before + you get tired of the interruption. + + If someone absolutely insists on getting your Social Security Number, you + may want to give a fake number. There is no legal penalty as long as you're + not doing it to get somethinds of new wallets sold in the 40's and 50's. It's + been used so widely that both the IRS and SSA recognize it immediately as + bogus, while most clerks haven't heard of it. + + There are several prefixes that have never been assigned, and which + therefore don't conflict with anyone's real number. They include the + following patterns: + + 1. Any field all zeroes (no field of zeroes is ever assigneut some have been + assigned to organizations and for other special purposes. The Social Security + Administration recommends that people showing Social Security cards in + advertisements use numbers in the range 987-65-4320 through 987-65-4329. + + If you're designing a database, and want to use numbers other than Social + Security Numbers, you'd be better off generating numbers that are shorter + thanepending on these unused patterns. + + The Social Security Administration recommends that you request a copy of + your file from them every few years to make sure that your records are + correct (your income and "contributions" are being recorded for you, and no + one else's are.) As a result of a recent court case, the SSA has agreed to + accept corrections of errors when there isn't any contradictorined two legal + cases concerning Social Security Numbers and privacy. One of them challenged + the IRS practice of printing Social Security Numbers on mailing labels when + they send out tax forms and related correspondence. The other challenged + Virginia's requirement of a Social Security Number in order to register to + vote. + + Dr. Peter Zilahy Ingerman filed suit against the IRS in Federal Distr. CPSR + plans to appeal. + + The Virginia case was filed by a resident of the state who refused to supply + a Social Security Number when registering to vote. When the registrar + refused to accept his registration, he filed suit. He is also challenging + the state of Virginia on two other bases: the registration form apparently + lacked a Privacy Act notice, and the voter lists the state publishes id them + to me at: + Chris Hibbert + hibbert@xanadu.com or Xanadu Operating Company + 550 California Ave, Suite 101 + Palo Alto, CA 94306 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/studactv.txt b/politicalTextFiles/studactv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7657036 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/studactv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +From ats5@internet01.comp.pge.com Thu Aug 4 15:11:16 1994 +Date: Wed, 3 Aug 94 23:47:14 PDT +From: Andy Smith +Subject: REFLECTIONS ON STUDENT ACTIVISM + + REFLECTIONS ON STUDENT ACTIVISM + Abbie Hoffman + + +Speech to the first National Student Convention, Rutgers University, + February 6, 1988 + + +I guess you can't see my button. It says, "I fought tuition." It's a +two part set, actually. The second button says, "And tuition +won." + +You should know that over 650 students have registered as +delegates here, representing over 130 different schools. You have +come despite freezing weather and hard economic times to do +something that I'm not sure anybody is yet ready to comprehend. +I'm absolutely convinced that you are making history just by +being here. You are proving that the image of the American +college student as a career-interested, marriage-interested, self +centered yuppie is absolutely outdated, that a new age is on the +rise, a new college student. + +There's been a lot of talk about comparing today to what went on +in the sixties. I would remind you that in 1960, when we started +the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to fight in the +South in the civil rights movement, less that 30 people came +together to begin it. The famous Students for a Democratic +Society, which we're all reading about, was formed in 1962 with +exactly 59 people. No one before this has done anything this +bold, imaginative, creative, and daring to bring together this +many different strains of people, who all believe in radical +change in our society. It is just an amazing feat. And I wish you +the best of luck today, and especially tomorrow, when you have to +decide whether to go forward or backward. I'd also like to take +this moment to salute our glorious actor-in chief: Happy Birthday +Ronald Reagan! I don't believe anyone in here believes its "Good +morning in America" tonight. + +I have a lot of speeches in my head: On the CIA, urine testing, +nuclear power, saving water -- that's my local battle. We're +fighting the Philadelphia Electric Company's attempt to steal the +waters of the Delaware River for yet another nuclear plant. A +local battle? I don't know. One out of ten Americans drink from +that river. I also speak on the modern history of the student +protest and on Central America, where I've been five times. Every +time I get before a microphone I'm extremely nervous that +chromosome damage and Alzheimer's will take their toll. I'll come +out foaming at the mouth, accusing the CIA of pissing in the +nuclear plants, to poison the water, to burn out the minds of +youth, so they'll be easy cannon fodder for the Pentagon's war in +Central America. Actually that's probably not a bad speech. + +On Tuesday I had to give a speech at the local grammar school to +nine year-olds. I said, "Go ahead, pick any subject you want." +They wanted to hear about hippies. My 16-year old kid, America, +heard me give this speech about how you can't have political and +social change without cultural change as well, and he said, +"Daddy, you're not gonna bring back the hippies are you? The +hippies go to Van Halen concerts, get drunk, throw up on their +sweatshirts and beat up all the punks in town." I said, "Okay, no +hippies." That was last year, this year he's changed his mind. +His mother and I were activists in the sixties, and he heard all +the anti-war stories over and over again, never believed any of +it. Then one night last spring he saw the documentary "Twenty +Years Ago Today" about the effect of the Beatles' Sergeant +Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band on us all. It's about the only +thing I'm ever going to recommend to anybody about the sixties, a +simply brilliant documentary. He sat there watching cops fight +with the young people in the streets, people put flowers at the +Pentagon in the soldiers' bayonets, and the Pentagon rise in the +air, he saw it move just like we said it did. Tears cam streaming +out his eyes, and he called up and said, "Daddy, why was I born +now? I should have been a hippie." + +When I went to college long ago there was a ritual that we all +had to go through at freshman induction. We were herded into a +big room and the dean of admissions came and gave us a famous +speech, "Look to your right, look to your left, one of you three +won't be here in four years when it comes time to graduate." I'm +going to say to you, "Look to your right, look to your left, two +of you three won't be here in four years." That's about the +attrition rate of the left. I'm sure that many of the people who +want to organize interplanetary space connections have got +everything worked out with Shirley MacLaine, and it's Okay with +me that they become moonies and yuppies and then borne-again +Mormons. They're not the ones who keep me up at night. But I +worry about the good organizers, the successful organizers. +You're the ones who know you can actually get better at this, +that you can get good at it. You know that being on the side of +the angels, being right, isn't enough. To succeed you also have +to work very hard with lots of cooperation from those around you. +You have your wits about you continuously, show up on time, and +follow through. These are the things that take place behind the +scenes that keep you aimed a goal, at victory, at success. And I +worry because somehow on the left, all too often, it's like three +people in a phone booth trying to get out. Two are really trying +to kick the third one out, and that's how they spend all their +time. The third one's always called some dirty name that ends in +an "ist." It's been a movement that devours its own. I look out +at you and I think of my comrades, not the people you saw in The +Big Chill, but people that were great movement organizers. You +know some of their names, and many others you don't know. They +risked not just their careers, marriage plans, and ostracism from +their family, but their lives. They faced mobs with chains and +brass knuckles, the clubs of the police, the dirty tricks and +infiltrations of the FBI, and the CIA, Army intelligence, Navy +intelligence, and local red squads all around the country. They +had pressure put on their families. They were prepared for all +this from the moment they decided to go against the grain and +take on the powers that be. They were not prepared for the +infighting. They were not prepared for a movement that devours +itself. That has got to cease. I remember a very free and open +democratic meeting in a room in New York City in 1971. All the +various strains were there. There was one group that disagreed +with the decision making structure that had been set up. They +wanted to settle their differences with the majority so they came +armed with baseball bats. I can't remember the groups name--it +was the National Labor Committee or Caucus-- but I do remember +the name of it's leader, Lynn Marcus, better known today as +Lyndon LaRouche. + +The movement has had its share of other problems. We are too +issue-oriented and not practical enough. We debate issues +endlessly, Deciding whose issue is more important than whose +other issue, and so letting the moment of opportunity in history +pass. By that time there's another issue There that's outstripped +the other two. We debate which "ism" is more important than which +other "ism", and I agree that all the isms lead to schisms which +lead to wasms. We need a new language as we enter the next +century. + +We need to be rid of the false dichotomies. There's been a big +discussion going on for the last couple of days here about +whether the organizing focus should be local, regional, national, +or interplanetary. I have never seen a national issue won that +wasn't based on grassroots organizing and support. On the other +hand, I have never seen a local issue won that didn't rely on +outside support and outside agitators. Another false dichotomy is +one that I call "In the system/out of the system." Between inside +the system and outside it is a semipermeable membrane. And +either-or is only a metaphysical question, not a practical +one. The correct stance, especially now in these times, is one +foot in the street-- the foot of courage, that gets off the +curbstone of indifference--and one foot in the system--the +intelligent foot, the one that learns how to develop strategies, +to build coalitions, to negotiate differences, to raise money, to +do mailing lists, to make use of the electronic media. You need +that foot too. The brave foot goes out into the street to strike +out against the enculturation process that says: "Stay indoors," +"Don't go out into the street," "You lose your job in the +street," "There's crime in the street,""You'll be homeless,""It's +terrible,""Yecch." Civil disobedience--blocking trucks, digging +up the soil, occupying the buildings, chaining yourself to fences +(I spent my summer vacation chained to a fence)--can be a +necessary act of courage, but it doesn't take a hell of a lot of +brains. + +Decision making has been a problem on the left. In the sixties +we always made decisions by consensus. By 1970, when you had 15 +people show up and three were FBI agents and six were +schizophrenics, universal agreement was getting to be a problem. +I call it "The Curse of Consensus Decision Making," because in +the end consensus decision making is rule of the minority: the +easiest form to manipulate, the easiest way to block any real +decision making. Trying to get everyone to agree takes forever. +Usually the people are broke, without alternatives, with no new +language, just competing to see who can burn the shit out of the +other the most. There must be a spirit of agreement and in this +way most decisions _are_ made by consensus, but there must also +be a format whereby you can express your differences. The +democratic parliamentary procedure--majority rule--is the toughest +to stack, because in order to really get your point across you've +got to go out and get more people to come in to have the votes +the next time around. + +My vision of America is not as cheery and optimistic as it might +be. I agree with Charles Dickens, "These are the worst of times, +these are the worst of times." Look at the institutions around us. +Financial institutions, bankrupt; religious institutions, +immoral; communications institutions don't communicate; +educational institutions don't educate. A poll yesterday showed +that 48% of Americans want someone else to run than the current +candidates. The last election in 1987 had the lowest turnout +since 1942. There are people that say to a gathering such as +this--students taking their proper role in the front lines of +social change in America, fighting for peace and justice-- that +this is not the time. This is not the time? You could never have +had a better time in history than right now. + +My fingers are crossed because I hope that you won't let the +internal difference divide you. I hope that you'll be able to +focus on the real enemies that are out there. In the late sixties +we were so fed up we wanted to destroy it all. That's when we +changed the name of America and stuck in the "k." The mood is +different today, and the language that will respond to todays +mood will be different. Things are so deteriorated in this society, +that it's not up to you to destroy America, it's up to you to go +out and save America. The same impulse that helped us fight our +way out of one empire 200 years ago must help us get free of the +Holy Financial Empire today. The transnationals--with their money +in Switzerland, headquarters in Luxembourg, ships in tax-free +Panama, natural resources all over the emerging world, and their +sleepy consumers in the United States--do not have the interest +of the United States at heart. Ronald Reagan and the CIA are +traitors to America, they have sold it to the Holy Financial +Empire. The enemy is out there, he's not in this room. People are +allowed to have different visions and different views, but you +have to have unity. + +You also have to communicate a message and to do that you have to +have a medium. We know television as the boob tube. We know +educational television as an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms. +We know it from reading fake intellectuals like Alan Bloom and +his _Closing of the American Mind_, or from reading good ones +like Neil Postman, whose _Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public +Discourse in the Age of Showbiz_ is a wonderful book. Bloom wants +us to shut off the t.v. and start reading the Bible, and Postman +just wants us to shut off the t.v. They are critics of t.v., but +they are not organizers. A lot of people say, "Abbie, you just +perform for the media, that's your duty, you manipulate," a lot +of things like that. This is a misconception. I have never in my +life done anything for the media.I'm speaking to you through a +microphone because my voice is soft, and I couldn't reach all of +you unless I used it. That's why I use the microphone. But my +words are not for this goddam microphone. If you want to reach +hundred of thousands or millions of people, you have to use the +media and television. Television has an immense impact on our +lives. We don't read, we just look at things. We don't gather +information in an intellectual way, we just want to keep in +touch. + +As bad as it is, television has the ability to penetrate our +fantasy world. That's why the images are at first quick and +action-packed, very short, very limited and very specific, and +afterwards vague, blurry and distorted. How can these images not +be very important? They determine our view of the world. We in +New England would not have known there was a civil rights +movement in the South. We would not have known racism existed, +that blacks were getting lynched, that blacks were not getting +service at a Woolworth counter, if it hadn't been for television. +We weren't taught it in our schools or churches. We had to see it +and feel it with our eyes. You have to use that medium to get +across that image that students have changed. YOu have to show it +to them. Let the world watch, just like we watch students in the +Gaza strip fight for their freedom and justice, students in +Johannesburg, in El Salvador, In Central America, In the +Phillipines fight for their freedom. + +One hundred and thirty schools represented here today out of +5,000 colleges and universities in America reminds us that going +against the grain at the University of South Dakota or Louisiana +Stat is a very tough, lonely job. You have to feel that you're +part of something bigger. You want to know that there's a +movement out there. That's where the role of a national student +organization becomes so important, giving hope and comfort to +people that are out there trying to make change at a grassroots +level. + +The student movement is a global movement. It is always the young +that make the change. You don't get these ideas when you're +middle-aged. Young people have daring, creativity, imagination +and personal computers. Above all, what you have as young +people that's vitally needed to make social change, is impatience. +You want it to happen now. There have to be enough people that +say, "We want it right now, in our lifetime." We want to see +apartheid in South Africa come down right now. We want to see the +war in Central America stop right now. We want the CIA off our +campus right now. We want an end to sexual harassment in our +community right now. This is your movement. This is you +opportunity. + +Be adventurists in the same sense of being bold and daring. Be +opportunists and seize this opportunity, this moment in history, +to go out and save our country. It's your turn now. Thank you. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/swe_army.txt b/politicalTextFiles/swe_army.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18503f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/politicalTextFiles/swe_army.txt differ diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/tabnomor.txt b/politicalTextFiles/tabnomor.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fd8a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/tabnomor.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ + +"Taboo No More?" +by Ira Glasser, Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union + +from the Fall/Winter 1989 issue of "Civil Liberties" newsletter + +reproduced without permission +------------------------- + +At long last, judging from recent comments by public figures and +editorials in the mass media, Americans seem willing to at least begin +thinking about what was previously unthinkable: ending criminal +prohibitions against the use of drugs. + +Our nation's compulsive pursuit of the unattainable goal of a drug-free +society has been wedded to a policy of prohibition, aimed at eliminating +the use of certain drugs. Sadly, we would be much better off today if we +had pursued policies aimed at controlling, rather than eliminating, drug +use and reducing its harmful consequences. + +Today, consequences of "the drug problem" include the spread of AIDS, +high homicide rates, property crimes, the proliferation of criminal +cartels, corruption of public officials, paralysis of our criminal +justice system, and the steady erosion of our civil liberties. + +Ironically, almost all of these ills are enhanced by prohibition. For +example, our commitment to prohibition has prevented us from +establishing programs to combat the spread of AIDS by putting clean +needles in the hands of intravenous drug users. Foreign observers who +have described this obstinacy as genocidal are not far wrong. The steady +erosion of civil liberties is another ominous offshoot of prohibition. +Opinion polls show that large numbers of Americans, in the grip of +anti-drug hysteria generated by the gobernment, are ready to permit +warrantless searches of their apartments, inform on family members, ban +films that depict drug use, and allow the military to police their +neighborhoods. + +We've been led to believe that such measures are required to keep drugs, +especially crack (a smokable form of cocaine) from destroying our +society. But in fact, the vaunted "war on drugs" targets marijuana users +primarily. Federal statistics show that in the last few years, about +750,000 arrests have been made annually for drug law violations. About +three-quarters of these arrests are not for producing or selling drugs, +but for possession of an illicit substance, usually marijuana. + +After declaring a stepped-up "war on drugs" a few months ago, for +example, the federal government last October launched simultaneous raids +in 46 states on GARDEN SUPPLY STORES, seeking customer lists so they +could apprehend people who might be growing marijuana indoors! In the +1950's, it was dangerous to join a political organization for fear the +FBI would get your name and harass you. Today, tomato growers are in +danger. + +The traditional accompaniment to such official zeal has been the media +blitz, starring the image of a devil drug. The culprit substance is +always said to be so dangerous that even a single dose of it will entrap +a normal person into lifelong addiction and turn law-abiding citizens +into violent monsters. At different times in our history, we have been +bombarded by frightful images of "demon rum," "reefer madness," and the +"heroin dope fiend." All of these exaggerations turned out to be +scientifically false, but they were useful propaganda for manipulating a +fearful public into accepting prohibition. Today, it is happening again. + +The violence attending the use of cocaine is caused, we're told, by the +chemical effects of the drug itself. But a recent study of drug-related +homicides in New York showed that 87 percent of those involving cocaine +were caused, not by people under the influence, but by territorial +disputes, deals or debt collections gone awry, and other vagaries of the +criminalized drug trafficking system. Only 7.5 percent of the homicides +were related to the behavioral effects of a drug, and two-thirds of +those involved alcohol, not cocaine. + +We tolerate endless violence induced by alcohol - 54 percent of violent +crime offenders in the U.S. are under the influence of alcohol at the +time they committed the crimes - without being told that alcohol +prohibition must be restored. Relatively few people use crack - only +one-half of one percent of the population during the past year, +according to federal statistics. Yet we're constantly told that +crack-induced violence can be stamped out by a policy that appears to +create more violence than it stamps out. + +We are also told by some that cocaine use would increase significantly +if prohibition were ended, a claim for which there is no scientific +evidence. In the inner city, prohibition notwithstanding, crack is +accessible and cheap. So anyone likely to use it is already using it, +undeterred by the law. While decriminilization is not likely to affect +crack use much, it might well alleviate the deadly fallout - including +the sky-high rates of homicide and imprisonment. + +The fear that ending prohibition would substantially increase the spread +of drug addiction is also contradicted by the example of the +Netherlands, where marijuana use actually went down after legalization, +and where the percentage of the population using marijuana is no higher +than in the United States. Nothing is certain, of course, and more +research is needed. But studies of cocaine users in the Netherlands, as +well as in Australia, indicate that the barrier created by prohibition +is relatively small and the market relatively inelastic. + +Studies here and in other countries also mock the +instant-drug-enslavement propaganda, revealing that controlled use of +cocaine is possible and that no more than 20 percent of users carried +their habits to the point where adverse effects occurred - and most of +those users cut their indulgence back to lower levels. + +Norman Zinberg's research in this country established that addiction or +compulsive use of any drug, including alcohol, is a function of three +variables: the chemical effect of the drug, the state of mind of the +user, and the conditions under which the drug is used. Heroin used as a +painkiller in the hospital, for example, will often not have the same +addictive effect as heroin used by a street hustler in a criminalized +setting. + +This is important for projecting the likely effect, on the general +population, of ending prohibition. Generalizing about the effects of +cocaine and crack by looking only at pathological users is like trying +to infer the effects of alcohol on guests at a cocktail party from the +behavior of skid row alcoholics. Again, more research is needed, but +that need is being obscured by a din of nonsense about devil drugs and +their capacity to enslave us. + +The impossible dream of a drug-free nation must be challenged. +Abstinence makes as little sense in the drug context as it does in the +fight against AIDS. It's time to cool out the hysteria and talk +rationally about controlling the use of drugs through practical policies +that become us, rather than disgrace us, as a nation. + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/takebbs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/takebbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b5f7cd --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/takebbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + +Well, now it appears that they are coming for the bbs's also. Well +they'll get mine when they pry the keyboard from my cold dead +fingers. + + + Communication Is Your Right + +The growing national and international outreach of computer bulletin +board systems (BBSs) and their effectiveness in reaching the masses +outside of the Establishment media were discussed on the October 7 +broadcast of The SPOTLIGHT's nightly call-in talk forum, Radio Free +America, with host Tom Valentine. + +The guest was veteran Washington-based investigative journalist +Patrick M. Clawson. He has worked for Cable News Network (CNN) and +NBC News and is now becoming active in the BBS industry, which, he +noted, is under fire from the gouernment. The SPOTLIGHT is also +involved in this new medium, through the LogoPlex BBS based in +Richmond, Virginia. + +An edited transcript of the interview follows. Valentine's questions +are in boldface. Clawson's comments are in regular text. [Clawson's +comments are in square brackets for this file] + +You've recently entered into a new communications endeavor. Could you +discuss that? + + [ I've been helping to organize a trade association, the National +On-Line Media Association. That is an organization of people who are +running computer bulletin boards around the country. The computer +bulletin boards have become quite a force. It's a great way of +getting your news outside of the traditional stream. Frankly, a lot +of the news you get through the BBS is a lot more accurate than the +stuff you read in the mainstream press. ] + + [ Many people around the country are getting onto BBSs. ] + + [ What's happening with this on-line media is quite exciting. It +really is going to upset the balance of media power in America. Lots +of people are very discouraged with the way the conventional news +media reports the news. I am, too, and I've been a member of the +Washington press corps for a long time. ] + + [ The thing that's interesting about this bulletin board +technology as it is proliferating across the country is that for the +first time in the history of the world any person can be a publisher +and can have their voice heard worldwide, on these computer networks.] + + [ Any person can report the news and put the word out worldwide to +any person who wants to read it. That's a tremendous change in the +balance of media power. It's going to liberate people. It's going +to give them a chance to report things and to dig out government +corruption in a way like they've never been able to do it before. ] + +Is the Establishment getting leery of the development of the computer +bulletin boards? + + [ What's happening to a computer bulletin board system based in +Boston is a very interesting story, and it has gotten no press play. +This is a clear sign of how the media industry is changing. ] + + [ There's a gentleman in Boston named Brian Miller. He and his +wife run a bulletin board, Channel 1 BBS. This is one of the largest +bulletin board systems in the country. They have built this system +up through hard work to the point that it's quite well known. ] + + [ The state of Massachusetts, in its infinite wisdom, has now +decided to reinterpret the state's tax laws on telecommunications to +try to make it retroactively fit this company. The state is using +this as a test case. The state has hit this company with a tax lien +of more than $150,000. This is a small business, and this lien could +shut this company down. ] + + [ Here you have a media voice in Boston that is being threatened +with silence, and it has gotten no national publicity at all. If the +U.S. government or the District of Columbia government moved against +the Washington Post with a major tax assessment in a clear effort to +shut them down, we would be hearing about it.] + + [ There have been several cases across the country where the FBI +and/or the local police have gone in and raided bulletin boards under +the pretext that the board may have transmitted pornography or +somebody might have posted somebody's credit card number on the +board. ] + + [ However, instead of taking some kind of carefully defined legal +action to deal with those issues, the law en-forcement people have +broken down doors and grabbed equipment and shut down these media +operations. ] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/tax.txt b/politicalTextFiles/tax.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4e5eac --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/tax.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +MUST YOU PAY INCOME TAX? +FOR INDIVIDUALS, INCOME TAX IS A VOLUNTARY TAX +. + The above statement makes many people skeptical when +tehy read it. However, the basic reason for the truth of +the statement is really very simple. +. +THE U.S. CONTITUTION F O R B I D S THE FEDERAL +GOVERNMENT TO IMPOSE ANY TAX DIRECTLY UPON +INDIVIDUALS. +. +INDIVIDUALS VOLUNTARILY IMPOSE AN INCOME TAX UPON +THEMSELVES WHEN THEY FILE AN INCOME TAX RETURN. +. + Read on and learn why. You will be glad you spent +a few minites to learn about these important facts. +. + AMERICANS ARE CONFUSED + AND DECEIVED +. + Before World War II, individuals' wages were not +considered to be subject to income taxes. During the war a +"Victory Tax" was imposed on wages as an emergency measure +to help pay for the war. The people did not realize that +government could not constitutionally impose any tax +directly on them, so they assumed that individuals and +their earnings could be taxed directly. + The Internal Revenue Service intentionally promoted this +misunderstanding of taxing power through clever wording +of its statements, publications and propaganda news +releases. Consequently, Americans have been deceived into +believing that they are required to pay an income tax which +is laid on them directly by govenment. However, when the +IRS's publications, U.S. Supreme Court decisions and the +Internal Revenue Code (income tax law) are studied +carefully, they show that for individuals, paying income +tax is voluntary and that the filing of tax forms is also +a voluntary action that is not required by law. +. + CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON + TAXING POWER +. + In order to understand why paying income tax and filing +tax forms are voluntay actions for individuals, it is +essential to understand the limitations on federal +taxation embodied in the United States Constitution.The +statemen who wrote the Constitution were fully aware of +the dangers to liberty allowing a central govenment to +impose taxes directly upon individuals or upon property. +. +Tyranny resulting from direct taxation of individuals had +led to the American Revolution only 12 years earlier when +all the taxes collected amounted to less than 5% of the +colonists earnings. This tyranny was referred to in the +Declaration of Independence where in describing the +reasons for the revolution, the founding fathers +stated:"He(King George III) has erected a multitude +of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers +to harass our people, and eat out their substance". +. + Because of the knowledge of these facts, the framers +of the Constitution include not one, but two limitations +in the Constitution that absolutely forbid the federal +government to impose any direct taxes upon individuals +or upon property. All direct taxes are required to be +"apportioned", which means that they must be laid upon +the state governments in proportion to earch state's +population. + The limitations forbidding direct taxation of individuals +are found first in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3, which +states:"Representative4s and direct Taxes shall be +apportioned among the several States which may be +included within this YUnion, according to their +respective numbers..", and again in Artical 1, Section 9, +Clause 4, which states: "No Capitation or other direct +Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or +Enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken." These +basic sections of the have never been repealed or +amended. The Constitution still forbids direct taxation +of individuals and property. +. + 16th AMENDMENT MISINTERPRETED + (DELIBERATELY) +. +call Bob Huebner for the rest of text. +His number is (602)954-8885. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/taz.txt b/politicalTextFiles/taz.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d55e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/taz.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5574 @@ +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 1 +Message-ID: <1lf826INNpup@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:11:50 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 1018 + +T. A. Z. +The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic +Terrorism +Hakim Bey +Autonomedia +Anti-copyright, 1985, 1991. May be freely pirated & quoted-- +the author & publisher, however, would like to be informed at: +Autonomedia +P. O. Box 568 +Williamsburgh Station +Brooklyn, NY 11211-0568 +Book design & typesetting: Dave Mandl +Printed in the United States of America + +CONTENTS + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, _vii_ + +CHAOS: THE BROADSHEETS OF ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHISM, _1_ +Chaos, _3_; Poetic Terrorism, _4_; Amour Fou, _6_; Wild +Children, _8_; Paganism, _9_; Art Sabotage, _11_; The +Assassins, _13_; Pyrotechnics, _14_; Chaos Myths, _15_; +Pornography, _19_; Crime, _21_; Sorcery, _22_; +Advertisement, _24_ + +COMMUNIQUES OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY, _25_ +Communique #1: I. Slogans & Mottos for Subway Graffiti & +Other Purposes, _27_; II. Some Poetic-Terrorist Ideas Still +Sadly Languishing in the Realm of "Conceptual Art," _28_; +Communique #2: The Kallikak Memorial Bolo & Chaos Ashram: A +Proposal, _30_; Communique #3: Haymarket Issue, _32_; +Communique #4: The End of the World, _33_; Communique #5: +"Intellectual S/M Is the Fascism of the Eighties--The Avant- +Garde Eats Shit and Likes It," _36_; Communique #6: I. Salon +Apocalypse: "Secret Theater," _39_; II. Murder--War--Famine- +-Greed, _41_; Communique #7: Psychic Paleolithism & High +Technology: A Position Paper, _43_; Communique #8: Chaos +Theory & the Nuclear Family, _47_; Communique #9: Double-Dip +Denunciations, _48_; Communique #10: Plenary Session Issues +New Denunciations--Purges Expected, _50_; Communique #11: +Special Holiday Season Food Issue Rant: Turn Off the Lite!, +_53_; Special Halloween Communique: Black Magic as +Revolutionary Action, _56_; Special Communique: A.O.A. +Announces Purges in Chaos Movement, _59_; Post-Anarchism +Anarchy, _61_; Black Crown & Black Rose: Anarcho-Monarchism +& Anarcho-Mysticism, _64_; Instructions for the Kali Yuga, +_72_; Against the Reproduction of Death, _75_; Ringing +Denunciation of Surrealism, _78_; For a Congress of Weird +Religions, _80_; Hollow Earth, _84_; Nietzsche & the +Dervishes, _86_; Resolution for the 1990's: Boycott Cop +Culture!!!, _90_ + +THE TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE, _95_ +Pirate Utopias, _97_; Waiting for the Revolution, _99_; The +Psychotopology of Everyday Life, _102_; The Net and the Web, +_108_; "Gone to Croatan," _116_; Music as an Organizational +Principle, _124_; The Will To Power as Disappearance, _128_; +Ratholes in the Babylon of Information, _132_; Appendix A: +Chaos Linguistics, _135_; Appendix B: Applied Hedonics, +_137_; Appendix C: Extra Quotes, _138_ + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + +_CHAOS:_THE_BROADSHEETS_OF_ONTOLOGICAL_ANARCHISM_ was first +published in 1985 by Grim Reaper Press of Weehawken, New +Jersey; a later re-issue was published in Providence, Rhode +Island, and this edition was pirated in Boulder, Colorado. +Another edition was released by Verlag Golem of Providence +in 1990, and pirated in Santa Cruz, California, by We Press. +"The Temporary Autonomous Zone" was performed at the Jack +Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics in Boulder, and on +WBAI-FM in New York City, in 1990. +Thanx to the following publications, current and defunct, in +which some of these pieces appeared (no doubt I've lost or +forgotten many--sorry!): _KAOS_ (London); _Ganymede_ +(London); _Pan_ (Amsterdam); _Popular_Reality_; +_Exquisite_Corpse_ (also _Stiffest_of_the_Corpse_, City +Lights); _Anarchy_ (Columbia, MO); _Factsheet_Five_; +_Dharma_Combat_; _OVO_; _City_Lights_Review_; +_Rants_and_Incendiary_Tracts_ (Amok); _Apocalypse_Culture_ +(Amok); _Mondo_2000_; _The_Sporadical_; _Black_Eye_; +_Moorish_Science_Monitor_; _FEH!_; _Fag_Rag_; _The_Storm!_; +_Panic_ (Chicago); _Bolo_Log_ (Zurich); _Anathema_; +_Seditious_Delicious_; _Minor_Problems_ (London); _AQUA_; +_Prakilpana_. +Also, thanx to the following individuals: Jim Fleming; James +Koehnline; Sue Ann Harkey; Sharon Gannon; Dave Mandl; Bob +Black; Robert Anton Wilson; William Burroughs; "P.M."; Joel +Birroco; Adam Parfrey; Brett Rutherford; Jake Rabinowitz; +Allen Ginsberg; Anne Waldman; Frank Torey; Andr Codrescu; +Dave Crowbar; Ivan Stang; Nathaniel Tarn; Chris Funkhauser; +Steve Englander; Alex Trotter. +--March, 1991 + +CHAOS: THE BROADSHEETS OF ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHISM +(Dedicated to Ustad Mahmud Ali Abd al-Khabir) + +Chaos + +CHAOS NEVER DIED. Primordial uncarved block, sole worshipful +monster, inert & spontaneous, more ultraviolet than any +mythology (like the shadows before Babylon), the original +undifferentiated oneness-of-being still radiates serene as +the black pennants of Assassins, random & perpetually +intoxicated. + +Chaos comes before all principles of order & entropy, it's +neither a god nor a maggot, its idiotic desires encompass & +define every possible choreography, all meaningless aethers +& phlogistons: its masks are crystallizations of its own +facelessness, like clouds. + +Everything in nature is perfectly real including +consciousness, there's absolutely nothing to worry about. +Not only have the chains of the Law been broken, they never +existed; demons never guarded the stars, the Empire never +got started, Eros never grew a beard. + +No, listen, what happened was this: they lied to you, sold +you ideas of good & evil, gave you distrust of your body & +shame for your prophethood of chaos, invented words of +disgust for your molecular love, mesmerized you with +inattention, bored you with civilization & all its usurious +emotions. + +There is no becoming, no revolution, no struggle, no path; +already you're the monarch of your own skin--your inviolable +freedom waits to be completed only by the love of other +monarchs: a politics of dream, urgent as the blueness of +sky. + +To shed all the illusory rights & hesitations of history +demands the economy of some legendary Stone Age--shamans not +priests, bards not lords, hunters not police, gatherers of +paleolithic laziness, gentle as blood, going naked for a +sign or painted as birds, poised on the wave of explicit +presence, the clockless nowever. + +Agents of chaos cast burning glances at anything or anyone +capable of bearing witness to their condition, their fever +of _lux_et_voluptas_. I am awake only in what I love & +desire to the point of terror--everything else is just +shrouded furniture, quotidian anaesthesia, shit-for-brains, +sub-reptilian ennui of totalitarian regimes, banal +censorship & useless pain. + +Avatars of chaos act as spies, saboteurs, criminals of amour +fou, neither selfless nor selfish, accessible as children, +mannered as barbarians, chafed with obsessions, unemployed, +sensually deranged, wolfangels, mirrors for contemplation, +eyes like flowers, pirates of all signs & meanings. + +Here we are crawling the cracks between walls of church +state school & factory, all the paranoid monoliths. Cut off +from the tribe by feral nostalgia we tunnel after lost +words, imaginary bombs. +The last possible _deed_ is that which defines perception +itself, an invisible golden cord that connects us: illegal +dancing in the courthouse corridors. If I were to kiss you +here they'd call it an act of terrorism--so let's take our +pistols to bed & wake up the city at midnight like drunken +bandits celebrating with a fusillade, the message of the +taste of chaos. + +Poetic Terrorism + +WEIRD DANCING IN ALL-NIGHT computer-banking lobbies. +Unauthorized pyrotechnic displays. Land-art, earth-works as +bizarre alien artifacts strewn in State Parks. Burglarize +houses but instead of stealing, leave Poetic-Terrorist +objects. Kidnap someone & make them happy. +Pick someone at random & convince them they're the heir to +an enormous, useless & amazing fortune--say 5000 square +miles of Antarctica, or an aging circus elephant, or an +orphanage in Bombay, or a collection of alchemical mss. +Later they will come to realize that for a few moments they +believed in something extraordinary, & will perhaps be +driven as a result to seek out some more intense mode of +existence. + +Bolt up brass commemorative plaques in places (public or +private) where you have experienced a revelation or had a +particularly fulfilling sexual experience, etc. + +Go naked for a sign. + +Organize a strike in your school or workplace on the grounds +that it does not satisfy your need for indolence & spiritual +beauty. + +Grafitti-art loaned some grace to ugly subways & rigid +public momuments--PT-art can also be created for public +places: poems scrawled in courthouse lavatories, small +fetishes abandoned in parks & restaurants, xerox-art under +windshield-wipers of parked cars, Big Character Slogans +pasted on playground walls, anonymous letters mailed to +random or chosen recipients (mail fraud), pirate radio +transmissions, wet cement... + +The audience reaction or aesthetic-shock produced by PT +ought to be at least as strong as the emotion of terror-- +powerful disgust, sexual arousal, superstitious awe, sudden +intuitive breakthrough, dada-esque angst--no matter whether +the PT is aimed at one person or many, no matter whether it +is "signed" or anonymous, if it does not change someone's +life (aside from the artist) it fails. + +PT is an act in a Theater of Cruelty which has no stage, no +rows of seats, no tickets & no walls. In order to work at +all, PT must categorically be divorced from all conventional +structures for art consumption (galleries, publications, +media). Even the guerilla Situationist tactics of street +theater are perhaps too well known & expected now. + +An exquisite seduction carried out not only in the cause of +mutual satisfaction but also as a conscious act in a +deliberately beautiful life--may be the ultimate PT. The +PTerrorist behaves like a confidence-trickster whose aim is +not money but CHANGE. + +Don't do PT for other artists, do it for people who will not +realize (at least for a few moments) that what you have done +is art. Avoid recognizable art-categories, avoid politics, +don't stick around to argue, don't be sentimental; be +ruthless, take risks, vandalize only what _must_ be defaced, +do something children will remember all their lives--but +don't be spontaneous unless the PT Muse has possessed you. + +Dress up. Leave a false name. Be legendary. The best PT is +against the law, but don't get caught. Art as crime; crime +as art. + +Amour Fou + +AMOUR FOU IS NOT a Social Democracy, it is not a Parliament +of Two. The minutes of its secret meetings deal with +meanings too enormous but too precise for prose. Not this, +not that--its Book of Emblems trembles in your hand. + +Naturally it shits on schoolmasters & police, but it sneers +at liberationists & ideologues as well--it is not a clean +well-lit room. A topological charlatan laid out its +corridors & abandoned parks, its ambush-decor of luminous +black & membranous maniacal red. + +Each of us owns half the map--like two renaissance +potentates we define a new culture with our anathematized +mingling of bodies, merging of liquids--the Imaginal seams +of our City-state blur in our sweat. + +Ontological anarchism never came back from its last fishing +trip. So long as no one squeals to the FBI, CHAOS cares +nothing for the future of civilization. Amour fou breeds +only by accident--its primary goal is ingestion of the +Galaxy. A conspiracy of transmutation. + +Its only concern for the Family lies in the possibility of +incest ("Grow your own!" "Every human a Pharoah!")--O most +sincere of readers, my semblance, my brother/sister!--& in +the masturbation of a child it finds concealed (like a +japanese-paper-flower-pill) the image of the crumbling of +the State. + +Words belong to those who use them only till someone else +steals them back. The Surrealists disgraced themselves by +selling amour fou to the ghost-machine of Abstraction--they +sought in their unconsciousness only power over others, & in +this they followed de Sade (who wanted "freedom" only for +grown-up whitemen to eviscerate women & children). + +Amour fou is saturated with its own aesthetic, it fills +itself to the borders of itself with the trajectories of its +own gestures, it runs on angels' clocks, it is not a fit +fate for commissars & shopkeepers. Its ego evaporates in the +mutability of desire, its communal spirit withers in the +selfishness of obsession. + +Amour fou involves non-ordinary sexuality the way sorcery +demands non-ordinary consciousness. The anglo-saxon post- +Protestant world channels all its suppressed sensuality into +advertising & splits itself into clashing mobs: hysterical +prudes vs promiscuous clones & former-ex-singles. AF doesn't +want to join anyone's army, it takes no part in the Gender +Wars, it is bored by equal opportunity employment (in fact +it refuses to work for a living), it doesn't complain, +doesn't explain, never votes & never pays taxes. + +AF would like to see every bastard ("lovechild") come to +term & birthed--AF thrives on anti-entropic devices--AF +loves to be molested by children--AF is better than prayer, +better than sinsemilla--AF takes its own palmtrees & moon +wherever it goes. AF admires tropicalismo, sabotage, break- +dancing, Layla & Majnun, the smells of gunpowder & sperm. + +AF is always illegal, whether it's disguised as a marriage +or a boyscout troop--always drunk, whether on the wine of +its own secretions or the smoke of its own polymorphous +virtues. It is not the derangement of the senses but rather +their apotheosis--not the result of freedom but rather its +precondition. _Lux_et_voluptas_. + +Wild Children + +THE FULL MOON'S UNFATHOMABLE light-path--mid-May midnight in +some State that starts with "I," so two-dimensional it can +scarcely be said to possess any geography at all--the beams +so urgent & tangible you must draw the shades in order to +think in words. + +No question of _writing_to_ Wild Children. They think in +images--prose is for them a code not yet fully digested & +ossified, just as for us never fully trusted. + +You may write _about_ them, so that others who have lost the +silver chain may follow. Or write _for_ them, making of +STORY & EMBLEM a process of seduction into your own +paleolithic memories, a barbaric enticement to liberty +(chaos as CHAOS understands it). + +For this otherworld species or "third sex," +_les_enfants_sauvages_, fancy & Imagination are still +undifferentiated. Unbridled PLAY: at one & the same time the +source of our Art & of all the race's rarest eros. + +To embrace disorder both as wellspring of style & voluptuous +storehouse, a fundamental of our alien & occult +civilization, our conspiratorial esthetic, our lunatic +espionage--this is the action (let's face it) either of an +artist of some sort, or of a ten- or thirteen-year-old. + +Children whose clarified senses betray them into a brilliant +sorcery of beautiful pleasure reflect something feral & +smutty in the nature of reality itself: natural ontological +anarchists, angels of chaos--their gestures & body odors +broadcast around them a jungle of presence, a forest of +prescience complete with snakes, ninja weapons, turtles, +futuristic shamanism, incredible mess, piss, ghosts, +sunlight, jerking off, birds' nests & eggs--gleeful +aggression against the groan-ups of those Lower Planes so +powerless to englobe either destructive epiphanies or +creation in the form of antics fragile but sharp enough to +slice moonlight. + +And yet the denizens of these inferior jerkwater dimensions +truly believe they control the destinies of Wild Children--& +_down_here_, such vicious beliefs actually sculpt most of +the substance of happenstance. + +The only ones who actually wish to _share_ the mischievous +destiny of those savage runaways or minor guerillas rather +than dictate it, the only ones who can understand that +cherishing & unleashing are the _same_act_--these are mostly +artists, anarchists, perverts, heretics, a band apart (as +much from each other as from the world) or able to meet only +as wild children might, locking gazes across a dinnertable +while adults gibber from behind their masks. + +Too young for Harley choppers--flunk-outs, break-dancers, +scarcely pubescent poets of flat lost railroad towns--a +million sparks falling from the skyrockets of Rimbaud & +Mowgli--slender terrorists whose gaudy bombs are compacted +of polymorphous love & the precious shards of popular +culture--punk gunslingers dreaming of piercing their ears, +animist bicyclists gliding in the pewter dusk through +Welfare streets of accidental flowers--out-of-season gypsy +skinny-dippers, smiling sideways-glancing thieves of power- +totems, small change & panther-bladed knives--we sense them +everywhere--we publish this offer to trade the corruption of +our own _lux_et_gaudium_ for their perfect gentle filth. + +So get this: our realization, our liberation depends on +_theirs_--not because we ape the Family, those "misers of +love" who hold hostages for a banal future, nor the State +which schools us all to sink beneath the event-horizon of a +tedious "usefulness"--no--but because _we_&_they_, the wild +ones, are images of each other, linked & bordered by that +silver chain which defines the pale of sensuality, +transgression & vision. + +We share the same enemies & our means of triumphant escape +are also the same: a delirious & obsessive _play_, powered +by the spectral brilliance of the wolves & their children. + +Paganism + +CONSTELLATIONS BY WHICH TO steer the barque of the soul. +"If the moslem understood Islam he would become an idol- +worshipper."--Mahmud Shabestari +Eleggua, ugly opener of doors with a hook in his head & +cowrie shells for eyes, black santeria cigar & glass of rum- +-same as Ganesh, elephant-head fat boy of Beginnings who +rides a mouse. +The organ which senses the numinous atrophies with the +senses. Those who cannot feel baraka cannot know the caress +of the world. + +Hermes Poimandres taught the animation of eidolons, the +magic in-dwelling of icons by spirits--but those who cannot +perform this rite on themselves & on the whole palpable +fabric of material being will inherit only blues, rubbish, +decay. + +The pagan body becomes a Court of Angels who all perceive +this place--this very grove--as paradise ("If there is a +paradise, surely it is _here_!"--inscription on a Mughal +garden gate).. +But ontological anarchism is too paleolithic for eschatology- +-things are real, sorcery works, bush-spirits one with the +Imagination, death an unpleasant vagueness--the plot of +Ovid's _Metamorphoses_--an epic of mutability. The personal +mythscape. + +Paganism has not yet invented laws--only virtues. No +priestcraft, no theology or metaphysics or morality--but a +universal shamanism in which no one attains real humanity +without a vision. +Food money sex sleep sun sand & sinsemilla--love truth peace +freedom & justice. Beauty. Dionysus the drunk boy on a +panther--rank adolescent sweat--Pan goatman slogs through +the solid earth up to his waist as if it were the sea, his +skin crusted with moss & lichen--Eros multiplies himself +into a dozen pastoral naked Iowa farm boys with muddy feet & +pond-scum on their thighs. + +Raven, the potlatch trickster, sometimes a boy, old woman, +bird who stole the Moon, pine needles floating on a pond, +Heckle/Jeckle totempole-head, chorus-line of crows with +silver eyes dancing on the woodpile--same as Semar the +hunchback albino hermaphrodite shadow-puppet patron of the +Javanese revolution. + +Yemaya, bluestar sea-goddess & patroness of queers--same as +Tara, bluegrey aspect of Kali, necklace of skulls, dancing +on Shiva's stiff lingam, licking monsoon clouds with her +yard-long tongue--same as Loro Kidul, jasper-green Javanese +sea-goddess who bestows the power of invulnerability on +sultans by tantrik intercourse in magic towers & caves. + +>From one point of view ontological anarchism is extremely +bare, stripped of all qualities & possessions, poor as CHAOS +itself--but from another point of view it pullulates with +baroqueness like the Fucking-Temples of Kathmandu or an +alchemical emblem book--it sprawls on its divan eating +loukoum & entertaining heretical notions, one hand inside +its baggy trousers. +The hulls of its pirate ships are lacquered black, the +lateen sails are red, black banners with the device of a +winged hourglass. + +A South China Sea of the mind, off a jungle-flat coast of +palms, rotten gold temples to unknown bestiary gods, island +after island, the breeze like wet yellow silk on naked skin, +navigating by pantheistic stars, hierophany on hierophany, +light upon light against the luminous & chaotic dark. + +Art Sabotage + +ART SABOTAGE STRIVES TO be perfectly exemplary but at the +same time retain an element of opacity--not propaganda but +aesthetic shock--apallingly direct yet also subtly angled-- +action-as-metaphor. + +Art Sabotage is the dark side of Poetic Terrorism--creation- +through-destruction--but it cannot serve any Party, nor any +nihilism, nor even art itself. Just as the banishment of +illusion enhances awareness, so the demolition of aesthetic +blight sweetens the air of the world of discourse, of the +Other. Art Sabotage serves only consciousness, +attentiveness, awakeness. + +A-S goes beyond paranoia, beyond deconstruction--the +ultimate criticism--physical attack on offensive art-- +aesthetic jihad. The slightest taint of petty ego-icity or +even of personal taste spoils its purity & vitiates its +force. A-S can never seek power--only _release_ it. + +Individual artworks (even the worst) are largely irrelevant- +-A-S seeks to damage institutions which use art to diminish +consciousness & profit by delusion. This or that poet or +painter cannot be condemned for lack of vision--but malign +Ideas can be assaulted through the artifacts they generate. +MUZAK is designed to hypnotize & control--its machinery can +be smashed. + +Public book burnings--why should rednecks & Customs +officials monopolize this weapon? Novels about children +possessed by demons; the _New_York_Times_ bestseller list; +feminist tracts against pornography; schoolbooks (especially +Social Studies, Civics, Health); piles of _New_York_Post_, +_Village_Voice_ & other supermarket papers; choice gleanings +of Xtian publishers; a few Harlequin Romances--a festive +atmosphere, wine-bottles & joints passed around on a clear +autumn afternoon. + +To throw money away at the Stock Exchange was pretty decent +Poetic Terrorism--but to _destroy_ the money would have been +good Art Sabotage. To seize TV transmission & broadcast a +few pirated minutes of incendiary Chaote art would +constitute a feat of PT--but simply to blow up the +transmission tower would be perfectly adequate Art Sabotage. +If certain galleries & museums deserve an occasional brick +through their windows--not destruction, but a jolt to +complacency--then what about BANKS? Galleries turn beauty +into a commodity but banks transmute Imagination into feces +and debt. Wouldn't the world gain a degree of beauty with +each bank that could be made to tremble...or fall? But how? +Art Sabotage should probably stay away from politics (it's +so boring)--but not from banks. + +Don't picket--vandalize. Don't protest--deface. When +ugliness, poor design & stupid waste are forced upon you, +turn Luddite, throw your shoe in the works, retaliate. Smash +the symbols of the Empire in the name of nothing but the +heart's longing for grace. + +The Assassins + +ACROSS THE LUSTER OF the desert & into the polychrome hills, +hairless & ochre violet dun & umber, at the top of a +dessicate blue valley travelers find an artificial oasis, a +fortified castle in saracenic style enclosing a hidden +garden. + +As guests of the Old Man of the Mountain Hassan-i Sabbah +they climb rock-cut steps to the castle. Here the Day of +Resurrection has already come & gone--those within live +outside profane Time, which they hold at bay with daggers & +poisons. + +Behind crenellations & slit-windowed towers scholars & +fedayeen wake in narrow monolithic cells. Star-maps, +astrolabes, alembics & retorts, piles of open books in a +shaft of morning sunlight--an unsheathed scimitar. + +Each of those who enter the realm of the _Imam-of-one's-own- +being_ becomes a sultan of inverted revelation, a monarch of +abrogation & apostasy. In a central chamber scalloped with +light and hung with tapestried arabesques they lean on +bolsters & smoke long chibouks of haschisch scented with +opium & amber. + +For them the hierarchy of being has compacted to a +dimensionless punctum of the real--for them the chains of +Law have been broken--they end their fasting with wine. For +them the outside of everything is its inside, its true face +shines through direct. But the garden gates are camouflaged +with terrorism, mirrors, rumors of assassination, trompe +l'oeil, legends. + +Pomegranate, mulberry, persimmon, the erotic melancholy of +cypresses, membrane-pink shirazi roses, braziers of meccan +aloes & benzoin, stiff shafts of ottoman tulips, carpets +spread like make-believe gardens on actual lawns--a pavilion +set with a mosaic of calligrammes--a willow, a stream with +watercress--a fountain crystalled underneath with geometry-- +the metaphysical scandal of bathing odalisques, of wet brown +cupbearers hide-&-seeking in the foliage--"water, greenery, +beautiful faces." + +By night Hassan-i Sabbah like a civilized wolf in a turban +stretches out on a parapet above the garden & glares at the +sky, conning the asterisms of heresy in the mindless cool +desert air. True, in this myth some aspirant disciples may +be ordered to fling themselves off the ramparts into the +black--but also true that some of them will learn to fly +like sorcerers. + +The emblem of Alamut holds in the mind, a _mandal_ or magic +circle lost to history but embedded or imprinted in +consciousness. The Old Man flits like a ghost into tents of +kings & bedrooms of theologians, past all locks & guards +with forgotten moslem/ninja techniques, leaves behind bad +dreams, stilettos on pillows, puissant bribes. + +The attar of his propaganda seeps into the criminal dreams +of ontological anarchism, the heraldry of our obsessions +displays the luminous black outlaw banners of the +Assassins...all of them pretenders to the throne of an +Imaginal Egypt, an occult space/light continuum consumed by +still-unimagined liberties. + +Pyrotechnics + +INVENTED BY THE CHINESE but never developed for war--a fine +example of Poetic Terrorism--a weapon used to trigger +aesthetic shock rather than kill--the Chinese hated war & +used to go into mourning when armies were raised--gunpowder +more useful to frighten malign demons, delight children, +fill the air with brave & risky-smelling haze. + +Class C Thunder Bombs from Kwantung, bottlerockets, +butterflies, M-80's, sunflowers, "A Forest In Springtime"-- +revolution weather--light your cigarette from the sizzling +fuse of a Haymarket-black bomb--imagine the air full of +lamiae & succubi, oppressive spirits, police-ghosts. +Call some kid with a smouldering punk or kitchen match-- +shaman-apostle of summer gunpowder plots--shatter the heavy +night with pinched stars & pumped stars, arsenic & antimony, +sodium & calomel, a blitz of magnesium & shrill picrate of +potash. + +Spur-fire (lampblack & saltpetre) portfire & iron filings-- +attack your local bank or ugly church with roman candles & +purple-gold skyrockets, impromptu & anonymous (perhaps +launch from back of pick-up truck..) + +Build frame-lattice lancework set-pieces on the roofs of +insurance buildings or schools--a kundalini-snake or Chaos- +dragon coiled barium-green against a background of sodium- +oxalate yellow--Don't Tread On Me--or copulating monsters +shooting wads of jizm-fire at a Baptists old folks home. + +Cloud-sculpture, smoke sculpture & flags = Air Art. +Earthworks. Fountains = Water Art. And Fireworks. Don't +perform with Rockefeller grants & police permits for +audiences of culture-lovers. Evanescent incendiary mind- +bombs, scary mandalas flaring up on smug suburban nights, +alien green thunderheads of emotional plague blasted by +orgone-blue vajra-rays of lasered _feux_d'artifice_. + +Comets that explode with the odor of hashish & radioactive +charcoal--swampghouls & will-o'-the-wisps haunting public +parks--fake St. Elmo's fire flickering over the architecture +of the bourgeoisie--strings of lady-fingers falling on the +Legislature floor--salamander-elementals attack well-known +moral reformers. + +Blazing shellac, sugar of milk, strontium, pitch, gum water, +gerbs of chinese fire--for a few moments the air is ozone- +sharp--drifting opal cloud of pungent dragon/phoenix smoke. +For an instant the Empire falls, its princes & governors +flee to their stygian muck, plumes of sulphur from elf- +flamethrowers burning their pinched asses as they retreat. +The Assassin-child, psyche of fire, holds sway for one brief +dogstar-hot night. + +Chaos Myths + +Unseen Chaos (po-te-kitea) +Unpossessed, Unpassing +Chaos of utter darkness +Untouched & untouchable +--Maori Chant + +Chaos perches on a sky-mountain: a huge bird like a yellow +bag or red fireball, with six feet & four wings--has no face +but dances & sings. + +Or Chaos is a black longhaired dog, blind & deaf, lacking +the five viscera. +Chaos the Abyss comes first, then Earth/Gaia, then +Desire/Eros. From these three proceed two pairs--Erebus & +old Night, Aether & Daylight. + +Neither Being nor Non-being +neither air nor earth nor space: +what was enclosed? where? under whose +protection? +What was water, deep, unfathomable? +Neither death nor immortality, day nor night-- +but ONE breathed by itself with no wind. +Nothing else. Darkness swathed in darkness, +unmanifest water. +The ONE, hidden by void, +felt the generation of heat, came into being +as Desire, first seed of Mind... +Was there an up or down? +There were casters of seed, there were powers: +energy underneath, impulse above. +But who knows for sure? +--_Rg_Veda_ + +Tiamat the Chaos-Ocean slowly drops from her womb Silt & +Slime, the Horizons, Sky and watery Wisdom. These offspring +grow noisy & bumptious--she considers their destruction. + +But Marduk the wargod of Babylon rises in rebellion against +the Old Hag & her Chaos-monsters, chthonic totems--Worm, +Female Ogre, Great Lion, Mad Dog, Scorpion Man, Howling +Storm--dragons wearing their glory like gods--& Tiamat +herself a great sea-serpent. + +Marduk accuses her of causing sons to rebel against fathers- +-she loves Mist & Cloud, principles of disorder. Marduk will +be the first to rule, to invent government. In battle he +slays Tiamat & from her body orders the material universe. +He inaugurates the Babylonian Empire--then from gibbets & +bloody entrails of Tiamat's incestuous son he creates the +human race to serve forever the comfort of gods--& their +high priests & anointed kings. + +Father Zeus & the Olympians wage war against Mother Gaia & +the Titans, those partisans of Chaos, the old ways of +hunting & gathering, of aimless wandering, androgyny & the +license of beasts. + +Amon-Ra (Being) sits alone in the primordial Chaos-Ocean of +NUN creating all the other gods by jerking off--but Chaos +also manifests as the dragon Apophis whom Ra must destroy +(along with his state of glory, his shadow & his magic) in +order that the Pharoah may safely rule--a victory ritually +re-created daily in Imperial temples to confound the enemies +of the State, of cosmic Order. + +Chaos is Hun Tun, Emperor of the Center. One day the South +Sea, Emperor Shu, & the North Sea, Emperor Hu (_shu_hu_ = +lightning) paid a visit to Hun Tun, who always treated them +well. Wishing to repay his kindness they said, "All beings +have seven orifices for seeing, hearing, eating, shitting, +etc.--but poor old Hun Tun has none! Let's drill some into +him!" So they did--one orifice a day--till on the seventh +day, Chaos died. + +But...Chaos is also an enormous chicken's egg. Inside it +P'an-Ku is born & grows for 18,000 years--at last the egg +opens up, splits into sky & earth, yang & yin. Now P'an-Ku +grows into a column that holds up the universe--or else he +_becomes_ the universe (breath-->wind, eyes-->sun & moon, +blood & humors-->rivers & seas, hair & lashes-->stars & +planets, sperm-->pearls, marrow-->jade, his fleas-->human +beings, etc.) + +Or else he becomes the man/monster Yellow Emperor. Or else +he becomes Lao Tzu, prophet of Tao. In fact, poor old Hun +Tun is the Tao itself. + +"Nature's music has no existence outside things. The various +apertures, pipes, flutes, all living beings together make up +nature. The "I" cannot produce things & things cannot +produce the "I," which is self-existent. Things are what +they are spontaneously, not caused by something else. +Everything is natural & does not know why it is so. The +10,000 things have 10,000 different states, all in motion as +if there were a True Lord to move them--but if we search for +evidence of this Lord we fail to find any." (Kuo Hsiang) + +Every realized consciousness is an "emperor" whose sole form +of rule is to do nothing to disturb the spontaneity of +nature, the Tao. The "sage" is not Chaos itself, but rather +a loyal child of Chaos--one of P'an-Ku's fleas, a fragment +of flesh of Tiamat's monstrous son. "Heaven and Earth," says +Chuang Tzu, "were born at the same time I was, & the 10,000 +things are one with me." + +Ontological Anarchism tends to disagree only with the +Taoists' total quietism. In our world Chaos has been +overthrown by younger gods, moralists, phallocrats, banker- +priests, fit lords for serfs. If rebellion proves impossible +then at least a kind of clandestine spiritual jihad might be +launched. Let it follow the war-banners of the anarchist +black dragon, Tiamat, Hun Tun. + +Chaos never died. + +Pornography + +IN PERSIA I SAW that poetry is meant to be set to music & +chanted or sung--for one reason alone--because it _works_. + +A right combination of image & tune plunges the audience +into a _hal_ (something between emotional/aesthetic mood & +trance of hyperawareness), outbursts of weeping, fits of +dancing--measurable physical response to art. For us the +link between poetry & body died with the bardic era--we read +under the influence of a cartesian anaesthetic gas. + +In N. India even non-musical recitation provokes noise & +motion, each good couplet applauded, "Wa! Wa!" with elegant +hand-jive, tossing of rupees--whereas we listen to poetry +like some SciFi brain in a jar--at best a wry chuckle or +grimace, vestige of simian rictus--the rest of the body off +on some other planet. + +In the East poets are sometimes thrown in prison--a sort of +compliment, since it suggests the author has done something +at least as real as theft or rape or revolution. Here poets +are allowed to publish anything at all--a sort of punishment +in effect, prison without walls, without echoes, without +palpable existence--shadow-realm of print, or of abstract +thought--world without risk or _eros_. + +So poetry is dead again--& even if the mumia from its corpse +retains some healing properties, auto-resurrection isn't one +of them. + +If rulers refuse to consider poems as crimes, then someone +must commit crimes that serve the function of poetry, or +texts that possess the resonance of terrorism. At any cost +re-connect poetry to the body. Not crimes against bodies, +but against Ideas (& Ideas-in-things) which are deadly & +suffocating. Not stupid libertinage but exemplary crimes, +aesthetic crimes, crimes for love. +In England some pornographic books are still banned. +Pornography has a measurable physical effect on its readers. +Like propaganda it sometimes changes lives because it +uncovers true desires. + +Our culture produces most of its porn out of body-hatred-- +but erotic art in itself makes a better vehicle for +enhancement of being/consciousness/bliss--as in certain +oriental works. A sort of Western tantrik porn might help +galvanize the corpse, make it shine with some of the glamor +of crime. + +America has freedom of speech because all words are +considered equally vapid. Only _images_ count--the censors +love snaps of death & mutilation but recoil in horror at the +sight of a child masturbating--apparently they experience +this as an invasion of their existential validity, their +identification with the Empire & its subtlest gestures. + +No doubt even the most poetic porn would never revive the +faceless corpse to dance & sing (like the Chinese Chaos- +bird)--but...imagine a script for a three-minute film set on +a mythical isle of runaway children who inhabit ruins of old +castles or build totem-huts & junk-assemblage nests--mixture +of animation, special-effects, compugraphix & color tape-- +edited tight as a fastfood commercial... + +...but weird & naked, feathers & bones, tents sewn with +crystal, black dogs, pigeon-blood--flashes of amber limbs +tangled in sheets--faces in starry masks kissing soft +creases of skin--androgynous pirates, castaway faces of +columbines sleeping on thigh-white flowers--nasty hilarious +piss jokes, pet lizards lapping spilt milk--nude break- +dancing--victorian bathtub with rubber ducks & pink boners-- +Alice on ganja... + +...atonal punk reggae scored for gamelan, synthesizer, +saxophones & drums--electric boogie lyrics sung by aetherial +children's choir--ontological anarchist lyrics, cross +between Hafez & Pancho Villa, Li Po & Bakunin, Kabir & Tzara- +-call it "CHAOS--the Rock Video!" +No...probably just a dream. Too expensive to produce, & +besides, who would see it? Not the kids it was meant to +seduce. Pirate TV is a futile fantasy, rock merely another +commodity--forget the slick gesamtkunstwerk, then. Leaflet a +playground with inflammatory smutty feuilletons-- +pornopropaganda, crackpot samizdat to unchain Desire from +its bondage. + +Crime + +JUSTICE CANNOT BE OBTAINED under any Law--action in accord +with spontaneous nature, action which is just, cannot be +defined by dogma. The crimes advocated in these broadsheets +cannot be committed against self or other but only against +the mordant crystallization of Ideas into structures of +poisonous Thrones & Dominations. + +That is, not crimes against nature or humanity but crimes by +legal fiat. Sooner or later the uncovering & unveiling of +self/nature transmogrifies a person into a brigand--like +stepping into another world then returning to this one to +discover you've been declared a traitor, heretic, exile. +The Law waits for you to stumble on a mode of being, a soul +different from the FDA-approved purple-stamped standard dead +meat--& as soon as you begin to act in harmony with nature +the Law garottes & strangles you--so don't play the blessed +liberal middleclass martyr--accept the fact that you're a +criminal & be prepared to act like one. + +Paradox: to embrace Chaos is not to slide toward entropy but +to emerge into an energy like stars, a pattern of +instantaneous grace--a spontaneous organic order completely +different from the carrion pyramids of sultans, muftis, +cadis & grinning executioners. + +After Chaos comes Eros--the principle of order implicit in +the nothingness of the unqualified One. Love is structure, +system, the only code untainted by slavery & drugged sleep. +We must become crooks & con-men to protect its spiritual +beauty in a bezel of clandestinity, a hidden garden of +espionage. + +Don't just survive while waiting for someone's revolution to +clear your head, don't sign up for the armies of anorexia or +bulimia--act as if you were already free, calculate the +odds, step out, remember the Code Duello--Smoke Pot/Eat +Chicken/Drink Tea. Every man his own vine & figtree +(_Circle_Seven_Koran_, Noble Drew Ali)--carry your Moorish +passport with pride, don't get caught in the crossfire, keep +your back covered--but take the risk, dance before you +calcify. +The natural social model for ontological anarchism is the +child-gang or the bank-robbers-band. Money is a lie--this +adventure must be feasible without it--booty & pillage +should be spent before it turns back into dust. Today is +Resurrection Day--money wasted on beauty will be +alchemically transmuted into elixir. As my uncle Melvin used +to say, stolen watermelon tastes sweeter. +The world is already re-made according to the heart's desire- +-but civilization owns all the leases & most of the guns. +Our feral angels demand we trespass, for they manifest +themselves only on forbidden grounds. High Way Man. The yoga +of stealth, the lightning raid, the enjoyment of treasure. + +Sorcery + +THE UNIVERSE WANTS TO PLAY. Those who refuse out of dry +spiritual greed & choose pure contemplation forfeit their +humanity--those who refuse out of dull anguish, those who +hesitate, lose their chance at divinity--those who mold +themselves blind masks of Ideas & thrash around seeking some +proof of their own solidity end by seeing out of dead men's +eyes. + +Sorcery: the systematic cultivation of enhanced +consciousness or non-ordinary awareness & its deployment in +the world of deeds & objects to bring about desired results. + +The incremental openings of perception gradually banish the +false selves, our cacophonous ghosts--the "black magic" of +envy & vendetta backfires because Desire cannot be forced. +Where our knowledge of beauty harmonizes with the +_ludus_naturae_, sorcery begins. + +No, not spoon-bending or horoscopy, not the Golden Dawn or +make-believe shamanism, astral projection or the Satanic +Mass--if it's mumbo jumbo you want go for the real stuff, +banking, politics, social science--not that weak blavatskian +crap. + +Sorcery works at creating around itself a psychic/physical +space or openings into a space of untrammeled expression-- +the metamorphosis of quotidian place into angelic sphere. +This involves the manipulation of symbols (which are also +things) & of people (who are also symbolic)--the archetypes +supply a vocabulary for this process & therefore are treated +as if they were both real & unreal, like words. Imaginal +Yoga. + +The sorcerer is a Simple Realist: the world is real--but +then so must consciousness be real since its effects are so +tangible. The dullard finds even wine tasteless but the +sorcerer can be intoxicated by the mere sight of water. +Quality of perception defines the world of intoxication--but +to sustain it & expand it to include _others_ demands +activity of a certain kind--sorcery. +Sorcery breaks no law of nature because there is no Natural +Law, only the spontaneity of _natura_naturans_, the tao. +Sorcery violates laws which seek to chain this flow-- +priests, kings, hierophants, mystics, scientists & +shopkeepers all brand the sorcerer _enemy_ for threatening +the power of their charade, the tensile strength of their +illusory web. + +A poem can act as a spell & vice versa--but sorcery refuses +to be a metaphor for mere literature--it insists that +symbols must cause events as well as private epiphanies. It +is not a critique but a re-making. It rejects all +eschatology & metaphysics of removal, all bleary nostalgia & +strident futurismo, in favor of a paroxysm or seizure of +_presence_. + +Incense & crystal, dagger & sword, wand, robes, rum, cigars, +candles, herbs like dried dreams--the virgin boy staring +into a bowl of ink--wine & ganja, meat, yantras & gestures-- +rituals of pleasure, the garden of houris & sakis--the +sorcerer climbs these snakes & ladders to a moment which is +fully saturated with its own color, where mountains are +mountains & trees are trees, where the body becomes all +time, the beloved all space. + +The tactics of ontological anarchism are rooted in this +secret Art--the goals of ontological anarchism appear in its +flowering. Chaos hexes its enemies & rewards its +devotees...this strange yellowing pamphlet, pseudonymous & +dust-stained, reveals all...send away for one split second +of eternity. + +Advertisement + +WHAT THIS TELLS YOU is not prose. It may be pinned to the +board but it's still alive & wriggling. It does not want to +seduce you unless you're extremely young & good-looking +(enclose recent photo). + +Hakim Bey lives in a seedy Chinese hotel where the +proprietor nods out over newspaper & scratchy broadcasts of +Peking Opera. The ceiling fan turns like a sluggish dervish- +-sweat falls on the page--the poet's kaftan is rusty, his +ovals spill ash on the rug--his monologues seem disjointed & +slightly sinister--outside shuttered windows the barrio +fades into palmtrees, the naive blue ocean, the philosophy +of tropicalismo. + +Along a highway somewhere east of Baltimore you pass an +Airstream trailer with a big sign on the lawn SPIRITUAL +READINGS & the image of a crude black hand on a red +background. Inside you notice a display of dream-books, +numbers-books, pamphlets on HooDoo and Santeria, dusty old +nudist magazines, a pile of _Boy's_Life_, treatises on +fighting-cocks...& this book, _Chaos_. Like words spoken in +a dream, portentous, evanescent, changing into perfumes, +birds, colors, forgotten music. + +This book distances itself by a certain impassibility of +surface, almost a glassiness. It doesn't wag its tail & it +doesn't snarl but it bites & humps the furniture. It doesn't +have an ISBN number & it doesn't want you for a disciple but +it might kidnap your children. + +This book is nervous like coffee or malaria--it sets up a +network of cut-outs & safe drops between itself & its +readers--but it's so baldfaced & literal-minded it +practically encodes itself--it smokes itself into a stupor. + +A mask, an automythology, a map without placenames--stiff as +an egyptian wallpainting nevertheless it reaches to caress +someone's face--& suddenly finds itself out in the street, +in a body, embodied in light, walking, awake, almost +satisfied. + +--NYC, May 1-July 4, 1984 + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 2 +Message-ID: <1lf83eINNq07@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:12:30 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 767 + + +COMMUNIQUES OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY + +COMMUNIQUE #1 (SPRING 1986) + +I. Slogans & Mottos for Subway Graffiti & Other Purposes +ROOTLESS COSMOPOLITANISM +POETIC TERRORISM +(for scrawling or rubberstamping on advertisements:) +THIS IS YOUR TRUE DESIRE +MARXISM-STIRNERISM +STRIKE FOR INDOLENCE & SPIRITUAL BEAUTY +YOUNG CHILDREN HAVE BEAUTIFUL FEET +THE CHAINS OF LAW HAVE BEEN BROKEN +TANTRIK PORNOGRAPHY +RADICAL ARISTOCRATISM +KIDS' LIB URBAN GUERILLAS +IMAGINARY SHIITE FANATICS +BOLO'BOLO +GAY ZIONISM +(SODOM FOR THE SODOMITES) +PIRATE UTOPIAS +CHAOS NEVER DIED + +Some of these are "sincere" slogans of the A.O.A.--others +are meant to rouse public apprehension & misgivings--but +we're not sure which is which. Thanx to Stalin, Anon., Bob +Black, Pir Hassan (upon his mention be peace), F. Nietzsche, +Hank Purcell Jr., "P.M.," & Bro. Abu Jehad al-Salah of the +Moorish Temple of Dagon. + +II. Some Poetic-Terrorist Ideas Still Sadly Languishing in +the Realm of "Conceptual Art" + +1. Walk into Citibank or Chembank computer customer service +area during busy period, take a shit on the floor, & leave. + +2. Chicago May Day '86: organize "religious" procession for +Haymarket "Martyrs"--huge banners with sentimental +portraits, wreathed in flowers & streaming with tinsel & +ribbon, borne by penitenti in black KKKatholic-style hooded +gowns--outrageous campy TV acolytes with incense & holy +water sprinkle the crowd--anarchists w/ash-smeared faces +beat themselves with little flails & whips--a "Pope" in +black robes blesses tiny symbolic coffins reverently carried +to Cemetery by weeping punks. Such a spectacle ought to +offend _nearly_everyone_. + +3. Paste up in public places a xerox flyer, photo of a +beautiful twelve-year-old boy, naked and masturbating, +clearly titled: THE FACE OF GOD. + +4. Mail elaborate & exquisite magickal "blessings" +_anonymously_ to people or groups you admire, e.g. for their +politics or spirituality or physical beauty or success in +crime, etc. Follow the same general procedure as outlined in +Section 5 below, but utilize an aesthetic of good fortune, +bliss or love, as appropriate. + +5. Invoke a terrible curse on a malign _institution_, such +as the _New_York_Post_ or the MUZAK company. A technique +adapted from Malaysian sorcerers: send the Company a package +containing a bottle, corked and sealed with black wax. +Inside: dead insects, scorpions, lizards or the like; a bag +containing graveyard dirt ("gris-gris" in American HooDoo +terminology) along with other noxious substances; an egg, +pierced with iron nails and pins; and a scroll on which an +emblem is drawn (see p. 57). + +(This _yantra_ or _veve_ invokes the Black Djinn, the Self's +dark shadow. Full details obtainable from the A.O.A.) An +accompanying note explains that the hex is sent against the +_institution_ & not against individuals--but unless the +institution itself _ceases_to_be_malign_, the curse (like a +mirror) will begin to infect the premises with noxious +fortune, a miasma of negativity. Prepare a "news release" +explaining the curse & taking credit for it in the name of +the American Poetry Society. Mail copies of this text to all +employees of the institution & to selected media. The night +before these letters arrive, wheatpaste the institutional +premises with xerox copies of the Black Djinn's emblem, +where they will be seen by all employees arriving for work +next morning. + +(Thanx to Abu Jehad again, & to Sri Anamananda--the Moorish +Castellan of Belvedere Weather Tower--& other comrades of +the Central Park Autonomous Zone, & Brooklyn Temple Number +1) + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #2 + +The Kallikak Memorial Bolo & Chaos Ashram: A Proposal + +NURSING AN OBSESSION FOR Airstream trailers--those classic +miniature dirigibles on wheels--& also the New Jersey Pine +Barrens, huge lost backlands of sandy creeks & tar pines, +cranberry bogs & ghost towns, population around 14 per sq. +mile, dirt roads overgrown with fern, brokenspine cabins & +isolated rusty mobile homes with burnt-out cars in the front +yards +land of the mythical Kallikaks--Piney families studied by +eugenicists in the 1920's to justify sterilization of rural +poor. Some Kallikaks married well, prospered, & waxed +bourgeois thanx to good genes--others however never worked +real jobs but lived off the woods--incest, sodomy, mental +deficiencies galore--photos touched up to make them look +vacant & morose--descended from rogue Indians, Hessian +mercenaries, rum smugglers, deserters--Lovecraftian +degenerates +come to think of it the Kallikaks might well have produced +secret Chaotes, precursor sex radicals, Zerowork prophets. +Like other monotone landscapes (desert, sea, swamp), the +Barrens seem infused with erotic power--not vril or orgone +so much as a languid disorder, almost a sluttishness of +Nature, as if the very ground & water were formed of sexual +flesh, membranes, spongy erectile tissue. We want to squat +there, maybe an abandoned hunting/fishing lodge with old +woodstove & privy--or decaying Vacation Cabins on some +disused County Highway--or just a woodlot where we park 2 or +3 Airstreams hidden back in the pines near creek or swimming +hole. Were the Kallikaks onto something good? We'll find out + +somewhere boys dream that extraterrestrials will come to +rescue them from their families, perhaps vaporizing the +parents with some alien ray in the process. Oh well. Space +Pirate Kidnap Plot Uncovered--"Alien" Unmasked As Shiite +Fanatic Queer Poet--UFOs Seen Over Pine Barrens--"Lost Boys +Will Leave Earth," Claims So-Called Prophet Of Chaos Hakim +Bey +runaway boys, mess & disorder, ecstasy & sloth, skinny- +dipping, childhood as permanent insurrection--collections of +frogs, snails, leaves--pissing in the moonlight--11, 12, 13- +-old enough to seize back control of one's own history from +parents, school, Welfare, TV--Come live with us in the +Barrens--we'll cultivate a local brand of seedless rope to +finance our luxuries & contemplation of summer's alchemy--& +otherwise produce nothing but artifacts of Poetic Terrorism +& mementos of our pleasures + +going for aimless rides in the old pickup, fishing & +gathering, lying around in the shade reading comics & eating +grapes--this is our economy. The suchness of things when +unchained from the Law, each molecule an orchid, each atom a +pearl to the attentive consciousness--this is our cult. The +Airstream is draped with Persian rugs, the lawn is profuse +with satisfied weeds + +the treehouse becomes a wooden spaceship in the nakedness of +July & midnight, half-open to the stars, warm with epicurean +sweat, rushed & then hushed by the breathing of the Pines. +(Dear _Bolo_Log_: You asked for a practical & feasible +utopia--here it is, no mere post-holocaust fantasy, no +castles on the moon of Jupiter--a scheme we could start up +tomorrow--except that every single aspect of it breaks some +law, reveals some absolute taboo in U.S. society, threatens +the very fabric of etc., etc. Too bad. This is our true +desire, & to attain it we must contemplate not only a life +of pure art but also pure crime, pure insurrection. Amen.) + +(Thanx to the Grim Reaper & other members of the Si Fan +Temple of Providence for YALU, GANO, SILA, & ideas) + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #3 + +Haymarket Issue + +"I NEED ONLY MENTION in passing that there is a curious +reappearance of the Catfish tradition in the popular +Godzilla cycle of films which arose after the nuclear chaos +unleashed upon Japan. In fact, the symbolic details in the +evolution of Godzilla filmic poplore parallel in a quite +surprising way the traditional Japanese and Chinese +mythological and folkloric themes of combat with an +ambivalent chaos creature (some of the films, like _Mothra_, +directly recalling the ancient motifs of the cosmic +egg/gourd/cocoon) that is usually tamed, after the failure +of the civilizational order, through the special and +indirect agency of children."--Girardot, +_Myth_&_Meaning_in_Early_Taoism:_The_Theme_of_Chaos__(hun- +t'un)_ + +In some old Moorish Science Temple (in Chicago or Baltimore) +a friend claimed to have seen a secret altar on which rested +a matched pair of six shooters (in velvet-lined case) & a +_black_ fez. Supposedly initiation to the inner circle +required the neophyte Moor to assassinate at least one cop. +/// What about Louis Lingg? Was he a precursor of +Ontological Anarchism? "I despise you"--one can't help but +admiring such sentiments. But the man dynamited himself aged +22 to cheat the gallows...this is not exactly our chosen +path. /// The IDEA of the POLICE like hydra grows 100 new +heads for each one cut off--and all these heads are +_live_cops_. Slicing off heads gains us nothing, but only +enhances the beast's power till it swallows us. /// First +murder the IDEA--blow up the monument _inside_us_--& then +perhaps...the balance of power will shift. When the last cop +in our brain is gunned down by the last unfulfilled desire-- +perhaps even the landscape around us will begin to +change.../// Poetic Terrorism proposes this +_sabotage_of_archetypes_ as the only practical +insurrectionary tactic for the present. But as Shiite +Extremists eager for the overthrow (by any means) of all +police, ayatollahs, bankers, executioners, priests, etc., we +reserve the option of venerating even the "failures" of +radical excess. /// A few days unchained from the Empire of +Lies might well be worth considerable sacrifice; a moment of +exalted realization may outweigh a lifetime of microcephalic +boredom & work. /// But this moment must _become_ours_--and +our ownership of it is seriously compromised if we must +commit suicide to preserve its integrity. So we mix our +veneration with irony--it's not martyrdom itself we propose, +but the courage of the dynamiter, the self-possession of a +Chaos-monster, the attainment of criminal & illegal +pleasures. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #4 + +The End of the World + +THE A.O.A. DECLARES ITSELF officially _bored_ with the End +of the World. The canonical version has been used since 1945 +to keep us cowering in fear of Mutual Assured Destruction & +in snivelling servitude to our super-hero politicians (the +only ones capable of handling deadly Green Kryptonite)... + +What does it mean that we have invented a way to destroy all +life on Earth? Nothing much. We have _dreamed_ this as an +escape from the contemplation of our own individual deaths. +We have made an emblem to serve as the mirror-image of a +discarded immortality. Like demented dictators we swoon at +the thought of taking it _all_ down with us into the Abyss. + +The unofficial version of the Apocalypse involves a +lascivious yearning for the End, & for a post-Holocaust Eden +where the Survivalists (or the 144,000 Elect of +_Revelations_) can indulge themselves in orgies of Dualist +hysteria, endless final confrontations with a seductive +evil... +We have seen the ghost of Rene Guenon, cadaverous & topped +with a fez (like Boris Karloff as Ardis Bey in _The_Mummy_) +leading a funereal No Wave Industrial-Noise rock band in +loud buzzing blackfly-chants for the death of Culture & +Cosmos: the elitist fetishism of pathetic nihilists, the +Gnostic self-disgust of "post-sexual" intellectoids. + +Are these dreary ballads not simply mirror-images of all +those lies & platitudes about Progress & the Future, beamed +from every loudspeaker, zapped like paranoid brain-waves +from every schoolbook & TV in the world of the Consensus? +The thanatosis of the Hip Millenarians extrudes itself like +pus from the false _health_ of the Consumers' & Workers' +Paradises. + +Anyone who can read history with both hemispheres of the +brain knows that a world comes to an end every instant--the +waves of time leave washed up behind themselves only dry +memories of a closed & petrified past--imperfect memory, +itself already dying & autumnal. And every instant also +gives birth to a world--despite the cavillings of +philosophers & scientists whose bodies have grown numb--a +present in which all impossibilities are renewed, where +regret & premonition fade to nothing in one presential +hologrammatical psychomantric gesture. + +The "normative" past or the future heat-death of the +universe mean as little to us as last year's GNP or the +withering away of the State. All Ideal pasts, all futures +which have not yet come to pass, simply obstruct our +consciousness of total vivid presence. + +Certain sects believe that the world (or "a" world) has +_already_come_to_an_end_. For Jehovah's Witnesses it +happened in 1914 (yes folks, we are living in the Book of +Revelations _now_). For certain oriental occultists, it +occurred during the Major Conjunction of the Planets in +1962. Joachim of Fiore proclaimed the Third Age, that of the +Holy Spirit, which replaced those of Father & Son. Hassan II +of Alamut proclaimed the Great Resurrection, the +immanentization of the eschaton, paradise on earth. Profane +time came to an end somewhere in the late Middle Ages. Since +then we've been living angelic time--only most of us don't +know it. + +Or to take an even more Radical Monist stance: Time never +started at all. Chaos never died. The Empire was never +founded. We are not now & never have been slaves to the past +or hostages to the future. + +We suggest that the End of the World be declared a +_fait_accompli_; the exact date is unimportant. The ranters +in 1650 knew that the Millenium comes _now_ into each soul +that wakes to itself, to its own centrality & divinity. +"Rejoice, fellow creature," was their greeting. "All is +ours!" + +I want no part of any other End of the World. A boy smiles +at me in the street. A black crow sits in a pink magnolia +tree, cawing as orgone accumulates & discharges in a split +second over the city...summer begins. I may be your +lover...but I spit on your Millenium. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #5 + +"Intellectual S/M Is the Fascism of the Eighties--The Avant- +Garde Eats Shit and Likes It" + +COMRADES! + +Recently some confusion about "Chaos" has plagued the A.O.A. +from certain revanchist quarters, forcing us (who despise +polemics) at last to indulge in a Plenary Session devoted to +denunciations _ex_cathedra_, portentous as hell; our faces +burn red with rhetoric, spit flies from our lips, neck veins +bulge with pulpit fervor. We must at last descend to flying +banners with angry slogans (in 1930's type faces) declaring +what Ontological Anarchy _is_not_. + +Remember, only in Classical Physics does Chaos have anything +to do with entropy, heat-death, or decay. In our physics +(Chaos Theory), Chaos identifies with tao, beyond both yin- +as-entropy & yang-as-energy, more a principle of continual +creation than of any _nihil_, void in the sense of +_potentia_, not exhaustion. (Chaos as the "sum of all +orders.") + +From this alchemy we quintessentialize an aesthetic theory. +Chaote art may act terrifying, it may even act +_grand_guignol_, but it can never allow itself to be +drenched in putrid negativity, thanatosis, _schadenfreude_ +(delight in the misery of others), crooning over Nazi +memorabilia & serial murders. Ontological Anarchy collects +no snuff films & is bored to tears with dominatrices who +spout french philosophy. ("Everything is hopeless & I knew +it before you did, asshole. Nyahh!") + +Wilhelm Reich was driven half mad & killed by agents of the +Emotional Plague; maybe half his work derived from sheer +paranoia (UFO conspiracies, homophobia, even his orgasm +theory), BUT on one point we agree wholeheartedly--_sexpol_: +sexual repression breeds death obsession, which leads to +_bad_politics_. A great deal of avant-garde Art is saturated +with Deadly Orgone Rays (DOR). Ontological Anarchy aims to +build aesthetic cloud-busters (OR-guns) to disperse the +miasma of cerebral sado-masochism which now passes for +slick, hip, new, fashionable. Self-mutilating "performance" +artists strike us as banal & stupid--their art makes +everyone _more_unhappy_. What kind of two-bit conniving +horseshit...what kind of cockroach-brained Art creeps cooked +up this apocalypse stew? + +Of course the avant-garde seems "smart"--so did Marinetti & +the Futurists, so did Pound & Celine. Compared to that kind +of intelligence we'd choose real stupidity, bucolic New Age +blissed-out inanity--we'd rather be pinheads than +_queer_for_death_. But luckily we don't have to scoop out +our brains to attain our own queer brand of satori. All the +faculties, all the senses belong to us as our property--both +heart & head, intellect & spirit, body & soul. Ours is no +art of mutilation but of excess, superabundance, amazement. + +The purveyors of pointless gloom are the Death Squads of +contemporary aesthetics--& we are the "disappeared ones." +Their make-believe ballroom of occult 3rd-Reich bric-a-brac +& child murder attracts the manipulators of the Spectacle-- +death looks better on TV than life--& we Chaotes, who preach +an insurrectionary joy, are edged out towards silence. + +Needless to say we reject all censorship by Church & State-- +but "after the revolution" we would be willing to take +individual & personal responsibility for burning all the +Death Squad snuff-art crap & running them out of town on a +rail. (Criticism becomes _direct_action_ in an anarchist +context.) _My_ space has room neither for Jesus & his lords +of the flies nor for Chas. Manson & his literary admirers. I +want no mundane police--I want no cosmic axe-murderers +either; no TV chainsaw massacres, no sensitive +poststructuralist novels about necrophilia. + +As it happens, the A.O.A. can scarcely hope to sabotage the +suffocating mechanisms of the State & its ghostly circuitry- +-but we just _might_ happen to find ourselves in a position +to do something about lesser manifestations of the DOR +plague such as the Corpse-Eaters of the Lower East Side & +other Art scum. We support artists who use _terrifying_ +material in some "higher cause"--who use loving/sexual +material of any kind, however shocking or illegal--who _use_ +their anger & disgust & their true desires to lurch toward +self-realization & beauty & adventure. "Social Nihilism," +yes--but not the dead nihilism of gnostic self-disgust. Even +if it's violent & abrasive, anyone with a vestigial 3rd eye +can _see_ the differences between revolutionary pro-life art +& reactionary pro-death art. DOR stinks, & the chaote nose +can sniff it out--just as it knows the perfume of +spiritual/sexual joy, however buried or masked by other +darker scents. Even the Radical Right, for all its horror of +flesh & the senses, occasionally comes up with a moment of +perception & consciousness-enhancement--but the Death +Squads, for all their tired lip service to fashionable +revolutionary abstractions, offer us about as much true +libertarian energy as the FBI, FDA, or the double-dip +Baptists. + +We live in a society which advertises its costliest +commodities with images of death & mutilation, beaming them +direct to the reptilian back-brain of the millions thru +alpha-wave-generating carcinogenic reality-warping devices-- +while certain images of life (such as our favorite, a child +masturbating) are banned & punished with incredible +ferocity. It takes no guts at all to be an Art Sadist, for +salacious death lies at the aesthetic center of our +Consensus Paradigm. "Leftists" who like to dress up & play +Police-&-Victim, people who jerk off to atrocity photos, +people who like to _think_ & intellectualize about splatter +art & highfalutin hopelessness & groovy ghoulishness & +_other_people's_misery_--such "artists" are nothing but +police-without-power (a perfect definition for many +"revolutionaries" too). We have a black bomb for these +aesthetic fascists--it explodes with sperm & firecrackers, +raucous weeds & piracy, weird Shiite heresies & bubbling +paradise-fountains, complex rhythms, pulsations of life, all +shapeless & exquisite. + +Wake up! Breathe! Feel the world's breath against your skin! +Seize the day! Breathe! Breathe! +(Thanx to J. Mander's +_Four_Arguments_for_the_Abolition_of_Television_; Adam Exit; +& the Moorish Cosmopolitan of Williamsburg) + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #6 + +I. Salon Apocalypse: "Secret Theater" + +AS LONG AS NO Stalin breathes down our necks, why not make +_some_ art in the service of...an insurrection? + +Never mind if it's "impossible." What else can we hope to +attain but the "impossible"? Should we wait for +_someone_else_ to reveal our true desires? + +If art has died, or the audience has withered away, then we +find ourselves free of two dead weights. Potentially, +everyone is now some kind of artist--& potentially every +audience has regained its innocence, its ability to _become_ +the art that it experiences. + +Provided we can escape from the museums we carry around +inside us, provided we can stop selling ourselves tickets to +the galleries in our own skulls, we can begin to contemplate +an art which re-creates the goal of the sorcerer: changing +the structure of reality by the manipulation of living +symbols (in this case, the images we've been "given" by the +organizers of this salon--murder, war, famine, & greed). + +We might now contemplate aesthetic actions which possess +some of the resonance of terrorism (or "cruelty," as Artaud +put it) aimed at the destruction of abstractions rather than +people, at liberation rather than power, pleasure rather +than profit, joy rather than fear. "Poetic Terrorism." +Our chosen images have the potency of darkness--but all +images are masks, & behind these masks lie energies we can +turn toward light & pleasure. + +For example, the man who invented _aikido_ was a samurai who +became a pacifist & refused to fight for Japanese +imperialism. He became a hermit, lived on a mountain sitting +under a tree.. +One day a former fellow-officer came to visit him & accused +him of betrayal, cowardice, etc. The hermit said nothing, +but kept on sitting--& the officer fell into a rage, drew +his sword, & struck. Spontaneously the unarmed master +disarmed the officer & returned his sword. Again & again the +officer tried to kill, using every subtle _kata_ in his +repertoire--but out of his empty mind the hermit each time +invented a new way to disarm him. + +The officer of course became his first disciple. Later, they +learned how to _dodge_bullets_. +We might contemplate some form of metadrama meant to capture +a taste of this performance, which gave rise to a wholly new +art, a totally non-violent way of fighting--war without +murder, "the sword of life" rather than death. + +A conspiracy of artists, anonymous as any mad bombers, but +aimed toward an act of gratuitous generosity rather than +violence--at the millennium rather than the apocalypse--or +rather, aimed at a _present_moment_ of aesthetic shock in +the service of realization & liberation. + +Art tells gorgeous lies that come true. + +Is it possible to create a SECRET THEATER in which both +artist & audience have completely disappeared--only to re- +appear on another plane, where life & art have become the +same thing, the pure giving of gifts? + +(Note: The "Salon Apocalypse" was organized by Sharon Gannon +in July, 1986.) + +II. Murder--War--Famine--Greed + +THE MANICHEES & CATHARS believed that the body can be +spiritualized--or rather, that the body merely contaminates +pure spirit & must be utterly rejected. The Gnostic +_perfecti_ (radical dualists) starved themselves to death to +escape the body & return to the pleroma of pure light. +So: to evade the evils of the flesh--murder, war, famine, +greed--paradoxically only one path remains: murder of one's +own body, war on the flesh, famine unto death, greed for +salvation. +The radical monists however (Ismailis, Ranters, Antinomians) +consider that body & spirit are one, that the same spirit +which pervades a black stone also infuses the flesh with its +light; that all lives & all is life. "Things are what they +are spontaneously...everything is natural...all in motion as +if there were a True Lord to move them--but if we seek for +evidence of this lord we fail to find any." (Kuo Hsiang) + +Paradoxically, the monist path also cannot be followed +without some sort of "murder, war, famine, greed": the +transformation of death into life (food, negentropy)--war +against the Empire of Lies--"fasting of the soul," or +renunciation of the Lie, of all that is not life--& greed +for life itself, the absolute power of desire. + +Even more: without knowledge of the darkness ("carnal +knowledge") there can exist no knowledge of the light +("gnosis"). The two knowledges are not merely complementary: +say rather _identical_, like the same note played in +different octaves. Heraclitus claims that reality persists +in a state of "war." Only clashing notes can make harmony. +("Chaos is the sum of all orders.") +Give each of these four terms a different mask of language +(to call the Furies "The Kindly Ones" is not mere euphemism +but a way of uncovering _yet_more_meaning_). Masked, +ritualized, realized as art, the terms take on their dark +beauty, their "Black Light." + +Instead of murder say _the_hunt_, the pure paleolithic +economy of all archaic and non-authoritarian tribal society- +-"venery," both the killing & eating of flesh & the way of +Venus, of desire. Instead of war say _insurrection_, not the +revolution of classes & powers but of the eternal rebel, the +dark one who uncovers light. Instead of greed say +_yearning_, unconquerable desire, mad love. And then instead +of famine, which is a kind of mutilation, speak of +wholeness, plenty, superabundance, generosity of the self +which spirals outward toward the Other. + +Without this dance of masks, nothing will be created. The +oldest mythology makes Eros the firstborn of Chaos. Eros, +the wild one who tames, is the door through which the artist +returns to Chaos, the One, and then re-returns, comes back +again, bearing one of the patterns of beauty. The artist, +the hunter, the warrior: one who is both passionate and +balanced, both greedy & altruistic to the utmost extreme. We +must be saved from all salvations which save us from +ourselves, from our _animal_ which is also our _anima_, our +very lifeforce, as well as our _animus_, our animating self- +empowerment, which may even manifest as anger & greed. +BABYLON has told us that our flesh is filth--with this +device & the promise of salvation it enslaved us. But--if +the flesh is already "saved," already _light_--if even +consciousness itself is a kind of flesh, a palpable & +simultaneous living aether--then we need no power to +intercede for us. The wilderness, as Omar says, is paradise +_even_now_. + +The true proprietorship of _murder_ lies with the Empire, +for only freedom is complete life. _War_ is Babylonian as +well--no free person will die for another's aggrandizement. +_Famine_ comes into existence _only_ with the civilization +of the saviors, the priest-kings--wasn't it Joseph who +taught Pharaoh to speculate in grain futures? _Greed_--for +land, for symbolic wealth, for power to deform others' souls +& bodies for their own _salvation_--greed too arises not +from "Nature nature-ing," but from the damming up & +canalization of all energies for the Empire's Glory. +Against all this, the artist possesses the dance of masks, +the total radicalization of language, the invention of a +"Poetic Terrorism" which will strike not at living beings +but at malign _ideas_, dead-weights on the coffin-lid of our +desires. The architecture of suffocation and paralysis will +be _blown_up_ only by our total celebration of everything-- +even darkness. + +--Summer Solstice, 1986 + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #7 + +Psychic Paleolithism & High Technology: A Position Paper + +JUST BECAUSE THE A.O.A. talks about "Paleolithism" all the +time, don't get the idea we intend to bomb ourselves back to +the Stone Age. + +We have no interest in going "back to the land" if the deal +includes the boring life of a shit-kicking peasant--nor do +we want "tribalism" if it comes with taboos, fetishes & +malnutrition. We have no quarrel with the concept of +_culture_--including _technology_; for us the problem begins +with _civilization_. + +What we like about Paleolithic life has been summed up by +the Peoples-Without-Authority School of anthropology: the +elegant laziness of hunter/gatherer society, the 2-hour +workday, the obsession with art, dance, poetry & +amorousness, the "democratization of shamanism," the +cultivation of perception--in short, culture. + +What we dislike about civilization can be deduced from the +following progression: the "Agricultural Revolution"; the +emergence of caste; the City & its cult of hieratic control +("Babylon"); slavery; dogma; imperialism ("Rome"). The +suppression of sexuality in "work" under the aegis of +"authority." "The Empire never ended." + +A _psychic_paleolithism_ based on High-Tech--post- +agricultural, post-industrial, "Zerowork," nomadic (or +"Rootless Cosmopolitan")--a Quantum Paradigm Society--this +constitutes the ideal vision of the future according to +Chaos Theory as well as "Futurology" (in the Robert Anton +Wilson-T. Leary sense of the term). + +As for the present: we reject all collaboration with the +Civilization of Anorexia & Bulimia, with people so ashamed +of never suffering that they invent hair shirts for +themselves & others--or those who gorge without compassion & +then spew the vomit of their suppressed guilt in great +masochistic bouts of jogging & dieting. All _our_ pleasures +& self-disciplines belong to us by Nature--we never deny +ourselves, we never give up anything; but some things have +given up on us & left us, because we are too large for them. +I am both caveman & starfaring mutant, con-man & free +prince. Once an Indian Chief was invited to the White House +for a banquet. As the food passed round, the Chief heaped +his plate to the max, not once but three times. At last the +honky sitting next to him says, "Chief, heh-heh, don't you +think that's a little too much?" "Ugh," the Chief replies, +"little too much _just_right_ for Chief!" + +Nevertheless, certain doctrines of "Futurology" remain +problematic. For example, even if we accept the liberatory +potential of such new technologies as TV, computers, +robotics, Space exploration, etc., we still see a gap +between potentiality & actualization. The banalization of +TV, the yuppification of computers & the militarization of +Space suggest that these technologies in themselves provide +no "determined" guarantee of their liberatory use. + +Even if we reject the Nuclear Holocaust as just another +Spectacular Diversion orchestrated to distract our attention +from _real_ problems, we must still admit that "Mutual +Assured Destruction" & "Pure War" tend to dampen our +enthusiasm for certain aspects of the High-Tech Adventure. +Ontological Anarchy retains its affection for Luddism as a +tactic: if a given technology, no matter how admirable +_in_potentia_ (in the future), is used to oppress me here & +now, then I must either wield the weapon of sabotage or else +seize the means of production (or perhaps more importantly +the means of _communication_). There is no humanity without +_techne_--but there is no _techne_ worth more than my +humanity. + +We spurn knee-jerk anti-Tech anarchism--for ourselves, at +least (there exist some who enjoy farming, or so one hears)- +-and we reject the concept of the Technological Fix as well. +For us all forms of determinism appear equally vapid--we're +slaves of neither our genes nor our machines. What is +"natural" is what we _imagine_&_create_. "Nature has no Laws- +-only habits." + +Life for us belongs neither to the Past--that land of famous +ghosts hoarding their tarnished grave- +goods--nor to the Future, whose bulbbrained mutant citizens +guard so jealously the secrets of immortality, faster-than- +light flight, designer genes & the withering of the State. +_Aut_nunc_aut_nihil_. Each moment contains an eternity to be +penetrated--yet we lose ourselves in visions seen through +corpses' eyes, or in nostalgia for unborn perfections. + +The attainments of my ancestors & descendants are nothing +more to me than an instructive or amusing tale--I will never +call them my betters, even to excuse my own smallness. I +print for myself a license to steal from them whatever I +need--psychic paleolithism or high-tech--or for that matter +the gorgeous detritus of civilization itself, secrets of the +Hidden Masters, pleasures of frivolous nobility & +_la_vie_boheme_. + +_La_decadence_, Nietzsche to the contrary notwithstanding, +plays as deep a role in Ontological Anarchy as health--we +take what we want of each. Decadent aesthetes do not wage +stupid wars nor submerge their consciousness in +microcephalic greed & resentment. They seek adventure in +artistic innovation & non-ordinary sexuality rather than in +the misery of others. The A.O.A. admires & emulates their +sloth, their disdain for the stupidity of normalcy, their +expropriation of aristocratic sensibilities. For us these +qualities harmonize paradoxically with those of the Old +Stone Age & its overflowing health, ignorance of hierarchy, +cultivation of _virtu_ rather than _Law_. We demand +decadence without sickness, & health without boredom! + +Thus the A.O.A. gives unqualified support to all indigenous +& tribal peoples in their struggle for complete autonomy--& +at the same time, to the wildest, most Spaced-out +speculations & demands of the Futurologists. The +paleolithism of the future (which for us, as mutants, +already exists) will be achieved on a grand scale only +through a massive technology of the Imagination, and a +scientific paradigm which reaches beyond Quantum Mechanics +into the realm of Chaos Theory & the hallucinations of +Speculative Fiction. + +As Rootless Cosmopolitans we lay claim to all the beauties +of the past, of the orient, of tribal societies--all this +must & can be ours, even the treasuries of the Empire: ours +to share. And at the same time we demand a technology which +transcends agriculture, industry, even the simultaneity of +electricity, a hardware that intersects with the wetware of +consciousness, that embraces the power of quarks, of +particles travelling backward in time, of quasars & parallel +universes. + +The squabbling ideologues of anarchism & libertarianism each +prescribe some utopia congenial to their various brands of +tunnel-vision, ranging from the peasant commune to the L-5 +Space City. We say, let a thousand flowers bloom--with no +gardener to lop off weeds & sports according to some +moralizing or eugenical scheme. The only true conflict is +that between the authority of the tyrant & the authority of +the realized self--all else is illusion, psychological +projection, wasted verbiage. + +In one sense the sons & daughters of Gaia have never left +the paleolithic; in another sense, all the perfections of +the future are already ours. Only insurrection will "solve" +this paradox--only the uprising against false consciousness +in both ourselves & others will sweep away the technology of +oppression & the poverty of the Spectacle. In this battle a +painted mask or shaman's rattle may prove as vital as the +seizing of a communications satellite or secret computer +network. + +Our sole criterion for judging a weapon or a tool is its +beauty. The means already _are_ the end, in a certain sense; +the insurrection already _is_ our adventure; Becoming IS +Being. Past & future exist within us & for us, alpha & +omega. There are no other gods before or after us. We are +free in TIME--and will be free in SPACE as well. + +(Thanx to Hagbard Celine the Sage of Howth & Environs) + +* * * * * + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 3 +Message-ID: <1lf847INNq1d@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:12:55 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 527 + + +COMMUNIQUE #8 + +Chaos Theory & the Nuclear Family + +SUNDAY IN RIVERSIDE PARK the Fathers fix their sons in +place, nailing them magically to the grass with baleful +ensorcelling stares of milky camaraderie, & force them to +throw baseballs back & forth for hours. The boys almost +appear to be small St Sebastians pierced by arrows of +boredom. + +The smug rituals of family fun turn each humid Summer meadow +into a Theme Park, each son an unwitting allegory of +Father's wealth, a pale representation 2 or 3 times removed +from reality: the Child as metaphor of Something-or-other. + +And here I come as dusk gathers, stoned on mushroom dust, +half convinced that these hundreds of fireflies arise from +my own consciousness--Where have they been all these years? +why so many so suddenly?--each rising in the moment of its +incandescence, describing quick arcs like abstract graphs of +the energy in sperm. + +"Families! misers of love! How I hate them!" Baseballs fly +aimlessly in vesper light, catches are missed, voices rise +in peevish exhaustion. The children feel sunset encrusting +the last few hours of doled-out freedom, but still the +Fathers insist on stretching the tepid postlude of their +patriarchal sacrifice till dinnertime, till shadows eat the +grass. + +Among these sons of the gentry one locks gazes with me for a +moment--I transmit telepathically the image of sweet +license, the smell of TIME unlocked from all grids of +school, music lessons, summer camps, family evenings round +the tube, Sundays in the Park with Dad--authentic time, +chaotic time. + +Now the family is leaving the Park, a little platoon of +dissatisfaction. But _that_one_ turns & smiles back at me in +complicity--"Message Received"--& dances away after a +firefly, buoyed up by my desire. The Father barks a mantra +which dissipates my power. + +The moment passes. The boy is swallowed up in the pattern of +the week--vanishes like a bare-legged pirate or Indian taken +prisoner by missionaries. The Park knows who I am, it stirs +under me like a giant jaguar about to wake for nocturnal +meditation. Sadness still holds it back, but it remains +untamed in its deepest essence: an exquisite disorder at the +heart of the city's night. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #9 + +Double-Dip Denunciations + +I. Xtianity + +AGAIN & AGAIN WE hope that attitudinizing corpse has finally +breathed its last rancorous sigh & floated off to its final +pumpkinification. Again & again we imagine the defeat of +that obscene flayed death-trip bogey nailed to the walls of +all our waiting rooms, never again to whine at us for our +sins... + +but again & again it resurrects itself & comes creeping back +to haunt us like the villain of some _n_th rate snuff-porn +splatter film--the thousandth re-make of +_Night_of_the_Living_Dead_--trailing its snail-track of +whimpering humiliation...just when you thought it was safe +in the unconscious...it's JAWS for JESUS. Look out! Hardcore +Chainsaw Baptists! + +and the Leftists, nostalgic for the Omega Point of their +dialectical paradise, welcome each galvanized revival of the +putrescent creed with coos of delight: Let's dance the tango +with all those marxist bishops from Latin America--croon a +ballad for the pious Polish dockworkers--hum spirituals for +the latest afro-Methodist presidential hopeful from the +Bible Belt... + +The A.O.A. denounces Liberation Theology as a conspiracy of +stalinist nuns--the Whore of Babylon's secret scarlet deal +with red fascism in the tropics. _Solidarnosc?_ The Pope's +Own Labor Union--backed by the AFL/CIO, the Vatican Bank, +the Freemason Lodge Propaganda Due, and the Mafia. And if we +ever voted we'd never waste that empty gesture on some Xtian +dog, no matter what its breed or color. + +As for the _real_ Xtians, those bored-again self-lobotomized +bigots, those Mormon babykillers, those Star Warriors of the +Slave Morality, televangelist blackshirts, zombie squads of +the Blessed Virgin Mary (who hovers in a pink cloud over the +Bronx spewing hatred, anathema, roses of vomit on the +sexuality of children, pregnant teenagers & queers)... + +As for the genuine death-cultists, ritual cannibals, +Armageddon-freaks--the Xtian Right--we can only pray that +the RAPTURE WILL COME & snatch them all up from behind the +steering wheels of their cars, from their lukewarm game +shows & chaste beds, take them all up into heaven & let _us_ +get on with _human_life_. + +II. Abortionists & Anti-abortionists + +REDNECKS WHO BOMB ABORTION clinics belong in the same +grotesque category of vicious stupidity as bishops who +prattle Peace & yet condemn all human sexuality. Nature has +no laws ("only habits"), & all law is unnatural. +_Everything_ belongs to the sphere of personal/imaginal +morality--even murder. + +However, according to Chaos Theory, it does not follow that +we are obliged to like & approve of murder--or abortion. +Chaos would enjoy seeing every bastard love-child carried to +term & birthed; sperm & egg alone are mere lovely +secretions, but combined as DNA they become potential +consciousness, negentropy, joy. + +If "meat is murder!" as the Vegans like to claim, what pray +tell is abortion? Those totemists who danced to the animals +they hunted, who meditated to become one with their living +food & share its tragedy, demonstrated values far more +humane than the average claque of "pro-Choice" feminoid +liberals. + +In every single "issue" cooked up for "debate" in the +patternbook of the Spectacle, _both_sides_ are invariably +full of shit. The "abortion issue" is no exception.. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #10 + +Plenary Session Issues New Denunciations--Purges Expected + +TO OFFSET ANY STICKY karma we might have acquired thru our +pulpit-thumping sermonette against Xtians & other end-of-the- +world creeps (see last ish) & just to set the record +straight: the A.O.A. also denounces all born-again knee-jerk +_atheists_ & their frowsy late-Victorian luggage of +scientistic vulgar materialism. ///// We applaud all anti- +Xtian sentiment, of course--& all attacks on _all_ organized +religions. But...to hear some anarchists talk you'd think +the sixties never happened and no one ever dropped LSD. +///// As for the scientists themselves, the Alice-like +madnesses of Quantum & Chaos Theory have driven the best of +them towards taoism & vedanta (not to mention dada)--& yet +if you read _The_Match_ or _Freedom_ you might imagine +science was embalmed with Prince Kropotkin--& "religion" +with Bishop Ussher. ///// Of course one despises the +Aquarian brownshirts, the kind of gurus lauded recently in +the _New_York_Times_ for their contributions to Big +Business, the franchise-granting yuppie zombie cults, the +anorexic metaphysics of New Age banality...but OUR +esotericism remains undefiled by these mediocre money- +changers & their braindead minions. ///// The heretics & +antinomian mystics of Orient & Occident have developed +systems based on _inner_liberation_. Some of these systems +are tainted with religious mysticism & even social reaction- +-others seem more purely radical or "psychological"--& some +even crystallize into revolutionary movements (millenarian +Levellers, Assassins, Yellow Turban Taoists, etc.) Whatever +their flaws they possess certain magical weapons which +anarchism sorely lacks: (1) A sense of the _meta-rational_ +("metanoia"), ways to go beyond laminated thinking into +smooth (or nomadic or "chaotic") thinking & perception; (2) +an actual definition of self-realized or liberated +consciousness, a positive description of its structure, & +techniques for approaching it; (3) a coherent archetypal +view of epistemology--that is, a way of knowing (about +history, for example) that utilizes hermeneutic +phenomenology to uncover patterns of _meaning_ (something +like the Surrealists' "Paranoia Criticism"); (4) a teaching +on sexuality (in the "tantrik" aspects of various Paths) +that assigns value to pleasure rather than self-denial, not +only for its own sake but as a vehicle of enhanced awareness +or "liberation"; (5) an attitude of celebration, what might +be called a "Jubilee concept," a cancelling of psychic debt +thru some inherent generosity in reality itself; (6) a +_language_ (including gesture, ritual, intentionality) with +which to animate & communicate these five aspects of +cognition; and (7) a silence. ///// It's no surprise to +discover how many anarchists are ex-Catholics, defrocked +priests or nuns, former altar boys, lapsed born-again +baptists or even ex-Shiite fanatics. Anarchism offers up a +black (& red) Mass to de-ritualize all spook-haunted brains- +-a secular exorcism--but then betrays itself by cobbling +together a High Church of its own, all cobwebby with Ethical +Humanism, Free Thought, Muscular Atheism, & crude +Fundamentalist Cartesian Logic. ///// Two decades ago we +began the project of becoming Rootless Cosmopolitans, +determined to sift the detritus of all tribes, cultures & +civilizations (including our own) for viable fragments--& to +synthesize from this mess of potsherds a living system of +our own--lest (as Blake warned) we become slaves to someone +else's. ///// If some Javanese sorcerer or Native American +shaman possesses some precious fragment I need for my own +"medicine pouch," should I sneer & quote Bakunin's line +about stringing up priests with bankers' guts? or should I +remember that anarchy knows no dogma, that Chaos cannot be +mapped--& help myself to anything not nailed down? ///// The +earliest definitions of anarchy are found in the +_Chuang_Tzu_ & other taoist texts; "mystical anarchism" +boasts a hoarier pedigree than the Greco-Rationalist +variety. When Nietzsche spoke of the "Hyperboreans" I think +he foretold _us_, who have gone beyond the death of God--& +the rebirth of the Goddess--to a realm where spirit & matter +are one. Every manifestation of that hierogamy, every +material thing & every life, becomes not only "sacred" in +itself but also symbolic of its own "divine essence." ///// +Atheism is nothing but the opiate of The Masses (or rather, +their self-chosen champions)--& not a very colorful or sexy +drug. If we are to follow Baudelaire's advice & "be always +intoxicated," the A.O.A. would prefer something more like +mushrooms, thank you. Chaos is the oldest of the gods--& +Chaos never died. + +* * * * * + +COMMUNIQUE #11 + +Special Holiday Season Food Issue Rant: Turn Off the Lite! + +THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY calls for a boycott +of all products marketed under the Shibboleth of LITE--beer, +meat, lo-cal candy, cosmetics, music, pre-packaged +"lifestyles," whatever. + +The concept of LITE (in Situ-jargon) unfolds a complex of +symbolism by which the Spectacle hopes to recuperate all +revulsion against its commodification of desire. "Natural," +"organic," "healthy" produce is designed for a market sector +of mildly dissatisfied consumers with mild cases of future- +shock & mild yearnings for a tepid authenticity. A niche has +been prepared for _you_, softly illumined with the illusions +of simplicity, cleanliness, thinness, a dash of asceticism & +self-denial. Of course, it costs a little more...after all, +LITEness was not designed for poor hungry primitivos who +still think of food as nourishment rather than decor. It +_has_ to cost more--otherwise _you_ wouldn't buy it. + +The American Middle Class (don't quibble; you know what I +mean) falls naturally into opposite but complementary +factions: the Armies of Anorexia & Bulimia. Clinical cases +of these diseases represent only the psychosomatic froth on +a wave of cultural pathology, deep, diffused & largely +unconscious. The Bulimics are those yupped-out gentry who +gorge on margharitas & VCRs, then purge on LITE food, +jogging, or (an)aerobic jiggling. The Anorexics are the +"lifestyle" rebels, ultra-food-faddists, eaters of algae, +joyless, dispirited & wan--but smug in their puritanical +zeal & their designer hair-shirts. Grotesque junk food +simply represents the flip-side of ghoulish "health food":-- +nothing tastes like anything but woodchips or additives-- +it's all either boring or carcinogenic--or both--& it's all +incredibly _stupid_. + +Food, cooked or raw, cannot escape from symbolism. It _is_, +& also simultaneously _represents_ that which it is. All +food is soul food; to treat it otherwise is to court +indigestion, both chronic & metaphysical. + +But in the airless vault of our civilization, where nearly +every experience is mediated, where reality is strained +through the deadening mesh of consensus-perception, we lose +touch with food as _nourishment_; we begin to construct for +ourselves personae based on what we consume, treating +_products_ as projections of our yearning for the authentic. + +The A.O.A. sometimes envisions CHAOS as a cornucopia of +continual creation, as a sort of geyser of cosmic +generosity; therefore we refrain from advocating any +specific diet, lest we offend against the Sacred +Multiplicity & the Divine Subjectivity. We're not about to +hawk you yet another New Age prescription for perfect health +(only the dead are perfectly healthy); we interest ourselves +in _life_, not "lifestyles." + +True lightness we adore, & rich heaviness delights us in its +season. Excess suits us to perfection, moderation pleases +us, & we have learned that hunger can be the finest of all +spices. Everything _is_ light, & the lushest flowers grow +round the privy. We dream of phalanstery tables & bolo'bolo +cafes where every festive collective of diners will share +the individual genius of a Brillat-Savarin (that saint of +taste). + +Shaykh Abu Sa'id never saved money or even kept it overnight- +-therefore, whenever some patron donated a heavy purse to +his hospice, the dervishes celebrated with a gourmet feast; +& on other days, all went hungry. The point was to enjoy +both states, full & empty... + +LITE parodies spiritual emptiness & illumination, just as +McDonald's travesties the imagery of fullness & celebration. +The human spirit (not to mention _hunger_) can overcome & +transcend all this fetishism--joy can erupt even at Burger +King, & even LITE beer may hide a dose of Dionysus. But why +should we have to struggle against this garbagy tide of +cheap rip-off ticky-tack, when we could be drinking the wine +of paradise even now under our own vine & fig tree? + +Food belongs to the realm of everyday life, the primary +arena for all insurrectionary self-empowerment, all +spiritual self-enhancement, all seizing-back of pleasure, +all revolt against the Planetary Work Machine & its +imitation desires. Far be it from us to dogmatize; the +Native American hunter might fuel his happiness with fried +squirrel, the anarcho-taoist with a handful of dried +apricots. Milarepa the Tibetan, after ten years of nettle- +soup, ate a butter cake & achieved enlightenment. The +dullard sees no _eros_ in fine champagne; the sorcerer can +fall intoxicated on a glass of water. + +Our culture, choking on its own pollutants, cries out (like +the dying Goethe) for "More LITE!"--as if these +polyunsaturated effluents could somehow assuage our misery, +as if their bland weightless tasteless characterlessness +could protect us from the gathering dark. + +No! This last illusion finally strikes us as too cruel. We +are forced against our own slothful inclinations to take a +stand & protest. Boycott! Boycott! TURN OFF THE LITE! + +Appendix: Menu For An Anarchist Black Banquet (veg & non- +veg) + +Caviar & blinis; Hundred year old eggs; Squid & rice cooked +in ink; Eggplants cooked in their skins with black pickled +garlic; Wild rice with black walnuts & black mushrooms; +Truffles in black butter; Venison marinated in port, +charcoal grilled, served on pumpernickel slices & garnished +with roast chestnuts. Black Russians; Guiness-&-champagne; +Chinese black tea. Dark chocolate mousse, Turkish coffee, +black grapes, plums, cherries, etc. + +* * * * * + +SPECIAL HALLOWEEN COMMUNIQUE + +Black Magic as Revolutionary Action + +PREPARE AN INK OF pure & genuine saffron mixed with rose- +water, adding if possible some blood from a black rooster. +In a quiet room furnish an altar with a bowl of the ink, a +pen with an iron nib, 7 black candles, an incense burner, & +some benzoin. The charm may be written on virgin paper or +parchment. Draw the diagram at 4 p.m. on a Wednesday, facing +North. Copy the 7-headed diagram (see illustration) without +lifting the pen from the paper, in one smooth operation, +holding your breath & pressing your tongue to the roof of +your mouth. This is the _Barisan_Laksamana_, or King of the +Djinn. Then draw the Solomon's Seal (a star representing a 5- +headed djinn) & other parts of the diagram. Above Solomon's +Seal write the name of the individual or institution to be +cursed. Now hold the paper in the benzoin fumes, & invoke +the white & black djinn _within_yourself_: + +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim +as-salaam alikum +O White Djinn, Radiance of Mohammad +king of all spirits within me +O Black Djinn, shadow of myself +AWAY, destroy my enemy +--and if you do not +then be considered a traitor to Allah +--by virtue of the charm +La illaha ill'Allah + +Mohammad ar-Rasul Allah + +If the curse is to be aimed at an individual oppressor, a +wax doll may be prepared & the charm inserted (see +illustration). + +Seven needles are then driven downward into the top of the +head, thru the left & right armpits, left & right hips, & +thru the lips or nostrils. Wrap the doll in a white shroud & +bury it in the ground where the enemy is sure to walk over +it, meanwhile enlisting the aid of local earth spirits: + +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim +O Earth Djinn, Dirt-spirit +O Black Djinn living underground +listen, vampire of the soil +I order you to mark & destroy +the body & soul of _____________ +Heed my orders +for I am the true & original sorcerer +by virtue of the charm +la illaha ill'Allah + +Mohammad ar-Rasul Allah + +If however the curse is intended for an institution or +company, assemble the following items: a hard-boiled egg, an +iron nail, & 3 iron pins (stick nail & needles into egg); +dried scorpion, lizard &/or beetles; a small chamois bag +containing graveyard dirt, magnetized iron fillings, +asafoetida & sulphur, & tied with a red ribbon. Sew the +charm into yellow silk & seal it with red wax. Place all +these things in a wide-necked bottle, cork it, & seal it +with wax. + +The bottle may now be carefully packaged & sent by mail to +the target institution--for example a Xtian televangelist +show, the _New_York_Post_, the MUZAK company, a school or +college--along with a copy of the following statement (extra +copies may be mailed to individual employees, &/or posted +surreptitiously around the premises): + +Malay Black Djinn Curse + +_These_premises_have_been_cursed_by_black_sorcery._The_curse +_has_been_activated_according_to_correct_rituals._This_insti +tution_is_cursed_because_it_has_oppressed_the_Imagination_&_ +defiled_the_Intellect,_degraded_the_arts_toward_stupefaction +,_spiritual_slavery,_propaganda_for_State_&_Capital,_puritan +ical_reaction,_unjust_profits,_lies_&_aesthetic_blight_. +_The_employees_of_this_institution_are_now_in_danger._No_ind +ividual_has_been_cursed,_but_the_place_itself_has_been_infec +ted_with_ill_fortune_&_malignancy._Those_who_do_not_wake_up_ +&_quit,_or_begin_sabotaging_the_workplace,_will_gradually_fa +ll_under_the_effect_of_this_sorcery._Removing_or_destroying_ +the_implement_of_sorcery_will_do_no_good._It_has_been_seen_i +n_this_place,_&_this_place_is_cursed._Reclaim_your_humanity_ +&_revolt_in_the_name_of_the_Imagination-- +_or_else_be_judged_(in_the_mirror_of_this_charm)_an_enemy_of +_the_human_race_. + +We suggest "taking credit" for this action in the name of +some other offensive cultural institution, such as the +American Poetry Society or the Women's Anti-Porn Crusade +(give full address). +We also suggest, in order to counter-balance the effect on +yourself of calling up the personal black djinn, that you +send a _magical_blessing_ to someone or some group you love +&/or admire. Do this anonymously, & make the gift beautiful. +No precise ritual need be followed, but the imagery should +be allowed to spring from the well of consciousness in an +intuitive/spontaneous meditational state. Use sweet incense, +red & white candles, hard candy, wine, flowers, etc. If +possible include real silver, gold, or jewels in the gift. + +This how-to-do-it manual on the Malay Black Djinn Curse has +been prepared according to authentic & complete ritual by +the Cultural Terrorism Committee of the inner Adept Chamber +of the HMOCA ("Third Paradise"). We are Nizari-Ismaili +Esotericists; that is, Shiite heretics & fanatics who trace +our spiritual line to Hassan-i Sabbah through Aladdin +Mohammad III "the Madman," seventh & last Pir of Alamut (& +not through the line of the Aga Khans). We espouse radical +monism & pure antinomianism, & oppose _all_ forms of law & +authority, in the name of Chaos. + +At present, for tactical reasons, we do not advocate +violence or sorcery against individuals. We call for actions +against _institutions_ & _ideas_--art-sabotage & clandestine +propaganda (including ceremonial magic & "tantrik +pornography")--and especially against the poisonous media of +the Empire of Lies. The Black Djinn Curse represents only a +first step in the campaign of Poetic Terrorism which--we +trust--will lead to other less subtle forms of insurrection. + +* * * * * + +SPECIAL COMMUNIQUE + +A.O.A. Announces Purges in Chaos Movement + +CHAOS THEORY MUST OF course flow _impurely_. "Lazy yokel +plows a crooked furrow." Any attempt to precipitate a +crystal of ideology would result in flawed rigidities, +fossilizations, armorings & drynesses which we would like to +renounce, along with all "purity." Yes, Chaos revels in a +certain abandoned formlessness not unlike the erotic +messiness of those we love for their shattering of habit & +their unveiling of mutability. Nevertheless this looseness +does not imply that Chaos Theory must accept every leech +that attempts to attach itself to our sacred membranes. +Certain definitions or deformations of Chaos deserve +denunciation, & our dedication to divine disorder need not +deter us from trashing the traitors & rip-off artists & +psychic vampires now buzzing around Chaos under the +impression that it's trendy. We propose not an Inquisition +in the name of _our_ definitions, but rather a duel, a +brawl, an act of violence or emotional repugnance, an +exorcism. First we'd like to define & even name our enemies. +(1) All those death-heads & mutilation artists who associate +Chaos exclusively with misery, negativity & a joyless pseudo- +libertinism--those who think "beyond good & evil" means +doing evil--the S/M intellectuals, crooners of the +apocalypse--the new Gnostic Dualists, world-haters & ugly +nihilists. (2) All those scientists selling Chaos either as +a force for destruction (e.g. particle-beam weapons) or as a +mechanism for enforcing order, as in the use of Chaos math +in statistical sociology and mob control. An attempt will be +made to discover names and addresses in this category. (3) +All those who appropriate Chaos in the cause of some New Age +scam. Of course _we_ have no objection to your giving us all +your money, but we'll tell you up front: we'll use it to buy +dope or fly to Morocco. You can't sell water by the river; +Chaos is that _materia_ of which the alchemists spoke, which +fools value more highly than gold even tho it may be found +on any dungheap. The chief enemy in this category is Werner +Erhardt, founder of _est_, who is now bottling "Chaos" & +trying to franchise it to the Yuppoids. Second, we will list +some of our friends, in order to give an idea of the +disparate trends in Chaos Theory we enjoy: Chaotica, the +imaginal autonomous zone discovered by Feral Faun (a.k.a. +Feral Ranter); the Academy of Chaotic Arts of Tundra Wind; +Joel Birnoco's magazine _KAOS_; _Chaos_Inc._, a newsletter +connected to the work of Ralph Abraham, a leading Chaos +scientist; the Church of Eris; Discordian Zen; the Moorish +Orthodox Church; certain clenches of the Church of the +SubGenius; the Sacred Jihad of Our Lady of Perpetual Chaos; +the writers associated with "type-3 anarchism" & journals +like _Popular_Reality_; etc. The battle lines are drawn. +Chaos is not entropy, Chaos is not death, Chaos is not a +commodity. Chaos is continual creation. Chaos never died. + +* * * * * + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 4 +Message-ID: <1lf84sINNq21@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:13:16 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 738 + + +POST-ANARCHISM ANARCHY + +THE ASSOCIATION FOR ONTOLOGICAL ANARCHY gathers in conclave, +black turbans & shimmering robes, sprawled on shirazi +carpets sipping bitter coffee, smoking long chibouk & sibsi. +QUESTION: What's our position on all these recent defections +& desertions from anarchism (esp. in California-Land): +condemn or condone? Purge them or hail them as advance- +guard? Gnostic elite...or traitors? + +Actually, we have a lot of sympathy for the deserters & +their various critiques of anarchISM. Like Sinbad & the +Horrible Old Man, anarchism staggers around with the corpse +of a Martyr magically stuck to its shoulders--haunted by the +legacy of failure & revolutionary masochism--stagnant +backwater of lost history. + +Between tragic Past & impossible Future, anarchism seems to +lack a Present--as if afraid to ask itself, here & now, WHAT +ARE MY TRUE DESIRES?--& what can I DO before it's +_too_late_?...Yes, imagine yourself confronted by a sorcerer +who stares you down balefully & demands, "What is your True +Desire?" Do you hem & haw, stammer, take refuge in +ideological platitudes? Do you possess both Imagination & +Will, can you both dream & dare--or are you the dupe of an +impotent fantasy? + +Look in the mirror & try it...(for one of your masks is the +face of a sorcerer)... + +The anarchist "movement" today contains virtually no Blacks, +Hispanics, Native Americans or children...even tho +_in_theory_ such genuinely oppressed groups stand to gain +the most from any anti-authoritarian revolt. Might it be +that anarchISM offers no concrete program whereby the truly +deprived might fulfill (or at least struggle realistically +to fulfill) real needs & desires? + +If so, then this failure would explain not only anarchism's +lack of appeal to the poor & marginal, but also the +disaffection & desertions from within its own ranks. Demos, +picket-lines & reprints of 19th century classics don't add +up to a vital, daring conspiracy of self-liberation. If the +movement is to grow rather than shrink, a lot of deadwood +will have to be jettisoned & some risky ideas embraced. + +The potential exists. Any day now, vast numbers of americans +are going to realize they're being force-fed a load of +reactionary boring hysterical artificially-flavored _crap_. +Vast chorus of groans, puking & retching...angry mobs roam +the malls, smashing & looting...etc., etc. The Black Banner +could provide a focus for the outrage & channel it into an +insurrection of the Imagination. We could pick up the +struggle where it was dropped by Situationism in '68 & +Autonomia in the seventies, & carry it to the next stage. We +could have revolt in our times--& in the process, we could +realize many of our True Desires, even if only for a season, +a brief Pirate Utopia, a warped free-zone in the old +Space/Time continuum. + +If the A.O.A. retains its affiliation with the "movement," +we do so not merely out of a romantic predilection for lost +causes--or not entirely. Of all "political systems," +anarchism (despite its flaws, & precisely because it is +neither political nor a system) comes closest to our +understanding of reality, ontology, the nature of being. As +for the deserters...we agree with their critiques, but note +that they seem to offer no new powerful alternatives. So for +the time being we prefer to concentrate on changing +anarchism from within. Here's our program, comrades: + +1. Work on the realization that _psychic_racism_ has +replaced overt discrimination as one of the most disgusting +aspects of our society. Imaginative participation in other +cultures, esp. those we live with. + +2. Abandon all ideological purity. Embrace "Type-3" +anarchism (to use Bob Black's pro-tem slogan): neither +collectivist nor individualist. Cleanse the temple of vain +idols, get rid of the Horrible Old Men, the relics & +martyrologies. + +3. Anti-work or "Zerowork" movement extremely important, +including a radical & perhaps violent attack on Education & +the serfdom of children. + +4. Develop american samizdat network, replace outdated +publishing/propaganda tactics. +Pornography & popular entertainment as vehicles for radical +re-education. + +5. In music the hegemony of the 2/4 & 4/4 beat must be +overthrown. We need a new music, totally insane but life- +affirming, rhythmically subtle yet powerful, & we need it +NOW. + +6. Anarchism must wean itself away from evangelical +materialism & banal 2-dimensional 19th century scientism. +"Higher states of consciousness" are not mere SPOOKS +invented by evil priests. The orient, the occult, the tribal +cultures possess _techniques_ which can be "appropriated" in +true anarchist fashion. Without "higher states of +consciousness," anarchism ends & dries itself up into a form +of misery, a whining complaint. We need a practical kind of +"mystical anarchism," devoid of all New Age shit-&-shinola, +& inexorably heretical & anti-clerical; avid for all new +technologies of consciousness & metanoia--a democratization +of shamanism, intoxicated & serene. + +7. Sexuality is under assault, obviously from the Right, +more subtly from the avant-pseud "post-sexuality" movement, +& even more subtly by Spectacular Recuperation in media & +advertising. Time for a major step forward in SexPol +awareness, an explosive reaffirmation of the polymorphic +eros--(even & especially in the face of plague & gloom)--a +literal glorification of the senses, a doctrine of delight. +Abandon all world-hatred & shame. + +8. Experiment with new tactics to replace the outdated +baggage of Leftism. Emphasize practical, material & personal +benefits of radical networking. The times do not appear +propitious for violence or militancy, but surely a bit of +sabotage & imaginative disruption is never out of place. +Plot & conspire, don't bitch & moan. The Art World in +particular deserves a dose of "Poetic Terrorism." + +9. The despatialization of post-Industrial society provides +some benefits (e.g. computer networking) but can also +manifest as a form of oppression (homelessness, +gentrification, architectural depersonalization, the erasure +of Nature, etc.) The communes of the sixties tried to +circumvent these forces but failed. The question of _land_ +refuses to go away. How can we separate the concept of +_space_ from the mechanisms of _control_? The territorial +gangsters, the Nation/States, have hogged the entire map. +Who can invent for us a cartography of autonomy, who can +draw a map that includes our desires? + +AnarchISM ultimately implies anarchy--& anarchy is chaos. +Chaos is the principle of continual creation...& +_Chaos_never_died_. + +--A.O.A. Plenary Session + +March '87, NYC + +* * * * * + +BLACK CROWN & BLACK ROSE + +Anarcho-Monarchism & Anarcho-Mysticism + +IN SLEEP WE DREAM of only two forms of government--anarchy & +monarchy. Primordial root consciousness understands no +politics & never plays fair. A democratic dream? a socialist +dream? Impossible. + +Whether my REMs bring verdical near-prophetic visions or +mere Viennese wish-fulfillment, only kings & wild people +populate my night. Monads & nomads. + +Pallid day (when nothing shines by its own light) slinks & +insinuates & suggests that we compromise with a sad & +lackluster reality. But in dream we are never ruled except +by love or sorcery, which are the skills of chaotes & +sultans. + +Among a people who cannot create or play, but can only +_work_, artists also know no choice but +anarchy & monarchy. Like the dreamer, they must possess & +_do_ possess their own perceptions, & for this they must +sacrifice the merely social to a "tyrannical Muse." +Art dies when treated "fairly." It must enjoy a caveman's +wildness or else have its mouth filled with gold by some +prince. Bureaucrats & sales personnel poison it, professors +chew it up, & philosophers spit it out. Art is a kind of +byzantine barbarity fit only for nobles & heathens. +If you had known the sweetness of life as a poet in the +reign of some venal, corrupt, decadent, ineffective & +ridiculous Pasha or Emir, some Qajar shah, some King Farouk, +some Queen of Persia, you would know that this is what every +anarchist must want. How they loved poems & paintings, those +dead luxurious fools, how they absorbed all roses & cool +breezes, tulips & lutes! +Hate their cruelty & caprice, yes--but at least they were +human. The bureaucrats, however, who smear the walls of the +mind with odorless filth--so kind, so _gemutlich_--who +pollute the inner air with numbness--they're not even worthy +of hate. They scarcely exist outside the bloodless Ideas +they serve. + +And besides: the dreamer, the artist, the anarchist--do they +not share some tinge of cruel caprice with the most +outrageous of moghuls? Can genuine life occur without some +folly, some excess, some bouts of Heraclitan "strife"? We do +not rule--but we cannot & will not _be_ruled_. + +In Russia the Narodnik-Anarchists would sometimes forge a +_ukase_ or manifesto in the name of the Czar; in it the +Autocrat would complain that greedy lords & unfeeling +officials had sealed him in his palace & cut him off from +his beloved people. He would proclaim the end of serfdom & +call on peasants & workers to rise in His Name against the +government. + +Several times this ploy actually succeeded in sparking +revolts. Why? Because the single absolute ruler acts +metaphorically as a mirror for the unique and utter +absoluteness of the self. Each peasant looked into this +glassy legend & beheld his or her own freedom--an illusion, +but one that borrowed its magic from the logic of the dream. + +A similar myth must have inspired the 17th century Ranters & +Antinomians & Fifth Monarchy Men who flocked to the Jacobite +standard with its erudite cabals & bloodproud conspiracies. +The radical mystics were betrayed first by Cromwell & then +by the Restoration--why not, finally, join with flippant +cavaliers & foppish counts, with Rosicrucians & Scottish +Rite Masons, to place an occult messiah on Albion's throne? + +Among a people who cannot conceive human society without a +monarch, the desires of radicals may be expressed in +monarchical terms. Among a people who cannot conceive human +existence without a religion, radical desires may speak the +language of heresy. + +Taoism rejected the whole of Confucian bureaucracy but +retained the image of the Emperor-Sage, who would sit silent +on his throne facing a propitious direction, doing +absolutely nothing. +In Islam the Ismailis took the idea of the Imam of the +Prophet's Household & metamorphosed it into the Imam-of- +one's-own-being, the perfected self who is beyond all Law & +rule, who is atoned with the One. And this doctrine led them +into revolt against Islam, to terror & assassination in the +name of pure esoteric self-liberation & total realization. + +Classical 19th century anarchism defined itself in the +struggle against crown & church, & therefore on the waking +level it considered itself egalitarian & atheist. This +rhetoric however obscures what really happens: the "king" +becomes the "anarchist," the "priest" a "heretic." In this +strange duet of mutability the politician, the democrat, the +socialist, the rational ideologue can find no place; they +are deaf to the music & lack all sense of rhythm. Terrorist +& monarch are _archetypes_; these others are mere +functionaries. + +Once anarch & king clutched each other's throats & waltzed a +totentanz--a splendid battle. Now, however, both are +relegated to history's trashbin--has-beens, curiosities of a +leisurely & more cultivated past. They whirl around so fast +that they seem to meld together...can they somehow have +become one thing, a Siamese twin, a Janus, a freakish unity? +"The sleep of Reason..." ah! most desirable & desirous +monsters! + +Ontological Anarchy proclaims flatly, bluntly, & almost +brainlessly: yes, the two are now one. As a single entity +the anarch/king now is reborn; each of us the ruler of our +own flesh, our own creations--and as much of everything else +as we can grab & hold. + +Our actions are justified by fiat & our relations are shaped +by treaties with other autarchs. We make the law for our own +domains--& the chains of the law have been broken. At +present perhaps we survive as mere Pretenders--but even so +we may seize a few instants, a few square feet of reality +over which to impose our absolute will, our _royaume_. +_L'etat_,_c'est_moi_. + +If we are bound by any ethic or morality it must be one +which we ourselves have imagined, fabulously more exalted & +more liberating than the "moralic acid" of puritans & +humanists. "Ye are as gods"--"Thou art That." + +The words _monarchism_ & _mysticism_ are used here in part +simply _pour_epater_ those egalito-atheist anarchists who +react with pious horror to any mention of pomp or +superstition-mongering. No champagne revolutions for _them_! + +Our brand of anti-authoritarianism, however, thrives on +baroque paradox; it favors states of consciousness, emotion +& aesthetics over all petrified ideologies & dogma; it +embraces multitudes & relishes contradictions. Ontological +Anarchy is a hobgoblin for BIG minds. +The translation of the title (& key term) of Max Stirner's +magnum opus as _The_Ego_&_Its_Own_ has led to a subtle +misinterpretation of "individualism." The English-Latin word +_ego_ comes freighted & weighed with freudian & protestant +baggage. A careful reading of Stirner suggests that +_The_Unique_&_His_Own-ness_ would better reflect his +intentions, given that he never defines the ego +_in_opposition_to_ libido or id, or in opposition to "soul" +or "spirit." The Unique (_der_Einzige_) might best be +construed simply as the individual self. + +Stirner commits no metaphysics, yet bestows on the Unique a +certain absoluteness. In what way then does this _Einzige_ +differ from the Self of Advaita Vedanta? _Tat_tvam_asi_: +Thou (individual Self) art That (absolute Self). + +Many believe that mysticism "dissolves the ego." Rubbish. +Only death does that (or such at least is our Sadducean +assumption). Nor does mysticism destroy the "carnal" or +"animal" self--which would also amount to suicide. What +mysticism really tries to surmount is false consciousness, +illusion, Consensus Reality, & all the failures of self that +accompany these ills. True mysticism creates a "self at +peace," a self with power. The highest task of metaphysics +(accomplished for example by Ibn Arabi, Boehme, Ramana +Maharshi) is in a sense to self-destruct, to identify +metaphysical & physical, transcendent & immanent, as ONE. +Certain _radical_monists_ have pushed this doctrine far +beyond mere pantheism or religious mysticism. An +apprehension of the immanent oneness of being inspires +certain antinomian heresies (the Ranters, the Assassins) +whom we consider our ancestors. + +Stirner himself seems deaf to the possible spiritual +resonances of Individualism--& in this he belongs to the +19th century: born long after the deliquescence of +Christendom, but long before the discovery of the Orient & +of the hidden illuminist tradition in Western alchemy, +revolutionary heresy & occult activism. Stirner quite +correctly despised what he knew as "mysticism," a mere +pietistic sentimentality based on self-abnegation & world +hatred. Nietzsche nailed down the lid on "God" a few years +later. Since then, who has dared to suggest that +Individualism & mysticism might be reconciled & synthesized? + +The missing ingredient in Stirner (Nietzsche comes closer) +is a working concept of _nonordinary_consciousness_. The +realization of the unique self (or _ubermensch_) must +reverberate & expand like waves or spirals or music to +embrace direct experience or intuitive perception of the +uniqueness of reality itself. This realization engulfs & +erases all duality, dichotomy, & dialectic. It carries with +itself, like an electric charge, an intense & wordless sense +of _value_: it "divinizes" the self. + +Being/consciousness/bliss (_satchitananda_) cannot be +dismissed as merely another Stirnerian "spook" or "wheel in +the head." It invokes no exclusively transcendent principle +for which the _Einzige_ must sacrifice his/her own-ness. It +simply states that intense awareness of existence itself +results in "bliss"--or in less loaded language, "valuative +consciousness." The goal of the Unique after all is to +_possess_everything_; the radical monist attains this by +identifying self with perception, like the Chinese inkbrush +painter who "becomes the bamboo," so that "it paints +itself." +Despite mysterious hints Stirner drops about a "union of +Unique-ones" & despite Nietzsche's eternal "Yea" & +exaltation of life, their Individualism seems somehow shaped +by a certain _coldness_toward_the_other_. In part they +cultivated a bracing, cleansing chilliness against the warm +suffocation of 19th century sentimentality & altruism; in +part they simply despised what someone (Mencken?) called +"Homo Boobensis." + +And yet, reading behind & beneath the layer of ice, we +uncover traces of a fiery doctrine--what Gaston Bachelard +might have called "a Poetics of the Other." The _Einzige's_ +relation with the Other cannot be defined or limited by any +institution or idea. And yet clearly, however paradoxically, +the Unique depends for completeness on the Other, & cannot & +will not be realized in any bitter isolation. + +The examples of "wolf children" or _enfants_sauvages_ +suggest that a human infant deprived of human company for +too long will never attain conscious humanity--will never +acquire language. The Wild Child perhaps provides a poetic +metaphor for the Unique-one--and yet simultaneously marks +the precise point where Unique & Other must meet, coalesce, +unify--or else fail to attain & possess all of which they +are capable. + +The Other mirrors the Self--the Other is our _witness_. The +Other completes the Self--the Other gives us the key to the +perception of oneness-of-being. When we speak of being & +consciousness, we point to the Self; when we speak of bliss +we implicate the Other. + +The acquisition of language falls under the sign of Eros-- +all communication is essentially erotic, all relations are +erotic. Avicenna & Dante claimed that love moves the very +stars & planets in their courses--the _Rg_Veda_ & Hesiod's +_Theogony_ both proclaim Love the first god born after +Chaos. Affections, affinities, aesthetic perceptions, +beautiful creations, conviviality--all the most precious +possessions of the Unique-one arise from the conjunction of +Self & Other in the constellation of Desire. + +Here again the project begun by Individualism can be evolved +& revivified by a graft with mysticism--specifically with +tantra. As an esoteric _technique_ divorced from orthodox +Hinduism, tantra provides a symbolic framework ("Net of +Jewels") for the identification of sexual pleasure & non- +ordinary consciousness. All antinomian sects have contained +some "tantrik" aspect, from the families of Love & Free +Brethren & Adamites of Europe to the pederast sufis of +Persia to the Taoist alchemists of China. Even classical +anarchism has enjoyed its tantrik moments: Fourier's +Phalansteries; the "Mystical Anarchism" of G. Ivanov & other +fin-de-si cle Russian symbolists; the incestuous erotism of +Arzibashaev's _Sanine_; the weird combination of Nihilism & +Kali-worship which inspired the Bengali Terrorist Party (to +which my tantrik guru Sri Kamanaransan Biswas had the honor +of belonging)... + +We, however, propose a much deeper syncretism of anarchy & +tantra than any of these. In fact, we simply suggest that +Individual Anarchism & Radical Monism are to be considered +henceforth one and the same movement. + +This hybrid has been called "spiritual materialism," a term +which burns up all metaphysics in the fire of oneness of +spirit & matter. We also like "Ontological Anarchy" because +it suggests that being itself remains in a state of "divine +Chaos," of all-potentiality, of continual creation. + +In this flux only the _jiva_mukti_, or "liberated +individual," is self-realized, and thus monarch or owner of +his perceptions and relations. In this ceaseless flow only +desire offers any principle of order, and thus the only +possible society (as Fourier understood) is that of lovers. + +Anarchism is dead, long live anarchy! We no longer need the +baggage of revolutionary masochism or idealist self- +sacrifice--or the frigidity of Individualism with its +disdain for conviviality, of _living_together_--or the +vulgar superstitions of 19th century atheism, scientism, and +progressism. All that dead weight! Frowsy proletarian +suitcases, heavy bourgeois steamer-trunks, boring +philosophical portmanteaux--over the side with them! + +We want from these systems only their vitality, their life- +forces, daring, intransigence, anger, heedlessness--their +power, their _shakti_. Before we jettison the rubbish and +the carpetbags, we'll rifle the luggage for billfolds, +revolvers, jewels, drugs and other useful items--keep what +we like and trash the rest. Why not? Are we priests of a +cult, to croon over relics and mumble our martyrologies? + +Monarchism too has something we want--a grace, an ease, a +pride, a superabundance. We'll take these, and dump the woes +of authority & torture in history's garbage bin. Mysticism +has something we need--"self-overcoming," exalted awareness, +reservoirs of psychic potency. These we will expropriate in +the name of our insurrection--and leave the woes of morality +& religion to rot & decompose. + +As the Ranters used to say when greeting any "fellow +creature"--from king to cut-purse--"Rejoice! All is ours!" + +* * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE KALI YUGA + +THE KALI YUGA STILL has 200,000 or so years to play--good +news for advocates & avatars of CHAOS, bad news for +Brahmins, Yahwists, bureaucrat-gods & their runningdogs. + +I knew Darjeeling hid something for me soon as I heard the +name--_dorje_ling_--Thunderbolt City. In 1969 I arrived just +before the monsoons. Old British hill station, summer hdqrs +for Govt. of Bengal--streets in the form of winding wood +staircases, the Mall with a View of Sikkim & Mt Katchenhunga- +-Tibetan temples & refugees--beautiful yellow-porcelain +people called Lepchas (the real abo's)--Hindus, Moslems, +Nepalese & Bhutanese Buddhists, & decaying Brits who lost +their way home in '47, still running musty banks & tea- +shoppes. + +Met Ganesh Baba, fat white-bearded saddhu with overly- +impeccable Oxford accent--never saw anyone smoke so much +ganja, chillam after chillam full, then we'd wander the +streets while he played ball with shrieking kids or picked +fights in the bazaar, chasing after terrified clerks with +his umbrella, then roaring with laughter. + +He introduced me to Sri Kamanaransan Biswas, a tiny wispy +middleage Bengali government clerk in a shabby suit, who +offered to teach me Tantra. Mr Biswas lived in a tiny +bungalow perched on a steep pine-tree misty hillside, where +I visited him daily with pints of cheap brandy for puja & +tippling--he encouraged me to smoke while we talked, since +ganja too is sacred to Kali. +Mr Biswas in his wild youth was a member of the Bengali +Terrorist Party, which included both Kali worshippers & +heretic Moslem mystics as well as anarchists & extreme +leftists. Ganesh Baba seemed to approve of this secret past, +as if it were a sign of Mr Biswas's hidden tantrika +strength, despite his outward seedy mild appearance. + +We discussed my readings in Sir John Woodruffe ("Arthur +Avalon") each afternoon, I walked there thru cold summer +fogs, Tibetan spirit-traps flapping in the soaked breeze +loomed out of the mist & cedars. We practiced the Tara- +mantra and Tara-mudra (or Yoni-mudra), and studied the Tara- +yantra diagram for magical purposes. Once we visited a +temple to the Hindu Mars (like ours, both planet & war-god) +where he bought a finger-ring made from an iron horseshoe +nail & gave it to me. More brandy & ganja. + +Tara: one of the forms of Kali, very similar in attributes: +dwarfish, naked, four-armed with weapons, dancing on dead +Shiva, necklace of skulls or severed heads, tongue dripping +blood, skin a deep blue-grey the precise color of monsoon +clouds. Every day more rain--mud-slides blocking roads. My +Border Area Permit expires. Mr Biswas & I descend the slick +wet Himalayas by jeep & train down to his ancestral city, +Siliguri in the flat Bengali plains where the Ganges fingers +into a sodden viridescent delta. + +We visit his wife in the hospital. Last year a flood drowned +Siliguri killing tens of thousands. Cholera broke out, the +city's a wreck, algae-stained & ruined, the hospital's halls +still caked with slime, blood, vomit, the liquids of death. +She sits silent on her bed glaring unblinking at hideous +fates. Dark side of the goddess. He gives me a colored +lithograph of Tara which miraculously floated above the +water & was saved. + +That night we attend some ceremony at the local Kali-temple, +a modest half-ruined little roadside shrine--torchlight the +only illumination--chanting & drums with strange, almost +African syncopation, totally unclassical, primordial & yet +insanely complex. We drink, we smoke. +Alone in the cemetery, next to a half-burnt corpse, I'm +initiated into Tara Tantra. Next day, feverish & spaced-out, +I say farewell & set out for Assam, to the great temple of +Shakti's _yoni_ in Gauhati, just in time for the annual +festival. Assam is forbidden territory & I have no permit. +Midnight in Gauhati I sneak off the train, back down the +tracks thru rain & mud up to my knees & total darkness, +blunder at last into the city & find a bug-ridden hotel. +Sick as a dog by this time. No sleep. + +In the morning, bus up to the temple on a nearby mountain. +Huge towers, pullulating deities, courtyards, outbuildings-- +hundreds of thousands of pilgrims--weird saddhus down from +their ice-caves squatting on tiger skins & chanting. Sheep & +doves are being slaughtered by the thousands, a real +hecatomb--(not another white sahib in sight)--gutters +running inch-deep in blood--curve-bladed Kali-swords chop +chop chop, dead heads plocking onto the slippery +cobblestones. + +When Shiva chopped Shakti into 53 pieces & scattered them +over the whole Ganges basin, her cunt fell here. Some +friendly priests speak English & help me find the cave where +Yoni's on display. By this time I know I'm seriously sick, +but determined to finish the ritual. A herd of pilgrims (all +at least one head shorter than me) literally engulfs me like +an undertow-wave at the beach, & hurls me suspended down +suffocating winding troglodyte stairs into claustrophobic +womb-cave where I swirl nauseated & hallucinating toward a +shapeless cone meteorite smeared in centuries of ghee & +ochre. The herd parts for me, allows me to throw a garland +of jasmine over the yoni. + +A week later in Kathmandu I enter the German Missionary +Hospital (for a month) with hepatitis. A small price to pay +for all that knowledge--the liver of some retired colonel +from a Kipling story!--but I know _her_, I know Kali. Yes +absolutely the archetype of all that horror, yet for those +who know, she becomes the generous mother. Later in a cave +in the jungle above Rishikish I meditated on Tara for +several days (with mantra, yantra, mudra, incense, & +flowers) & returned to the serenity of Darjeeling, its +beneficent visions. + +Her age must contain horrors, for most of us cannot +understand her or reach beyond the necklace of skulls to the +garland of jasmine, knowing in what sense they are +_the_same_. To go thru CHAOS, to ride it like a tiger, to +embrace it (even sexually) & absorb some of its shakti, its +life-juice--this is the Path of Kali Yuga. Creative +nihilism. For those who follow it she promises enlightenment +& even wealth, a share of her temporal _power_. + +The sexuality & violence serve as metaphors in a poem which +acts directly on consciousness through the Image-ination--or +else in the correct circumstances they can be openly +deployed & enjoyed, embued with a sense of the holiness of +_every_thing_ from ecstasy & wine to garbage & corpses. + +Those who ignore her or see her outside themselves risk +destruction. Those who worship her as _ishta-devata_, or +divine self, taste her Age of Iron as if it were gold, +knowing the alchemy of her presence. + +* * * * * + +AGAINST THE REPRODUCTION OF DEATH + +ONE OF THE SIGNS of that End Time so many seem to anticipate +would consist of a fascination with all the most negative & +hateful detritus of that Time, a fascination felt by the +very class of thinkers who consider themselves most +perspicacious about the so-called apocalypse they warn us to +beware. I'm speaking of people I know very well--those of +the "spiritual right" (such as the neo-Guenonians with their +obsession for signs of decadence)--& those of the post- +philosophical left, the detached essayists of death, +connoisseurs of the arts of mutilation. + +For both these sets, all possible action in the world is +smeared out onto one level plain--all become equally +meaningless. For the Traditionalist, nothing matters but to +prepare the soul for death (not only its own but the whole +world's as well). For the "cultural critic" nothing matters +but the game of identifying yet one more reason for despair, +analyzing it, adding it to the catalogue. +Now the End of the World is an abstraction because it has +never happened. It has no existence in the real world. It +will cease to be an abstraction only when it happens--if it +happens. (I do not claim to know "God's mind" on the subject- +-nor to possess any scientific knowledge about a still non- +existent future). I see only a mental image & its emotional +ramifications; as such I identify it as a kind of ghostly +virus, a spook-sickness in myself which ought to be expunged +rather than hypochondriacally coddled & indulged. I have +come to despise the "End of the World" as an ideological +icon held over my head by religion, state, & cultural milieu +alike, as a reason for _doing_nothing_. + +I understand why the religious & political "powers" would +want to keep me quaking in my shoes. Since only _they_ offer +even a _chance_ of evading ragnarok (thru prayer, thru +democracy, thru communism, etc.), I will sheepishly follow +their dictates & dare nothing on my own. The case of the +enlightened intellectuals, however, seems more puzzling at +first. What power do _they_ derive from this telling-the- +beads of fear & gloom, sadism & hatred? + +Essentially they gain _smartness_. Any attack on them must +appear stupid, since they alone are clear-eyed enough to +recognize the truth, they alone daring enough to +_show_it_forth_ in defiance of rude shit-kicking censors & +liberal wimps. If I attack them as part of the very problem +they claim to be discussing objectively, I will be seen as a +bumpkin, a prude, a pollyanna. If I admit my hatred for the +_artifacts_ of their perception (books, artworks, +performances) then I may be dismissed as merely squeamish (& +so of course psychologically repressed), or else at the very +least lacking in seriousness. + +Many people assume that because I sometimes express myself +as an anarchist boy-lover, I must also be "interested" in +other ultra-postmodern ideas like serial child-murder, +fascist ideology, or the photographs of Joel P. Witkin. They +assume only two sides to any issue--the hip side & the unhip +side. A marxist who objected to all this death-cultishness +as anti-progressive would be thought as foolish as a Xtian +fundamentalist who believed it immoral. + +I maintain that (as usual) many sides exist to this issue +rather than only two. Two-sided issues (creationism vs +darwinism, "choice" vs "pro-life," etc.) are all without +exception _delusions_, spectacular lies. + +My position is this: I am all too well aware of the +"intelligence" which prevents action. I myself possess it in +abundance. Every once in a while however I have managed to +behave as if I were stupid enough to try to change my life. +Sometimes I've used dangerous stupifiants like religion, +marijuana, chaos, the love of boys. On a few occasions I +have attained some degree of success--& I say this not to +boast but rather to bear witness. By overthrowing the inner +icons of the End of the World & the Futility of all mundane +endeavor, I have (rarely) broken through into a state which +(by comparison with all I'd known) appeared to be one of +_health_. The images of death & mutilation which fascinate +our artists & intellectuals appear to me--in the remembered +light of these experiences--tragically inappropriate to the +real potential of existence & of _discourse_ about +existence. + +Existence itself may be considered an abyss possessed of no +meaning. I do not read this as a _pessimistic_ statement. If +it be true, then I can see in it nothing else but a +declaration of autonomy for my imagination & will--& for the +most beautiful act they can conceive with which to _bestow_ +meaning upon existence. + +Why should I emblemize this freedom with an act such as +murder (as did the existentialists) or with any of the +ghoulish tastes of the eighties? Death can only kill me once- +-till then I am free to express & experience (as much as I +_can_) a life & an art of life based on self-valuating "peak +experiences," as well as "conviviality" (which also +possesses its own reward). + +The obsessive replication of Death-imagery (& its +reproduction or even commodification) _gets_in_the_way_ of +this project just as obstructively as censorship or media- +brainwashing. It sets up negative feedback loops--it is bad +juju. It helps no one conquer fear of death, but merely +inculcates a _morbid_ fear in place of the healthy fear all +sentient creatures feel at the smell of their own mortality. + +This is not to absolve the world of its ugliness, or to deny +that truly fearful things exist in it. But some of these +things can be overcome--on the condition that we build an +_aesthetic_ on the overcoming rather than the fear. + +I recently attended a gay dance/poetry performance of +uncompromising hipness: the one black dancer in the troupe +had to pretend to fuck a dead sheep. + +Part of my self-induced stupidity, I confess, is to believe +(& even feel) that art can change me, & change others. +That's why I write pornography & propaganda--to cause +_change_. Art can never mean as much as a love affair, +perhaps, or an insurrection. But...to a certain extent...it +works. +Even if I'd given up all hope in art, however, all +expectation of exaltation, I would still refuse to put up +with art that merely exacerbates my misery, or indulges in +_schadenfreude_, "delight in the misery of others." I turn +away from certain art as a dog would turn away howling from +the corpse of its companion. I'd like to renounce the +sophistication which would permit me to sniff it with +detached curiosity as yet another example of post-industrial +decomposition. + +Only the dead are truly smart, truly cool. Nothing touches +them. While I live, however, I side with bumbling suffering +crooked life, with anger rather than boredom, with sweet +lust, hunger & carelessness...against the icy avant-guard & +its fashionable premonitions of the sepulcher. + +* * * * * + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 5 +Message-ID: <1lf85eINNq2a@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:13:34 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 603 + + +RINGING DENUNCIATION OF SURREALISM + +(For Harry Smith) + +AT THE SURREALIST FILM show, someone asked Stan Brakhage +about the media's use of surrealism (MTV, etc.); he answered +that it was a "damn shame." Well, maybe it is & maybe it +isn't (does popular kultur _ipso_facto_ lack all +inspiration?)--but granting that on some level the media's +appropriation of surrealism is a damn shame, are we to +believe that there was nothing in surrealism that allowed +this theft to occur? + +The return of the repressed means the return of the +paleolithic--not a return _to_ the Old Stone Age, but a +spiralling around on a new level of the gyre. (After all, +99.9999% of human experience is of hunting/gathering, with +agriculture & industry a mere oil slick on the deep well of +non-history.) Paleolithic equals pre-Work ("original leisure +society"). Post-Work (Zerowork) equals "Psychic +Paleolithism." + +All projects for the "liberation of desire" (Surrealism) +which remain enmeshed in the matrix of Work can only lead to +the commodification of desire. The Neolithic begins with +desire for commodities (agricultural surplus), moves on to +the production of desire (industry), & ends with the +implosion of desire (advertising). The Surrealist liberation +of desire, for all its aesthetic accomplishments, remains no +more than a subset of production--hence the wholesaling of +Surrealism to the Communist Party & its Work-ist ideology +(not to mention attendant misogyny & homophobia). Modern +leisure, in turn, is simply a subset of Work (hence its +commodification)--so it is no accident that when Surrealism +closed up shop, the only customers at the garage sale were +ad execs. + +Advertising, using Surrealism's colonization of the +unconscious to _create_ desire, leads to the final implosion +of Surrealism. It's not just a "damn shame & a disgrace," +not a simple appropriation. Surrealism was _made_ for +advertising, for commodification. Surrealism is in fact a +betrayal of desire. + +And yet, out of this abyss of meaning, desire still rises, +innocent as a new-hatched phoenix. Early Berlin dada (which +rejected the return of the art-object) for all its faults +provides a better model for dealing with the implosion of +the social than Surrealism could ever do--an anarchist +model, or perhaps (in anthro-jargon) a non-authoritarian +model, a destruction of all ideology, of all chains of law. +As the structure of Work/Leisure crumbles into emptiness, as +all forms of control vanish in the dissolution of meaning, +the Neolithic seems bound to vanish as well, with all its +temples & granaries & police, to be replaced by some return +of hunting/gathering on the psychic level--a re- +nomadization. Everything's imploding & disappearing--the +oedipal family, education, even the unconscious itself (as +Andr Codrescu says). Let's not mistake this for Armageddon +(let's resist the seduction of apocalypse, the +eschatological con)--it's not _the_world_ coming to an end-- +only the empty husks of the social, catching fire & +disappearing. + +Surrealism must be junked along with all the other beautiful +bric-a-brac of agricultural priestcraft & vapid control- +systems. No one knows what's coming, what misery, what +spirit of wildness, what joy--but the last thing we need on +our voyage is another set of commissars--popes of our dreams- +-daddies. Down with Surrealism... + +--Naropa, July 9, 1988 + +* * * * * + +FOR A CONGRESS OF WEIRD RELIGIONS + +WE'VE LEARNED TO DISTRUST the verb _to_be_, the word _is_-- +let's say rather: note the striking resemblance between the +concept SATORI & the concept REVOLUTION OF EVERYDAY LIFE--in +both cases: a perception of the "ordinary" with +extraordinary consequences for consciousness & action. We +can't use the phrase "is like" because both concepts (like +all concepts, all words for that matter) come crusted with +accretions--each burdened with all its psycho-cultural +baggage, like guests who arrive suspiciously overly well- +supplied for the weekend. + +So allow me the old-fashioned Beat-Zennish use of _satori_, +while simultaneously emphasizing--in the case of the +Situationist slogan--that one of the roots of its dialectic +can be traced to dada & Surrealism's notion of the +"marvelous" erupting from (or into) a life which only +_seems_ suffocated by the banal, by the miseries of +abstraction & alienation. I define my terms by making them +more vague, precisely in order to avoid the orthodoxies of +both Buddhism & Situationism, to evade their ideologico- +semantic traps--those broken-down language machines! Rather, +I propose we ravage them for parts, an act of cultural +bricolage. "Revolution" means just another turn of the crank- +-while religious orthodoxy of any sort leads logically to a +veritable government of cranks. Let's not idolize satori by +imagining it the monopoly of mystic monks, or as contingent +on any moral code; & rather than fetishize the Leftism of +'68 we prefer Stirner's term "insurrection" or "uprising," +which escapes the built-in implications of a mere change of +authority. + +This constellation of concepts involves "breaking rules" of +ordered perception to arrive at direct experiencing, +somewhat analogous to the process whereby chaos +spontaneously resolves into fractal nonlinear orders, or the +way in which "wild" creative energy resolves as play & +_poesis_. "Spontaneous order" out of "chaos" in turn evokes +the anarchist Taoism of the _Chuang_Tzu_. Zen may be accused +of lacking awareness of the "revolutionary" implications of +satori, while the Situationists can be criticized for +ignoring a certain "spirituality" inherent in the self- +realization & conviviality their cause demands. By +identifying satori with the r. of e.d.l. we're performing a +bit of a shotgun marriage fully as remarkable as the +Surrealists' famous mating of an umbrella & sewing machine +or whatever it was. Miscegenation. The race-mixing advocated +by Nietzsche, who was attracted, no doubt, by the sexiness +of the half-caste. + +I'm tempted to try to describe the way satori "is" like the +r. of e.d.l.--but I can't. Or to put it another way: nearly +all I write revolves around this theme; I would have to +repeat nearly everything in order to elucidate this single +point. Instead, as an appendix, I offer one more curious +coincidence or interpenetration of 2 terms, one from +Situationism again & the other this time from sufism. +The _d rive_ or "drift" was conceived as an exercise in +deliberate revolutionizing of everyday life--a sort of +aimless wandering thru city streets, a visionary urban +nomadism involving an openness to "culture as nature" (if I +grasp the idea correctly)--which by its sheer duration would +inculcate in the drifters a propensity to experience the +marvelous; not always in its beneficent form perhaps, but +hopefully always productive of insight--whether thru +architecture, the erotic, adventure, drink & drugs, danger, +inspiration, whatever--into the intensity of unmediated +perception & experience. +The parallel term in sufism would be "journeying to the far +horizons" or simply "journeying," a spiritual exercise which +combines the urban & nomadic energies of Islam into a single +trajectory, sometimes called "the Caravan of Summer." The +dervish vows to travel at a certain velocity, perhaps +spending no more than 7 nights or 40 nights in one city, +accepting whatever comes, moving wherever signs & +coincidences or simply whims may lead, heading from power- +spot to power-spot, conscious of "sacred geography," of +itinerary as meaning, of topology as symbology. +Here's another constellation: Ibn Khaldun, _On_the_Road_ +(both Jack Kerouac's & Jack London's), the form of the +picaresque novel in general, Baron Munchausen, _wanderjahr_, +Marco Polo, boys in a suburban summer forest, Arthurian +knights out questing for trouble, queers out cruising for +boys, pub-crawling with Melville, Poe, Baudelaire--or +canoeing with Thoreau in Maine...travel as the antithesis of +tourism, space _rather_than_ time. Art project: the +construction of a "map" bearing a 1:1 ratio to the +"territory" explored. Political project: the construction of +shifting "autonomous zones" within an invisible nomadic +network (like the Rainbow Gatherings). Spiritual project: +the creation or discovery of pilgrimages in which the +concept "shrine" has been replaced (or esotericized) by the +concept "peak experience." + +What I'm trying to do here (as usual) is to provide a sound +irrational basis, a strange philosophy if you like, for what +I call the Free Religions, including the Psychedelic & +Discordian currents, non-hierarchical neo-paganism, +antinomian heresies, chaos & Kaos Magik, revolutionary +HooDoo, "unchurched" & anarchist Christians, Magical +Judaism, the Moorish Orthodox Church, Church of the +SubGenius, the Faeries, radical Taoists, beer mystics, +people of the Herb, etc., etc. + +Contrary to the expectations of 19th century radicals, +religion has not gone away--perhaps we'd be better off if it +had--but has instead increased in power, seemingly in +proportion to the global increase in the realm of technology +& rational control. Both fundamentalism & the New Age derive +some force from deep & widespread dissatisfaction with the +System that works against all perception of the +marvelousness of everyday life--call it Babylon or the +Spectacle, Capital or Empire, Society of Simulation or of +soulless mechanism--what you wish. But these two religious +forces divert the very desire for the authentic toward +overpowering & oppressive new abstractions (morality in the +case of fundamentalism, commodification in the case of the +New Age), & for this reason can quite properly be called +"reactionary." + +Just as cultural radicals will seek to infiltrate & subvert +the popular media, & just as political radicals will perform +similar functions in the spheres of Work, Family, & other +social organizations, so there exists a need for radicals to +penetrate the institution of religion itself rather than +merely continue to mouth 19th century platitudes about +atheistic materialism. It's going to happen anyway--better +to approach it with consciousness, with grace & style. + +Having once lived near the Hdqrs of the World Council of +Churches, I like the possibility of a Free Churches parody +version--parody being one of our chief strategies (or call +it _d tournement_ or deconstruction or creative destruction)- +-a sort of loose network (I dislike that word; let's call it +a "webwork" instead) of weird cults & individuals providing +conversation & services for each other, out of which might +begin to emerge a trend or tendency or "current" (in magical +terms) strong enough to wreak some psychic havoc on the +Fundies & New Agers, even the ayatollahs & the Papacy, +convivial enough for us to disagree with each other & yet +still give great parties--or conclaves, or ecumenical +councils, or World Congresses--which we anticipate with +glee. +The Free Religions may offer some of the only possible +spiritual alternatives to televangelist stormtroopers & +pinhead crystal-channelers (not to mention the established +religions), & will thus become more & more important, more & +more vital in a future where the demand for the eruption of +the marvelous into the ordinary will become the most +ringing, poignant & tumultuous of all political demands--a +future which will begin (wait a minute, lemme check my +clock)...7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1...NOW. + +* * * * * + +HOLLOW EARTH + +SUBTERRANEAN REGIONS OF THE continent excavated in +cyclopaean caverns, cathedralspace fractal networks, +labyrinthine gargantuan tunnels, slow black underground +rivers, unmoving stygian lakes, pure & slightly +luminiferous, slim waterfalls plunging down watersmooth +rock, cataracting round petrified forests of stalactites & +stalagmites in spelunker-bewildering blind-fish complexity & +unfathomable vastness...Who dug this hollow earth beneath +the ice foreseen by Poe, by certain paranoid German +occultists, Shaverian UFO freaks? Was Earth once colonized +in the time of Gondwana or MU by some Elder Race? their +reptilian skeletons still mouldering in the farthest secret +mazes of the cavern system? Sluggish backwaters, dead-end +canals, stagnant pools far from the centers of civilization +like Little America, Transport City, or Nan Chi Han, down in +the dark recesses and boondocks of the Antarctic caves, +fungus & albino fern. We suspect them of mutations, +amphibian webbed fingers and toes, degenerate habits-- +Kallikaks of the Hollow Earth, Lovecraftian renegades, +hermits, skulking incestuous smugglers, runaway criminals, +anarchists forced into hiding after the Entropy Wars, +fugitives from Genetic Puritanism, dissident Chinese Tongs & +Yellow Turban fanatics, lascar cave-pirates, pale shiftless +whitetrash from the prolewarrens of the industrial domes +along Thwait's Tongue & the Walgreen Coast & Edsel-Ford-Land- +-the Trogs have kept alive for over 200 years the folk- +memory of the Autonomous Zone, the myth that someday it will +appear again...Taoism, libertine philosophy, Indonesian +sorcery, cult of the Cave Mother (or Mothers), identified by +some scholars with the Javanese sea/moon goddess Loro Kidul, +by others with a minor deity of the South Pole Star Sect, +the "Jade Goddess"...manuscripts (written in Bahasa Ingliss +the pidgin dialect of the deep caves) contain mangled +quotations from Nietzsche & Chuang Tzu...Trade consists of +occasional precious gems and cultivation of white poppy, +fungus, over a dozen different species of "magic" +mushrooms...Shallow Lake Erebus, 5 miles across, dotted with +stalagmitic islets choked with fern & kudzu & black dwarf +pine, held in a cave so vast it sometimes creates its own +weather...The town belongs officially to Little America but +most of the inhabitants are Trogs living off the Shiftless +Dole--& the deep-cave tribal country lies just across the +Lake. Riffraff, artists, drug addicts, sorcerers, smugglers, +remittance-men & perverts live in crumbling basalt-&- +synthplast hotels half-encrusted with pale green vines, +along the lakefront, an avenue of squalid cafes, gem emporia +guarded by armed ninjas, chinese krill-noodle shops, the +crystal-tinselled hall for slow fusion-gamelan dancers, boys +practicing their mudras on sleepy electronic dark blue +afternoons to the rippling of synthgongs and +metallophones...& below the pier perhaps a few desultory +bathers along the black beach, genuine low-budget tourists +gawking at the shrine behind the bazaar where pallid old +Trog pamongs tranced out on fungus drool & roll up their +eyes, breathe in the fumes of heavy incense, everything +seems suddenly menacingly bright, flickering with +significance...a few cases of webbed fingers but the rumors +of ritual promiscuity are true enough. I was living in a +Trog fishing village across the lake from Erebus in a rented +room above the baitshop...rural sloth & degenerate +superstitious rites of sensual abandon, the larval & +unhealthy mysteries of the chthonic mutant downtrodden +Trogs, lazy shiftless no-count hicks...Little America, so +christian & free of mutation, eugenic & orderly, where ev- +eryone lives jacked into the fleshless realm of ancient +software & holography, so euclidean, newtonian, clean & +patriotic--L.A. will never understand this innocent filth- +sorcery, this "spiritual materialism," this slavery to the +volcanic desires of secret cave-boy gangs like laughing +flowers jetting with dynamo erections pulsing up pure life +curved taut as bows, & the smell of water, pond-scum, +nightblooming white flowers, jasmine & datura, urine, +children's wet hair, sperm & mud...possessed by cave- +spirits, perhaps ghosts of ancient aliens now wandering as +demons seeking to renew long-lost pleasures of flesh & +substance. Or else the Zone has already been reborn, already +a nexus of autonomy, a spreading virus of chaos in its most +exuberant clandestine form, white toadstools springing up on +the spots where Trog boys have masturbated alone in the +dark... + +* * * * * + +NIETZSCHE & THE DERVISHES + +_RENDAN_, "THE CLEVER ONES." The sufis use a technical term +_rend_ (adj. _rendi_, pl. _rendan_) to designate one "clever +enough to drink wine in secret without getting caught": the +dervish version of "Permissible Dissimulation" (_taqiyya_, +whereby Shiites are permitted to lie about their true +affiliation to avoid persecution as well as advance the +purpose of their propaganda). + +On the plane of the "Path," the _rend_ conceals his +spiritual state (_hal_) in order to contain it, work on it +alchemically, enhance it. This "cleverness" explains much of +the secrecy of the Orders, altho it remains true that many +dervishes do literally break the rules of Islam (_shariah_), +offend tradition (_sunnah_), and flout the customs of their +society--all of which gives them reason for _real_ secrecy. + +Ignoring the case of the "criminal" who uses sufism as a +mask--or rather not sufism per se but _dervish_-ism, almost +a synonym in Persia for laid-back manners & by extension a +social laxness, a style of genial and poor but elegant +amorality--the above definition can still be considered in a +literal as well as metaphorical sense. That is: some sufis +do break the Law while still allowing that the Law exists & +will continue to exist; & they do so from spiritual motives, +as an exercise of will (_himmah_). + +Nietzsche says somewhere that the free spirit will not +agitate for the rules to be dropped or even reformed, since +it is only by breaking the rules that he realizes his will +to power. One must prove (to oneself if no one else) an +ability to overcome the rules of the herd, to make one's own +law & yet not fall prey to the rancor & resentment of +inferior souls which define law & custom in ANY society. One +needs, in effect, an individual equivalent of war in order +to achieve the becoming of the free spirit--one needs an +inert stupidity against which to measure one's own movement +& intelligence. + +Anarchists sometimes posit an ideal society without law. The +few anarchist experiments which succeeded briefly (the +Makhnovists, Catalan) failed to survive the conditions of +war which permitted their existence in the first place--so +we have no way of knowing empirically if such an experiment +could outlive the onset of peace. + +Some anarchists, however, like our late friend the Italian +Stirnerite "Brand," took part in all sorts of uprisings and +revolutions, even communist and socialist ones, because they +found in the moment of insurrection itself the kind of +freedom they sought. Thus while utopianism has so far always +failed, the individualist or existentialist anarchists have +succeeded inasmuch as they have attained (however briefly) +the realization of their will to power in war. + +Nietzsche's animadversions against "anarchists" are always +aimed at the egalitarian-communist narodnik martyr types, +whose idealism he saw as yet one more survival of post-Xtian +moralism--altho he sometimes praises them for at least +having the courage to revolt against majoritarian authority. +He never mentions Stirner, but I believe he would have +classified the Individualist rebel with the higher types of +"criminals," who represented for him (as for Dostoyevsky) +humans far superior to the herd, even if tragically flawed +by their obsessiveness and perhaps hidden motivations of +revenge. + +The Nietzschean overman, if he existed, would have to share +to some degree in this "criminality" even if he had overcome +all obsessions and compulsions, if only because his law +could never agree with the law of the masses, of state & +society. His need for "war" (whether literal or +metaphorical) might even persuade him to take part in +revolt, whether it assumed the form of insurrection or only +of a proud bohemianism. + +For him a "society without law" might have value only so +long as it could measure its own freedom against the +subjection of others, against their jealousy & hatred. The +lawless & short-lived "pirate utopias" of Madagascar & the +Caribbean, D'Annunzio's Republic of Fiume, the Ukraine or +Barcelona--these would attract him because they promised the +turmoil of becoming & even "failure" rather than the bucolic +somnolence of a "perfected" (& hence dead) anarchist +society. + +In the absence of such opportunities, this free spirit would +disdain wasting time on agitation for reform, on protest, on +visionary dreaming, on all kinds of "revolutionary +martyrdom"--in short, on most contemporary anarchist +activity. To be _rendi_, to drink wine in secret & not get +caught, to accept the rules in order to break them & thus +attain the spiritual lift or energy-rush of danger & +adventure, the private epiphany of overcoming all interior +police while tricking all outward authority--this might be a +goal worthy of such a spirit, & this might be his definition +of crime. +(Incidentally, I think this reading helps explain N's +insistence on the MASK, on the secretive nature of the proto- +overman, which disturbs even intelligent but somewhat +liberal commentators like Kaufman. Artists, for all that N +loves them, are criticized for _telling_secrets_. Perhaps he +failed to consider that--paraphrasing A. Ginsberg--this is +_our_ way of becoming "great"; and also that--paraphrasing +Yeats--even the truest secret becomes yet another mask.) + +As for the anarchist movement today: would we like just once +to stand on ground where laws are abolished & the last +priest is strung up with the guts of the last bureaucrat? +Yeah sure. But we're not holding our breath. There are +certain causes (to quote the Neech again) that one fails to +quite abandon, if only because of the sheer insipidity of +all their enemies. Oscar Wilde might have said that one +cannot be a gentleman without being something of an +anarchist--a necessary paradox, like N's "radical +aristocratism." + +This is not just a matter of spiritual dandyism, but also of +existential commitment to an underlying spontaneity, to a +philosophical "tao." For all its waste of energy, in its +very formlessness, anarchism alone of all the ISMs +approaches that one _type_ of form which alone can interest +us today, that strange attractor, the shape of _chaos_-- +which (one last quote) one must have within oneself, if one +is to give birth to a dancing star. + +--Spring Equinox, 1989 + +* * * * * + +RESOLUTION FOR THE 1990's: BOYCOTT COP CULTURE!!! + +IF ONE FICTIONAL FIGURE can be said to have dominated the +popcult of the eighties, it was the Cop. Fuckin' police ev- +erywhere you turned, worse than real life. What an +incredible bore. +Powerful Cops--protecting the meek and humble--at the +expense of a half-dozen or so articles of the Bill of Rights- +-"Dirty Harry." Nice human cops, coping with human +perversity, coming out sweet 'n' sour, you know, gruff & +knowing but still soft inside--_Hill_Street_Blues_--most +evil TV show ever. Wiseass black cops scoring witty racist +remarks against hick white cops, who nevertheless come to +love each other--Eddie Murphy, Class Traitor. For that +masochist thrill we got wicked bent cops who threaten to +topple our Kozy Konsensus Reality from within like Giger- +designed tapeworms, but naturally get blown away just in the +nick of time by the Last Honest Cop, Robocop, ideal amalgam +of prosthesis and sentimentality. + +We've been obsessed with cops since the beginning--but the +rozzers of yore played bumbling fools, Keystone Kops, +_Car_54_Where_Are_You_, booby-bobbies set up for Fatty +Arbuckle or Buster Keaton to squash & deflate. But in the +ideal drama of the eighties, the "little man" who once +scattered bluebottles by the hundred with that anarchist's +bomb, innocently used to light a cigarette--the Tramp, the +victim with the sudden power of the pure heart--no longer +has a place at the center of narrative. Once "we" were that +hobo, that quasi-surrealist chaote hero who wins thru _wu- +wei_ over the ludicrous minions of a despised & irrelevant +Order. But now "we" are reduced to the status of victims +_without_ power, or else criminals. "We" no longer occupy +that central role; no longer the heros of our own stories, +we've been marginalized & replaced by the Other, the Cop. + +Thus the Cop Show has only three characters--victim, +criminal, and policeperson--but the first two fail to be +fully human--only the pig is _real_. Oddly enough, human +society in the eighties (as seen in the other media) +sometimes appeared to consist of the same three +cliche/archetypes. First the victims, the whining minorities +bitching about "rights"--and who pray tell did _not_ belong +to a "minority" in the eighties? Shit, even cops complained +about their "rights" being abused. Then the criminals: +largely non-white (despite the obligatory & hallucinatory +"integration" of the media), largely poor (or else obscenely +rich, hence even more alien), largely perverse (i.e. the +forbidden mirrors of "our" desires). I've heard that one out +of four households in America is robbed every year, & that +every year nearly half a million of us are arrested just for +smoking pot. In the face of such statistics (even assuming +they're "damned lies") one wonders who is NOT either victim +or criminal in our police-state-of-consciousness. The fuzz +must mediate for _all_of_us_, however fuzzy the interface-- +they're only warrior-priests, however profane. +_America's_Most_Wanted_--the most successful TV game show of +the eighties--opened up for all of us the role of Amateur +Cop, hitherto merely a media fantasy of middleclass +resentment & revenge. Naturally the truelife Cop hates no +one so much as the vigilante--look what happens to poor &/or +non-white neighborhood self-protection groups like the +Muslims who tried to eliminate crack dealing in Brooklyn: +the cops busted the Muslims, the pushers went free. Real +vigilantes threaten the monopoly of enforcement, +_l se_majest _, more abominable than incest or murder. But +media(ted) vigilantes function perfectly within the +CopState; in fact, it would be more accurate to think of +them as _unpaid_ (not even a set of matched luggage!) +_informers_: telemetric snitches, electro-stoolies, ratfinks- +for-a-day. + +What is it that "America most wants"? Does this phrase refer +to criminals--or to crimes, to objects of desire in their +real presence, unrepresented, unmediated, literally stolen & +appropriated? America most wants...to fuck off work, ditch +the spouse, do drugs (because only drugs make you feel as +good as the people in TV ads appear to be), have sex with +nubile jailbait, sodomy, burglary, hell yes. What unmediated +pleasures are NOT illegal? Even outdoor barbecues violate +smoke ordinances nowadays. The simplest enjoyments turn us +against some law; finally pleasure becomes too stress- +inducing, and only TV remains--and the pleasure of revenge, +vicarious betrayal, the sick thrill of the tattletale. +America can't have what it most wants, so it has +_America's_Most_Wanted_ instead. A nation of schoolyard +toadies sucking up to an elite of schoolyard bullies. + +Of course the program still suffers from a few strange +reality-glitches: for example, the dramatized segments are +enacted cinema verit style by _actors_; some viewers are so +stupid they believe they're seeing actual footage of real +crimes. Hence the actors are being continually harassed & +even arrested, along with (or instead of) the real criminals +whose mugshots are flashed after each little documentoid. +How quaint, eh? No one really experiences anything--everyone +reduced to the status of ghosts--media-images break off & +float away from any contact with actual everyday life-- +PhoneSex--CyberSex. Final transcendence of the body: +cybergnosis. +The media cops, like televangelical forerunners, prepare us +for the advent, final coming or Rapture of the police state: +the "Wars" on sex and drugs: total control totally leached +of all content; a map with no coordinates in any known +space; far beyond mere Spectacle; sheer ecstasy ("standing- +outside-the-body"); obscene simulacrum; meaningless violent +spasms elevated to the last principle of governance. Image +of a country consumed by images of self-hatred, war between +the schizoid halves of a split personality, Super-Ego vs the +Id Kid, for the heavyweight championship of an abandoned +landscape, burnt, polluted, empty, desolate, unreal. +Just as the murder-mystery is always an exercise in sadism, +so the cop-fiction always involves the contemplation of +_control_. The image of the inspector or detective measures +the image of "our" lack of autonomous substance, our +transparency before the gaze of authority. Our perversity, +our helplessness. Whether we imagine them as "good" or +"evil," our obsessive invocation of the eidolons of the Cops +reveals the extent to which we have accepted the manichaean +worldview they symbolize. Millions of tiny cops swarm +everywhere, like the qlippoth, larval hungry ghosts--they +fill the screen, as in Keaton's famous two-reeler, +overwhelming the foreground, an Antarctic where nothing +moves but hordes of sinister blue penguins. + +We propose an esoteric hermeneutical exegesis of the +Surrealist slogan "_Mort_aux_vaches_!" We take it to refer +not to the deaths of individual cops ("cows" in the argot of +the period)--mere leftist revenge fantasy--petty reverse +sadism--but rather to the death of the _image_ of the +_flic_, the inner Control & its myriad reflections in the +NoPlace Place of the media--the "gray room" as Burroughs +calls it. Self-censorship, fear of one's own desires, +"conscience" as the interiorized voice of consensus- +authority. To assassinate these "security forces" would +indeed release floods of libidinal energy, but not the +violent running-amok predicted by the theory of Law 'n' +Order. + +Nietzschean "self-overcoming" provides the principle of +organization for the free spirit (as also for anarchist +society, at least in theory). In the police-state +personality, libidinal energy is dammed & diverted toward +self-repression; any threat to Control results in spasms of +violence. In the free-spirit personality, energy flows +unimpeded & therefore turbulently but gently--its chaos +finds its strange attractor, allowing new spontaneous orders +to emerge. + +In this sense, then, we call for a boycott of the image of +the Cop, & a moratorium on its production in art. In this +sense... + +MORT AUX VACHES! + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 6 +Message-ID: <1lf864INNq2i@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:13:56 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 459 + + +THE TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE + +"...this time however I come as the victorious Dionysus, who +will turn the world into a holiday...Not that I have much +time..." + +--Nietzsche (from his last "insane" letter to Cosima Wagner) + +Pirate Utopias + +THE SEA-ROVERS AND CORSAIRS of the 18th century created an +"information network" that spanned the globe: primitive and +devoted primarily to grim business, the net nevertheless +functioned admirably. Scattered throughout the net were +islands, remote hideouts where ships could be watered and +provisioned, booty traded for luxuries and necessities. Some +of these islands supported "intentional communities," whole +mini-societies living consciously outside the law and +determined to keep it up, even if only for a short but merry +life. + +Some years ago I looked through a lot of secondary material +on piracy hoping to find a study of these enclaves--but it +appeared as if no historian has yet found them worthy of +analysis. (William Burroughs has mentioned the subject, as +did the late British anarchist Larry Law--but no systematic +research has been carried out.) I retreated to primary +sources and constructed my own theory, some aspects of which +will be discussed in this essay. I called the settlements +"Pirate Utopias." + +Recently Bruce Sterling, one of the leading exponents of +Cyberpunk science fiction, published a near-future romance +based on the assumption that the decay of political systems +will lead to a decentralized proliferation of experiments in +living: giant worker-owned corporations, independent +enclaves devoted to "data piracy," Green-Social-Democrat +enclaves, Zerowork enclaves, anarchist liberated zones, etc. +The information economy which supports this diversity is +called the Net; the enclaves (and the book's title) are +_Islands in the Net_. + +The medieval Assassins founded a "State" which consisted of +a network of remote mountain valleys and castles, separated +by thousands of miles, strategically invulnerable to +invasion, connected by the information flow of secret +agents, at war with all governments, and devoted only to +knowledge. Modern technology, culminating in the spy +satellite, makes this kind of _autonomy_ a romantic dream. +No more pirate islands! In the future the same technology-- +freed from all political control--could make possible an +entire world of _autonomous zones_. But for now the concept +remains precisely science fiction--pure speculation. + +Are we who live in the present doomed never to experience +autonomy, never to stand for one moment on a bit of land +ruled only by freedom? Are we reduced either to nostalgia +for the past or nostalgia for the future? Must we wait until +the entire world is freed of political control before even +one of us can claim to know freedom? Logic and emotion unite +to condemn such a supposition. Reason demands that one +cannot struggle for what one does not know; and the heart +revolts at a universe so cruel as to visit such injustices +on _our_ generation alone of humankind. + +To say that "I will not be free till all humans (or all +sentient creatures) are free" is simply to cave in to a kind +of nirvana-stupor, to abdicate our humanity, to define +ourselves as losers. + +I believe that by extrapolating from past and future stories +about "islands in the net" we may collect evidence to +suggest that a certain kind of "free enclave" is not only +possible in our time but also existent. All my research and +speculation has crystallized around the concept of the +TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE (hereafter abbreviated TAZ). +Despite its synthesizing force for my own thinking, however, +I don't intend the TAZ to be taken as more than an _essay_ +("attempt"), a suggestion, almost a poetic fancy. Despite +the occasional Ranterish enthusiasm of my language I am not +trying to construct political dogma. In fact I have +deliberately refrained from defining the TAZ--I circle +around the subject, firing off exploratory beams. In the end +the TAZ is almost self-explanatory. If the phrase became +current it would be understood without +difficulty...understood in action. + +Waiting for the Revolution + +HOW IS IT THAT "the world turned upside-down" always manages +to _Right_ itself? Why does reaction always follow +revolution, like seasons in Hell? + +_Uprising_, or the Latin form _insurrection_, are words used +by historians to label _failed_ revolutions--movements which +do not match the expected curve, the consensus-approved +trajectory: revolution, reaction, betrayal, the founding of +a stronger and even more oppressive State--the turning of +the wheel, the return of history again and again to its +highest form: jackboot on the face of humanity forever. + +By failing to follow this curve, the _up-rising_ suggests +the possibility of a movement outside and beyond the +Hegelian spiral of that "progress" which is secretly nothing +more than a vicious circle. _Surgo_--rise up, surge. +_Insurgo_--rise up, raise oneself up. A bootstrap operation. +A goodbye to that wretched parody of the karmic round, +historical revolutionary futility. The slogan "Revolution!" +has mutated from tocsin to toxin, a malign pseudo-Gnostic +fate-trap, a nightmare where no matter how we struggle we +never escape that evil Aeon, that incubus the State, one +State after another, every "heaven" ruled by yet one more +evil angel. + +If History IS "Time," as it claims to be, then the uprising +is a moment that springs up and out of Time, violates the +"law" of History. If the State IS History, as it claims to +be, then the insurrection is the forbidden moment, an +unforgivable denial of the dialectic--shimmying up the pole +and out of the smokehole, a shaman's maneuver carried out at +an "impossible angle" to the universe. +History says the Revolution attains "permanence," or at +least duration, while the uprising is "temporary." In this +sense an uprising is like a "peak experience" as opposed to +the standard of "ordinary" consciousness and experience. +Like festivals, uprisings cannot happen every day--otherwise +they would not be "nonordinary." But such moments of +intensity give shape and meaning to the entirety of a life. +The shaman returns--you can't stay up on the roof forever-- +but things have changed, shifts and integrations have +occurred--a _difference_ is made. + +You will argue that this is a counsel of despair. What of +the anarchist dream, the Stateless state, the Commune, the +autonomous zone with _duration_, a free society, a free +_culture_? Are we to abandon that hope in return for some +existentialist _acte_gratuit_? The point is not to change +consciousness but to change the world. + +I accept this as a fair criticism. I'd make two rejoinders +nevertheless; first, _revolution_ has never yet resulted in +achieving this dream. The vision comes to life in the moment +of uprising--but as soon as "the Revolution" triumphs and +the State returns, the dream and the ideal are _already_ +betrayed. I have not given up hope or even expectation of +change--but I distrust the word _Revolution_. Second, even +if we replace the revolutionary approach with a concept of +_insurrection_blossoming_spontaneously_into_anarchist_ +culture_, our own particular historical situation is not +propitious for such a vast undertaking. Absolutely nothing +but a futile martyrdom could possibly result now from a head- +on collision with the terminal State, the megacorporate +information State, the empire of Spectacle and Simulation. +Its guns are all pointed at us, while our meager weaponry +finds nothing to aim at but a hysteresis, a rigid vacuity, a +Spook capable of smothering every spark in an ectoplasm of +information, a society of capitulation ruled by the image of +the Cop and the absorbant eye of the TV screen. + +In short, we're not touting the TAZ as an exclusive end in +itself, replacing all other forms of organization, tactics, +and goals. We recommend it because it can provide the +quality of enhancement associated with the uprising without +necessarily leading to violence and martyrdom. The TAZ is +like an uprising which does not engage directly with the +State, a guerilla operation which liberates an area (of +land, of time, of imagination) and then dissolves itself to +re-form elsewhere/elsewhen, _before_ the State can crush it. +Because the State is concerned primarily with Simulation +rather than substance, the TAZ can "occupy" these areas +clandestinely and carry on its festal purposes for quite a +while in relative peace. Perhaps certain small TAZs have +lasted whole lifetimes because they went unnoticed, like +hillbilly enclaves--because they never intersected with the +Spectacle, never appeared outside that real life which is +invisible to the agents of Simulation. + +Babylon takes its abstractions for realities; precisely +_within_ this margin of error the TAZ can come into +existence. Getting the TAZ started may involve tactics of +violence and defense, but its greatest strength lies in its +invisibility--the State cannot recognize it because History +has no definition of it. As soon as the TAZ is named +(represented, mediated), it must vanish, it _will_ vanish, +leaving behind it an empty husk, only to spring up again +somewhere else, once again invisible because undefinable in +terms of the Spectacle. The TAZ is thus a perfect tactic for +an era in which the State is omnipresent and all-powerful +and yet simultaneously riddled with cracks and vacancies. +And because the TAZ is a microcosm of that "anarchist dream" +of a free culture, I can think of no better tactic by which +to work toward that goal while at the same time experiencing +some of its benefits here and now. + +In sum, realism demands not only that we give up _waiting_ +for "the Revolution" but also that we give up _wanting_ it. +"Uprising," yes--as often as possible and even at the risk +of violence. The _spasming_ of the Simulated State will be +"spectacular," but in most cases the best and most radical +tactic will be to refuse to engage in spectacular violence, +to _withdraw_ from the area of simulation, to disappear. + +The TAZ is an encampment of guerilla ontologists: strike and +run away. Keep moving the entire tribe, even if it's only +data in the Web. The TAZ must be capable of defense; but +both the "strike" and the "defense" should, if possible, +evade the violence of the State, which is no longer a +_meaningful_ violence. The strike is made at structures of +control, essentially at ideas; the defense is +"invisibility," a _martial_art_, and "invulnerability"--an +"occult" art within the martial arts. The "nomadic war +machine" conquers without being noticed and moves on before +the map can be adjusted. As to the future--Only the +autonomous can _plan_ autonomy, organize for it, create it. +It's a bootstrap operation. The first step is somewhat akin +to _satori_--the realization that the TAZ begins with a +simple act of realization. + +(Note: See Appendix C, quote by Renzo Novatore) + +The Psychotopology of Everyday Life + +THE CONCEPT OF THE TAZ arises first out of a critique of +Revolution, and an appreciation of the Insurrection. The +former labels the latter a failure; but for us _uprising_ +represents a far more interesting possibility, from the +standard of a psychology of liberation, than all the +"successful" revolutions of bourgeoisie, communists, +fascists, etc. + +The second generating force behind the TAZ springs from the +historical development I call "the closure of the map." The +last bit of Earth unclaimed by any nation-state was eaten up +in 1899. Ours is the first century without +_terra_incognita_, without a frontier. Nationality is the +highest principle of world governance--not one speck of rock +in the South Seas can be left _open_, not one remote valley, +not even the Moon and planets. This is the apotheosis of +"territorial gangsterism." Not one square inch of Earth goes +unpoliced or untaxed...in theory. + +The "map" is a political abstract grid, a gigantic _con_ +enforced by the carrot/stick conditioning of the "Expert" +State, until for most of us the map _becomes_ the territory- +-no longer "Turtle Island," but "the USA." And yet because +the map is an abstraction it cannot cover Earth with 1:1 +accuracy. Within the fractal complexities of actual +geography the map can see only dimensional grids. Hidden +enfolded immensities escape the measuring rod. The map is +not accurate; the map _cannot_ be accurate. + +So--Revolution is closed, but insurgency is open. For the +time being we concentrate our force on temporary "power +surges," avoiding all entanglements with "permanent +solutions." + +And--the map is closed, but the autonomous zone is open. +Metaphorically it unfolds within the fractal dimensions +invisible to the cartography of Control. And here we should +introduce the concept of psychotopology (and -topography) as +an alternative "science" to that of the State's surveying +and mapmaking and "psychic imperialism." Only +psychotopography can draw 1:1 maps of reality because only +the human mind provides sufficient complexity to model the +real. But a 1:1 map cannot "control" its territory because +it is virtually identical with its territory. It can only be +used to _suggest_, in a sense _gesture_towards_, certain +features. We are looking for "spaces" (geographic, social, +cultural, imaginal) with potential to flower as autonomous +zones--and we are looking for times in which these spaces +are relatively open, either through neglect on the part of +the State or because they have somehow escaped notice by the +mapmakers, or for whatever reason. Psychotopology is the art +of _dowsing_ for potential TAZs. + +The closures of Revolution and of the map, however, are only +the negative sources of the TAZ; much remains to be said of +its positive inspirations. Reaction alone cannot provide the +energy needed to "manifest" a TAZ. An uprising must be _for_ +something as well. + +1. First, we can speak of a natural anthropology of the TAZ. +The nuclear family is the base unit of consensus society, +but not of the TAZ. ("Families!--how I hate them! the misers +of love!"--Gide) The nuclear family, with its attendant +"oedipal miseries," appears to have been a Neolithic +invention, a response to the "agricultural revolution" with +its imposed scarcity and its imposed hierarchy. The +Paleolithic model is at once more primal and more radical: +the _band_. The typical hunter/gatherer nomadic or semi- +nomadic band consists of about 50 people. Within larger +tribal societies the band-structure is fulfilled by clans +within the tribe, or by sodalities such as initiatic or +secret societies, hunt or war societies, gender societies, +"children's republics," and so on. If the nuclear family is +produced by scarcity (and results in miserliness), the band +is produced by abundance--and results in prodigality. The +family is _closed_, by genetics, by the male's _possession_ +of women and children, by the hierarchic totality of +agricultural/industrial society. The band is _open_--not to +everyone, of course, but to the affinity group, the +initiates sworn to a bond of love. The band is not part of a +larger hierarchy, but rather part of a horizontal pattern of +custom, extended kinship, contract and alliance, spiritual +affinities, etc. (American Indian society preserves certain +aspects of this structure even now.) + +In our own post-Spectacular Society of Simulation many +forces are working--largely invisibly--to phase out the +nuclear family and bring back the band. Breakdowns in the +structure of Work resonate in the shattered "stability" of +the unit-home and unit-family. One's "band" nowadays +includes friends, ex-spouses and lovers, people met at +different jobs and pow-wows, affinity groups, special +interest networks, mail networks, etc. The nuclear family +becomes more and more obviously a _trap_, a cultural +sinkhole, a neurotic secret implosion of split atoms--and +the obvious counter-strategy emerges spontaneously in the +almost unconscious rediscovery of the more archaic and yet +more post-industrial possibility of the band. + +2. The TAZ as _festival_. Stephen Pearl Andrews once +offered, as an image of anarchist society, the +_dinner_party_, in which all structure of authority +dissolves in conviviality and celebration (see Appendix C). +Here we might also invoke Fourier and his concept of the +senses as the basis of social becoming--"touch-rut" and +"gastrosophy," and his paean to the neglected implications +of smell and taste. The ancient concepts of jubilee and +saturnalia originate in an intuition that certain events lie +outside the scope of "profane time," the measuring-rod of +the State and of History. These holidays literally occupied +gaps in the calendar--_intercalary_intervals_. By the Middle +Ages, nearly a third of the year was given over to holidays. +Perhaps the riots against calendar reform had less to do +with the "eleven lost days" than with a sense that imperial +science was conspiring to close up these gaps in the +calendar where the people's freedoms had accumulated--a coup +d'etat, a mapping of the year, a seizure of time itself, +turning the organic cosmos into a clockwork universe. The +death of the festival. + +Participants in insurrection invariably note its festive +aspects, even in the midst of armed struggle, danger, and +risk. The uprising is like a saturnalia which has slipped +loose (or been forced to vanish) from its intercalary +interval and is now at liberty to pop up anywhere or when. +Freed of time and place, it nevertheless possesses a nose +for the ripeness of events, and an affinity for the +_genius_loci_; the science of psychotopology indicates +"flows of forces" and "spots of power" (to borrow occultist +metaphors) which localize the TAZ spatio-temporally, or at +least help to define its relation to moment and locale. + +The media invite us to "come celebrate the moments of your +life" with the spurious unification of commodity and +spectacle, the famous _non-event_ of pure representation. In +response to this obscenity we have, on the one hand, the +spectrum of _refusal_ (chronicled by the Situationists, John +Zerzan, Bob Black _et_al_.)--and on the other hand, the +emergence of a _festal_culture_ removed and even hidden from +the would-be managers of our leisure. "Fight for the right +to party" is in fact not a parody of the radical struggle +but a new manifestation of it, appropriate to an age which +offers TVs and telephones as ways to "reach out and touch" +other human beings, ways to "Be There!" + +Pearl Andrews was right: the dinner party is already "the +seed of the new society taking shape within the shell of the +old" (IWW Preamble). The sixties-style "tribal gathering," +the forest conclave of eco-saboteurs, the idyllic Beltane of +the neo-pagans, anarchist conferences, gay faery +circles...Harlem rent parties of the twenties, nightclubs, +banquets, old-time libertarian picnics--we should realize +that all these are already "liberated zones" of a sort, or +at least potential TAZs. Whether open only to a few friends, +like a dinner party, or to thousands of celebrants, like a +Be-In, the party is always "open" because it is not +"ordered"; it may be planned, but unless it "_happens_" it's +a failure. The element of spontaneity is crucial. + +The essence of the party: face-to-face, a group of humans +synergize their efforts to realize mutual desires, whether +for good food and cheer, dance, conversation, the arts of +life; perhaps even for erotic pleasure, or to create a +communal artwork, or to attain the very transport of bliss-- +in short, a "union of egoists" (as Stirner put it) in its +simplest form--or else, in Kropotkin's terms, a basic +biological drive to "mutual aid." (Here we should also +mention Bataille's "economy of excess" and his theory of +potlatch culture.) + +3. Vital in shaping TAZ reality is the concept of +_psychic_nomadism_ (or as we jokingly call it, "rootless +cosmopolitanism"). Aspects of this phenomenon have been +discussed by Deleuze and Guattari in +_Nomadology_and_the_War_Machine_, by Lyotard in _Driftworks_ +and by various authors in the "Oasis" issue of +_Semiotext(e)_. We use the term "psychic nomadism" here +rather than "urban nomadism," "nomadology," "driftwork," +etc., simply in order to garner all these concepts into a +single loose complex, to be studied in light of the coming- +into-being of the TAZ. +"The death of God," in some ways a de-centering of the +entire "European" project, opened a multi-perspectived post- +ideological worldview able to move "rootlessly" from +philosophy to tribal myth, from natural science to Taoism-- +able to see for the first time through eyes like some golden +insect's, each facet giving a view of an entirely other +world. + +But this vision was attained at the expense of inhabiting an +epoch where speed and "commodity fetishism" have created a +tyrannical false unity which tends to blur all cultural +diversity and individuality, so that "one place is as good +as another." This paradox creates "gypsies," psychic +travellers driven by desire or curiosity, wanderers with +shallow loyalties (in fact disloyal to the "European +Project" which has lost all its charm and vitality), not +tied down to any particular time and place, in search of +diversity and adventure...This description covers not only +the X-class artists and intellectuals but also migrant +laborers, refugees, the "homeless," tourists, the RV and +mobile-home culture--also people who "travel" via the Net, +but may never leave their own rooms (or those like Thoreau +who "have travelled much--in Concord"); and finally it +includes +"everybody," all of us, living through our automobiles, our +vacations, our TVs, books, movies, telephones, changing +jobs, changing "lifestyles," religions, diets, etc., etc. + +Psychic nomadism as a _tactic_, what Deleuze & Guattari +metaphorically call "the war machine," shifts the paradox +from a passive to an active and perhaps even "violent" mode. +"God"'s last throes and deathbed rattles have been going on +for such a long time--in the form of Capitalism, Fascism, +and Communism, for example--that there's still a lot of +"creative destruction" to be carried out by post-Bakuninist +post-Nietzschean commandos or _apaches_ (literally +"enemies") of the old Consensus. These nomads practice the +_razzia_, they are corsairs, they are viruses; they have +both need and desire for TAZs, camps of black tents under +the desert stars, +interzones, hidden fortified oases along secret caravan +routes, "liberated" bits of jungle and bad-land, no-go +areas, black markets, and underground bazaars. + +These nomads chart their courses by strange stars, which +might be luminous clusters of data in cyberspace, or perhaps +hallucinations. Lay down a map of the land; over that, set a +map of political change; over that, a map of the Net, +especially the counter-Net with its emphasis on clandestine +information-flow and logistics--and finally, over all, the +1:1 map of the creative imagination, aesthetics, values. The +resultant grid comes to life, animated by unexpected eddies +and surges of energy, coagulations of light, secret tunnels, +surprises. + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 7 +Message-ID: <1lf87aINNq3s@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:14:34 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 340 + + +The Net and the Web + +THE NEXT FACTOR CONTRIBUTING to the TAZ is so vast and +ambiguous that it needs a section unto itself. + +We've spoken of the _Net_, which can be defined as the +totality of all information and communication transfer. Some +of these transfers are privileged and limited to various +elites, which gives the Net a hierarchic aspect. Other +transactions are open to all--so the Net has a horizontal or +non-hierarchic aspect as well. Military and Intelligence +data are restricted, as are banking and currency information +and the like. But for the most part the telephone, the +postal system, public data banks, etc. are accessible to +everyone and anyone. Thus _within_the_Net_ there has begun +to emerge a shadowy sort of _counter-Net_, which we will +call the _Web_ (as if the Net were a fishing-net and the Web +were spider-webs woven through the interstices and broken +sections of the Net). Generally we'll use the term _Web_ to +refer to the alternate horizontal open structure of info- +exchange, the non-hierarchic network, and reserve the term +_counter-Net_ to indicate clandestine illegal and rebellious +use of the Web, including actual data-piracy and other forms +of leeching off the Net itself. Net, Web, and counter-Net +are all parts of the same whole pattern-complex--they blur +into each other at innumerable points. The terms are not +meant to define areas but to suggest tendencies. + +(Digression: Before you condemn the Web or counter-Net for +its "parasitism," which can never be a truly revolutionary +force, ask yourself what "production" consists of in the Age +of Simulation. What is the "productive class"? Perhaps +you'll be forced to admit that these terms seem to have lost +their meaning. In any case the answers to such questions are +so complex that the TAZ tends to ignore them altogether and +simply picks up what it can _use_. "Culture is our Nature"-- +and we are the thieving magpies, or the hunter/gatherers of +the world of CommTech.) + +The present forms of the unofficial Web are, one must +suppose, still rather primitive: the marginal zine network, +the BBS networks, pirated software, hacking, phone- +phreaking, some influence in print and radio, almost none in +the other big media--no TV stations, no satellites, no fiber- +optics, no cable, etc., etc. However the Net itself presents +a pattern of changing/evolving relations between subjects +("users") and objects ("data"). The nature of these +relations has been exhaustively explored, from McLuhan to +Virilio. It would take pages and pages to "prove" what by +now "everyone knows." Rather than rehash it all, I am +interested in asking how these evolving relations suggest +modes of implementation for the TAZ. + +The TAZ has a temporary but actual location in time and a +temporary but actual location in space. But clearly it must +also have "location" _in_the_Web_, and this location is of a +different sort, not actual but virtual, not immediate but +instantaneous. The Web not only provides logistical support +for the TAZ, it also helps to bring it into being; crudely +speaking one might say that the TAZ "exists" in information- +space as well as in the "real world." The Web can compact a +great deal of time, as data, into an infinitesimal "space." +We have noted that the TAZ, because it is temporary, must +necessarily lack some of the advantages of a freedom which +experiences _duration_ and a more-or-less fixed _locale_. +But the Web can provide a kind of substitute for some of +this duration and locale--it can _inform_ the TAZ, from its +inception, with vast amounts of compacted time and space +which have been "subtilized" as data. + +At this moment in the evolution of the Web, and considering +our demands for the "face-to-face" and the sensual, we must +consider the Web primarily as a support system, capable of +carrying information from one TAZ to another, of defending +the TAZ, rendering it "invisible" or giving it teeth, as the +situation might demand. But more than that: If the TAZ is a +nomad camp, then the Web helps provide the epics, songs, +genealogies and legends of the tribe; it provides the secret +caravan routes and raiding trails which make up the +flowlines of tribal economy; it even _contains_ some of the +very roads they will follow, some of the very dreams they +will experience as signs and portents. + +The Web does not depend for its existence on any computer +technology. Word-of-mouth, mail, the marginal zine network, +"phone trees," and the like already suffice to construct an +information webwork. The key is not the brand or level of +tech involved, but the openness and horizontality of the +structure. Nevertheless, the whole concept of the Net +_implies_ the use of computers. In the SciFi imagination the +Net is headed for the condition of Cyberspace (as in _Tron_ +or _Neuromancer_) and the pseudo-telepathy of "virtual +reality." As a Cyberpunk fan I can't help but envision +"reality hacking" playing a major role in the creation of +TAZs. Like Gibson and Sterling I am assuming that the +official Net will never succeed in shutting down the Web or +the counter-Net--that data-piracy, unauthorized +transmissions and the free flow of information can never be +frozen. (In fact, as I understand it, chaos theory +_predicts_ that any universal Control-system is impossible.) + +However, leaving aside all mere speculation about the +future, we must face a very serious question about the Web +and the tech it involves. The TAZ desires above all to avoid +_mediation_, to experience its existence as _immediate_. The +very essence of the affair is "breast-to-breast" as the +sufis say, or face-to-face. But, BUT: the very essence of +the Web is mediation. Machines here are our ambassadors--the +flesh is irrelevant except as a _terminal_, with all the +sinister connotations of the term. + +The TAZ may perhaps best find its own space by wrapping its +head around two seemingly contradictory attitudes toward Hi- +Tech and its apotheosis the Net: (1) what we might call the +_Fifth Estate_/Neo-Paleolithic Post-Situ Ultra-Green +position, which construes itself as a luddite argument +against mediation and against the Net; and (2) the Cyberpunk +utopianists, futuro-libertarians, Reality Hackers and their +allies who see the Net as a step forward in evolution, and +who assume that any possible ill effects of mediation can be +overcome--at least, once we've liberated the means of +production. + +The TAZ agrees with the hackers because it wants to come +into being--in part--through the Net, even through the +mediation of the Net. But it also agrees with the greens +because it retains intense awareness of itself as _body_ and +feels only revulsion for _CyberGnosis_, the attempt to +transcend the body through instantaneity and simulation. The +TAZ tends to view the Tech/anti-Tech dichotomy as +misleading, like most dichotomies, in which apparent +opposites turn out to be falsifications or even +hallucinations caused by semantics. This is a way of saying +that the TAZ wants to live in _this_ world, not in the idea +of another world, some visionary world born of false +unification (_all_ green OR _all_ metal) which can only be +more pie in the sky by-&-by (or as _Alice_ put it, "Jam +yesterday or jam tomorrow, but never jam today"). + +The TAZ is "utopian" in the sense that it envisions an +_intensification_ of everyday life, or as the Surrealists +might have said, life's penetration by the Marvelous. But it +cannot be utopian in the actual meaning of the word, +_nowhere_, or NoPlace Place. _The_TAZ_is_somewhere_. It lies +at the intersection of many forces, like some pagan power- +spot at the junction of mysterious ley-lines, visible to the +adept in seemingly unrelated bits of terrain, landscape, +flows of air, water, animals. But now the lines are not all +etched in time and space. Some of them exist only "within" +the Web, even though they also intersect with real times and +places. Perhaps some of the lines are "non-ordinary" in the +sense that no convention for quantifying them exists. These +lines might better be studied in the light of chaos science +than of sociology, statistics, economics, etc. The patterns +of force which bring the TAZ into being have something in +common with those chaotic "Strange Attractors" which exist, +so to speak, _between_ the dimensions. + +The TAZ by its very nature seizes every available means to +realize itself--it will come to life whether in a cave or an +L-5 Space City--but above all it will live, now, or as soon +as possible, in however suspect or ramshackle a form, +spontaneously, without regard for ideology or even anti- +ideology. It will use the computer because the computer +exists, but it will also use powers which are so completely +unrelated to alienation or simulation that they guarantee a +certain +_psychic_paleolithism_ to the TAZ, a primordial-shamanic +spirit which will "infect" even the Net itself (the true +meaning of Cyberpunk as I read it). Because the TAZ is an +intensification, a surplus, an excess, a potlatch, life +spending itself in living rather than merely _surviving_ +(that snivelling shibboleth of the eighties), it cannot be +defined either by Tech or anti-Tech. It contradicts itself +like a true despiser of hobgoblins, because it wills itself +to be, at any cost in damage to "perfection," to the +immobility of the final. + +In the Mandelbrot Set and its computer-graphic realization +we watch--in a fractal universe--maps which are embedded and +in fact hidden within maps within maps etc. to the limits of +computational power. What is it _for_, this map which in a +sense bears a 1:1 relation with a fractal dimension? What +can one do with it, other than admire its psychedelic +elegance? +If we were to imagine an _information_map_--a cartographic +projection of the Net in its entirety--we would have to +include in it the features of chaos, which have already +begun to appear, for example, in the operations of complex +parallel processing, telecommunications, transfers of +electronic "money," viruses, guerilla hacking and so on. + +Each of these "areas" of chaos could be represented by +topographs similar to the Mandelbrot Set, such that the +"peninsulas" are embedded or hidden within the map--such +that they seem to "disappear." This "writing"--parts of +which vanish, parts of which efface themselves--represents +the very process by which the Net is already compromised, +incomplete to its own view, ultimately un-Controllable. In +other words, the M Set, or something like it, might prove to +be useful in "plotting" (in all senses of the word) the +emergence of the counterNet as a chaotic process, a +"creative evolution" in Prigogine's term. If nothing else +the M Set serves as a _metaphor_ for a "mapping" of the +TAZ's interface with the Net as a +_disappearance_of_information_. Every "catastrophe" in the +Net is a node of power for the Web, the counter-Net. The Net +will be damaged by chaos, while the Web may thrive on it. + +Whether through simple data-piracy, or else by a more +complex development of actual rapport with chaos, the Web- +hacker, the cybernetician of the TAZ, will find ways to take +advantage of perturbations, crashes, and breakdowns in the +Net (ways to make information out of "entropy"). As a +bricoleur, a scavenger of information shards, smuggler, +blackmailer, perhaps even cyberterrorist, the TAZ-hacker +will work for the evolution of clandestine fractal +connections. These connections, and the _different_ +information that flows among and between them, will form +"power outlets" for the coming-into-being of the TAZ itself- +-as if one were to steal electricity from the energy- +monopoly to light an abandoned house for squatters. + +Thus the Web, in order to produce situations conducive to +the TAZ, will parasitize the Net--but we can also conceive +of this strategy as an attempt to build toward the +construction of an alternative and autonomous Net, "free" +and no longer parasitic, which will serve as the basis for a +"new society emerging from the shell of the old." The +counter-Net and the TAZ can be considered, practically +speaking, as ends in themselves--but theoretically they can +also be viewed as forms of struggle toward a different +reality. + +Having said this we must still admit to some qualms about +computers, some still unanswered questions, especially about +the Personal Computer. + +The story of computer networks, BBSs and various other +experiments in electro-democracy has so far been one of +_hobbyism_ for the most part. Many anarchists and +libertarians have deep faith in the PC as a weapon of +liberation and self-liberation--but no real gains to show, +no palpable liberty. + +I have little interest in some hypothetical emergent +entrepreneurial class of self-employed data/word processors +who will soon be able to carry on a vast cottage industry or +piecemeal shitwork for various corporations and +bureaucracies. Moreover it takes no ESP to foresee that this +"class" will develop its _under_class--a sort of lumpen +yuppetariat: housewives, for example, who will provide their +families with "second incomes" by turning their own homes +into electro-sweatshops, little Work-tyrannies where the +"boss" is a computer network. + +Also I am not impressed by the sort of information and +services proffered by contemporary "radical" networks. +Somewhere--one is told--there exists an "information +economy." Maybe so; but the info being traded over the +"alternative" BBSs seems to consist entirely of chitchat and +techie-talk. Is this an economy? or merely a pastime for +enthusiasts? OK, PCs have created yet another "print +revolution"--OK, marginal webworks are evolving--OK, I can +now carry on six phone conversations at once. But what +difference has this made in my ordinary life? + +Frankly, I already had plenty of data to enrich my +perceptions, what with books, movies, TV, theater, +telephones, the U.S. Postal Service, altered states of +consciousness, and so on. Do I really need a PC in order to +obtain yet more such data? You offer me _secret_ +information? Well...perhaps I'm tempted--but still I demand +_marvelous_ secrets, not just unlisted telephone numbers or +the trivia of cops and politicians. Most of all I want +computers to provide me with information linked to +_real_goods_--"the good things in life," as the IWW Preamble +puts it. And here, since I'm accusing the hackers and BBSers +of irritating intellectual vagueness, I must myself descend +from the baroque clouds of Theory & Critique and explain +what I mean by "real goods." + +Let's say that for both political and personal reasons I +desire good food, better than I can obtain from Capitalism-- +unpolluted food still blessed with strong and natural +flavors. To complicate the game imagine that the food I +crave is illegal--raw milk perhaps, or the exquisite Cuban +fruit _mamey_, which cannot be imported fresh into the U.S. +because its seed is hallucinogenic (or so I'm told). I am +not a farmer. Let's pretend I'm an importer of rare perfumes +and aphrodisiacs, and sharpen the play by assuming most of +my stock is also illegal. Or maybe I only want to trade word +processing services for organic turnips, but refuse to +report the transaction to the IRS (as required by law, +believe it or not). Or maybe I want to meet other humans for +consensual but illegal acts of mutual pleasure (this has +actually been tried, but all the hard-sex BBSs have been +busted--and what use is an underground with +_lousy_security_?). In short, assume that I'm fed up with +mere information, the ghost in the machine. According to +you, computers should already be quite capable of +facilitating my desires for food, drugs, sex, tax evasion. +So what's the matter? Why isn't it happening? + +The TAZ has occurred, is occurring, and will occur with or +without the computer. But for the TAZ to reach its full +potential it must become less a matter of spontaneous +combustion and more a matter of "islands in the Net." The +Net, or rather the counter-Net, assumes the promise of an +integral aspect of the TAZ, an addition that will multiply +its potential, a "quantum jump" (odd how this expression has +come to mean a _big_ leap) in complexity and significance. +The TAZ must now exist within a world of pure space, the +world of the senses. Liminal, even evanescent, the TAZ must +combine information and desire in order to fulfill its +adventure (its "happening"), in order to fill itself to the +borders of its destiny, to saturate itself with its own +becoming. + +Perhaps the Neo-Paleolithic School are correct when they +assert that all forms of alienation and mediation must be +destroyed or abandoned before our goals can be realized--or +perhaps true anarchy will be realized only in Outer Space, +as some futuro-libertarians assert. But the TAZ does not +concern itself very much with "was" or "will be." The TAZ is +interested in results, successful raids on consensus +reality, breakthroughs into more intense and more abundant +life. If the computer cannot be used in this project, then +the computer will have to be overcome. My intuition however +suggests that the counter-Net is already coming into being, +perhaps already exists--but I cannot prove it. I've based +the theory of the TAZ in large part on this intuition. Of +course the Web also involves non-computerized networks of +exchange such as samizdat, the black market, etc.--but the +full potential of non-hierarchic information networking +logically leads to the computer as the tool par excellence. +Now I'm waiting for the hackers to prove I'm right, that my +intuition is valid. Where are my turnips? + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 8 +Message-ID: <1lf888INNq4u@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:15:04 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 487 + + +"Gone to Croatan" + +WE HAVE NO DESIRE to define the TAZ or to elaborate dogmas +about how it _must_ be created. Our contention is rather +that it has been created, will be created, and is being +created. Therefore it would prove more valuable and +interesting to look at some TAZs past and present, and to +speculate about future manifestations; by evoking a few +prototypes we may be able to gauge the potential scope of +the complex, and perhaps even get a glimpse of an +"archetype." Rather than attempt any sort of encyclopaedism +we'll adopt a scatter-shot technique, a mosaic of glimpses, +beginning quite arbitrarily with the 16th-17th centuries and +the settlement of the New World. + +The opening of the "new" world was conceived from the start +as an _occultist_operation_. The magus John Dee, spiritual +advisor to Elizabeth I, seems to have invented the concept +of "magical imperialism" and infected an entire generation +with it. Halkyut and Raleigh fell under his spell, and +Raleigh used his connections with the "School of Night"--a +cabal of advanced thinkers, aristocrats, and adepts--to +further the causes of exploration, colonization and +mapmaking. _The_Tempest_ was a propaganda-piece for the new +ideology, and the Roanoke Colony was its first showcase +experiment. + +The alchemical view of the New World associated it with +_materia_prima_ or _hyle_, the "state of Nature," innocence +and all-possibility ("Virgin-ia"), a chaos or inchoateness +which the adept would transmute into "gold," that is, into +spiritual perfection _as_well_as_ material abundance. +But this alchemical vision is also informed in part by an +actual fascination with the inchoate, a sneaking sympathy +for it, a feeling of yearning for its formless form which +took the symbol of the "Indian" for its focus: "Man" _in_ +the state of nature, uncorrupted by "government." Caliban, +the Wild Man, is lodged like a virus in the very machine of +Occult Imperialism; the forest/animal/humans are invested +from the very start with the magic power of the marginal, +despised and outcaste. On the one hand Caliban is ugly, and +Nature a "howling wilderness"--on the other, Caliban is +noble and unchained, and Nature an Eden. This split in +European consciousness predates the Romantic/Classical +dichotomy; it's rooted in Renaissance High Magic. The +discovery of America (Eldorado, the Fountain of Youth) +crystallized it; and it precipitated in actual schemes for +colonization. + +We were taught in elementary school that the first +settlements in Roanoke failed; the colonists disappeared, +leaving behind them only the cryptic message "Gone To +Croatan." Later reports of "grey-eyed Indians" were +dismissed as legend. What really happened, the textbook +implied, was that the Indians massacred the defenseless +settlers. However, "Croatan" was not some Eldorado; it was +the name of a neighboring tribe of friendly Indians. +Apparently the settlement was simply moved back from the +coast into the Great Dismal Swamp and absorbed into the +tribe. And the grey-eyed Indians were real--they're +_still_there_, and they still call themselves Croatans. + +So--the very first colony in the New World chose to renounce +its contract with Prospero (Dee/Raleigh/Empire) and go over +to the Wild Men with Caliban. They dropped out. They became +"Indians," "went native," opted for chaos over the appalling +miseries of serfing for the plutocrats and intellectuals of +London. + +As America came into being where once there had been "Turtle +Island," Croatan remained embedded in its collective psyche. +Out beyond the frontier, the state of Nature (i.e. no State) +still prevailed--and within the consciousness of the +settlers the option of wildness always lurked, the +temptation to give up on Church, farmwork, literacy, taxes-- +all the burdens of civilization--and "go to Croatan" in some +way or another. Moreover, as the Revolution in England was +betrayed, first by Cromwell and then by Restoration, waves +of Protestant radicals fled or were transported to the New +World (which had now become a _prison_, a place of _exile_). +Antinomians, Familists, rogue Quakers, Levellers, Diggers, +and Ranters were now introduced to the occult shadow of +wildness, and rushed to embrace it. + +Anne Hutchinson and her friends were only the best known +(i.e. the most upper-class) of the Antinomians--having had +the bad luck to be caught up in Bay Colony politics--but a +much more radical wing of the movement clearly existed. The +incidents Hawthorne relates in "The Maypole of Merry Mount" +are thoroughly historical; apparently the extremists had +decided to renounce Christianity altogether and revert to +paganism. If they had succeeded in uniting with their Indian +allies the result might have been an +Antinomian/Celtic/Algonquin syncretic religion, a sort of +17th century North American _Santeria_. + +Sectarians were able to thrive better under the looser and +more corrupt administrations in the Caribbean, where rival +European interests had left many islands deserted or even +unclaimed. Barbados and Jamaica in particular must have been +settled by many extremists, and I believe that Levellerish +and Ranterish influences contributed to the Buccaneer +"utopia" on Tortuga. Here for the first time, thanks to +Esquemelin, we can study a successful New World proto-TAZ in +some depth. Fleeing from hideous "benefits" of Imperialism +such as slavery, serfdom, racism and intolerance, from the +tortures of impressment and the living death of the +plantations, the Buccaneers adopted Indian ways, +intermarried with Caribs, accepted blacks and Spaniards as +equals, rejected all nationality, elected their captains +democratically, and reverted to the "state of Nature." +Having declared themselves "at war with all the world," they +sailed forth to plunder under mutual contracts called +"Articles" which were so egalitarian that every member +received a full share and the Captain usually only 1 1/4 or +1 1/2 shares. Flogging and punishments were forbidden-- +quarrels were settled by vote or by the code duello. + +It is simply wrong to brand the pirates as mere sea-going +highwaymen or even proto-capitalists, as some historians +have done. In a sense they were "social bandits," although +their base communities were not traditional peasant +societies but "utopias" created almost ex nihilo in terra +incognita, enclaves of total liberty occupying empty spaces +on the map. After the fall of Tortuga, the Buccaneer ideal +remained alive all through the "Golden Age" of Piracy (ca. +1660-1720), and resulted in land-settlements in Belize, for +example, which was founded by Buccaneers. Then, as the scene +shifted to Madagascar--an island still unclaimed by any +imperial power and ruled only by a patchwork of native kings +(chiefs) eager for pirate allies--the Pirate Utopia reached +its highest form. + +Defoe's account of Captain Mission and the founding of +Libertatia may be, as some historians claim, a literary hoax +meant to propagandize for radical Whig theory--but it was +embedded in _The_General_History_of_the_Pyrates_ (1724-28), +most of which is still accepted as true and accurate. +Moreover the story of Capt. Mission was not criticized when +the book appeared and many old Madagascar hands still +survived. _They_ seem to have believed it, no doubt because +they had experienced pirate enclaves very much like +Libertatia. Once again, rescued slaves, natives, and even +traditional enemies such as the Portuguese were all invited +to join as equals. (Liberating slave ships was a major +preoccupation.) Land was held in common, representatives +elected for short terms, booty shared; doctrines of liberty +were preached far more radical than even those of +_Common_Sense_. + +Libertatia hoped to endure, and Mission died in its defense. +But most of the pirate utopias were meant to be temporary; +in fact the corsairs' true "republics" were their ships, +which sailed under Articles. The shore enclaves usually had +no law at all. The last classic example, Nassau in the +Bahamas, a beachfront resort of shacks and tents devoted to +wine, women (and probably boys too, to judge by Birge's +_Sodomy_and_Piracy_), song (the pirates were inordinately +fond of music and used to hire on bands for entire cruises), +and wretched excess, vanished overnight when the British +fleet appeared in the Bay. Blackbeard and "Calico Jack" +Rackham and his crew of pirate women moved on to wilder +shores and nastier fates, while others meekly accepted the +Pardon and reformed. But the Buccaneer tradition lasted, +both in Madagascar where the mixed-blood children of the +pirates began to carve out kingdoms of their own, and in the +Caribbean, where escaped slaves as well as mixed +black/white/red groups were able to thrive in the mountains +and backlands as "Maroons." The Maroon community in Jamaica +still retained a degree of autonomy and many of the old +folkways when Zora Neale Hurston visited there in the 1920's +(see _Tell_My_Horse_). The Maroons of Suriname still +practice African "paganism." + +Throughout the 18th century, North America also produced a +number of drop-out "tri-racial isolate communities." (This +clinical-sounding term was invented by the Eugenics +Movement, which produced the first scientific studies of +these communities. Unfortunately the "science" merely served +as an excuse for hatred of racial "mongrels" and the poor, +and the "solution to the problem" was usually forced +sterilization.) The nuclei invariably consisted of runaway +slaves and serfs, "criminals" (i.e. the very poor), +"prostitutes" (i.e. white women who married non-whites), and +members of various native tribes. In some cases, such as the +Seminole and Cherokee, the traditional tribal structure +absorbed the newcomers; in other cases, new tribes were +formed. Thus we have the Maroons of the Great Dismal Swamp, +who persisted through the 18th and 19th centuries, adopting +runaway slaves, functioning as a way station on the +Underground Railway, and serving as a religious and +ideological center for slave rebellions. The religion was +HooDoo, a mixture of African, native, and Christian +elements, and according to the historian H. Leaming-Bey the +elders of the faith and the leaders of the Great Dismal +Maroons were known as "the Seven Finger High Glister." + +The Ramapaughs of northern New Jersey (incorrectly known as +the "Jackson Whites") present another romantic and +archetypal genealogy: freed slaves of the Dutch poltroons, +various Delaware and Algonquin clans, the usual +"prostitutes," the "Hessians" (a catch-phrase for lost +British mercenaries, drop-out Loyalists, etc.), and local +bands of social bandits such as Claudius Smith's. + +An African-Islamic origin is claimed by some of the groups, +such as the Moors of Delaware and the Ben Ishmaels, who +migrated from Kentucky to Ohio in the mid-18th century. The +Ishmaels practiced polygamy, never drank alcohol, made their +living as minstrels, intermarried with Indians and adopted +their customs, and were so devoted to nomadism that they +built their houses on wheels. Their annual migration +triangulated on frontier towns with names like Mecca and +Medina. In the 19th century some of them espoused anarchist +ideals, and they were targeted by the Eugenicists for a +particularly vicious pogrom of salvation-by-extermination. +Some of the earliest Eugenics laws were passed in their +honor. As a tribe they "disappeared" in the 1920's, but +probably swelled the ranks of early "Black Islamic" sects +such as the Moorish Science Temple. +I myself grew up on legends of the "Kallikaks" of the nearby +New Jersey Pine Barrens (and of course on Lovecraft, a rabid +racist who was fascinated by the isolate communities). The +legends turned out to be folk-memories of the slanders of +the Eugenicists, whose U.S. headquarters were in Vineland, +NJ, and who undertook the usual "reforms" against +"miscegenation" and "feeblemindedness" in the Barrens +(including the publication of photographs of the Kallikaks, +crudely and obviously retouched to make them look like +monsters of misbreeding). + +The "isolate communities"--at least, those which have +retained their identity into the 20th century--consistently +refuse to be absorbed into either mainstream culture or the +black "subculture" into which modern sociologists prefer to +categorize them. In the 1970's, inspired by the Native +American renaissance, a number of groups--including the +Moors and the Ramapaughs--applied to the B.I.A. for +recognition as _Indian_tribes_. They received support from +native activists but were refused official status. If they'd +won, after all, it might have set a dangerous precedent for +drop-outs of all sorts, from "white Peyotists" and hippies +to black nationalists, aryans, anarchists and libertarians-- +a "reservation" for anyone and everyone! The "European +Project" cannot recognize the existence of the Wild Man-- +green chaos is still too much of a threat to the imperial +dream of order. + +Essentially the Moors and Ramapaughs rejected the +"diachronic" or historical explanation of their origins in +favor of a "synchronic" self-identity based on a "myth" of +Indian adoption. Or to put it another way, +_they_named_themselves_"Indians."_ If everyone who wished +"to be an Indian" could accomplish this by an act of self- +naming, imagine what a departure to Croatan would take +place. That old occult shadow still haunts the remnants of +our forests (which, by the way, have greatly increased in +the Northeast since the 18-19th century as vast tracts of +farmland return to scrub. Thoreau on his deathbed dreamed of +the return of "...Indians...forests...": the return of the +repressed). + +The Moors and Ramapaughs of course have good materialist +reasons to think of themselves as Indians--after all, they +have Indian ancestors--but if we view their self-naming in +"mythic" as well as historical terms we'll learn more of +relevance to our quest for the TAZ. Within tribal societies +there exist what some anthropologists call _mannenbunden_: +totemic societies devoted to an identity with "Nature" in +the act of shapeshifting, of _becoming_ the totem-animal +(werewolves, jaguar shamans, leopard men, cat-witches, +etc.). In the context of an entire colonial society (as +Taussig points out in +_Shamanism,_Colonialism_and_the_Wild_Man_) the shapeshifting +power is seen as inhering in the native culture as a whole-- +thus the most repressed sector of the society acquires a +paradoxical power through the myth of its occult knowledge, +which is feared and desired by the colonist. Of course the +natives really do have certain occult knowledge; but in +response to Imperial perception of native culture as a kind +of "spiritual wild(er)ness," the natives come to see +themselves more and more consciously in that role. Even as +they are marginalized, the _Margin_ takes on an aura of +magic. Before the whiteman, they were simply tribes of +people--now, they are "guardians of Nature," inhabitants of +the "state of Nature." Finally the colonist himself is +seduced by this "myth." Whenever an American wants to drop +out or back into Nature, invariably he "becomes an Indian." +The Massachusetts radical democrats (spiritual descendents +of the radical Protestants) who organized the Tea Party, and +who literally believed that governments could be abolished +(the whole Berkshire region declared itself in a "state of +Nature"!), disguised themselves as "Mohawks." Thus the +colonists, who suddenly saw themselves marginalized vis- - +vis the motherland, adopted the role of the marginalized +natives, thereby (in a sense) seeking to participate in +their occult power, their mythic radiance. From the Mountain +Men to the Boy Scouts, the dream of "becoming an Indian" +flows beneath myriad strands of American history, culture +and consciousness. + +The sexual imagery connected to "tri-racial" groups also +bears out this hypothesis. "Natives" of course are always +immoral, but racial renegades and drop-outs must be +downright polymorphous-perverse. The Buccaneers were +buggers, the Maroons and Mountain Men were miscegenists, the +"Jukes and Kallikaks" indulged in fornication and incest +(leading to mutations such as polydactyly), the children ran +around naked and masturbated openly, etc., etc. Reverting to +a "state of Nature" paradoxically seems to allow for the +practice of every "_un_natural" act; or so it would appear +if we believe the Puritans and Eugenicists. And since many +people in repressed moralistic racist societies secretly +desire exactly these licentious acts, they project them +outwards onto the marginalized, and thereby convince +themselves that they themselves remain civilized and pure. +And in fact some marginalized communities do really reject +consensus morality--the pirates certainly did!--and no doubt +actually act out some of civilization's repressed desires. +(_Wouldn't_you?_) Becoming "wild" is always an erotic act, +an act of nakedness. +Before leaving the subject of the "tri-racial isolates," I'd +like to recall Nietzsche's enthusiasm for "race mixing." +Impressed by the vigor and beauty of hybrid cultures, he +offered miscegenation not only as a solution to the problem +of race but also as the principle for a new humanity freed +of ethnic and national chauvinism--a precursor to the +"psychic nomad," perhaps. Nietzsche's dream still seems as +remote now as it did to him. Chauvinism still rules OK. +Mixed cultures remain submerged. But the autonomous zones of +the Buccaneers and Maroons, Ishmaels and Moors, Ramapaughs +and "Kallikaks" remain, or their stories remain, as +indications of what Nietzsche might have called "the Will to +Power as Disappearance." We must return to this theme. + +Music as an Organizational Principle + +MEANWHILE, HOWEVER, WE TURN to the history of classical +anarchism in the light of the TAZ concept. + +Before the "closure of the map," a good deal of anti- +authoritarian energy went into "escapist" communes such as +Modern Times, the various Phalansteries, and so on. +Interestingly, some of them were not intended to last +"forever," but only as long as the project proved +fulfilling. By Socialist/Utopian standards these experiments +were "failures," and therefore we know little about them. + +When escape beyond the frontier proved impossible, the era +of revolutionary urban Communes began in Europe. The +Communes of Paris, Lyons and Marseilles did not survive long +enough to take on any characteristics of permanence, and one +wonders if they were meant to. From our point of view the +chief matter of fascination is the _spirit_ of the Communes. +During and after these years anarchists took up the practice +of revolutionary nomadism, drifting from uprising to +uprising, looking to keep alive in themselves the intensity +of spirit they experienced in the moment of insurrection. In +fact, certain anarchists of the Stirnerite/Nietzschean +strain came to look on this activity as an end in itself, a +way of _always_occupying_an_autonomous_zone_, the interzone +which opens up in the midst or wake of war and revolution +(cf. Pynchon's "zone" in _Gravity's_Rainbow_). They declared +that if any socialist revolution _succeeded_, they'd be the +first to turn against it. Short of universal anarchy they +had no intention of ever stopping. In Russia in 1917 they +greeted the free Soviets with joy: _this_ was their goal. +But as soon as the Bolsheviks betrayed the Revolution, the +individualist anarchists were the first to go back on the +warpath. After Kronstadt, of course, _all_ anarchists +condemned the "Soviet Union" (a contradiction in terms) and +moved on in search of new insurrections. + +Makhno's Ukraine and anarchist Spain were meant to have +_duration_, and despite the exigencies of continual war both +succeeded to a certain extent: not that they lasted a "long +time," but they were successfully organized and could have +persisted if not for outside aggression. Therefore, from +among the experiments of the inter-War period I'll +concentrate instead on the madcap Republic of Fiume, which +is much less well known, and was _not_ meant to endure. +Gabriele D'Annunzio, Decadent poet, artist, musician, +aesthete, womanizer, pioneer daredevil aeronautist, black +magician, genius and cad, emerged from World War I as a hero +with a small army at his beck and command: the "Arditi." At +a loss for adventure, he decided to capture the city of +Fiume from Yugoslavia and _give_ it to Italy. After a +necromantic ceremony with his mistress in a cemetery in +Venice he set out to conquer Fiume, and succeeded without +any trouble to speak of. But Italy turned down his generous +offer; the Prime Minister called him a fool. +In a huff, D'Annunzio decided to declare independence and +see how long he could get away with it. He and one of his +anarchist friends wrote the Constitution, which declared +_music_to_be_the_central_principle_of_the_State_. The Navy +(made up of deserters and Milanese anarchist maritime +unionists) named themselves the _Uscochi_, after the long- +vanished pirates who once lived on local offshore islands +and preyed on Venetian and Ottoman shipping. The modern +Uscochi succeeded in some wild coups: several rich Italian +merchant vessels suddenly gave the Republic a future: money +in the coffers! Artists, bohemians, adventurers, anarchists +(D'Annunzio corresponded with Malatesta), fugitives and +Stateless refugees, homosexuals, military dandies (the +uniform was black with pirate skull-&-crossbones--later +stolen by the SS), and crank reformers of every stripe +(including Buddhists, Theosophists and Vedantists) began to +show up at Fiume in droves. The party never stopped. Every +morning D'Annunzio read poetry and manifestos from his +balcony; every evening a concert, then fireworks. This made +up the entire activity of the government. Eighteen months +later, when the wine and money had run out and the Italian +fleet _finally_ showed up and lobbed a few shells at the +Municipal Palace, no one had the energy to resist. + +D'Annunzio, like many Italian anarchists, later veered +toward fascism--in fact, Mussolini (the ex-Syndicalist) +himself seduced the poet along that route. By the time +D'Annunzio realized his error it was too late: he was too +old and sick. But Il Duce had him killed anyway--pushed off +a balcony--and turned him into a "martyr." As for Fiume, +though it lacked the _seriousness_ of the free Ukraine or +Barcelona, it can probably teach us more about certain +aspects of our quest. It was in some ways the last of the +pirate utopias (or the only modern example)--in other ways, +perhaps, it was very nearly the first modern TAZ. + +I believe that if we compare Fiume with the Paris uprising +of 1968 (also the Italian urban insurrections of the early +seventies), as well as with the American countercultural +communes and their anarcho-New Left influences, we should +notice certain similarities, such as:--the importance of +aesthetic theory (cf. the Situationists)--also, what might +be called "pirate economics," living high off the surplus of +social overproduction--even the popularity of colorful +military uniforms--and the concept of _music_ as +revolutionary social change--and finally their shared air of +impermanence, of being ready to move on, shape-shift, re- +locate to other universities, mountaintops, ghettos, +factories, safe houses, abandoned farms--or even other +planes of reality. No one was trying to impose yet another +Revolutionary Dictatorship, either at Fiume, Paris, or +Millbrook. Either the world would change, or it wouldn't. +Meanwhile keep on the move and _live_intensely_. + +The Munich Soviet (or "Council Republic") of 1919 exhibited +certain features of the TAZ, even though--like most +revolutions--its stated goals were not exactly "temporary." +Gustav Landauer's participation as Minister of Culture along +with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics and other anti- +authoritarian and extreme libertarian socialists such as the +poet/playwrights Erich M hsam and Ernst Toller, and Ret +Marut (the novelist B. Traven), gave the Soviet a distinct +anarchist flavor. Landauer, who had spent years of isolation +working on his grand synthesis of Nietzsche, Proudhon, +Kropotkin, Stirner, Meister Eckhardt, the radical mystics, +and the Romantic _volk_-philosophers, knew from the start +that the Soviet was doomed; he hoped only that it would last +long enough to be _understood_. Kurt Eisner, the martyred +founder of the Soviet, believed quite literally that poets +and poetry should form the basis of the revolution. Plans +were launched to devote a large piece of Bavaria to an +experiment in anarcho-socialist economy and community. +Landauer drew up proposals for a Free School system and a +People's Theater. Support for the Soviet was more or less +confined to the poorest working-class and bohemian +neighborhoods of Munich, and to groups like the Wandervogel +(the neo-Romantic youth movement), Jewish radicals (like +Buber), the Expressionists, and other marginals. Thus +historians dismiss it as the "Coffeehouse Republic" and +belittle its significance in comparison with Marxist and +Spartacist participation in Germany's post-War +revolution(s). Outmaneuvered by the Communists and +eventually murdered by soldiers under the influence of the +occult/fascist Thule Society, Landauer deserves to be +remembered as a saint. Yet even anarchists nowadays tend to +misunderstand and condemn him for "selling out" to a +"socialist government." If the Soviet had lasted even a +year, we would weep at the mention of its beauty--but before +even the first flowers of that Spring had wilted, the +_geist_ and the spirit of poetry were crushed, and we have +forgotten. Imagine what it must have been to breathe the air +of a city in which the Minister of Culture has just +predicted that schoolchildren will soon be memorizing the +works of Walt Whitman. Ah for a time machine... + +Newsgroups: rec.arts.books +From: mimir@hardy.u.washington.edu (Al Billings) +Subject: TAZ, part 9 +Message-ID: <1lf8a3INNq6h@shelley.u.washington.edu> +Date: 12 Feb 1993 04:16:03 GMT +Organization: The Friends of Loki Society +Lines: 565 + + +The Will to Power as Disappearance + +FOUCAULT, BAUDRILLARD, _ET_AL_. have discussed various modes +of "disappearance" at great length. Here I wish to suggest +that the TAZ is in some sense a _tactic_of_disappearance_. +When the Theorists speak of the disappearance of the Social +they mean in part the impossibility of the "Social +Revolution," and in part the impossibility of "the State"-- +the abyss of power, the end of the discourse of power. The +anarchist question in this case should then be: Why _bother_ +to confront a "power" which has lost all meaning and become +sheer Simulation? Such confrontations will only result in +dangerous and ugly spasms of violence by the emptyheaded +shit-for-brains who've inherited the keys to all the +armories and prisons. (Perhaps this is a crude american +misunderstanding of sublime and subtle Franco-Germanic +Theory. If so, fine; whoever said _understanding_ was needed +to make use of an idea?) + +As I read it, disappearance seems to be a very logical +radical option for our time, not at all a disaster or death +for the radical project. Unlike the morbid deathfreak +nihilistic interpretation of Theory, mine intends to _mine_ +it for useful strategies in the always-ongoing "revolution +of everyday life": the struggle that cannot cease even with +the last failure of political or social revolution because +nothing except the end of the world can bring an end to +everyday life, nor to our aspirations for the _good_things_, +for the Marvelous. And as Nietzsche said, if the world +_could_ come to an end, logically it would have done so; it +has not, so it _does_not_. And so, as one of the sufis said, +no matter how many draughts of forbidden wine we drink, we +will carry this raging thirst into eternity. + +Zerzan and Black have independently noted certain "elements +of Refusal" (Zerzan's term) which perhaps can be seen as +somehow symptomatic of a radical culture of disappearance, +partly unconscious but partly conscious, which influences +far more people than any leftist or anarchist _idea_. These +gestures are made _against_ institutions, and in that sense +are "negative"--but each negative gesture also suggests a +"positive" tactic to replace rather than merely refuse the +despised institution. + +For example, the negative gesture against _schooling_ is +"voluntary illiteracy." Since I do not share the liberal +worship of literacy for the sake of social ameliorization, I +cannot quite share the gasps of dismay heard everywhere at +this phenomenon: I sympathize with children who refuse books +along with the garbage in the books. There are however +positive alternatives which make use of the same energy of +disappearance. Home-schooling and craft-apprenticeship, like +truancy, result in an absence from the prison of school. +Hacking is another form of "education" with certain features +of "invisibility." + +A mass-scale negative gesture against politics consists +simply of not voting. "Apathy" (i.e. a healthy boredom with +the weary Spectacle) keeps over half the nation from the +polls; anarchism never accomplished as much! (Nor did +anarchism have anything to do with the failure of the recent +Census.) Again, there are positive parallels: "networking" +as an alternative to politics is practiced at many levels of +society, and non-hierarchic organization has attained +popularity even outside the anarchist movement, simply +because it _works_. (ACT UP and Earth First! are two +examples. Alcoholics Anonymous, oddly enough, is another.) + +Refusal of _Work_ can take the forms of absenteeism, on-job +drunkenness, sabotage, and sheer inattention--but it can +also give rise to new modes of rebellion: more self- +employment, participation in the "black" economy and +"_lavoro_nero_," welfare scams and other criminal options, +pot farming, etc.--all more or less "invisible" activities +compared to traditional leftist confrontational tactics such +as the general strike. + +Refusal of the _Church_? Well, the "negative gesture" here +probably consists of...watching television. But the positive +alternatives include all sorts of non-authoritarian forms of +spirituality, from "unchurched" Christianity to neo- +paganism. The "Free Religions" as I like to call them-- +small, self-created, half-serious/half-fun cults influenced +by such currents as Discordianism and anarcho-Taoism--are to +be found all over marginal America, and provide a growing +"fourth way" outside the mainstream churches, the +televangelical bigots, and New Age vapidity and consumerism. +It might also be said that the chief refusal of orthodoxy +consists of the construction of "private moralities" in the +Nietzschean sense: the spirituality of "free spirits." + +The negative refusal of _Home_ is "homelessness," which most +consider a form of victimization, not wishing to be _forced_ +into nomadology. But "homelessness" can in a sense be a +virtue, an adventure--so it appears, at least, to the huge +international movement of the squatters, our modern hobos. + +The negative refusal of the _Family_ is clearly divorce, or +some other symptom of "breakdown." The positive alternative +springs from the realization that life can be happier +without the nuclear family, whereupon a hundred flowers +bloom--from single parentage to group marriage to erotic +affinity group. The "European Project" fights a major +rearguard action in defense of "Family"--oedipal misery lies +at the heart of Control. Alternatives exist--but they must +remain in hiding, especially since the War against Sex of +the 1980's and 1990's. + +What is the refusal of _Art_? The "negative gesture" is not +to be found in the silly nihilism of an "Art Strike" or the +defacing of some famous painting--it is to be seen in the +almost universal glassy-eyed boredom that creeps over most +people at the very mention of the word. But what would the +"positive gesture" consist of? Is it possible to imagine an +aesthetics that does not _engage_, that removes itself from +History and even from the Market? or at least _tends_ to do +so? which wants to replace representation with _presence_? +How does presence make itself felt even in (or through) +representation? + +"Chaos Linguistics" traces a presence which is continually +disappearing from all orderings of language and meaning- +systems; an elusive presence, evanescent, _latif_ ("subtle," +a term in sufi alchemy)--the Strange Attractor around which +memes accrue, chaotically forming new and spontaneous +orders. Here we have an aesthetics of the borderland between +chaos and order, the margin, the area of "catastrophe" where +the breakdown of the system can equal enlightenment. (Note: +for an explanation of "Chaos Linguistics" see Appendix A, +then please read this paragraph again.) + +The disappearance of the artist IS "the suppression and +realization of art," in Situationist terms. But from where +do we vanish? And are we ever seen or heard of again? We go +to Croatan--what's our fate? All our art consists of a +goodbye note to history--"Gone To Croatan"--but where is it, +and what will we _do_ there? + +First: We're not talking here about literally vanishing from +the world and its future:--no escape backward in time to +paleolithic "original leisure society"--no forever utopia, +no backmountain hideaway, no island; also, no post- +Revolutionary utopia--most likely no Revolution at all!-- +also, no VONU, no anarchist Space Stations--nor do we accept +a "Baudrillardian disappearance" into the silence of an +ironic hyperconformity. I have no quarrel with any Rimbauds +who escape Art for whatever Abyssinia they can find. But we +can't build an aesthetics, even an aesthetics of +disappearance, on the simple act of _never_coming_back_. By +saying we're not an avant-garde and that there is no avant- +garde, we've written our "Gone To Croatan"--the question +then becomes, how to envision "everyday life" in Croatan? +particularly if we cannot say that Croatan exists in Time +(Stone Age or Post-Revolution) or Space, either as utopia or +as some forgotten midwestern town or as Abyssinia? Where and +when is the world of unmediated creativity? If it _can_ +exist, it _does_ exist--but perhaps only as a sort of +alternate reality which we so far have not learned to +perceive. Where would we look for the seeds--the weeds +cracking through our sidewalks--from this other world into +our world? the clues, the right directions for searching? a +finger pointing at the moon? + +I believe, or would at least like to propose, that the only +solution to the "suppression and realization" of Art lies in +the emergence of the TAZ. I would strongly reject the +criticism that the TAZ itself is "nothing but" a work of +art, although it may have some of the trappings. I do +suggest that the TAZ is the only possible "time" and "place" +for art to happen for the sheer pleasure of creative play, +and as an actual contribution to the forces which allow the +TAZ to cohere and manifest. + +Art in the World of Art has become a commodity; but deeper +than that lies the problem of _re-presentation_ itself, and +the refusal of all _mediation_. In the TAZ art as a +commodity will simply become impossible; it will instead be +a condition of life. Mediation is harder to overcome, but +the removal of all barriers between artists and "users" of +art will tend toward a condition in which (as A.K. +Coomaraswamy described it) "the artist is not a special sort +of person, but every person is a special sort of artist." + +In sum: disappearance is not necessarily a "catastrophe"-- +except in the mathematical sense of "a sudden topological +change." All the _positive_gestures_ sketched here seem to +involve various degrees of invisibility rather than +traditional revolutionary confrontation. The "New Left" +never really believed in its own existence till it saw +itself on the Evening News. The New Autonomy, by contrast, +will either infiltrate the media and subvert "it" from +within--or else never be "seen" at all. The TAZ exists not +only beyond Control but also beyond definition, beyond +gazing and naming as acts of enslaving, beyond the +understanding of the State, beyond the State's ability to +_see_. + +Ratholes in the Babylon of Information + +THE TAZ AS A CONSCIOUS radical tactic will emerge under +certain conditions: + +1. Psychological liberation. That is, we must realize (make +real) the moments and spaces in which freedom is not only +possible but _actual_. We must know in what ways we are +genuinely oppressed, and also in what ways we are self- +repressed or ensnared in a fantasy in which _ideas_ oppress +us. WORK, for example, is a far more actual source of misery +for most of us than legislative politics. Alienation is far +more dangerous for us than toothless outdated dying +ideologies. Mental addiction to "ideals"--which in fact turn +out to be mere projections of our resentment and sensations +of victimization--will never further our project. The TAZ is +not a harbinger of some pie-in-the-sky Social Utopia to +which we must sacrifice our lives that our children's +children may breathe a bit of free air. The TAZ must be the +scene of our present autonomy, but it can only exist on the +condition that we already know ourselves as free beings. + +2. The _counter-Net_ must expand. At present it reflects +more abstraction than actuality. Zines and BBSs exchange +information, which is part of the necessary groundwork of +the TAZ, but very little of this information relates to +concrete goods and services necessary for the autonomous +life. We do not live in CyberSpace; to dream that we do is +to fall into CyberGnosis, the false transcendence of the +body. The TAZ is a physical place and we are either in it or +not. All the senses must be involved. The Web is like a new +sense in some ways, but it must be _added_ to the others-- +the others must not be subtracted from it, as in some +horrible parody of the mystic trance. Without the Web, the +full realization of the TAZ-complex would be impossible. But +the Web is not the end in itself. It's a weapon. + +3. The apparatus of Control--the "State"--must (or so we +must assume) continue to deliquesce and petrify +simultaneously, must progress on its present course in which +hysterical rigidity comes more and more to mask a vacuity, +an abyss of power. As power "disappears," our will to power +must be disappearance. + +We've already dealt with the question of whether the TAZ can +be viewed "merely" as a work of art. But you will also +demand to know whether it is more than a poor rat-hole in +the Babylon of Information, or rather a maze of tunnels, +more and more connected, but devoted only to the economic +dead-end of piratical parasitism? I'll answer that I'd +rather be a rat in the wall than a rat in the cage--but I'll +also insist that the TAZ transcends these categories. + +A world in which the TAZ succeeded in _putting_down_roots_ +might resemble the world envisioned by "P.M." in his fantasy +novel _bolo'bolo_. Perhaps the TAZ is a "proto-bolo." But +inasmuch as the TAZ exists _now_, it stands for much more +than the mundanity of negativity or countercultural drop-out- +ism. We've mentioned the _festal_ aspect of the moment which +is unControlled, and which adheres in spontaneous self- +ordering, however brief. It is "epiphanic"--a peak +experience on the social as well as individual scale. + +Liberation is realized _in_ struggle--this is the essence of +Nietzsche's "self-overcoming." The present thesis might also +take for a sign Nietzsche's _wandering_. It is the precursor +of the _drift_, in the Situ sense of the _derive_ and +Lyotard's definition of _driftwork_. We can foresee a whole +new geography, a kind of pilgrimage-map in which holy sites +are replaced by peak experiences and TAZs: a _real_ science +of psychotopography, perhaps to be called "geo-autonomy" or +"anarchomancy." + +The TAZ involves a kind of _ferality_, a growth from +tameness to wild(er)ness, a "return" which is also a step +forward. It also demands a "yoga" of chaos, a project of +"higher" orderings (of consciousness or simply of life) +which are approached by "surfing the wave-front of chaos," +of complex dynamism. The TAZ is an art of life in continual +rising up, wild but gentle--a seducer not a rapist, a +smuggler rather than a bloody pirate, a dancer not an +eschatologist. + +Let us admit that we have attended parties where for one +brief night a republic of gratified desires was attained. +Shall we not confess that the politics of that night have +more reality and force for us than those of, say, the entire +U.S. Government? Some of the "parties" we've mentioned +lasted for two or three _years_. Is this something worth +imagining, worth fighting for? Let us study invisibility, +webworking, psychic nomadism--and who knows what we might +attain? + +--Spring Equinox, 1990 + +Appendix A. Chaos Linguistics + +NOT YET A SCIENCE but a proposition: That certain problems +in linguistics might be solved by viewing language as a +complex dynamical system or "Chaos field." + +Of all the responses to Saussure's linguistics, two have +special interest here: the first, "antilinguistics," can be +traced--in the modern period--from Rimbaud's departure for +Abyssinia; to Nietzsche's "I fear that while we still have +grammar we have not yet killed God"; to dada; to Korzybski's +"the Map is not the Territory"; to Burroughs' cut-ups and +"breakthrough in the Gray Room"; to Zerzan's attack on +language itself as representation and mediation. + +The second, Chomskyan Linguistics, with its belief in +"universal grammar" and its tree diagrams, represents (I +believe) an attempt to "save" language by discovering +"hidden invariables," much in the same way certain +scientists are trying to "save" physics from the +"irrationality" of quantum mechanics. Although as an +anarchist Chomsky might have been expected to side with the +nihilists, in fact his beautiful theory has more in common +with platonism or sufism than with anarchism. Traditional +metaphysics describes language as pure light shining through +the colored glass of the archetypes; Chomsky speaks of +"innate" grammars. Words are leaves, branches are sentences, +mother tongues are limbs, language families are trunks, and +the roots are in "heaven"...or the DNA. I call this +"hermetalinguistics"--hermetic and metaphysical. Nihilism +(or "HeavyMetalinguistics" in honor of Burroughs) seems to +me to have brought language to a dead end and threatened to +render it "impossible" (a great feat, but a depressing one)- +-while Chomsky holds out the promise and hope of a last- +minute revelation, which I find equally difficult to accept. +I too would like to "save" language, but without recourse to +any "Spooks," or supposed rules about God, dice, and the +Universe. + +Returning to Saussure, and his posthumously published notes +on anagrams in Latin poetry, we find certain hints of a +process which somehow escapes the sign/signifier dynamic. +Saussure was confronted with the suggestion of some sort of +"meta"-linguistics which happens _within_ language rather +than being imposed as a categorical imperative from +"outside." As soon as language begins to play, as in the +acrostic poems he examined, it seems to resonate with self- +amplifying complexity. Saussure tried to quantify the +anagrams but his figures kept running away from him (as if +perhaps nonlinear equations were involved). Also, he began +to find the anagrams _everywhere_, even in Latin prose. He +began to wonder if he were hallucinating--or if anagrams +were a natural unconscious process of _parole_. He abandoned +the project. + +I wonder: if enough of this sort of data were crunched +through a computer, would we begin to be able to model +language in terms of complex dynamical systems? Grammars +then would not be "innate," but would emerge from chaos as +spontaneously evolving "higher orders," in Prigogine's sense +of "creative evolution." Grammars could be thought of as +"Strange Attractors," like the hidden pattern which "caused" +the anagrams--patterns which are "real" but have "existence" +only in terms of the sub-patterns they manifest. If +_meaning_ is elusive, perhaps it is because consciousness +itself, and therefore language, is _fractal_. + +I find this theory more satisfyingly anarchistic than either +anti-linguistics or Chomskyanism. It suggests that language +can overcome representation and mediation, not because it is +innate, but _because_it_is_chaos_. It would suggest that all +dadaistic experimentation (Feyerabend described his school +of scientific epistemology as "anarchist dada") in sound +poetry, gesture, cut-up, beast languages, etc.--all this was +aimed neither at discovering nor destroying meaning, but at +_creating_ it. Nihilism points out gloomily that language +"arbitrarily" creates meaning. Chaos Linguistics happily +agrees, but adds that language can overcome language, that +language can create freedom out of semantic tyranny's +confusion and decay. + +Appendix B. Applied Hedonics + +THE BONNOT GANG WERE vegetarians and drank only water. They +came to a bad (tho' picturesque) end. Vegetables and water, +in themselves excellent things--pure zen really--shouldn't +be consumed as martyrdom but as an epiphany. Self-denial as +radical praxis, the Leveller impulse, tastes of millenarian +gloom--and this current on the Left shares an historical +wellspring with the neo-puritan fundamentalism and moralic +reaction of our decade. The New Ascesis, whether practiced +by anorexic health-cranks, thin-lipped police sociologists, +downtown straight-edge nihilists, cornpone fascist baptists, +socialist torpedoes, drug-free Republicans...in every case +the motive force is the same: _resentment_. + +In the face of contemporary pecksniffian anaesthesia we'll +erect a whole gallery of forebears, heros who carried on the +struggle against bad consciousness but still knew how to +party, a genial gene pool, a rare and difficult category to +define, great minds not just for Truth but for the +_truth_of_pleasure_, serious but not sober, whose sunny +disposition makes them not sluggish but sharp, brilliant but +not tormented. Imagine a Nietzsche with good digestion. Not +the tepid Epicureans nor the bloated Sybarites. Sort of a +spiritual hedonism, an actual Path of Pleasure, vision of a +good life which is both noble and _possible_, rooted in a +sense of the magnificent over-abundance of reality. + +Shaykh Abu Sa'id of Khorassan +Charles Fourier +Brillat-Savarin +Rabelais +Abu Nuwas +Aga Khan III +R. Vaneigem +Oscar Wilde +Omar Khayyam +Sir Richard Burton +Emma Goldman +add your own favorites + +Appendix C. Extra Quotes + +As for us, He has appointed the job of permanent +unemployment. +If he wanted us to work, after all, +He would not have created this _wine_. +With a skinfull of _this_, Sir, +would you rush out to commit economics? + +--Jalaloddin Rumi, _Diwan-e_Shams_ + +Here with a Loaf of Bread beneath the Bough, +A flask of Wine, A Book of Verse--and Thou +Beside me singing in the Wilderness-- +And Wilderness is Paradise enow. +Ah, my Beloved, fill the cup that clears +To-day of past Regrets and future Fears-- +_Tomorrow_?--Why, Tomorrow I may be +Myself with Yesterday's Sev'n Thousand Years. +Ah, Love! could thou and I with Fate conspire +To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things entire, +Would not we shatter it to bits--and then +Re-mould it nearer to the Heart's Desire! + +--Omar FitzGerald + +History, materialism, monism, positivism, and all the "isms" +of this world are old and rusty tools which I don't need or +mind anymore. My principle is life, my end is death. I wish +to live my life intensely for to embrace my life tragically. + +You are waiting for the revolution? My own began a long time +ago! When you will be ready (God, what an endless wait!) I +won't mind going along with you for awhile. But when you'll +stop, I shall continue on my insane and triumphal way toward +the great and sublime conquest of the nothing! +Any society that you build will have its limits. And outside +the limits of any society the unruly and heroic tramps will +wander, with their wild & virgin thoughts--they who cannot +live without planning ever new and dreadful outbursts of +rebellion! + +I shall be among them! + +And after me, as before me, there will be those saying to +their fellows: "So turn to yourselves rather than to your +Gods or to your idols. Find what hides in yourselves; bring +it to light; show yourselves!" + +Because every person; who, searching his own inwardness, +extracts what was mysteriously hidden therein; is a shadow +eclipsing any form of society which can exist under the sun! +All societies tremble when the scornful aristocracy of the +tramps, the inaccessibles, the uniques, the rulers over the +ideal, and the conquerors of the nothing resolutely +advances. +So, come on iconoclasts, forward! + +"Already the foreboding sky grows dark and silent!" + +--Renzo Novatore +Arcola, January, 1920 + +PIRATE RANT + +Captain Bellamy + +Daniel Defoe, writing under the pen name Captain Charles +Johnson, wrote what became the first standard historical +text on pirates, _A_General_History_of_the_Robberies_and_ +Murders_of_the_Most_Notorious_Pirates_. According to Patrick +Pringle's _Jolly_Roger_, pirate recruitment was most +effective among the unemployed, escaped bondsmen, and +transported criminals. The high seas made for an +instantaneous levelling of class inequalities. Defoe relates +that a pirate named Captain Bellamy made this speech to the +captain of a merchant vessel he had taken as a prize. The +captain of the merchant vessel had just declined an +invitation to join the pirates. + +I am sorry they won't let you have your sloop again, for I +scorn to do any one a mischief, when it is not to my +advantage; damn the sloop, we must sink her, and she might +be of use to you. Though you are a sneaking puppy, and so +are all those who will submit to be governed by laws which +rich men have made for their own security; for the cowardly +whelps have not the courage otherwise to defend what they +get by knavery; but damn ye altogether: damn them for a pack +of crafty rascals, and you, who serve them, for a parcel of +hen-hearted numbskulls. They vilify us, the scoundrels do, +when there is only this difference, they rob the poor under +the cover of law, forsooth, and we plunder the rich under +the protection of our own courage. Had you not better make +then one of us, than sneak after these villains for +employment? + +When the captain replied that his conscience would not let +him break the laws of God and man, the pirate Bellamy +continued: + +You are a devilish conscience rascal, I am a free prince, +and I have as much authority to make war on the whole world, +as he who has a hundred sail of ships at sea, and an army of +100,000 men in the field; and this my conscience tells me: +but there is no arguing with such snivelling puppies, who +allow superiors to kick them about deck at pleasure. + +THE DINNER PARTY + +The highest type of human society in the existing social +order is found in the parlor. In the elegant and refined +reunions of the aristocratic classes there is none of the +impertinent interference of legislation. The Individuality +of each is fully admitted. Intercourse, therefore, is +perfectly free. Conversation is continuous, brilliant, and +varied. Groups are formed according to attraction. They are +continuously broken up, and re-formed through the operation +of the same subtile and all-pervading influence. Mutual +deference pervades all classes, and the most perfect +harmony, ever yet attained, in complex human relations, +prevails under precisely those circumstances which +Legislators and Statesmen dread as the conditions of +inevitable anarchy and confusion. If there are laws of +etiquette at all, they are mere suggestions of principles +admitted into and judged of for himself or herself, by each +individual mind. + +Is it conceivable that in all the future progress of +humanity, with all the innumerable elements of development +which the present age is unfolding, society generally, and +in all its relations, will not attain as high a grade of +perfection as certain portions of society, in certain +special relations, have already attained? + +Suppose the intercourse of the parlor to be regulated by +specific legislation. Let the time which each gentleman +shall be allowed to speak to each lady be fixed by law; the +position in which they should sit or stand be precisely +regulated; the subjects which they shall be allowed to speak +of, and the tone of voice and accompanying gestures with +which each may be treated, carefully defined, all under +pretext of preventing disorder and encroachment upon each +other's privileges and rights, then can any thing be +conceived better calculated or more certain to convert +social intercourse into intolerable slavery and hopeless +confusion? + +--S. Pearl Andrews +_The Science of Society_ + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/tbtms.txt b/politicalTextFiles/tbtms.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d42295 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/tbtms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ + +The following is a column taken from the April 26, 1994 San Francisco +Chronicle. The author's name is Scott Marley. + +Scott Marley +THE BIBLE TELLS ME SO + +--The `sin' that obsesses some Christians did not rate a mention by +Christ himself. + +Why do Christian fundamentalists hate gays? Because (so they tell +us) they believe the Bible is infallibly true. And the Bible (so +they tell us) condemns homosexuals. + +I've heard that over and over again all my life: The Bible condemns +homosexuals. And I accepted it without question -- until the last +couple of years when I've started reading the Bible for myself. And +I'm more than a little surprised at how little it actually says about +homosexuals -- and how much it says about those who condemn them. + +The Bible's alleged condemnation of homosexuals boils down pretty +much to three passages: the story of Sodom, two verses from +Leviticus, and the first chapter of Romans. + +The Sodom story is Genesis 19. Some angels came to Sodom to visit +Lot, and the men of Sodom gave the angels a hard time, so God +destroyed the city. If you think the word "know" in verse five means +"have carnal knowledge of" (which it occasionally does in the Bible, +though not nearly as often as people seem to think), then maybe the +men wanted to rape the angels, and I suppose that's a homosexual act +of a sort. + +But there are dozens of later references to Sodom, and not once is +any kind of sexual behavior mentioned. In Ezekiel 16:48-49, God +Himself even spells out the sins of Sodom. Homosexuality is not on +His list. And the Bible is infallibly true. + +Leviticus condemns homosexuality twice, in 18:22 and 20:13. It's +part of the Mosaic law, a long list of foods and acts that were +considered unclean, from eating shellfish to cursing your father. +And one of the big themes of the New Testament, I've been +discovering, is that Christians are not bound by Mosaic law. If the +Bible is infallibly true, then Christians may use their own judgment +in choosing whether to follow the Mosaic law, and should stop all +this fretting about those who choose differently. + +And there's the first chapter of Romans, where Paul describes people +who worship idols instead of God, "wherefore God also gave them up to +uncleanness," and they turned to homosexuality and a long list of +other wrongs running the gamut from murder and deceit to whispering. +I've never heard any of these fundamentalists quote this passage all +the way to its punch line: "Therefore art thou inexcusable, O man, +whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, +thou condemnest thyself." Paul isn't telling this story to condemn +the homosexuals: He's condemning the people who condemn the +homosexuals. + +Read Romans all the way through and its hard to miss Paul's point: +He's writing to a group of Jewish Christians who have been +criticising gentile Christians for not keeping the Mosaic law, and +Paul is telling them, politely but firmly, to knock it off. If the +Bible is infallibly true, it's wrong to use Leviticus as a basis for +condemning homosexuals. + +Jesus wasn't faced with AIDS, of course, so we can't be sure what he +would have said or done about it. But he did know another disease +much like AIDS, both in its incurability and in the way that society +shunned its victims. I've read the New Testament a couple of times +through, and I just haven't come across the passage where Jesus goes +to the funerals of lepers carrying a picket sign. + +So it seems to me that a real fundamentalist would be preaching that +it's wrong for a church to exclude people solely because they're gay, +and it seems to me that a real fundamentalist would be following +Jesus' example and trying to bring comfort to people with AIDS, and +perhaps even working toward a cure. The more I get to know the Bible +for myself, the less I think these so-called fundamentalists are any +such thing. I think they're wolves in Lamb of God's clothing. + +--Scott Marley is a writer and editor in the Bay Area. + +THE PRECEDING WAS A COLUMN WRITTEN BY SCOTT MARLEY AND PRINTED IN THE +SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE. IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS +AND OPINIONS OF THE PERSON WHO ENTERED IT IN THIS ECHO CONFERENCE. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/tendency.txt b/politicalTextFiles/tendency.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ac2296 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/tendency.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + + +RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARIES + +By Keith A. Gordon + + Along with such equally well-known peers as Black Flag, the Circle Jerks +and X, Suicidal Tendencies emerged from the early eighties L.A. music scene +as full-fledged punk legends, a mythological entity around which more +fiction than fact has been spun by the storytellers. + In reality, Suicidal Tendencies had little to do with the punks they were +often associated with. As equally metallic as punkish hardcore in their +musical orientation, S.T. ignored the local scene and forged a following all +of their own. Openly and accidentally political with their lyrics, S.T. +appealed to a multi-ethnic, lower class audience who were as alienated from +the trendy L.A. music scene as they were from society. + Formed in 1982 by frontman Mike Muir while he was still in high school, +Suicidal Tendencies soon took on a life of its own. "When I was younger," +says Muir, I never said that I wanted to be in a band, because I never did. +I never really liked people too much, so I never really wanted to be around +people. But I always liked music and got hooked up with some people and we +had ideas that we wanted to do...and we got into the situation of where we +are now, ten years later." + The band burst out of their hometown of Venice to become literal +overnight sensations. "We had a lot of songs," says Muir, "so we did the +first record and we were fortunate, we got kind of lucky with it." That 1983 +debut album, recorded in a mere twelve hour, moved an amazing quarter of a +million copies for the small Frontier indie label, spawned a classic song +and video in "Institutionalized" (the first hardcore video ever played on +MTV) and even led to a guest appearance on TV's MIAMI VICE. After that +initial success, however, the band disappeared... + Three years later, S.T. resurfaced as a purely metal band with Muir and +an entirely new line-up. "The second time around we realized that you've got +to learn from your mistakes," says Muir. "We tried to get a +major label deal, and it was really a negative situation. They didn't feel +the same way that we did about our potential, what the band could do." The +band eventually signed with Caroline Records, says Muir, "we did a second +record as an independent and got into the Top 100 in BILLBOARD, and then we +had all of these labels coming back." With eight labels vying to sign them, +S.T. went with Epic Records. + Two successful albums and an E.P. later, including their most recent, the +Grammy-nominated LIGHTS...CAMERA...REVOLUTION, have served to propel +Suicidal Tendencies into the metal mainstream. The band's material, with +lyrics penned by Muir and the whole band often pitching in on the music, are +sharp-edged maelstroms of energy and attitude, all fury and anger which owe +as much to early seventies metal as they do eighties hardcore. Much has +been said about the positive (and often overtly political) messages which +run through the band's material, but S.T. are reluctant revolutionaries. + "I wouldn't necessarily say that I try to bring a message," says Muir, +"obviously, we start out with the music, that's the most important thing. +Lyrically, if somebody gets something out of it, that's a bonus." Muir +incorporates a lot of himself into his songs, however, often bringing his +own struggle for self-awareness and attempt to cope with certain emotions to +his songs. "Certain things do have a lot of meaning to me. I couldn't just +get up there and start singing about a lot of +things that I don't know anything about." Muir's lyrics are based upon his +life, "and my life's not really any different than anybody elses," he says. +"I'm sure that most people go through a lot of the same things." + Last summer's world-wide "Clash Of The Titans" tour along with a recent +arena-level tour with Queensryche has brought the band an even greater +audience, though, ironically enough, they're all but banned from playing on +their home turf. It seems that the racially-mixed band draws an audience +which tends to scare the authorities. "We were bringing in a different crowd +than people were used to seeing," says Muir. Myths spread about the band's +alleged destruction of clubs, of murder and +mayhem commited by the band's diverse following of gang members, punk +rockers, rappers and metalheads. + "As time went on," says Muir, "stories spead, 'oh yeah, I heard that +people were killed at a Suicidal Tendencies show,' and those things never +happened." What did happen was that the band rapidly outgrew the local L.A. +club venues, and in order to play larger halls, they needed police +permits...which, partially because of the stories, weren't forthcoming. Even +a recent show in nearby Irvine, California, the band's first Southern Cal +appearance in six years, which drew 6,000 fans without incident, hasn't +changed the de facto L.A. ban for Suicidal Tendencies. + Poised, as they are, on the bring of superstardom, the band's name often +gets in the way of people's perceptions. "You can't judge a book by its +cover," says Muir. "When we say 'suicidal', the last thing that we're +thinking about is killing ourselves, it's the complete opposite!" As Muir +explains it, to be suicidal is to face life with a certain reckless abandon, +to be able to deal with anything that comes one's way. "To accomplish +anything worthwhile takes effort," says Muir, "and when we say 'suicidal' it +means 'go for it!'." + As Suicidal Tendencies continue to bring their unintentional message of +hope to larger audiences, Muir sums up the band's aspirations succinctly. "I +know that we're not great people," he says, "but we're trying to be, and +that's the most important thing." + + + 30-30-30-30 + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/texas-bb.txt b/politicalTextFiles/texas-bb.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8defb3d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/texas-bb.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Newsgroups: alt.privacy,alt.society.civil-liberty,talk.politics.drugs +From: whughes@lonestar.utsa.edu (William W. Hughes) +Subject: BIG BROTHER is watching you in Texas! + +From the Sunday, 10 October 1993 edition of the San Antonio Express-News, +page 8B. Reprinted without permission. All typos are mine. + + +LETTERS TO TARGET DRIVERS IN ALLEGED DRUG ZONES + +Associated Press + +GRAND PRAIRIE - Police say they plan to wite letters to businesses and +individuals whose vehicles are spotted in an allegedly drug-infested +neighborhood in the Dallas suburb of Grand Prairie. + + "Basically, what we'll do is send a friendly letter," said Joe Babina, +a police storefront officer in the neighborhood of Dalworth. "We're not +going to allege anything." + + The letters will inform people that police saw their vehicles on a +particular date in a pearticular time in a known drug area. + + "The majority of people who come through Dalworth, they come in here +to buy drugs," Babina said. "Why would you come down here if you don't live +here?" + + Babina said more than half of the people arrested in Dalworth for drug +offesnses are not from the town. Over the past six weeks, police have made +17 drug arrests in the 2-square-mile neighborhood. + + The letter-writing operation, praised by city leaders, has drawn fire +from the American Civil Liberties Union. The civil-rights group says +notifying companies that their vehicles drove through known drug areas +may put employees under undue suspicion. + + Police say they will send the letters to owners of vehicles that they think +have no legitimate reasons for driving through the neighborhood. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/thought.txt b/politicalTextFiles/thought.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bff5414 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/thought.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + + + + + + + A Thought + + If the World were a few feet in diameter, floating a few feet + above a field somewhere, people would come from everywhere to + marvel at it. + + People would walk around it, marvelling at it's big pools of + water, it's little pools of water and the way the water flowed + between the pools. + + People would marvel at the bumps on it and the holes in it, and + they would marvel at the very thin layer of gas surrounding it + and the water suspended in the gas. + + The people would marvel at all the creatures walking around on + the surface of the ball and at the creatures in the water. + + The people would declare it sacred because it was the only one, + and they would protect it so that it would not be hurt. The ball + would be the greatest wonder known, and the people would come to + pray to it, to be healed, to gain knowledge, to know the beauty + and to wonder how it could be. + + People would love it and defend it with their lives, their own + roundness, could be nothing without it. + + If the earth were a few feet in diameter. + + + From, Coyote Point Museum for Environmental Education + and Friends of The Earth. New Zealand + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/three.txt b/politicalTextFiles/three.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16ad7be --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/three.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + + THE HIGH COSTS OF DYING + + It is universally recognized that everyone dies + someday. Therefore, every individual is permitted to + plan for an orderly transfer of his or her assets to a + spouse, child(ren), and/or other loved ones. In + addition, depending upon your success during life, upon + death very substantial estate and inheritance taxes may + be levied upon your estate. It is within the context + of valid estate planning that ancillary lawsuit and + asset protection is available. No court will ever deny + a person the right to provided for their estate or to + take advantage of the estate tax allowances available + through trusts and other similar devices. + + Estate Tax Fundamentals + Every dollar left in an estate is subject to a + unified estate and gift tax. However, to eliminate the + burden of taxation from "small" estates, congress has + given every individual two loopholes: first, any + individual may give any other person $10,000 per year + estate/gift tax free and second, each person is given a + lifetime estate/gift tax credit that is the rough + equivalent of a $600,000 estate. In addition, a + surviving spouse may inherit any amount from his/her + spouse without paying tax until the death of the + surviving spouse. To reduce the taxes ultimately + attributable to one's estate, two techniques are + usually used. Special types of trusts (the A-B and A- + b/C trusts) are created that permit half of the estate + to bypass the surviving spouse, thus creating a total + exemption of about $1,200,000 from estate/gift taxes. + For larger estates, the most effective technique is to + give, over time, a large portion of the value of the + estate to its intended heirs. A major objection to + this technique is that it gives up control of the + assets before the testator has given up the ghost. + However, using this technique, a married couple can + each give $10,000 per person per year, and using + conduits such as other relative, this amount may be + multiplied and the process accelerated. + + Avoiding Probate + While you can't avoid dying you can avoid the high + costs of probate. There has never been a will written + that avoids probate. Probate costs include attorney + and accountancy fees. To avoid probate many improperly + use joint tenancy with the unwanted results described + above. To properly avoid these costs you may utilize a + fully funded revocable trust, also known as a "living + trust." The costs of probate for an estate that + exceeds the lifetime estate/gift tax credit may easily + exceed $10,000. Moreover, probate means delays in + transferring control of the assets and publicity + regarding the details of the decedent's affairs. Using + a living trust, you avoid these problems because you + have pre-positioned your assets to permit a seamless + transfer of control upon your death. While the Last + Will and Testament will be probated it will essentially + show no assets passing under its terms. For the twin + reasons described above, costs and control, the use of + the living trust is not only permissible but encouraged + by the law and the courts. + + For married couples, forming two funded revocable + living trusts is a good way to protect assets if one + spouse is more vulnerable to claims than the other. + Statutes in several states now provide that each spouse + is entitled to hold his or her own property. For + federal income tax purposes, the trust creators are + treated as the trust property owners and no separate + tax return for the trust need be filed. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/titlexix.txt b/politicalTextFiles/titlexix.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb57e62 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/titlexix.txt @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[From the Wall Street Journal] + +"A Mother Talks to Mrs. Clinton" +by Marianne M. Jennings + +[The author is a professor of legal and ethical studies in the College of +Business at Arizona State University and a columnist for the Arizona Republic, +a newspaper.] + + My husband and I have the privilege of raising a child with severe mental +and physical impairments. If you were to ask me the most difficult aspect of +rearing this unique little girl, the answer would not be the countless +hospitalizations, the equipment demands, the sleepless nights or the too-long +stares when we're in public. It would be the government bureaucracies we face +to provide for her, protect her, and help her tap her potential. + As I listen to Hillary Rodham Clinton tout the wonders of a national +health care plan, I want to say: "Come follow me, Mrs. Clinton. I can show +you what government does to those it sets out to help." + I would begin by introducing Mrs. Clinton to the five or so caseworkers +assigned to our Claire. One is from Arizona's Department of Development +Disability. Another is with Arizona Long Term Care. Another is with the +Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System. Another is with APIPA, and I +don't know what that stands for. I lost track of acronyms, agencies and +caseworkers long ago. + These caseworkers, assigned as advocates for my daughter's needs, come to +our house, one by one, once each year to conduct two-hour interviews and verify +in person that Claire, a child who is now six and has never spoken, has not +been the recipient of a miracle cure. + I don't know what caseworkers do beyond this interview, but two things +have occurred to me. First, burglars could just arrive at our door with a lot +of forms and an acronym and anyone in the household would let them in. Second, +there must be yet another contrived constitutional privacy right or some +insider trading rule that prohibits state and federal employees who work with +the same family from using one file, comparing notes, sharing information or +even carpooling for interviews. My favorite interview was last fall, when a +caseworker was assigned to re-do hundreds of interviews as part of a new total +quality management program. [That's "TQM", to those fortunate non-initiates -- +L.D.] + If I could introduce Mrs. Clinton to our five caseworkers, I would ask her +to pose a hypothetical question to them about Claire's coverage. Mrs. Clinton +would get five to eight different answers. The eight is because some of the +caseworkers who buy into the new TQM program would go beyond the call of duty +and give us two to three wrong possibilities. + I would then take Mrs. Clinton into the world of Title XIX, a federal +benefits program administered by the state for children under 19 who have +permanent disabilities. Theoretically, Title XIX means summer school, swimming +programs, respite care, therapy and a host of services that make it sound like +a luxury spa. Reality is quite another story. + Title XIX qualifies children on the basis of need (ie., income) or degree +of disability. Claire qualified on the basis of disability, but we are still +required once each year to submit to an in-office interview (with yet another +case worker) in which I must give copies of our car titles, house deed, bank +account statements, W2s, and the like. A sample caseworker comment from one +year's interview: "I see you have a new piano in your home. Claire doesn't +play this, does she?" I had to wonder why someone looking at a child who can't +sit, hold her head up or make any discernable voluntary movements felt +compelled to ask such a question. + One year we made the monumental mistake of adding Claire to our car title. + Claire must be on the car title in Arizona for us to have a handicapped +license plate. When we had only a moveable permit that was placed in the front +window, people yelled at us in parking lots. With our official plates, we were +saved from such grocery store skirmishes. But I had to face the glare of a +Title XIXer who said, "Is Claire driving this car?" I was required to sign a +witnessed statement that said our cortically blind kindergartner did not take +the Chevrolet Suburban out for spins. + During our income interview last year, a caseworker spotted our medical +expenses. They are our biggest expense even with insurance, exceeding our +house payments and food costs each month. The caseworker askes, "Why would you +pay medical bills?" I never know about trick questions in bureaucratic +territory, so I responded, "Because we owe them?" + She then explained -- the first government employee in four years to spot +the issue -- that Title XIX covered all of Claire's medical expenses not +covered by insurance. I asked, "How come no one ever told me this?" To which +she responded, "Because they didn't know?" + Once you're in Title XIX, it is Disney's Space Mountain -- dark and +twisted. In 1992 I began asking for summer school approval in April. I +received approval on July 22 -- three days before summer school ended. Last +year I began the summer school approval quest in February. I got it in April, +but someone forgot to put Claire's name on the registration list. I found this +out after a two-hour wait in the registration line. I paid for summer school +myself and have since learned the term "refund" is not part of Title XIX. + + I began using our newly discovered Title XIX medical benefits in August, +In just six weeks, I received authorization for a new wheelchair and a +scoliosis jacket. In October I got a call from a caseworker who informed me +that Claire's Title XIX benefits were being terminated as of that day. He had +discovered on the forms that I fill out for the financial interview that a +$1,600 bank account for Claire. It was a burial account within the $1,500 +limit allowed by statute, but it had earned interest. Claire had too much +income. I offered to close the account. "Too late," he said. Then he added, +"But you can always come down and reapply for Title XIX." It took me six +months to get qualified the first time. I should have us reinstated just in +time for summer school this year. + I am a lawyer who teaches and writes about administrative process. Yet +this system is beyond my expertise. How do parents with language barriers, +little or no knowledge of due process and noncompulsive personalities cope? + I can show Mrs. Clinton that programs like hers already exist. I can show +her the paperwork, the idiosyncratic rules, the insensitivity, the ill-trained +workers and a bureaucracy as deep as the Mississippi at St. Louis. I can show +her a system, that, much like her proposal, was intended to help. The reality +is that help rarely makes it to our Claire. + +[End] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/totalism.txt b/politicalTextFiles/totalism.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c48ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/totalism.txt @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ + + +TOTALITARIANISM + +by Chip Berlet + +(adapted from a forthcoming book) + +Totalitarianism is a zealous form of political +organization new to this century's mass +society. The style, strategies, +tactics, and internal organizing practices of the +totalitarian group were outlined by +historian-philosopher Hannah Arendt in her book +The Origins of Totalitarianism. + +In recent years there has been a revisionist +interpretation of Arendt's work, linking nazism +and communism as two sides of the same political +coin, or claiming that all communist or Marxist +movements are totalitarian, or that only Nazi and +communist ideologies can become totalitarian. +Arendt specifically repudiates this simplistic +interpretation of her work when she writes +"...ideologies of the nineteenth century are not +in themselves totalitarian," and that although +fascism and communism became "the decisive +ideologies of the twentieth century they were +not, in principle, any `more totalitarian' than +others." According to Arendt, the ideological +victory of fascism and communism over other +twentieth century belief structures was "decided +before the totalitarian movements took hold of +precisely these ideologies" as a vehicle for +seizing and holding state power. + +Under totalitarianism there is strict control of +all aspects of the life of the individual in the +group through the use of coericive measures, +physical or emotional. + +The allure of undeniably efficient and expedient +totalitarianism is what Stalin succumbed to in +his rush to create a socialist society. Not +totalitarianism as defined by cyncial +philosophical revisionists such as Jeane +Kirkpatrick and Henry Kissinger, but +totalitarianism in the original definition as an +organizational form characterised by centralized +control by an autocratic leader or hierarchy. + +Totalitarian groups are characterised by +centralized control by an autocratic leader and +surrounding hierarchy. + +Totalitarianism has left its mark on this +century--and the vast majority of progressives +around the world have learned an important lesson +from the disasterous consequences, and have +rejected the siren call of totalitarianism which +infected both Hitler and Stalin in their zealous +rush to power. Some elements of the NAP's +methodology and style mirror the early stages of +several European fascist movements in the 1930's. + +Totalitarian movements historically have shared a +number of similarites: + +*** A methodological link between the +psychological and the political which forms both +a theoretical world-view and a justification for +indoctrinating members in an effort to create a +new consciousness through a unique and exclusive +technique understood only by the group's leaders. + +*** Psychologically coercive techniques to +manipulate members' views and actions. + +*** Attempts to establish hegemonic relationships +with other similar political groups, and, failing +that, attempts to undermine the group and +establish parallel organizations. + +*** Virulent and unprincipled attacks on critics, +including insults, agent-baiting, threats by +attorneys and defamation lawsuits. + +*** Re-writing of the group's political and +organizational history to meet current needs. + +*** A closed and covert hierarchical internal +structure that is not necessarily congruent with +the public organizational structure. + +*** Differentiation between internal in-group and +external out-group reality, use of propoganda, +and implementation of a "secret-society" style. + +These similarities do not change the fact that +the totalitarian LaRouchite philosophy is +apparently neo-fascist while the totalitarian +Newman and Parente philosophies are apparently +left-progressive, but it does mean that +internally, all these groups have an +authoritarian hierarchy whose existence is +denied, they rely on psychologically-manipulative +practices to control core members. These +political groups match a cult paradigm and are +far from democratic, despite outward claims and +appearances. + +The propaganda and organizing techniques used by +the internally-authoritarian and +psychologically-manipulative cult groups run by +Lyndon LaRouche, Fred Newman, and Geno Parente +(and others) mirror totalitarianism. + +It is crucial to note the relationship of +LaRouche, Parente, and Newman during the early +1970's in light of their subsequent activities. +All three white male political leaders viewed +Marxist revolution through an egocentric prism +which pre-supposed the centrality of one special +individual's will in shaping history. All three +used psychologically manipulative techniques to +enforce obedience in the institutions they have +built--institutions which sought political +hegemony over other groups. All three groups +share many elements of the a totalitarian +movement which is correctly defined by its style, +structure and methods not by its stated or +apparent ideology. + +Arendt's theories were first published in the +1950's, long before people like LaRouche, Newman +and Parente arrived on the political scene, yet +her analysis reads as if it were a study of the +Executive Committee of the National Caucus of +Labor Committees (the secret core leadership of +the LaRouche network), the International Workers +Party (the secret core leadership of the New +Alliance Party, the Rainbow Lobby and the +Institutes for Social Therapy), and the Communist +Party (Provisional) (the secret core leadership +of the National Labor Federation and its related +fronts, the Eastern Service Workers, California +Homemakers, etc.). + +Arendt discusses how totalitarian movements are +built around a central fiction of a powerful +conspiracy, (in the case of the Nazis, a +conspiracy of Jews which dominates the world,) +that requires a secretive counter-conspiracy be +organized. Totalitarian groups organize the +counter-conspiracy in a hierarchical manner which +mimics the levels of membership and rituals of +social and religious secret societies. + +According to Arendt, most people get their first +glimpse of a totalitarian movement through its +front organizations: + +"Sympathisers, who are to all appearances still +innocuous fellow citizens in a nontotalitarian +society, can hardly be called single-minded +fanatics; through them, the movements make their +lies more generally acceptable, can spread their +propaganda in milder, more respectable forms, +until the whole atmosphere is poisoned with +totalitarian elements which are hardly +recognizable as such but appear to be normal +political reactions or opinions." (p. 367) + +LaRouche, Newman and Parente have spawned dozens +of front organizations, each designed around some +issue of mass appeal. For instance, LaRouche +followers used the front device of Proposition 64 +in California to take a generalized fear over the +spread of AIDS and steer it towards an acceptance +of authoritarian methods such as quarantine +isolation of suspected carriers and job +discrimination. + +Arendt also explains that different +constituencies react to propaganda messages from +totalitarian groups in different ways: + +"The whole hierarchical structure of +totalitarian movements, from naive +fellow-travellers to party members, elite +formations, and the intimate circle around the +Leader, and the Leader himself, could be +described in terms of a curiously varying mixture +of gullibility and cynicism with which each +member, depending upon his rank and standing in +the movement, is expected to react to the +changing lying statements of the leaders and the +central unchanging ideological fiction of the +movement." (p. 382) + +Arendt explains that average members of +totalitarian groups need not believe all the +statements made for public consumption, but they +do believe "all the more fervently the standard +cliches of ideological explanation." (p. 384) If +a lie is detected by the mass of people or even +the average member, it is dismissed as having +been a tactical necessity which only further +proves the cunning and wisdom of the leader. + +For the elite members, even the basic ideological +explanations of the group are not necessarily +believed, but are seen as "fabricated to answer a +quest for truth" among the lower ranking +followers. For the elite, facts are immaterial. +Their loyalty is to the leader who embodies +truth, and they require neither demonstration nor +explanation of the leader's assertions: + +"Their superiority consists in their ability to +dissolve every statement of fact into a +declaration of purpose. In distinction to the +mass membership which, for instance, needs some +demonstration of the inferiority of the Jewish +race before it can safely be asked to kill Jews, +the elite formations understand that the +statement, all Jews are inferior, means, all Jews +should be killed." (p. 385) + +At the top is "the intimate circle around the +Leader" for whom all statements are "mere devices +to organize the masses, and they feel no +compunction about changing them according to the +needs of circumstances." (p. 385) + +The ultimate goal of a totalitarian movement, of +course, is to propel the totalitarian leader +toward total, ruthless, world domination. +Political issues and positions are transitory +tactical tools that move the organization and its +leader toward power. Historically, when power is +attained, the political allies and issues are +betrayed. + +Leninist Democratic Centralism + totalitarianism = Stalinism + +Hitlerian Ultra-Racialist Fascism + totalitarianism = Nazism + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/toxix3w.txt b/politicalTextFiles/toxix3w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..677b099 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/toxix3w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + DUMPING OUR TOXIC WASTES ON THE THIRD WORLD + + Exporting hazardous and toxic wastes to Third World countries is + a growth industry. The exported material includes heavy metal residues + and chemical-contaminated wastes, pharmaceutical refuse, and municipal + sewage sludge and incinerator ash. The risks involved for countries + that accept our wastes range from contamination of groundwater and + crops to birth defects and cancer. + Traditionally, the majority of U.S. toxic waste exports have gone + to Canada where regulations are less stringent than in the U.S. But + now the most abrupt increase is in shipments to the Third World where + the regulations are either nonexistent or sketchily enforced. + Creating the search for new overseas markets is an explosion in + the volume of recorded hazardous wastes beng produced in the U.S. + According to the General Accounting Office, the amount rose from about + 9 million metric tons in 1970 to at least 247 million in 1984; other + experts place the current figure close to 400 millon metric tons. + U.S. officials, aware of the sensitive legal and foreign policy + questions involved, are reluctant to crack down on illegal dumpers + and, in fact, the government itself is reponsible for generating a + significant portion of the hazardous waste exports. One large illegal + operation broken up last year received more than half its toxic wastes + from various branches of the Federal government, mainly the military. + Some examples of what is happening as discovered by the authors + using court records, interviews, and the Freedom of Information Act: + Philadelphia is planning to ship 600,000 tons of ash residue a + year from its municipal incinerator to Panama which plans to use the + materials as landfill for roadbeds; + U.S. sludge may end up in the tiny British Caribbean colony of + Turks and Caicos Islands which proposes to use it as fertilizer; + L.P.T., a company with offices in American Samoa and California, + is seeking approval to build an incinerator in American Samoa to burn + U.S. wastes and export the ash to the Philippines where it would be + used as landfill; + Western Pacific Waste Repositories, based in Carson City, Nevada, + is poposing to build a hazardous waste storage and treatment plant on + Erikub atoll, an unhinhabited area of the Marshall Islands. + The key U.S. government officials responsible for monitoring + waste traffic claim they are powerless. "Under the federal system, we + only have control over what's in the country," says Wendy Grieder, an + official in the EPA's Office of International Activities. "Once it + leaves, we can't do anything about it." + Finally, exported wastes may return to haunt us in a very direct + way. "It's possible that we could send sludge to the Caribbean and + they might use it on, say, spinach or other vegetables," warned + Grieder. And since the Food and Drug Administation checks only a + small portion of foods and vegetables that come into the U.S., + exported hazardous wastes could easily end up on our dinner table. + + SOURCE: THE NATION, 10/3/87 "The Export of U.S. Toxic Wastes," by + Andrew Porterfield and David Weir, pp front cover, 341-344. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/trade.txt b/politicalTextFiles/trade.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08f5853 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/trade.txt @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please post. + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON TRADE + + +To win in global markets, America needs an economic +growth plan that provides every person and every +firm with the means to be more productive. We need +a trade policy that puts people first by investing +in ourselves. Bill Clinton and Al Gore's Nations +Economic Strategy invest in the ongoing education +of the American people, in the productive equipment +that gives our workers the tools to compete, and in +the economic infrastructure that binds our markets +and our business together. It also recognizes that +America needs companies that invest in the future, +profit from change and treat their workers as full +partners. + +When our workers and firms do their part to be +competitive, we must have an Administration that +does its part to ensure that we have open markets +for their goods and services. We need a new trade +and competitiveness program. A Clinton/Gore +Administration will stand up for American workers +by standing up to countries that don't play by the +rules of free and fair trade. Given a chance, +American farmers, workers and businesses can +out-compete anybody. + + +The Clinton/Gore Plan + +Promote world growth + +To promote world growth policies in the post-Cold +War era, we must be economically strong at home. +President Bush's weak economic record has deprived +him of the authority he needs to insist that Japan +adopt expansionary policies to reduce its $100 +billion trade surplus, and to ensure that Germany's +high interest rates do not cripple growth +throughout Europe. A Clinton/Gore Administration +will hold all advanced countries accountable for +doing their part to promote world trade, end unfair +trade practices and open markets. + +Support a strong "Super 301" + +This is the provision of U.S. trade law that has +helped pry open foreign markets. Our competitors +must know that we won't stand for unfair trade +practices that prevent our farmers, workers and +businesses from selling products aborad and +creating jobs at home. We have had plenty of empty +promises on trade; what we need now are results. + +North American Free Trade Agreement + +Bill Clinton will support a free trade treaty with +Mexico, but only if it has adequate protection for +workers, health and the environment on both sides +of the border. A Clinton/Gore Administration will +support a free trade policy that puts people first. +We just have strong transition strategies that +ensure that workers benefit from a more open world +trading system. + + +General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) + +America needs leadership to break the logjam and +get the Uruguay Round finished. President Bush's +ill-fated trip to Japan and his poor performance at +the G-7 summit demonstrate that our trade policies +suffer from a lack of Presidential leadership. +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will ensure that the +Uruguay Round opens markets for agriculture, +services and in particular manufacturing; protects +our intellectual property; and takes a tough stand +against unfair trade practices. The United States +need to continue to promote free trade that aims to +raise - not lower - standards for health, safety, +and the environment. No trade agreement should +preclude the United States from enforcing +non-discriminatory laws and regulations affecting +health, worker safety and the environment. Bill +Clinton and Al Gore will not allow the Uruguay +round to alter U.S. laws and regulations through +the back door. + +Economic Security Council + +A Clinton/Gore Administration will create an +Economic Security Council, similar to the National +Security Council, to coordinate American +international economic policy. + +MFN with China + +The Bush Administration erred by extending Most +Favored Nation trade status to the People's +Republic of China before it achieved documented +progress on human rights. We should not reward +China with improved trade status when it has +continued to trade goods made by prison labor and +has failed to make sufficient progress on human +rights since the Tiananmen Square massacre. + +Reform the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative + +Bill Clinton will issue an executive order banning +trade negotiators from cashing in on their +positions by serving as representatives of foreign +corporations or governments. He will rededicate the +Office of the Trade Representative to serving the +country - not selling out for lucrative lobbying +paychecks from foreign competitors. + +Create a civilian DARPA + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore will create a civilian +advanced technology agency modelled on the Defense +Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). America +can no longer afford to get the Nobel Prizes while +our competitors get the profits. A civilian +technology agency will bring businesses and +universities together to develop cutting-edge +products and technologies, to move our ideas into +the marketplace where they can create jobs for our +people. The new agency will increase America's +commercial R&D spending, and focus its efforts in +crucial new technologies such as biotechnology, +robotics, high speed computing and environmental +technology. + +Incentives for manufacturing innovation + +* Provide a targeted investment tax credit to + encourage investment in the new plants and + productive equipment that we need here at home + to compete in the global economy. + +* Make permanent the research and development + tax credit to reward companies that invest in + ground-technologies. + +* Help small businesses and entrepreneurs by + offering a 50 percent tax exclusion to those + who take risks by making long-term investments + in new businesses. + +Standing up for America's workers + +* Require every employer to spend 1.5 percent of + payroll for continued education and training, + and make them provide the training to all + workers, not just executives. + +* Bring business, labor, and education leaders + together to develop a national apprenticeship + program that offers non-college bound students + training in valuable skills. + +* Provide all Americans with affordable, quality + health care. + +* Limit deductions for outrageous executive pay. + Companies will be allowed to deduct bonuses + for employee ownership and profit sharing for + all employees, no just executives. + +* End tax breaks for American companies that + shut down their plants here and ship American + jobs overseas. + + +The Record + +* From 1979 to 1991, there was 142 percent + increase in the number of Arkansas companies + exporting products. Nearly 75 percent of + those companies had less than 200 employees. + +* Bill Clinton made numerous trade missions to + Europe and Asia to negotiate expanded markets + for Arkansas products. + +* Senator Gore has insisted that other + governments dismantle barriers which unfairly + block access to their markets. + +* Gore does no believe the long-term solution to + our country's competitiveness problem is a + blanket policy of protectionism. Senator Gore + has fought to invest in the research and + development of new technologies, to rebuild + our crumbling infrastructure, to better + educate our children and to retrain our + workers. + +* Senator Gore introduced and steered into law + the High Performance Computing Act of 1990, to + create a national high- speed computers, and + making those computers accessible to people + who otherwise would not be able to take + advantage of their power and speed. It was + the result of more than a dozen years of work + by Gore. + +* Gore joined a number of his Senate colleagues + in June 1991 to introduce comprehensive + package of legislation to strengthen our + manufacturing base. They will help us + establish a federal manufacturing policy to + develop and commercialize critical + technologies and sharpen our ability to turn + inventions into affordable, usable products. + +* Gore supported the fast-track process for the + negotiation of a U.S. Mexico Free Trade + Agreement, but final approval of NAFTA is + dependent on its protection of American + workers and support of enforceable + environmental standards. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/transmit.txt b/politicalTextFiles/transmit.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f1ba7a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/transmit.txt @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ + LETTER OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION, TO THE + PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS, TRANSMITTING THE CONSTITUTION + + + + In Convention + September 17, 1787 + + +Sir, + + We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the +United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which +has appeared to us the most advisable. + + The friends of our country have long seen and desired, that +the power of making war, peace, and treaties, that of levying +money and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive +and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested +in the general government of the Union: But the impropriety of +delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident +-- Hence results the necessity of a different organization. + + It is obviously impractical in the federal government of +these states, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty +to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all: +Individuals entering into society, must give up a share of +liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice +must depend as well on situation and circumstances, as on the +object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw +with precision the line between those rights which must be +surrendered, and those which may be reserved; and on the +present occasion this difficulty was encreased by a difference +among the several states as to their situation, extent, +habits, and particular interests. + + In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in +our view, that which appears to us the greatest interest of every +true American, the consolidation of our Union, in which is +involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, perhaps our national +existence. This important consideration, seriously and deeply +impressed on our minds, led each state in the Convention to be +less rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been +otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution, which we now +present, is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual +deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political +situation rendered indispensable. + + That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every +state is not perhaps to be expected; but each will doubtless +consider that had her interest been alone consulted, the +consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or +injurious to others; that it is liable to as few exceptions +as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and believe; +that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear +to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most +ardent wish. + + With great respect, We have the honor to be, Sir, + Your Excellency's + most obedient and humble servants, + + George Washington, President + By unanimous Order of the Convention. + +His Excellency the President of Congress + +------------------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/treason.txt b/politicalTextFiles/treason.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c020ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/treason.txt @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +From a standard reference: + +"Treason, a crime against the state to which allegiance is owed, +consists of attempting to overthrow the government or betraying +it into the hands of enemies intent on overthrowing it. Under +English law high treason was once so broad a term that it was +used until the 19th century to justify punishing all sorts of +persons who were judged as enemies of the monarch. + +The U.S. Constitution narrowly defines treason and specifically +declares: "No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the +Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on +Confession in open Court." This constitutional statement was +strictly followed by Chief Justice John Marshall in the 1807 +trial of Aaron Burr, who was charged with treason for allegedly +plotting to establish an independent republic in the Louisiana +Territory but who was acquitted because the prosecution could not +prove Burr guilty of "an overt act of levying war." + +Due to the unusually difficult burden of proof, less than 40 +federal prosecutions for treason have occurred, and +only once in its history has the U.S. Supreme Court sustained a +conviction for treason (Haupt v. United States, 1947). Many state +constitutions have treason provisions, but only two persons have +been successfully prosecuted by states: Thomas Dorr and John Brown. + +Dorr's Rebellion was an uprising in Rhode Island in 1842 to +secure constitutional reform. At that time the state was still +governed under the terms of the 1663 colonial charter, which +restricted voting rights to male property owners. In 1841 a +reform movement began, led by Thomas Wilson Dorr (1805-54). Dorr +called a convention (October 1841) which drafted a constitution +based on universal male suffrage. The state legislature countered +by drafting its own new constitution; but it was rejected in a +referendum, and Dorr's constitution was approved. + +Although state government ruled Dorr's constitution illegal, his +party nonetheless held elections, and as a result, Dorr +proclaimed himself governor in April 1842. The official +government then declared martial law, and after some armed +clashes Dorr fled the state. Later sentenced (1844) to life +imprisonment, he was released after one year. In the meantime, +Rhode Island legally adopted (1843) a new, liberalized +constitution." + +"The American abolitionist John Brown is remembered especially for +his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va., in 1859. +Born on May 9, 1800, in Torrington, Conn., he grew up in Ohio. +During most of his adult years Brown wandered from job to job. +Ill fortune, business reverses, and charges of illegal practices +followed him from the 1820s onward. By the 1850s, however, he had +become deeply interested in the slavery question. + +Brown envisioned emancipation by massive slave insurrection, but +he did not pursue that goal until the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry. +Before then, he and five of his sons became embroiled in the +struggle between proslavery and antislavery forces for control of +the territorial government in Kansas. By the spring of 1855, +civil strife had broken out in Kansas and Brown had assumed +command of local Free-Soil militia. Within a year, proslavery +forces had sacked the Free-Soil town of Lawrence, an event that +triggered a bloody retaliation by Brown. During the night of May +24, 1856, Brown, four of his sons, and two other followers +invaded the Pottawatomie River country and killed five helpless +settlers, hacking them with sabers. Brown, who was never caught, +took full responsibility for the act. + +From then on, Brown became even more preoccupied with abolition +by slave insurrection. Observers often remarked on his magnetic +ability to dominate and involve others in his designs. By 1858 he +had persuaded a number of the North's most prominent +abolitionists to finance his insurrectionary projects. After +protracted conspiracy, delay, and diversion, Brown finally chose +Harpers Fery as his point of attack, hoping to establish a base +in the mountains to which slaves and free blacks could flee. +Brown assembled an armed force of 21 men about five miles from +Harpers Ferry, and on Oct. 16, 1859, they seized the town and +occupied the federal arsenal. + +The town was soon surrounded by local militia, and federal troops +under Robert E. Lee arrived the next day. Ten of Brown's army +died in the ensuing battle, and Brown himself was wounded. +Arrested and charged with treason, Brown conducted himself with +great courage and displayed considerable skill in arousing +Northern sympathy. Many hailed him as a noble martyr, even as +Southern whites expresed deep outrage at his fanaticism. His +hanging, on Dec. 2, 1859, symbolically foreshadowed the violence +of the Civil War, which broke out two years later." diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/treaty_o.txt b/politicalTextFiles/treaty_o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44c9729 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/treaty_o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,528 @@ +THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE: + + + TREATY OF GREENVILLE + WYANDOTS, DELAWARES, ETC. + + [concluded August 3, 1795] + +A treaty of peace between the United States of America, +and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, +Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, +Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and +Kaskaskias. + + To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all +controversies, and to restore harmony and friendly +intercourse between the said United States and Indian +tribes, Anthony Wayne, major general commanding the +army of the United States, and sole commissioner for +the good purposes above mentioned, and the said tribes +of Indians, by their sachems, chiefs, and warriors, +met together at Greenville, the head quarters of the +said army, have agreed on the following articles, +which, when ratified by the President, with the +advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, +shall be binding on them and the said Indian tribes. + Art. 1: Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; +peace is hereby established, and shall be perpetual; +and a friendly intercourse shall take place between the +said United States and Indian tribes. + Art. 2: All prisoners shall, on both sides, be +restored. The Indians, prisoners to the United States, +shall be immediately set at liberty. The people of the +United States, still remaining prisoners among the +Indians, shall be delivered up in ninety days from the +date hereof, to the general or commanding officer at +Greenville, fort Wayne, or fort Defiance; and ten +chiefs of the said tribes shall remain at Greenville +as hostages, until the delivery of the prisoners shall +be effected. + Art. 3: The general boundary line between the +lands of the United States and the lands of the said +Indian tribes, shall begin at the mouth of Cayahoga +river, and run thence up the same to the portage, +between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the +Muskingum, thence down that branch to the crossing +place above fort Lawrence, thence westerly to a fork +of that branch of the Great Miami river, running into +the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loromie's store, +and where commences the portage between the Miami of +the Ohio, and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of +the Miami which runs into lake Erie; thence a westerly +course to fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of +the Wabash; thence southwesterly in a direct line to +the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the +mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa river. And in +consideration of the peace now established; of the +goods formerly received from the United States; of +those now to be delivered; and of the yearly delivery +of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to +indemnify the United States for the injuries and +expenses they have sustained during the war, the said +Indian tribes do hereby cede and relinquish forever, +all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly and +southwardly of the general boundary line now described: +and these lands, or any part of them, shall never +hereafter be made a cause or pretence, on the part of +the said tribes, or any of them, of war or injury to +the United States, or any of the people thereof. + And for the same considerations, and as an +evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian +tribes, of their confidence in the United States, and +desire to provide for their accommodations, and for +that convenient intercourse which will be beneficial to +both parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to +the United States the following pieces of land, to +wit: 1) One piece of land six miles square, at or near +Loromie's store, before mentioned. 2) One piece two +miles square, at the head of the navigable water or +landing, on the St. Mary's river, near Girty's town. +3) One piece six miles square, at the head of the +navigable water of the Auglaize river. 4) One piece +six miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize +and Miami rivers, where fort Defiance now stands. +5) One piece six miles square, at or near the +confluence of the rivers St. Mary's and St. Joseph's, +where fort Wayne now stands, or near it. 6) One piece +two miles square, on the Wabash river, at the end of +the portage from the Miami of the lake, and about +eight miles westward from fort Wayne. 7) One piece +six miles square, at the Ouatanon, or Old Wea towns, +on the Wabash river. 8) One piece twelve miles square, +at the British fort on the Miami of the lake, at the +foot of the rapids. 9) One piece six miles square, at +the mouth of the said river, where it empties into the +lake. 10) One piece six miles square, upon Sandusky +lake, where a fort formerly stood. 11) One piece two +miles square, at the lower rapids of Sandusky river. +12) The post of Detroit, and all the land to the +north, the west and the south of it, of which the +Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants +to the French or English governments: and so much more +land to be annexed to the district of Detroit, as +shall be comprehended between the river Rosine, on the +south, lake St. Clair on the north, and a line, the +general course whereof shall be six miles distant from +the west end of lake Erie and Detroit river. 13) The +post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island +on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, +of which the Indian title has been extinguished by +gifts or grants to the Frewnch or English governments; +and a piece of land on the main to the north of the +island, to measure six miles, on lake Huron, or the +strait between lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend +three miles back from the water of the lake or strait; +and also, the Island De Bois Blane, being an extra and +voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation. 14) One piece +of land six miles square, at the mouth of Chikago +river, emptying into the southwest end of lake +Michigan, where a fort formerly stood. 15) One piece +twelve miles square, at or near the mouth of the +Illinois river, emptying into the Mississippi. 16) One +piece six miles square, at the old Piorias fort and +village near the south end of the Illinois lake, on +said Illinois river. And whenever the United States +shall think proper to survey and mark the boundaries +of the lands hereby ceded to them, they shall give +timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, +that they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to +attend and see that the lines are run according to the +terms of this treaty. + And the said Indian tribes will allow to the +people of the United States a free passage by land and +by water, as one and the other shall be found +convenient, through their country, along the chain of +posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the +commencement of the portage aforesaid, at or near +Loromie's store, thence along said portage to the St. +Mary's, and down the same to fort Wayne, and then down +the Miami, to lake Erie; again, from the commencement +of the portage at or near Loromie's store along the +portage from thence to the river Auglaize, and down the +same to its junction with the Miami at fort Defiance; +again, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, +to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky bay +and lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which +shall be taken at or near the foot of the Rapids of +the Miami of the lake; and from thence to Detroit. +Again, from the mouth of Chikago, to the commencement +of the portage, between that river and the Illinois, +and down the Illinois river to the Mississippi; also, +from fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which +leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the +Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to +the people of the United States, the free use of the +harbors and mouths of rivers along the lakes adjoining +the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, +and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for +their safety. + Art. 4: In consideration of the peace now +established, and of the cessions and relinquishments +of lands made in the preceding article by the said +tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of +the United States, as the great means of rendering +this peace strong and perpetual, the United States +relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands +northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the +Mississippi, and westward and southward of the Great +Lakes and the waters, uniting them, according to the +boundary line agreed on by the United States and the +King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made +between them in the year 1783. But from this +relinquishment by the United States, the following +tracts of land are explicitly excepted: + 1st. The tract on one hundred and fifty thousand +acres near the rapids of the river Ohio, which has been +assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and +his warriors. + 2nd. The post of St. Vincennes, on the River +Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian +title has been extinguished. + 3rd. The lands at all other places in possession +of the French people and other white settlers among +them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished +as mentioned in the 3d article; and + 4th. The post of fort Massac towards the mouth of +the Ohio. To which several parcels of land so +excepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and +claim which they or any of them may have. + And for the same considerations and with the same +views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver +to the said Indian tribes a quantity of goods to the +value of twenty thousand dollars, the receipt whereof +they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every +year, forever, the United States will deliver, at +some convenient place northward of the river Ohio, +like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the +Indians, of the value of nine thousand five hundred +dollars; reckoning that value at the first cost of the +goods in the city or place in the United States where +they shall be procured. The tribes to which those +goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions +in which they are to be delivered, are the following: + 1st. To the Wyandots, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 2nd. To the Delawares, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 3rd. To the Shawanees, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 4th. To the Miamis, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 5th. To the Ottawas, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 6th. To the Chippewas, the amount of one thousand +dollars. + 7th. To the Pattawatimas, the amount of one +thousand dollars, and + 8th. To the Kickapoo, Wea, Eel River, Piankeshaw, +and Kaskaskia tribes, the amount of five hundred +dollars each. + Provided, that if either of the said tribes shall +hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the +goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity +should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of +husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and +in compensation to useful artificers who may reside +with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, +the same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, +be furnished accordingly. + Art. 5: To prevent any misunderstanding about the +Indian lands relinquished by the United States in the +fourth article, it is now explicitly declared, that +the meaning of that relinquishment is this: the Indian +tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to +enjoy them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon, +so long as they please, without any molestation from +the United States; but when those tribes, or any of +them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any +part of them, they are to be sold only to the United +States; and until such sale, the United States will +protect all the said Indian tribes in the quiet +enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the +United States, and against all other white persons who +intrude upon the same. And the said Indian tribes +again acknowledge themselves to be under the protection +of the said United States, and no other power whatever. + Art. 6: If any citizen of the United States, or +any other white person or persons, shall presume to +settle upon the lands now relinquished by the United +States, such citizen or other person shall be out of +the protection of the United States; and the Indian +tribe, on whose land the settlement shall be made, may +drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as +they shall think fit; and because such settlements, +made without the consent of the United States, will be +injurious to them as well as to the Indians, the United +States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove +and punish the settlers as they shall think proper, and +so effect that protection of the Indian lands herein +before stipulated. + Art. 7: The said tribes of Indians, parties to +this treaty, shall be at liberty to hunt within the +territory and lands which they have now ceded to the +United States, without hindrance or molestation, so +long as they demean themselves peaceably, and offer +no injury to the people of the United States. + Art. 8: Trade shall be opened with the said Indian +tribes; and they do hereby respectively engage to afford +protection to such persons, with their property, as +shall be duly licensed to reside among them for the +purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; +but no person shall be permitted to reside among them +for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and +servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at +any of their towns or hunting camps, as a trader, who +is not furnished with a license for that purpose, under +the hand and seal of the superintendent of the +department northwest of the Ohio, or such other person +as the President of the United States shall authorize +to grant such licenses; to the end, that the said +Indians may not be imposed on in their trade.* And if +any licensed trader shall abuse his privilege by unfair +dealing, upon complaint and proof thereof, his license +shall be taken from him, and he shall be further +punished according to the laws of the United States. +And if any person shall intrude himself as a trader, +without such license, the said Indians shall take and +bring him before the superintendent, or his deputy, to +be dealt with according to law. And to prevent +impositions by forged licenses, the said Indians shall, +at lease once a year, give information to the +superintendent, or his deputies, on the names of the +traders residing among them. + Art. 9: Lest the firm peace and friendship now +established, should be interrupted by the misconduct +of individuals, the United States, and the said Indian +tribes agree, that for injuries done by individuals on +either side, no private revenge or retaliation shall +take place; but instead thereof, complaint shall be +made by the party injured, to the other: by the said +Indian tribes or any of them, to the President of the +United States, or the superintendent by him appointed; +and by the superintendent or other person appointed by +the President, to the principal chiefs of the said +Indian tribes, or of the tribe to which the offender +belongs; and such prudent measures shall then be +taken as shall be necessary to preserve the said +peace and friendship unbroken, until the legislature +(or great council) of the United States, shall make +other equitable provision in the case, to the +satisfaction of both parties. Should any Indian tribes +meditate a war against the United States, or either of +them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the +before mentioned tribes, or either of them, they do +hereby engage to give immediate notice thereof to the +general, or officer commanding the troops of the +United States, at the nearest post. + + *See, in relation to this licensed trade, the + "first explanatory article" of the treaty of + amity, commerce, and navigation, between the + United States and Great Britain, of the 19th of + November, 1974. + +And should any tribe, with hostile intentions against +the United States, or either of them, attempt to pass +through their country, they will endeavor to prevent +the same, and in like manner give information of +such attempt, to the general, or officer commanding, +as soon as possible, that all causes of mistrust and +suspicion may be avoided between them and the United +States. In like manner, the United States shall give +notice to the said Indian tribes of any harm that may +be meditated against them, or either of them, that +shall come to their knowledge; and do all in their +power to hinder and prevent the same, that the +friendship between them may be uninterrupted. + Art. 10: All other treaties heretofore made +between the United States, and the said Indian tribes, +or any of them, since the treaty of 1783, between the +United States and Great Britain, that come within the +purview of this treaty, shall henceforth cease and +become void. + In testimony whereof, the said Anthony Wayne, and +the sachems and war chiefs of the before mentioned +nations and tribes of Indians, have hereunto set their +hands and affixed their seals. + Done at Greenville, in the territory of the +United States northwest of the river Ohio, on the third +day of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety +five. + +WYANDOTS. + +Tarhe, or Crane, his x mark L.S. +J. Williams, jun. his x mark, L.S. +Teyyaghtaw, his x mark, L.S. +Haroenyou, or half king's son, his x mark, L.S. +Tehaawtorens, his x mark, L.S. +Awmeyeeray, his x mark, L.S. +Stayetah, his x mark L.S. +Shateyyaronyah, or Leather Lips, his x mark, L.S. +Daughshuttayah, his x mark L.S. +Shaawrunthe, his x mark L.S. + +DELAWARES. + +Tetabokshke, or Grand Glaize King, his x mark, L.S. +Lemantanquis, or Black King, his x mark, L.S. +Wabatthoe, his x mark, L.S. +Maghpiway, or Red Feather, his x mark, L.S. +Kikthawenund, or Anderson, his x mark, L.S. +Bukongehelas, his x mark, L.S. +Peekeelund, his x mark, L.S. +Wellebawkeelund, his x mark, L.S. +Peekeetelemund, or Thomas Adams, his x mark, L.S. +Kishkopekund, or Captain Buffalo, his x mark, L.S. +Amenahehan, or Captain Crow, his x mark, L.S. +Queshawksey, or George Washington, his x mark, L.S. +Weywinquis, or Billy Siscomb, his x mark, L.S. +Moses, his x mark, L.S. + +SHAWANEES. + +Misquacoonacaw, or Red Pole, his x mark, L.S. +Cutthewekasaw, or Black Hoof, his x mark, L.S. +Kaysewaesekah, his x mark, L.S. +Weythapamattha, his x mark, L.S. +Nianysmeka, his x mark, L.S. +Waytheah, or Long Shanks, his x mark, L.S. +Weyapiersenwaw, or Blue Jacket, his x mark, L.S. +Nequetaughaw, his x mark, L.S. +Hahgoosekaw, or Captain Reed, his x mark, L.S. + +OTTAWAS. + +Augooshaway, his x mark, L.S. +Keenoshameek, his x mark, L.S. +La Malice, his x mark, L.S. +Machiwetah, his x mark, L.S. +Thowonawa, his x mark, L.S. +Secaw, his x mark, L.S. + +CHIPPEWAS. + +Mashipinashiwish, or Bad Bird, his x mark, L.S. +Nahshogashe, (from Lake Superior), his x mark, L.S. +Kathawasung, his x mark, L.S. +Masass, his x mark, L.S. +Nemekass, or Little Thunder, his x mark, L.S. +Peshawkay, or Young Ox, his x mark, L.S. +Nanguey, his x mark, L.S. +Meenedohgeesogh, his x mark, L.S. +Peewanshemenogh, his x mark, L.S. +Weymegwas, his x mark, L.S. +Gobmaatick, his x mark, L.S. + +OTTAWA. + +Chegonickska, an Ottawa from Sandusky, +his x mark, L.S. + +PATTAWATIMAS OF THE RIVER ST. JOSEPH. + +Thupenebu, his x mark, L.S. +Nawac, for himself and brother Etsimethe, + his x mark, L.S. +Nenanseka, his x mark, L.S. +Keesass, or Run, his x mark, L.S. +Kabamasaw, for himself and brother Chisaugan, + his x mark, L.S. +Sugganunk, his x mark, L.S. +Wapmeme, or White Pigeon, his x mark, L.S. +Wacheness, for himself and brother Pedagoshok, + his x mark, L.S. +Wabshicawnaw, his x mark, L.S. +La Chasse, his x mark, L.S. +Meshegethenogh, for himself and brother, + Wawasek, his x mark, L.S. +Hingoswash, his x mark, L.S. +Anewasaw, his x mark, L.S. +Nawbudgh, his x mark, L.S. +Missenogomaw, his x mark, L.S. +Waweegshe, his x mark, L.S. +Thawme, or Le Blanc, his x mark, L.S. +Geeque, for himself and brother Shewinse, + his x mark, L.S. + +PATTAWATIMAS OF HURON. + +Okia, his x mark, L.S. +Chamung, his x mark, L.S. +Segagewan, his x mark, L.S. +Nanawme, for himself and brother A. Gin, + his x mark, L.S. +Marchand, his x mark, L.S. +Wenameac, his x mark, L.S. + +MIAMIS. +Nagohquangogh, or Le Gris, his x mark, L.S. +Meshekunnoghquoh, or Little Turtle, + his x mark, L.S. + +MIAMIS AND EEL RIVERS. + +Peejeewa, or Richard Ville, his x mark, L.S. +Cochkepoghtogh, his x mark, L.S. + +EEL RIVER TRIBE. + +Shamekunnesa, or Soldier, his x mark, L.S. + +MIAMIS. + +Wapamangwa, or the White Loon, his x mark, L.S. + +WEAS, FOR THEMSELVES AND THE PIANKESHAWS. + +Amacunsa, or Little Beaver, his x mark, L.S. +Acoolatha, or Little Fox, his x mark, L.S. +Francis, his x mark, L.S. + +KICKAPOOS AND KASKASKIAS. + +Keeawhah, his x mark, L.S. +Nemighka, or Josey Renard, his x mark, L.S. +Paikeekanogh, his x mark, L.S. + +DELAWARES OF SANDUSKY. + +Hawkinpumiska, his x mark, L.S. +Peyamawksey, his x mark, L.S. +Reyntueco, (of the Six Nations, living at + Sandusky), his x mark, L.S. + +H. De Butts, first A.D.C. and Sec'ry to Major Gen. +Wayne, +Wm. H. Harrison, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, +T. Lewis, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, +James O'Hara, Quartermaster Gen'l. +John Mills, Major of Infantry, and Adj. Gen'l. +Caleb Swan, P.M.T.U.S. +Gen. Demter, Lieut. Artillery, +Vigo, +P. Frs. La Fontaine, +Ast. Lasselle, Sworn interpreters. +H. Lasselle, Wm. Wells, +Js. Beau Bien, Jacques Lasselle, +David Jones, Chaplain U.S.S. M. Morins, +Lewis Beaufait, Bt. Sans Crainte, +R. Lachambre, Christopher Miller, +Jas. Pepen, Robert Wilson, +Baties Coutien, Abraham Williams, + his x mark +P. Navarre. Isaac Zane, his x mark + +------------------------------------ + +Prepared by Nancy Troutman (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa345) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/tribe.txt b/politicalTextFiles/tribe.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c54ca49 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/tribe.txt @@ -0,0 +1,851 @@ +Laurence H. Tribe, "The Constitution in Cyberspace" +PREPARED REMARKS + +KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE +FIRST CONFERENCE ON COMPUTERS, FREEDOM & PRIVACY + +Copyright, 1991, Jim Warren & Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility + All rights to copy the materials contained herein are reserved, except as +hereafter explicitly licensed and permitted for anyone: + Anyone may receive, store and distribute copies of this ASCII-format +computer textfile in purely magnetic or electronic form, including on +computer networks, computer bulletin board systems, computer conferencing +systems, free computer diskettes, and host and personal computers, provided +and only provided that: +(1) this file, including this notice, is not altered in any manner, and +(2) no profit or payment of any kind is charged for its distribution, other + than normal online connect-time fees or the cost of the magnetic media, and +(3) it is not reproduced nor distributed in printed or paper form, nor on +CD ROM, nor in any form other than the electronic forms described above +without prior written permission from the copyright holder. + Arrangements to publish printed Proceedings of the First Conference on +Computers, Freedom & Privacy are near completion. Audiotape and videotape +versions are also being arranged. + A later version of this file on the WELL (Sausalito, California) will +include ordering details. Or, for details, or to propose other distribution +alternatives, contact Jim Warren, CFP Chair,345 Swett Rd., Woodside CA 94062; +voice:(415)851-7075; fax:(415)851-2814; e-mail:jwarren@well.sf.ca.us.[4/19/91] + +[ These were the author's *prepared* remarks. + A transcript of Professor Tribe's March 26th comments at the Conference +(which expanded slightly on several points herein) will be uploaded onto the +WELL as soon as it is transcribed from the audio tapes and proofed against +the audio and/or videotapes.] + + +"The Constitution in Cyberspace: +Law and Liberty Beyond the Electronic Frontier" + +by Laurence H. Tribe + +Copyright 1991 Laurence H. Tribe, +Tyler Professor of Constitutional Law, +Harvard Law School. + +Professor Tribe is the author, most recently, of +"On Reading the Constitution" (Harvard University Press, +Cambridge, MA, 1991). + + +Introduction + + My topic is how to "map" the text and structure of our +Constitution onto the texture and topology of "cyberspace". That's +the term coined by cyberpunk novelist William Gibson, which many +now use to describe the "place" -- a place without physical walls +or even physical dimensions -- where ordinary telephone +conversations "happen," where voice-mail and e-mail messages are +stored and sent back and forth, and where computer-generated +graphics are transmitted and transformed, all in the form of +interactions, some real-time and some delayed, among countless +users, and between users and the computer itself + Some use the "cyberspace" concept to designate fantasy worlds +or "virtual realities" of the sort Gibson described in his novel +*Neuromancer*, in which people can essentially turn their minds into +computer peripherals capable of perceiving and exploring the data +matrix. The whole idea of "virtual reality," of course, strikes a +slightly odd note. As one of Lily Tomlin's most memorable +characters once asked, "What's reality, anyway, but a collective +hunch?" Work in this field tends to be done largely by people who +share the famous observation that reality is overrated! + However that may be, "cyberspace" connotes to some users the +sorts of technologies that people in Silicon Valley (like Jaron +Lanier at VPL Research, for instance) work on when they try to +develop "virtual racquetball" for the disabled, computer-aided +design systems that allow architects to walk through "virtual +buildings" and remodel them *before* they are built, "virtual +conferencing" for business meetings, or maybe someday even "virtual +day care centers" for latchkey children. The user snaps on a pair +of goggles hooked up to a high-powered computer terminal, puts on +a special set of gloves (and perhaps other gear) wired into the +same computer system, and, looking a little bit like Darth Vader, +pretty much steps into a computer-driven, drug-free, 3-dimensional, +interactive, infinitely expandable hallucination complete with +sight, sound and touch -- allowing the user literally to move +through, and experience, information. + I'm using the term "cyberspace" much more broadly, as many +have lately. I'm using it to encompass the full array of +computer-mediated audio and/or video interactions that are already +widely dispersed in modern societies -- from things as ubiquitous +as the ordinary telephone, to things that are still coming on-line +like computer bulletin boards and networks like Prodigy, or like +the WELL ("Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link"), based here in San +Francisco. My topic, broadly put, is the implications of that +rapidly expanding array for our constitutional order. It is a +constitutional order that tends to carve up the social, legal, and +political universe along lines of "physical place" or "temporal +proximity." The critical thing to note is that these very lines, in +cyberspace, either get bent out of shape or fade out altogether. +The question, then, becomes: when the lines along which our +Constitution is drawn warp or vanish, what happens to the +Constitution itself? + + +Setting the Stage + + To set the stage with a perhaps unfamiliar example, consider +a decision handed down nine months ago, *Maryland v. Craig*, where +the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the power of a state to put an +alleged child abuser on trial with the defendant's accuser +testifying not in the defendant's presence but by one-way, +closed-circuit television. The Sixth Amendment, which of course +antedated television by a century and a half, says: "In all +criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to +be confronted with the witnesses against him." Justice O'Connor +wrote for a bare majority of five Justices that the state's +procedures nonetheless struck a fair balance between costs to the +accused and benefits to the victim and to society as a whole. +Justice Scalia, joined by the three "liberals" then on the Court +(Justices Brennan, Marshall and Stevens), dissented from that +cost-benefit approach to interpreting the Sixth Amendment. He +wrote: + + The Court has convincingly proved that the Maryland + procedure serves a valid interest, and gives the + defendant virtually everything the Confrontation Clause + guarantees (everything, that is, except confrontation). + I am persuaded, therefore, that the Maryland procedure is + virtually constitutional. Since it is not, however, + actually constitutional I [dissent]. + + Could it be that the high-tech, closed-circuit TV context, +almost as familiar to the Court's youngest Justice as to his even +younger law clerks, might've had some bearing on Justice Scalia's +sly invocation of "virtual" constitutional reality? Even if +Justice Scalia wasn't making a pun on "virtual reality," and I +suspect he wasn't, his dissenting opinion about the Confrontation +Clause requires *us* to "confront" the recurring puzzle of how +constitutional provisions written two centuries ago should be +construed and applied in ever-changing circumstances. + Should contemporary society's technology-driven cost-benefit +fixation be allowed to water down the old-fashioned value of direct +confrontation that the Constitution seemingly enshrined as basic? +I would hope not. In that respect, I find myself in complete +agreement with Justice Scalia. + But new technological possibilities for seeing your accuser +clearly without having your accuser see you at all -- possibilities +for sparing the accuser any discomfort in ways that the accuser +couldn't be spared before one-way mirrors or closed-circuit TVs +were developed -- *should* lead us at least to ask ourselves whether +*two*-way confrontation, in which your accuser is supposed to be made +uncomfortable, and thus less likely to lie, really *is* the core +value of the Confrontation Clause. If so, "virtual" confrontation +should be held constitutionally insufficient. If not -- if the +core value served by the Confrontation Clause is just the ability +to *watch* your accuser say that you did it -- then "virtual" +confrontation should suffice. New technologies should lead us to +look more closely at just *what values* the Constitution seeks to +preserve. New technologies should *not* lead us to react reflexively +*either way* -- either by assuming that technologies the Framers +didn't know about make their concerns and values obsolete, or by +assuming that those new technologies couldn't possibly provide new +ways out of old dilemmas and therefore should be ignored +altogether. + The one-way mirror yields a fitting metaphor for the task we +confront. As the Supreme Court said in a different context several +years ago, "The mirror image presented [here] requires us to step +through an analytical looking glass to resolve it." (*NCAA v. +Tarkanian*, 109 S. Ct. at 462.) The world in which the Sixth +Amendment's Confrontation Clause was written and ratified was a +world in which "being confronted with" your accuser *necessarily* +meant a simultaneous physical confrontation so that your accuser +had to *perceive* you being accused by him. Closed-circuit +television and one-way mirrors changed all that by *decoupling* those +two dimensions of confrontation, marking a shift in the conditions of +information-transfer that is in many ways typical of cyberspace. + What does that sort of shift mean for constitutional analysis? +A common way to react is to treat the pattern as it existed *prior* +to the new technology (the pattern in which doing "A" necessarily +*included* doing "B") as essentially arbitrary or accidental. Taking +this approach, once the technological change makes it possible to +do "A" *without* "B" -- to see your accuser without having him or her +see you, or to read someone's mail without her knowing it, to +switch examples -- one concludes that the "old" Constitution's +inclusion of "B" is irrelevant; one concludes that it is enough for +the government to guarantee "A" alone. Sometimes that will be the +case; but it's vital to understand that, sometimes, it won't be. + A characteristic feature of modernity is the subordination of +purpose to accident -- an acute appreciation of just how contingent +and coincidental the connections we are taught to make often are. +We understand, as moderns, that many of the ways we carve up and +organize the world reflect what our social history and cultural +heritage, and perhaps our neurological wiring, bring to the world, +and not some irreducible "way things are." A wonderful example +comes from a 1966 essay by Jorge Louis Borges, "Other +Inquisitions." There, the essayist describes the following +taxonomy of the animal kingdom, which he purports to trace to an +ancient Chinese encyclopedia entitled *The Celestial Emporium of +Benevolent Knowledge*: + + On those remote pages it is written that animals are + divided into: + (a) those belonging to the Emperor + (b) those that are embalmed + (c) those that are trained + (d) suckling pigs + (e) mermaids + (f) fabulous ones + (g) stray dogs + (h) those that are included in this classification + (i) those that tremble as if they were mad + (j) innumerable ones + (k) those drawn with a very fine camel's hair brush + (l) others + (m) those that have just broken a water pitcher + (n) those that, from a great distance, resemble flies + + Contemporary writers from Michel Foucault, in *The Archaeology +of Knowledge*, through George Lakoff, in *Women, Fire, and Dangerous +Things*, use Borges' Chinese encyclopedia to illustrate a range of +different propositions, but the *core* proposition is the supposed +arbitrariness -- the political character, in a sense -- of all +culturally imposed categories. + At one level, that proposition expresses a profound truth and +may encourage humility by combating cultural imperialism. At +another level, though, the proposition tells a dangerous lie: it +suggests that we have descended into the nihilism that so obsessed +Nietzsche and other thinkers -- a world where *everything* is +relative, all lines are up for grabs, all principles and +connections are just matters of purely subjective preference or, +worse still, arbitrary convention. Whether we believe that killing +animals for food is wrong, for example, becomes a question +indistinguishable from whether we happen to enjoy eating beans, +rice and tofu. + This is a particularly pernicious notion in a era when we pass +more and more of our lives in cyberspace, a place where, almost by +definition, our most familiar landmarks are rearranged or disappear +altogether -- because there is a pervasive tendency, even (and +perhaps especially) among the most enlightened, to forget that the +human values and ideals to which we commit ourselves may indeed be +universal and need not depend on how our particular cultures, or +our latest technologies, carve up the universe we inhabit. It was +my very wise colleague from Yale, the late Art Leff, who once +observed that, even in a world without an agreed-upon God, we can +still agree -- even if we can't "prove" mathematically -- that +"napalming babies is wrong." + The Constitution's core values, I'm convinced, need not be +transmogrified, or metamorphosed into oblivion, in the dim recesses +of cyberspace. But to say that they *need* not be lost there is +hardly to predict that they *will* not be. On the contrary, without +further thought and awareness of the kind this conference might +provide, the danger is clear and present that they *will* be. + The "event horizon" against which this transformation might +occur is already plainly visible: + Electronic trespassers like Kevin Mitnik don't stop with +cracking pay phones, but break into NORAD -- the North American +Defense Command computer in Colorado Springs -- not in a *WarGames* +movie, but in real life. + Less challenging to national security but more ubiquitously +threatening, computer crackers download everyman's credit history +from institutions like TRW; start charging phone calls (and more) +to everyman's number; set loose "worm" programs that shut down +thousands of linked computers; and spread "computer viruses" +through everyman's work or home PC. + It is not only the government that feels threatened by +"computer crime"; both the owners and the users of private +information services, computer bulletin boards, gateways, and +networks feel equally vulnerable to this new breed of invisible +trespasser. The response from the many who sense danger has been +swift, and often brutal, as a few examples illustrate. + Last March, U.S. Secret Service agents staged a surprise raid +on Steve Jackson Games, a small games manufacturer in +Austin, Texas, and seized all paper and electronic drafts of its +newest fantasy role-playing game, *GURPS[reg.t.m.] Cyberpunk*, +calling the game a "handbook for computer crime." + By last Spring, up to one quarter of the U.S. Treasury +Department's investigators had become involved in a project of +eavesdropping on computer bulletin boards, apparently tracking +notorious hackers like "Acid Phreak" and "Phiber Optik" through +what one journalist dubbed "the dark canyons of cyberspace." + Last May, in the now famous (or infamous) "Operation Sun Devil," +more than 150 secret service agents teamed up with state +and local law enforcement agencies, and with security personnel +from AT&T, American Express, U.S. Sprint, and a number of the +regional Bell telephone companies, armed themselves with over two +dozen search warrants and more than a few guns, and seized 42 +computers and 23,000 floppy discs in 14 cities from New York to +Texas. Their target: a loose-knit group of people in their teens +and twenties, dubbed the "Legion of Doom." + I am not describing an Indiana Jones movie. I'm talking about +America in the 1990s. + + +The Problem + + The Constitution's architecture can too easily come to seem +quaintly irrelevant, or at least impossible to take very seriously, +in the world as reconstituted by the microchip. I propose today to +canvass five axioms of our constitutional law -- five basic +assumptions that I believe shape the way American constitutional +scholars and judges view legal issues -- and to examine how they +can adapt to the cyberspace age. My conclusion (and I will try not +to give away too much of the punch line here) is that the Framers +of our Constitution were very wise indeed. They bequeathed us a +framework for all seasons, a truly astonishing document whose +principles are suitable for all times and all technological +landscapes. + + +Axiom 1: +There is a Vital Difference +*Between Government and Private Action* + + The first axiom I will discuss is the proposition that the +Constitution, with the sole exception of the Thirteenth Amendment +prohibiting slavery, regulates action by the *government* rather than +the conduct of *private* individuals and groups. In an article I +wrote in the Harvard Law Review in November 1989 on "The Curvature +of Constitutional Space," I discussed the Constitution's +metaphor-morphosis from a Newtonian to an Einsteinian and +Heisenbergian paradigm. It was common, early in our history, to +see the Constitution as "Newtonian in design with its carefully +counterpoised forces and counterforces, its [geographical and +institutional] checks and balances." (103 *Harv. L. Rev.* at 3.) + Indeed, in many ways contemporary constitutional law is still +trapped within and stunted by that paradigm. But today at least +some post-modern constitutionalists tend to think and talk in the +language of relativity, quantum mechanics, and chaos theory. This +may quite naturally suggest to some observers that the +Constitution's basic strategy of decentralizing and diffusing power +by constraining and fragmenting governmental authority in +particular has been rendered obsolete. + The institutional separation of powers among the three federal +branches of government, the geographical division of authority +between the federal government and the fifty state governments, the +recognition of national boundaries, and, above all, the sharp +distinction between the public and private spheres, become easy to +deride as relics of a simpler, pre-computer age. Thus Eli Noam, in +the First Ithiel de Sola Pool Memorial Lecture, delivered last +October at MIT, notes that computer networks and network +associations acquire quasi-governmental powers as they necessarily +take on such tasks as mediating their members' conflicting +interests, establishing cost shares, creating their own rules of +admission and access and expulsion, even establishing their own *de +facto* taxing mechanisms. In Professor Noam's words, "networks +become political entities," global nets that respect no state or +local boundaries. Restrictions on the use of information in one +country (to protect privacy, for example) tend to lead to export of +that information to other countries, where it can be analyzed and +then used on a selective basis in the country attempting to +restrict it. "Data havens" reminiscent of the role played by the +Swiss in banking may emerge, with few restrictions on the storage +and manipulation of information. + A tempting conclusion is that, to protect the free speech and +other rights of *users* in such private networks, judges must treat +these networks not as associations that have rights of their own +*against* the government but as virtual "governments" in themselves +-- as entities against which individual rights must be defended in +the Constitution's name. Such a conclusion would be misleadingly +simplistic. There are circumstances, of course, when +non-governmental bodies like privately owned "company towns" or +even huge shopping malls should be subjected to legislative and +administrative controls by democratically accountable entities, or +even to judicial controls as though they were arms of the state -- +but that may be as true (or as false) of multinational corporations +or foundations, or transnational religious organizations, or even +small-town communities, as it is of computer-mediated networks. +It's a fallacy to suppose that, just because a computer bulletin +board or network or gateway is *something like* a shopping mall, +government has as much constitutional duty -- or even authority -- +to guarantee open public access to such a network as it has to +guarantee open public access to a privately owned shopping center +like the one involved in the U.S. Supreme Court's famous *PruneYard +Shopping Center* decision of 1980, arising from nearby San Jose. + The rules of law, both statutory and judge-made, through which +each state *allocates* private powers and responsibilities themselves +represent characteristic forms of government action. That's why a +state's rules for imposing liability on private publishers, or for +deciding which private contracts to enforce and which ones to +invalidate, are all subject to scrutiny for their consistency with +the federal Constitution. But as a general proposition it is only +what *governments* do, either through such rules or through the +actions of public officials, that the United States Constitution +constrains. And nothing about any new technology suddenly erases +the Constitution's enduring value of restraining *government* above +all else, and of protecting all private groups, large and small, +from government. + It's true that certain technologies may become socially +indispensable -- so that equal or at least minimal access to basic +computer power, for example, might be as significant a +constitutional goal as equal or at least minimal access to the +franchise, or to dispute resolution through the judicial system, +or to elementary and secondary education. But all this means (or +should mean) is that the Constitution's constraints on government +must at times take the form of imposing *affirmative duties* to +assure access rather than merely enforcing *negative prohibitions* +against designated sorts of invasion or intrusion. + Today, for example, the government is under an affirmative +obligation to open up criminal trials to the press and the public, +at least where there has not been a particularized finding that +such openness would disrupt the proceedings. The government is +also under an affirmative obligation to provide free legal +assistance for indigent criminal defendants, to assure speedy +trials, to underwrite the cost of counting ballots at election +time, and to desegregate previously segregated school systems. But +these occasional affirmative obligations don't, or shouldn't, mean +that the Constitution's axiomatic division between the realm of +public power and the realm of private life should be jettisoned. + Nor would the "indispensability" of information technologies +provide a license for government to impose strict content, access, +pricing, and other types of regulation. *Books* are indispensable to +most of us, for example -- but it doesn't follow that government +should therefore be able to regulate the content of what goes onto +the shelves of *bookstores*. The right of a private bookstore owner +to decide which books to stock and which to discard, which books to +display openly and which to store in limited access areas, should +remain inviolate. And note, incidentally, that this needn't make +the bookstore owner a "publisher" who is liable for the words +printed in the books on her shelves. It's a common fallacy to +imagine that the moment a computer gateway or bulletin board begins +to exercise powers of selection to control who may be on line, it +must automatically assume the responsibilities of a newscaster, a +broadcaster, or an author. For computer gateways and bulletin +boards are really the "bookstores" of cyberspace; most of them +organize and present information in a computer format, rather than +generating more information content of their own. + + +Axiom 2: +The Constitutional Boundaries of Private Property +and Personality Depend on Variables Deeper Than +*Social Utility and Technological Feasibility* + + The second constitutional axiom, one closely related to the +private-public distinction of the first axiom, is that a person's +mind, body, and property belong *to that person* and not to the +public as a whole. Some believe that cyberspace challenges that +axiom because its entire premise lies in the existence of computers +tied to electronic transmission networks that process digital +information. Because such information can be easily replicated in +series of "1"s and "0"s, anything that anyone has come up with in +virtual reality can be infinitely reproduced. I can log on to a +computer library, copy a "virtual book" to my computer disk, and +send a copy to your computer without creating a gap on anyone's +bookshelf. The same is true of valuable computer programs, costing +hundreds of dollars, creating serious piracy problems. This +feature leads some, like Richard Stallman of the Free Software +Foundation, to argue that in cyberspace everything should be free +-- that information can't be owned. Others, of course, argue that +copyright and patent protections of various kinds are needed in +order for there to be incentives to create "cyberspace property" in +the first place. + Needless to say, there are lively debates about what the +optimal incentive package should be as a matter of legislative and +social policy. But the only *constitutional* issue, at bottom, isn't +the utilitarian or instrumental selection of an optimal policy. +Social judgments about what ought to be subject to individual +appropriation, in the sense used by John Locke and Robert Nozick, +and what ought to remain in the open public domain, are first and +foremost *political* decisions. + To be sure, there are some constitutional constraints on these +political decisions. The Constitution does not permit anything and +everything to be made into a *private commodity*. Votes, for +example, theoretically cannot be bought and sold. Whether the +Constitution itself should be read (or amended) so as to permit all +basic medical care, shelter, nutrition, legal assistance and, +indeed, computerized information services, to be treated as mere +commodities, available only to the highest bidder, are all terribly +hard questions -- as the Eastern Europeans are now discovering as +they attempt to draft their own constitutions. But these are not +questions that should ever be confused with issues of what is +technologically possible, about what is realistically enforceable, +or about what is socially desirable. + Similarly, the Constitution does not permit anything and +everything to be *socialized* and made into a public good available +to whoever needs or "deserves" it most. I would hope, for example, +that the government could not use its powers of eminent domain to +"take" live body parts like eyes or kidneys or brain tissue for +those who need transplants and would be expected to lead +particularly productive lives. In any event, I feel certain that +whatever constitutional right each of us has to inhabit his or her +own body and to hold onto his or her own thoughts and creations +should not depend solely on cost-benefit calculations, or on the +availability of technological methods for painlessly effecting +transfers or for creating good artificial substitutes. + + +Axiom 3: +*Government May Not Control Information Content* + + A third constitutional axiom, like the first two, reflects a +deep respect for the integrity of each individual and a healthy +skepticism toward government. The axiom is that, although +information and ideas have real effects in the social world, it's +not up to government to pick and choose for us in terms of the +*content* of that information or the *value* of those ideas. + This notion is sometimes mistakenly reduced to the naive +child's ditty that "sticks and stones may break my bones, but words +can never hurt me." Anybody who's ever been called something awful +by children in a schoolyard knows better than to believe any such +thing. The real basis for First Amendment values isn't the false +premise that information and ideas have no real impact, but the +belief that information and ideas are *too important* to entrust to +any government censor or overseer. + If we keep that in mind, and *only* if we keep that in mind, +will we be able to see through the tempting argument that, in the +Information Age, free speech is a luxury we can no longer afford. +That argument becomes especially tempting in the context of +cyberspace, where sequences of "0"s and "1"s may become virtual +life forms. Computer "viruses" roam the information nets, +attaching themselves to various programs and screwing up computer +facilities. Creation of a computer virus involves writing a +program; the program then replicates itself and mutates. The +electronic code involved is very much like DNA. If information +content is "speech," and if the First Amendment is to apply in +cyberspace, then mustn't these viruses be "speech" -- and mustn't +their writing and dissemination be constitutionally protected? To +avoid that nightmarish outcome, mustn't we say that the First +Amendment is *inapplicable* to cyberspace? + The answer is no. Speech is protected, but deliberately +yelling "Boo!" at a cardiac patient may still be prosecuted as +murder. Free speech is a constitutional right, but handing a bank +teller a hold-up note that says, "Your money or your life," may +still be punished as robbery. Stealing someone's diary may be +punished as theft -- even if you intend to publish it in book form. +And the Supreme Court, over the past fifteen years, has gradually +brought advertising within the ambit of protected expression +without preventing the government from protecting consumers from +deceptive advertising. The lesson, in short, is that +constitutional principles are subtle enough to bend to such +concerns. They needn't be broken or tossed out. + + +Axiom 4: +The Constitution is Founded on Normative +Conceptions of Humanity That Advances +*in Science and Technology Cannot "Disprove"* + + A fourth constitutional axiom is that the human spirit is +something beyond a physical information processor. That axiom, +which regards human thought processes as not fully reducible to the +operations of a computer program, however complex, must not be +confused with the silly view that, because computer operations +involve nothing more than the manipulation of "on" and "off" states +of myriad microchips, it somehow follows that government control or +outright seizure of computers and computer programs threatens no +First Amendment rights because human thought processes are not +directly involved. To say that would be like saying that +government confiscation of a newspaper's printing press and +tomorrow morning's copy has nothing to do with speech but involves +only a taking of metal, paper, and ink. Particularly if the seizure +or the regulation is triggered by the content of the information +being processed or transmitted, the First Amendment is of course +fully involved. Yet this recognition that information processing +by computer entails something far beyond the mere sequencing of +mechanical or chemical steps still leaves a potential gap between +what computers can do internally and in communication with one +another -- and what goes on within and between human minds. It is +that gap to which this fourth axiom is addressed; the very +existence of any such gap is, as I'm sure you know, a matter of +considerable controversy. + What if people like the mathematician and physicist Roger +Penrose, author of *The Emperor's New Mind*, are wrong about human +minds? In that provocative recent book, Penrose disagrees with +those Artificial Intelligence, or AI, gurus who insist that it's +only a matter of time until human thought and feeling can be +perfectly simulated or even replicated by a series of purely +physical operations -- that it's all just neurons firing and +neurotransmitters flowing, all subject to perfect modeling in +suitable computer systems. Would an adherent of that AI orthodoxy, +someone whom Penrose fails to persuade, have to reject as +irrelevant for cyberspace those constitutional protections that +rest on the anti-AI premise that minds are *not* reducible to really +fancy computers? + Consider, for example, the Fifth Amendment, which provides +that "no person shall be . . . compelled in any criminal case to +be a witness against himself." The Supreme Court has long held +that suspects may be required, despite this protection, to provide +evidence that is not "testimonial" in nature -- blood samples, for +instance, or even exemplars of one's handwriting or voice. Last +year, in a case called *Pennsylvania v. Muniz*, the Supreme Court +held that answers to even simple questions like "When was your +sixth birthday?" are testimonial because such a question, however +straightforward, nevertheless calls for the product of mental +activity and therefore uses the suspect's mind against him. But +what if science could eventually describe thinking as a process no +more complex than, say, riding a bike or digesting a meal? Might +the progress of neurobiology and computer science eventually +overthrow the premises of the *Muniz* decision? + I would hope not. For the Constitution's premises, properly +understood, are *normative* rather than *descriptive*. The philosopher +David Hume was right in teaching that no "ought" can ever be +logically derived from an "is." If we should ever abandon the +Constitution's protection for the distinctively and universally +human, it won't be because robotics or genetic engineering or +computer science have led us to deeper truths, but rather because +they have seduced us into more profound confusions. Science and +technology open options, create possibilities, suggest +incompatibilities, generate threats. They do not alter what is +"right" or what is "wrong." The fact that those notions are +elusive and subject to endless debate need not make them totally +contingent on contemporary technology. + + +Axiom 5: +Constitutional Principles Should Not +*Vary With Accidents of Technology* + + In a sense, that's the fifth and final constitutional axiom I +would urge upon this gathering: that the Constitution's norms, at +their deepest level, must be invariant under merely *technological* +transformations. Our constitutional law evolves through judicial +interpretation, case by case, in a process of reasoning by analogy +from precedent. At its best, that process is ideally suited to +seeing beneath the surface and extracting deeper principles from +prior decisions. At its worst, though, the same process can get +bogged down in superficial aspects of preexisting examples, +fixating upon unessential features while overlooking underlying +principles and values. + When the Supreme Court in 1928 first confronted wiretapping +and held in *Olmstead v. United States* that such wiretapping +involved no "search" or "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth +Amendment's prohibition of "unreasonable searches and seizures," +the majority of the Court reasoned that the Fourth Amendment +"itself shows that the search is to be of material things -- the +person, the house, his papers or his effects," and said that "there +was no searching" when a suspect's phone was tapped because the +Constitution's language "cannot be extended and expanded to include +telephone wires reaching to the whole world from the defendant's +house or office." After all, said the Court, the intervening wires +"are not part of his house or office any more than are the highways +along which they are stretched." Even to a law student in the +1960s, as you might imagine, that "reasoning" seemed amazingly +artificial. Yet the *Olmstead* doctrine still survived. + It would be illuminating at this point to compare the Supreme +Court's initial reaction to new technology in *Olmstead* with its +initial reaction to new technology in *Maryland v. Craig*, the 1990 +closed-circuit television case with which we began this discussion. +In *Craig*, a majority of the Justices assumed that, when the 18th- +century Framers of the Confrontation Clause included a guarantee of +two-way *physical* confrontation, they did so solely because it had +not yet become technologically feasible for the accused to look his +accuser in the eye without having the accuser simultaneously watch +the accused. Given that this technological obstacle has been +removed, the majority assumed, one-way confrontation is now +sufficient. It is enough that the accused not be subject to +criminal conviction on the basis of statements made outside his +presence. + In *Olmstead*, a majority of the Justices assumed that, when the +18th-century authors of the Fourth Amendment used language that +sounded "physical" in guaranteeing against invasions of a person's +dwelling or possessions, they did so not solely because *physical* +invasions were at that time the only serious threats to personal +privacy, but for the separate and distinct reason that *intangible* +invasions simply would not threaten any relevant dimension of +Fourth Amendment privacy. + In a sense, *Olmstead* mindlessly read a new technology *out* of +the Constitution, while *Craig* absent-mindedly read a new technology +*into* the Constitution. But both decisions -- *Olmstead* and *Craig* -- +had the structural effect of withholding the protections of the +Bill of Rights from threats made possible by new information +technologies. *Olmstead* did so by implausibly reading the +Constitution's text as though it represented a deliberate decision +not to extend protection to threats that 18th-century thinkers +simply had not foreseen. *Craig* did so by somewhat more plausibly +-- but still unthinkingly -- treating the Constitution's seemingly +explicit coupling of two analytically distinct protections as +reflecting a failure of technological foresight and imagination, +rather than a deliberate value choice. + The *Craig* majority's approach appears to have been driven in +part by an understandable sense of how a new information technology +could directly protect a particularly sympathetic group, abused +children, from a traumatic trial experience. The *Olmstead* +majority's approach probably reflected both an exaggerated estimate +of how difficult it would be to obtain wiretapping warrants even +where fully justified, and an insufficient sense of how a new +information technology could directly threaten all of us. Although +both *Craig* and *Olmstead* reveal an inadequate consciousness about +how new technologies interact with old values, *Craig* at least seems +defensible even if misguided, while *Olmstead* seems just plain +wrong. + Around 23 years ago, as a then-recent law school graduate +serving as law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, I +found myself working on a case involving the government's +electronic surveillance of a suspected criminal -- in the form of +a tiny device attached to the outside of a public telephone booth. +Because the invasion of the suspect's privacy was accomplished +without physical trespass into a "constitutionally protected area," +the Federal Government argued, relying on *Olmstead*, that there had +been no "search" or "seizure," and therefore that the Fourth +Amendment "right of the people to be secure in their persons, +houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and +seizures," simply did not apply. + At first, there were only four votes to overrule *Olmstead* and +to hold the Fourth Amendment applicable to wiretapping and +electronic eavesdropping. I'm proud to say that, as a 26-year-old +kid, I had at least a little bit to do with changing that number +from four to seven -- and with the argument, formally adopted by a +seven-Justice majority in December 1967, that the Fourth Amendment +"protects people, not places." (389 U.S. at 351.) In that +decision, *Katz v. United States*, the Supreme Court finally +repudiated *Olmstead* and the many decisions that had relied upon it +and reasoned that, given the role of electronic telecommunications +in modern life, the First Amendment purposes of protecting *free +speech* as well as the Fourth Amendment purposes of protecting +*privacy* require treating as a "search" any invasion of a person's +confidential telephone communications, with or without physical +trespass. + Sadly, nine years later, in *Smith v. Maryland*, the Supreme +Court retreated from the *Katz* principle by holding that no search +occurs and therefore no warrant is needed when police, with the +assistance of the telephone company, make use of a "pen register", +a mechanical device placed on someone's phone line that records all +numbers dialed from the phone and the times of dialing. The +Supreme Court, over the dissents of Justices Stewart, Brennan, and +Marshall, found no legitimate expectation of privacy in the numbers +dialed, reasoning that the digits one dials are routinely recorded +by the phone company for billing purposes. As Justice Stewart, the +author of *Katz*, aptly pointed out, "that observation no more than +describes the basic nature of telephone calls . . . . It is simply +not enough to say, after *Katz*, that there is no legitimate +expectation of privacy in the numbers dialed because the caller +assumes the risk that the telephone company will expose them to the +police." (442 U.S. at 746-747.) Today, the logic of *Smith* is +being used to say that people have no expectation of privacy when +they use their cordless telephones since they know or should know +that radio waves can be easily monitored! + It is easy to be pessimistic about the way in which the +Supreme Court has reacted to technological change. In many +respects, *Smith* is unfortunately more typical than *Katz* of the way +the Court has behaved. For example, when movies were invented, and +for several decades thereafter, the Court held that movie +exhibitions were not entitled to First Amendment protection. When +community access cable TV was born, the Court hindered municipal +attempts to provide it at low cost by holding that rules requiring +landlords to install small cable boxes on their apartment buildings +amounted to a compensable taking of property. And in *Red Lion v. +FCC*, decided twenty-two years ago but still not repudiated today, +the Court ratified government control of TV and radio broadcast +content with the dubious logic that the scarcity of the +electromagnetic spectrum justified not merely government policies +to auction off, randomly allocate, or otherwise ration the spectrum +according to neutral rules, but also much more intrusive and +content-based government regulation in the form of the so-called +"fairness doctrine." + Although the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts have +taken a somewhat more enlightened approach in dealing with cable +television, these decisions for the most part reveal a curious +judicial blindness, as if the Constitution had to be reinvented +with the birth of each new technology. Judges interpreting a late +18th century Bill of Rights tend to forget that, unless its *terms* +are read in an evolving and dynamic way, its *values* will lose even +the *static* protection they once enjoyed. Ironically, *fidelity* to +original values requires *flexibility* of textual interpretation. It +was Judge Robert Bork, not famous for his flexibility, who once +urged this enlightened view upon then Judge (now Justice) Scalia, +when the two of them sat as colleagues on the U.S. Court of Appeals +for the D.C. Circuit. + Judicial error in this field tends to take the form of saying +that, by using modern technology ranging from the telephone to the +television to computers, we "assume the risk." But that typically +begs the question. Justice Harlan, in a dissent penned two decades +ago, wrote: "Since it is the task of the law to form and project, +as well as mirror and reflect, we should not . . . merely recite . +. . risks without examining the *desirability* of saddling them upon +society." (*United States v. White*, 401 U.S. at 786). And, I would +add, we should not merely recite risks without examining how +imposing those risks comports with the Constitution's fundamental +values of *freedom*, *privacy*, and *equality*. + Failing to examine just that issue is the basic error I +believe federal courts and Congress have made: + + * in regulating radio and TV broadcasting without + adequate sensitivity to First Amendment values; + + * in supposing that the selection and editing of + video programs by cable operators might be less + than a form of expression; + + * in excluding telephone companies from cable and + other information markets; + + * in assuming that the processing of "O"s and "1"s + by computers as they exchange data with one + another is something less than "speech"; and + + * in generally treating information processed + electronically as though it were somehow less + entitled to protection for that reason. + + The lesson to be learned is that these choices and these +mistakes are not dictated by the Constitution. They are decisions +for us to make in interpreting that majestic charter, and in +implementing the principles that the Constitution establishes. + + +*Conclusion* + + If my own life as a lawyer and legal scholar could leave just +one legacy, I'd like it to be the recognition that the Constitution +*as a whole* "protects people, not places." If that is to come +about, the Constitution as a whole must be read through a +technologically transparent lens. That is, we must embrace, as a +rule of construction or interpretation, a principle one might call +the "cyberspace corollary." It would make a suitable +Twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution, one befitting the +200th anniversary of the Bill of Rights. Whether adopted all at +once as a constitutional amendment, or accepted gradually as a +principle of interpretation that I believe should obtain even +without any formal change in the Constitution's language, the +corollary I would propose would do for *technology* in 1991 what I +believe the Constitution's Ninth Amendment, adopted in 1791, was +meant to do for *text*. + The Ninth Amendment says: "The enumeration in the +Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or +disparage others retained by the people." That amendment provides +added support for the long-debated, but now largely accepted, +"right of privacy" that the Supreme Court recognized in such +decisions as the famous birth control case of 1965, *Griswold v. +Connecticut*. The Ninth Amendment's simple message is: The *text* +used by the Constitution's authors and ratifiers does not exhaust +the values our Constitution recognizes. Perhaps a Twenty-seventh +Amendment could convey a parallel and equally simple message: The +*technologies* familiar to the Constitution's authors and ratifiers +similarly do not exhaust the *threats* against which the +Constitution's core values must be protected. + The most recent amendment, the twenty-sixth, adopted in 1971, +extended the vote to 18-year-olds. It would be fitting, in a world +where youth has been enfranchised, for a twenty-seventh amendment +to spell a kind of "childhood's end" for constitutional law. The +Twenty-seventh Amendment, to be proposed for at least serious +debate in 1991, would read simply: + +"This Constitution's protections for the freedoms of +speech, press, petition, and assembly, and its +protections against unreasonable searches and seizures +and the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without +due process of law, shall be construed as fully +applicable without regard to the technological method or +medium through which information content is generated, +stored, altered, transmitted, or controlled." + + +[Note: The machine-readable original of this was provided by the +author on a PC diskette in WordPerfect. It was reformatted to +ASCII, appropriate for general network and computer access, by Jim Warren. +Text that was underlined or boldface in the original copy was delimited +by asterisks, and a registered trademark symbol was replaced by +"reg.t.m.". Other than that, the text was as provided by the author.] + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/trylaw.txt b/politicalTextFiles/trylaw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a4a5ed --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/trylaw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ + + TRY THE LAW + + The scene is a somber federal court room. The lengthy + trial on a charge of weapons possession has just ended. + "Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, the testimony has + now concluded. We will take the time to determine the + innocence or guilt of Mr. John Watkins. + "You have heard all the testimony from the prosecution + and defense attorneys. You will soon retire to the jury + room for your deliberations. All the evidence presented at + this trial will be there with you for your examination and + use in reaching a verdict. + "During your deliberations, I charge you with determin- + ing the facts presented in this litigation and the facts + only. I will now instruct you on the law concerning this + case and under which Mr. Watkins has been tried." + "If you have any questions during your deliberations + concerning what I am about to instruct you, please make a + written request to the Court. Cite what you do not under- + stand. The Bailiff will bring your question into the Court + and I will answer it." + Now, in a usual monotonous voice, the judge will read + his interpretation of the laws involved. If you can stay + awake and understand a small part of what 'His Honor' is + saying consider yourself fortunate. + This whole setup is called 'Judicial Supremacy'. They + purposely constructed court rooms so the judge sits higher + than everyone else. That forces you to look up to him. He + lords it over everyone that he is only the person who has + any say-so on the law. + This is a lie . . . a real legal fairy tale. The + reason for a jury has been turned upside down. In past + years it bears no similarity to the true purpose of your + duty as a juror. + Your obligation is not only to determine the innocence + or guilt of the accused, it is also to examine the law! + Let's get back to basics and define a law. The + supremacy clause of our Constitution is explicit when it + says it and only laws made following its power and + restrictions are the supreme law of the land. + The key words are laws made following the power in the + document. If they pass a law beyond the permission we + granted, then what? It would NOT conform to the document + and is no law. And how would you know? + The first requirement is that you know something about + our Constitution. Without this knowledge, these legal + eagles will continue to make monkeys of you. It would be + ridiculous to memorize the document and no one expects that. + Nevertheless, the purpose of the jury is to safeguard other + citizens from an overzealous government. You should know + where to look to see if they have the authority to pass the + law under which they are accusing the person on trial. +  + There are only four crimes listed in our Constitution. + These are (1) counterfeiting of securities and current + coins, (Art I, Sec 8), (2) piracies and felonies committed + on the high seas, (Art I, Sec 8), (3) treason against the + United States (Art III, Sec 3) and (4) offenses against the + law of nations (Art I, Sec 8). That's it! We gave NO power + to Congress beyond these four to define a crime. Sounds + weird . . . but it's true. + + In 1821, Chief Justice John Marshall, of the United + States Supreme Court stated in an opinion, "Congress has a + right to punish murder in a fort, or other place within its + exclusive jurisdiction; but no general right to punish + murder committed within any of the States." Further, he + added, "It is clear, that Congress cannot punish felonies + generally;" (Cohen v Virginia, 4 Wheat (US) 264) (1821). + Unless you are a juror in a case (federal) charging + someone with a violation of one of the four listed crimes, + there is no criminal law. And you cannot judge the persons' + innocence or guilt. You have no right to convict. + That's a heavy statement. Let's see if it's true . . . + The determination of crimes and criminal acts were + designated as state functions. They are still state + functions today and of no concern to the federal government. + This is verified by the instructions in Art IV, Sec 2, + clause 2. + We have established repeatedly that our Constitution is + the supreme law of the land. Nowhere have we given Congress + the power to determine any act by a citizen to be a crime. + The document is full of 'thou shalt nots' directed at the + government. The consensus of some of our Founding Fathers + was that the powers given, limited as they are, were much + too dangerous. + The Tenth Amendment restates the 'thou shalt nots' . . + "The powers not delegated to the United States by the + Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are + reserved to the States respectively or to the People." It + is an absolute bar to the federales assuming any power we + did not grant to them. + For the sake of illustration, this trial was about the + possession of weapons. The Second Amendment prohibits the + Congress from passing ANY law which will infringe on the + right to keep and bear arms. And here the 'justice' dept + is after someone for possession of weapons? It's no good. + The law is a myth. + Hamilton makes it clear in Paper No. 83 that the 'thou + shalt nots' are there. Their powers are specific and + limited. These specific powers preclude all assumption of a + general legislative authority. Being specific, it would be + absurd as well as useless if a general authority was intend- + ed. (As before, all references to 'paper no.' are from The + Federalist Papers.) Where can Congress find the right to + assume power to define crimes if the permission were not +  + specifically granted by us? + For the past hundred or more years, Congress has been + busy writing all sorts of laws for which we gave no permis- + sion. The worse period for illegal and bad laws was during + the period of the 1930's. This was when the exercise of + control over the American people went wild. This is one + reason why the purpose of the jury is so important today. + The people who work for the government have a job as a + result of our Constitution. If it were not that we agreed + to government, their positions would not exist. There is no + other way to look at it. It is our right and our duty to + check on what they are doing. This of course includes the + laws they are passing. + And what do we check them against? The supremacy + clause holds the key. If they do not conform, they are no + good -- they are not laws. Can't make it any plainer. + Our Fifth Amendment guarantees you and I due process of + law. This is an extremely important statement. They cannot + take life, liberty or property unless this requirement for + due process is followed. Our basic law holds the preced- + ence. If the government does not obey a command of the + document, anything that comes as a result does NOT follow + due process. + It doesn't take a unanimous jury to say the law is no + good. It takes only one knowledgeable person to refuse to + convict and the law, for that instance at least, has been + neutralized. + This is jury nullification of laws. This was the + intent of our jury system from the beginnings of our system + of government. The Supreme Court has agreed with that + premise. (Georgia v Brailsford, 3 US 1) (1794) There are + decisions in law books which show the jury is to try both + law and fact. These were many years in our past. The drive + by federal judges to establish the judicial branch as the + most powerful branch of government has hidden this point. + Today the people believe only judges can tell the jury what + the law means. Surprised? This is legal fiction . . . + Buffalo chips! + A phrase nearly everyone is familiar with is ignorance + of the law is no excuse. What excuse does a judge have for + not knowing the law? (Or do you think perhaps he might?) + How about all the lawyers we have in Congress making laws? + What about the lawyers in that court room? If this + statement has any validity, it applies to everyone. + Now what would you do in a situation like this? Send a + note with the bailiff to the judge saying the law is no good + so you cannot vote for conviction? This would probably end + with you receiving a contempt citation from the judge and + off to jail you go without passing go! After all, the man + in the black robe has instructed you on the meaning of the + law. The alternative is to refuse to convict. No matter + what pressure you feel from the other jurors. Knowing the + national government has no power to define a criminal act, + how can you consider a persons guilt and perhaps ruin +  + someone's life? + Now your duty as a juror becomes paramount. The people + who are passing these laws and those who are enforcing them + are guilty of breaking the law. We have ordered each person + who works for government to swear to God they will support + our Constitution. Another command of the document which + Congress ignores in many instances. More hanky-panky. + The ease with which they do these unconstitutional + practices reflects on us. Sadly, we don't know what the + Constitution says. We have paid no attention to what the + government has been doing to our rights and with their + allotted powers. + The eternal vigilance recommended by Jefferson has gone + to sleep. We have not been watching our elected representa- + tives. I assure you these people who exceed their powers + know exactly what they're doing. They know good people are + reluctant to raise a fuss to make it stop. Those with a + lust for greed and power continue on their merry way. + Back to your duty as a juror. By simply resisting the + pressure of other members of the jury and refusing to + convict, the government will be denied a conviction. No + question this is an awkward position to be in. You may feel + this person is guilty of something. However, you can't bow + to pressure to find a person guilty when we denied the + federal government the power to establish the crime. + You can rest assured if the person is a criminal, he + will continue his criminal activity and be back in court + again. The next time perhaps in a state court and not a + federal court. + There has been an assumption in this country that a + person is innocent until proven guilty. The attitude in + courts today is frightening. Many people feel if the + government has gone through all the work and investigation, + the person must be guilty. Guilty until proven innocent? + That puts the cart before the horse. This position is + dangerous to the survival of our Republic and a task which + is nearly impossible to overcome in court. Don't let them + use you in this manner. That's exactly what they are doing. + Alexander Hamilton made this very point in Paper, No. + 65: "But juries are frequently influenced by the opinions of + judges. They are sometimes induced to find special + verdicts, which refer the main question to the decision of + the court. Who would be willing to stake his life and his + estate on the verdict of a jury acting under the guidance of + judges who had predetermined his guilt?" + What about grand juries? The only mention of them is + in the Fifth Amendment. This is the first hurdle the + government has to overcome to bring a person to trial. It + is the obligation of the Grand Jury to investigate allega- + tions on it's own. They should never simply accept what a + government attorney charges. + Grand Juries are completely independent bodies. They + do not belong to the Court system or the US Attorneys + office. The Court calls Grand Juries into session from +  + lists of names maintained by the US Attorneys office. Yet + they are independent! They have no right to determine + guilt. Their only duty is to see if US laws were violated + and if they were, to issue an indictment against an + individual. + Some Grand Juries have earned the name of "rubber- + stamp" juries. They have accepted what a US Attorney + charges against an individual without conducting an + investigation on their own. This is how badly the protec- + tion of our citizens has eroded in the past years. It's a + sad comment on American justice and proves how we have been + bamboozled by our public servants. + The first investigation conducted has the same require- + ment as for the petit jury. Does the law meet with the + requirements of our Constitution? Simply because a US + Attorney says the violation is of one of US laws doesn't + mean it's true. In legal circles this is called jury + manipulation. You are being used by the US Attorney to + indict a person simply on his word. Charges must be + investigated independently. + Do you know a US Attorney does not take an oath to + support the Constitution as required? He has no authority + to stand before the Grand Jury and make a charge against + anyone. + The requirement that all officers take an oath or + affirmation to support the Constitution includes the + executive branch. There are no exceptions. The US Attorney + works for the Justice Department, part of the executive + branch. Nonetheless, the US Attorney takes an oath only to + perform his duties faithfully. This is in section 544 of + the Judicial Code, Title 28, United States Code. + Do you see why the federales don't want anyone to know + that juries have the obligation to try the law also? If + there is no power to define a crime, you as a member of a + Grand Jury have no authority to issue an indictment. + How can anyone argue with this premise? The Constitu- + tion established that Congress can make no law which is + beyond their specified and granted powers. The jury system, + both petit and grand, is the basic protection for us as + citizens against overzealous government and agents. Jury + duties and functions have been very slowly curtailed by the + government. That way they can exercise control over the + people as they see fit. + One great man in history made the statement: "The more + corrupt the state, the more numerous the laws." (Cornelius + Tacitus, Roman senator and historian. A.D. c.56-c.115). + Congress has been busy for years writing laws for which we + gave no permission. We must get our ambitious public + officials back within the confines of our basic law. + Are we being led down the road to slavery like sheep? + Has this great country become a nation of wimps . . . + people who are afraid to challenge the government when it + breaks the law? Will we wake some fine morning to find we + are now a minor member of Bush's New World Order? It's +  + closer than any of us dare to imagine. Wake up, people! + What will it be like in this country for us, for our + children and grandchildren if we don't take control of the + government? Perhaps you or one of your children will be in + the same position as the man in this story. Your duty as a + juror is of the utmost importance in the guarantee of our + basic protections. + This same principle applies to state courts. All + states must obey the Constitution, either by ratification of + the document or on being granted statehood. The requirement + for officials to take an oath to support the document also + applies to state officials. Each reader should at least + know the authority the state has received from your + particular state constitution. Find a copy of it or write + your state representative and request a copy. Then you will + be able to familiarize yourself with its authority. + Our very survival depends on alert Americans. + Ignorance is NO defense! Languishing in prison on an + illegal conviction is a travesty. + You and I are the sovereigns. We must begin to act + like a sovereign. Otherwise, our birthright of life, + liberty and happiness will disappear like a puff of smoke. +  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/tsongtxt.txt b/politicalTextFiles/tsongtxt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42328da --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/tsongtxt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4156 @@ + A Call to Economic Arms: The New American Mandate + + +[The following is an extended essay Paul Tsongas wrote in late + 1990, before deciding to run for President on the Democratic + ticket. It was subsequently reprinted as a campaign book, + and is being distributed on computer bulletin boards. For more + information, contact Tsongas for President, 2 Oliver Street, + Boston, MA, 02109, voice phone 617-422-0100.] + + + + Paul E. Tsongas + Foley, Hoag & Eliot + One Post Office Square + Boston, MA 02109 + (617) 482-1390 + + + + A Call to Economic Arms: The New American Mandate + + + + America is greatness. It is the pursuit of excellence and +the fulfillment of human capacity. America is not the casual +acceptance of economic decline and social disintegration. Yet, +that is what some are prepared to endure. We are better than +what we are being asked to be by our leaders. We are a nation of +goals, not a nation of limits. We must have leadership that is +committed to world pre-eminence in the strength of our economy, +in the cohesion of our society, and in the quality of our +environment. To accept anything less is to do violence to the +two centuries of our history. + + America is not just another country. It is not just another +place. It is the embrace of fundamental human values that define +what man can become. America is "We The People" as respectful +keepers of the sacred trust that was forged by the blood and +hardships of those who came before us. America has been be- +queathed to us. It is a living heritage meant for us to preserve +and then bequeath to other Americans, yet unborn and yet proven +to be worthy. + + Today, that heritage is under attack. + + Its restoration is the great challenge of our generation. + + This is the mandate to which we must now attend. + + America faces great economic peril as our standard of living +is threatened by Europe 1992 and the Pacific Rim. Once the +world's greatest economic power, we are selling off our national +patrimony as we sink ever deeper into national debt. The +Reagan-Bush years have seen us become the world's greatest debtor +nation. America is also witnessing the weakening of its social +fabric as more and more families dissolve under the onslaught of +a culture that glorifies the immediate and the shallow. As our +historic values are disregarded by today's society-in-a-hurry, +the civility of America has been lessened. Finally, America is +adrift as our leaders flinch from the difficult decisions that +will safeguard us from the energy and environmental threats that +confront us. This nation's will is not being called upon on the +home front because of a fear that our people are not ready for an +honest and forceful response to these threats. I strongly +disagree. + + The purposeful avoidance of difficult issues caused serious +erosion to our society in the eighties. The eighties, fortunate- +ly, are over. The icon of indulgence that we worshipped during +that decade has proven to be a false god. However, it has left +behind a legacy of comfort and ease and the pursuit of self. + + That legacy is not what America is all about. That legacy +contravenes the values of our ancestors. These forebears created +a nation with an enduring work ethic, a sense of personal +discipline, and an acute appreciation of the common good. They +had a sense of purpose that gave meaning to their lives and +strengthened their nation. They defined patriotism as what they +did, not what they avoided doing. + + They left that sense of purpose and that patriotism to our +keeping. We have set it aside. + + America is asking us to return to that purpose. The time +has come for a New American Mandate, based on the precious values +of the past but focused on a vision of the future. The New +American Mandate is a positive response to America under siege. +Saddam Hussein is an acknowledged threat, but he is not the only +one. Just as we deploy our men and women in the Persian Gulf, we +must deploy every American to stop our economic bleeding, to +restore our social fabric, and to meet head on the environmental +and energy threats to our well being. + + We must all be soldiers - everyone of us. Our men and women +in the armed forces demonstrate their love of country by facing +possible death in the sands of the Arabian peninsula. We must be +prepared to love our country as well in our every day deeds and +our every day commitments. + + America in 1991 needs our total devotion. This paper is +meant to provide the battle plan to deploy that devotion in a way +that will strengthen the nation we love. + + The mission of the Democratic Party in 1992 would normally +be to put one of its own in the White House. But these are not +normal times. + + What our country needs is not just a President - but a +President with the necessary mandate. In many respects the +mandate to correctly change our course is more critical than +which party will oversee that change from the White House. + + One thing is clear. Democrats must avoid, at all costs, +emulating the "Pledge of Allegiance/Willie Horton/Read My Lips" +campaign of George Bush. That campaign was designed to win in +November, not govern in January. There was no attempt to seek a +mandate except, of course, the one on taxes which everyone knew +was a cynical ruse. The rest was all hot button politics. It +was philosophy by polling data. + + So George Bush rules, and the nation is without a sense of +direction. His media consultants patted themselves on the back, +pleased with a victory that would enhance their professional +reputations. Having had no interest in creating a prevailing +wind, the White House now acts as a spinning weathervane. The +Persian Gulf is addressed but all else remains set aside. The +country looks for some sign of the "vision thing," but to no +avail. + + We Democrats, of course, could do the same thing. + + Winning would be thrilling as all victories are. But on +January 20th the issues would be no less real. Perhaps our +Democrat could be fortunate like Ronald Reagan and escape before +the consequences of his policies were fully realized. But if +that is our offering, why would the American people substitute +one army of "feel-good" salesmen for another? + + Let us use 1992 to articulate the cold challenges and the +real threats to America that came before Saddam Hussein and will +remain after Saddam Hussein. Let us seek to rally our nation to +forcefully address these issues. Let us create a mandate, a +mandate that will allow purposeful and effective governance. + + Without such a mandate, the White House will be a prison. +And the President will be captive to economic and social forces +he cannot control. With a mandate, the fortunes of America will +truly brighten because the people will be deployed with purpose. + + This is the New American Mandate we must create. + + It requires the re-emergence of America as the world's +pre-eminent economic power. It calls upon America to lead the +fight for world environmental equilibrium. It demands that, once +and for all, we achieve energy sufficiency. It seeks the +repairing of the American social fabric so that we are +spiritually one community. It positions America as the critical +partner in achieving world peace but based upon the principles of +true burden sharing. + + If we Democrats cause that to happen, we will have truly +served our country, no matter who wins the election. + + The White House and a mandate. Both or neither. Let's get +on with it. + + This paper will address six of the issues around which the +strength of our nation revolves. They are: + + Economic Survival + + Education + + Environment + + Energy + + Foreign Policy + + Our Cultural Fabric + + My views reflect my ten years on Capitol Hill, my +observations these past six years in the private sector, and my +earlier experiences living outside the United States. + + +I. Economic Survival: The Creation of National Wealth + + There is no reason why the United States should not be the +pre-eminent economic power on earth. No reason whatsoever. We +have the land, the resources and the people. What we lack is the +leadership. Our political leadership has chosen to ignore +difficult economic realities. It has, instead, decided to +finance short-term avoidance by placing the nation under crushing +and unsustainable debt. As a result, America is facing great +economic peril. We are daily witnessing this ever-mounting +national debt, the inexorable sale of America to foreign +interests, and the steady deterioration of our capacity to +compete in the global marketplace. + + Yet, the alarm remains unsounded. Washington is recession +proof. The rest of the country, however, is not. Washington +talk about "it's morning in America" rings hollow in communities +devastated by failing industries. To them it's high noon. +Bravado talk about "we can out-compete, out-produce and out-sell" +any country in the world without change in our national economic +policies is a self-serving delusion. + + Washington politicians should experience service on +corporate boards of companies that are trying to compete +internationally. They should have their financial survival +riding on a startup business struggling under the burden of the +high costs of American capital. They should have close relatives +seeking to manage companies under the quarterly gaze of Wall +Street vultures and getting battered by foreign companies whose +investors think in terms of years. They should watch a son or +daughter sell off technological genius to the Japanese or Germans +or Swiss because no American company is interested. + + This is what is happening outside the Beltway. + + America's manufacturing base is under attack and Washington +treats it as just another issue. + + It is not just another issue. It is the issue. This +problem is our collective kryptonite. An ever less competitive +manufacturing base inevitably means cataclysmic erosion of our +standard of living. If we are reduced to just flipping +hamburgers and exploiting our raw materials, we will have an +economy, but it will be a diminished economy of decline and +defeat. The American people would never stand for such a +prospect. As the recent MIT report on competitiveness put it, +"In order to live well, a country must produce well." This is +the slogan which should sit on the President's desk. + + It would perhaps be useful to put numbers on this concern. +There are three major indices that tell the tale - the number of +persons employed in manufacturing, our balance of trade and the +federal budget deficit. + + Manufacturing employment: The United States today has only +17% of its total workforce in manufacturing, down from 26% in +1970. If defense industries are removed, we have only 15%. The +Germans have 33% of their companies in manufacturing and the +Japanese have 28%. + + During the 1970's, the United States paid its production +workers the highest wages in the world and still maintained a +positive balance of trade. Today, nine other nations pay higher +wages, yet our trade balance is chronically negative. + + Over the past five years, our average trade balance has been +$133 billion negative while the Germans have averaged $61 billion +positive. Yet, the Germany average production wage and benefits +is $18.02 per hour compared with $13.92 in the United States. + + Overall productivity in this country grew at over 3% per +year from 1960 to 1973 but has risen by only 1% per year since +then. + + The average weekly earnings of the private nonagricultural +workforce grew (in 1984 dollars) from $262 in 1949 to $336 in +1959 to $387 in 1969. Since then, it has declined to $376 in 179 +and $335 in 1989. + + Balance of Trade: Hard as it may be to believe, the United +States used to be a net exporter. In 1960 we had a net balance +of trade surplus of $2.8 billion. In 1970 it was a surplus of +$2.3 billion. In 1980 it stood at a surplus of $1.1 billion. +The 1980's have seen deficits steadily grow. In 1990 our trade +deficit totalled over $95 billion. + + This deficit accumulation totals some $910 billion since +1980. What does this mean? It means that $910 billion of our +wealth has been transferred to someone else - either by resources +leaving this country or by foreigners buying up America. At the +current rate we will either be in total hock to the outside world +or the outside world will own us. + + In contrast, the same timeframe saw Japan net a balance of +trade surplus of $57 billion in 1989. (And this despite the fact +that it is far more dependent on imported oil than we are.) +Germany enjoyed a surplus in 1989 of $55 billion. These two +countries lost World War II but they are the clear victors in the +global economic wars of the present day. + + Again, this massive bleeding of America's economic base +should galvanize a fierce collective response with Washington in +the lead. Check your local newspapers to see when it was last +mentioned and on which page it was printed. This is avoidance +politics at its most destructive. + + Federal budget deficit: Someday, teachers of political +history will relate the rhetoric and reality of the Reagan-Bush +economic era. They will talk of two Republican conservatives who +successfully bashed Democrats as wild spenders. They will speak +of these two leaders adamantly calling for a Constitutional +Amendment to force a balanced federal budget. They will recall +the constant rhetoric of the need for the federal government to +match expenditures with incomes "like every American household." +The students will readily understand the sheer power of this +political approach. + + Then the teacher will provide numbers. + + All forty presidents before Reagan ran up a combined +national debt of $994.3 billion. Reagan-Bush alone added another +$2,623.5 billion. + + The much criticized Jimmy Carter ran an average budget +deficit of $57 billion. George Bush has averaged $245 billion. + + George Bush in the FY 1990 budget alone ran a deficit +greater than the deficits of Democratic Presidents Carter, +Johnson, Kennedy and Truman combined. + + The students will not believe the teacher. How could this +be, they will ask? How could Reagan and Bush have gotten away +with balanced-budget rhetoric at a time of massive budget deficit +realities? How could they lull the American people into +accepting such staggering debt without widespread revolt? + + More pointedly, they will ask, why did people allow this +enormous accumulation of debt which now burdens their generation? +This, of course, raises the pointed question of generational +morality. + + In FY 1991 the interest on the federal debt is $197 billion. +By the year 2000, it is expected to reach 25% of the entire +federal budget. This reality is morally reprehensible. It is +the record of the Reagan-Bush years. + + The Democratic response must, above all, seek to reestablish +our manufacturing capability at, or above, that of the Japanese. +The Republicans, of course, have carefully avoided the +articulation of any goals whatsoever. + + Some of them argue that the decline in our manufacturing +base is acceptable because it will be replaced by a service-based +economy. This is the avoidance politicians' drug of choice. +There is no such thing as being a major financial center in the +world without a vibrant competitive manufacturing sector. Again, +numbers tell the story. The largest American bank is Citicorp. +In 1970 it ranked 2nd worldwide. Chase Manhattan Bank was ranked +3rd. In 1980 they ranked 5th and 11th, respectively. Today, +they rank 24th and 54th. Sixteen Japanese banks rank ahead of +our biggest. In major financial transactions we are, in effect, +dropping from the radar screen. It is no accident that the +world's six largest banks are now Japanese. The Germans and +French also have major banking entities and they are resolute in +emphasizing manufacturing. A nation without a manufacturing base +is a nation heading toward third world status. So much for +morning in America. + + This economic silent spring is a disgrace. Yet, no word of +alarm escapes from George Bush. "Read my lips, add more debt." + + Our forefathers labored mightily to establish America as the +pre-eminent economic power on earth. We have allowed the fruits +of their labors to be sold off to foreign buyers, one national +treasure after another. We accept enormous trade deficits month +after month, year after year, with hardly a murmur. We treat the +staggering federal deficits as inevitable results of political +gridlock. It's time we faced up to our peril. + + This is where democracies rely upon the courage of their +elected leaders. The normal political instinct is to always +engage in happy talk. It is courage which allows a politician to +take a people beyond that. It takes toughness to lead a people +toward their preservation no matter how disquieting the journey +may be. For avoidance of unpleasant reality is simply part of +human nature. + + I learned that lesson once more in the aftermath of my +cancer diagnosis in 1983. I found myself wishing for soothing +reassurance, but what I needed was tough love. Not feeling ill, +I wanted to just go home and live a normal life and not deal with +the disease until I absolutely had to. For a while that's what I +did. And it was possible to push away the awareness of the +realities inside of me. + + By 1985, however, I was put on mild oral chemotherapy. This +was done in hopes of avoiding the more toxic intravenous drugs. +And I knew that after that would come radiation. And after that, +perhaps, would come the still experimental bone marrow +transplant. I even put myself on a macrobiotic diet in search of +an effortless deliverance. My doctor was not impressed. + + When the time came for my late fall checkup my doctor was +shocked at my deteriorated condition and upset with me for not +seeking him out earlier than my scheduled appointment. The +disease was voluminous in my body and was about to consume me. + + The next ten months contained no happy talk. Monthly +sessions of intravenous chemotherapy were followed by target +radiation. In late August, I was undergoing the bone marrow +transplant with its massive chemotherapy and whole body +radiation. For the next six weeks I was confined to a sterile +hospital room, attempting to recover from these assaults to my +body. These were weeks of fear and discomfort, of course, but +they were also weeks of slowly realizing that I was now able to +look at the monster full face. In early October I was released +from that room. I was back to work by mid-November, thin as a +rail, bald as a billiard ball and wondrous of my survival. + + I have often reflected back upon those ten months. I know +that my hard-nosed, no-margin-for-error doctors saved my life. +But I also know that I resented their tough approach during that +period. + + My story is my own but there are millions of Americans who +have had to learn the same lesson in countless other personal +crises. Avoidance of hard truths makes the inevitable dealing +with them all the more difficult. And what is true for +individuals is also true for nations. + + In 1991 there is a need for us to acknowledge that we must +get our financial house in order. The New American Mandate is, +above all, an economic imperative. It is committing ourselves to +the actions necessary to achieve full economic recovery and +unassailable competitive strength. This involves what we do +every day in the workplace and every day in the marketplace. It +is thinking about these daily events as expressions of economic +patriotism - as necessary prerequisites for the preservation of +our standard of living. + + Through the New American Mandate we will demand that our +leaders articulate the policies for this economic regeneration. +Not just the comfortable policies, but the difficult ones as +well. Not at some distant time when it will be politically +easier, but now, while we still have the capacity to control our +destiny. + + We need a national economic policy. What we have today is a +naive faith that our companies can compete without any public +sector help as they struggle against foreign companies linked to +governments with resolute industrial policies. Our companies are +going forth to do one-on-one battle and are being mugged. Their +competitors are aided by governments that aggressively seek out +the advantages of uneven playing fields whenever possible. + + The Reagan-Bush response to all this has been benign neglect +on a global basis. And the muggings continued unabated. We +Democrats must do better. We must level the playing field. + + There are many components to a national economic policy. +Let me list a few. + +Democratic and Republican Shibboleths + + Both political parties are going to have to abandon the +rusty core elements of their economic philosophies and head off +in new directions. These archaic old saws are much embraced by +party chieftains. The affection for them expressed by party +ideologues is matched only by our trading competitors' fervent +hope that they will never disappear. These nations benefit by +our politics of self-delusion. + +Democrats + + Democrats have always believed that their essential mission +is social and economic justice. And so it is. Look for such +advancements in the twentieth century and in almost every +instance a Democrat's hand has been at work. It is a noble +tradition. + + That tradition must never be abandoned. + + Underlying that mission, however, has been a rarely +acknowledged but enduring notion. Wealth would be created by +others and after its creation we Democrats would intervene to +preserve fairness by the equitable redistribution of that wealth. +During most of this century that may have been a logical battle +plan. Not so any more. + + There is today one glaring truth. You cannot redistribute +wealth that is never created. A party devoted to the purpose of +carving up the economic pie should be alarmed by the reality that +the pie is shrinking. Witness the devastation being visited upon +critical social programs by the shortfall in tax revenues in most +states in the country. + + Democrats are going to have to go back to the original act - +the creation of national wealth. They are going to have to sit +down with the business community and jointly establish policies +of wealth creation. It means giving up comfortable political +nuclear weapons - such as the marvelous boost gained from +routinely attacking corporate America and big business. Some +recent Democratic rhetoric presents itself as traditional +populism, an "us-them" view of the world where the "them" is +anyone in the manufacturing, service or banking industries. Wake +up, Democrats. Without viable manufacturing, service and banking +sectors, there is no country. A marriage - note the word is +marriage, not liaison - with corporate America is essential. +Corporate America must survive, indeed thrive, if our Democratic +social agenda is to have any hope of implementation. + + This does not mean that we put aside our concern about +social and economic justice. That standard must remain in the +forefront of our consciousness. But it must coexist with a +resolute determination that America must create wealth in order +to provide a decent standard of living for our people. + + To effectively deal with the problems of homelessness, of +AIDS, of affordable housing, of catastrophic health care for +everyone, of college scholarships, of all the human needs we care +about there must be revenue flow from which to secure the +necessary funds. The more we want to solve the great human +injustices in our society, the more we are going to need a full +throttle economic engine. One cannot exist without the other. + + Pro-business, some would call it. And so it is. +Aggressively so. But commonwealth is what it is as well. There +is a real political opening here for our party. Many in the +business community are quite alarmed by the economic decline of +America and want to fight back. They see an administration that +has always devoted its energies elsewhere and offers no real hope +that its disinterest will ever end. These business leaders, +however, view the Democrats with deep skepticism. They do truly +see us as "tax and spend" advocates who are instinctively hostile +to business interests. Our task is to convince them that we +really understand one simple reality. America's standard of +living is totally dependent upon their capacity to compete and be +profitable. It's about time we said so and acted accordingly. + + To me this is not an abstraction. My childhood was spent +experiencing the economic decline of my home city, Lowell, +Massachusetts. My father (a Republican) owned a dry cleaners and +the entire family worked in the business. My father worked from +6:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m., six days a week, 51 weeks a year. +Sundays were spent doing the books and repairing the machinery. +By any fair standard, this staggering workload should have +resulted in just rewards for him. It didn't. No matter how hard +he worked, no matter how conscientious he was, the forces of +Lowell's economic decline were too much to overcome. + + The remembrance of those days has left me with an inability +to view economic dislocation casually. Perhaps I have too good a +memory. But when I see our nation's economic indices, I have a +foreboding sense of not wanting these trends to run their course. +I want to determine my own fate. I believe the business world is +full of people who share this deep concern. We Democrats must +reach out to them. + +Republicans + + Whereas the Democrats must learn to embrace the world of +industrialists, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, +Republicans are going to have to alter their views as well. + + At the Republican core is the almost religious belief that +an unfettered free market is the best of all worlds. + + Industrial policy is seen as equivalent to child +pornography. It is seen as the domain of such reprobates as +Castro, the Sandinistas and the now discredited Communist +planners. + + This view is unschooled. Industrial policies presuppose a +market system. They show how to improve the competitiveness of +private firms through public policies. Since Communist central +planning systems have neither markets nor private companies, it +is by definition a contradiction in terms to refer to them as +having industrial policies. + + Republicans are going to have to refine their perspectives +to realize that to embrace any component of an industrial policy +is not to immediately be guilty of Soviet-style central planning +activities. + + Industrial policy is what Japan has. It is what Germany +has. It is what we must have as well. + + When I was involved with the Chrysler bill some eleven years +ago, the attitude of the purist laissez faire proponents was, +basically, "let it die." To argue the case for sustaining a +company with a viable future product line was difficult because +some felt it was government intervention. And it was. But if +the company had gone under would America have been better off? +Of course not. The government even made money on the deal when +it was all over. But I never heard anyone say that they would +have voted differently. An America with just two major auto +manufacturers is not an industrial policy. Saving Chrysler was +industrial policy. It worked and we should not be so quick to +forget that fact. + + Republicans are well trained to look at potential military +adversaries and demand weapon equivalence in defense of the +nation. If these adversaries have a particular military +capability, then by definition, we must put aside all other +considerations to make our military capability even bigger and +better. + + Today our economic enemies are our political friends. The +war they wage is in the marketplace, not on the battlefield. +America can be done away with by economic decay just as assuredly +as by foreign invasion. The implosion of the Warsaw Pact was +economic, political and social. It collapsed from its own +internal weaknesses, not by the force of outside military attack. +An ever diminishing standard of living in the United States will +cause us to battle each other over diminishing resources. We +will cease to be a major factor in world affairs as we focus only +upon our downward spiral. + + For the Republicans as well there should be one glaring +truth. American companies need the United States government as a +full partner if they are to have any hope of competing +internationally. That means an industrial policy. Take a deep +breath, my Republican friends. It's a brave new world out there. +Adam Smith was a marvelous man but he wouldn't know a +superconductor or memory chip if he tripped over one. + + Take another deep breath. The threat to America today is +not only a diminished Soviet Union. It is not just Saddam +Hussein. It is the threat of a different dimension. It is +Japanese, German, Taiwanese, Swiss, French, South Korean, etc. +Friends all. But just as capable of reducing us to impotence. +They have already begun. The adrenalin that Republicans would +call up at will to confront Soviets or Cubans or Sandinistas or +East Germans or North Koreans or the Iraqi Republican Guard must +be called up to confront our friends. + + This is war by another playwright. But it's still war. + + It doesn't take a genius to understand the post-Gulf War +era. The Japanese and Germans will have emerged as even more +formidable economic competitors. They chose to bypass the +conflict while we made it our foremost national purpose. It is +no accident that CNN and network coverage of the war was viewed +by Americans on Japanese TV sets and was interspersed with ads +from Japanese manufactured products. + + Republicans must acknowledge this and begin to mobilize +accordingly. This means opening up to aggressive and resolute +policies which will put the government in the foxhole with our +beleaguered American companies. Republicans who focus on +"defense strength" must be made to understand that such +capabilities come from government funds. Government funds come +from taxes. And taxes come from a vibrant economy. Kill the +economy and you have no "defense strength." + + If the New American Mandate requires Democrats to embrace +the creation of wealth, it also requires Republicans to see honor +in asking the question "what works" and to see dishonor in +slavish adherence to past economic dogma. + + For Democrats the political opportunity lies in the +likelihood that George Bush will not act any differently about +this than Ronald Reagan did. There are three reasons for this. + + First, the politics are an impediment. Avoidance politics +have always been, and will always be, powerfully seductive. +"Read my lips, no new taxes" was just the latest in a long line +of homage to false gods. The Reagan-Bush line has been to gloss +over the dangers ("morning in America") and simply ignore +fundamental economic trends. Their concern is the immediate +judgment of their electoral contemporaries not the judgment of +historians - even if that history is rapidly coming upon us. It +is my contention that the accumulation of hard data as to our +economic dilemma has provided a base for electoral realism in +1992. That base can only expand. The 1992 Democratic campaign +must take it on faith that Americans are prepared to wage this +economic battle ferociously. The Republicans will presume the +opposite and will continue their avoidance politics. + + Second, there is no sense of urgency. Most of the key +economic decision makers in the administration come from +circumstances of affluence. For them there will be financial +insulation no matter what happens. Their economic safety nets +are made of steel cables. There is no foreboding. There is no +perception that the economic ground beneath them can tremble. It +is just too removed from their own personal histories and +circumstances. This is not meant to suggest venality. It is +meant to suggest that perception of a particular threat is more +acute in those who have faced it before. + + Third, the trade deficit, the budget deficits and +manufacturing employment numbers listed above are all +Reagan-Bush. They occurred during their watch. They are the +party of record. + + To reverse course would be to acknowledge that their unaided +free market policies have been dysfunctional as we confront trade +competitors who have their public and private sectors in resolute +harmony. To reverse course is to admit error. It will never +happen. At best they will work around the margins. A full blown +frontal assault on the economic threat would require a +self-analysis of the past eleven years that will inevitably sully +the Reagan-Bush record. George Bush cannot, and will not, do +this. His course was set more than a decade ago when he +retreated from his declaration that Reagan's policies were +"voodoo economics." Once he capitulated to that Republican +realpolitik, his options were narrowed forever. + + We Democrats must insure that George Bush's dilemma is not +America's dilemma. + +Recognize the Peril + + This is step one. This is where America and George Bush +must part company. No one ever solved a problem he refused to +acknowledge. + + Yes, we are losing ground, particularly in high technology, +basic manufacturing, and financial services. + + Yes, it is the national crisis of the highest priority. + + Yes, it threatens to seriously reduce the American standard +of living. + + Yes, it will destroy the economic foundation of our military +national security. + + Yes, it will severely compromise our capability to play a +peacekeeping role in world affairs. + + Yes, we now believe that government must be an active +partner in this great challenge. + + Yes, America should be the pre-eminent manufacturing nation +on earth again. + + Yes, Americans are the equal of any workforce in the world. + + Good. Now let's get on with it. + +Be Prepared to Make Strategic Investments + + The notion of investing in the technologies necessary to +create the Star Wars program was hotly debated. But it became +national policy and billions were allocated to that purpose. + + Why? National security. + + What about investments in technologies that could impact our +economic national security? Horrors. That's central planning. + + In the long run would America be better off with hundreds of +billions invested in an improbable Star Wars system arrayed only +against an imploding Soviet Union or by developing an +insurmountable lead in ceramic engines, supercomputers and memory +chips? Indeed, without a thriving manufacturing capability in +these industries the economic base to fund military research can +not exist. Many anti-industrial policy Republicans would say +that the non-functionality of Star Wars against the Soviet Union +is an unfortunate but necessary price of eternal vigilance +against a foreign military threat. These people would also argue +against major governmental investments in strategic technologies +because, unlike the Japanese, "we can't pick winners and losers." +What about the economic foreign threat? + + Again, it's a matter of mindset. + + Washington has been focused on the Soviet challenge for the +entire adult years of most of its leaders. It rebels at the +notion that in the 1990's there are real dangers that do not +emanate from missiles or tanks or fighter aircraft. + + It must rethink threat. Threat can be venal such as a +Saddam Hussein. But threat can come from people who are friendly +and have no evil intent. + The threat to America is economic as well. We must think of +government and industry as partners with the same level of +enthusiasm, indeed patriotism, that the military-industrial +complex generates for its joint mission. Strategic investments +in emerging technologies is part of an industrial policy which +will result in some losers, yes, but will also result in some +critical winners as well. These winners will be a major part of +our economic future. Particularly now that American venture +capital has shrunk dramatically, government has a contributing +role to play in insuring that our push for technological +competitiveness has a fair chance at success. + +Promotion of Science and Research + + This is one area where the rhetoric is in place but not the +reality. The National Science Foundation, the National +Institutes of Health, NASA, the Departments of Energy and +Agriculture among others, are the mothers' milk of cutting edge +research investigations. We should not be satisfied with +marginal increases in these budgets. Again, its a matter of +mindset. The Manhattan Project. The Apollo program. The war in +the Persian Gulf. It's just a matter of recognizing the threat +and responding to it. There will be no manufacturing sector +without a powerful basic and applied research capability. Put +these agencies at the top of our funding priorities. + + In addition to the traditional areas of basic and applied +research, we must devote more attention to applied engineering +and manufacturing engineering. + + The economic war that we are losing is centered on process +technologies. The taking of new ideas, indeed, even old ideas, +and converting them to manufactured goods is the great trade +battle ground. The winners here are those who can take high and +low tech products and simply manufacture them better. It is the +process of manufacturing that should also be the recipient of +research monies since it is only the production of a technology +which creates wealth. The initial discovery and development of a +product are the stuff of Nobel Prizes and prideful articles in +trade journals. But that is not enough. + + The prior definition of success embraced those who could +conceive new product ideas. Today the definition of success +embraces those who can take those ideas, wherever they may +originate, and turn them into products quickly, efficiently, and +with great quality control. The Japanese takeover of the +American-originated VCR market is an obvious example. These are +the cash cows. These are the providers of employment for a +nation's people. They are equally worthy of intellectual inquiry +and investigation. + + The need here is to exalt science in all its dimensions. +There must be a White House effort to create an environment +wherein young Americans choose science (and engineering) as a +career. The society as a whole needs to acknowledge that we will +survive as a viable economy only by the fruits of the minds of +young American scientists. To have our best and brightest +heading to law schools and Wall Street is a gross misallocation +of resources. The best and the brightest should be in the +laboratories and in the production facilities. The best and the +brightest should be deployed to reinvigorate our manufacturing +sector. This will require a sea change away from the values of +the 1980's that drove our young away from occupations of +production and into the occupations of the paper chase. + + A society which pays its 29 year old science researchers +$25,000 a year and its 29 year old lawyers $100,000 a year and +its 29 year old investment bankers $200,000 a year and its 29 +year old left fielders $2 million a year is sending all the wrong +messages. It is a formula for unrelenting decline. The young +American scientist must be recognized as the fuel of any viable +economic engine. + +Change Anti-Trust Laws + + Current anti-trust laws prevent American companies from +joint venturing in almost any area including such critical ones +as research and development. The rationale for this policy is +rooted in America of years past, long before our companies faced +foreign corporate behemoths. We need to pool our resources to be +equal with our competition. We have to allow our companies to +muscle up. Joint venturing is the sine qua non of that +capability. It must become an everyday occurrence in order to +equip these companies to compete in the global marketplace. + + American companies should be released from anti-trust +constraints in areas which impact on their capabilities in +international trade. + + This is one area where our Japanese and German competitors +view us with great mirth. To them the concept of group +strategies is an obvious way of maximizing your strengths. +Seeing America hobbled by her own hand must seem to be a heaven- +sent advantage. + + Current American law pays homage to a period when all the +producers were American and thus cooperation between them was +clearly dangerous to the consuming public. Today most of the +producers are foreign and they threaten to eradicate American +producers. There must be a serious rethinking. The fact that +our anti-trust laws were not changed years ago speaks to the +absolute neglect of the cutting edge issues of competitiveness +while we engage endlessly in the rhetoric of promoting +competitiveness. Democrats are particularly vulnerable to this +criticism. We must give our companies a more level playing field +through policy changes that don't require massive federal +expenditures. + +Increase our savings rate + + Congress should pass laws which encourage savings over +consumption. This will create a capital pool which will begin to +match the resource base that countries with high savings rates +enjoy. The lack of a capital pool is the economic equivalent of +unilateral disarmament. + + The numbers here are staggering. Compare the United States, +Japan and Germany in years 1980, 1984 and 1988. Our national +savings as a percentage of GNP went from 18.8 to 17.0 to 15.1. + + Germany had rates of 21.7 to 21.7 to 24.5. + + Japan, of course, was in a class by itself. It had rates of +31.1 to 30.7 to 33.3. + + We need a dramatic improvement in our rate of savings in +order to provide the much needed capital base for investment. + + A much greater abundance of capital will serve two purposes. + First, it will reduce the cost of capital to U.S. companies. +Currently the cost of capital in America far exceeds that of +Japan and Germany. It renders corporate decision makers unable +to make investments whose payout is long term. This financial +barrier is lethal to the kinds of corporate strategies that are +necessary in order to compete. + + Second, it will reduce our current hazardous dependence on +outside sources of capital. These are sources which can quickly +evaporate when these nations decide they have other more pressing +uses for these funds: i.e. West Germany's current interest in +investing in the restoration of former East Germany. Being +dependent on foreign capital is not unlike being dependent on +foreign oil. You don't control your own destiny. Various +I.R.A.s for retirement, college expenses, home ownership are +examples of pro-savings incentives. Other ideas should be +aggressively explored. + + Finally, the savings ethic must be fully ingrained in the +American culture forever, not just to get us through this +difficult period. That means our children must be part of it. +Schools should work with banks to give each child a savings +account or some equivalent. No matter how small, such accounts +establish a thought process. Efforts should be made to allow the +pooling of funds into Childrens Mutual Funds, wherein school +groups could invest minor amounts of money at reduced service +fees. This would have the additional benefit of directly +involving children in learning about and caring about the +American economic system. These would be latter day Economic +Liberty Bonds. Young people would be taking a personal step in +helping to provide the capital necessary in America's battle for +economic survival. + + The secondary value of such participation by the young is +the early awareness of how dependent America is upon the actions +of individuals. Hopefully, this sense of personal relevance will +be reinforced by other actions and lead to a more contributory +attitude towards citizenship. Our people must perceive America's +economic vulnerability and see their own essential role in +safeguarding their nation. + +Investment Over Consumption + + There are a lot of indices that show the inevitable decline +of American economic fortunes compared to those of the Japanese +and Germans. Inevitable, that is, if these numbers are not +changed. + + Probably the most significant are the numbers which reflect +the differences in mindset relative to investment and +consumption. + + Consumption is today. + + Investment is tomorrow. + + It is seed corn consumed versus seed corn planted. Nothing +is more basic. + + Yet relative to our competitors, we are devoted to +consumption, and they are devoted to investment. + + Again raw numbers. The investment rates of the United +States, Japan and Germany. Public and private. Years 1970, 1980 +and 1988. + + United States: public 15.1 and 15.6 and 15.5. + private 2.5 and 1.8 and 1.6. + + Germany: public 20.9 and 19.1 and 17.5. + private 4.6 and 3.6 and 2.4. + + Japan: public 31.0 and 25.5 and 25.3. + private 4.5 and 6.1 and 5.2. + + The reasons for this are historical. Japan and Germany were +ravaged during World War II. Their leadership and their +populations had known the horrors of economic disequilibrium - +from runaway inflation to personal deprivation. Out of this +adversity came the intense Post-War determination to create +patterns of economic behavior that value future stability and +security over present day consumption. We saw the Post-War +period as the time to reap the fruits of our victory. Present +day consumption was seen as an earned reward eclipsing any +widespread sense of providing for the future. The 1980's were +the epitome of that mindset. It was assumed the future would +always be economically secure. That assumption was wrong. The +result of these national patterns if allowed to persist will be a +much lesser America. Fewer good jobs. More foreign ownership. +More social dislocation. Less world influence. More crushing +debt, both personal and national. The savers will dominate the +spenders. The investors will eclipse the consumers. The lean +and hungry will always prevail over the comfortable and +complacent. + + The problem here is not that all of this is not understood. +The problem is that being understood by economists is one thing. +Being understood by politicians is quite another. And +transforming understanding into action is more difficult still. + + The economists will say that investment and consumption are +like a seesaw. In order for investment to go up, consumption +must come down. Herein lies the political dilemma. But herein +also lies the opportunity for political leadership. + + Through the New American Mandate, our people will affirm +their commitment to a policy that defines the common good as the +promotion of investment over consumption. We need to create in +ourselves the kind of steely will to survive economically that +our Japanese and German counterparts still have. We must fashion +a political environment wherein a drumbeat for necessary economic +policies allows our elected officials to do what is right without +fear of immediate ouster. Voting for needed economic reform must +be demanded by the electorate. Continued avoidance of such +reform must be clearly identified as unacceptable pandering by +politicians who are putting their own re-election concerns above +the national interest. + + This involves choices, few of which will be easy. Yet +relative to the economic decisions being faced by countries like +Poland and the Soviet Union they are far less onerous. Far less. +It means looking at the entitlement programs, heretofore a +political never-never land in American politics. Would the +Congress support a policy of reducing the yearly increase in +entitlements by one percent below the cost of living? It's not a +great deal but it would establish a policy of economic response. +But politically it will not pass, even for those above a certain +income level, in the absence of a clear understanding as to the +nation's need for such a measure. It must be seen as patriotic +to rally all of us to this cause. The principle of shared +sacrifice for the common good must be advanced. This is the +"vision thing" that George Bush finds so hard to come to grips +with. + + The policy must be made clear to every American. We must +make the transition from a high consumption/low investment +country to a lesser consumption/high investment country. Japan +and Germany did so decades ago because adversity gave them no +choice. Can America do the same without having experienced such +deprivation? Can we act in time to lessen the impact of far more +painful decisions in the future? + I believe we can if the political leadership is prepared to +show the way. + +Reduce the capital gains tax for investments in appropriate +securities held for a long period of time + The current capital gains tax debate would only happen in a +political environment far removed from the pressures faced by +American companies. We don't need an across the board capital +gains reduction as President Bush fought so desperately for last +year. Encouraging people to invest in raw land or commercial +buildings or art collections adds nothing to our competitiveness. +They are simply less critical recipients of our capital. +Providing capital gains advantages to people who speculate in the +stock market is equally counterproductive since it rewards +short-term corporate horizons at the expense of long-term +corporate strategies. It also encourages our most talented to +seek their fortunes by speculative and manipulative paper +shuffling as opposed to production oriented careers. Michael +Milken at $500 million a year is very powerful career counseling +of the worse kind. + + We need to limit capital gains incentives to long-term +investments in corporate America. This signals that such +investments are our nation's top investment priority. To be +effective, this signal cannot be rhetoric, but must be pure +marketplace. Invest here and your returns will be maximized. +Very simple. Invest in an American company, hold that stock +rather than speculate with it, and you get a significantly lower +capital gains tax rate. The longer the stock is held, the lower +the tax rate. + + In addition, efforts should be made to define new +enterprises. While the focus of the capital gains tax +differential must be on corporate investments, it makes obvious +sense to give an added incentive to such new enterprises. The +growth of the American industrial base has always come from small +and emerging businesses. These are the entrepreneurs with the +greatest maneuverability. But they also have the greatest +vulnerability. Today with the shrinking of the venture capital +markets they are at even greater risk. There should be +differentials here large enough to attract serious investment +into those new ventures which will provide sources of fresh +employment in the years ahead. It is time for paying attention +to sunrise enterprises as well as sunset enterprises. + + It is this combination of criteria that should make the +capital gains reduction a central part of creating an America in +economic rebound. Such a program would channel capital towards +our industrial/manufacturing sector and would stretch out the +time horizons of investors. + + The obstacle here is party politics. Some Democrats oppose +any capital gains differential because supporting it prevents +them from using the "class warfare" argument against the +Republicans. Taking aggressive anti-business positions is second +nature to them. Class warfare is certainly good politics. But +it's good politics at the expense of the nation's industrial +base. Democrats should be concerned with what a targeted +capital gains tax would do for America and not be focused on a +myopic discourse about who benefits the most under such a system. +It is the common good that counts. + + I learned this lesson in 1975 in Lowell. My home city was +being crushed under double digit unemployment. The downtown was +a visually unattractive array of buildings that had not seen any +reinvestment for decades. Lowell was everyone's model of a +depressed mill city. + + As a new Congressman I proposed the creation of the Lowell +Financial and Development Corporation. This entity would be +funded by the local banks contributing one-twentieth of one +percent of their assets to it. The corporation would then +reinvest those funds in restoring the historic buildings of the +downtown. There was the expected resistance from some of the +bankers but eventually they agreed because they, in essence, +owned this devaluating property. + + What was not expected was the feeling by a few non-business +people that the corporation was inappropriate because it would +benefit some building owners that they considered unsavory. +These people don't deserve to receive financial rewards, they +argued, because they are responsible for letting these buildings +fall into disarray in the first place. + + I must admit that I felt some sympathy for this +righteousness but not enough to change my mind. The corporation +was created, and it and its organizational twin, the Lowell Plan, +have been very successful. Lowell has become a national model of +urban renaissance. + + Did the "unsavory" people benefit? They sure did. But so +did everyone else in a once-depressed mill city with what had +seemed a marginal future. So what. + +Provide for a Research & Development Tax Credit + + This should be self-explanatory. We can't compete long term +if we are not putting our earnings back into research and +development. Such reinvestment back into a company should be +viewed as the corporate investment of highest priority and taxed +accordingly. Farmers who consume their seed corn are never heard +from again. The same is true of companies. We have to help +American companies strengthen their prospects for the long term. + +Change the counterproductive short term U.S. corporate +perspective + + The U.S. system of corporate survival is strictly a short +term game. All of the forces in the marketplace reward the +shortsighted and penalize the wise. It cuts down the chief +executive officer (and his board of directors) who thinks long +term and is willing to put his money where his strategy is. For +example, CEO #1 and CEO #2 have similar companies with equivalent +earnings. CEO #1 takes 30% of his earnings and invests it in a +long term research project that he has faith in. CEO #2 shares +that faith but chooses to retain that 30% as an earnings dividend +to the shareholder. Company #1's stock, therefore, will be lower +than Company #2's because its earnings are lower. Company #1, +therefore, is more attractive to a takeover since its stock can +be acquired at a lower price and it has a long term technology +strategy. Company #2 is less attractive to a takeover for +exactly the opposite reasons - higher stock price and less long +term technological promise. Who is the better CEO? Who is the +safer CEO? These are questions that will yield two different +answers. This is especially true if company #2 uses its higher +stock price to acquire company #1 and then slashes the research +and development budget in order to help pay off the resultant +debt. This is the true American corporate nightmare. We must +enact fundamental changes to reverse this reality. It means +charting new waters but it must be done. + + The role of CEO must be redefined in accordance with the new +world economic realities. Historically the CEO was charged with +maximizing the short term value of the stockholder's holdings, no +more, no less. Any policy which veered from this approach was an +invitation to hostile shareholder lawsuits. + + The new definition must include the notion of the CEO as +keeper of the assets of the company. Those assets are +all-inclusive - human, technological, physical and financial. +The primary responsibility must be the advancement and growth of +those assets over the long term. It must prevail over the policy +of short term shareholder value that comes at the expense of the +nation's long term need to have growing vibrant companies. We +must get to the point where the pursuit of short term profits by +destroying assets, selling off assets, and ravaging research and +development budgets, will be seen as highly inappropriate. + + Unshackling a progressive CEO also demands that we redefine +the proper role for corporate directors as we attempt to be +internationally competitive. At issue here are the same concerns +- i.e. corporate strategies and corporate time horizons. But it +also involves the attendant issue of director exposure to +shareholder lawsuits where the shareholder's interest is +immediate cash-in value irrespective of management practices that +strengthen the company's future. Corporate board meetings are +generally focused on month-to-month or quarter-to-quarter +reporting of data, as opposed to exhaustive examination of long +term corporate strategies. We must implement ways for directors +to support long term horizon strategies that benefit the company +and the nation over the long haul and not have these directors +subject to instant legal liability. + I experienced this catch-22 while serving on the board of a +publicly-held company. The corporation had accumulated excess +cash as a result of divestitures and had to decide what to do +with this resource. The choices were pretty straightforward. +Keeping the cash on hand was an open invitation for a takeover +bid by someone seeking to buy the company, take the cash and just +dump the rest of the assets. This would weaken the remaining +company dramatically and we all knew that. + + Distribution of the cash as dividends and a possible +management buyout, etc. were a second possible approach. This +was the safest of director options since it would be well +received by the shareholders. The problem with it was simple. +The company would not have gained any new strength as it ventured +forth in the future. The cash would have been expended without +impact on our competitive capability. It would have created a +company with lesser viability over the long term. + + The final possibility was to use the cash to acquire a +complementary second company and end up with a larger +corporation. This would mean better market share, a broader +technology base and real economies of scale. It was a classic +example of technological synergy and corporation muscling up. An +easy decision? Hardly. It was the decision most likely to put +the directors at risk because we would be choosing to bet on long +term stock appreciation rather than immediate shareholder gain. + + There was a direct correlation between director legal +liability and preserving the company. Put another way, to +maximize our own personal legal security, we would have had to +vote to leave the company in a weakened position. + + We chose not to do so. We made the acquisition. The +company is now profitable and the stock is appreciating. + + That's all very nice but I vividly remember walking to my +car after the meeting wondering whether I had risked the +financial well-being of my family by deciding to make the company +as competitive as possible. What if the gamble had failed and I +had been sued? Would I have been able to convince my family that +their financial sacrifice was warranted? + + These dynamics are lethal to American competitiveness. +Unless directors are convinced that long term strategies will not +invite hostile takeovers, unless directors are convinced that +supporting long term strategies will not expose them to serious +legal exposure - unless these are the new realities in the +corporate board room, nothing will change no matter how +progressive corporate management wants to be. + + There is, admittedly, a very fine line here. The threat of +stockholder lawsuits has a real and valid function. Corporate +directors should fear a reckoning if they do not meet their +fiduciary responsibilities. But why should short term +shareholder value be considered more responsible by our legal +system than long term competitive viability? Why should the +de facto damaging of the nation's industrial capability be a +safeguard against lawsuits? Somehow the ground rules have to +change. We must seize the opportunity to step back and rethink +existing assumptions. This would entail changing the scope of +director responsibility to include the requirement that long term +competitive viability be a standard component of any decision +making process. Another would be a requirement that directors +annually review research and development budgets both as to the +percentage of the total corporate budget compared to competitors +and as to the particular research agenda. Boards should include +directors who possess relevant skills in the appropriate +technologies and not just financial and management expertise. + + Another counterproductive assumption is the one that holds +that every public corporation must release its financial data +every three months.. These quarterly reports define corporate +America today. Their release triggers instant response by Wall +Street and other like watchers. Nothing is as sacred as these +quarterly announcements. Nothing is as traditional and nothing +is as expected. + + Yet that doesn't make them necessarily valuable. Is it not +time to ponder the following? Neither Japan nor Germany has such +a practice. They rely upon annual reports. They are known to +have much longer corporate time horizons than we do. We should +explore the concept of stretching out quarterly reports to +semi-annual reports. Or indeed even to just annual reports. If +our very successful trading competitors do just nicely, thank +you, without quarterly reports, why are they essential here? I +would suggest that serving the gurus and traders and speculators +and raiders of Wall Street is far less important than serving +those within our companies who are trying to survive. + + Let the debate begin. The need is to stretch out corporate +horizons. Quarterly reports do just the opposite. + +Management-Labor Attitude Changes + + The rhetoric about management-labor cooperation is oft-heard +but needs a boost from the Presidential bully pulpit. + + Management must be encouraged to drop old attitudes about +workers being the "other side" and to engage workers in true +joint consultation and decision making. These are the only +avenues to the kind of productivity and quality control necessary +to have competitive products. There is a new awareness about the +need to change archaic management techniques but change comes +hard. Management of the old school still occupies too many +executive suites, buttressed by too many old bulls in the board +rooms. + + The President should give high and consistent visibility to +companies that are inclusive in their practices and progressive +in their techniques by visiting plants where these practices are +in place. + + By publicly holding out such companies as models, it will +help create an environment wherein regressive management +techniques will be more and more isolated over time. It will +bring about the kind of dialogue about management practices that +will accelerate progressive change. This dialogue will provoke +the kind of critical corporate self-analysis that too often +happens only after Chapter 11 has been filed and the golden +parachutes deployed. The need is for mid-course corrections, not +better corporate autopsies. + + Correspondingly, the unions (and non-unions) must change +more rapidly as well. Union officials should save their +ammunition to fight for issues like wage scale, health benefits +and worker safety. No effort should be expended trying to defend +illogical work rules that are nothing but feather bedding. The +common goal should be highest possible productivity at the +highest possible wage rates. Many union officials have been very +active in forging this new direction but if we are to be +competitive there needs to be near unanimous acceptance of this +perspective. A President, especially a Democratic President, +should give overt support to progressive union leaders while +being willing to criticize those who cling to outmoded views. + + This rationale applies equally to non-union work forces. +The New American Mandate means workers who proudly embrace their +responsibility to help their companies prosper. + + Companies saddled with management that distrusts its +workforce combined with workforce leadership which feels no +responsibility to maximize productivity are doomed. Such foolish +leadership causes job loss for innocent workers and GNP loss for +the country. Pick up any paper and you will read about such +lamentable situations every day in almost every industry. The +President has a role to play to guide management and labor away +from such destructive practices. + +Economic Loyalty + + This is one area where the political leadership in both +parties at every level has failed to call forth America's +capacity to promote its own self-interest. + + Economic loyalty to one's fellow countrymen is not a value +that is fashionable in America today. To raise the matter in a +public speech is to cause more seat squirming than a discourse on +safe sex. To suggest it to the generation of the 80's is to +invite barely concealed disdain. + + Yet, what is loyalty to one's country? What is loyalty to +one's fellow countryman? What is one's obligation to the larger +societal "family" in times of economic distress? + + If, during the last four decades, I had sent $100 to the +Soviet Union to aid them in their war effort against us I would +have been justly accused of treason. I would be vilified by both +conservatives and liberals as having aided and abetted a nation +which threatens my country. Properly so. + + If, at the same time, I had sent $40,000 to Japan or Germany +(or Great Britain, etc.) to aid them in their economic war effort +against us, however friendly, I would be totally ignored by +American conservatives. I would be the recipient of comments +about how nice my Mercedes or Lexus (or Jaguar or Audi or BMW, +etc.) looked. In addition, there would be absolutely no +suggestion from American liberals that the American auto worker +rendered unemployed by my car purchase decision should be of any +relevance to me. + + We are in the grip of a kind of 1980's loyalty, that is, +loyalty to one's self and one's image with no concern for the +common wealth. Indeed, to suggest a rethinking of our collective +responsibilities to each other is to encounter extreme +defensiveness. + + This 1980's loyalty is not confined to "Me-Generation" fast +trackers. + + The average corporate chief executive officer is often no +better. Chances are excellent that he or she drives to work in +an expensive foreign import, dressed to the nines in foreign +shoes and clothing, all the while lamenting the decline of +America's industrial base and the easy availability of capital in +other countries. + + This is where the New American Mandate would seek to change +attitudes. We used to think that patriotism was supporting our +troops in the Persian Gulf and buying a Mercedes on the same day. +The New American Mandate would be a lot more comprehensive. + + An American parable for the 1980's is as follows. A well +paid engineer working for an American company buys an Infiniti. +Six months later he/she gets a layoff notice because his/her +company can't compete with its Japanese counterpart. The +engineer drives home in a funk and never, never equates the two +events. + + This is not an argument for a mindless Buy America policy. +That approach suggested that we buy domestically produced items +irrespective of all other considerations - such as quality and +price. As the not-so proud owner of a Ford Pinto and Chevy Vega +in my time, I am all too fully aware of the downside of such a +policy. It promotes the laziness and inefficiency of any +protectionist policy. It is more compassionate but ultimately +leads to the same kind of inevitable manufacturing base +deterioration. The incentive to excel is seriously weakened. + + But there are harbors of logical refuge between mindless Buy +America and soulless 1980's non-loyalty. In between there are +cases where a consumer is faced with choices where the +distinctions are not so obvious. Economic loyalty is simply +opting to put one's capital towards the strengthening of America, +not the strengthening of another country. These are cases where +the benefit of the doubt tips the scales in favor of the American +product. + + The recent focus on quality control in American cars, for +example, clearly offers such opportunities today. + + Finally, it should be emphasized that this is not a call for +protectionism or foreign bashing. These two are the siren's +temptation. The former is nothing more than the acceptance of +full scale competitive retreat. It is a warm refuge but only +temporary and eventually fatal. Erecting protectionist barriers +is counterproductive. Our efforts should be focused on openness +elsewhere and full reciprocity in world trade. + + The latter is equally dangerous. It is quite appropriate to +criticize foreign countries when their policies are in error. +Certainly there is no shortage of selfish and irresponsible +practices carried out by our allies and trading partners. We +should not be hesitant about pointing these out and calling for +correction. + + Some politicians, however, go beyond this and seek to swim +in the murky waters of demagoguery. Blaming foreign nations for +our economic woes is standard fare for elected officials because +it is invariably well received - particularly in areas of high +unemployment. It is a lot more rewarding politically to bash +imports than to suggest that there may be fault in attitudes or +strategies here at home. This political tactic is avoidance +politics of a different kind. It allows people to walk away +resenting other nations when they should be demanding changes in +how we do things in America. By continuing to persist in denial +we put off the necessary self-examination and rethinking that +will lead to true competitiveness. Thus, the foreign basher +ultimately serves the interests of the foreigner by putting off +the critical day of our own renewal. + + But the issue here is not just economic. It is social as +well. A sense among consumers that we care about our fellow +countrymen and are willing to demonstrate economic loyalty in +their behalf strengthens the bonds between us. Imagine if a +neighbor owned a particular business and you needed to buy a +product sold by such a business. Is it not natural to want to +give the neighbor your business if at all possible? Well, this +is the same thing except your neighbor lives further away. + + The issue here is not about where productive economic +loyalty ends and counterproductive Buy America begins. The issue +is a collective recognition of the economic peril faced by our +country. It is incorporating that recognition into our daily +lives as a constant thought process. In the economic war we are +all by definition soldiers because we are consumers. The issue +is deciding which army we are part of. + + A final thought. This call for economic loyalty is in +response to our current economic dilemma. The point here is not +to despise foreign products. On the contrary, we all need a +viable global economy with the free flow of goods across borders. +The point is to calibrate our consumer decision making to the +economic conditions prevailing in the country we all call home. +In other times this would not be as relevant. In the happy +future it will not be as necessary either. But in today's +troubled conditions, it is very important. It is, ironically, +calling upon Americans to begin to think the way Japanese +corporate leaders and German consumers have acted for decades. +They have viewed this attitude as a kind of deep patriotism. +Hokey, isn't it? But who is buying up whose national treasures? +Their citizens understand economic loyalty instinctively. It's +about time we did the same. + + We are all part of one team. And we are tied to the +success, or lack thereof, of all the other members of our team. + + Today an American professor, for example, is paid less than +her German counterpart teaching the same subject matter and more +than her British counterpart. Since the skills are equivalent, +why are the salaries different? Very simple. The German "team" +is doing very well, the American "team" less well and the British +"team" even less well. The American professor is being dragged +down by the relative lack of success of her "team." Does that +professor ever think in these terms? Very doubtful. But we must +bring about that kind of awareness. + + The role here of our political leadership is to make +Americans aware that if one American worker is thrown overboard, +we are all dragged down just a bit. The more of our team members +that are cast overboard, the further down we all go. + + What it comes down to is this. I go to buy a product, let's +say an automobile. I live in a cold climate and want four-wheel +drive capability. My choice is narrowed to a Jeep and an Isuzu. + My judgment will involve issues like style and cost. But it +doesn't end there. When I see the Jeep I sense an American +autoworker who will remain employed if I buy it. I derive a +quiet pleasure knowing that my money will remain in our economy +and multiply. I instinctively understand that my economic +well-being will eventually be determined by the economic +well-being of every other American. I think like a Japanese +would. Or a German would. I think like an economic patriot. + + +II. Education - The Meeting House of Our Society + + America in the 1990's will rise or fall as our public +schools rise or fall. The health of our school systems is the +major building block determinant of our long term economic and +social viability. Knowledge is power. Work skills are power. +Real power. Real economic power. The lack of knowledge and work +skills is weakness. It is economic impotence. It is the +transition from greatness to irrelevance. + + Knowledge and work skills are also hope. They are the only +source of social mobility available to millions of our fellow +citizens. They are what turns despair into hope. Only they can +create true opportunity so that young people choose lives of +promise over lives of personal and societal destructiveness. + + Education is America's great calling. + + Education, ah, education. Everyone is for it. It is the +motherhood and apple pie issue of the 90's. Well, at least the +rhetoric would suggest so. The reality is quite different. + + Republicans talk about it. President Bush, during the +campaign, said that he wanted to be known as the education +President. No one would call him that two years later. Money +for the Persian Gulf and Star Wars and the Stealth bomber? Sure. +Money for serious funding of schools? Gee, that's really a local +and state issue. Money for serious skills training for +non-college bound students? Gee, that's not how we think in +America. + + Democrats love to talk about it as well. As with the +Republicans, the talk is not purposefully false. It is, in fact, +well intentioned. But improvements in education to many +Democrats only means a lot more money. It does not mean serious +structural reform. Cutting edge issues like merit pay and +teacher competence standards are offensive to some teacher unions +and as a result some Democrats oppose them. Controversial +experiments like Boston University's takeover of the Chelsea +schools, national testing of high school seniors, school choice, +magnet schools for young black male students, uniforms for public +school students, limiting bilingual education - all make +Democrats very nervous. This is not to argue that any of these +ideas is valid. This is to argue that new and radical concepts +need to be tested. We need an atmosphere where the search for +educational excellence is an objective undiluted by +considerations as to what some interest groups may oppose. + + Businessmen talk about education as well. They opine about +how critical a well-trained and educated workforce is to their +survival. Some business leaders - David Kearns of Xerox and John +Akers of IBM come to mind - have become national spokesmen in +behalf of public education. They have put this issue at the +forefront of their personal agendas and have rendered the nation +a great service by doing so. + + They, however, are not typical. + + Go to the corporate suites of your Fortune 1000 companies +and ask a very simple question of the chief executive officers +and members of the board of directors. When was the last time +you set foot in a public school classroom? The answers would +reveal the obvious. The issue of quality public education does +not enjoy the personal involvement of the very people who +proclaim its vital importance. And in some cases, they are even +putting their resources toward ballot initiatives that would +reduce taxes and devastate public education. + + Is public education the top priority in America? Is it the +vehicle to provide true opportunity for those who don't happen to +be affluent? Is it the only way of having a workforce capable of +competing against its international counterparts? Is it the +place where our societal values are reinforced, and, sadly, in +some cases, introduced for the first time? + + The answer to these questions must be a resolute "Yes!" +resounding from coast to coast. + + Yes, it means money. Real money. It means that when budget +crunches come, public education is not viewed as the obvious +candidate for slashing. + + Today it is. As chairman of the Massachusetts Board of +Regents, I saw a Democratic governor cut the public higher +education budget by 22% from 1988 to 1990 while state +appropriations as a whole increased 18%. Then, in 1991, we found +ourselves with a Republican governor whose staff was seeking ways +to actually close three to five campuses. Education, thus, has +been an equal opportunity candidate for bi-partisan attack. Why? +Well, in Massachusetts both governors were openly pro-education +in their public pronouncements. That did not prevent the +bloodletting. Political realities intruded. There is one +fundamental truth at work here. Students in K through 12 can't +vote. And students in public colleges often don't vote. Unless +these students are protected by their voting elders, in +particular the business community, they are vulnerable because +they have no counterattack capability. + + Making public education a top priority means openness to new +- even radical - notions of educational innovation. Let's +criticize bold ideas after they have been found to be flawed, +not before they are tested. + + This means structural reform. Merit pay and standards of +teacher competence. School based management. Uniform testing +standards for graduating seniors. Parental involvement in +choosing teachers. Parental and teacher involvement in choosing +principals. Longer school days. The powers that be in the +teacher unions must be leaders in bringing about these necessary +changes. Some already are. All must be. The same is true with +school officials, school committees, mayors and city councils. + + Finally, and most fundamentally, it means that all of +America must get to know what the inside of a classroom looks +like. + + Parents are going to have to invest their time in the +buildings where their children are fashioning the dimensions of +their lives. Teachers are going to have to be assisted. They +are going to have to be made to feel as important as their task +really is. They are also going to have to be scrutinized. +Parents are going to have to be able to know the differences in +teaching philosophies. They must learn to tell when a principal +is being creative and caring, and when a principal is just +playing out the string. Parents are also going to have to see +their role as nurturing children other than their own in these +classrooms. Parents should help involve retirees and +grandparents in this task as well. The public schools should +become the meeting houses of our society where all of our society +is walking through the school doors on a regular basis. This is +the New American Mandate. + + This approach must involve institutions as well as +individuals. I would suggest the following matrix. The public +schools (pre-K through 12) are at the center of the matrix. +Arranged around it are four centers of institutional capability +and energy. Each of the four focuses its efforts towards the +public school center. The four are public higher education, +private higher education, non-profit institutions (clergy, +hospitals, museums, foundations, performing arts, etc.) and the +business community. + + What this translates into is the rector, the priest, the +rabbi, the museum director, the lawyer, the executive vice +president, the faculty member, the college hockey coach, the +chief executive officer, the surgeon, the secretary, the shop +foreman, the researcher, the union organizer - all will be in the +classrooms, affirming by their very presence the criticality of +education. + + What do they do there? Anything. Everything. It will +range from a once-a-year reading to a third grade class to +once-a-month tutoring of a particular student. It will mean a +corporate funded day spent at a college campus to expose sixth +graders to the notion that college may be relevant to them. It +may mean mentoring a whole class and taking responsibility for +elevating their horizons, their career sightlines. + + Does this make a difference? That is no longer a question. +There are staggering examples of outsiders radically affecting +the lives of students whose classes they become part of. The Dr. +Eugene Lang intervention at his Bronx alma mater junior high +school is the most acclaimed example but there are countless +others. It works. Hopefully, we can get to the point where +every student in every classroom has someone beyond the +overloaded teacher caring about his or her future. That outside +person must attest to the basic truth that as goes public +education so goes America. + + The interface of these people and the classroom will, of +course, change things forever. Everyone investing his or her +time in a classroom will, by definition, become a committed +advocate for quality education. This will translate into real +political power in behalf of the educational system. It will +also translate into corporate and non-corporate resources being +funneled to the system. + + To educators, that is the good news. More threatening will +be the sense of overview, and the realization that these +outsiders will be rendering judgements about the performance of +teachers and administrators. Some will balk at this, unsure of +this brave new world. They cannot be allowed to prevail. + + These intervenors should be seen as a wonderful resource. +They can help seek out technical assistance relationships with +colleges and corporations, both as to teaching theories as well +as management techniques. + + It will be a different world. Committed, competent teachers +and administrators will welcome the respect and caring. The new +found availability of resources will strengthen their sense of +the relevance of their profession. + + The political leaders must by their personal actions bring +about this "meetinghouse of our society." That's how one becomes +the education President or the education Governor or the +education Congressman. The President must be willing to devote +considerable personal time to make this happen. It must be an +unrelenting theme. The President must be the Principal-In-Chief. +New Educational Needs + + There are two areas where the discussion on education has +finally begun to focus. + + First is the pre-kindergarten stage. More and more it is +becoming obvious that the experiences of a child at the youngest +ages predetermines his or her capacity to learn in a school +setting. Youngsters arriving at school from dysfunctional +families are immediately at a disadvantage. There is a much +greater likelihood of their academic efforts being rendered +futile before they even begin. + + We are going to have to focus resources on children from +difficult environments in the pre-kindergarten years (ala +Headstart) and during the after-school hours when these children +confront the reality of empty apartments and homes. + + The second area of new focus is skills training. There is +now a steady drumbeat from observers that the great shortfall in +American education involves not the student who goes to college +but the student who doesn't. It is the "non-college bound +post-secondary gap." + + The great economic challenge that we face will be fought in +the trenches of the workplace. It will be a competition of +skills. There will be a direct link between the skills of the +nation's workforce and the resultant standard of living of that +nation. Manufacturers will go where the workforce is the most +highly skilled, no matter where that may be. This is not a +matter of choice for them. It is a matter of being competitive. + + If our non-supervisory workers are less skilled than their +foreign counterparts they will be paid wages that reflect that +reality. Third world skills will command third world wages. +Highly paid jobs will move offshore and we will be left with the +unattractive residuals. + + And, if our workforce continues to experience deterioration +of wage scales the rest of the economy will deteriorate as well. +Thus, in this new world economic order it is not just the +capacity of the highly educated which determines our fate, it is +the skill levels of the basic worker as well. A skilled American +workforce will provide good jobs for educated managers and +professionals. An unskilled American workforce will not. The +whole system implodes together. + + Not surprisingly, our competitors have discovered this +already. In Japan, skills are learned in the companies because +the companies expect workers to remain with them for the duration +of their careers. In America, the reality of three year worker +turnover causes our companies to be wary of such an investment. +In Germany, the school system coordinates this effort and +students are in school/work situations at the age of sixteen. In +France, companies are taxed 1% on their sales. If they do worker +training they don't pay the tax. If they don't, they pay the tax +and the government does the training. + + Three models to achieve the same critical end. We have +allowed this need to escape serious attention until recently. I +believe the French model deserves consideration but adapted to +the American context with its vocational technical schools and +community colleges taking the lead. + + This is a constructive approach to a problem that confronts +us. For Democrats, it is far better to pursue this option than +to criticize companies for moving their operations offshore. +Such criticism will never have a beneficial effect. Companies +are never going to forego profitability and competitiveness in +order to placate Democratic outrage. These companies are not +being un-American, they are simply responding to a perceived +differential in the quality of the workforce. To forestall such +moves, we have only to provide a workforce that is equally +skilled. Certainly for reasons of logistics and management +control, any American company would prefer to have its operations +as close by as possible. And finally, it has been my experience +that American CEO's are more nationalistic than they are given +credit for. They want a stronger America. It's our job to help +them make the decision that's right for America without +diminishing the viability of their companies. + + +III. The Environment - Equilibrium With Earth + + There has always been an environmental constituency. Unlike +many interest groups its objective has historically not been its +own economic well-being. Its goal has been the preservation of +nature, a sense of being at one with the land and water and air +and all the creatures which co-inhabit this planet. + + That core environmental constituency has been a political +bedrock, hundreds of thousands, indeed, millions of people, +feeling very strongly about the legitimacy of their cause. + + What is different about this issue in the modern day is the +newly recruited battalions to the environmentalist army and the +breadth of their concerns. The historic group (begun in large +part by moderate Republicans) is sometimes dismissed as +"tree-huggers." (It is ironic that someone's love of a tree +could be viewed as a negative characteristic.) The modern +coalition, however, involves people whose interests are much +closer to home. It involves citizens who have been affected by +toxic dump sites or air pollution or have come to fear the +quality of the water they drink. These newly minted +conservationists are going to be no less committed to the cause +of environmental protection. Indeed, in many respects they bring +a kind of passion that has been sometimes absent. A despoiled +earth will not be tolerated by human beings dependent upon a +clean earth for survival. + + Now there is a third group in this coalition. + + This group is largely a time-of-being phenomenon. It is the +post-Cold War generation. If one sees generations in terms of +time frames and definitive events, the progression in recent +times arguably would be Depression/World War II, Cold War, and +Vietnam/Civil Rights/Nuclear War. + + When the Berlin Wall came crashing down, the spectre of +East-West nuclear confrontation was rendered highly improbable. +The young people now coming of age know, and will only know, the +return of democracy to Eastern Europe and the centrifugal forces +at play in a weakened Soviet Union. + + An era has passed and with it much of the fear of a +superpower caused nuclear winter. + + As this generation analyzes the world in which it will +mature and live out its years, it does not perceive a world of +calm and quietude. It perceives other dislocations. And one of +the most severe stems from the mindless abuse of our planet by +generations focused on other issues. This new generation sees a +world of possible climatic cataclysm, of a world buried in its +own excessive trash, a world where the air they will breath will +threaten the health of themselves and of the children they are +beginning to bear. They see virgin forests of antiquity falling +to greed. And they see population growth which threatens to turn +the future of mankind into an endless series of bloody clashes +over ever-limited resources. + + Simply put, they sense global disequilibrium. The earth is +not at peace with its inhabitants. We are consuming resources at +a rate which is not generationably sustainable. We see +population growth rendering third world cities dysfunctional. We +are despoiling this mother spaceship and will eventually render +it hostile to human well-being. + + Our young think differently than we do. As we get older the +time frame we think in shrinks because our remaining time on +earth has lessened. + + Not so the young. With their sense of their own immortality +they can look out and see forever. A planet in disequilibrium is +hazy to short-term focused adults. It is alarmingly clear to our +offspring. They know they will inherit the consequences. + + I learned this lesson soon after the Valdez oil spill in +Alaska. I was driving through Chatham on Cape Cod and noticed +that I needed gasoline. Without much thought I turned into the +nearest service station and pulled up next to the pumps. There +came an immediate howl from my three children. I had stopped at +an Exxon station. They demanded that I drive away. + + My response to them was that this particular gas station +owner had no responsibility for the oil spill. They rejected +that argument as irrelevant. I was patronizing a despoiler of +the environment. No more. No less. Their voices reached an +insistent crescendo of righteousness and I decided to drive off +to calm the din. + + The incident troubled me. As the Senate co-author of the +Alaska Lands Act, I have always seen myself as an ardent and +committed environmentalist. I always saw myself as the defender +of Alaska's wonders. My children, however, were beyond me in +their sensitivity. How different from what I thought about when +I was their age. They had become dedicated environmental +activists and I had never noticed. + + We should welcome their alarm. It calls us to a true +stewardship of our environment. And such a stewardship is +uniquely American. We are the continental nation. Descendants +of Teddy Roosevelt and Ansel Adams. We should see this calling +as returning home to what we are truly all about. + + Specifically what? + +International Leadership + + It is appalling that we were the most notable footdraggers +at the recent international convention on global warming. So +much for George Bush being the environmental President. We must +lead the charge for global conservationism. If not us, who? If +not now, when? + + Washington has true champions of the environment in the +House and Senate and in the EPA. Let the White House use its +influence to spread that commitment throughout the land and +across this globe. Let the New American Mandate establish the +principle that love of earth is mainstream America, a reflection +of the best of us in all of us. + + The vehicle for doing this would be to proclaim the goal of +global equilibrium. This means the pursuit of policies and +lifestyles that allow the consumption of resources to be +consistent with having an inhabitable planet over the +generations. + + The issues here are obvious. Global warming and the +depletion of the ozone layer are the most noted but they are +merely the tip of the melting iceberg. These two issues deserve +the highest level of attention and concern rather than the +jittery avoidance that has characterized the Reagan-Bush years. +I chaired the first hearings on global warming as a Congressman +in June, 1977. It was an issue that was obscure to some, but all +too relevant to those who testified. In the absence of any White +House or media concern the matter remained dormant until the very +hot summer of 1988. All of a sudden it was a topic of popular +discourse. That is not how serious issues should be confronted. +The White House needs to establish a national dialogue on the +scientific data. Pretending that these matters are secondary is +risking the lives of millions of people should they ever come to +pass. + +A recycling ethic + + Ancient history is often marked by great events that took +place at large feasts or simple small repasts. From the tales of +Homer in ancient Greece to the beginnings of the world's great +faiths, history was often made when people broke bread together. + The archeologists of today are unable to find virtually any +artifacts from those events. + + But the archeologists in the year 2991 will be able to +unearth artifacts of millions upon millions of meals consumed in +1991. They need only go to the local landfill and dig a bit. +There they will discover the true artifact of our time - the +disposable, once used, plastic utensil. In addition, they will +find all kinds of commodities specifically designed to be thrown +away rather than repaired when they are broken. + + The age of the disposable society must give way to the age +of recycling. + + Recycling must become as much an automatic personal habit as +brushing one's teeth. Again, here, as in other issues referred +to previously, it is a matter of mindset. + + Such a mindset already exists. But its existence is +inversely proportional to the age of the person. The young do +not thoughtlessly dispose of aluminum cans into trash cans as do +many of their parents. They want to collect them for recycling. + + There is great promise here. As a member of the Recycling +Advisory Council, I am struck at how willing corporate America is +to move in this direction. In many respects they are far ahead +of the politicians. Much is happening. Americans instinctively +want to be in harmony with their environment.. A clear call for +sustainable lifestyles will be received with great response. Let +us sound that call. + + Such a call has to be backed up by government procurement +policies at the local, state and federal level that give real +preference to recycled products. This will help to establish +markets that are now often fledgling and vulnerable. + + It means introducing a virgin materials fee. This would +give recycled commodities only a slight economic competitive +advantage over virgin products, but it would set a tone as to the +need for manufacturers to rethink procurement practices. The +proceeds from such a fee would be channeled to help with +recycling and disposal costs. + + It means setting up a commission to establish a consistent +standard for consumer guidance so that a "green" label or a +"recycling" label has specific meaning and consumers can express +their environmentalism with their pocketbooks. There can be no +doubt that environmental consumerism is the nuclear weapon of +recycling. It only needs specific guidelines in order to be +fully unleashed. Once this happens, the market will respond +accordingly. Only by having functioning markets for recycled +goods can we hope to achieve any worthwhile level of recycling. + + It means establishing product design standards to maximize +recyclability. + + It means policies that minimize waste materials in the +manufacturing processes of American companies. + + It means packaging standards that result in the least use of +throw-away materials and the greatest use of containers that are +earth friendly. + + The objective of all these policies should be to create a +mindset of avid consumer and governmental activism so that an +equilibrium lifestyle becomes a simple matter of every day habit +and behavior. + +Global Warming + + The issues here are well known. We need energy policies +which maximize the investment in conservation and renewables and +which minimize the burning of those fossil fuels which cause the +greatest emissions. On the cutting edge here are the utilities. +Federal and state regulatory policies should tie a utility's rate +of return to its commitment to energy conservation and the +encouragement of renewable energy sources. The loss of a +utility's revenue base caused by using less fossil fuel based +energy should result in a net plus in the utility's rate of +return. That rate of return should be above that which could be +achieved by the usual standards of proper financial and technical +management. Utilities must be put in a position to maximize +their shareholders' value by aggressively and relentlessly +pursuing policies consistent with the need to reduce global +warming. + + We also need policies which maximize the planting of carbon +dioxide consuming trees both in America and worldwide and which +minimize the need to cut down existing trees anywhere. There are +going to have to be serious discussions about how to save +tropical rain forests which are so vital to any effort to lessen +the buildup of carbon dioxide. Telling countries not to demolish +their forests is as effective as their telling us to reduce our +energy consumption. These countries will not adopt policies +which benefit mankind but go against their national economic self +interests. The developed world has to be prepared to tip the +economic scales in exchange for the obvious benefits it will +receive. This is an area where we can turn to the Japanese and +Germans and ask them to take the lead. They had all sorts of +reasons for bypassing the Persian Gulf war. We expended our +resources to safeguard their interests. Here is an opportunity +for them to do the same for all of us in preserving the great +forests in the developing world. A planet threatened by rising +oceans is in no less peril than one threatened by a Saddam +Hussein. This is a brave new world and quite uncomfortable. But +global warming isn't very comfortable either. + + Planting trees should be a national passion. It should be a +normal and recurring event at schools, in city parks, at +factories, in backyards and front yards. The President should +make this a standard ceremony when visiting various parts of the +country. It would be a ceremony with real moral purpose - a +purpose instinctively understood by our young. + + The earlier section on recycling is applicable here since it +is the use of wood products to make paper which consumes an +enormous number of trees. We must get to the point where the +paper we write on, the newspapers we read, and the circulars we +receive in the mail are all printed on recycled paper. + + One major obstacle here will be some in the press since the +commitment to environmentalism in the editorial department is +sometimes not matched by the vice-president of business +operations. The latter will go on for hours on why today's high +speed newspaper printing process cannot use recycled paper due to +lessened fiber strength. + + Come on, fourth estate. Let's see total leadership here. + +Land Use + + Loss of woodlands, open space and farm land is the result of +investment dollars being used for development. The implosion of +many of our urban centers is the result of an absence of +investment dollars being used for development. + + We deplore the loss of the natural landscape. + + We deplore the decline of our urban centers. + + Since neither has to occur, there must be a better way. + + Development dollars flow in very prescribed channels. As a +partner in a development company, I know this all too well. +Forming these channels are tax laws, zoning regulations, +investment incentives, and land use policies such as height +restrictions, green space requirements, and the like. Government +sets the channels and the market place responds accordingly. +Developers go where government tells them to go whether or not it +makes any sense. The battle over development pits +conservationists against developers. It should be +conservationists against government officials since the +developers are only building where and what the laws allow. + + The late 1980's saw this truth play itself out on Cape Cod. +As chairman of a state environmental task force I had proposed +the idea of a moratorium on development on the Cape. The notion +created a firestorm and I was vilified by developers and town +officials and state legislators. They deemed the idea +irresponsible and stated their strong belief that it would die of +its own illogic. No elected officials beyond a few isolated +selectmen came to my defense. The Boston political establishment +was nowhere to be found. + + Then a funny thing happened. The Boston Globe did a poll +and found that two-thirds of the Cape inhabitants supported the +concept and fully three-fourths endorsed the regional land use +planning proposal known as the Cape Cod Planning Commission. +This revelation raised the political stakes considerably. + + When I scheduled a hearing at Cape Cod Community College, I +was picketed and heckled at by hundreds of developers and +construction workers. In response, the Cape's conservationist +community began to organize in earnest and the battles lines were +drawn. Charges and countercharges were the order of the day and +soon no one was safe from the controversy. + + The issues were placed on the ballot and we won handily. In +a subsequent 1990 special election, the planning commission was +enacted into law despite a severe economic downturn that had seen +development come to a virtual halt. + + In the end, the developers saw me and the conservationists +as the enemy. The conservationists, in turn, saw the developers +as the enemy. I, however, did not blame the developers. They +were only trying to make a living. I blamed the elected town +officials who had determined the rules of the game. They were +the ones who had allowed unconstrained development that was at +variance with the wishes of their constituents. They could have +prevented the abuses by voting the appropriate safeguards. They +chose not to. As a result, the battle between developers and the +conservationist community was unavoidable. It could have been +otherwise. It should have been otherwise. + + It serves little purpose to constantly have these battles +over development issues. The end result is often exhaustion, +bitterness and/or bankruptcy. It would be far better to +establish land use guidelines that everyone understands and which +reflect a community's consensus. That is what political +leadership is paid to do. + + The reason that all this means something has to do with two +values. First, it is the preservation of the land that God gave +to us. There is a spirituality to our surroundings. Primitive +people understand this. Modernized people often don't. +Secondly, it is the retention of the unique character of all the +places which make up America. It is who we are as contrasted to +who everyone else in the world is. + + The role of the Federal government here is primarily to +articulate the importance of these values and to adopt policies +that support its position. These are essentially local and state +matters, but the feds should also look at their own approaches. +It should do a systematic analysis of existing federal tax laws +(such as the various depletion allowances) to see if they are +incompatible with these values . It should also reexamine the +adequacy of tax and funding policies which would direct +investment away from open space to our urban centers (such as +historic preservation tax credits, urban enterprise zones, UDAG +grants, etc.) + + It should further look for other opportunities to preserve +open space. The scheduled closure of some of our military bases +that was announced recently would be such an opportunity. + + Finally, it should encourage mayors and governors and +legislatures and city councils to consider the issue more +pointedly. Visits to places that have preserved land or retained +a sense of character should be high on the agenda of top +governmental officials, including the President and Vice +President. + + Again, as in previous sections, the above is not meant to be +exhaustive of policy initiatives but rather is suggestive of a +philosophy that would cause us to constantly think in terms of an +equilibrium with the earth. + +Population Control + + Nothing would serve the cause of environmental equilibrium +as much as population control. Nothing would insure +environmental disequilibrium as much as the world's population +growing uncontrollably. The same can be said relative to the +issues of energy use and world social order. + + The earth is simply not capable of accommodating endless +human expansion. We are increasing at a rate of 93 million +people a year. In 1830 there were one billion people. In 1990 +there are 5.3 billion. Within the next decade we will increase +population equivalent to all the inhabitants of Africa and South +America combined. Towns have become cities. And cities have +become megalopolises. It cannot continue. + + The dilemma is not food. We can produce enough to feed the +world's current population. People starve today because of +political instability and the failure of food distribution +systems. The starvation in Ethiopia and the Sudan is made even +more tragic by the fact that it need not be. + + The real dilemma of unconstrained population growth is +three-fold. + + First, while food stuffs can be produced every year into +infinity, fossil fuel energy cannot. The earth is energy +resource limited and those limits are very real. (More on this +in the next section.) + + Secondly, the world's burgeoning population is streaming +into the major cities, particularly in the third world, and +rendering those cities virtually unworkable. This is a formula +for great social and political upheaval in the wake of serious +degradation of even the most basic quality of life in those +cities. + + Thirdly, the growing consumption of, and demand for, natural +resources is virtually unsustainable. There is just so much +clean air. Just so much clean water. Just so many available +landfills. Just so many ways to dispose of hazardous wastes. +The land and the oceans are receiving unspeakable volumes of +waste each and every day. The earth was never meant to be a +giant waste disposal unit. To pretend that it can is to threaten +human survival. + + None of this is new. No one doubts the inevitable +consequences of unlimited population expansion. So why don't we +take it seriously? + + The reason, very simply, is domestic politics. The +Reagan-Bush years have been marked by open hostility to family +planning worldwide. While the Democrats supported such efforts +as quietly as possible hoping no one would notice, the +Republicans saw it as a clear opportunity to placate domestic +political interest groups. + + The Reagan-Bush approach has bought marvelous political +self-benefit at the expense of future social dislocation. And +they don't care one bit. + + We Democrats must care. Our obligation lies beyond the +Roger Ailes perspective. We will be judged in future years by +how well and how forcefully we began the drive for a stable +world population. In this regard the New American Mandate is a +moral imperative that is worldwide in its responsibility. + + +IV. Energy, Fossil Fuels - Someday There Won't Be Any + + There are two basic realities about energy facing Americans. +First, we have no national energy policy (presuming that +importing oil does not qualify as such a policy). Sadly, it took +the war in the Persian Gulf to again make this obvious. The +1980's decade of energy issue avoidance has hopefully come to an +end although the White House may be the last to acknowledge it. +Second, our energy use is based almost exclusively upon the +consumption of finite energy resources (particularly oil) and +that is, by definition, unsustainable over the long term. This +will eventually create ever-deepening crises of supply and cause +desperate and powerful nations to seek to acquire remaining oil +reserves by force. All of this was foreseen long ago by energy +and military analysts. Again, witness the Persian Gulf where the +world's dependence upon foreign oil reserves greatly raised the +stakes in the current confrontation. + + Put it another way. The earth has provided a finite amount +of fossil fuels for its inhabitants. The number of inhabitants +rises every year increasing total energy use. The per capita +consumption of these fossil fuels also increases as more and more +countries become industrialized and as more and more people enjoy +energy-intensive lifestyles. This dilemma will not be solved by +asking developing countries to forego comforts which we take for +granted. + + Every year the total energy use is subtracted from what the +earth started out with. Since supply is always heading downward +and use is always heading upward, sooner or later what the +nations need will not be available. At first, prices that are +confiscatory beyond measure will mean that the rich will have +energy resources and the poor will not. But even that inequity +will not be sustainable as each year drains more fossil fuels. +Eventually even supply at any price will not be possible. +Nations will continually go to war to survive. Today that is +self-evident. + + To make matters worse, most of the earth's readily +obtainable oil reserves are in one of the most unstable areas of +the world politically. Thus the prospect of war exists into the +future, long after Saddam Hussein has passed from the scene. + + The discussion of this issue reveals the limited capacity of +middle-aged decision makers to think in terms beyond their +expected lifespans. When 55 year oil experts talk in glowing +terms about a 50 year supply of that resource, that means they +are confident of supply during their expected natural lives. +That is reassuring. It is, however, less reassuring to their 25 +year old children who are not certain they will have died by the +age of 75. It is obviously not at all reassuring to their five +year old grandchildren. + + Let's up the estimate to 100 years. Nothing changes in +respect to our moral obligation not to visit certain calamity +upon future generations. This is where the issue of purpose +comes into play. This is where the New American Mandate comes +into play. + + If we are dealing with a finite resource; if we are +depleting that resource; and if we are not aggressively pursuing +policies to bring about energy use based on renewables; then we +are condemning a future generation to the unspeakable. Which +generation? Who knows? The next one or the one after that or +the one after that? The moral burden does not lift; our purpose +must be to assure the survival of those future generations. + + We need a national energy policy. + + Such a policy must view current use patterns as +unacceptable, particularly the return to overreliance upon +imported oil. + + It must view the long term goal as minimizing finite +resource use, again, especially oil. The future must be based +upon energy resources that are sustainable. + + One mission is to get from here to there in as smooth a +transition as possible. That will take decades, intense +investment, rethinking, and lifestyle modification. The +alternative is to request that God replace all the oil and gas +that we've consumed. That would certainly be a lot easier but in +case He chooses to let us resolve this matter by ourselves, an +energy policy will be required. + +Yearly Supply-Demand Report + + The reasons the country doesn't have an energy policy are +complex. But one reason stems from the fact that the general +public has little idea how much oil, gas and coal reserves we +have in this country. There are experts who know - or think they +know - but the average person is just never brought into the +discussion. + + There should be an annual Supply-Demand Report detailing the +best estimates of oil, gas and coal reserves. Such data +collection is already being done. But it is buried. This report +should be the subject of focused presidential attention and +annual Congressional hearings. + + The purpose here is simple. If there are actions required +to be taken in order to secure our energy future, they will only +be accepted if the people of this nation know the true facts. +During the 1980's we reverted back to extreme foreign oil +dependence but it was done silently. Few people in the Congress +or on Main Street were aware that oil imports in 1990 averaged +42%, their highest level since 1979 and up from 35% in 1973. Oil +from the Persian Gulf accounted for 24% of all U.S. oil imports +in 1989, up from 17% in 1987. The Reagan-Bush administrations +saw no need to make reference to or bring these facts forcefully +to the attention of the public. Avoidance politics prevailed +once more. + + Then, all of a sudden, we are at war in the Persian Gulf and +oil is a critical cause of our involvement. The yearly debate +over the Supply-Demand Report would educate both government +officials and the general public if it were given due notice when +it is released. + +Maximize Conservation + + This one is self-evident. Every barrel of oil not consumed +is a barrel of oil preserved for future generations. Every MCF +of gas not burned, every ton of coal - all are stored in loving +deference to our descendants. This is the New American Mandate +extended to those future Americans whose viability is in our +hands. Conservation has become more mainstream, largely free +from the early notions that it was somewhat "soft." In those +days real tough men produced energy. Conservation was the domain +of the timid little old tree hugger ladies and unwashed hippies. +Today it is the domain of corporate CEO's who see the savings to +their bottom lines. + + Mainstream, however, is not enough. It must become the +number one energy priority. This means a return to the debates +of yesteryear - efficiency standards, tax credits. It also means +higher rates of return for utilities that maximize their +commitment to conservation and load management and a lesser rate +of return for utilities that don't. Such a rate differential +should be significant enough to thoroughly incentivize utility +CEO's. These companies are our most effective energy army and +they are already deployed. Using them is far preferable to +devising new untested approaches using public employees. + + And it can be done. When I became a director of Boston +Edison in 1985 I was a committed conservationist coming into a +company that was known to be hostile to any of the so-called +demand side management options. + + The outside environmental community - and the state +Department of Public Utilities - had harshly criticized Boston +Edison for its attitude. I shared much of their perspective and +struggled inside the board to bring about change. This effort +led to much company turmoil and in the end to serious management +changes. + + Boston Edison is now a recognized leader in demand side +management. But the lesson here is not the obvious one. Yes, +there was inertia. Yes, there was resentment against policies +advocated by people who were always critical anyway. But I +believe the major resistance was pure market place. The +regulators and environmentalists were calling upon Edison to +pursue policies that were at variance with the cherished +principles of market share retention and resultant shareholder +value. They were being asked to use their resources to shrink +their revenue base. It was totally counter intuitive for people +who had spent their careers concerned about profitability. + + This fierce resistance can instantly become fierce support +if regulators just change the rules. To truly maximize +conservation we must make it in the economic self-interest of +utilities to become devoted conservationists. + + Conservation also means higher gasoline prices. As usual, +George Bush blanches when asked to do this by his energy policy +advisers. His recently announced energy policy is warmed over +Reagan with production taking center stage and conservation +belittled. It is a sad lesson of American politics that a +President would send troops to defend oil rich nations but not be +willing to take the tough political steps necessary to reduce +domestic oil demand. I understand the politics. It's just the +ethics that I can't fathom. Washington should have a predictable +policy of raising the Federal excise tax on gasoline. It should +be raised a certain amount each year, every year, so that +consumers can make sensible decisions about the cars they will +drive before the annual increases go into effect. Three to five +cents a year each year would be one possibility. Nothing, but +nothing, promotes the purchase of fuel efficient cars like +anticipated higher gas prices. That is an unavoidable fact of +life. It has been years since automobile ads spoke of fuel +efficiency. All of today's ads speak of acceleration and power +and mightiness. While this measure will not be well-received, a +three to five cents a year annual increase would not begin to +reach today's tax levels in virtually all other Western nations. +Japan, Germany and Italy, for example, have gas prices exceeding +$3 a gallon. They have faced the issue. We have only just +begun. The loss of American lives in the Persian Gulf is an +unacceptable price to pay for the once-understandable desire to +keep gas prices low. Our need to lessen oil import dependence +should no longer be a national objective supported by lofty +rhetoric but devoid of the meaningful actions needed to +accomplish that objective. + + It also means higher federal taxes on fuel inefficient +automobiles that are then rebated, dollar for dollar, to +purchasers of fuel efficient automobiles. The consumer buying a +car consistent with our national energy policy should be +subsidized by the consumer buying a car at variance with that +policy. + + Finally, it means greater investments in mass transit and +the rail system. These would be funded by the gas tax. Again, +those who use energy efficient means should be rewarded for such +use. It is astonishing to think that we are still debating how +much should be allocated to mass transit as opposed to new +highways. This debate can only happen in an atmosphere wherein +no national energy policy exists. + + These measures must be matched by all-out efforts to achieve +conservation internationally. The electricity and transportation +systems are particularly inefficient in many third world +countries. The United Nations must put this effort at the top of +their energy funding agenda. We must cause this to happen. + +Maximize Renewables + + This is the future. Solar, wind, hydro, etc. We were on +the road to making these technologies viable when the Reagan +administration blew away the funding for them. There is an +enormous amount of research and development necessary before some +of these technologies become truly affordable and operational. +But in terms of long-term national security interest, the Gulf +crisis should make it clear that energy dependence is no bargain. +Better to spend billions to make those technologies viable than +to spend many more billions funding the consequences of energy +dependence. + + Here again the utilities are prime-time players. Utilities +that aggressively promote these technologies should enjoy a +higher rate of return than those that don't. + + Finally, it should be noted that every dollar spent on +renewables (and conservation) remains in the economy and +multiplies. To the extent that American-based solutions exist, +they should be preferred over imported solutions in pursuit of +the simple goal of keeping U.S. dollars at home. Thus, a dollar +paid to an installer of insulation or invested in a wind energy +project stays here and circulates. The benefit of that over +sending a dollar overseas to purchase oil is not insignificant. + +Research into Nuclear Options + + This one is not self-evident. But it is necessary +nonetheless. Let's say we maximize conservation and renewables +tomorrow. Let's also agree that by doing so we have stretched +out the fossil fuel reserves by twenty, fifty, even one hundred +years. There's still a very real problem. We will never arrive +at a time of energy use based solely on renewables. + + There must be a major base load energy capability that is +sustainable. Inevitably that capability has to be nuclear. The +fact that this is an unhappy reality does not make it any less of +a reality. The other base-load alternative is massive reliance +on coal, and that is not possible in an era of real concern over +global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions. + + Every nuclear power plant operating in the world today +represents millions of barrels of oil not consumed. Indeed, one +can, ironically, argue that we have served our descendants by the +use of nuclear power since they will inherit the oil we did not +use. Each plant also represents tens of millions of dollars not +sent to OPEC but kept in the American economy. This call for +nuclear power, of course, goes against every instinct of most +environmentalists. It also offends those concerned with the +issue of nuclear safety and the attendant issue of the disposal +of nuclear waste. These concerns are very real and will never +disappear. + + When I was struggling with the issue of nuclear power as a +Congressman and Senator in the 1970's, there was furious debate +among my staff members and outside advisors. The split saw my +strong environmental supporters aligned with my political +advisors. The argument was clear. Environmentalists were +fiercely anti-nuclear. They were my most dedicated loyalists. +And they had valid concerns that were always being casually +dismissed by utilities and governments alike. Being anti-nuclear +would be substantively correct and politically beneficial. + + On the other side was my energy staff person. He was not +unsympathetic to the logic arrayed against him. He thought the +nuclear industry and the utilities had been mindless, stubborn +and reactionary. He thought that they had become their own worst +enemy for good reason. + + But, he asked, if you eliminate nuclear what do you put in +its stead? What exactly is the replacement process for shutting +down the nuclear option? Tell me specifically what substitutes +for what. + At first we provided the expected response about +conservation and renewables. But when you tried to put numbers +on them, there was a huge gap no matter how aggressively we +pushed these options. + + That left oil, gas and coal. All were finite and oil and +coal had particular problems if you overloaded the system with +them. While gas would be a clean energy source it would not +substitute for everything else. + + In the end, there were no open doors left. + + Accepting this was excruciating. Politically it was all +downside. It remains the most difficult and uncomfortable policy +position I have ever taken. But today, more than a decade later, +I still feel the same way. + + That doesn't eliminate the real problems with nuclear +energy. But they have to be viewed in context. + + It is much easier to have those concerns dominate our policy +since they are immediate, and the dire consequences that are the +focus of this paper may be decades away. My responsibility is to +today, of course, but it is even stronger to those who have not +lived the half century I have enjoyed. A policy that disregards +the viability of our descendants is a policy of no moral value. +This looking beyond ourselves is part of the return to purpose. + + Further, it should be noted that the greenhouse effect is a +compelling argument by itself for nuclear power. If the buildup +of carbon dioxide is indeed a threat to the world's climate, then +an energy source which produces no carbon dioxide should have +some currency. This is an extremely difficult divide for +environmentalists to cross. But the debate has begun. + + It's a matter of evaluating risks. The risk of a nuclear +accident is quite knowable. The risk of rising oceans has never +been experienced and thus elicits no strong fears. But one can +begin to imagine the dimensions of such a calamity. For me I +choose to take the greenhouse effect very seriously. I hope I'm +wrong. + + Finally, it is interesting to see how differently +governments have treated this issue of nuclear power. France is +a country ruled by the liberal Socialist Party yet is driving +toward virtually full dependence upon nuclear power. They see it +as freedom from oil dependence and an end to the financial +hemorrhaging of that dependence. + + Japan and South Korea are strong adherents of nuclear as +their electricity producer. + + Germany is ruled by the conservative Christian Democrats yet +has closed off the nuclear option. Others have as well. + + In the long run which countries will benefit? In my mind, +the French have done the most to secure their energy future. +They have decided upon a course which if followed by other +nations will render the Persian Gulf less critical and thereby +less likely to result in the kind of dilemma we now face there. +It will result in less oil demand, thereby reducing world oil +prices and thus lessening the dollars spent on such oil. +Finally, and most importantly, it results in oil never being +consumed as nuclear plants take the place of oil-fired units. +The savings herein are staggering. Oil Imports in 1989 accounted +for $45 billion of our $109 billion trade deficit. The 112 +nuclear plants operating that year in the U.S. saved 740,000 +barrels of oil per day. That cut our 1989 oil import bill by +$4.7 billion or about 10%. Since 1973, nuclear plants have +reduced our trade deficit by a total of $125 billion. As oil +prices increase over time the trade deficit reduction potential +of nuclear power will only increase. These are enormous economic +factors which cannot and should not be brushed aside, especially +by a nation with chronic and massive trade deficits, more than +one third of which is strictly due to oil imports. + + There are, however, two valid arguments against nuclear +power. First, it is just another avenue to avoid the +conservation and renewable policies that must come first. True. +Any nuclear option must follow conservation and renewables. Any +attempt to move to nuclear without recognizing this maxim is +properly doomed to failure. This reality has been told to the +nuclear industry for years but has had no impact as they continue +to view nuclear development as a sainted option and conservation +and renewables as latter-day appeasement of wooly headed +environmentalists. This attitude has served them very poorly +indeed. + + Secondly, the technologies appropriate for the future are +not in place. There is merit to this argument. The American +nuclear industry consists of scores of nuclear power plants, +virtually all of which are different from one another. The +inefficiencies and hazards of this reality are not to be taken +lightly. If every nuclear power plant is custom-made there will +always be problems since every plant has its own distinct +learning curve. + + The nuclear industry and the utilities have been foolish in +ignoring these legitimate criticisms. They refused to rethink +how the nuclear option could be perfected and instead chose to +defend and perpetuate past practices. They gave opponents no +reason to hope that critical self-analysis was possible. As a +result, today the industry lies in disarray. + + The new nuclear age will require technologies in nuclear +fission which allow for smaller, safer, modular power plants in +limited design options. Knowledge will have to be transferrable +so that talented personnel will be transferrable. + + There will not be any more 1200 megawatt power plants. They +are too costly and no utility in this day and age is going to +take the risk of building one. Nor should they. In this case, +smaller is indeed better. The future is in the 300-500 megawatt +range. What about cost? They will be expensive but the case for +nuclear is not its cost. It is preserving fossil fuels, +lessening the hazards of oil dependence, reducing the trade +deficit and minimizing carbon dioxide output. The federal +government is going to have to invest in developing these new +prototypes in concert with industry. There must be a sharing of +the financial risk in order to move rapidly. This joint venture +would seek the development of two or three prototype models based +on today's design and engineering capability rather than attempt +to add bells and whistles onto twenty to thirty year old +blueprints. + + What about the disposal of nuclear wastes? This is not a +simple matter since we are talking about materials that will long +outlive us. But the problem already exists. It exists outside +the nuclear power industry because of military uses primarily, +but also research and medical applications as well. Given the +choice of finding a technological solution to limited amounts of +nuclear waste and finding a technological solution to massive +quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, I will choose the +former. Not because its easy but because the latter is undoable. + + But the fact remains that the disposal issue has been +brushed aside. To advocate for nuclear must be to commit upfront +to the funding necessary to secure the disposal option. Neither +the nuclear industry nor the federal government has chosen to +face up to this. Until a disposal option is identified and +accepted, we will always be at a standstill. + + What about the concern for future generations if we leave +this nuclear waste behind? This is a serious argument. But +again a choice. Nuclear waste stored in deep salt mines versus a +world in conflict over diminishing fossil fuels. Once more I +choose the former. Not because it's easy but because the +consequences of the latter are all too knowable. + + The research community must also be funded to develop +non-fission alternatives. There are compelling reasons to push +aggressively for fusion options (or others not now known) that +may be much safer and more inexhaustible. We are talking about +an availability that stretches well into the 21st century. But +that is when its need will be most critical. This must be a kind +of mini-Manhattan Project of the future. A nuclear source that +can never turn into a Chernobyl. A nuclear source that can light +the darkness for those who come generations later without the +dilemma of waste disposal. This is the necessary technology for +us to develop in order to secure our safety and our descendants' +safety. + + Finally, it should be noted that there are other serious +economic consequences of the United States losing its +technological edge in nuclear power. If we let our capability +wither, as we are now doing, sooner or later there will not be an +American company able to build a nuclear power plant. All of the +know-how will be Japanese or French or whatever. And when the +world recognizes the need for non-fossil fuel base-load +generation and turns to nuclear we will again have lost our +competitive position. The trade implications of this are +obvious. But it also means loss of U.S. influence on issues such +as safety design and waste disposal. The role of the federal +government is critical here because only it can take the steps +necessary to coordinate the emergence of the new nuclear power +option. The President and Congress must jointly agree as to the +necessity for this option and then provide the leadership to work +with industry to make it happen. This will involve issues such +as funding, regulation and site selection. + +Fossil Fuels + + People who don't like to contemplate the nuclear option will +want to take refuge in the notion that we can always go back to +finding more fossil fuels. + + People who dismiss conservation and renewables will do the +same. + + Let's go out and extract more oil and gas. This is, in +essence, the current policy. + + The scarcity of oil reserves contrasts with the more +plentiful reserves of gas in North America so the two are not to +be seen as identical. But the prime weakness here is the obvious +- the more we find and extract, the less there will be. We +obviously do need a vibrant oil and gas drilling and production +capability. For the next few decades this capacity is absolutely +essential. + + But beyond the available U.S. oil reserves, particularly in +the Southwestern states, the options are less attractive. + + Take the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. There are two possible +approaches. First, go in, exploit it and secure the several +months at most supply said to possibly exist there. Whatever +environmental damage occurs, that is just the price that has to +be paid. + + Second, keep the oil in the ground, preserve the environment +and treat that oil (if it exists) as available to future +generations whose need will be much more acute than ours. +Obviously, the first approach offers greater current political +advantage. The second, however, offers greater fulfillment to +the generational responsibility. Guess which one George Bush +chose? + + But the second also offers strategic value as well. As we +face future crisis after future crisis occasioned by our +dependence upon foreign oil, are we not better positioned if we +have put into place alternatives and conservation and have the +maximum amount of fossil fuels still in the ground? Put another +way, does not a Drain America First approach maximize our +vulnerability? + + But beyond these arguments, the Bush proposal to open up the +Arctic Wildlife Refuge bespeaks of how much our oil addiction has +diminished all our other values. Alaska is not just another +place. It is the most beautiful and most preserved land on +earth. It is, by far, the grandest gesture we have made in +deference to God's wondrous creation. To seek to put the +wildlife refuge at risk while balking at a gasoline tax to +achieve the same net result is hypocrisy in the extreme for +someone who talked about wanting to be the environmental +president. The Democrats in 1992 should commit to veto any +effort to despoil this part of Alaska as a substitute for an +inevitable energy policy. In many respects, this issue is a +"defining moment" for our values as keepers of the land, +protectors of nature's wildlife and guardians of the energy needs +of our descendants. + + But even in the lower forty-eight states, the concern is +where the fossil fuels will come from. Once the relatively easy +oil and gas reserves are tapped you begin to get into some pretty +dicey alternatives. Drilling a hole to extract oil is one thing. +Crushing a mountain to extract oil shale is quite another. +Drilling a hole to extract gas is one thing. Mining arid regions +of the country for coal is quite another. + + This is not to argue against fossil fuel development. That +will happen and should happen in the decades of transition. +Indeed, the nation is looking to natural gas to step in and +substitute for oil in ways unexpected just a few years ago. + + This, combined with the development of ethanol, methanol and +other alternative fuels, offers real time hope of lessening our +Persian Gulf addiction. However, the fact remains that the +conservation/renewables/nuclear options should be put at the head +of the energy line. Only by doing that can we contemplate the +wonders of grandchildren and great grandchildren without the +burden of knowing we have sacrificed them for our own comfort and +convenience. + + +V. Foreign Policy - Time to Heal Thyself + + Since the end of World War II the United States has held the +Soviet Union at bay. The policy was called containment. It was +a test of American resolve and determination that has extended +for more than four decades. + + Today we have witnessed the triumph of that policy. By +containing communism, we allowed its inherent contradictions to +eventually cause its downfall. Communism did not fall to +invading armies or to an onslaught of nuclear warheads. Its +demise was the result of two internal phenomena. First, the +sense of injustice which fueled Marxist-Leninism soon gave way to +police states wherever communism was dominant. Freedom was the +first casualty of this "worker's paradise." Anyone crossing +through Checkpoint Charlie into East Berlin could not avoid the +heavy sense of oppression that characterized all of Eastern +Europe. Second, the allure of communism as a cureall for the +ills of capitalism came apart as more and more countries found +that communism equalled petty corruption, bureaucratic +inefficiency and economic stagnation. A system based on the +theory of noble common interest faltered upon the reality that +human beings need incentives that relate to themselves and their +families. There must be a causal relationship between hard work +and reward if there is to be hard work. Communism as an economic +system destroyed that relationship. The result was thus +inevitable. This inevitability, however, required time to +manifest itself. It was containment that bought that time. + + The price paid by America (and its allies to a much lesser +extent) was enormous. Thousands of lives were given to protect +freedom and trillions of dollars were expended as well. But the +wisdom of Harry Truman has been borne out by history. Contain +communism. Believe in the fundamental superiority of democracy +and the free enterprise system. Hold fast and eventually +people's yearning to be free and to provide their families with a +decent standard of living will prevail. He was right. It took +an awfully long time but it was accomplished without one nuclear +warhead being fired in anger. + + The collapse of the Berlin Wall brought the Cold War to an +end. It will take a decade to mop up the remains but they will +be mopped up. There will undoubtedly be setbacks as the Soviet +Union suffers through the terrible throes of transition. Even if +there were to be a new rightist regime in Moscow, it would be +unlike the Soviet Union of the past forty-five years. The reason +is quite simple. The Warsaw Pact is gone forever. + + The fearsome armies of East Germany are now but memories as +the Germanys have united in an emotional embrace that has turned +the faces of the East Germans toward the West. Elsewhere +throughout the Warsaw Pact, playwrights and union leaders have +become heads of state and freedom is savored as only it can be +tasted by the formerly enslaved. + + Within the Soviet Union as well the question is not one of a +possible Warsaw Pact army moving westward across Europe. The +question is whether various republics will remain as part of the +Soviet Union. And the answer is almost assuredly not. There +will be new nations based on old identities. Lithuania, Estonia +and Latvia are but the beginning of a long debate over what +constitutes a viable national state that can endure. + + And, finally, even within core Russia, the forces of freedom +and self-expression have been loosened. Each day adds to the +deeper rooting of expectations. The traditions of parliamentary +debate, of open citizen criticism, of religious observance, of +free market experimentation are all quite fragile. But they now +exist in the minds of the Soviet people reinforced by images of +the rampant freedom being experienced by their fellow citizens in +Eastern Europe. + + This is the joy of a great emancipation. But this is the +honeymoon. More difficult days will follow as the harsh +realities of transition set in. This is not a transition to be +marked in months or years. It will take decades. And the long +road will provide endless opportunities for demagogues to stake +their claim to leadership. The sheer amount of dashed +expectations will create mountains of bitterness and resentment +as the coming economic dislocations set in. + + Freedom is lovely. But chaos is frightening. And sooner or +later there will be those who will take advantage of the deep +instinctive fear of public disorder. One must understand that +the alternative to Mikhail Gorbachev is not just Boris Yeltsin.^ +It is the hardline military conservatives as well. The 1990's +will see events in the Soviet Union (and Eastern Europe) which +will not be pretty. + + It is essential here to understand two fundamental points. +First, a Soviet Union in transition will always pose a certain +danger to us but that danger is not the risk of advancing Warsaw +Pact armies preceding a carefully planned nuclear attack. It is +the danger of an unstable leadership which happens to be well +armed. It is the danger, not of miscalculation, but unbalanced +desperation. As long as nuclear weapons exist in such vast +numbers they cannot be allowed to drift from our consciousness. + + Second, it is in everyone's interest to make the Soviet +transition as smooth as possible. The less the economic chaos, +the less will be the risk of political extremism. The Western +nations must help demonstrate to the Soviet people that there is +a light at the end of the democratic tunnel. Economic +deprivation makes freedom less relevant to a people. We must +ensure that economic hope is not extinguished within the minds of +the Soviet citizenry. + + This means a coalition of North American, EEC and Pacific +Rim nations meeting at an economic summit with the Soviets (and +the East Europeans) and hammering out Marshall Plan II. This +will be a Marshall Plan not to contain communism but to keep it +in its grave (the hard view) or to enable a long suffering people +to enjoy the fruits of freedom at long last (the benign view). +Instead of arraying our forces of war against the East, let us +demonstrate the genius of democracy by unleashing the true +generosity inherent in free nations. This generosity will +involve the usual forms of assistance but it must include as well +the transfer of knowledge. The task here is to bring into being +the organizational infrastructure necessary for economic reforms +to succeed. This is not just a matter of letters of credit or +food aid. It is fundamentally a matter of providing skills and +experience and management. These are human talents that can only +be transferred by other human beings. It obviously involves the +deployment of various Western corporate and academic entities. +But it also means Western experts such as retired business +executives and consultants on leave devoting themselves to the +great task of the 1990's and beyond - the full integration of the +former Warsaw Pact into the commonwealth of nations. Such an +integration will also enable us to have a greater capability to +influence the outcome of the independence movements in the +republics. + + Finally, a thought about how we have been affected by our +relationship with this great Asian continental nation. Both the +USSR and the United States spent the latter part of this century +preparing for war against each other. This constant tension gave +us our worst risk of loss of civil liberties (McCarthyism), our +closest brush with annihilation (Cuban Missile Crisis) and our +most bitter foreign involvement (Vietnam). All those are past. +What is not is the economic price that both countries have paid. +We are both like muscle bound weight lifters who now have little +use for all the accumulated intercontinental muscle. The contest +now is not weight lifting but long distance running. All around +are the smaller, quicker nations who devoted themselves to +business while we were both focused on confrontation. As one +observer has noted "the Cold War is over and the Japanese won." + + Both the United States and the Soviet Union need to ramp +down their military machines to levels that provide true military +security without rendering them economically impotent. There +will be a lot of sorting out as we seek to find the appropriate +level. I would opt to reduce our troop commitments overseas and +retain the research and development capabilities. There is no +military might in a nation impoverished by an inability to +compete in the global marketplace. There is no sustainable +military might when the national economy is in decline. This +must be the most significant underpinning of the New American +Mandate. The Soviets face that reality now. But we face it +also. + +The New World Order + + Harken a new chapter of world peace and harmony? Sadly not. +But one must rejoice about the passing of the spectre of the +superpowers having at each other in a fit of nuclear +miscalculation. We have been delivered from the immediate threat +of nuclear winter. + + This deliverance, however, has given center stage to other +destructive forces as we have now witnessed in the extreme. They +are not the aftermath of the East-West confrontation. They are +local; they are regional; they are linguistic; they are +religious; they are ethnic; they are economic; they are tribal. + + The world seems capable of offering up an endless array of +bloody incidents on virtually every continent. The Persian Gulf +has our attention but it is only the latest crisis. El Salvador, +Ghana, Rumania, Argentina, South Africa, China, Panama, Liberia, +Kuwait, India, East Timor, Haiti, Afghanistan, Philippines, on +and on. A year from now there will be others. The overlay of +East versus West, of conflict based on capitalism versus +Marxist-Leninism, is gone. That context hid other determining +forces that are now free to roam at will across the landscape of +the lesser developed world. Many of these countries are not +rooted in centuries of jurisprudence and democratic institutions. +For some of them, their history as a country is measured only in +post World War II terms. Many of the boundaries of these +countries were artificially determined by outsiders to +accommodate foreign agendas. Often those boundaries cut across +natural groupings or put historically rival groupings in the same +nation. + + Creating a nation requires a great deal more than geography. +There must be a sense of people, a sense of common history. Many +of today's nations lack these essential attributes. They are +square pegs trying to fit into round holes carved by others. For +some, the future cannot hold as tribal or ethnic or religious +rivalries come roaring back from their bloody pasts. Added to +this basic disequilibrium is the communications technology +available worldwide which has raised expectations concerning +freedom, standards of living, health care and the like. Many of +these expectations will not be met. + + Thus, we have a world where possible mass annihilation by +nuclear warheads has given way to continuous individual and small +group death by machetes, AK-47's and tanks. + + What does the United States do in these situations? + +The End of Pax Americana + + It is clear that we cannot intercede in every case where +clashes have broken out. Most of these conflicts are going to +involve the loss of innocent life and the temptation is going to +be to go in and somehow make things all right. That temptation +is a snare and must be resisted. There is going to be a lot of +sorting out in the years ahead as groups go against groups in +countries where the institutional bonds are weaker than the bonds +of ethnicity or religion. And often they are weaker than the +acute remembrance of past injustices. Horrid affairs will take +place and we must try to contribute to their prevention as much +as possible. But no American blood should be casually spilled +taking sides in the internal affairs of woeful nations. Our good +offices, yes, but not our blood. The threshold of American +involvement must be raised to a level consistent with clear +national interests that are embraced by the American people. + + A clear example of this is Lebanon. In 1982 I stood on the +balcony of the American ambassador's residence in East Beirut and +watched Israeli planes bombing PLO positions in West Beirut. The +night sky was illuminated with flares. Nearby Christian gun +positions would occasionally fire in the direction of Moslem-held +West Beirut. The scene below me was so different from anything I +had ever seen before that it required an effort to believe that +it was real and that people were dying in buildings I could +barely discern. It was a scene out of Dante's inferno. + + The natural instinct was to somehow intervene to end the +bloodshed. But when I met with leaders from the various factions +during my stay it was clear that ethnic and religious differences +combined with past horrors were beyond any rational arbitration. +There were forces at play that were primal and they would not be +easily contained. Not by us, not by any western nation. Perhaps +not even by any nation. Today, almost a decade later, there +still is not peace. + + A more difficult situation arises where borders are at +stake. Herein there are other considerations that come into play +- considerations that speak to the essential concepts of national +sovereignty and non-aggression. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait is +such an example. It had to be addressed. + + In most instances the United States will not have great +national interests at stake. In some cases, such as the Persian +Gulf, the American dependence on imported oil raises the stakes +considerably. Our economic vital interests, caused by our almost +twenty year failure to bring about energy self-sufficiency, will +continue to make us vulnerable to whatever winds blow in that +part of the world. + + We cannot, however, allow ourselves to continually become +the policeman of the world sending our youth to areas of great +risk and pouring our national treasure into the fray. There must +be a police force in future instances but we should only be part +of the contingent. We must not be the whole contingent or even +the majority of the contingent. + + Efforts are going to have to be made to provide a United +Nations Security Force with real teeth. This will not happen +overnight and there are years of negotiations ahead to make it a +reality. But one thing is for sure. America no longer can +afford the role it has assumed since the end of World War II. +Pax Americana must give way to Heal Thyself. This is not +isolationism. It is participation in a new internationalism +truly based on the principle of collective security. This +principle has been articulated for decades but remains in the +realm of rhetoric not reality. The United States must cause it +to become the basis for a new Pax Mundi. True collective +security means true collective burden sharing. The effort in the +Persian Gulf is a step in that direction but the journey is by no +means complete. + + Other nations, especially those with great trade surpluses, +have enjoyed a free ride as we willingly take up causes around +the world. American blood is shed and we spend billions upon +billions of dollars that should be spent at home to reinvigorate +our economically depleted nation. We are seen as willing to +fight battles for everyone else and rarely insistent that other +nations truly participate up to their proportionate share. The +attitude used to be that we would never really push other nations +on these kind of issues so long as they were strong allies in +confronting the Soviets. Those days are over. + + There is a new world order, but we don't truly act that way. +We need our resources at home. We have a Herculean task to +steady our economic ship of state and to get out from under our +crushing national debt. This is the first priority and all the +other priorities come after it. Indeed, if we don't attend to +our economic peril, we won't be in a position to be of help to +anyone. + + The time has come to confront our allies with tough choices. +Either they have interests at stake here or they don't. If they +do, then they must either participate fully or be prepared to see +those interests adversely affected. This new order will come +hard to countries who have prospered under our military umbrella +and devoted their resources to build mighty economies. For them, +the message must be that the party is over. + + We have suffered our Vietnam. We have seen our Marines +killed in Beirut. Our troops in Saudi Arabia are the majority +force that contained the madness of Saddam Hussein, while not one +Japanese or German life was at risk. Yet Japan is the most +dependent upon Persian Gulf oil of all the industrialized nations +in the world. They had enormous economic interests at stake. +Yet the Japanese say that their constitution, unfortunately, +prevents their involvement. The Germans sold all kinds of +weaponry to Iraq including those necessary for chemical warfare. +They even sold goods to Iraq after the embargo had been imposed. +Rather than participate with other Europeans, however, the Bonn +government chose to play the role of bystander. The Germans say +that they want to devote their resources to reincorporating East +Germany. We should say enough! They have vital interests here. +They cannot be allowed to obviate their clear responsibilities by +hesitantly providing contributory funds under duress. They are +doing only what they have to in order to quell American public +outrage. + + There will not be a new world order until and unless other +major countries are prepared to invest the blood of their sons +and daughters and the wealth of their treasuries in the duties of +the peacekeeper. Our actions must force this new world order. +We must not delay it by pretending we have unlimited young +soldiers and unlimited resources to spend all over the world. + + There are three choices before us: + 1. Allow military aggression across borders to go +unchecked. + 2. Deploy American troops, alone if necessary, as each new +world trouble spot erupts. + 3. Put into place the new world order of multi-national +peacekeeping where the United States is a major player but only +in reasonable proportion to its allies. + + Option #1 will lead to world chaos. There is no viable +recourse for America that removes us from the responsibilities of +a great global nation. Our military strength and our democratic +values are world resources. The issue is not whether to be +involved but how to be involved. To some Americans the +temptation is to embrace a kind of latter day isolationism. But +it will never be. We are the hub around which allied democratic +nations revolve. That reality cannot be ignored. Iraq could not +have been allowed to conquer Kuwait with impunity. + + Option #2 will bankrupt America and cause undue personal +grief to the families of our servicemen and women. This is the +policy that our allies desperately wish us to continue. They +must be made to understand that an economically crippled and +divided America serves no one's interest over the long term. +Japan and Germany are not safer with an America in economic +receivership. It is truly galling that these nations have +managed to secure the safety of their youth while their interests +were defended by American men and women. + + Option #3 must be the basis of our foreign policy. Only Pax +Mundi can call upon American military resources in a manner +consistent with our prevailing national needs. We are but five +percent of the world's population. We are the greatest debtor +nation the world has ever known. We suffered about 60% of the +coalition casualties in the Persian Gulf. These are facts. +Let's have a foreign policy that recognizes these facts and +establishes the new world order in practice as well as in theory. +We may be the most important policeman in the international +police force and we can accept that. But we should never allow +ourselves to become the latter day paid soldiers for nations who +feel no moral obligation to sacrifice their own citizens. + +The Third World + + There is a pattern to our travails abroad. When it comes to +dealing with a superpower we are reasonably comfortable that we +know our enemy. The Russians have been more European than not in +their 20th century history and mannerisms. We have a good sense +of how they think and what motivates them. + + The same is true with our NATO allies and the Warsaw Pact +nations. East-West we know. All of our decision makers were +groomed in the school of East-West relations. It is where we +have the "touch" that allows policies to have some hope of +success. By contrast virtually none of our leaders came of age +in the North-South context. They then must rely on position +papers prepared by others unaided by their own personal "feel" +for such matters. + + The Third World is very different. And we don't truly +understand it. In Vietnam we imposed an East-West overlay on the +Third World. It was assumed that ideological dynamics were the +same everywhere. The domino theory drove our decisions there but +Vietnam fell and the predicted onrush of Communist triumphs +around the world never materialized. What happened? Who knows? +No one ever felt it was important enough to hold Congressional +hearings on the reason why the conceptual centerpiece of our +rationale turned out to be in error. The war was over and no one +had the stomach to try and figure out how the best and brightest +could not understand what was happening inside the minds of +friends and foe alike. An unhappy chapter. So much sacrifice. +Let's put it behind us. It was just too painful. + + We never tried to figure out what we didn't know. + + Many hotspots of the future will be in the Third World. +These potential conflicts will arise most probably over resource +questions or attempts to "remedy" colonially-imposed, artificial +borders. How can we deal with these as they come upon us? The +resolution of these potential crises cannot be endless military +engagement. There are just too many disputed borders, ethnic +rivalries and unbalanced heads of state. These non-U.S.-Soviet +confrontations must be the business of the world community but +there is a limit to the capacity and willingness of countries to +be militarily involved. These confrontations call for a new +commitment to the rule of law in conflict mediation. Such +mediation should be by entities that are perceived to be as third +world in their composition as reasonably possible. + + This means the strengthening of existing multilateral +institutions. It means the creation of new mechanisms with +sufficient muscle to enforce the principle of peaceful resolution +of disputes. The old adage of speak softly and carry a big stick +remains relevant today. + + When territorial and/or resource disputes do arise, such +disputes should be forced into binding and timely international +arbitration. The objective here is to create a moral and legal +process that is created by the entire world community and not by +the usual Western players alone. If the dispute is not resolved +satisfactorily, the World Court should be given in reality what +it has only been given in theory throughout the Cold War era, +namely the power to adjudicate the remedy. + + Should a potential aggressor refuse to seek a remedy through +binding arbitration or the World Court, or ignore the ruling of +such bodies, then economic sanctions as the primary enforcement +tool should be implemented swiftly and completely. And they +should be kept in place until shown to be inadequate. The world +community has demonstrated that strict sanctions can be +implemented effectively, witness the global response to the Iraqi +invasion of Kuwait. Should sanctions fail the capability must +exist to exercise the military option under United Nations +auspices. + + Herein it is essential that any future military actions +clearly have the appearance and substance of United Nations +supervision. This will require a great deal of rethinking +because the current United Nations peacekeeping structure would +not have been able to counter Saddam Hussein in time to prevent +his possible invasion of Saudi Arabia, let alone evict him from +Kuwait. The world's nations are going to have to sit down and +decide how to give the United Nations effective military +capability consistent with the concept of national sovereignty. +It will require extensive negotiations obviously. But the world +will be better served if the Saddam Hussein wannabes of the +future have less room to miscalculate world reaction to +unacceptable endeavors. And we in the West will be better served +if such military responses are not perceived by third world +peoples as Western actions against non-Westerners. + + Finally, it's urgent that we spend the time necessary to +understand how Third World nations think. They are not mini +copies of Western nations. They are different peoples with +different cultures - cultures no less worthy of our respect and +understanding. They all need to be thought of as separate and +sovereign. If we can do this we can avoid some of the quagmires +that we have experienced in the past. + + The nations of the Third World have a vastly different +perspective than we do. Some are consumed with fears and +resentments about the former colonial powers. Some have an +inherent uneasiness with nations that are mostly white and +Western. Many of them deal from feelings of insecurity and +non-acceptance. They don't act as we in the West would expect +because their cultures and histories and institutions are not the +same as ours. Fundamentally, many of them do not believe that we +respect them. And, sadly, they are often correct. We think that +human history and the Judeo-Christian tradition are the same +thing. Perhaps we can see how offensive that is to the billions +of people who don't share that tradition. The Persian Gulf war +has demonstrated this dilemma. Saddam Hussein was able to tap +into reserves of sympathy in the Moslem world when the bombing of +Iraq occurred. This despite the obvious lawlessness and +brutality of his invasion of Kuwait. How could these people +support such a dictator who had savagely killed other Arab +people? The answer lies not in rationality but in the perception +that this was Iraq versus the United States and a handful of +Western allies. It is said that war is politics by other means. +True. Future military actions must carefully calibrate the long +term political implications of our strategic decision making. + + It is in the self-interest of the United States to encourage +our colleges and universities to focus more effort on the history +and mores of non-Western cultures. We need to understand the +thinking of Islam. We need to know the legacy of American +involvement with regimes in Latin America. We need to be aware +of the many cultures that determine the thinking of Asian and +African nations just as thoroughly as they seek to understand the +West. + + We cannot presume that the rest of the world thinks that way +we do. There are powerful factors at work that cause nations and +peoples to have particular lenses through which they view events +around them. + + While this may sound self-evident I can attest to how easy +it is not to see it. + + I vividly recall how much my perspective changed during my +two years as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Ethiopia. I lived in a +town/village called Wolisso and taught in the local school. + + In the summer between school years I remained in Wolisso to +work on a building project. For that period of time I was the +only Peace Corps Volunteer there. I found myself beginning to +think like an Ethiopian for the first time. I also found myself +looking at non-Ethiopians through Ethiopian eyes. + + Since Wolisso was on the road from the capital city of Addis +Ababa to the provincial capital of Jimma there was occasional +traffic through the town. Often they came at dangerously high +speeds given the fact that the road was usually full of people, +including children, and various kinds of livestock. + + One day, while walking along the road towards the building +site, I had to jump off of the side of the road as a car +barrelled past. The driver of the large car was an Ethiopian. +My reaction and that of the Ethiopians near me was clear +irritation. Another arrogant upper-class Ethiopian. But it was +soon dismissed as how things unfortunately were. + + Just as we had returned to the road to continue on our way, +another car came at us at a similarly irresponsible speed. +Again, we all had to jump into the shallow gully at the side of +the road. + + As the car sped by with the horn blaring we all noticed that +the driver was white - either an American or a European. My +reaction was not merely irritation but anger. Real anger. I +wanted to chase after the culprit and pummel him. The Ethiopians +responded even more strongly. They began to shout to each other +about the cursed "ferengi" (foreigner). + + Both drivers had committed the same act. Both had +jeopardized the same people. But there the sameness ended. +History and perception and culture and nationalism came into play +and caused the reaction of the Ethiopians to each miscreant to be +radically different. Even I was rendering separate judgments. +In the year that followed, I became acutely aware of this +dichotomy and had no difficulty in seeing it in other +circumstances. + + It serves no purpose to argue that all of this is illogical. +Logic and politics are not the same thing. And if we are going +to be players in the non-Western world, we'd better understand +the hearts and minds of its people. + + But recourse to isolationism is not possible. + + It is inevitable that we will be involved in other Third +World crises after Kuwait. It is then imperative that such +involvements only occur based on a true understanding of the +political and cultural forces at play and not just an assessment +of military capabilities. + + The evolution to Pax Mundi is going to require a great deal +more knowledge than we now have. We are always going to be a +major player on the world scene, perhaps the dominant player. +With American lives at risk, we have the moral duty to know what +we are getting into. + + +VI. The Culture of America: The Essential Need + + Much of what has been written herein deals with policies and +rationalities. I have attempted to analyze issues as objectively +as possible and to put forth real world solutions. The effort +has been to cast off excessive dogma and to confront what is +coldly before us. For some, this paper should now end at Chapter +V. + + What follows will seem somewhat ephemeral compared to the +previous chapters. It will deal in matters less concrete but, to +me, at least as relevant. It is the realm that has been mostly +ignored just because it doesn't lend itself to hard data or +legislative initiatives or regulatory changes. + + But there is more to America's renewal than policies and +programs and realities. There is also the wondrous matter of +human will. And there is the wondrous matter of societal +cohesion. + + There is no rational explanation for excellence and +achievement if one depends only upon predictions based on +quantitative data. Potential is not performance. Capacity is +not output. There is a much deeper dimension. That dimension is +the will of particular human beings to excel. It is their +unrelenting drive to reach beyond. That dimension is also the +capacity of a people to act in united purpose and to achieve +greatness by reasons of their cohesion. + + Where do these characteristics come from? Why do some +individuals and some peoples have them despite serious +shortcomings and others not have them despite every advantage? +How do you foster them? How do you extend them throughout a +society? How do you cause a society to properly value them? I +believe that the single greatest determinant of human will and +societal cohesion is the culture that embraces and sustains a +people. Culture is what gives us lift and what, in its absence, +can render us pitiable. + + To be part of a culture is to be truly blessed. It provides +a sense of lineage - a knowing that one is part of something that +reaches far into the past, a reassurance that one is part of a +continuum, a strength that comes from bonding with one's +ancestors as well as with one's contemporaries. One is never +alone because one is woven into a larger fabric with other people +and with shared values. + + Not to be part of a culture is a curse. There is only the +present, only the temporal. Values and morals are ad hoc, a +sorting out on a day-to-day basis. There is no spiritual frame +of reference. One floats through life in search of a sense of a +larger belonging that, if found, is merely grafted on, not +brought up from within. + + The great nations of history have many differences. But +they have one commonality - strong, vibrant, inclusive cultures. + + So it is with any human grouping. It is true for families, +providing its members with a capacity to begin to answer the +inevitable inquiry "Who am I?" + + The mere grouping of individuals does not, by itself, make a +family. There must be a strong sense of mutual concern and a +common purpose. Correspondingly, the mere grouping of multitudes +does not, by itself, make a nation. There must be the glue that +holds these multitudes firmly in a common embrace. There must be +a culture that speaks to the people. + + Occasionally individuals not blessed with a coherent culture +will rise above their circumstances and achieve greatness. + + Nations never do. + + A nation's fate is inescapably a function of the strength of +its culture. History certainly shows us that. Coherent binding +cultures create great nations for good or for ill. Centrifugal +national cultures create dissolution and disarray, always for +ill. + + Why does history record great advances by a people in a +particular era and no advances by a different people in precisely +the same era? Why do a people advance in one time period and +then seem to regress in another? + + The answer does not lie in factors like natural resources, +geography or political systems alone. + + Often, the difference is culture. + + Will, discipline, dedication, commitment, patriotism, +togetherness, caring, reaching out - these are the manifestations +of a culture. + + How one defines culture is, of course, an endless debate. +For me, it involves the values that emerge in the person. It +defines what constitutes a life of worth and what constitutes +one's obligations beyond self. It involves the sense of being +part of a clearly defined society which readily accepts you and +whose mores you honor deeply. It demands that we view our fellow +countrymen as brothers and sisters whose condition and fate is of +true importance to us. It is the fusion of scores of different +ethnic lineages into a vibrant continental nation. It is E +Pluribus Unum. Not only in legal and constitutional terms but in +the truest sense of a people bonded together. + + The role of the New American Mandate is to strengthen our +commonality. We have to mold our many diverse cultures here in +America into a more cohesive "national family" where the emphasis +is put on such intangibles as self-esteem, inclusion, work +ethic, education, pride in quality products, commitment to +learning, caring for each other. We have to talk about and +debate and ponder how we can reinforce the cohesiveness that +connects us to each other and reinforces our sense of attachment. +We must understand the constant need to nurture community. For +it is this community which allows us to share goals. And it +enables us to sense collective danger and to respond to that +danger as a whole people. To compete with societies with strong +cultures requires an equally strong culture. It's that simple. +This is not commonality for the sake of commonality. It's +knowing that while commonality is critical in creating a noble +society, it is, more importantly, the sine qua non of having a +viable economic future. It is the necessary prerequisite. + + There are many parts to this discussion. What follows are +examples of an attitude. The fundamental point here, however, is +straightforward. Our leaders, both public and private, must, +above all, commit to strengthening our national culture and to +make mighty the spiritual bonds that make us a people. + + A. Minorities - Racial, Ethnic, Religious, Economic. + + Whose country is this anyway? Whose history is it? Are the +founding fathers the ancestors of all of us? Or just some of us? +When a young black child sees a picture of George Washington, +what are the feelings compared to when he sees a picture of +Martin Luther King? Does a child of Greek immigrants feel more +connected to Thomas Paine or to Aristotle? Do Cambodian refugees +from the killing fields feel true kinship with 18th century +Yankee farmers? Does an American Jew at worship feel more linked +to the Puritans or to those who suffered in the Holocaust? How +does a Mexican-American sort out his feelings about the Alamo? +And do Native Americans really think that the history of America +began with Christopher Columbus? + + We are a diverse people. Unlike many other countries, our +national history and most of our family histories do not +coincide. Some Americans are descendants of those who crossed +the Bering land mass. Others arrived yesterday by jet from +Bulgaria. As we trace our national history most of us come to a +time when our families were not here. They were part of the +history of another place. So which history is relevant? Both? +Only one? If only one, which one? + + The magical bond created by hundreds, even thousands, of +years of one people in one place is not available to us. Our +history is much shorter. Our family roots spread out all over +the world. We must work resolutely at nurturing cultural +cohesiveness because it is not given to us in the same fashion +that it has been given to some others. + + The absence of such cohesiveness is alienation. + + Many of our people sense an otherness. They sense that +there is an inner circle in America and they are not part of it. + + The problem is not statutory. We have passed the +appropriate laws. The obstacles are not institutional. Most +companies and institutions actively seek diversity in the work +force. The obstacles are less tangible. They exist in the minds +of both the established and the disestablished. It is very +powerful for something so subtle. + + The laws and the principles embodied in the Declaration of +Independence and the Constitution opened the gates to a glorious +land of equal opportunity. But nirvana remains elusive. + + Equal opportunity, we have learned, is more than an open +gate. It is the appropriate complement of skills and fundamental +self-esteem that makes the open gate meaningful. To just open +the gate is to engage in cruel gesture no matter how innocently +it is done. + + The nation must address the non-statutory needs of our +fellow countrymen and countrywomen. It's not just money. It's +creating a culture of true inclusivity. It's sending out the +message that we will go out of our way to make sure that skills +and self-esteem are part of the package. Not just government +programs. It's one-on-one, human being to human being, +volunteerism and private institutional outreach. + + Mentoring in the public schools as described earlier is an +example but it's more than that. It is a way of thinking. It's +white, male America truly pondering what its like to be a woman +or a person of color and trying to break through to acceptance. +It's recognizing that the presumptions of equal opportunity taken +for granted by well-educated and affluent white males are not +possible for those who every day cannot rest in the assurance +that they are automatically esteemed. + + That esteem must be established. + + If it is not, we will always have a lesser society. We will +also always have an underclass. And it will be increasingly +alienated. It will be an unending source of violence to itself +and to others. And it will serve as a monstrously heavy burden +on our society as we seek to compete with societies free of such +inner turmoil. Indeed, it will preclude any hope of competing +successfully. + + B. Diversity - The Wonders and The Limits + + There is no more perfect American portrait than a schoolyard +of children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. It is +the vision, the inspiration of what America can be. A diverse +America in harmony with itself is equipped to be the greatest +social and economic nation on this multicultural planet. + + The national discussion about diversity has included its +glorification and its damnation. Some see it as a Godsend, some +see it as the devil's work. + + The challenge here is to understand that diversity gives us +composite strength, but that strength can only exist within a +commonality that holds us together. I believe there are +unavoidable components to that commonality. + + First is language. An America with scores of different +languages is truly rich in its texture. In a multilingual world +such fluency is not only charming, it is also an enormous +advantage. The appreciation of other languages, particularly +those spoken by significant numbers of immigrants in the locality +should be part of the curriculum at the earliest grades in our +schools. + + All this, however, must rest upon one, and only one, +foundation - English. As the language of the vast majority of +our citizens, as the language of assimilation for millions of our +immigrants, as the language of our government and commerce, +English is, and must remain, the core language of America. Had +history been different there might have been a different language +that would have united us. But our history is our history. And +English is the only possible common tongue at this point of our +national life. This is not to argue for the superiority of +English but for the reality of it. Well-intentioned efforts to +provide pockets of other language existence is to doom those +pockets to be forever outside the commonality of America. A +nation based on more than one language will always be inherently +in tension. This is obviously true around the world where +language differences that coincide with ethnic or racial +differences are breeding grounds for never ending violence. But +it is also true where language divides societies which seem on +the surface to be rock solid. Witness today's non-violent but +separatist debate by the Province of Quebec in Canada. It poses +great risk to an otherwise very cohesive nation. + + Children who do not speak English at home must be brought to +English proficiency as rapidly as possible. Due respect should +be paid to their native tongue. Efforts should be made to +provide adequate transition time. But the message must be +unmistakable that in order to make American culture cohesive and +all-inclusive America must be English-speaking at its core. We +want you to join us in that commonality and we will help you +achieve proficiency. + + Linguistic diversity is a strength. A Tower of Babel is a +crippling weakness. We must know where the former ends and the +latter begins. + + The second component of our commonality is education. As +stated earlier, it has always been America's great equalizer. +But this road to opportunity has not been uniformly embraced by +various groups. Education is truly honored in some groups - from +the early Yankee settlers to the Jewish immigrants at the turn of +the century to today's Asian newcomers. The pursuit of knowledge +and intellect was and is seen as the source of genuine esteem and +respect. Many immigrant groups have had the same attitude in the +first and second generations and some seem to lose it +subsequently. There is a latent anti-intellectualism in America +that seems to overcome this early appreciation of learning. +Pride in being a top student sometimes gives way to fear of being +thought a bookworm - or even worse, a "geek." + + Here is where some serious soul searching must be done by +community leaders and the media. What are we honestly saying to +our young? What values are we really conveying? Does becoming +an educated person truly mean anything in the last analysis? + + The objective here involves the simple truth that the desire +to learn is fundamentally as critical as the opportunity to +learn. Desire flows from children believing that learning +matters. As a volunteer in the Peace Corps I taught students who +were desperately poor by our standards. We used outdated or +inappropriate textbooks and the "facilities" were de minimus. +The students were 9th and 10th graders almost all living away +from home and thus removed from the support of parents and +family. + But they learned. And learned very well despite every +conceivable disadvantage. Because they wanted to. Because they +valued it. And because it was truly valued in their culture. + + No American classroom I ever entered was as resource poor as +my classrooms in Ethiopia. But as I began to appreciate how the +will to be educated conquered all these obstacles, I would recall +the stories of Abraham Lincoln reading by candlelight. I would +also remember how driven my father and his siblings were to learn +despite their immigrant backgrounds. + + These experiences left me a firm believer that society +creates learning by simply valuing it. No amount of money, no +accumulation of technological equipment, can overcome a child's +sense that learning really doesn't matter that much. We have +sent those signals and we have to change them. + + The conveying of values occurs every day. The conveyors are +the leaders of America, the leaders of its subgroups and the +lords of the media. Each must commit to sending a pro-learning, +pro-intellect, pro-education message. How? The best example in +my mind is Bill Cosby. The Huxtable family, whatever the +criticisms of it, promotes a set of values with respect for +learning (and family) at the core. It demonstrates how to retain +one's identity within a context that maximizes opportunity. A +second example is Cosby himself. He gave $20 million to Spelman +College, a powerful message of deep commitment to education - in +this case the education of blacks. This is how people convey a +value system. This is how learning is elevated to its rightful +and necessary status. American philanthropists, foundations, +corporations, and everyday citizens would do well to see this as +a worthy road to travel. + + The same centrality of education must be promoted by the +local press. A student who can throw an accurate forward pass is +certain in his mind that press adulation will follow. A student +with very high scores in the SAT's never thinks that it will be +worthy of press coverage. Yet, which is more important? The +print media, radio and television should have education reporters +that systematically and regularly report on what is happening in +the classroom as well as what is happening on the athletic +fields. Some are already moving in this direction. It must +become a stampede. + + The third component is equality of opportunity. + + In the great economic global competition, a nation's team +must be made up of all its diverse members. As we face the +challenges of this global economy and as we face the challenges +of a threatened environment, every American contributes to our +response. Positively or negatively. + + We will not become a world economic competitor using only +some of America. + + We will not become a society at peace with its natural +environment if whole sections of the population feel that they +have no stake in that society. + + By its sheer composition, America must be resolutely +inclusive. Every person is part of the solution or, if not, will +be part of the problem. Everyone will either be a rower or an +anchor. We can have some effect on which they will be. + + The laws for the most part are in place. + + The task is the emotional acceptance, indeed, the emotional +embrace of the founding principle "All Men Are Created Equal." +This basic belief has to empower people in all the modern forms. +Those forms include race, sex, age and sexual preference. + + The battles of the past have been bitter. We must put them +behind us and not tolerate the continued attempts to undermine +the progress we have made. + + This guarding against encroachments is a constant struggle +in the area of civil rights, women's rights and affirmative +action. It's not just the laws but the messages those laws send +that are important. + + Human rights has to do with how we regard each other. +Diminution of that regard lessens all of us. And as a nation we +are made less viable if part of our human potential goes +unrealized. + + America is where "Be all you can be" was chosen as a slogan +for its armed forces. For good reason. Because in America more +than anywhere else, those five words are the cornerstone of what +we believe. + + The role of the President here is the constant and +unrelenting reaffirmation of that cornerstone. We have to arrive +at the day when we truly look at each other as family. Not just +because it would be nice. But because the cohesiveness it will +provide will ensure our sustainability. + + C. Giving + + 'Tis more blessed to give than to receive. Now there's a +shopworn bromide if there ever was one. Just the kind of homily +intended to lull the innocent into patterns of behavior that the +more worldly know to avoid. + + Except that it's true. It is better to give. Giving takes +time and it takes money. But look at givers, and then look at +takers. Who is really happier? + + Giving is Americana. Thousands of colleges, hospitals, +museums and theaters exist because of the philanthropy of +individuals. Tithing is an honored - and expected - part of some +religious traditions. + + Yet giving in America is very uneven. Some people of wealth +recognize their responsibility back to society and are quite +generous. Others feel no such responsibility and lavish upon +themselves and their friends every conceivable indulgence. The +latter are hailed by the media which eagerly covers every last +gaudy detail. The former will never have a program to compete +with "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous." + + So it is with corporate America. Some companies are +extremely committed to being a good corporate neighbor. They +recognize the need to give back to the community and seek to lend +personnel and financial resources to aid local and national +causes. Other companies have a culture which, frankly, doesn't +give a damn about what's happening outside its office window or +factory gate. + + There is little to no public recognition of the good +corporate citizen. There is absolutely no incentive, beyond +their own personal values, for company presidents and boards of +directors to engage in corporate giving. + + The President can change this. There should be a Blue +Ribbon Committee of prominent individuals created to establish +voluntary guidelines for corporate giving. Standards can be set. +It has been done in Minneapolis. Companies can choose to honor +them, ignore them, or something in between. And every year a +list should be compiled as to who gave what, and that listing +should be made public. Finally, the media should consider this +listing as important news and report on it extensively. + + Companies that care should be publicly acknowledged. +Companies that don't should be open to scrutiny and criticism. +The President should establish Presidential Medals for Corporate +and Individual Philanthropy. The point here is to establish a +culture of giving, an embrace of giving, as an esteemed - and +expected - value for corporate America. This notion, hopefully, +will then create an environment wherein Americans of all economic +means will find themselves more open to the same principle. If +this were to happen the bonds between us all would be +strengthened. Now, tell the truth. If Donald Trump had endowed +chairs at Howard University instead of buying that yacht wouldn't +Howard be better off? Wouldn't the country be better off? And +truly, wouldn't Donald Trump be better off? + + Let's deglorify indulgence and return giving to the place it +enjoyed when great people made this country. + + D. Culture as part of a Culture. + + Civilizations are measured by their art and cultural +achievements. Sometimes it's architecture, sometimes it's music, +sometimes it's paintings and sometimes it's literature. + + These storehouses of human creativity and inspiration mark +the high water marks of what we are. They are the places and +events which can uplift the soul - especially the soul of the +young. How do you measure the impact on a young child of being +exposed to a performance of the Nutcracker Suite or the Messiah +in December? Or the impact on an adolescent being taken to a +matinee performance of "Les Miserables?" Or a summers night +listening to a local orchestra perform? Or a periodic visit to a +sculptor as she works on a piece of public art? Or the chance to +see live theater instead of just another movie? + + We would all acknowledge these occurrences as valuable. But +whose children have these experiences? Generally it is the +children of the already educated or appreciative. That's fine, +but the impact would be greater upon children of modest +circumstances who otherwise would not be so exposed. These +children need a spiritual booster shot. Some of them need it +desperately. They need one spark, one glimmer to light the way +or to suggest a new direction. This is where you change lives. + + In the absence of this, they will receive their values only +from the street and from the spiritual emptiness of television +programming. + + Investing in community cultural events is part of creating a +society that is intact and vibrant. During budget crises, +government funds for the arts and humanities are always a +first-cut priority. The reverse should be true. During economic +crises the need is greater. + + The United States government must undertake to prioritize +funding of the arts and humanities, particularly for communities +outside the major urban centers. The amounts here are de minimus +in the overall budgetary scheme of things. It should be seen as +an investment in the personal horizons of its citizens, +particularly the young. Not simply for the sake of supporting +cultural activities although that alone should be enough. But +also in the understanding that we are competing with nations that +already value such activities. Our increased embrace of them +will strengthen our people and help establish an increasingly +viable and functional American culture. + + E. Spirituality. + + Separation of church and state is fundamental to freedom in +America. This principle was adamantly proclaimed by the Founding +Fathers. + + They did not, however, dismiss spirituality. Indeed, belief +in a higher order was part and parcel of the early Americans - +both the first Indian nations and the early European settlers. + + That spirituality is not unique to America, of course. +There never was a great sustaining nation that was aspiritual. +In our modern technological age with its impersonalness, the +search for larger purpose is no less felt. That search for a +deeper meaning can exhibit itself in destructive ways, such as +drug and alcohol abuse, as well as other behavioral asymmetry. +It need not be. + + The overt quest for spirituality has been seen politically +as a valuable electoral advantage by some on the right and a bit +too unsophisticated by some on the left. Neither is appropriate. +We all seek God in our own way. We are all engaged in the search +for understanding of our place in the great order of things. A +public acknowledgement of that search and a stated respect for +wherever that search may lead are not improper activities for the +political leadership of this nation. + + F. The Land and the Buildings. + + The culture of a people is not separable from the physical +surroundings of that people. We are of the earth. + + The preservation of the beauty of open spaces should be +pursued not only for the environmental reasons stated earlier, it +should be pursued for its capacity to renew the spirit and to +lend harmony to our culture. + + The same is true within the land that we occupy. There is a +character to a place. That character is defining. Too often in +America the inhabited land all begins to look alike. What is +unique about a locale is lost under the onslaught of sameness. + + A mall is a mall is a mall. A commercial strip is a +commercial strip is a commercial strip. A highway is a highway +is a highway. + + Care and attention should be paid to preserving the +character of the different parts of America. The President is +uniquely positioned to encourage Americans to contemplate these +matters. Although it is a predominately local matter, there are +federal roles such as historic preservation grants and UDAG-like +programs to keep urban centers viable. Many of these cities are +already well on their way to implosion. But beyond that, there +is the bully pulpit as Prince Charles has so aptly demonstrated +in Great Britain. He cares about how his country resonates with +its surroundings. Our leaders should do so as well. + + G. Public Order. + + There is no way to talk about American culture in 1991 +without addressing the issue of crime and public order. There is +a darker side to the way we interact with each other. Sadly, the +rise in crime in our country has been a constant theme for +decades. This is especially true in our cities. + + It is impossible to achieve a viable American culture in the +midst of uncontrolled violence. Citizens will simply not value +their membership in a society where they lack a sense of +reasonable physical security. The fear of crime erodes the bond +between the citizen and the society. Many of our inner cities +are cauldrons of acultural behavior. Innocent people are unable +to escape the downdraft of this activity. + + How do we address this issue? For years we have had a great +deal of law and order rhetoric from Richard Nixon's unleashing of +Spiro Agnew to the Willie Horton issue in 1988. Congress has +passed tougher crime legislation and the death penalty has become +an all-too-common occurrence. + + But the goal of "safe streets" remains elusive. We now have +a greater percentage of our citizenry behind bars than any nation +on earth. That must be a sobering realization since it has not +significantly affected the citizenry's perception of physical +security. + + There are approaches to crime that deal with prevention. +Obviously education, a sense of community, self-esteem - all +these are ingredients essential to minimizing the likelihood that +someone would engage in criminal behavior. These matters have +been addressed earlier in this paper and are worthy of +reemphasis. + + There are other approaches that deal with punishment and the +certainty of that punishment. These are equally important and, +as referenced above, the Congress has passed laws to accomplish +this. + + So what else can be done? + + There are two areas that I believe are left unaddressed. +Neither is new. Neither is easy. The first involves getting +guns off our streets and the second involves recognizing that +wholesale drug trafficking should qualify for capital punishment. + + H. Gun Control + + There is no greater hypocrisy than the prototypical +Republican position of tough on crime and easy on AK-47's. The +rationale for this is pure politics. Appeal to the millions who +worry about their safety but don't antagonize the National Rifle +Association. + + The availability of all kinds of weapons in America is no +accident. The right to bear arms is seen by some as the only +absolute right granted by the constitution. We have freedom of +speech but you can't yell "fire" in a movie theatre. We have +freedom of the press but go too far and you'll be sued for libel. + + The two-facedness of the Republican posture is reflected in +the bizarre dilemma faced by many police, particularly urban +police. Whom do you support? The candidate who has the tougher +posture on crime but protects the rights of criminals to have +assault weapons? Or the candidate who would ban assault weapons? + + I would suggest that our times requires a toughness in +dealing with crime, but combined with aggressive commitment to +get guns out of the hands of those who shouldn't have them. + + This extends beyond AK-47's. The right to bear arms is not +a blanket purchase order for anyone to buy anything. The ease of +killing with a gun stands in sharp contrast to the difficulty of +accomplishing the same end with a knife or other such weapon. + + Guns don't kill people. People kill people. True. But +people without guns have a harder time doing it. Guns should be +available for self-protection by those who choose to have them. +They should not be available, however, for those whose motives +are injurious to social stability. The Brady bill to finally +bring about effective gun control should be passed immediately. +It is tragic that George Bush has chosen not to endorse it. + + A serious, non-ideological commitment to return to a +sustainable sense of public order is needed. Too many Americans +perceive a kind of anarchy in the streets and that cannot be +tolerated. These guns must be taken off the streets. + + I. Capital Crimes Against Society. + + Crime in America today falls into two categories in my mind. +The first is the level of crime inherent in any society. There +will always be a criminal element and there will always be crimes +of passion. + + The second is crime that is drug-related. And this is not a +level of criminal activity that should be acceptable. It is a +threat to our very being. + + This threat does not result from guns or bombs or knives. +This threat results from commerce. It is entrepreneurial. Yet +it kills. It kills in massive numbers. Some of the people it +kills die. Others live but in a larger sense they die as well. +This is not your every day one-on-one street crime. Or your +crime of passion. This is a methodical, planned, knowing +slaughter of the many in pursuit of money. Massive amounts of +money. And this slaughter is today the greatest threat to our +domestic common security. + + It is the threat of big-time drug dealing. + + How can we tolerate this dissipation of our collective +strength? Drugs are overwhelming us. No society ravaged by +drugs is going to compete with anybody. Yet those who engage in +and profit from this trade are considered lesser criminals by the +criminal code. I kill one person in a fit of passion and I am a +murderer. I kill thousands of people by methodical drug +trafficking and I am not a murderer. By what standard of logic? +By what definition of true threat? + + Who truly kills the drug user found in an alley with a +needle in his arm? Who truly kills the store owner murdered by a +drug user in search of quick money for a drug purchase? Who +truly kills the intravenous drug user who contracts AIDS? Who +truly kills the victim of an automobile crash caused by drug use? +Who truly kills the newborn cocaine dependent baby? + + The major drug trafficker does. Yet in states that impose +the death penalty he is immune. I repeat. By what definition of +real threat? By what recognition of actual damage to our +societal core? + + If the death penalty is society's way of identifying the +greatest threat, it must look past the one-on-one crime of +passion or criminal intent. It must concentrate on those who +would destroy all of us. It must focus on the trafficker and, +once and for all, declare a war on drugs that is a war on drugs. +Billions upon billions for defense against fading foreign threats +embodied by the Soviets and only hesitance in addressing the true +angels of death within our borders. Unless drug dealing is +significantly reduced, we will never be a viable nation. We will +never compete. We will be dragged down by our fellow citizens +lost in the demonic caverns of drug dependence. + + J. Conclusion. + + We will be what our culture empowers us to be. To +strengthen our common culture must be our common mission. +Recognition of, and dedication to, that mission is the mandate of +our leadership. It doesn't lend itself to ten point programs and +quarterly reviews. It will be a discussion that will never end. +It should never end. The journey to renew America's spiritual +base will take us back through our history to harvest the wisdom +of that history. + + We will revisit our ancestors' thinking and learn once again +to pay homage to the basic values that made America. Those +values, long since articulated, will then serve as our safe +passage to the future. + + In our collective veins flows the blood of those who crossed +the Bering Land bridge. Of those who endured deprivation during +the winter in Plymouth. Of those who suffered in the holds of +slave ships and on the decks of immigrant ships. Vietnamese boat +people. Hungarian freedom fighters. Salvadoran refugees. On +and on. + + Above all, there flows the blood of those who died for +America. For our freedom. Not so we could be cynical, or +uncaring or second best. But in the belief that we would be +worthy of their sacrifice in how we lived our lives and how we +honored our country. This is the New American Mandate. + + +VII. Return to Purpose + + Adversity tests the character of individuals. It also tests +the character of a people. We are now being challenged by +outside forces that seek to erode our standard of living and by +others that portend environmental and energy cataclysm. In +addition, we are challenged by internal forces that are +undermining the fabric of our social order. + + What would our ancestors have done? Simple. They would +have accepted the challenges and pushed ahead secure in the +knowledge that their destiny was within their control. Avoidance +was not what they were all about. + + So it must be with us. + + Facing our challenges forthrightly is how we honor the +labors of our forebears. It is our moral imperative. + + But, more importantly, it is the source of our hope. We are +a blessed America. It is our will and determination that will +deliver us. Let us, again, unleash the spirit of the American +people and again secure our future and the future of our +descendents. + + Let us return to purpose. + + # # # + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/typh0002.txt b/politicalTextFiles/typh0002.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c010c76 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/typh0002.txt @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING + ******************** + by + ** + TYPHON + ****** + + + No, don't jump to conclusions, I am not claiming responsibility +for one of the most horrific acts of terrorism on American soil. A +bombing which also happens to have been one of the most awesome +explosions documented of recent times. + On the 20th of April, 1995, a truck, packed with high explosives, +had been left parked in front of a U.S. federal building. When the bomb +was detonated it did so with enough force to destroy every floor of the +building, compacting them. The second floor, which housed a child day +care centre, ended up in the basement. The structural damage caused to +buildings nearby has resulted in the necessity for them to be demolished +as well, yet nearby trees remained standing. + I was intrigued as to what kind of explosive was used, but the +first article I saw gave no clues as to what it might be, though there +was no doubt that it was a high explosive. The evening news showed only +on-the-scene reports and part of a speech by President Clinton. All +information on the explosive was that it was about 1,000 lbs (450 kg) +worth, that's how much explosives there was, not how much force it +produced. + Later I watched the late night news, part of which showed a +representative of the F.B.I. (or some investigative agency) talking +about how forensic and bomb experts would be able to ascertain who made +the bomb based on analysis of bomb fragments. One of the things she +said was that one of the major ingredients in the explosive was ammonium +nitrate. + On the mid-morning news the following day hope was waning for +more survivors being found, sketches of two men thought to be +responsible were shown and mention of a $2,000,000 reward for the +capture (or information leading to the capture) of the perpetrators. +Also mentioned briefly was that the bomb was made of "fertilizer and +fuel oil." This clicked for me, the fertilizer was obviously the +ammonium nitrate mentioned earlier and the fuel oil was probably petrol. + The bomb was a thousand pounds of A.N.F.O.S. (Ammonium Nitrate +Fuel Oil Solution) in the back of a rented truck and detonated by a time +delay. The actual compounds of the detonator are unknown at this time. +This file is more concerned with identifying the high explosive used, +not teaching people how to blow up Jeff Kennett's tree house (though I +wouldn't mind if someone did). + As it happens A.N.F.O.S. is probably one of the easiest, +cheapest and, most importantly, safest high explosives to manufacture. +There are only two ingredients, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (petrol or +kerosene). Both of these are very easy to obtain just about anywhere in +the world. Below I have included part of one of those "how to" files on +manufacturing A.N.F.O.S. + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + The following information was retrieved from Stealth Research +Industries' Book of Terror and originated from Gunzenbomz +Pyro-Technologies' Terrorist's Handbook: + +3.341 AMMONIUM NITRATE + + Ammonium nitrate could be made by a terrorist according to the hap- +hazard method in section 2.33, or it could be stolen from a construction +site, since it is usually used in blasting, because it is very stable and +insensitive to shock and heat. A terrorist could also buy several Instant +Cold-Paks from a drug store or medical supply store. The major disadvantage +with ammonium nitrate, from a terrorist's point of view, would be detonating +it. A rather powerful priming charge must be used, and usually with a +booster charge. The diagram below will explain. + + _________________________________________ + | | | + ________| | | + | | T.N.T.| ammonium nitrate | + | primer |booster| | + |________| | | + | | | + |_______|_______________________________| + + The primer explodes, detonating the T.N.T., which detonates, sending +a tremendous shockwave through the ammonium nitrate, detonating it. + + +3.342 ANFOS + + ANFO is an acronym for Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil Solution. An ANFO +solves the only other major problem with ammonium nitrate: its tendency to +pick up water vapor from the air. This results in the explosive failing to +detonate when such an attempt is made. This is rectified by mixing 94% (by +weight) ammonium nitrate with 6% fuel oil, or kerosene. The kerosene keeps +the ammonium nitrate from absorbing moisture from the air. An ANFO also +requires a large shockwave to set it off. + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- + There are already enough anarchy/terrorist files around telling +people how to make bombs powerful enough to blow up a U.S. federal +building. What we need to see now is files on the results of the use of +some of these explosives. As far as new anarchy files are concerned the +only things that really need to be expanded upon at this point are more +things on blasting caps & detonators, and ways of obtaining chemicals in +countries other than America. + If anyone actually does get around to making A.N.F.O.S. I would +be interested to know the results. In fact, if anyone tries their hand +at bomb making of any kind (just try not to lose it) I'm interested in +hearing the results, and tell us what it was you used and any variations +on the given recipes you used. + I can be contacted through a friend of mine, Khayman, at +Vapourware BBS on 429 8510. + + Later, + Typhon + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/ukact.txt b/politicalTextFiles/ukact.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8fedac --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/ukact.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +(from The New York Times, 5/9/89, p. C4) + +BRITISH URGE RAPID ACTION [ON WARMING] + +By Paul Lewis +Special to The New York Times + +UNITED NATIONS, May 8 -- Britain today called for the rapid +drafting of a new international convention to deal with the +problem of global warming, saying rising temperatures could lead +to disruption of normal life, political tension and war. + +The British Government suggested in a statement to the United +Nations that countries should agree as soon as possible on a +convention that would set out broad "guidelines for good climatic +behavior." + +More specific binding protocols dealing with the global warming +problem could then be approved as scientific understanding +advances and a consensus develops on what action is needed. + +Britain's position was outlined by its Permanent Representative +at the United Nations, Sir Crispin Tickell, in a speech to the +United Nations Economic and Social Council. He said his +Government decided to press for rapid action on global warming +after a daylong seminar organized on April 26 by Prime Minister +Margaret Thatcher at her official residence and attended by +ministers, scientists and industrialists. + +Sir Crispin said that even though great uncertainties still exist +about global warming, the Downing Street meeting concluded that +there was no time to waste in planning international action to +cope with a problem of such scale and complexity which could +disrupt "the intricate web of life on a scale now hard to +imagine." + +At a news conference, Sir Crispin warned that rising world +temperatures and climatic change threaten world peace because +they could lead to disputes and wars over fresh water and arable +land and create a whole new class of "environmental refugees" +fleeing land that could no longer sustain them. +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/uniright.txt b/politicalTextFiles/uniright.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..268a9fa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/uniright.txt @@ -0,0 +1,276 @@ + +THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS + + WHEREAS recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and +inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation +of freedom, justice and peace in the world, + + WHEREAS disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in +barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the +advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech +and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the +highest aspiration of the common people, + + WHEREAS, it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have +recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and +oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, + + WHEREAS it is essential to promote the development of friendly +relations between nations, + + WHEREAS the peoples of the United Nations have in their Charter +reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and +worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and +have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life +in larger freedoms, + + WHEREAS Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in +cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect +for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, + + WHEREAS a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of +the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, + + NOW, THEREFORE, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY PROCLAIMS this Universal +Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all +peoples and all nations, to that end that every individual and every +organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall +strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights +and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, +to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, +both among the peoples of Member states themselves and among the +peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. + +ARTICLE 1. + All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They +are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one +another in a spirit of brotherhood. + +ARTICLE 2. + Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in +this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, +colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national +or social origin, property, birth, or other status.Furthermore, no +distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional +or international status of the country or territory to which a person +belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under +any other limitation of sovereignty. + +ARTICLE 3. + Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. + +ARTICLE 4. + No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave +trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. + +ARTICLE 5. + No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or +degrading treatment or punishment. + +ARTICLE 6. + Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before +the law. + +ARTICLE 7. + All are created equal before the law and are entitled without any +discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to +equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this +Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. + +ARTICLE 8. + Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent +national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted +him by the constitution or by law. + +ARTICLE 9. + No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile. + +ARTICLE 10. + Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing +by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his +rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. + +ARTICLE 11. + (1) Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be +presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public +trail at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. + (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of +any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense , under +national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor +shall a heavier penalty be imposed than one that was applicable at the +time the penal offense was committed. + +ARTICLE 12. + No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his +privacy, family, or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and +reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against +such interference or attacks. + +ARTICLE 13. + (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence +within the borders of each state. + (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, +and to return to his country. + +ARTICLE 14. + (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy, in other countries, +asylum from persecution. + (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions +genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to +the purposes and principles of the United Nations. + +ARTICLE 15. + (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. + (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor +denied the right to change his nationality. + +ARTICLE 16. + (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, +nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and found a family. +They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and +at its dissolution. + (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free will and full +consent of the intending spouses. + (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society +and is entitled to protection by society and the State. + +ARTICLE 17. + (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in +association with others. + (2) No one shall arbitrarily be deprived of his property. + +ARTICLE 18. + Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and +religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, +and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or +private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, +worship and observance. + +ARTICLE 19. + Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this +right includes to hold opinions without interference and to seek, +receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and +regardless of frontiers. + +ARTICLE 20. + (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and +association. + (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. + +ARTICLE 21. + (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his +county, directly or through freely chosen representatives. + (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his +country. + (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of +government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine +elections which shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free +voting procedures. + +ARTICLE 22. + Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security +and is entitled to realization, through national effort and +international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and +resources of each State, of the economic, social, and cultural rights +indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his +personality. + +ARTICLE 23. + (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to +just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against +unemployment. + (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay +for equal work. + (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable +remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of +human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social +protection. + (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the +protection of his interests. + +ARTICLE 24. + Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable +limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. + +ARTICLE 25. + (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the +health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, +clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and +to the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, +disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in +circumstances beyond his control. + (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and +assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall +enjoy the same social protection. + +ARTICLE 26. + (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at +least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education +shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made +generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to +all on the basis of merit. + (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human +personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and +fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and +friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall +further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of +peace. + (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that +shall be given to their children. + +ARTICLE 27. + (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural +life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific +advancement and its benefits. + (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and +material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic +production of which he is the author. + +ARTICLE 28. + Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which +the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully +realized. + +ARTICLE 29. + (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and +full development of his personality is possible. + (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be +subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for +the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and +freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, +public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. + (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary +to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. + +ARTICLE 30. + Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any +State, group or person and right to engage in any activity or to +perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and +freedoms set forth herein. + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + + Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm) + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Jeff Hunter 510-935-5845 + Salted Slug Systems Strange 408-454-9368 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408-363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 415-567-7043 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 415-583-4102 + Tomorrow's 0rder of Magnitude Finger_Man 408-961-9315 + My Dog Bit Jesus Suzanne D'Fault 510-658-8078 + + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, + insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS. + + Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, + where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother. + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/unsupres.txt b/politicalTextFiles/unsupres.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3823e74 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/unsupres.txt @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ + + Heavy Metal: The Unsuppressable Voice of Truth + =============================================== + + Copyright 1987 Robert E. Szekely 76276,1026 + + This article is being written to refute some of what, I +feel, are glaring inaccuracies in Al McAnespy's article of July +1985; as well as addressing some of the accusations opponents of +Heavy Metal have directed at it. + + Since Mr. McAnespy's article was written, the bands he named +as being the true spirit of Heavy Metal have indeed come of age. +What were the struggling, hungry spirits of 1985 have become the +lucrative commercial commodites of 1987. + + However, calling the forefathers of Heavy Metal such as +Zeppelin, Sabbath et. al., "charlatans", or in contemporary +usage, "poseurs", is analogous in its implication to building a +house from the roof down. + + As Robert Plant was once quoted as saying, "You can't escape +your roots." The 'roots' that Led Zeppelin's lead vocalist spoke +of are the only indigenous American musical form: The Blues; the +Roots of Rock and Roll. + + Rock and roll was spawned in the Missippi Delta; and among +its grandfathers, men such as 'Blind' Lemon Jefferson and Albert +King; these Delta Bluesmen and their peers were the humbled +descendants of proud African men and women who had been shanghied +and enslaved by our forefathers. Their ancestors, pressed into +service as slaves. No respect for their dignity or +rights as human beings for the most part. So as they worked in +the fields, cultivating the cotton crops, they sang of their +misery. They sang as a catharsis, to cleanse their souls of +'the blues'; the pain of being persecuted and oppressed. Sad and +yet beautiful, they spontaneously broke into song; a music crying +out to the heavens. In this music, they found a voice that could +cry out pain in song, and so release it. From deep inside their +hurt and their inner beings, the black american slaves sang their +pentatonic melodies, rich and soulfully expressive of their +feelings in their chromatic inflections. Melodies which evolved +from the music of the deeply spiritual tribal chants of their +homeland; from the African Tribes, to whom religion and their +relationship with God was the focus of their lives. A religion to +which music was inextricably linked. It imparted to their +culture a strong sense of community, order and purpose; as well +as giving them strength to go on in times of need. Times such as +the black slaves faced almost daily; often whipped and treated +virtually like animals, their voices sang out their pain to God, +loud and clear, to apply the salve to soothe their aching souls. + + + To imply that Punk and Metal are kindred spirits is in +effect saying that Jesus and Lucifer are soul brothers. A +tenuous association at best, and highly inaccurate due to its +vague generality. True, they do exhibit the same adrenalin- +powered fervor in their music but overall, their intents are +polarized 180 degrees opposite each other. + + It is the cursory analyses of Heavy Metal, which result +in often unsubstantiated accusations of the music causing social +degeneration and ultimately destruction, which I reject. These +ill-conceived accusations are a product of an ill-conceived, +half-assed mode of thinking which amounts to a doctor performing +circumcision on an infant boy with an axe. Too many can see +either only black OR white, but no grey. + + + The true spirit of HM, at its best, is the clarion call +of victory over seemingly insurmountable odds. If you don't +believe that, read some of Black Sabbath's lyrics from their +'Master of Reality' album. + + True Punk Rock espouses nihilism. 'The System sucks!' says +the Punker. So what does he offer as a solution? 'Destroy it!' +So then what does the Punker suggest to replace what he wants to +destroy? Not a damn thing. + + We'e known since the 1960's that music can often be a +powerful social influence. The fatalistic philosphy of the +hardcore Punker is social suicide; they are the Kamikaze +revolutionaries whose party line is the annihilation of +all order and civilization. + + Heavy Metal is the princely scion of the most visceral +music; the purest contemporary form of blues. It is +sincere and in touch with reality and the times. Listen to it, +even softly...what do you hear? The soulful cries of blues +guitars pumped up louder and faster than Ol' Father Blues; so +their cries of "Let My Voice Be Heard!" can pierce the din of +strife, deception and corruption which are manyfold more +deafening and occuring at much a faster pace than just two +generations ago. They simply have to be louder and faster than +previous generations in order to be heard above the maddening +noise of current society. + + No, HM is not above reproach. There are those desperate +fools who cash in the current commercial marketability of the +concepts of degeneration and decay. The pathetic popularity of +the themes of Death, Doom, Destruction and Damnation make for a +high return on investment at present: a large profit made in a +short amount of time, with minimal investments of time, effort +and money. + + And our youth desperately reaches out for a voice to guide +them through the confusion; latching on and hanging tightly to +the first thing that sounds remotely like a message of guidance. +Fearing nothing better can come along, they make the most of +trying to form values from the thematic and lyrical bullshit of +groups like Mercyful Fate and their ilk; the purveyors of 'Black +Metal'. The only sin of the audience of Black Metal is their +injudicious choice of filling the brains with dangerous garbage, +and modeling a lifestyle of deadly fantasy upon it. + + But the answer here is not suppression. The more you try to +hide or run away from something, the more doggedly it pursues +you. The more you try to ignore it, the stronger it grows; until +finally, it overwhelms you, completely. Then, it's too late. + + By the same token, to fall victim to the fallacy of this +common sweeping generalization, "All Rock and Roll/Heavy Metal +is evil/Devil music.", is as bad as saying that all Jews are +cheap, all Germans are Nazis, all Italians are Mafia and all +Puerto Ricans are thieves. It is IGNORANT and DANGEROUS to think +that way. Because in fact, with those so-called 'views', you +ACTUALLY ARE NOT thinking at all: you've heard or repeated the +epithet so many times that now you're brainwashed into believing +it. But if you honestly sit down and ask yourself why you +'believe' it, or how you arrived at that point of view, you +either go blank, or start mechanically spouting some more +dogmatic cliches in order 'rationalize' 'your point of view'. +WHICH WASN'T YOUR POINT OF VIEW TO BEGIN WITH! + + And that's the point I argue in favor of True Heavy Metal. +Music doesn't damn people; people's actions do. Ignorance and +clever deception the semantic sleight-of-hand are the dangerous +influences we should all be on the watch for. True Heavy Metal's +saving grace is its unrelenting candor; we calls 'em as we sees +'em. So if things really look bad we're gonna tell ya, loud and +clear, just how bad they are, so we can make sure that you get +the message, so together, we can all do something about making it +better. Heavy Metal, in its pure, true form; as it's meant to be, +carries a sincere, crystal-clear message to all, singing it +voice loud hard and fast, to ring out over all the interference +Der ScheissMeisters through in its path to try to prevent truth +from being heard and acted upon. + + In conclusion, it is the promoters of Black Metal and their +allies who are the true "poseurs"; they are the danger, or put +more succinctly, the idiots. But suppression and eradication is +not a solution. Education is. Knowledge is power; and only +knowledge of what is and what isn't true can give us the power to +fend off the negative influence of Black Metal, Hardcore Punk AND +THEIR KIN. + + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/uscen90.txt b/politicalTextFiles/uscen90.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6fadf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/uscen90.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5455 @@ + + + THE 1990 UNITED STATES CENSUS + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alabama + + Total population...................................... 4,040,587 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,936,162 + Female................................................... 2,104,425 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 283,295 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 775,493 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 205,557 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 237,778 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,232,067 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 419,421 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 183,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 180,310 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 301,218 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 173,264 + 85 years and over........................................ 48,507 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,058,788 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.2 +65 years and over........................................... 522,989 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,506,790 + Family households (families)............................. 1,103,835 + Married-couple families............................... 858,327 + Percent of total households........................ 57.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 44,288 + Other family, female householder...................... 201,220 + Nonfamily households..................................... 402,955 + Percent of total households........................ 26.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 358,078 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 154,191 + Persons living in households............................. 3,948,185 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 92,402 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,583 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 40,819 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,975,797 + Black.................................................... 1,020,705 + Percent of total population........................... 25.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 16,506 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 21,797 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 5,782 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 24,629 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alabama + + Total housing units................................... 1,670,379 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,061,897 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 444,893 + Vacant housing units..................................... 163,589 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 35,609 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.44 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,927 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,133,927 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 31,943 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 96,104 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 66,413 + 10 or more units......................................... 102,462 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 239,530 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 753,827 + Less than $50,000..................................... 343,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 310,737 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,459 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 20,129 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,264 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,384 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 386,179 + Less than $250........................................ 214,363 + $250 to $499.......................................... 155,027 + $500 to $749.......................................... 14,380 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,594 + $1,000 or more........................................ 815 + Median (dollars)...................................... 229 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + White................................................. 1,159,263 + Black................................................. 334,513 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 22.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,288 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,373 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alaska + + Total population...................................... 550,043 +SEX + Male..................................................... 289,867 + Female................................................... 260,176 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,897 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 117,447 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 22,934 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 32,913 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,062 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 53,929 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 16,595 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 12,897 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 15,548 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 5,570 + 85 years and over........................................ 1,251 + Median age............................................... 29.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 172,344 + Percent of total population.............................. 31.3 +65 years and over........................................... 22,369 + Percent of total population.............................. 4.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 188,915 + Family households (families)............................. 132,837 + Married-couple families............................... 106,079 + Percent of total households........................ 56.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,529 + Other family, female householder...................... 18,229 + Nonfamily households..................................... 56,078 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,826 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 5,737 + Persons living in households............................. 529,342 + Persons per household.................................... 2.80 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,701 + Institutionalized persons............................. 4,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,127 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 415,492 + Black.................................................... 22,451 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 85,698 + Percent of total population........................... 15.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 19,728 + Percent of total population........................... 3.6 + Other race............................................... 6,674 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 17,803 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alaska + + Total housing units................................... 232,608 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + Owner occupied........................................ 105,989 + Percent owner occupied............................. 56.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,926 + Vacant housing units..................................... 43,693 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,991 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 4.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.97 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.58 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,201 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 124,185 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 15,963 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,358 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,171 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,229 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 24,702 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 77,527 + Less than $50,000..................................... 10,989 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,862 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,012 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,528 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,210 + $300,000 or more...................................... 926 + Median (dollars)...................................... 94,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 70,579 + Less than $250........................................ 5,785 + $250 to $499.......................................... 29,167 + $500 to $749.......................................... 23,750 + $750 to $999.......................................... 8,455 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,422 + Median (dollars)...................................... 503 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + White................................................. 153,215 + Black................................................. 6,927 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 22,305 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,674 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + Other race............................................ 1,794 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arizona + + Total population...................................... 3,665,228 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,810,691 + Female................................................... 1,854,537 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 292,859 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 688,260 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 172,063 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 220,617 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,163,607 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 349,516 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 146,658 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 152,874 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 290,044 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 151,013 + 85 years and over........................................ 37,717 + Median age............................................... 32.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 981,119 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.8 +65 years and over........................................... 478,774 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,368,843 + Family households (families)............................. 940,106 + Married-couple families............................... 747,806 + Percent of total households........................ 54.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 49,980 + Other family, female householder...................... 142,320 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,737 + Percent of total households........................ 31.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 337,681 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 119,287 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,545 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 80,683 + Institutionalized persons............................. 41,508 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,963,186 + Black.................................................... 110,524 + Percent of total population........................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 203,527 + Percent of total population........................... 5.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 55,206 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 332,785 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 688,338 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arizona + + Total housing units................................... 1,659,430 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,561 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 490,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 290,587 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 96,104 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 15.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.46 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 101,636 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 867,884 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 109,989 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 88,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 61,111 + 10 or more units......................................... 257,208 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 274,867 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 668,718 + Less than $50,000..................................... 98,705 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 372,653 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 118,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 40,638 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 23,902 + $300,000 or more...................................... 13,975 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 456,937 + Less than $250........................................ 73,866 + $250 to $499.......................................... 290,538 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,518 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,461 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,554 + Median (dollars)...................................... 370 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + White................................................. 1,177,349 + Black................................................. 37,140 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 49,894 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 15,934 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 88,526 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 184,942 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arkansas + + Total population...................................... 2,350,725 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,133,076 + Female................................................... 1,217,649 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 164,667 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 456,464 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 109,879 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 127,177 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 685,748 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 243,337 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 105,811 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 107,584 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 195,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 118,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 35,216 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 621,131 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 350,058 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 891,179 + Family households (families)............................. 651,555 + Married-couple families............................... 527,358 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,273 + Other family, female householder...................... 98,924 + Nonfamily households..................................... 239,624 + Percent of total households........................ 26.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 213,778 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 103,386 + Persons living in households............................. 2,292,393 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 58,332 + Institutionalized persons............................. 34,223 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 24,109 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,944,744 + Black.................................................... 373,912 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,773 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 12,530 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,766 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 19,876 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arkansas + + Total housing units................................... 1,000,667 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + Owner occupied........................................ 619,938 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 271,241 + Vacant housing units..................................... 109,488 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 18,224 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.61 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.48 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 33,197 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 708,751 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 18,175 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 60,820 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 27,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 44,454 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 141,443 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 427,676 + Less than $50,000..................................... 235,586 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,865 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,328 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,810 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,519 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,568 + Median (dollars)...................................... 46,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 227,643 + Less than $250........................................ 129,535 + $250 to $499.......................................... 90,452 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,204 + $750 to $999.......................................... 895 + $1,000 or more........................................ 557 + Median (dollars)...................................... 230 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + White................................................. 760,287 + Black................................................. 121,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,539 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,228 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 5,350 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** California + + Total population...................................... 29,760,021 +SEX + Male..................................................... 14,897,627 + Female................................................... 14,862,394 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 2,397,715 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 5,353,010 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 1,411,200 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 2,001,057 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 10,325,692 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 2,902,569 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 1,133,907 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 1,099,319 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,857,221 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 979,224 + 85 years and over........................................ 299,107 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 7,750,725 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.0 +65 years and over........................................... 3,135,552 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 10,381,206 + Family households (families)............................. 7,139,394 + Married-couple families............................... 5,469,522 + Percent of total households........................ 52.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 477,692 + Other family, female householder...................... 1,192,180 + Nonfamily households..................................... 3,241,812 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 2,429,867 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 818,520 + Persons living in households............................. 29,008,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.79 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 751,860 + Institutionalized persons............................. 376,374 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 375,486 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 20,524,327 + Black.................................................... 2,208,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 242,164 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,845,659 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + Other race............................................... 3,939,070 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 7,687,938 + Percent of total population........................... 25.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** California + + Total housing units................................... 11,182,882 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 5,773,943 + Percent owner occupied............................. 55.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 4,607,263 + Vacant housing units..................................... 801,676 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 195,385 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.84 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.74 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 1,275,377 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 6,119,265 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 811,684 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 966,355 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 705,704 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,899,934 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 679,940 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 4,690,264 + Less than $50,000..................................... 119,023 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 636,643 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 812,098 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 851,540 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,150,992 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,119,968 + Median (dollars)...................................... 195,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 4,400,105 + Less than $250........................................ 330,342 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,385,013 + $500 to $749.......................................... 1,692,456 + $750 to $999.......................................... 668,470 + $1,000 or more........................................ 323,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 561 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + White................................................. 7,871,635 + Black................................................. 751,563 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 78,848 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 777,913 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.5 + Other race............................................ 901,247 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,836,989 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Colorado + + Total population...................................... 3,294,394 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,631,295 + Female................................................... 1,663,099 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 252,893 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 608,373 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,197 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 187,328 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,179,936 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 336,671 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 130,193 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 121,360 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 194,527 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 101,963 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,953 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 861,266 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.1 +65 years and over........................................... 329,443 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,282,489 + Family households (families)............................. 854,214 + Married-couple families............................... 690,292 + Percent of total households........................ 53.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,353 + Other family, female householder...................... 124,569 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,275 + Percent of total households........................ 33.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 340,962 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 95,849 + Persons living in households............................. 3,214,922 + Persons per household.................................... 2.51 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 79,472 + Institutionalized persons............................. 35,976 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 43,496 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,905,474 + Black.................................................... 133,146 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 27,776 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 59,862 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 168,136 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 424,302 + Percent of total population........................... 12.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Colorado + + Total housing units................................... 1,477,349 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + Owner occupied........................................ 798,277 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 484,212 + Vacant housing units..................................... 194,860 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 63,814 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 884,431 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 87,437 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 89,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 63,855 + 10 or more units......................................... 249,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 102,269 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 637,629 + Less than $50,000..................................... 84,061 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 363,091 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 122,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 37,447 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,930 + $300,000 or more...................................... 10,255 + Median (dollars)...................................... 82,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,881 + Less than $250........................................ 88,745 + $250 to $499.......................................... 271,347 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,533 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,937 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,319 + Median (dollars)...................................... 362 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + White................................................. 1,154,983 + Black................................................. 49,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 8,959 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,099 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Other race............................................ 52,193 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 130,704 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Connecticut + + Total population...................................... 3,287,116 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,592,873 + Female................................................... 1,694,243 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 228,356 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 521,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 145,274 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 200,159 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,094,878 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 356,042 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 147,022 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 148,253 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 256,237 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 142,677 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,993 + Median age............................................... 34.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 749,581 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.8 +65 years and over........................................... 445,907 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,230,479 + Family households (families)............................. 864,493 + Married-couple families............................... 684,660 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,448 + Other family, female householder...................... 140,385 + Nonfamily households..................................... 365,986 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 297,161 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 121,918 + Persons living in households............................. 3,185,949 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,167 + Institutionalized persons............................. 48,424 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 52,743 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,859,353 + Black.................................................... 274,269 + Percent of total population........................... 8.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 6,654 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 50,698 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 96,142 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 213,116 + Percent of total population........................... 6.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Connecticut + + Total housing units................................... 1,320,850 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + Owner occupied........................................ 807,481 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 422,998 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,371 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,428 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 28,237 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 748,626 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 66,681 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 243,600 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 75,497 + 10 or more units......................................... 155,492 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 30,954 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 643,500 + Less than $50,000..................................... 4,582 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 36,715 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 165,331 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 188,019 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 150,321 + $300,000 or more...................................... 98,532 + Median (dollars)...................................... 177,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 401,254 + Less than $250........................................ 56,694 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,109 + $500 to $749.......................................... 152,144 + $750 to $999.......................................... 38,238 + $1,000 or more........................................ 19,069 + Median (dollars)...................................... 510 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + White................................................. 1,096,812 + Black................................................. 90,882 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,383 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,558 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Other race............................................ 26,844 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 61,580 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Delaware + + Total population...................................... 666,168 +SEX + Male..................................................... 322,968 + Female................................................... 343,200 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 48,824 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 114,517 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 33,586 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 42,647 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 217,981 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 68,114 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,861 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 29,903 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 49,596 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 23,997 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,142 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 163,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.5 +65 years and over........................................... 80,735 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 247,497 + Family households (families)............................. 175,867 + Married-couple families............................... 137,983 + Percent of total households........................ 55.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,565 + Other family, female householder...................... 29,319 + Nonfamily households..................................... 71,630 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 57,451 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 21,566 + Persons living in households............................. 646,097 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,071 + Institutionalized persons............................. 8,662 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 535,094 + Black.................................................... 112,460 + Percent of total population........................... 16.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,019 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,057 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Other race............................................... 7,538 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,820 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Delaware + + Total housing units................................... 289,919 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + Owner occupied........................................ 173,813 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 73,684 + Vacant housing units..................................... 42,422 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 19,328 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 5,624 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 156,013 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 40,161 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 13,919 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,148 + 10 or more units......................................... 32,612 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 37,066 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 137,526 + Less than $50,000..................................... 11,847 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 56,838 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 38,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,640 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,479 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,259 + Median (dollars)...................................... 100,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 68,249 + Less than $250........................................ 12,669 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,047 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,687 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,835 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,011 + Median (dollars)...................................... 425 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + White................................................. 204,968 + Black................................................. 37,229 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 15.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 773 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,538 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 1,989 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,497 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** District of Columbia + + Total population...................................... 606,900 +SEX + Male..................................................... 282,970 + Female................................................... 323,930 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 37,351 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 79,741 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 35,291 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 47,267 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,472 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,031 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 25,441 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 25,459 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 44,553 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 25,447 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,847 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 117,092 + Percent of total population.............................. 19.3 +65 years and over........................................... 77,847 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 249,634 + Family households (families)............................. 122,087 + Married-couple families............................... 63,110 + Percent of total households........................ 25.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,402 + Other family, female householder...................... 48,575 + Nonfamily households..................................... 127,547 + Percent of total households........................ 51.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 103,626 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 27,237 + Persons living in households............................. 565,183 + Persons per household.................................... 2.26 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 41,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,070 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 27,647 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 179,667 + Black.................................................... 399,604 + Percent of total population........................... 65.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,466 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 11,214 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 14,949 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,710 + Percent of total population........................... 5.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** District of Columbia + + Total housing units................................... 278,489 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + Owner occupied........................................ 97,108 + Percent owner occupied............................. 38.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 152,526 + Vacant housing units..................................... 28,855 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 1,575 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.50 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.12 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 20,587 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 34,602 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 71,321 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,699 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,783 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,237 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 2,847 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 71,532 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,680 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 25,247 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 15,000 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,859 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 14,374 + Median (dollars)...................................... 123,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 148,553 + Less than $250........................................ 23,897 + $250 to $499.......................................... 65,510 + $500 to $749.......................................... 37,629 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,668 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,849 + Median (dollars)...................................... 441 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + White................................................. 88,295 + Black................................................. 152,356 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 61.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 612 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,070 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 4,301 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 10,455 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Florida + + Total population...................................... 12,937,926 +SEX + Male..................................................... 6,261,719 + Female................................................... 6,676,207 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 849,596 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,016,641 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 522,755 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 692,902 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,927,400 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,291,611 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 588,552 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 679,038 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,369,652 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 789,669 + 85 years and over........................................ 210,110 + Median age............................................... 36.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,866,237 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.2 +65 years and over........................................... 2,369,431 + Percent of total population.............................. 18.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 5,134,869 + Family households (families)............................. 3,511,825 + Married-couple families............................... 2,791,734 + Percent of total households........................ 54.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 171,535 + Other family, female householder...................... 548,556 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,623,044 + Percent of total households........................ 31.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,309,954 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 591,468 + Persons living in households............................. 12,630,465 + Persons per household.................................... 2.46 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 307,461 + Institutionalized persons............................. 173,637 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 133,824 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,749,285 + Black.................................................... 1,759,534 + Percent of total population........................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 36,335 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 154,302 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 238,470 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 1,574,143 + Percent of total population........................... 12.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Florida + + Total housing units................................... 6,100,262 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,452,160 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,682,709 + Vacant housing units..................................... 965,393 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 417,670 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.49 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 297,557 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 3,032,769 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 335,798 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 462,438 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 320,580 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,127,629 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 821,048 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,378,207 + Less than $50,000..................................... 433,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,239,055 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 381,899 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 151,452 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 100,648 + $300,000 or more...................................... 72,032 + Median (dollars)...................................... 77,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,591,461 + Less than $250........................................ 261,349 + $250 to $499.......................................... 892,383 + $500 to $749.......................................... 355,636 + $750 to $999.......................................... 49,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 32,665 + Median (dollars)...................................... 402 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + White................................................. 4,457,493 + Black................................................. 553,561 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,088 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 42,895 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 67,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 510,849 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Georgia + + Total population...................................... 6,478,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,144,503 + Female................................................... 3,333,713 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 495,535 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,231,768 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 325,159 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 413,425 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,190,594 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 668,951 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 259,735 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 238,779 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 388,051 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 208,975 + 85 years and over........................................ 57,244 + Median age............................................... 31.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,727,303 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 654,270 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,366,615 + Family households (families)............................. 1,713,072 + Married-couple families............................... 1,306,756 + Percent of total households........................ 55.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 76,675 + Other family, female householder...................... 329,641 + Nonfamily households..................................... 653,543 + Percent of total households........................ 27.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 537,702 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 185,027 + Persons living in households............................. 6,304,583 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 173,633 + Institutionalized persons............................. 87,266 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 86,367 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,600,148 + Black.................................................... 1,746,565 + Percent of total population........................... 27.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,348 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 75,781 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 42,374 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 108,922 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Georgia + + Total housing units................................... 2,638,418 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,536,759 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 829,856 + Vacant housing units..................................... 271,803 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 33,637 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.76 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.49 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 95,828 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,638,847 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 73,412 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 198,036 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 167,552 + 10 or more units......................................... 232,683 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 327,888 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,138,775 + Less than $50,000..................................... 314,490 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 531,167 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 163,205 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 66,878 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,949 + $300,000 or more...................................... 23,086 + Median (dollars)...................................... 71,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 759,499 + Less than $250........................................ 251,826 + $250 to $499.......................................... 361,984 + $500 to $749.......................................... 127,415 + $750 to $999.......................................... 13,143 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,131 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + White................................................. 1,756,916 + Black................................................. 574,113 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 24.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,812 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,279 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 10,495 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,873 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Hawaii + + Total population...................................... 1,108,229 +SEX + Male..................................................... 563,891 + Female................................................... 544,338 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 83,223 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 196,903 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 48,549 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 72,636 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 379,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 108,775 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 45,375 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 48,728 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 78,653 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 35,955 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,397 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 280,126 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.3 +65 years and over........................................... 125,005 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 356,267 + Family households (families)............................. 263,456 + Married-couple families............................... 210,468 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 15,579 + Other family, female householder...................... 37,409 + Nonfamily households..................................... 92,811 + Percent of total households........................ 26.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,985 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 20,933 + Persons living in households............................. 1,070,597 + Persons per household.................................... 3.01 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,632 + Institutionalized persons............................. 7,805 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 29,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 369,616 + Black.................................................... 27,195 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,099 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 685,236 + Percent of total population........................... 61.8 + Other race............................................... 21,083 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 81,390 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Hawaii + + Total housing units................................... 389,810 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + Owner occupied........................................ 191,911 + Percent owner occupied............................. 53.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 164,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,543 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,806 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 0.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.19 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.78 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,708 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,990 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,041 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 24,182 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 22,258 + 10 or more units......................................... 100,238 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 6,101 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 144,431 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,339 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 13,111 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 16,706 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 21,119 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,679 + $300,000 or more...................................... 50,477 + Median (dollars)...................................... 245,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 139,266 + Less than $250........................................ 15,119 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,779 + $500 to $749.......................................... 43,763 + $750 to $999.......................................... 25,164 + $1,000 or more........................................ 18,441 + Median (dollars)...................................... 599 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + White................................................. 138,425 + Black................................................. 7,787 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 202,518 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 56.8 + Other race............................................ 5,951 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 20,176 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Idaho + + Total population...................................... 1,006,749 +SEX + Male..................................................... 500,956 + Female................................................... 505,793 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 80,193 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 228,212 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,064 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 51,183 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 301,968 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 98,907 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 39,407 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 38,550 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 69,755 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,112 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,398 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 308,405 + Percent of total population.............................. 30.6 +65 years and over........................................... 121,265 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 360,723 + Family households (families)............................. 263,194 + Married-couple families............................... 224,198 + Percent of total households........................ 62.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,113 + Other family, female householder...................... 28,883 + Nonfamily households..................................... 97,529 + Percent of total households........................ 27.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,800 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,939 + Persons living in households............................. 985,259 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,490 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,478 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,012 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 950,451 + Black.................................................... 3,370 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,780 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,365 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 29,783 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 52,927 + Percent of total population........................... 5.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Idaho + + Total housing units................................... 413,327 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + Owner occupied........................................ 252,734 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 107,989 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,604 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 24,252 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.51 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 15,199 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 285,885 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,102 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,151 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 11,701 + 10 or more units......................................... 17,242 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 60,246 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 177,333 + Less than $50,000..................................... 66,830 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 89,406 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 14,237 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 3,739 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,963 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,158 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 92,907 + Less than $250........................................ 42,967 + $250 to $499.......................................... 44,092 + $500 to $749.......................................... 4,599 + $750 to $999.......................................... 938 + $1,000 or more........................................ 311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + White................................................. 345,484 + Black................................................. 1,095 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,082 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,602 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 7,460 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,464 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Illinois + + Total population...................................... 11,430,602 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,552,233 + Female................................................... 5,878,369 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 848,141 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,098,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 531,971 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 680,979 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,693,329 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,166,727 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 485,581 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 489,104 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 821,940 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 467,056 + 85 years and over........................................ 147,549 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,946,366 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,436,545 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,202,240 + Family households (families)............................. 2,924,880 + Married-couple families............................... 2,271,962 + Percent of total households........................ 54.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 147,173 + Other family, female householder...................... 505,745 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,277,360 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,081,113 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 423,740 + Persons living in households............................. 11,143,646 + Persons per household.................................... 2.65 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 286,956 + Institutionalized persons............................. 149,842 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 137,114 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 8,952,978 + Black.................................................... 1,694,273 + Percent of total population........................... 14.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,836 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 285,311 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + Other race............................................... 476,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 904,446 + Percent of total population........................... 7.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Illinois + + Total housing units................................... 4,506,275 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,699,182 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,503,058 + Vacant housing units..................................... 304,035 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,056 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.81 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.37 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 166,805 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,557,169 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 157,771 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 648,275 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 290,519 + 10 or more units......................................... 663,448 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 189,093 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,084,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 525,054 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 786,610 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 403,218 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 183,679 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 114,529 + $300,000 or more...................................... 71,618 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,416,273 + Less than $250........................................ 352,318 + $250 to $499.......................................... 703,816 + $500 to $749.......................................... 283,237 + $750 to $999.......................................... 53,525 + $1,000 or more........................................ 23,377 + Median (dollars)...................................... 369 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + White................................................. 3,447,865 + Black................................................. 550,311 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,438 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 80,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + Other race............................................ 115,955 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 229,993 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Indiana + + Total population...................................... 5,544,159 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,688,281 + Female................................................... 2,855,878 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 398,656 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,057,308 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 279,864 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 325,018 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,734,270 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 570,791 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 239,692 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 242,364 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 402,041 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 222,404 + 85 years and over........................................ 71,751 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,455,964 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.3 +65 years and over........................................... 696,196 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,065,355 + Family households (families)............................. 1,480,351 + Married-couple families............................... 1,202,020 + Percent of total households........................ 58.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,703 + Other family, female householder...................... 217,628 + Nonfamily households..................................... 585,004 + Percent of total households........................ 28.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 496,841 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 208,437 + Persons living in households............................. 5,382,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 161,992 + Institutionalized persons............................. 81,686 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 80,306 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,020,700 + Black.................................................... 432,092 + Percent of total population........................... 7.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,720 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 37,617 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 41,030 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 98,788 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Indiana + + Total housing units................................... 2,246,046 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,450,898 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 614,457 + Vacant housing units..................................... 180,691 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 36,945 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 45,376 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,574,160 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,445 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 170,801 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 99,836 + 10 or more units......................................... 167,718 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 176,086 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,137,766 + Less than $50,000..................................... 514,285 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 484,025 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 92,829 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 26,991 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 13,675 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,961 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 554,678 + Less than $250........................................ 204,414 + $250 to $499.......................................... 310,071 + $500 to $749.......................................... 33,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,434 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 291 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + White................................................. 1,889,853 + Black................................................. 149,055 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,519 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 11,075 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 27,571 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Iowa + + Total population...................................... 2,776,755 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,344,802 + Female................................................... 1,431,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 193,203 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 525,677 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 131,299 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 152,414 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 823,940 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 274,428 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 122,335 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 127,353 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 226,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,890 + 85 years and over........................................ 55,255 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 718,880 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 426,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,064,325 + Family households (families)............................. 740,819 + Married-couple families............................... 629,893 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 85,141 + Nonfamily households..................................... 323,506 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 275,466 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 130,964 + Persons living in households............................. 2,677,235 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 99,520 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,841 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,679 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,683,090 + Black.................................................... 48,090 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 7,349 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 25,476 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 12,750 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,647 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Iowa + + Total housing units................................... 1,143,669 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + Owner occupied........................................ 745,377 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 318,948 + Vacant housing units..................................... 79,344 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 14,644 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,009 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 852,993 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,735 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,956 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,745 + 10 or more units......................................... 76,761 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,479 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 566,559 + Less than $50,000..................................... 317,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 209,703 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 27,708 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,959 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,338 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,070 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 268,439 + Less than $250........................................ 125,112 + $250 to $499.......................................... 129,124 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,343 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,287 + $1,000 or more........................................ 573 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + White................................................. 1,036,774 + Black................................................. 15,741 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,157 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,287 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 3,366 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,926 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kansas + + Total population...................................... 2,477,574 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,214,645 + Female................................................... 1,262,929 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 188,390 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 473,224 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 113,717 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 140,776 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 774,499 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 235,388 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 103,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 105,188 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 184,664 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 115,666 + 85 years and over........................................ 42,241 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 661,614 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 342,571 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 944,726 + Family households (families)............................. 658,600 + Married-couple families............................... 552,495 + Percent of total households........................ 58.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 24,672 + Other family, female householder...................... 81,433 + Nonfamily households..................................... 286,126 + Percent of total households........................ 30.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 245,156 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 104,297 + Persons living in households............................. 2,394,809 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 82,765 + Institutionalized persons............................. 42,896 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,869 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,231,986 + Black.................................................... 143,076 + Percent of total population........................... 5.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,965 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,750 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + Other race............................................... 48,797 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,670 + Percent of total population........................... 3.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kansas + + Total housing units................................... 1,044,112 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + Owner occupied........................................ 641,762 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 302,964 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,386 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,336 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.64 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 23,690 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 747,318 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,868 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,100 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 34,720 + 10 or more units......................................... 74,710 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 78,396 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 500,628 + Less than $50,000..................................... 237,988 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 199,619 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 41,114 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,348 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,431 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 52,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 270,761 + Less than $250........................................ 108,024 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,967 + $500 to $749.......................................... 22,396 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,744 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,630 + Median (dollars)...................................... 285 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + White................................................. 867,644 + Black................................................. 48,365 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,974 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,357 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 13,386 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 25,606 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kentucky + + Total population...................................... 3,685,296 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,785,235 + Female................................................... 1,900,061 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 250,871 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 703,223 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 182,178 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 217,811 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,159,182 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 382,366 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 162,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 159,999 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 268,226 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 152,252 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,367 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 954,094 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 466,845 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,379,782 + Family households (families)............................. 1,015,998 + Married-couple families............................... 816,732 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,606 + Other family, female householder...................... 159,660 + Nonfamily households..................................... 363,784 + Percent of total households........................ 26.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 321,247 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 142,045 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,120 + Persons per household.................................... 2.60 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,176 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,609 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 53,567 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,391,832 + Black.................................................... 262,907 + Percent of total population........................... 7.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,769 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 17,812 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,976 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 21,984 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kentucky + + Total housing units................................... 1,506,845 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + Owner occupied........................................ 960,469 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 419,313 + Vacant housing units..................................... 127,063 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,962 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.6 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.69 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 35,873 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,010,860 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 25,285 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,291 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 65,348 + 10 or more units......................................... 96,494 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 199,567 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 662,174 + Less than $50,000..................................... 326,862 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 260,534 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 47,479 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,851 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,041 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,407 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 351,165 + Less than $250........................................ 175,280 + $250 to $499.......................................... 160,392 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,875 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,499 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,119 + Median (dollars)...................................... 250 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + White................................................. 1,278,806 + Black................................................. 92,639 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,108 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,634 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,595 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 6,220 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Louisiana + + Total population...................................... 4,219,973 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,031,386 + Female................................................... 2,188,587 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 334,650 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 892,619 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,010 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 254,501 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,309,858 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 406,440 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 171,927 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 170,977 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 275,008 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 150,350 + 85 years and over........................................ 43,633 + Median age............................................... 31.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,227,269 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.1 +65 years and over........................................... 468,991 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,499,269 + Family households (families)............................. 1,089,882 + Married-couple families............................... 803,282 + Percent of total households........................ 53.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,471 + Other family, female householder...................... 234,129 + Nonfamily households..................................... 409,387 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 356,060 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 137,596 + Persons living in households............................. 4,107,395 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 112,578 + Institutionalized persons............................. 67,276 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 45,302 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,839,138 + Black.................................................... 1,299,281 + Percent of total population........................... 30.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 18,541 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,099 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + Other race............................................... 21,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,044 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Louisiana + + Total housing units................................... 1,716,241 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + Owner occupied........................................ 987,919 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 511,350 + Vacant housing units..................................... 216,972 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,333 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.83 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.57 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 89,268 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,083,921 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 79,002 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 152,060 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 58,819 + 10 or more units......................................... 124,916 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 217,523 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 733,914 + Less than $50,000..................................... 289,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 344,457 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,958 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,800 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,450 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,077 + Less than $250........................................ 211,769 + $250 to $499.......................................... 213,862 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,781 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,209 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,456 + Median (dollars)...................................... 260 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + White................................................. 1,069,650 + Black................................................. 406,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 27.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,686 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 6,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,990 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maine + + Total population...................................... 1,227,928 +SEX + Male..................................................... 597,850 + Female................................................... 630,078 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 85,722 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 223,280 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 56,232 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 67,540 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 398,580 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 124,751 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,216 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 54,234 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 91,600 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 53,547 + 85 years and over........................................ 18,226 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 309,002 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.2 +65 years and over........................................... 163,373 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 465,312 + Family households (families)............................. 328,685 + Married-couple families............................... 270,565 + Percent of total households........................ 58.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,760 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 136,627 + Percent of total households........................ 29.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 108,474 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 48,257 + Persons living in households............................. 1,190,759 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,169 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,136 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,033 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,208,360 + Black.................................................... 5,138 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,998 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 6,683 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,749 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 6,829 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maine + + Total housing units................................... 587,045 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + Owner occupied........................................ 327,888 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 137,424 + Vacant housing units..................................... 121,733 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 88,039 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.20 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,998 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 378,413 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,753 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,077 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 28,553 + 10 or more units......................................... 26,230 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,019 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 214,663 + Less than $50,000..................................... 37,489 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 95,187 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 49,286 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 18,040 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,995 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,666 + Median (dollars)...................................... 87,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 122,972 + Less than $250........................................ 30,198 + $250 to $499.......................................... 68,579 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,902 + $1,000 or more........................................ 845 + Median (dollars)...................................... 358 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + White................................................. 460,110 + Black................................................. 1,458 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,860 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,503 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 381 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maryland + + Total population...................................... 4,781,468 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,318,671 + Female................................................... 2,462,797 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 357,818 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 804,423 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 208,411 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 296,962 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,677,104 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 521,801 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 202,170 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 195,297 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 314,491 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 156,495 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,496 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,162,241 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 517,482 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,748,991 + Family households (families)............................. 1,245,814 + Married-couple families............................... 948,563 + Percent of total households........................ 54.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 65,362 + Other family, female householder...................... 231,889 + Nonfamily households..................................... 503,177 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 394,572 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 135,318 + Persons living in households............................. 4,667,612 + Persons per household.................................... 2.67 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 113,856 + Institutionalized persons............................. 62,760 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,096 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,393,964 + Black.................................................... 1,189,899 + Percent of total population........................... 24.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,972 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 139,719 + Percent of total population........................... 2.9 + Other race............................................... 44,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 125,102 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maryland + + Total housing units................................... 1,891,917 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,137,296 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 611,695 + Vacant housing units..................................... 142,926 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 42,268 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.45 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 53,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 938,514 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 393,185 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 104,332 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 105,530 + 10 or more units......................................... 294,364 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 55,992 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 970,864 + Less than $50,000..................................... 87,334 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 300,852 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 274,242 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 139,611 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 103,274 + $300,000 or more...................................... 65,551 + Median (dollars)...................................... 116,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 574,109 + Less than $250........................................ 88,093 + $250 to $499.......................................... 223,038 + $500 to $749.......................................... 196,835 + $750 to $999.......................................... 50,950 + $1,000 or more........................................ 15,193 + Median (dollars)...................................... 473 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + White................................................. 1,293,894 + Black................................................. 401,460 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 23.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,406 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,062 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + Other race............................................ 11,169 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 34,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Massachusetts + + Total population...................................... 6,016,425 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,888,745 + Female................................................... 3,127,680 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 412,473 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 940,602 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 302,128 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 406,971 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,019,817 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 600,095 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 253,458 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 261,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 459,881 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 267,194 + 85 years and over........................................ 92,209 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,353,075 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 819,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,247,110 + Family households (families)............................. 1,514,746 + Married-couple families............................... 1,170,275 + Percent of total households........................ 52.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 73,548 + Other family, female householder...................... 270,923 + Nonfamily households..................................... 732,364 + Percent of total households........................ 32.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 580,774 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 243,334 + Persons living in households............................. 5,802,118 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 214,307 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,345 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 129,962 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,405,374 + Black.................................................... 300,130 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,241 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 143,392 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 155,288 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 287,549 + Percent of total population........................... 4.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Massachusetts + + Total housing units................................... 2,472,711 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,331,493 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 915,617 + Vacant housing units..................................... 225,601 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 90,367 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,700 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,237,786 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 88,746 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 597,143 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 159,332 + 10 or more units......................................... 338,585 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 51,119 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,004,573 + Less than $50,000..................................... 9,481 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,514 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 310,792 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 298,303 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 196,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 96,111 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 879,173 + Less than $250........................................ 164,904 + $250 to $499.......................................... 265,621 + $500 to $749.......................................... 308,154 + $750 to $999.......................................... 98,604 + $1,000 or more........................................ 41,890 + Median (dollars)...................................... 506 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + White................................................. 2,061,948 + Black................................................. 99,402 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,728 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.7 + Other race............................................ 42,824 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 81,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Michigan + + Total population...................................... 9,295,297 +SEX + Male..................................................... 4,512,781 + Female................................................... 4,782,516 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 702,554 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,756,211 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 449,966 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 554,561 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,980,702 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 948,119 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 392,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 401,936 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 655,838 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 345,716 + 85 years and over........................................ 106,907 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,458,765 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,108,461 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 3,419,331 + Family households (families)............................. 2,439,171 + Married-couple families............................... 1,883,143 + Percent of total households........................ 55.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 113,789 + Other family, female householder...................... 442,239 + Nonfamily households..................................... 980,160 + Percent of total households........................ 28.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 809,449 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 317,659 + Persons living in households............................. 9,083,605 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 211,692 + Institutionalized persons............................. 112,903 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 98,789 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 7,756,086 + Black.................................................... 1,291,706 + Percent of total population........................... 13.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 55,638 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 104,983 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 86,884 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 201,596 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Michigan + + Total housing units................................... 3,847,926 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,427,643 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 991,688 + Vacant housing units..................................... 428,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 223,549 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 90,551 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,673,184 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 130,583 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 267,767 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 150,831 + 10 or more units......................................... 336,721 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 288,840 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,916,143 + Less than $50,000..................................... 737,217 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 814,496 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 219,195 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 79,313 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 45,953 + $300,000 or more...................................... 19,969 + Median (dollars)...................................... 60,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 925,304 + Less than $250........................................ 232,954 + $250 to $499.......................................... 536,905 + $500 to $749.......................................... 128,873 + $750 to $999.......................................... 17,827 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,745 + Median (dollars)...................................... 343 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + White................................................. 2,907,741 + Black................................................. 441,984 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 12.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 17,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 23,693 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,798 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Minnesota + + Total population...................................... 4,375,099 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,145,183 + Female................................................... 2,229,916 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 336,800 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 829,983 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 192,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 250,000 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,445,827 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 428,460 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 173,066 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 171,220 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 294,522 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 183,577 + 85 years and over........................................ 68,835 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,166,783 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 546,934 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,647,853 + Family households (families)............................. 1,130,683 + Married-couple families............................... 942,524 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 46,605 + Other family, female householder...................... 141,554 + Nonfamily households..................................... 517,170 + Percent of total households........................ 31.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 413,531 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 167,001 + Persons living in households............................. 4,257,478 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 117,621 + Institutionalized persons............................. 63,279 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 54,342 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,130,395 + Black.................................................... 94,944 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 49,909 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 77,886 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 21,965 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 53,884 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Minnesota + + Total housing units................................... 1,848,445 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,183,673 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 464,180 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,592 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 105,122 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.08 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 34,126 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,230,561 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 69,267 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 115,347 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 45,190 + 10 or more units......................................... 276,475 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 111,605 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 894,345 + Less than $50,000..................................... 204,921 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 482,307 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 138,209 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 38,579 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,091 + $300,000 or more...................................... 9,238 + Median (dollars)...................................... 74,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 431,301 + Less than $250........................................ 103,986 + $250 to $499.......................................... 217,401 + $500 to $749.......................................... 93,630 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,480 + Median (dollars)...................................... 384 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + White................................................. 1,579,722 + Black................................................. 31,201 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 14,168 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,198 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 5,564 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 14,039 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Mississippi + + Total population...................................... 2,573,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,230,617 + Female................................................... 1,342,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 195,365 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 551,396 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 141,847 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 151,499 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 749,584 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 247,745 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 107,784 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 106,712 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 180,149 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 108,800 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,335 + Median age............................................... 31.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 746,761 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.0 +65 years and over........................................... 321,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 911,374 + Family households (families)............................. 674,378 + Married-couple families............................... 498,240 + Percent of total households........................ 54.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 30,917 + Other family, female householder...................... 145,221 + Nonfamily households..................................... 236,996 + Percent of total households........................ 26.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 212,949 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 98,180 + Persons living in households............................. 2,503,499 + Persons per household.................................... 2.75 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 69,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 29,733 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,984 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,633,461 + Black.................................................... 915,057 + Percent of total population........................... 35.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,525 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 13,016 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,157 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,931 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Mississippi + + Total housing units................................... 1,010,423 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + Owner occupied........................................ 651,587 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 259,787 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,049 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,002 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.65 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 710,298 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,060 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 56,813 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 35,675 + 10 or more units......................................... 41,322 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 149,255 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 441,821 + Less than $50,000..................................... 249,302 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,081 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 24,236 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,571 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,590 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 214,289 + Less than $250........................................ 126,942 + $250 to $499.......................................... 80,106 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,222 + $750 to $999.......................................... 588 + $1,000 or more........................................ 431 + Median (dollars)...................................... 215 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + White................................................. 623,470 + Black................................................. 281,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 30.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,329 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 857 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,745 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Missouri + + Total population...................................... 5,117,073 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,464,315 + Female................................................... 2,652,758 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 369,244 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 945,582 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 234,368 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 282,823 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,586,813 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 523,177 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 228,556 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 228,829 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 394,202 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 242,262 + 85 years and over........................................ 81,217 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,314,826 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.7 +65 years and over........................................... 717,681 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,961,206 + Family households (families)............................. 1,368,334 + Married-couple families............................... 1,104,723 + Percent of total households........................ 56.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,436 + Other family, female householder...................... 208,175 + Nonfamily households..................................... 592,872 + Percent of total households........................ 30.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 510,684 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 221,516 + Persons living in households............................. 4,971,676 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 145,397 + Institutionalized persons............................. 80,854 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 64,543 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,486,228 + Black.................................................... 548,208 + Percent of total population........................... 10.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,835 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,277 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 21,525 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 61,702 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Missouri + + Total housing units................................... 2,199,129 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,348,746 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 612,460 + Vacant housing units..................................... 237,923 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,492 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 48,264 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,489,661 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,345 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 212,483 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 85,323 + 10 or more units......................................... 172,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 181,957 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,005,407 + Less than $50,000..................................... 385,051 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 452,582 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 101,957 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 33,635 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 20,275 + $300,000 or more...................................... 11,907 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 548,587 + Less than $250........................................ 223,902 + $250 to $499.......................................... 275,787 + $500 to $749.......................................... 40,831 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,290 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,777 + Median (dollars)...................................... 282 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + White................................................. 1,747,422 + Black................................................. 188,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,298 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 11,584 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 6,049 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 18,444 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Montana + + Total population...................................... 799,065 +SEX + Male..................................................... 395,769 + Female................................................... 403,296 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 59,257 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 162,847 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 32,703 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,308 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 249,826 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 82,306 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 34,005 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 34,316 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 60,884 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,937 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,676 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 222,104 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.8 +65 years and over........................................... 106,497 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 306,163 + Family households (families)............................. 211,666 + Married-couple families............................... 176,526 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,743 + Other family, female householder...................... 26,397 + Nonfamily households..................................... 94,497 + Percent of total households........................ 30.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,491 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,208 + Persons living in households............................. 775,318 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 23,747 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,125 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,622 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 741,111 + Black.................................................... 2,381 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 47,679 + Percent of total population........................... 6.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 4,259 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,635 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 12,174 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Montana + + Total housing units................................... 361,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + Owner occupied........................................ 205,899 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 100,264 + Vacant housing units..................................... 54,992 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,481 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.65 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.28 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,886 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 237,533 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 8,432 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,327 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,376 + 10 or more units......................................... 16,931 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 58,556 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 132,419 + Less than $50,000..................................... 52,306 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 68,279 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 8,398 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 2,142 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,018 + $300,000 or more...................................... 276 + Median (dollars)...................................... 56,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 85,542 + Less than $250........................................ 42,446 + $250 to $499.......................................... 40,278 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,389 + $750 to $999.......................................... 199 + $1,000 or more........................................ 230 + Median (dollars)...................................... 251 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + White................................................. 290,030 + Black................................................. 760 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,230 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,040 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,103 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,374 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Nevada + + Total population...................................... 1,201,833 +SEX + Male..................................................... 611,880 + Female................................................... 589,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 92,217 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 204,731 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,863 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 71,082 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 414,292 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 136,000 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,681 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 53,336 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,785 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,383 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,463 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 296,948 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 127,631 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 466,297 + Family households (families)............................. 307,400 + Married-couple families............................... 239,573 + Percent of total households........................ 51.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,318 + Other family, female householder...................... 47,509 + Nonfamily households..................................... 158,897 + Percent of total households........................ 34.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 119,627 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 33,244 + Persons living in households............................. 1,177,633 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,200 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,550 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 10,650 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,012,695 + Black.................................................... 78,771 + Percent of total population........................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,637 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 38,127 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + Other race............................................... 52,603 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 124,419 + Percent of total population........................... 10.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Nevada + + Total housing units................................... 518,858 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + Owner occupied........................................ 255,388 + Percent owner occupied............................. 54.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 210,909 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,561 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 11,258 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 235,912 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 26,819 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 49,889 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,757 + 10 or more units......................................... 89,864 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 75,617 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 183,816 + Less than $50,000..................................... 8,415 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,325 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 51,329 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 16,038 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,115 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,594 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 202,782 + Less than $250........................................ 19,063 + $250 to $499.......................................... 111,139 + $500 to $749.......................................... 62,940 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,587 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,053 + Median (dollars)...................................... 445 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + White................................................. 407,859 + Black................................................. 26,485 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,564 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,875 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.3 + Other race............................................ 14,514 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 35,658 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Hampshire + + Total population...................................... 1,109,252 +SEX + Male..................................................... 543,544 + Female................................................... 565,708 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 84,565 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 194,190 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 52,399 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,203 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 387,455 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 112,215 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 44,703 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 43,493 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 71,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,272 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,286 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 278,755 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.1 +65 years and over........................................... 125,029 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 411,186 + Family households (families)............................. 292,601 + Married-couple families............................... 245,307 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,517 + Other family, female householder...................... 34,777 + Nonfamily households..................................... 118,585 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 90,364 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 34,522 + Persons living in households............................. 1,077,101 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 32,151 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,466 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 20,685 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,087,433 + Black.................................................... 7,198 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,134 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,343 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 3,144 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 11,333 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Hampshire + + Total housing units................................... 503,904 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + Owner occupied........................................ 280,372 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 130,814 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,718 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 57,135 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 6,610 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 297,777 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,072 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 68,105 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 26,985 + 10 or more units......................................... 46,022 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,943 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 199,358 + Less than $50,000..................................... 6,262 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 45,594 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 79,905 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 39,937 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,572 + Median (dollars)...................................... 129,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 121,779 + Less than $250........................................ 14,724 + $250 to $499.......................................... 51,960 + $500 to $749.......................................... 45,058 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 479 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + White................................................. 404,832 + Black................................................. 2,322 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 764 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,421 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 847 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Jersey + + Total population...................................... 7,730,188 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,735,685 + Female................................................... 3,994,503 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 532,637 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,266,825 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 326,079 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 453,105 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,557,310 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 843,009 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 355,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 363,521 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 610,192 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 326,286 + 85 years and over........................................ 95,547 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,799,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.3 +65 years and over........................................... 1,032,025 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,794,711 + Family households (families)............................. 2,021,346 + Married-couple families............................... 1,578,702 + Percent of total households........................ 56.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 104,189 + Other family, female householder...................... 338,455 + Nonfamily households..................................... 773,365 + Percent of total households........................ 27.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 646,171 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 273,736 + Persons living in households............................. 7,558,820 + Persons per household.................................... 2.70 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 171,368 + Institutionalized persons............................. 92,670 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 78,698 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 6,130,465 + Black.................................................... 1,036,825 + Percent of total population........................... 13.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,970 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 272,521 + Percent of total population........................... 3.5 + Other race............................................... 275,407 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 739,861 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Jersey + + Total housing units................................... 3,075,310 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,813,381 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 981,330 + Vacant housing units..................................... 280,599 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 100,591 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.87 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.40 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 108,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,637,129 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 234,829 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 526,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 146,396 + 10 or more units......................................... 453,254 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 76,705 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,466,270 + Less than $50,000..................................... 45,471 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 241,369 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 348,781 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 367,285 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 301,468 + $300,000 or more...................................... 161,896 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 942,141 + Less than $250........................................ 106,627 + $250 to $499.......................................... 321,775 + $500 to $749.......................................... 381,923 + $750 to $999.......................................... 92,517 + $1,000 or more........................................ 39,299 + Median (dollars)...................................... 521 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + White................................................. 2,307,810 + Black................................................. 333,782 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,105 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 73,840 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + Other race............................................ 74,174 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 215,526 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Mexico + + Total population...................................... 1,515,069 +SEX + Male..................................................... 745,253 + Female................................................... 769,816 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 125,878 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 320,863 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 68,168 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 83,656 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 484,466 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 147,448 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 62,038 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 59,490 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 97,607 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 51,223 + 85 years and over........................................ 14,232 + Median age............................................... 31.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 446,741 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.5 +65 years and over........................................... 163,062 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 542,709 + Family households (families)............................. 391,487 + Married-couple families............................... 303,789 + Percent of total households........................ 56.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 23,143 + Other family, female householder...................... 64,555 + Nonfamily households..................................... 151,222 + Percent of total households........................ 27.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 124,883 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 42,964 + Persons living in households............................. 1,486,262 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 28,807 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,024 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 14,783 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,146,028 + Black.................................................... 30,210 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 134,355 + Percent of total population........................... 8.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 14,124 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 190,352 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 579,224 + Percent of total population........................... 38.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Mexico + + Total housing units................................... 632,058 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,965 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.4 + Renter occupied....................................... 176,744 + Vacant housing units..................................... 89,349 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,862 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 42,810 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 387,830 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 28,352 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 38,833 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,434 + 10 or more units......................................... 48,239 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 112,370 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 262,309 + Less than $50,000..................................... 73,491 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 128,214 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 37,324 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,822 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 7,176 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,282 + Median (dollars)...................................... 70,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 157,095 + Less than $250........................................ 49,767 + $250 to $499.......................................... 88,292 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,096 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,951 + $1,000 or more........................................ 989 + Median (dollars)...................................... 312 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + White................................................. 435,810 + Black................................................. 10,377 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 33,489 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,733 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 59,300 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 178,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 32.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New York + + Total population...................................... 17,990,455 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,625,673 + Female................................................... 9,364,782 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,255,764 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,003,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 839,066 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,114,358 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,862,873 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,913,920 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 811,857 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 825,110 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,348,279 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 767,270 + 85 years and over........................................ 248,173 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,259,549 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.7 +65 years and over........................................... 2,363,722 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,639,322 + Family households (families)............................. 4,489,312 + Married-couple families............................... 3,315,845 + Percent of total households........................ 49.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 254,201 + Other family, female householder...................... 919,266 + Nonfamily households..................................... 2,150,010 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,806,263 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 700,016 + Persons living in households............................. 17,445,190 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 545,265 + Institutionalized persons............................. 267,122 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 278,143 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 13,385,255 + Black.................................................... 2,859,055 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 62,651 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 693,760 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + Other race............................................... 989,734 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 2,214,026 + Percent of total population........................... 12.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New York + + Total housing units................................... 7,226,891 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,464,436 + Percent owner occupied............................. 52.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 3,174,886 + Vacant housing units..................................... 587,569 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 212,625 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.86 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 431,733 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,929,333 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 301,794 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 1,320,073 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 374,858 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,998,074 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 302,759 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,387,606 + Less than $50,000..................................... 243,817 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 674,377 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 431,629 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 438,992 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 380,997 + $300,000 or more...................................... 217,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 131,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 3,059,911 + Less than $250........................................ 529,128 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,387,210 + $500 to $749.......................................... 764,656 + $750 to $999.......................................... 223,110 + $1,000 or more........................................ 155,807 + Median (dollars)...................................... 428 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + White................................................. 5,184,827 + Black................................................. 947,597 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 20,375 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 201,644 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + Other race............................................ 284,879 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 665,079 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Carolina + + Total population...................................... 6,628,637 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,214,290 + Female................................................... 3,414,347 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 458,955 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,147,194 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 348,346 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 432,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,151,486 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 698,705 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 295,739 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 291,164 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 483,105 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 251,267 + 85 years and over........................................ 69,969 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,606,149 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.2 +65 years and over........................................... 804,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,517,026 + Family households (families)............................. 1,812,053 + Married-couple families............................... 1,424,206 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 77,971 + Other family, female householder...................... 309,876 + Nonfamily households..................................... 704,973 + Percent of total households........................ 28.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 596,959 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 226,384 + Persons living in households............................. 6,404,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 224,470 + Institutionalized persons............................. 83,400 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 141,070 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,008,491 + Black.................................................... 1,456,323 + Percent of total population........................... 22.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 80,155 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 52,166 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 31,502 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 76,726 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Carolina + + Total housing units................................... 2,818,193 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,711,817 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 805,209 + Vacant housing units..................................... 301,167 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 98,714 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,635 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,830,229 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 74,318 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 177,700 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 130,801 + 10 or more units......................................... 150,986 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 454,159 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,217,975 + Less than $50,000..................................... 382,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 575,677 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 155,158 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 56,252 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 33,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 15,019 + Median (dollars)...................................... 65,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 709,716 + Less than $250........................................ 288,186 + $250 to $499.......................................... 360,735 + $500 to $749.......................................... 52,038 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,888 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,869 + Median (dollars)...................................... 284 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + White................................................. 1,977,594 + Black................................................. 492,214 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 25,528 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 7,984 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 21,533 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Dakota + + Total population...................................... 638,800 +SEX + Male..................................................... 318,201 + Female................................................... 320,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 47,845 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 127,540 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 30,750 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,103 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 194,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,084 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 26,268 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 27,120 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 47,541 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 32,274 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,240 + Median age............................................... 32.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 175,385 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.5 +65 years and over........................................... 91,055 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 240,878 + Family households (families)............................. 166,270 + Married-couple families............................... 142,374 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,373 + Other family, female householder...................... 17,523 + Nonfamily households..................................... 74,608 + Percent of total households........................ 31.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 63,953 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 28,021 + Persons living in households............................. 614,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,234 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 13,660 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 604,142 + Black.................................................... 3,524 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 25,917 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,462 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,755 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,665 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Dakota + + Total housing units................................... 276,340 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + Owner occupied........................................ 157,950 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,928 + Vacant housing units..................................... 35,462 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,236 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.18 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,762 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 172,938 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 10,286 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 21,127 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 12,011 + 10 or more units......................................... 30,362 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 29,616 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 103,702 + Less than $50,000..................................... 50,617 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 46,313 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 5,057 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,087 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 522 + $300,000 or more...................................... 106 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 69,800 + Less than $250........................................ 31,355 + $250 to $499.......................................... 35,647 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,476 + $750 to $999.......................................... 227 + $1,000 or more........................................ 95 + Median (dollars)...................................... 266 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + White................................................. 231,488 + Black................................................. 1,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,998 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 879 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 436 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,138 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Ohio + + Total population...................................... 10,847,115 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,226,340 + Female................................................... 5,620,775 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 785,149 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,014,595 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 511,421 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 624,997 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,411,043 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,113,443 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 482,526 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 496,980 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 828,028 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 440,903 + 85 years and over........................................ 138,030 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,799,744 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,406,961 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,087,546 + Family households (families)............................. 2,895,223 + Married-couple families............................... 2,294,111 + Percent of total households........................ 56.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 123,042 + Other family, female householder...................... 478,070 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,192,323 + Percent of total households........................ 29.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,020,450 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 416,352 + Persons living in households............................. 10,585,664 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 261,451 + Institutionalized persons............................. 152,331 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 109,120 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 9,521,756 + Black.................................................... 1,154,826 + Percent of total population........................... 10.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 20,358 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 91,179 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 58,996 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 139,696 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Ohio + + Total housing units................................... 4,371,945 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,758,149 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,329,397 + Vacant housing units..................................... 284,399 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 37,324 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.27 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 71,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,896,826 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 147,651 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 461,286 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 204,074 + 10 or more units......................................... 415,589 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 246,519 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,241,277 + Less than $50,000..................................... 734,006 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,102,762 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 260,464 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 80,808 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 42,921 + $300,000 or more...................................... 20,316 + Median (dollars)...................................... 63,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,231,515 + Less than $250........................................ 431,181 + $250 to $499.......................................... 692,202 + $500 to $749.......................................... 87,843 + $750 to $999.......................................... 11,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 296 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + White................................................. 3,621,244 + Black................................................. 415,670 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,688 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 26,824 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 16,120 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 41,119 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oklahoma + + Total population...................................... 3,145,585 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,530,819 + Female................................................... 1,614,766 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 226,523 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 610,484 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,115 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 173,274 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 961,560 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 322,975 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 141,214 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 137,227 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 235,135 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,230 + 85 years and over........................................ 45,848 + Median age............................................... 33.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 837,007 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.6 +65 years and over........................................... 424,213 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,206,135 + Family households (families)............................. 855,321 + Married-couple families............................... 695,961 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 33,891 + Other family, female householder...................... 125,469 + Nonfamily households..................................... 350,814 + Percent of total households........................ 29.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 309,369 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 131,237 + Persons living in households............................. 3,051,908 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 93,677 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,211 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 42,466 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,583,512 + Black.................................................... 233,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 252,420 + Percent of total population........................... 8.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,563 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 42,289 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 86,160 + Percent of total population........................... 2.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oklahoma + + Total housing units................................... 1,406,499 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + Owner occupied........................................ 821,188 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 384,947 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,364 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,169 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.59 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.41 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 39,941 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,005,020 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,851 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 69,010 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 56,306 + 10 or more units......................................... 99,611 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 143,701 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 616,290 + Less than $50,000..................................... 323,678 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 235,557 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 36,815 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,934 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,055 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,251 + Median (dollars)...................................... 48,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 341,131 + Less than $250........................................ 159,710 + $250 to $499.......................................... 162,583 + $500 to $749.......................................... 15,568 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,037 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 259 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + White................................................. 1,027,966 + Black................................................. 79,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 77,846 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 9,439 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 11,681 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 23,481 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oregon + + Total population...................................... 2,842,321 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,397,073 + Female................................................... 1,445,248 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 201,421 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 522,709 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 119,327 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 148,201 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 926,395 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 296,595 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 116,011 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 120,338 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 224,438 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 128,071 + 85 years and over........................................ 38,815 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 724,130 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.5 +65 years and over........................................... 391,324 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,103,313 + Family households (families)............................. 750,844 + Married-couple families............................... 613,297 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 35,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 101,762 + Nonfamily households..................................... 352,469 + Percent of total households........................ 31.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 278,716 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 108,579 + Persons living in households............................. 2,776,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 66,205 + Institutionalized persons............................. 33,378 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 32,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,636,787 + Black.................................................... 46,178 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 38,496 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 69,269 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 51,591 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 112,707 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oregon + + Total housing units................................... 1,193,567 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + Owner occupied........................................ 695,957 + Percent owner occupied............................. 63.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 407,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,254 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,200 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 40,135 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 764,258 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,355 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 46,847 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,592 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 145,144 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 511,829 + Less than $50,000..................................... 133,255 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 281,213 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,663 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,504 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,456 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,738 + Median (dollars)...................................... 67,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 378,482 + Less than $250........................................ 82,356 + $250 to $499.......................................... 241,786 + $500 to $749.......................................... 44,473 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,444 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,423 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + White................................................. 1,043,711 + Black................................................. 15,385 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,923 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,008 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 12,286 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Pennsylvania + + Total population...................................... 11,881,643 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,694,265 + Female................................................... 6,187,378 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 797,058 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,997,752 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 551,216 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 675,559 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,657,323 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,213,845 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 552,378 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 607,406 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,070,021 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 587,249 + 85 years and over........................................ 171,836 + Median age............................................... 35.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,794,810 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,829,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,495,966 + Family households (families)............................. 3,155,989 + Married-couple families............................... 2,502,072 + Percent of total households........................ 55.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 146,909 + Other family, female householder...................... 507,008 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,339,977 + Percent of total households........................ 29.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,150,694 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 526,264 + Persons living in households............................. 11,533,219 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 348,424 + Institutionalized persons............................. 174,210 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 174,214 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,520,201 + Black.................................................... 1,089,795 + Percent of total population........................... 9.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,733 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 137,438 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 119,476 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 232,262 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Pennsylvania + + Total housing units................................... 4,938,140 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,176,121 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,319,845 + Vacant housing units..................................... 442,174 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 144,359 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.72 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.19 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 82,518 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,636,631 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 909,676 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 507,488 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 171,041 + 10 or more units......................................... 393,091 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 320,213 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,581,261 + Less than $50,000..................................... 829,226 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,017,795 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 395,881 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 180,618 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 109,080 + $300,000 or more...................................... 48,661 + Median (dollars)...................................... 69,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,216,440 + Less than $250........................................ 397,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 601,609 + $500 to $749.......................................... 174,432 + $750 to $999.......................................... 28,834 + $1,000 or more........................................ 14,553 + Median (dollars)...................................... 322 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + White................................................. 4,045,430 + Black................................................. 376,034 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 8.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,353 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 37,362 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 31,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 65,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Rhode Island + + Total population...................................... 1,003,464 +SEX + Male..................................................... 481,496 + Female................................................... 521,968 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 66,969 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 158,721 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 54,930 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,428 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 321,241 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 96,425 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 42,077 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 47,126 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,616 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,915 + 85 years and over........................................ 16,016 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 225,690 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 150,547 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 377,977 + Family households (families)............................. 258,886 + Married-couple families............................... 202,283 + Percent of total households........................ 53.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,261 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,342 + Nonfamily households..................................... 119,091 + Percent of total households........................ 31.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 99,111 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 44,627 + Persons living in households............................. 964,869 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 38,595 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,801 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,794 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 917,375 + Black.................................................... 38,861 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 4,071 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 18,325 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 24,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 45,752 + Percent of total population........................... 4.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Rhode Island + + Total housing units................................... 414,572 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + Owner occupied........................................ 224,792 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 153,185 + Vacant housing units..................................... 36,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,037 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.23 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,676 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 218,776 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,188 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,460 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 23,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 43,280 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 8,844 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 176,494 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,037 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,045 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 78,439 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 35,562 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,426 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,985 + Median (dollars)...................................... 133,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,347 + Less than $250........................................ 30,696 + $250 to $499.......................................... 69,365 + $500 to $749.......................................... 38,510 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,709 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,067 + Median (dollars)...................................... 416 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + White................................................. 352,749 + Black................................................. 12,445 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,339 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,471 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 6,973 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,092 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Carolina + + Total population...................................... 3,486,703 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,688,510 + Female................................................... 1,798,193 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 256,337 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 663,870 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 185,514 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 221,012 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,114,643 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 355,610 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 148,762 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 144,020 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 246,305 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 119,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 30,749 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 920,207 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 396,935 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,258,044 + Family households (families)............................. 928,206 + Married-couple families............................... 710,089 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 41,913 + Other family, female householder...................... 176,204 + Nonfamily households..................................... 329,838 + Percent of total households........................ 26.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 281,347 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 109,012 + Persons living in households............................. 3,370,160 + Persons per household.................................... 2.68 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 116,543 + Institutionalized persons............................. 44,134 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 72,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,406,974 + Black.................................................... 1,039,884 + Percent of total population........................... 29.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,246 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 22,382 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 9,217 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 30,551 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Carolina + + Total housing units................................... 1,424,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,704 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 379,340 + Vacant housing units..................................... 166,111 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 49,843 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.75 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 51,061 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 898,161 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 33,891 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 91,572 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 67,091 + 10 or more units......................................... 80,065 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 253,375 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 615,434 + Less than $50,000..................................... 225,745 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 280,127 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 63,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 23,718 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 14,812 + $300,000 or more...................................... 7,569 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 332,473 + Less than $250........................................ 145,105 + $250 to $499.......................................... 161,649 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,732 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,691 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,296 + Median (dollars)...................................... 276 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + White................................................. 923,440 + Black................................................. 323,878 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 25.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,747 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 5,599 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 2,380 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Dakota + + Total population...................................... 696,004 +SEX + Male..................................................... 342,498 + Female................................................... 353,506 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,504 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 143,958 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 31,014 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,099 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 204,629 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,669 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,218 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 30,582 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 54,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,517 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,343 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 198,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 102,331 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 259,034 + Family households (families)............................. 180,306 + Married-couple families............................... 152,519 + Percent of total households........................ 58.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 7,076 + Other family, female householder...................... 20,711 + Nonfamily households..................................... 78,728 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,308 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 31,560 + Persons living in households............................. 670,163 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 25,841 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,305 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,536 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 637,515 + Black.................................................... 3,258 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 50,575 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,123 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,533 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 5,252 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Dakota + + Total housing units................................... 292,436 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + Owner occupied........................................ 171,161 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 87,873 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,402 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 8,391 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.34 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,660 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,166 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 5,249 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 19,166 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,642 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 34,210 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 113,057 + Less than $50,000..................................... 64,245 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 42,448 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 4,619 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,034 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 533 + $300,000 or more...................................... 178 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 72,810 + Less than $250........................................ 38,086 + $250 to $499.......................................... 31,425 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,955 + $750 to $999.......................................... 270 + $1,000 or more........................................ 74 + Median (dollars)...................................... 242 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + White................................................. 244,847 + Black................................................. 987 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 12,053 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 712 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 435 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,321 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Tennessee + + Total population...................................... 4,877,185 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,348,928 + Female................................................... 2,528,257 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 333,415 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 883,189 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 238,948 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 288,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,553,309 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 526,210 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 220,952 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 213,637 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 357,423 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 202,601 + 85 years and over........................................ 58,794 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,216,604 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.9 +65 years and over........................................... 618,818 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,853,725 + Family households (families)............................. 1,348,019 + Married-couple families............................... 1,059,569 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,751 + Other family, female householder...................... 232,699 + Nonfamily households..................................... 505,706 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 442,129 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,077 + Persons living in households............................. 4,748,056 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 129,129 + Institutionalized persons............................. 65,389 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 63,740 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,048,068 + Black.................................................... 778,035 + Percent of total population........................... 16.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 10,039 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,839 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 9,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,741 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Tennessee + + Total housing units................................... 2,026,067 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,261,118 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 592,607 + Vacant housing units..................................... 172,342 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 23,389 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 50,767 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,358,124 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 55,399 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 145,992 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 92,936 + 10 or more units......................................... 166,172 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,444 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 938,366 + Less than $50,000..................................... 371,768 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 416,401 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 91,498 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 32,230 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 17,793 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,676 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 524,172 + Less than $250........................................ 228,983 + $250 to $499.......................................... 260,056 + $500 to $749.......................................... 29,370 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,742 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,021 + Median (dollars)...................................... 273 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + White................................................. 1,576,161 + Black................................................. 262,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 3,771 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,797 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 2,491 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 9,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Texas + + Total population...................................... 16,986,510 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,365,963 + Female................................................... 8,620,547 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,390,054 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,445,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 836,698 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,054,146 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,625,196 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,628,634 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 661,590 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 627,831 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 998,239 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 551,732 + 85 years and over........................................ 166,605 + Median age............................................... 30.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,835,839 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,716,576 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,070,937 + Family households (families)............................. 4,343,878 + Married-couple families............................... 3,435,540 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 206,512 + Other family, female householder...................... 701,826 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,727,059 + Percent of total households........................ 28.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,452,936 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 472,029 + Persons living in households............................. 16,593,063 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 393,447 + Institutionalized persons............................. 221,272 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 172,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 12,774,762 + Black.................................................... 2,021,632 + Percent of total population........................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 65,877 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 319,459 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 1,804,780 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,339,905 + Percent of total population........................... 25.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Texas + + Total housing units................................... 7,008,999 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,695,115 + Percent owner occupied............................. 60.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 2,375,822 + Vacant housing units..................................... 938,062 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 151,919 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 13.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.55 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 494,578 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 4,388,813 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 215,201 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 390,675 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 343,049 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,040,600 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 630,661 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,949,089 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,151,228 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,261,075 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 314,811 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 111,266 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 66,470 + $300,000 or more...................................... 44,239 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 2,192,550 + Less than $250........................................ 573,792 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,321,160 + $500 to $749.......................................... 239,984 + $750 to $999.......................................... 36,426 + $1,000 or more........................................ 21,188 + Median (dollars)...................................... 328 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + White................................................. 4,800,925 + Black................................................. 684,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 23,482 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 91,141 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + Other race............................................ 471,134 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,158,010 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Utah + + Total population...................................... 1,722,850 +SEX + Male..................................................... 855,759 + Female................................................... 867,091 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 169,633 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 457,811 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 90,245 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 109,741 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 499,570 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 138,481 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,930 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 52,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 88,187 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,160 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,611 + Median age............................................... 26.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 627,444 + Percent of total population.............................. 36.4 +65 years and over........................................... 149,958 + Percent of total population.............................. 8.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 537,273 + Family households (families)............................. 410,862 + Married-couple families............................... 348,029 + Percent of total households........................ 64.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,756 + Other family, female householder...................... 49,077 + Nonfamily households..................................... 126,411 + Percent of total households........................ 23.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 101,640 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 38,320 + Persons living in households............................. 1,693,802 + Persons per household.................................... 3.15 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 29,048 + Institutionalized persons............................. 12,739 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,309 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,615,845 + Black.................................................... 11,576 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 24,283 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,371 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 37,775 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 84,597 + Percent of total population........................... 4.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Utah + + Total housing units................................... 598,388 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,979 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 171,294 + Vacant housing units..................................... 61,115 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,023 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.38 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.67 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,577 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 393,374 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,702 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 57,715 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,503 + 10 or more units......................................... 62,050 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,044 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 303,724 + Less than $50,000..................................... 61,055 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 188,574 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 35,185 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,641 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 5,727 + $300,000 or more...................................... 2,542 + Median (dollars)...................................... 68,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 161,608 + Less than $250........................................ 46,261 + $250 to $499.......................................... 101,235 + $500 to $749.......................................... 11,278 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,144 + $1,000 or more........................................ 690 + Median (dollars)...................................... 300 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + White................................................. 508,404 + Black................................................. 3,770 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,841 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,582 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 10,676 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 22,720 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Vermont + Total population.................................... 562,758 +SEX + Male..................................................... 275,492 + Female................................................... 287,266 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 41,261 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 101,822 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 29,671 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 33,495 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 187,689 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,389 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 22,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 22,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 37,072 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 21,568 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,523 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 143,083 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.4 +65 years and over........................................... 66,163 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 210,650 + Family households (families)............................. 144,895 + Married-couple families............................... 118,905 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,630 + Other family, female householder...................... 19,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 65,755 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 49,366 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 19,648 + Persons living in households............................. 541,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,642 + Institutionalized persons............................. 6,161 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 15,481 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 555,088 + Black.................................................... 1,951 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,696 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,215 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 808 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 3,661 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Vermont + Total housing units................................. 271,214 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + Owner occupied........................................ 145,368 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 65,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 60,564 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 45,405 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.22 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 3,595 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 168,272 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,367 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 40,864 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 13,742 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,376 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 28,593 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 89,157 + Less than $50,000..................................... 7,850 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 41,304 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 25,549 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 8,361 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 4,398 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,695 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 57,846 + Less than $250........................................ 11,239 + $250 to $499.......................................... 34,117 + $500 to $749.......................................... 10,390 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 605 + Median (dollars)...................................... 378 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + White................................................. 208,607 + Black................................................. 557 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 591 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 718 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 177 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Virginia + + Total population...................................... 6,187,358 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,033,974 + Female................................................... 3,153,384 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 443,155 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,061,583 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 308,105 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 411,626 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,132,444 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 663,332 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 257,207 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 245,436 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 400,622 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 204,139 + 85 years and over........................................ 59,709 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,504,738 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 664,470 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,291,830 + Family households (families)............................. 1,629,490 + Married-couple families............................... 1,302,219 + Percent of total households........................ 56.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 72,165 + Other family, female householder...................... 255,106 + Nonfamily households..................................... 662,340 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 523,770 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,575 + Persons living in households............................. 5,978,058 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 209,300 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,292 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 125,008 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,791,739 + Black.................................................... 1,162,994 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 15,282 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 159,053 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + Other race............................................... 58,290 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 160,288 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Virginia + + Total housing units................................... 2,496,334 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,519,521 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 772,309 + Vacant housing units..................................... 204,504 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 41,742 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.43 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 65,042 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,531,857 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 216,199 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 143,530 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 135,833 + 10 or more units......................................... 286,815 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 182,100 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,192,077 + Less than $50,000..................................... 206,663 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 466,155 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 203,911 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 132,759 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 116,547 + $300,000 or more...................................... 66,042 + Median (dollars)...................................... 91,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 698,751 + Less than $250........................................ 150,635 + $250 to $499.......................................... 297,353 + $500 to $749.......................................... 165,383 + $750 to $999.......................................... 60,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 24,952 + Median (dollars)...................................... 411 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + White................................................. 1,839,325 + Black................................................. 391,280 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 41,199 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 14,521 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 43,756 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Washington + + Total population...................................... 4,866,692 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,413,747 + Female................................................... 2,452,945 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 366,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 894,607 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 277,730 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,658,951 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 501,543 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 191,602 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 189,382 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 336,034 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 182,953 + 85 years and over........................................ 56,301 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,261,387 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 575,288 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,872,431 + Family households (families)............................. 1,264,934 + Married-couple families............................... 1,029,267 + Percent of total households........................ 55.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,145 + Other family, female householder...................... 175,522 + Nonfamily households..................................... 607,497 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 476,320 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 162,520 + Persons living in households............................. 4,746,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 120,531 + Institutionalized persons............................. 55,313 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 65,218 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,308,937 + Black.................................................... 149,801 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 81,483 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 210,958 + Percent of total population........................... 4.3 + Other race............................................... 115,513 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 214,570 + Percent of total population........................... 4.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Washington + + Total housing units................................... 2,032,378 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,171,580 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 700,851 + Vacant housing units..................................... 159,947 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,832 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.68 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,798 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,272,721 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 48,086 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 138,785 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 91,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 274,586 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,197 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 896,436 + Less than $50,000..................................... 123,958 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 371,298 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 192,748 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 101,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 67,790 + $300,000 or more...................................... 39,601 + Median (dollars)...................................... 93,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 655,701 + Less than $250........................................ 122,103 + $250 to $499.......................................... 373,552 + $500 to $749.......................................... 130,901 + $750 to $999.......................................... 21,321 + $1,000 or more........................................ 7,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 383 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + White................................................. 1,708,223 + Black................................................. 51,645 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 24,699 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 59,205 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.2 + Other race............................................ 28,659 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** West Virginia + + Total population...................................... 1,793,477 +SEX + Male..................................................... 861,536 + Female................................................... 931,941 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 106,659 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 336,918 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 87,263 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 92,728 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 532,807 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 191,318 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 85,265 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 91,622 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 155,743 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 87,703 + 85 years and over........................................ 25,451 + Median age............................................... 35.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 443,577 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 268,897 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 688,557 + Family households (families)............................. 500,259 + Married-couple families............................... 406,105 + Percent of total households........................ 59.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,627 + Other family, female householder...................... 73,527 + Nonfamily households..................................... 188,298 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 168,735 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 84,405 + Persons living in households............................. 1,756,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 36,911 + Institutionalized persons............................. 19,469 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 17,442 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,725,523 + Black.................................................... 56,295 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,458 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 7,459 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,742 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 8,489 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** West Virginia + + Total housing units................................... 781,295 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + Owner occupied........................................ 510,058 + Percent owner occupied............................. 74.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 178,499 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,738 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 22,403 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 13,123 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 546,165 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,415 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 46,445 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,179 + 10 or more units......................................... 28,923 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 128,168 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 350,059 + Less than $50,000..................................... 185,276 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 136,802 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 18,904 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 5,391 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 2,807 + $300,000 or more...................................... 879 + Median (dollars)...................................... 47,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,057 + Less than $250........................................ 88,872 + $250 to $499.......................................... 53,411 + $500 to $749.......................................... 3,312 + $750 to $999.......................................... 267 + $1,000 or more........................................ 195 + Median (dollars)...................................... 221 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + White................................................. 664,100 + Black................................................. 20,941 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 965 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 404 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 2,785 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wisconsin + + Total population...................................... 4,891,769 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,392,935 + Female................................................... 2,498,834 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 360,730 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 928,252 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 225,390 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 286,936 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,546,832 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 478,882 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 204,647 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 208,879 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 358,419 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 218,509 + 85 years and over........................................ 74,293 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,288,982 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 651,221 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,822,118 + Family households (families)............................. 1,275,172 + Married-couple families............................... 1,048,010 + Percent of total households........................ 57.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,632 + Other family, female householder...................... 174,530 + Nonfamily households..................................... 546,946 + Percent of total households........................ 30.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 443,673 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 192,072 + Persons living in households............................. 4,758,171 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 133,598 + Institutionalized persons............................. 71,288 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 62,310 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,512,523 + Black.................................................... 244,539 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 39,387 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 53,583 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 41,737 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,194 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wisconsin + + Total housing units................................... 2,055,774 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,215,350 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.7 + Renter occupied....................................... 606,768 + Vacant housing units..................................... 233,656 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 150,601 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.26 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,340 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,342,230 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 50,380 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 277,221 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 81,331 + 10 or more units......................................... 175,285 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 129,327 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 916,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 287,197 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 492,163 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 95,292 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 24,660 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 12,286 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,110 + Median (dollars)...................................... 62,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 560,465 + Less than $250........................................ 146,221 + $250 to $499.......................................... 343,580 + $500 to $749.......................................... 61,539 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,780 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,345 + Median (dollars)...................................... 331 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + White................................................. 1,712,217 + Black................................................. 75,441 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 12,284 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 10,661 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 24,165 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wyoming + + Total population...................................... 453,588 +SEX + Male..................................................... 227,007 + Female................................................... 226,581 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 34,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 100,745 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 20,025 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 21,361 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 148,495 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 45,497 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 17,893 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 17,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 27,759 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 14,886 + 85 years and over........................................ 4,550 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 135,525 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.9 +65 years and over........................................... 47,195 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 168,839 + Family households (families)............................. 119,825 + Married-couple families............................... 100,800 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 5,035 + Other family, female householder...................... 13,990 + Nonfamily households..................................... 49,014 + Percent of total households........................ 29.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,287 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 14,431 + Persons living in households............................. 443,348 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 10,240 + Institutionalized persons............................. 5,434 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 4,806 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 427,061 + Black.................................................... 3,606 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 9,479 + Percent of total population........................... 2.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,806 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 10,636 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 25,751 + Percent of total population........................... 5.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wyoming + + Total housing units................................... 203,411 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + Owner occupied........................................ 114,544 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 54,295 + Vacant housing units..................................... 34,572 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 9,468 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,702 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 129,197 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 6,212 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 15,645 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 6,084 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,418 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 35,855 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 78,414 + Less than $50,000..................................... 25,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 43,796 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 6,243 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,473 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 680 + $300,000 or more...................................... 368 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 46,728 + Less than $250........................................ 20,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 24,085 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,368 + $750 to $999.......................................... 165 + $1,000 or more........................................ 98 + Median (dollars)...................................... 270 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + White................................................. 160,879 + Black................................................. 1,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,630 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 772 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 3,350 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,662 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.5 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/uscen902.txt b/politicalTextFiles/uscen902.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9cefc39 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/uscen902.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5571 @@ + + THE 1990 UNITED STATES CENSUS + +These are the REGIONS commonly referred to in the US Census: + +NORTHEAST (NE) 9 states (ME, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, PA, NJ) +Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, +Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey + +SOUTH (S) 16 states +(DE, MD, WV, VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY, AR, LA, TX, OK) +Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, +South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, +Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma + +MIDWEST (MW) 12 states +(MI, OH, IN, IL, WI, MN, IA, MO, ND, SD, NE, KS) +Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, +Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, + +WEST (W) 13 states +(WA, OR, CA, NV, ID, UT, AZ, MT, WY, CO, NM, HI, AK) +Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, +Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Hawaii, Alaska + + +November 7, 1991 release date: +1990 POPULATION FOR ALL PERSONS + +United States +Regions and Divisions +States +------------------------------------- + +United States 248,709,873 + + Northeast Region 50,809,229 + New England Div. 13,206,943 + Middle Atlantic Div. 37,602,286 + + Midwest Region 59,668,632 + East North Central 42,008,942 + West North Central 17,659,690 + + South Region 85,445,930 + South Atlantic Div. 43,566,853 + East South Central 15,176,284 + West South Central 26,702,793 + + West Region 52,786,082 + Mountain Division 13,658,776 + Pacific Division 39,127,306 + +Maine 1,227,928 +New Hampshire 1,109,252 +Vermont 562,758 +Massachusetts 6,016,425 +Rhode Island 1,003,464 +Connecticut 3,287,116 +New York 17,990,455 +New Jersey 7,730,188 + +Pennsylvania 11,881,643 +Ohio 10,847,115 +Indiana 5,544,159 +Illinois 11,430,602 +Michigan 9,295,297 +Wisconsin 4,891,769 +Minnesota 4,375,099 +Iowa 2,776,755 +Missouri 5,117,073 + +North Dakota 638,800 +South Dakota 696,004 +Nebraska 1,578,385 +Kansas 2,477,574 +Delaware 666,168 +Maryland 4,781,468 +District of Columbia 606,900 +Virginia 6,187,358 +West Virginia 1,793,477 + +North Carolina 6,628,637 +South Carolina 3,486,703 +Georgia 6,478,216 +Florida 12,937,926 +Kentucky 3,685,296 +Tennessee 4,877,185 +Alabama 4,040,587 +Mississippi 2,573,216 +Arkansas 2,350,725 + +Louisiana 4,219,973 +Oklahoma 3,145,585 +Texas 16,986,510 +Montana 799,065 +Idaho 1,006,749 +Wyoming 453,588 +Colorado 3,294,394 +New Mexico 1,515,069 +Arizona 3,665,228 + +Utah 1,722,850 +Nevada 1,201,833 +Washington 4,866,692 +Oregon 2,842,321 +California 29,760,021 +Alaska 550,043 +Hawaii 1,108,229 + + + THE 1990 UNITED STATES CENSUS + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alabama +Total population............................................ 4,040,587 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,936,162 + Female................................................... 2,104,425 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 283,295 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 775,493 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 205,557 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 237,778 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,232,067 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 419,421 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 183,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 180,310 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 301,218 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 173,264 + 85 years and over........................................ 48,507 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,058,788 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.2 +65 years and over........................................... 522,989 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,506,790 + Family households (families)............................. 1,103,835 + Married-couple families............................... 858,327 + Percent of total households........................ 57.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 44,288 + Other family, female householder...................... 201,220 + Nonfamily households..................................... 402,955 + Percent of total households........................ 26.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 358,078 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 154,191 + Persons living in households............................. 3,948,185 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 92,402 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,583 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 40,819 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,975,797 + Black.................................................... 1,020,705 + Percent of total population........................... 25.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 16,506 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 21,797 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 5,782 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 24,629 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alabama +Total housing units......................................... 1,670,379 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,061,897 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 444,893 + Vacant housing units..................................... 163,589 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 35,609 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.44 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,927 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,133,927 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 31,943 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 96,104 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 66,413 + 10 or more units......................................... 102,462 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 239,530 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 753,827 + Less than $50,000..................................... 343,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 310,737 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,459 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 20,129 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,264 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,384 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 386,179 + Less than $250........................................ 214,363 + $250 to $499.......................................... 155,027 + $500 to $749.......................................... 14,380 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,594 + $1,000 or more........................................ 815 + Median (dollars)...................................... 229 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,506,790 + White................................................. 1,159,263 + Black................................................. 334,513 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 22.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,288 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,373 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Alaska +Total population.............................................. 550,043 +SEX + Male..................................................... 289,867 + Female................................................... 260,176 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,897 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 117,447 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 22,934 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 32,913 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,062 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 53,929 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 16,595 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 12,897 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 15,548 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 5,570 + 85 years and over........................................ 1,251 + Median age............................................... 29.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 172,344 + Percent of total population.............................. 31.3 +65 years and over........................................... 22,369 + Percent of total population.............................. 4.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 188,915 + Family households (families)............................. 132,837 + Married-couple families............................... 106,079 + Percent of total households........................ 56.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,529 + Other family, female householder...................... 18,229 + Nonfamily households..................................... 56,078 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,826 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 5,737 + Persons living in households............................. 529,342 + Persons per household.................................... 2.80 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,701 + Institutionalized persons............................. 4,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,127 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 415,492 + Black.................................................... 22,451 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 85,698 + Percent of total population........................... 15.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 19,728 + Percent of total population........................... 3.6 + Other race............................................... 6,674 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 17,803 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Alaska +Total housing units......................................... 232,608 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + Owner occupied........................................ 105,989 + Percent owner occupied............................. 56.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,926 + Vacant housing units..................................... 43,693 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,991 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 4.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.97 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.58 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,201 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 124,185 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 15,963 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,358 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,171 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,229 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 24,702 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 77,527 + Less than $50,000..................................... 10,989 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,862 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,012 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,528 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,210 + $300,000 or more...................................... 926 + Median (dollars)...................................... 94,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 70,579 + Less than $250........................................ 5,785 + $250 to $499.......................................... 29,167 + $500 to $749.......................................... 23,750 + $750 to $999.......................................... 8,455 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,422 + Median (dollars)...................................... 503 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 188,915 + White................................................. 153,215 + Black................................................. 6,927 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 22,305 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,674 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + Other race............................................ 1,794 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arizona +Total population............................................ 3,665,228 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,810,691 + Female................................................... 1,854,537 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 292,859 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 688,260 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 172,063 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 220,617 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,163,607 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 349,516 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 146,658 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 152,874 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 290,044 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 151,013 + 85 years and over........................................ 37,717 + Median age............................................... 32.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 981,119 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.8 +65 years and over........................................... 478,774 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,368,843 + Family households (families)............................. 940,106 + Married-couple families............................... 747,806 + Percent of total households........................ 54.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 49,980 + Other family, female householder...................... 142,320 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,737 + Percent of total households........................ 31.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 337,681 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 119,287 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,545 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 80,683 + Institutionalized persons............................. 41,508 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,963,186 + Black.................................................... 110,524 + Percent of total population........................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 203,527 + Percent of total population........................... 5.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 55,206 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 332,785 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 688,338 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arizona +Total housing units......................................... 1,659,430 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,561 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 490,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 290,587 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 96,104 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 15.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.46 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 101,636 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 867,884 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 109,989 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 88,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 61,111 + 10 or more units......................................... 257,208 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 274,867 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 668,718 + Less than $50,000..................................... 98,705 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 372,653 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 118,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 40,638 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 23,902 + $300,000 or more...................................... 13,975 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 456,937 + Less than $250........................................ 73,866 + $250 to $499.......................................... 290,538 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,518 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,461 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,554 + Median (dollars)...................................... 370 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,368,843 + White................................................. 1,177,349 + Black................................................. 37,140 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 49,894 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 15,934 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 88,526 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 184,942 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Arkansas +Total population............................................ 2,350,725 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,133,076 + Female................................................... 1,217,649 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 164,667 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 456,464 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 109,879 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 127,177 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 685,748 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 243,337 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 105,811 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 107,584 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 195,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 118,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 35,216 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 621,131 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 350,058 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 891,179 + Family households (families)............................. 651,555 + Married-couple families............................... 527,358 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,273 + Other family, female householder...................... 98,924 + Nonfamily households..................................... 239,624 + Percent of total households........................ 26.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 213,778 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 103,386 + Persons living in households............................. 2,292,393 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 58,332 + Institutionalized persons............................. 34,223 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 24,109 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,944,744 + Black.................................................... 373,912 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,773 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 12,530 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,766 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 19,876 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Arkansas +Total housing units......................................... 1,000,667 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + Owner occupied........................................ 619,938 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 271,241 + Vacant housing units..................................... 109,488 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 18,224 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.61 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.48 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 33,197 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 708,751 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 18,175 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 60,820 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 27,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 44,454 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 141,443 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 427,676 + Less than $50,000..................................... 235,586 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,865 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 23,328 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,810 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,519 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,568 + Median (dollars)...................................... 46,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 227,643 + Less than $250........................................ 129,535 + $250 to $499.......................................... 90,452 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,204 + $750 to $999.......................................... 895 + $1,000 or more........................................ 557 + Median (dollars)...................................... 230 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 891,179 + White................................................. 760,287 + Black................................................. 121,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,539 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,228 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 1,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 5,350 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** California +Total population............................................ 29,760,021 +SEX + Male..................................................... 14,897,627 + Female................................................... 14,862,394 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 2,397,715 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 5,353,010 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 1,411,200 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 2,001,057 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 10,325,692 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 2,902,569 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 1,133,907 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 1,099,319 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,857,221 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 979,224 + 85 years and over........................................ 299,107 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 7,750,725 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.0 +65 years and over........................................... 3,135,552 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 10,381,206 + Family households (families)............................. 7,139,394 + Married-couple families............................... 5,469,522 + Percent of total households........................ 52.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 477,692 + Other family, female householder...................... 1,192,180 + Nonfamily households..................................... 3,241,812 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 2,429,867 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 818,520 + Persons living in households............................. 29,008,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.79 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 751,860 + Institutionalized persons............................. 376,374 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 375,486 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 20,524,327 + Black.................................................... 2,208,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 242,164 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,845,659 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + Other race............................................... 3,939,070 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 7,687,938 + Percent of total population........................... 25.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** California +Total housing units......................................... 11,182,882 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 5,773,943 + Percent owner occupied............................. 55.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 4,607,263 + Vacant housing units..................................... 801,676 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 195,385 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.84 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.74 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 1,275,377 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 6,119,265 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 811,684 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 966,355 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 705,704 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,899,934 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 679,940 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 4,690,264 + Less than $50,000..................................... 119,023 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 636,643 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 812,098 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 851,540 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,150,992 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,119,968 + Median (dollars)...................................... 195,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 4,400,105 + Less than $250........................................ 330,342 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,385,013 + $500 to $749.......................................... 1,692,456 + $750 to $999.......................................... 668,470 + $1,000 or more........................................ 323,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 561 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 10,381,206 + White................................................. 7,871,635 + Black................................................. 751,563 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 78,848 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 777,913 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.5 + Other race............................................ 901,247 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,836,989 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Colorado +Total population............................................ 3,294,394 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,631,295 + Female................................................... 1,663,099 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 252,893 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 608,373 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,197 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 187,328 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,179,936 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 336,671 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 130,193 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 121,360 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 194,527 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 101,963 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,953 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 861,266 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.1 +65 years and over........................................... 329,443 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,282,489 + Family households (families)............................. 854,214 + Married-couple families............................... 690,292 + Percent of total households........................ 53.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,353 + Other family, female householder...................... 124,569 + Nonfamily households..................................... 428,275 + Percent of total households........................ 33.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 340,962 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 95,849 + Persons living in households............................. 3,214,922 + Persons per household.................................... 2.51 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 79,472 + Institutionalized persons............................. 35,976 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 43,496 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,905,474 + Black.................................................... 133,146 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 27,776 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 59,862 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 168,136 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 424,302 + Percent of total population........................... 12.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Colorado +Total housing units......................................... 1,477,349 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + Owner occupied........................................ 798,277 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 484,212 + Vacant housing units..................................... 194,860 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 63,814 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 884,431 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 87,437 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 89,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 63,855 + 10 or more units......................................... 249,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 102,269 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 637,629 + Less than $50,000..................................... 84,061 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 363,091 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 122,845 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 37,447 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,930 + $300,000 or more...................................... 10,255 + Median (dollars)...................................... 82,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,881 + Less than $250........................................ 88,745 + $250 to $499.......................................... 271,347 + $500 to $749.......................................... 76,533 + $750 to $999.......................................... 10,937 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,319 + Median (dollars)...................................... 362 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,282,489 + White................................................. 1,154,983 + Black................................................. 49,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 8,959 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,099 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Other race............................................ 52,193 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 130,704 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Connecticut +Total population............................................ 3,287,116 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,592,873 + Female................................................... 1,694,243 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 228,356 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 521,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 145,274 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 200,159 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,094,878 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 356,042 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 147,022 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 148,253 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 256,237 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 142,677 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,993 + Median age............................................... 34.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 749,581 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.8 +65 years and over........................................... 445,907 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,230,479 + Family households (families)............................. 864,493 + Married-couple families............................... 684,660 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,448 + Other family, female householder...................... 140,385 + Nonfamily households..................................... 365,986 + Percent of total households........................ 29.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 297,161 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 121,918 + Persons living in households............................. 3,185,949 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,167 + Institutionalized persons............................. 48,424 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 52,743 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,859,353 + Black.................................................... 274,269 + Percent of total population........................... 8.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 6,654 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 50,698 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + Other race............................................... 96,142 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 213,116 + Percent of total population........................... 6.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Connecticut +Total housing units......................................... 1,320,850 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + Owner occupied........................................ 807,481 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 422,998 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,371 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,428 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 28,237 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 748,626 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 66,681 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 243,600 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 75,497 + 10 or more units......................................... 155,492 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 30,954 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 643,500 + Less than $50,000..................................... 4,582 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 36,715 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 165,331 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 188,019 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 150,321 + $300,000 or more...................................... 98,532 + Median (dollars)...................................... 177,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 401,254 + Less than $250........................................ 56,694 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,109 + $500 to $749.......................................... 152,144 + $750 to $999.......................................... 38,238 + $1,000 or more........................................ 19,069 + Median (dollars)...................................... 510 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,230,479 + White................................................. 1,096,812 + Black................................................. 90,882 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,383 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,558 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Other race............................................ 26,844 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 61,580 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Delaware +Total population............................................ 666,168 +SEX + Male..................................................... 322,968 + Female................................................... 343,200 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 48,824 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 114,517 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 33,586 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 42,647 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 217,981 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 68,114 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,861 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 29,903 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 49,596 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 23,997 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,142 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 163,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.5 +65 years and over........................................... 80,735 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 247,497 + Family households (families)............................. 175,867 + Married-couple families............................... 137,983 + Percent of total households........................ 55.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,565 + Other family, female householder...................... 29,319 + Nonfamily households..................................... 71,630 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 57,451 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 21,566 + Persons living in households............................. 646,097 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 20,071 + Institutionalized persons............................. 8,662 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 535,094 + Black.................................................... 112,460 + Percent of total population........................... 16.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,019 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,057 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Other race............................................... 7,538 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,820 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Delaware +Total housing units......................................... 289,919 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + Owner occupied........................................ 173,813 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 73,684 + Vacant housing units..................................... 42,422 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 19,328 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 5,624 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 156,013 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 40,161 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 13,919 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,148 + 10 or more units......................................... 32,612 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 37,066 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 137,526 + Less than $50,000..................................... 11,847 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 56,838 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 38,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,640 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,479 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,259 + Median (dollars)...................................... 100,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 68,249 + Less than $250........................................ 12,669 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,047 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,687 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,835 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,011 + Median (dollars)...................................... 425 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 247,497 + White................................................. 204,968 + Black................................................. 37,229 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 15.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 773 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,538 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 1,989 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,497 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** District of Columbia +Total population............................................ 606,900 +SEX + Male..................................................... 282,970 + Female................................................... 323,930 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 37,351 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 79,741 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 35,291 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 47,267 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 216,472 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,031 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 25,441 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 25,459 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 44,553 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 25,447 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,847 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 117,092 + Percent of total population.............................. 19.3 +65 years and over........................................... 77,847 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 249,634 + Family households (families)............................. 122,087 + Married-couple families............................... 63,110 + Percent of total households........................ 25.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,402 + Other family, female householder...................... 48,575 + Nonfamily households..................................... 127,547 + Percent of total households........................ 51.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 103,626 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 27,237 + Persons living in households............................. 565,183 + Persons per household.................................... 2.26 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 41,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,070 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 27,647 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 179,667 + Black.................................................... 399,604 + Percent of total population........................... 65.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,466 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 11,214 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 14,949 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,710 + Percent of total population........................... 5.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** District of Columbia +Total housing units......................................... 278,489 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + Owner occupied........................................ 97,108 + Percent owner occupied............................. 38.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 152,526 + Vacant housing units..................................... 28,855 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 1,575 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.50 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.12 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 20,587 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 34,602 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 71,321 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 30,699 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,783 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,237 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 2,847 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 71,532 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,680 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 25,247 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 15,000 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,859 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 14,374 + Median (dollars)...................................... 123,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 148,553 + Less than $250........................................ 23,897 + $250 to $499.......................................... 65,510 + $500 to $749.......................................... 37,629 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,668 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,849 + Median (dollars)...................................... 441 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 249,634 + White................................................. 88,295 + Black................................................. 152,356 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 61.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 612 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,070 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 4,301 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 10,455 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Florida +Total population............................................ 12,937,926 +SEX + Male..................................................... 6,261,719 + Female................................................... 6,676,207 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 849,596 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,016,641 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 522,755 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 692,902 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,927,400 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,291,611 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 588,552 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 679,038 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,369,652 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 789,669 + 85 years and over........................................ 210,110 + Median age............................................... 36.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,866,237 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.2 +65 years and over........................................... 2,369,431 + Percent of total population.............................. 18.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 5,134,869 + Family households (families)............................. 3,511,825 + Married-couple families............................... 2,791,734 + Percent of total households........................ 54.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 171,535 + Other family, female householder...................... 548,556 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,623,044 + Percent of total households........................ 31.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,309,954 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 591,468 + Persons living in households............................. 12,630,465 + Persons per household.................................... 2.46 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 307,461 + Institutionalized persons............................. 173,637 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 133,824 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,749,285 + Black.................................................... 1,759,534 + Percent of total population........................... 13.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 36,335 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 154,302 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 238,470 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 1,574,143 + Percent of total population........................... 12.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Florida +Total housing units......................................... 6,100,262 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,452,160 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,682,709 + Vacant housing units..................................... 965,393 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 417,670 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.49 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 297,557 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 3,032,769 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 335,798 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 462,438 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 320,580 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,127,629 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 821,048 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,378,207 + Less than $50,000..................................... 433,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,239,055 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 381,899 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 151,452 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 100,648 + $300,000 or more...................................... 72,032 + Median (dollars)...................................... 77,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,591,461 + Less than $250........................................ 261,349 + $250 to $499.......................................... 892,383 + $500 to $749.......................................... 355,636 + $750 to $999.......................................... 49,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 32,665 + Median (dollars)...................................... 402 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 5,134,869 + White................................................. 4,457,493 + Black................................................. 553,561 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,088 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 42,895 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 67,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 510,849 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Georgia +Total population............................................ 6,478,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,144,503 + Female................................................... 3,333,713 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 495,535 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,231,768 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 325,159 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 413,425 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,190,594 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 668,951 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 259,735 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 238,779 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 388,051 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 208,975 + 85 years and over........................................ 57,244 + Median age............................................... 31.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,727,303 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 654,270 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,366,615 + Family households (families)............................. 1,713,072 + Married-couple families............................... 1,306,756 + Percent of total households........................ 55.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 76,675 + Other family, female householder...................... 329,641 + Nonfamily households..................................... 653,543 + Percent of total households........................ 27.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 537,702 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 185,027 + Persons living in households............................. 6,304,583 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 173,633 + Institutionalized persons............................. 87,266 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 86,367 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,600,148 + Black.................................................... 1,746,565 + Percent of total population........................... 27.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,348 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 75,781 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 42,374 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 108,922 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Georgia +Total housing units......................................... 2,638,418 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,536,759 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 829,856 + Vacant housing units..................................... 271,803 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 33,637 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.76 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.49 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 95,828 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,638,847 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 73,412 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 198,036 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 167,552 + 10 or more units......................................... 232,683 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 327,888 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,138,775 + Less than $50,000..................................... 314,490 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 531,167 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 163,205 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 66,878 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,949 + $300,000 or more...................................... 23,086 + Median (dollars)...................................... 71,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 759,499 + Less than $250........................................ 251,826 + $250 to $499.......................................... 361,984 + $500 to $749.......................................... 127,415 + $750 to $999.......................................... 13,143 + $1,000 or more........................................ 5,131 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,366,615 + White................................................. 1,756,916 + Black................................................. 574,113 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 24.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,812 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,279 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 10,495 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,873 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Hawaii +Total population............................................ 1,108,229 +SEX + Male..................................................... 563,891 + Female................................................... 544,338 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 83,223 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 196,903 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 48,549 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 72,636 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 379,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 108,775 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 45,375 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 48,728 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 78,653 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 35,955 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,397 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 280,126 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.3 +65 years and over........................................... 125,005 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 356,267 + Family households (families)............................. 263,456 + Married-couple families............................... 210,468 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 15,579 + Other family, female householder...................... 37,409 + Nonfamily households..................................... 92,811 + Percent of total households........................ 26.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,985 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 20,933 + Persons living in households............................. 1,070,597 + Persons per household.................................... 3.01 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,632 + Institutionalized persons............................. 7,805 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 29,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 369,616 + Black.................................................... 27,195 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,099 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 685,236 + Percent of total population........................... 61.8 + Other race............................................... 21,083 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 81,390 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Hawaii +Total housing units......................................... 389,810 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + Owner occupied........................................ 191,911 + Percent owner occupied............................. 53.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 164,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,543 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,806 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 0.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.19 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.78 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,708 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,990 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,041 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 24,182 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 22,258 + 10 or more units......................................... 100,238 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 6,101 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 144,431 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,339 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 13,111 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 16,706 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 21,119 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 39,679 + $300,000 or more...................................... 50,477 + Median (dollars)...................................... 245,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 139,266 + Less than $250........................................ 15,119 + $250 to $499.......................................... 36,779 + $500 to $749.......................................... 43,763 + $750 to $999.......................................... 25,164 + $1,000 or more........................................ 18,441 + Median (dollars)...................................... 599 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 356,267 + White................................................. 138,425 + Black................................................. 7,787 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 202,518 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 56.8 + Other race............................................ 5,951 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 20,176 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Idaho +Total population............................................ 1,006,749 +SEX + Male..................................................... 500,956 + Female................................................... 505,793 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 80,193 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 228,212 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,064 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 51,183 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 301,968 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 98,907 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 39,407 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 38,550 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 69,755 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,112 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,398 + Median age............................................... 31.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 308,405 + Percent of total population.............................. 30.6 +65 years and over........................................... 121,265 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 360,723 + Family households (families)............................. 263,194 + Married-couple families............................... 224,198 + Percent of total households........................ 62.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 10,113 + Other family, female householder...................... 28,883 + Nonfamily households..................................... 97,529 + Percent of total households........................ 27.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,800 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,939 + Persons living in households............................. 985,259 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,490 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,478 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 11,012 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 950,451 + Black.................................................... 3,370 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 13,780 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,365 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 29,783 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 52,927 + Percent of total population........................... 5.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Idaho +Total housing units......................................... 413,327 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + Owner occupied........................................ 252,734 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 107,989 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,604 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 24,252 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.51 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 15,199 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 285,885 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,102 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,151 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 11,701 + 10 or more units......................................... 17,242 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 60,246 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 177,333 + Less than $50,000..................................... 66,830 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 89,406 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 14,237 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 3,739 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,963 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,158 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 92,907 + Less than $250........................................ 42,967 + $250 to $499.......................................... 44,092 + $500 to $749.......................................... 4,599 + $750 to $999.......................................... 938 + $1,000 or more........................................ 311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 360,723 + White................................................. 345,484 + Black................................................. 1,095 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,082 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,602 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 7,460 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,464 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Illinois +Total population............................................ 11,430,602 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,552,233 + Female................................................... 5,878,369 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 848,141 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,098,225 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 531,971 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 680,979 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,693,329 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,166,727 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 485,581 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 489,104 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 821,940 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 467,056 + 85 years and over........................................ 147,549 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,946,366 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,436,545 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,202,240 + Family households (families)............................. 2,924,880 + Married-couple families............................... 2,271,962 + Percent of total households........................ 54.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 147,173 + Other family, female householder...................... 505,745 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,277,360 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,081,113 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 423,740 + Persons living in households............................. 11,143,646 + Persons per household.................................... 2.65 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 286,956 + Institutionalized persons............................. 149,842 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 137,114 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 8,952,978 + Black.................................................... 1,694,273 + Percent of total population........................... 14.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,836 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 285,311 + Percent of total population........................... 2.5 + Other race............................................... 476,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 904,446 + Percent of total population........................... 7.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Illinois +Total housing units......................................... 4,506,275 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,699,182 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,503,058 + Vacant housing units..................................... 304,035 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,056 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.81 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.37 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 166,805 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,557,169 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 157,771 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 648,275 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 290,519 + 10 or more units......................................... 663,448 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 189,093 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,084,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 525,054 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 786,610 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 403,218 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 183,679 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 114,529 + $300,000 or more...................................... 71,618 + Median (dollars)...................................... 80,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,416,273 + Less than $250........................................ 352,318 + $250 to $499.......................................... 703,816 + $500 to $749.......................................... 283,237 + $750 to $999.......................................... 53,525 + $1,000 or more........................................ 23,377 + Median (dollars)...................................... 369 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,202,240 + White................................................. 3,447,865 + Black................................................. 550,311 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 13.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,438 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 80,671 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + Other race............................................ 115,955 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 229,993 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Indiana +Total population............................................ 5,544,159 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,688,281 + Female................................................... 2,855,878 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 398,656 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,057,308 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 279,864 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 325,018 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,734,270 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 570,791 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 239,692 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 242,364 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 402,041 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 222,404 + 85 years and over........................................ 71,751 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,455,964 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.3 +65 years and over........................................... 696,196 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,065,355 + Family households (families)............................. 1,480,351 + Married-couple families............................... 1,202,020 + Percent of total households........................ 58.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,703 + Other family, female householder...................... 217,628 + Nonfamily households..................................... 585,004 + Percent of total households........................ 28.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 496,841 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 208,437 + Persons living in households............................. 5,382,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 161,992 + Institutionalized persons............................. 81,686 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 80,306 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,020,700 + Black.................................................... 432,092 + Percent of total population........................... 7.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,720 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 37,617 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 41,030 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 98,788 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Indiana +Total housing units......................................... 2,246,046 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,450,898 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 614,457 + Vacant housing units..................................... 180,691 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 36,945 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 45,376 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,574,160 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,445 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 170,801 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 99,836 + 10 or more units......................................... 167,718 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 176,086 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,137,766 + Less than $50,000..................................... 514,285 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 484,025 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 92,829 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 26,991 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 13,675 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,961 + Median (dollars)...................................... 53,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 554,678 + Less than $250........................................ 204,414 + $250 to $499.......................................... 310,071 + $500 to $749.......................................... 33,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,434 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,311 + Median (dollars)...................................... 291 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,065,355 + White................................................. 1,889,853 + Black................................................. 149,055 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,519 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 11,075 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 27,571 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Iowa +Total population............................................ 2,776,755 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,344,802 + Female................................................... 1,431,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 193,203 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 525,677 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 131,299 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 152,414 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 823,940 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 274,428 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 122,335 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 127,353 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 226,961 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,890 + 85 years and over........................................ 55,255 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 718,880 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 426,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,064,325 + Family households (families)............................. 740,819 + Married-couple families............................... 629,893 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 25,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 85,141 + Nonfamily households..................................... 323,506 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 275,466 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 130,964 + Persons living in households............................. 2,677,235 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 99,520 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,841 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,679 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,683,090 + Black.................................................... 48,090 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 7,349 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 25,476 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 12,750 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,647 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Iowa +Total housing units......................................... 1,143,669 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + Owner occupied........................................ 745,377 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 318,948 + Vacant housing units..................................... 79,344 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 14,644 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.25 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 16,009 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 852,993 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,735 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,956 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,745 + 10 or more units......................................... 76,761 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,479 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 566,559 + Less than $50,000..................................... 317,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 209,703 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 27,708 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 6,959 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,338 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,070 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 268,439 + Less than $250........................................ 125,112 + $250 to $499.......................................... 129,124 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,343 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,287 + $1,000 or more........................................ 573 + Median (dollars)...................................... 261 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,064,325 + White................................................. 1,036,774 + Black................................................. 15,741 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,157 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 6,287 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 3,366 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,926 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kansas +Total population............................................ 2,477,574 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,214,645 + Female................................................... 1,262,929 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 188,390 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 473,224 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 113,717 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 140,776 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 774,499 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 235,388 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 103,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 105,188 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 184,664 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 115,666 + 85 years and over........................................ 42,241 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 661,614 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 342,571 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 944,726 + Family households (families)............................. 658,600 + Married-couple families............................... 552,495 + Percent of total households........................ 58.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 24,672 + Other family, female householder...................... 81,433 + Nonfamily households..................................... 286,126 + Percent of total households........................ 30.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 245,156 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 104,297 + Persons living in households............................. 2,394,809 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 82,765 + Institutionalized persons............................. 42,896 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,869 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,231,986 + Black.................................................... 143,076 + Percent of total population........................... 5.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 21,965 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,750 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + Other race............................................... 48,797 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,670 + Percent of total population........................... 3.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kansas +Total housing units......................................... 1,044,112 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + Owner occupied........................................ 641,762 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 302,964 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,386 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,336 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.64 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 23,690 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 747,318 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 34,868 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,100 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 34,720 + 10 or more units......................................... 74,710 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 78,396 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 500,628 + Less than $50,000..................................... 237,988 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 199,619 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 41,114 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,348 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,431 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 52,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 270,761 + Less than $250........................................ 108,024 + $250 to $499.......................................... 135,967 + $500 to $749.......................................... 22,396 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,744 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,630 + Median (dollars)...................................... 285 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 944,726 + White................................................. 867,644 + Black................................................. 48,365 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,974 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,357 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Other race............................................ 13,386 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 25,606 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Kentucky +Total population............................................ 3,685,296 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,785,235 + Female................................................... 1,900,061 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 250,871 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 703,223 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 182,178 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 217,811 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,159,182 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 382,366 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 162,821 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 159,999 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 268,226 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 152,252 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,367 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 954,094 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 466,845 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,379,782 + Family households (families)............................. 1,015,998 + Married-couple families............................... 816,732 + Percent of total households........................ 59.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 39,606 + Other family, female householder...................... 159,660 + Nonfamily households..................................... 363,784 + Percent of total households........................ 26.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 321,247 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 142,045 + Persons living in households............................. 3,584,120 + Persons per household.................................... 2.60 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 101,176 + Institutionalized persons............................. 47,609 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 53,567 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,391,832 + Black.................................................... 262,907 + Percent of total population........................... 7.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,769 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 17,812 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 6,976 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 21,984 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Kentucky +Total housing units......................................... 1,506,845 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + Owner occupied........................................ 960,469 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 419,313 + Vacant housing units..................................... 127,063 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,962 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.6 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.69 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 35,873 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,010,860 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 25,285 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,291 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 65,348 + 10 or more units......................................... 96,494 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 199,567 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 662,174 + Less than $50,000..................................... 326,862 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 260,534 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 47,479 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 15,851 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 8,041 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,407 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 351,165 + Less than $250........................................ 175,280 + $250 to $499.......................................... 160,392 + $500 to $749.......................................... 12,875 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,499 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,119 + Median (dollars)...................................... 250 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,379,782 + White................................................. 1,278,806 + Black................................................. 92,639 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,108 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,634 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,595 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 6,220 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Louisiana +Total population............................................ 4,219,973 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,031,386 + Female................................................... 2,188,587 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 334,650 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 892,619 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,010 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 254,501 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,309,858 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 406,440 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 171,927 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 170,977 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 275,008 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 150,350 + 85 years and over........................................ 43,633 + Median age............................................... 31.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,227,269 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.1 +65 years and over........................................... 468,991 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,499,269 + Family households (families)............................. 1,089,882 + Married-couple families............................... 803,282 + Percent of total households........................ 53.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,471 + Other family, female householder...................... 234,129 + Nonfamily households..................................... 409,387 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 356,060 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 137,596 + Persons living in households............................. 4,107,395 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 112,578 + Institutionalized persons............................. 67,276 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 45,302 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,839,138 + Black.................................................... 1,299,281 + Percent of total population........................... 30.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 18,541 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,099 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + Other race............................................... 21,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,044 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Louisiana +Total housing units......................................... 1,716,241 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + Owner occupied........................................ 987,919 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 511,350 + Vacant housing units..................................... 216,972 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,333 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 12.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.83 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.57 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 89,268 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,083,921 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 79,002 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 152,060 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 58,819 + 10 or more units......................................... 124,916 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 217,523 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 733,914 + Less than $50,000..................................... 289,121 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 344,457 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,958 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,800 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 11,450 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,128 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 452,077 + Less than $250........................................ 211,769 + $250 to $499.......................................... 213,862 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,781 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,209 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,456 + Median (dollars)...................................... 260 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,499,269 + White................................................. 1,069,650 + Black................................................. 406,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 27.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,686 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 6,649 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 29,990 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maine +Total population............................................ 1,227,928 +SEX + Male..................................................... 597,850 + Female................................................... 630,078 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 85,722 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 223,280 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 56,232 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 67,540 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 398,580 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 124,751 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,216 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 54,234 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 91,600 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 53,547 + 85 years and over........................................ 18,226 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 309,002 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.2 +65 years and over........................................... 163,373 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 465,312 + Family households (families)............................. 328,685 + Married-couple families............................... 270,565 + Percent of total households........................ 58.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,760 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 136,627 + Percent of total households........................ 29.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 108,474 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 48,257 + Persons living in households............................. 1,190,759 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 37,169 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,136 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,033 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,208,360 + Black.................................................... 5,138 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 5,998 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 6,683 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,749 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 6,829 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maine +Total housing units......................................... 587,045 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + Owner occupied........................................ 327,888 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 137,424 + Vacant housing units..................................... 121,733 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 88,039 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.20 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,998 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 378,413 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,753 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 74,077 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 28,553 + 10 or more units......................................... 26,230 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 68,019 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 214,663 + Less than $50,000..................................... 37,489 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 95,187 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 49,286 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 18,040 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,995 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,666 + Median (dollars)...................................... 87,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 122,972 + Less than $250........................................ 30,198 + $250 to $499.......................................... 68,579 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,448 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,902 + $1,000 or more........................................ 845 + Median (dollars)...................................... 358 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 465,312 + White................................................. 460,110 + Black................................................. 1,458 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,860 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,503 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 381 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,880 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Maryland +Total population............................................ 4,781,468 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,318,671 + Female................................................... 2,462,797 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 357,818 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 804,423 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 208,411 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 296,962 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,677,104 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 521,801 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 202,170 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 195,297 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 314,491 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 156,495 + 85 years and over........................................ 46,496 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,162,241 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 517,482 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,748,991 + Family households (families)............................. 1,245,814 + Married-couple families............................... 948,563 + Percent of total households........................ 54.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 65,362 + Other family, female householder...................... 231,889 + Nonfamily households..................................... 503,177 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 394,572 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 135,318 + Persons living in households............................. 4,667,612 + Persons per household.................................... 2.67 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 113,856 + Institutionalized persons............................. 62,760 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 51,096 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 3,393,964 + Black.................................................... 1,189,899 + Percent of total population........................... 24.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,972 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 139,719 + Percent of total population........................... 2.9 + Other race............................................... 44,914 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 125,102 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Maryland +Total housing units......................................... 1,891,917 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,137,296 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 611,695 + Vacant housing units..................................... 142,926 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 42,268 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.45 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 53,139 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 938,514 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 393,185 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 104,332 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 105,530 + 10 or more units......................................... 294,364 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 55,992 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 970,864 + Less than $50,000..................................... 87,334 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 300,852 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 274,242 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 139,611 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 103,274 + $300,000 or more...................................... 65,551 + Median (dollars)...................................... 116,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 574,109 + Less than $250........................................ 88,093 + $250 to $499.......................................... 223,038 + $500 to $749.......................................... 196,835 + $750 to $999.......................................... 50,950 + $1,000 or more........................................ 15,193 + Median (dollars)...................................... 473 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,748,991 + White................................................. 1,293,894 + Black................................................. 401,460 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 23.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,406 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,062 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.2 + Other race............................................ 11,169 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 34,404 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Massachusetts +Total population............................................ 6,016,425 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,888,745 + Female................................................... 3,127,680 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 412,473 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 940,602 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 302,128 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 406,971 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,019,817 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 600,095 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 253,458 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 261,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 459,881 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 267,194 + 85 years and over........................................ 92,209 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,353,075 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 819,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,247,110 + Family households (families)............................. 1,514,746 + Married-couple families............................... 1,170,275 + Percent of total households........................ 52.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 73,548 + Other family, female householder...................... 270,923 + Nonfamily households..................................... 732,364 + Percent of total households........................ 32.6 + Householder living alone.............................. 580,774 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 243,334 + Persons living in households............................. 5,802,118 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 214,307 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,345 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 129,962 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,405,374 + Black.................................................... 300,130 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,241 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 143,392 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 155,288 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 287,549 + Percent of total population........................... 4.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Massachusetts +Total housing units......................................... 2,472,711 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,331,493 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 915,617 + Vacant housing units..................................... 225,601 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 90,367 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 6.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.82 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 56,700 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,237,786 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 88,746 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 597,143 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 159,332 + 10 or more units......................................... 338,585 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 51,119 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,004,573 + Less than $50,000..................................... 9,481 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,514 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 310,792 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 298,303 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 196,372 + $300,000 or more...................................... 96,111 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 879,173 + Less than $250........................................ 164,904 + $250 to $499.......................................... 265,621 + $500 to $749.......................................... 308,154 + $750 to $999.......................................... 98,604 + $1,000 or more........................................ 41,890 + Median (dollars)...................................... 506 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,247,110 + White................................................. 2,061,948 + Black................................................. 99,402 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 4,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 38,728 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.7 + Other race............................................ 42,824 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 81,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Michigan +Total population............................................ 9,295,297 +SEX + Male..................................................... 4,512,781 + Female................................................... 4,782,516 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 702,554 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,756,211 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 449,966 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 554,561 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,980,702 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 948,119 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 392,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 401,936 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 655,838 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 345,716 + 85 years and over........................................ 106,907 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,458,765 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,108,461 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.9 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 3,419,331 + Family households (families)............................. 2,439,171 + Married-couple families............................... 1,883,143 + Percent of total households........................ 55.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 113,789 + Other family, female householder...................... 442,239 + Nonfamily households..................................... 980,160 + Percent of total households........................ 28.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 809,449 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 317,659 + Persons living in households............................. 9,083,605 + Persons per household.................................... 2.66 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 211,692 + Institutionalized persons............................. 112,903 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 98,789 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 7,756,086 + Black.................................................... 1,291,706 + Percent of total population........................... 13.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 55,638 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 104,983 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 86,884 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 201,596 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Michigan +Total housing units......................................... 3,847,926 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,427,643 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 991,688 + Vacant housing units..................................... 428,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 223,549 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.31 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 90,551 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,673,184 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 130,583 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 267,767 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 150,831 + 10 or more units......................................... 336,721 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 288,840 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,916,143 + Less than $50,000..................................... 737,217 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 814,496 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 219,195 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 79,313 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 45,953 + $300,000 or more...................................... 19,969 + Median (dollars)...................................... 60,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 925,304 + Less than $250........................................ 232,954 + $250 to $499.......................................... 536,905 + $500 to $749.......................................... 128,873 + $750 to $999.......................................... 17,827 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,745 + Median (dollars)...................................... 343 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 3,419,331 + White................................................. 2,907,741 + Black................................................. 441,984 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 12.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 17,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 23,693 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,798 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Minnesota +Total population............................................ 4,375,099 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,145,183 + Female................................................... 2,229,916 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 336,800 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 829,983 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 192,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 250,000 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,445,827 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 428,460 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 173,066 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 171,220 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 294,522 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 183,577 + 85 years and over........................................ 68,835 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,166,783 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.7 +65 years and over........................................... 546,934 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,647,853 + Family households (families)............................. 1,130,683 + Married-couple families............................... 942,524 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 46,605 + Other family, female householder...................... 141,554 + Nonfamily households..................................... 517,170 + Percent of total households........................ 31.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 413,531 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 167,001 + Persons living in households............................. 4,257,478 + Persons per household.................................... 2.58 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 117,621 + Institutionalized persons............................. 63,279 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 54,342 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,130,395 + Black.................................................... 94,944 + Percent of total population........................... 2.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 49,909 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 77,886 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 21,965 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 53,884 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Minnesota +Total housing units......................................... 1,848,445 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,183,673 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 464,180 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,592 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 105,122 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.08 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 34,126 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,230,561 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 69,267 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 115,347 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 45,190 + 10 or more units......................................... 276,475 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 111,605 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 894,345 + Less than $50,000..................................... 204,921 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 482,307 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 138,209 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 38,579 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,091 + $300,000 or more...................................... 9,238 + Median (dollars)...................................... 74,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 431,301 + Less than $250........................................ 103,986 + $250 to $499.......................................... 217,401 + $500 to $749.......................................... 93,630 + $750 to $999.......................................... 12,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,480 + Median (dollars)...................................... 384 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,647,853 + White................................................. 1,579,722 + Black................................................. 31,201 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 14,168 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 17,198 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Other race............................................ 5,564 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 14,039 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Mississippi +Total population............................................ 2,573,216 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,230,617 + Female................................................... 1,342,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 195,365 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 551,396 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 141,847 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 151,499 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 749,584 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 247,745 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 107,784 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 106,712 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 180,149 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 108,800 + 85 years and over........................................ 32,335 + Median age............................................... 31.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 746,761 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.0 +65 years and over........................................... 321,284 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 911,374 + Family households (families)............................. 674,378 + Married-couple families............................... 498,240 + Percent of total households........................ 54.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 30,917 + Other family, female householder...................... 145,221 + Nonfamily households..................................... 236,996 + Percent of total households........................ 26.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 212,949 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 98,180 + Persons living in households............................. 2,503,499 + Persons per household.................................... 2.75 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 69,717 + Institutionalized persons............................. 29,733 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 39,984 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,633,461 + Black.................................................... 915,057 + Percent of total population........................... 35.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,525 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 13,016 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,157 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 15,931 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Mississippi +Total housing units......................................... 1,010,423 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + Owner occupied........................................ 651,587 + Percent owner occupied............................. 71.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 259,787 + Vacant housing units..................................... 99,049 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 16,002 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.65 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 52,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 710,298 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 17,060 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 56,813 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 35,675 + 10 or more units......................................... 41,322 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 149,255 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 441,821 + Less than $50,000..................................... 249,302 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 156,081 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 24,236 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 7,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 3,571 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,590 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 214,289 + Less than $250........................................ 126,942 + $250 to $499.......................................... 80,106 + $500 to $749.......................................... 6,222 + $750 to $999.......................................... 588 + $1,000 or more........................................ 431 + Median (dollars)...................................... 215 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 911,374 + White................................................. 623,470 + Black................................................. 281,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 30.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,329 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 857 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 4,745 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Missouri +Total population............................................ 5,117,073 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,464,315 + Female................................................... 2,652,758 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 369,244 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 945,582 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 234,368 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 282,823 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,586,813 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 523,177 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 228,556 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 228,829 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 394,202 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 242,262 + 85 years and over........................................ 81,217 + Median age............................................... 33.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,314,826 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.7 +65 years and over........................................... 717,681 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,961,206 + Family households (families)............................. 1,368,334 + Married-couple families............................... 1,104,723 + Percent of total households........................ 56.3 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,436 + Other family, female householder...................... 208,175 + Nonfamily households..................................... 592,872 + Percent of total households........................ 30.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 510,684 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 221,516 + Persons living in households............................. 4,971,676 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 145,397 + Institutionalized persons............................. 80,854 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 64,543 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,486,228 + Black.................................................... 548,208 + Percent of total population........................... 10.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,835 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 41,277 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 21,525 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 61,702 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Missouri +Total housing units......................................... 2,199,129 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,348,746 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 612,460 + Vacant housing units..................................... 237,923 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,492 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 48,264 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,489,661 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 57,345 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 212,483 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 85,323 + 10 or more units......................................... 172,360 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 181,957 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,005,407 + Less than $50,000..................................... 385,051 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 452,582 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 101,957 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 33,635 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 20,275 + $300,000 or more...................................... 11,907 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 548,587 + Less than $250........................................ 223,902 + $250 to $499.......................................... 275,787 + $500 to $749.......................................... 40,831 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,290 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,777 + Median (dollars)...................................... 282 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,961,206 + White................................................. 1,747,422 + Black................................................. 188,853 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 9.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,298 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 11,584 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 6,049 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 18,444 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + 1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Montana +Total population............................................ 799,065 +SEX + Male..................................................... 395,769 + Female................................................... 403,296 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 59,257 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 162,847 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 32,703 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,308 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 249,826 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 82,306 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 34,005 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 34,316 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 60,884 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,937 + 85 years and over........................................ 10,676 + Median age............................................... 33.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 222,104 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.8 +65 years and over........................................... 106,497 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 306,163 + Family households (families)............................. 211,666 + Married-couple families............................... 176,526 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 8,743 + Other family, female householder...................... 26,397 + Nonfamily households..................................... 94,497 + Percent of total households........................ 30.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 80,491 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 32,208 + Persons living in households............................. 775,318 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 23,747 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,125 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,622 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 741,111 + Black.................................................... 2,381 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 47,679 + Percent of total population........................... 6.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 4,259 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 3,635 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 12,174 + Percent of total population........................... 1.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Montana +Total housing units......................................... 361,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + Owner occupied........................................ 205,899 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 100,264 + Vacant housing units..................................... 54,992 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 20,481 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.0 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.65 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.28 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,886 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 237,533 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 8,432 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 29,327 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,376 + 10 or more units......................................... 16,931 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 58,556 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 132,419 + Less than $50,000..................................... 52,306 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 68,279 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 8,398 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 2,142 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 1,018 + $300,000 or more...................................... 276 + Median (dollars)...................................... 56,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 85,542 + Less than $250........................................ 42,446 + $250 to $499.......................................... 40,278 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,389 + $750 to $999.......................................... 199 + $1,000 or more........................................ 230 + Median (dollars)...................................... 251 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 306,163 + White................................................. 290,030 + Black................................................. 760 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 13,230 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 1,040 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 1,103 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,374 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Nebraska + +Total population............................................ 1,578,385 +SEX + Male..................................................... 769,439 + Female................................................... 808,946 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 119,606 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 309,406 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 70,495 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 85,392 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 486,020 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 149,389 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 67,281 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 67,728 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 117,643 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 76,223 + 85 years and over........................................ 29,202 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 429,012 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.2 +65 years and over........................................... 223,068 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 602,363 + Family households (families)............................. 415,427 + Married-couple families............................... 350,514 + Percent of total households........................ 58.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 14,738 + Other family, female householder...................... 50,175 + Nonfamily households..................................... 186,936 + Percent of total households........................ 31.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 159,671 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 69,640 + Persons living in households............................. 1,530,832 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 47,553 + Institutionalized persons............................. 25,620 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 21,933 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,480,558 + Black.................................................... 57,404 + Percent of total population........................... 3.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 12,410 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 12,422 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 15,591 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 36,969 + Percent of total population...................................2.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Nebraska + +Total housing units......................................... 660,621 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 602,363 + Owner occupied........................................ 400,394 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 201,969 + Vacant housing units..................................... 58,258 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 10,978 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.68 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.27 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 10,512 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 479,124 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 15,767 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 39,656 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 24,959 + 10 or more units......................................... 59,058 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 42,057 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 314,363 + Less than $50,000..................................... 155,328 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 132,438 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 18,540 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 4,659 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 2,425 + $300,000 or more...................................... 973 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 174,052 + Less than $250........................................ 69,594 + $250 to $499.......................................... 91,576 + $500 to $749.......................................... 10,966 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,188 + $1,000 or more........................................ 728 + Median (dollars)...................................... 282 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 602,363 + White................................................. 571,603 + Black................................................. 19,720 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 3,342 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,264 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 4,434 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 10,517 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Nevada +Total population............................................ 1,201,833 +SEX + Male..................................................... 611,880 + Female................................................... 589,953 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 92,217 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 204,731 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 47,863 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 71,082 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 414,292 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 136,000 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,681 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 53,336 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,785 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,383 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,463 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 296,948 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 127,631 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.6 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 466,297 + Family households (families)............................. 307,400 + Married-couple families............................... 239,573 + Percent of total households........................ 51.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,318 + Other family, female householder...................... 47,509 + Nonfamily households..................................... 158,897 + Percent of total households........................ 34.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 119,627 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 33,244 + Persons living in households............................. 1,177,633 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,200 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,550 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 10,650 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,012,695 + Black.................................................... 78,771 + Percent of total population........................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 19,637 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 38,127 + Percent of total population........................... 3.2 + Other race............................................... 52,603 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 124,419 + Percent of total population........................... 10.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Nevada +Total housing units......................................... 518,858 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + Owner occupied........................................ 255,388 + Percent owner occupied............................. 54.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 210,909 + Vacant housing units..................................... 52,561 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 11,258 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.67 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,890 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 235,912 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 26,819 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 49,889 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 40,757 + 10 or more units......................................... 89,864 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 75,617 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 183,816 + Less than $50,000..................................... 8,415 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 93,325 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 51,329 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 16,038 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 9,115 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,594 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 202,782 + Less than $250........................................ 19,063 + $250 to $499.......................................... 111,139 + $500 to $749.......................................... 62,940 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,587 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,053 + Median (dollars)...................................... 445 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 466,297 + White................................................. 407,859 + Black................................................. 26,485 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 5.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,564 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 10,875 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.3 + Other race............................................ 14,514 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 35,658 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Hampshire +Total population............................................ 1,109,252 +SEX + Male..................................................... 543,544 + Female................................................... 565,708 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 84,565 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 194,190 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 52,399 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,203 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 387,455 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 112,215 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 44,703 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 43,493 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 71,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 40,272 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,286 + Median age............................................... 32.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 278,755 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.1 +65 years and over........................................... 125,029 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 411,186 + Family households (families)............................. 292,601 + Married-couple families............................... 245,307 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,517 + Other family, female householder...................... 34,777 + Nonfamily households..................................... 118,585 + Percent of total households........................ 28.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 90,364 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 34,522 + Persons living in households............................. 1,077,101 + Persons per household.................................... 2.62 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 32,151 + Institutionalized persons............................. 11,466 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 20,685 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,087,433 + Black.................................................... 7,198 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,134 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 9,343 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 3,144 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 11,333 + Percent of total population........................... 1.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Hampshire +Total housing units......................................... 503,904 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + Owner occupied........................................ 280,372 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 130,814 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,718 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 57,135 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.80 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.24 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 6,610 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 297,777 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,072 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 68,105 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 26,985 + 10 or more units......................................... 46,022 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,943 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 199,358 + Less than $50,000..................................... 6,262 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 45,594 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 79,905 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 39,937 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 21,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 6,572 + Median (dollars)...................................... 129,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 121,779 + Less than $250........................................ 14,724 + $250 to $499.......................................... 51,960 + $500 to $749.......................................... 45,058 + $750 to $999.......................................... 7,804 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 479 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 411,186 + White................................................. 404,832 + Black................................................. 2,322 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 764 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,421 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Other race............................................ 847 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 3,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Jersey +Total population............................................ 7,730,188 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,735,685 + Female................................................... 3,994,503 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 532,637 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,266,825 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 326,079 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 453,105 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,557,310 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 843,009 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 355,677 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 363,521 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 610,192 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 326,286 + 85 years and over........................................ 95,547 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,799,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.3 +65 years and over........................................... 1,032,025 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,794,711 + Family households (families)............................. 2,021,346 + Married-couple families............................... 1,578,702 + Percent of total households........................ 56.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 104,189 + Other family, female householder...................... 338,455 + Nonfamily households..................................... 773,365 + Percent of total households........................ 27.7 + Householder living alone.............................. 646,171 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 273,736 + Persons living in households............................. 7,558,820 + Persons per household.................................... 2.70 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 171,368 + Institutionalized persons............................. 92,670 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 78,698 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 6,130,465 + Black.................................................... 1,036,825 + Percent of total population........................... 13.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,970 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 272,521 + Percent of total population........................... 3.5 + Other race............................................... 275,407 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 739,861 + Percent of total population........................... 9.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Jersey +Total housing units......................................... 3,075,310 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,813,381 + Percent owner occupied............................. 64.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 981,330 + Vacant housing units..................................... 280,599 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 100,591 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.87 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.40 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 108,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,637,129 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 234,829 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 526,997 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 146,396 + 10 or more units......................................... 453,254 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 76,705 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,466,270 + Less than $50,000..................................... 45,471 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 241,369 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 348,781 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 367,285 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 301,468 + $300,000 or more...................................... 161,896 + Median (dollars)...................................... 162,300 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 942,141 + Less than $250........................................ 106,627 + $250 to $499.......................................... 321,775 + $500 to $749.......................................... 381,923 + $750 to $999.......................................... 92,517 + $1,000 or more........................................ 39,299 + Median (dollars)...................................... 521 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,794,711 + White................................................. 2,307,810 + Black................................................. 333,782 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,105 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 73,840 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + Other race............................................ 74,174 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 215,526 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 7.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New Mexico +Total population............................................ 1,515,069 +SEX + Male..................................................... 745,253 + Female................................................... 769,816 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 125,878 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 320,863 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 68,168 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 83,656 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 484,466 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 147,448 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 62,038 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 59,490 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 97,607 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 51,223 + 85 years and over........................................ 14,232 + Median age............................................... 31.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 446,741 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.5 +65 years and over........................................... 163,062 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 542,709 + Family households (families)............................. 391,487 + Married-couple families............................... 303,789 + Percent of total households........................ 56.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 23,143 + Other family, female householder...................... 64,555 + Nonfamily households..................................... 151,222 + Percent of total households........................ 27.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 124,883 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 42,964 + Persons living in households............................. 1,486,262 + Persons per household.................................... 2.74 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 28,807 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,024 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 14,783 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,146,028 + Black.................................................... 30,210 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 134,355 + Percent of total population........................... 8.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 14,124 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + Other race............................................... 190,352 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 579,224 + Percent of total population........................... 38.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New Mexico +Total housing units......................................... 632,058 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,965 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.4 + Renter occupied....................................... 176,744 + Vacant housing units..................................... 89,349 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,862 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 42,810 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 387,830 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 28,352 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 38,833 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 16,434 + 10 or more units......................................... 48,239 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 112,370 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 262,309 + Less than $50,000..................................... 73,491 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 128,214 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 37,324 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 12,822 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 7,176 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,282 + Median (dollars)...................................... 70,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 157,095 + Less than $250........................................ 49,767 + $250 to $499.......................................... 88,292 + $500 to $749.......................................... 16,096 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,951 + $1,000 or more........................................ 989 + Median (dollars)...................................... 312 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 542,709 + White................................................. 435,810 + Black................................................. 10,377 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 33,489 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 3,733 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 59,300 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 178,709 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 32.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** New York +Total population............................................ 17,990,455 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,625,673 + Female................................................... 9,364,782 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,255,764 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,003,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 839,066 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,114,358 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,862,873 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,913,920 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 811,857 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 825,110 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,348,279 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 767,270 + 85 years and over........................................ 248,173 + Median age............................................... 33.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,259,549 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.7 +65 years and over........................................... 2,363,722 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,639,322 + Family households (families)............................. 4,489,312 + Married-couple families............................... 3,315,845 + Percent of total households........................ 49.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 254,201 + Other family, female householder...................... 919,266 + Nonfamily households..................................... 2,150,010 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,806,263 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 700,016 + Persons living in households............................. 17,445,190 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 545,265 + Institutionalized persons............................. 267,122 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 278,143 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 13,385,255 + Black.................................................... 2,859,055 + Percent of total population........................... 15.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 62,651 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 693,760 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + Other race............................................... 989,734 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 2,214,026 + Percent of total population........................... 12.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** New York +Total housing units......................................... 7,226,891 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,464,436 + Percent owner occupied............................. 52.2 + Renter occupied....................................... 3,174,886 + Vacant housing units..................................... 587,569 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 212,625 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.86 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.38 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 431,733 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,929,333 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 301,794 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 1,320,073 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 374,858 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,998,074 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 302,759 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,387,606 + Less than $50,000..................................... 243,817 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 674,377 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 431,629 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 438,992 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 380,997 + $300,000 or more...................................... 217,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 131,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 3,059,911 + Less than $250........................................ 529,128 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,387,210 + $500 to $749.......................................... 764,656 + $750 to $999.......................................... 223,110 + $1,000 or more........................................ 155,807 + Median (dollars)...................................... 428 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,639,322 + White................................................. 5,184,827 + Black................................................. 947,597 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 20,375 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 201,644 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + Other race............................................ 284,879 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 665,079 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Carolina +Total population............................................ 6,628,637 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,214,290 + Female................................................... 3,414,347 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 458,955 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,147,194 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 348,346 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 432,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,151,486 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 698,705 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 295,739 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 291,164 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 483,105 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 251,267 + 85 years and over........................................ 69,969 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,606,149 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.2 +65 years and over........................................... 804,341 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,517,026 + Family households (families)............................. 1,812,053 + Married-couple families............................... 1,424,206 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 77,971 + Other family, female householder...................... 309,876 + Nonfamily households..................................... 704,973 + Percent of total households........................ 28.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 596,959 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 226,384 + Persons living in households............................. 6,404,167 + Persons per household.................................... 2.54 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 224,470 + Institutionalized persons............................. 83,400 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 141,070 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 5,008,491 + Black.................................................... 1,456,323 + Percent of total population........................... 22.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 80,155 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 52,166 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 31,502 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 76,726 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Carolina +Total housing units......................................... 2,818,193 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,711,817 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 805,209 + Vacant housing units..................................... 301,167 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 98,714 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,635 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,830,229 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 74,318 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 177,700 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 130,801 + 10 or more units......................................... 150,986 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 454,159 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,217,975 + Less than $50,000..................................... 382,781 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 575,677 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 155,158 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 56,252 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 33,088 + $300,000 or more...................................... 15,019 + Median (dollars)...................................... 65,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 709,716 + Less than $250........................................ 288,186 + $250 to $499.......................................... 360,735 + $500 to $749.......................................... 52,038 + $750 to $999.......................................... 4,888 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,869 + Median (dollars)...................................... 284 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,517,026 + White................................................. 1,977,594 + Black................................................. 492,214 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 25,528 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 13,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 7,984 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 21,533 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** North Dakota +Total population............................................ 638,800 +SEX + Male..................................................... 318,201 + Female................................................... 320,599 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 47,845 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 127,540 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 30,750 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,103 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 194,035 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,084 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 26,268 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 27,120 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 47,541 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 32,274 + 85 years and over........................................ 11,240 + Median age............................................... 32.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 175,385 + Percent of total population.............................. 27.5 +65 years and over........................................... 91,055 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 240,878 + Family households (families)............................. 166,270 + Married-couple families............................... 142,374 + Percent of total households........................ 59.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,373 + Other family, female householder...................... 17,523 + Nonfamily households..................................... 74,608 + Percent of total households........................ 31.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 63,953 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 28,021 + Persons living in households............................. 614,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 24,234 + Institutionalized persons............................. 10,574 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 13,660 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 604,142 + Black.................................................... 3,524 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 25,917 + Percent of total population........................... 4.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,462 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + Other race............................................... 1,755 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,665 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** North Dakota +Total housing units......................................... 276,340 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + Owner occupied........................................ 157,950 + Percent owner occupied............................. 65.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 82,928 + Vacant housing units..................................... 35,462 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 7,236 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.18 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,762 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 172,938 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 10,286 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 21,127 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 12,011 + 10 or more units......................................... 30,362 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 29,616 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 103,702 + Less than $50,000..................................... 50,617 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 46,313 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 5,057 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,087 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 522 + $300,000 or more...................................... 106 + Median (dollars)...................................... 50,800 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 69,800 + Less than $250........................................ 31,355 + $250 to $499.......................................... 35,647 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,476 + $750 to $999.......................................... 227 + $1,000 or more........................................ 95 + Median (dollars)...................................... 266 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 240,878 + White................................................. 231,488 + Black................................................. 1,077 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 6,998 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.9 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 879 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 436 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,138 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Ohio +Total population............................................ 10,847,115 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,226,340 + Female................................................... 5,620,775 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 785,149 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 2,014,595 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 511,421 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 624,997 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,411,043 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,113,443 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 482,526 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 496,980 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 828,028 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 440,903 + 85 years and over........................................ 138,030 + Median age............................................... 33.3 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,799,744 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.8 +65 years and over........................................... 1,406,961 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,087,546 + Family households (families)............................. 2,895,223 + Married-couple families............................... 2,294,111 + Percent of total households........................ 56.1 + Other family, male householder........................ 123,042 + Other family, female householder...................... 478,070 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,192,323 + Percent of total households........................ 29.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,020,450 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 416,352 + Persons living in households............................. 10,585,664 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 261,451 + Institutionalized persons............................. 152,331 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 109,120 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 9,521,756 + Black.................................................... 1,154,826 + Percent of total population........................... 10.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 20,358 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 91,179 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Other race............................................... 58,996 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 139,696 + Percent of total population........................... 1.3 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Ohio +Total housing units......................................... 4,371,945 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + Owner occupied........................................ 2,758,149 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,329,397 + Vacant housing units..................................... 284,399 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 37,324 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.27 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 71,771 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,896,826 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 147,651 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 461,286 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 204,074 + 10 or more units......................................... 415,589 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 246,519 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,241,277 + Less than $50,000..................................... 734,006 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,102,762 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 260,464 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 80,808 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 42,921 + $300,000 or more...................................... 20,316 + Median (dollars)...................................... 63,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,231,515 + Less than $250........................................ 431,181 + $250 to $499.......................................... 692,202 + $500 to $749.......................................... 87,843 + $750 to $999.......................................... 11,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 8,794 + Median (dollars)...................................... 296 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,087,546 + White................................................. 3,621,244 + Black................................................. 415,670 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 10.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 7,688 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 26,824 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 16,120 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 41,119 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oklahoma +Total population............................................ 3,145,585 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,530,819 + Female................................................... 1,614,766 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 226,523 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 610,484 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 148,115 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 173,274 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 961,560 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 322,975 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 141,214 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 137,227 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 235,135 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 143,230 + 85 years and over........................................ 45,848 + Median age............................................... 33.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 837,007 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.6 +65 years and over........................................... 424,213 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.5 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,206,135 + Family households (families)............................. 855,321 + Married-couple families............................... 695,961 + Percent of total households........................ 57.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 33,891 + Other family, female householder...................... 125,469 + Nonfamily households..................................... 350,814 + Percent of total households........................ 29.1 + Householder living alone.............................. 309,369 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 131,237 + Persons living in households............................. 3,051,908 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 93,677 + Institutionalized persons............................. 51,211 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 42,466 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,583,512 + Black.................................................... 233,801 + Percent of total population........................... 7.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 252,420 + Percent of total population........................... 8.0 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,563 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 42,289 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 86,160 + Percent of total population........................... 2.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oklahoma +Total housing units......................................... 1,406,499 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + Owner occupied........................................ 821,188 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 384,947 + Vacant housing units..................................... 200,364 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 25,169 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.59 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.41 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 39,941 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,005,020 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,851 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 69,010 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 56,306 + 10 or more units......................................... 99,611 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 143,701 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 616,290 + Less than $50,000..................................... 323,678 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 235,557 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 36,815 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,934 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 6,055 + $300,000 or more...................................... 3,251 + Median (dollars)...................................... 48,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 341,131 + Less than $250........................................ 159,710 + $250 to $499.......................................... 162,583 + $500 to $749.......................................... 15,568 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,037 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,233 + Median (dollars)...................................... 259 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,206,135 + White................................................. 1,027,966 + Black................................................. 79,203 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 77,846 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 6.5 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 9,439 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 11,681 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 23,481 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Oregon +Total population............................................ 2,842,321 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,397,073 + Female................................................... 1,445,248 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 201,421 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 522,709 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 119,327 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 148,201 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 926,395 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 296,595 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 116,011 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 120,338 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 224,438 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 128,071 + 85 years and over........................................ 38,815 + Median age............................................... 34.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 724,130 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.5 +65 years and over........................................... 391,324 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,103,313 + Family households (families)............................. 750,844 + Married-couple families............................... 613,297 + Percent of total households........................ 55.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 35,785 + Other family, female householder...................... 101,762 + Nonfamily households..................................... 352,469 + Percent of total households........................ 31.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 278,716 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 108,579 + Persons living in households............................. 2,776,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.52 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 66,205 + Institutionalized persons............................. 33,378 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 32,827 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,636,787 + Black.................................................... 46,178 + Percent of total population........................... 1.6 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 38,496 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 69,269 + Percent of total population........................... 2.4 + Other race............................................... 51,591 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 112,707 + Percent of total population........................... 4.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Oregon +Total housing units......................................... 1,193,567 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + Owner occupied........................................ 695,957 + Percent owner occupied............................. 63.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 407,356 + Vacant housing units..................................... 90,254 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 30,200 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.62 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 40,135 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 764,258 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 32,355 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 86,371 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 46,847 + 10 or more units......................................... 118,592 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 145,144 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 511,829 + Less than $50,000..................................... 133,255 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 281,213 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 62,663 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 19,504 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 10,456 + $300,000 or more...................................... 4,738 + Median (dollars)...................................... 67,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 378,482 + Less than $250........................................ 82,356 + $250 to $499.......................................... 241,786 + $500 to $749.......................................... 44,473 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,444 + $1,000 or more........................................ 3,423 + Median (dollars)...................................... 344 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,103,313 + White................................................. 1,043,711 + Black................................................. 15,385 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,923 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 20,008 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 12,286 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 28,204 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.6 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Pennsylvania +Total population............................................ 11,881,643 +SEX + Male..................................................... 5,694,265 + Female................................................... 6,187,378 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 797,058 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,997,752 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 551,216 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 675,559 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 3,657,323 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,213,845 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 552,378 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 607,406 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 1,070,021 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 587,249 + 85 years and over........................................ 171,836 + Median age............................................... 35.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 2,794,810 + Percent of total population.............................. 23.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,829,106 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 4,495,966 + Family households (families)............................. 3,155,989 + Married-couple families............................... 2,502,072 + Percent of total households........................ 55.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 146,909 + Other family, female householder...................... 507,008 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,339,977 + Percent of total households........................ 29.8 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,150,694 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 526,264 + Persons living in households............................. 11,533,219 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 348,424 + Institutionalized persons............................. 174,210 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 174,214 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 10,520,201 + Black.................................................... 1,089,795 + Percent of total population........................... 9.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 14,733 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 137,438 + Percent of total population........................... 1.2 + Other race............................................... 119,476 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 232,262 + Percent of total population........................... 2.0 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Pennsylvania +Total housing units......................................... 4,938,140 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,176,121 + Percent owner occupied............................. 70.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 1,319,845 + Vacant housing units..................................... 442,174 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 144,359 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.2 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.72 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.19 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 82,518 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 2,636,631 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 909,676 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 507,488 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 171,041 + 10 or more units......................................... 393,091 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 320,213 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,581,261 + Less than $50,000..................................... 829,226 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,017,795 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 395,881 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 180,618 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 109,080 + $300,000 or more...................................... 48,661 + Median (dollars)...................................... 69,700 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 1,216,440 + Less than $250........................................ 397,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 601,609 + $500 to $749.......................................... 174,432 + $750 to $999.......................................... 28,834 + $1,000 or more........................................ 14,553 + Median (dollars)...................................... 322 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 4,495,966 + White................................................. 4,045,430 + Black................................................. 376,034 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 8.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,353 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 37,362 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.8 + Other race............................................ 31,787 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 65,338 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Rhode Island +Total population............................................ 1,003,464 +SEX + Male..................................................... 481,496 + Female................................................... 521,968 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 66,969 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 158,721 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 54,930 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 65,428 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 321,241 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 96,425 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 42,077 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 47,126 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 85,616 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,915 + 85 years and over........................................ 16,016 + Median age............................................... 34.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 225,690 + Percent of total population.............................. 22.5 +65 years and over........................................... 150,547 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 377,977 + Family households (families)............................. 258,886 + Married-couple families............................... 202,283 + Percent of total households........................ 53.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 12,261 + Other family, female householder...................... 44,342 + Nonfamily households..................................... 119,091 + Percent of total households........................ 31.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 99,111 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 44,627 + Persons living in households............................. 964,869 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 38,595 + Institutionalized persons............................. 14,801 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 23,794 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 917,375 + Black.................................................... 38,861 + Percent of total population........................... 3.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 4,071 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 18,325 + Percent of total population........................... 1.8 + Other race............................................... 24,832 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 45,752 + Percent of total population........................... 4.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Rhode Island +Total housing units......................................... 414,572 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + Owner occupied........................................ 224,792 + Percent owner occupied............................. 59.5 + Renter occupied....................................... 153,185 + Vacant housing units..................................... 36,595 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 12,037 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.5 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.9 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.78 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.23 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 8,676 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 218,776 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,188 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 109,460 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 23,024 + 10 or more units......................................... 43,280 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 8,844 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 176,494 + Less than $50,000..................................... 3,037 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 31,045 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 78,439 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 35,562 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 19,426 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,985 + Median (dollars)...................................... 133,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,347 + Less than $250........................................ 30,696 + $250 to $499.......................................... 69,365 + $500 to $749.......................................... 38,510 + $750 to $999.......................................... 5,709 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,067 + Median (dollars)...................................... 416 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 377,977 + White................................................. 352,749 + Black................................................. 12,445 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 1,339 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 4,471 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.2 + Other race............................................ 6,973 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 13,092 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Carolina +Total population............................................ 3,486,703 +SEX + Male..................................................... 1,688,510 + Female................................................... 1,798,193 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 256,337 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 663,870 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 185,514 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 221,012 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,114,643 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 355,610 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 148,762 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 144,020 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 246,305 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 119,881 + 85 years and over........................................ 30,749 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 920,207 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 396,935 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,258,044 + Family households (families)............................. 928,206 + Married-couple families............................... 710,089 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 41,913 + Other family, female householder...................... 176,204 + Nonfamily households..................................... 329,838 + Percent of total households........................ 26.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 281,347 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 109,012 + Persons living in households............................. 3,370,160 + Persons per household.................................... 2.68 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 116,543 + Institutionalized persons............................. 44,134 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 72,409 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 2,406,974 + Black.................................................... 1,039,884 + Percent of total population........................... 29.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 8,246 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 22,382 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 9,217 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 30,551 + Percent of total population........................... 0.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Carolina +Total housing units......................................... 1,424,155 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + Owner occupied........................................ 878,704 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 379,340 + Vacant housing units..................................... 166,111 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 49,843 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.7 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 11.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.75 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.52 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 51,061 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 898,161 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 33,891 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 91,572 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 67,091 + 10 or more units......................................... 80,065 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 253,375 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 615,434 + Less than $50,000..................................... 225,745 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 280,127 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 63,463 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 23,718 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 14,812 + $300,000 or more...................................... 7,569 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,100 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 332,473 + Less than $250........................................ 145,105 + $250 to $499.......................................... 161,649 + $500 to $749.......................................... 21,732 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,691 + $1,000 or more........................................ 1,296 + Median (dollars)...................................... 276 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,258,044 + White................................................. 923,440 + Black................................................. 323,878 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 25.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,747 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 5,599 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Other race............................................ 2,380 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 8,586 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** South Dakota +Total population............................................ 696,004 +SEX + Male..................................................... 342,498 + Female................................................... 353,506 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 54,504 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 143,958 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 31,014 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 37,099 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 204,629 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 62,669 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 29,218 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 30,582 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 54,471 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 34,517 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,343 + Median age............................................... 32.5 +Under 18 years.............................................. 198,462 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 102,331 + Percent of total population.............................. 14.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 259,034 + Family households (families)............................. 180,306 + Married-couple families............................... 152,519 + Percent of total households........................ 58.9 + Other family, male householder........................ 7,076 + Other family, female householder...................... 20,711 + Nonfamily households..................................... 78,728 + Percent of total households........................ 30.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 68,308 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 31,560 + Persons living in households............................. 670,163 + Persons per household.................................... 2.59 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 25,841 + Institutionalized persons............................. 13,305 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 12,536 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 637,515 + Black.................................................... 3,258 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 50,575 + Percent of total population........................... 7.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,123 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,533 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 5,252 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** South Dakota +Total housing units......................................... 292,436 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + Owner occupied........................................ 171,161 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 87,873 + Vacant housing units..................................... 33,402 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 8,391 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.8 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.3 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.71 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.34 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 7,660 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 202,166 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 5,249 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 19,166 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 10,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 21,642 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 34,210 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 113,057 + Less than $50,000..................................... 64,245 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 42,448 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 4,619 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,034 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 533 + $300,000 or more...................................... 178 + Median (dollars)...................................... 45,200 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 72,810 + Less than $250........................................ 38,086 + $250 to $499.......................................... 31,425 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,955 + $750 to $999.......................................... 270 + $1,000 or more........................................ 74 + Median (dollars)...................................... 242 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 259,034 + White................................................. 244,847 + Black................................................. 987 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 12,053 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 712 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 435 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,321 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Tennessee +Total population............................................ 4,877,185 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,348,928 + Female................................................... 2,528,257 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 333,415 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 883,189 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 238,948 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 288,707 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,553,309 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 526,210 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 220,952 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 213,637 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 357,423 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 202,601 + 85 years and over........................................ 58,794 + Median age............................................... 33.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,216,604 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.9 +65 years and over........................................... 618,818 + Percent of total population.............................. 12.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,853,725 + Family households (families)............................. 1,348,019 + Married-couple families............................... 1,059,569 + Percent of total households........................ 57.2 + Other family, male householder........................ 55,751 + Other family, female householder...................... 232,699 + Nonfamily households..................................... 505,706 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 442,129 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,077 + Persons living in households............................. 4,748,056 + Persons per household.................................... 2.56 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 129,129 + Institutionalized persons............................. 65,389 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 63,740 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,048,068 + Black.................................................... 778,035 + Percent of total population........................... 16.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 10,039 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 31,839 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + Other race............................................... 9,204 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 32,741 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Tennessee +Total housing units......................................... 2,026,067 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,261,118 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 592,607 + Vacant housing units..................................... 172,342 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 23,389 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 9.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.66 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.35 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 50,767 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,358,124 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 55,399 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 145,992 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 92,936 + 10 or more units......................................... 166,172 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,444 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 938,366 + Less than $50,000..................................... 371,768 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 416,401 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 91,498 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 32,230 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 17,793 + $300,000 or more...................................... 8,676 + Median (dollars)...................................... 58,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 524,172 + Less than $250........................................ 228,983 + $250 to $499.......................................... 260,056 + $500 to $749.......................................... 29,370 + $750 to $999.......................................... 3,742 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,021 + Median (dollars)...................................... 273 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,853,725 + White................................................. 1,576,161 + Black................................................. 262,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 14.2 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 3,771 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,797 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 2,491 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 9,649 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Texas +Total population............................................ 16,986,510 +SEX + Male..................................................... 8,365,963 + Female................................................... 8,620,547 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 1,390,054 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 3,445,785 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 836,698 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 1,054,146 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 5,625,196 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 1,628,634 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 661,590 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 627,831 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 998,239 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 551,732 + 85 years and over........................................ 166,605 + Median age............................................... 30.8 +Under 18 years.............................................. 4,835,839 + Percent of total population.............................. 28.5 +65 years and over........................................... 1,716,576 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.1 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 6,070,937 + Family households (families)............................. 4,343,878 + Married-couple families............................... 3,435,540 + Percent of total households........................ 56.6 + Other family, male householder........................ 206,512 + Other family, female householder...................... 701,826 + Nonfamily households..................................... 1,727,059 + Percent of total households........................ 28.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 1,452,936 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 472,029 + Persons living in households............................. 16,593,063 + Persons per household.................................... 2.73 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 393,447 + Institutionalized persons............................. 221,272 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 172,175 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 12,774,762 + Black.................................................... 2,021,632 + Percent of total population........................... 11.9 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 65,877 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 319,459 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 1,804,780 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 4,339,905 + Percent of total population........................... 25.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Texas +Total housing units......................................... 7,008,999 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + Owner occupied........................................ 3,695,115 + Percent owner occupied............................. 60.9 + Renter occupied....................................... 2,375,822 + Vacant housing units..................................... 938,062 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 151,919 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 13.0 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.85 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.55 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 494,578 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 4,388,813 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 215,201 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 390,675 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 343,049 + 10 or more units......................................... 1,040,600 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 630,661 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 2,949,089 + Less than $50,000..................................... 1,151,228 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 1,261,075 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 314,811 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 111,266 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 66,470 + $300,000 or more...................................... 44,239 + Median (dollars)...................................... 59,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 2,192,550 + Less than $250........................................ 573,792 + $250 to $499.......................................... 1,321,160 + $500 to $749.......................................... 239,984 + $750 to $999.......................................... 36,426 + $1,000 or more........................................ 21,188 + Median (dollars)...................................... 328 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 6,070,937 + White................................................. 4,800,925 + Black................................................. 684,255 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 11.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 23,482 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 91,141 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.5 + Other race............................................ 471,134 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,158,010 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 19.1 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Utah +Total population............................................ 1,722,850 +SEX + Male..................................................... 855,759 + Female................................................... 867,091 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 169,633 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 457,811 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 90,245 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 109,741 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 499,570 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 138,481 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 54,930 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 52,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 88,187 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 48,160 + 85 years and over........................................ 13,611 + Median age............................................... 26.2 +Under 18 years.............................................. 627,444 + Percent of total population.............................. 36.4 +65 years and over........................................... 149,958 + Percent of total population.............................. 8.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 537,273 + Family households (families)............................. 410,862 + Married-couple families............................... 348,029 + Percent of total households........................ 64.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 13,756 + Other family, female householder...................... 49,077 + Nonfamily households..................................... 126,411 + Percent of total households........................ 23.5 + Householder living alone.............................. 101,640 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 38,320 + Persons living in households............................. 1,693,802 + Persons per household.................................... 3.15 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 29,048 + Institutionalized persons............................. 12,739 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 16,309 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,615,845 + Black.................................................... 11,576 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 24,283 + Percent of total population........................... 1.4 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 33,371 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + Other race............................................... 37,775 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 84,597 + Percent of total population........................... 4.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Utah +Total housing units......................................... 598,388 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + Owner occupied........................................ 365,979 + Percent owner occupied............................. 68.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 171,294 + Vacant housing units..................................... 61,115 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 21,023 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.4 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.6 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 3.38 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.67 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 29,577 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 393,374 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 23,702 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 57,715 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,503 + 10 or more units......................................... 62,050 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 41,044 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 303,724 + Less than $50,000..................................... 61,055 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 188,574 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 35,185 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 10,641 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 5,727 + $300,000 or more...................................... 2,542 + Median (dollars)...................................... 68,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 161,608 + Less than $250........................................ 46,261 + $250 to $499.......................................... 101,235 + $500 to $749.......................................... 11,278 + $750 to $999.......................................... 2,144 + $1,000 or more........................................ 690 + Median (dollars)...................................... 300 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 537,273 + White................................................. 508,404 + Black................................................. 3,770 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,841 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 8,582 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Other race............................................ 10,676 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 22,720 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.2 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Vermont +Total population............................................ 562,758 +SEX + Male..................................................... 275,492 + Female................................................... 287,266 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 41,261 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 101,822 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 29,671 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 33,495 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 187,689 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 57,389 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 22,787 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 22,481 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 37,072 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 21,568 + 85 years and over........................................ 7,523 + Median age............................................... 33.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 143,083 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.4 +65 years and over........................................... 66,163 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 210,650 + Family households (families)............................. 144,895 + Married-couple families............................... 118,905 + Percent of total households........................ 56.4 + Other family, male householder........................ 6,630 + Other family, female householder...................... 19,360 + Nonfamily households..................................... 65,755 + Percent of total households........................ 31.2 + Householder living alone.............................. 49,366 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 19,648 + Persons living in households............................. 541,116 + Persons per household.................................... 2.57 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 21,642 + Institutionalized persons............................. 6,161 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 15,481 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 555,088 + Black.................................................... 1,951 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 1,696 + Percent of total population........................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 3,215 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 808 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 3,661 + Percent of total population........................... 0.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Vermont +Total housing units......................................... 271,214 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + Owner occupied........................................ 145,368 + Percent owner occupied............................. 69.0 + Renter occupied....................................... 65,282 + Vacant housing units..................................... 60,564 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 45,405 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.1 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 7.5 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.73 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.22 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 3,595 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 168,272 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 9,367 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 40,864 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 13,742 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,376 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 28,593 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 89,157 + Less than $50,000..................................... 7,850 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 41,304 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 25,549 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 8,361 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 4,398 + $300,000 or more...................................... 1,695 + Median (dollars)...................................... 95,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 57,846 + Less than $250........................................ 11,239 + $250 to $499.......................................... 34,117 + $500 to $749.......................................... 10,390 + $750 to $999.......................................... 1,495 + $1,000 or more........................................ 605 + Median (dollars)...................................... 378 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + White................................................. 208,607 + Black................................................. 557 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 591 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 718 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 177 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 1,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + + Occupied housing units................................... 210,650 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Virginia +Total population............................................ 6,187,358 +SEX + Male..................................................... 3,033,974 + Female................................................... 3,153,384 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 443,155 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 1,061,583 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 308,105 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 411,626 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 2,132,444 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 663,332 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 257,207 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 245,436 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 400,622 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 204,139 + 85 years and over........................................ 59,709 + Median age............................................... 32.6 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,504,738 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.3 +65 years and over........................................... 664,470 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.7 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 2,291,830 + Family households (families)............................. 1,629,490 + Married-couple families............................... 1,302,219 + Percent of total households........................ 56.8 + Other family, male householder........................ 72,165 + Other family, female householder...................... 255,106 + Nonfamily households..................................... 662,340 + Percent of total households........................ 28.9 + Householder living alone.............................. 523,770 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 178,575 + Persons living in households............................. 5,978,058 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 209,300 + Institutionalized persons............................. 84,292 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 125,008 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,791,739 + Black.................................................... 1,162,994 + Percent of total population........................... 18.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 15,282 + Percent of total population........................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 159,053 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + Other race............................................... 58,290 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 160,288 + Percent of total population........................... 2.6 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Virginia +Total housing units......................................... 2,496,334 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,519,521 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.3 + Renter occupied....................................... 772,309 + Vacant housing units..................................... 204,504 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 41,742 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 8.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.70 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.43 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 65,042 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,531,857 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 216,199 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 143,530 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 135,833 + 10 or more units......................................... 286,815 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 182,100 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 1,192,077 + Less than $50,000..................................... 206,663 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 466,155 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 203,911 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 132,759 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 116,547 + $300,000 or more...................................... 66,042 + Median (dollars)...................................... 91,000 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 698,751 + Less than $250........................................ 150,635 + $250 to $499.......................................... 297,353 + $500 to $749.......................................... 165,383 + $750 to $999.......................................... 60,428 + $1,000 or more........................................ 24,952 + Median (dollars)...................................... 411 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 2,291,830 + White................................................. 1,839,325 + Black................................................. 391,280 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 17.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 5,505 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.2 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 41,199 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.8 + Other race............................................ 14,521 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 43,756 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.9 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Washington +Total population............................................ 4,866,692 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,413,747 + Female................................................... 2,452,945 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 366,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 894,607 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 210,809 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 277,730 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,658,951 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 501,543 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 191,602 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 189,382 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 336,034 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 182,953 + 85 years and over........................................ 56,301 + Median age............................................... 33.1 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,261,387 + Percent of total population.............................. 25.9 +65 years and over........................................... 575,288 + Percent of total population.............................. 11.8 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,872,431 + Family households (families)............................. 1,264,934 + Married-couple families............................... 1,029,267 + Percent of total households........................ 55.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 60,145 + Other family, female householder...................... 175,522 + Nonfamily households..................................... 607,497 + Percent of total households........................ 32.4 + Householder living alone.............................. 476,320 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 162,520 + Persons living in households............................. 4,746,161 + Persons per household.................................... 2.53 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 120,531 + Institutionalized persons............................. 55,313 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 65,218 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,308,937 + Black.................................................... 149,801 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 81,483 + Percent of total population........................... 1.7 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 210,958 + Percent of total population........................... 4.3 + Other race............................................... 115,513 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 214,570 + Percent of total population........................... 4.4 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Washington +Total housing units......................................... 2,032,378 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,171,580 + Percent owner occupied............................. 62.6 + Renter occupied....................................... 700,851 + Vacant housing units..................................... 159,947 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 55,832 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.3 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 5.8 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.68 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.30 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 72,798 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,272,721 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 48,086 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 138,785 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 91,003 + 10 or more units......................................... 274,586 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 207,197 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 896,436 + Less than $50,000..................................... 123,958 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 371,298 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 192,748 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 101,041 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 67,790 + $300,000 or more...................................... 39,601 + Median (dollars)...................................... 93,400 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 655,701 + Less than $250........................................ 122,103 + $250 to $499.......................................... 373,552 + $500 to $749.......................................... 130,901 + $750 to $999.......................................... 21,321 + $1,000 or more........................................ 7,824 + Median (dollars)...................................... 383 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,872,431 + White................................................. 1,708,223 + Black................................................. 51,645 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 2.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 24,699 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 59,205 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.2 + Other race............................................ 28,659 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 55,706 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** West Virginia +Total population............................................ 1,793,477 +SEX + Male..................................................... 861,536 + Female................................................... 931,941 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 106,659 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 336,918 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 87,263 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 92,728 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 532,807 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 191,318 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 85,265 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 91,622 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 155,743 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 87,703 + 85 years and over........................................ 25,451 + Median age............................................... 35.4 +Under 18 years.............................................. 443,577 + Percent of total population.............................. 24.7 +65 years and over........................................... 268,897 + Percent of total population.............................. 15.0 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 688,557 + Family households (families)............................. 500,259 + Married-couple families............................... 406,105 + Percent of total households........................ 59.0 + Other family, male householder........................ 20,627 + Other family, female householder...................... 73,527 + Nonfamily households..................................... 188,298 + Percent of total households........................ 27.3 + Householder living alone.............................. 168,735 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 84,405 + Persons living in households............................. 1,756,566 + Persons per household.................................... 2.55 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 36,911 + Institutionalized persons............................. 19,469 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 17,442 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 1,725,523 + Black.................................................... 56,295 + Percent of total population........................... 3.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 2,458 + Percent of total population........................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 7,459 + Percent of total population........................... 0.4 + Other race............................................... 1,742 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 8,489 + Percent of total population........................... 0.5 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** West Virginia +Total housing units......................................... 781,295 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + Owner occupied........................................ 510,058 + Percent owner occupied............................. 74.1 + Renter occupied....................................... 178,499 + Vacant housing units..................................... 92,738 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 22,403 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 2.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 10.1 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.63 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.33 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 13,123 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 546,165 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 11,415 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 46,445 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 20,179 + 10 or more units......................................... 28,923 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 128,168 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 350,059 + Less than $50,000..................................... 185,276 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 136,802 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 18,904 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 5,391 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 2,807 + $300,000 or more...................................... 879 + Median (dollars)...................................... 47,900 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 146,057 + Less than $250........................................ 88,872 + $250 to $499.......................................... 53,411 + $500 to $749.......................................... 3,312 + $750 to $999.......................................... 267 + $1,000 or more........................................ 195 + Median (dollars)...................................... 221 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 688,557 + White................................................. 664,100 + Black................................................. 20,941 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 3.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 965 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 2,147 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.3 + Other race............................................ 404 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 2,785 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.4 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wisconsin +Total population............................................ 4,891,769 +SEX + Male..................................................... 2,392,935 + Female................................................... 2,498,834 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 360,730 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 928,252 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 225,390 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 286,936 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 1,546,832 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 478,882 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 204,647 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 208,879 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 358,419 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 218,509 + 85 years and over........................................ 74,293 + Median age............................................... 32.9 +Under 18 years.............................................. 1,288,982 + Percent of total population.............................. 26.4 +65 years and over........................................... 651,221 + Percent of total population.............................. 13.3 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 1,822,118 + Family households (families)............................. 1,275,172 + Married-couple families............................... 1,048,010 + Percent of total households........................ 57.5 + Other family, male householder........................ 52,632 + Other family, female householder...................... 174,530 + Nonfamily households..................................... 546,946 + Percent of total households........................ 30.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 443,673 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 192,072 + Persons living in households............................. 4,758,171 + Persons per household.................................... 2.61 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 133,598 + Institutionalized persons............................. 71,288 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 62,310 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 4,512,523 + Black.................................................... 244,539 + Percent of total population........................... 5.0 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 39,387 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 53,583 + Percent of total population........................... 1.1 + Other race............................................... 41,737 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 93,194 + Percent of total population........................... 1.9 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wisconsin +Total housing units......................................... 2,055,774 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + Owner occupied........................................ 1,215,350 + Percent owner occupied............................. 66.7 + Renter occupied....................................... 606,768 + Vacant housing units..................................... 233,656 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 150,601 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 1.2 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 4.7 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.79 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.26 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 38,340 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 1,342,230 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 50,380 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 277,221 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 81,331 + 10 or more units......................................... 175,285 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 129,327 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 916,708 + Less than $50,000..................................... 287,197 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 492,163 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 95,292 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 24,660 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 12,286 + $300,000 or more...................................... 5,110 + Median (dollars)...................................... 62,500 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 560,465 + Less than $250........................................ 146,221 + $250 to $499.......................................... 343,580 + $500 to $749.......................................... 61,539 + $750 to $999.......................................... 6,780 + $1,000 or more........................................ 2,345 + Median (dollars)...................................... 331 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 1,822,118 + White................................................. 1,712,217 + Black................................................. 75,441 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.1 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 11,515 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 12,284 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + Other race............................................ 10,661 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 24,165 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.3 + + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 1 + *** Wyoming +Total population............................................ 453,588 +SEX + Male..................................................... 227,007 + Female................................................... 226,581 +AGE + Under 5 years............................................ 34,780 + 5 to 17 years............................................ 100,745 + 18 to 20 years........................................... 20,025 + 21 to 24 years........................................... 21,361 + 25 to 44 years........................................... 148,495 + 45 to 54 years........................................... 45,497 + 55 to 59 years........................................... 17,893 + 60 to 64 years........................................... 17,597 + 65 to 74 years........................................... 27,759 + 75 to 84 years........................................... 14,886 + 85 years and over........................................ 4,550 + Median age............................................... 32.0 +Under 18 years.............................................. 135,525 + Percent of total population.............................. 29.9 +65 years and over........................................... 47,195 + Percent of total population.............................. 10.4 +HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE +Total households............................................ 168,839 + Family households (families)............................. 119,825 + Married-couple families............................... 100,800 + Percent of total households........................ 59.7 + Other family, male householder........................ 5,035 + Other family, female householder...................... 13,990 + Nonfamily households..................................... 49,014 + Percent of total households........................ 29.0 + Householder living alone.............................. 41,287 + Householder 65 years and over...................... 14,431 + Persons living in households............................. 443,348 + Persons per household.................................... 2.63 +GROUP QUARTERS + Persons living in group quarters......................... 10,240 + Institutionalized persons............................. 5,434 + Other persons in group quarters....................... 4,806 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN + White.................................................... 427,061 + Black.................................................... 3,606 + Percent of total population........................... 0.8 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut........................ 9,479 + Percent of total population........................... 2.1 + Asian or Pacific Islander................................ 2,806 + Percent of total population........................... 0.6 + Other race............................................... 10,636 + Hispanic origin (of any race)............................ 25,751 + Percent of total population........................... 5.7 + + +1990 Census of Population and Housing Page 2 + *** Wyoming +Total housing units......................................... 203,411 +OCCUPANCY AND TENURE + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + Owner occupied........................................ 114,544 + Percent owner occupied............................. 67.8 + Renter occupied....................................... 54,295 + Vacant housing units..................................... 34,572 + For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use......... 9,468 + Homeowner vacancy rate (percent).......................... 3.9 + Rental vacancy rate (percent)............................. 14.4 + Persons per owner-occupied unit.......................... 2.74 + Persons per renter-occupied unit......................... 2.39 + Units with over 1 person per room........................ 4,702 +UNITS IN STRUCTURE + 1-unit, detached......................................... 129,197 + 1-unit, attached......................................... 6,212 + 2 to 4 units............................................. 15,645 + 5 to 9 units............................................. 6,084 + 10 or more units......................................... 10,418 + Mobile home, trailer, other.............................. 35,855 +VALUE + Specified owner-occupied units........................... 78,414 + Less than $50,000..................................... 25,854 + $50,000 to $99,000.................................... 43,796 + $100,000 to $149,000.................................. 6,243 + $150,000 to $199,999.................................. 1,473 + $200,000 to $299,999.................................. 680 + $300,000 or more...................................... 368 + Median (dollars)...................................... 61,600 +CONTRACT RENT + Specified renter-occupied units paying cash rent......... 46,728 + Less than $250........................................ 20,012 + $250 to $499.......................................... 24,085 + $500 to $749.......................................... 2,368 + $750 to $999.......................................... 165 + $1,000 or more........................................ 98 + Median (dollars)...................................... 270 +RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER + Occupied housing units................................... 168,839 + White................................................. 160,879 + Black................................................. 1,208 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.7 + American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut..................... 2,630 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 1.6 + Asian or Pacific Islander............................. 772 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 0.5 + Other race............................................ 3,350 + Hispanic origin (of any race)......................... 7,662 + Percent of occupied units.......................... 4.5 + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/usconsti.txt b/politicalTextFiles/usconsti.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa3d780 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/usconsti.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@ + THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + + We the people of the United States, in order to form a more +perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, +provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and +secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, +do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States +of America. + +Article I + +Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be +vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist +of a Senate and House of Representatives. + +Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of +members chosen every second year by the people of the several +states, and the electors in each state shall have the +qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous +branch of the state legislature. + +No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained +to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen +of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an +inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. + +Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among +the several states which may be included within this union, +according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined +by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those +bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not +taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration +shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the +Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term +of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The +number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty +thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; +and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New +Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, +Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, +New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, +Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina +five, and Georgia three. + +When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, +the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election +to fill such vacancies. + +The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and +other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. + +Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed +of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature +thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. + +Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of +the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be +into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class +shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the +second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third +class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may +be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, +or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, +the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the +next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. + +No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the +age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United +States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that +state for which he shall be chosen. + +The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the +Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. + +The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a +President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, +or when he shall exercise the office of President of the +United States. + +The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. +When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or +affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, +the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted +without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. + +Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than +to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy +any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but +the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to +indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. + +Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections +for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each +state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any +time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the +places of choosing Senators. + +The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and +such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless +they shall by law appoint a different day. + +Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, +returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority +of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller +number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to +compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and +under such penalties as each House may provide. + +Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish +its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence +of two thirds, expel a member. + +Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from +time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in +their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the +members of either House on any question shall, at the desire +of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. + +Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without +the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor +to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. + +Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a +compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and +paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all +cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be +privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session +of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from +the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they +shall not be questioned in any other place. + +No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which +he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the +authority of the United States, which shall have been created, +or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such +time: and no person holding any office under the United States, +shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. + +Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the +House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur +with amendments as on other Bills. + +Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives +and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to +the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign +it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that +House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the +objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider +it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall +agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the +objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be +reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it +shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses +shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the +persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the +journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be +returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) +after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a +law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress +by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it +shall not be a law. + +Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of +the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary +(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to +the President of the United States; and before the same shall +take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by +him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of +Representatives, according to the rules and limitations +prescribed in the case of a bill. + +Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect +taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and +provide for the common defense and general welfare of the +United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall +be uniform throughout the United States; + +To borrow money on the credit of the United States; + +To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the +several states, and with the Indian tribes; + +To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform +laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; + +To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, +and fix the standard of weights and measures; + +To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities +and current coin of the United States; + +To establish post offices and post roads; + +To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing +for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right +to their respective writings and discoveries; + +To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; + +To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the +high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; + +To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and +make rules concerning captures on land and water; + +To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to +that use shall be for a longer term than two years; + +To provide and maintain a navy; + +To make rules for the government and regulation of the land +and naval forces; + +To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws +of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; + +To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, +and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the +service of the United States, reserving to the states +respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the +authority of training the militia according to the discipline +prescribed by Congress; + +To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over +such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by +cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, +become the seat of the government of the United States, and to +exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent +of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for +the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and +other needful buildings;--And + +To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for +carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other +powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the +United States, or in any department or officer thereof. + +Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any +of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall +not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand +eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such +importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. + +The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be +suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the +public safety may require it. + +No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. + +No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in +proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed +to be taken. + +No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. + +No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or +revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor +shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, +clear or pay duties in another. + +No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence +of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and +account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall +be published from time to time. + +No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: +and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, +shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any +present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, +from any king, prince, or foreign state. + +Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or +confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; +emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a +tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post +facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or +grant any title of nobility. + +No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any +imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be +absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection laws: and +the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state +on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of +the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the +revision and control of the Congress. + +No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty +of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter +into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a +foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in +such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. + +Article II + +Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a +President of the United States of America. He shall hold his +office during the term of four years, and, together with the +Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows: + +Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature +thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole +number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may +be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, +or person holding an office of trust or profit under the +United States, shall be appointed an elector. + +The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by +ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an +inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall +make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of +votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and +transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United +States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President +of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of +Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall +then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes +shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the +whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than +one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, +then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by +ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a +majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House +shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the +President, the votes shall be taken by States, the +representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for +this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two +thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall +be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of +the President, the person having the greatest number of votes +of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there +should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate +shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. + +The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and +the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be +the same throughout the United States. + +No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the +United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, +shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any +person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained +to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a +resident within the United States. + +In case of the removal of the President from office, or of +his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers +and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the +Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the +case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the +President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall +then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, +until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. + +The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, +a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished +during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he +shall not receive within that period any other emolument from +the United States, or any of them. + +Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take +the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear +(or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of +President of the United States, and will to the best of my +ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution +of the United States." + +Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the +Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the +several states, when called into the actual service of the +United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the +principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon +any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, +and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for +offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. + +He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the +Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators +present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice +and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other +public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and +all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are +not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established +by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of +such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President +alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. + +The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that +may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting +commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. + +Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress +information of the state of the union, and recommend to their +consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and +expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both +Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between +them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn +them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive +ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that +the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the +officers of the United States. + +Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers +of the United States, shall be removed from office on +impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other +high crimes and misdemeanors. + +Article III + +Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be +vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the +Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, +both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices +during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for +their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished +during their continuance in office. + +Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law +and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the +United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under +their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other +public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and +maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United +States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more +states;--between a state and citizens of another state;-- +between citizens of different states;--between citizens of +the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, +and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign +states, citizens or subjects. + +In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and +consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme +Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases +before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate +jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, +and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. + +The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall +be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the +said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed +within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as +the Congress may by law have directed. + +Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist +only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their +enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be +convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses +to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. + +The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of +treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption +of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person +attainted. + +Article IV + +Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state +to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every +other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the +manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be +proved, and the effect thereof. + +Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all +privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. + +A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other +crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another +state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state +from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state +having jurisdiction of the crime. + +No person held to service or labor in one state, under the +laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of +any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service +or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party +to whom such service or labor may be due. + +Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this +union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the +jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the +junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the +consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well +as of the Congress. + +The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all +needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other +property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this +Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims +of the United States, or of any particular state. + +Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in +this union a republican form of government, and shall protect +each of them against invasion; and on application of the +legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot +be convened) against domestic violence. + +Article V + +The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it +necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, +on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the +several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, +which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, +as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures +of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in +three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of +ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that +no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand +eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first +and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; +and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of +its equal suffrage in the Senate. + +Article VI + +All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the +adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the +United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. + +This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall +be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which +shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall +be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state +shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws +of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. + +The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the +members of the several state legislatures, and all executive +and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the +several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to +support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever +be required as a qualification to any office or public trust +under the United States. + +Article VII + +The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be +sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between +the states so ratifying the same. + +Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states +present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our +Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the +independence of the United States of America the twelfth. +In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, + +G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia + +New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman + +Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King + +Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman + +New York: Alexander Hamilton + +New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, +Jona: Dayton + +Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, +Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, +Gouv Morris + +Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, +Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom + +Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll + +Virginia: John Blair--, James Madison Jr. + +North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson + +South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, +Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler + +Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION IF THE UNITED STATES + + +Amendment I (1791) + +Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of +religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or +abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the +right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition +the government for a redress of grievances. + +Amendment II (1791) + +A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security +of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear +arms, shall not be infringed. + +Amendment III (1791) + +No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, +without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but +in a manner to be prescribed by law. + +Amendment IV (1791) + +The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, +papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, +shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon +probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and +particularly describing the place to be searched, and the +persons or things to be seized. + +Amendment V (1791) + +No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise +infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand +jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, +or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war +or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the +same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; +nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness +against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, +without due process of law; nor shall private property be +taken for public use, without just compensation. + +Amendment VI (1791) + +In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right +to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state +and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which +district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and +to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; +to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have +compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, +and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. + +Amendment VII (1791) + +In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall +exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be +preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise +reexamined in any court of the United States, than according +to the rules of the common law. + +Amendment VIII (1791) + +Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines +imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + +Amendment IX (1791) + +The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall +not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. + +Amendment X (1791) + +The powers not delegated to the United States by the +Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are +reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. + +Amendment XI (1798) + +The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed +to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted +against one of the United States by citizens of another state, +or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. + +Amendment XII (1804) + +The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote +by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at +least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with +themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person +voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person +voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct +lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons +voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for +each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit +sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, +directed to the President of the Senate;--The President of +the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of +Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall +then be counted;--the person having the greatest number of +votes for President, shall be the President, if such number +be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and +if no person have such majority, then from the persons having +the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those +voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall +choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing +the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the +representation from each state having one vote; a quorum +for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from +two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states +shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of +Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the +right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day +of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act +as President, as in the case of the death or other +constitutional disability of the President. The person +having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall +be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the +whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a +majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the +Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the +purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of +Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary +to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the +office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President +of the United States. + +Amendment XIII (1865) + +Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except +as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been +duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any +place subject to their jurisdiction. + +Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XIV (1868) + +Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, +and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the +United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state +shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges +or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any +state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without +due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction +the equal protection of the laws. + +Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several +states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole +number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But +when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors +for President and Vice President of the United States, +Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers +of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied +to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one +years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way +abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, +the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the +proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear +to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age +in such state. + +Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in +Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold +any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under +any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member +of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a +member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial +officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United +States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against +the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But +Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove +such disability. + +Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, +authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of +pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection +or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United +States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation +incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United +States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; +but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held +illegal and void. + +Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by +appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. + +Amendment XV (1870) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote +shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any +state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XVI (1913) + +The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on +incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment +among the several states, and without regard to any census +of enumeration. + +Amendment XVII (1913) + +The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two +Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for +six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors +in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for +electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. + +When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the +Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs +of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the +legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof +to make temporary appointments until the people fill the +vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. + +This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the +election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes +valid as part of the Constitution. + +Amendment XVIII (1919) + +Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this +article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating +liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation +thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the +jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. + +Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent +power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. + +Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, +within seven years from the date of the submission hereof +to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XIX (1920) + +The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not +be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on +account of sex. + +Congress shall have power to enforce this article by +appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XX (1933) + +Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall +end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of +Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, +of the years in which such terms would have ended if this +article had not been ratified; and the terms of their +successors shall then begin. + +Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every +year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of +January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. + +Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term +of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice +President elect shall become President. If a President shall not +have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his +term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, +then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a +President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law +provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a +Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall +then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act +shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until +a President or Vice President shall have qualified. + +Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the +death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives +may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have +devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the +persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever +the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. + +Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day +of October following the ratification of this article. + +Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within +seven years from the date of its submission. + +Amendment XXI (1933) + +Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the +Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. + +Section 2. The transportation or importation into any state, +territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or +use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws +thereof, is hereby prohibited. + +Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by +conventions in the several states, as provided in the +Constitution, within seven years from the date of the +submission hereof to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XXII (1951) + +Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the +President more than twice, and no person who has held the +office of President, or acted as President, for more than two +years of a term to which some other person was elected President +shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. +But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office +of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, +and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office +of President, or acting as President, during the term within +which this article becomes operative from holding the office of +President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. + +Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall +have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the +legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven +years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress. + +Amendment XXIII (1961) + +Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government +of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the +Congress may direct: + +A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to +the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to +which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in +no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in +addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be +considered, for the purposes of the election of President and +Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they +shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided +by the twelfth article of amendment. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XXIV (1964) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote +in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, +for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or +Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by +the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any +poll tax or other tax. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +Amendment XXV (1967) + +Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office +or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall +become President. + +Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the +Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President +who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of +both Houses of Congress. + +Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President +pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of +Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to +discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he +transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, +such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice +President as Acting President. + +Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of +either the principal officers of the executive departments +or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, +transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the +Speaker of the House of Representatives their written +declaration that the President is unable to discharge the +powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall +immediately assume the powers and duties of the office +as Acting President. + +Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro +tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of +Representatives his written declaration that no inability +exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office +unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal +officers of the executive department or of such other body as +Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the +President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the +House of Representatives their written declaration that the +President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his +office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling +within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. +If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the +latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, +within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, +determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President +is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, +the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as +Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the +powers and duties of his office. + +Amendment XXVI (1971) + +Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who +are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or +abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. + +Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this +article by appropriate legislation. + +--------------------------- + +Prepared by Gerald Murphy (Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) +Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the + National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). + +Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise + redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin + credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public + Telecomputing Network. +V R T + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/uscr1976.txt b/politicalTextFiles/uscr1976.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9ebf03 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/uscr1976.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3941 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Copyright Act of 1976 + +Source: Title 17, United States Code, Sections 101-810. + +[Sections 106, 107, and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act are of particular +interest to the projected user community of this information. However, +in order to have the convenience of access to the complete act available +it is provided here in its entirety.] + + +Section 101. Definitions. + + As used in this title, the following terms and their variant forms +mean the following: + + An "anonymous work" is a work on the copies or phonorecords of + which no natural person is identified as author. + + "Audiovisual works" are works that consist of a series of related + images which are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of + machines or devices such as projectors, viewers, or electronic + equipment, together with accompanying sounds, if any, regardless of + the nature of the material objects, such as films or tapes, in which + the works are embodied. + + The "best edition" of a work is the edition, published in the United + States at any time before the date of deposit, that the Library of + Congress determines to be most suitable for its purposes. + + A person's "children" are that person's immediate offspring, + whether legitimate or not, and any children legally adopted by that + person. + + A "collective work" is a work, such as a periodical issue, + anthology, or encyclopedia, in which a number of contributions, + constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are + assembled into a collective whole. + + A "compilation" is a work formed by the collection and assembling + of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or + arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes + an original work of authorship. The term "compilation" includes + collective works. + + A "computer program" is a set of statements or instructions to be + used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a + certain result. + + "Copies" are material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a + work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from + which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise + communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or + device. The term "copies" includes the material object, other than a + phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed. + + "Copyright owner," with respect to any one of the exclusive rights + comprised in a copyright, refers to the owner of that particular + right. + + A work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for + the first time; where a work is prepared over a period of time, the + portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes + the work as of that time, and where the work has been prepared in + different versions, each version constitutes a separate work. + + A "derivative work" is a work based upon one or more preexisting + works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, + fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art + reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a + work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of + editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications + which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a + "derivative work." + + A "device," "machine," or "process" is one now known or later + developed. + + To "display" a work means to show a copy of it, either directly or + by means of a film, slide, television image, or any other device or + processor, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to + show individual images nonsequentially. + + A work is "fixed" in a tangible medium of expression when its + embodiment in a copy or phonorecord, by or under the authority of the + author, is sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be + perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of + more than transitory duration. A work consisting of sounds, images, or + both, that are being transmitted, is "fixed for purposes of this title if + a fixation of the work is being made simultaneously with its + transmission. + + The terms "including" and "such as" are illustrative and not + limitative. + + A "joint work" is a work prepared by two or more authors with the + intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or + interdependent parts of a unitary whole. + + "Literary works" are works, other than audiovisual works, + expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or + indicia, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as + books, periodicals, manuscripts, phonorecords, film, tapes, disks, or + cards, in which they are embodied. + + "Motion pictures: are audiovisual works consisting of a series of + related images which, when shown in succession, impart an + impression of motion, together with accompanying sounds, if any. + + To "perform" a work means to recite, render, play, dance, or act it, + either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of a + motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any + sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible. + + "Phonorecords" are material objects in which sounds, other than + those accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, are + fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which + the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, + either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term + "phonorecords" includes the material object in which the sounds are + first fixed. + + "Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works" include two- + dimensional and three-dimensional works of fine, graphic, and + applied art, photographs, prints and art reproductions, maps, globes, + charts, technical drawings, diagrams, and models. Such works shall + include works of artistic craftsmanship insofar as their form but not + their mechanical or utilitarian aspects are concerned; the design of a + useful article, as defined in this section, shall be considered a + pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent + that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural + features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of + existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article. + + A "pseudonymous work" is a work on the copies or phonorecords of + which the author is identified under a fictitious name. + + "Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work + to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, + lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to + a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public + performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public + performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute + publication. + + To perform or display a work "publicly" means- + + (1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or + at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a + normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; + or, + + (2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or + display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the + public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of + the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive + it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or + at different times. + + "Sound recordings" are works that result from the fixation of a + series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not including the sounds + accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, regardless + of the nature of the material objects, such as disks, tapes, or other + phonorecords, in which they are embodied. + + "State" includes the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth + of Puerto Rico, and any territories to which this title is made + applicable by an Act of Congress. + + A "Transfer of copyright ownership" is an assignment, mortgage, + exclusive license, or any other conveyance, alienation, or + hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights + comprised in a copyright, whether or not it is limited in time or place + of effect, but not including a nonexclusive license. + + A "transmission program" is a body of material that, as an + aggregate, has been produced for the sole purpose of transmission to + the public in sequence and as a unit. + + To "transmit" a performance or display is to communicate it by any + device or process whereby images or sounds are received beyond the + place from which they are sent. + + The "United States," when used in a geographical sense, comprises + the several States, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth + of Puerto Rico, and the organized territories under the jurisdiction of + the United States Government. + + A "useful article" is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian + function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or + to convey information. An article that is normally a part of a useful + article is considered a "useful article." + + The author's "widow" or "widower" is the author's surviving + spouse under the law of the author's domicile at the time of his or + her death, whether or not the spouse has later remarried. + + A "work of the United States Government" is a work prepared by + any officer or employee of the United States Government as part of + that person's official duties. + + A "work made for hire" is- + + (1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or + her employment; or + + (2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a + contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or + other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, + as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer + material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree + in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be + considered a work made for hire. For the purpose of the foregoing + sentence, a "supplementary work" is a work prepared for + publication as a secondary adjunct to a work by another author for + the purpose of introducing, concluding, illustrating, explaining, + revising, commenting upon, or assisting in the use of the other work, + such as forewords, afterwords, pictorial illustrations, maps, + charts, tables, editorial notes, musical arrangements, answer + material for tests, bibliographies, appendixes, and indexes, and an + "instructional text" is a literary, pictorial, or graphic work + prepared for publication and with the purpose of use in systematic + instructional activities. + + +Section 102. Subject matter of copyright: In general. + + (a) Copyright protection subsists, in accordance with this title, in +original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of +expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be +perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or +with the aid of a machine or device. Works of authorship include the +following categories: + + (1) literary works: + (2) musical works, including any accompanying words; + (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music; + (4) pantomimes and choreographic works; + (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; + (6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works; and + (7) sound recordings. + + (b) In no case does copyright protection for an original work of +authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of +operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in +which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work. + + +Section 103. Subject matter of copyright: Compilations and derivative works. + + (a) The subject matter of copyright as specified by section 102 +includes compilations and derivative works, but protection for a work +employing preexisting material in which copyright subsists does not +extend to any part of the work in which such material has been used +unlawfully. + + (b) The copyright in a compilation or derivative work extends only +to the material contributed by the author of such work, as +distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work, and +does not imply any exclusive right in the preexisting material. The +copyright in such work is independent of, and does not affect or enlarge +the scope, duration, ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright +protection in the preexisting material. + + +Section 104. Subject matter of copyright: National origin. + + (a) Unpublished Works.--The works specified by sections 102 and +103, while unpublished, are subject to protection under this title +without regard to the nationality or domicile of the author. + + (b) Published Works.-- The works specified by section 102 and 103, +when published, are subject to protection under this title if- + + (1) on the date of first publication, one or more of the authors + is a national or domiciliary of the United States, or is a + national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a foreign + nation that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the + United States is also a party, or is a stateless person, wherever + that person may be domiciled; or + + (2) the work is first published in the United States or in a + foreign nation that, on the date of first publication, is a party + to the Universal Copyright Convention; or + + (3) the work is first published by the United Nations or any + of its specialized agencies, or by the Organization of American + States; or + + (4) the work comes within the scope of a Presidential + proclamation. Whenever the President finds that a particular + foreign nation extends, to works by authors who are nationals + or domiciliaries of the United States or to works that are first + published in the United States, copyright protection on + substantially the same basis as that on which the foreign + nation extends protection to works of its own nationals and + domiciliaries and works first published in that nation, the + President may by proclamation extend protection under this + title to works of which one or more of the authors is, on the + date of first publication, a national, domiciliary, or sovereign + authority of that nation, or which was first published in that + nation. The President may revise, suspend, or revoke any such + proclamation or impose any conditions or limitations on + protection under a proclamation. + + +Section 105. Subject matter of copyright: United States Government works. + + Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of +the United States Government, but the United States Government is not +precluded from receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by +assignment, bequest, or otherwise. + + +Section 106. Exclusive rights in copyrighted works. + + Subject to sections 107 through 118, the owner of copyright under this +title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the +following: + + (1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; + + (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; + + (3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to + the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, + or lending; + + (4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic + works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, + to perform the copyrighted work publicly; and + + (5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic + works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, + including the individual images of a motion picture or other + audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted publicly. + + +Section 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use. + + Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, the fair use of a +copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or +phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for +purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including +multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an +infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a +work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered +shall include- + + (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such + use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; + + (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; + + (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation + to the copyrighted word as a whole; and + + (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of + the copyrighted work. + + +Section 108. Limitations on exclusive rights: Reproduction by libraries and +archives. + + (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a library or archives, or any of its employees +acting within the scope of their employment, to reproduce no more than one +copy or phonorecord of a work, or to distribute such copy or phonorecord, +under the conditions specified by this section, if- + + (1) the reproduction or distribution is made without any purpose of + direct or indirect commercial advantage; + + (2) the collections of the library or archives are + + (i) open to the public, or + + (ii) available not only to researchers affiliated with the + library or archives or with the institution of which it is a part, + but also to other persons doing research in a specialized field; and + + (3) the reproduction or distribution of the work includes a notice of + copyright. + + (b) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply +to a copy or phonorecord of any unpublished work duplicated in facsimile form +solely for purposes of preservation and security or for deposit for research +use in another library or archives of the type described by clause (2) of +subsection (a), if the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the +collections of the library or archives. + + (c) The right of reproduction under this section applies to a copy or +phonorecord of a published work duplicated in facsimile form solely for the +purpose of replacement of a copy or phonorecord that is damaged, deteriorating, +lost, or stolen, if the library or archives has, after a reasonable effort, +determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price. + + (d) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply +to a copy, made from the collection of a library or archives where the user +makes his or her request or from that of another library or archives, of no +more than one article or other contribution to a copyrighted collection or +periodical issue, or to a copy or phonorecord of a small part of any other +copyrighted work if- + + (1) the copy or phonorecord becomes the property of the user, and + the library or archives has had no notice that the copy or phonorecord + would be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or + research; and + + (2) the library or archives displays prominently, at the place where + orders are accepted, and includes on its order form, a warning of + copyright in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights + shall prescribe by regulation. + + (e) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply +to the entire work, or to a substantial part of it, made from the collection +of a library or archives where the user makes his or her request or from that +of another library or archives, if the library or archives has first +determined, on the basis of a reasonable investigation, that a copy or +phonorecord of the copyrighted work cannot be obtained at a pair (sic) +prices, if- + + (1) the copy or phonorecord becomes the property of the user, and + the library or archives has had no notice that the copy or phonorecord + would be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or + research; and + + (2) the library or archives displays prominently, at the place + where orders are accepted, and includes on its order form, a warning of + copyright in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights + shall prescribe by regulation. + + (f) Nothing in this section- + + (1) shall be construed to impose liability for copyright infringement + upon a library or archives or its employees for the unsupervised use of + reproducing equipment located on its premises: Provided, That such + equipment displays a notice that the making of a copy may be subject to + the copyright law; + + (2) excuses a person who uses such reproducing equipment or who + requests a copy or phonorecord under subsection (d) from liability for + copyright infringement for any such act, or for any later use of such + copy or phonorecord, if it exceeds fair use as provided by section 107; + + (3) shall be construed to limit the reproduction and distribution + by lending of a limited number of copies and excerpts by a library or + archives of an audiovisual new program, subject to clauses (1), (2), and + (3) of subsection (a); or + + (4) in any way affects the rights of fair use as provided by section + 107, or any contractual obligations assumed at any time by the library + or archives when it obtained a copy or phonorecord of a work in its + collections. + + (g) The rights of reproduction and distribution under this section extend +to the isolated and unrelated reproduction or distribution of a single copy or +phonorecord of the same material on separate occasions, but do not extend to +cases where the library or archives, or its employee- + + (1) is aware or has substantial reason to believe that it is + engaging in the related or concerted reproduction or distribution of + multiple copies or phonorecords of the same material, whether made on + one occasion or over a period of time, and whether intended for + aggregate use by one or more individuals or for separate use by the + individual members of a group; or + + (2) engages in the systematic reproduction or distribution of single + or multiple copies or phonorecords of material described in subsection + (d): Provided, That nothing in this cause prevents a library or archives + from participating in interlibrary arrangements that do not have as their + purpose or effect, that the library or archives receiving such copies or + phonorecords for distribution does so in such aggregate quantities as to + substitute for a subscription to or purchase of such work. + + (h) The rights of reproduction and distribution under the section do not +apply to a musical work, a pictorial, graphic or sculptural work, or a motion +picture or other audiovisual work other than an audiovisual work dealing with +news, except that no such limitation shall apply with respect to right granted +by subsections (b) and (c), or with respect to pictorial or graphic works +published as illustrations, diagrams, or similar adjuncts to works of which +copies are reproduced or distributed in accordance with subsections (d) and +(e). + + (i) Five years from the effective date of this Act, and at five-year +intervals thereafter, the Register of Copyrights, after consulting with +representatives of authors, book and periodical publishers, and other owners +of copyrighted materials, and with representatives of library users and +librarians, shall submit to the Congress a report setting forth the extent +to which this section has achieved the intended statutory balancing of the +rights of creators, and the needs of users. The report should also describe +any problems that may have arisen, and present legislative or other +recommendations, if warranted. + + +Section 109. Limitations on exclusive rights: Effect of transfer of +particular copy or phonorecord. + + (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(3), the owner of a +particular copy or phonorecord lawfully made under this title, or any +person authorized by such owner, is entitled, without the authority of +the copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of +that copy or phonorecord. + + (b) + (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), unless +authorized by the owners of copyright in the sound recording and in the +musical works embodied therein, the owner of a particular phonorecord +may not, for purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage, +dispose of, or authorize the disposal of, the possession of that +phonorecord by rental, lease, or lending, or by any other act or practice +in the nature of rental, lease, or lending. Nothing in the preceding +sentence shall apply to the rental, lease, or lending of a phonorecord for +nonprofit purposes by a nonprofit library or nonprofit educational +institution. + + (2) Nothing in this subsection shall affect any provision of the +antitrust laws. For purposes of the preceding sentence, "antitrust laws" +has the meaning given that term in the first section of the Clayton Act +and includes section 5 or the Federal Trade Commission Act to the +extent that section relates to unfair methods of competition. + + (3) Any person who distributes a phonorecord in violation of clause +(1) is an infringer of copyright under section 501 of this title and is +subject to the remedies set forth in sections 502, 503, 504, 505, and 509. +Such violation shall not be a criminal offense under section 506 or cause +such person to be subject to the criminal penalties set forth in section +2319 of title 18. + + (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(5), the owner of a +particular copy lawfully made under this title, or any person +authorized by such owner, is entitled, without the authority of the +copyright owner, to display that copy publicly, either directly or by +the projection of no more than one image at a time, to viewers present at +the place where the copy is located. + + (d) The privileges prescribed by subsections (a) and (b) [so as +amended, should be "(a) and (c)"] do not, unless authorized by the +copyright owner, extend to any person who has acquired possession of +the copy or phonorecord from the copyright owner, by rental, lease, +loan, or otherwise, without acquiring ownership of it. + + +Section 110. Limitations on exclusive rights: Exemption of certain +performances and displays. + + Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, the following are not +infringements of copyright: + + (1) performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the + course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational + institution, in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction, + unless, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, the + performance, or the display of individual images, is given by means of + a copy that was not lawfully made under this title, and that the person + responsible for the performance knew or had reason to believe was not + lawfully made; + + (2) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or + display of a work, by or in the course of a transmission, if- + + (A) the performance or display is a regular part of the + systematic instructional activities of a governmental body or a + nonprofit educational institution; and + + (B) the performance or display is directly related and of + assistance to the teaching content of the transmission; and + + (C) the transmission is made primarily for- + + (i) reception in classrooms or similar places normally to + instruction, or + + (ii) reception by persons to whom the transmission is + because their disabilities or other special circumstances + prevent their attendance in classrooms or similar places + normally devoted to instruction, or + + (iii) reception by officers or employees of governmental + bodies as a part of their official duties or employment; + + (3) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or of a + dramatico-musical work of a religious nature, or display of a work in + the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly; + + (4) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work + otherwise than in a transmission to the public, without any purpose of + direct or indirect commercial advantage and without payment of any + fee or other compensation for the performance to any of its performers, + promoters, or organizers, if- + + (A) there is no direct or indirect admission charge; or + + (B) the proceeds, after deducting the reasonable costs of + producing the performance, are used exclusively for educational, + religious, or charitable purposes and not for private financial gain, + except where the copyright owner has served notice of objection to + the performance under the following conditions; + + (i) the notice shall be in writing and signed by the + copyright owner or such owner's duly authorized agent; and + + (ii) the notice shall be served on the person responsible + for the performance at least seven days before the date of the + performance, and shall state the reasons for the objection; and + + (iii) the notice shall comply, in form, content, and + manner of service, with requirements that the Register of + Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation; + + (5) communication of a transmission embodying a performance or + display of a work by the public reception of the transmission on a single + receiving apparatus of a kind commonly used in private homes, unless- + + (A) a direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission; or + + (B) the transmission thus received is further transmitted to the + public; + + (6) performance of a nondramatic musical work by a governmental + body or a nonprofit agricultural or horticultural organization, in the + course of an annual agricultural or horticultural fair or exhibition + conducted by such body or organization; the exemption provided by this + clause shall extend to any liability for copyright infringement that + would otherwise be imposed on such body or organization, under + doctrines of vicarious liability or related infringement, for a + performance by a concessionaire, business establishment, or other person + at such fair or exhibition, but shall not excuse any such person from + liability for the performance; + + (7) performance of a nondramatic musical work by a vending + establishment open to the public at large without any direct or indirect + admission charge, where the sole purpose of the performance is to + promote the retail sale of copies or phonorecords of the work, and the + performance is not transmitted beyond the place where the + establishment is located and is within the immediate area where the + sale is occurring; + + (8) performance of a nondramatic literary work, by or in the course + of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily directed to + blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read normal + printed material as a result of their handicap, or deaf or other + handicapped persons who are unable to hear the aural signals + accompanying a transmission of visual signals, if the performance is + made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantages + and its transmission is made through the facilities of: + + (i) a governmental body; or + + (ii) a noncommercial educational broadcast station (as + defined in section 397 of title 47); or + + (iii) a radio subcarrier authorization (as defined in 47 + CFR 73.293-73.295 and 73.593-73.595); or + + (iv) a cable system (as defined in section 111(f)); + + (9) performance on a single occasion of a dramatic literary work + published at least ten years before the date of the performance, by or in + the course of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily + directed to blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read + normal printed material as a result of their handicap, if the + performance is made without any purpose of direct or indirect + commercial advantage and its transmission is made through the + facilities of a radio subcarrier authorization referred to in clause + (8)(iii), Provided, That the provisions of this clause shall not be + applicable to more than one performance of the same work by the same + performers or under the auspices of the same organization. + + (10) notwithstanding paragraph 4 above, the following is not an + infringement of copyright: performance of a nondramatic literary or + musical work in the course of a social function which is organized and + promoted by a nonprofit veterans' organization or a nonprofit fraternal + organization to which the general public is not invited, but not + including the invitees of the organizations, if the proceeds from the + performance, after deducting the reasonable costs of producing the + performance, are used exclusively for charitable purposes and not for + financial gain. For purposes of this section the social functions of any + college or university fraternity or sorority shall not be included unless + the social function is held solely to raise funds for a specific + charitable purpose. + + +Section 111. Limitations on exclusive rights: Secondary transmissions. + + (a) Certain Secondary Transmissions Exempted. - The secondary +transmission of a primary transmission embodying a performance or +display of a work is not an infringement of copyright if - + + (1) the secondary transmission is not made by a cable system, and + consists entirely of the relaying, by the management of a hotel, + apartment house, or similar establishment, or signals transmitted + by a broadcast station licensed by the Federal Communications + Commission, within the local service area of such station, to the + private lodgings of guests or residents of such establishment, and no + direct charge is made to see or hear the secondary transmission; or + + (2) the secondary transmission is made solely for the purpose and + under the conditions specified by clause (2) of section 110; or + + (3) the secondary transmission is made by any carrier who has no + direct or indirect control over the content or selection of the primary + transmission or over the particular recipients of the secondary + transmission, and whose activities with respect to the secondary + transmission consist solely of providing wires, cables, or other + communications channels for the use of others: Provided, That the + provisions of this clause extend only to the activities of said carrier + with respect to secondary transmissions and do not exempt from + liability the activities of others with respect to their own primary + or secondary transmissions; or + + (4) the secondary transmission is not made by a cable system but + is made by a governmental body, or other nonprofit organization, + without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage, and + without charge to the recipients of the secondary transmission other + than assessments necessary to defray the actual and reasonable costs + of maintaining and operating the secondary transmission service. + + (b) Secondary Transmission of Primary Transmission to Controlled +Group. -Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (c), the +secondary transmission to the public of a primary transmission +embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act of +infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies +provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509, if the primary +transmission is not made for reception by the public at large but is +controlled and limited to reception by particular members of the public; +Provided, however, That such secondary transmission is not actionable +as an act of infringement if - + + (1) the primary transmission is made by a broadcast station + licensed by the Federal Communication; and + + (2) the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary + transmission is required under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission; and + + (3) the signal of the primary transmitter is not altered or changed + in any way by the secondary transmitter. + + (c) Secondary Transmissions by Cable Systems - + + (1) Subject to the provisions of clauses (2), (3), and (4) of this + subsection, secondary transmissions to the public by a cable system of + a primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the + Federal Communications Commission or by an appropriate + governmental authority of Canada or Mexico and embodying a + performance or display of a work shall be subject to compulsory + licensing upon compliance with the requirements of subsection (d) + where the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary + transmission is permissible under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission. + + (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1) of this subsection, + the willful or repeated secondary transmission to the public by a + cable system of a primary transmission made by a broadcast station + licensed by the Federal Communications Commission or by an + appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico and + embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act + of infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies + provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509, in the following cases: + + (A) where the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary + transmission is not permissible under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission; or + + (B) where the cable system has not recorded the notice + specified by subsection (d) and deposited the statement of account + and royalty fee required by subsection (d). + + (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1) of this subsection + and subject to the provisions of subsection (e) of this section, the + secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a primary + transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the Federal + Communications Commission or by an appropriate governmental + authority of Canada or Mexico and embodying a performance or + display of a work is actionable as an act of infringement under + section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections + 502 through 506 and sections 509 and 510, if the content of the + particular program in which the performance or display is + embodied, or any commercial advertising or station announcements + transmitted by the primary transmitter during, or immediately + before or after, the transmission of such program, is in any way + willfully altered by the cable system through changes, deletions, or + additions, except for the alteration, deletion, or substitution of + commercial advertising market research: *Provided*, That the + research company has obtained the prior consent of the advertiser + who has purchased the original commercial advertisement, the + television station broadcasting that commercial advertisement, and + the cable system performing the secondary transmissions: + + *And provided further*, That such commercial alteration, deletion, + or substitution is not performed for the purpose of deriving income + from the sale of that commercial time. + + (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1) of this subsection, + the secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a + primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by an + appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico and + embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act + of infringement under section 501, and is fully subject to the remedies + provided by sections 502 through 506 and section 509, if (A) with + respect to Canadian signals, the community of the cable system is + located more than 150 miles for the United States-Canadian border + and is also located south of the forty-second parallel of latitude, or + (B) with respect to Mexican signals, the secondary transmission is + made by a cable system which received the primary transmission by + means other than direct interception of a free space radio wave + emitted by such broadcast television station, unless prior to April + 15, 1976, such cable system was actually carrying, or was + specifically authorized to carry, the signal of such foreign station on + the system pursuant to the rules, regulations, or authorizations of + the Federal Communications Commission. + + (d) Compulsory License for Secondary Transmissions by Cable +Systems- + + (1) For any secondary transmission to be subject to compulsory + licensing under subsection (c), the cable system shall, at least one + month before the date of the commencement of operations of the + cable system or within one hundred and eighty days after the + enactment of this Act, whichever is later, and thereafter within + thirty days after each occasion on which the ownership or control or + the signal carriage complement of the cable system changes, record + in the Copyright Office a notice including a statement of identity + and address of the person who owns or operates the secondary + transmission service or has power to exercise primary control over it, + together with the name and location of the primary transmitter or + primary transmitters whose signals are regularly carried by the + cable system, and thereafter, from time to time, such further + information as the Register of Copyrights, after consultation with + the Copyright Royalty Tribunal (if and when the Tribunal has been + constituted), shall prescribe by regulation to carry out the purpose of + this clause. + + (2) A cable system whose secondary transmissions have been subject + to compulsory licensing under subsection (c) shall, on a semiannual + basis, deposit with the Register of Copyrights, in accordance with + requirements that the Register shall, after consultation with the + Copyright Royalty Tribunal (if and when the Tribunal has been + constituted), prescribe by regulation- + + (A) a statement of account, covering the six months next + preceding, specifying the number of channels on which the cable + system made secondary transmissions to its subscribers, the names + and locations of all primary transmitters whose transmissions to + its subscribers, the names and locations of all primary + transmitters whose transmissions were further transmitted by + the cable system, the total number of subscribers, the gross + amounts paid to the cable system for the basic service of + providing secondary transmissions of primary broadcast + transmitters, and such other data as the Register of Copyrights + may, after consultation with the Copyright Royalty Tribunal (if + and when the Tribunal has been constituted), from time to time + prescribe by regulation. Such statement shall also include a + special statement of account covering any nonnetwork television + programming that was carried by the cable system in whole or in + part beyond the local service area of the primary transmitter, + under rules, regulations, or authorizations of the Federal + Communications Commission permitting the substitution or + addition of signals under certain circumstances, together with + logs showing the times, dates, stations, and programs involved in + such substituted or added carriage; and + + (B) except in the case of a cable system whose royalty is + specified in subclause (C) or (D), a total royalty fee for the period + covered by the statement, computed on the basis of specified + percentages of the gross receipts from subscribers to the cable service + during said period for the basic service of providing secondary + transmissions of primary broadcast transmitters, as follows: + + (i) 0.675 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for the + privilege of further transmitting any nonnetwork programing of + a primary transmitter in whole or in part beyond the local + service area of such primary transmitter, such amount to be + applied against the fee, if any, payable pursuant to + paragraphs (ii) through (iv); + + (ii) 0.675 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for the + first distant signal equivalent; + + (iii) 0.425 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for + each of the second, third, and fourth distant signal + equivalents; + + (iv) 0.2 of 1 per centum of such gross receipts for the + fifth distant signal equivalent and each additional distant + signal equivalent thereafter; and in computing the amounts + payable under paragraph (ii) through (iv), above, any fraction + of a distant signal equivalent shall be computed at its + fractional value and, in the case of any cable system located + partly within and partly without the local service area of a + primary transmitter, gross receipts shall be limited to those + gross receipts derived from subscribers located without the + local service area of such primary transmitter; and + + (C) if the actual gross receipts paid by subscribers to a cable + system for the period covered by the statement for the basic + service of providing secondary transmissions of primary + broadcast transmitters total $80,000 or less, gross receipts of the + cable system for the purpose of this subclause shall be computed + by subtracting from such actual gross receipts the amount by + which $80,000 exceeds such actual gross receipts, except that in + no case shall a cable system's gross receipts be reduced to less + that $3,000. The royalty fee payable under this subclause shall + be 0.5 of 1 per centum, regardless of the number of distant signal + equivalents, if any; and + + (D) if the actual gross receipts paid by subscribers to a cable + system for the period covered by the statement, for the basic + service of providing secondary transmissions of primary + broadcast transmitters, are more than $80,000 but less than + $160,000, the royalty fee payable under this subclause shall be + (i) 0.5 of 1 per centum of any gross receipts up to $80,000; and (ii) + 1 per centum of any gross receipts in excess of $80,000 but less + than $160,000, regardless of the number of distant signal + equivalents, if any. + + (3) The Register of Copyrights shall receive all fees deposited + under this section and, after deducting the reasonable costs incurred + by the Copyright Office under this section, shall deposit the + balance in the Treasury of the United States, in such manner as the + Secretary of the Treasury directs. All funds held by the Secretary of + the Treasury shall be invested in interest-bearing United States + securities for later distribution with interest by the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal as provided by this title. The Register shall + submit to the Copyright royalty Tribunal, on a semiannual basis, a + compilation of all statements of account covering the relevant six- + month period provided by clause (2) of this subsection. + + (4) The royalty fees thus deposited shall, in accordance with the + procedures provided by clause (5), be distributed to those among the + following copyright owners who claim that their works were the + subject of secondary transmissions by cable systems during the + relevant semiannual period: + + (A) any such owner whose work was included in a secondary + transmission made by a cable system of a nonnetwork television + program in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the + primary transmitter; and + + (B) any such owner whose work was included in a secondary + transmission identified in a special statement of account + deposited under clause (2)(A); and + + (C) any such owner whose work was included in nonnetwork + programing consisting exclusively of aural signals carried by a + cable system in whole or in part beyond the local service area of + the primary transmitter of such programs. + + (5) The royalty fees thus deposited shall be distributed in + accordance with the following procedures: + + (A) During the month of July in each year, every person claiming + to be entitled to compulsory license fees for secondary + transmissions shall file a claim with the Copyright Royalty + Tribunal, in accordance with requirements that the Tribunal + shall prescribe by regulation. Notwithstanding any provisions of + the antitrust laws, for purposes of this clause any claimants may + agree among themselves as to the proportionate division of + compulsory licensing fees among them, may lump their claims + together and file them jointly or as a single claim, or may + designate a common agent to receive payment on their behalf. + + (B) After the first day of August of each year, the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal shall determine whether there exists a + controversy concerning the distribution of royalty fees. If the + Tribunal determines that no such controversy exists, it shall, + after deducting its reasonable administrative costs under this + section, distribute such fees to the copyright owners entitled, or + to their designated agents. If the Tribunal finds the existence of + a controversy, it shall, pursuant to chapter 8 of this title, conduct + a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty fees. + + (C) During the pendency of any proceeding under this subsection, + the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall withhold from + distribution an amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with + respect to which a controversy exists, but shall have discretion + to proceed to distribute any amounts that are not in controversy. + + (e) Nonsimultaneous Secondary Transmissions by Cable Systems.- + + (1) Notwithstanding those provisions of the second paragraph of + subsection + + (f) relating to nonsimultaneous secondary transmissions by a cable +system, any such transmissions are actionable as an act of infringement +under section 501, and are fully subject to the remedies provided by +sections 502 through 506 and sections 509 and 510, unless- + + (A) the program on the videotape is transmitted no more than + one time to the cable system's subscribers; and + + (B) the copyrighted program, episode, or motion picture + videotape, including the commercials contained within such + program, episode, or picture, is transmitted without deletion or + editing; and + + (C) an owner or officer of the cable system + + (i) prevents the duplication of the videotape while in the + possession of the system, + + (ii) prevents unauthorized duplication while in the + possession of the facility making the videotape for the + system if the system owns or controls the facility, or takes + reasonable precautions to prevent such duplication if it does + not own or control the facility, + + (iii) takes adequate precautions to prevent duplication + while the tape is being transported, and + + (iv) subject to clause (2), erases or destroys, or causes + the erasure or destruction of, the videotape; and + + (D) within forty-five days after the end of each calendar + quarter, an owner or officer of the cable system executes an + affidavit attesting (i) to the steps and precautions taken to + prevent duplication of the videotape, and (ii) subject to clause + (2), to the erasure or destruction of all videotapes made or used + during such quarter; and + + (E) such owner or officer places or causes each such affidavit, + and affidavits received pursuant to clause (2) (C), to be placed in + a file, open to public inspection, at such system's main office in + the community where the transmission is made or in the nearest + community where such system maintains an office; and + + (F) the nonsimultaneous transmission is one that the cable + system would be authorized to transmit under the rules, + regulations, and authorizations of the Federal Communications + Commission in effect at the time of the nonsimultaneous + transmission if the transmission had been made simultaneously, + except that this subclause shall not apply to inadvertent or + accidental transmissions. + + (2) If a cable system transfers to any person a videotape of a + program nonsimultaneously transmitted by it, such transfer is + actionable as an act of infringement under section 501, and is fully + subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509, + except that, pursuant to a written, nonprofit contract providing for + the equitable sharing of the costs of such videotape and its transfer, + a videotape nonsimultaneously transmitted by it, in accordance + with clause (1), may be transferred by one cable system in Alaska to + another system in Alaska, by one cable system in Hawaii permitted + to make such nonsimultaneous transmissions to another such cable + system in Hawaii, or by one cable system in Guam, the Northern + Mariana Islands, or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, to + another cable system in any of those three territories, if- + + (A) each such contract is available for public inspection in the + offices of the cable systems involved, and a copy of such contract + is filed, within thirty days after such contract is entered into, + with the Copyright Office (which Office shall make each such + contract available for public inspection); and + + (B) the cable system to which the videotape is transferred + complies with clause (1)(A), (B), (C)(i), (iii), and (iv), and (D) + through (F); and + + (C) such system provides a copy of the affidavit required to be + made in accordance with clause (1)(D) to each cable system + making a previous nonsimultaneous transmission of the same + videotape. + + (3) This subsection shall not be construed to supersede the + exclusivity protection provisions of any existing agreement, or any + such agreement hereafter entered into, between a cable system and a + television broadcast station in the area in which the cable system is + located, or a network with which such station is affiliated. + + (4) As used in this subsection, the term "videotape," and each of + its variant forms, means the reproduction of the images and sounds + of a program or programs broadcast station licensed by the Federal + Communications Commission, regardless of the nature of the + material objects, such as tapes or films, in which the reproduction is + embodied. + + (f) Definitions. - As used in this section, the following terms and +their variant forms mean the following: + + A "primary transmission" is a transmission made to the public by + the transmitting facility whose signals are being received and + further transmitted by the secondary transmission service, + regardless of where or when the performance or display was first + transmitted. + + A "secondary transmission" is the further transmitting of a + primary transmission simultaneously with the primary + transmission, or nonsimultaneously with the primary transmission if + by a "cable system" not located in whole or in part within the + boundary of the forty-eight contiguous States, Hawaii, or Puerto + Rico: Provided, however, That a nonsimultaneous further + transmission by a cable system located in Hawaii of a primary + transmission shall be deemed to be a secondary transmission if the + carriage of the television broadcast signal comprising such further + transmission is permissible under the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission. + + A "cable system" is a facility, located in any State, Territory, + Trust Territory, or Possession, that in whole or in part receives + signals transmitted or programs broadcast by one or more television + broadcast stations licensed by the Federal Communications + Commission, and makes secondary transmission of such signals or + programs by wires, cables, or other communications channels to + subscribing members of the public who pay for such service. For + purposes of determining the royalty fee under subsection (d)(2), two + or more cable systems in contiguous communities under common + ownership or control or operating from one headend shall be + considered as one system. + + The "local service area of a primary transmitter" in the case of a + television broadcast station, comprises the area in which such + station is entitled to insist upon its signal being retransmitted by a + cable system pursuant to the rules, regulation, and authorizations of + the Federal Communications Commission in effect on April 15, 1976, + or in the case of a television broadcast station licensed by an + appropriate governmental authority of Canada or Mexico, the area + in which it would be entitled to insist upon its signal being + retransmitted if it were a television broadcast station subject to such + rules, regulations, and authorizations. + + The "local service area of a primary transmitter," in the case of a + radio broadcast station, comprises the primary service area of such + station pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Federal + Communications Commission. + + "In the case of a low power television station, as defined by the + rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, + the 'local service area of a primary transmitter' comprises the area + within 35 miles of the transmitter site, except that in the case of + such a station located in a standard metropolitan statistical area + which has one of the 50 largest populations of all standard + metropolitan statistical areas (based on the 1980 decennial census of + population taken by the Secretary of Commerce), the number of + miles shall be 20 miles." + + A "distant signal equivalent" is the value assigned to the + secondary transmission of any nonnetwork television programing + carried by a cable system in whole or in part beyond the local + service area of the primary transmitter of such programing. It is + computed by assigning a value of one to each independent station + and a value of one-quarter to each network station and + noncommercial educational station for the nonnetwork programing so + carried pursuant to the rules, regulations, and authorizations of the + Federal Communications Commission. The foregoing values for + independent, network, and noncommercial educational stations are + subject, however, to the following exceptions and limitations. + Where the rules and regulations of the Federal Communications + Commission require a cable system to omit the further transmission + of a particular program and such rules and regulations also permit + the substitution of another program embodying a performance or + display of a work in place of the omitted transmission, or where + such rules and regulations in effect on the date of enactment of this + Act permit a cable system, at its election, to effect such deletion and + substitution of a non-live program or to carry additional programs + not transmitted by primary transmitters within whose local service + area the cable system is located, no value shall be assigned for the + substituted or additional program; where the rules, regulations, or + authorizations of the Federal Communications Commission in effect + on the date of enactment of this Act permit a cable system, at its + election, to omit the further transmission of a particular program + and such rules, regulations, or authorizations also permit the + substitution of another program embodying a performance or display + of a work in place of the omitted transmission, the value assigned + for the substituted or additional program shall be, in the case of a + live program, the value of one full distant signal equivalent + multiplied by a fraction that has as its numerator the number of + days in the year in which such substitution occurs and as its + denominator the number of days in the year. In the case of a station + carried pursuant to the late-night or specialty programing rules of + the Federal Communications Commission, or a station carried on a + part-time basis where full-time carriage is not possible because the + cable system lacks the activated channel capacity to retransmit on a + full-time basis all signals which it is authorized to carry, the + values for independent, network, and noncommercial educational + stations set forth above, as the case may be, shall be multiplied by a + fraction which is equal to the ratio of the broadcast hours of such + station carried by the cable system to the total broadcast hours of + the station. + + A "network station" is a television broadcast station that is owned + or operated by, or affiliated with, one or more of the television + networks in the United States providing nationwide transmissions, + and that transmits a substantial part of the programing supplied by + such networks for a substantial part of that station's typical + broadcast day. + + An "independent station" is a commercial television broadcast + station other than a network station. + + A "noncommercial educational system" is a television station that + is a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in + section 397 of title 47. + + +Section 112. Limitations on exclusive rights: Ephemeral recordings. + + (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, and except in the +case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a transmitting organization entitled to +transmit to the public a performance or display of a work, under a +license or transfer of the copyright or under the limitations on exclusive +rights in sound recordings specified by section 114(a), to make no more +than one copy or phonorecord of a particular transmission program +embodying the performance or display, if- + + (1) the copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the + transmitting organization that made it, and no further copies or + phonorecords are reproduced from it; and + + (2) the copy or phonorecord is used solely for the transmitting + organization's own transmissions within its local service area, or for + purposes of archival preservation or security; and + + (3) unless preserved exclusively for archival purposes, the copy or + phonorecord is destroyed within six months from the date the + transmission program was first transmitted to the public. + + (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit +organization entitled to transmit a performance or display of a work, +under section 110(2) or under the limitations on exclusive rights in sound +recordings specified by section 114(a), to make no more than thirty +copies or phonorecords of a particular transmission program embodying +the performance or display, if- + + (1) no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from the copies + or phonorecords made under this clause; and + + (2) except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved + exclusively for archival purposes, the copies or phonorecords are + destroyed within seven years from the date the transmission program + was first transmitted to the public. + + (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit +organization to make for distribution no more than one copy or +phonorecord, for each transmitting organization specified in clause (2) +of this subsection, of a particular transmission program embodying a +performance of a nondramatic musical work of a religious nature, or of a +sound recording of such a musical work, if- + + (1) there is no direct or indirect charge for making or distributing + any such copies or phonorecords; and + + (2) none of such copies or phonorecords is used for any performance + other than a single transmission to the public by a transmitting + organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance of the + work under a license or transfer of the copyright; and + + (3) except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved + exclusively for archival purposes, the copies or phonorecords are all + destroyed within one year from the date the transmission program + was first transmitted to the public. + + (d) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit +organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section +110(8) to make more than ten copies or phonorecords embodying the +performance, or to permit the use of any such copy or phonorecord by any +governmental body or nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a +performance of a work under section 110(8), if- + + (1) any such copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the + organization that made it, or by a governmental body or nonprofit + organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under + section 110(8), and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced + from it; and + + (2) any such copy or phonorecord is used solely for transmissions + authorized under section 110(8), or for purposes or archival + preservation or security; and + + (3) the governmental body or nonprofit organization permitting any + use of any such copy or phonorecord by any governmental body or + nonprofit organization under this subsection does not make any charge + for such use. + + (e) The transmission program embodied in a copy or phonorecord +made under this section is not subject to protection as derivative work +under this title except with the express consent of the owners of +copyright in the preexisting works employed in the program. + + +Section 113. Scope of exclusive rights in pictorial, graphic, and +sculptural work. + + (a) Subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, +the exclusive right to reproduce a copyrighted pictorial, graphic, or +sculptural work in copies under section 106 includes the right to +reproduce the work in or on any kind of article, whether useful or +otherwise. + + (b) This title does not afford, to the owner of copyright in a work that +portrays a useful article as such, any greater or lesser rights with +respect to the making, distribution, or display of the useful article so +portrayed than those afforded to such works under the law, whether +title 17 or the common law or statutes of a State, in effect on December +31, 1977, as held applicable and construed by a court in an action +brought under this title. + + (c) In the case of a work lawfully reproduced in useful articles that +have been offered for sale or other distribution to the public, copyright +does not include any right to prevent the making, distribution, or +display of pictures or photographs of such articles in connection with +advertisements or commentaries related to the distribution or display +of such articles, or in connection with news reports. + + +Section 114. Scope of exclusive rights in sound recordings. + + (a) The exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording +are limited to the rights specified by clauses (1), (2), and (3) of section +106, and do not include any right of performance under section 106(4). + + (b) The exclusive right of the owner of copyright in a sound recording +under clause (1) of section 106 is limited to the right to duplicate the +sound recording in the form of phonorecords, or of copies of motion +pictures and other audiovisual works, that directly or indirectly +recapture the actual sounds fixed in the recording. The exclusive right +of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clause (2) of section +106 is limited to the right to prepare a derivative work in which the +actual sounds fixed in the sound recording are rearranged, remixed, or +otherwise altered in sequence or quality. The exclusive rights of the +owner of copyright in a sound recording under clauses (1) and (2) of +section 106 do not extend to the making or duplication of another sound +recording that consists entirely of an independent fixation of other +sounds, even though such sounds imitate or simulate those in the +copyrighted sound recording. The exclusive rights of the owner of +copyright in a sound recording under clauses (1), (2), and (3) of section +106 do not apply to sound recordings included in educational television +and radio programs (as defined in section 397 of title 47) distributed or +transmitted by or through public broadcasting entities (as defined by +section 118(g): Provided, That copies or phonorecords of said programs +are not commercially distributed by or through public broadcasting +entities to the general public. + + (c) This section does not limit or impair the exclusive right to perform +publicly, by means of a phonorecord, any of the works specified by +section 106(4). + + (d) On January 3, 1978, the Register of Copyrights, after consulting +with representatives of owners of copyrighted materials, +representatives of the broadcasting, recording, motion picture, +entertainment industries, and arts organizations, representatives of +organized labor and performers of copyrighted materials, shall submit +to the Congress a report setting forth recommendations as to whether +this section should be amended to provide for performers and copyright +owners of copyrighted material any performance rights in such +material. The report should describe the status of such rights in foreign +countries, the views of major interested parties, and specific legislative +or other recommendations, if any. + + +Section 115. Scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works: +Compulsory license for making and distributing phonorecords. + + In the case of nondramatic musical works, the exclusive rights +provided by clauses (1) and (3) of section 106, to make and to distribute +phonorecords of such works, are subject to compulsory licensing under the +conditions specified by this section. + + (a) Availability and Scope of Compulsory License.- + + (1) When phonorecords of a nondramatic musical work have been + distributed to the public in the United States under the authority + of the copyright owner, any other person may, by complying with + the provisions of this section, obtain a compulsory license only if + his or her primary purpose in making phonorecords is to distribute + them to the public for private use. A person may obtain a + compulsory license for use of the work in the making of + phonorecords duplicating a sound recording fixed by another, + unless: (i) such sound recording was fixed lawfully; and (ii) the + making of the phonorecords was authorized by the owner of + copyright in the sound recording or, if the sound recording was fixed + before February 15, 1972, by any person who fixed the sound + recording pursuant to an express license from the owner of the + copyright in the musical work or pursuant to a valid compulsory + license for use of such work in a sound recording. + + (2) A compulsory license includes the privilege of making a + musical arrangement of the work to the extent necessary to conform + it to the style or manner of interpretation of the performance + involved, but the arrangement shall not change the basic melody or + fundamental character of the work, and shall not be subject to + protection as a derivative work under this title, except with the + express consent of the copyright owner. + + (b) Notice of Intention to Obtain Compulsory License.- + + (1) Any person who wishes to obtain a compulsory license under + this section shall, before or within thirty days after making and + before distributing any phonorecords of the work, serve notice of + intention to do so on the copyright owner. If the registration or + other public records of the Copyright Office do not identify the + copyright owner and include an address at which notice can be + served, it shall be sufficient to file the notice of intention in the + Copyright Office. The notice shall comply, in form, content, and + manner of service, with requirements that the Register of + Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation. + + (2) Failure to serve or file the notice required by clause(1) + forecloses the possibility of a compulsory license and, in the + absence of a negotiated license, renders the making and distribution + of phonorecords actionable as acts of infringement under section 501 + and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through + 506 and 509. + + (c) Royalty Payable Under Compulsory Licence - + + (1) To be entitled to receive royalties under a compulsory + license, the copyright owner must be identified in the registration + or other public records of the Copyright Office. The owner is + entitled to royalties for phonorecords made and distributed after + being so identified, but is not entitled to recover for any + phonorecords previously made and distributed. + + (2) Except as provided by clause (1), the royalty under a + compulsory license shall be payable for every phonorecord made + and distributed in accordance with the license. For this purpose, a + phonorecord is considered "distributed" if the person exercising the + compulsory license has voluntarily and permanently parted with + its possession. With respect to each work embodied in the + phonorecord, the royalty shall be either two and three-fourths + cents, or one-half of one cent per minute of playing time or fraction + thereof, which amount is larger. + + (3) A compulsory license under this section includes the right + of the maker of a phonorecord of a nondramatic musical work under + subsection (a)(1) to distribute or authorize distribution of such + phonorecord by rental, lease, or lending (or by acts or practices in + the nature of rental, lease, or lending). In addition to any royalty + payable under clause (2) and chapter 8 of this title, a royalty shall + be payable by the compulsory licensee for every act of distribution + of a phonorecord by or in the nature of rental, lease, or lending, by + or under the authority of the compulsory licensee. With respect to + each nondramatic musical work embodied in the phonorecord, the + royalty shall be a proportion of the revenue received by the + compulsory licensee from every such act of distribution of the + phonorecord under this clause equal to the proportion of the + revenue received by the compulsory licensee from distribution of + the phonorecord under clause (2) that is payable by a compulsory + licensee under that clause and under chapter 8. The Register of + Copyrights shall issue regulations to carry out the purpose of this + clause. + + (4) Royalty payments shall be made on or before the twentieth + day of each month and shall include all royalties for the month + next preceding. Each monthly payment shall be made under oath + and shall comply with requirements that the Register of + Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation. The Register shall also + prescribe regulations under which detailed cumulative annual + statements of account, certified by a certified public accountant, + shall be filed for every compulsory license under this section. The + regulations covering both the monthly and the annual statements + of account shall prescribe the form, content, and manner of + certification with respect to the number of records made and the + number of records distributed. + + (5) If the copyright owner does not receive the monthly payment + and the monthly and annual statements of account when due, the + owner may give written notice to the licensee that, unless the + default is remedied within thirty days from the date of the notice, + the compulsory license will be automatically terminated. Such + termination renders either the making or the distribution, or both, + of all phonorecords for which the royalty has not been paid, + actionable as acts of infringement under section 501 and fully + subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and 509. + + +Section 116. Scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works: +Public performances by means of coin-operated phonorecord players. + + (a) Limitation on Exclusive Right.- In the case of a nondramatic +musical work embodied in a phonorecord, the exclusive right under +clause (4) of section 106 to perform the work publicly by means of a coin- +operated phonorecord player is limited as follows: + + (1) The proprietor of the establishment in which the public + performance takes place is not liable for infringement with respect to + such public performance unless- + + (A) such proprietor is the operator of the phonorecord player; + or + + (B) such proprietor refuses or fails, within one month after + receipt by registered or certified mail of a request, at a time + during which the certificate required by clause (1)(C) of subsection + (b) is not affixed to the phonorecord player, by the copyright owner, + to make full disclosure, by registered or certified mail, of the + identity of the operator of the operator of the phonorecord player. + + (2) The operator of the coin-operated phonorecord player may + obtain a compulsory license to perform the work publicly on that + phonorecord player by filing the application, affixing the + certificate, and paying the royalties provided by subsection (b). + + (b) Recordation of Coin-Operated Phonorecord Player, Affixation of +Certificate, and Royalty Payable under Compulsory License.- Any +operator who wishes to obtain a compulsory license for the public +performance of works on a coin-operated phonorecord player shall +fulfill the following requirements: + + (A) Before or within one month after such performances are made + available on a particular phonorecord player, and during the month + of January in each succeeding year that such performances are made + available on that particular phonorecord player, the operator shall + file in the Copyright Office, in accordance with requirements that + the Register of Copyrights, after consultation with the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal (if and when the Tribunal has been constituted), + shall prescribe by regulation, an application containing the name and + address of the operator of the phonorecord player and the + manufacturer and serial number or other explicit identification of the + phonorecord player, and deposit with the Register of Copyrights a + royalty fee for the current calendar year of $8 for that particular + phonorecord player. If such performances are made available on a + particular phonorecord player for the first time after July 1 of any + year, the royalty fee to be deposited for the remainder of that year + shall be $4. + + (B) Within twenty days of receipt of an application and a royalty + fee pursuant to subclause (A), the Register of Copyrights shall issue + to the applicant a certificate for the phonorecord player. + + (C) On or before March 1 of the year in which the certificate + prescribed by subclause (B) of this clause is issued, or within ten days + after the date of issue of the certificate, the operator shall affix to + the particular phonorecord player, in a position where it can be + readily examined by the public, the certificate, issued by the + Register of Copyrights under subclause (B) of the latest application + made by such operator under subclause (A) of this clause with respect + to that phonorecord player. + + (2) Failure to file the application, to affix the certificate, or to + pay royalty required by clause (1) of this subsection renders the + public performance actionable as an act of infringement under section + 501 and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections 502 through + 506 and 509. + + (c) Distribution of Royalties -. + + (1) The Register of Copyrights shall receive all fees deposited + under this section and, after deducting the reasonable costs incurred + by the Copyright Office under this section, shall deposit the balance + in the Treasury of the United States, in such manner as the Secretary + of the Treasury directs. All funds held by the Secretary of the + Treasury shall be invested in interest-bearing United States + securities for later distribution with interest by the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal as provided by this title. The Register shall submit + to the Copyright Royalty Tribunal,on an annual bases, a detailed + statement of account covering all fees received for the relevant period + provided by subsection(b). + + (2) During the month of January in each year, every person + claiming to be entitled to compulsory license fees under this section + for performances during the preceding twelve-month period shall + file a claim with the Copyright Royalty Tribunal, in accordance + with requirements that the Tribunal shall prescribe by regulation. + Such claim shall include an agreement to accept as final, except as + provided in section 810 of this title, the determination of the + Copyright Royalty Tribunal in any controversy concerning the + distribution of royalty fees deposited under subclause (A) of + subsection (b)(1) of this section to which the claimant is a party. + Notwithstanding any provisions of the antitrust laws, for purposes of + this subsection any claimants may agree among themselves as to the + proportionate division of compulsory licensing fees among them, may + lump their claims together and file them jointly or as a single claim, + or may designate a common agent to receive payment on their behalf. + + (3) After the first day of October of each year, the Copyright + Royalty Tribunal shall determine whether there exists a controversy + concerning the distribution of royalty fees deposited under subclause + (A) of subsection (b)(1). If the Tribunal determines that no such + controversy exists, it shall, after deducting its reasonable + administrative costs under this section, distribute such fees to the + copyright owners entitled, or to their designated agents. If it finds + that such a controversy exists, it shall, pursuant to chapter 8 of this + title, conduct a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty + fees. + + (4) The fees to be distributed shall be divided as follows: + + (A) to every copyright owner not affiliated with a performing + rights society, the pro rata share of the fees to be distributed to + which such copyright owner proves entitlement. + + (B) to the performing rights societies, the remainder of the + fees to be distributed in such pro rata shares as they shall by + agreement stipulate among themselves, or, if they fail to agree, the + pro rate share to which such performing rights societies prove + entitlement. + + (C) during the pendency of any proceeding under this section, + the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall withhold from distribution an + amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with respect to which a + controversy exists, but shall have discretion to proceed to + distribute any amounts that are not in controversy. + + (5) The Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall promulgate regulations + under which persons who can reasonably be expected to have claims + may, during the year in which performances take place, without + expense to or harassment of operators or proprietors of establishments + in which phonorecord players are located, have such access to such + establishments and to the phonorecord players located therein and + such opportunity to obtain information with respect thereto as may + be reasonably necessary to determine, by sampling procedures or + otherwise, the proportion of contribution of the musical works of each + such person to the earnings of the phonorecord players for which fees + shall have been deposited. Any person who alleges that he or she + has been denied the access permitted under the regulations prescribed + by the Copyright Royalty Tribunal may bring an action in the United + States District Court for the District of Columbia for the cancellation + of the compulsory license of the phonorecord player to which such + access has been denied, and the court shall have the power to declare + the compulsory license thereof invalid from the date of issue thereof. + + (d) Criminal Penalties.-Any person who knowingly makes a false +representation of a material fact in an application filed under clause +(1)(A)of subsection (b), or who knowingly alters a certificate issued +under clause (1)(B) of subsection (b) or knowingly affixes such +certificate to a phonorecord player other than the one it covers, shall +be fined not more than $2,500. + + (e) Definitions.-As used in this section, the following terms and their +variant forms mean the following: + + (1) A "coin-operated phonorecord player" is a machine or device + that- + + (A) is employed solely for the performance of non-dramatic + musical works by means of phonorecords upon being activated by + insertion of coins, currency, tokens, or other monetary units or + their equivalent; + + (B) is located in an establishment making no direct or indirect + charge for admission; + + (C) is accompanied by a list of titles of all the musical works + available for performance on it, which list is affixed to the + phonorecord player or posted in the establishment in a prominent + position where it can be readily examined by the public; and + + (D) affords a choice of works available for performance and + permits the choice to be made by the patrons of the establishment + in which it is located. + + (2) An "operator" is any person who, alone or jointly with others: + + (A) owns a coin-operated phonorecord player; or + + (B) has the power to make a coin-operated phonorecord player + available for placement in an establishment for purposes of public + performance; or + + (C) has the power to exercise primary control over the selection + of the musical works made available for public performance on a + coin-operated phonorecord player. + + (3) A "performing rights society" is an association or corporation + that licenses the public performance of nondramatic musical works on + behalf of the copyright owners, such as the American Society of + Composers, Authors and Publishers, Broadcast Music, Inc., and SE- + SAC, Inc. + + +Section 117. Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs. + + Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an +infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or +authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer +program provided: + + (1) that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential + step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a + machine and that it is used in no other manner, or + + (2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only + and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that + continued possession of the computer program should cease to be + rightful. Any exact copies prepared in accordance with the + provisions of this section may be leased, sold, or otherwise + transferred, along with the copy from which such copies were + prepared, only as part of the lease, sale, or other transfer of all + rights in the program. Adaptations so prepared may be transferred + only with the authorization of the copyright owner. + + +Section 118. Scope of exclusive rights: Use of certain works in connection +with noncommercial broadcasting. + + (a) The exclusive rights provided by section 106 shall, with respect +to the works specified by subsection (b) and the activities specified by +subsection (d), be subject to the conditions and limitations prescribed by +this section. + + (b) Not later than thirty days after the Copyright Royalty Tribunal +has been constituted in accordance with section 802, the Chairman of +the Tribunal shall cause notice to be published in the Federal Register +of the initiation of proceedings for the purpose of determining +reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments for the activities +specified by subsection (d) with respect to published nondramatic +musical works and published pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works +during a period beginning as provided in clause (3) of this subsection and +ending on December 31, 1982. Copyright owners and public broadcasting +entities shall negotiate and agree upon the terms and rates of royalty +payments and the proportionate division of fees paid among various +copyright owners, and may designate common agents to negotiate, agree +to, pay, or receive payments. + + (1) Any owner of copyright in a work specified in this subsection or + any public broadcasting entity may, within one hundred and twenty + days after publication of the notice specified in this subsection, + submit to the Copyright Royalty Tribunal proposed licenses covering + such activities with respect to such works. The Copyright Royalty + Tribunal shall proceed on the basis of the proposals submitted to it as + well as any other relevant information. The Copyright Royalty + Tribunal shall permit any interested party to submit information + relevant to such proceedings. + + (2) License agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between + one or more copyright owners and one or more public broadcasting + entities shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by the + Tribunal: Provided, That copies of such agreements are filed in the + Copyright Office within thirty days of execution in accordance with + regulations that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe. + + (3) Within six months, but not earlier than one hundred and twenty + days, from the date of publication of the notice specified in this + subsection the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall make a + determination and publish in the Federal Register a schedule of rates + and terms which, subject to clause (2) of this subsection, shall be + binding on all owners of copyright in works specified by this + subsection and public broadcasting entities, regardless of whether or + not such copyright owners and public broadcasting entities have + submitted proposals to the Tribunal. In establishing such rates and + terms the Copyright Royalty Tribunal may consider the rates for + comparable circumstances under voluntary license agreements + negotiated as provided in clause (2) of this subsection. The + Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall also establish requirements by + which copyright owners may receive reasonable notice of the use of + their works under this section, and under which records of such use + shall be kept by public broadcasting entities. + + (4) With respect to the period beginning on the effective date of + this title and ending on the date of publication of such rates and + terms, this title shall not afford to owners of copyright or public + broadcasting entities any greater or lesser rights with respect to the + activities specified in subsection (d) as applied to works specified in + this subsection than those afforded under the law in effect on + December 31, 1977, as held applicable and construed by a court in an + action brought under this title. + + (c) The initial procedure specified in subsection (b) shall be repeated +and concluded between June 30 and December 31, 1982, and at five-year +intervals thereafter, in accordance with regulations that the +Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall prescribe + + (d) Subject to the transitional provisions of subsection (b)(4), and to +the terms of any voluntary license agreements that have been +negotiated as provided by subsection (b)(2), a public broadcasting entity +may, upon compliance with the provisions of this section, including the +rates and terms established by the Copyright Royalty Tribunal under +subsection (b)(3), engage in the following activities with respect to +published nondramatic musical works and published pictorial, +graphic, and sculptural works: + + (1) performance or display of a work by or in the course of a + transmission made by a noncommercial educational broadcast station + referred to in subsection (g); and + + (2) production of a transmission program, reproduction of copies or + phonorecords, where such production, reproduction, or distribution is + made by a nonprofit institution or organization solely for the purpose + of transmission specified in clause (1); and + + (3) the making of reproductions by a governmental body or a + nonprofit institution of a transmission program simultaneously with + its transmission as specified in clause (1), and the performance or + display of the contents of such program under the conditions specified + by clause (1) of section 110, but only if the reproductions are used for + performances or displays for a period of no more than seven days from + the date of the transmission specified in clause (1), and are destroyed + before or at the end of such period. No person supplying, in + accordance with clause (2), a reproduction of a transmission program + to governmental bodies or nonprofit institutions under this clause + shall have any liability as a result of failure of such body or + institution to destroy such reproduction: Provided, That it shall have + notified such body or institution of the requirement for such + destruction pursuant to this clause: And provided further, That if + such body or institution itself fails to destroy such reproduction it + shall be deemed to have infringed. + + (e) Except as expressly provided in this subsection, this section shall +have no applicability to works other than those specified in subsection (b). + + (1) Owners of copyright in nondramatic literary works and public + broadcasting entities may, during the course of voluntary + negotiations, agree among themselves, respectively, as to the terms + and rates of royalty payments without liability under the antitrust + laws. Any such terms and rates of royalty payments shall be + effective upon filing in the Copyright Office, in accordance with + regulations that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe. + + (2) On January 3, 1980, the Register of Copyrights, after consulting + with authors and other owners of copyright in nondramatic literary + works and their representatives, and with public broadcasting + entities and their representatives, shall submit to the Congress a + report setting forth the extent to which voluntary licensing + arrangements have been reached with respect to the use of + nondramatic literary works by such broadcast stations. The report + should also describe any problems that may have arisen, and present + legislative or other recommendations, if warranted. + + (f) Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit, beyond the +limits of fair use as provided by section 107, the unauthorized +dramatization of a nondramatic musical work, the production of a +transmission program drawn to any substantial extent from a published +compilation of pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, or the +unauthorized use of any portion of an audiovisual work. + + (g) As used in this section, the term "public broadcasting entity" +means a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in +section 397 of title 47 and any nonprofit institution or organization +engaged in the activities described in clause (2) of subsection (d). + + + +CHAPTER 2--COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP AND TRANSFER. +Analysis + +Sec. +201. Ownership of copyright. +202. Ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of material object. +203. Termination of transfers and licenses granted by the author. +204. Execution of transfers of copyright ownership. +205. Recordation of transfers and other documents. + +Section 201. Ownership of copyright. + + (a) Initial ownership. -- Copyright in a work protected under this +title vests initially in the author or authors of the work. The authors +of a joint work are co-owners of copyright in the work. + + (b) Works Made for Hire. -- In the case of a work made for hire, the +employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered +the author for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have +expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, +owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright. + + (c) Contributions to Collective Works. -- Copyright in each separate +contribution to a collective work is distinct from copyright in the +collective work as a whole, and vests initially in the author of the +contribution. In the absence of an express transfer of the copyright or of +any rights under it, the owner of copyright in the collective work is +presumed to have acquired only the privilege of reproducing and +distributing the contribution as part of that particular collective work, +any revision of that collective work, and any later collective work in +the same series. + + (d) Transfer of Ownership. -- + + (1) The ownership of a copyright may be transferred in whole or in + part by any means of conveyance or by operation of law, and may be + bequeathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable + laws of intestate succession. + + (2) Any of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright, including + any subdivision of any of the rights specified by section 106, may be + transferred as provided by clause (1) and owned separately. The + owner of any particular exclusive right is entitled, to the extent of + that right, to all of the protection and remedies accorded to the + copyright owner by this title. + + (e) Involuntary Transfer. -- When an individual author's ownership +of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright, has +not previously been transferred voluntarily by that individual author, +no action by any governmental body or other official or organization +purporting to seize, expropriate, transfer, or exercise rights of +ownership with respect to the copyright, or any of the exclusive rights +under a copyright, shall be give effect under this title except as +provided under Title 11. + + +Section 202. Ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of +material object. + + Ownership of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a +copyright, is distinct from ownership of any material object in which +the work is embodied. Transfer of ownership of any material object, +including the copy or phonorecord in which the work is first fixed, does +not of itself convey any rights in the copyrighted work embodied in the +object; nor, in the absence of an agreement, does transfer of ownership of +a copyright or of any exclusive rights under a copyright convey +property rights in any material object. + + +Section 203. Termination of transfers and licenses granted by the +author. + + (a) Conditions for Termination. -- In the case of any work other than +a work made for hire, the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or +license of copyright or of any right under a copyright, executed by the +author on or after January 1, 1978, otherwise than be will, is subject to +termination under the following conditions: + + (1) In the case of a grant executed by one author, termination of the + grant may be effected by that author or if the author is dead, by the + person or persons who, under clause (2) of this subsection, own and are + entitled to exercise a total of more than one-half of that author's + termination interest. In the case of a grant executed by two or more + authors who executed it; if any of such authors is dead, the + termination interest of any such author may be exercised as a unit by + the person or persons who, under clause (2) of this subsection, own and + are entitled to exercise a total of more than one-half of that author's + interest. + + (2) Where an author is dead, his or her termination interest is + owned, and may be exercised, by his widow or her widower and his or + her children or grandchildren as follows: + + (A) the widow or widower owns the author's entire termination + interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren of + the author, in which case the widow or widower owns one-half of + the author's interest; + + (B) the author's surviving children, and the surviving children + of any dead child of the author, own the author's entire + termination interest unless there is a widow or widower, in which + case the ownership of one-half of the author's interest is divided + among them; + + (C) the rights of the author's children and grandchildren are in + all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis + according to the number of such author's children represented; the + share of the children of a dead child in a termination interest can + be exercised only by the action of a majority of them. + + (3) Termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a + period of five years beginning at the end of thirty-five years from + the date of publication of the work under the grant or at the end of + forty years from the date of execution of the grant, whichever term + ends earlier. + + (4) The termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice + in writing, signed by the number and proportion of owners of + termination interests required under clauses (1) and (2) of this + subsection, or by their duly authorized agents, upon the grantee or the + grantee's successor in title. + + (A) The notice shall state the effective date of the + termination, which shall fall within the five-year period specified + by clause (3) of this subsection, and the notice shall be served not + less than two or more than ten years before that date. A copy of + the notice shall be recorded in the Copyright Office before the + effective date of termination, as a condition to its taking effect. + + (B) The notice shall comply, in form, content, and manner of + service, with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall + prescribe by regulation. + + (5) Termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any + agreement to the contrary, including an agreement to make a will or + to make any future grant. + + (b) Effect of Termination. -- Upon the effective date of termination, +all rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grants +revert to the author, authors, or other persons owning termination +interests under clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a), including those +owners who did not join in signing the notice of termination under clause +(4) of subsection (a), but with the following limitations: + + (1) A derivative work prepared under authority of the grant + become its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms of + the grant after its termination, but this privilege does not extend to + the preparation after the termination of other derivative works + based upon the copyrighted work covered by the terminated grant. + + (2) The future rights that will revert upon termination of the grant + before vested on the date the notice of termination has been served as + provided by clause (4) of subsection (a). The rights vest in the + author, authors, and other persons named in, and in the proportionate + shares provided by, clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a). + + (3) Subject to the provisions of clause (4) of this subsection, a + further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of any right + covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same + number and proportion of the owners, in whom the right has vested + under clause (2) of this subsection, as are required to terminate the + grant under clauses (1) and (2) of subsection (a). Such further grant or + agreement is effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the + right it covers has vested under clause (2) of this subsection, including + those who did not join in signing it. If any person dies after rights + under a terminated grant have vested in him or her, that person's + legal representatives, legatees, or heirs at law represent him or her + for purposes of this clause. + + (4) A further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of any + right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made after + the effective date of the termination. As an exception, however, an + agreement for such a further grant may be made between the persons + provided by clause (3) of this subsection and the original grantee or + such grantee's successor in title, after the notice of termination has + been served as provided by clause (4) of subsection (a). + + (5) Termination of a grant under this section affects only those + rights covered by the grants that arise under this title. and in no way + affects rights arising under any other Federal, State, or foreign laws. + + (6) Unless and until termination is effected under this section, the + grant, if it does not provide otherwise, continues in effect for the term + of copyright provided by this title. + + +Section 204. Execution of transfers of copyright ownership. + + (a) A transfer of copyright ownership, other than by operation of +law, is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or +memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner of +the rights conveyed or such owner's duly authorized agent. + + (b) A certificate of acknowledgement is not required for the validity +of a transfer, but is prima facie evidence of the execution of the transfer +if- + + (1) in the case of a transfer executed in the United States, the + certificate is issued by a person authorized to administer oaths + within the United States; or + + (2) in the case of a transfer executed in a foreign country, the + certificate is issued by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United + States, or by a person authorized to administer oaths whose + authority is proved by a certificate of such an officer. + + +Section 205. Recordation of transfers and other documents. + + (a) Conditions for Recordation. -- Any transfer of copyright +ownership or other document pertaining to a copyright may be recorded +in the Copyright Office if the document filed for recordation bears the +actual signature of the person who executed it, or if it is accompanied by +a sworn or official certification that it is a true copy of the original, +signed document. + + (b) Certificate of Recordation. -- The register of Copyrights shall, +upon receipt of a document as provided by subsection (a) and of the fee +provided by section 708, record the document and return it with a +certificate of recordation. + + (c) Recordation as Constructive Notice. -- Recordation of a document +in the Copyright Office gives all persons constructive notice of the facts +stated in the recorded document, but only if- + + (1) the document, or material attached to it, specifically identifies + the work to which it pertains so that, after the document is indexed + by the Register of Copyrights, it would be revealed by a reasonable + search under the title or registration number of the work; and + + (2) registration has been made for the work. + + (d) Recordation as Prerequisite to Infringement Suit. -- No person +claiming by virtue of a transfer to be the owner of copyright or of any +exclusive right under a copyright is entitled to institute an infringement +action under this title until the instrument of transfer under which such +person claims has been recorded in the Copyright Office, but suit may +be instituted after such recordation on a cause of action that arose before +recordation. + + (e) Priority Between Conflicting Transfers. -- As between two +conflicting transfers, the one executed first prevails if it is recorded, in +the manner required to give constructive notice under subsection (c), +within one month after its execution in the United States, or at any +time before recordation in such manner of the later transfer. Otherwise +the later transfer prevails if recorded first in such manner, and if taken +in good faith, for valuable consideration or on the basis of a binding +promise to pay royalties, and without notice of the earlier transfer. + + (f) Priority Between Conflicting Transfer of Ownership and +Nonexclusive License. -- A nonexclusive license, whether recorded or +not, prevails over a conflicting transfer of copyright ownership if the +license is evidenced by a written instrument signed by the owner of the +rights licensed or such owner's duly authorized agent, and if - + + (1) the license was taken before execution of the transfer; or + + (2) the license was taken in good faith before recordation of the + transfer and without notice of it. + + + +CHAPTER 3 - DURATION OF COPYRIGHT. Analysis. + +Sec. +301. Preemption with respect to other laws. +302. Duration of copyright: Works created on or after January 1, 1978. +303. Duration of copyright: Works created but not published or + copyrighted before January 1, 1978. +304. Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights. +305. Duration of copyright: Terminal date. + +Section 301. Preemption with respect to other laws. + + (a) On and after January 1, 1978, all legal or equitable rights that are +equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of +copyright as specified by section 106 in works of authorship that are +fixed in a tangible medium of expression and come within the subject +matter of copyright as specified by sections 102 and 103, whether +created before or after that date and whether published or +unpublished, are governed exclusively by this title. Thereafter, no +person is entitled to any such right or equivalent right in any such work +under the common law or statutes of any State. + + (b) Nothing in this title annuls or limits any rights or remedies under +the common law or statutes or any state with respect to- + + (1) subject matter that does not come within the subject matter of + copyright as specified by sections 102 and 103, including works of + authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression; or + + (2) any cause of action arising from undertakings commenced before + January 1, 1978; or + + (3) activities violating legal or equitable rights that are not + equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of + copyright as specified by section 106. + + (c) With respect to sound recordings fixed before February 15, 1972, +any rights or remedies under the common law or statutes of any State +shall not be annulled or limited by this title until February 15, 2047. +The preemptive provisions of subsection (a) shall apply to any such +rights and remedies pertaining to any cause of action arising from +undertakings commenced on and after February 15, 2047. +Notwithstanding the provisions of section 303, no sound recording fixed +before February 15, 1972, shall be subject to copyright under this title +before, on, or after February 15, 2047. + + (d) Nothing in this title annuls or limits any rights or remedies under +any other Federal statute. + + +Section 302. Duration of copyright: Works created on or after January 1, +1978. + + (a) In General. -- Copyright in a work created on or after January 1, +1978, subsists from its creation and, except as provided by the following +subsections, endures for a term consisting of the life of the author and +fifty years after the author's death. + + (b) Joint Works. -- In the case of a joint work prepared by two or more +authors who did not work for hire, the copyright endures for a term +consisting of the life of the last surviving author and fifty years after +such last surviving author's death. + + (c) Anonymous Works, Pseudonymous Works, and Works Made for +Hire. -- In the case of an anonymous work, a pseudonymous work, or a +work made for hire, the copyright endures for a term of seventy-five +years for the year of its first publication, or a term of one hundred years +from the year of its creation, whichever expires first. If, before the end +of such term, the identity of one or more of the authors of an anonymous +or pseudonymous work is revealed in the records of a registration made +for that work under subsections (a) or (d) of section 408, or in the records +provided by this subsection, the copyright in the work endures for the +term specified by subsection (a) or (b), based on the life of the author or +authors whose identity has been revealed. Any person having an +interest in the copyright in an anonymous or pseudonymous work may at +any time record, in records to be maintained by the Copyright Office for +that purpose, a statement identifying one or more authors of the work; +the statement shall also identify the person filing it, the nature of that +person's interest, the source of the information recorded, and the +particular work affected, and shall comply in form and content with +requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by +regulation. + + (d) Records Relating to Death of Authors. -- Any person having an +interest in a copyright may at any time record in the Copyright Office +a statement of the date of death of the author of the copyrighted work, +or a statement that the author is still living on a particular date. The +statement shall identify the person filing it, the nature of that person's +interest, and the source of the information recorded, and shall comply +in form and content with requirements that the Register of Copyrights +shall prescribe by regulation. The Register shall maintain current +records of information relating to the death of authors of copyrighted +works, based on such recorded statements and, to the extent the Register +considers practicable, on data contained in any of the records of the +Copyright Office or in other reference sources. + + (e) Presumption as to Author's Death. -- After a period of seventy- +five years from the year of first publication of a work, or a period of one +hundred years from the year of its creation, whichever expires first, +any person who obtains from the Copyright Office a certified report +that the records provided by subsection (d) disclose nothing to indicate +that the author of the work is living, or died less than fifty years +before, is entitled to the benefit of a presumption that the author has +been dead for at least fifty years. Reliance in food faith upon this +presumption shall be a complete defense to any action for infringement +under this title. + + +Section 303. Duration of copyright: Works created but not published or +copyrighted before January 1, 1978. + + Copyright in a work created before January 1, 1978, but not +theretofore in the public domain or copyrighted, subsists from January +1, 1978, and endures for the term provided by section 302. In no case, +however, shall the term of copyright in such a work expire before +December 31, 2002; and, if the work is published on or before December +31, 2002, the term of copyright shall not expire before December 31, +2027. + + +Section 304. Duration of copyright: Subsisting copyrights. + + (a) Copyrights in Their First Term on January 1, 1978. -- Any +copyright, the first term of which is subsisting on January 1, 1978, shall +endure for twenty-eight years from the date it was originally secured: +Provided, That in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical, +cyclopedic, or other composite work upon which the copyright was +originally secured by the proprietor thereof, or of any work +copyrighted by a corporate body (otherwise than as assignee or licensee +of the individual author) or by an employer for whom such work is +made for hire, the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a +renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further +term of forty-seven years when application for such renewal and +extension shall have been made to the Copyright Office and duly +registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the +original term of copyright: And provided further, That in the case of +any other copyrighted work, including a contribution by an individual +author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work, the +author of such work, if still living, or the widow, widower, or children +of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, +widower, or children be not living, then the author's executors, or in the +absence of a will, his or her next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal +and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of forty- +seven years when application for such renewal and extension shall +have been made to the Copyright Office and duly registered therein +within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of +copyright: And provided further, That in default of the registration of +such application for renewal and extension, the copyright in any work +shall terminate at the expiration of twenty-eight years from the date +copyright was originally secured. + + (b) Copyrights in Their Renewal Term or Registered for Renewal +Before January 1, 1978. -- The duration of any copyright, the renewal +term of which is subsisting at any time between December 31, 1976, and +December 31, 1977, inclusive, or for which renewal registration is made +between December 31, 1976, and December 31, 1977, inclusive, is +extended to endure for a term of seventy-five years from the date +copyright was originally secured. + + (c) Termination of Transfers and Licenses Covering Extended Renewal +Term. -- In the case of any copyright subsisting in either its first or +renewal term on January 1, 1978, other than a copyright in a work made +for hire, the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of +the renewal copyright or any right under it, executed before January 1, +1978, by any of the persons designated by the second proviso of +subsection (a) of this section, otherwise than by will, is subject to +termination under the following conditions: + + (1) In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than + the author, termination of the grant may be effected by the + surviving person or persons who executed it. In the case of a grant + executed by one or more of the authors of the work, termination of + the grant may be effected, to the extent of a particular author's + share in the ownership of the renewal copyright, by the author who + executed it, or, if such author is dead, the person or persons who, + under clause (2) of this subsection, own and are entitled to exercise a + total of more than one-half of that author's termination interest. + + (2) Where an author is dead, his or her termination interest is + owned, and may be exercised, by his widow or her widower and his + or her children or grandchildren as follows: + + (A) the widow or widower owns the author's entire termination + interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren + of the author, in which case the widow or widower owns one- + half of the author's interest; + + (B) the author's surviving children, and the surviving children + of any dead child of the author, own the author's entire + termination interest unless there is a widow or widower, in + which case the ownership of one-half of the author's interest is + divided among them; + + (C) the rights of the author's children and grandchildren are in + all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis + according to the number of such author's children represented; + the share of the children of a dead child in a termination + interest can be exercised only by the action of a majority of them. + + (3) Termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a + period of five years beginning at the end of fifty-six years from the + date copyright was originally secured, or beginning on January 1, + 1978, whichever is later. + + (4) The termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice + in writing upon the grantee or the grantee's successor in title. In the + case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author, + the notice shall be signed by all of those entitled to terminate the + grant under clause (1) of this subsection, or by their duly authorized + agents. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors + of the work, the notice as to any one author's share shall be signed + by that author or his or her duly authorized agent or, if that author + is dead, by the number and proportion of the owners of his or her + termination interest required under clauses (1) and (2) of this + subsection, or by their duly authorized agents. + + (A) The notice shall state the effective date of the + termination, which shall fall within the five-year period specified + by clause (3) of this subsection, and the notice shall be served not + less than two or more than ten years before that date. A copy of + the notice shall be recorded in the Copyright Office before the + effective date of termination, as a condition to its taking effect. + + (B) The notice shall comply, in form, content, and manner of + service, with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall + prescribe by regulation. + + (5) Termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any + agreement to the contrary, including an agreement to make a will or + to make any future grant. + + (6) In the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than + the author, all rights under this title that were covered by the + terminated grant revert, upon the effective date of termination, to + all of those entitled to terminate the grant under clause (1) of this + subsection. In the case of a grant executed by one or more of the + authors of the work, all of a particular author's rights under this + title that were covered by the terminated grant revert, upon the + effective date of termination, to that author or, if that author is + dead, to the persons owning his or her termination interest under + clause (2) of this subsection, including those owners who did not join + in signing the notice of termination under clause (4) of this + subsection. In all cases the reversion of rights is subject to the + following limitations: + + (A) A derivative work prepared under authority of the grant + before its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms + of the grant after its termination, but this privilege does not + extend to the preparation after the termination of other + derivative works based upon the copyrighted work covered by + the terminated grant. + + (B) The future rights that will revert upon termination of the + grant become vested on the date the notice of termination has + been served as provided by clause (4) of this subsection. + + (C) Where the author's rights revert to two or more persons + under clause (2) of this subsection, they shall vest in those + persons in the proportionate shares provided by that clause. In + such a case, and subject to the provisions of subclause (D) of this + clause, a further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of a + particular author's share with respect to any right covered by a + terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same number + and proportion of the owners, in whom the right has vested + under this clause, as are required to terminate the grant under + clause (2) of this subsection. Such further grant or agreement is + effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the right it + covers has vested under this subclause, including those who did + not join in signing it. If any person dies after rights under a + terminated grant have vested in him or her, that person's legal + representatives, legatees, or heirs at law represent him or her + for purposes of this subclause. + + (D) A further grant, or agreement to make a further grant, of + any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made + after the effective date of the termination. As an exception, + however, an agreement for such a further grant may be made + between the author or any of the persons provided by the first + sentence of clause (6) of this subsection, or between the persons + provided by subclause (C) of this clause, and the original grantee + or such grantee's successor in title, after the notice of termination + has been served as provided by clause (4) of this subsection. + + (E) Termination of a grant under this subsection affects only + those rights covered by the grant that arise under this title, and + in no way affects rights arising under any other Federal, State, or + foreign laws. + + (F) Unless and until termination is effected under this + subsection, the grant, if it does not provide otherwise, continues + in effect for the remainder of the extended renewal term. + + +Section 305. Duration of copyright: Terminal date. + + All terms of copyright provided by sections 302 through 304 run to the +end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire. + + + +CHAPTER 4--COPYRIGHT NOTICE, DEPOSIT, AND REGISTRATION. Analysis. + +Sec. +401. Notice of copyright: Visually perceptible copies. +402. Notice of copyright: Phonorecords of sound recordings. +403. Notice of copyright: Publications incorporating United States + Government works. +404. Notice of copyright: Contributions to collective works. +405. Notice of copyright: Omission of notice. +406. Notice of copyright: Error in name or date. +407. Deposit of copies or phonorecords for Library of Congress. +408. Copyright registration in general. +409. Application for copyright registration. +410. Registration of claim and issuance of certificate. +411. Registration as prerequisite to infringement suit. +412. Registration as prerequisite to certain remedies for infringement. + +Section 401. Notice of copyright: Visually perceptible copies. + + (a) General Requirement. -- Whenever a work protected under this +title is published in the United States or elsewhere by authority of the +copyright owner, a notice of copyright as provided by this section shall +be placed on all publicly distributed copies from which the work can be +visually perceived, either directly or with the aid of a machine or +device. + + (b) Form of Notice. -- The notice appearing on the copies shall consist +of the following three elements: + + (1) the symbol of a small letter "c" inside of a circle, or the word + "Copyright," or the abbreviation "Copr."; and + + (2) the year of first publication of the work; in the case of + compilations or derivative work is sufficient. The year date may be + omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with + accompanying text matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards + postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful articles; and + + (3) the name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an + abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally + known alternative designation of the owner. + + (c) Position of Notice. -- The notice shall be affixed to the copies in +such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of +copyright. + +The Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation, as examples, +specific methods of affixation and positions of the notice on various +types of works that will satisfy this requirement, but these +specifications shall not be considered exhaustive. + + +Section 402. Notice of copyright: Phonorecords of sound recordings. + + (a) General Requirement. -- Whenever a sound recording protected +under this title is published in the United States or elsewhere by +authority of the copyright owner, a notice of copyright as provided by +this section shall be placed on all publicly distributed phonorecords of +the sound recording. + + (b) Form of Notice.- The notice appearing on the phonorecords shall +consist of the following three elements: + + (1) the symbol of a small letter "p" inside of a circle; and + + (2) the year of first publication of the sound recording; and + + (3) the name of the owner of copyright in the sound recording, or an + abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally + known alternative designation of the owner; if the producer of the + sound recording is named on the phonorecord labels or containers, and + if no other name appears in conjunction with the notice, the producer's + name shall be considered a part of the notice. + + (c) Position of Notice. -- The notice shall be placed on the surface of +the phonorecord, or on the phonorecord label or container, in such +manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of +copyright. + + +Section 403. Notice of copyright: Publications incorporating United +States Government works. + + Whenever a work is published in copies or phonorecords consisting +preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government, +the notice of copyright provided by sections 401 or 402 shall also +include a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, +those portions of the copies or phonorecords embodying any work or +works protected under this title. + + +Section 404. Notice of copyright: Contributions to collective works. + + (a) A separate contribution to a collective work may bear its own +notice of copyright, as provided by sections 401 through 403. However, +a single notice applicable to the collective work as a whole is sufficient +to satisfy the requirements of sections 401 through 403 with respect to +the separate contributions it contains (not including advertisements +inserted on behalf of persons other than the owner of copyright in the +collective work), regardless of the ownership of copyright in the +contributions and whether or not they have been previously published. + + (b) Where the person named in a single notice applicable to a +collective work as a whole is not the owner of copyright in a separate +contribution that does not bear its own notice, the case is governed by +the provisions of section 406(a). + + +Section 405. Notice of copyright: Omission of notice. + + (a) Effect of Omission on Copyright. -- The omission of the copyright +notice prescribed by sections 401 through 403 from copies or +phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner +does not invalidate the copyright in a work if- + + (1) the notice has been omitted from no more than a relatively + small number of copies or phonorecords distributed to the public; to + + (2) registration for the work has been made before or is made + within five years after the publication without notice, and a + reasonable effort is made to add notice to all copies or phonorecords + that are distributed to the public in the United States after the + omission has been discovered; or + + (3) the notice has been omitted in violation of an express + requirement in writing that, as a condition of the copyright owner's + authorization of the public distribution of copies or phonorecords, + they bear the prescribed notice. + + (b) Effect of Omission on Innocent Infringers. -- Any person who +innocently infringes a copyright, in reliance upon an authorized copy or +phonorecord from which the copyright notice has been omitted, incurs +no liability for actual or statutory damages under section 504 for any +infringing acts committed before receiving actual notice that +registration for the work has been made under section 408, if such person +proves that he or she was misled by the omission of notice. In a suit for +infringement in such a case the court may allow or disallow recovery of +any of the infringer's profits attributable to the infringement, and may +enjoin the continuation of the infringing undertaking or may require, as +a condition or [sic] permitting the continuation of the infringing +undertaking, that the infringer pay the copyright owner a reasonable +license fee in an amount and on terms fixed by the court. + + (c) Removal of Notice. -- Protection under this title is not affected by +the removal, destruction, or obliteration of the notice, without the +authorization of the copyright owner, from any publicly distributed +copies or phonorecords. + + +Section 406. Notice of copyright: Error in name or date. + + (a) Error in Name. -- Where the person named in the copyright notice +on copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the +copyright owner is not the owner of copyright, the validity and +ownership of the copyright are not affected. In such a case, however, +any person who innocently begins an undertaking that infringes the +copyright has a complete defense to any action for such infringement if +such person proves that he or she was misled by the notice and began +the undertaking in good faith under a purported transfer or license from +the person named therein, unless before the undertaking was begun- + + + (1) registration for the work had been made in the name of the + owner of copyright; or + + (2) a document executed by the person named in the notice and + showing the ownership of the copyright had been recorded. The + person named in the notice is liable to account to the copyright owner + for all receipts from transfers or licenses purportedly made under the + copyright by the person named in the notice. + + (b) Error in Date. -- When the year date in the notice on copies or +phonorecords distributed by authority of the copyright owner is earlier +than the year in which publication first occurred, any period computed +from the year of first publication first occurred, the work is considered +to have been published without any notice and is governed by the +provisions of section 405. + + (c) Omission of Name or Date. -- Where copies or phonorecords +publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner contain no +name or no date that could reasonably be considered a part of the notice, +the work is considered to have been published without any notice and is +governed by the provisions of section 405. + + +Section 407. Deposit of copies or phonorecords for Library of Congress. + + (a) Except as provided by subsection (c), and subject to the provisions +of subsection (e), the owner of copyright or of the exclusive right of +publication in a work published with notice of copyright in the United +States shall deposit, within three months after the date of such +publication- + + (1) two complete copies of the best edition; or + + (2) if the work is a sound recording, two complete phonorecords of + the best edition, together with any printed or other visually + perceptible material published with such phonorecords. Neither + the deposit requirements of this subsection nor the acquisition + provisions of subsection (e) are conditions of copyright protection. + + (b) The required copies or phonorecords shall be deposited in the +Copyright Office for the use or disposition of the Library of Congress. +The Register of Copyrights shall, when requested by the depositor and +upon payment of the fee prescribed by section 708, issue a receipt for the +deposit. + + (c) The Register of Copyrights may be regulation exempt any +categories of material from the deposit requirements of this section, or +require deposit of only one copy or phonorecord with respect to any +categories. Such regulations shall provide either for complete +exemption from the deposit requirements of this section, or for +alternative forms of deposit aimed at providing a satisfactory +archival record of a work without imposing practical or financial +hardships on the depositor, where the individual author is the owner +of copyright in a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work and (i) less than +five copies of the work have been published, or (ii) the work has been +published in a limited edition consisting of numbered copies the +monetary value of which would make the mandatory deposit of two +copies of the best edition of the work burdensome, unfair, or +unreasonable. + + (d) At any time after publication of a work as provided by subsection +(a), the Register of Copyrights may make written demand for the +required deposit of any of the persons obligated to make the deposit +under subsection (a). Unless deposit is made within three months after +the demand is received, the person or persons on whom the demand was +made are liable- + + (1) to a fine of not more than $250 for each work; and + + (2) to pay into a specially designated fund in the Library of + Congress the total retail price of the copies or phonorecords + demanded, or, if no retail price has been fixed, the reasonable cost of + the Library of Congress of acquiring them; and + + (3) to pay a fine of $2,500, in addition to any fine or liability + imposed under clauses (1) and (2), if such person willfully or + repeatedly fails or refuses to comply with such a demand. + + (e) With respect to transmission programs that have been fixed and +transmitted to the public in the United States but have not been +published, the Register of Copyrights shall, after consulting with the +Librarian of Congress and other interested organizations and officials, +establish regulation governing the acquisition, through deposit or +otherwise, of copies or phonorecords of such programs for the collections +of the Library of Congress. + + (1) The Librarian of Congress shall be permitted, under the + standards and conditions set forth in such regulations to make a + fixation of a transmission program directly from a transmission to the + public, and to reproduce one copy or phonorecord from such fixation + for archival purposes. + + (2) Such regulations shall also provide standards and procedures + by which the Register of Copyrights may make written demand, + upon the owner of the right of transmission in the United States, for + the deposit of a copy or phonorecord of a specific transmission + program. Such deposit may, at the option of the owner of the right of + transmission in the United States, be accomplished by gift, by loan + for purposes of reproduction, or by sale at a price not to exceed the + cost of reproducing and supplying the copy or phonorecord. The + regulations established under this clause shall provide reasonable + periods of not less than three months for compliance with a demand, + and shall allow for extensions of such periods and adjustments in the + scope of the demand or the methods for fulfilling it, as reasonably + warranted by the circumstances. Willful failure or refusal to comply + with the conditions prescribed by such regulations shall subject the + owner to the right of transmission in the United States to liability + for an amount, not to exceed the cost of reproducing and supplying the + copy or phonorecord in question, to be paid into a specially + designated fund in the Library of Congress. + + (3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require the + making or retention, for purposes of deposit, of any copy or + phonorecord of an unpublished transmission program, the + transmission of which occurs before the receipt of a specific written + demand as provided by clause (2). + + (4) No activity undertaken in compliance with regulations + prescribed under clauses (1) or (2) of this subsection shall result in + liability if intended solely to assist in the acquisition of copies or + phonorecords under this subsection. + + +Section 408. Copyright registration in general. + + (a) Registration Permissive. -- At any time during the subsistence of +copyright in any published or unpublished work, the owner of +copyright or of any exclusive right in the work may obtain registration +of the copyright claim by delivering to the Copyright Office the +deposit specified by this section, together with the application and fee +specified by sections 409 and 708. Subject to the provisions of section +405(a), such registration is not a condition of copyright protection. + + (b) Deposit for Copyright Registration. -- Except as provided by +subsection + + (c) The material deposited for registration shall include- + + (1) in the case of an unpublished work, one complete copy or + phonorecord; + + (2) in the case of the published work, two complete copies or + phonorecords of the best edition; + + (3) in the case of a work first published outside the United States, + one complete copy or phonorecord as so published; + + (4) in the case of a contribution to a collective work, one complete + copy or phonorecord of the best edition of the collective work. Copies + or phonorecords deposited for the Library of Congress under section + 407 may be used to satisfy the deposit provisions of this section, if + they are accompanied by the prescribed application and fee, and by + any additional identifying material that the Register may, by + regulation, require. The Register shall also prescribe regulations + establishing requirements under which copies or phonorecords + acquired for the Library of Congress under subsection (e) of section 407, + otherwise than by deposit, may be used to satisfy the deposit + provisions of this section. + + + (c) Administrative Classification and Optional Deposit.- + + (1) The Register of Copyrights is authorized to specify by + regulation the administrative classes into which works are to be + placed for purposes of deposit and registration, and the nature of the + copies or phonorecords to be deposited in the various classes + specified. The regulations may require or permit, for particular + classes, the deposit of identifying material instead of copies or + phonorecords, the deposit of only one copy or phonorecord where two + would normally be required, or a single registration for a group of + related works. This administrative classification of works has no + significance with respect to the subject matter of copyright or the + exclusive rights provided by this title. + + (2) Without prejudice to the general authority provided under + clause (1), the Register of Copyrights shall establish regulations + specifically permitting a single registration for a group of works by + the same individual author, all first published as contributions to + periodicals, including newspapers, within a twelve-month period, on + the basis of a single deposit, application, and registration fee, under + all of the following conditions- + + (A) if each of the works as first published bore a separate + copyright notice, and the name of the owner of copyright in the + work, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a + generally known alternative designation of the owner was the + same in each notice; and + + (B) if the deposit consists of one copy of the entire issue of + the periodical, or of the entire section in the case of a newspaper, + in which each contribution was first published; and + + (C) if the application identifies each work separately, + including the periodical containing it and its date of first + publication. + + (3) As an alternative to separate renewal registrations under + subsection (a) of section 304, a single renewal registration may be + made for a group of works by the same individual author, all first + published as contributions to periodicals, including newspapers, upon + the filing of a single application and fee, under all of the following + conditions: + + (A) the renewal claimant or claimants, and the basis of claim or + claims under section 304(a), is the same for each of the works; and + + (B) the works were all copyrighted upon their first publication, + either through separate copyright notice and registration or by + virtue of a general copyright notice in the periodical issue as a + whole; and + + (C) the renewal application and fee are received not more than + twenty-eight or less than twenty-seven years after the thirty-first + day of December of the calendar year in which all of the works + were first published; and + + (D) the renewal application identifies each work separately, + including the periodical containing it and its date of first + publication + + (d) Corrections and Amplifications. -- The register may also +establish, by regulation, formal procedures for the filing of an +application for supplementary registration, to correct an error in a +copyright registration or to amplify the information given in a +registration. Such application shall be accompanied by the fee +provided by section 708, and shall clearly identify the registration to +be corrected or amplified. The information contained in a +supplementary registration augments but does not supersede that +contained in the earlier registration. + + (e) Published Edition of Previously Registered Work. -- Registration +for the first published edition of a work previously registered in +unpublished form may be made even though the work as published is +substantially the same as the unpublished version. + + +Section 409. Application for copyright registration. + + The application for copyright registration shall be made on a form +prescribed by the Register of Copyrights and shall include- + + (1) the name and address of the copyright claimant; + + (2) in the case of a work other than an anonymous or pseudonymous + work, the name and nationality or domicile of the author or authors, + and, if one or more of the authors is dead, the dates of their deaths; + + (3) if the work is anonymous or pseudonymous, the nationality or + domicile of the author or authors; + + (4) in the case of a work made for hire, a statement to this effect; + + (5) if the copyright claimant is not the author, a brief statement of + how the claimant obtained ownership of the copyright; + + (6) the title of the work, together with any previous or alternative + titles under which the work can be identified; + + (7) the year in which creation of the work was completed; + + (8) if the work has been published, the date and nation of its first + publication; + + (9) in the case of a compilation or derivative work, an + identification of any preexisting work or works that it is based on or + incorporates, and a brief, general statement of the additional + material covered by the copyright claim being registered; + + (10) in the case of a published work containing material of which + copies are required by section 601 to be manufactured in the United + States, the names of the persons or organizations who performed the + processes specified by subsection (c) of section 601 with respect to that + material, and the places where those processes were performed; and + + (11) any other information regarded by the Register of Copyrights + as bearing upon the preparation or identification of the work or the + existence, ownership, or duration of the copyright. + + +Section 410. Registration of claim and issuance of certificate. + + (a) When, after examination, the Register of Copyrights determines +that, in accordance with the provisions of this title, the material +deposited constitutes copyrightable subject matter and that the other +legal and formal requirements of this title have been met, the Register +shall register the claim and issue to the applicant a certificate of +registration under the seal of the Copyright Office. The certificate +shall contain the information given in the application, together with +the number and effective date of the registration. + + (b) In any case in which the Register of Copyrights determines that, +in accordance with the provisions of this title, the material deposited +does not constitute copyrightable subject matter or that the claim is +invalid for any other reason, the Register shall refuse registration and +shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons for such refusal. + + (c) In any judicial proceedings the certificate of a registration made +before or within five years after first publication of the work shall +constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and of +the facts stated in the certificate. The evidentiary weight to be +accorded the certificate of a registration made thereafter shall be +within the discretion of the court. + + (d) The effective date of a copyright registration is the day on which +an application, deposit, and fee, which are later determined by the +Register of Copyrights or by a court of competent jurisdiction to be +acceptable for registration, have all been received in the Copyright +Office. + + +Section 411. Registration as prerequisite to infringement suit. + + (a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (b), no action for +infringement of the copyright in any work shall be instituted until +registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with +this title. In any case, however, where the deposit, application, and +fee required for registration have been delivered to the Copyright +Office in proper form and registration has been refused, the applicant is +entitled to institute an action for infringement if notice thereof, with a +copy of the complaint, is served on the Register of Copyrights. the +Register may, at his or her option, become a party to the action with +respect to the issue of registrability of the copyright claim by entering +an appearance within sixty days after such service, but the Register's +failure to become a party shall not deprive the court of jurisdiction to +determine that issue. + + (b) In the case of a work consisting of sounds, images, or both, the first +fixation of which is made simultaneously with its transmission, the +copyright owner may, either before or after such fixation takes place, +institute an action for infringement under section 501, fully subject to the +remedies provided by sections 502 through 506 and sections 509 and 510, +if, in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights +shall prescribe by regulation, the copyright owner- + + (1) serves notice upon the infringer, not less than ten or more than + thirty days before such fixation, identifying the work and the + specific time and source of its first transmission, and declaring an + intention to secure copyright in the work; and, + + (2) makes registration for the work within three months after its + first transmission. + + +Section 412. Registration as prerequisite to certain remedies for +infringement. + + In any action under this title, other than an action instituted under +section 411(b), no award of statutory damages or of attorney's fees, as +provided by sections 504 and 505, shall be made for- + + (1) any infringement of copyright in an unpublished work + commenced before the effective date of its registration; or + + (2) any infringement of copyright commenced after first publication + of the work and before the effective date of its registration, unless + such registration is made within three months after the first + publication of the work. + + + +CHAPTER 5 - COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT AND REMEDIES. Analysis. + +Sec. +501. Infringement of copyright. +502. Remedies for infringement: Injunctions. +503. Remedies for infringement: Impounding and disposition of + infringing articles. +504. Remedies for infringement: Damages and profits. +505. Remedies for infringement: Costs and attorney's fees. +506. Criminal offenses. +507. Limitations on actions. +508. Notification of filing and determination of actions. +509. Seizure forfeiture. +510. Remedies for alteration of programing by cable systems. + + +Section 501. Infringement of copyright. + + (a) Anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright +owner as provided by section 106 through 118, or who imports copies or +phonorecords into the United States in violation of section 602, is an +infringer of the copyright. + + (b) The legal or beneficial owner of an exclusive right under a +copyright is entitled, subject to the requirements of sections 205(d) and +411, to institute an action for any infringement of that particular right +committed while he or she is the owner of it. The court may require +such owner to serve written notice of the action with a copy of the +complaint upon any person shown, by the records of the Copyright +Office or otherwise, to have or claim an interest in the copyright, and +shall require that such notice be served upon any person whose interest +is likely to be affected by a decision in the case. The court may require +the joiner, and shall permit the intervention, of any person having or +claiming an interest in the copyright. + + (c) For any secondary transmission by a cable system that embodies a +performance or a display of a work which is actionable as an act of +infringement under subsection (c) of section 111, a television broadcast +station holding a copyright or other license to transmit or perform the +same version of that work shall, for purposes of subsection (b) of this +section, be treated as a legal or beneficial owner if such secondary +transmission occurs within the local service area of that television +station. + + (d) For any secondary transmission by a cable system that is +actionable as an act of infringement pursuant to section 111(c)(3), the +following shall also have standing to sue: (i) the primary transmitter +whose transmission has been altered by the cable system; and (ii) any +broadcast station within whose local service area the secondary +transmission occurs. + + +Section 502. Remedies for infringement: Injunctions. + + (a) Any court having jurisdiction of a civil action arising under this +title may, subject to the provisions of section 1498 of title 28, grant +temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem reasonable +to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright. + + (b) Any such injunction may be served anywhere in the United States +on the person enjoined; it shall be operative throughout the United +States and shall be enforceable, by proceedings in contempt or +otherwise, by any United States court having jurisdiction of that +person. The clerk of the court granting the injunction shall, when +requested by any other court a certified copy of all the papers in the +case on file in such clerk's office. + + +Section 503. Remedies for infringement: Impounding and disposition of +infringing articles. + + (a) At any time while an action under this title is pending, the court +may order the impounding, on such terms as it may deem reasonable, of +all copies or phonorecords claimed to have been made or used in +violation of the copyright's owner's exclusive rights, and of all plates, +molds, matrices, masters, tapes, film negative, or other articles by +means of which such copies or phonorecords may be reproduced. + + (b) As part of a final judgment or decree, the court may order the +destruction or other reasonable disposition of all copies or phonorecords +found to have been made or used in violation of the copyright owner's +exclusive rights, and of all plates, molds, matrices, masters, tapes, film +negatives, or other articles by means of which such copies or +phonorecords may be reproduced. + + +Section 504. Remedies for infringement: Damages and profits. + + (a) In General. -- Except as otherwise provided by this title, an +infringer of copyright is liable for either- + + (1) the copyright owner's actual damages and any additional + profits of infringer, as provided by subsection (b); or + + (2) statutory damages, as provided by subsection (c). + + (b) Actual Damages and Profits. -- The copyright owner is entitled to +recover the actual damages suffered by him or her as a result of the +infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to +the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual +damages. In establishing the infringer's profits, the copyright owner is +required to present proof only of the infringer's gross revenue, and the +infringer is required to prove his or her deductible expenses and the +elements of profit attributable to factors other than the copyrighted +work. + + (c) Statutory Damages. -- + + (1) Except as provided by clause (2) of this subsection, the + copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is + rendered, to recover instead of actual damages and profits, an award + of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, + with respect to any one work, for which any one infringer is liable + individually, or for which any two or more infringers are liable + jointly and severally, in a sum of not less than $250 or more than + $10,000 as the court considers just. For the purposes of this + subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work + constitute one work. + + (2) In a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of + proving, and the court finds, that infringement was committed + willfully, the court in its discretion may increase the award of + statutory damages to a sum of not more than $50,000. In a case where + the infringer sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that + such infringer was not aware and had no reason to believe that his + or her acts constituted an infringement of copyright, the it [sic] its + discretion may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum of + not less than $100. The court shall remit statutory damages in any + case where an infringer believed and had reasonable grounds for + believing that his or her use of the copyrighted work was a fair use + under section 107, if the infringer was: (i) an employee or agent of a + nonprofit educational institution, library, or archives acting within + the scope of his or her employment who, or such institution, library, + or archives itself, which infringed by reproducing the work in copies + or phonorecords; or (ii) a public broadcasting entity which or a + person who, as a regular part of the nonprofit activities of a public + broadcasting entity (as defined in subsection (g) of section 118) + infringed by performing a published nondramatic literary work or + by reproducing a transmission program embodying a performance of + such a work. + + +Section 505. Remedies for infringement: Costs and attorney's fees. + + In any civil action under this title, the court in its discretion may +allow the recovery of full costs by or against any party other than the +United States or an officer thereof. Except as otherwise provided by +this title, the court may also award a reasonable attorney's fee to the +prevailing party as part of the costs. + + +Section 506. Criminal offenses. + + (a) Criminal infringement. -- Any person who infringes a copyright +willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private +financial gain shall be punished as provided in section 2319 of title 18. + + (b) Forfeiture and Destruction. -- When any person is convicted of any +violation of subsection (a), the court in its judgment of conviction shall, +in addition to the penalty therein prescribed, order the forfeiture and +destruction or other disposition of all infringing copies or phonorecords +and all implements, devices, or equipment used in the manufacture of +such infringing copies or phonorecords. + + (c) Fraudulent Copyright Notice. -- Any person who, with fraudulent +intent, places on any article a notice of copyright or words of the same +purport that such person knows to be false, or who, with fraudulent +intent, publicly distributes or imports for public distribution any article +bearing such notice or words that such person knows to be false, shall be +fined not more than $2,500. + + (d) Fraudulent Removal of Copyright Notice. -- Any person who, +with fraudulent intent, removes or alters any notice of copyright +appearing on a copy of a copyrighted work shall be fined not more than +$2,500. + + +Section 507. Limitations on actions. + + (a) Criminal Proceedings. -- No criminal proceeding shall be +maintained under the provisions of this title unless it is commenced +within three years after the cause of action arose. + + (b) Civil Actions. -- No civil action shall be maintained under the +provisions of this title unless it is commenced within three years after +the claim accrued. + + +Section 508. Notification of filing and determination of action. + + (a) Within one month after the filing of any action under this title, +the clerks of the courts of the United States shall send written +notification to the Register of Copyrights setting forth, as far as is +shown by the papers filed in the court, the names and addresses of the +parties and the title, author, and registration number of each work +involved in the action. If any other copyrighted work is later included +in the action by amendment, answer, or other pleading, the clerk shall +also send a notification concerning it to the Register within one month +after the pleading is filed. + + (b) Within one month after any final order or judgment is issued in +the case, the clerk of the court shall notify the Register of it, sending +with the notification a copy of the order or judgment together with the +written opinion, if any, of the court. + + (c) Upon receiving the notifications specified in this section, the +Register shall make them a part of the public records of the Copyright +Office. + + +Section 509. Seizure and forfeiture. + + (a) All copies or phonorecords manufactured, reproduced, distributed, +sold or otherwise used, intended for use, or possessed with intent to use +in violation of section 506(a), and all plates, molds, matrices, masters, +tapes, film negatives, or other articles by means of which such copies or +phonorecords may be reproduced, and all electronic, mechanical, or +other devises for manufacturing, reproducing, or assembling such copies +or phonorecords may be seized and forfeited to the United States. + + (b) The applicable procedures relating to (i) the seizure, summary +and judicial forfeiture, and condemnation of vessels, vehicles, +merchandise, and baggage for violations of the customs laws contained +in title 19, (ii) the disposition of such vessels, vehicles, merchandise, +and baggage or the proceeds from the sale thereof, (iii) the remission or +mitigation of such forfeiture, (iv) the compromise of claims, and (v) the +award of compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures, shall +apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been +incurred, under the provisions of this section, insofar as applicable and +not inconsistent with the provisions of this section; except that such +duties as are imposed upon any officer or employee of the Treasury +Department or any other person with respect to the seizure and +forfeiture of vessels, vehicles, merchandise, and baggage under the +provisions of the customs laws contained in title 19 shall be performed +with respect seizure and forfeiture of all articles described in subsection +(a) by such officers, agents, or other persons as may be authorized or +designated for that purpose by the Attorney General. + + +Section 510. Remedies for alteration of programing by cable systems. + + (a) In any action filed pursuant to section 111(c)(3), the following +remedies shall be available; + + (1) Where an action is brought by a party identified in subsections + (b) or (c) of section 501, the remedies provided by sections 502 + through 505, and the remedy provided by subsection (b) of this + section; and + + (2) When an action is brought by a party identified in subsection + (d) of section 501, the remedies provided by sections 502 and 505, + together with any actual damages suffered by such party as a result + of the infringement, and the remedy provided by subsection (b) of + this section. + + (b) In any action filed pursuant to section 111(c)(3), the court may +decree that, for a period not to exceed thirty days, the cable system +shall be deprived of the benefit of a compulsory license for one or more +distant signals carried by such cable system. + + + +CHAPTER 6 - MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS AND IMPORTATION. Analysis. + +Sec. +601. Manufacture, importation, and public distribution of certain + copies. +602. Infringing importation of copies or phonorecords. +603. Importation prohibitions: Enforcement and disposition of excluded + articles. + + +Section 601. Manufacture, importation, and public distribution of +certain copies. + + (a) Prior to July 1, 1986, and except as provided by subsection (b), the +importation into or public distribution in the United States of copies of +a work consisting preponderantly of nondramatic [sic] literary material +that is in the English language and is protected under this title is +prohibited unless the portions consisting of such material have been +manufactured in the United States or Canada. + + (b) The provisions of subsection (a) do not apply- + + (1) where on the date when importation is sought or public + distribution in the United States is made, the author of any + substantial part of such material is neither a national nor a + domiciliary of the United States or, if such author is a national of + the United States, he or she has been domiciled outside the United + States for a continuous period of at least one year immediately + preceding that date; in the case of a work made for hire, the + exemption provided by this clause does not apply unless a + substantial part of the work was prepared for an employer or other + person who is not a national or domiciliary of the United States or a + domestic corporation or enterprise; + + (2) where the United States Customs Service is presented with an + import statement issued under the seal of the Copyright Office, in + which case a total of no more than two thousand copies of any one + such work shall be allowed entry; the import statement shall be + issued upon request to the copyright owner or to a person designated + by such owner at the time of registration for the work under section + 408 or at any time thereafter; + + (3) where importation is sought under the authority or for the use, + other than in schools, of the Government of the United States or of + any State or political subdivision of a State; + + (4) where importation, for use and not for sale, is sought- + + (A) by any person with respect to no more than one copy of any + work at any one time; + + (B) by any person arriving from outside the United States, with + respect to copies forming part of such person's personal baggage; + or + + (C) by an organization operated for scholarly, educational, or + religious purposes and not for private gain, with respect to copies + intended to form a part of its library; + + (5) where the copies are reproduced in raised characters for the use + of the blind; or + + (6) where, in addition to copies imported under clauses (3) and (4) + of this subsection, no more than two thousand copies of any one such + work, which have not been manufactured in the United States or + Canada, are publicly distributed in the United States; or + + (7) where, on the date when importation is sought or public + distribution in the United States is made- + + (A) the author of any substantial part of such material is an + individual and receives compensation for the transfer or license + of the right to distribute the work in the United States; and + + (B) the first publication of the work has previously taken place + outside the United States under a transfer or license granted by + such author to a transferee or licensee who was not a national or + domiciliary of the United States or domestic corporation or + enterprise; and + + (C) there has been no publication of an authorized edition of the + work of which the copies were manufactured in the United + States; and + + (D) the copies were reproduced under a transfer or license + granted by such author or by the transferee or licensee of the + right of first publication as mentioned in subclause (B), and the + transferee or the licensee of the right of reproduction was not a + national or domiciliary of the United States or a domestic + corporation or enterprise. + + (c) The requirement of this section that copies be manufactured in the +United States or Canada is satisfied if- + + (1) in the case where the copies are printed directly from type that + has been set, or directly from plates made from such type, the + setting of the type and the making of the plates have been + performed in the United States or Canada; and + + (2) in the case where the making of plates by a lithographic or + photoengraving process is a final or intermediate step preceding the + printing of the copies, the making of the plates has been performed + in the United States or Canada. + + (3) in any case, the printing or other final process of producing + multiple copies and any binding of the copies have been performed + in the United States or Canada. + + (d) Importation or public distribution of copies in violation of this +section does not invalidate protection for a work under this title. +However, in any civil action or criminal proceeding for infringement of +the exclusive rights to produce and distribute copies of the work, the +infringer has a complete defense with respect to all of the nondramatic +literary material comprised in the work and any other parts of the +work in which the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute copies +are owned by the same person who owns such exclusive rights in the +nondramatic literary material, if the infringer proves- + + (1) that copies of the work have been imported into or publicly + distributed in the United States in violation of this section by or + with the authority of the owner of such exclusive rights; and + + (2) that the infringing copies were manufactured in the United + States or Canada in accordance with the provisions of subsection (c); + and + + (3) that the infringement was commenced before the effective date + of registration for an authorized edition of the work, the copies of + which have been manufactured in the United States or Canada in + accordance with the provisions of subsection (c). + + (e) In any action for infringement of the exclusive rights to reproduce +and distribute copies of a work containing material required by this +section to be manufactured in the United States or Canada, the +copyright owner shall set forth in the complaint the names of the +persons or organizations who performed the processes specified by +subsection (c) with respect to that material, and the places where those +processes were performed. + + +Section 602. Infringing importation of copies or phonorecords. + + (a) Importation into the United States, without the authority of the +owner of copyright under this title, of copies or phonorecords of a work +that have been acquired outside the United States is an infringement of +the exclusive right to distribute copies of phonorecords under section +406, actionable under section 501. This subsection does not apply to- + + (1) importation of copies or phonorecords under the authority or for + the use of the Government of the United States or of any State or + political subdivision of a State, but not including copies or + phonorecords for purposes other than archival use; + + (2) importation, for the private use of the importer and not for + distribution, by any person with respect to no more than one copy or + phonorecord of any one work at any one time, or by any person + arriving from outside the United States with respect to copies or + phonorecords forming part of such person's personal baggage; or + + (3) importation by or for an organization operated for scholarly, + educational, or religious purposes and not for private gain, with + respect to no more than one copy of an audiovisual work solely for its + archival purposes, and no more than five copies or phonorecords of + any other work for its library lending or archival purposes, unless + the importation of such copies or phonorecords is part of an activity + consisting of systematic reproduction or distribution, engaged in by + such organization in violation of the provisions of section 108(g)(2). + + (b) In a case where the making of the copies or phonorecords would +have constituted an infringement of copyright if this title had been +applicable, their importation is prohibited. In a case where the copies +or phonorecords were lawfully made, the United States Customs service +has no authority to prevent their importation unless the provisions of +section 601 are applicable. In either case, the Secretary of the Treasury +is authorized to prescribe, by regulation, a procedure under which any +person claiming an interest in the copyright in a particular work may, +upon payment of a specified fee, be entitled to notification by the +Customs Service of the importation of articles that appear to be copies +of phonorecords of the work. + + +Section 603. Importation prohibitions: Enforcement and disposition of +excluded articles. + + (a) The Secretary of the Treasury and the United States Postal +Service shall separately or jointly make regulations for the +enforcement of the provisions of this title prohibiting importation. + + (b) These regulations may require, as a condition for the exclusion of +articles under section 602- + + (1) that the person seeking exclusion obtain a court order enjoining + importation of the articles; or + + (2) that the person seeking exclusion furnish proof, of a specified + nature and in accordance with prescribed procedures, that the + copyright in which such person claims an interest is valid and that + the importation would violate the prohibition in section 602; the + person seeking exclusion may also be required to post a surety bond + for any injury that may result if the detention or exclusion of the + articles proves to be unjustified. + + (c) Articles imported in violation of the importation prohibitions of +this title are subject to seizure and forfeiture in the same manner as +property imported in violation of the customs revenue laws. Forfeited +articles shall be destroyed as directed by the Secretary of the Treasury +of the court, as the case may be; however, the articles may be returned +to the country of export whenever it is shown to the satisfaction of the +Secretary of the Treasury that the importer had no reasonable grounds +for believing that his or her acts constituted a violation of law. + + + +CHAPTER 7 - COPYRIGHT OFFICE. Analysis. + +Sec. +701. The Copyright Office: General responsibilities and organization. +702. Copyright Office regulations. +703. Effective date of actions in Copyright Office. +704. Retention and disposition of articles deposited in Copyright + Office. +705. Copyright Office records; Preparation, maintenance, public + inspection, and searching. +706. Copies of Copyright Office records. +707. Copyright Office forms and publications. +708. Copyright Office fees. +709. Delay in delivery caused by disruption of postal or other services. +710. Reproduction for use of the blind and physically handicapped: + Voluntary licensing forms and procedures. + + +Section 701. The Copyright Office: General responsibilities and +organization. + + (a) All administrative functions and duties under this title, except as +otherwise specified, are the responsibility of the Register of +Copyrights as director of the Copyright Office of the Library of +Congress. The Register of Copyrights, together with the subordinate +officers and employees of the Copyright Office, shall be appointed by +the Librarian of Congress, and shall act under the Librarian's general +direction and supervision. + + (b) The Register of Copyrights shall adopt a seal to be used on and +after January 1, 1978, to authenticate all certified documents issued by +the Copyright Office. + + (c) The Register of Copyrights shall make an annual report to the +Librarian of Congress of the work and accomplishments of the +Copyright Office during the previous fiscal year. The annual report of +the Register of Copyrights shall be published separately and as a part +of the annual report of the Librarian of Congress. + + (d) Except as provided by section 706(b) and the regulations issued +thereunder, all actions taken by the Register of Copyrights under this +title are subject to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act +of June 11, 1946, as amended (c. 324, 60 Stat. 237, title 5, United States +Code, Chapter 5, Subchapter II and Chapter 7). + + +Section 702. Copyright Office regulations. + + The Register of Copyrights is authorized to establish regulations not +inconsistent with law for the administration of the functions and duties +made the responsibility of the Register under this title. All +regulations established by the Register under this title are subject to +the approval of the Librarian of Congress + + +Section 703. Effective date of actions in Copyright Office. + + In any case in which time limits are prescribed under this title for +the performance of an action in the Copyright Office, and in which the +last day of the prescribed period falls on a Saturday, Sunday, holiday, +or other nonbusiness day within the District of Columbia or the Federal +Government, the action may be taken on the next succeeding business +day, and is effective as of the date when the period expired. + + +Section 704. Retention and disposition of articles deposited in +Copyright Office. + + (a) Upon their deposit in the Copyright Office under section 407 and +408, all copies, phonorecords, and identifying material, including those +deposited in connection with claims that have been refused +registration, are the property of the United States Government. + + (b) In the case of published works, all copies, phonorecords, and +identifying material deposited are available to the Library of +Congress for its collections, or for exchange or transfer to any other +library. In the case of unpublished works, the Library is entitled, under +regulations that the Register of Copyrights shall prescribe, to select +any deposits for its collections or for transfer to the National Archives +of the United States or to a Federal records center, as defined in section +2901 of title 44. + + (c) The Register of Copyrights is authorized, for specific or general +categories of works, to make a facsimile reproduction of all or any part +of the material deposited under section 408, and to make such +reproduction a part of the Copyright Office records of the registration, +before transferring such material to the Library of Congress as provided +by subsection (b), or before destroying or otherwise disposing of such +material as provided by subsection (d). + + (d) Deposits not selected by the Library under subsection (b), or +identifying portions or reproductions of them, shall be retained under +the control of the Copyright Office, including retention in Government +storage facilities, for the longest period considered practicable and +desirable by the Register of Copyrights and the Librarian of Congress. +After that period it is within the joint discretion of the Register and +the Librarian to order their destruction or other disposition; but, in the +case of unpublished works, no deposit shall be knowingly or +intentionally destroyed or otherwise disposed of during its term of +copyright unless a facsimile reproduction of the entire deposit has been +made a part of the Copyright Office records as provided by subsection (c). + + (e) The depositor of copies, phonorecords, or identifying material +under section 408, or the copyright owner of record, may request +retention, under the control of the Copyright Office, of one or more of +such articles for the full term of copyright in the work. The Register of +Copyrights shall prescribe, by regulation, the conditions under which +such requests are to be made and granted, and shall fix the fee to be +charged under section 708(a)(11) if the request is granted. + + +Section 705. Copyright Office records: Preparation, maintenance, +public inspection, and searching. + + (a) The Register of Copyrights shall provide and keep in the +Copyright Office records of all deposits, registrations, recordations, +and other actions taken under this title, and shall prepare indexes of +all such records. + + (b) Such records and indexes, as well as the articles deposited in +connection with completed copyright registrations and retained under +the control of the Copyright Office, shall be open to public inspection. + + (c) Upon request and payment of the fee specified by section 708, the +Copyright Office shall make a search of its public records, indexes, and +deposits, and shall furnish a report of the information they disclose +with respect to any particular deposits, registrations, or recorded +documents. + + +Section 706. Copies of Copyright Office records. + + (a) Copies may be made of any public records or indexes of the +Copyright Office; additional certificates of copyright registration and +copies of any public records or indexes may be furnished upon request +and payment of the fees specified by section 708. + + (b) Copies or reproductions of deposited articles retained under the +control of the Copyright Office shall be authorized or furnished only +under the conditions specified by the Copyright Office regulation. + + +Section 707. Copyright Office forms and publication. + + (a) Catalog of Copyright Entries -- The Register of Copyrights shall +compile and publish at periodic intervals catalogs of all copyright +registrations. These catalogs shall be divided into parts in accordance +with the various classes of works, and the Register has discretion to +determine, on the basis of practicability and usefulness, the form and +frequency of publication of each particular part. + + (b) Other Publication -- The Register shall furnish, free of charge +upon request, application forms for copyright registration and general +informational material in connection with the functions of the +Copyright Office. The Register also has the authority to publish +compilations of information, bibliographies, and other material he or +she considers to be of value to the public. + + (c) Distribution of Publications. -- All publications of the Copyright +Office shall be furnished to depository libraries as specified under +section 1905 of title 44, and, aside from those furnished free of charge, +shall be offered for sale to the public at prices based on the cost of +reproduction and distribution. + + +Section 708. Copyright Office fees. + + (a) The following fees shall be paid to the Register of Copyrights: + + (1) on filing each application for registration of a copyright claim + or a supplementary registration under section 408, including the + issuance of a certificate of registration if registration is made, $10; + + (2) on filing each application for registration of a claim to renewal + of a subsisting copyright in its first term under section 304(a), + including the issuance of a certificate of registration if registration + is made, $6; + + (3) for the issuance of a receipt for a deposit under section + 407, $2; + + (4) for the recordation, as provided by section 205, of a transfer + of copyright ownership or other document of six pages or less, covering + no more than one title; $10; for each page over six and each title + over one, 50 cents additional; + + (5) for the filing, under section 115(b), of a notice of intention + to make phonorecords, $6; + + (6) for the recordation, under section 302(c), of a statement + revealing the identity of an author of an anonymous or + pseudonymous work, or for the recordation, under section 302(d), of a + statement relating to the death of an author, $10 for a document of + six pages or less, covering no more than one title; for each page over + six and for each title over one, $1 additional; + + (7) for the issuance, under section 601, of an import statement, $3; + + (8) for the issuance, under section 706, of an additional certificate + of registration, $4; + + (9) for the issuance of any other certification, $4; the Register of + Copyrights has discretion, on the basis of their cost, to fix the fees + for preparing copies of Copyright Office records, whether they are + to be certified or not; + + (10) for the making and reporting of a search as provided by section + 705, and for any related services, $10 for each hour or fraction of an + hour consumed; + + (11) for any other special services requiring a substantial amount of + time or expense, such fees as the Register of Copyrights may fix on + the basis of the cost of providing the service. + + (b) The fees prescribed by or under this section are applicable to the +United States Government and any of its agencies, employees, or +officers, but the Register of Copyrights has discretion to waive the +requirement of this subsection in occasional or isolated cases involving +relatively small amounts. + + (c) All fees received under this section shall be deposited by the +Register of Copyrights in the Treasury of the United States and shall +be credited to the appropriation for necessary expenses of the +Copyright Office. The Register may, in accordance with regulations +that he or she shall prescribe, refund any sum paid by mistake or in +excess of the fee required by this section. + + +Section 709. Delay in delivery caused by disruption of postal or other +services. + + In any case in which the Register of Copyrights determines, on the +basis of such evidence as the Register may by regulation require, that a +deposit, application, fee, or any other material to be delivered to the +Copyright Office by a particular date, would have been received in the +Copyright Office in due time except for a general disruption or +suspension of postal or other transportation or communications services, +the actual receipt of such material in the Copyright Office within one +month after the date on which the Register determines that the +disruption or suspension of such services has terminated, shall be +considered timely. + + +Section 710. Reproduction for use of the blind and physically +handicapped: Voluntary licensing forms and procedures. + + The Register of Copyrights shall, after consultation with the Chief +of the Division for the Blind and Physically Handicapped and other +appropriate officials of the Library of Congress, establish by +regulation standardized forms and procedures by which, at the time +applications covering certain specified categories of nondramatic +literary works are submitted for registration under section 408 of this +title, the copyright owner may voluntarily grant to the Library of +Congress a license to reproduce the copyrighted work by means of +Braille or similar tactile symbols, or by fixation of a reading of the +work in a phonorecord, or both, and to distribute the resulting copies or +phonorecords solely for the use of the blind and physically +handicapped and under limited conditions to be specified in the +standardized forms. + + + +CHAPTER 8 - COPYRIGHT ROYALTY TRIBUNAL. Analysis. + +Sec. +801. Copyright Royalty Tribunal: Establishment and purpose. +802. Membership of the Tribunal. +803. Procedures of the Tribunal. +804. Institution and conclusion of proceedings. +805. Staff of the Tribunal. +806. Administrative support of the Tribunal. +807. Deduction of costs of proceedings. +808. Reports. +809. Effective date of final determinations. +810. Judicial review. + + +Section 801. Copyright Royalty Tribunal: Establishment and purpose. + + (a) There is hereby an independent Copyright Royalty Tribunal in +the legislative branch. + + (b) Subject to the provisions of this chapter, the purposes of the +Tribunal shall be- + + (1) to make determinations concerning the adjustment of reasonable + copyright royalty rates as provided in sections 115 and 116, and to + make determinations as to reasonable terms and rates of royalty + payments as provided in section 118. The rates applicable under + sections 115 and 116 shall be calculated to achieve the following + objectives. + + (A) To maximize the availability of creative works to the + public; + + (B) To afford the copyright owner a fair return for his creative + work and the copyright user a fair income under existing + economic conditions; + + (C) To reflect the relative roles of the copyright owner and the + copyright user in the product made available to the public with + respect to relative creative contribution, technological + contribution, capital investment, cost, risk, and contribution to + the opening of new markets for creative expression and media for + their communication; + + (D) To minimize any disruptive impact on the structure of the + industries involved and on generally prevailing industry + practices. + + (2) to make determinations concerning the adjustment of copyright + royalty rates in section 111 solely in accordance with the following + provisions: + + (A) The rates established by section 111(d)(2)(B) may be + adjusted to reflect (i) national monetary inflation or deflation or + (ii) changes in the average rates charged cable subscribers for + the basic service of providing secondary transmissions to + maintain the real constant dollar level of the royalty fee per + subscriber which existed as of the date of enactment of this Act: + Provided, That if the average rates charged cable system + subscribers for the basic service of providing secondary + transmissions are changed so that the average rates exceed + national monetary inflation, no change in the rates established + by section 111(d)(2)(B) shall be permitted: And provided + further, That no increase in the royalty fee shall be permitted + based on any reduction in the average number of distant signal + equivalents per subscriber. The Commission may consider all + factors relating to the maintenance of such level of payments + including, as an extenuating factor, whether the cable industry + has been restrained by subscriber rate regulating authorities from + increasing the rates for the basic service of providing secondary + transmissions. + + (B) In the event that the rules and regulations of the Federal + Communications Commission are amended at any time after + April 15, 1976, to permit the carriage by cable systems of + additional television broadcast signals beyond the local service + area of the primary transmitters of such signals, the royalty + rates established by section 111(d)(2)(B) may be adjusted to + insure that the rates for the additional distant signal + equivalents resulting from such carriage are reasonable in the + light of the changes effected by the amendment to such rules and + regulations. In determining the reasonableness of rates proposed + following an amendment of Federal Communications Commission + rules and regulations, the Copyright Royalty Tribunal shall + consider, among other factors, the economic impact on copyright + owners and users: Provided, That no adjustment in royalty rates + shall be made under this subclause with respect to any distant + signal equivalent or fraction thereof represented by (i) carriage + of a signal of the same type (that is, independent, network, or + noncommercial educational) substituted for such permitted + signal, or (ii) a television broadcast signal first carried after + April 15, 1976, pursuant to an individual waiver of the rules and + regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, as such + rules and regulations were in effect on April 14, 1976. + + (C) In the event of any change in the rules and regulations of + the Federal Communications Commission with respect to syndicated + and sports program exclusivity after April 15, 1976, the rates + established by section 111(d)(2)(B) may be adjusted to assure + that such rates are reasonable in light of the changes to such + rules and regulations, but any such adjustment shall apply only + to the affected television broadcast signals carried on those + systems affected by the change. + + (D) The gross receipts limitations established by section + 111(d)(2)(C) and (D) shall be adjusted to reflect national + monetary inflation or deflation or changes in the average rates + charged cable system subscribers for the basic service of + providing secondary transmissions to maintain the real constant + dollar value of the exemption provided by such section; and the + royalty rate specified therein shall not be subject to adjustment; + and + + (3) As soon as possible after the date of enactment of this Act, and + no later than six months following such date, the President shall + publish a notice announcing the initial appointments provided in + section 802, and shall designate an order of seniority among the + initially-appointed commissioners for purposes of section 802(b). + + +Section 802. Membership of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Tribunal shall be composed of five commissioners appointed +by the President with the advise and consent of the Senate for a term of +seven years each; of the first five members appointed, three shall be +designated to serve for seven years from the date of the notice specified +in section 801(C), and two shall be designated to serve for five years +from such date, respectively. Commissioners shall be compensated at +the highest rate now or hereafter prescribe sic for grade 18 of the +General Schedule pay rates (5 U.S.C. 5332). + + (b) Upon convening the commissioners shall elect a chairman from +among the commissioners appointed for a full seven-year term. Such +chairman shall serve for a term of one year. Thereafter, the most senior +commissioner who has not previously served as chairman shall serve as +chairman for a period of one year, except that, if all commissioners +have served a full term as chairman, the most senior commissioner who +has served the least number of terms as chairman shall be designated +as chairman. + + (c) Any vacancy in the Tribunal shall not affect its powers and shall +be filed, for the unexpired term of the appointment, in the same manner +as the original appointment was made. + + +Section 803. Procedures of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Tribunal shall adopt regulations, not inconsistent with law, +governing procedure and methods of operation. Except as otherwise +provided in this chapter, the Tribunal shall be subject to the provisions +of the Administrative Procedure Act of June 11, 1946, as amended (c. 324, +60 Stat. 237, title 5, United States Code, chapter 5, subchapter II and +chapter 7). + + +Section 804. Institution and conclusion of proceedings. + + (a) With respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(1) concerning the +investment of royalty rates as provided in sections 115 and 116, and +with respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(2)(A) and (D)- + + (1) on January 1, 1980, the Chairman of the Tribunal shall cause to + be published in the Federal Register notice of commencement of + proceedings under this chapter; and + + (2) during the calendar years specified in the following schedule, + any owner or user of a copyrighted work whose royalty rates are + specified by this title, or by a rate established by the Tribunal, may + file a petition with the Tribunal declaring that the petitioner + requests an adjustment of the rate. The Tribunal shall make a + determination as to whether the applicant has a significant interest + in the royalty rate in which an adjustment is requested. If the + Tribunal determines that the petitioner has a significant interest, + the Chairman shall cause notice of this determination, with the + reasons therefor, to be published in the Federal Register, together + with notice of commencement of proceedings under this chapter. + + (A) In proceedings under section 801(b)(2)(A) and (D), such + petition may be filed during 1985 and in each subsequent fifth + calendar year. + + (B) In proceedings under section 801(b)(1) concerning the + adjustment of royalty rates as provided in section 115, such petition + may be filed in 1987 and in each subsequent tenth calendar year. + + (C) In proceedings under section 801(b)(1) concerning the + adjustment of royalty rates under section 116, such petition may be + filed in 1990 and in each subsequent tenth calendar year. + + (b) With respect to proceedings under subclause (B) or (C) of section +(_)(2), following an event described in either of those subsections, any +____ or user of a copyrighted work whose royalty rates are specified by +section ____ by a rate established by the Tribunal, may, within twelve +months, file a ___on with the Tribunal declaring that the petitioner +requests an adjustment of the rate. In this event the Tribunal shall +proceed as in subsection (a)(2), above. Any change in royalty rates made +by the Tribunal pursuant to this subsection may be reconsidered in 1980, +1985, and each fifth calendar year thereafter, in accordance with the +provisions in section 801(b)(2)(B) or (C), as the case may be. + + (c) With respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(1), concerning the +determination of reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments as +provided in section 118, the Tribunal shall proceed when and as +provided by that section. + + (d) With respect to proceedings under section 801(b)(3), concerning the +distribution of royalty fees in certain circumstances under sections 111 or +116, the Chairman of the Tribunal shall, upon determination by the +Tribunal that a controversy exists concerning such distribution, cause to +be published in the Federal Register notice of commencement of +proceedings under this chapter. + + (e) All proceedings under this chapter shall be initiated without +delay following publication of the notice specified in this section, and +the Tribunal shall render its final decision in any such proceeding with +one year from the date of such publication. + + +Section 805. Staff of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Tribunal is authorized to appoint and fix the compensation of +such employees as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this +chapter, and to prescribe their functions and duties. + + (b) The Tribunal may procure temporary and intermittent services to +the same extent as is authorized by section 3109 of title 5. + + +Section 806. Administrative support of the Tribunal. + + (a) The Library of Congress shall provide the Tribunal with +necessary administrative services, including those related to budgeting, +accounting, financial reporting, travel, personnel, and procurement. The +Tribunal shall pay the Library for such services, either in advance or +by reimbursement from the funds of the Tribunal, at amounts to be +agreed upon between the Librarian and the Tribunal. + + (b) The Library of Congress is authorized to disburse funds for the +Tribunal, under regulations prescribed jointly by the Librarian of +Congress and the Tribunal and approved by the Comptroller General. +Such regulations shall establish requirements and procedures under +which every voucher certified for payment by the Library of Congress +under this chapter shall be supported with a certification by a duly +authorized officer or employee of the Tribunal, and shall prescribe the +responsibilities and accountability of said officers and employees of +the Tribunal with respect to such certifications. + + +Section 807. Deduction of costs of proceedings. + + Before any funds are distributed pursuant to a final decision in a +proceeding involving distribution of royalty fees, the Tribunal shall +assess the reasonable costs of such proceeding. + + +Section 808. Reports. + + In addition to its publication of the reports of all final +determinations as provided in section 803(b), the Tribunal shall make +an annual report to the President and the Congress concerning the +Tribunal's work during the preceding fiscal year, including a detailed +fiscal statement of account. + + +Section 809. Effective date of final determinations. + + Any final determination by the Tribunal under this chapter shall +become effective thirty days following its publication in the Federal +Register as provided in section 803(b), unless prior to that time an +appeal has been filed pursuant to section 810, to vacate, modify, or +correct such determination, and notice of such appeal has been served on +all parties who appeared before the Tribunal in the proceeding in +question. Where the proceeding involves the distribution of royalty +fees under sections 111 or 116, the Tribunal shall, upon the expiration of +such thirty-day period, distribute any royalty fees not subject to an +appeal filed pursuant to section 810. + + +Section 810. Judicial review. + + Any final decision of the Tribunal in a proceeding under section 801(b) +may be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals, within thirty +days after its publication in the Federal Register by an aggrieved +party. The judicial review of the decision shall be had, in accordance +with chapter 7 of title 5, on the basis of the record before the Tribunal. +No court shall have jurisdiction to review a final decision of the +Tribunal except as provided in this section. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/uscrbasi.txt b/politicalTextFiles/uscrbasi.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1447d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/uscrbasi.txt @@ -0,0 +1,928 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Copyright Office +Library of Congress +Washington, DC 20559 +202-479-0700 + +Source: Copyright Basics, Circular 1, Copyright Office, Library +of Congress, Washington, DC, January 1991 + + +What Copyright Is + +Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the +United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of +authorship" including literary, dramatic, musical, +artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is +available to both published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the +Copyright Act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive +right to do and to authorize others to do the following: + +- To reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; + +- To prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; + +- To distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted +work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by +rental, lease, or lending; + +- To perform the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of +literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, +pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, +and + +- To display the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of +literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, +pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, +including the individual images of a motion picture or other +audiovisual work. + +It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by +the Act to the owner of copyright. These rights, however, are not +unlimited in scope. Sections 107 through 119 of the Copyright Act +establish limitations on these rights. In some cases, these limitations +are specified exemptions from copyright liability. One major +limitation is the doctrine of "fair use," which is given a statutory basis +in section 107 of the Act. In other instances, the limitation takes the +form of a "compulsory license" under which certain limited uses of +copyrighted works are permitted upon payment of specified royalties +and compliance with statutory conditions. For further information +about the limitations of any of these rights, consult the Copyright Act +or write to the Copyright Office. + + +Who Can Claim Copyright + +Copyright protection subsists from the time the work is created +in fixed form; that is, it is an incident of the process of authorship. +The copyright in the work of authorship immediately becomes the property +of the author who created it. Only the author or those deriving their +rights through the author can rightfully claim copyright. + +In the case of works made for hire, the employer and not the +employee is presumptively considered the author. Section 101 of the +copyright statute defines a "work made for hire" as: + +(1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of +his or her employment; or + +(2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a +contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or +other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary +work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as +answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly +agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall +be considered a work made for hire . . . . + +The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the +work, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. + +Copyright in each separate contribution to a periodical or other +collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a +whole and vests initially with the author of the contribution. + +Two General Principles + +- Mere ownership of a book, manuscript, painting, or any +other copy or phonorecord does not give the possessor the +copyright. The law provides that transfer of ownership of any +material object that embodies a protected work does not of itself +convey any rights in the copyright. + +- Minors may claim copyright, but state laws may +regulate the business dealings involving copyrights owned by +minors. For information on relevant state laws, consult an +attorney. + + +Copyright and National Origin of the Work + +Copyright protection is available for all unpublished works, +regardless of the nationality or domicile of the author. + +Published works are eligible for copyright protection in the +United States if any one of the following conditions is met: + +- On the date of first publication, one or more of the +authors is a national or domiciliary of the United States or is a +national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a foreign nation +that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the United States +is also a party, or is a stateless person wherever that person may +be domiciled; or + +- The work is first published in the United States or in a +foreign nation that, on the date of first publication, is a party to +the Universal Copyright Convention; or the work comes within +the scope of a Presidential proclamation; or + +- The work is first published on or after March 1, 1989, in +a foreign nation that on the date of first publication, is a party to +the Berne Convention; or if the work is not first published in a +country party to the Berne Convention, it is published (on or after +March 1, 1989) within 30 days of first publication in a country +that is party to the Berne Convention; or the work, first +published on or after March 1, 1989, is a pictorial, graphic, or +sculptural work that is incorporated in a permanent structure +located in the United States; or, if the work, first published on or +after March 1, 1989, is a published audiovisual work, all the +authors are legal entries with headquarters in the United +States. + + +What Works Are Protected + +Copyright protects "original works of authorship" that are +fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need not directly +perceptible, so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a +machine or device. Copyrightable works include the following +categories: + +(1) literary works; +(2) musical works, including any accompanying words; +(3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music; +(4) pantomimes and choreographic works; +(5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; +(6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works; +(7) sound recordings; and +(8) architectural works. + +These categories should be viewed quite broadly; for example, +computer programs and most "compilations" are registrable as "literary +works"; maps and architectural plans are registrable as "pictorial, +graphic, and sculptural works." + +What is Not Protected by Copyright + +Several categories of material are generally not eligible for +statutory copyright protection. These include among others: + +- Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of +expression. For example: choreographic works that have not +been notated or recorded, or improvisational speeches or +performances that have not been written or recorded. + +- Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar +symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic +ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients +or contents. + +- Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, +principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a +description, explanation, or illustration. + +- Works consisting entirely of information that is common +property and containing no original authorship. For example: +standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures +and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or +other common sources. + + +How to Secure a Copyright + +Copyright Secured Automatically Upon Creation +The way in which copyright protection is secured under the +present law is frequently misunderstood. No publication or registration +or other action in the Copyright Office is required to secure copyright. +There are, however, certain definite advantages to registration. + +Copyright is secured automatically when the work is created, +and a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for the +first time. "Copies" are material objects from which a work can be read +or visually perceived either directly or with the aid of a machine or +device, such as books, manuscripts, sheet music, film, videotape, or +microfilm. "Phonorecords" are material objects embodying fixations of +sounds (excluding, by statutory definition, motion picture soundtracks), +such as audio tapes and phonograph disks. Thus, for example, a song +(the "work") can be fixed in sheet music ("copies") or in phonograph +disks ("phonorecords"), or both. + +If a work is prepared over a period of time, the part of the work +existing in fixed form on a particular date constitutes the created work +as of that date. + +Publication + +Publication is no longer the key to obtaining statutory copyright +as it was under the Copyright Act of 1909. However, publication +remains important to copyright owners. + +The Copyright Act defines publication as follows: + +"Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords +of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or +by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or +phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further +distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes +publication. A public performance or display of a work does not +of itself constitute publication. + +A further discussion of the definition of "publication" can be +found in the legislative history of the Act. The legislative reports +define "to the public" as distribution to persons under no explicit or +implicit restrictions with respect to disclosure of the contents. The +reports state that the definition makes it clear that the sale of +phonorecords constitutes publication of the underlying work, for +example, the musical, dramatic, or literary work embodied in a +phonorecord. The reports also state that it is clear that any form of +dissemination in which the material object does not change hands, for +example, performances or displays on television, is not a publication no +matter how many people are exposed to the work. However, when +copies or phonorecords are offered for sale or lease to a group of +wholesalers, broadcasters, or motion picture theaters, publication does +not take place if the purpose is further distribution, public performance, +or public display. + +Publication is an important concept in the copyright law for +several reasons: + +- When a work is published, it may bear a notice of +copyright to identify the year of publication and the name of the +copyright owner and to inform the public that the work is +protected by copyright. Works published before March 1, 1989, +must bear the notice or risk loss of copyright protection. (See +discussion "notice of copyright" below.) + +- Works that are published in the United States are +subject to mandatory deposit with the Library of Congress. (See +discussion below on "mandatory deposit.") + +- Publication of a work can affect the limitations on the +exclusive rights of the copyright owner that are set forth in +sections 107 through 119 of the law. + +- The year of publication may determine the duration of +copyright protection for anonymous and pseudonymous works +(when the author's identity is not revealed in the records of the +Copyright Office) and for works made for hire. + +- Deposit requirements for registration of published works +differ from those for registration of unpublished works. (See +discussion below on "copyright registration" procedures.) + + +Notice of Copyright + +For works first published on and after March 1, 1989, use of the +copyright notice is optional, though highly recommended. Before +March 1, 1989, the use of the notice was mandatory on all published +works, and any work first published before that date must bear a notice +or risk loss of copyright protection. + +Use of the notice is recommended because it informs the public +that the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright +owner, and shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the +event that a work is infringed, if the work carries a proper notice, the +court will not allow a defendant to claim "innocent infringement"--that +is, that he or she did not realize that the work is protected. (A +successful innocent infringement claim may result in a reduction in +damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive.) + +The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the +copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or +registration with, the Copyright Office. + +Form of Notice for Visually Perceptible Copies + +The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all of +the following three elements: + +1. The symbol (the letter C in a circle), or the word +"Copyright," or the abbreviation "Copr."; and + +2. The year of first publication of the work. In the case of +compilations or derivative works incorporating previously +published material, the year date of first publication of the +compilation or derivative work is sufficient. The year date may +be omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with +accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in or on +greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any +useful article; and + +3. The name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an +abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a +generally known alternative designation of the owner. + + Example: (c 1991 John Doe + +The "C in a circle" notice is used only on "visually perceptible +copies." Certain kinds of works -- for example, musical, dramatic, and +literary works -- may be fixed not in "copies" but by means of sound in an +audio recording. Since audio recordings such as audio tapes and +phonograph disks are "phonorecords" and not "copies," the "C in a +circle" notice is not used to indicate protection of the underlying +musical, dramatic, or literary work that is recorded. + + +Form of Notice for Phonorecords of Sound Recordings + +The copyright notice for phonorecords of sound recordings has +somewhat different requirements. The notice appearing on +phonorecords should contain the following three elements: + +1. The symbol (the letter P in a circle); and + +2. The year of first publication of the sound recording; and + +3. The name of the owner of copyright in the sound +recording, or an abbreviation by which the name can be +recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the +owner. If the producer of the sound recording is named on the +phonorecord labels or containers, and if no other name appears in +conjunction with the notice, the producer's name shall be +considered a part of the notice. + +Example: (the letter P in a circle) 1991 A.B.C., Inc. + +NOTE: Since questions may arise from the use of variant forms of +the notice, any form of the notice other than those given here +should not be used without first seeking legal advice. + +Position of Notice + +The notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords of the +work in such an manner and location as to "give reasonable notice on the +claim of copyright." The notice on phonorecords may appear on the +surface of the phonorecord or on the phonorecord label or container, +provided the manner of placement and location give reasonable notice +of the claim. The three elements of the notice should ordinarily +appear together on the copies or phonorecords. The Copyright Office +has issued regulations concerning the form and position of the copyright +notice in the Code of Federal Regulations (37 C.F.R. Part 201). For more +information, request Circular 3. + +Publications Incorporating United States Government Works + +Works by the United States Government are not eligible for +copyright protection. For works published on and after March 1, 1989, +the previous notice requirement for works consisting primarily of one or +more U.S. Government works has been eliminated. However, use of the +copyright notice for these works is still strongly recommended. Use of a +notice on such a work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement as +previously described provided the notice also includes a statement that +identifies one of the following: those portions of the work in which +copyright is claimed or those portions that constitute U.S. Government +material. An example is: + +Copr. 1991 Jane Brown. Copyright claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of +U.S. Government maps. + +Works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily of +one or more works of the U.S. Government must bear a notice and the +identifying statement. + +Unpublished Works + +To avoid an inadvertent publication without notice, the author +or other owner of copyright may wish to place a copyright notice on any +copies or phonorecords that leave his or her control. + +Effect of Omission of the Notice or of Error in the Name or Date + +The Copyright Act, in sections 405 and 406, provides procedures +for correcting errors and omissions of the copyright notice on works +published on or after January 1, 1978 and before March 1, 1989. + +In general, if a notice was omitted or an error was made on copies +distributed between January 1, 1978, and March 1, 1989, the copyright +was not automatically lost. Copyright protection may be maintained if +registration for the work has been made before or is made within 5 +years after the publication without notice, and a reasonable effort is +made to add the notice to all copies or phonorecords that are +distributed to the public in the United States after the omission has +been discovered. For more information request Circular 3. + +How Long Copyright Protection Endures Works Originally + +Copyrighted on or After January 1, 1978 + +A work that is created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) +on or after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment +of its creation, and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author's +life, plus an additional 50 years after the author's death. In the case of +"a joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for +hire," the term lasts for 50 years after the last surviving author's +death. For works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous +works (unless the author's identity is revealed in Copyright Office +records), the duration of copyright will be 75 years from publication or +100 years from creation, whichever is shorter. + +Works that were created but not published or registered for +copyright before January 1, 1978, have been automatically brought +under the statute and are now given Federal copyright protection. The +duration of copyright in these works will generally be computed in the +same way as for works created on or after January 1, 1978: the life-plus- +50 or 75/100-year terms will apply to them as well. The law provides +that in no case will the term of copyright for works in this category +expire before December 31, 2002, and for works published on or before +December 31, 2002, the term of copyright will not expire before +December 31, 2027. + +Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978 + +Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either +on the date a work was published, or on the date of registration if the +work was registered in unpublished form. In either case, the copyright +endured for a first term of 28 years from the date it was secured. During +the last (28th) year of the first term, the copyright was eligible for +renewal. The current copyright law has extended the renewal term +from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting on January 1, +1978, making these works eligible for a total term of protection of 75 +years. However, the copyright must be timely renewed to receive the +47-year period of added protection. This is accomplished by filing a +properly completed form RE accompanied by a $12 filing fee in the +Copyright Office before the end of the 28th calendar year of the +original term. + +For more detailed information on the copyright term, write to +the Copyright Office and request Circulars 15a and 15t. For +information on how to search the Copyright Office records concerning +the copyright status of a work, ask for Circular 22. + +Transfer of Copyright + +Any or all of the exclusive rights, or any subdivision of those +rights, of the copyright owner may be transferred, but the transfer of +exclusive rights is not valid unless that transfer is in writing and signed +by the owner of the rights conveyed (or such owner's duly authorized +agent). Transfer of a right on a nonexclusive basis does not require a +written agreement. + +A copyright may also be convened by operation of law and may +be bequeathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable +laws of intestate succession. + +Copyright is a personal property right, and it is subject to the +various state laws and regulations that govern the ownership, +inheritance, or transfer of personal property as well as terms of +contracts or conduct of business. For information about relevant state +laws, consult an attorney. + +Transfers of copyright are normally made by contract. The +Copyright Office does not have or supply any forms for such transfers. +However, the law does provide for the recordation in the Copyright +Office of transfers of copyright ownership. Although recordation is not +required to make a valid transfer between the parties, it does provide +certain legal advantages and may be required to validate the transfer +as against third parties. For information on recordation of transfers and +other documents related to copyright, request Circular 12. + +Termination of Transfers + +Under the previous law, the copyright in a work generally +reverted to the author, if living, or if the author was not living, to +other specified beneficiaries, provided a renewal claim was registered +in the 28th year of the original term. The present law drops the +renewal feature except for works already in the first term of statutory +protection when the present law took effect. Instead, the present law +generally permits termination of a grant of rights after 35 years under +certain conditions by serving written notice on the transferee within +specified time limits. + +For works already under statutory copyright protection before +1978, the present law provides a similar right of termination covering +the newly added years that extended the former maximum term of the +copyright from 56 to 75 years. For further information, request Circulars +15a and 15t. + +International Copyright Protection + +There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that will +automatically protect an author's writings throughout the entire +world. Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country +depends, basically, on the national laws of that country. However, +most countries do offer protection to foreign works under certain +conditions, and these conditions have been greatly simplified by +international copyright treaties and conventions. For a list of countries +which maintain copyright relations with the United States, request +Circular 38a. + +The United States belongs to both global, multilateral copyright +treaties--the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) and the Berne +Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The +United States was a founding member of the UCC, which came into +force on September 16, 1955. Generally, a work by a national or +domiciliary of a country that is a member of the UCC or a work first +published in a UCC country may claim protection under the UCC. If the +work bears the notice of copyright in the form and position specified by +the UCC, this notice will satisfy and substitute for any other +formalities a UCC member country would otherwise impose as a +condition of copyright. A UCC notice should consist of the symbol "C in +a circle" accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor and the +year of first publication of the work. + +By joining the Berne Convention on March 1, 1989, the United +States gained protection for its authors in all member nations of the +Berne Union with which the United States formerly had either no +copyright relations or had bilateral treaty arrangements. Members of +the Berne Union agree to a certain minimum level of copyright +protection and agree to treat nationals of other member countries like +their own nationals for purposes of copyright. A work first published in +the United Sates or another Berne Union country (or first published in a +non-Berne country, followed by publication within 30 days in a Berne +Union country) is eligible for protection in all Berne member countries. +There are no special requirements. For information on the legislation +implementing the Berne Convention, request Circular 93 from the +Copyright Office. + +An author who wishes protection for his or her work in a +particular country should first find out the extent of protection of +foreign works in that country. If possible, this should be done before the +work is published anywhere, since protection may often depend on the +facts existing at the time of first publication. + +If the country in which protection is sought is a party to one of +the international copyright conventions, the work may generally be +protected by complying with the conditions of the convention. Even if +the work cannot be brought under an international convention, +protection under the specific provisions of the country's national laws +may still be possible. Some countries, however, offer little or no +copyright protection for foreign works. + + +Copyright Registration + +In general, copyright registration is a legal formality intended +to make a public record of the basic facts of a particular copyright. +However, except in two specific situations, registration is not a +condition of copyright protection. Even though registration is not +generally a requirement for protection, the copyright law provides +several inducements or advantages to encourage copyright owners to +make registration. Among these advantages are the following: + +- Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim; + +- Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, +registration is necessary for works of U.S. origin and for foreign +works not originating in a Berne Union country. (For more +information on when a work is of U.S. origin, request Circular 93); + +- If made before or within 5 years of publication, +registration will establish prima facie evidence in court of the +validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the +certificate; and + +- If registration is made within 3 months after publication +of the work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory +damages and attorney's fees will be available to the copyright +owner in court actions. Otherwise, only an award of actual +damages and profits is available to the copyright owner. + +Registration may be made at any time within the life of the +copyright. Unlike the law before 1978, when a work has been registered +in unpublished form, it is not necessary to make another registration +when the work becomes published (although the copyright owner may +register the published edition, if desired). + +Registration Procedures + +In General + +A. To register a work, send the following three elements +in the same envelope of package to the Register of Copyrights, +Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559: +(see section What Happens If the Three Elements Are Not +Received Together.) + +1. A properly completed application form; + +2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $20 for each application; + +3. A nonreturnable deposit of the work being +registered. The deposit requirements vary in particular +situations. The general requirements follow. Also note +the information under "Special Deposit Requirements" +immediately following this section. + +- If the work is unpublished, one complete copy or phonorecord. + +- If the work was first published in the +United States on or after January 1, 1978, two +complete copies or phonorecords of the best edition. + +- If the work was first published in the +United States before January 1, 1978, two complete +copies or phonorecords of the work as first +published. + +- If the work was first published outside the +United States, whenever published, one complete +copy or phonorecord of the work as first published. + +B. To register a renewal, send: + +1. A properly completed RE application form; and + +2. A nonrefundable filing fee of $12 for each work. + +NOTE: Complete the Application Form Using Black Ink Pen or +Typewriter. You may photocopy the application forms if the +forms you submit to the Office are clear, legible, on a good grade +of white paper, and printed head-to-head (so that when you +turn the sheet over, the top of page 2 is directly behind the top of +page 1). Because the certificates of registration are reproduced +directly from the application forms, it is vital the forms meet +the stated requirements. Forms not meeting these requirements +will be returned. + +Special Deposit Requirements + +Special deposit requirements exist for many types of work. In +some instances, only one copy is required for published works, in other +instances only identifying material is required, and in still other +instances, the deposit requirement may be unique. The following are +three prominent examples of exceptions to the general deposit +requirements: + +- If the work is a motion picture, the deposit requirement +is one complete copy of the unpublished or published motion +picture and a separate written description of its contents, such as +a continuity, press book, or synopsis. + +- If the work is a literary, dramatic or musical work +published only on phonorecord, the deposit requirement is one +complete copy of the phonorecord. + +- If the work is an unpublished or published computer +program, the deposit requirement is one visually perceptible +copy in source code of the first and last 25 pages of the program. +For a program of less than 50 pages, the deposit is a copy of the +entire program. (For more information on computer program +registration, including deposits for revised programs and special +relief for trade secrets, request Circular 61.) +In the case of works reproduced in three-dimensional copies, +identifying material such as photographs or drawings is ordinarily +required. Other examples of special deposit requirements (but by no +means an exhaustive list) include many works of the visual arts, such as +greeting cards, toys, fabric, oversized material (request Circular 40a); +video games and other machine-readable audiovisual works (request +Circular 61 and ML-387); automated databases (request Circular 65); +and contributions to collective works. + +If you are unsure of the deposit requirement for your work, write +or call the Copyright Office and describe the work you wish to register. + +Unpublished Collections + +A work may be registered in unpublished form as a "collection," +with one application and one fee, under the following conditions: + +- The elements of the collection are assembled in an +orderly form; + +- The combined elements bear a single title identifying +the collection as a whole; + +- The copyright claimant in all the elements and in the +collection as a whole is the same; and + +- All of the elements are by the same author, or, if they +are by different authors, at least one of the authors has +contributed copyrightable authorship to each element. +An unpublished collection is indexed in the Catalog of Copyright +Entries only under the collection title. + +Corrections and Amplifications of Existing Registrations + +To correct an error in a copyright registration or to amplify the +information given in a registration, file a supplementary registration +form--Form CA--with the Copyright Office. The information in a +supplementary registration augments but does not supersede that +contained in the earlier registration. Note also that a supplementary +registration is not a substitute for an original registration, for renewal +registration, or for recording a transfer of ownership. For further +information about supplementary registration, request Circular 8. + +Mandatory Deposit for Works Published in the United States + +Although a copyright registration is not required, the Copyright +Act establishes a mandatory deposit requirement for works published +in the United States (see definition of "publication" on page 4 of +Circular 1). In general, the owner of copyright, or the owner of the +exclusive right of publication in the work, has a legal obligation to +deposit in the Copyright Office, within 3 months of publication in the +United States, 2 copies (or, in the case of sound recordings, 2 +phonorecords) for the use of the Library of Congress. Failure to make +the deposit can result in fines and other penalties, but does not affect +copyright protection. + +Certain categories of works are exempt entirely from the +mandatory deposit requirements, and the obligation is reduced for +certain other categories. For further information about mandatory +deposit, request Circular 7d. + +NOTE: Library of Congress Catalog Card Numbers. A Library of +Congress Catalog Card Number is different from a copyright +registration number. The Cataloging in Publication (CIP) Division of +the Library of Congress is responsible for assigning LC Catalog Card +Numbers and is operationally separate from the Copyright Office. A +book may be registered in or deposited with the Copyright Office but +not necessarily cataloged and added to the Library's collections. For +information about obtaining an LC Catalog Card Number, contact the +CIP Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540. For +information on International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN), write +to: ISBN Agency, R.R. Bowker Company, 245 West 17th Street, New +York, N.Y. 10011. For information on International Standard Serial +Numbering (ISSN), write to: Library of Congress, National Serials +Data Program, Washington, D.C. 20540. + +Use of Mandatory Deposit to Satisfy Registration Requirements + +For works published in the United States the Copyright Act +contains a provision under which a single deposit can be made to satisfy +both the deposit requirements for the Library and the registration +requirements. In order to have this dual effect, the copies or +phonorecords must be accompanied by the prescribed application and +filing fee. + +Who May File an Application Form + +The following persons are legally entitled to submit an +application form: + +- The author. This is either the person who actually +created the work, or, if the work was made for hire, the +employer or other person for whom the work was prepared. + +- The copyright claimant. The copyright claimant is +defined in Copyright Office regulations as either the author of +the work or a person or organization that has obtained +ownership of all the rights under the copyright initially +belonging to the author. This category includes a person or +organization who has obtained by contract the right to claim +legal title to the copyright in an application for copyright +registration. + +- The owner of exclusive right(s). Under the law, any of +the exclusive rights that go to make up a copyright and any +subdivision of them can be transferred and owned separately, +even though the transfer may be limited in time or place of +effect. The term "copyright owner" with respect to any one of +the exclusive rights contained in a copyright refers to the owner +of that particular right. Any owner of an exclusive right may +apply for registration of a claim in the work. + +- The duly authorized agent of such author, other +copyright claimant, or owner of exclusive right(s). Any person +authorized to act on behalf of the author, other copyright +claimant, or owner of exclusive rights may apply for +registration. +There is no requirement that applications be prepared or filed by an +attorney. + +Application Forms + +For Original Registration + +Form TX: for published and unpublished nondramatic literary works + +Form SE: for serials, works issued or intended to be issued in +successive parts bearing numerical or chronological +designations and intended to be continued indefinitely +(periodicals, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, +annuals, journals, etc.) + +Short Form/SE and Form SE/GROUP: specialized SE forms for use +when certain requirements are met + +Form PA: for published and unpublished works of the performing +arts (musical and dramatic works, pantomimes and +choreographic works, motion pictures and other +audiovisual works) + +Form VA: for published and unpublished works of the visual arts +(pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works including +architectural works) + +Form SR: for published and unpublished sound recordings + + +For Renewal Registration + +Form RE: for claims to renewal copyright in works copyrighted +under the law in effect through December 31, 1977 (1909 +Copyright Act) + + +For Corrections and Amplifications + +FORM CA: for supplementary registration to correct or amplify +information given in the Copyright Office record of an +earlier registration + +For a Group of Contributions to Periodicals + +Form GR/CP: an adjunct application to be used for registration of a +group of contributions to periodicals in addition to an application +Form TX, PA, or VA + +Free application forms are supplied by the Copyright Office. + + +Copyright Office Hotline +NOTE: Requestors may order application forms and circulars at any +time by telephoning 202-707-9100. Orders will be recorded +automatically and filled as quickly as possible. + +Mailing Instructions + +All applications and materials related to copyright registration +should be addressed to the Register of Copyrights, Copyright Office, +Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559. + +The application, nonreturnable deposit (copies, phonorecords, or +identifying material), and nonrefundable filing fee should be mailed in +the same package. + +What Happens If the Three Elements Are Not Received Together + +Applications and fees received without appropriate copies, +phonorecords, or identifying material will not be processed and will +ordinarily be returned. Unpublished deposits without applications or +fees will ordinarily be returned, also. In most cases, published deposits +received without applications and fees can be immediately transferred +to the collections of the Library of Congress. This practice is in +accordance with section 408 of the law which provides that the +published deposit required for the collections of the Library of Congress +may be used for registration only if the deposit is "accompanied by the +prescribed application and fee...." + +After the deposit is received and transferred to another +department of the Library for its collections or other disposition, it is no +longer available to the Copyright Office. If you wish to register the +work, you must deposit additional copies or phonorecords with your +application and fee. + +Fees + +Do not send cash. A fee sent to the Copyright Office should be in +the form of a money order, check, or bank draft payable to the Register +of Copyrights; it should be securely attached to the application. A +remittance from outside the United States should be payable in U.S. +dollars and should be in the form of an international money order or a +draft drawn on a U.S. bank. Do not send a check drawn on a foreign +bank. + +Effective Date of Registration + +A copyright registration is effective on the date of receipt in the +Copyright Office receives all of the required elements in acceptable +form, regardless of how long it then takes to process the application +and mail the certificate of registration. The time the Copyright Office +requires to process an application varies, depending on the amount of +material the Office is receiving and the personnel available. It must +also be kept in mind that it may take a number of days for mailed +material to reach the Copyright Office and for the certificate of +registration to reach the recipient after being mailed by the Copyright +Office. + +If you are filing an application for copyright registration in the +Copyright Office, you will not receive an acknowledgement that your +application has been received, but you can expect: + +- A letter or telephone call from a copyright examiner if +further information is needed; + +- A certificate of registration to indicate the work has +been registered, or + +- If the application cannot be made, a letter explaining +why it has been refused. +Please allow 120 days to receive a letter or certificate of registration. + +If you want to know when the Copyright Office receives your +material, you should send it by registered or certified mail and request +a return receipt from the post office. Allow at least 3 weeks for the +return of your receipt. + + +Search of Copyright Office Records + +The records of the Copyright Office are open for inspection and +searching by the public. Moreover, on request, the Copyright Office +will search its records at the statutory rate of $20 for each hour or +fraction of an hour. For information on searching the Office records +concerning the copyright status or ownership of a work, request +Circulars 22 and 23. + +Available Information + +This circular attempts to answer some of the questions that are +frequently asked about copyright. For a list of other material +published by the Copyright Office, request Circular 2, "Publications on +Copyright." Any requests for Copyright Office publications or special +questions relating to copyright problems not mentioned in this circular +should be addressed to the Copyright Office, LM 455, Library of +Congress, Washington, D.C. 20559. To speak to a Copyright +Information Specialist, call 202-479-0700. + +The Copyright Office is not permitted to give legal advice. If +you need information or guidance on matters such as disputes over the +ownership of a copyright, suits against possible infringers, the +procedure for getting a work published, or the method of obtaining +royalty payments, it may be necessary to consult an attorney. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/usdeplib.txt b/politicalTextFiles/usdeplib.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6309c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/usdeplib.txt @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Depository Library Program + +United States Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20401 + +Source: Chapter 19, Title 44, U.S. Code, Volume Eighteen, 1988 +Edition, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, +1989, pages 557-561. + + +Section + +1901. Definition of Government publication. + +1902. Availability of Government publications through +Superintendent of Documents; lists of publications not +ordered from Government Printing Office. + +1903. Distribution of publications to depositories; notice to Government +components; costs of printing and binding. + +1904. Classified list of Government publications for selection by +depositories. + +1905. Distribution to depositories; designation of additional libraries; +justification; authorization for certain designations. + +1906. Land-grant colleges constituted depositories. + +1907. Libraries of executive departments, service academies, and +independent agencies constituted depositories; certifications of need; +disposal of unwanted publications. + +1908. American Antiquarian Society to receive certain publications. + +1909. Requirements of depository libraries; reports on conditions; +investigations; termination; replacement. + +1910. Designations of replacement depositories; limitations on +numbers; conditions. + +1911. Free use of Government publications in depositories; disposal of +unwanted publications. + +1912. Regional depositories; designation; functions; disposal of +publications. + +1913. Appropriations for supplying depository libraries; restriction. + +1914. Implementation of depository library program by Public Printer. + +1915. Highest State appellate court libraries as depository libraries. + +1916. Designation of libraries of accredited law schools as depository +libraries. + + +Amendments + +1978--Pub. L. 95-261, Section 2, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 199, added item +1916. + +1972--Pub. L. 92-368, Section 1(b), Aug. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 507, added item +1915. + + +Federal Records Management Provisions Without Effect on Chapter + +Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or +repealed by Federal Records Management Amendments of 1976, see +section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94-575, set out as a note under section 2901 +of this title. + + +Chapter Referred to in Other Sections +This chapter is referred to in section 3317 of this title. + + +Section 1901. Definition of Government publication. + +"Government publication" as used in this chapter, means +informational matter which is published as an individual document as +Government expense, or as required by law. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283.) + + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 81a (Pub. L. 87-579, +Section 1, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 352). + + + +Section 1902. Availability of Government publications through +Superintendent of Documents; lists of publications not ordered from +Government Printing Office. + +Government publications, except those determined by their +issuing components to be required for official use only or for strictly +administrative or operational purposes which have no public interest +or educational value and publications classified for reasons of national +security, shall be made available to depository libraries through the +facilities of the Superintendent of Documents for public information. +Each component of the Government shall furnish the Superintendent of +Documents a list of such publications it issued during the previous +month, that were obtained from sources other than the Government +Printing Office. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283) + + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 81b (Pub. L. 87-579, +Section 1, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat 352). + + + +Section 1903. Distribution of publications to depositories; notice to +Government components; cost of printing and binding. + +Upon request of the Superintendent of Documents, components of +the Government ordering the printing of publications shall either +increase or decrease the number of copies of publications furnished for +distribution to designated depository libraries and State libraries so +that the number of copies delivered to the Superintendent of Documents +is equal to the number of libraries on the list. The number thus +delivered may not be restricted by any statutory limitation in force on +August 9, 1962. Copies of publications furnished the Superintendent of +Documents for distribution to designated depository libraries shall +include--the journals of the Senate and House of Representatives; all +publications, not confidential in character, printed upon the requisition +of a congressional committee; Senate and House public bills and +resolutions; and reports on private bills, concurrent or simple +resolutions; but not so-called cooperative publications which must +necessarily be sold in order to be self-sustaining. + +The Superintendent of Documents shall currently inform the +components of the Government ordering printing of publications as to +the number of copies of their publications required for distribution to +depository libraries. The cost of printing and binding those +publications distributed to depository libraries obtained elsewhere +than from the Government Printing Office, shall be borne by components +of the Government responsible for their issuance; those requisitioned +from the Government Printing Office shall be charged to +appropriations provided the Superintendent of Documents for that +purpose. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283.) + + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 85 (part) (Mar.1, 1907, +ch. 2284, Section 4, 34 Stat. 1014; June 25, 1938, ch. 708, 52 Stat. 1206; +Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, Section 5, 76 Stat. 354.) + +The last paragraph of former section 85 will be found in section +1906 of the revision. + + + +Section 1904. Classified list of Government publications for selection by +depositories. + +The Superintendent of Documents shall currently issue a +classified list of Government publications in suitable form, containing +annotations of contents and listed by item identification numbers to +facilitate the selection of only those publications needed by depository +libraries. The selected publications shall be distributed to depository +libraries in accordance with regulations of the Superintendent of +Documents, as long as they fulfill the conditions provided by law. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed. Section 83 (R.S. Section 502; Jan. +12, 1895, ch. 23, Sections 53, 61, 28 Stat. 608, 610; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87- +579, Section 3, 76 Stat. 353.) + + + +Section 1905. Distribution to depositories; designation of additional +libraries; justification; authorization for certain designations. + +The Government publications selected from lists prepared by the +Superintendent of Documents, and when requested from him, shall be +distributed to depository libraries specifically designated by law and +to libraries designate Senators, Representatives, and the Resident +Commissioner from Puerto Rico, by the Commissioner of the District of +Columbia, and by the Governors of Guam, American Samoa, and the +Virgin Islands, respectively. Additional libraries within areas served +by Representatives or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico may +be designated by them to receive Government publications to the extent +that the total number of libraries designated by them does not exceed +two within each area. Not more than two additional libraries within +a State may be designated by each Senator from the State. Before an +additional library within a State, congressional district or the +Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is designated as a depository for +Government publications, the head of that library shall furnish his +Senator, Representative, or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto +Rico, as the case may be, with justification of the necessity for the +additional designation. The justification, which shall also include a +certification as to the need for the additional depository library +designation, shall be signed by the head of every existing depository +library within the congressional district or the Commonwealth of +Puerto Rico or by the head of the library authority of the State or the +Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, within which the +additional depository library is to be located. The justification for +additional depository library designations shall be transmitted to the +Superintendent of Documents by the Senator, Representative, or the +Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, as the case may be. The +Commissioner of the District of Columbia may designate two +depository libraries in the District of Columbia, the Governor of Guam +and the Governor of American Samoa may each designate one +depository library in Guam and American Samoa, respectively, and the +Governor of the Virgin Islands may designate one depository library on +the island of Saint Thomas and one on the island of Saint Croix. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.) +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 82 (R.S. Section 501; Mar. +1, 1907, ch. 2284, Section 4, 34 Stat. 1014; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, +Section 2, 76 Stat. 353). + +Transfer of Functions + +The office of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, as +established under Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1967, eff. Nov. 3, 1967 (in part), +32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948, was abolished as of noon Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. +L. 93-198, title VII, Section 711, Dec. 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 818, and replaced +by the office of Mayor of the District of Columbia by section 421 of Pub. +L. 93-198, classified to section 1-241 of the District of Columbia Code. + +District of Columbia Public Library as Depository + +Act Sept. 28, 1943, ch. 243, 57 Stat. 568, provided: "That the +Public Library of the District of Columbia is hereby constituted a +designated depository of governmental publications, and the +Superintendent of Documents shall supply to such library one copy of +each such publication, in the same form as supplied to other designated +depositories." + +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 1910 of this title; title 17 +section 707. + + + +Section 1906. Land-grant colleges constituted depositories. + +Land-grant colleges are constituted depositories to receive +Government publications subject to the depository laws. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.) +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 85 (part) (Mar. 1, 1907, +ch. 2284, Section 4, 34 Stat. 1014; June 25, 1938, ch. 708, 52 Stat. 1206; +Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, 76 Stat. 354). + +This section is from the last paragraph of former section 85; the +remainder of that section will be found in section 1903 of the revision. + + + +Section 1907. Libraries of executive departments, service academies, +and independent agencies constituted depositories; certifications of +need; disposal of unwanted publications. + +The libraries of the executive departments of the United States +Military Academy, of the United States Naval Academy, of the +United States Air Force Academy, of the United States Coast Guard +Academy, and of the United States Merchant Marine Academy are +designated depositories of Government publications. A depository +library within each independent agency may be designated upon +certification of need by the head of the independent agency to the +Superintendent of Documents. Additional depository libraries within +executive departments and independent agencies may be designated to +receive Government publications to the extent that the number so +designated does not exceed the number of major bureaus or divisions of +the departments and independent agencies. These designations may be +made only after certification by the head of each executive department +or independent agency to the Superintendent of Documents as to the +justifiable need for additional depository libraries. Depository +libraries within executive departments and independent agencies may +dispose of unwanted Government publications after first offering them +to the Library of Congress and the Archivist of the United States. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 87 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, +Section 98, 28 Stat. 624; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, section 7, 76 Stat. +355). + + +Archivist of the United States + +References to Archivist of the United States deemed to refer to +Archivist appointed under section 2103 of this title with respect to +functions transferred by Pub. L. 98-497 or an amendment made by Pub. L. +98-497 and exercised after Apr. 1, 1985, see sections 106 and 108 of Pub. L. +98-497, set out as notes under section 2102 of this title. + + + +Section 1908. American Antiquarian Society to receive certain +publications. + +One copy of the public journals of the Senate and of the House of +Representatives, and of the documents published under the orders of +the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, shall be +transmitted to the Executive of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts +for the use and benefit of the American Antiquarian Society of the +Commonwealth. +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 88 (Dec. 1, 1814, No. 7, 3 +Stat. 248). + + + +Section 1909. Requirements of depository libraries; reports on +conditions; investigations; termination; replacement. + +Only a library able to provide custody and service for depository +materials and located in an area where it can best serve the public +need, served by existing depository libraries may be designated by +Senators, Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto +Rico, the Commissioner of the District of Columbia, or the Governors of +Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands as a depository of +Government publications. The designated depository libraries shall +report to the Superintendent of Documents at least every two years +concerning their condition. + +The Superintendent of Documents shall make firsthand +investigation of conditions for which need is indicated and include the +results of investigations in his annual report. When he ascertains that +the number of books in a depository library is below ten thousand, other +than Government publications, or it has ceased to be maintained so as to +be accessible to the public , or that the Government publications which +have been furnished the library have not been properly maintained, he +shall delete the library from the list of depository libraries if the +library fails to correct the unsatisfactory conditions within six months. +The Representative or the Resident commissioner from Puerto Rico in +whose area the library is located or the Senator who made the +designation, or a successor of the Senator, and, in the case of a library in +the District of Columbia, the Commissioner of the District of Columbia, +and, in the case of the library in Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin +Islands, the Governor, shall be notified to designate another library +within the area served by him, which shall meet the conditions herein +required, but which may not be in excess of the number of depository +libraries authorized by laws within the State, district, territory, or +the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as the case may be. +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S.Code, 1964 ed., Section 86 (January 12, 1895), ch. +23, Section 70, 28 Stat. 612; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, Section 6, 76 +Stat. 354). + +Transfer of Functions + +The office of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, as +established under Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1967, eff. Nov. 3, 1967 (in part), +32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948, was abolished as of noon Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. +L. 93-198, title VII, Section 711, Dec. 24, 1973, 87 Stat. 818, and replaced +by the office of Mayor of the District of Columbia by section 421 of Pub. +L. 93-198, classified to section 1-241 of the District of Columbia Code. +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 1916 of this title. + + + +Section 1910. Designation of replacement depositories; limitations on +numbers; conditions. + +The designation of a library to replace a depository library, +other than a depository library specifically designated by law, may be +made only within the limitations on total numbers specified by section +1905 of this title, and only when the library to be replaced ceases to +exist, or when the library voluntarily relinquishes its depository +status, or when the Superintendent of Documents determines that it no +longer fulfills the conditions provided by law for depository libraries. + +(Pub.L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Section 84 (June 23, 1913, ch. 3, +section 5, 38 Stat. 75; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, section 4, 76 +Stat. 353). + + + +Section 1911. Free use of Government publications in depositories; +disposal of unwanted publications. + +Depository libraries shall make Government publications +available for the free use of the general public, and may dispose of +them after retention for five years under section 1912 of this title, if the +depository library is served by a regional depository library. +Depository libraries not served by a regional depository library, or +that are regional depository libraries themselves, shall retain +Government publications permanently in either printed form or in +microfacsimile form, except superseded publications or those issued +later in bound form which may be discarded as authorized by the +Superintendent of Documents. + +(Pub.L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 92 (part) (Jan. 12, 1895, +ch. 23, section 74, 28 Stat. 620; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title VII, section 11, +49 Stat. 1552; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87-579, section 8, 76 Stat. 355). +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 19156 of this title. + + + +Section 1912. Regional depositories; designation; functions; disposal of +publications. + +Not more than two depository libraries in each State and the +Commonwealth of Puerto Rico may be designated as regional +depositories, and shall receive from the Superintendent of Documents +copies of all new and revised Government publications authorized for +distribution to depository libraries. Designation of regional depository +libraries may be made by a Senator or the Resident Commissioner from +Puerto Rico within the areas served by them, after approval by the +head of the library authority of the State or the Commonwealth of +Puerto Rico, as the case may be, who shall first ascertain from the head +of the library to be so designated that the library will, in addition to +fulfilling the requirements for depository libraries, retain at least one +copy of all Government publications either in printed or microfacsimile +form (except those authorized to be discarded by the Superintendent of +Documents); and within the region served will provide interlibrary +loan, reference service, and assistance for depository libraries in the +disposal of unwanted Government publications. The agreement to +function as a regional depository library shall be transmitted to the +Superintendent of Documents by the Senator or the Resident +Commissioner from Puerto Rico when the designation is made. + +The libraries designated as regional depositories may permit +depository libraries, within the areas served by them, to dispose of +Government publications which they have retained for five years after +first offering them to other depository libraries within their areas, +then to other libraries. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 84a (Pub. L. 87-579, +section 9, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 355.) + +Section Referred to in Other Sections + +This section is referred to in section 1911 of this title. + + + +Section 1913. Appropriations for supplying depository libraries; +restriction. + +Appropriations available for the Office of Superintendent of +Documents may not be used to supply depository libraries documents, +books, or other printed matter not requested by them, and their requests +shall be subject to approval by the Superintendent of Documents. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 85a (June 27, 1956, ch. 453, +section 101, 70 Stat. 369.) + + + +Section 1914. Implementation of depository library program by Public +Printer. + +The Public Printer, with the approval of the Joint Committee on +Printing, as provided by section 103 of this title, may use any measures +he considers necessary for the economical and practical implementation +of this chapter. + +(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1287.) + +Historical and Revision Notes + +Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., section 81c (Pub. L. 87-579, +section 10, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 356.) + + + +Section 1915. Highest State appellate court libraries as depository +libraries. + +Upon the request of the highest appellate court of a State, the +Public Printer is authorized to designate the library of that court as a +depository library. The provisions of section 1911 of this title shall not +apply to any library so designated. + +(Added Pub. L. 92-368, section 1(a), Aug. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 507.) + + + +Section 1916. Designation of libraries of accredited law schools as +depository libraries. + +(a) Upon the request of any accredited law school, the Public +Printer shall designate the library of such law school as a depository +library. The Public Printer may not make such designation unless he +determines that the library involved meets the requirements of this +chapter, other than those requirements of the first undesignated +paragraph of section 1909 of this title which relate to the location of +such library. + +(b) For purposes of this section, the term "accredited law school" +means any law school which is accredited by a nationally recognized +accrediting agency or association approved by the Commissioner of +Education for such purpose or accredited by the highest appellate court +of the State in which the law school is located. + +(Added Pub. L. 95-261, section 1, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 199.) + +Effective Date + +Section 3 of Pub. L. 95-261 provided that: "The amendments +made by this Act [enacting this section] shall take effect on October 1, +1978." diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/usroytri.txt b/politicalTextFiles/usroytri.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe2d931 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/usroytri.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Copyright Royalty Tribunal + +Copyright Royalty Tribunal +Suite 450 +1111 Twentieth Street, NW., +Washington, DC 20036 +202-653-5175. + +Source: U.S. Government Manual, Washington, DC, 1990/91, page 64. + + +The Copyright Royalty Tribunal was established by act of October 19, +1976 (17 U.S.C. 801). The Tribunal is composed of five Commissioners +appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. + +The Tribunal adjusts copyright royalty rates for cable retransmission of +broadcast signals in recording new versions of previously recorded songs +and for noncommercial educational stations that broadcast musical, pictorial, +graphic, and sculptural works. + +The Tribunal also has stand-by authority to adjust the rates for jukeboxes +and satellite retransmission of broadcast signals to satellite homedish +owners if the parties are unable to reach voluntary agreements among +themselves. In addition, the Tribunal distributes the royalty fees +deposited with the Copyright Office by cable operators and satellite +carriers to the proper copyright owners. + +In making its distribution determinations, the Tribunal considers the +harm incurred by the copyright owners, the benefit to the cable satellite +user, the marketplace value of the work, the time the work was aired, and +the quality of the broadcast. + +[Actual legislation appears in the Copyright Act of 1976.] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/usunicpy.txt b/politicalTextFiles/usunicpy.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c83191 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/usunicpy.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ + +Coalition for Networked Information +Information Policies: A Compilation of Position Statements, Principles, +Statutes, and Other Pertinent Statements + + + +Universal Copyright Convention + +Source: International Copyright Conventions Circular 38c, +Copyright Office, Washington, DC, pages 23-35. + +Notes: Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris, 1971. +Convention and protocols done at Paris July 24, 1971; Ratification +advised by the Senate of the United States of America August 14, 1972; +Ratified by the President of the United States of America August 28, +1972; Ratification of the United States of America deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization September 18, 1972; Proclaimed by the President +of the United States of America July 18, 1974; Entered into force July 10, +1974. + + +BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + +A PROCLAMATION + +CONSIDERING THAT: + +The Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on July +24, 1971, together with two related protocols, the text of which, as +certified by the Director, Office of International Standards and Legal +Affairs, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural +Organization, in the French, English and Spanish languages, is hereto +annexed; + +The Senate of the United States of America by its resolution of +August 14, 1972, two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein, +gave its advice and consent to ratification of the Convention as revised, +together with the two related protocols; + +The President of the United States of America ratified the +Convention as revised, together with the two related protocols on +August 28, 1972, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate; + +The instrument of ratification by the United States of America was +deposited with the Director-General of the United Nations +Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on September 18, +1972, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article VIII of the Convention +as revised; + +It is provided in paragraph 1 of Article IX of the Convention as +revised that it shall come into force three months after the deposit of +twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession; + +It is provided in paragraph 2(b) of each of the protocols that it +shall enter into force in respect of each State on the date of deposit of +the instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession of the State +concerned or on the date of entry into force of the 1971 Convention with +respect to such State, whichever is the later; and + +Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article IX of the +Convention as revised and paragraph 2(b) of each of the two related +protocols, the Convention as revised, together with the two related +protocols, entered into force on July 10, 1974. + +NOW, THEREFORE, be it known that I, Richard Nixon, President of the +United States of America, proclaim and make public the Convention as +revised, together with the two related protocols, to the end that they +shall be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States of +America and by the citizens of the United States of America and all other +persons subject to the jurisdiction thereof. + +IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have signed this proclamation +and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed. + +DONE at the city of Washington this eighteenth day of July in the +year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred seventy-four and of +the independence of [SEAL] the United States of America the one +hundred ninety-ninth. + +Richard Nixon + + +By the President: HENRY A. KISSINGER, Secretary of State + +The Contracting States. + +Moved by the desire to ensure in all countries copyright +protection of literary, scientific and artistic works, + +Convinced that a system of copyright protection appropriate to +all nations of the world and expressed in a +universal convention, additional to, and without impairing +international systems already in force, will ensure respect for the rights +of the individual and encourage the development of literature, the +sciences and the arts, + +Persuaded that such a universal copyright system will facilitate +a wider dissemination of works of the human mind and increase +international understanding, + +Have resolved to revise the Universal Copyright Convention as +signed at Geneva on 6 September 1952 (hereinafter called "the 1952 +Convention"), and consequently, + +Have agreed as follows: + +ARTICLE I + +Each Contracting State undertakes to provide for the adequate +and effective protection of the rights of authors and other copyright +proprietors in literary, scientific and artistic works, including writings, +musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, +engravings and sculpture. + +ARTICLE II + +1. Published works of nationals of any Contracting State and +works first published in that State shall enjoy in each other +Contracting State the same protection as that other State accords to +works of its nationals first published in its own territory, as well as the +protection specially granted by this Convention. + +2. Unpublished works of nationals of each Contracting State +shall enjoy in each other Contracting State the same protection as that +other State accords to unpublished works of its own nationals, as well +as the protection specially granted by this Convention. + +3. For the purposed of this Convention any Contracting State +may, by domestic legislation, assimilate to its own nationals any +person domiciled in that State. + +ARTICLE III + +1. Any Contracting State which, under its domestic law, requires +as a condition of copyright, compliance with formalities such as +deposit, registration, notice notarial certificates, payment of fees or +manufacture or publication in that Contracting State, shall regard +these requirements as satisfied with respect to all works protected in +accordance with this Convention and first published outside its +territory and the author of which is not one of its nationals, if from the +time of the first publication all the copies of the work published with +the authority of the author or other copyright proprietor bear the +symbol of a lower case "c" inside of a circle accompanied by the name of +the copyright proprietor and the year of first publication placed in +such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of claim of +copyright. + +2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any +Contracting State from requiring formalities or other conditions for the +acquisition and enjoyment of copyright in respect of works first +published in its territory or works of its nationals wherever published. + +3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not preclude any +Contracting State from providing that a person seeking judicial relief +must, in bringing the action, comply with procedural requirements, such +as that the complainant must appear through domestic counsel or that +the complainant must deposit with the court or an administrative +office, or both, a copy of the work involved in the litigation; provided +that failure to comply with such requirements shall not affect the +validity of the copyright, nor shall any such requirement be imposed +upon a national of another Contracting State if such requirement is not +imposed on nationals of the State in which protection is claimed. + +4. In each Contracting State there shall be legal means of +protecting without formalities the unpublished work of nationals of +other Contracting States. + +5. If a Contracting State grants protection for more than one term +of copyright and the first term is for a period longer than one of the +minimum periods prescribed in Article IV, such State shall not be +required to comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article in +respect of the second or any subsequent term of copyright. + +ARTICLE IV + +1. The duration of protection of a work shall be governed, in +accordance with the provisions of Article II and this Article, by the +law of the Contracting State in which protection is claimed. + +2. (a) The term of protection for works protected under this +Convention shall not be less that the life of the author and twenty- +five years after his death. However, any Contracting State which, +on the effective date of this Convention in that State, has limited +this term for certain classes of works to a period computed from this +first publication of the work, shall be entitled to maintain these +exceptions and to extend them to other classes of works. For all +these classes the term of protection shall not be less than twenty- +five years from the date of first publication. + +(b) Any Contracting State which, upon the effective date of +this Convention in that State, does not compute the term of +protection upon the basis of the life of the author, shall be entitled +to compute the term of protection from the date of the first +publication of the work or from its registration prior to publication, +as the case may be, provided the term of protection shall not be less +than twenty-five years from the date of first publication or from its +registration prior to publication, as the case may be. + +(c) If the legislation of a Contracting State grants two or +more successive terms of protection, the duration of the first term +shall not be less than one of the minimum periods specified in +subparagraphs (a) and (b). + +3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not apply to +photographic works or to works of applied art; provided, however, +that the term of protection in those Contracting States which protect +photographic works, or works of applied art in so far as they are +protected as artistic works, shall not be less than ten years for each of +said classes of works. + +4. (a) No Contracting State shall be obliged to grant +protection to a work for a period longer than that fixed for the +class of works to which the work in question belongs, in the case +of unpublished works by the law of the Contracting State of +which the author is a national, and in the case of published +works by the law of the Contracting State in which the work +has been first published. + +(b) For the purposes of the application of subparagraph (a), +if the law of any Contracting State grants two or more +successive terms of protection, the period of protection of that +State shall be considered to be the aggregate of those terms. +However, if a specified work is not protected by such State +during the second or any subsequent term for any reason, the +other Contracting States shall not be obliged to protect it during +the second or any subsequent term. + +5. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, the work +of a national of a Contracting State, first published in a non- +Contracting State, shall be treated as though first published in the +Contracting State of which the author is a national. + +6. For the purposes of the application of paragraph 4, in case of +simultaneous publication in two or more Contracting States, the work +shall be treated as though first published in the State which affords +the shortest term; any work published in two or more Contracting States +within thirty days of its first publication shall be considered as having +been published simultaneously in said Contracting States. + +ARTICLE IVbis + +1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the basic +rights ensuring the author's economic interests, including the exclusive +right to authorize reproduction by any means, public performance and +broadcasting. The provisions of this Article shall extend to works +protected under this Convention either in their original form or in any +form recognizably derived from the original. + +2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic +legislation, make exceptions that do not conflict with the spirit and +provisions of this Convention, to the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 of +this Article. Any State whose legislation so provides, shall +nevertheless accord a reasonable degree of effective protection to each +of the rights to which exception has been made. + +ARTICLE V + +1. The rights referred to in Article I shall include the exclusive +right of the author to make, publish and authorize the making and +publication of translations of works protected under this Convention. + +2. However, any Contracting State may, by its domestic +legislation, restrict the right of translation of writings, but only subject +to the following provisions: + +(a) If, after the expiration of a period of seven years from +the date of the first publication of a writing, a translation of +such writing has not been published in a language in general use +in the Contracting State, by the owner of the right of +translation or with his authorization, any national of such +Contracting State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the +competent authority thereof to translate the work into that +language and publish the work so translated. + +(b) Such national shall in accordance with the procedure of +the State concerned, establish either that he has requested, +and been denied, authorization by the proprietor of the right to +make and publish the translation, or that, after due diligence +on his part, he was unable to find the owner of the right. A +licence may also be granted on the same conditions if all +previous editions of a translation in a language in general use in +the Contracting State are out of print. + +(c) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, +then the applicant for a licence shall send copies of his +application to the publisher whose name appears on the work +and, if the nationality of the owner of the right of translation +is known, to the diplomatic or consular representative of the +State of which such owner is a national, or to the organization +which may have been designated by the government of that +State. The licence shall not be granted before the expiration of +a period of two months from the date of the dispatch of the +copies of the application. + +(d) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to +ensure to the owner of the right of translation a compensation +which is just and conforms to international standards, to ensure +payment and transmittal of such compensation, and to ensure a +correct translation of the work. + +(e) The original title and the name of the author of the +work shall be printed on all copies of the published +translation. The licence shall be valid only for publication of +the translation in the territory of the Contracting State where +it has been applied for. Copies so published may be imported +and sold in another Contracting State if a language in general +use in such other State is the same language as that into which +the work has been so translated, and if the domestic law in such +other State makes provision for such licenses and does not +prohibit such importation and sale. Where the foregoing +conditions do not exist, the importation and sale of such copies +in a Contracting State shall be governed by its domestic law +and its agreements. The licence shall not be transferred by the +licensee. + +(f) The licence shall not be granted when the author has +withdrawn from circulation all copies of the work. + +ARTICLE Vbis + +1. Any Contracting State regarded as a developing country in +conformity with the established practice of the General Assembly of +the United Nations may, by a notification deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization (hereinafter called "the Director-General") at +the time of its ratification, acceptance or accession or thereafter, avail +itself of any or all of the exceptions provided for in Articles Vter and +Vquater. + +2. Any such notification shall be effective for ten years from the +date of coming into force of this Convention, or for such part of that ten- +year period as remains at the date of deposit of the notification, and +may be renewed in whole or in part for further periods of ten years each +if, not more than fifteen or less than three months before the expiration +of the relevant ten-year period, the contracting State deposits a further +notification with the Director-General. Initial notifications may also +be made during these further periods of ten years in accordance with +the provisions of this Article. + +3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, a +Contracting State that has ceased to be regarded as a developing +country as referred to in paragraph 1 shall no longer be entitled to +renew its notification made under the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2, +and whether or not it formally withdraws the notification such State +shall be precluded from availing itself of the exceptions provided for in +Articles Vter and Vquater at the end of the current ten-year period, or +at the end of three years after it has ceased to be regarded as a +developing country, whichever period expires later. + +4. Any copies of a work already made under the exceptions +provided for in Articles Vter and Vquater may continue to be +distributed after the expiration of the period for which notifications +under this Article were effective until their stock is exhausted. + +5. Any Contracting State that has deposited a notification in +accordance with Article XIII with respect to the application of this +Convention to a particular country or territory, the situation of which +can be regarded as analogous to that of the States referred to in +paragraph 1 of this Article, may also deposit notifications and renew +them in accordance with the provisions of this Article with respect to +any such country or territory. During the effective period of such +notifications, the provisions of Articles Vter and Vquater may be +applied with respect to such country or territory. The sending of copies +from the country or territory to the Contracting State shall be +considered as export within the meaning of Articles Vter and Vquater. + + +ARTICLE Vter + +1. (a) Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies +may substitute for the period of seven years provided for in +Article V(2) a period of three years or any longer period +prescribed by its legislation. However, in the case of a +translation into a language not in general use in one or more +developed countries that are party to this Convention or only +the 1952 Convention, the period shall be one year instead of +three. + +(b) A Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies +may, with the unanimous agreement of the developed countries +party to this Convention or only the 1952 Convention and in +which the same language is in general use, substitute, in the +case of translation into that language, for the period of three +years provided for in sub-paragraph (a) another period as +determined be such agreement but not shorter than one year. +However, this sub-paragraph shall not apply where the +language in question is English, French or Spanish. +Notification of any such agreement shall be made to the +Director-General. + +(c) The licence may only be granted if the applicant, in +accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, +establishes either that he has requested, and been denied, +authorization by the owner of the right of translation, or that, +after due diligence on his part, he was unable to find the owner +of the right. At the same time as he makes his request he shall +inform either the International Copyright Information Centre +established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization or any national or regional information +centre which may have been designated in a notification to +that effect deposited with the Director-General by the +government of the State in which the publisher is believed to +have his principal place of business. + +(d) If the owner of the right of translation cannot be found, +the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered airmail, +copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears +on the work and to any national or regional information centre +as mentioned in sub-paragraph (c). If no such centre is notified +he shall also send a copy to the international copyright +information centre established by the United Nations +Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. + +2. (a) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be +granted under this Article until a further period of six months +has elapsed and licenses obtainable after one year until a +further period of nine months has elapsed. The further period +shall begin either from the date of the request for permission to +translate mentioned in paragraph 1 (c) or, if the identity or +address of the owner of the right of translation is not known, +from the date of dispatch of the copies of the application for a +licence mentioned in paragraph 1(d). + +(b) Licenses shall not be granted if a translation has been +published by the owner of the right of translation or with his +authorization during the said period of six or nine months. + +3. Any licence under this Article shall be granted only for the +purpose of teaching, scholarship or research. + +4. (a) Any licence granted under this Article shall not extend +to the export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in +the territory of the Contracting State where it has been +applied for. + +(b) Any copy published in accordance with a licence granted +under this Article shall bear a notice in the appropriate +language stating that the copy is available for distribution +only in the Contracting State Granting the licence. If the +writing bears the notice specified in Article III (1) the copies +shall bear the same notice. + +(c) The prohibition of export provided for in sub-paragraph (a) +shall not apply where a governmental or other public entity +of a State which has granted a licence under this Article to +translate a work into a language other than English, French or +Spanish sends copies of a translation prepared under such +licence to another country if: + +(i) the recipients are individuals who are nationals of +the Contracting State granting the licence, or organizations +grouping such individuals; + +(ii) the copies are to be used only for the purpose of +teaching, scholarship or research; + +(iii) the sending of the copies and their subsequent +distribution to recipients is without the object of +commercial purpose; and + +(iv) the country to which the copies have been sent has +agreed with the Contracting State to allow the receipt, +distribution or both and the Director-General has been +notified of such agreement by any one of the governments +which have concluded it. + +5. Due provision shall be made at the national level to ensure: + +(a) that the licence provides for just compensation that is +consistent with standards of royalties normally operating in +the case of licenses freely negotiated between persons in the two +countries concerned; and + +(b) payment and transmittal of the compensation; however, +should national currency regulations intervene, the competent +authority shall make all efforts, by the use of international +machinery, to ensure transmittal in internationally convertible +currency or its equivalent. + +6. Any licence granted by a Contracting State under this Article +shall terminate if a translation of the work in the same language with +substantially the same content as the edition in respect of which the +licence was granted is published in the said State by the owner of the +right of translation or with his authorization, at a price reasonably +related to that normally charged in the same State for comparable +works. Any copies already made before the licence is terminated may +continue to be distributed until their stock is exhausted. + +7. For works which are composed mainly of illustrations a +licence to translate the text and to reproduce the illustrations may be +granted only if the conditions of Article Vquater are also fulfilled. + +8. (a) A licence to translate a work protected under this +Convention, published in printed or analogous forms of +reproduction, may also be granted to a broadcasting +organization having its headquarters in a Contracting State to +which Article Vbis (1) applies, upon an application made in +that State by the said organization under the following +conditions: + +(i) the translation is made from a copy made and +acquired in accordance with the laws of the Contracting +State; + +(ii) the translation is for use only in broadcasts +intended exclusively for teaching or for the dissemination +of the results of specialized technical or scientific research +to experts in a particular profession; + +(iii) the translation is used exclusively for the purposes +set out in condition (ii), through broadcasts lawfully made +which are intended for recipients on the territory of the +Contracting State, including broadcasts made through the +medium of sound or visual recordings lawfully and +exclusively made for the purpose of such broadcasts; + +(iv) sound or visual recordings of the translation may be +exchanged only between broadcasting organizations having +their headquarters in the Contracting State granting the +licence; and + +(v) all uses made of the translation are without any +commercial purpose. + +(b) Provided all of the criteria and conditions set out in +subparagraph (a) are met, a licence may also be granted to a +broadcasting organization to translate any text incorporated in +an audio-visual fixation which was itself prepared and +published for the sole purpose of being used in connexion with +systematic instructional activities. + +(c) Subject to sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), the other +provisions of this Article shall apply to the grant and exercise +of the licence. + +9. Subject to the provisions of this Article, any licence granted +under this Article shall be governed by the provisions of Article V, and +shall continue to be governed by the provisions of Article V and of this +Article, even after the seven-year period provided for in Article V (2) +has expired. However, after the said period has expired, the licensee +shall be free to request that the said licence be replaced by a new +licence governed exclusively by the provisions of Article V. + +ARTICLE Vquater + +1. Any Contracting State to which Article Vbis (1) applies may +adopt the following provisions: + +(a) If, after the expiration of (i) the relevant period +specified in sub-paragraph (c) commencing from the date of +first publication of a particular edition of a literary, scientific +or artistic work referred to in paragraph 3, or (ii) any longer +period determined by national legislation of the State, copies +of such edition have not been distributed in that State to the +general public or in connexion with systematic instructional +activities at a price reasonably related to that normally +charged in the State for comparable works, by the owner of the +right of reproduction or with his authorization, any national of +such State may obtain a non-exclusive licence from the +competent authority to publish such edition at that or a lower +price for use in connexion with systematic instructional +activities. The licence may only be granted if such national, in +accordance with the procedure of the State concerned, +established either that he has requested, and been denied, +authorization by the proprietor of the right to publish such +work, or that, after due diligence on his part, he was unable to +find the owner of the right. At the same time as he makes his +request he shall inform either the international copyright +information centre established by the United Nations +Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization or any +national or regional information centre referred to in sub- +paragraph (d). + +(b) A licence may also be granted on the same conditions if, +for a period of six months, no authorized copies of the edition in +question have been on sale in the State concerned to the general +public or in connexion with systematic instructional activities +at a price reasonably related to that normally charged in the +State for comparable works. + +(c) The period referred to in sub-paragraph (a) shall be +five years except that: + +(i) for works of the natural and physical sciences, +including mathematics, and of technology, the period shall +be three years; + +(ii) for works of fiction, poetry, drama and music, and +for art books, the period shall be seven years. + +(d) If the owner of the right of reproduction cannot be found, +the applicant for a licence shall send, by registered air mail, +copies of his application to the publisher whose name appears +on the work and to any national or regional information centre +identified as such in a notification deposited with the +Director-General by the State in which the publisher is +believed to have his principal place of business. In the absence +of any such notification, he shall also send a copy to the +international copyright information centre established by the +United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural +Organization. The licence shall not be granted before the +expiration of a period of three months from the date of +dispatch of the copies of the application. + +(e) Licenses obtainable after three years shall not be +granted under this Article: + +(i) until a period of six months has elapsed from the +date of the request for permission referred to in sub- +paragraph (a) or, if the identity or address of the owner of +the right of reproduction is unknown, from the date of the +dispatch of the copies of the application for a licence +referred to in sub-paragraph (d); + +(ii) if any such distribution of copies of the edition as is +mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) has taken place during +that period. + +(f) The name of the author and the title of the particular +edition of the work shall be printed on all copies of the +published reproduction. The licence shall not extend to the +export of copies and shall be valid only for publication in the +territory of the Contracting State where it has been applied +for. The licence shall not be transferable by the licensee. + +(g) Due provision shall be made by domestic legislation to +ensure an accurate reproduction of the particular edition in +question. + +(h) A licence to reproduce and publish a translation of a +work shall not be granted under this Article in the following +cases: + +(i) where the translation was not published by the +owner of the right of translation or with his authorization; + +(ii) where the translation is not in a language in +general use in the State with power to grant the licence. + +2. The exceptions provided for in paragraph 1 are subject to the +following additional provisions: + +(a) Any copy published in accordance with a licence +granted under this Article shall bear a notice in the +appropriate language stating that the copy is available for +distribution only in the Contracting State to which the said +licence applies. If the edition bears the notice specified in +Article III (1), the copies shall bear the same notice. + +(b) Due provision shall be made at the national level to +ensure: + +(i) that the licence provides for just compensation that +is consistent with standards of royalties normally +operating in the case licenses freely negotiated between +persons in the two countries concerned; and + +(ii) payment and transmittal of the compensation; +however, should national currency regulations intervene, +the competent authority shall make all efforts, by the use +of international machinery, to ensure transmittal in +internationally convertible currency or its equivalent. + +(c) Whenever copies of an edition of a work are distributed +in the Contracting State to the general public or in connexion +with systematic instructional activities, by the owner of the +right of reproduction or with his authorization, at a price +reasonably related to that normally charged in the State for +comparable works, any licence granted under this Article shall +terminate if such edition is in the same language and is +substantially the same in content as the edition published +under the licence. Any copies already made before the licence +is terminated may continue to be distributed until their stock is +exhausted. + +(d) No licence shall be granted when the author has +withdrawn from circulation all copies of the edition in +question. + +3. (a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), the literary, scientific or +artistic works to which this Article applies shall be limited to +works published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction. + +(b) The provisions of this Article shall also apply to +reproduction in audio-visual form of lawfully made audio- +visual fixations including any protected works incorporated +therein and to the translation of any incorporated text into a +language in general use in the State with power to grant the +licence; always provided that the audio-visual fixations in +question were prepared and published for the sole purpose of +being used in connexion with systematic instructional activities. + +ARTICLE VI + +"Publication", as used in this Convention, means the +reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public +of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually +perceived. + +ARTICLE VII + +This Convention shall not apply to works or rights in works +which, at the effective date of this Convention in a Contracting State +where protection is claimed, are permanently in the public domain in +the said Contracting State. + +ARTICLE VIII + +1. This Convention, which shall bear the date of 24 July 1971, +shall be deposited with the Director-General and shall remain open +for signature by all States party to the 1952 Convention for a period of +120 days after the date of this Convention. It shall be subject to +ratification or acceptance by the signatory States. + +2. Any State which has not signed this Convention may accede +thereto. + +3. Ratification, acceptance or accession shall be effected by the +deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Director-General. + +ARTICLE IX + +1. This Convention shall come into force three months after the +deposit of twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession. + +2. Subsequently, this Convention shall come into force in respect +of each State three months after that State has deposited its +instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession. + +3. Accession to this Convention by a State not party to the 1952 +Convention shall also constitute accession to that Convention; however, +if its instrument of accession is deposited before this Convention comes +into force, such State may make its accession to the 1952 Convention +conditional upon the coming into force of this Convention. After the +coming into force of this Convention, no State may accede solely to the +1952 Convention. + +4. Relations between States party to this Convention and States +that are party only to the 1952 Convention, shall be governed by the +1952 Convention. However, any State party only to the 1952 Convention +may, by a notification deposited with the Director-General, declare +that it will admit the application of the 1971 Convention to works of +its nationals or works first published in its territory by all States party +to this Convention. + +ARTICLE X + +1. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance +with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the +application of this Convention. + +2. It is understood that at the date this Convention comes into +force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its +domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention. + +ARTICLE XI + +1. An Intergovernmental Committee is hereby established with +the following duties: + +(a) to study the problems concerning the application and +operation of the Universal Copyright Convention; + +(b) to make preparation for periodic revisions of this +Convention; + +(c) to study any other problems concerning the international +protection of copyright, in co-operation with the various +interested international organizations, such as the United +Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the +International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic +Works and the Organization of American States; + +(d) to inform States party to the Universal Copyright +Convention as to its activities. + +2. The Committee shall consist of the representatives of +eighteen States party to this Convention or only to the 1952 Convention. + +3. The Committee shall be selected with due consideration to a +fair balance of national interests on the basis of geographical location, +population, languages and stage of development. + +4. The Director-General of the United Nations Educational, +Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Director-General of the +World Intellectual Property Organization and the Secretary-General +of the Organization of American States, or their representatives, may +attend meetings of the Committee in an advisory capacity. + +ARTICLE XII + +The Intergovernmental Committee shall convene a conference +for revision whenever it deems necessary, or at the request of at least +ten States party to this Convention. + +ARTICLE XIII + +1. Any Contracting State may, at the time of deposit of its +instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any time +thereafter, declare by notification addressed to the Director-General +that this Convention shall apply to all or any of the countries or +territories for the international relations of which it is responsible and +this Convention shall thereupon apply to the countries or territories +named in such notification after the expiration of the term of three +months provided for in Article IX. In the absence of such notification, +this Convention shall not apply to any such country or territory. + +2. However, nothing in this Article shall be understood as +implying the recognition or tacit acceptance by a Contracting State of +the factual situation concerning a country or territory to which this +Convention is made applicable by another Contracting State in +accordance with the provisions of this Article. + +ARTICLE XIV + +1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention in its +own name or on behalf of all or any of the countries or territories with +respect to which a notification has been given under Article XIII. The +denunciation shall be made by notification addressed to the Director- +General. Such denunciation shall also constitute denunciation of the +1952 Convention. + +2. Such denunciation shall operate only in respect of the State +or of the country or territory on whose behalf it was made and shall not +take effect until twelve months after the date of receipt of the +notification. + +ARTICLE XV + +A dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning +the interpretation or application of this Convention, not settled by +negotiation, shall, unless the States concerned agree on some other +method of settlement, be brought before the International Court of +Justice for determination by it. + +ARTICLE XVI + +1. This Convention shall be established in English, French, and +Spanish. The three texts shall be signed and shall be equally +authoritative. + +2. Official texts of this Convention shall be established by the +Director-General, after consultation with the governments concerned, in +Arabic, German, Italian, and Portuguese. + +3. Any Contracting State or group of Contracting States shall be +entitled to have established by the Director-General other texts in the +language of its choice by arrangement with the Director-General. + +4. All such texts shall be annexed to the signed texts of this +Convention. + +ARTICLE XVII + +1. This Convention shall not in any way affect the provisions of +the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works +or membership in the Union created by that Convention. + +2. In application of the foregoing paragraph, a declaration has +been annexed to the present Article. This declaration is an integral +part of this Convention for the States bound by the Berne Convention on +1 January 1951, or which have or may become bound to it at a later date. +The signature of this Convention by such States shall also constitute +signature of the said declaration, and ratification, acceptance or +accession by such States shall include the declaration, as well as this +Convention. + +ARTICLE XVIII + +This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral +copyright conventions or arrangements that are or may be in effect +exclusively between two or more American Republics. In the event of +any difference either between the provisions of such existing +conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this Convention, or +between the provisions of this Convention and those of any new +convention or arrangement which may be formulated between two or +more American Republics after this Convention comes into force, the +convention or arrangement most recently formulated shall prevail +between the parties thereto. Rights in works acquired in any +Contracting State under existing conventions or arrangements before the +date this Convention comes into force in such State shall not be +affected. + +ARTICLE XIX + +This Convention shall not abrogate multilateral or bilateral +conventions or arrangements in effect between two or more Contracting +States. In the event of any difference between the provisions of such +existing conventions or arrangements and the provisions of this +Convention, the provisions of this Convention shall prevail. Rights in +works acquired in any Contracting State under existing conventions or +arrangements before the date on which this Convention comes into force +in such State shall not be affected. Nothing in this Article shall affect +the provisions of Articles XVII and XVIII. + +ARTICLE XX + +Reservations to this Convention shall not be permitted. + +ARTICLE XXI + +1. The Director-General shall send duly certified copies of this +Convention to the States interested and to the Secretary-General of the +United Nations for registration by him. + +2. He shall also inform all interested States of the +ratifications, acceptances, accessions which have been deposited, the +date on which this Convention comes into force, the notifications under +this Convention and denunciations under Article XIV. + +APPENDIX DECLARATION RELATING TO ARTICLE XVII + +The States which are members of the International Union for +the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (hereinafter called "the +Berne Union") and which are signatories of this Convention, + +Desiring to reinforce their mutual relations on the basis of the +said Union and to avoid any conflict which might result from the +coexistence of the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright +Convention, + +Recognizing the temporary need of some States to adjust their +level of copyright protection in accordance with their stage of cultural, +social and economic development, + +Have, by common agreement, accepted the terms of the +following declaration: + +(a) Except as provided by paragraph (b), works which, +according to the Berne Convention, have as their country of +origin a country which has withdrawn from the Berne Union +after 1 January 1951, shall not be protected by the Universal +Copyright Convention in the countries of the Berne Union; + +(b) Where a Contracting State is regarded as a developing +country in conformity with the established practice of the +General Assembly of the United Nations, and has deposited +with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, +Scientific and Cultural Organization, at the time of its +withdrawal from the Berne Union, a notification to the effect +that it regards itself as a developing country, the provisions of +paragraph (a) shall not be applicable as long as such State +may avail itself of the exceptions provided for by this +Convention in accordance with Article Vbis; + +(c) The Universal Copyright Convention shall not be +applicable to the relationships among countries of the Berne +Union in so far as it relates to the protection of works having as +their country of origin, within the meaning of the Berne +Convention, a country of the Berne Union. + + +RESOLUTION CONCERNING ARTICLE XI + +The Conference for Revision of the Universal Copyright +Convention, Having considered the problems relating to the +Intergovernmental Committee provided for in Article XI of this +Convention, to which this resolution is annexed, + +Resolves that: + +1. At its inception, the Committee shall include representative +of the twelve States members of the Intergovernmental Committee +established under Article XI of the 1952 Convention and the resolution +annexed to it, and, in addition, representatives of the following States: +Algeria, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Senegal and Yugoslavia. + +2. Any States that are not party to the 1952 Convention and +have not acceded to this Convention before the first ordinary session of +the Committee following the entry into force of this Convention shall +be replaced by other States to be selected by the Committee at its first +ordinary session in conformity with the provisions of Article XI (2) and +(3). + +3. As soon as this Convention comes into force the Committee as +provided for in paragraph 1 shall be deemed to be constituted in +accordance with Article XI of this Convention. + +4. A session of the Committee shall take place with one year +after the coming into force of this Convention; thereafter the +Committee shall meet in ordinary session at intervals of not more than +two years. + +5. The Committee shall elect its Chairman and two Vice- +Chairmen. It shall establish its Rules of Procedure having regard to +the following principles: + +(a) The normal duration of the term of office of the members +represented on the Committee shall be six years with one-third +retiring every two years, it being however understood that, of +the original terms of office, one-third shall expire at the end of +the Committee's second ordinary session which will follow the +entry into force of this Convention, a further third at the end of +its third ordinary session, and the remaining third at the end of +its fourth ordinary session. + +(b) The rules governing the procedure whereby the +Committee shall fill vacancies, the order in which terms of +membership expire, eligibility for reelection, and election +procedures, shall be based upon a balancing of the needs for +continuity of membership and rotation of representation, as +well as the considerations set out in Article XI (3). + +Expresses the wish that the United Nations Educational, +Scientific and Cultural Organization provide its Secretariat. + +In faith whereof the undersigned, having deposited their +respective full powers, have signed this Convention. + +DONE at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in a single copy. + + +PROTOCOL 1 + +Annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at +Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to +works of Stateless persons and refugees + +The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal +Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter +called "the 1971 Convention"), + +Have accepted the following provisions: + +1. Stateless persons and refugees who have their habitual +residence in a State party to this Protocol shall, for the purposes of the +1971 Convention, be assimilated to the nationals of that State. + +2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to +ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the +provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied +hereto. + +(b) This Protocol shall enter into force in respect of each +State, on the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, +acceptance or accession of the State concerned or on the date of +entry into force of the 1971 Convention with respect to such +State, whichever is the later. + +(c) On the entry into force of this Protocol in respect of a +State not party to Protocol 1 annexed to the 1952 Convention, +the latter Protocol shall be deemed to enter into force in respect +of such State. + +In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized +thereto, have signed this Protocol. + +Done at Paris this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the +English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally +authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization. The Director-General shall send certified +copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the +United Nations for registration. + +PROTOCOL 2 + +Annexed to the Universal Copyright convention as revised at +Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to +the works of certain international organizations + +The States party hereto, being also party to the Universal +Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (hereinafter +called "the 1971 Convention"), + +Have accepted the following provisions: + +1. (a) The protection provided for in Article II (1) of the 1971 +Convention shall apply to works published for the first time by +the United Nations by the Specialized Agencies in +relationship therewith, or by the Organization of American +States. + +(b) Similarly, Article II (2) of the 1971 Convention shall +apply to the said organization or agencies. + +2. (a) This Protocol shall be signed and shall be subject to +ratification or acceptance, or may be acceded to, as if the +provisions of Article VIII of the 1971 Convention applied +hereto. + +(b) This Protocol shall enter into force for each State on the +date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance or +accession of the State concerned or on the date of entry into force +of the 1971 Convention with respect to such State, whichever is +the later. + +In faith whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized +thereto, have signed this Protocol. + +Done at Paris, this twenty-fourth day of July 1971, in the +English, French and Spanish languages, the three texts being equally +authoritative, in a single copy which shall be deposited with the +Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and +Cultural Organization. The Director-General shall send certified +copies to the signatory States, and to the Secretary-General of the +United Nations for registration. + +Certified a true and complete copy of the original of the +Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971, of +the Protocol 1 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as +revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that +Convention to works of Stateless persons and refugees and of the +Protocol 2 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as revised at +Paris on 24 July 1971 concerning the application of that Convention to +the works of certain international organizations. + +Paris, 24. 12. 1971 Claude Lussier. + +Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs, +United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/vets.txt b/politicalTextFiles/vets.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4b49f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/vets.txt @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +***** Reformatted. Please distribute. + + + CLINTON/GORE ON ISSUES OF CONCERN TO VETERANS + + + +For decades Americans struggled and sacrificed to +defend freedom and democracy and to win the Cold +War. Our nation owes a great debt of gratitude to +the soldiers, sailors, Marines, airmen and airwomen +whose talent and dedication led to our victory. + +Bill Clinton and Al Gore have consistently +supported veterans. They deeply appreciate the +sacrifices of those who were called to serve our +country and fight for the ideals for which it +stands. Our veterans deserve the best we have. + +A Clinton/Gore Administration will work to improve +health services at VA hospitals and preserve them +strictly for veterans. We must ensure that men and +women in the armed services and defense industries +have opportunities to shift their talents to the +civilian sector. Bill Clinton and Al Gore have +offered a detailed plan to utilize the talents and +energies of those who have served in the military +to meet many of our pressing needs at home in the +fields of medicine, education, law enforcement and +industrial technology. + +The Clinton/Gore Plan + +Health care + +* Appoint a Secretary of Veterans Affairs who + understands the real problems facing veterans + and can go directly to the President to cut + through bureaucracy and improve services for + our veterans. + +* Ensure the VA receives the funding it needs + to provide excellent, timely care to veterans + and oppose opening VA hospitals up to + non-veterans. + +* Cut bureaucracy at the VA to decrease waiting + periods for outpatient services and to ensure + that benefits arrive on time. + +* Ensure advance notification of any changes in + benefits packages and programs for disabled + veterans. + +* Fund programs to deal with the common mental + health problems of veterans, such as + Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome. + +Employment in a post-Cold War economy + +* Gradually scale down our military forces by + shifting military personnel from active duty + to the National Guard and reserves and + gradually limit recruitment and reenlistment + efforts. + +* Provide early retirement incentives, with a + pro-rated pension for military personnel with + 15 to 20 years of service to encourage + voluntary down-sizing. + +* Work with states to provide alternative + certification programs for military personnel + who retire to take jobs in critical + professions like education, health care or law + enforcement, and increase their military + credit by one year for each year of such + employment. + +* Train military personnel for critical + civilian professions by allowing them to take + a one-year educational leave of absence with + pay before officially beginning their + retirement. + +Taking care of our soldiers + +* Expand Veterans Centers to help veterans, + their spouses, children and other family + members learn to deal with the scars of war. + +* Assist homeless veterans by converting closed + military bases to homeless shelters, with + priority for veterans. These centers should + provide medical care, job training, and job + counseling. + +* Make resolution of the POW/MIA issue a + national priority by insisting on a full + accounting of all POWs and MIAs before + normalizing relations with Vietnam; working + with the Russian government to reveal any + information it has on Americans held; and + declassifying pertinent government documents. + +* Reevaluate the discharge process, + particularly as it affects Vietnam veterans + and the enforcement of the statute of + limitations. + + +The Record + +Veterans affairs + +* Under Bill Clinton, Arkansas has ranked first + nationwide three years in a row in per capita + veteran reimbursement by the U.S. Department + of Agriculture. + +* Strongly supported the budgets and + initiatives of the Arkansas Department of + Veterans Affairs and Arkansas Veterans Home. + +* Appointed directors who ensured the agency is + represented by strong veterans advocates; + these directors are valuable advisors on + Governor Clintons staff. + +* The Governors Task Force on Veterans Affairs + ensures that all veterans have a voice in + issues that concern them. + +* Governor Clinton has shown unwavering support + of the County Veterans Service Officer + program, the backbone of a statewide veterans + assistance program. + +* Signed executive orders in 1983, 1989 and + 1990 to ensure that there is a veterans + preference in state hiring. + +* Senator Gore has opposed President Bush's + efforts to open VA hospitals to non-civilians. + He recently wrote a letter to President Bush + criticizing his inadequate funding for + veterans health. + +* Opposed attempts to reduce the travel + allowance for veterans needing VA medical + care. + +* Supported legislation to improve veterans' + health care with two cost-of-living increases + in service-connected disabilities and + compensation + +* Supported the Agent Orange Act of 1991. + +* Supported full funding for the Homeless + Veterans Reintegration Program, which is + tremendously successful at locating and + helping homeless veterans by teaching them + important job skills. + +Honoring veterans + +* Bill Clinton was the first donor to three + non-profit corporations established to expand + the three national cemeteries in Arkansas, two + of which were in imminent danger of closing. + +* Strongly supported a bill to provide a + $25,000 state appropriation to each fund drive + and signed legislation into law. + +National Guard and Reserve + +* Authorized and supported the Arkansas + National Guard's deployment to overseas + locations for training purposes. + +* Directed the formation of family support + groups in every location from which the 7,000 + Arkansas Reserve and National Guard men and + women were deployed for active duty in Desert + Storm. + +* Oversaw Operation Welcome Home , which was + the third largest troop appreciation parade in + the nation. Veterans of every conflict + participated in the parade. + +* Formed the Arkansas POW/MIA Verification Task + Force to investigate the presently unknown + fates of 26 Arkansans. Governor Clinton + appointed members to the force based on their + record of involvement with veterans. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/vietnam.txt b/politicalTextFiles/vietnam.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dc92a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/vietnam.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57864 @@ +0:The Wall | AADLAND GERALD L: +0:The Wall | AALUND JAMES DOWNING: +0:The Wall | AAMOLD DANIEL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | AARDE JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | AARON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | AARON EUGENE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | AARON MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | AARON RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | AARON THOMAS MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | AARONSON WILLIAM F IV: +0:The Wall | AASEN DAVID KIM: +0:The Wall | ABARA JOSE GENE: +0:The Wall | ABBATE RICHARD CLARK: +0:The Wall | ABBATE ROSARIO RUSSEL: +0:The Wall | ABBATEMARCO JOHN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | ABBIE DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT CARROLL DAVID: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT DENIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ABBOTT EDWARD 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| AMBURGEY ALFRED JUNE: +0:The Wall | AMEIGH JAMES KEITH: +0:The Wall | AMEJKA JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | AMENDOLA JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | AMENDOLA WILLET RANKIN: +0:The Wall | AMERINE KENT L: +0:The Wall | AMERSON CARLTON: +0:The Wall | AMES ALEXANDER AUDREY: +0:The Wall | AMES GARY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | AMES JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | AMES RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | AMES THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | AMESBURY HARRY ARLO JR: +0:The Wall | AMESCUA STEVEN EPEFANIO: +0:The Wall | AMEY SAMUEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | AMHEISER DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | AMICK FREDDY L: +0:The Wall | AMICK RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | AMICK TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | AMISON ROOSEVELT JR: +0:The Wall | AMISONE FUIFUITAUA: +0:The Wall | AMMANN ALBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | AMMERMAN ROSCOE: +0:The Wall | AMMON GLENDON LEE: +0:The Wall | AMMON WILLIAM RESOR: +0:The Wall | AMMONS WALTER NORRIS: +0:The Wall | AMODIAS OSVALDO: +0:The Wall | AMOROSO FRANCIS BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | AMOS FLOYD LEHMAN: +0:The Wall | AMOS JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | AMOS JOE: +0:The Wall | AMOS THOMAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | AMOS WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | AMOS WILLIE FRANK: +0:The Wall | AMOSS RUSSELL MONROE: +0:The Wall | AMRHEIN HERBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | AMSPACHER ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | AMSPACHER WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | AMSTUTZ WILLIAM JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | AMUNDSON DALE HARLAN: +0:The Wall | ANABLE HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANANIAN JOHN MOSES: +0:The Wall | ANASIEWICZ RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANASTASIO VINCENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANAYA GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ANDERS CHARLIE: +0:The Wall | ANDERS EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERS HERMAN E JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERS JOEL GARY: +0:The Wall | ANDERS JOHN ROYLE: +0:The Wall | ANDERS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ANDERS RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | ANDERS ROBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN ANDREW CARL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN BARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN BUEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN CURTIS LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN MARTIN WEIGNER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN MICHAEL NILE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN REESE MARK: +0:The Wall | ANDERSEN WILLIAM T JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ALFRED EARL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ALTO JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ARCHIE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ARTHUR JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ARTIS WESLEY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON BOYD WELLINGTON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON BRUCE CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CARL EDGAR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES C JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES E JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES LEON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CHARLES T JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CLINTON H JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CLINTON RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON CURTIS STEWART: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DALE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DANIEL LEONE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DARRELL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DELMER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DENIS LEON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DONALD LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DONNIE WRAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DOUGLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON DOYLE TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON EARL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON EDWIN P: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ELTON GENE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ERIC ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ERLING ALTON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON EVERETT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON EVERETT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON FRANCIS ALAN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON FRANKLIN EMMETT: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON FRANKLIN VANCE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GARY JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GARY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GEORGE DONALD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GEORGE JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GEORGE ROGERS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GEORGE ROLAN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GERALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GORDON GUY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON GREGORY LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON HARRY WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON HERBERT R: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON HOWARD D: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON IVY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JACK HERBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JACK WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES BARTON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES BOYD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES GERALD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES K: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES RICHMOND: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES THEODORE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN H JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN KEITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN PERRY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHN STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JOHNNY MAC: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JR DELOSS W: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JULIAN RAYE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON JUSTIN KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON KENNETH TERRY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON KENT STUART: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LANNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LARRY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEE DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEE E: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEON JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LEWIS CARL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LUCIUS JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON LYNN DENNIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARCUS PETER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MARLYN RONALD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MELVIN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MEREDITH GLENN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MILLARD RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON MITCHELL LESTER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON NORMAN RALPH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON OLIVER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON PETER NEWELL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON PHILLIP RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RAL JEFRO JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RALPH TOMMY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RANDALL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD GUNNAR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD MERIDITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RICHARD WILBUR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT KEITH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT RALPH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROGER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROGER WILBUR JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONALD CARLIS: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONALD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON RONNIE COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROY JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON ROY L: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEPHEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEVE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEVEN RAY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON STEVEN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON TERRANCE WESLEY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON THOMAS LESLIE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VERNON RAY JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VICTOR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VINCENT CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON VON STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WALTER EVAN JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WALTER GILMORE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WALTER H: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WARREN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WARREN LEROY: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WARREN LESTER: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WAYNE MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WAYNE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WENDELL WARREN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM ALLISON: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM MARK: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM OLIN: +0:The Wall | ANDERSON WILLIAM THEODORE: +0:The Wall | ANDERTON SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDINO NELSON: +0:The Wall | ANDLER MARION BRYAN: +0:The Wall | ANDO CURTIS TADASHI: +0:The Wall | ANDRADA WILFREDO BALAGOT: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE ELISEO A JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE JOHN DUTRA: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE KENNETH SOARES: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | ANDRADE ROBERT SOARES: +0:The Wall | ANDRE CARL VAL: +0:The Wall | ANDRE DOUGLAS VERNON: +0:The Wall | ANDRE HOWARD VINCIENT JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREASEN ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDREASSI CIRO JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANDREOTTA GLENN URBAN: +0:The Wall | ANDREOZZI VICTOR PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ANDRES KEITH JOHN: +0:The Wall | ANDRESEN HAAKON WILLY: +0:The Wall | ANDRESEN SCOTT FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ANDRESEN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDREW DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDREW JOSEPH CARLISLE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS CLIFTON BISHOP: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS COLEY L: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS DALE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS DENNIS DEE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS FRED EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS HORACE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS HOWARD RIVERS JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS JOHN MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS LAWRENCE THEODORE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS OTIS ELIZA: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ROBERT P: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS ROBERT WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS RONALD L: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS STUART MERRILL: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS VAUN: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WALTER EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILBERT ISOM: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIAM ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANDREWS WILLIS NORWOOD: +0:The Wall | ANDREYKA THEODORE E JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRISANO FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS FLOYD EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | ANDRUS WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDRY HILAIRE ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | ANDRYSIAK FRANCIS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | ANDUHA HOWARD J: +0:The Wall | ANDUJAR CHARLES MANUEL: +0:The Wall | ANELI JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ANELLA JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | ANELLO BRUCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANGE CARMELLO JR: +0:The Wall | ANGE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGEL MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANGEL TOMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | ANGELIDES JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANGELL ALAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ANGELL MARSHALL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANGELL VAUGHN MARVIN: +0:The Wall | ANGELLEY GERALD DWAIN: +0:The Wall | ANGERMAN DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGERMILLER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANGERSTEIN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGERT PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANGLE PETER JASON: +0:The Wall | ANGLIM ADRIAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANGLIM PATRICK EMMETT: +0:The Wall | ANGLIN GEORGE LARRY: +0:The Wall | ANGLIN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANGRISANI CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ANGSTADT RALPH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ANGUIANO RUBEN: +0:The Wall | ANGUIANO TONY: +0:The Wall | ANGUS CLARENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | ANGUS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | ANKNEY SAMUEL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ANKROM EVERETT LEE: +0:The Wall | ANKRUM GLENN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ANNABLE JEFFREY DALE: +0:The Wall | ANNIS CHARLES DOUGALS: +0:The Wall | ANNIS ROBIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANNIS THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | ANNOS GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ANSELL JOHN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | ANSELMO WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | ANSLOW WALTER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ANSPACH ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ANTE JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ANTEAU KARL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ANTER ALBERT GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY ASHER AUBREY: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY BENJAMIN JONES: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY BOBBY DEAN: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY CAREY C: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY CARL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY CHARLIE C: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY DAVID MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY GERALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY JOSEPH ROY: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY LIONEL S: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY RAYMOND F JR: +0:The Wall | ANTHONY WARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | ANTILL MICHAEL EVAN: +0:The Wall | ANTLE MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ANTOGNINI JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | ANTOINE DENNIS LLOYD: 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D: +0:The Wall | BAKER GERALD OTIS: +0:The Wall | BAKER HARRY E JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER HARVEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BAKER HOWARD RANOLD: +0:The Wall | BAKER ISIAH III: +0:The Wall | BAKER JACK AMOS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JACK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BAKER JACK MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER JAMES HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BAKER JERALD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BAKER JERRY SCRUGGS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JERRY: +0:The Wall | BAKER JESSE RUTLEDGE: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOHN HOUSTON: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOHN WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER JON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER JON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BAKER JOSEPH WRIGHT: +0:The Wall | BAKER KENNETH ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER KENNETH EARL JR: +0:The Wall | BAKER LA BROSSIE LUCIEN: +0:The Wall | BAKER LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BAKER LINWOOD LEE: +0:The Wall | BAKER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BAKER MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BAKER MICHAEL O'BRIEN: +0:The Wall | 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IRVING: +0:The Wall | BALLARD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BALLARD RONNIE EDSEL: +0:The Wall | BALLAUF CHARLES ALAN: +0:The Wall | BALLAY JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BALLENGER CARL AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | BALLEW ARTHUR CLAY: +0:The Wall | BALLEW CHESTER LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BALLEW HENRY HERSCHEL: +0:The Wall | BALLEW HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BALLEW PATRICK DEWEY: +0:The Wall | BALLEW ROLAND LEE: +0:The Wall | BALLHEIM RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BALLIN JOE MAGDALENO JR: +0:The Wall | BALLINGER JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BALLINGER TIMOTHY J: +0:The Wall | BALLINGER WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BALLOU CHARLES DAVISON: +0:The Wall | BALLOU DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BALLREE EMMETT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BALMER ROBERT OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BALMER WAYNE ASHLEY: +0:The Wall | BALOG LOUIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BALSLEY ROBERT F JR: +0:The Wall | BALTERS STEPHEN A JR: +0:The Wall | BALTEZORE THEODORE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BALTHAZOR RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BALUKONIS RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BALZARINI DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BALZER MICHAEL ARLIN: +0:The Wall | BAMBRICK RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BAMFORD GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BAMFORD THOMAS CAMPBELL: +0:The Wall | BAMVAKAIS JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BAN HERMAN HALEMANU: +0:The Wall | BANAGA SALVADOR M L JR: +0:The Wall | BANAR MARVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | BANASZYNSKI RICHARD MICHA: +0:The Wall | BANCROFT PHILIP SEAN: +0:The Wall | BANCROFT STEPHEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BANCROFT WILLIAM W JR: +0:The Wall | BANDA MACARIO S: +0:The Wall | BANDELIER HOWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BANDY CURTIS ELBERT: +0:The Wall | BANDY LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BANDY MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | BANDY RAYMOND DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BANEK LAWRENCE BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | BANEY CHARLES LYNN: +0:The Wall | BANEY WILLIAM GERALD JR: +0:The Wall | BANG JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BANGERT BYRON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BANGERT ROGER CARL: +0:The Wall | BANGERT STEPHEN RAY: +0:The Wall | BANGLOS GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BANGS CHRISTOPHER DELBERT: +0:The Wall | BANGS LAWRENCE GENE: +0:The Wall | BANISTER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BANKOWSKI ALFONS ALOYZE: +0:The Wall | BANKOWSKI JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BANKS DAVID LENOX: +0:The Wall | BANKS DINGUS JR: +0:The Wall | BANKS FLOYD JACKSON: +0:The Wall | BANKS HENRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | BANKS IRVIN SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | BANKS JAMES C: +0:The Wall | BANKS JAMES R: +0:The Wall | BANKS JOHN LAWRENCE III: +0:The Wall | BANKS LARRY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | BANKS LAVINE JOHN: +0:The Wall | BANKS MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BANKS RAY CARROL: +0:The Wall | BANKS RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BANKS RICHARD ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | BANKS RICHARD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BANKS ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | BANKS ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BANKS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BANKS STERLING CLARK: +0:The Wall | BANKS VINCENT NORVELL: +0:The Wall | BANKSTON RONALD NEIL: +0:The Wall | BANNA WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | BANNACH GERALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BANNER STEVE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BANNING JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BANNING TERRY L: +0:The Wall | BANNISTER HOWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BANNISTER RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BANNISTER RUSSELL REID: +0:The Wall | BANNON GARY CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BANNON PAUL WEDLAKE: +0:The Wall | BANNON WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BANOVEZ MICHAEL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BANSAVAGE JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BANTA LANNY WILSON: +0:The Wall | BANTA MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BANUELOS ALBERT A JR: +0:The Wall | BAPP RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | BAPTISTA PAUL ALIPIO: +0:The Wall | BAPTISTE MICHAEL BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | BARAN BRUNO: +0:The Wall | BARANCZYK ALBIN ANTON: +0:The Wall | BARANOSKI JOHN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BARANOWSKI BISHOP SKIP: +0:The Wall | BARASH LOUIS ABBEY: +0:The Wall | BARB MANVILLE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARBA PHILLIP JOSE: +0:The Wall | BARBARE JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARBARIA LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARBARINO ANTHONY ADAMS: +0:The Wall | BARBEE FRANK LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARBEE GARRY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BARBEE JERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARBEE JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARBEE LARRY HULAN: +0:The Wall | BARBEE RICHARD LORDY: +0:The Wall | BARBEE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARBEE WILBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BARBER BARRY MORRIS: +0:The Wall | BARBER BOB: +0:The Wall | BARBER BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | BARBER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER CHADWICK MC FALL: +0:The Wall | BARBER CHRISTOPHER JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARBER DAVID EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BARBER DAVID LEON: +0:The Wall | BARBER DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARBER ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER ERNEST McDONALD: +0:The Wall | BARBER FLOYD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARBER GEORGE L III: +0:The Wall | BARBER HARRY ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | BARBER HENRY EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BARBER JOHNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BARBER LONNIE: +0:The Wall | BARBER MANNIE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BARBER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BARBER MORRIE CURTISS: +0:The Wall | BARBER RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARBER ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BARBER ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BARBER SIDNEY EMERY: +0:The Wall | BARBER THOMAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARBERA PETER: +0:The Wall | BARBERY ROBERT NELSON: +0:The Wall | BARBIERE CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARBOLLA RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARBOSA ALVARO: +0:The Wall | BARBOSA-OYOLA EUGENIO: +0:The Wall | BARBOSA-VILLAFANE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | BARBOUR JAMES C JR: +0:The Wall | BARBOUR JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARBOUR JOHN RAMAGE: +0:The Wall | BARBRE SAMUEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARBURY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BARCA JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BARCALOW RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BARCELONA RALPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARCENA BOBBY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BARCHAK JOHNNIE F JR: +0:The Wall | BARCKLOW LAWRENCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARCLAY FREDERICK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARDACH ALAN JENSEN: +0:The Wall | BARDACH ROBERT ERLE: +0:The Wall | BARDEN ARNOLD WINFIELD JR: +0:The Wall | BARDEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARDEN HOWARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARDET RAYMOND FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | BARDON BRUCE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BARDUSON DAVID JULIEN: +0:The Wall | BARE WILLIAM ORLAN: +0:The Wall | BAREFIELD BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | BAREFIELD JAMES ARTHER: +0:The Wall | BARELA BARTOLO AMADOR JR: +0:The Wall | BARELA IGNACIO: +0:The Wall | BARETTI ALAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARFIELD JERRY: +0:The Wall | BARFIELD JOHN R: +0:The Wall | BARFIELD LARRY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BARGA SAMMY A: +0:The Wall | BARGAHEISER LAWRENCE GILB: +0:The Wall | BARGAR RICHARD M: +0:The Wall | BARGE FREDERICK DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BARGER FERDINAND ORA JR: +0:The Wall | BARGER GEORGE HAYES: +0:The Wall | BARGER IVAN LLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | BARGER KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARGER LARRY EARL: +0:The Wall | BARGER LEE MELLINGTON: +0:The Wall | BARGER PHILLIP DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BARGMANN GILBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BARGY MORRIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BARHAM LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BARICKMAN LEON ROSS: +0:The Wall | BARIGLIO RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARILI PETER LINO: +0:The Wall | BARILLO JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARISIC LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARKER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARKER DANA RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BARKER ELVIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | BARKER FLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER FRANK AKELEY JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARKER GREG ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARKER HOWARD CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | BARKER JACK LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BARKER JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BARKER JEDH COLBY: +0:The Wall | BARKER JEFFREY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARKER JERRY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BARKER JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARKER KENNETH MONROE: +0:The Wall | BARKER LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | BARKER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARKER OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER PAUL LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARKER RAY MILTON: +0:The Wall | BARKER ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BARKER STEPHEN PETER: +0:The Wall | BARKER WILLIAM GAYLAND: +0:The Wall | BARKFELT DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY EARL DUANE: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY JESSE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY KENNETH PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY KIRK OWEN: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARKLEY STEPHEN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BARKSDALE CULLEN JR: +0:The Wall | BARKSDALE JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARKSDALE JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BARKSDALE WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BARLEEN THOMAS LYLE: +0:The Wall | BARLETT RALPH HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | BARLOW CLARK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARLOW EDWARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BARLOW JEFFREY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARLOW JESSIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BARLOW ROSS OWEN: +0:The Wall | BARMMER TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARNABY DAVID W: +0:The Wall | BARNABY ROLAND NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BARNARD GARY ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BARNARD GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARNARD HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNARD LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNARD LEON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNARD LEWIS CECIL: +0:The Wall | BARNARD RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARNARD THOMAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | BARNER LARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BARNES AARON ANDRE JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALLAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARNES ALLEN ROY: +0:The Wall | BARNES BARRIE VANE: +0:The Wall | BARNES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES BRUCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARNES CEPHAS JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES CHARLES PETER: +0:The Wall | BARNES CHARLES RONALD: +0:The Wall | BARNES CLARENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES DANNY CLEON: +0:The Wall | BARNES DARRYL VERDUE: +0:The Wall | BARNES DAVID GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BARNES DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BARNES DONALD ALBON: +0:The Wall | BARNES DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARNES ERIC MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BARNES FRANCIS ARCHER: +0:The Wall | BARNES GALE LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARNES GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNES GARY LESTER: +0:The Wall | BARNES GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNES HAROLD DUANE: +0:The Wall | BARNES HERBERT SPENCER: +0:The Wall | BARNES ISIAH JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES JACKSON DILLON: +0:The Wall | BARNES JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNES JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BARNES JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES JIMMY ONEAL: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOE WILSON: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN ANDREW III: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES JOHN LUMSDEN: +0:The Wall | BARNES LAURIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNES LAWRENCE MERRIDITH: +0:The Wall | BARNES LEROY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BARNES LEROY: +0:The Wall | BARNES MARK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BARNES MARVIN DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARNES MERRILL: +0:The Wall | BARNES MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARNES MITCHELL ODELL: +0:The Wall | BARNES RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | BARNES RICHARD LEIGH: +0:The Wall | BARNES RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT CROZIER JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROBERT SEWELL: +0:The Wall | BARNES RODGER GLYNN: +0:The Wall | BARNES ROY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BARNES SHELDON ORA: +0:The Wall | BARNES STEPHEN WESTLEY: +0:The Wall | BARNES THOMAS JACKSON JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNES WALTER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES WALTER FRASIER: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIAM ACKER: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIAM CAREL JR: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNES WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARNETT ALAN LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT BILLIE JOE JR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CARL TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNETT CLIFFORD C JR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARNETT DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT EUGENE MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT GARY JOE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT GARY KEITH: +0:The Wall | BARNETT GLENDON ROMAN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT IRIA DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JEFF THOMAS SR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JIMMY DALTON: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JOHN DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | BARNETT JOHN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BARNETT KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT MELVIN DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARNETT MEREDITH LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT ROBERT RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BARNETT SAMUEL HOYT: +0:The Wall | BARNETT STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARNETT STUART LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNETT THOMAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BARNETT TONEY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BARNETTE FRED EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNETTE ROY GRANT: +0:The Wall | BARNETTE WALLACE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNEY ALEXANDER LORENZO: +0:The Wall | BARNEY LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BARNEY TERENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNHART BEVERLY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARNHART CARL RAY: +0:The Wall | BARNHART EARL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BARNHART JACK ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BARNHART JOHN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARNHART OTTO PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BARNHART ROGER ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL GLEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL LARRY M: +0:The Wall | BARNHILL ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARNHOLDT TERRY JOE: +0:The Wall | BARNHOUSE DARREL EMERSON: +0:The Wall | BARNICK CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARNITZ DOUGLAS WANNER: +0:The Wall | BARNS LAWRENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | BARNUM GARY LANE: +0:The Wall | BARNUM WAYNE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARNWELL JACKIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARNWELL RAY MAX: +0:The Wall | BARON DOUGLAS KEN: +0:The Wall | BARON FRANCIS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BARON FRANTZ MARIO: +0:The Wall | BARONE SANDRO NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | BARONOWSKI MICHAEL ALEXAN: +0:The Wall | BAROTT WILLIAM CHAUNCEY: +0:The Wall | BAROVETTO JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BARR ALLAN VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | BARR EDWARD NASUESAK: +0:The Wall | BARR ELMER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARR JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARR JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BARR JUNIOR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARR MICHAEL MCKEE: +0:The Wall | BARR ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BARR ROBERT H: +0:The Wall | BARR TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BARR THOMAS M: +0:The Wall | BARR WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARR WILMA J: +0:The Wall | BARRAGAN REYNALDO LEON JR: +0:The Wall | BARRAGY WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BARRAS GREGORY INMAN: +0:The Wall | BARREIROS SILVINO FERNAND: +0:The Wall | BARRERA GILBERTO: +0:The Wall | BARRERA JOSE GILBERT: +0:The Wall | BARRERA MANUEL: +0:The Wall | BARRERA RAUL ROY JR: +0:The Wall | BARRERA TOMAS ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | BARRERAS FRANK III: +0:The Wall | BARRETO LUIS JR: +0:The Wall | BARRETT ANDREW RYAN: +0:The Wall | BARRETT CHARLES ARTHUR II: +0:The Wall | BARRETT CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARRETT CLARE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BARRETT DAVID MORRIS: +0:The Wall | BARRETT DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BARRETT DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARRETT DREW JAMES III: +0:The Wall | BARRETT FREDERICK HARRY: +0:The Wall | BARRETT GEORGE DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARRETT GEORGE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BARRETT JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARRETT JOHN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BARRETT JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BARRETT LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARRETT MICHAEL BARRY: +0:The Wall | BARRETT MICHAEL OWEN: +0:The Wall | BARRETT ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BARRETT STANLEY FOSTER: +0:The Wall | BARRETT STANLEY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BARRETT STEPHEN CLARK: +0:The Wall | BARRETT THOMAS A: +0:The Wall | BARRETT THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | BARRETT WILLIAM KATHMAN: +0:The Wall | BARRICK BENJAMIN LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BARRICK HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARRIGA ARTURO: +0:The Wall | BARRIMOND ERROL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARRINGER ARDREY WATTS JR: +0:The Wall | BARRINGTON ALVIS T JR: +0:The Wall | BARRINGTON PAUL V JR: +0:The Wall | BARRIOS BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BARRIOS JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BARRIOS MARCELLO NUNEZ: +0:The Wall | BARRITT WILLIAM EMMETT: +0:The Wall | BARRITT WILLIAM STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BARRON DANNY LANCE: +0:The Wall | BARRON FLORENTINO CIPRIAN: +0:The Wall | BARRON JEFFREY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARRON JOHN ELDREW: +0:The Wall | BARRON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BARROW ERIC B JR: +0:The Wall | BARROW MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BARROW THOMAS MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | BARROWS IRVING DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARRS SHELTON FERRELL: +0:The Wall | BARRUS DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARRY CRAIG NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | BARRY EDWARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BARRY GEORGE FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BARRY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARRY JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BARRY KENNETH DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARRY ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BARRY ROBERT OWEN: +0:The Wall | BARRY THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | BARSCH JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARSCHOW WILLIAM MARCUS: +0:The Wall | BARSLOW KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARSOM GEORGE KASPER III: +0:The Wall | BARTA ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BARTALOTTI ALFONSO PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARTASCH WALTER: +0:The Wall | BARTEK DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTELL LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARTELL MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BARTELME MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARTELS GARY LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BARTELS NORMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARTELS STEPHEN DONALD: +0:The Wall | BARTH BRUCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BARTH THOMAS FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | BARTH WAYNE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BARTHELMAS WILLIAM J JR: 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| BARTLEY DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY HOWARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY KENNETH LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY RALPH GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BARTLEY WALTER CARL JR: +0:The Wall | BARTLING TERRY NOBLE: +0:The Wall | BARTLOW GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BARTLOW RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BARTMAN STEVEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BARTMESS GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BARTOCCI JOHN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTOCK DAVID: +0:The Wall | BARTOLF NOEL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARTOLINA ERNEST E JR: +0:The Wall | BARTON ALAN KEITH: +0:The Wall | BARTON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BARTON DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BARTON HAROLD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES RAYBON: +0:The Wall | BARTON JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BARTON JERE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BARTON JIM ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BARTON JIMMIE 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EARL: +0:The Wall | BENTON ARNOLD RAY: +0:The Wall | BENTON BENJAMIN PERRY: +0:The Wall | BENTON CARROLL JOE: +0:The Wall | BENTON CHARLIE CORBETT: +0:The Wall | BENTON GREGORY REA JR: +0:The Wall | BENTON HENRY EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | BENTON HENRY: +0:The Wall | BENTON JAMES AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | BENTON JOHNNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BENTON JOSEPH TATEM: +0:The Wall | BENTON ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BENTON THOMAS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BENTSON PETER MORGAN: +0:The Wall | BENTSON RUSSEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BENVENUTO THEODORE F JR: +0:The Wall | BENWAY JAMES DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BENZ ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BENZE PATRICK HENRY: +0:The Wall | BENZEL RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | BENZING BRUCE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BERAN FRANK HENRY III: +0:The Wall | BERAN NICHOLAS MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | BERANEK CHARLES SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | BERANEK DEAN MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | BERARD JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BERBERT KARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BERBLINGER KENNETH MICHAE: +0:The Wall | BERCIER KENNETH SANDFORD: +0:The Wall | BERDAHL DAVID DONALD: +0:The Wall | BERDY MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BERECH LAWRENCE PAUL: +0:The Wall | BEREK MICHAEL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BERENDS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BERENWICK WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERESIK EUGENE PAUL: +0:The Wall | BERG BRUCE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BERG DALE RUSS: +0:The Wall | BERG GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BERG GEORGE PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BERG GERALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BERG HAROLD EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BERG HAROLD PETER: +0:The Wall | BERG JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BERG JOHN VERNON: +0:The Wall | BERG JULIAN WINSLOW: +0:The Wall | BERG MYRON WALDO: +0:The Wall | BERG RALPH RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BERG RAY WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BERG ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BERG THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | BERGAN MERLIN HERMAN: +0:The Wall | BERGANTZEL ALBION JOE: +0:The Wall | BERGE JAMES MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | BERGEN JAMES THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | BERGENSTEIN DENNIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | BERGER BARRY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BERGER CARL STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | BERGER DIXIE CARL: +0:The Wall | BERGER DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BERGER ELDIN GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | BERGER GERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | BERGER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BERGER LORAN LEON: +0:The Wall | BERGER NICHOLAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BERGER RAYMOND REX: +0:The Wall | BERGER ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BERGERA DEE: +0:The Wall | BERGERON DOUGLAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | BERGERON ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BERGERON ROY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BERGERON SIMEON JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | BERGERSON JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BERGESS FREDERICK WILSON: +0:The Wall | BERGEVIN CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | BERGFELDT DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BERGFIELD PHILLIP REX: +0:The Wall | BERGIN GERARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BERGIN THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BERGMAN CLIFTON BALLANTYN: +0:The Wall | BERGMAN JACK STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | BERGQUIST ERIC EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | BERGQUIST VERNON GAIL: +0:The Wall | BERGREN THOMAS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BERGSTROM WALLACE CARL JR: +0:The Wall | BERHOWE MARVIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BERINGER MICHAEL AUGUST: +0:The Wall | BERKEBILE JACK: +0:The Wall | BERKERY MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BERKFIELD THOMAS DUDLEY: +0:The Wall | BERKHEIMER DENVER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BERKHOLTZ LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BERKHOLZ DAVID DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BERKSON JOSEPH MIKE: +0:The Wall | BERLANGA RAFAEL ANGEL: +0:The Wall | BERLETT THEODORE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BERMEA VICTOR D: +0:The Wall | BERMEJO RICHARD ISMAEL: +0:The Wall | BERMINGHAM DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BERMINGHAM JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BERMUDEZ JESUS ROJAS: +0:The Wall | BERMUDEZ JOSE DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | BERMUDEZ-PACHECO ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | BERMUDEZ-QUINONES LUDIN: +0:The Wall | BERN HAROLD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BERNAL ENRIQUE MUNOZ: +0:The Wall | BERNAL JOSE ROLANDO: +0:The Wall | BERNAL RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | BERNAL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BERNARD CHARLES LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | BERNARD DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BERNARD GUY NORTH: +0:The Wall | BERNARD HENRY WILFRED JR: +0:The Wall | BERNARD JOHN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BERNARD RAMON: +0:The Wall | BERNARD RANDALL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BERNARD RODNEY ROYCE: +0:The Wall | BERNARD THEODORE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BERNARD THOMAS D: +0:The Wall | BERNARD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BERNARD WILLIAM ERWIN: +0:The Wall | BERNARD-ROBLES ANTONIO RA: +0:The Wall | BERNARDY THOMAS G: +0:The Wall | BERNER EDGAR DAVIDSON: +0:The Wall | BERNESKI LAWRENCE AUGUSTI: +0:The Wall | BERNEY TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BERNHARDT ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BERNHARDT WAYNE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BERNHART CARL HANS: +0:The Wall | BERNHEISEL DAVID ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BERNIER ROGER JEROME: +0:The Wall | BERNING ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BERNING THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BERNOSKA WAYNE GARY: +0:The Wall | BERNREUTHER WALTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | BERNSTEIN ALAN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BERNSTEIN BRUCE BRYANT: +0:The Wall | BERNSTEIN JACK: +0:The Wall | BERNSTEIN JOEL: +0:The Wall | BERNSTEIN LESLIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | BERNTSEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BERRIER DANNY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BERRIER KENNETH CLAY: +0:The Wall | BERRIER TOMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | BERRIGAN BRENDON JAY: +0:The Wall | BERRIO JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BERRIOS JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BERRIOS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERRIOS-GARCIA RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | BERRIOS-RIVERA JESUS M: +0:The Wall | BERRISFORD RONALD E: +0:The Wall | BERRY ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BERRY CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | BERRY CHARLIE E: +0:The Wall | BERRY DAVID JOE: +0:The Wall | BERRY DAVID LOYALL: +0:The Wall | BERRY DONALD CARL: +0:The Wall | BERRY ELMER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BERRY FLOYD JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BERRY JACK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BERRY JACKIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BERRY JAMES CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BERRY JAMES E: +0:The Wall | BERRY JAMES F: +0:The Wall | BERRY JAMES GRAYSON: +0:The Wall | BERRY JOE CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | BERRY JOHN ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BERRY KENNETH BERYL: +0:The Wall | BERRY KURTIS AUREL: +0:The Wall | BERRY LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERRY LOUIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BERRY MALCOLM CRAYTON: +0:The Wall | BERRY MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BERRY MICHAEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BERRY PAUL L: +0:The Wall | BERRY RALPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BERRY ROBERT ERVA: +0:The Wall | BERRY ROBERT LESTER: +0:The Wall | BERRY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BERRY ROY VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | BERRY TIMOTHY DALE: +0:The Wall | BERRY TOMMY LOYD: +0:The Wall | BERRY VANCE ALYN: +0:The Wall | BERRY WILLIAM AARON: +0:The Wall | BERRY WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BERRY WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BERRY WILLIAM MC KINLEY: +0:The Wall | BERRYMAN LUTHER CLARK: +0:The Wall | BERRYMAN WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BERSTLER BILL LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BERTA ROBERT DEWITT: +0:The Wall | BERTAGNA LAWRENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BERTHEL JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BERTHIAUME PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BERTHOUX DALE PORTER: +0:The Wall | BERTOLINO FRED GORDON: +0:The Wall | BERTOLOZZI PAUL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BERTOMEN NARCISO JR: +0:The Wall | BERTRAM DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERTSCH BRENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BERTSCH KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BERTSCHINGER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BERTULLI ALFRED LEON: +0:The Wall | BERUBE KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BERUBE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BERUMEN JUAN BOSCO: +0:The Wall | BERWEGER ALLAN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BERWERT PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BERZINEC WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BESCH ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | BESCHEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BESKE WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BESS BENNY DALE: +0:The Wall | BESS CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | BESS SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BESSENT SAMUEL ALONZO: +0:The Wall | BESSON LAWRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BESSOR BRUCE CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BEST ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BEST ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BEST BILLY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BEST CAREY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BEST CHARLES HYMAN: +0:The Wall | BEST GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BEST HUGH ELROY III: +0:The Wall | BEST HUGH VICTOR: +0:The Wall | BEST NEAL IRA: +0:The Wall | BEST OLIVER ADRIAN JR: +0:The Wall | BEST PATRICK WALLACE: +0:The Wall | BEST RICHARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BEST RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BEST THOMAS EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | BESTMANN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BESZE GYORGY JANOS: +0:The Wall | BETANCOURT GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | BETANCOURT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BETANCOURT-MOJICA CARLOS: +0:The Wall | BETCHEL DAVID BROOKS: +0:The Wall | BETEBENNER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BETHARDS EDWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BETHEA CHARLES DUNCAN: +0:The Wall | BETHEA HENRY: +0:The Wall | BETHEA JIMMY CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BETHEA LUTHER JR: +0:The Wall | BETHEA RAYMOND LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BETHEA TROY: +0:The Wall | BETHEA WILLIAM HENRY III: +0:The Wall | BETHEL JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | BETHUNE ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BETLEYOUN GOLA CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BETTELYOUN PERCY JR: +0:The Wall | BETTENCOURT DANIEL F JR: +0:The Wall | BETTENCOURT DANIEL STEPHE: +0:The Wall | BETTENCOURT JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BETTGER GENE LYLE: +0:The Wall | BETTIS JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BETTIS JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BETTIS NORMAN RADEAN: +0:The Wall | BETTS ALBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | BETTS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | BETTS LARRY LE ROY: +0:The Wall | BETTS TERRY WADE: +0:The Wall | BETTY CLAUDE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BETZ ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BETZ SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BEUKE DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BEUSTER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BEUTEL ROBERT DONALD: +0:The Wall | BEUTLER RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEVAN JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEVARD BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | BEVELS LEONARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BEVERFORD TIMOTHY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BEVERHOUDT CLARENCE VEREN: +0:The Wall | BEVERIDGE DOUGLAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BEVERLY FRANCIS M: +0:The Wall | BEVERLY WILLARD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BEVICH GEORGE MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | BEVIER MELVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BEVILACQUA RENATO MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BEWLEY THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BEXLEY ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BEY NELSON: +0:The Wall | BEYDA IRWIN: +0:The Wall | BEYER EDWARD HUGO: +0:The Wall | BEYER THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BEYER WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BEYERLING JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | BEYL DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BEYRAND JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEZEAU RICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BEZECNY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BEZEGA MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BEZENSKI STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BEZOLD STEVEN NEIL: +0:The Wall | BIA MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BIAGINI MARK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BIALKOWSKI JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIANCHINI MICHAEL LINN: +0:The Wall | BIANCONI NICHOLAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIAS CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BIBBS LEONARD JEROME: +0:The Wall | BIBBS WARREN LARRY: +0:The Wall | BIBBS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BIBBY JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BIBER GERALD MACK: +0:The Wall | BIBER JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | BIBERDORF DENNIS FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BIBEY DWAIN LEE: +0:The Wall | BIBLER WILSON E JR: +0:The Wall | BICE DOUGLAS WYATT: +0:The Wall | BICE JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BICE QUINTON MORGAN: +0:The Wall | BICKEL BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BICKEL ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BICKFORD RALPH NEVIN: +0:The Wall | BICKFORD RICHARD OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BICKFORD THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BICKLE JIMBOB: +0:The Wall | BICKLEY WILSON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIDART DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BIDDLE DANIEL ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BIDDLE JOSEPH LENORD: +0:The Wall | BIDDULPH THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BIDWELL BARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BIEBER EDWARD L: +0:The Wall | BIEDIGER LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BIEDRON ANDREW ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BIEDRON MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | BIEGEL ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIEGERT RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BIEHL GARY LADD: +0:The Wall | BIEHL JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BIEHL LESTER OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | BIEHL OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | BIEHN MAURICE JOHN: +0:The Wall | BIEKER CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIELEK RUDOLPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BIELICKI GREGORY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | BIEMERET ARTHUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BIENEMAN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIENKOWSKI WALTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIERBAUM LAWRENCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BIERLEIN PATRICK M R: +0:The Wall | BIERLINE THOMAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | BIERMA LYNN SEATON: +0:The Wall | BIERMAN CARROLL MONROE JR: +0:The Wall | BIERNACKI JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BIEROWSKI REINER WALTER: +0:The Wall | BIES EDWARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BIESANTZ HOWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BIESER KARL ROY: +0:The Wall | BIESIADA RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BIEVER WILLIAM DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BIFARETI JOHN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BIFFLE JOE LESLIE JR: +0:The Wall | BIFFLE WILLIAM CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BIFOLCHI CHARLES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW LAWRENCE CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW PAUL LEE: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BIGELOW RONNIE O: +0:The Wall | BIGGER CALVIN HART: +0:The Wall | BIGGERS LEWIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BIGGERSTAFF HENRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BIGGS DAVID OWEN: +0:The Wall | BIGGS EARL ROGER: +0:The Wall | BIGGS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BIGGS JIMMY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BIGHAM CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BIGHAM THEODORE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BIGLEY CHRISTOPHER JOHN: +0:The Wall | BIGLEY GEORGE CARL: +0:The Wall | BIGLEY RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | BIGLIENI CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BIGTREE JAMES VICTOR: +0:The Wall | BIHLMEYER JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | BILBO WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BILBREY EDMOND DAVID: +0:The Wall | BILDEN HARLAN TILPHER: +0:The Wall | BILDUCIA CONRADO FRANCISC: +0:The Wall | BILENSKI JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BILES CALVIN WEBB: +0:The Wall | BILES MICHAEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | BILKO TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BILLEAUD WAYNE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BILLEAUD WILLIS J JR: +0:The Wall | BILLER HAROLD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BILLERO MICHAEL JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BILLHIMER GARY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BILLIE LARRY ROGERS: +0:The Wall | BILLINGHAM FREDERICK A JR: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS DAVID VERN: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS JAMES ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS KEMPER SWANSON: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS TERRENCE ROY: +0:The Wall | BILLINGS WILL DANNY: +0:The Wall | BILLINGSLEA DAMON EARL: +0:The Wall | BILLINGSLEY RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BILLINGSLY LEE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BILLIOT RUDOLPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | BILLIPP NORMAN KARL: +0:The Wall | BILLS KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | BILLS LYLE PRESTON: +0:The Wall | BILLS RUFUS WILSON: +0:The Wall | BILMER KRIS: +0:The Wall | BILONTA LARRY KILITO: +0:The Wall | BILOTTA RICHARD GALE: +0:The Wall | BILSIE EDWARD ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | BILY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BINA THOMAS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BINDER CALVIN WILLIAM II: +0:The Wall | BINDER FREDRICK MARLTON: +0:The Wall | BINDER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BINDER PAUL LAROY: +0:The Wall | BINDER QUENTIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BINEGAR BENJAMIN H JR: +0:The Wall | BINGAMON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BINGENHEIMER JAMES: +0:The Wall | BINGER GERALD A: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM CHESTER ELMEARL: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM KLAUS YRURGEN: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM ORAN LOTHIER: +0:The Wall | BINGHAM TONY RAY: +0:The Wall | BINGLEY JOHN LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BINGMAN PETER RUBEN: +0:The Wall | BINGMAN RONALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BINION CURTIS ESTILL: +0:The Wall | BINION THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BINK JAMES CLEVELAND JR: +0:The Wall | BINKLEY STEVEN RAY: +0:The Wall | BINKLEY STUART MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | BINKO GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BINKOWSKI RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BINNS DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BINNS GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BINSTOCK PETER JR: +0:The Wall | BINTLIFF RONNIE HANKINS: +0:The Wall | BIONDI JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BIONDILLO JOHN CARL: +0:The Wall | BIONDO MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BIRCH DANIEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BIRCH JOEL RAY: +0:The Wall | BIRCH JOHN MACY: +0:The Wall | BIRCH LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BIRCH THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | BIRCHAK FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BIRCHIM JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BIRCO JOSE GOTERA: +0:The Wall | BIRD CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BIRD DANNIE LEON: +0:The Wall | BIRD GEORGE ALLISON III: +0:The Wall | BIRD HAROLD ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BIRD JACKIE DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | BIRD JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BIRD KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BIRD KIM SOVEREEN: +0:The Wall | BIRD LEONARD ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BIRD MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | BIRD MICHAEL DE VERNE: +0:The Wall | BIRD THOMAS ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | BIRDEN LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | BIRDSALL THOMAS EDDY: +0:The Wall | BIRDSELL GEORGE DAVID: +0:The Wall | BIRDSELL GORDON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BIRDWELL GEORGE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BIRDWELL MICHAEL DEL: +0:The Wall | BIRELEY KENNETH PAUL: +0:The Wall | BIRENBAUM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BIRKET SCOTT LEE: +0:The Wall | BIRKHOLZ ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | BIRKLAND WILEY COLE: +0:The Wall | BIRKS JAMES P: +0:The Wall | BIRKY HAROLD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BIRMINGHAM EDWARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BIRMINGHAM TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISCAILUZ ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | BISCAMP MARVIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | BISCHOF WOLFRAM WALTHER: +0:The Wall | BISCHOFF EDWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BISCHOFF JOHN MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | BISCHOFF JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BISE ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BISH LEONARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BISHOP DALE ALAN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | BISHOP EDGAR LEE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP EDWARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | BISHOP JOSEPH ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP MARK RONALD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RICHARD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BISHOP ROGER EARL: +0:The Wall | BISHOP ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RONALD BURK: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RONNIE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BISHOP ROSTEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP RUSSELL LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP TED JASON: +0:The Wall | BISHOP THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP WILLIAM BUEL II: +0:The Wall | BISHOP WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BISHOP WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | BISJAK HOWARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BISONETT LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BISSAILLON FRANCIS HENRY: +0:The Wall | BISSELL WILLIAM RONALD: +0:The Wall | BISSEN HOWARD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | BISZ RALPH CAMPION: +0:The Wall | BITEL BEN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BITNER DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BITTENBENDER DAVID FRITZ: +0:The Wall | BITTING JACK: +0:The Wall | BITTINGER ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BITTLE DOUGLAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BITTNER DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | BITTNER ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BITTON GARY W: +0:The Wall | BIVENS FREDERICK WOOD JR: +0:The Wall | BIVENS HERNDON ARRINGTON: +0:The Wall | BIVETTO CHARLES FRED: +0:The Wall | BIXBY JACK DENTON: +0:The Wall | BIXBY THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BIXBY VIRGIL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BIXEL KENNETH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BIXEL MICHAEL SARGENT: +0:The Wall | BIXLER MARTIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BIZZELL RAYMOND ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BJERKE GLEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BJORKE ERLE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLAAUW JAMES EVART: +0:The Wall | BLACK CHARLES DUFFY: +0:The Wall | BLACK DAVID FORREST: +0:The Wall | BLACK DE WAYNE RODNEY: +0:The Wall | BLACK DENNIS BEDELLE: +0:The Wall | BLACK DENNIS WALTER: +0:The Wall | BLACK HARRY ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | BLACK HARVEY: +0:The Wall | BLACK JIMMY P: +0:The Wall | BLACK JOHN ENOCH: +0:The Wall | BLACK LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLACK LEWIS DAVIS: +0:The Wall | BLACK MARK RYAN: +0:The Wall | BLACK MARK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BLACK NOLAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLACK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK PAUL VERNON: +0:The Wall | BLACK PERRY GRAY: +0:The Wall | BLACK RALPH ROLAND: +0:The Wall | BLACK ROBERT DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK ROBERT JACOB: +0:The Wall | BLACK ROBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK RODNEY JOE: +0:The Wall | BLACK RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACK VICTOR LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACK WALTER CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BLACK WILLIAM RAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN EDMOND SMITH JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN ELBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN FREDDIE ANDRAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN HARRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN HUGH FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN JERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN RICHARD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN WILLIAM ALFRED: +0:The Wall | BLACKBURN WILLIAM KENDALL: +0:The Wall | BLACKERBY RALPH W: +0:The Wall | BLACKFORD JOHN MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BLACKFOX ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN DAVID RAWSON III: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLACKMAN THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON DAVID OTIS: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON DENNIS GLENN: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON EDWARD GEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON JAMES WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | BLACKMON WILLIAM B JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKMOND PHILLIP CORNELI: +0:The Wall | BLACKNER CRAIG SLADE: +0:The Wall | BLACKSHEAR JAMES GUY: +0:The Wall | BLACKSMITH RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLACKSTEN BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | BLACKSTEN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLACKSTON DONALD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BLACKWATER DWIGHT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELDER KIT: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL FREDERIC DELANO: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL JAMES LISMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL JOSEPH CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL KENNETH G: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL KENNETH HORACE: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL MILTON: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL ROY JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BLACKWELL WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLACKWOOD GORDON BYRON: +0:The Wall | BLADEK JOHN EMERY: +0:The Wall | BLADES THOMAS NELSON: +0:The Wall | BLADES WILLIAM CEACON III: +0:The Wall | BLAESE RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLAGDON EDWIN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BLAGG PATRICK EARL: +0:The Wall | BLAHA THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLAIN DENNIS KNUTE: +0:The Wall | BLAIN JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLAINE JAMES GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | BLAIR ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR ANTHONY BURDETTE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BLAIR CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLAIR DONALD D: +0:The Wall | BLAIR DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLAIR GERALD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BLAIR IVY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BLAIR JOSEPH R L: +0:The Wall | BLAIR KENNETH NEAL: +0:The Wall | BLAIR KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BLAIR PATRICK LYNN: +0:The Wall | BLAIR ROCKY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR RONNIE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAIR THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLAIR THOMAS GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | BLAIR WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | BLAIR WILLIAM WEBB JR: +0:The Wall | BLAIS ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLAKE ARMIN JOCHAIM: +0:The Wall | BLAKE DALE ADAMS: +0:The Wall | BLAKE DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAKE EDWARD ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | BLAKE JACK PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BLAKE JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLAKE JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BLAKE L C: +0:The Wall | BLAKE RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLAKE ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAKE RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | BLAKE TIMOTHY MORGAN: +0:The Wall | BLAKE WAYNE VALGEEN: +0:The Wall | BLAKE WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | BLAKELEY ROY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY BRUCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY JOSSLYN F JR: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY MARTIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY MELFORD KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLAKELY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLAKENEY GREGORY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLAKESLEE THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLAKEY HOWELL FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLAKEY MICHAEL ARCHIE: +0:The Wall | BLAKLEY EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | BLAKLEY JAMES AUBREY: +0:The Wall | BLALACK JIMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK GHERALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK HARRY LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK JAMES TERRELL: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK JOHN HILTON: +0:The Wall | BLALOCK WALTER ROGERS: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD ANDRUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD DAVID MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD JAMES A: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLANCHARD WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETT STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETTE GUY ANDRE: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETTE MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | BLANCHETTE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BLANCHFIELD MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | BLANCHFIELD RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLANCO CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLANCO HERIBERTO: +0:The Wall | BLANCO JOHN ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | BLAND GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BLAND ISAAC: +0:The Wall | BLANDEN JAMES D: +0:The Wall | BLANDIN RAYMOND WELLINGTO: +0:The Wall | BLANDING AARON: +0:The Wall | BLANDING HENRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLANDING JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BLANDINO HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BLANDON GILBERT: +0:The Wall | BLANEY THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BLANK FRANK HUFFORD: +0:The Wall | BLANK ROBERT GERDES: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP CHARLES HERMA: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP CLAYTON MITCH: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP DENCIL RAY: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP EDGAR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP GODFRED: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JAMES ARLIA: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JAMES ORIS: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP JEWELL C: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP LARRY J: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP LEROY IRVIN: +0:The Wall | BLANKENSHIP OVIE EARCIL: +0:The Wall | BLANKS CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BLANKS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANKS TONY PAGE: +0:The Wall | BLANKSMA GERRIT LYNN: +0:The Wall | BLANN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BLANSCET MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLANTIN ERIC GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON BILL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLANTON BURTON ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | BLANTON CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | BLANTON CLARENCE F: +0:The Wall | BLANTON JAMES LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLANTON JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLANTON KENNETH GENE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON MICHAEL MERLE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON RICHARD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BLANTON RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | BLANTON WALTER CLAY: +0:The Wall | BLAS ANTHONY MARTIN M: +0:The Wall | BLAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | BLASEN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLASINGAME NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BLASKIS JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BLASKO JAMES DEE: +0:The Wall | BLASKO PETER PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | BLASKOVICH STEVE JR: +0:The Wall | BLASKOWSKI RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | BLASSIE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLATNICK RODGER ALAN: +0:The Wall | BLATTEL DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BLATZ RUSSELL KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLATZ THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BLAUT ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BLAUVELT RALPH LEIGH: +0:The Wall | BLAUWKAMP ARLYN JAY: +0:The Wall | BLAVAT JAMES NORBERT: +0:The Wall | BLAYLOCK BERYL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BLAZ JAMES LUJAN: +0:The Wall | BLAZONIS PETER VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BLEA MICHAEL DELANO: +0:The Wall | BLEA ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BLEACHER RONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BLEDSOE DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BLEDSOE HOWARD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BLEDSOE MILARD LUTHER E: +0:The Wall | BLEEKER LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BLEIGH ALFRED HARLEN JR: +0:The Wall | BLEND CLIFFORD CRAIG JR: +0:The Wall | BLENKINSOP WILLIAM DARWIN: +0:The Wall | BLESSING LYNN: +0:The Wall | BLESSING WILLIAM STANTON: +0:The Wall | BLESSMAN WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | BLETSCH WILLIAM PETE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS ANTHONY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS DANNY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS FRANK LEE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS HIRIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS HOWARD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS HUGH BRADLEY JR: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS LURAL LEE III: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS RICHARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS THOMAS A K: +0:The Wall | BLEVINS THOMAS LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLEWETT ROY ROGER: +0:The Wall | BLEWITT WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | BLEXRUDE GORDON H: +0:The Wall | BLEYTHING LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BLICKENSTAFF JOSEPH W JR: +0:The Wall | BLINDER RICHARD BART: +0:The Wall | BLINER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLISARD REX WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BLISS BENJAMIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BLISS THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLISSETT JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BLISSETT ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BLITCH BERNARD L: +0:The Wall | BLOCHER RUSSELL GLEN: +0:The Wall | BLOCK WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLOCKER MURRIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BLODGETT DAVID WILMER: +0:The Wall | BLODGETT DOUGLAS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BLOEMHARD ANTON D: +0:The Wall | BLOHM RONALD ROY: +0:The Wall | BLOMFELT DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BLOMSTROM WAYNE ALDEN: +0:The Wall | BLONDIN MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BLOODSWORTH LARRY WILL: +0:The Wall | BLOODWORTH DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BLOOM DARL RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BLOOM LAWRENCE CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BLOOM RICHARD MCAULIFFE: +0:The Wall | BLOOM RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLOOM RONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BLOOM STEVEN GARY: +0:The Wall | BLOOMER DONALD HUGH: +0:The Wall | BLOOMER JERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLOOMER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD HARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD NORMAN HUBERT: +0:The Wall | BLOOMFIELD WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | BLOSCHICHAK JOHN RODMAN: +0:The Wall | BLOSKY GENE ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | BLOSSER ROBERT KEITH: +0:The Wall | BLOSSEY RAYMOND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BLOSSOM STEVEN CARL: +0:The Wall | BLOTTENBERGER MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | BLOTZER EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BLOUGH DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BLOUGH ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT GARY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT JOHNIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BLOUNT ROBERT LARRY: +0:The Wall | BLOW JAMES LYNELL JR: +0:The Wall | BLOWERS RICHARD LYLE: +0:The Wall | BLOYER SHELDON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLUBAUGH THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BLUDWORTH MICHAEL VERNON: +0:The Wall | BLUE JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | BLUE JONATHAN JR: +0:The Wall | BLUE RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BLUME DALE L: +0:The Wall | BLUME GERARD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BLUMER EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BLUMER KRIS: +0:The Wall | BLUMER WILFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | BLUNKALL EARL JEROME: +0:The Wall | BLUNN DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | BLUNT PAUL BOREN JR: +0:The Wall | BLUNT SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BLY PERCY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BLY ROBERT TILDON: +0:The Wall | BLYSTONE THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BLYTHE TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOADO EMIL E: +0:The Wall | BOAL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BOAN JIMMY E: +0:The Wall | BOARD STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN DAVIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN EDWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOARDMAN MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BOAT MICHAEL TERRY: +0:The Wall | BOATMAN ELMER LEE: +0:The Wall | BOATMAN LARRY NEAL: +0:The Wall | BOATRIGHT WILLIAM ARVEL: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT GEORGE OLIVER: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT JACKLIN MEGGS: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT RAYMOND LAVOY: +0:The Wall | BOATWRIGHT TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOAZ DONALD JOE: +0:The Wall | BOAZ KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOB CHESTER: +0:The Wall | BOBANICH JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | BOBB JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT GARLAND CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT JERRY KEITH: +0:The Wall | BOBBITT WILLIAM E G: +0:The Wall | BOBE RAYMOND EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BOBIAN RALPH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BOBKOVICH STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOBLETT MACK CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | BOBO CHARLES GLEN: +0:The Wall | BOBO EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BOBO JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BOBO LEON NELSON: +0:The Wall | BOBO WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOBOWSKI JAN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BOBULA JEFFREY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BOCANEGRA FELIX RAMON: +0:The Wall | BOCANEGRA HUGO ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BOCANEGRA ROJELIO: +0:The Wall | BOCEK LEONARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BOCHE GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BOCHNEWETCH SHERMAN II: +0:The Wall | BOCK JERRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BOCK JIMMIE 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GERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | BOYD HURLEY MILLARD: +0:The Wall | BOYD JAMES P: +0:The Wall | BOYD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOYD JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BOYD JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | BOYD RANDALL JAMES: +0:The Wall | BOYD RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOYD RICHARD KLEMM JR: +0:The Wall | BOYD ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | BOYD ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BOYD ROBERT WHITE: +0:The Wall | BOYD ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOYD ROY BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | BOYD SAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BOYD SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | BOYD SAMUEL LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BOYD STEPHEN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BOYD THOMAS MASSIE III: +0:The Wall | BOYD WALTER: +0:The Wall | BOYD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BOYD WILBURN HUGH: +0:The Wall | BOYD WILLIAM DEMARR: +0:The Wall | BOYDEN THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOYDSTON OSCAR DAN: +0:The Wall | BOYE HENRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BOYER ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BOYER BARNEY EVANS: +0:The Wall | BOYER BRUCE E: +0:The Wall | BOYER CHARLES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BOYER CHARLES GOODHUE: 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LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BOYLE JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BOYLE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BOYLE JOHN ALEX: +0:The Wall | BOYLE MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | BOYLE RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BOYLE ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BOYLE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BOYLES DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BOYLES JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BOYLESS JOSE JULIO: +0:The Wall | BOYNTON CHARLES B JR: +0:The Wall | BOYNTON FRANK: +0:The Wall | BOYTER GEDDES CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | BOZARTH ALVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | BOZARTH TERANCE M: +0:The Wall | BOZEMAN CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | BOZEMAN DWIGHT ERVYN: +0:The Wall | BOZEMAN PERRY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BOZIER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | BOZIKIS RONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | BOZINSKI JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BOZZELLO FRANK MARIO: +0:The Wall | BRAASCH GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRAATZ CURTISS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRABANT WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BRABO HENRY: +0:The Wall | BRACE BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRACEY LESTER: +0:The Wall | BRACK DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BRACK HARRY HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BRACKEN ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BRACKENS JOE JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | BRACKER DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRACKETT EVERETT LEE: +0:The Wall | BRACKETT FRANK: +0:The Wall | BRACKIN RANDY CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BRACKINS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRACKINS VERNON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRADBERRY ARTHUR MILTON: +0:The Wall | BRADBERRY DUDLEY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BRADBURY STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRADDOCK STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | BRADEE GARY LEROY: +0:The Wall | BRADEN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD ALLEN ROYAL: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD CHARLES MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD EDWARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD ELLSWORTH SMITH: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD JOHN TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD KIRBY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD LEONARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD RODNEY: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD SHERMAN DUANE: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD TERRILL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD THOMAS JOHNSON: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD WILLIAM JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | BRADFORD WILLIE B: +0:The Wall | BRADLE JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY DENNIS DALE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY FRANKLIN S JR: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY GERALD GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY GIVEN WEST: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY GLEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY GLENN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY JAMES JEROME: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY JOHN ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY JOSEPH KEITH: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY LARRY GRANT: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY LOREN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY LOUIS LLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY MARTEE JR: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY RAY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY RICHARD BURTON: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY RICKY CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY ROBERT NEAL: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY ROBERT TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY RUBIN FLETCHER: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY STANLEY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY SYLVAN KEITH: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY TYRONE CARLOS: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BRADLEY WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | BRADMAN JOHN FREDRIC: +0:The Wall | BRADNER JACK RAY: +0:The Wall | BRADSBY KERNELL PERSONE: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW CONLEY ARLEN: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW DAVID ALFORD: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW FAYBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW FLOYD LEE III: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW JESSE JOHN: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW PAUL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW ROBERT S III: +0:The Wall | BRADSHAW THEODORE JACKSON: +0:The Wall | BRADSHER ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BRADY DANIEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRADY DAVID HARVEY: 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Wall | BRAGG RAYMOND DALE: +0:The Wall | BRAGG ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | BRAGGS ROOSEVELT JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | BRAGHINI ROBERTO JR: +0:The Wall | BRAGUE EDWIN STEVEN JR: +0:The Wall | BRAICO NICHOLAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BRAID JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRAINERD FLEMING B III: +0:The Wall | BRAIS JIMMY GENE: +0:The Wall | BRAITHWAITE ARNIM N: +0:The Wall | BRAKE BOYD LAWERENCE: +0:The Wall | BRAM AARON L: +0:The Wall | BRAM RICHARD CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BRAMAN DONALD LEON: +0:The Wall | BRAME CLARENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | BRAMLET WILLIE JOE: +0:The Wall | BRAMLETT HOWARD WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | BRAMSEN DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRAMWELL RAYMOND SANDERS: +0:The Wall | BRANAM LARRY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BRANAM RONNIE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BRANAMAN KENNETH MERLE: +0:The Wall | BRANAUGH LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRANCATO JOHN HARRISON JR: +0:The Wall | BRANCATO MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRANCATO PETER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BRANCH CHARLES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BRANCH DAVID WESLEY: 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FREDRICK KEITH: +0:The Wall | BRANDT GEAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | BRANDT KEITH ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BRANDT RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | BRANDTS HARLAN RAY: +0:The Wall | BRANES EDUARDO PAUL: +0:The Wall | BRANHAM HARRY WALTER: +0:The Wall | BRANHAM JAMES JEROME: +0:The Wall | BRANHAM JOHNNY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BRANHAM ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRANIGAN LAWRENCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BRANIN MICHAEL FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BRANK IRA CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BRANN DANA E: +0:The Wall | BRANNAN JAMES CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BRANNEN JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRANNFORS ERIC ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BRANNING WILBUR RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | BRANNOCK JERRY W: +0:The Wall | BRANNOM MORRIS II: +0:The Wall | BRANNON CLAYTON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BRANNON DAVID CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BRANNON GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRANNON HARRY G: +0:The Wall | BRANNON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRANNON JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BRANNON PAT GERARD: +0:The Wall | BRANNON PAUL DEWITT: +0:The Wall | BRANNON PHILLIP ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BRANNON WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | BRANOCK WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRANSCUM ARLIS RAY: +0:The Wall | BRANSON DANIEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | BRANSON DAVID RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BRANSON JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BRANSON JERRY LEON: +0:The Wall | BRANSON RALPH ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | BRANSTROM DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRANT DAVE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRANT DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | BRANT RICHARD F JR: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY ALEXANDER BRYANT: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY DAVID WATSON: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY LEROY: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY LESTER J: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY MARK CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY TROY ELLIS JR: +0:The Wall | BRANTLEY WILLIAM OSLER JR: +0:The Wall | BRANTMEIER BERNARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRANTNER WAYNE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BRANYAN PAUL F JR: +0:The Wall | BRASCHE GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRASHEAR WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRASHEARS LARRY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BRASHEARS RONALD LEE: +0:The 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ALBERT C: +0:The Wall | BROSE STEPHAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BROSHEAR SARGENT J: +0:The Wall | BROSIUS DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROSNAN RANDY DALE: +0:The Wall | BROSSMAN EDGAR JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROSTROM DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROTHEN ROBERT ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BROTHERS BENJAMIN M III: +0:The Wall | BROTHERS GERALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | BROTZ DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROTZMAN MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | BROUGHMAN RALPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROUGHT DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROUGHTON ROBERT BALLARD: +0:The Wall | BROUGHTON WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BROUHARD MALCOLM KEITH: +0:The Wall | BROULLON ANTHONY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROUMAS ANDRE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BROUMLEY TERRY HUGH: +0:The Wall | BROUSE PAUL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BROUSSARD ANDREW RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROUSSARD GERALD GENE: +0:The Wall | BROUSSARD LEO JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BROW CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | BROWDER JEROME ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BROWDER PAUL ROGER: +0:The Wall | BROWER DONALD HARRY: +0:The Wall | BROWER PATRICK EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWER RALPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALEXANDER CAMERON: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ALVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ANTHONY BARTOW: +0:The Wall | BROWN ARLO FRANK: +0:The Wall | BROWN ARTHUR DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN ARTHUR LEROY SR: +0:The Wall | BROWN AUBREY SHAWN: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRETT CHAMBERLAND: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BARRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN BENJAMIN FREEMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN BENTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN BILLY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN BILLY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRIAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRIAN DALE: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRUCE GILBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWN BRUCE WADLEIGH: +0:The Wall | BROWN BYRON LEA: +0:The Wall | BROWN CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN CARL: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES CHUCK: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES PAUL: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES WILLIS E: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN CHRIS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN CLARENCE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BROWN CLARENCE F JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN CLEMMIE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN CLINTON RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN CLYDE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN COLBURN: +0:The Wall | BROWN CURTIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN CURTIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DALE FRAZIER: +0:The Wall | BROWN DANIEL L: +0:The Wall | BROWN DANIEL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DARIUS E: +0:The Wall | BROWN DARIUS LLEWLYN DEMA: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID CARLTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID CHAPPELL: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID DEE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID GRANT: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVID PETER: +0:The Wall | BROWN DAVIS FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DENNIS ADRAIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWN DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN DERRIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN DEWEY HEARRELL JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN DEWITT WILCOX III: +0:The Wall | BROWN DIEROTHER: +0:The Wall | BROWN DON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN DONNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARL CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARNEST CAESAR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EARNEST WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDDIE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDDIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDGAR CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWARD WALLACE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EDWIN FAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ELMER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN ELYVIN LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN EMMETT RUBEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ERNEST JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN ERNEST LYKURGUS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN EUGENE ONEIL: +0:The Wall | BROWN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRANK LESTER: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRANK MONROE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRED EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN FRED JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN GALE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN GALEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN GARDNER JOHN: +0:The Wall | BROWN GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN GENE WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BROWN GEORGE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BROWN GEORGE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN GEORGE R: +0:The Wall | BROWN GEORGE WASHINGTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN GERALD AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN GERALD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN GERALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | BROWN GERALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN GORDON CURTISS: +0:The Wall | BROWN GORDON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN GREGORY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN HANSEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN HAROLD MILTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN HARON LEE II: +0:The Wall | BROWN HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN HARRY WILLIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN HARVE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN HARVEY LEE III: +0:The Wall | BROWN HERMAN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BROWN HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN HERMAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN HOWARD EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN HUGH BERNARD III: +0:The Wall | BROWN IRAN COURTLAND: +0:The Wall | BROWN IRVIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN IRVING JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JACK MONTGOMERY JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JACKIE RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES ANDERSON II: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES AUSTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES AZALOU JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES BRENT: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES GARLAND: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES HOMER: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES THARPE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES TRULY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN JEFFREY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROWN JIMMIE DONOVAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOE HENRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOE MAC: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOEL KENTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN ALPHONZO: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN MARSHALL III: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH CLINTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH GORDON: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH L JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH M: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH MARTIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN JOSEPH WHELTON III: +0:The Wall | BROWN JULIUS LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BROWN KARL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BROWN KARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH HYRUM: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH LAVERN: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LARRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN LAURENCE GORDON: +0:The Wall | BROWN LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LAWRENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN LESTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN LONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN MANCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARC ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARCUS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARION C: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARK LARRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARSHALL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARSHALL JASON: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN MARVIN H: +0:The Wall | BROWN MAX EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN MELVIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN MERLE DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL R: +0:The Wall | BROWN MICHAEL WADE: +0:The Wall | BROWN NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN NED RAYBURN: +0:The Wall | BROWN NEIL SHIPP: +0:The Wall | BROWN NICHOLSON: +0:The Wall | BROWN NORMAN DALE: +0:The Wall | BROWN OWEN DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN PAUL O'NEAL: +0:The Wall | BROWN PETER H: +0:The Wall | BROWN RALPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN RAYMOND EARL: +0:The Wall | BROWN RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN REX LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD GORDON: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN RICK SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT ALLON: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT ALVA II: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT GUY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT IRWIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT JAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT MACK: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT MAURICE: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT MAXWELL JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT NUGENT: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER CLINTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER DAVID: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER RAY: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROGER: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD A: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN RONALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN ROSS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BROWN RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN SAMUEL JUNIOUS: +0:The Wall | BROWN SHERRILL VANCE: +0:The Wall | BROWN STANLEY ALTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN STEVEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN STEVEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN STEVEN MERLE: +0:The Wall | BROWN SYLVESTER LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN SYRES MATTSON: +0:The Wall | BROWN TANNER MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN THAL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BROWN THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS TAD: +0:The Wall | BROWN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BROWN TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BROWN TOM WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BROWN TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BROWN VAUGHN LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER EVANS JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER OTHO JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER STONEMAN: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BROWN WALTER: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN FRED: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN GENE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN KEITH: +0:The Wall | BROWN WARREN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WAYNE GORDON II: +0:The Wall | BROWN WENDELL LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WERNER CURT II: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILBUR RONALD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM B: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM LENNINGTON: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM LEO: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM LEROY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM THEODORE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIAM WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILLMATT: +0:The Wall | BROWN WILSON BOYD: +0:The Wall | BROWN-BEY LANCASTER: +0:The Wall | BROWNE EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BROWNE EDWARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BROWNE FRANK HAROLD II: +0:The Wall | BROWNE GORDON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BROWNE RAY BURMASTER: +0:The Wall | BROWNE RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BROWNE ROBERT GODWIN: +0:The Wall | BROWNE WALTER D: +0:The Wall | BROWNFELD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BROWNING BILL GWINN: +0:The Wall | BROWNING CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | BROWNING DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | BROWNING FRANK LEON: +0:The Wall | BROWNING GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BROWNING GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BROWNING GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BROWNING JOHN C: +0:The Wall | BROWNING LEROY JACK: +0:The Wall | BROWNING MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BROWNING PERRY NATHAN: +0:The Wall | BROWNING RAYMOND VENSON: +0:The Wall | BROWNING ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BROWNING WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE KENNETH DUANE: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | BROWNLEE ROBERT WALLACE JR: +0:The Wall | BROWNLOW ERNEST R III: +0:The Wall | BROWNOTTER LAWRENCE DEAN: +0:The Wall | BROXTON ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | BROYER CLIFTON LEE: +0:The Wall | BROYLES ALVIN KLASON JR: +0:The Wall | BROYLES FREDERICK PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BROYLES IVAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BROYLES LANHAM ODELL: +0:The Wall | BROYLES RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | BROZ GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BROZICH ANTHONY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER HAROLD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER JOSEPH HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER MAX L: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER NORMAN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | BRUBAKER THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DANIEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | BRUCE DENNY LOWELL: +0:The Wall | BRUCE HENRY McDONALD: +0:The Wall | BRUCE JEFFREY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BRUCE LEE RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCE RICHARD BERT: +0:The Wall | BRUCE RICHARD PETER: +0:The Wall | BRUCE ROBERT GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | BRUCE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUCE RONALD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BRUCE SAMMY BRYAN: +0:The Wall | BRUCE SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCE WILLIAM JACK: +0:The Wall | BRUCH DONALD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCHER ANDREW CARL: +0:The Wall | BRUCHER JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BRUCK DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRUCK THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BRUCKART DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUCKER LESLIE L JR: +0:The Wall | BRUCKNER DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BRUCKNER HOWARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BRUCKNER PATRICK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BRUDER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUDERER STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUE EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRUECK RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRUESKE HARRY DIETRICH: +0:The Wall | BRUGGEMAN DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BRUGMAN PAUL FRANK: +0:The Wall | BRUHN GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRUHN JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRUIN JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRULE GORDON JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BRULE RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BRULL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRULTE ROBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | BRUM PETER: +0:The Wall | BRUMAGEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BRUMBAUGH JOHN LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | BRUMET ROBERT NEWTON: +0:The Wall | BRUMFIELD RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | BRUMFIELD STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRUMLEY BOB GENE: +0:The Wall | BRUMLEY JOHNNY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUMLEY MERRELL EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | BRUMMER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUMMET PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BRUNAT MICHAEL F: +0:The Wall | BRUNCKHORST ROBERT L JR: +0:The Wall | BRUNDAGE MICHAEL LESTER: +0:The Wall | BRUNDRETTE RICHARD E JR: +0:The Wall | BRUNELLE JOSEPH E: +0:The Wall | BRUNER DAVID: +0:The Wall | BRUNER MARK LEROY: +0:The Wall | BRUNET ELDRIDGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRUNGARD GUY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNING DAVID KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BRUNKE RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNN CHRIS FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | BRUNN RICHARD CONRAD: +0:The Wall | BRUNN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER DONALD RALPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER HANS WOLFGANG: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER MICHAEL CARL: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | BRUNNER O D: +0:The Wall | BRUNNOW RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUNO EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRUNO PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BRUNO ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUNO VITO VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BRUNS ROBERT HARRIS: +0:The Wall | BRUNS VERLYN CARL: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON GAZZETT BEN JR: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON JACK WALTER: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON LANCE DUNHAM: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BRUNSON ROBERT WADE: +0:The Wall | BRUNT ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUNTON STEPHEN CORNELL: +0:The Wall | BRUPBACHER ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRUSH RICHARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BRUSKE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUSO RICHARD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BRUST GLENN ROY: +0:The Wall | BRUSTER WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | BRUSTMAN DOUGLAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BRUTON CARL LEON: +0:The Wall | BRUTON JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BRUTSCHER RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRUX GARY H: +0:The Wall | BRUYERE PETER NORBERT: +0:The Wall | BRUZNACK NICHOLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYAN AUBREY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BRYAN BLACKSHEAR M JR: +0:The Wall | BRYAN CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BRYAN CLIFFORD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BRYAN DAN E: +0:The Wall | BRYAN DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BRYAN DAVID GRADEY: +0:The Wall | BRYAN FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | BRYAN HECTOR WARREN: +0:The Wall | BRYAN JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BRYAN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BRYAN JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall 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HUGH: +0:The Wall | BUCHECK ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BUCHER BERNARD LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | BUCHER HARRY LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BUCHNER JAMES IRVING: +0:The Wall | BUCHY JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BUCIOR ANDREW ZBIGNIEW: +0:The Wall | BUCK ARTHUR CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUCK FRANK HENRY: +0:The Wall | BUCK HOLLIS WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | BUCK JAMES MARION: +0:The Wall | BUCK PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | BUCK ROBERT RONALD: +0:The Wall | BUCK WILLIAM ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | BUCKA WALTER HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BUCKELEW EARNEST JACK: +0:The Wall | BUCKHOLDT LEO BUDDY: +0:The Wall | BUCKINGHAM KEITH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUCKLER TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | BUCKLES WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEW DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY CARL DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY FRANCIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUCKLEY JIMMY LEE: 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BUELL NORMAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUENDIA JUAN VILLEGAS: +0:The Wall | BUENTELLO LEONEL: +0:The Wall | BUERK WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | BUESCHER JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BUFF CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BUFF WILLIAM REINHART: +0:The Wall | BUFFIN NICHOLAS JAY: +0:The Wall | BUFFINGTON FRED: +0:The Wall | BUFFINGTON LARRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | BUFFINGTON SAMMY: +0:The Wall | BUFORD ALPHA LEE: +0:The Wall | BUFORD LARRY GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | BUFORD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUFORD RALPH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUGAJSKY KERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUGAR JOSEPH EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BUGARIN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | BUGGER CURTIS BURKE: +0:The Wall | BUGGS NATHANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | BUGMAN DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUGNI FLORIAN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BUGOSH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUHOLTZ TONY LEE: +0:The Wall | BUHR THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BUILAERT FRANCOIS JOSEPHI: +0:The Wall | BUIS DALE R: +0:The Wall | BUJALSKI DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BUKALA DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BUKER BRIAN LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUKOVINSKY ANDREW THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUKOWSKI DAVID FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BUKOWSKI RONALD: +0:The Wall | BULGER JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | BULIFANT ROGER DEAN: +0:The Wall | BULIN JERRALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BULKLEY DAVID JUSTUS: +0:The Wall | BULL BILLY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | BULL KENNETH R: +0:The Wall | BULL ROBERT GEORGE II: +0:The Wall | BULLA ROBERT FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | BULLARD ALLEN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | BULLARD CHARLES DORIAN: +0:The Wall | BULLARD CURTIS HERMAN: +0:The Wall | BULLARD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BULLARD KARL LEE: +0:The Wall | BULLARD KENNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BULLARD STEPHEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BULLARD THOMAS C: +0:The Wall | BULLARD VICTOR WALKER JR: +0:The Wall | BULLARD WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | BULLEN LAWRENCE RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BULLER RENE ALDO: +0:The Wall | BULLERDICK GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BULLIN VERNON TERRY: +0:The Wall | BULLINGTON FREDERICK CURT: +0:The Wall | BULLINGTON JAMES ALLEN: 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BUNCH IVOR ECAROL: +0:The Wall | BUNCH JAMES GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | BUNCH LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | BUNCH RAYMOND LEE JR: +0:The Wall | BUNCH WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | BUNDAGE CECIL ODELL: +0:The Wall | BUNDY GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUNDY LINCOLN E: +0:The Wall | BUNDY MARK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BUNDY NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BUNDY WAYNE PHILIP: +0:The Wall | BUNGARTZ FREDERICK WILLIA: +0:The Wall | BUNK FRANCIS XAVIER: +0:The Wall | BUNKER DAVID ELVIN: +0:The Wall | BUNKER PARK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BUNKER WILLIAM REUBEN III: +0:The Wall | BUNN BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | BUNN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUNN JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BUNN JERRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BUNNER LESTER EARL: +0:The Wall | BUNNIS RICARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUNTE WILLIE EARL: +0:The Wall | BUNTING BERTRAM ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | BUNTING DENNIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | BUNTING RONALD DELL: +0:The Wall | BUNTING WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUNTION CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUNYEA WALTER CLIFFORD JR: +0:The Wall | BUONAIUTO JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUONO MATTHEW JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BURBACH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BURBAGE RAYMOND DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BURBEY EUGENE LEROY: +0:The Wall | BURCH CLIFFORD GARLAND: +0:The Wall | BURCH DAVID CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BURCH DAVID FELIX: +0:The Wall | BURCH HENRY: +0:The Wall | BURCH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURCH JAMES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BURCH KENNETH EDWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | BURCH KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BURCH STEVEN RALPH: +0:The Wall | BURCHARD MARK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURCHELL EDGAR BROWER III: +0:The Wall | BURCHETT GEORGE ELMER: +0:The Wall | BURCHETT LONNIE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | BURCHETT TIMOTHY GORDON: +0:The Wall | BURCHFIELD JIMMY FRED: +0:The Wall | BURCHFIELD JOE STUART: +0:The Wall | BURCHWELL ASHLAND FREDERI: +0:The Wall | BURCIAGA ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BURCIAGA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURCK WILFRIED: +0:The Wall | BURD DOUGLAS GLENN: +0:The Wall | BURD GEORGE JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURD HARMON CHARLES: 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| BURKHARDT THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | BURKHARDT WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURKHART EUGENE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURKHART MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURKHART RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURKHART WALTER GUY: +0:The Wall | BURKHART WILLARD HARLEY: +0:The Wall | BURKHEAD DANNY DALE: +0:The Wall | BURKHEAD JERRY CLARK: +0:The Wall | BURKHEART GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BURKHOLDER LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | BURKS GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURKS HARMON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURKS JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | BURKS LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | BURKS VIRGIL JR: +0:The Wall | BURLESON CLARENCE PAUL: +0:The Wall | BURLESON GARNEY JR: +0:The Wall | BURLESON JOHN ALLAN: +0:The Wall | BURLESON MICHAEL FINNIE: +0:The Wall | BURLEY CLARENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURLILE THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURLINGAME STEPHEN FRANK: +0:The Wall | BURLINGAME WYNNE LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BURLINGHAM ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | BURLOCK KENNETH GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | BURNAM STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURNELL SAM JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | BURNES ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURNETT CHARLES C JR: +0:The Wall | BURNETT CURTERS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BURNETT DAVID LEIGH: +0:The Wall | BURNETT DONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BURNETT DOUGLAS MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BURNETT EDWARD DENZEL: +0:The Wall | BURNETT GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | BURNETT JAMES SANDFORD JR: +0:The Wall | BURNETT JOSEPH DARRYL: +0:The Wall | BURNETT KENNETH MAURICE: +0:The Wall | BURNETT PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURNETT RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURNETT SHELDON JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURNETT WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | BURNETT WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURNETTE ARCHIE JR: +0:The Wall | BURNETTE FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BURNETTE GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | BURNETTE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURNETTE MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURNEY CHARLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | BURNEY DAVID FRANK: +0:The Wall | BURNEY ELMO JR: +0:The Wall | BURNEY JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | BURNEY MARVIN: +0:The Wall | BURNEY NILES: +0:The Wall | BURNHAM DONALD DAWSON: +0:The Wall | BURNHAM JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BURNHAM MASON IRWIN: +0:The Wall | BURNHAM NEIL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURNHAM RICHARD FLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | BURNHAM ROGER CLARK: +0:The Wall | BURNITE BARRY TYSON: +0:The Wall | BURNLEY DILLARD REED: +0:The Wall | BURNLEY EARL ROSEMOND JR: +0:The Wall | BURNLEY JOHN MOORE: +0:The Wall | BURNOR LEE ERVIN: +0:The Wall | BURNS BENNY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BURNS BERNARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS CHARLES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | BURNS CHARLES STUART III: +0:The Wall | BURNS DARRELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURNS DEAN HARRY: +0:The Wall | BURNS DEWEY RAY JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS EARL KENNETH JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS ERNEST DOOM: +0:The Wall | BURNS ERVIN L: +0:The Wall | BURNS FREDERICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURNS GERALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BURNS HOWARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | BURNS HOWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BURNS HOWELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES LYNN: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | BURNS JAMES T: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN D JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BURNS JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BURNS JUNIOR R: +0:The Wall | BURNS KEN DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | BURNS LEONARD WESLEY: +0:The Wall | BURNS LUTHER: +0:The Wall | BURNS MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURNS MARVIN MELTON: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURNS MICHEAL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURNS MORRIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BURNS RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BURNS ROCKY AUGUST: +0:The Wall | BURNS RONDAL LEE: +0:The Wall | BURNS STEVEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | BURNS THOMAS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | BURNS VICTOR LEE: +0:The Wall | BURNS WALTER: +0:The Wall | BURNS WENDELL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | BURNS WILLIAM CARL JR: +0:The Wall | BURNSED RANDELL HEATHE: +0:The Wall | BURNSIDE DERRILL LEE: +0:The Wall | BURNSIDE DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BURNSIDE DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUROFF LANNY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BURR DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | BURR GEORGE WALLACE: +0:The Wall | BURR ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | BURR STEWART SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | BURRAGE WAYNE R: +0:The Wall | BURRELL CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | BURRELL GEORGE HARRY: +0:The Wall | BURRELL PHILIP EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURRELL ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BURRELL ROBERT LANSING: +0:The Wall | BURRI MIGUEL RAMON: +0:The Wall | BURRIER PAUL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURRIS BERNES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURRIS DONALD DEANE JR: +0:The Wall | BURRIS FRANKLIN IVAN JR: +0:The Wall | BURRIS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | BURRIS JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BURRIS JOSEPH SAMUEL III: +0:The Wall | BURRIS LEONARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BURRIS REGINALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURRIS ROY NEIL: +0:The Wall | BURRIS VICTOR ANTONIEO: +0:The Wall | BURRISS JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BURROLA SAMMY JR: +0:The Wall | BURROUGH JESSE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS EMANUEL FERO: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS JUDGE JR: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS ROBERT NELSON: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS TED WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS ULYSSES G: +0:The Wall | BURROUGHS WALTER L: +0:The Wall | BURROW LEONARD: +0:The Wall | BURROWS MARVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BURROWS ROBERTS PATON: +0:The Wall | BURROWS ROGER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURRUANO SAMUEL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | BURSAW CLARENCE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | BURSE TYRONE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | BURSIS JOSEPH THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | BURSON DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BURT GLEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | BURT JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BURT MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BURT WILLIAM ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BURTNESS ALAN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BURTON BERT ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BURTON CECIL W: +0:The Wall | BURTON CHRISTOPHER LEONAR: +0:The Wall | BURTON DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BURTON DONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BURTON ERNEST: +0:The Wall | BURTON FRANK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURTON FRED DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | BURTON HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | BURTON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | BURTON HARRY PAYNE: +0:The Wall | BURTON HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | BURTON HORACE LEE: +0:The Wall | BURTON JACK EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BURTON JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BURTON JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BURTON JAMES BILLY: +0:The Wall | BURTON JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BURTON JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | BURTON JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURTON JOHNNY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BURTON JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | BURTON LUTHER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BURTON ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BURTON SAMUEL NURRELL: +0:The Wall | BURTON STEPHEN E: +0:The Wall | BURTON STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | BURTON THEODORE HUGHES: +0:The Wall | BURTON THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | BURTON THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | BURTON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | BURTON WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | BURWELL LANGDON GATES: +0:The Wall | BURZAWA JOHN ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | BUSBY CHARLES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | BUSBY MONTE REX: +0:The Wall | BUSBY RICHARD CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | BUSBY RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUSBY SAM WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUSBY STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSBY WILLIAM LEON: +0:The Wall | BUSBY WILLIAM RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BUSCEMI ANTHONY PETER: +0:The Wall | BUSCH ELWIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | BUSCH ERIC PETER: +0:The Wall | BUSCH JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSCH JON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUSCH THOMAS LEOPOLD III: +0:The Wall | BUSCHKE JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BUSCHLEITER WALTER DENNIS: +0:The Wall | BUSCHMANN JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUSEN JAMES LOA: +0:The Wall | BUSENLEHNER RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUSH CECIL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | BUSH EDWARD L: +0:The Wall | BUSH ELBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUSH FRANK KENNETH: +0:The Wall | BUSH GILBERT BYRON: +0:The Wall | BUSH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSH JAMES HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BUSH JAMES: +0:The Wall | BUSH JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | BUSH JOSEPH KERR JR: +0:The Wall | BUSH LEE RANDALL: +0:The Wall | BUSH MARK JOEL: +0:The Wall | BUSH MILTON JACKSON: +0:The Wall | BUSH NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BUSH OTIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSH PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUSH PEARL: +0:The Wall | BUSH ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSH ROBERT IRA: +0:The Wall | BUSH STEVEN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | BUSH THOMAS BURKE: +0:The Wall | BUSH THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUSHARD WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUSHAY BYRON HALEY: +0:The Wall | BUSHEY FRANK HARRY: +0:The Wall | BUSHEY PETER B: +0:The Wall | BUSHEY WILLIAM TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | BUSHNELL BRIAN LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSHONG DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUSICK LARRY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BUSINDA CHARLES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BUSKEY ORRIE JULIUS: +0:The Wall | BUSS ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSS RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | BUSSE DANIEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | BUSSE DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | BUSSELMAN DUANE LORENZ: +0:The Wall | BUSSEY JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | BUSSEY MARVIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE GILBERTO: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE MICHAEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE PAUL: +0:The Wall | BUSTAMANTE STANLEY R JR: +0:The Wall | BUSTLE MACK C JR: +0:The Wall | BUSTOS CANDELARIO PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BUSTOS GREGORIO C: +0:The Wall | BUSTOS MIKE GARCIA: +0:The Wall | BUSUTTIL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUSWELL ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER DAVID AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER DAVIS CARROLL: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER DEWEY FRANK: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER GALE W JR: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER LARRY R: +0:The Wall | BUTCHER REUBEN: +0:The Wall | BUTE DONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUTGEREIT LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | BUTKUS ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ALBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ALLEN LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER BENNY LEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER CHARLES GILMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER CHARLES KING: +0:The Wall | BUTLER CHARLES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DEWEY RENEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER DOYLE LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER EARLIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER EDWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ELMO LARRY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER FRED III: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GERALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GORDON: +0:The Wall | BUTLER GREGORY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUTLER HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BUTLER HENRY: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JAMES CLIFFORD JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JIMMIE JOE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JOHNNIE ELMER: +0:The Wall | BUTLER JOSEPH MILTON: +0:The Wall | BUTLER KENNETH ALLAN JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER KENNETH DORAN: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LAWRENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LINNELL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER LIONEL SR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER MERLE FLOYD II: +0:The Wall | BUTLER PETER MARK: +0:The Wall | BUTLER RANDOLPH TODD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | BUTLER RUSSEL E: +0:The Wall | BUTLER STEVEN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUTLER TERRENCE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | BUTLER THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER THOMAS LYNN: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WILBERT RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WILLIAM GRANT JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WILLIAM SANFORD JR: +0:The Wall | BUTLER WINSTON JR: +0:The Wall | BUTOROVIC STEVE: +0:The Wall | BUTSKO ALBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUTT GARY: +0:The Wall | BUTT HERBERT HAMBLY JR: +0:The Wall | BUTT RICHARD LEIGH: +0:The Wall | BUTTENBAUM GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUTTERFIELD CALVIN FRANKL: +0:The Wall | BUTTERFIELD DOUGLAS HOLMAN: +0:The Wall | BUTTERFIELD MARVIN JEAN: +0:The Wall | BUTTERFIELD ROBERT A: +0:The Wall | BUTTERWORTH DONALD H: +0:The Wall | BUTTON DONALD B: +0:The Wall | BUTTON HOWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | BUTTON MONTY DUWAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUTTRY DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BUTTRY RICHARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | BUTTS DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | BUTTS GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUTTS GEORGE LESSIE: +0:The Wall | BUTTS JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BUTTS JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | BUTTS LONNIE R: +0:The Wall | BUTTS ROY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BUTTZ HAROLD WARREN: +0:The Wall | BUTZ CLAIR BERNARD: +0:The Wall | BUTZ ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BUURSMA DAVID: +0:The Wall | BUXTON DALE RYAN: +0:The Wall | BUXTON DELOS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | BUYNOSKI LAWRENCE J III: +0:The Wall | BUYS KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | BUZA FREDERICK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | BUZZARD LARRY B: +0:The Wall | BUZZARD LLOYD LYNN: +0:The Wall | BUZZELL RICHARD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BYAM MICHAEL LEROY: +0:The Wall | BYARS EARNEST RAY: +0:The Wall | BYARS JERRY DAN: +0:The Wall | BYARS RICHARD SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BYARS STEVE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BYASSEE NORMAN KELLY: +0:The Wall | BYE ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | BYERLY JAY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | BYERS CLAYTON HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | BYERS EASLEY PHILLIP JR: +0:The Wall | BYERS JAMES NORMAN: +0:The Wall | BYERS JAMES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | BYERS JERRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | BYERS JERRY WALTER: +0:The Wall | BYERS KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BYERS MELVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYFORD GARY D: +0:The Wall | BYFORD LARRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | BYHAM DAN RAE: +0:The Wall | BYINGTON STEVEN L: +0:The Wall | BYLER STEPHEN HAWLEY: +0:The Wall | BYLINOWSKI MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | BYLON JOHN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | BYNOE MIGUEL ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | BYNUM ALANSON GARLAND: +0:The Wall | BYNUM FRANKLIN D: +0:The Wall | BYNUM NEIL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | BYOUS MARCUS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | BYRD ALTON DOYLE: +0:The Wall | BYRD ARTHUR MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | BYRD BILLIE: +0:The Wall | BYRD BOBBY JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYRD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | BYRD CLIFFORD LAMONT: +0:The Wall | BYRD DOUGLAS EVERETT: +0:The Wall | BYRD EATTERSON JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD ELMER DON: +0:The Wall | BYRD GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | BYRD GEORGE BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD GEORGE ELLIS: +0:The Wall | BYRD GUY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | BYRD HUGH MCNEIL JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES CARMEN: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BYRD JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | BYRD LONNIE VERNON: +0:The Wall | BYRD NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | BYRD NOLAN DARYL: +0:The Wall | BYRD NORMAN CECIL: +0:The Wall | BYRD RALPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BYRD RALPH: +0:The Wall | BYRD REGINALD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | BYRD VINSON: +0:The Wall | BYRD WALTER FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | BYRD WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | BYRNE CONAL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JEFFREY R: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JOSEPH HENRY: +0:The Wall | BYRNE JOSEPH LEON JR: +0:The Wall | BYRNE PAUL RANDOLPHE: +0:The Wall | BYRNE WAYNE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | BYRNES RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | BYRNES ROBERT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | BYRNES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYRNES ROBERT SCOTT: +0:The Wall | BYRNS GERALD WINSTON JR: +0:The Wall | BYRON MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | BYRUM DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | BYSTEDT DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | BYUM FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | BYUS ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | CAAMANO LEONARD OLGUIN: +0:The Wall | CABALA DUANE JACOB: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO DAVID JOE: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO GILBERTO JR: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO HENRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | CABALLERO JOSE LUIS: +0:The Wall | CABANA JOHN BISHOP JR: +0:The Wall | CABANAYAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CABANO GEORGE ANGELO JR: +0:The Wall | CABARUBIO JAMES: +0:The Wall | CABBAGESTALK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CABE DENNIS STEWART: +0:The Wall | CABE JOHNNY DWAIN: +0:The Wall | CABE PAUL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CABELL DARRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | CABLE RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CABLES GORDON LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CABNESS DERRICK CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | CABOT ANTHONY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | CABRAL ANIBAL SYLVIA JR: +0:The Wall | CABRAL JAMES ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | CABRAL JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CABRAL PAUL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CABRERA ANDY ANASTACIO: +0:The Wall | CABRERA EDWARD A: +0:The Wall | CABRERA JOAQUIN PALACIOS: +0:The Wall | CABRERA JOHN WAIKANE: +0:The Wall | CABRERA LOUIS XAVIER JR: +0:The Wall | CABRERA-RODRIGUEZ CANDIDO: +0:The Wall | CABRERA-RODRIGUEZ MARCELI: +0:The Wall | CABRINI JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CABY BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | CACCIA CARL HENRY: +0:The Wall | CACCIOLA DOMENICO: +0:The Wall | CACCIOTTOLO NEIL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CACCIUTTOLO MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CACERES ADALBERTO: +0:The Wall | CACERES EDGARDO: +0:The Wall | CACIOPPO JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CADE BRUCE WAYMAN: +0:The Wall | CADEAU ROBERT KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CADELL ERNEST WOODY JR: +0:The Wall | CADENHEAD RANDALL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CADENHEAD THEODORE L: +0:The Wall | CADIEUX THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | CADILLE FREDERICK FRANK: +0:The Wall | CADORETTE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | CADWALLADER PATRICK A: +0:The Wall | CADWELL ANTHONY BLAKE: +0:The Wall | CADY BRIAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CADY DOUGLAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CADY GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CADY MICHAEL MORRIS: +0:The Wall | CADY STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CAFFARELLI CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAFFERY HOWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CAFFEY MICHAEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CAFIERO LESTER VINCENT JR: +0:The Wall | CAFRELLI ALFRED BENNETT: +0:The Wall | CAGLE ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CAGLE RANDY GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | CAGLEY JAMES NELSON: +0:The Wall | CAGNACCI JOSEPH MARIO: +0:The Wall | CAGUIMBAL PEPITO: +0:The Wall | CAHALANE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAHALL EDWIN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CAHALL JAMES WARREN: 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JAMES: +0:The Wall | CAPUANO FRANK PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CAPUANO GEORGE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CAPUANO PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CAPUTO JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CAPUTO MICHAEL ANTHONY SR: +0:The Wall | CAPUTO MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | CAPUTO RICHARD P: +0:The Wall | CARA ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARABALLO HECTOR LUIS: +0:The Wall | CARABALLO-GARCIA MEGDELIO: +0:The Wall | CARABBA RICHARD ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | CARABEO LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CARACCILO ANTHONY J JR: +0:The Wall | CARAMELLA PAUL DOANE: +0:The Wall | CARANASIOS EVANGELOS K: +0:The Wall | CARAPEZZA RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | CARAS FRANKLIN ANGEL: +0:The Wall | CARAVELLO VINCENT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARAVETTA LARRY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARAWAY EARNEST WESLEY: +0:The Wall | CARAWAY JOHNNIE J: +0:The Wall | CARAWAY THOMAS GLENN: +0:The Wall | CARBAJAL ADRIAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARBAJAL CARLOS GUZMAN: +0:The Wall | CARBAJAL RUBEN JOSE: +0:The Wall | CARBAJAL-AZMITIA RENE: +0:The Wall | CARBAUGH WOODROW FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CARBONE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARCLAY JACK CRAIG: +0:The Wall | CARD WAYNE NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CARDEN ALBERT PARKER: +0:The Wall | CARDEN CHARLIE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS ARNOLDO J: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS JOE CANDELARIA R: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS JOSEPH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS LEROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS MANUEL II: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS PAUL H JR: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS RAMIRO: +0:The Wall | CARDENAS RUDY: +0:The Wall | CARDER DENZIL MASON JR: +0:The Wall | CARDIFF THOMAS N JR: +0:The Wall | CARDIN WILLIS GLEN: +0:The Wall | CARDINAL DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CARDINAL GARRYL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARDINAL WAYNE MEDDIE: +0:The Wall | CARDINALE JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARDINALI RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARDONA GABRIEL JR: +0:The Wall | CARDONA RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARDOSA CRECENCIO: +0:The Wall | CARDOT JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CARDWELL ERNEST DANIEL: +0:The Wall | CARDWELL HENRY WATERS: +0:The Wall | CARDWELL JAMES MELVIN: +0:The Wall | CARDWELL JOHNNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARDWELL TYREE: +0:The Wall | CARDY BRUCE LEE: +0:The Wall | CAREW FARRELL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CAREY BARTON WAINWRIGHT: +0:The Wall | CAREY BRUCE LEO: +0:The Wall | CAREY CHARLES B: +0:The Wall | CAREY DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CAREY DANIEL LESTER: +0:The Wall | CAREY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | CAREY FRANKLIN LEE: +0:The Wall | CAREY JAMES DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | CAREY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CAREY JERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CAREY JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CAREY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | CAREY JOHN LEROY: +0:The Wall | CAREY JOHN PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAREY MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CAREY ROGER GARYLEE: +0:The Wall | CAREY RONALD DUANE: +0:The Wall | CAREY THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CAREY WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARGILE CLAUDE HARMON: +0:The Wall | CARINCI JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | CARIVEAU WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARKIN HARVEY MCKEE: +0:The Wall | CARL ARTHUR JACK: +0:The Wall | CARLAN JACK MORRIS: +0:The Wall | CARLBORG ALAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | CARLE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CARLETON RONALD DEE: +0:The Wall | CARLEY MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARLEY RAYMOND MONTELL: +0:The Wall | CARLEY TIMOTHY LYNN: +0:The Wall | CARLI DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CARLIN DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARLIN JAMES COOK: +0:The Wall | CARLIN STEPHEN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CARLISI IGNATIUS: +0:The Wall | CARLISLE BILLY PAT: +0:The Wall | CARLISLE LARRY DEXTER: +0:The Wall | CARLISLE THOMAS G II: +0:The Wall | CARLO GILBERT: +0:The Wall | CARLOCK JOHN RONALD: +0:The Wall | CARLOCK RALPH LAURENCE: +0:The Wall | CARLONE JOHN JOSEPH II: +0:The Wall | CARLONI JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CARLOS STEPHEN G: +0:The Wall | CARLOUGH GEORGE GERALD: +0:The Wall | CARLOZZI ROBERT MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | CARLQUIST BRIAN FIZTGERAL: +0:The Wall | CARLS TERRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | CARLSON CARL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CARLSON DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | CARLSON DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARLSON DONALD LE ROY: +0:The Wall | CARLSON FREDERICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARLSON GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CARLSON GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARLSON JAMES BLAIN: +0:The Wall | CARLSON JAMES CLARK: +0:The Wall | CARLSON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARLSON JOHN WERNER: +0:The Wall | CARLSON PAUL VICTOR: +0:The Wall | CARLSON PETER JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARLSON RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | CARLSON RICHARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CARLSON RICHARD BUCK: +0:The Wall | CARLSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | CARLSON RICHARD THEODORE: +0:The Wall | CARLSON VERNELL DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | CARLSON WAYNE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CARLSON WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARLTON DANNY E: +0:The Wall | CARLTON DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARLTON JAMES EDMUND JR: +0:The Wall | CARLTON LAVALLE ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CARLTON RANDALL MARK: +0:The Wall | CARLUCCI ANTHONY JACK: +0:The Wall | CARLYLE ARCHIE MONROE: +0:The Wall | CARLYLE DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARMACK JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARMAN JAMES CONRAD: +0:The Wall | CARMAN ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | CARMICHAEL ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | CARMICHAEL DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARMICHAEL GERALD LANE: +0:The Wall | CARMICHAEL HENRY ELLIS JR: +0:The Wall | CARMICHAEL ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARMICHAEL SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | CARMODY JAN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CARMODY ROBERT J: +0:The Wall | CARMODY TIMOTHY LEE: +0:The Wall | CARMONA EFREN: +0:The Wall | CARMONA JESSE JR: +0:The Wall | CARMONA-MEDINA RAFAEL CEC: +0:The Wall | CARN ROBERT MARION JR: +0:The Wall | CARNAHAN STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARNEGIE THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARNELL ARCHIE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CARNELL PATRICK J: +0:The Wall | CARNELL TALMADGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARNES DONALD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | CARNETT DENNIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | CARNEVALE DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARNEY GEORGE AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | CARNEY JAMES PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | CARNEY JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CARNEY JOSHUA ELI: +0:The Wall | CARNEY ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CARNEY THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | CARNEY TYRONE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARNEY WALTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARNINE STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARNLEY RUDY AVON: +0:The Wall | CARNLINE TROY MONROE: +0:The Wall | CARNOSKE ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CAROLAN TIMOTHY JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARON BERNARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARON WAYNE MAURICE: +0:The Wall | CAROTA JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CAROTHERS CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CAROTHERS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | CAROVILLANO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER BILL DUAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER CLIFFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER CLINTON R JR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER DAVID CLYDE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER DOUGLAS JOE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER EDDIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER FRED W: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER FRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER GARY RALPH: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER GEORGE WHITNEY: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER HOWARD B: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER HOWARD R JR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER JESSE DALE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER KENNETH BRAXTON: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER KENNETH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER NICHOLAS MALLOR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER RALPH R JR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER RAMEY LEO: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER RAYMOND EARL: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER ROGER NELVIN: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER SAMUEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER SCOTT MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER WALTER ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER WILLIAM H JR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER WILLIAM JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | CARPENTER WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CARPENTIER LUCIEN GERARD: +0:The Wall | CARPER EDDIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | CARPER JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CARPER LORING WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CARR ALVIN: +0:The Wall | CARR BENNY GILLIS: +0:The Wall | CARR BERTRAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARR CLINT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | CARR DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | CARR DANNIE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CARR DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARR DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | CARR ERNEST RAY: +0:The Wall | CARR FREEMAN ABRAHAM: +0:The Wall | CARR GEORGE DARE: +0:The Wall | CARR GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARR GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | CARR GERALD REID: +0:The Wall | CARR GREGORY VERNON: +0:The Wall | CARR HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARR JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARR JAMES OTIS: +0:The Wall | CARR JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARR JOHN PARM III: +0:The Wall | CARR LEN E: +0:The Wall | CARR LON GALE: +0:The Wall | CARR MARTIN CODY: +0:The Wall | CARR MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | CARR ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | CARR ROBERT HARDY: +0:The Wall | CARR ROBERT HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CARR ROGER JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARR STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CARR WILLIAM LEE JR: +0:The Wall | CARRA ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARRANO JACKIE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CARRANZA HORACIO: +0:The Wall | CARRANZA MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CARRASCO ARTHURO: +0:The Wall | CARRASCO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | CARRASCO RALPH: +0:The Wall | CARRASQUILLO SOLTERO REINALDO: +0:The Wall | CARRASQUILLO-DENTON ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | CARRATURO FREDERICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARRELL LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | CARRICARTE LOUIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARRICO CHESTER CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | CARRICO CLYDE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARRICO DAVID AARON: +0:The Wall | CARRIER ALBERT JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | CARRIER DANIEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CARRIERE OSCAR ROLAND: +0:The Wall | CARRIKER GRADY ISIAIAH JR: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO ARNOLDO LEONEL: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO GEORGE J JR: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JOE JR: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JOSE CASTANEDA: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO JUAN: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO MELVIN: +0:The Wall | CARRILLO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARRINGTON FRED EMERY: +0:The Wall | CARRINGTON THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARRION JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | CARRIZALES DIONISIO G: +0:The Wall | CARROLA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL BAXTER COLIDGE: +0:The Wall | CARROLL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CARROLL DWIGHT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARROLL FERGUS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL FRANK JEROME: +0:The Wall | CARROLL GERALD FORD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JAMES NATHAN III: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOHN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CARROLL JOSEPH KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL KENNETH AUTRY: +0:The Wall | CARROLL KEVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARROLL LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL LARRY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MANUEL LEROY: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MAX EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARROLL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARROLL PATRICK HENRY: +0:The Wall | CARROLL PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARROLL PETER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROGER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROGER WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CARROLL ROY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CARROLL SAMUEL T JR: +0:The Wall | CARROLL THOMAS J: +0:The Wall | CARROLL TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARROLL WALTER JACKSON: +0:The Wall | CARROLL WESLEY WOMBLE III: +0:The Wall | CARROLL WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARRUTH DAVE SCOTT JR: +0:The Wall | CARRUTHERS EDWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARSON ALAN DALE: +0:The Wall | CARSON BRADLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARSON CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | CARSON CHAD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | CARSON CHARLES N JR: +0:The Wall | CARSON CLARENCE JASPER JR: +0:The Wall | CARSON DAVID RICKEY: +0:The Wall | CARSON EDWIN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | CARSON JOHN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | CARSON LAWRENCE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CARSON MERVYN MAURICE: +0:The Wall | CARSON OMER PRICE: +0:The Wall | CARSON PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARSON PAUL ROLAND: +0:The Wall | CARSON RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARSON RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | CARSON RUSSELL BERTON: +0:The Wall | CARSON TYRONE BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CARSON WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | CARSTARPHEN HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | CARSTENS GARY AMOS: +0:The Wall | CARSTENS THOMAS HENRY: +0:The Wall | CARSTENS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTAGENA-ACOSTA MOISES: +0:The Wall | CARTER ALAN GLEN: +0:The Wall | CARTER ANDERSON JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER ARDON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER BRUCE LANDON: +0:The Wall | CARTER BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARTER CHARLES IRA: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLIFFORD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLYDE ELMER JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLYDE RAY JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER CLYDE WALTER: +0:The Wall | CARTER D C: +0:The Wall | CARTER DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARTER DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | CARTER DONALD ODELL: +0:The Wall | CARTER DONALD SUMINGUIT: +0:The Wall | CARTER DUANE ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | CARTER EDWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARTER ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | CARTER ERNEST MACK: +0:The Wall | CARTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CARTER FRANKIE NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | CARTER FRED DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER FRED JOSHUA: +0:The Wall | CARTER FREDERICK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARTER GARY DON: +0:The Wall | CARTER GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARTER GEORGE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER GERALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | CARTER GILL LESTER: +0:The Wall | CARTER GLENN: +0:The Wall | CARTER GREG ROY: +0:The Wall | CARTER GREGORY: +0:The Wall | CARTER HAMP JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER HAROLD E: +0:The Wall | CARTER HARRY GIBSON: +0:The Wall | CARTER HARVEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER HUBERT CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | CARTER JACK DAVID: +0:The Wall | CARTER JACKIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES BASIL: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES DEVRIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER JERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARTER JERRY DONALD: +0:The Wall | CARTER JERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | CARTER JIMMY EARL: +0:The Wall | CARTER JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOE EDDIE: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOHN E JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER L C: +0:The Wall | CARTER LARRY REAUMAINE: +0:The Wall | CARTER LEONARD ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CARTER LEONARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTER LESLIE DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER LESLIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER LINWOOD CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER MARK JERALD: +0:The Wall | CARTER MERLE KEITH: +0:The Wall | CARTER MICHAEL BOYD: +0:The Wall | CARTER MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | CARTER MILFORD DONAVIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER NATHANIEL EARL III: +0:The Wall | CARTER OTIS: +0:The Wall | CARTER PAUL C JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER PAUL DEAN: +0:The Wall | CARTER PAUL LAMAR: +0:The Wall | CARTER RALPH DWAIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER RALPH WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | CARTER REGINALD F JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER RICHARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CARTER RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT JEROME: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT LESTER: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROBERT NEL: +0:The Wall | CARTER RODNEY BALAAM: +0:The Wall | CARTER RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CARTER ROY LYNN: +0:The Wall | CARTER SHELBY M: +0:The Wall | CARTER STANLEY ALAN: +0:The Wall | CARTER STEVE DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARTER TERREL ELBERT: +0:The Wall | CARTER TERRY ALFRED: +0:The Wall | CARTER THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARTER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CARTER THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | CARTER THURL GUY III: +0:The Wall | CARTER TIMOTHY GENE: +0:The Wall | CARTER VERNON THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTER WALLACE SPERGON: +0:The Wall | CARTER WALTER CORBIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER WENDELL LOUIL: +0:The Wall | CARTER WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARTER WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | CARTER WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CARTER ZANE AUBRY: +0:The Wall | CARTHAGE OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | CARTIER VICTOR JOHN: +0:The Wall | CARTLAND DONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CARTLEDGE ALBERT J III: +0:The Wall | CARTNEY PATRICK CYRIL: +0:The Wall | CARTONIA CARMEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | CARTRETTE HARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT BILLIE JACK: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT JOHN STANBOROU: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT MICHEAL GLENN: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT PATRICK G: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT RALPH WINDALL: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT RICHARD CORTEZ: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARTWRIGHT THOMAS CLARK: +0:The Wall | CARUOLO RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CARUSO DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CARUSO THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CARUTHERS THOMAS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CARVAJAL FRANCISCO TERONI: +0:The Wall | CARVAJAL JOSEPH CARLOS: +0:The Wall | CARVALHO GILBERT: +0:The Wall | CARVALLO CESAR EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | CARVEN RUPERT SADLER III: +0:The Wall | CARVER BILLY KAY: +0:The Wall | CARVER BOBBY DON: +0:The Wall | CARVER HAROLD LEROY: +0:The Wall | CARVER HARRY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CARVER JERRY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | CARVER JERRY LEON: +0:The Wall | CARVER RANDALL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CARVER RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | CARVILLE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CARWITHEN ALBERT MORGAN: +0:The Wall | CARY WILLIE B: +0:The Wall | CASALE JAMES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CASALETTO EDWIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASARES MANUEL: +0:The Wall | CASAREZ RAUL: +0:The Wall | CASAS BONNIE PATALINGHUNG: +0:The Wall | CASE CHARLES CECIL: +0:The Wall | CASE DANIEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CASE DAVID DUANE: +0:The Wall | CASE EDWIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | CASE GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CASE JAMES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | CASE JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CASE ORSON HOWARD: +0:The Wall | CASE ROBERT DON: +0:The Wall | CASE THOMAS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CASE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CASE THURLE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | CASEBOLT HENRY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | CASERIO CHARLES DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | CASEY DANIEL GENE: +0:The Wall | CASEY DANNY CURTIS: +0:The Wall | CASEY DANNY VANN: +0:The Wall | CASEY DAVID WARRINGTON: +0:The Wall | CASEY DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | CASEY DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CASEY EDDY RAY: +0:The Wall | CASEY FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CASEY GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASEY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CASEY JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CASEY JOHNNY DALE: +0:The Wall | CASEY LEO CARL JR: +0:The Wall | CASEY LIAM SOUEPH: +0:The Wall | CASEY MAURICE ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | CASEY MICHAEL DALE: +0:The Wall | CASEY MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CASEY PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASEY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CASEY ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CASEY THOMAS JEROME JR: +0:The Wall | CASEY THOMAS MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | CASEY TOM GAYLE: +0:The Wall | CASH BENNY DALE: +0:The Wall | CASH DAVID MANFRED: +0:The Wall | CASH JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | 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ANDREW: +0:The Wall | CHARTERS GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | CHARTIER RAYMOND ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CHARVET PAUL CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | CHASE CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CHASE CLARENCE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | CHASE CURTIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CHASE FREDDIE NICKLYS: +0:The Wall | CHASE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CHASE JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CHASE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CHASE JOHN LENWOOD: +0:The Wall | CHASE LEO CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | CHASE MARK RICHARDSON: +0:The Wall | CHASE MICHAEL LYN: +0:The Wall | CHASE OLIVER C JR: +0:The Wall | CHASE RAYMOND HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CHASE ROBERT KENDRICK: +0:The Wall | CHASE RUSSELL DAVID: +0:The Wall | CHASE TERRY A: +0:The Wall | CHASE VERNON GLENN: +0:The Wall | CHASE VICTOR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CHASE WALTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CHASIN STEPHEN C: +0:The Wall | CHASON THEODORE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CHASSER RAYMOND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CHASSION PHILIP RONALD: +0:The Wall | CHASTAIN DONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | CHASTAIN GERALD EDWARD: 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WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COLE JERRY JEROME: +0:The Wall | COLE JERRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COLE JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | COLE JOHN MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | COLE JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COLE JON: +0:The Wall | COLE LEGRANDE OGDEN JR: +0:The Wall | COLE MARVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COLE MARVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | COLE MOZIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COLE MURIL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | COLE NATHAN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | COLE PATRICK LERVILLE: +0:The Wall | COLE PHELON HERMAN: +0:The Wall | COLE RAINER LOUIS: +0:The Wall | COLE RANDALL EARL: +0:The Wall | COLE RAYMOND ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COLE RICHARD MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | COLE RICHARD WILSON: +0:The Wall | COLE ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | COLE ROBERT KENNETH: +0:The Wall | COLE ROBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | COLE ROBERT OWEN: +0:The Wall | COLE ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | COLE SAM JR: +0:The Wall | COLE THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COLE TIMOTHY JR: +0:The Wall | COLE WAYNE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COLE WILLIAM NOEL: +0:The Wall | COLE WILLIAM WINSTON: 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LENARD: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN LEO ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN LONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN LOUIS WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN LYNN BAILEY: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN OLAN DAN: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN OLIVER JR: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN PHILLIP RODNEY: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RALPH: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RICHARD CLYDE: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RICHARD FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN ROBERT LAURENCE: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN THOMAS KEITH: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN WILBERT EVANE: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | COLEMAN WYMAN BYRD: +0:The Wall | COLES ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | COLES GEORGE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | COLES HOWARD FRANKLIN JR: 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CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COLLIER CHARLEY HOLTON: +0:The Wall | COLLIER DONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | COLLIER GENE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COLLIER GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLIER GERALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COLLIER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COLLIER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COLLIER JERRY LAMAYNE: +0:The Wall | COLLIER JOHN STANFORD: +0:The Wall | COLLIER JUNIUS COLUMBUS: +0:The Wall | COLLIER LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COLLIER LAWRENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | COLLIER NOAH CHANDLER JR: +0:The Wall | COLLIER RAYMOND LYN: +0:The Wall | COLLIER STEVEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLIER TIMOTHY LYNN: +0:The Wall | COLLIER TONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COLLIER WILLIAM FLOYD: +0:The Wall | COLLIER WILLIE LESTER: +0:The Wall | COLLINA GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COLLINGSWORTH DELNO BILLY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ALBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ARLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ARLIN DARRELL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS BILLY G: +0:The Wall | COLLINS BRIAN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COLLINS BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS CLAUDE LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | COLLINS CLINT: +0:The Wall | COLLINS CLYDE CECIL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS DAVID BURR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS DAVID JIM: +0:The Wall | COLLINS DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS DONALD CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | COLLINS DOUGLAS WOODROW: +0:The Wall | COLLINS EDWARD W III: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ELTON BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ELZIE J JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS FLOYD EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS FRANCIS LEO: +0:The Wall | COLLINS FRANKLIN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COLLINS GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS GEORGE PORTEOUS: +0:The Wall | COLLINS GUY FLETCHER: +0:The Wall | COLLINS HAROLD DUANE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS HARRIS LESTER: +0:The Wall | COLLINS HORACE CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JACK LARELL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES FREW: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JAMES WILFORD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JEROME LISTON: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JONATHAN III: +0:The Wall | COLLINS JULIUS JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS LARRY ELBERT: +0:The Wall | COLLINS LARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MARK PAINE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MARSHALL BARB: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS NOBLE JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RALPH RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RAY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RICHARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ROBERT KNAPP: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ROBERT ORVILLE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RODNEY D: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RODNEY RAY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COLLINS ROSS WILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THEOTHIS: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THOMAS RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | COLLINS THOMAS TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | COLLINS TOBY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | COLLINS VERNEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WALTER MONROE: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLARD MARION: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLIAM ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | COLLINS WILLIAM ELICE JR: +0:The Wall | COLLIS GERALD ALAN: +0:The Wall | COLLISTER JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COLLOPY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COLLUM WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLLUMS BOBBY G: +0:The Wall | COLLYER DALE ELWYN: +0:The Wall | COLN RAY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COLOMBERO JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COLOMBO GARY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | COLON ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | COLON HARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COLON LUIS ANGEL: +0:The Wall | COLON-DIAZ JUAN: +0:The Wall | COLON-MOTAS ESTEBAN: +0:The Wall | COLON-PEREZ ABRAHAM LINCO: +0:The Wall | COLON-RIVERA JOSE RAMON: +0:The Wall | COLON-RODRIGUEZ GOLGUIS: +0:The Wall | COLON-SANTOS RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | COLONE RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COLONNA PHILIP GEORGE: +0:The Wall | COLOPY STEPHEN LYNN: +0:The Wall | COLORIO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COLOSANTI NORMAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COLOTTI JOSEPH LEONARD: +0:The Wall | COLQUHOUN TED D: +0:The Wall | COLSON BRUCE NORMAN: +0:The Wall | COLSON DONALD REGINALD: +0:The Wall | COLSON RONALD SANDERS: +0:The Wall | COLSTON EDWARD JEROME: +0:The Wall | COLSTON LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | COLTER KENNY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COLTMAN WILLIAM CLARE: +0:The Wall | COLTON MICHAEL NORRIS: +0:The Wall | COLUNGA GEORGE: +0:The Wall | COLVIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | COLVIN GENE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COLVIN GERALD SELAH: +0:The Wall | COLVIN PAUL SILVEY: +0:The Wall | COLVINS RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | COLWELL KEITH: +0:The Wall | COLWELL PAUL: +0:The Wall | COLWELL RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | COLWELL WILLIAM KEVIN: +0:The Wall | COLWYE JAMES LEON: +0:The Wall | COLYEAR CURTIS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | COLYER WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | COMACHO PETER FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | COMBER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COMBEST JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COMBS ALFRED HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | COMBS ALLAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COMBS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COMBS CLIFFORD DALE: +0:The Wall | COMBS DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | COMBS DENNIS ALAN: +0:The Wall | COMBS EDWARD ALTON: +0:The Wall | COMBS FARRISH: +0:The Wall | COMBS JACKIE RANDALL: +0:The Wall | COMBS JAMES MILES: +0:The Wall | COMBS JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | COMBS JOHN ASHER: +0:The Wall | COMBS JOHN BEECHLY: +0:The Wall | COMBS KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | COMBS LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | COMBS LOWELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COMBS PAUL REX: +0:The Wall | COMBS PHILLIP EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COMBS THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COMBS TYRONE: +0:The Wall | COMBS VIRGIL CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | COMEAUX JOSEPH BERNILLE: +0:The Wall | COMER HOWARD BRISBANE JR: +0:The Wall | COMER WILLIAM MARVIN JR: +0:The Wall | COMFORT RAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COMIS LARRY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | COMLY WILLIAM ALVIN: +0:The Wall | COMPA JOSEPH JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | COMPTON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | COMPTON FRANK RAY: +0:The Wall | COMPTON JOHNNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COMPTON LORN DAVID: +0:The Wall | COMPTON MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COMPTON ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COMPTON WILLIAM EDGAR III: +0:The Wall | COMSTOCK ARTHUR EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | COMSTOCK ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONANT GREGORY C: +0:The Wall | CONAWAY GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | CONAWAY LAWRENCE YERGES: +0:The Wall | CONAWAY LONDON: +0:The Wall | CONAXIS NICHOLAS S: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON FRANCIS BRYANT: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON JAMES P JR: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CONCANNON RICHARD NEIL: +0:The Wall | CONCEPCION FRANCISCO JR: +0:The Wall | CONCEPCION-CHAPMAN JIMMY: +0:The Wall | CONCEPCION-NIEVES DAVID: +0:The Wall | CONCHOLA BENITO: +0:The Wall | CONDE-FALCON FELIX M: +0:The Wall | CONDIT DOUGLAS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | CONDIT WILLIAM HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CONDON FRANK ALLOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | CONDON JAMES GREGORY III: +0:The Wall | CONDON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONDON RUSSELL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONDREAY ERVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | CONDREY GEORGE THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | CONDY LADD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CONE JOHN MILTON: +0:The Wall | CONE LEROY: +0:The Wall | CONE LLOYD ALFORD: +0:The Wall | CONE RALPH A: +0:The Wall | CONE REGINALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CONELLY MITCHELL PAULLIS: +0:The Wall | CONEY LAWRENCE NELSON: +0:The Wall | CONFER MICHAEL STEELE: +0:The Wall | CONGER JOHN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CONGIARDO THOMAS DEAN: +0:The Wall | CONGLETON ROY ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | CONKEL THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONKLE JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN JOSEPH PETER: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN RICHARD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN RONALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CONKLIN THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CONKRIGHT JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONLAN BRIAN DALY JR: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ALEX BOYD: +0:The Wall | CONLEY BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | CONLEY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | CONLEY EUGENE OGDEN: +0:The Wall | CONLEY GERALD DONALD: +0:The Wall | CONLEY GREEN: +0:The Wall | CONLEY JAMES GRADY: +0:The Wall | CONLEY LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | CONLEY MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CONLEY MONROE JASON: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | CONLEY ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | CONLEY RONALD CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | CONLEY SYLVESTER E JR: +0:The Wall | CONLEY TERRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CONLEY THEODORE R JR: +0:The Wall | CONLEY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONLIN JEFFREY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CONLIN PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONLIN RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONLON JOHN FRANCIS III: +0:The Wall | CONN DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CONN DONALD WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | CONN FRANKLIN L: +0:The Wall | CONN JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CONN RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNACHER RONNIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONNEL DAVID ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CONNELL CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CONNELL EDWIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CONNELL JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNELL JOHN ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CONNELL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNELL OSCAR ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CONNELL THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CONNELL VAUGHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY EDWARD WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY PATRICK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONNELLY SAMUEL GERALD: +0:The Wall | CONNER DAVID LELAND: +0:The Wall | CONNER DONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNER EDWIN RAY: +0:The Wall | CONNER EUGENE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONNER GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONNER IDUS JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONNER JACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONNER JEROME: +0:The Wall | CONNER JESSIE WENDELL: +0:The Wall | CONNER KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | CONNER 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CONNORS DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CONNORS FERGUS FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CONNORS JACK LEE: +0:The Wall | CONNORS PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONOLLY SIDNEY MCLEAN JR: +0:The Wall | CONOVER CHARLES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CONRAD ANDREW CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | CONRAD CARLOS WADE: +0:The Wall | CONRAD GEORGE DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | CONRAD HARRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | CONRAD JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | CONRAD MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONRAD PAUL LEWIN: +0:The Wall | CONRAD ROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONRADY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CONRARDY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONROY MICHEAL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CONROY PATRICK J: +0:The Wall | CONROY PAUL AMES JR: +0:The Wall | CONROY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CONRY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CONRY JOHN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | CONSAVAGE RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CONSOLVO JOHN WADSWORT JR: +0:The Wall | CONSTANDE DONALD: +0:The Wall | CONSTANTINE MICHAEL EUGEN: +0:The Wall | CONSTANTINI FRANK J JR: +0:The Wall | CONSTANTINO CLIFFORD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONSTIEN JOHN RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | CONTARINO DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CONTESTABILE DANIEL J: +0:The Wall | CONTI ANTHONY NOAH: +0:The Wall | CONTI ROBERT FREW: +0:The Wall | CONTINO RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS BENITO JR: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS JOHN JENARO: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS JUAN LEONARDO: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS MIGUEL ZARAGOZA: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS PABLO GUERECA: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS RICHARD AGUIRRE: +0:The Wall | CONTRERAS VALERIANO DAVID: +0:The Wall | CONTREROS ALBERT D JR: +0:The Wall | CONVERSE PHILIP HOWELL: +0:The Wall | CONVERSON TYRONE: +0:The Wall | CONVERY JOSEPH FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | CONWAY EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JAMES BENNETT: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JAMES THADDEUS: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JASPER RAY: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CONWAY JOSEPH QUINTON: +0:The Wall | CONWAY LEROY: +0:The Wall | CONWAY RAYMOND LESTER: +0:The Wall | CONWAY RAYMOND TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | CONWAY TERRY MIKEL: +0:The Wall | COODY GEORGE LA FAYETTE: +0:The Wall | COOK ALBERT ELMORE: +0:The Wall | COOK AUDREY JULIUS: +0:The Wall | COOK AUSTIN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COOK BERNARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COOK BILLY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOK CALVIN LEON: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES HERMAN: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COOK CHRISTOPHER CORWIN: +0:The Wall | COOK CLINTON ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COOK CURTIS KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | COOK DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK DAVID SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | COOK DELFIN HILARIO: +0:The Wall | COOK DELMAR FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | COOK DENNIS LYNN: +0:The Wall | COOK DENNIS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD ESTEL: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD GILBERT: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK DONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | COOK DOUGLAS ALEX: +0:The Wall | COOK DWIGHT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOK EARL LLOYD: +0:The Wall | COOK GARRY KENDELL: +0:The Wall | COOK GEORGE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | COOK GLENN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK HAROLD CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | COOK JAMES BLACK: +0:The Wall | COOK JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | COOK JAY ALAN: +0:The Wall | COOK JERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOK JIMMIE DEE: +0:The Wall | COOK JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOK JOEL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN DALE: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN I: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN W: +0:The Wall | COOK JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | COOK JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COOK KELLY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COOK KENNETH LYNN: +0:The Wall | COOK LARRY DAVIDSON: +0:The Wall | COOK LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | COOK LESTER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COOK LEWIS COLLIN: +0:The Wall | COOK MARLIN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | COOK MARVIN JR: +0:The Wall | COOK MELVIN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COOK MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOK MICHAEL FRANK: +0:The Wall | COOK MILTON: +0:The Wall | COOK NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | COOK PATRICK HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | COOK PETER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | COOK PETER BROWN JR: +0:The Wall | COOK PETER EVERETT: +0:The Wall | COOK RANDALL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | COOK RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT EMERY: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | COOK ROBERT WILKINSON: +0:The Wall | COOK ROGER JOHN: +0:The Wall | COOK RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | COOK SCOTT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | COOK THOMAS RAY JR: +0:The Wall | COOK THOMAS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | COOK TIMOTHY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | COOK WEYMAN TERRY: +0:The Wall | COOK WILLIAM DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | COOK WILLIAM HAROLD: +0:The Wall | COOK WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOK WILMER PAUL: +0:The Wall | COOK WILSON LEE: +0:The Wall | COOKE CALVIN COOLIDGE JR: +0:The Wall | COOKE CALVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOKE CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COOKE DOUGLAS RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | COOKE EDDIE BOYD JR: +0:The Wall | COOKE ERNEST FRISSELL JR: +0:The Wall | COOKE HAROLD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COOKE LARRY HOUSTON: +0:The Wall | COOKE PAUL DONALD: +0:The Wall | COOKE ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COOKE ROBERT MORRIS: +0:The Wall | COOKS MELVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COOKSON ROBERT MERLE: +0:The Wall | COOL MARK DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | COOLER SIDNEY HOMER: +0:The Wall | COOLEY DAVID LEO: +0:The Wall | COOLEY DICKEY LARUE: +0:The Wall | COOLEY HARVEY LYNN: +0:The Wall | COOLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOLEY LOUIS NEWTON JR: +0:The Wall | COOLEY MONTE RAY: +0:The Wall | COOLEY OCIE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | COOLEY ORVILLE DALE: +0:The Wall | COOLEY ROBERT KARL: +0:The Wall | COOLEY RONALD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | COOLEY SHELBY EMERSON: +0:The Wall | COOLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOLS JAMES HARVEY: +0:The Wall | COOMBS DAN L F III: +0:The Wall | COOMER RICHARD ROSS: +0:The Wall | COOMES JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | COOMES WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COON CALVIN KERMIT: +0:The Wall | COON DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COON JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COON JESSE JAMES: +0:The Wall | COON JOHN LEMOINE: +0:The Wall | COON KEITH DAVID ED WILL: +0:The Wall | COON MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | COONE GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | COONEY JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | COONEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COONEY PHILLIP BERNARD: +0:The Wall | COONEY THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COONON DANIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | COONROD ARNOLD LEE: +0:The Wall | COONROD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COONS CHESTER LEROY: +0:The Wall | COONS CLIFFORD KENT: +0:The Wall | COONS GREGORY MAC: +0:The Wall | COONS HENRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | COONS PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COONS RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COONS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | COOPER ANDREW JONES: +0:The Wall | COOPER ARCHIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER AVERY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER CALVIN EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | COOPER CARL DALTON: +0:The Wall | COOPER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOPER CURTIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER DANIEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COOPER DAVID H II: +0:The Wall | COOPER DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COOPER DONALD NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | COOPER DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | COOPER EDWARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COOPER EDWIN EARL: +0:The Wall | COOPER FAY KENNY: +0:The Wall | COOPER GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | COOPER GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOPER GEORGE GRADY: +0:The Wall | COOPER GERALD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER HERMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER HOWARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | COOPER IRA DAUNETTE: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES ENNIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES RALPH: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COOPER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOPER JEFFREY LANCE: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOE: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOHN OLIN III: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOHN RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER JOSEPH HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COOPER LEONARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER MAURICE ALAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER MICHAEL LINN: +0:The Wall | COOPER MILES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER NAPOLEN KELLY: +0:The Wall | COOPER OSCAR EDMOND: +0:The Wall | COOPER OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER RICHARD WALLER JR: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT GEAN: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROBERT WESLEY: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROCKY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COOPER ROY ELDON: +0:The Wall | COOPER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COOPER TOMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | COOPER ULYSSES CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIAM MORRIS: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIE A: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | COOPER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | COOPERWOOD JACK J III: +0:The Wall | COOREMAN RAYMOND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COOTS JACKIE: +0:The Wall | COPACK JOSEPH BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | COPAS ARDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COPE CHARLES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COPE CHARLES RICKY: +0:The Wall | COPE ROBERT JOE: +0:The Wall | COPE STANLEY SMITH JR: +0:The Wall | COPELAND ARTHUR PERRY: +0:The Wall | COPELAND DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | COPELAND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JAMES RANDALL: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | COPELAND JOE MIKEL: +0:The Wall | COPELAND LARRY ODELL: +0:The Wall | COPELAND MELVIN: +0:The Wall | COPELAND NORMAN OTTIS: +0:The Wall | COPELAND RALPH A: +0:The Wall | COPELAND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COPELAND SAMUEL CHAMPION: +0:The Wall | COPELAND WILLIAM E II: +0:The Wall | COPENHAVER GREGORY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | COPLEY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | COPLEY HENRY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | COPLEY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COPLIN SCOTT RONDAL: +0:The Wall | COPP BARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | COPP THOMAS ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | COPPAGE GEORGE HERMAN III: +0:The Wall | COPPEDGE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COPPERNOLL DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COPPLE RAMON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COPPO PATRICK BRIAN: +0:The Wall | CORBETT DONALD JUNE: +0:The Wall | CORBETT ISAAC JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORBETT LINWOOD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CORBETT MARK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CORBETT THOMAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CORBIERE AUSTIN MORRIS: +0:The Wall | CORBIN ANDREW PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | CORBIN DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CORBIN NORMAND ALFRED: +0:The Wall | CORBIN RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORBIN RUSSELL BIGBEE JR: +0:The Wall | CORBIN THOMAS BERRY: +0:The Wall | CORBIN WILLIAM JENNINGS: +0:The Wall | CORBITT DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORBITT GILLAND WALES: +0:The Wall | CORBITT WALLACE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORBO AL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN BRUCE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN EDWARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN KEVIN: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CORCORAN WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CORDEAU EDWARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CORDELL RALPH DURWARD: +0:The Wall | CORDELL TERRY DENVER: +0:The Wall | CORDER JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | CORDERO JULIAN GARZA: +0:The Wall | CORDERO WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CORDIA MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORDINER DUANE GORDON: +0:The Wall | CORDLE CHARLES LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | CORDLE DONALD CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CORDON RALPH BRENT: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA CHRIS B: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA JAMES THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA JOHN BARELAS: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA OSCAR: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA RICHARD JOE: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA RUTILIO PROFIRIO: +0:The Wall | CORDOVA SAM GARY: +0:The Wall | CORE DERRICK: +0:The Wall | CORE JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | CORES THOMAS RICHARD II: +0:The Wall | COREY GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COREY JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COREY WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | CORFIELD STAN LEROY: +0:The Wall | CORFMAN DARYL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CORK CLIFFORD MARKWOOD: +0:The Wall | CORK RAYMOND LEE JR: +0:The Wall | CORKERN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORKILL ROBERT ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | CORL FRANKLIN MATTHEW JR: +0:The Wall | CORLE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORLETT GERALD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CORLEW ROY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | CORLEY CLARENCE ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | CORLEY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORLEY JOHN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CORLEY ROBERT HAL: +0:The Wall | CORLEY THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CORMIER EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORMIER EUGENE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CORMIER FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORMIER MELVIN GLENN: +0:The Wall | CORMIER RONALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CORMIER WILLIS: +0:The Wall | CORN JACK ALVIN: +0:The Wall | CORNEJO ALFRED JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORNELISON JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CORNELIUS JOHNNIE CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | CORNELIUS MERLIN G JR: +0:The Wall | CORNELIUS SAMUEL BLACKMAR: +0:The Wall | CORNELL DONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | CORNELL EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CORNELL RICKY LYNN: +0:The Wall | CORNELL ROBERT LESLIE: +0:The Wall | CORNELL STEVEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORNETT CARLOS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORNETT CHARLES RANDELL: +0:The Wall | CORNETT DONALD C: +0:The Wall | CORNETT GREGORY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | CORNETT JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | CORNETT ROGER LARRY: +0:The Wall | CORNISH LARRY IRVING: +0:The Wall | CORNISH RUSSELL HUBARD: +0:The Wall | CORNMAN CHARLES NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CORNS BOBBY LARRY: +0:The Wall | CORNS RONALD FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL HARRY JAY: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL LEON LAWRENCE JR: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL LEROY JASON III: +0:The Wall | CORNWELL THOMAS GLENN: +0:The Wall | CORO BERNARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CORONA DOMINIC ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CORONA FRANK RODRIQUEZ: +0:The Wall | CORONA JOEL: +0:The Wall | CORONA RUDOLPH RALPH III: +0:The Wall | CORONADO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CORONIS MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | CORP JERRY MARSH: +0:The Wall | CORPUS DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORR CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CORR JOHN GEYER: +0:The Wall | CORR PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | CORRALES RICHARD MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | CORREA ANGEL MERESI: +0:The Wall | CORREA LUIS FELIPE: +0:The Wall | CORREA MICHAEL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | CORREA-MORALES FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | CORREIA DA SILVA HELDER A: +0:The Wall | CORRELL JOSEPH CLAIR: +0:The Wall | CORRELLO SCOTT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CORRIE GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CORRIE MARK LANE: +0:The Wall | CORRIGAN DANNY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORRIGAN MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CORRIVEAU GERARD: +0:The Wall | CORRIVEAU RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CORRY CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | CORSI BOBBY GLYNN: +0:The Wall | CORSINO EDDIE NELSON: +0:The Wall | CORSON RICHARD P: +0:The Wall | CORSON TERRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CORTES-CASTILLO JUAN: +0:The Wall | CORTES-ROSA RAMON: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ ALBERT ROMERO: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ ALBERTO GUTIERREZ: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ JOSE G: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ JUAN ESQUIVEL: +0:The Wall | CORTEZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CORTOR FRANCIS EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | CORWIN EDWIN HUGH: +0:The Wall | CORWIN FRANCIS HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | CORWIN JOHN JAMES II: +0:The Wall | CORWIN MICHAEL HARRY: +0:The Wall | CORYELL MICHAEL NOBLE: +0:The Wall | CORZINE BOBBY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COSBY DAVID FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | COSGRAVE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COSGRIFF PAUL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | COSGROVE CHESTER: +0:The Wall | COSGROVE COURTNEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COSOM LEVERN: +0:The Wall | COSSA WILLIAM EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | COSSEY JOHN DWANE: +0:The Wall | COSSEY RICKY FAY: +0:The Wall | COSSINS JACK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COSSON WILBUR LYNN: +0:The Wall | COSTA MARIO: +0:The Wall | COSTA ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COSTA WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | COSTANTINO RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COSTANZA KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | COSTANZO RALPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO GEORGE SIMONDS: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO JEREMIAH FREDERI: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO LAWRENCE R: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO RUSSELL RALPH: +0:The Wall | COSTELLO STEPHEN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | COSTIN CHARLES GREY: +0:The Wall | COSTLEY LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | COSTNER JOHNNY PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | COSTON RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTA ERNEST KENO: +0:The Wall | COTE DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COTE ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COTE ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | COTES MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COTHRAN CURTIS EDGAR: +0:The Wall | COTNER MORRISON AUTHER: +0:The Wall | COTNEY ELMER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COTTEN JAMES L JR: +0:The Wall | COTTEN LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COTTEN OLLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | COTTEN ROBERT BRYAN: +0:The Wall | COTTENIER ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COTTER JOHN REDMOND: +0:The Wall | COTTER KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTTER RICHARD LANE: +0:The Wall | COTTERELL JACK PATRICK: +0:The Wall | COTTERILL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COTTERMAN HARRY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | COTTET DUANE LEE: +0:The Wall | COTTIN LELAND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COTTINGHAM DUANE ROGER: +0:The Wall | COTTINGHAM JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COTTMAN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | COTTO MODESTO JR: +0:The Wall | COTTON CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COTTON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | COTTON MOSES M: +0:The Wall | COTTON THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | COTTON THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL DUANE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL JOHN NELSON: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL SIDNEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL THOMAS LEWIS: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTTRELL WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | COTTRILL GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | COUCH FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | COUCH GAYLORD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | COUCH GEORGE M: +0:The Wall | COUCH HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COUCH JACKY RAY: +0:The Wall | COUCH JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | COUCH JULIAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COUCH LESLIE CRAIG: +0:The Wall | COUCH MICHAEL ALFRED: +0:The Wall | COUCH ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COUCH ROY EVERETT: +0:The Wall | COUCH STEVEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | COUGHLIN ARTHUR RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | COUGHLIN JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | COUGHLIN PATRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | COUICK ROGER LYNN: +0:The Wall | COUILLARD BRUCE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | COUK KARL HENRY: +0:The Wall | COULOMBE FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COULON JOHN GERARD JR: +0:The Wall | COULSON THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COULT GERRY DON: +0:The Wall | COULTER DONALD CLAY: +0:The Wall | COULTER ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | COULTHART GERALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | COUNCILL ARTHUR COBY III: +0:The Wall | COUNIHAN MICHAEL BRENDAN: +0:The Wall | COUNTAWAY JOHN ALDEN JR: +0:The Wall | COURCHANE DALE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | COURSON CHARLES TRUITT: +0:The Wall | COURTEAU EDWARD GERARD: +0:The Wall | COURTEMANCHE CALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY ALLEN WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY JAMES IRA: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY JIMMY DARRELL: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY JOE RAY JR: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY RONNIE: +0:The Wall | COURTNEY TERENCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | COURTRIGHT 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LINCOLN: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON HOBART EARL: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON HOPSON: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON LAWRENCE CORNEL: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON RORY ARN: +0:The Wall | COVINGTON WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | COWAN AARON DAVIS: +0:The Wall | COWAN ALPHONSO DEDRICK: +0:The Wall | COWAN DANNY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COWAN DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COWAN HARLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | COWAN HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | COWAN JAMES ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | COWAN JOHN R: +0:The Wall | COWAN PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | COWAN ROBERT LE RHEA III: +0:The Wall | COWAN SAMUEL PAIGE JR: +0:The Wall | COWART DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COWART JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | COWDELL MELVIN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | COWDEN LESLIE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | COWDRICK HORACE W JR: +0:The Wall | COWELL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COWELL RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | COWELL ROBERT BLANCO: +0:The Wall | COWEN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | COWEN HAROLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | COWLES GARY TWYMAN: +0:The Wall | COWLEY BENNYE WARREN: 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| CRAFT JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | CRAFT JAMES: +0:The Wall | CRAFT JOSEPH RODNEY: +0:The Wall | CRAFT ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAFT TOMMY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | CRAFT WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAFTON JAMES J: +0:The Wall | CRAGAR JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | CRAGG GERALD: +0:The Wall | CRAGHEAD THOMAS JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | CRAGIN ROBERT STUART JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG BRUCE KEITH: +0:The Wall | CRAIG CHARLES OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG CLAYTON GEROME: +0:The Wall | CRAIG DAVID III: +0:The Wall | CRAIG DEAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | CRAIG DICKEY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAIG EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG GARY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CRAIG HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JAMES LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JIMMY LEON: +0:The Wall | CRAIG JOHN PHILIP: +0:The Wall | CRAIG MERLIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAIG MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | CRAIG ODELL: +0:The Wall | CRAIG PHILIP CHARLES: +0:The Wall | CRAIG REX LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG ROBERT MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | CRAIG ROGER GENE: +0:The Wall | CRAIG THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAIG THOMAS RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WAIN PERRY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WAYNE SHELBY: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLARD D: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLIAM ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLIAM HOVER JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIG WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIGE AMOS MARK: +0:The Wall | CRAIGHEAD TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | CRAIGMYLE FLOYD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRAIN CARROLL OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIN CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | CRAIN JOSEPH DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | CRAIN ROBERT VICTOR: +0:The Wall | CRAIN RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAIN TRAVIS GLEN: +0:The Wall | CRAM ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | CRAMBLET HOWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | CRAMER DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CRAMER DONALD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | CRAMER DONALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CRAMER HARRY G: +0:The Wall | CRAMER HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAMER JAMES WALLACE: 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| CRAWFORD CHARLES HUGH: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CHARLES J JR: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CHARLES MARION: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CLAUDE LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD CURTIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD DAVID WESLEY: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD DOUGLAS JAY: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD GALE VERNON: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD HAROLD JEROME: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES J: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JOHN NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD LAWRENCE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD LAWRENCE JOE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD LOWELL LAVAIN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD REMBERT JR: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD STANLEY WENDEL: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD STEPHEN EARL: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WALTER NORMAN: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WILLIAM DON: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | CRAWFORD WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | CRAWLEY LAWRENCE ERWIN: +0:The Wall | CRAWLEY ROBERT LEO: +0:The Wall | CRAWN RONALD MARCEL: +0:The Wall | CRAWSHAW STEEVE ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | CRAYNE KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRAYTHORNE ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | CREAGER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | CREAGHEAD CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | CREAL CARL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | CREAMER ALBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CREAMER CHARLES FORAK III: +0:The Wall | CREAMER FRANCIS P: +0:The Wall | CREAMER JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CREAR WILLIS CALVIN: +0:The Wall | CREASON JESS WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | CREASON RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | CREASON W K UTAH: +0:The Wall | CREASY JERRY N: +0:The Wall | CREECH BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | CREECH PHILLIP GENE: +0:The Wall | CREECH ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | CREECH WILLIAM OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | CREECY LARRY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | CREED BARTON SHELDON: +0:The Wall | CREED BERNARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | CREED EDWARD GAFFNEY: +0:The Wall | CREEK HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | CREEK THOMAS ELBERT: +0:The Wall | CREEKMORE JESSE CARL: +0:The Wall | CREEL DAVID DE WITT: +0:The Wall | CREEP GUY BARE JR: +0:The Wall | CREGON KEVIN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CREIGHTON PAUL BAREN: +0:The Wall | CRELIA BILLY DUANE: +0:The Wall | CREMER RONALD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | CRENSHAW JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | CRENSHAW JOE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | CRENSHAW OLLIE EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | CRENSHAW WILLIAM ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | CRESCENZ MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRESPIN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | CRESPO JOSE: +0:The Wall | CRESSEL TERRY WALKER: +0:The Wall | CRESSEY DENNIS CLARKE: +0:The Wall | CRESSEY JAMES DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | CRESSMAN PETER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CREVELING ZED CONNOR: +0:The Wall | CREW CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CREW JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | CREWS ARTHUR B: +0:The Wall | CREWS CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | CREWS JOHN DIVINE JR: +0:The Wall | CREWS JOHN HUNTER III: +0:The Wall | CREWS JOHN W JR: +0:The Wall | CREWS PHILIP MARVIN: +0:The Wall | CREWS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | CREWS THOMAS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | CRIBB EDWARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | CRIBB FLOYD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | CRIBBS JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | CRIBBS MARTIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | CRIBELAR MICHAEL DEAN: +0:The Wall | CRICHTON CHARLES FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | CRICHTON ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | CRICK DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | CRICKENBERGER RICHARD WAY: +0:The Wall | CRIDER JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | CRIDER RUSSELL DUANE: +0:The Wall | CRIGGER HENRY GLEAVES: +0:The Wall | CRIGGER RELL JR: +0:The Wall | CRIKELAIR JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | CRILLY DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | CRIM CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | CRIPE DENNIS WRAY: +0:The Wall | CRIPE JACK LESTER: +0:The Wall | CRIPE MERL L: +0:The Wall | CRIPE TOMMIE MAX: +0:The Wall | CRIPPS GEORGE WARREN: +0:The Wall | 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MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | D'AMBRA JOSEPH NICK: +0:The Wall | D'AMICO FRANK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | D'AMICO PHILIP ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | D'AMICO ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | D'ANGELICO JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | D'ANGELO RAYMOND ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | D'EMANUELE ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | D'ENTREMONT LARRY AIME: +0:The Wall | D'EUSTACHIO THOMAS GERARD: +0:The Wall | D'ORSAY DOUGLAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | DA COSTA JACK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DA PONTE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DAANE DOUGLAS JACK: +0:The Wall | DABBERT WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | DABBS ALAN COURTNEY: +0:The Wall | DABNEY HAROLD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DABNEY RICHARD EARL JR: +0:The Wall | DABON NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | DABONKA JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DABREU DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DACANAY FRANCISCO DE LA C: +0:The Wall | DACEY BERTRAND JAHN: +0:The Wall | DACUS FREDDIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DACUS WILLIAM FLOYD: +0:The Wall | DACY JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | DADANTE LEONARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | DADISMAN GORDON ALAN: +0:The Wall | DADISMAN MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DAFFER JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | DAFFIN GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DAFFRON JIMMY SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | DAFFRON THOMAS CARL: +0:The Wall | DAFLER DEAN BLAIN: +0:The Wall | DAGGER CARL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DAGLEY GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | DAGNON MICHAEL ERWIN: +0:The Wall | DAHILL DOUGLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DAHL ALBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DAHL JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DAHL KENNETH ALAN: +0:The Wall | DAHL LARRY GILBERT: +0:The Wall | DAHL TIMOTHY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DAHL WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | DAHLIN DAVID COURTNEY: +0:The Wall | DAHLMAN GEORGE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | DAHM RALPH ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DAHMS LARRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DAHR JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | DAIELLO VINCENT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DAIGLE BENNETT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DAIGLE BRADLEY TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DAIGLE JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DAIGLE JOSEPH DEWEY: +0:The Wall | DAIGLE LOUIS VINNIE: +0:The Wall | DAIGNEAULT JOSEPH RICHARD: 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MARK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DANIELS PAUL FREEMAN JR: +0:The Wall | DANIELS RAYMOND LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DANIELS REX MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DANIELS RICHARD CARLTON: +0:The Wall | DANIELS RICHARD GALE: +0:The Wall | DANIELS ROBERT BLAINE: +0:The Wall | DANIELS RUSSELL GLEN: +0:The Wall | DANIELS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | DANIELS THOMAS RAY: +0:The Wall | DANIELS TOMMY LEON: +0:The Wall | DANIELS WALTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DANIELS WILLIAM ALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | DANIELS WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DANIELS WILLIAM MARCUS: +0:The Wall | DANIELSON BENJAMIN FRANKL: +0:The Wall | DANIELSON CHARLES F JR: +0:The Wall | DANIELSON LEE ROGER: +0:The Wall | DANIELSON MARK GILES: +0:The Wall | DANILUCK PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DANISON JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DANKERT ROBERT SHELDON: +0:The Wall | DANKOWSKI JAMES HILLARY: +0:The Wall | DANN DAVID BRIAN: +0:The Wall | DANNA JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | DANNA SAMUEL DON: +0:The Wall | DANNEELS ROBERT HAROLD: +0:The Wall | DANNER JESSIE JAMES: 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LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DARLING LLOYD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DARLING ROBERT HARRY: +0:The Wall | DARLING ROLLAND EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | DARLING THOMAS DUANE: +0:The Wall | DARNALL DON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DARNELL DANA CORNELL: +0:The Wall | DARNELL GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DARNELL GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | DARNELL HAROLD DALE: +0:The Wall | DARNELL JIMMY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DARNELL MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DARNELL WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DARR AARON LEE: +0:The Wall | DARR CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DARRAH GARY KOYLE: +0:The Wall | DARRAH MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | DARRETT TYRONE: +0:The Wall | DARRIGAN RAYMOND MAURICE: +0:The Wall | DARRISAW CURTIS: +0:The Wall | DARROW DONNIE LEN: +0:The Wall | DART DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | DART LAWRENCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DART WALTER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DARTT PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DARTY OMER GENE: +0:The Wall | DARVILLE EDWARD R III: +0:The Wall | DARWIN JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | DASARO AGOSTINO WILLIAM: 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Wall | DEL VALLE SANCHEZ ALEJO: +0:The Wall | DELA CRUZ FREDERICO V: +0:The Wall | DELA HOUSSAYE ARTHUR J JR: +0:The Wall | DELACERDA ANTONIO H JR: +0:The Wall | DELACROIX WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | DELANEY ALBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DELANEY DONNEY: +0:The Wall | DELANEY HERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DELANEY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DELANEY JAMES PERRY: +0:The Wall | DELANEY JOHN PATRICK III: +0:The Wall | DELANEY KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | DELANEY RICHARD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DELANEY THOMAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DELANEY WARREN C: +0:The Wall | DELANGE FREDERIC R: +0:The Wall | DELANO DARWIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | DELANO HENRY HARRISON: +0:The Wall | DELANO JIMMY LYNN: +0:The Wall | DELANO MERWIN A JR: +0:The Wall | DELANO PETER FRANK: +0:The Wall | DELANO THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DELAPHIANO JOE B: +0:The Wall | DELAPLAINE DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | DELAPLANE JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DELASANDRO DENNIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DELCAMBRE TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DELEHANT THOMAS 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Wall | DICKENS DAVID RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | DICKENS DELMA ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DICKENS ELMER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DICKENS FREDDIE DALE: +0:The Wall | DICKENS JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DICKENS JAMES AARON: +0:The Wall | DICKENS ODELL: +0:The Wall | DICKENS PHIL JACKSON: +0:The Wall | DICKENS RUSSELL W: +0:The Wall | DICKENSON LLEWELLYN PAUL: +0:The Wall | DICKERHOFF TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON BERNARD W JR: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON CHARLES C JR: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON DAVID DOWNING: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON DOUGLAS R JR: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON GEORGE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON JAMES CAROL: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON JAMES EGBERT: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON JOHN GREEN III: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON OMER PAUL: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON RICCARDO BURTON: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON ROBERT BOLT III: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON STANLEY HEMAN: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON THOMAS GERALD: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON TOMMY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DICKERSON WILLIAM CLINT: 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MARK LANE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON RONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DICKSON WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DICKUS MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DICUS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DIDAMO RALPH ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | DIDASKALOU GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DIDIER JOHN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | DIDURYK MYRON: +0:The Wall | DIEBALL DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | DIECKMAN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | DIECKMANN JOHN E: +0:The Wall | DIEDERICH JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | DIEDRICH JAMES NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | DIEDRICH ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIEDRICKSEN ALAN LEE: +0:The Wall | DIEFENBACH LARRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DIEFENDERFER THOMAS EDWAR: +0:The Wall | DIEFFENBACH ROBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | DIEHL DANA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DIEHL HARRY G: +0:The Wall | DIEHL PATRICK REGAN: +0:The Wall | DIEHL ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DIEHL STANLEY GENE: +0:The Wall | DIEHL WILLIAM CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | DIEKEMA ARNOLD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DIEMLER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DIERS RICHARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | DIERYCK JAMES LEO: +0:The Wall | DIETZ DIETER WALTER: +0:The Wall | DIETZ DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DIETZ GARY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | DIETZ LAWRENCE ALFRED II: +0:The Wall | DIETZ LEWIS RAY: +0:The Wall | DIETZ WALLACE JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIETZ WOLF-DIETER: +0:The Wall | DIEU GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DIEUDONNE CARROLL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DIEZ ISAAC ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | DIFFENDERFER TERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DIGGS JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DIGGS MICHAEL RONELL: +0:The Wall | DIGGS WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DIGSBY LEROY: +0:The Wall | DIKEMAN LARRY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DIKER GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | DILALLO JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DILBECK LONNIE ADKEN: +0:The Wall | DILE STEVEN ORLANDO: +0:The Wall | DILGER HERBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | DILIBERTO KIM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DILL GARVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DILL JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DILLARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | DILLARD DONALD GARY: +0:The Wall | DILLARD HAROLD JEROME: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JAMES BRYAN: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JAMES L III: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JOHN ALBERT B JR: +0:The Wall | DILLARD JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DILLARD TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DILLARD THOMAS MANUEL: +0:The Wall | DILLENDER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DILLENSEGER BERNARD GUY J: +0:The Wall | DILLER JAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DILLETT LENO RENALDO: +0:The Wall | DILLEY DANA ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DILLINDER RANDY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DILLMAN ROGER L: +0:The Wall | DILLMAN WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DILLON DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DILLON DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | DILLON DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | DILLON DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DILLON FRANCIS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DILLON GEORGE ALFRED CHED: +0:The Wall | DILLON JACK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | DILLON JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | DILLON PATRICK MAURICE: +0:The Wall | DILLON RAYMOND LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DILLON RICHARD HALL JR: +0:The Wall | DILLON WILLIAM JERRY: 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JOE: +0:The Wall | DINGWALL JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DINKINS MICHAEL GARY: +0:The Wall | DION LAURENT NORBERT: +0:The Wall | DION THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | DIONNE DONALD THOMAS SR: +0:The Wall | DIONNE ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | DIORIO MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | DIPACE RALPH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DIPERT MARVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | DIPHILLIPO ROCCO: +0:The Wall | DIPOLO ROLAND FORREST: +0:The Wall | DIREEN KEVEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DIRICKSON MARION LEE: +0:The Wall | DIRNBERGER LAWRENCE ANDRE: +0:The Wall | DISCEPOLO ANTHONY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DISCHERT JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DISCHHAUSER DIETER HERBER: +0:The Wall | DISHEROON BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DISHMAN DOUGLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DISHMAN JERRY: +0:The Wall | DISHMAN WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DISMAYA EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | DISMUKE ALBERT ROYCE: +0:The Wall | DISMUKES RAYMOND KYLE: +0:The Wall | DISON EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | DISPENSIERO DOUGLAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DISRUD DAVID A: +0:The Wall | DISSELKOEN 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| DOBY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOBYNES JOSEPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOBYNS RUSSELL MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | DOCK RAYMOND LEE JR: +0:The Wall | DOCKERY ROOSEVELT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DOCKERY STEVE JULIUS: +0:The Wall | DOCKSTADER RANDELL L: +0:The Wall | DOCTOR GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | DODD BILLY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DODD CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | DODD DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | DODD EDDIE LEROY: +0:The Wall | DODD JAMES ERWIN: +0:The Wall | DODD JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DODD JOSEPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | DODD LAWRENCE ADDINSON: +0:The Wall | DODD LAWRENCE RUDIN: +0:The Wall | DODD RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DODD RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DODDS LARRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | DODDY VICTOR LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DODE FRED RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DODGE EDWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | DODGE GREGORY ALEXIS: +0:The Wall | DODGE JEFFREY BRUNS: +0:The Wall | DODGE JEWELL FLETCHER: +0:The Wall | DODGE MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DODGE RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DODGE WARD KENT: +0:The Wall | DODSON BILLY: +0:The Wall | DODSON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DODSON DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | DODSON ERNEST DEAN: +0:The Wall | DODSON FREDDY DEAN: +0:The Wall | DODSON JACK LEROY: +0:The Wall | DODSON JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DODSON JOHN LARRY: +0:The Wall | DODSON LEONARD: +0:The Wall | DODSON PAUL ALONZO SR: +0:The Wall | DODSON ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | DODSON SEAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | DODSON WESLEY ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | DODSON WILLIAM NEAL JR: +0:The Wall | DODSWORTH ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DOEBERT PHILLIP RAY: +0:The Wall | DOEDEN NICOLAUS AUGUST: +0:The Wall | DOELGER-LANDIVAR HERMANN: +0:The Wall | DOERING LLOYD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DOERING ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOERRMAN CHARLES ELLSWORT: +0:The Wall | DOEZEMA FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DOGGETT EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOGGETT RONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DOHERTY GUY WOODS: +0:The Wall | DOHERTY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOHERTY MARTIN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DOIG DOUGLAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOIKE JOHN TOSHIO: +0:The Wall | DOILEY ARTHUR LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | DOIRON WILFRED ALCIDE: +0:The Wall | DOKE JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DOKES CHARLES WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DOLAN DAVID PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DOLAN HASKELL JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DOLAN JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | DOLAN JIMMY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DOLAN THOMAS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DOLAN THOMAS WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | DOLAN WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | DOLBOW BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOLBY MELVIN LESTER: +0:The Wall | DOLEN JIMMIE ALAN: +0:The Wall | DOLIBER EDGAR SNOW: +0:The Wall | DOLIK PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOLIM STEVEN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOLIN DANNY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOLL JEROME NORMAN: +0:The Wall | DOLLAR EUGENE DOYCE: +0:The Wall | DOLLARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOLLENS HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | DOLOUGHTY JAMES CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | DOLVIN JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DOMAN BENJAMIN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | DOMAN HAROLD ARTHER: +0:The Wall | DOMBROSKI DARRYL TOD: +0:The Wall | DOMER GLENN WILSON: +0:The Wall | DOMIAN EDWARD THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | DOMIANO PETER PAUL: +0:The Wall | DOMINE MANUEL DE LEON: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ CARLOS: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ ERNESTO: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ FRANK L: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ JOE REINI: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ MICHAEL GENE: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | DOMINGUEZ-CORTES ELIEZER: +0:The Wall | DOMINIAK HOWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DOMINIAK MARIAN J JR: +0:The Wall | DOMINICK CHARLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DOMINIQUE GARY MARK: +0:The Wall | DOMINKOWITZ MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DOMKE PAUL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DONA BIENVENIDO GENIZA: +0:The Wall | DONAGHY EDGAR STOMS: +0:The Wall | DONAHE WARREN LEE: +0:The Wall | DONAHOE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE CHRISTOPHER C: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JAMES T JR: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE MORGAN JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE RICHARD EARLE: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE ROBERT WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DONAHUE WELLINGTON MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DONALD HARMON ODELL JR: +0:The Wall | DONALD HOWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DONALD ROBERT CYRILL: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON EVERETTE LEROY: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON HERBERT C JR: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON LAWRENCE GERARD: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON ROBERT D: +0:The Wall | DONALDSON STEVEN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | DONATHAN RICHARD PETE: +0:The Wall | DONATIELLO JERRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DONATO PAUL NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | DONAVAN TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DONAWAY ROBERT HUGHES: +0:The Wall | DONDERO ROBERT ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DONER PATRICK RALPH: +0:The Wall | DONESKI HENRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONICS WILLIAM CALDWELL: +0:The Wall | DONKER LEO MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONLAN RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONLON MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DONNAL JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DONNELL JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DONNELL LAWRENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | DONNELL PETER FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DONNELL ROBERT A II: +0:The Wall | DONNELLAN DANIEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY ALAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY JAMES VOELKEL: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY JAMES WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY JOHN JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY RAYMOND PETER: +0:The Wall | DONNELLY VERNE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DONOHO WILFORD LYNN: +0:The Wall | DONOHOE CHARLES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE FRANCIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE FRANCIS DAVID: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE RONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE STEPHEN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DONOHUE WILLIAM EDMOND: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN ARTHUR EDMUND: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN DENNIS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN JOHN DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN LEROY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN MICHAEL G III: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN MICHAEL LEO: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN PAMELA DOROTHY: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN TOMMY CLAYTON II: +0:The Wall | DONOVAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DONSTAD JAMES MARVIN: +0:The Wall | DOODY ALBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOODY DOUGLAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOODY THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY DENNIS LYNN: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY MARVIN L: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY MICHAEL BANION: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | DOOLEY ROBERT ELLIS: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE JON HILIARE: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DOOLITTLE RONALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOOM CHARLES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | DOORNBOS DON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DOOSE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DOPP GARY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | DOPP RICHARD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DORAN JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | DORAN PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DORAN SEAN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DORAN THOMAS E: +0:The Wall | DORAN TIMOTHY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DORAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DORCHAK GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DORE GARY AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | DORFMAN WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | DORIA ALDO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DORIA RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DORING LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DORIO JOHN WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DORITY RICHARD CLAIR: +0:The Wall | DORMAN CHARLES DUDLEY: +0:The Wall | DORMAN DANIEL GENE: +0:The Wall | DORMAN DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | DORMAN DONALD RALPH: +0:The Wall | DORMAN GEORGE STANTON: +0:The Wall | DORMAN MICHAEL RODNEY: +0:The Wall | DORN MICHAEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | DORN PHILIP KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DORNAK LEONARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DORNBERGH WILLIAM L JR: +0:The Wall | DORNELLAS RICHARD ALLISON: +0:The Wall | DORNER ROBERT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DORNON CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DORONZO PAUL FRANK: +0:The Wall | DOROUGH JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DORR GERALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DORR GERALD BRIAN: +0:The Wall | DORRIES CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DORRIS CLAUDE HESSON: +0:The Wall | DORRIS CURTIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DORRIS DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | DORSCH RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DORSE ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | DORSETT HARRY CLINTON: +0:The Wall | DORSETT ROY GEREAD: +0:The Wall | DORSEY CARLITO LADORES: +0:The Wall | DORSEY CECIL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | DORSEY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DORSEY EDWARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DORSEY GARDNER: +0:The Wall | DORSEY GEORGE HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | DORSEY HARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DORSEY JAMES R JR: +0:The Wall | DORSEY JAMES VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | DORSEY LEWIS R G: +0:The Wall | DORSEY ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DORSEY ROGER: +0:The Wall | DORSEY WILLIAM BANFIELD: +0:The Wall | DORSEY WILLIAM TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DORSHAK ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOSECK RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DOSS HAROLD CONWAY JR: +0:The Wall | DOSS LARRY DONNELL: +0:The Wall | DOSS LUTHER JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | DOSS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DOSS ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOSSETT JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | DOSSETT JOHN ADRIAN JR: +0:The Wall | DOSTAL THOMAS JEROME: +0:The Wall | DOSTER HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOTEN ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | DOTSON DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOTSON DONALD LUTHER: +0:The Wall | DOTSON EUGENE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | DOTSON JEFFERSON SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DOTSON MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | DOTSON MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOTSON RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOTSON WILLIAM THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | DOTTER EDWIN EARL: +0:The Wall | DOTY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOTY CLAIR DUANE: +0:The Wall | DOTY JAMES MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | DOTY LOYAL BARON: +0:The Wall | DOTY VAUGHN ORMON: +0:The Wall | DOTY WESLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DOUBERLY JAMES ODEN: +0:The Wall | DOUCET LEON NORMAND: +0:The Wall | DOUCET WILLIAM BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | DOUD NORMAN KENT: +0:The Wall | DOUGAN CHARLES GARVIN: +0:The Wall | DOUGAN MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOUGANS EMMETT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DOUGHER THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY JOHN CHRISTIAN: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY KIRBY JON: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY LON JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOUGHERTY THEODORE ALOYIS: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTIE CARL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTIE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTY JAMES ALDEN: +0:The Wall | DOUGHTY ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS CARL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS CHARLES MAC: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS CLARK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS DELBERT: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS DONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS DWIGHT SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS FRANK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS HARVEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JOHNNIE LAMAR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS LESLIE FORREST JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS PAUL MELVYN: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS THOMAS EVAN: +0:The Wall | DOUGLAS WILLIAM LOWELL JR: +0:The Wall | DOUGLASS GERALD TYLER JR: +0:The Wall | DOUILLETTE WILLIAM R JR: +0:The Wall | DOUSE JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOVE JACK PARIS SR: +0:The Wall | DOVER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DOVER JOHNNY LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOW ROBERT MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DOWD CARTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOWD FRANCIS JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DOWD JOHN ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | DOWD LAWRENCE KENT: +0:The Wall | DOWD THOMAS BROWN: +0:The Wall | DOWD THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOWD WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | DOWDELL MARVIN: +0:The Wall | DOWDELL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DOWDS ROBERT RAOUL: +0:The Wall | DOWDY JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | DOWDY MITCHEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DOWDY RUFUS JOHN: +0:The Wall | DOWDY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOWELL GARY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DOWELL GILBERT: +0:The Wall | DOWJOTAS GERALD JAY: +0:The Wall | DOWLING CLIFFORD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DOWLING FRANCIS ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | DOWLING JEAN PIERRE: +0:The Wall | DOWLING JESSE WILLARD: +0:The Wall | DOWLING JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DOWLING ROBERT MOFFETT: +0:The Wall | DOWLING WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNARD CLYDE DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY CHARLES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY CLAY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY EARL GARLAND: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY EDWARD FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY EDWARD JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY GERALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY MICHAEL WAKEFIELD: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY PATRICK H: +0:The Wall | DOWNEY STEPHEN WOOD: +0:The Wall | DOWNIN RAYMOND CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOWNING DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DOWNING DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOWNING DUANE AULDON: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JAMES LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DOWNING JOSEPH HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNING LESTER EARL: +0:The Wall | DOWNING MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOWNING WILLIAM KELLY: +0:The Wall | DOWNS ARTHUR MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | DOWNS CARL LESTER: +0:The Wall | DOWNS CHARLES MILTON: +0:The Wall | DOWNS EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DOWNS EDWIN ALFAY: +0:The Wall | DOWNS JACK DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DOWNS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | DOWNS JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOWNS LLOYD J: +0:The Wall | DOWNS VERNON LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | DOWNS WILLIAM GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | DOXEY JAN DEAN: +0:The Wall | DOYE RICKY LEE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE ALBERT BARCINAS: +0:The Wall | DOYLE DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE HOWARD L: +0:The Wall | DOYLE JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DOYLE JOSEPH CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE LARRY R: +0:The Wall | DOYLE MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DOYLE MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | DOYLE MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DOYLE PATRICK LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DOYLE RAYMOND E JR: +0:The Wall | DOYLE REX WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DOYLE ROBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | DOYON PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DOZIER DEBROW: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JERALD LEON: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JOBIE CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | DOZIER JOHN TILLMAN II: +0:The Wall | DOZIER WILLIE CLAY: +0:The Wall | DRABY LEROY JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | DRAEGER WALTER FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DRAEMER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DRAGONE JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | DRAGOSAVAC DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAGOTI JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DRAHER CLIFFORD EARL: +0:The Wall | DRAIN HOWARD ELMER: +0:The Wall | DRAK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DRAKE CARL WILSON: +0:The Wall | DRAKE CLANCY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAKE DAVID LAWRENCE JR: +0:The Wall | DRAKE DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRAKE DONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DRAKE EARLE AVON: +0:The Wall | DRAKE GLENN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DRAKE JOHN DE WITT: +0:The Wall | DRAKE JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | DRAKE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRAKE MICHAEL LEON: +0:The Wall | DRAKE MICHEAL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DRAKE RICHARD GUY: +0:The Wall | DRAKE RICHARD KENNETH JR: +0:The Wall | DRAKE RODNEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAKE ROGER KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DRAKE STEVEN COLE: +0:The Wall | DRAKE TIMOTHY CALVIN: +0:The Wall | DRAKEN OTTO JAMES: +0:The Wall | DRAKES CLARENCE EARL: +0:The Wall | DRANE JOHN WILBUR: +0:The Wall | DRANE WILBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | DRAPER CLIFFORD ARVIN: +0:The Wall | DRAPER MARION LEON: +0:The Wall | DRAPER MARK GREGORY: +0:The Wall | DRAPER ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | DRAPER WILFRED: +0:The Wall | DRAPER WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DRAPER WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DRAPP ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRAUGHN THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DRAUGHON ISAAC RAY: +0:The Wall | DRAUT CHARLES BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | DRAVES LARRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DRAVIS JAMES STEVENS JR: +0:The Wall | DRAWDY RYLAND WHITNEY: +0:The Wall | DRAY DONALD BARRY: +0:The Wall | DRAZBA CAROL ANN ELIZABET: +0:The Wall | DRAZER THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DREA TERRANCE LEE: +0:The Wall | DREHER RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | DREIER MARK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | DRENNEN NILS ARDEN: +0:The Wall | DRESHER HARRY EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | DRESSEL KENNETH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | DRESSEN DOUGLAS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DRESSLER EMMETT L: +0:The Wall | DREW EDWARD JOSEPH II: +0:The Wall | DREW JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | DREW JOSEPH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DREW KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | DREW ROBERT DEARHART: +0:The Wall | DREW THEODORE GLENN: +0:The Wall | DREW THOMAS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DREWES RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DREWICZ ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DREWRY NOLAN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DREYER THEODORE HENRY: +0:The Wall | DRIGGERS ARTHUR M JR: +0:The Wall | DRIGGERS JERRY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | DRIGGERS VESTIE TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DRINKARD DANNY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DRINKHOUSE JOHN WATTS: +0:The Wall | DRINNON BEDFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | DRINSKI DAREN LEE: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL FRANCIS MURTAUGH: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL JOHN RAYMOND III: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DRISCOLL VICTOR MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DRISKELL LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | DRISKILL JERYL FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | DRIVER DALLAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DRIVER JOHN CECIL: +0:The Wall | DRIVERE RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRIZA STANLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DROB DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DROBENA MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | DROHOSKY EDWARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DROIGK MARTIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DROSD WALTER LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DROSZCZ DANIEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DROUGHT DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | DROUHARD PETER AUGUST: +0:The Wall | DROWN DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | DROWN LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | DROWN LYLE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DROWN SAMUEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DROWN TERRY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DROZ DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | DROZDZ STANISLAW JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DRUM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DRUMMOND AUSTIN LEON: +0:The Wall | DRUMMOND EMANUEL FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DRUMMOND PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DRURY JACKY LEE: +0:The Wall | DRUSCHEL WILLIAM LENORD: +0:The Wall | DRUZINSKI KARL WALTER: +0:The Wall | DRY MELVIN SPENCE: +0:The Wall | DRYDEN MICHAEL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | DRYDEN RALPH MARION JR: +0:The Wall | DRYE JACK LEE: +0:The Wall | DRYER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DRYNAN ARTHUR W: +0:The Wall | DRYOEL DONALD L: +0:The Wall | DRYSDALE CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DU BEAU GERALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DU BOIS GREG ALAN: +0:The Wall | DU BOIS RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DU BOSE LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DU CHARM PAUL MEDORE: +0:The Wall | DU LONG FRANKLIN ROOSEVEL: +0:The Wall | DU MOND ROLAND DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DU PLESSIS RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DU PONT JAMES CAMIL: +0:The Wall | DU PONT RALPH PETER JR: +0:The Wall | DU VALL DEAN ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | DUART BILLIE D: +0:The Wall | DUARTE GERALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUARTE JOHN FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | DUARTE JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUBACH GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | DUBB DEWAIN V: +0:The Wall | DUBBELD ORIE JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | DUBBS RAYMOND ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUBE ANDRE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DUBE PETER LEE: +0:The Wall | DUBIA LAWRENCE NORMOND: +0:The Wall | DUBIEL PETER PHILIP: +0:The Wall | DUBOSE DOUGLAS SCOTT: +0:The Wall | DUBOSE FRED CLINTON III: +0:The Wall | DUCAT BRUCE CHALMERS: +0:The Wall | DUCAT PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUCE ROGER L: +0:The Wall | DUCHARME RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUCHNOWSKI JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUCK CURTIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | DUCK WILLIAM WHITBY: +0:The Wall | DUCKER RONALD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT ARLEN JACKSON JR: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT CURTIS LEE: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT JOSEPH L JR: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT LARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT RONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT THOMAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DUCKETT THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUCKWORTH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUCOMMUN RONALD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DUCOTE LONNIE JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DUDASH JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUDDY CHARLES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | DUDEK JOSEPH WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUDEK RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY BRUCE WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY CARL DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY CHARLES GLENDON: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY DONALD KIETH: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY FOREST EDD: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY HARVEY JR: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY JOHN MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | DUDLEY LAWRENCE WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | DUEL EDWARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DUELK JOSEPH DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | DUELLMAN HENRY RALPH: +0:The Wall | DUEMAN MERLE L: +0:The Wall | DUEMLING RALPH NELSON: +0:The Wall | DUENAS JOSE BAMBA: +0:The Wall | DUENAS JUAN LEON GUERRERE: +0:The Wall | DUENAS ROBERTO CERVANTES: +0:The Wall | DUENSING JAMES ALLYN: +0:The Wall | DUER THOMAS WADE: +0:The Wall | DUESSENT CHARLES PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUFAULT JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DUFAULT JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUFAULT PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUFF BARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUFF JACK CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | DUFF PHILLIP RANDALL: +0:The Wall | DUFF ROBERT DARREL: +0:The Wall | DUFFER ERIC THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUFFETT EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DUFFETT JAMES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFEY GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUFFEY JERRY NORMAN: +0:The Wall | DUFFIELD JOHN DAVID LOCKW: +0:The Wall | DUFFIN REY L: +0:The Wall | DUFFNER WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | DUFFORD PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY DANIEL BENJAMIN JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY DANIEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUFFY DONALD RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUFFY JAMES PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY JOHN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | DUFFY JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUFFY KEITH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUFFY LAWRENCE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY MICHAEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY PATRICK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUFFY THOMAS BENEDICT JR: +0:The Wall | DUFFY THOMAS KNOWLES: +0:The Wall | DUFFY VINCENT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUFRESNE WILLARD J JR: +0:The Wall | DUGAN BEN GOOLMAN: +0:The Wall | DUGAN EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUGAN JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUGAN JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DUGAN KEVIN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | DUGAN KEVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUGAN PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | DUGAN THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUGAS JOSEPH GERALD: +0:The Wall | DUGAS MICHAEL JEAN: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUGGAN WILLIAM YOUNG: +0:The Wall | DUGGER ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DUGGER DOUGLAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | DUGGER JAMES DOWEL JR: +0:The Wall | DUGNESS PETER: +0:The Wall | DUHE BYRON RANDALL: +0:The Wall | DUHY HARVEY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DUKE ALAN RAY: +0:The Wall | DUKE BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUKE DOUGLAS OVYLE: +0:The Wall | DUKE GEORGE G: +0:The Wall | DUKE LARRY WADE: +0:The Wall | DUKE THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUKEHART STEPHEN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DUKELOW CORNELIOUS P II: +0:The Wall | DUKES ARTHUR ROGER JR: +0:The Wall | DUKES GEORGE BENNIE: +0:The Wall | DUKES PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DUKES ROY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DUKES THOMAS LESTER: +0:The Wall | DULAC MALCOLM CYRIL: +0:The Wall | DULAK RAYMOND ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DULAY SALVADOR REDILLA: +0:The Wall | DULEBOHN DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | DULEN RENDLE: +0:The Wall | DULIK THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DULIN ZETTIE J C: +0:The Wall | DULL EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | DULLEY KENNETH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DULYEA BARRY H: +0:The Wall | DUMAS DAVID DONALD: +0:The Wall | DUMAS LONNIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUMAS OLIVER DEWITT: +0:The Wall | DUMAS SAMUEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | DUMAS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUMDEI CHARLES MARION: +0:The Wall | DUMIN PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUMKE ALLEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUMOND DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUMONT ROGER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUNAGAN JIMMY LYN: +0:The Wall | DUNAGAN MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | DUNAJ WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DUNAWAY GORDON HERBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNAWAY JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNAWAY ROBERT LEON JR: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ALLEN SEVARN: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR CLARENCE WILSON: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR DOYLE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ROBERT SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNBAR ROY WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ANDREW MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN BENJAMIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN BOYCE LOWRANCE JR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN EDWARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN GALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN GARY BERYL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN GLENN CHRISTIE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN HERMAN DERL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN JOSEPH WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN KURT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN LEON TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN LLOYD ALVAN: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN MITCHELL JEROME: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ONNIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN RICHARD WINERFRED: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ROGER EVANS: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN RONNIE MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN ROY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN THOMAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN TIMOTHY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN WALTER EARL JR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN WILLIAM BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN WILLIAM JAY: +0:The Wall | DUNCAN WILLIAM M: +0:The Wall | DUNDAS JERRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DUNDAS MICHAEL C: +0:The Wall | DUNDAS STEVEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUNEMAN ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUNES ALBERTO JR: +0:The Wall | DUNFORD DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DUNFORD FRANK BELLEW III: +0:The Wall | DUNGEE RUDOLPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUNGEY RIM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DUNHAM BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | DUNHAM BRUCE JOEL: +0:The Wall | DUNHAM RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUNIFER DELFERD BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | DUNIGAN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUNITHAN THOMAS LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | DUNKEL MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNKENBERGER DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DUNKIN JAMES EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | DUNKLE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP DARRELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP FRANCIS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP JERRY: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP JOHN CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP JOHN TURNER III: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP JOHN WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP LAWRENCE DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP RAYMOND EARL: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP RICHARD LANCE: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP WILBUR TURBY: +0:The Wall | DUNLAP WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DUNLOP JOHNSTON: +0:The Wall | DUNLOP THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | DUNMORE ONEAL: +0:The Wall | DUNN CARL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNN CHARLES CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | DUNN CREIGHTON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUNN DAVID HAMILTON: +0:The Wall | DUNN DONALD LEORY: +0:The Wall | DUNN DONALD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DUNN GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUNN GERALD: +0:The Wall | DUNN GREGORY LYNN: +0:The Wall | DUNN JAMES HARLOW III: +0:The Wall | DUNN JOE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | DUNN JOSEPH PATRICK: +0:The Wall | DUNN JOSEPH WESLEY: +0:The Wall | DUNN LARRY: +0:The Wall | DUNN LAURENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUNN LESSELL JR: +0:The Wall | DUNN MERL THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | DUNN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUNN MICHAEL ROY: +0:The Wall | DUNN MORRIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | DUNN RALPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DUNN RALPH GERALD: +0:The Wall | DUNN RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUNN ROBERT TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | DUNN ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DUNN TEDDY REX: +0:The Wall | DUNN WAYLAND JR: +0:The Wall | DUNNAVANT JAMES M JR: +0:The Wall | DUNNE GERARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUNNE PAUL HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DUNNEBACK MICHAEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DUNNING DENNIS GYMAN: +0:The Wall | DUNNING JR ALLAN L: +0:The Wall | DUNNING TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DUNNING WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DUNSING DENNIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUNSMORE FRANK MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | DUNSMORE LEO PAUL: +0:The Wall | DUNTON JAMES G: +0:The Wall | DUNTZ RONALD DE VERE: +0:The Wall | DUNYON DAVID PHERRAL: +0:The Wall | DUPELL ROBERT JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | DUPERE EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUPERE JOSEPH RENE: +0:The Wall | DUPERE PAUL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | DUPERRY PETER ALFRED: +0:The Wall | DUPLAGA JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DUPLECHAIN ANDRUS FLOYD: +0:The Wall | DUPLESSIE ALEXANDER WILLI: +0:The Wall | DUPLESSIS GEORGE LLOYD: +0:The Wall | DUPONT ERNEST THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUPONT KENNETH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DUPRE CHARLES VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | DUPRE LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DUPRE NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | DUPREE BENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | DUPREE BILL JAKE: +0:The Wall | DUPREE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | DUPREE WILBERT SHELBY JR: +0:The Wall | DUPREY ARTHUR RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DUPREY DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | DUPUIS CLEMENT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | DURALL ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DURAN ALFONSO MARQUEZ: +0:The Wall | DURAN AMIE JACOB: +0:The Wall | DURAN ELOY: +0:The Wall | DURAN ERNEST LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DURAN IGNACIO: +0:The Wall | DURAN JUAN CHAIRES JR: +0:The Wall | DURAN PABLO: +0:The Wall | DURAN RICHARD LOSOYA: +0:The Wall | DURAN SALVADOR GUTIERREZ: +0:The Wall | DURAN STEVE GONZALES: +0:The Wall | DURANCEAU DAVID MARIUS: +0:The Wall | DURAND DENNIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DURAND PAUL LIONEL: +0:The Wall | DURANT FORBIS PIPKIN JR: +0:The Wall | DURANT RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | DURANT WILLIE: +0:The Wall | DURBIN ROBERT VERNON: +0:The Wall | DURBIN RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DURBIN THOMAS FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | DURDEN TROY: +0:The Wall | DURELL ALGER EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | DURFLINGER ROLLAND LEON: +0:The Wall | DURHAM DAVID TERRELL: +0:The Wall | DURHAM DWIGHT MONTGOMERY: +0:The Wall | DURHAM GEORGE RAY: +0:The Wall | DURHAM HAROLD BASCOM JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JAMES CLAUDE JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | DURHAM JOHN MELVIN: +0:The Wall | DURHAM OLIVER EARL: +0:The Wall | DURHAM RHONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DURHAM SAMUEL RAY: +0:The Wall | DURHAM THOMAS WYATT: +0:The Wall | DURHAM VAN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | DURHAM WILLARD DUANE JR: +0:The Wall | DURHAM WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | DURKIN JOSEPH WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | DURLIN JOHN STEWART: +0:The Wall | DURLING JOSEPH A III: +0:The Wall | DURO IGNACIO ESCOBAR: +0:The Wall | DUROY ALLEN JACQUES: +0:The Wall | DURR BRIAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | DURR LAVALL: +0:The Wall | DURRETT THADDEUS: +0:The Wall | DURRWACHTER HERMAN K JR: +0:The Wall | DURST JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | DURST LARRY BLAINE: +0:The Wall | DURTKA GERALD WILBERT: +0:The Wall | DURYEA ARNOLD MAX: +0:The Wall | DUSART KENNETH WALTER: +0:The Wall | DUSBABEK GLENN HENRY: +0:The Wall | DUSBABEK JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DUSCH GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUSCH PARIS DALE: +0:The Wall | DUSCHEK RUDI HERMANN: +0:The Wall | DUSING CHARLES GALE: +0:The Wall | DUSSEAU ALBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUSSEAU JERRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | DUSSEAU RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | DUSZYNSKI ANDREW JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | DUTCHER JIMIE DALE: +0:The Wall | DUTCHER LEONARD EARL: +0:The Wall | DUTCHES WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | DUTHU ROY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DUTKIEWICZ ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | DUTRA ROBERT LEONARD: +0:The Wall | DUTRO RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DUTTON BERNARD F JR: +0:The Wall | DUTTON CHARLES MATHEW: +0:The Wall | DUTY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DUTY CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | DUTY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | DUTY MELVIN DAROLD: +0:The Wall | DUVAL MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DUVALL GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | DUVALL RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | DVORATCHEK THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | DWIGGINS DONALD HOMER JR: +0:The Wall | DWIGHT WILLIAM LAMAR: +0:The Wall | DWORACZYK WALLACE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | DWORNIK VALENTINE MARION: +0:The Wall | DWYER ALFRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | DWYER DALE DON: +0:The Wall | DWYER LAWRENCE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | DWYER MATTHEW MURICE JR: +0:The Wall | DWYER MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DWYER PATRICK PETER: +0:The Wall | DWYER PATRICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | DWYER ROBERT KEEFE: +0:The Wall | DWYER ROBERT MARTIN: +0:The Wall | DWYER THOMAS D: +0:The Wall | DWYER THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYBVIG NED TURNER: +0:The Wall | DYCE DONALD MYRON: +0:The Wall | DYCHES CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | DYCKS RONALD KING: +0:The Wall | DYCUS RICKEY DALE: +0:The Wall | DYCZKOWSKI ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | DYDYNSKI STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | DYE DANIEL GROVER: +0:The Wall | DYE DANIEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DYE DANNY DAVID: +0:The Wall | DYE DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | DYE EDWARD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | DYE HENRY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | DYE JAMES CLETUS: +0:The Wall | DYE JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | DYE LARRY CLAY: +0:The Wall | DYE MELVIN CARNILLS: +0:The Wall | DYE RALPH VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | DYE RONALD HARVEY: +0:The Wall | DYE TIMOTHY ELDEN: +0:The Wall | DYER ALLEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | DYER BLENN COLBY: +0:The Wall | DYER BRUCE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | DYER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | DYER DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | DYER FREDERICK LEE: +0:The Wall | DYER GLENN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | DYER HARRY GORDON: +0:The Wall | DYER IRBY III: +0:The Wall | DYER JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYER JAY CEE: +0:The Wall | DYER JEFFERY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | DYER JOSEPH FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | DYER LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | DYER MARTIN BARRY JR: +0:The Wall | DYER ORRIN LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | DYER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYER TERRY BROOKS: +0:The Wall | DYER WILLFORD LEON: +0:The Wall | DYER WILLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | DYKE CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | DYKE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | DYKE ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | DYKE STANTON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | DYKEMA ROSS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DYKES CLEVELAND E: +0:The Wall | DYKES FRANK FAYETE: +0:The Wall | DYKES LONNIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | DYKES MONTE DALE: +0:The Wall | DYKES RICHARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | DYKES ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | DYKES WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | DYMERSKI ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | DYRDAHL RAYMOND ERNEST: +0:The Wall | DYRESON DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | DYSON CHARLES E JR: +0:The Wall | DYSON LESLIE MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | DYVIG ARTHUR HARRIS JR: +0:The Wall | DZIARCAK WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | DZIEDZIC MARK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | DZIENCILOWSKI JAMES: +0:The Wall | DZIENGEL MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | DZIWISZ FRANK EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | EADDY ISHMELL: +0:The Wall | EADE RAYMOND FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | EADEN WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | EADIE GORDON PATTERSON: +0:The Wall | EADS DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | EADS JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EADS RUSSELL WADE: +0:The Wall | EADS WALTER TASMAN: +0:The Wall | EAGLESON ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EAGLIN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | EAKER DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | EAKIN HOWARD MAXWELL JR: +0:The Wall | EAKIN SHELTON LEE: +0:The Wall | EAKINS CHARLES ADRAIN: +0:The Wall | EAKINS MARION TROY: +0:The Wall | EAKINS MELVIN WARREN: +0:The Wall | EALEY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EALEY WILLIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EALUM CARREL GORUM: +0:The Wall | EALY CARL: +0:The Wall | EALY WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | EAMICK BRUCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | EANS LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | EARICK JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | EARL MICHAEL RANDALL: +0:The Wall | EARLE JOHN STILES: +0:The Wall | EARLENBAUGH DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | EARLES ARTHUR JAMES: +0:The Wall | EARLES FRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EARLEY CLARENCE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | EARLEY JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EARLEY WILEY B: +0:The Wall | EARLL DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | EARLS LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | EARLY HOWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | EARLY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EARLY WILLIAM DAIL: +0:The Wall | EARLYWINE GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EARNEST CHARLES M: +0:The Wall | EARNEST JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | EARNEST JUNIOR BARNETT: +0:The Wall | EARNEST WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | EARNESTY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EARNHARDT CLIFFORD JERRY: +0:The Wall | EARP BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EARP MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | EASLEY DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | EASLEY DENNIS BOYD: +0:The Wall | EASLEY LEONARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EASLEY ODELL: +0:The Wall | EASLEY SAMUEL HARRISON II: +0:The Wall | EASLEY TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | EASON DOUGLAS DUKE: +0:The Wall | EASON EDWIN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | EASON JOSEPH MILTON: +0:The Wall | EASON JOSHUA WAY: +0:The Wall | EAST FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | EAST JAMES BOYD JR: +0:The Wall | EAST LEON NELSON: +0:The Wall | EAST MELVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EAST VERNON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EASTER DENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | EASTERLING EARL K: +0:The Wall | EASTERN JOE BUTLER: +0:The Wall | EASTHAM MARTIN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN ALLAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN EVERETT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN JESSE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | EASTMAN THOMAS DELL: +0:The Wall | EASTON DAVID EVERETT: +0:The Wall | EASTON DAVID STEARNS: +0:The Wall | EASTON JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EASTON ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | EATMAN EARNEST JR: +0:The Wall | EATMON EDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | EATMON JAMES LARKIN: +0:The Wall | EATON BOBBY LYNN: +0:The Wall | EATON BRUCE HORACE: +0:The Wall | EATON CLIFFORD LYMAN: +0:The Wall | EATON CURTIS ABBOT: +0:The Wall | EATON DAVID LEE: 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YGNACIO: +0:The Wall | ECHEVARRIA JOSE ANIBAL JR: +0:The Wall | ECHEVARRIA RAYMOND LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | ECHOLS TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | ECKELL JOHN W: +0:The Wall | ECKENROAD RONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ECKENRODE DANIEL EDNEY: +0:The Wall | ECKENRODE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | ECKENRODE MARCUS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ECKER ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ECKER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ECKERDT CHRISTIAN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ECKERFELD MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | ECKERT HAROLD LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ECKERT RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ECKES WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | ECKHART LEON DELBERT: +0:The Wall | ECKHART RUSS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ECKL THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ECKLE STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | ECKLES JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ECKLEY WAYNE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ECKLUND ARTHUR GENE: +0:The Wall | ECKMAN KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ECKOFF DALE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | ECKSTEIN RODGER DEAN: +0:The Wall | ECKVALL RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ECONOMOUS GEORGE J JR: +0:The Wall | ECTON HARRY LEON: +0:The Wall | ECTOR JERRY: +0:The Wall | EDDEN GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EDDLEMAN ROYCE EDSEL: +0:The Wall | EDDY EDMUND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | EDDY GARRETT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EDDY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EDDY JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EDDY JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | EDDY RICHARD NELSON: +0:The Wall | EDDY THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | EDELMAN IRWIN LEON: +0:The Wall | EDELSTEIN ROY L: +0:The Wall | EDEN CHESTER WADE: +0:The Wall | EDENFIELD RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | EDENTON HIRAM EURIAS JR: +0:The Wall | EDER ROBERT OTTO: +0:The Wall | EDER WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | EDGAR ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | EDGAR TERRECE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EDGE DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EDGE JAMES HAMPTON: +0:The Wall | EDGE PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EDGEMON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EDGERLY JOHN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | EDGERTON ARTHUR DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | EDGERTON WILLIAM T JR: 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EDWARDS BILLY MARCUS: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS BOBBY BRANCE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS CHARLES M: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DANIEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DANIEL WINSLOW JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DENNETTE A III: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DONALD MAC: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS DOUGLAS GLYN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS EDWIN RAY: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS FREDDIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS FREDFOR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GARY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GEORGE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GEORGE RAY FAYFIE: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS GILBERT: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS HARRY JEROME: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS HARRY SANFORD JR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JAMES MERTON: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JERRALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS JOHN H JR: +0:The 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THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EDWARDS WILLIAM EDGAR: +0:The Wall | EDWARDSON DAVID R: +0:The Wall | EFAW ROBERT T: +0:The Wall | EFIRD FRANKLIN D ROOSEVEL: +0:The Wall | EGAN DONALD JASON JR: +0:The Wall | EGAN EDWARD THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | EGAN FRANCIS XAVIER: +0:The Wall | EGAN JAMES THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | EGAN STANLEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EGAN TIMOTHY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EGAN WILLIAM PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EGBERT DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EGGE ERIC CRAIG: +0:The Wall | EGGENBERGER WILLIAM GARY: +0:The Wall | EGGER JOHN CULBERTSON JR: +0:The Wall | EGGER WALTER JACOB: +0:The Wall | EGGERS CHARLES RONALD: +0:The Wall | EGGERT RUSSELL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EGGERT SAM: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON HARRY H: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | EGGLESTON RODNEY LEE: +0:The Wall | EGLIN CHARLES WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | EGLINSDOERFER LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EGLY SHELLY: +0:The Wall | EGOLF CARL M: 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GEDIMINAS JUST: +0:The Wall | EIGHMIE RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EILAND GRADY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | EILER LINDEN DALE JR: +0:The Wall | EILERS ANTHONY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EILERS DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | EINARSON LOWELL GREEMER: +0:The Wall | EISAMAN DALE LEON: +0:The Wall | EISCHEID THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | EISENACHER CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | EISENBEISZ ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EISENBERGER GEORGE JOE BU: +0:The Wall | EISENBRAUN DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | EISENBRAUN WILLIAM FORBES: +0:The Wall | EISENHART GUY LEE: +0:The Wall | EISENHOUR DWIGHT DAVID: +0:The Wall | EISENHOUR GLENN R: +0:The Wall | EISENHOUR JAMES DOYLE: +0:The Wall | EISENHOWER WILLIAM JACK: +0:The Wall | EISERT HAROLD BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | EISMAN JAMES FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | EISNER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EISTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EITEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | EITEL JACK ORVAL: +0:The Wall | EKART PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | EKLOFE SAMUEL ALVIN: +0:The Wall | EKLUND MARK JAMES: +0:The Wall | EKLUND PAUL HERBERT: +0:The Wall | EKSTADT JOHN MILTON: +0:The Wall | EKWELL THOMAS JANES: +0:The Wall | EL HONDAH DOVE: +0:The Wall | ELA ALAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ELAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ELAM WALTER ALAN: +0:The Wall | ELAND JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ELBEN MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ELBERT GEORGE STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ELBERT JOE A: +0:The Wall | ELBRACHT WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ELCHERT JAMES MELVIN: +0:The Wall | ELDER ALLEN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | ELDER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ELDER GRADY LEE: +0:The Wall | ELDER HOWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELDER JAMES BRYAN JR: +0:The Wall | ELDER WILLARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ELDERS ERNEST FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ELDRED ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE JAMES WILBUR: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE ROBERT BURCH: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE THOMAS FARRELL: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE WETZEL LONNIE: +0:The Wall | ELDRIDGE WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ELENBAAS JACK: 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| ESPOSITO WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ESPY JOHNNIE BEE: +0:The Wall | ESQUEDA ANTONIO ALVARADO: +0:The Wall | ESQUEDA ARTHUR DIAZ: +0:The Wall | ESQUIERDO JOHNNY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ESQUILIN-ORTIZ ERROL W: +0:The Wall | ESQUIVEL JAIME: +0:The Wall | ESSARY GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ESSARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | ESSARY MARTIN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ESSER LAWRENCE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ESSIG PHILLIP JOHN: +0:The Wall | ESSLER RONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | ESSLINGER WILLIAM BERTUS: +0:The Wall | ESSMANN ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ESTEIN DALTON MAIN: +0:The Wall | ESTELLA ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | ESTEN JOHN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | ESTEP EARL B: +0:The Wall | ESTERGREN JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | ESTERLY LAWRENCE ALAN: +0:The Wall | ESTERS CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | ESTERS FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | ESTES BRIAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ESTES DENNIS REX: +0:The Wall | ESTES DONALD CARTHEL: +0:The Wall | ESTES DOUGLAS DALE: +0:The Wall | ESTES EDWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | ESTES JERRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | ESTES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ESTES MERLE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ESTES NEDWARD CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | ESTES WALTER O: +0:The Wall | ESTEVES FERNANDO BARCINAS: +0:The Wall | ESTEVES-NEGRON ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | ESTOCIN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | ESTOK MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA ADOLFO MEDARDO: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA CARLOS ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA DAVID: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA ESTEBAN PENA: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA GUILLERMO: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA JUAN VARGAS: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA MARIO PEREDA: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA MAXIMINO: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA RANDOLPH PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | ESTRADA-COSTAS HERMAN: +0:The Wall | ESTRIDGE CURTISS: +0:The Wall | ETCHBERGER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ETHERIDGE COLIE JR: +0:The Wall | ETHERIDGE HAMPTON A III: +0:The Wall | ETHERIDGE JAMES RALPH: +0:The Wall | ETHERIDGE MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | ETHERTON STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | ETHINGTON GLENN RAY: +0:The Wall | ETSITTY VAN: +0:The Wall | ETTEL HENRY C JR: +0:The Wall | ETTER PAUL QUAMMEN: +0:The Wall | ETTZ MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EUBANK CHARLES HORTON: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS CARL MARCUS: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS DEWEY MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS GEORGE F: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS JOE WOFFORD: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | EUBANKS RAYMOND CARL JR: +0:The Wall | EUCKER FRANKLIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EUDALY F M: +0:The Wall | EUKEL DAVID DEAN: +0:The Wall | EULER MICHAEL DAN: +0:The Wall | EULITT LEONARD ELZY: +0:The Wall | EUNICE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | EUSTACE ARTHUR BARNETT JR: +0:The Wall | EUSTAQUIO JOSEPH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | EUTSLER JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | EUTSLER JOHNNY NEIL: +0:The Wall | EVANCHO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EVANGELISTA FRANK PAUL: +0:The Wall | EVANOFF ALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | EVANS ALFRED KINDELL: +0:The Wall | EVANS ALONZA: +0:The Wall | EVANS ANDREW C: +0:The Wall | EVANS BENNETT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EVANS BILLY KENNEDY JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS CECIL VAUGHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS CHARLES JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EVANS CHRIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLARENCE LOVICE: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLEVELAND JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLIFFRED MELVIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLIVE LEROY: +0:The Wall | EVANS CLYDE SAMPSON: +0:The Wall | EVANS CURTIS NEIL: +0:The Wall | EVANS DANNY LEO: +0:The Wall | EVANS DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | EVANS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD JERRY: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | EVANS DONALD WARD JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS DOUGLAS McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EVANS EDWARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | EVANS ERIC WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EVANS ERNEST: +0:The Wall | EVANS FREEMON: +0:The Wall | EVANS GARFIELD: +0:The Wall | EVANS GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GEORGE AUGUSTA: +0:The Wall | EVANS GEORGE FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | EVANS GERALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS GORDON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EVANS GREGORY JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS HAYDN: +0:The Wall | EVANS HENRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | EVANS HENRY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS HERMAN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EVANS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | EVANS JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EVANS JEFFERY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | EVANS JEFFREY ALAN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JERRY BRIAN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JERRY DEWAIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JERRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOE: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN HARPER JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN R: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHN TROY: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS JOSEPH GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LARRY EDGAR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LLOYD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LONEY JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS LONNIE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | EVANS LONNIE DALE: +0:The Wall | EVANS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EVANS MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EVANS NORMAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | EVANS PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | EVANS PAUL OLYNN: +0:The Wall | EVANS PAUL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | EVANS RAY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | EVANS RAYMOND E: +0:The Wall | EVANS RICHARD ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EVANS ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | EVANS ROBERT DILLON: +0:The Wall | EVANS RODNEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | EVANS RONALD D: +0:The Wall | EVANS RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | EVANS RUSSELL IRWIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | EVANS SAMMY GRAY: +0:The Wall | EVANS SAMUEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS C: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | EVANS VANCE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | EVANS WADDEL: +0:The Wall | EVANS WALTER C: +0:The Wall | EVANS WARD CECIL: +0:The Wall | EVANS WILLARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | EVANS WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | EVANS WILLIAM LARRY: +0:The Wall | EVELAND JOSEPH NORMAN: +0:The Wall | EVELAND MARK W: +0:The Wall | EVELAND MICKEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | EVENHUS GERALD WALLACE: +0:The Wall | EVENSON EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | EVENSON MICHAEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EVEREST ROBERT K III: +0:The Wall | EVERETT BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | EVERETT CLARENCE E: +0:The Wall | EVERETT EVERETT WHITE: +0:The Wall | EVERETT GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | EVERETT JAY LEROY: +0:The Wall | EVERETT JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | EVERETT LAUREN RAY: +0:The Wall | EVERETT LEROY: +0:The Wall | EVERETT LUCIOUS LIONEL: +0:The Wall | EVERETT MARK ROSS: +0:The Wall | EVERETT NORMAN ROY: +0:The Wall | EVERETT ROCKFORD GREY: +0:The Wall | EVERETT STANLEY OLIVER: +0:The Wall | EVERETT TONY: +0:The Wall | EVERHART WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | EVERSGERD MARLIN CHRIS: +0:The Wall | EVERSGERD NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | EVERSULL ANTHONY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EVERT BARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | EVERT LAWRENCE GERALD: +0:The Wall | EVERTS DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | EVERTS JACK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | EVILSIZER DAVID NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | EVILSIZOR RALPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | EVITT WAYNE LEE: +0:The Wall | EWALD RICHARD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | EWALD ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | EWALD WOODROW JOHNSEN JR: +0:The Wall | EWALT DONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | EWART JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | EWING ARTHUR RICHARD: +0:The Wall | EWING DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | EWING JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | EWING JERRY LEW: +0:The Wall | EWING KENNETH GENE: +0:The Wall | EWING LON BARRY: +0:The Wall | EWING MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | EWING RONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | EWING TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | EWOLDT ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | EX DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | EXNER FRED ANTONY III: +0:The Wall | EXPOSE HENRY RAY: +0:The Wall | EXUM EDMUND GARDNER JR: +0:The Wall | EXUM EZEKEIL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | EXUM NEIL HARRIS: +0:The Wall | EYER KENNETH JONES JR: +0:The Wall | EYLER ALLAN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | EYNON JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | EYRING KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | EYSTER GEORGE SENSENY JR: +0:The Wall | EZELL BURLEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | EZELL DONNIE D: +0:The Wall | EZELL WILLIAM BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | FABACHER SAZIN DALE: +0:The Wall | FABER THOMAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | FABIAN WILLIAM HILRIC: +0:The Wall | FABRIS CHRIS FRANK: +0:The Wall | FABRISI PAUL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FABRIZIO JAMES: +0:The Wall | FACCHINI STEPHEN DALE: +0:The Wall | FACCIO ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FACER RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FACKRELL CLINTON BLAIR: +0:The Wall | FACONDINI RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FACTORA DOUGLAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | FACULAK GARY J: +0:The Wall | FAEHNRICH DAVID RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | FAGE ROBERT FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | FAGERLIND MERLE KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | FAGGETT CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | FAHEY JOSEPH MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | FAHEY WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | FAHRENBRUCH RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | FAHRENHORST THOMAS KENNET: +0:The Wall | FAHRNI DALE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FAIDLEY JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FAILS EDWARD LEE JR: +0:The Wall | FAIN GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FAIN JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FAIR RONALD: +0:The Wall | FAIRBOTHAM ROBERT LAWRENC: +0:The Wall | FAIRCHILD DAVID ACEL: +0:The Wall | FAIRCHILD DENNIS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH ARTHUR CRAIG: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH ELLIS LOVINE: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH HENRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH JOHNNIE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH JULIUS CLYDE: +0:The Wall | FAIRCLOTH RICHARD DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | FAIRES ROBERT DON: +0:The Wall | FAIRFIELD DENNIS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | FAISON EARL JR: +0:The Wall | FAISON EVERSON BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | FAITH WALTER DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FAKIN ZLATKO M: +0:The Wall | FAKO JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | FALARDEAU JOSEPH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | FALATO JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FALCK CARL LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | FALCO ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | FALCON ANIBAL: +0:The Wall | FALCONBURY EARL FERN: +0:The Wall | FALCONE JOHN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | FALDERMEYER HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | FALEAFINE SISIFO: +0:The Wall | FALER ALLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | FALES PHILIPPE B: +0:The Wall | FALK DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | FALK FREDERICK JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | FALK GARY DAVID: +0:The Wall | FALK RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FALK THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FALKENAU ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FALKNER RUFUS PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | FALLER JOEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FALLON MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | FALLON PATRICK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | FALLON THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | FALLOON EDWIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FALLOWS ROBERT LANE: +0:The Wall | FALLSTICH JAMES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | FALWELL DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FAMILIARE ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | FANCHER JIMMIE ALVIN: +0:The Wall | FANELLA LAWRENCE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FANFA ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | FANIS GEORGE NICHOLAS JR: +0:The Wall | FANKBONER DANIEL ROSS: +0:The Wall | FANKHAUSER CARROLL E: +0:The Wall | FANN DANNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FANNIN BRYANT D: +0:The Wall | FANNIN CLAYTON ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FANNING EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FANNING HUGH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FANNING JOSEPH PETER: +0:The Wall | FANNING MARTIN VINCENT: +0:The Wall | FANNING MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FANNING RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | FANNING THOMAS F JR: +0:The Wall | FANNING THOMAS GARRET: +0:The Wall | FANT LAWRENCE L: +0:The Wall | FANT RUSSELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FANTE ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | FANTLE SAMUEL III: +0:The Wall | FANUA FIAPAI JR: +0:The Wall | FARAN DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FARAWELL GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FARBRO MILLARD WADE: +0:The Wall | FARDEN KENNETH ROY: +0:The Wall | FARELLI LAWRENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | FAREWELL ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FARHAT ALAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | FARINARO GUIDO: +0:The Wall | FARLEY ANDREW SIMMONS JR: +0:The Wall | FARLEY DAVID LITTLEHALE: +0:The Wall | FARLEY GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FARLEY JAMES CABELL: +0:The Wall | FARLEY JOHN HARLAND: +0:The Wall | FARLEY MARSHALL COLIN: +0:The Wall | FARLEY MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FARLEY MICHAEL MARION: +0:The Wall | FARLEY PATRICK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FARLEY ROBERT JERRY SR: +0:The Wall | FARLEY WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FARLOW CRAIG LEE: +0:The Wall | FARLOW GARY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | FARLOW RANDALL LEE: +0:The Wall | FARMER BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | FARMER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FARMER CHARLIE WILL JR: +0:The Wall | FARMER HARRY EARL: +0:The Wall | FARMER JAMES BRYON II: +0:The Wall | FARMER JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | FARMER JAMES GORDON: +0:The Wall | FARMER JOSEPH LYLE: +0:The Wall | FARMER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FARMER MICHAEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | FARMER NEIL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FARMER THOMAS HOYT: +0:The Wall | FARMER THOMAS LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FARMER WILLIAM HOKE JR: +0:The Wall | FARMER WILLIAM NIAL: +0:The Wall | FARMER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | FARNER JON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FARNHAM ALLEN STEARNS: +0:The Wall | FARNHAM ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | FARNOW JERE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FARNSWORTH JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | FARNSWORTH NEVIN O JR: +0:The Wall | FARO JAMES ELLIS: +0:The Wall | FARR DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | FARR DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | FARR JACK GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | FARRAR ERROLD RUFUS: +0:The Wall | FARRAR JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | FARRELL ALBERT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | FARRELL BRUCE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FARRELL DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FARRELL GERALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | FARRELL KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FARRELL WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FARRELL WILLIAM PETER: +0:The Wall | FARREN MARK: +0:The Wall | FARRIER GERALD WYATTE: +0:The Wall | FARRINGTON HERBERT L III: +0:The Wall | FARRINGTON ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | FARRIOR BILLY RANDY: +0:The Wall | FARRIS BLAKE WILEY JR: +0:The Wall | FARRIS DALE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FARRIS DENNIS BARRY: +0:The Wall | FARRIS DENNIS CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | FARRIS GARY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FARRIS GEORGE K: +0:The Wall | FARRIS MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | FARRIS NORMAN CARL: +0:The Wall | FARRIS WILLIAM FARRELL: +0:The Wall | FARRO STANLEY DALE: +0:The Wall | FARROW DAVID ASHBY: +0:The Wall | FARROW FRANKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | FARROW JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FARTO CARLOS ANGEL: +0:The Wall | FARVOUR WILLIAM HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FASCHING LEROY JAMES: +0:The Wall | FASNACHT DAVID ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FASSEL GARY CARL: +0:The Wall | FASSITT ERIC RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FAST ROGER THEODORE: +0:The Wall | FASTH KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | FATICA ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FAUCETT GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | FAUGHN ISSAC DAVID: +0:The Wall | FAUGHT DAVID LAWERANCE: +0:The Wall | FAUGHT FRANK EDWIN: +0:The Wall | FAUGHT WILLIAM AVENER JR: +0:The Wall | FAUL KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FAULCONER DAVID ROSS: +0:The Wall | FAULK PAUL: +0:The Wall | FAULK THEODORE ALPHONSE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER ARNOLD JOE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER CHARLES LONG: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER EARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER ELMER LEE JR: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER LARRY FREEMAN: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER MAURICE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER RICHARD J: +0:The Wall | FAULKNER TROY DAVID: +0:The Wall | FAULKS DANIEL CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | FAULKS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | FAULL CLIFFORD LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FAUSER RUSSELL JAY JR: +0:The Wall | FAUST TIMOTHY RAY: +0:The Wall | FAVATA SAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FAVERTY ALVIS RAY JR: +0:The Wall | FAVOR JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FAVOR ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FAVORS BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | FAVOURITE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | FAVROTH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FAVUZZA LOUIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FAWBUSH STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | FAWCETT DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | FAWKS ERNEST EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FAY MICHAEL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FAY PATRICK DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FAY RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FAY ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FAZZAH GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FAZZINO JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | FEAGAN MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | FEARN GUY VICTOR: +0:The Wall | FEARNO JOSEPH BARNETT: +0:The Wall | FEARS THOMAS JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | FEASTER WILLIAM NEWCOMER: +0:The Wall | FEATHERSTON CLIO C JR: +0:The Wall | FEATHERSTON FIELDING W III: +0:The Wall | FEATHERSTONE RICHARD ALLI: +0:The Wall | FEBO-BETANCOURT IVAN ROBE: +0:The Wall | FEBUS OCTAVIO: +0:The Wall | FECK DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FECTEAU GENE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FECTEAU RALPH BARNARD JR: +0:The Wall | FEDASCH PETER: +0:The Wall | FEDDEMA CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | FEDDER FRED ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | FEDELE JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FEDER LLOYD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FEDERLINE AUDLEY M JR: +0:The Wall | FEDEROWSKI ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | FEDLER BRUCE JEROME: +0:The Wall | FEDOR ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FEDOR TERRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FEDOROFF ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | FEDRO JAMES RAY SR: +0:The Wall | FEE DONALD FRED: +0:The Wall | FEE EDWARD FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | FEE PHILYAW: +0:The Wall | FEEHERY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FEELEY EUGENE JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | FEEMAN JAMES OSCAR: +0:The Wall | FEEMSTER COLINNA: +0:The Wall | FEENEY JAMES TERRANCE: +0:The Wall | FEENEY JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FEESER JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | FEEZEL HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FEEZELL DAN GUINN: +0:The Wall | FEEZER JOHN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | FEGAN ROBERT MATHEW: +0:The Wall | FEGAN RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | FEGATELLI PETER FRANK: +0:The Wall | FEGELY TERRY GRANT: +0:The Wall | FEHRENBACH THERON CARL II: +0:The Wall | FEIERABEND PETER MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | FEIGENBUTZ TERRENCE R: +0:The Wall | FEINAUER WAYNE OWEN: +0:The Wall | FEIRO RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | FEISTNER STEPHEN ELY: +0:The Wall | FEIT CHRISTIAN FRANZ III: +0:The Wall | FEKETE JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FELAND THEODORE GLEN: +0:The Wall | FELCH ARLEIGH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FELD RAYMOND GENE: +0:The Wall | FELDEN ANTHONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELDER JESSE CLARANCE: +0:The Wall | FELDHAUS JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FELDHAUS THOMAS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | FELDMANN BARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FELICIANO GILBERT: +0:The Wall | FELICIANO NOEL JESUS: +0:The Wall | FELIX-TORRES JUAN RAMON: +0:The Wall | FELKAMP RONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FELKER GREGORY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELKINS WILBURN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FELKNER DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FELL CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FELL DANIEL BOONE: +0:The Wall | FELL DAVID GLEASON: +0:The Wall | FELL EDWARD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | FELL GEORGE FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | FELLENZ CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FELLER DAVID KENT: +0:The Wall | FELLERS ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELLINGER WILLIAM G JR: +0:The Wall | FELLOWS ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FELLOWS DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FELLOWS ROBERT DAWYNE: +0:The Wall | FELLS WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | FELSHAW JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FELSHER JOHN ALFRED: +0:The Wall | FELT DAVID LEVANT: +0:The Wall | FELT RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FELTER ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FELTNER GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | FELTON GARLAND PARIS: +0:The Wall | FELTON MELVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | FELTON RUBY EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | FELTON THOMAS MOODY: +0:The Wall | FELTON WALTER: +0:The Wall | FELTS DAN OWEN: +0:The Wall | FELTS EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | FELTY JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | FELTY ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | FELTZ KEITH A: +0:The Wall | FELVER GALE HERBERT: +0:The Wall | FENCEROY LOUIS EARL: +0:The Wall | FENCEROY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FENDLEY JOEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | FENECH EMMANUEL SALVATORE: +0:The Wall | FENELEY FRANCIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | FENENGA TERRY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | FENKO STEVE BRIAN: +0:The Wall | FENN DANIEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FENN MELVIN B: +0:The Wall | FENNELL ALTON JIMMY: +0:The Wall | FENNELL ROBERT HARRY: +0:The Wall | FENNELL WALTER HENRY: +0:The Wall | FENNELL WILLIAM ERVIN: +0:The Wall | FENNER MARK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FENNER STANLEY STEWART: +0:The Wall | FENNESSEY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | FENNEWALD DANIEL FRANK: +0:The Wall | FENNEY DOUGLAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | FENNIMORE GREGORY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FENSTERMACHER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | FENTER CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | FENTON JAMES WILLIARD: +0:The Wall | FENTON ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FENTON WILLIAM CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | FENTRESS LEON AUBREY: +0:The Wall | FENUSH THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | FERA JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FERBOS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | FERDIG RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FERDIG RUSSELL NORMAN: +0:The Wall | FERENCE EDWARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | FERENCE MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON AARON FLOYD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON BENNY HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON BLAINE M: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DENNIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DEWEY LINDON: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DONALD PORTER: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON DOUGLAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON EARL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON EDWARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON GARY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JAMES DONAHUE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JAMES P: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JERRY ROGER: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON KEVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LATNEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LEROY: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LOWELL VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON LYNN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MARION FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MERL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MICHAEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON MICHAUEL DON: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON PETER CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RALPH: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RANDALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RICHARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON RONALD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON TED SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON THOMAS ALTON: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON THOMAS BERNARD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WARREN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WAYNE ARDELL: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WHITNEY T III: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM BOYD: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM GLEN JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIAM GLEN: +0:The Wall | FERGUSON WILLIE C JR: +0:The Wall | FERGUSSON ROBERT C L: +0:The Wall | FERN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FERNAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ DANIEL: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ EARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ EUGENIO E JR: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ GARY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ JORGE L: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MANUEL ANSELMO: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MANUEL FORTUNATO: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MARGARITO JR: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ MAXIMO PAULITE: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ RENE: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ REYNALDO SALINE: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ ROBERT SANCHEZ: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ SANTANA S JR: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ WILLIAM MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ XAVIER: +0:The Wall | FERNANDEZ-LESTON ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | FERNHOFF CURTISS: +0:The Wall | FERO RONALD MILLER: +0:The Wall | FEROUGE RONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | FERRA-FLORES PEDRO: +0:The Wall | FERRALEZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FERRANTE GILBERT: +0:The Wall | FERRARA MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | FERRARI ARNOLD JAY: +0:The Wall | FERRARO DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FERRAZZANO JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | FERREBEE RUSSELL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | FERRELL BILLY: +0:The Wall | FERRELL CHARLES ELTON: +0:The Wall | FERRELL CHARLES REGINALD: +0:The Wall | FERRELL HUGH JAMES: +0:The Wall | FERRELL JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | FERRELL JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | FERRELL MARK JR: +0:The Wall | FERRELL TENNIS CRISPIAN: +0:The Wall | FERRELL WALTER LARRY: +0:The Wall | FERRELL WILLIAM ALFORD: +0:The Wall | FERRELLI ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FERREN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FERRIL JOHN HENRY II: +0:The Wall | FERRIS DELMER LEE: +0:The Wall | FERRIS ROBERT CLARK: +0:The Wall | FERRO JAMES: +0:The Wall | FERRO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FERRO PHILIP ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FERRON FRANCIS RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | FERRUGGIA RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | FERRULLA ROBERT SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FERRY DANIEL SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FERRY DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | FERRY RAY LEONARD III: +0:The Wall | FERZACCA MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FESER JEFFERY EVAN: +0:The Wall | FESKEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FESPERMAN HAROLD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FESSENDEN ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | FETHEROLF JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | FETHEROLF LARRY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | FETNER HAROLD EVERETT: +0:The Wall | FETT DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | FETTER KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | FETTERMAN GLENN LEROY: +0:The Wall | FETTKETHER GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FETTUCCIA FRANK: +0:The Wall | FETTY CLARENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FETZER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | FEUCHT JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | FEW SAMUEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FEWELL CHESTER DECATUR: +0:The Wall | FEWELL JOHN PHILLIP JR: +0:The Wall | FEWELL TIMOTHY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | FEWLASS CALVIN JOE: +0:The Wall | FEY GLENN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FIALKO DAVID ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | FICARA JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FICKLER EDWIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | FICKLIN ERIC: +0:The Wall | FICKLIN EXCELL: +0:The Wall | FICKLIN GEORGE RAY: +0:The Wall | FICKLING ROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FICKUS JOHN ZANG: +0:The Wall | FIDEL HONORIO MORAN JR: +0:The Wall | FIDIAM AARON GREGORY JR: +0:The Wall | FIDUCIOSO STEPHANO JAMES: +0:The Wall | FIEBELKORN MARCUS GUY: +0:The Wall | FIECHTER JOHNNY PATTON: +0:The Wall | FIEDLER DREW: +0:The Wall | FIEDLER GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | FIEDLER JOHN JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | FIEGLE GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FIELD GARY EDGAR: +0:The Wall | FIELD JAMES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | FIELD LEON ROY: +0:The Wall | FIELD MICHAEL FINLAY: +0:The Wall | FIELDEN WAYNE SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | FIELDER CALVIN: +0:The Wall | FIELDER DONALD REED II: +0:The Wall | FIELDER JOHN LIONEL: +0:The Wall | FIELDER PAUL WESLEY: +0:The Wall | FIELDER ROBERT FLETCHER: +0:The Wall | FIELDING CRAIG PYPER: +0:The Wall | FIELDING DAVID ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FIELDING WAYNE JAMES: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ABRAHAM LINCOLN: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ANTHONY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FIELDS BOBBY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS BOBBY JENE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS CHARLIE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS CLINTON ANGELO: +0:The Wall | FIELDS DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ELMER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS FREDERICK LEE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS GARRISON DAVID: +0:The Wall | FIELDS HERMAN THURSTON: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JAMES BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JAMES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JERRY L: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JERRY: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JOHN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | FIELDS JULIAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FIELDS KELLY: +0:The Wall | FIELDS KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FIELDS LLOYD JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS LONNIE DALE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | FIELDS PETER WHITMAN: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ROBERT LOUIS III: +0:The Wall | FIELDS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FIELDS RONALD CLARK: +0:The Wall | FIELDS RONALD ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | FIELDS SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS SHERMAN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FIELDS WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | FIELDS WILLIE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | FIELLER RICHARD BURDICK: +0:The Wall | FIERRO ALEJANDRO FRANCISC: +0:The Wall | FIESLER ROBERT NATHAN: +0:The Wall | FIESTER GLEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | FIESZEL CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FIFE JAMES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | FIFFE JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FIFFE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | FIGUEREDO CARLOS: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ADAN: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ALBERT MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ANGELO: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA ANTHONY H JR: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA CABALLERO FERNANDO: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA FERNANDO: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA FRANK NUNEZ: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA JAVIER PUENTES: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA JOSE JUAN: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA JUAN JAVIER: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA MICHAEL ANGEL: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA-MELENDEZ EFRAIN: +0:The Wall | FIGUEROA-PEREZ CRISTOBAL: +0:The Wall | FIKE ARTHUR HARRY: +0:The Wall | FIKE DANIEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FIKE ROGER WESLEY: +0:The Wall | FIKE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FIKE ROSS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FIKE RUSSELL LARRY: +0:The Wall | FIKE THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | FILES ALBERT CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | FILIBERTI RUSSELL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | FILIPIAK PETER JAN: +0:The Wall | FILIPPELLI ALFRED ANDREW: +0:The Wall | FILIPPELLI JOHN MARIO: +0:The Wall | FILIPPI GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | FILIPPI JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FILKINS RONALD MARION: +0:The Wall | FILLERS DONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | FILLIATOR RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FILLINGIM THURMAN ELBY: +0:The Wall | FILLION WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | FILLMAN WALTER CHARLES SR: +0:The Wall | FILLMORE RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FILPI JOHN TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | FINA RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | FINAN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FINCH FORDHAM E JR: +0:The Wall | FINCH JOHN WEBSTER: +0:The Wall | FINCH LAMONT WILKERSON: +0:The Wall | FINCH MELVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | FINCH MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FINCH PATRICK DALE: +0:The Wall | FINCH TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | FINCHAM WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FINCHER CECIL FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | FINCHER DONALD B: +0:The Wall | FINCHER JULIAN A JR: +0:The Wall | FINCHER LARRY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | FINCHUM JACK WILLARD: +0:The Wall | FINDLAY ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | FINDLAY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | FINDLEY ROBERT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FINDLEY ROBERT GAYLORD: +0:The Wall | FINE NORMAN ELLSWORTH JR: +0:The Wall | FINERTY MICHAEL ROY: +0:The Wall | FINGER DAVID HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FINGER SANFORD IRA: +0:The Wall | FINK CHARLES K: +0:The Wall | FINK HUBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | FINK PHILIP RUSH: +0:The Wall | FINK RICHARD ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | FINK ROBERT ALTON: +0:The Wall | FINK WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | FINKE STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | FINKEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FINKEL KENNETH IAN: +0:The Wall | FINKEL WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FINLAY EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FINLEY CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FINLEY DICKIE WAINE: +0:The Wall | FINLEY GUY MARVIN: +0:The Wall | FINLEY LELAND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | FINLEY MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | FINLEY NICK ALLISON: +0:The Wall | FINLEY RAYMOND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | FINLEY VALARIAN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | FINLEY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FINN ALBERT MAURICE: +0:The Wall | FINN JAMES NORMAN: +0:The Wall | FINN MICHAEL BLAKE: +0:The Wall | FINN WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN DAVID GARTH: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FINNEGAN JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall 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GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GEORGE WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GREGORY JAMES: +0:The Wall | FISCHER GREGORY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FISCHER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | FISCHER JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | FISCHER JOSEPH DENNIS: +0:The Wall | FISCHER KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FISCHER LOUIS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | FISCHER NORMAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FISCHER RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | FISCHER ROBERT PHILIP: +0:The Wall | FISCHER ROY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | FISCHER THEODORE LAUER: +0:The Wall | FISCHER WAYNE HENRY: +0:The Wall | FISCHIO JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | FISER DIETER JAMES: +0:The Wall | FISH FRED KEITH: +0:The Wall | FISH GEORGE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | FISH GLENN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | FISH GORDON ALIDEAN: +0:The Wall | FISH JOSEPH KENNETH: +0:The Wall | FISH WILLIAM ARRON: +0:The Wall | FISHBACK WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | FISHBECK JAY JOHN: +0:The Wall | FISHENDEN ARTHUR ERIC: +0:The Wall | FISHER ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | FISHER CARL NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | 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NELSON LEPORT JR: +0:The Wall | HORDERN DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | HORGAN DUANE FRANK: +0:The Wall | HORINEK BRIAN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | HORINEK DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HORLBACK FRANCIS D: +0:The Wall | HORN ALAN MURRAY: +0:The Wall | HORN ALEC HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORN CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORN DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HORN DAYMON DONALD: +0:The Wall | HORN DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HORN DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | HORN EDWARD ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | HORN EMMETT HARVEY: +0:The Wall | HORN JACOB ANDREW: +0:The Wall | HORN JERRY VERNE: +0:The Wall | HORN JOHN ELIA: +0:The Wall | HORN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | HORN RAYMOND LEON: +0:The Wall | HORN RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | HORNADAY RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | HORNBACK RICHARD JERRY: +0:The Wall | HORNBAKER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HORNBROOK RONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | HORNBUCKLE ALTON LEE: +0:The Wall | HORNBUCKLE CLARENCE E JR: +0:The Wall | HORNBURGER WILLIE ROGERS: +0:The Wall | HORNBY DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HORNBY THOMAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | HORNE AUSTIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | HORNE KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | HORNE LAMAR: +0:The Wall | HORNE STANLEY HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORNE WAYNE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | HORNELAS ISMAEL FERNANDO: +0:The Wall | HORNER ALBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | HORNER CARL NICHOLAS M: +0:The Wall | HORNER HERBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | HORNER LARRY MARK: +0:The Wall | HORNER MARK ROLAND: +0:The Wall | HORNER MICHAEL MERVIN: +0:The Wall | HORNER WALTER DENNIS: +0:The Wall | HORNER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HORNSBY JOHN R: +0:The Wall | HORNSTEIN EDMUND HENRY: +0:The Wall | HORNYAK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HORRELL GERALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HORRIDGE FREDERICK RAYMON: +0:The Wall | HORSKY ROBERT MILVOY: +0:The Wall | HORSLEY LA MONTE VAN: +0:The Wall | HORSLEY LARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | HORSLEY RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HORSMAN GEORGE LESLIE II: +0:The Wall | HORSMAN JOSEPH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HORSPOOL ROBERT KENT: +0:The Wall | HORST PHILLIP METZ: +0:The Wall | HORST ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HORTON ALBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | HORTON BARRY DEVERE: +0:The Wall | HORTON CHARLES BRENT: +0:The Wall | HORTON CHARLES RONALD: +0:The Wall | HORTON DANIEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HORTON DONALD MULLALY: +0:The Wall | HORTON DONNIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON FLOYD MONROE: +0:The Wall | HORTON FRED HOWARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON HARRY WADE JR: +0:The Wall | HORTON JAMES HARRISON: +0:The Wall | HORTON JOHN MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | HORTON JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON MARSHAL LYNN: +0:The Wall | HORTON ROBERT BERNARD: +0:The Wall | HORTON RUBEN LEE: +0:The Wall | HORTON STANLEY: +0:The Wall | HORVATH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | HORVATH CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HORVATH ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | HORVATH WAYNE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | HORVATH WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HORWITZ STANLEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HOSAKA ISAAC YOSHIRO: +0:The Wall | HOSE HERMAN BATER JR: +0:The Wall | HOSE JOHN WALLACE JR: +0:The Wall | HOSEA MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | HOSEA WILLIAM HADLEY: +0:The Wall | HOSEY SANDRA: +0:The Wall | HOSEY TOMMY BRYAN: +0:The Wall | HOSFORD LARRY DELANO: +0:The Wall | HOSKEN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOSKING CHARLES ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ALVIN: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS DANNY: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS DONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS GOMER DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS HAROLD ORION: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS ROBERT SULLIVAN: +0:The Wall | HOSKINS SHELDON DALE: +0:The Wall | HOSKINSON HARRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | HOSKINSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOSKO GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | HOSLER FRANKLIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOSNANDER CARL E: +0:The Wall | HOSNEDLE ALAN ROGER: +0:The Wall | HOSTEN CLIFFORD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOSTETTER STUART GLEN: +0:The Wall | HOSTIKKA RICHARD AUGUST: +0:The Wall | HOSTUTTLER HERMON R: 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JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOUSE ALTON: +0:The Wall | HOUSE DOUGLAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOUSE GEORGE JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN ALEXANDER II: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN K: +0:The Wall | HOUSE JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSE OSCAR LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSE RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSE WILLIAM HANDSOME: +0:The Wall | HOUSE WILLIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HOUSEHOLDER RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOUSEHOLTER TERRY AUGUST: +0:The Wall | HOUSER CARL RAY: +0:The Wall | HOUSER CHARLES MILTON: +0:The Wall | HOUSER CLYDE RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | HOUSER DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOUSER DORIAN JAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSER JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSH ANTHONY FRANK: +0:The Wall | HOUSH RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOUSKER HAROLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSLEY CHARLES LARRY: +0:The Wall | HOUSLEY JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | HOUSMAN ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON ALEX RAY: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON BENNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON ELWOOD LAYTON: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON J H: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON JOHN DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON JOHN LUCIUS: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON JOHN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON LATHAN: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON MARK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON MARVIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON THOMAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOUSTON WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOUTZ JOSEPH MERLE: +0:The Wall | HOUX LESTER JR: +0:The Wall | HOVANCIK ANDREW M JR: +0:The Wall | HOVANEC DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HOVENDEN DARREL LEROY: +0:The Wall | HOVER JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOVEY VERNON FLETCHER III: +0:The Wall | HOVIS RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | HOVLAND RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD A W JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD BILLY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD BRUCE LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD CHARLES EMORY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD CHARLES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | HOWARD CHESTER THEO JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD CLARENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOWARD CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DAVID LAFATE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DAVID TERRELL: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DONNELL: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DOUGLAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HOWARD DWANE GENE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD EDWARD EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ELI PAGE JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ERNEST: +0:The Wall | HOWARD GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOWARD GENE JAY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD GEORGE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HOWARD GLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD GREGORY MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | HOWARD HARLEY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOWARD HARVEY RICKERT: +0:The Wall | HOWARD HAZE III: +0:The Wall | HOWARD HORACE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES BYRON: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES J: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES T: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JAMES VAN: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD JULIUS JAKE JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOWARD LAWRENCE PAIGE JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD LEON GAYE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD LUTHER HARRIS: +0:The Wall | HOWARD MARK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HOWARD MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | HOWARD RALPH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD RAY JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ROBERT BAILEY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HOWARD RODGER DALE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD RONALD HERBERT: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD ROY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOWARD SAMUEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOWARD STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD SYDNEY CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD SYLVESTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOWARD TAYLOR BROOKS JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD THEODORE: +0:The Wall | HOWARD WALTER JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | HOWARD WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWCOTT HENRY GRANT: +0:The Wall | HOWDEN ROBERT WILSON: +0:The Wall | HOWE CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWE FRANCIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOWE FRANK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HOWE HARVEY GRANT JR: +0:The Wall | HOWE JAMES DONNIE: +0:The Wall | HOWE JOHN ALLAN: +0:The Wall | HOWE LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOWE LEROY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOWE OLAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HOWE SIDNEY A: +0:The Wall | HOWE STEVEN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | HOWE THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | HOWELL A T: +0:The Wall | HOWELL ADRIAN EALON: +0:The Wall | HOWELL BEN WILLIS: +0:The Wall | HOWELL CALVIN LAMAR JR: +0:The Wall | HOWELL CARTER AVERY: +0:The Wall | HOWELL CASCO DEVAUGHN: +0:The Wall | HOWELL CHARLES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | HOWELL DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | HOWELL DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | HOWELL DUANE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | HOWELL DWIGHT BRINSON: +0:The Wall | HOWELL DWIGHT SANFORD: +0:The Wall | HOWELL EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | HOWELL ERNEST RICHARD: +0:The Wall | HOWELL GATLIN JERRYL: +0:The Wall | HOWELL HAL KENT: +0:The Wall | HOWELL HANCIL EVERT JR: +0:The Wall | HOWELL JAMES LAURENCE: +0:The Wall | HOWELL JAMES RILEY: +0:The Wall | HOWELL JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOWELL KENNETH RALPH: +0:The Wall | HOWELL LARRY L: +0:The Wall | HOWELL MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HOWELL PERCY WRAY: +0:The Wall | HOWELL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | HOWELL PRESTON LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWELL RALPH: +0:The Wall | HOWELL RANDALL DUMON: +0:The Wall | HOWELL ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | HOWELL ROBERT MALICHI JR: +0:The Wall | HOWELL ROLAND HAYES: +0:The Wall | HOWELL SAMMIE: +0:The Wall | HOWELL WILLIAM ERAY: +0:The Wall | HOWELL WILLIAM GLENN: +0:The Wall | HOWER THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HOWERTER BRUCE G: +0:The Wall | HOWERTER EARL EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | HOWERTON JERRY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | HOWES DOUGLAS GREGORY: +0:The Wall | HOWES GEORGE ANDREWS: +0:The Wall | HOWES ROGER HAYDEN: +0:The Wall | HOWIE LLOYD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | HOWIE NORMAN PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | HOWIE RICHARD S: +0:The Wall | HOWISON CALVIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | HOWISON GRAHAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | HOWLAND HOWARD P JR: +0:The Wall | HOWLAND JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HOWLAND LEROY LARKIN: +0:The Wall | HOWLE ERNEST CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | HOWLETT NORMAN LOCKE JR: +0:The Wall | HOWLEY WESLEY CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | HOWZE CHARLES CROCKETT: +0:The Wall | HOWZE DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | HOXWORTH WALTER BRUCE: +0:The Wall | HOY ROBERT ELVIN: +0:The Wall | HOYER MICHAEL GERARD: +0:The Wall | HOYEZ JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | HOYLE WAYNE ROGER: +0:The Wall | HOYT ARTHUR JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOYT ERVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | HOYT LARRY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | HOYT LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HOYT NORMAN LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | HOYT VICTOR RONALD: +0:The Wall | HRDLICKA DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HREN TIMOTHY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | HRINKO WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | HRISOULIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HRUTKAY MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | HU PATRICK HOP SUNG: +0:The Wall | HUARD JAMES LINTON: +0:The Wall | HUART MARTIN REINHOLD JR: +0:The Wall | HUBARD THOMAS CARR JEFFER: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD ALFRED WILLIE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD CHARLES AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD CORNELIUS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD DAVID LEE JR: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD GEORGE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD GERALD MONROE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD GLEN DAVID: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD GREGORY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD JOHN R: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD MARVIN PETER: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD MEREDITH GERALD: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD MERLE GRIFFIN: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD ROBERT STEPHEN PO: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD ROBERT WALKER: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD ROGER LEROY: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD SAMUEL BURNELL: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD TONY GENE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD W D: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD WAYNE GENE: +0:The Wall | HUBBARD WILLIAM HOBSON: +0:The Wall | HUBBELL DAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | HUBBELL THOMAS SIMCOCK: +0:The Wall | HUBBLE WILLIAM BAKER: +0:The Wall | HUBBS DANNY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | HUBBS DONALD RICHARD: 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Wall | HUDDLESON RODNEY LEROY: +0:The Wall | HUDDLESTON LYNN RAGLE: +0:The Wall | HUDDLESTON ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | HUDDLESTON THOMAS PATE: +0:The Wall | HUDDY DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | HUDELSON JAMES E: +0:The Wall | HUDGENS EDWARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | HUDGENS JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | HUDGINS CARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | HUDIS JAMES BRIAN: +0:The Wall | HUDNALL WILLIAM LEON: +0:The Wall | HUDSON BOBBY: +0:The Wall | HUDSON CALVIN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | HUDSON DALE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | HUDSON DANNY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | HUDSON DENNIS NYE: +0:The Wall | HUDSON GARY DUANE: +0:The Wall | HUDSON GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | HUDSON GEORGE ALEX JR: +0:The Wall | HUDSON GEORGE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | HUDSON HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JERRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JIMMY DALE: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JOHN BARDEN: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | HUDSON JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall 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DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | JEDRZEJEWSKI HARRY FRANCI: +0:The Wall | JEFFERIS GARY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | JEFFERS JOHN LARRY: +0:The Wall | JEFFERS ODES WINSTON: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON BILLY RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON CARTER JR: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON GARY DONALD: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON HERMAN LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON JAMES MILTON: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON LEROY: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON LOUIS ALLN: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON PERRY HENRY: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON RANDOLPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JEFFERSON ROLAND IRA: +0:The Wall | JEFFORDS DERRELL BLACKBUR: +0:The Wall | JEFFRIES CHARLES B JR: +0:The Wall | JEFFRIES GABRIEL AUGUS JR: +0:The Wall | JEFFRIES GERRIE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JEFFRIES JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | JEFFRIES MACK SIMPSON: +0:The Wall | JEFFS CLIVE GARTH: +0:The Wall | JELICH JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | JELINEK ALLEN LEO: +0:The Wall | JELKS CARLOS DENNIS: +0:The Wall | JEMISON JOHN L: +0:The Wall | JENCZYK FRANK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | JENERSON RALPH MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | JENEWEIN MARK ARDELL: +0:The Wall | JENKINS ANDREW EARL: +0:The Wall | JENKINS ANTHONY LEROY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS BARNETTE GARTRELL: +0:The Wall | JENKINS BARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | JENKINS BERT McCREE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CECIL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CHARLES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CHARLES OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CHARLIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CLAUDE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CLAYTON DEAN: +0:The Wall | JENKINS CLIFFORD JR: +0:The Wall | JENKINS DAN LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS DENNIS ALAN: +0:The Wall | JENKINS DON: +0:The Wall | JENKINS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS EARL DALE JR: +0:The Wall | JENKINS ERIC DORAN: +0:The Wall | JENKINS EUGENE RAY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS FRANK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | JENKINS FRED CARLTON: +0:The Wall | JENKINS FRED HARVEY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS GERALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JENKINS GREGORY DALE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS ISADORE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS J CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JAMES ALEX: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JAMES LUCKY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JERRY MALONE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JOHN ALLEN III: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JOYFUL J: +0:The Wall | JENKINS JULIUS EDGAR: +0:The Wall | JENKINS KENNETH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS KENNETH CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | JENKINS LANCE NORMAN: +0:The Wall | JENKINS LARRY BARNEY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS LARRY RUFUS: +0:The Wall | JENKINS LARRY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS LEN MCKINLEY: +0:The Wall | JENKINS LEWIS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | JENKINS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS MORRIS E: +0:The Wall | JENKINS PAUL LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS PHILIP PAUL: +0:The Wall | JENKINS RANDALL LEE: +0:The Wall | JENKINS RAY G: +0:The Wall | JENKINS REGINALD ROCKEFEL: +0:The Wall | JENKINS ROBERT DONALD: 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Wall | JENSEN DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | JENSEN DOUGLAS GARY: +0:The Wall | JENSEN FRANK ALFRED: +0:The Wall | JENSEN GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JENSEN GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JENSEN HAROLD NORGAARD: +0:The Wall | JENSEN JAMES CHRISTIAN: +0:The Wall | JENSEN JAMES MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | JENSEN JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | JENSEN JOHN ACE: +0:The Wall | JENSEN JOHN JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | JENSEN KENNETH VERN: +0:The Wall | JENSEN LARRY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | JENSEN LLOYD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | JENSEN MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JENSEN NORMAN A: +0:The Wall | JENSEN PAUL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | JENSEN REED GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JENSEN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JENSEN RICK V: +0:The Wall | JENSEN ROBERT ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JENSEN ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | JENSEN RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JENSEN RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | JENSEN TERANCE KAY: +0:The Wall | JENSEN WILLIAM NORMAN JR: +0:The Wall | JENSON MICHAEL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | JENT BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | JEPSON ARTHUR C JR: +0:The Wall | JERDE GERALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | JERDET DENNIS CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | JEREMIA ALEKI: +0:The Wall | JEREMIAH RANDALL CRAIG: +0:The Wall | JEREMICZ GREGORY: +0:The Wall | JERGENSON RICKEY LAYNE: +0:The Wall | JERKINS WILLIAM EDGAR: +0:The Wall | JERMANY EMMETT JR: +0:The Wall | JERMANY RILEY: +0:The Wall | JERMYN BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | JERNBERG ROBERT STEVENS: +0:The Wall | JERNIGAN CHARLIE MIZZELLE: +0:The Wall | JERNIGAN MARK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JERNIGAN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | JERO DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JEROME PAUL ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | JEROME STANLEY MILTON: +0:The Wall | JERRO WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JERSE WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JERSON JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | JERSTAD LESLIE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JERVIS JOHN LEROY III: +0:The Wall | JESKE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | JESKO STEPHEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JESSE CLIFFORD EARL: +0:The Wall | JESSE WILLIAM CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | JESSEE SAMUEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JESSEN ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | 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JILES JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | JIM MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ ANASTACIO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ ISIDRO BRICENO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ JOSE FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ JOSEPH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ JUAN MACIAS: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ LUIS RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ THOMAS ORTEGA JR: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ-ACEVEDO WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ-GONZALEZ ISABELO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ-LORENZO EDUARDO J: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ-O'NEILL FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | JIMENEZ-ROIG PAULINO FRANC: +0:The Wall | JINDRA ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | JINDRICH STEVEN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | JINES ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | JINKINS GEORGE W III: +0:The Wall | JINKS RAYMOND ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JINKS WILLIAM DONALD: +0:The Wall | JIRSA PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | JIVENS JERRY: +0:The Wall | JMAEFF GEORGE VICTOR: +0:The Wall | JOANIS KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | JOBE BOBBY W: +0:The Wall | JOBEY ANDREW JOHN: +0:The Wall | JOBST KURT KARL JR: +0:The Wall | JODREY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | JOE WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | JOECKEN RICHARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | JOHANNES LYLE MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | JOHANNES URBAN HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHANNSEN GUSTAV ALFRED: +0:The Wall | JOHANSEN DONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHANSEN JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JOHANSEN RONALD: +0:The Wall | JOHANSON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHN NOEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | JOHN ROLAND RALPH: +0:The Wall | JOHN WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNDRO RODNEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JOHNER KENNETH LEO: +0:The Wall | JOHNS CAREY LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNS DONALD CECIL: +0:The Wall | JOHNS ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNS FRANK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNS JEFFREY JAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNS JOSEPH DARRYL: +0:The Wall | JOHNS LAMARR LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNS MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNS MICKY JAMES: +0:The Wall | JOHNS PAUL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | JOHNS RONALD ELMER: +0:The Wall | JOHNS VERNON ZIGMAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSEN JOHNNIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSEN LARRY VERNON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSEN WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON AARON GILBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ADOCK VEISO: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ADRIAN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALAN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALEX LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALFRED LEWIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALLEN ISAAC: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALLEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ALVIN SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ANDREW: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ANDY JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ANTHONY ERIC: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ANTHONY KENT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ANTHONY LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ARMSTEAD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ARNOLD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ARTHUR ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ARTHUR HARRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ARTHUR LOUIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ARTIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ASA THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON AUGUST DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BARTON WENDELL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BEN JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BEN ODELL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BENJAMIN F III: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BERNARD DEREK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BERNARD LEVERN II: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BOBBY CAL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BRADLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BRUCE ERVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BRUCE GARDNER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BRUCE MARK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BRUCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BUFORD GERALD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON BYRON STEVEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CAL DUAIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CALVERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CALVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CALVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CARL DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CARL IRVING: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CARL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CARLTON JERRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CARROLL MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES A III: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES AARON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES BUFORD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES FRENCH JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES LEO: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES WALTER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CHRISTOPHER PAUL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLARENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLAUDE L: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLAYTON HENRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLAYTON WINSLOW: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLEVELAND OSBORNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLIFFORD ALVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLIFFORD CURTIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CLIFFORD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON COLLIE JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON CURTIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DALE ALONZO: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DALE LLOYD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DALE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DALLAS LEMON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DANIEL COPE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DANIEL GENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DANNIE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DANNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DANNY WEST: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DARRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DARYL LINN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID ALVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID CURTIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID E: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID HAROLD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID HENRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID KEITH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DAVID RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DEAN HERBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DEAN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNING CICERO: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNIS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNIS OGDEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNIS VAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNY LAYTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DENNY LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DONALD PETER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DONALD VERN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DONEL RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DOUGLAS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DOUGLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DUANE AARON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON DWIGHT DAWSON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EDWARD A JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EDWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EDWARD DEWEY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EDWARD HARVEY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EMMET LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EMORY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ENOCH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ERIC BERNARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ERIC WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EUGENE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EUGENE MELVIN JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EUGENE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EVERETT EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EVERETT WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON EVERETTE R: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FLOYD DEAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FLOYD RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FOREST DENVER JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRANCIS DAVID LEO: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRANK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRANKIE B JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRANKIE RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRANKLIN A: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRED ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FRED LEROY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FREDERICK P JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON FURMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY L: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY MORGAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GARY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE ALBIAN JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE HARRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE MILTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GERALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GERALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GERALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GERALD V: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GERALD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GIDEON PICHA: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GILTON WALTER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GORDON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GREGORY BERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GREGORY RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GUFFEY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GUS WINSLOW JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GUY DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON GUY FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HAROLD BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HARRY J: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HARRY WILBUR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HARVEY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HARVEY III: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HAVART EARL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HAYWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HENRY ALSTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HENRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HENRY L: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HENRY LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HENRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HERBERT BURTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HERBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HERBERT NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HORACE JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HOWARD LEON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HOWARD WARNER JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HOWARD WESTLEY JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON HUGH RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JACK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JACK LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JACK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JACOB: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES BRUCE SR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES DEAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES DOYLE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES EARL III: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES GORDON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES GRADY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES J L: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES JUNA: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES REED: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAMES WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JAY DEAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JEROME: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JERRY HAMPTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JERRY JACK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JERRY REED: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JERRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JESSE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JESSE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JESSIE LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JIMMIE LE ROY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JIMMY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JIMMY DONALD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JIMMY EARL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JIMMY LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOE ALAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOE D JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN ALVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN ANDRES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN FOSTER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN HARRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN KIRBY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN L: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHNNY L: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHNNY MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOHNNY VENT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON JOSEPH WALLACE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KEITH GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH CARL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH DUANE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH PAUL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KENNETH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON KIM WILLIAMS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LANE CARSTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY DU WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LARRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LAWRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LAWRENCE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LEDELL JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LEE GRANT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LELAND CRAIG: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LEMUEL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LEO FRED: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LEONARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LEROY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LESTER JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LESTER WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LILE LAMAR JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LORENZO RAYNARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LOUIS: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LOWELL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON LYLE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MARION EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MARLIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MARSHALL D: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MARTIN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MARVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MATTHEW JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MAX ARDEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MELVIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MELVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MICHAEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MICHAEL ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MICHAEL KIRK: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MICHAEL NEAL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MILO PRESTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MILTON JAY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MILTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON MYRON BLAINE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON McARTHUR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON NAPOLEON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON NATHAN JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON NATHANIEL LERVERN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON NICHOLAS G SR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON NORMAN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON NORRIS FELTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON OBBIE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON OLIVER: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON OSCAR GIBSON JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PAUL CONRAD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PERRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PETER WYETH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PHIL DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PHILIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PHILIP HARRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PHILLIP DALE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON PRINCE ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RALPH HENRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RANDOLPH LEROY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RAY ELDRIEGE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RAY ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RAYMOND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RAYMOND JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RAYMOND PAGE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD ARNO JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD HERMAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD S JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD SHERWIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT DENNISON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT FRED JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT IRVIN: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT LAMAR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT MILTON: +0:The Wall | JOHNSON ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | 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RICHARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | JORDAN ROBERT CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | JORDAN ROBERT LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | JORDAN ROBERT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | JORDAN ROGER FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | JORDAN ROY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | JORDAN STEPHEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | JORDAN STEVE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | JORDAN TEDDY ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | JORDAN TERENCE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | JORDAN THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | JORDAN WAYNE LAMONT: +0:The Wall | JORDAN WILLIAM ARLIN: +0:The Wall | JORDAN WILLIAM E III: +0:The Wall | JORDAN-MOLERO ADRIEN MANU: +0:The Wall | JORDET RONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | JORDON ARTHUR L: +0:The Wall | JORDON ORVAL CLYDE III: +0:The Wall | JORENS EVERETT RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | JORGENSEN DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | JORGENSEN EMORY LEE: +0:The Wall | JORGENSEN ROLF WALLACE: +0:The Wall | JORGENSEN SAMUEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | JORGENSON JEROME DVID: +0:The Wall | JORY EDWARD LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | JOSE PAULL DAVID: +0:The Wall | JOSELANE HOWARD LEO: +0:The Wall | JOSEPH AUSTIN RAYMOND: 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WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | JOY WILLIAM CLYDE: +0:The Wall | JOYCE DANIEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | JOYCE DERRELL WALTER: +0:The Wall | JOYCE GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JOYCE JOHN GERARD: +0:The Wall | JOYCE JOHN H: +0:The Wall | JOYCE JOHN MORRIS: +0:The Wall | JOYCE JOHN MULLEN: +0:The Wall | JOYCE ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | JOYCE THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | JOYCE VAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | JOYCE WALTER ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | JOYCE WALTER EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | JOYCE WILLIAM EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | JOYCE WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | JOYNER CARL HENRY: +0:The Wall | JOYNER DONALD ARRINGTON: +0:The Wall | JOYNER KENNETH RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | JOYNER PAUL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | JOYNER STEPHEN DOUGLASS: +0:The Wall | JOYNES FRANK DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | JOYS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JOZEFOWSKI THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | JOZWIAK ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | JUAREZ GEORGE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | JUAREZ JESSE GOMEZ: +0:The Wall | JUAREZ JOE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | JUAREZ JOHN: +0:The Wall | JUAREZ MATEO: +0:The Wall | JUAREZ OSCAR REINA: +0:The Wall | JUCKETT ELMER L III: +0:The Wall | JUDD DAVID TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | JUDD DONALD R: +0:The Wall | JUDD GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | JUDD MICHAEL BARRY: +0:The Wall | JUDGE CHARLES MARK JR: +0:The Wall | JUDGE DARWIN LEE: +0:The Wall | JUDGE MARK WARREN: +0:The Wall | JUDGE WILLIAM CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | JUDKINS LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | JUDKINS TERRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | JUDSON HAMPDEN CUTTS JR: +0:The Wall | JUDY DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | JUDY DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | JUDY HERMAN LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | JUEL DARRYL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | JUERGENS WILLIAM OWEN: +0:The Wall | JUERS ROY JAMES: +0:The Wall | JUETT WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | JULES GEORGE HENRY: +0:The Wall | JULIA JON ALBERT: +0:The Wall | JULIAN JAMES JULIUS JR: +0:The Wall | JULIAN MICHAEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | JULIAN PERCY: +0:The Wall | JULIUS WILLIAM F III: +0:The Wall | JUMPER STEPHEN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | JUNE JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | JUNE 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WILLIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | KARINS JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KARLIN DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KARLSTROM SIGFRID R: +0:The Wall | KARN WAYNE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KARNEHM STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | KARNES LESLIE LEROY: +0:The Wall | KAROPCZYC STEPHEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KARPENSKE DALE RODNEY: +0:The Wall | KARPIAK MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | KARPY JOSEPH RUBEN: +0:The Wall | KARR CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | KARR DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | KARR GEORGE GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | KARR JOHN PRESTON: +0:The Wall | KARR ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KARRAS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KARST CARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KARSZNIA LESZEK STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KASA KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KASAI THOMAS TARO: +0:The Wall | KASCH FREDERICK MORRISON: +0:The Wall | KASER RANDALL FRANK: +0:The Wall | KASHIEMER CARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KASIAH CLAUDE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KASKE RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | KASKI DONALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KASNOW EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KASPAUL ALFRED AUGUST: 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KEATING ALLEN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KEATING DANIEL JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | KEATING RALPH AINSWORTH: +0:The Wall | KEATON DANNY GARTH: +0:The Wall | KEATON DAVID ROGER: +0:The Wall | KEATON EVERETT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KEATON JOHN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | KEATS ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KEAVENEY THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEBERLINE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KECK CARL RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | KECK FRANK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | KECK GARTH WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | KECK JAY LYNN: +0:The Wall | KECK RUSSELL FORREST: +0:The Wall | KECK WARREN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KECKLER ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | KEDENBURG JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | KEDROSKI ALBERT ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | KEE DANIEL PETER III: +0:The Wall | KEE JULIAN STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | KEE WILSON BEGAY: +0:The Wall | KEEBLE EDWIN AUGUSTUS JR: +0:The Wall | KEEFE DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KEEFE DENNIS WRIGHT: +0:The Wall | KEEFE DOUGLAS O'NEIL: +0:The Wall | KEEFE FLOYD MILTON: +0:The Wall | KEEFE MARTIN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | KEENAN LAWRENCE JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEENAN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | KEENE DANIEL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEENE GERALD BRICE: +0:The Wall | KEENE GLEN CAMERON JR: +0:The Wall | KEENE GRAT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEENE ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KEENE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEENE WALTER MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KEENER JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | KEENER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KEENER LAWTON ARVIL: +0:The Wall | KEENER ROBERT STEVEN: +0:The Wall | KEENER RONALD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | KEENEY GERALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEENEY JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | KEEP DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEEPNEWS JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEERAN WILLARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | KEESEE ARTHUR EARL: +0:The Wall | KEESEE JOSEPH TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | KEESLER STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEESLING GERALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEESLING JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KEETER DONALD LARRY: +0:The Wall | KEETER MARVIN ROSS: +0:The Wall | KEETER MICHAEL YATES: +0:The Wall | KEETLE JEFFREY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEETON TOMMIE: +0:The Wall | KEEVEN LOUIS FERDINAND: +0:The Wall | KEFER CHARLES HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KEFFALOS CHRIS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEGG DONNIE STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KEGLEWITSCH WILHELM LUDWI: +0:The Wall | KEGLEY JOE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KEGLOVITS EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEGLOVITS RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEHOE DOUGLAS BERNARD: +0:The Wall | KEHOE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEHOE ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KEHRLI HERBERT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEIFER JOE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KEIL DUANE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEIM JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEIN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEIPER GEORGE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KEIPER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KEIRNS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | KEISLING DERVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEISTER DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | KEISTER JOHN LOY: +0:The Wall | KEISTER LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | KEITH CLYDE LEE: +0:The Wall | KEITH DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KEITH DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | KEITH DENNIS MEVES: +0:The Wall | KEITH JAMES KELLY III: +0:The Wall | KEITH JIMMIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KEITH KENNETH ARCHIBALD: +0:The Wall | KEITH LEE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KEITH MASON ALAN: +0:The Wall | KEITH MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | KEITH RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | KEITH ROY BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | KEITH WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | KEITHLINE RICHARD WARD: +0:The Wall | KEITT CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEKAHUNA WILLIAM ANTONE: +0:The Wall | KEKEL JERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELBY WESLY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELEHER KEVIN REYNOLDS: +0:The Wall | KELL JAMES STEWART: +0:The Wall | KELL LYLE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KELLAM GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLAMS GLENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | KELLAR HARRY DAVID CHARLE: +0:The Wall | KELLAS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KELLEMS RAYMOND EARL: +0:The Wall | KELLENBENZ BARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KELLER BRUCE M: +0:The Wall | KELLER CHARLES HENRY II: +0:The Wall | KELLER CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLER DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLER DODD CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | KELLER FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KELLER GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | KELLER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLER GREG: +0:The Wall | KELLER JACK ELMER: +0:The Wall | KELLER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KELLER JAMES MASON: +0:The Wall | KELLER JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER KENNETH LAVERN: +0:The Wall | KELLER KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLER LAWRENCE OSWALD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER LEONARD: +0:The Wall | KELLER LEROY HENRY: +0:The Wall | KELLER NORMAN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | KELLER PETER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER RAYMOND E JR: +0:The Wall | KELLER RICHARD ALDEN: +0:The Wall | KELLER RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | KELLER ROBERT CRITCHLEY: +0:The Wall | KELLER ROGER PRESBORN: +0:The Wall | KELLER RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | KELLER RONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | KELLER TIMOTHY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KELLER WAYNE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | KELLER WENDELL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLERMANN ALLAN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLETT DANIEL MACARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KELLETT JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY BERNARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DANA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DANIEL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DANIEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KELLEY DEWEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KELLEY EDDIE RALPH: +0:The Wall | KELLEY FRED ALLAN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY FREDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | KELLEY GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELLEY GLENN HOWELL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY HARVEY PAUL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JAMES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JERRY CONRAD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOE C: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOE FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOHNNIE WOODROW: +0:The Wall | KELLEY JOSEPH HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLEY KARL ELTON JR: +0:The Wall | KELLEY KENDRICK KING III: +0:The Wall | KELLEY LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY LARRY MILTON: +0:The Wall | KELLEY LOUIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY MAHLON LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KELLEY MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLEY NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY OWEN C: +0:The Wall | KELLEY PATRICK GENE: +0:The Wall | KELLEY PAUL GLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLEY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KELLEY RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELLEY ROGER VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLEY THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | KELLEY VERNE CARL: +0:The Wall | KELLEY VICTOR BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KELLEY VIRGIL KINNAIRD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLEY WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KELLEY WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELLISON DAVID GLENN: +0:The Wall | KELLOGG ALTON DELANEY: +0:The Wall | KELLOGG GREGORY JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLOGG PETER PATRICK W: +0:The Wall | KELLUM NORMAN WADE: +0:The Wall | KELLUMS DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY BARNEY JOE: +0:The Wall | KELLY BENJAMIN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY BRIAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY CARL EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHARLES L: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHARLES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | KELLY CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | KELLY DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | KELLY DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | KELLY DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | KELLY DOUGLAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KELLY DOUGLAS MILTON: +0:The Wall | KELLY EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY EDMUND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERIC MELVIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERIC STEVEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERNEST CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY FATHIES JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY GEORGE THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | KELLY GERALD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY GLENN ERROLL: +0:The Wall | KELLY GREGORY PAUL: +0:The Wall | KELLY GREGORY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY HARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES KEVIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES MATHEW: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLY JAMES RAYMOND III: +0:The Wall | KELLY JEROME RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOE DUSTIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOEL RAY: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOHN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY JOHN WILLIAM S G: +0:The Wall | KELLY LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLY LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | KELLY LEO JOHN III: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KELLY MICHAEL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY PATRICK JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY PAUL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KELLY ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KELLY ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KELLY ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KELLY SEEBER J: +0:The Wall | KELLY STEPHEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELLY STEPHEN GERE: +0:The Wall | KELLY STEPHEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | KELLY TERRY LEON: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLARD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLIAM PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KELLY WILLIE J: +0:The Wall | KELM LARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KELMAN WAYNE H: +0:The Wall | KELNHOFER JOSEPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELPINE RANDALL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KELSALL BILLY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KELSEY CLIFFORD EARL: +0:The Wall | KELSEY D J: +0:The Wall | KELSEY J C: +0:The Wall | KELSEY MILTON GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KELSEY RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | KELSEY STRAUGHAN D JR: +0:The Wall | KELSO JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KELSO THOMAS JOSH JR: +0:The Wall | KELSO TODD DUANE: +0:The Wall | KELTON RICHARD LANE: +0:The Wall | KEMBLE DONALD WILLIAM IV: +0:The Wall | KEMELMACHER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KEMER ROBERT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KEMERER THOMAS BLAIR: +0:The Wall | KEMMERER DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEMMERLING JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KEMP CHARLIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEMP CLAYTON CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | KEMP EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEMP FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | KEMP FREDERICK DONALD: +0:The Wall | KEMP JERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEMP JIMMY: +0:The Wall | KEMP JOE MAC: +0:The Wall | KEMP JOHN ALDA: +0:The Wall | KEMP MARWICK LEROY: +0:The Wall | KEMP MITCHELL LYNN: +0:The Wall | KEMP ROBERT VICTOR: +0:The Wall | KEMP SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KEMP THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEMPEL MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEMPER JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KEMPF DENNIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KEMPF DOUGLAS SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KEMPFF RONALD WARREN: +0:The Wall | KEMPKE SANTFORD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | KEMPKER PATRICK BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | KEMPKES ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KEMPLE GILBERT VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | KEMPNER MARION LEE: +0:The Wall | KEMSKI GARY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KENAGA GARY LYLE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL ALBIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL COLEY LEE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL GEORGE PERCY JR: +0:The Wall | KENDALL JAMES D: +0:The Wall | KENDALL KENNETH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KENDALL NEIL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KENDLE RANDY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | KENDRA GEORGE JOHN: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK HOMER PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENDRICK RICHARD SMITH: +0:The Wall | KENDRICKS DOY RAY: +0:The Wall | KENEALLY CORNELIUS PAUL: +0:The Wall | KENEDY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENEIPP WARREN OWINGS JR: +0:The Wall | KENERLY WARREN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KENISON BENJAMIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KENNANN LARRY RUSSELL: 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Wall | KENNEDY ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY THOMAS JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY THOMAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY TIMOTHY JOEL: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY WILLIAM D III: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KENNEDY WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | KENNELL DANNY OWEN: +0:The Wall | KENNEY DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KENNEY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KENNEY ELMER FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KENNEY HARRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KENNEY JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KENNEY JOSEPH HAYDEN: +0:The Wall | KENNEY OTIS: +0:The Wall | KENNEY TERRY JOE: +0:The Wall | KENNINGTON BILLY DON: +0:The Wall | KENNON DONALD NEAL: +0:The Wall | KENNY JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | KENNY ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | KENNY RONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENOFFEL STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KENT DANIEL WILDER: +0:The Wall | KENT DOUGLAS BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KENT ERROL LYNN: +0:The Wall | KENT GREGORY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KENT JESSE PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | KENT KENNETH ROSS: +0:The Wall | KENT LLOYD HENRY: +0:The Wall | KENT ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | KENT RONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | KENT WAYNE LEE: +0:The Wall | KENT WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KENTER MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KENTON DONALD E: +0:The Wall | KENTON STANLEY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KENYON DALE DEAN: +0:The Wall | KEO DANIEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KEOGH MARTIN JEROME: +0:The Wall | KEOGH THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KEOWN BLAIR LOGAN: +0:The Wall | KEPCZYK TADEUSZ MARIAN: +0:The Wall | KEPHART RUSSELL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KEPPEN THOMAS ROGER: +0:The Wall | KEPPLER JOHN M: +0:The Wall | KEPSEL ELMER FRED: +0:The Wall | KERBL FRANK RONALD: +0:The Wall | KERBY MARTIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KERCHNER ROBERT BARD: +0:The Wall | KERCOUDE ANTHONY KONSTANT: +0:The Wall | KERCSMAR ROBERT CALVIN: +0:The Wall | KERI ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KERKHOFF RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KERKSTRA HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KERL MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KERLEY ROYD STEVE JR: +0:The Wall | KERLIN WILLIS EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KERN BRUCE ALAN: +0:The Wall | KERN DANIEL OLMSTEAD: +0:The Wall | KERN DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KERN DOUGLAS DUANE: +0:The Wall | KERN WILLIAM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KERNAHAN GREGORY P JR: +0:The Wall | KERNAN MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KERNDL BRUCE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | KERNER RONALD BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KERNEY JOHN OSCAR: +0:The Wall | KERNS ARTHUR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KERNS DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | KERNS FRED MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KERNS GLENN DIRK: +0:The Wall | KERNS JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KERNS ROGER RAY: +0:The Wall | KEROHER GAYLAND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KERR CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | KERR CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KERR EDWARD LEMOYNE: +0:The Wall | KERR ERNEST CLANEY JR: +0:The Wall | KERR EVERETT OSCAR: +0:The Wall | KERR GAYLORD GERALD: +0:The Wall | KERR J L JR: +0:The Wall | KERR JAMES CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | KERR JOHN CREIGHTON GILLE: +0:The Wall | KERR NORMAN THEODORE: +0:The Wall | KERR RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KERR ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KERR ROBERT WESLEY: +0:The Wall | KERR RONNIE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KERR STANLEY JESSE: +0:The Wall | KERR WESLEY SHEPPARD: +0:The Wall | KERSEY ARDEN ELLSWORTH JR: +0:The Wall | KERSEY J D WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KERSEY MAX DUANE: +0:The Wall | KERSEY WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | KERSTEN LESTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KERTIS HENRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | KERVIN JOEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KERWIN REVELRY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | KESHNER KEO JOE: +0:The Wall | KESKI KEITH: +0:The Wall | KESLER LAWRENCE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KESLING RAYMON DALE: +0:The Wall | KESLING RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KESSEL MICHAEL HENRY: +0:The Wall | KESSEL ROBERT LESTER: +0:The Wall | KESSELHON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KESSING THOMAS EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | KESSINGER JOHN McFARLAND: +0:The Wall | KESSINGER KENNETH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KESSLER JULIUS ALLEN III: +0:The Wall | KESSLER TIMOTHY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KESTER FRED DUANE: +0:The Wall | KESTER JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KESTER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KESTER THOMAS DUFAUX: +0:The Wall | KESTERSON CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KESTERSON DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KESTLER GARY LYLE: +0:The Wall | KESTLER JESSE LYNN: +0:The Wall | KETCH MICHAEL HAYWARD: +0:The Wall | KETCHIE SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KETCHUM WILLIAM ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | KETELAAR ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | KETELS FLOYD DALE: +0:The Wall | KETHE HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | KETNER HAROLD K JR: +0:The Wall | KETT RANDOLPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KETTER TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KETTERER JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | KETTERING ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | KETTMANN DANIEL RAY: +0:The Wall | KETTNER ALAN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KETZLER GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KEVER DWAYNE ELBERT: +0:The Wall | KEY ANDERSON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KEY ANTHONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KEY HULUS EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | KEY LESTER: +0:The Wall | KEY RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | KEY ROGER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KEYER DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | KEYES ARNELL: +0:The Wall | KEYES DANIEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | KEYES 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GEORGE ALAN: +0:The Wall | KIGER JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KIGER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KIGHT MICHAEL AARON: +0:The Wall | KIHL PATRICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | KIHNLEY GEORGE MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | KIJOWSKI ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KIKER DOUGLAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | KIKKERT ROBERT MERRILL: +0:The Wall | KILBANE TERENCE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KILBANE TERRENCE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KILBUCK GEORGE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | KILBURN WILLIAM HUNTER: +0:The Wall | KILBY RAYMOND MORGAN: +0:The Wall | KILCULLEN THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KILDARE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | KILDERRY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KILDUFF MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | KILE JOHN TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | KILEY MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KILGORE CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KILGORE DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | KILGORE GARY BREWSTER: +0:The Wall | KILGORE LARRY WYATT: +0:The Wall | KILKENNY FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KILLABREW ROBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | KILLEN JOHN DEWEY III: +0:The Wall | KILLENS RICHARD: 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EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES ISRAEL: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES ROGERS: +0:The Wall | KING JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | KING JAY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KING JOHN CHESTER: +0:The Wall | KING JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KING JOHN TERRENCE: +0:The Wall | KING JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | KING JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | KING JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | KING JON MARC: +0:The Wall | KING JOSEPH CEPHUS JR: +0:The Wall | KING JOSEPH DEWARD: +0:The Wall | KING JOSEPH ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KING KENNETH WALTER: +0:The Wall | KING LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KING LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KING LAUNEY E: +0:The Wall | KING LAURENCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KING LEE RAY: +0:The Wall | KING LEROY ALAN: +0:The Wall | KING LESLIE GENE: +0:The Wall | KING LESTER: +0:The Wall | KING LEWIS MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | KING LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KING LONNIE RALPH: +0:The Wall | KING LYELL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KING MICHAEL ELI: +0:The Wall | KING MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KING MONROE DEE: +0:The Wall | KING NORTON ZIGMUND: +0:The Wall | KING PATRICK WILLMER: +0:The Wall | KING PAUL CHESTER JR: +0:The Wall | KING RAYFORD HENRY: +0:The Wall | KING REGINALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | KING RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT D ORR: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LARRY: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT SHELTON JR: +0:The Wall | KING ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD REED: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KING RONALD RUNYAN: +0:The Wall | KING STEVEN ROSS: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS KEITH: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS PICKETT BYRD: +0:The Wall | KING THOMAS RAY: +0:The Wall | KING VERLON DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | KING WOODROW WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | KING WYLIE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | KINGERY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KINGERY PAUL JAY: +0:The Wall | KINGHAMMER STEVE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KINGHORN STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | KINGMAN BARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KINGMAN DAN CHRISTIE JR: +0:The Wall | KINGREY EDWARD LEO: +0:The Wall | KINGSBURY DAVE ROYCE: +0:The Wall | KINGSLEY THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINGSTON GEORGE HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KINGSTON THOMAS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KINIRY ANDREW JOHN: +0:The Wall | KINIYALOCTS CHARLES M: +0:The Wall | KINK DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KINKADE WILLIAM LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KINKAID FRANK W JR: +0:The Wall | KINKEAD MAURICE HARRISON: +0:The Wall | KINKEADE RONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | KINKLE BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | KINMAN TERRY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | KINNAMON SAMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINNARD DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KINNARD DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | KINNARD JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KINNARD WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KINNE ALLEN GENE: +0:The Wall | 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DAVID BUTLER: +0:The Wall | KISER JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KISER LEON EMMANUEL: +0:The Wall | KISER ROBERT JESSE: +0:The Wall | KISER ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KISER WILLIAM BROOKS: +0:The Wall | KISH CARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KISH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | KISIELEWSKI JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KISNER THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | KISSAM EDWARD KNELL JR: +0:The Wall | KISSELL BERNARD F JR: +0:The Wall | KISSINGER HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | KISSINGER NORMAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KISSINGER RONALD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | KISSLING BENJAMIN KAON: +0:The Wall | KISTLER BERNARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KISTLER JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | KISTLER RUSSELL WILFORD: +0:The Wall | KISTNER GUY DALE: +0:The Wall | KISUCKY ANTHONY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN EDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN MICHAEL ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN ORVILLE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHEN RUSSELL HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS FRANK M JR: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS HARRY MOSS: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS JOEL RHYNE: +0:The Wall | KITCHENS PERRY CASTELLION: +0:The Wall | KITE HARRY TURNER JR: +0:The Wall | KITNER RICHARD GRANVILLE: +0:The Wall | KITO DONALD HARRY: +0:The Wall | KITRILAKIS JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | KITSON JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KITTLE CECIL WILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KITTLE FREDRICK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KITTLE STEPHEN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | KITTLESON RANDY GENE: +0:The Wall | KITTLESON ROGER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KITTRELL LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | KITTS MARIO CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | KITZKE RONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | KITZMILLER JOHN LESTER: +0:The Wall | KIVEL ELMER MARVIN: +0:The Wall | KIZER CARL SANFORD: +0:The Wall | KIZZIAH JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KIZZIE LEON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KJELLERSON MYRON DALE: +0:The Wall | KJOS TERENCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KLAAHSEN LAWRENCE JON: +0:The Wall | KLABUNDE ARTHUR JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | KLABUNDE JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | KLAGES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLAIBER FRANCIS EARL: +0:The Wall | KLANCKE CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KLANIECKI EDWARD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | KLANN MARTIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KLAPAK JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | KLARIC TERRANCE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KLARIK STEVE: +0:The Wall | KLASSEN FRANCIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KLAUS ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | KLAUS GEORGE PETER: +0:The Wall | KLAUSING RONALD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | KLAUSING THOMAS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | KLAVES JEFFREY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLAWITTER WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KLCO JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLEBER HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KLECKLEY FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | KLECZ STANLEY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | KLEFFMAN WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | KLEIBER GEORGE L JR: +0:The Wall | KLEIN DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KLEIN DENNIS W: +0:The Wall | KLEIN DON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GEORGE PAUL: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GERALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KLEIN GLEN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KLEIN HENRY IRVING JR: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JACK WEBB SR: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JAMES MORTON: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JEROME DON: +0:The Wall | KLEIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KLEIN MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | KLEIN RUSSELL LEO: +0:The Wall | KLEIN STEPHEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KLEIN SZOLTON SIGMOND: +0:The Wall | KLEINAU CARL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLEINBERG PETER SHELL: +0:The Wall | KLEINHANS LAWRENCE CHARLE: +0:The Wall | KLEINSMITH ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KLEINT WILLIAM STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KLEIV MANFORD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KLEMENCIC JOSEPH GORDON: +0:The Wall | KLEMM DONALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KLEMMER SYDNEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KLEMP THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLENDA DEAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | KLENERT WILLIAM BLUE: +0:The Wall | KLENSKE HOWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | KLEPPIN KENNETH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KLESTINEC ALBERT F JR: +0:The Wall | KLETINGER HANS: +0:The Wall | KLETT JOHN EARLE: +0:The Wall | KLEVENOWSKI ROBERT MICHAE: +0:The Wall | KLEVER MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLIGAR JOHN JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | KLIMO JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KLIMPKE DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | KLINCK HARRISON HOYT: +0:The Wall | KLINDT DAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KLINE BRUCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KLINE DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KLINE DAVID SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | KLINE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | KLINE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KLINE HAROLD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | KLINE HARVEY EDWARD II: +0:The Wall | KLINE JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KLINE KENNETH GORDON: +0:The Wall | KLINE MARK LEE: +0:The Wall | KLINE ROBERT DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KLINE ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | KLINE ROBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | KLINE ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | KLINEFELTER GAYLORD NATHA: +0:The Wall | KLING LEROY JOHN OLIVER: +0:The Wall | KLINGAMAN BRUCE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KLINGEN JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KLINGENSMITH CLYDEWALTER: +0:The Wall | KLINGENSMITH THEODORE R: +0:The Wall | KLINGER HENRY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | KLINGLER GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | KLINGMAN RONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KLINGNER MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | KLINK JAMES MARION: +0:The Wall | KLINKE DONALD HERMAN: +0:The Wall | KLINKENBERG RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | KLINKER MARY THERESE: +0:The Wall | KLINSKI MICHAEL ROMAN: +0:The Wall | KLINZING THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | KLIPFEL JOE PAUL: +0:The Wall | KLIPPEL DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLIPPEN ARTHUR G: +0:The Wall | KLOC JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KLOEK LYLE ARCHIE: +0:The Wall | KLOESE WAYNE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KLOOS RICHARD NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | KLOOTWYK ROBERT IVAN: +0:The Wall | KLOPMEYER JAMES MARTIN: +0:The Wall | KLORAN THOMAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | KLOS DANIEL EDMUND JR: +0:The Wall | KLOS RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | KLOSE DOUGLAS CLEMENS: +0:The Wall | KLOSS THOMAS DONALD: +0:The Wall | KLOSSEK GERALD: +0:The Wall | KLOSTER THOMAS HENRY: +0:The Wall | KLOTZ CRAIG GORDON: +0:The Wall | KLOTZ JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KLOTZ MICHAEL PETER: +0:The Wall | KLUEVER LARRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLUG HERBERT WHEELER: +0:The Wall | KLUG JOSEPH RONALD: +0:The Wall | KLUG PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KLUG RICHARD DUANE: +0:The Wall | KLUGE JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | KLUGG JOSEPH RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KLUKAS BRADLEY WILFRED: +0:The Wall | KLUMP JOHN THEODORE: +0:The Wall | KLUSENDORF HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | KLUTE JERRY CRAIG: +0:The Wall | KLUTE KARL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KLYNE JAMES ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | KMETYK JONATHAN PETER: +0:The Wall | KMETZ DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KMIEC JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KMIT CHESTER JON: +0:The Wall | KNABB KENNETH KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | KNACK RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | KNADLE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNADLER ROBERT STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KNAGGS JOHN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | KNAKE LLOYD E: +0:The Wall | KNAPIC BERNARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNAPP DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KNAPP FREDRIC WOODROW: +0:The Wall | KNAPP HERMAN LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | KNAPP KENTON DON: +0:The Wall | KNAPP MARTIN C: +0:The Wall | KNAPP RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KNAPP RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNAPP TOMMY DUANE: +0:The Wall | KNAPPER EDWARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNARIAN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KNAUS JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNAUS RICHARD A: +0:The Wall | KNAUS WILLIAM CAMPBELL: +0:The Wall | KNEBEL DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNEBEL THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNECHT ADAM DYCKMAN: +0:The Wall | KNECHT PAUL HERBERT: +0:The Wall | KNECHTGES MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KNEECE CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | KNEELAND PAUL JAMES: +0:The Wall | KNEPP GLENN DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | KNEPP JACK DALE: +0:The Wall | KNEPPER WARREN ORISON JR: +0:The Wall | KNETSAR GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KNEVELBAARD ANDY: +0:The Wall | KNICKERBOCKER IRWIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KNICKERBOCKER RICHARD J: +0:The Wall | KNIEPER PHILIP GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | KNIFFIN ARNOLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ALBERT S III: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ALVIN COY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT BILLY MELTON: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT BILLY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT BRYAN THEOTIS: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT CARLOS LARUE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT CHESTER WILFORD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT CLAUDE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT DAVID MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT HENRY CLAY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT HUBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JOHN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT JOHNNIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT KEVIN PETER: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT LARRY COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MACK ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MARTIN ROY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MICHAEL KAY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT MICHAEL PERRY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ORVILLE LEE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT PETER STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RALPH MAX: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RAYMOND HENRY: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RICHARD VINCENT JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RICK LEE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ROBERT LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT RONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT ROY ABNER JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT TERRY VASCAL: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT THOMAS WILFORD: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT TROY LEE: +0:The Wall | KNIGHT WALTER GRANT: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTEN JACKEY VAN: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTON ELI WHITNEY JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTON HIRAM J JR: +0:The Wall | KNIGHTON PAUL GORDON: +0:The Wall | KNIPPEL LARRY DON: +0:The Wall | KNIPPELBERG IRVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | KNIPPERS WILLARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KNISELY ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | KNISLEY RANDALL C: +0:The Wall | KNITTLE HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOBLES JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | KNOBLOCH CRAIG GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | KNOBLOCK GLEN LESTER: +0:The Wall | KNOBLOCK JOSEPH M JR: +0:The Wall | KNOCH DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNOCHEL CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KNOEFERL KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOLL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KNOLL RAY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNOLL ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KNOLLMEYER MARK ALAN: +0:The Wall | KNOPF JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KNOPIK THOMAS ALLISON: +0:The Wall | KNOPPERT ANDRE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KNORR JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | KNOSKY RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOTT DAVID LLOYD: +0:The Wall | KNOTT DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | KNOTT DOUGLAS HUGH: +0:The Wall | KNOTT JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KNOTT KEITH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KNOUSE DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES CHARLES MILFORD: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES DAVID DU WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES JAMES D: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | KNOWLES WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON BURNS WINSHIP JR: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON DON GLENN: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON GEORGE FRANK: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON PAUL DARYLL: +0:The Wall | KNOWLTON WAYNE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KNOX BRUCE NEAL: +0:The Wall | KNOX DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KNOX DAVID: +0:The Wall | KNOX EDDIE L: +0:The Wall | KNOX IRVILLE J: +0:The Wall | KNOX JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | KNOX LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOX LEONARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KNOX MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KNOX WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KNUCKEY THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KNUDSEN HAROLD EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | KNUDSEN JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | KNUDSON KENNETH MAX: +0:The Wall | KNUDTSON ROGER DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KNUPP WAYNE WOOD: +0:The Wall | KNUTH LAWRENCE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | KNUTSEN DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON DENNIS CLARK: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON EARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON FELIX DELANO: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON JAMES KEITH: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KNUTSON VERNON G: +0:The Wall | KOBAYASHI ROY SHIGERU: +0:The Wall | KOBELIN JOHN WILLIAM II: +0:The Wall | KOBERLEIN CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | KOBOR FRANK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KOCAK JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KOCANDA JERRY JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | KOCH DALE ROY: +0:The Wall | KOCH DARRYL JAY: +0:The Wall | KOCH DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | KOCH EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | KOCH FRANKLIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | KOCH JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | KOCH KENNETH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KOCH KENNETH JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOCH LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOCH RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KOCH THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOCHENDORFER MICHAEL J: +0:The Wall | KOCHENSPARGER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOCHER LAWRENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | KOCIPER ANTONINE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOCK EUGENE JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOCKRITZ JEFFRY LETSON: +0:The Wall | KOEBERNICK ALLAN FRED: +0:The Wall | KOEBKE JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOEFOD RODGER MAGNUS: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER JAMES KEVIN: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER NICKOLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER WALTER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | KOEHLER WILSON COUCH: +0:The Wall | KOEHN ARLIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KOEHN BRIAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KOEHNE RODNEY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | KOELL DICKIE DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | KOELPER DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOENIG DAREN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOENIG DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KOENIG EDWIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOENIG JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOENIG ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | KOEPP DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOEPPE WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | KOEPPEN ERIC R: +0:The Wall | KOERNER FRANK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOERNER RODNEY LEE: +0:The Wall | KOESTER JOEL REDERICK: +0:The Wall | KOFLER SIEGFRIED: +0:The Wall | KOGER SIDNEY KEITH: +0:The Wall | KOHANKE LANCE JACK: +0:The Wall | KOHL DANIEL KAYE: +0:The Wall | KOHLAND RICHARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | KOHLBECK TERRENCE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KOHLBECK VICTOR JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOHLER DELVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | KOHLER JOEL R: +0:The Wall | KOHLER LUDWIG PETER: +0:The Wall | KOHLER PAUL JEROME: +0:The Wall | KOHLER TERRY: +0:The Wall | KOHLMEIR GEORGE JOHN III: +0:The Wall | KOHLMYER FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOHLRUSCH WILLIAM FREDERI: +0:The Wall | KOHN ALAN SPENCE: +0:The Wall | KOHN ROBERT A: +0:The Wall | KOHN WAYNE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOHO WILLIAM HARMON: +0:The Wall | KOHR PAUL THEODORE: +0:The Wall | KOHR WILBUR LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | KOHUT ROGER SCOTT: +0:The Wall | KOITZSCH RONALD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | KOIVUPALO ROBERT W JR: +0:The Wall | KOJETIN ROGER JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOKALIS NICK: +0:The Wall | KOKESH ANDREW FRANK: +0:The Wall | KOKOSH GEORGE GERALD: +0:The Wall | KOLAKOWSKI HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | KOLAR JERRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | KOLAROV MICHAEL CAREY: +0:The Wall | KOLAS ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | KOLB CALVIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | KOLB LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | KOLB RONALD VICTOR: +0:The Wall | KOLBECK FRANZ JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOLEMAINEN MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | KOLENC WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOLENDA PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOLIBA HERBERT: +0:The Wall | KOLINSKI THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOLKA EDWARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KOLLENBERG CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KOLLER HAROLD JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | KOLLER MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOLLMANN GLENN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOLLMANN RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | KOLLMEYER CARL: +0:The Wall | KOLMSTAD RONNIE GENE: +0:The Wall | KOLSTAD THOMAS CARL: +0:The Wall | KOLTER BRUCE: +0:The Wall | KOLVEK MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | KOLWYCK JOHN A: +0:The Wall | KOLY ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | KOLZ JOHN JORDAN: +0:The Wall | KOMAN LAWRENCE RYLAND: +0:The Wall | KOMAROWSKI PETER MARK: +0:The Wall | KOMERS JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | KOMMENDANT AADO: +0:The Wall | KONECNY JAMES FRANK: +0:The Wall | KONEVAL ARTHUR PAUL: +0:The Wall | KONG BRIAN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | KONIGSFELD PHILIP LORNE: +0:The Wall | KONING DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | KONOFF KENNETH GLEN: +0:The Wall | KONOPA CARL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | KONOW MICHAEL JACOB: +0:The Wall | KONWINSKI RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | KONYU WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | KOOB JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | KOOB THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOOI JAMES WILLARD: +0:The Wall | KOOMAN GARY ROGER: +0:The Wall | KOON ALBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | KOON CHARLES MARION: +0:The Wall | KOON GEORGE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | KOONCE JEFFREY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | KOONCE MICHAEL EARL: +0:The Wall | KOONCE ROBERT EDMUND: +0:The Wall | KOONCE TERRY TRELOAR: +0:The Wall | KOONE JACK RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | KOONS DALE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | KOONS MICHAEL BOMBERGER: +0:The Wall | KOONTZ NOBE RAY JR: +0:The Wall | KOOS NORMAN LAVERN: +0:The Wall | KOOSER KENNETH BRIAN: +0:The Wall | KOPACSKA JOHN CARL: +0:The Wall | KOPCINSKI STANLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | KOPEC EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOPETSKI MICHAEL BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | KOPFER JOHN JEROME: +0:The Wall | KOPFLER JOSEPH STARNS III: +0:The Wall | KOPIK EDWARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | KOPKA RICK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | KOPKE ROGER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOPP BARRY LORENZ: +0:The Wall | KOPP PATRICK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | KOPPEL REDLICK SIMS: +0:The Wall | KOPRIVA JOHN GAYLORD: +0:The Wall | KOPRIVNIKAR JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | KOPSENG JAMES CLAIRE: +0:The Wall | KORANDO OLIVER KASPER: +0:The Wall | KORB DONALD DUANE: +0:The Wall | KORDASIEWICZ HARRY JAY: +0:The Wall | KORDOSKY THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | KORECKI EUGENE M: +0:The Wall | KOREL EMERY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | KORINEK JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | KORNICK 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DAGE DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LA DUKE JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | LA DUKE REX ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LA FASO JOSEPH STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LA FAVE RUSSELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LA FEVRE DARREL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LA FIELD WILLIAM TRUMAN JR: +0:The Wall | LA FLAIR RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | LA FLAMME ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | LA FLEMME DELBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LA FLEUR GERALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | LA FLEUR GREGORY L: +0:The Wall | LA FLEUR JAMES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LA FLEUR ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LA FOUNTAIN ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | LA FRANCE JON PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LA GRAND WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | LA GRANGE LANCE: +0:The Wall | LA GRAY ERNEST JAMES: +0:The Wall | LA GRONE WILLIAM NAPOLEON: +0:The Wall | LA GROU RAYMOND LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | LA HAYE JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | LA JEUNESSE DAVID LYNDALL: +0:The Wall | LA LAND GEORGE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LA LONDE HARRY FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | LA LONE JAMES CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | LA MARR PHILLIPS: +0:The Wall | LA MORTE ARTHUR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LA NORE DENNIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | LA PISH ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LA PLANT KURT ELTON: +0:The Wall | LA PLANTE WILLIAM ROY III: +0:The Wall | LA POINT LARRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | LA POINTE JOSEPH GUY JR: +0:The Wall | LA POINTE LARRY W: +0:The Wall | LA POINTE RAYMOND ROLAND: +0:The Wall | LA POLLA JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LA PORT LEONARD OSCAR: +0:The Wall | LA PORTE BRUCE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LA PORTE MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LA ROCCA VINCENT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LA ROCCO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LA ROCHE JOEL MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | LA ROCHELLE MARCEL ADELAR: +0:The Wall | LA ROCK REXFORD ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | LA ROSA MARION DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | LA ROSE JOSEPH RHUBEN: +0:The Wall | LA ROUCHE JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LA SALLE LAWRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | LA SCOLA VALENTINO J JR: +0:The Wall | LA TELLE RONALD LON: +0:The Wall | LA TORRE EDGARDO RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | LA VIGNE STEVEN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LA VOO JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LAAN JACOB CLARK: +0:The Wall | LABAHN DARWIN LYN: +0:The Wall | LABANISH GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LABAY JOSEPH STANLEY: +0:The Wall | LABBE ROBERT BERG: +0:The Wall | LABER MERLIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | LABOMBARD CLIFFORD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LABONTE DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LABONTE GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LABONTE ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LABONTE ROLAND CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LABOUNTY CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LABOWSKI LEONARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LABOY JAIME: +0:The Wall | LABOY NEFTALE JOHN: +0:The Wall | LABRECQUE ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LACAEYSE LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | LACEY DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LACEY EDWARD GENE: +0:The Wall | LACEY FRANK JAY: +0:The Wall | LACEY FRANKLIN D: +0:The Wall | LACEY PETER JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | LACEY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LACEY WILLIAM GIRARD: +0:The Wall | LACHER MARTIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | LACHNEY FLOYD CAMILLE: +0:The Wall | LACKAS MONTY GILBERT: +0:The Wall | LACKEY BILLY JAY: +0:The Wall | LACKEY JACK VERNON JR: +0:The Wall | LACKEY KEITH BERNELL: +0:The Wall | LACKEY PHILLIP LANS: +0:The Wall | LACKEY ROBERT EDGAR: +0:The Wall | LACKEY VERNON HARVIC: +0:The Wall | LACKLAND LUTHER JAMES: +0:The Wall | LACKNER MICHAEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | LACKS CORNELIUS CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | LACROIX PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | LACUS GEORGE DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | LACY TIMOTHY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | LADD ALBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LADD GARY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | LADD LARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LADD LEAMON RAY: +0:The Wall | LADELL JOE EARL: +0:The Wall | LADENSACK ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LADEROUTE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | LADEWIG MELVIN EARL: +0:The Wall | LADNER JAY WESLY: +0:The Wall | LADOUCEUR LANNY GUY: +0:The Wall | LADSON LAFON WINSTON: +0:The Wall | LAFAYETTE JERRY OWEN: +0:The Wall | LAFAYETTE JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAFFERTY DAVID NELSON: +0:The Wall | LAFFERTY JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAFFERTY THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | LAFLER JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAFON VAL LYNDON: +0:The Wall | LAFOND ROLAND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LAFRAMBOISE PHILLIP DOUGL: +0:The Wall | LAFRENIERE PAUL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | LAFROMBOISE MICHAEL S: +0:The Wall | LAGERWALL HARRY ROY: +0:The Wall | LAGODZINSKI ROGER THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LAGRAND ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | LAGUER JOSE ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | LAGUNA MARIO MONTES: +0:The Wall | LAHNA GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LAHNER THOMAS ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LAHR CLYDE DAVID: +0:The Wall | LAHTI JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | LAIDLAW WILLIAM CLIVE: +0:The Wall | LAIDLER ERNEST HAMMOND: +0:The Wall | LAIER STEPHEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LAIL VERNON EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | LAINE WAYNE KEVIN: +0:The Wall | LAIPPLE JOHN ELDEN: +0:The Wall | LAIR ELLIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LAIRD DANIEL REX: +0:The Wall | LAIRD ERVIN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | LAIRD JAMES ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAIRD JAMES BYRON: +0:The Wall | LAIRD JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LAIRD JAMES FRANKLIN M: +0:The Wall | LAIRD JERRY PROCTOR: +0:The Wall | LAIRD PATRICK STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LAIRD RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAIRD ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | LAIRD ROBERT MURRAY: +0:The Wall | LAIS ROBERT WALLACE: +0:The Wall | LAJEUNESSE CLEMENT FOSTER: +0:The Wall | LAJKO ROBERT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LAKASZUS HELMUT GUSTAV: +0:The Wall | LAKE JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | LAKE JOHN ROACH JR: +0:The Wall | LAKE JOHN W: +0:The Wall | LAKE LARRY VERNON: +0:The Wall | LAKE LLOYD DEAN: +0:The Wall | LAKE RONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAKE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | LAKE RONALD ROY: +0:The Wall | LAKER CARL JOHN: +0:The Wall | LAKEY DONALD KAY: +0:The Wall | LAKEY GEORGE LEO: +0:The Wall | LAKEY HOWARD WALLACE: +0:The Wall | LAKEY JAMES ERVIN: +0:The Wall | LAKEY LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LAKIN JOHN HAYES: +0:The Wall | LAKIN RICHARD DENMAN: +0:The Wall | LAKIN ROGER ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAKINS JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | LAKWA EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | LALAN LARRY RALPH: +0:The Wall | LALICH DAVID HUGH: +0:The Wall | LALLAVE ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LALLY MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | LAMA EDWARD BARTHOLOMEW: +0:The Wall | LAMA IVARS: +0:The Wall | LAMANNA JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LAMAR MELVIN STETTINIUS: +0:The Wall | LAMAR WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | LAMAR WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAMARR WALTER LOREN: +0:The Wall | LAMAS RAUL RUBEN: +0:The Wall | LAMB BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAMB BRICEY ELROD: +0:The Wall | LAMB COLIN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LAMB DONALD CAROL JR: +0:The Wall | LAMB EDWARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAMB ELWIN JAY: +0:The Wall | LAMB FLOYD WATSEL JR: +0:The Wall | LAMB GARY GRANT: +0:The Wall | LAMB HOWARD SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | LAMB LARRY NESBIT: +0:The Wall | LAMB MICHAEL HUGH: +0:The Wall | LAMB THEODORE: +0:The Wall | LAMB THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LAMB WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | LAMB WILLIAM LLOYD: +0:The Wall | LAMBDIN DANIEL ALVEY: +0:The Wall | LAMBDIN MARVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | LAMBERSON CARL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT DALE LEE: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT DOUGLAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT ELDON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT FRED DONALD: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT GARY RAMOND: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT HENRY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT JAMES CALEB JR: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT JEFFREY EARL: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT JERRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT LARRY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT LEE MATHEWS: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT STEVE NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT WALTER DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | LAMBERT WILLIAM GLENN: +0:The Wall | LAMBERTON GEORGE MAGEE II: +0:The Wall | LAMBERTSON PAUL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LAMBIE JOHN ALOYSIUS JR: +0:The Wall | LAMBOOY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LAMBORN KENNETH HOWARD: +0:The Wall | LAMBTON BENNIE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LAMBY CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LAMEIRAS RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAMELZA MARIO: +0:The Wall | LAMERE ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | LAMEY LAVERN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LAMITIE TYRONE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAMKIN FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | LAMKIN LEWIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | LAMKIN STUART BASSETT: +0:The Wall | LAMM CECIL DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | LAMM JONATHAN LEE: +0:The Wall | LAMMERS DONALD GARY: +0:The Wall | LAMMERS WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LAMMEY LLOYD GENE: +0:The Wall | LAMN JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LAMON FRANCIS WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | LAMON ROY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LAMON WILLIAM CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | LAMONT PETER ALAN: +0:The Wall | LAMOREUX EDWARD DONALD: +0:The Wall | LAMOTHE GEORGE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | LAMOURT-TOSADO PEDRO LUIS: +0:The Wall | LAMP ARNOLD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | LAMPERT ARLYN LORANZ: +0:The Wall | LAMPHIER LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | LAMPLEY JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | LAMPLEY LEON PARNELL: +0:The Wall | LAMPMAN KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAMPRECHT MARK AUGUST: +0:The Wall | LAMS ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAMUSGA MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER DAVID CLYDE: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER EDDIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER JERRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER JOHN MANNING: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER RICHARD P JR: +0:The Wall | LANCASTER ROBERT WEST: +0:The Wall | LANCE ALFRED FRANK: +0:The Wall | LANCE JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | LANCE LARRY GAY: +0:The Wall | LANCE SAMUEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LANCTOT RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LAND CHARLES DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAND DAVID ALDEN: +0:The Wall | LAND DAVID ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LAND FRED EMERY: +0:The Wall | LAND LARRY ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | LAND LARRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | LAND RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | LAND SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | LANDER MARK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LANDERS BILLIE DWAINE: +0:The Wall | LANDERS BLAINE WILSON: +0:The Wall | LANDERS CHARLES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANDERS DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANDERS EDMOND JOHN: +0:The Wall | LANDERS JACKY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANDERS KEITH TERRELL: +0:The Wall | LANDERS KENNETH JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | LANDERS RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | LANDERS RONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | LANDERSHEIM LARRIE JOHN: +0:The Wall | LANDES DREK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LANDES VICTOR REID: +0:The Wall | LANDI GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANDIS BRUCE RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | LANDIS CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | LANDIS CLAUDE BRUCE II: +0:The Wall | LANDIS DUANE GERALD: +0:The Wall | LANDKAMER MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LANDMAN THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LANDON GARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDON VINCENT P: +0:The Wall | LANDON WILLIAM GREGORY: +0:The Wall | LANDOR JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDRINGHAM ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LANDRUM JAMES ALFORD: +0:The Wall | LANDRUM THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LANDRY EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | LANDRY HOWARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LANDRY JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LANDRY JOSEPH RONALD: +0:The Wall | LANDRY PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDRY PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANDRY ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LANDWEHR DUANE HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | LANE ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANE ALBERT LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | LANE ALLEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LANE AUSTIN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | LANE BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | LANE CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | LANE DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANE DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANE DENNIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LANE ERNEST EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LANE FAMOUS LEE: +0:The Wall | LANE GERALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LANE GLEN OLIVER: +0:The Wall | LANE GLENN MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | LANE JAMES JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | LANE JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANE JOHN TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | LANE LEONARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANE LOUIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LANE MICHAEL D: +0:The Wall | LANE MICHAEL S: +0:The Wall | LANE MITCHELL SIM: +0:The Wall | LANE NORMAN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | LANE RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANE ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | LANE ROBERT HARRISON JR: +0:The Wall | LANE ROGER LEROY: +0:The Wall | LANE SHARON ANN: +0:The Wall | LANE SIDNEY DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | LANE STEPHEN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | LANE THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LANE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANE WARREN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | LANELLI JACK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LANEY BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | LANEY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANG ANDREW ALPHONSO: +0:The Wall | LANG BENJAMIN GAINES: +0:The Wall | LANG CHARLES VANDERBILT: +0:The Wall | LANG DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LANG DEAN LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | LANG ERNEST ALPHONSO: +0:The Wall | LANG JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LANG JAMES L: +0:The Wall | LANG MAINOR DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | LANG MICKEY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LANG TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LANG WALTER ROBIN: +0:The Wall | LANG WILLIAM OTTO: +0:The Wall | LANGAN LARRY MILTON: +0:The Wall | LANGAUNET BRUCE MAGNUS: +0:The Wall | LANGE CONRAD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANGE DEAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LANGE HANS DIETRICK: +0:The Wall | LANGE KARL FERDINAND: +0:The Wall | LANGE RICHARD ROSS: +0:The Wall | LANGENFELD CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANGENFELD CHRISTIAN ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANGENHORST HERBERT CYRIL: +0:The Wall | LANGER ALAN KARL: +0:The Wall | LANGER FREDERICK PETER: +0:The Wall | LANGER MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | LANGERIO MICHAEL LUKE: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD ALVIN HUGH: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD JAMES MINTER: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD LEWIS NELSON: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD RICHARD HENRY: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD ROBERT CANDLER: +0:The Wall | LANGFORD ROGER LEO: +0:The Wall | LANGH THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | LANGHAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | LANGHAM HOLLAND IRWIN: +0:The Wall | LANGHAM WILLIAM C: +0:The Wall | LANGHORN GARFIELD M: +0:The Wall | LANGHORNE LENNART G: +0:The Wall | LANGLER STEPHEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY BILLY GUINN: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY FRANCIS LEE: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY JERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY JODY MAC: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY WASHINGTON MORRIS: +0:The Wall | LANGLEY WESTON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANGLINAIS JACK PETE: +0:The Wall | LANGLOIS JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LANGMAN WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | LANGNEHS MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LANGROCK DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | LANGSJOEN RICHARD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | LANGSLOW ROBERT MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON EVERETT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON JOHN ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON MARK MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON MELVIN DOYLE: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON MICHAEL GARY: +0:The Wall | LANGSTON ROBERT EBERT: +0:The Wall | LANGWORTHY JAMES SCOTT: +0:The Wall | LANHAM DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | LANIER CHARLIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LANIER DAYTON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANIER FRANKLIN MONROE: +0:The Wall | LANIER JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANIER JAMES PERRY: +0:The Wall | LANIER JAMMIE JAY: +0:The Wall | LANIER JERRY DON: +0:The Wall | LANIER LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | LANING JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LANINGER LEON LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | LANKASTER JOHN THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD CHARLES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD EVELYN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD HENRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD ROBERT MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | LANKFORD WALTER MERL JR: +0:The Wall | LANMAN THOMAS DESMOND: +0:The Wall | LANNES SHERMAN DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | LANNING DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | LANNING HAROLD JAY: +0:The Wall | LANNING RONALD BARRY: +0:The Wall | LANNOM GARY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LANNOM RICHARD CLIVE: +0:The Wall | LANNOM WADE ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | LANNON JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | LANNOYE NICHOLAS PIERRE: +0:The Wall | LANO LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | LANSDEN THOMAS JACK: +0:The Wall | LANSKI JOSEPH WALTER: +0:The Wall | LANTEIGNE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LANTER KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LANTER RAYMOND EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LANTER RODGER PAUL: +0:The Wall | LANTOS LESLIE JOHN: +0:The Wall | LANTRY MERRILL LAGENE: +0:The Wall | LANTZ CHARLES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | LANTZ CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LANTZ GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LANTZ PETER J: +0:The Wall | LANZARIN LEONARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LANZONE MARCHELLA RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LAPAN GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LAPARDO ANTHONY N: +0:The Wall | LAPE DAVID ALEN: +0:The Wall | LAPES DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAPHAM ROBERT GRANTHAN: +0:The Wall | LAPIERRE EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAPLANTE NOEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LAPORTE DAHL J: +0:The Wall | LAPP HERBERT: +0:The Wall | LAPP MELVIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LAPPIN DENNY RAY: +0:The Wall | LARA APIMENIO: +0:The Wall | LARA ARTURO MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | LARA CHEVO GARCIA: +0:The Wall | LARA HUMBERTO: +0:The Wall | LARA LARRY CALUISTUS: +0:The Wall | LARA SABINO JR: +0:The Wall | LARABEE BENJAMIN CARLTON: +0:The Wall | LARACUENTE ERNESTO LUIS: +0:The Wall | LARAWAY WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | LARCHER ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LARGE BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LARGE GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | LARGE GEORGE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LARGENT JOHN ALYN: +0:The Wall | LARGENT LOEL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | LARGENT WILLIAM ALAN: +0:The Wall | LARGO CALVIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | LARIMER KEITH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LARIMORE JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LARISON ROBERT WILBUR: +0:The Wall | LARKIN JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LARKIN SAMUEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | LARKIN THOMAS JOHN II: +0:The Wall | LARKIN WILLIAM RONALD: +0:The Wall | LARKINS CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LARKINS VIRGIL LEE: +0:The Wall | LARMAN CHARLES WILLARD: +0:The Wall | LARMON TIMOTHY ELTON: +0:The Wall | LAROCHE ERNEST ALBERT: +0:The Wall | LAROCQUE LESLIE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | LARRABEE FLOYD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LARRABEE STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LARRAGA ANGELO GENTRY: +0:The Wall | LARREMORE PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LARRICK RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LARRY JOHN DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | LARSEN CHRIS JOHN III: +0:The Wall | LARSEN FREDRICK ELLIS: +0:The Wall | LARSEN GARY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | LARSEN JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | LARSEN JOE PAUL: +0:The Wall | LARSEN MICHAEL CONRAD: +0:The Wall | LARSEN STEPHEN EARL: +0:The Wall | LARSEN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LARSEN THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LARSON ANDREW MARTIN: +0:The Wall | 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MICHAEL DIGNON: +0:The Wall | LAYNE BOB RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LAYNE DAVID DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LAYNE DILLARD RAY: +0:The Wall | LAYNE HOWARD WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | LAYNE THOMAS ELSWORTH JR: +0:The Wall | LAYNE VICTOR LEE: +0:The Wall | LAYPORTE OSCAR ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LAYTON CALVIN JEROME: +0:The Wall | LAYTON DONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | LAYTON JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LAYTON JON WALTER III: +0:The Wall | LAYTON PATRICK ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LAYTON ROBERT ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | LAYTON RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | LAYTON STEVEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAYTON WEBB HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | LAZAR DANIEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LAZAR GEORGE FEODRO: +0:The Wall | LAZARO ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | LAZAROVICH JOHN F JR: +0:The Wall | LAZARUS ROBERT LANI: +0:The Wall | LAZARUS SIDNEY GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | LAZEAR ROBERT LEROY: +0:The Wall | LAZICKI JOSEPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LAZICKI RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LAZZAROTTO ALBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LE BARS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LE 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NORMAN: +0:The Wall | LEE ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEE ROBERT LIST JR: +0:The Wall | LEE ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LEE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEE ROGER GAIL: +0:The Wall | LEE RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | LEE RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEE ROY RONALD: +0:The Wall | LEE STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LEE STEVE DONALD: +0:The Wall | LEE TRAVIS BERTRAND JR: +0:The Wall | LEE VINCENT BURKE: +0:The Wall | LEE WALTER CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | LEE WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LEE WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEE WILLIE B: +0:The Wall | LEECH ROBERT VOYD: +0:The Wall | LEED CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEEDS CLYDE A: +0:The Wall | LEEK THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | LEEMAN ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LEEMHUIS DONALD J: +0:The Wall | LEEPER WALLACE WILSON: +0:The Wall | LEER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEES PAUL ERIC: +0:The Wall | LEESER LEONARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEET DAVID LEVERETT: +0:The Wall | LEETUN DAREL DEAN: +0:The Wall | LEFEBVRE RUDOLPH H JR: +0:The Wall | LEFEVER DOUGLAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LEFEVRE BERNARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LEFFLER RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | LEFFLER RUSSELL ALAN: +0:The Wall | LEFLER BERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | LEFLER CLIFFORD JOHN T: +0:The Wall | LEFLER DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LEFTWICH RAYMOND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LEFTWICH WILLIAM GROOM JR: +0:The Wall | LEGA JAMES GREGORY: +0:The Wall | LEGAT WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEGATE RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEGAUX MERLIN PHILIP: +0:The Wall | LEGER GERALD ROGER: +0:The Wall | LEGER MALCOLM FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LEGERE EMILE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LEGETTE O'NEAL: +0:The Wall | LEGG JOHN DUANE: +0:The Wall | LEGG ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | LEGGETT ALBERT GRAY: +0:The Wall | LEGGETT FRANKLIN ONEIL: +0:The Wall | LEGLER STEVEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEGLEU SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | LEGRAND MILTON HARRIS: +0:The Wall | LEHECKA JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LEHEW DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | LEHMAN DAVID JOHAN III: +0:The Wall | LEHMAN 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LENZSCH ROLF FRED: +0:The Wall | LEO THEODORE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LEON DE JESUS EFRAIN: +0:The Wall | LEON FELIX JR: +0:The Wall | LEON GUERRERO KINNY SAN N: +0:The Wall | LEON MARIO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEON PEDRO JR: +0:The Wall | LEON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEONARD ARNOLD LEE JR: +0:The Wall | LEONARD BILLY: +0:The Wall | LEONARD CHARLES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LEONARD CHARLIE MURPHY: +0:The Wall | LEONARD EDWARD N: +0:The Wall | LEONARD HENRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JERRY SMITH: +0:The Wall | LEONARD JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEONARD KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEONARD KENT ALAN: +0:The Wall | LEONARD LEROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEONARD LISTON RAPHEAL: +0:The Wall | LEONARD MARVIN MAURICE: +0:The Wall | LEONARD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | LEONARD OLIN JENNES: +0:The Wall | LEONARD PAUL AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | LEONARD RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | LEONARD ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LEONARD RONALD FRED: 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GEORGE GERALD: +0:The Wall | LESH TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LESHEN LEE MYRL: +0:The Wall | LESKA ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | LESKY CHRISTOPHER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LESLIE PHILLIP WILLARD: +0:The Wall | LESLIE ROGER LAMAR: +0:The Wall | LESLIE WENDELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LESNIK WILLIAM ELGIE: +0:The Wall | LESS RANDALL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LESS REUBEN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LESSEG JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LESSIG DANIEL KEPNER: +0:The Wall | LESTAGE WILLIAM FRED: +0:The Wall | LESTELLE JOHN ANDREW II: +0:The Wall | LESTER EARL ROY JR: +0:The Wall | LESTER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LESTER GRADY RUDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | LESTER JAMES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | LESTER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LESTER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LESTER JIMMY DON: +0:The Wall | LESTER RODERICK BARNUM: +0:The Wall | LESTER THOMAS LYNN: +0:The Wall | LESTER WILLIAM WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LESTON THOMAS JEROME: +0:The Wall | LESURE ERNEST ESTELL: +0:The Wall | LESZCZYNSKI WITOLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | LETA DONALD: 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ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LEVINS FREDERICK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEVINSON JAY BARRY: +0:The Wall | LEVINTHOL JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | LEVIS CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LEVIS DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEVULIS JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LEVY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | LEVY GERALD: +0:The Wall | LEVY NORMAN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | LEVY WALTER NEVILLE: +0:The Wall | LEW SAI GIN: +0:The Wall | LEW VICTOR WALTER: +0:The Wall | LEW VINCENT GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWALLEN JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWANDOWSKI LEONARD J JR: +0:The Wall | LEWANDOWSKY STANLEY ROBER: +0:The Wall | LEWELLEN WALTER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEWELLIN LAWRENCE FRANK: +0:The Wall | LEWER THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEWICKI STEVE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ADRON LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS AL RICKEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ALLEN LANUI: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ALLEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ANDREW LEON: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ARTHUR EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BENJAMIN F JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BENNY JOE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS BOBBY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CALVIN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES HUGH JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLES RATES: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CHARLIE GRAY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CLARENCE HENRY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CLARENCE PAUL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS CONVERSE RISING III: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DAVID HARRY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DAVID MARION: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DAVID: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DELBERT O: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONALD RANDELL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS DONNIE GORDON: +0:The Wall | LEWIS EARL LEROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS EARL LLOYD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ELTON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ERIC OAKLEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FLETCHER LEON: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FRANK FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FRANKLIN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS FREDERICK HARRY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GARY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS GRADY LEONARD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS HAROLD ST CLAIR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS HARVEY LEDREW: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES C RALPH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES ROBBINS JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JAMES WIMBERLEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JERRY D: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JESSIE ROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHN WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOHNNY ELMER: +0:The Wall | LEWIS JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS KENNETH JERNIGAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LEONARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LESLIE A: +0:The Wall | LEWIS LESLIE ROSS: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MERRILL RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL KEITH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS MOSES JOHN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS OTIS: +0:The Wall | LEWIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RAYMOND ROY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RICHARD GARY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RICHARD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROBERT RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RODGER DALE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROGER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | LEWIS RONALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LEWIS ROY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | LEWIS SINCLAIR BYRON JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STEPHEN HERMAN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STEPHEN MIX: +0:The Wall | LEWIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | LEWIS TEDD MCCLUNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS THOMAS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WALTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WAYNE EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIAM EWING: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | LEWIS WILLIE GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | LEWTER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LEWTER STANLEY REED: +0:The Wall | LEX MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEYBA RAMON: +0:The Wall | LEYDE THEODORE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LEYERLE BILLY BOB: +0:The Wall | LEYVA FRANK MONTANO: +0:The Wall | LEYVA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | LEYVA-PARRA-FRIAS FELIX F F: +0:The Wall | LEZAMA JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | LHOTA ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | LIA NICHOLAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | LIBBEE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | LIBBEY MALCOLM PIERCE: +0:The Wall | LIBBY JOHN H: +0:The Wall | LIBERATI PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LIBERSKY WILLIAM BERTRAM: +0:The Wall | LIBERTY RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LICATE DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | LICEA FRANCISCO XAVIER: +0:The Wall | LICHOTA DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LICHTE JACK ROWLEY JR: +0:The Wall | LICIAGA-CONCEPCION LUIS A: +0:The Wall | LICKEY MICHAEL LEWIS: +0:The Wall | LICON FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | LIDDELL BENJAMIN F III: +0:The Wall | LIDDELL ROBERT MORGAN: +0:The Wall | LIDDYCOAT WILLIAM ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | LIDER FRED RODRIGUEZ: +0:The Wall | LIEBERMAN JAY LESLIE: +0:The Wall | LIEBERMAN MAX: +0:The Wall | LIEBERNECHT VON MILES: +0:The Wall | LIEBESPECK JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | LIEBHABER KENNETH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LIEBL DONALD ALVIN: +0:The Wall | LIEBNITZ JAMES TERRY: +0:The Wall | LIELMANIS ATIS KARLIS: +0:The Wall | LIEN JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | LIESE TIMOTHY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LIESER ROBERT DARYL: +0:The Wall | LIEURANCE DAVEY ALAN: +0:The Wall | LIEWER RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | 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JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | LINDSEY WILLIAM ROYAL: +0:The Wall | LINDSLEY DONALD PETER: +0:The Wall | LINDSTROM PATRICK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LINDSTROM RONNIE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | LINEBERGER HAROLD BENTON: +0:The Wall | LINEBERRY JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | LINEBERRY RICHARD BRYAN: +0:The Wall | LINES RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LING WILLIAM CLIVE: +0:The Wall | LINGLE DALE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | LINGLE JOSEPH M JR: +0:The Wall | LINGLE ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | LINGLEY NORMAN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | LININGER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | LINK DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | LINK FREDERICK BEARD: +0:The Wall | LINK GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LINK GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | LINK JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | LINK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LINK RAYMOND PATRICK: +0:The Wall | LINK ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LINK ROGER MARK: +0:The Wall | LINKS RICHARD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | LINN DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LINN JOHN HOLMES: +0:The Wall | LINN ROBERT LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | LINNA STEVEN PAUL: 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RICHARD JON: +0:The Wall | LODEN LARRY DAVID: +0:The Wall | LODGE ROBERT ALFRED: +0:The Wall | LODHOLM NORMAN ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | LODISE JOSEPH FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | LODUHA GARY: +0:The Wall | LOECKER MARLOW MARTIN: +0:The Wall | LOEFFLER NORMAN F JR: +0:The Wall | LOEGERING DEAN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | LOEHLEIN ROBERT JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | LOERLEIN RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | LOESCHNER THEODORE R JR: +0:The Wall | LOEW DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | LOFARO MARCELLO JAMES: +0:The Wall | LOFFER TERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | LOFGREN JAMES ESKEL: +0:The Wall | LOFMAN LANCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | LOFSTROM LELAND EDDY: +0:The Wall | LOFTHEIM DENNIS DEAN: +0:The Wall | LOFTIN TEDDY CARL: +0:The Wall | LOFTIS JOEL CONRAD: +0:The Wall | LOFTN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | LOFTON BOOKER T JR: +0:The Wall | LOFTON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | LOFTON GLEN DORSE: +0:The Wall | LOFTON JOE EDDIE: +0:The Wall | LOFTON JOSEPH ALAN: +0:The Wall | LOFTON RAYFON: +0:The Wall | LOFTON RONALD HARRY: 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Wall | MACAGBA EDILBERTO DULA: +0:The Wall | MACARELL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MACCHIONI ALPHONSE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MACCIO DONALD J: +0:The Wall | MACE BRADLEY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MACE DANA LEROY: +0:The Wall | MACE DAVID LESLIE: +0:The Wall | MACE JAMES DOYLE: +0:The Wall | MACEDONIO CARMINE ANGELO: +0:The Wall | MACEY EARL FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | MACHACEK WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MACHADO FRANCISCO JR: +0:The Wall | MACHADO GARY ALLAEN: +0:The Wall | MACHADO ROBERTS: +0:The Wall | MACHALICA JOSEPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | MACHATA RUDOLPH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MACHAU JOHNIE BOYD: +0:The Wall | MACHEN ARTHUR WEBSTER III: +0:The Wall | MACHEN BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MACHIE MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MACHOWSKI JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MACHRISTIE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MACHUL JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MACHUT RICHARD RAY: +0:The Wall | MACIAS JOE: +0:The Wall | MACIAS ROBERTO JAVIER: +0:The Wall | MACIAS TRISTAL: +0:The Wall | MACIEL PETER JR: +0:The Wall | MACIMINIO ANTONIO PAUL: +0:The Wall | MACIUSZEK PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MACK ALLEN GLENN: +0:The Wall | MACK ALVIN ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | MACK CALVIN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MACK DANIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | MACK DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | MACK DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | MACK DOUGLAS DULANE: +0:The Wall | MACK EARL: +0:The Wall | MACK FRANCIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MACK GARY LEIGH: +0:The Wall | MACK GEORGE JACOB: +0:The Wall | MACK HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | MACK JAMES: +0:The Wall | MACK JOSEPH BINGHAM JR: +0:The Wall | MACK JOSEPH DEAN: +0:The Wall | MACK LARRY WESLEY: +0:The Wall | MACK ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MACK ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MACK WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | MACK WILLIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MACKAY NEILE COOPER: +0:The Wall | MACKAY PAUL ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MACKAY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MACKEDANZ LYLE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MACKEN CHARLES DAVIS: +0:The Wall | MACKEY DAVID RANDELL: +0:The Wall | MACKEY DONALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MACKEY LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | 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FRANK JESSE LEE: +0:The Wall | MADRID GABRIEL HERNANDEZ: +0:The Wall | MADRID MICHAEL PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | MADRIGAL-CORDERO RAFAEL A JR: +0:The Wall | MADRUGA MANUEL DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | MADSEN MARK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MADSEN MARLOW ERLING: +0:The Wall | MADSEN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MADSON ROBERT WARREN: +0:The Wall | MAES DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MAES PEDRO MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | MAESE JORGE V: +0:The Wall | MAESTAS GILBERT MERILL: +0:The Wall | MAGAHA DANNY ROY: +0:The Wall | MAGALLAN NOE: +0:The Wall | MAGBEE G W: +0:The Wall | MAGBY LLOYD BURNEY: +0:The Wall | MAGEE BOYD: +0:The Wall | MAGEE HERMAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | MAGEE JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | MAGEE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAGEE MITCHELL JR: +0:The Wall | MAGEE PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAGEE RALPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MAGEL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MAGER VINCENT LEO: +0:The Wall | MAGERR WILLIAM LEO III: +0:The Wall | MAGERS PAUL GERALD: +0:The Wall | MAGGARD DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | MAGGARD LARRY DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | MAGGIO JOSEPH ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | MAGGIO RANDALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MAGGS ROBERT HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MAGISTRO ANTHONY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MAGLIARO CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MAGNON MYRON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MAGNUSON DAVID JACK: +0:The Wall | MAGNUSON ERIC C JR: +0:The Wall | MAGNUSSON FRED WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MAGNUSSON JAMES A JR: +0:The Wall | MAGRASS JOEL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MAGRI GIUSEPPE: +0:The Wall | MAGRIE DENNIS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MAGRUDER DARRELL ZANE: +0:The Wall | MAGRUDER DAVID BYRON: +0:The Wall | MAGRUDER DOUGLAS GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | MAGSAMEN FREDERICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE CALVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE CHRISTOPHER J III: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE DANIEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE GERALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE JACK IVAN: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE KEVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE ROBERT STANLEY: +0:The Wall | MAGUIRE WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | MAGYAR BLAZE III: +0:The Wall | MAGYAROSI JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAHAN DARREL ULDRIC: +0:The Wall | MAHAN DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MAHAN DOUGLAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | MAHAN ROBERT CARY: +0:The Wall | MAHANA VANNY CHRIS: +0:The Wall | MAHARG EVERT RALPH: +0:The Wall | MAHER CHRISTOPHER L: +0:The Wall | MAHER EDWARD MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | MAHER HAROLD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MAHER LOUIS JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MAHER MARTIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAHER PAUL IVAN: +0:The Wall | MAHL KENNETH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MAHLER JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MAHNER LIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MAHON RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MAHONE HAYWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | MAHONE WILLIAM BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY ALFRED RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY HARRY CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY JOHN MORRISON: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY RALPH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY RALPH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY RONALD J: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY THOMAS P III: +0:The Wall | MAHONEY TIMOTHY KEITH: +0:The Wall | MAHOWALD MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MAHURIN ELMER WAIN: +0:The Wall | MAHURTER LAWRENCE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MAHY HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MAIATO JAMES COSTA JR: +0:The Wall | MAIDENS MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MAIER DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | MAIER GLENN ERVIN: +0:The Wall | MAILHES LAWRENCE SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MAILLOUX EARL ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | MAILLOUX JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAIN CHARLES REID: +0:The Wall | MAIN RICHARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MAIN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MAIN WILLIAM GENE JR: +0:The Wall | MAIN WILLIAM TERRY: +0:The Wall | MAINARDY GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MAIORANA RONALD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MAIR ALLAN LEON: +0:The Wall | MAISANO JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MAISEY REGINALD VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | MAIURO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MAIZE WILSON JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MAJER CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MAJESKI MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MAJKOWSKI DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | MAJOR ALLAN S: +0:The Wall | MAJOR GERRY DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | MAJOR KENNETH CARROLL JR: +0:The Wall | MAJOR LA MARRE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MAJOR ROBERT WARREN: +0:The Wall | MAJOR STEVEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MAJORS DANIEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MAJORS JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | MAJURE EUGENE JEHLEN: +0:The Wall | MAKAREWICZ DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MAKI FRANK RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | MAKI GLEN ARVID: +0:The Wall | MAKI ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | MAKIN ALLEN THEODORE II: +0:The Wall | MAKIN JAMES BRIAN LAWRENC: +0:The Wall | MAKIN WOODROW JR: +0:The Wall | MAKINTAYA ALEJANDRO: +0:The Wall | MAKOWSKI WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | MAKSIN MIKE A: +0:The Wall | MAKSYMIW WALTER B: +0:The Wall | MAKUCK MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MAKUH FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MALABE JULIO: +0:The Wall | MALABEY BENJAMIN KEALII: +0:The Wall | MALAPELLI JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MALARZ RENE LEE: +0:The Wall | MALASPINA RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MALATESTA LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | MALAVE-RIOS ABELARDO: +0:The Wall | MALBROUGH CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | MALCOLM JOHN DANIEL: 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| MALINS DAVID REAY: +0:The Wall | MALKUT STEFAN: +0:The Wall | MALL RONALD AVERY: +0:The Wall | MALLARD MORRIS A JR: +0:The Wall | MALLETT DOUGLAS MACKARTHE: +0:The Wall | MALLETTE AVON NORRIS: +0:The Wall | MALLINCKRODT ARTHUR T H JR: +0:The Wall | MALLOBOX JESSE ARMANDO: +0:The Wall | MALLON JAMES JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MALLON RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MALLON THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | MALLON THOMAS WINSTON: +0:The Wall | MALLONEE KENNETH A: +0:The Wall | MALLORY CONNARD DARRELL: +0:The Wall | MALLORY DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MALLORY JERRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MALLORY WILLIAM EARL JR: +0:The Wall | MALLOY JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MALLOY JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MALLOY JOHN PERRY: +0:The Wall | MALLOY THOMAS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MALLOY THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MALMANIS ULDIS JACK: +0:The Wall | MALMAY THOMAS SIMON: +0:The Wall | MALMQUIST PIERCE: +0:The Wall | MALNAR JOHN MARION: +0:The Wall | MALONE CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | MALONE CHARLES WALTER: +0:The Wall | MALONE CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | MALONE FELIX: +0:The Wall | MALONE HERBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MALONE JAMES EDGAR: +0:The Wall | MALONE JIMMY MCDONALD: +0:The Wall | MALONE JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MALONE LAWRENCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MALONE LEO FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | MALONE PHILIP NEWMAN: +0:The Wall | MALONE RICHARD CLAIR: +0:The Wall | MALONE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | MALONE ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | MALONE ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | MALONE SIDNEY JACK JR: +0:The Wall | MALONE WALLACE JAMES: +0:The Wall | MALONE WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | MALONE WILLIAM WALTER: +0:The Wall | MALONE WILLIE EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MALONEY CHARLES DEO: +0:The Wall | MALONEY DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MALONEY JAMES PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MALONEY JEFFERY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MALONEY JOHN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MALONEY JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | MALONEY MICHAEL KEVIN: +0:The Wall | MALONEY OSCAR: +0:The Wall | MALONEY THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MALOY GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | MALOY RICHARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MALOY TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MALSEED FRANK JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | MALUEG MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | MAMBRETTI DANIEL IRVIN: +0:The Wall | MAMIE RICHARD NORMAN: +0:The Wall | MAMIYA JOHN MICHIO: +0:The Wall | MAMMOLITTI JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | MAMON CESAR JABONILLO: +0:The Wall | MANAC DON: +0:The Wall | MANAREL CHARLES ROSS: +0:The Wall | MANCA RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANCHESTER GARY ORAL C: +0:The Wall | MANCHESTER JAY HARRISON: +0:The Wall | MANCHESTER JOHN SMYTHE: +0:The Wall | MANCILL DONALD BRYAN: +0:The Wall | MANCINI RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MANCINO SALVATORE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANCUSO ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANCUSO JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MANCUSO SALVATORE: +0:The Wall | MANDARINO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANDERFELD KENNETH JAY: +0:The Wall | MANDERFELD THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MANDEVILLE ROSS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANDLER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANDRACCHIA PAUL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MANELA RANDALL PAUL: +0:The Wall | MANELLO FRANK RONALD: +0:The Wall | MANEMANN RICHARD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MANER HOWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANESS ALAN CARSON: +0:The Wall | MANESS JAMES EMORY: +0:The Wall | MANESS MARTIN ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | MANESS STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANEY RALPH WARREN: +0:The Wall | MANFERDINI JOHN SEBASTIAN: +0:The Wall | MANGAN MICHAEL L: +0:The Wall | MANGAN MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MANGANELLO ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | MANGAT FREDRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANGER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MANGIN MARK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MANGINO THOMAS ANGELO: +0:The Wall | MANGIOLARDO MICHAEL ANTHO: +0:The Wall | MANGOLD CARL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANGOLD LEO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANGRUM GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANGRUM RICHARD GALE: +0:The Wall | MANGUAL JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MANGUM ROBIN: +0:The Wall | MANGUM SAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | MANGUM THEODORE EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MANGUM WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MANGUS ARLIE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MANHEIM VERNON ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | MANIAS ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANIERE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANIGO EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MANINGER RAYMOND MARCINE: +0:The Wall | MANINO SALVATORE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MANIS EDDIE: +0:The Wall | MANK ROYAL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANKA DOUGLAS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANLEY RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MANLEY RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MANLY FREDERICK LEE: +0:The Wall | MANN CARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MANN CHARLES CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | MANN DANIEL MCCARTHY: +0:The Wall | MANN DAVID LYLE: +0:The Wall | MANN DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | MANN EDDIE MORRIS: +0:The Wall | MANN EDWARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MANN EDWARD LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | MANN GARLAND RAY: +0:The Wall | MANN GLENN DILL: +0:The Wall | MANN HAROLD VAN JR: +0:The Wall | MANN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANN JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MANN NATHAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANN ROBERT BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MANN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANN ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MANN RUSSELL CLAIR: +0:The Wall | MANN THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANNEROW PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MANNERS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | MANNERS RALPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MANNERS VAN DYKE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MANNERY RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MANNIE ROGER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MANNINA MICHAEL CARMELO: +0:The Wall | MANNING BRUCE K: +0:The Wall | MANNING CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNING DAVID KARL: +0:The Wall | MANNING DAVID LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MANNING DENNIS CARROL: +0:The Wall | MANNING DENNIS DEWAIN: +0:The Wall | MANNING GLENN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MANNING JAMES HOLDEN: +0:The Wall | MANNING JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANNING JERRY: +0:The Wall | MANNING JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNING JOHN WARREN: +0:The Wall | MANNING PATRICK PEARSE: +0:The Wall | MANNING RALPH E: +0:The Wall | MANNING RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNING ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MANNING RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANNING RONALD: +0:The Wall | MANNING THOMAS R: +0:The Wall | MANNING WILLIAM TERRY: +0:The Wall | MANNION AUGUST GORDIAN JR: +0:The Wall | MANNION DENNIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | MANNO MICHAEL RALPH: +0:The Wall | MANNS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANNS EDWARD EMIL: +0:The Wall | MANNS ROGER D: +0:The Wall | MANNS ROY NANCE: +0:The Wall | MANOR JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANOS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MANOWSKI EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANRING CURTIS JOHNSON: +0:The Wall | MANRIQUE RAMIRO JR: +0:The Wall | MANSELLE EUGENE L III: +0:The Wall | MANSERGH WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD BRUCE ELWIN: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD CLAYTON JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD DONALD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD JOHN MONTAGUE: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD PATRICK LEROY: +0:The Wall | MANSFIELD WILLIAM GRANVIL: +0:The Wall | MANSIR PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANSKE CHARLES JEROME: +0:The Wall | MANSKE DENNIS RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | MANSKE PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANSON DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | MANSON JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MANSON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANSOR THOMAS NICKOLAS: +0:The Wall | MANSTIS ANTHONY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MANTERNACH MARVIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MANTHEI JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | MANTHEY BARRY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MANTON BRUCE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MANTOOTH JIMMIE HUGH: +0:The Wall | MANTOOTH LEONARD HAYES JR: +0:The Wall | MANTOUVALES ANTHONY RALPH: +0:The Wall | MANUEL FRANCIS EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MANUEL JESSE STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | MANUEL LARRY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MANUEL ROLAND WILL: +0:The Wall | MANZ TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MANZANARES CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MANZANARES JOSE ADORO: +0:The Wall | MANZANARES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MANZARO DANIEL VICTOR: +0:The Wall | MANZI JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | MAPE JOHN CLEMENT: +0:The Wall | MAPES EDDIE D: +0:The Wall | MAPLE ARCHIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | MAPLE HOLLIS GARNELL: +0:The Wall | MAPLES FRANCIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | MAPLES PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MAQUILING LEONARD GIDEON: +0:The Wall | MARA JOSEPH P: +0:The Wall | MARABLE WALTER A JR: +0:The Wall | MARACZI ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARASCO JOSEPH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARASCO PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MARASCO WILLIAM FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MARASON JOHN EDGAR: +0:The Wall | MARATTA CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MARBUTT GARY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARCANO CARLOS ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | MARCANO WINSTON ELVETTE: +0:The Wall | MARCANO-DIAZ GAMALIEL: +0:The Wall | MARCANTEL ELBERT: +0:The Wall | MARCANTONI ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCANTONIO JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARCAURELE LIONEL LUCIEN: +0:The Wall | MARCAVAGE ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCEAUX ERASTE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCELLO JOHN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MARCH DONALD GEROLD: +0:The Wall | MARCH FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | MARCH FREDERICK LUTHER: +0:The Wall | MARCHAND THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARCHAND WAYNE ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | MARCHANT PAUL LAFONTAINE: +0:The Wall | MARCHBANK LARRY OVERTON: +0:The Wall | MARCHBANKS R B JR: +0:The Wall | MARCHESE THOMAS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARCHESI JIMMY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARCHLEWICZ ARNOLD M: +0:The Wall | MARCHUT THOMAS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MARCIANO LOUIS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARCIN PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARCIN WILLIAM KEITH: +0:The Wall | MARCO JERRY ROY: +0:The Wall | MARCO ROBERT DONALD: +0:The Wall | MARCOMBE STEVE GARY: +0:The Wall | MARCONI FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARCOTTE ANDRE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARCOTTE DENNIS WILFRED: +0:The Wall | MARCOULIER LEO RENE: +0:The Wall | MARCRUM RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARCUM ERNEST DELBERT: +0:The Wall | MARCUM GILBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MARCUM HAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | MARCUM JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARCUM JIMMY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARCUM KENNETH: +0:The Wall | MARCUM LEONARD GERALD: +0:The Wall | MARCUM WALTER VERNON: +0:The Wall | MARCUM WALTER: +0:The Wall | MARCUS MICHAEL BOOTH: +0:The Wall | MARCUSSEN GLENNON: +0:The Wall | MARCY WILLIAM LINCOLN: +0:The Wall | MARDIS JAMES ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | MAREADY TERRY KAY: +0:The Wall | MARECK RAYMOND DONALD: +0:The Wall | MAREK JOSEPH PENN: +0:The Wall | MAREK PAUL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MARESH JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MAREZ FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MARFURT RICHARD AGUST JR: +0:The Wall | MARGARITIS SOTORIOS MILTO: +0:The Wall | MARGLE THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARGOLIS ROBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARGRAVE DANIEL W II: +0:The Wall | MARGRO JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARHEFKA DUANE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARIA CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARIANI JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | MARIANO JESUS ROSA: +0:The Wall | MARIER MAURICE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARIK CHARLES WELDON: +0:The Wall | MARIN FRANCISCO SANDOVAL: +0:The Wall | MARIN JULIAN: +0:The Wall | MARIN-RAMOS HECTOR RAMON: +0:The Wall | MARINE DAVID HARLON: +0:The Wall | MARINELLI ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARINELLI ELMO: +0:The Wall | MARINO ARIEL: +0:The Wall | MARINO CARL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARINO NICHOLAS III: +0:The Wall | MARINSIC ALLEN HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARION CURTIS: +0:The Wall | MARION HARRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MARISKANISH CHARLES EDWAR: +0:The Wall | MARIT DONALD F: +0:The Wall | MARIZ ROBERT J: +0:The Wall | MARK RICHARD STRODE: +0:The Wall | MARK THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARKARIAN WILLIAM ARAM: +0:The Wall | MARKEL JAMES CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | MARKEL RONALD JOE: +0:The Wall | MARKEN JOHN PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | MARKER MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARKEVITCH ANTHONY G JR: +0:The Wall | MARKEY CHRISTOPHER HUGH: +0:The Wall | MARKEY JAMES PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | MARKHAM MARSHALL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARKHAM RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARKILLIE JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | MARKLAND DONALD P III: +0:The Wall | MARKLAND GERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARKLAND JAMES HARRY: +0:The Wall | MARKLE WILLIAM CARL JR: +0:The Wall | MARKOS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MARKOSKI GERALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARKOVICH DOUGLAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARKOWSKI HENRY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MARKS ANTONE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MARKS DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | MARKS FRANK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARKS GEORGE ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | MARKS JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARKS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARKS PHILLIP HADDON: +0:The Wall | MARKS RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARKS TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARKUM ROBERT BAILEY: +0:The Wall | MARKUNAS THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARKUS JERRY: +0:The Wall | MARKUS LARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARKUSEN TOBIAS EARL: +0:The Wall | MARKWELL EUGENE LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARKWITH GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARLAND INNES LEE: +0:The Wall | MARLAR DONNIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MARLAR OLIN DEWEY III: +0:The Wall | MARLATT ROY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARLEY KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARLIN EARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MARLIN ELLIS SANFORD: +0:The Wall | MARLIN LEONARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARLIN ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MARLIN WILLIAM LUNN JR: +0:The Wall | MARLING BILLIE JAYE: +0:The Wall | MARLOW DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | MARLOW JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARLOW JOHN P: +0:The Wall | MARLOWE DANIEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARLOWE JACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARMIE ROBERT THEODORE: +0:The Wall | MAROON JAMES WILLMER: +0:The Wall | MAROSCHER ALBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MAROSITES BRUCE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARPLE REECE LESLIE: +0:The Wall | MARPLE TERRANCE DUANE: +0:The Wall | MARPO JOHN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MARQUARDT MERLIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARQUARDT WAYNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ EDUARDO JR: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ FLORENCIO Q: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ GERALDO: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ JULIAN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ RONALD O: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ VALENTINE: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ-LOPEZ LUIS MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MARQUEZ-QUINONES RAIMUNDO: +0:The Wall | MARR GEORGE RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | MARR JOHN AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | MARR NOEL DON: +0:The Wall | MARRERO-BAEZ FLOR: +0:The Wall | MARRERO-ESTRADA HERIBERTO: +0:The Wall | MARRERO-RIOS JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | MARRIETTA HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARRINGTON CRAIG THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARRION JIMMIE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARRON BRUCE ALEN: +0:The Wall | MARRONE JOSEPH VIETO: +0:The Wall | MARROQUIN ELADIO R JR: +0:The Wall | MARROQUIN PEDRO JR: +0:The Wall | MARROQUIN TOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MARRS CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARRS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARRUFO RODNEY ELMER JR: +0:The Wall | MARSCHALL ALAN FREDERIC: +0:The Wall | MARSDEN ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARSDEN TYRONE CECIL: +0:The Wall | MARSH ALAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARSH BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARSH CLARK LYNWOOD: +0:The Wall | MARSH DAVID JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARSH EDWARD K: +0:The Wall | MARSH FREDERICK CURTIS: +0:The Wall | MARSH HAROLD CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | MARSH HERBERT LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARSH JOHN A: +0:The Wall | MARSH JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSH LARRY GLENN: +0:The Wall | MARSH LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARSH LEE ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | MARSH RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSH RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARSH ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARSH RONALD ALTON: +0:The Wall | MARSH WILLIAM CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL BRIAN ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL CHARLES RAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL CLIFFORD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DANNY G: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DENNIS CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DENNIS HARDIE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DOC HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DONALD FISHER II: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL EDDIE LESTER: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL FREDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL HAROLD B: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JACKIE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES CONRAD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOHN GRADY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOHN KEITH: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOSEPH HENRY III: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL LARRY HUNTER: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL LAWRENCE JAY: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL MARK DUANE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL MICHAEL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RICHARD CARLTON: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL ROGER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL ROLAND TRENT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL RONNIE SHINYA: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL SAMUEL THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL THOMAS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL WILLARD DALE: +0:The Wall | MARSHALL WILLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MARSHAND KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | MARSHMAN MICHAEL JON: +0:The Wall | MARSON RICKEY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTEL NORMAND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARTELL GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTELL TERRY JACK: +0:The Wall | MARTENS STANLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTER EZRA BUDD: +0:The Wall | MARTHALER ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARTHE RANDOLPH LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTICH THOMAS MARK: +0:The Wall | MARTIE ERNEST RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALAN C: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ALPHONSO S: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ANTHONY TONY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ARTHUR GLENN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ARTHUR JUSTILIEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ASA JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN AUBREY GRADY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BENNIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BILLY JOE RALPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BRUNO LEO: +0:The Wall | MARTIN BUDDY RAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CARL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CLAYTON ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CLIFFORD B JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN CLYDE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DANNY GALE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DARRELL G: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVID LEE JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DAVIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DENNIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DENNIS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DENNIS R: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONAIL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONALD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONNIE JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DONNIE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DOUGLAS KENT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN DUANE WHITNEY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EDWIN WOODS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ELMER: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EMERSON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ERIE A JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ERNEST TYRONE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN EUGENE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN FLOYD NEWTON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN FREDDIE KAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN FREDERICK L: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GEORGE PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GEORGE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GEORGE WILLIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GERALD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GREGORY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN GUY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HAROLD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HARRELD PIRTLE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HARRY PEMBERTON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HENRY CHARLEMONT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HENRY OLIN III: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HENRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HOYLE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN HUBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN IRVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES C JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES EMMETT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JEAN D: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JEFFREY LEA: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JERRY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JIMMIE CARTER: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN ANTHONY III: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN BERNARD II: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN C: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN D: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN MAJOR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN MURRAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN SANFORD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHN WARREN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOHNNY COCHRAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOSEPH CRAIG: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN JOSEPH VENSON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN KENNETH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LARRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LAWRENCE SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LEONARD RAY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LINWOOD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN LONNIE GENE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MARVIN HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MERLE JAMES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL EMMETT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL PETER JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN MICHAEL TERRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN NAPOLEON: +0:The Wall | MARTIN PATRICK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN PAUL RIVERS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RALPH: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RAYMOND CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD D: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD JODY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD LE ROY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RICHARD M: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT DENNIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT ELMER: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT HARRISON JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT PHILLIPS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTIN ROBERT WILLIE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RONALD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RUFUS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN RUSSELL DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN SAMMY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN SAMUEL CALVIN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEPHAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVE LAIL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVEN LARRY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN STEVEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MARTIN TONY LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN VERNAL GLEN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN VINCENT PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WALTER WESLEY: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WAYNE OSCAR: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM DAVIS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM EVERETT: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM HAROLD: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM REYNOLDS: +0:The Wall | MARTIN WILLIAM TORBERT: +0:The Wall | MARTINDALE PAUL VAUGHAN: +0:The Wall | MARTINE JAY BARKLOW JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEAU MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ADOLFO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ADOLPH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ALEX EZEQUIEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ANGEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ANTHONY VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ARMANDO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ BILLY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ BOBBY JOE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ CHRIS RONALD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ DANIEL TIOFILIO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ DONALD LYNWOOD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EDDIE ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ENRIQUE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ERNESTO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ERNIE ROBLES: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EUGENE OSCAR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EVARISTO III: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ EZEKIAL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ FLORENTINO JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ FRANK: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GEORGE VINCENT: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GILIVALDO A JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ GUADALUPE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ISIDRO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ISRAEL JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JAKE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JESUS: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JIM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHN: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOHNNY SALAS: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JORGE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JOSEPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JUAN HENRY: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JUAN JOSE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ JUAN PATRICIO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ LE ROY FELIX: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ LOUIS ALVARADO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MANUEL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MANUEL GODINE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MARGARITO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ MAURO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PAUL DINNES JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PEDRO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETER JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ PETER: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ REYNALDO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RICARDO RAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ROBERT R: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ RODNEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ ROGELIO MANUEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ SIXTO R JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ STEVEN CATARINO: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ SYLVESTER C: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ TOMAS VASQUEZ: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ WILLIE DANIEN: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ-FELICIANO JOSE L: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ-MERCADO EDWIN J: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ-QUILES JUAN A JR: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ-SANTIAGO RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ-SOTO JOSE: +0:The Wall | MARTINEZ-ZAYAS RUBEN: +0:The Wall | MARTINI GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTINO STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTINO THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARTINOVSKY MILOSLAV JOSE: +0:The Wall | MARTINSEN LOREN DAUNE: +0:The Wall | MARTINSON DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MARTINSON DELVIN CARL: +0:The Wall | MARTINSON LEROY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | MARTIR-TORRES JULIO IGNAC: +0:The Wall | MARTORELLA GARY MARIO: +0:The Wall | MARTURANO JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | MARTZ DANIEL MORRIS JR: +0:The Wall | MARTZ MELVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | MARTZ MELVIN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MARTZ WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | MARVIN GREGORY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MARVIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MARVIN ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | MARVIN ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | MARX ROBERT GARRY: +0:The Wall | MARXMILLER GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MARYFIELD WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MARZENELL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | MASADAS BEN OBSENIARES: +0:The Wall | MASCARENAS ALCADIO NORBER: +0:The Wall | MASCARENAS JOE LEO: +0:The Wall | MASCARENAS ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | MASCARI PHILLIP LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MASCHER BRENT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MASCIALE VINCENT TOMMY: +0:The Wall | MASDEN STEPHEN KNIGHT: +0:The Wall | MASEDA GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | MASEDA ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MASHBURN RAYMOND T: +0:The Wall | MASHBURN TSCHANN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | MASHLYKIN KENNETH HENRY: +0:The Wall | MASILLO JUAN: +0:The Wall | MASIN MERRILL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | MASINSKI JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MASK JOE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | MASKE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASLAK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MASLINSKI DWIGHT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MASLYN EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASNY BERNARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MASON ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | MASON ALPHONZA: +0:The Wall | MASON ALVIN PERNELL: +0:The Wall | MASON BENJAMIN H JR: +0:The Wall | MASON BOBBY G: +0:The Wall | MASON CHARLES BUCKLEY: +0:The Wall | MASON CHARLES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | MASON CHARLES JOSEPH L: +0:The Wall | MASON DANIEL: +0:The Wall | MASON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | MASON DENNIS RAE: +0:The Wall | MASON DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | MASON EARNEST LEE JR: +0:The Wall | MASON GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MASON GEORGE ARDEN: +0:The Wall | MASON HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | MASON HARRY STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | MASON JAMES PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | MASON JOHNNIE: +0:The Wall | MASON JOSEPH ANSON JR: +0:The Wall | MASON KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MASON LARRY JOE SR: +0:The Wall | MASON LARRY MAURICE: +0:The Wall | MASON RAYMOND LEROY: +0:The Wall | MASON RICHARD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT SCOTT JR: +0:The Wall | MASON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MASON ROMAN GALE: +0:The Wall | MASON SVEN STERNING: +0:The Wall | MASON TERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | MASON THEODORE RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | MASON WILLIAM HENDERSON: +0:The Wall | MASON WILLIAM PAUL: +0:The Wall | MASOTTI JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MASSA DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | MASSA LUIS ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | MASSARI RICHARD D: +0:The Wall | MASSE RAYMOND GEORGE: +0:The Wall | MASSENGILL LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | MASSETH ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | MASSEY HARRY: +0:The Wall | MASSEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASSEY JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | MASSEY MICHAEL JAY: +0:The Wall | MASSEY MICHAEL SEAN: +0:The Wall | MASSEY RALPH LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | MASSEY SCOTTIE SHELVEN: +0:The Wall | MASSIE GEORGE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | MASSIE LARRY GLEN: +0:The Wall | MASSINE RICHARD PETER: +0:The Wall | MASSO-PEREZ JULIO: +0:The Wall | MASSONE MICHAEL STACY: +0:The Wall | MASSUCCI MARTIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | MAST RANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | MASTELLER ALLAN DEAN: +0:The Wall | MASTEN ARMAND DOMINIC: +0:The Wall | MASTEN JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | MASTER WILLIAM STANLEY: +0:The Wall | MASTERS EDWARD ULYSES: +0:The Wall | MASTERS JAMES MADISON JR: +0:The Wall | MASTERS WILLIAM RICHARD: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON EDMUND MACEO: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | MASTERSON ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | MASTRAMICO PHILIP: +0:The Wall | MASTROIANNI THOMAS FRANCI: +0:The Wall | MASTROMATTEO FRANK JAMES: +0:The Wall | MASUDA ROBERT SUSUMU: +0:The Wall | MASUEN MICHAEL NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZI JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZO EVERETT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZO PETER DAVID: +0:The Wall | MATARAZZO STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MATAYOSHI WALLACE KENJI: +0:The Wall | MATCHETT JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MATCHETT LESLIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | MATE DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | 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BRANDARD: +0:The Wall | MILLNER CHARLES HEWETT: +0:The Wall | MILLNER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MILLS ANDREW LEE: +0:The Wall | MILLS ARTHUR LEE: +0:The Wall | MILLS AUDLEY DUANE: +0:The Wall | MILLS CARROLL RAY: +0:The Wall | MILLS CHARLES HOMER: +0:The Wall | MILLS DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | MILLS DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | MILLS DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | MILLS DENZELL RAY: +0:The Wall | MILLS DONALD: +0:The Wall | MILLS FAIRLEY WAIN: +0:The Wall | MILLS GRAHAM LONNIE: +0:The Wall | MILLS GREG WENDELL: +0:The Wall | MILLS HANS LOTHAR: +0:The Wall | MILLS JAMES BURTON: +0:The Wall | MILLS JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | MILLS JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | MILLS JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | MILLS KARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | MILLS KYNARD: +0:The Wall | MILLS LAWRENCE STEVEN: +0:The Wall | MILLS LEONARD MARK: +0:The Wall | MILLS LOUIS TRENT: +0:The Wall | MILLS PETER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | MILLS RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MILLS RICKEY DUANE: +0:The Wall | MILLS ROBBIE RAY: +0:The Wall | MILLS ROBERT PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | MILLS ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | MILLS RODNEY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | MILLS ROGER BERTHA: +0:The Wall | MILLS ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | MILLS RONNIE: +0:The Wall | MILLS STEVEN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | MILLS TED DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | MILLS TERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MILLS THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MILLS VICTOR LANE: +0:The Wall | MILLS WARD WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | MILLSAP THOMAS III: +0:The Wall | MILLSPAUGH CECIL RAY: +0:The Wall | MILNE RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | MILNER MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | MILOS JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | MILOT LARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | MILOVICH ROBIN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | MILSTEAD ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | MILTNOVICH EMIL MAX: +0:The Wall | MILTON CHARLES RUDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | MILTON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | MILTON GARY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | MILTON RICHARD DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | MILUS EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | MIMBS BILLIE: +0:The Wall | MIMS FELTON LEE: +0:The Wall | MIMS GEORGE IVISON JR: +0:The Wall | MIMS KENNETH EDWARD: 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McCLUNG LARRY EARL: +0:The Wall | McCLUNG RONALD OLIN: +0:The Wall | McCLUNG WAYNE OLAND: +0:The Wall | McCLURE BILLIE JACK: +0:The Wall | McCLURE CHRISTABOL TOBY: +0:The Wall | McCLURE DWAYNE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McCLURE JACK DALE: +0:The Wall | McCLURE JAMES M: +0:The Wall | McCLURE PATRICK RYAN: +0:The Wall | McCLURE THURLO MERIDA: +0:The Wall | McCLURG CHARLES D: +0:The Wall | McCLURG JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | McCLURG JOHN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | McCLUSKEY JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | McCLUSKEY KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | McCLUSKEY PATRICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McCLUSKEY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McCOIG DONALD B: +0:The Wall | McCOIN KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | McCOLLOUGH GARY: +0:The Wall | McCOLLUM DAVID VERNON: +0:The Wall | McCOLLUM JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | McCOLLUM ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | McCOLLUM RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | McCOLLUM WAYNE ADELBERT: +0:The Wall | McCOMAS HOBART WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | McCOMB AUBURN DALE: +0:The Wall | McCOMB TERRY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | McCOMBS DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | McCOMMONS MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | McCONAHAY BRIAN DUAINE: +0:The Wall | McCONAHAY MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | McCONAHY THOMAS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | McCONAUGHEAD HARVEY R JR: +0:The Wall | McCONKEY WAYNE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McCONNAGHY WILLIAM P: +0:The Wall | McCONNAUGEHAY DAN DAILY: +0:The Wall | McCONNAUGHEY DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | McCONNEL GERALD WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL GERARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL JAMES T III: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL JERRY: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL JOHN STEVEN: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL ROBERT MUELLER: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL WILLIAM C IV: +0:The Wall | McCONNELL WILLIAM WALKER: +0:The Wall | McCONNICO DONALD: +0:The Wall | McCONNYHEAD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | McCOOK GREGORY MADISON: +0:The Wall | McCORD BURTON KYLE: +0:The Wall | McCORD DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | McCORD DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | McCORD HAROLD RAYMOND JR: +0:The 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Wall | McCOY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McCOY LARRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McCOY LARRY: +0:The Wall | McCOY MERIL OLEN JR: +0:The Wall | McCOY PETER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McCOY RALPH LINDSEY JR: +0:The Wall | McCOY RICKEY CLAUDE C: +0:The Wall | McCOY RONALD JAY: +0:The Wall | McCRACKEN JAMES MUIR: +0:The Wall | McCRACKEN RONALD: +0:The Wall | McCRAE JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | McCRANEY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | McCRANIE DAVID CARROLL: +0:The Wall | McCRARY CLIFFORD PAUL: +0:The Wall | McCRARY DOUGLAS MacARTHUR: +0:The Wall | McCRARY JACK: +0:The Wall | McCRARY RONALD SMITH: +0:The Wall | McCRAW RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | McCRAY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McCRAY FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | McCRAY GARY DEAN: +0:The Wall | McCRAY GREGORY: +0:The Wall | McCRAY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | McCRAY PLEASANT JR: +0:The Wall | McCRAY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McCREA LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | McCREARY STANLEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McCREERY FLOYD SANFORD: +0:The Wall | McCREIGHT JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McCREIGHT TIMOTHY JOE: +0:The Wall | McCRIMMON ERNEST C JR: +0:The Wall | McCRIMMON HENRY THURMAN: +0:The Wall | McCROBIE GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McCRONE JAMES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | McCRYSTAL JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | McCUAIG GLENN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | McCUBBIN GLENN DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | McCUBBINS LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | McCUE GARY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McCUE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | McCUE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | McCUEN WILLIAM DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | McCUISTON HARVEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH ALBERT: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH BENJAMIN LEE: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH GARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH JERRY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH JOHN EARNEST: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH MARVIN L JR: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH MICHAEL EUGEN: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH PATRICK ELVIN: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH PREZEL: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | McCULLOUGH SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | McCUMBER RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | McCUNE EDWARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | McCURDY JOHN A: +0:The Wall | McCURDY ROBERT LOWELL: +0:The Wall | McCURLEY TIMOTHY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | McCURRY ANDREAS: +0:The Wall | McCURTAIN CHARLES RAY JR: +0:The Wall | McCUTCHEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | McCUTCHEN MARL W JR: +0:The Wall | McCUTCHEON ALLAN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | McCUTCHEON FRANK STAN III: +0:The Wall | McDAID JOHN MURL: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL ANDREW LEROY: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL ARCHIE HUGH JR: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL CARY ELZIEVAN: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL CHESTER: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL CRAIG ALLAN: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL EDGAR: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL FRANKIE B: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL GILBERT ELLIS: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL JERRY JACKSON: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL KENNETH REED: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL MORRIS L JR: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL MURAL: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL PATRICK ELSWOOD: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL RICHARD BYERS: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL ROGER PAUL: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL ROY DEAN: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL SAMUEL WAYMON II: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL WAYNE IVAN: +0:The Wall | McDANIEL WILLIAM T: +0:The Wall | McDANIELS BILLY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | McDANIELS CHARLES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | McDANIELS JOHNNY ANDERSO: +0:The Wall | McDANIELS WILLIAM LAWREN: +0:The Wall | McDAVID WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | McDAVIS CALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | McDAVITT GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT BERNARD A III: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT JOSEPH F III: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT LEWIS E: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT PATRICK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT TERRENCE M: +0:The Wall | McDERMOTT THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | McDONALD ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | McDONALD BILLY WALLACE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD CHARLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | McDONALD CLYDE D II: +0:The Wall | McDONALD D LANCE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD DANNY LEE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD DAVID HAROLD: +0:The Wall | McDONALD DAVID LETCHER: +0:The Wall | McDONALD DENNIS ELWOOD: +0:The Wall | McDONALD EMMETT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | McDONALD GENIE LEE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD GEORGE COLUMBUS: +0:The Wall | McDONALD GEORGE E JR: +0:The Wall | McDONALD GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | McDONALD GERARD MORRIS: +0:The Wall | McDONALD HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | McDONALD HAROLD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD HENRY III: +0:The Wall | McDONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JAMES MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JERRY CECIL: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JERRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JERRY SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JERRY VERNON: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JOHN ETHRIDGE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JOSEPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McDONALD JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McDONALD 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JAMES FRANK: +0:The Wall | McELYNN THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | McENANY KEITH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McENTEE NEIL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | McENTEE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McEUEN RONALD CURTIS: +0:The Wall | McEWEN JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | McEWEN ROY CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | McEWEN THOMAS C JR: +0:The Wall | McEWING HARRY: +0:The Wall | McFADDEN CARL JR: +0:The Wall | McFADDEN FLOYD: +0:The Wall | McFADDEN GREGORY WALTER: +0:The Wall | McFADDEN HARRY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | McFADDEN PAUL RAY: +0:The Wall | McFADDIN LARRY RONALD: +0:The Wall | McFADYEN BRUCE SEARIGHT: +0:The Wall | McFALL GARY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | McFALL KENNETH LEWIS: +0:The Wall | McFALL ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | McFALLS BILLY CESAR: +0:The Wall | McFALLS HARRY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | McFALLS JERRY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | McFARLAND ARTHUR RAY: +0:The Wall | McFARLAND CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | McFARLAND KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | McFARLAND LOUIE JUNNIE: +0:The Wall | McFARLAND LOUIS HENRY: +0:The Wall | McFARLAND RICHARD 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TIMOTHY PAUL: +0:The Wall | McGUIRE WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | McGUIRE WILLIAM EDGAR: +0:The Wall | McGUIRK CHARLES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | McGURTY TIMOTHY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | McHALE JOHN BUNCE: +0:The Wall | McHAM RICHARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | McHANEY CARL JAMERSON: +0:The Wall | McHELLON GEORGE S: +0:The Wall | McHENRY EDWARD CURTIS: +0:The Wall | McHENRY JAMES CARTHELL: +0:The Wall | McHENRY PAUL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | McHUGH FRED C JR: +0:The Wall | McHUGH FREDERICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McHUGH GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McHUGH JOHN J: +0:The Wall | McHUGH TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | McHUGO DONALD LYLE: +0:The Wall | McIE JOHNNY ELLIS: +0:The Wall | McILRAVY RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | McILROY DOUGLAS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | McILROY PATRICK C: +0:The Wall | McILVAIN EDWARD M III: +0:The Wall | McILVOY JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | McILVOY JOSEPH RONALD: +0:The Wall | McILWEE JAMES R: +0:The Wall | McINERNEY PATRICK M: +0:The Wall | McINERNEY RICHARD NASH: +0:The Wall | McINERNY ROGER 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McINTYRE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | McINTYRE HOMER CLEO JR: +0:The Wall | McINTYRE JAMES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | McINTYRE RAYMOND NEAL: +0:The Wall | McINTYRE ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | McIVER ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | McJIMSEY WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | McJUNKIN ROBERT TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | McJUNKIN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | McKAIN BOBBY LYN: +0:The Wall | McKAY DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | McKAY EUGENE HENRY III: +0:The Wall | McKAY GERALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McKAY GERALD OTTO: +0:The Wall | McKAY GILMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | McKAY HOMER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | McKAY JOHN ROLAND JR: +0:The Wall | McKEAGUE GREGORY DEAN: +0:The Wall | McKEAN GUY EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | McKEATHON DWIGHT PINZA: +0:The Wall | McKECHNIE DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | McKECHNIE JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | McKEE CHARLIE MEARL: +0:The Wall | McKEE DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | McKEE DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | McKEE JACK ROGER: +0:The Wall | McKEE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | McKEE JULIAN ALLAN: +0:The Wall | McKEE 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| OVERLOCK JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | OVERMAN-RODRIGUEZ JOSE R: +0:The Wall | OVERMYER ROBERT JOE: +0:The Wall | OVERPECK JAMES HARLEY: +0:The Wall | OVERRIGHT DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | OVERSHINE GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | OVERSTREET DAVID DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | OVERSTREET ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | OVERSTREET WILLIAM DANIEL: +0:The Wall | OVERSTREET WILLIAM LUTHER: +0:The Wall | OVERSTREET WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | OVERTON DANNY JR: +0:The Wall | OVERTON DANNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | OVERTON DOYLE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | OVERTON JEROME: +0:The Wall | OVERTON WILLIAM HILLIARD: +0:The Wall | OVERTON WINCE ISAAC JR: +0:The Wall | OVERTURF PHILIP GENE: +0:The Wall | OVERWEG GEORGE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | OVERWEG ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | OVESON JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | OVIATT STEPHEN STANFORD: +0:The Wall | OVIEDO HIGINIO OVALLE: +0:The Wall | OVIEDO MICHAEL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | OVIST DAVID EMANUEL: +0:The Wall | OVNAND CHESTER N: +0:The Wall | OVNARD CHESTER A: +0:The Wall | OVSAK GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | OWCZARCZAK MELVIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | OWEN CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | OWEN CLYDE CHILTON: +0:The Wall | OWEN DAVID B: +0:The Wall | OWEN DEAN GILMAN: +0:The Wall | OWEN JOHN WILSON: +0:The Wall | OWEN LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | OWEN RAY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | OWEN ROBERT DANEL JR: +0:The Wall | OWEN ROBERT DUVAL: +0:The Wall | OWEN ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | OWEN SAMUEL TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | OWEN STEPHEN BOYD: +0:The Wall | OWEN STEVEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | OWEN THURMAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | OWEN TIMOTHY SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | OWEN WILLIAM LEE JR: +0:The Wall | OWENBY CLYDE: +0:The Wall | OWENBY EUGENE OLIVER: +0:The Wall | OWENS ALBERT DANNY: +0:The Wall | OWENS BEN: +0:The Wall | OWENS BENNETT HOWELL JR: +0:The Wall | OWENS BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | OWENS CARL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | OWENS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | OWENS CLAUDE JAMES: +0:The Wall | OWENS DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | OWENS DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | OWENS DEWEY RAY: +0:The Wall | OWENS ELWOOD: 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| PACE JAMES TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | PACE RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | PACE RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PACE RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | PACETTA COSMO FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PACHE HARLAN T: +0:The Wall | PACHECO ANDREW JOSE: +0:The Wall | PACHECO DONALD GONZALES: +0:The Wall | PACHECO EUGENE CARL: +0:The Wall | PACHECO FELIX: +0:The Wall | PACHECO FRANK MANUEL: +0:The Wall | PACHECO GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PACHECO JAIME: +0:The Wall | PACHECO JOSE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PACHECO MICHAEL JEROME: +0:The Wall | PACHECO ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PACIO GEORGE HENRY: +0:The Wall | PACIOREK ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PACK FRED WALTER: +0:The Wall | PACK JUNIOR B: +0:The Wall | PACK ROBERT VAN: +0:The Wall | PACK SANFORD GENE: +0:The Wall | PACK WILLARD ORVAL: +0:The Wall | PACKARD CARL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | PACKARD DAN BRUEN: +0:The Wall | PACKARD GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PACKARD ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | PACKARD RONALD LYLE: +0:The Wall | PACKER JOSEPH EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | PACO RICHARD MANUEL: +0:The Wall | PACOLBA ALFREDO: +0:The Wall | PADAYHAG AL SUMINGUIT: +0:The Wall | PADBERG LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | PADDLEFORD FRED HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PADDOCK DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PADDOCK GARY CLIFFTON: +0:The Wall | PADDOCK JOHN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PADDOCK MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | PADDOCK MICHAEL L: +0:The Wall | PADGETT DALLAS LANDON: +0:The Wall | PADGETT DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PADGETT JON LESLIE: +0:The Wall | PADGETT ROBERT JERRY: +0:The Wall | PADGETT SAMUEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PADIER WILTON JR: +0:The Wall | PADILLA ANTONIO DUARTE: +0:The Wall | PADILLA DAVID ESEQUIEL: +0:The Wall | PADILLA EDDIE JACK: +0:The Wall | PADILLA FIDEL: +0:The Wall | PADILLA GARY TEOFILIO: +0:The Wall | PADILLA GEORGE ISAAC: +0:The Wall | PADILLA GILBERTO: +0:The Wall | PADILLA JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PADILLA MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | PADILLA MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | PADILLA PEDRO: +0:The Wall | PADILLA RALPH HENRY: +0:The Wall | PADILLA ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PADILLA RONALD MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | PADILLA THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PADILLA-JORGE JAIME: +0:The Wall | PADRON IRENARDO FELIX: +0:The Wall | PADUA-LEDESMA AUGUSTO C: +0:The Wall | PADUCHOWSKI PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PAELE PETER JAMES: +0:The Wall | PAEPKE DUANE CARL JR: +0:The Wall | PAEZ JOSEPH FLAVIO: +0:The Wall | PAGADUAN GUILLERMO BAUTIS: +0:The Wall | PAGALING MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PAGAN EDWIN PEREZ: +0:The Wall | PAGAN GARY DON: +0:The Wall | PAGAN MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-CARTAGENA JOSE RAMO: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-LOZADA WILFREDO: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-PAGAN AMALIO: +0:The Wall | PAGAN-RODRIGUEZ EVANGELIS: +0:The Wall | PAGCALIUAGAN CEIZHAR VALE: +0:The Wall | PAGE ADDISON WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE ALBERT LINWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE DAVID RONALD: +0:The Wall | PAGE EDGAR DE WITT: +0:The Wall | PAGE GEORGE MERRITT JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE GILBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PAGE GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE HENRY LINDSAY III: +0:The Wall | PAGE JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | PAGE JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PAGE JIM CAREY: +0:The Wall | PAGE JIMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN MacARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PAGE JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | PAGE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE LEWIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PAGE LUTHER JR: +0:The Wall | PAGE M C: +0:The Wall | PAGE MICHAEL RANSOM: +0:The Wall | PAGE PHILLIP ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PAGE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE RONNIE: +0:The Wall | PAGE ROY DONALD: +0:The Wall | PAGE RUSSELL ELWARD: +0:The Wall | PAGE STEVE WILSON: +0:The Wall | PAGE THELBERT G: +0:The Wall | PAGE WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PAGE WINGFIELD JR: +0:The Wall | PAGET MICHAEL GORDON: +0:The Wall | PAGLIARONI ALAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | PAGNANO ENRICO HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | PAHCHEKA ROBERT CARLOS: +0:The Wall | PAHISSA WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PAHL KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PAHL RONALD G: +0:The Wall | PAHR WILLIAM JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | PAIALII PASIA: +0:The Wall | PAIER HELMUT WALTER: +0:The Wall | PAIGE DOUGLAS ALAN: +0:The Wall | PAIGE EZEKIEL: +0:The Wall | PAIGE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PAINE EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PAINE PAUL WARREN: +0:The Wall | PAINE VICTOR LLEWELLYN: +0:The Wall | PAINTER CURTIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PAINTER DAVID OLIVER: +0:The Wall | PAINTER DENNIS EARL: +0:The Wall | PAINTER GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PAINTER HOWARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | PAINTER JOHN RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | PAINTER JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | PAINTER MARVIN REED: +0:The Wall | PAINTER MICHAEL HARRIS: +0:The Wall | PAINTER ROBERT ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | PAINTER ROBERT GLEN: +0:The Wall | PAINTER ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PAINTER WAYNE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PAIRAN WALTER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PAIRIS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | PAIZ JERRY: +0:The Wall | PAKELE FRED DALE: +0:The Wall | PAKULA THOMAS VINCENT: +0:The Wall | PALACIO GILBERT GONZALES: +0:The Wall | PALACIO JOE MAURICIO: +0:The Wall | PALACIO RAYMOND JESUS: +0:The Wall | PALACIOS 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WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PALMA RAYMOND BARELA: +0:The Wall | PALMENTA EDWARD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | PALMER ARNOLD RALPH: +0:The Wall | PALMER BRUCE CAMERON: +0:The Wall | PALMER CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | PALMER CLARENCE LEROY: +0:The Wall | PALMER DAVID LESLIE: +0:The Wall | PALMER DAVID SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PALMER DOUGLAS T: +0:The Wall | PALMER GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PALMER GILBERT SWAIN: +0:The Wall | PALMER HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PALMER HUBERT: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES HESTER: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES LAMONT: +0:The Wall | PALMER JAMES: +0:The Wall | PALMER JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PALMER JESSE JAMES: +0:The Wall | PALMER JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | PALMER KENNETH OSCAR: +0:The Wall | PALMER LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | PALMER LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | PALMER LAYMON: +0:The Wall | PALMER LEON ALTON: +0:The Wall | PALMER LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | PALMER LYLE CLINT: +0:The Wall | PALMER MILLARD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | 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PARTRIDGE NORMAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PARTSAFAS TERRYL GLENN: +0:The Wall | PARZYNSKI HERBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PASCAL IVAN KIMOKEO: +0:The Wall | PASCALE GEORGE JOHN: +0:The Wall | PASCARELLA FRANK MARIO: +0:The Wall | PASCASCIO RODNEY GUSTAVUS: +0:The Wall | PASCH WILLIAM ERNEST: +0:The Wall | PASCHAL LESLIE CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | PASCHALL LES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | PASCHALL RONALD PAGE: +0:The Wall | PASCO ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PASCOE ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PASCUA DALMACIO P JR: +0:The Wall | PASCUAL FLORENDO B: +0:The Wall | PASEKOFF ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PASHANO JACK POOLA: +0:The Wall | PASHMAN STEPHEN MARK: +0:The Wall | PASILLAS HENRY: +0:The Wall | PASKINS WAYMAN E: +0:The Wall | PASKOWICZ DONALD: +0:The Wall | PASLEY HENRY: +0:The Wall | PASQUALUCCI EMIDIO: +0:The Wall | PASQUANTONIO JOHN EMIDIO: +0:The Wall | PASS JOHN III: +0:The Wall | PASSAFUME MICHAEL JAY: +0:The Wall | PASSANANTE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | PASSAVANTI JOSEPH J III: +0:The Wall | PASSERELLO ANTHONY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PASSIG DUANE RINEHARDT: +0:The Wall | PASTORE JAMES JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | PASTORE ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PASTORES GEVIN PESCOZO: +0:The Wall | PASTORINO MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PASTRANA VICTOR RAPHAEL: +0:The Wall | PASTROVICH EUGENE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PASTULA STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PASTVA MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | PATCH DONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PATE GARY: +0:The Wall | PATE JOHN H JR: +0:The Wall | PATE MILTON DALE: +0:The Wall | PATE RICKY ALAN: +0:The Wall | PATE ROBERT LEE III: +0:The Wall | PATE RONALD DALE: +0:The Wall | PATE WILLIAM LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PATE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PATENAUDE HAROLD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PATENAUDE HENRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PATERSON ROSS JAMES: +0:The Wall | PATIENCE WILLIAM R JR: +0:The Wall | PATINO PABLO: +0:The Wall | PATINO ROBERTO LERMA: +0:The Wall | PATON RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PATRICCA ANTHONY PASQUALE: +0:The Wall | PATRICK ALBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | PATTERSON JOHNNIE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON KEITH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON LARRY HART: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON MARK: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON MAXIE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON OSCAR BERNARD: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON PATRICK CHASIE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON RICHARD STUART: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON ROBERT DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON RONALD OREN: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON STANLEY F: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON STEVEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON TERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON TIMOTHY COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON WALLIS GILBERT: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON WALTER MARCELLU: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON WAYNE O'NEAL: +0:The Wall | PATTERSON WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The 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+0:The Wall | PEARSON ROBERT VERNER: +0:The Wall | PEARSON RODNEY SHAYNE: +0:The Wall | PEARSON RONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PEARSON RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | PEARSON THOMAS RICKARD JR: +0:The Wall | PEARSON VAN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | PEARSON WAYNE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PEARSON WILLIAM DELBERT: +0:The Wall | PEARSON WILLIAM ROY: +0:The Wall | PEASE HOMER LEFTERAGE: +0:The Wall | PEASE KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PEASLEY GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PEAT GARY LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | PEAVY THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PEAY DOUGLASS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | PEAY HARVEY A: +0:The Wall | PEAY JAMES EDMUND: +0:The Wall | PECHAITIS MATTHEW JOHN: +0:The Wall | PECK DARRELL VERNON: +0:The Wall | PECK JEFFREY LLOYD: +0:The Wall | PECK JOE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PECK ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PECK STEPHEN GRADY: +0:The Wall | PECK STEVEN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PECKHAM GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PECORA JOSEPH ANTHONY JR: +0:The Wall | PECORARO FRANK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PEDA ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PEDDICORD DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | PEDDLE MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | PEDDY CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | PEDEN CLARK EDMUND: +0:The Wall | PEDERSEN CLARK RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PEDERSEN DENNIS IRWIN: +0:The Wall | PEDERSEN FRED LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PEDERSEN KENNETH RALPH: +0:The Wall | PEDERSEN RUSSELL ALFORD: +0:The Wall | PEDERSEN WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | PEDERSON ARTHUR CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | PEDERSON JOE PALMER: +0:The Wall | PEDERSON KENNETH ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PEDERSON MARVIN CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | PEDERSON ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PEDICONE JEROME JOHN: +0:The Wall | PEDIGO CHARLES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | PEDINGS BILLY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PEDRICK CHARLES C II: +0:The Wall | PEDROSA CARLOS ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | PEDUE ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PEEBLER CHRISTY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PEEK DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | PEEK JOHN FOREMAN: +0:The Wall | PEEK JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PEEK RUSSELL JAMES: +0:The Wall | PEEKS LEE ROY ELDRED: +0:The Wall | PEEL JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PEEL LAWRENCE RAY: +0:The Wall | PEEL STEPHEN BLAKE: +0:The Wall | PEELE ELVERNON: +0:The Wall | PEELE LLOYD WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | PEELER GLOVER AUSTIN III: +0:The Wall | PEELER WILLIAM GERALD: +0:The Wall | PEEPLES BILLY HAMMOND: +0:The Wall | PEEPLES HARDY WINSTON: +0:The Wall | PEEPLES HARRY FRANK EDWAR: +0:The Wall | PEERY NORMAN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PEETZKE RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PEFFER GREGORY LEE: +0:The Wall | PEGG DAVID BURTON: +0:The Wall | PEGGS ALBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PEGRAM RICHARD EPPS JR: +0:The Wall | PEGROSS LEROY: +0:The Wall | PEGUERO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PEHRSON DALE CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | PEINA ERNEST DELBERT: +0:The Wall | PEIXOTO GILBERT COROA: +0:The Wall | PEKNY CHARLES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PELAJIO ARTURO: +0:The Wall | PELCH MICHAEL J D: +0:The Wall | PELEIHOLANI HAYWARD K H: +0:The Wall | PELHAM EARL TIMOTHY JR: +0:The Wall | PELHAM LESTER LEON: +0:The Wall | PELIKAN ROGER: +0:The Wall | PELKEY RAYMOND NELSON: 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JR: +0:The Wall | PENA JESSE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PENA JOE JR: +0:The Wall | PENA JOHN L: +0:The Wall | PENA JOHN: +0:The Wall | PENA JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | PENA MANUEL JUAN: +0:The Wall | PENA-CLASS RAUL: +0:The Wall | PENCE JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | PENCE JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PENDARVIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PENDELL DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PENDELL JERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PENDER DONALD L: +0:The Wall | PENDER JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PENDER ORLAND JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | PENDERGAST ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PENDERGIST RONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | PENDERGRAFT RAY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | PENDERGRAFT RONNIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | PENDERGRASS JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PENDERGRASS VERNON FRANKL: +0:The Wall | PENDERGRASS WILLIE CLEBER: +0:The Wall | PENDLETON GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | PENDLEY ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | PENDLEY WILLIAM GRANT: +0:The Wall | PENDOLA ANTHONY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PENDYGRAFT GEORGE R: +0:The Wall | PENE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PENFOLD PETER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PENKE RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PENLAND FRED DANIEL: +0:The Wall | PENLAND MARVIN KENNY: +0:The Wall | PENLAND RAY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PENLEY CHARLES MARTIN JR: +0:The Wall | PENMAN JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PENMAN RONALD STIRLING: +0:The Wall | PENN CHARLES HUGHES: +0:The Wall | PENN CHARLES VARENCE: +0:The Wall | PENN EDWIN ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PENN FRANKLIN HAMILTON: +0:The Wall | PENN HERMAN: +0:The Wall | PENN RAYMOND BISHOP JR: +0:The Wall | PENN RONALD W: +0:The Wall | PENN ROOSEVELT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | PENNA JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PENNAMON RICHARD STEVE: +0:The Wall | PENNEL LAWRENCE PAUL: +0:The Wall | PENNELL ARVIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PENNELL MICHAEL H: +0:The Wall | PENNELL WILBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | PENNETTI FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PENNEY CHARLES OTIS: +0:The Wall | PENNEY DONALD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON DALE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON FRED MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON JAMES E JR: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON PAUL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON PHILIP EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | PENNINGTON THOMAS JACK: +0:The Wall | PENNUCCI PETER JAMES: +0:The Wall | PENNY JAMES MELVEN: +0:The Wall | PENNY WILLIAM VICTOR: +0:The Wall | PENRY MARVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PENSON DANIEL L: +0:The Wall | PENSON HAROLD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PENSONEAU TERRY: +0:The Wall | PENSYL DONALD NEIL: +0:The Wall | PENTA STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PENTLAND JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PEONIO STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES ALEXANDER A S: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES DAVID DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES EDDIE DONALD: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES HOWARD GREGORY: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES JAMES DALE: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PEOPLES PERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PEPE GEORGE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PEPIN JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | PEPPER ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | PEPPER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PEPPER LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PEPPER WILLIAM FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | PEPPERS HAROLD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PEPPERS WILLIE JEROME JR: +0:The Wall | PEPPIN DAVID DAWSON JR: +0:The Wall | PEPPLE CARL FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | PEQUENO JUAN RODRIGUEZ: +0:The Wall | PERALEZ LOUIS FABIAN: +0:The Wall | PERALTA RAPHAEL ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | PERCIVAL ALTON D: +0:The Wall | PERCY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PERDOMO KRIS MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | PERDUE DON MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PERDUE DONALD M: +0:The Wall | PERDUE GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERDUE JOHN HARRY: +0:The Wall | PERDUE RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | PERDUE RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERDUE ROBERT DECKER: +0:The Wall | PERDUE WILLIAM CARMAN: +0:The Wall | PEREA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PEREA ERNESTO SALVADOR: +0:The Wall | PEREA JUANITO: +0:The Wall | PEREA ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | PERECKO PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | PEREDA HENRY PANGELINAN: +0:The Wall | PEREIRA SOCORRO: +0:The Wall | PERETIATKO JERALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ADOLFO MORENO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ALBERTO L: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ARTHUR CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ASCENSION ROSALES: +0:The Wall | PEREZ BENITO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ CARLOS AUGUSTO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ CELSO A: +0:The Wall | PEREZ DANIEL FLORES JR: +0:The Wall | PEREZ DANIEL TORRES: +0:The Wall | PEREZ DAVID: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ERNEST EUSTACE: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ERNESTO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ESPIRIDION: +0:The Wall | PEREZ FREDERICO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ GUADALUPE: +0:The Wall | PEREZ HILARIO OCHOA: +0:The Wall | PEREZ HOMERO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ISRAEL: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JAMES SANDERS: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JESUS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JESUS RAMON: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JOE FRANCISCO JR: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JOSEPH ESPINO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ JUAN J: +0:The Wall | PEREZ LOUIS ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ PETER: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RAUL BAUTISTA: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RAUL VICTOR: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RAYMOND LUNA: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RICARDO JAMES: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RICHARD ELOY: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PEREZ ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ RODOLFO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ VICENTE DUENAS: +0:The Wall | PEREZ VICTOR JR: +0:The Wall | PEREZ WILFRED M: +0:The Wall | PEREZ WILFRED: +0:The Wall | PEREZ-CRUZ LUIS ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | PEREZ-PADIN JUAN RAMON: +0:The Wall | PEREZ-RIVERA MANUEL ANTON: +0:The Wall | PEREZ-RIVERA MILTON: +0:The Wall | PEREZ-VERDEJA RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | PEREZ-VERGARA ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | PERICH JOHN WHILDEN: +0:The Wall | PERILLO DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PERINOTTO ERNEST DAVID: +0:The Wall | PERISHO GORDON SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | PERITO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERKETT DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PERKINS ALLEN DEAN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS BOBBY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CALVIN MOORE: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CECIL CARRINGT JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CHARLES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS CLYDE J: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DALE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DANNY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DAVID DRAKE: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DONALD DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS DONALD ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS FREDERICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERKINS GARY ELDON: +0:The Wall | PERKINS GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PERKINS GEORGE PETER: +0:The Wall | PERKINS IRA HILTON JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS JAMES BARNEY: +0:The Wall | PERKINS JOHNNIE KAY: +0:The Wall | PERKINS KEITH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS LUTHER RIVES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | PERKINS OFALEE: +0:The Wall | PERKINS RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERKINS STEPHEN JOHN: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WALLACE SAM: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WARDELL: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIAM DEWITT JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | PERKINS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERKO TERRY JOHN: +0:The Wall | PERLEWITZ BRIAN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PERLEWITZ STEVEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | PERMALOFF CHARLES WASSEL: +0:The Wall | PERPETUA ROQUE JR: +0:The Wall | PERRAULT ALAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | PERREAULT DAVID B: +0:The Wall | PERREIRA ERROL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERRELLI KEITH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PERRETTA JOHN ROCCO: +0:The Wall | PERRICHON DONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PERRIGO STANLEY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PERRIN RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PERRINE ELTON LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PERRINS ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PERRIS FELIZ: +0:The Wall | PERRODIN CURTIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERRON JOSEPH ADRIAN G: +0:The Wall | PERRON NORMAND PAUL: +0:The Wall | PERRONE JAMES PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY ANTONE JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY BILLY EARL: +0:The Wall | PERRY CARROLL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERRY CASEY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | PERRY CHARLES LEON: +0:The Wall | PERRY CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | PERRY CLYDE RANDOLPH JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | PERRY DENNIS MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | PERRY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY EARNEST: +0:The Wall | PERRY EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY ELMER JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY ELMER REID: +0:The Wall | PERRY ERNEST MANUEL JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY FRANK MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERRY GEORGE EVERETT III: +0:The Wall | PERRY GEORGE FRANCIS III: +0:The Wall | PERRY GERALD LESLIE: +0:The Wall | PERRY GORDON DEAN: +0:The Wall | PERRY GRAFTON LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PERRY HAL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERRY HARMON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PERRY JACK ARMOND: +0:The Wall | PERRY JACKIE RAY: +0:The Wall | PERRY JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | PERRY JOHN EVERETTE: +0:The Wall | PERRY KARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | PERRY KENNETH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERRY KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY KENNETH MERLE: +0:The Wall | PERRY KENNETH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PERRY LARRY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | PERRY LOUIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERRY OTHA LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY R C JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY R T: +0:The Wall | PERRY RANDALL EARL: +0:The Wall | PERRY RANDALL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PERRY RANDOLPH ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY RICHARD CLARK: +0:The Wall | PERRY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT CONROY: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT KENT: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PERRY RODDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PERRY RONALD DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEPHEN TUCKER: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEVE JOSEPH LEONE: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | PERRY STEVEN J: +0:The Wall | PERRY THOMAS DAVID: +0:The Wall | PERRY THOMAS HEPBURN: +0:The Wall | PERRY TIMOTHY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PERRY WILLARD ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | PERRY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERRYMAN DALLIS: +0:The Wall | PERRYMAN RONALD GLEN: +0:The Wall | PERRYMAN WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PERSELY RICKY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PERSHING RICHARD WARREN: +0:The Wall | 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PHILLIPS DAVID JEFFERY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DAVID JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DEAN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DENNIS L: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS DONNELL: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS EARL GENE: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS EDISON RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS ELBERT AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS ERNEST: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GARY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GERALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GLENN ROSS JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS GREGORY LEE: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS HARRY V JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS HENRY RICHARDSON: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS HOWARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JACK WARREN: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES LESTER: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JAMES RILEY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY ALFRED: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY LEN: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY NEWTON: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JERRY: +0:The Wall | PHILLIPS JOHN DAVID: 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MORRIS CALVIN: +0:The Wall | PICKETT MORRISON LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PICKETT RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | PICKETT RODNEY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PICKETT STEPHEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PICKETT WILLIE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | PICKETT WILTON RAY: +0:The Wall | PICKING FRANKLIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PICKLE JIMMY DEE: +0:The Wall | PICKLES MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PICKWORTH JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PICONI PIETRO: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ALLEN LINN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ANDREW STARRETT JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE BERNARD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE CALVIN BOB: +0:The Wall | PIERCE CLIFTON PALMER: +0:The Wall | PIERCE CLINTON DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE DANNY RALPH: +0:The Wall | PIERCE DARREL GENE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE DONALD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE DOUGLAS JACK: +0:The Wall | PIERCE EDWARD DAVIS: +0:The Wall | PIERCE EDWARD EARL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE GEORGE WASHINGTON: +0:The Wall | PIERCE HARRY W JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE HERBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE HOMER EARL JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE IRVING CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JERRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOSEPH HOWARD JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE JOSEPH ROBERT CLIN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE KENT DE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LARRY STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LARRY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LEO: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LEON JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PIERCE LOY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE MERRICK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIERCE MICHAEL ABEL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE MORRIS WOODWARD JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE OSCAR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE PHILLIP MALCOLM JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE RICHARD A: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROBERT LIVINGSTON: +0:The Wall | PIERCE ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | PIERCE RONALD GERARD: +0:The Wall | PIERCE RONALD SHAFER: +0:The Wall | PIERCE SAMUEL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | PIERCE TED: +0:The Wall | PIERCE TERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | PIERCE WALTER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE WILLIAM EARVIN: +0:The Wall | PIERCE WILLIAM WESLEY: +0:The Wall | PIERCY ROBERT CONOVER: +0:The Wall | PIERINI JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIERPOINT DONALD EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PIERPONT WILLIAM MCGREGOR: +0:The Wall | PIERRE CARRIER: +0:The Wall | PIERRE NORMAN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | PIERSANTI ANTHONY J JR: +0:The Wall | PIERSOL JOHN LAURENCE JR: +0:The Wall | PIERSON DENNIS LEROY: +0:The Wall | PIERSON GROVER CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | PIERSON LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | PIERSON LE ROY: +0:The Wall | PIERSON LYNN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PIERSON ROBERT EMMETT: +0:The Wall | PIERSON WILLIAM C III: +0:The Wall | PIERSON WILLIAM EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PIES JOHN DAVID FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | PIETRAS FRANK MARTIN: +0:The Wall | PIETRASZAK DAVID ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | PIETRZAK JOSEPH RAY: +0:The Wall | PIETRZYK MARK HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PIETSCH ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PIFER ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | PIGATT HARMON JULIOUS: +0:The Wall | PIGEON JOSEPH THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | PIGFORD PHILLIP WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIGG EDWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIGG THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PIGNATARO JULIUS PHILIP: +0:The Wall | PIGNATO JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PIGOTT CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PIGOTT JAMES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | PIKE DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PIKE DENNIS STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PIKE DONALD CLEAVER: +0:The Wall | PIKE EDWARD MORRIS: +0:The Wall | PIKE NIXON DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIKE PETER XAVIER: +0:The Wall | PIKE RAYMOND HORACE JR: +0:The Wall | PILCHER WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PILK ROBERT HARRISON: +0:The Wall | PILKENTON CLARENCE WESLEY: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON CARL EDWARD SR: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON CHARLES H JR: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON EDWARD PERCY: +0:The Wall | PILKINGTON THOMAS HOLT: +0:The Wall | PILLOW RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PILLSBURY JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PILON ALAN EVERETT: +0:The Wall | PILOT STANLEY GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | PILOTTE JOSEPH MARION: +0:The Wall | PILSNER JOHNNY MACK: +0:The Wall | PILSON THOMAS VICTOR: +0:The Wall | PILSON WALLACE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PILTON GAVIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PIMENTEL RONNIE CARDOZA: +0:The Wall | PIMENTEL TEOFILO CASTILLO: +0:The Wall | PINA FRANK DAVID: +0:The Wall | PINA GERALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | PINA LOUIE PETE: +0:The Wall | PINA LUIZ JR: +0:The Wall | PINALES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PINAMONTI ERNEST ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PINATELLI THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PINCHOT CRAIG D: +0:The Wall | PINDER JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PINE FREDERICK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | PINEAU ROLAND ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PINEGAR WILLIAM DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PINER JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PING ROY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | PINGEL WAYNE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PINHEIRO JEFFREY ANTONE: +0:The Wall | PINION DOCK JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | PINK JOSEPH PATRICK: +0:The Wall | PINKARD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PINKERTON BENJAMIN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PINKERTON LLOYD D: +0:The Wall | PINKERTON MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | PINKNEY HARVEY TYRONE: +0:The Wall | PINKNEY ROBERTIS: +0:The Wall | PINKSTON ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | PINN ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | PINNEKER JERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PINNELL ROBERT MERRITT JR: +0:The Wall | PINNEY JOHN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PINO ALFRED: +0:The Wall | PINO ANTHONY CARLOS: +0:The Wall | PINOLE BABE: +0:The Wall | PINSON CLOYDE CYRIS JR: +0:The Wall | PINSON LARRY GUNNELL: +0:The Wall | PINSONAULT FRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | PINSONNAULT RICHARD NORMA: +0:The Wall | PINTA RICHARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PINTAR JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PINTER WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | PINTO CAESAR AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | PINTO JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | PINTO-PINTO SIGFREDO: +0:The Wall | PINTOLA JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PIOTROWICZ DAVID: +0:The Wall | PIOTROWSKI DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PIPER CHARLES HERMAN JR: +0:The Wall | PIPER DONALD CHANDLER: +0:The Wall | PIPER EDWARD ROGER: +0:The Wall | PIPER JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PIPER ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PIPER SIDNEY JR: +0:The Wall | PIPER THOMAS LEIGH: +0:The Wall | PIPER WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | PIPES JAMES LEE JR: +0:The Wall | PIPHER CARL DALE: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN DENNIS NEWMAN: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN ERNEST GERALD: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN FRANK MEADOWS: +0:The Wall | PIPKIN THOMAS DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | PIPPENBACH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PIPPIN DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PIPPIN HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PIPPINS GUS: +0:The Wall | PIPPINS WILLIE SR: +0:The Wall | PIREZ-BERGES CARLOS: +0:The Wall | PIRKER VICTOR JOHN: +0:The Wall | PIRKLE WILLIAM ITHEL: +0:The Wall | PIRKOLA PAUL HENRY: +0:The Wall | PIRRMAN RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | PIRRUCCELLO JOSEPH S JR: +0:The Wall | PISACRETA ROGER MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PISCAR VINCENT JR: +0:The Wall | PISCIOTTA WAYNE CARLYLE: +0:The Wall | PISCITELLO SALVATORE JOHN: +0:The Wall | PISENO RAYMOND RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | PISHNER WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | PISKULA RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PITCHES JAMES SUTHERLAND: +0:The Wall | PITCHFORD L C: +0:The Wall | PITCOCK ELZIA RAY: +0:The Wall | PITMAN PETER POTTER: +0:The Wall | PITNER MONTE GALE: +0:The Wall | PITRE FLOYD LEON: +0:The Wall | PITRE JORY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PITRE KENNETH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PITSENBARGER DENNIS STOVE: +0:The Wall | PITSENBARGER WILLIAM HART: +0:The Wall | PITT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PITT ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PITT ROY SHARP: +0:The Wall | PITT WILLIAM LYNN: +0:The Wall | PITTARD DAVID HUNTER: +0:The Wall | PITTENGER DONALD ALAN: +0:The Wall | PITTIGREW JOHN FLOYD: +0:The Wall | PITTINGER CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN CHARLES TERRELL: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN EDGAR STEVAN: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN JACK: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN JAMES SHERWIN: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN RONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | PITTMAN WILLIAM T: +0:The Wall | PITTMANN ALAN DALE: +0:The Wall | PITTS BENJAMIN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | PITTS BILLY JAY: +0:The Wall | PITTS CHARLES R: +0:The Wall | PITTS CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | PITTS DANA ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PITTS DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PITTS DERWIN BROOKE: +0:The Wall | PITTS FRED EARL: +0:The Wall | PITTS FREDDIE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PITTS JAMES ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | PITTS JOSEPH WADE JR: +0:The Wall | PITTS RILEY LEROY: +0:The Wall | PITTS ROBERT ARDELL: +0:The Wall | PITTS ROBERT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | PITTS ROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PITTS TERRY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PITTS WAYNE MONROE: +0:The Wall | PITZEN JOHN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | PITZER RICHARD LYLE: +0:The Wall | PIVA JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PIXLEY RICHARD GORDON: +0:The Wall | PIZARRO VIC MANUEL: +0:The Wall | PIZARRO-COLON MARCOS: +0:The Wall | PIZER WESLEY IRWIN: +0:The Wall | PIZZANO JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | PIZZI CHARLES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | PIZZINO II EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PIZZINO THOMAS CARMEN: +0:The Wall | PIZZUTI JOHN: +0:The Wall | PIZZUTO LOUIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PLACERES MOSES: +0:The Wall | PLACZEK PAUL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PLAEP ALFRED EDGAR JR: +0:The Wall | PLAHN JACK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PLAKE JAMES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | PLAMBECK PAUL WANDLING JR: +0:The Wall | PLANCHON RANDALL T II: +0:The Wall | PLANCK EVERETT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PLANK JAMES DUANE: +0:The Wall | PLANTE GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PLANTE NORMAND AURELE: +0:The Wall | PLANTS OTIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PLANTS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | PLASSMEYER BERNARD HERBER: +0:The Wall | PLASTER BILLY JOE JR: +0:The Wall | PLATA JOHNNY MORRIS: +0:The Wall | PLATA MARVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | PLATE JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PLATERO RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | PLATH STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | PLATO JIMMIE LEON: +0:The Wall | PLATO ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | PLATOSZ WALTER: +0:The Wall | PLATT BILLY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PLATT DAVID BORNE: +0:The Wall | PLATT GARY W: +0:The Wall | PLATT JOHN HERBERT: +0:The Wall | PLATT LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PLATT ROBERT LENWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | PLATT ROBERT LLOYD: +0:The Wall | PLATT RUSSELL L: +0:The Wall | PLATT WAYNE B: +0:The Wall | PLATTENBURGER SIDNEY E: +0:The Wall | PLATTER GEORGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PLATTNER ERNEST MELVIN: +0:The Wall | PLAVCAN KENNETH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PLAYFORD RONALD EDGAR: +0:The Wall | PLAZA BERNARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PLAZA JUAN JOSE: +0:The Wall | PLEASANT EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PLEASANT MURPHY JR: +0:The Wall | PLEASANT STEPHEN DONALD: +0:The Wall | PLEASANT WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | PLECITY JAMES DONN: +0:The Wall | PLEDGER DONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PLEIMAN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PLEMMONS NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | PLEMMONS ROBERT COLQUITT: +0:The Wall | PLESAKOV LUCIANO PAUL: +0:The Wall | PLESH RAYMOND NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | PLESS WILLIAM HUDSOL: +0:The Wall | PLETT LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | PLIER EUGENE JOHN: +0:The Wall | PLILER LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | PLINER RICHARD DUANE: +0:The Wall | PLISKA MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | PLOTE DALE EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PLOTKIN MARTIN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PLOTKIN STEPHEN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PLOTTS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PLOURDE CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | PLOURDE ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | PLOURDE VICTOR M: +0:The Wall | PLOWMAN JAMES EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PLUCINSKI JACK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PLUM BILLIE NEAL: +0:The Wall | PLUM CARROLL STEVEN: +0:The Wall | PLUMADORE KENNETH LEO: +0:The Wall | PLUMB CHARLES DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | PLUMB GARY ANTHONEY: +0:The Wall | PLUMB JACK CLARE: +0:The Wall | PLUMEY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | PLUMLEE JAMES LEO JR: +0:The Wall | PLUMLEY JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PLUMM RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER CHARLES DEAN: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER JAMES ARMAND: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER NEWTON RAY: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER RALPH WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER REGGINALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PLUMMER SAMUEL RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | PLUNKARD JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PLUNKETT GERALD W: +0:The Wall | PLUNKETT RAYMOND LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PLUNKETT ROBERT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | POBLOCK BERNARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | POCHEL GERALD DEVER: +0:The Wall | POCHER WILLIAM THORNTON: +0:The Wall | POCHRON RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POCKEY JAMES JODY: +0:The Wall | POCS LESLIE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | PODEBRADSKY ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | PODELL RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | PODGORNY DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PODHAJSKY NORBERT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | PODLESNIK WAYNE A: +0:The Wall | PODMANICZKY CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | PODNAR ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | PODY JOHN CHRISTOPHER III: +0:The Wall | POE CHARLES ALTON: +0:The Wall | POE CLIFFORD EARL JR: +0:The Wall | POE JAMES WALKER: +0:The Wall | POE JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | POE JESSIE GERALD: +0:The Wall | POE JIMMIE CLYDE: +0:The Wall | POE JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | POE JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | POE JOSEPH BYRON: +0:The Wall | POE ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | POE STEVEN MELVIN: +0:The Wall | POELING EUGENE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | POELSTRA DENNIS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | POEPPING WILFRED NORBERT: +0:The Wall | POESCHL JOHN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | POESE NIGEL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | POET LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | POFF BILL DEAN: +0:The Wall | POFF DANIEL LOYD: +0:The Wall | POFF ELBERT DARRELL: +0:The Wall | POFF JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | POFF JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | POFFENBARGER WILLIAM OSCAR: +0:The Wall | POGGEMEYER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | POGGI MICHAEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | POGRE BOB ELIA: +0:The Wall | POGREBA DEAN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | POGUE JOSEPH DONALD: +0:The Wall | POGUE MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | POHANCEK STEVE: +0:The Wall | POHJOLA JEFFREY WILLIS: +0:The Wall | POHL EHRHARD HANS KONRAD: +0:The Wall | POHL FLOYD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | POHL RICHARD SHARON: +0:The Wall | POHL WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | POHLMAN CHARLES PAUL: +0:The Wall | POHLMAN JOHN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | POINDEXTER MOSES LEON: +0:The Wall | POINTER DARRYL WARREN ANT: +0:The Wall | POINTER RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | POINTER WALTER LEON: +0:The Wall | POIRIER PAUL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | POIRIER ROGER MILTON: +0:The Wall | POITRAS NORMAN GERALD JOS: +0:The Wall | POITROW EMERY NORMAN: +0:The Wall | POKE DONALD MAURICE: +0:The Wall | POKERJIM JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | POKEY FRANK MICHEAL JR: +0:The Wall | POLAK PETER PAUL: +0:The Wall | POLANCO JOSE YBARRA JR: +0:The Wall | POLAND HARRY TURNER: +0:The Wall | POLAND LEON LOVELL JR: +0:The Wall | POLAND RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | POLASEK JOSEPH JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | POLASKI LEON CRAIG: +0:The Wall | POLCHOW WILLIAM ALFRED: +0:The Wall | POLDINO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | POLEFKA JOHN ARN: +0:The Wall | POLEGA GERRY ALBIN: +0:The Wall | POLENDO RAYNALDO: +0:The Wall | POLENSKI EDMOND CHESTER: +0:The Wall | POLESETSKY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | POLETTI MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | POLEY DAVID ALLAN: +0:The Wall | POLGLASE WILLIAM RAULISON: +0:The Wall | POLICASTRO MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POLICH DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | POLING JACKIE RAY: +0:The Wall | POLING JOHN EARL: +0:The Wall | POLING KENNETH: +0:The Wall | POLING LARRY STERL: +0:The Wall | POLIQUIN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POLISKY THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | POLITO GENE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | POLIZZI SALVATORE FRANK: +0:The Wall | POLK CHARLES QUINTEN: +0:The Wall | POLK GARY DON: +0:The Wall | POLK KENNETH ERBIE: +0:The Wall | POLK PRESTON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | POLK ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | POLKINGHORNE ROBERT ELISH: +0:The Wall | POLL MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | POLLACK JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | POLLARD GERALD RAY JR: +0:The Wall | POLLARD JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | POLLARD JAMES ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | POLLARD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | POLLARD SIDNEY GERALD: +0:The Wall | POLLARD THOMAS LEROY: +0:The Wall | POLLARD WAYNE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | POLLARD WILLIAM ALFRED: +0:The Wall | POLLARD WILLIAM ISAAC: +0:The Wall | POLLASTRO DOMINICK: +0:The Wall | POLLEY GARY PAT: +0:The Wall | POLLEY RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | POLLEY ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | POLLIN GEORGE JOHN: +0:The Wall | POLLOCK DOUGLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | POLLOCK GARY JOE: +0:The Wall | POLLOCK LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POLLOCK SEVENTY J: +0:The Wall | POLNIAK ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | POLONKO JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | POLSON EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | POLSTER HARMON: +0:The Wall | POLSTON ERNEST ELIJAH: +0:The Wall | POLT ERWIN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | POLUSNEY JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | POLZIN HENRY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | POMERINKE RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | POMERLEAU JAMES GERARD: +0:The Wall | POMEROY ALEXANDER P: +0:The Wall | POMEROY CARLYLE B JR: +0:The Wall | POMEROY DAVID KEITH: +0:The Wall | POMEROY DEANE ALVA: +0:The Wall | POMEROY JACK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | POMPELLA PATRICK OWEN: +0:The Wall | PONAK CORDELL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PONATH KURT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | PONCE ANTONIO RAMON: +0:The Wall | PONCE BENITO ANDRADE: +0:The Wall | PONCE PAUL: +0:The Wall | PONCURAK RAYMOND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PONDER DERRELL LOIAL: +0:The Wall | PONDER JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | PONDER WILLIE LE EARL: +0:The Wall | PONDOFF JOHN CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | PONGRATZ RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PONIKTERA STANLEY F JR: +0:The Wall | PONTIERE JOHN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | PONTING JOHN L: +0:The Wall | PONTIUS MARK DURWOOD: +0:The Wall | PONTO AUGUSTUS J III: +0:The Wall | PONTUCK HOWARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | PONTY STEPHEN CHESTER JR: +0:The Wall | POOCK MYRON JEROME: +0:The Wall | POOL CHARLES LEO: +0:The Wall | POOL CHARLES WINFRED JR: +0:The Wall | POOL GARY GLEN: +0:The Wall | POOL HAROLD LAVEROL: +0:The Wall | POOL JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | POOL LARRY GAY: +0:The Wall | POOL THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | POOLAW PASCAL CLEATUS SR: +0:The Wall | POOLE CHARLES BURTON: +0:The Wall | POOLE CHARLIE SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | POOLE CONRAD EARL: +0:The Wall | POOLE EARL LEROY: +0:The Wall | POOLE FRANKLIN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | POOLE HARTWIG RALPH: +0:The Wall | POOLE JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | POOLE MELVIN: +0:The Wall | POOLE ORIS LAMAR: +0:The Wall | POOLE OTHA LENSEY: +0:The Wall | POOLE PERRY LEE: 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Wall | PROSKY LEVERET ROSCOE: +0:The Wall | PROSSER IRVIN WILLIS JR: +0:The Wall | PROSTELL RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PROSZEK ANTON JR: +0:The Wall | PROTACK THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | PROTAIN DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | PROTANO GUY JERRY JR: +0:The Wall | PROTHERO MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PROTHERO WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | PROTTO ROBERT B JR: +0:The Wall | PROTZ CLAUDE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PROUDFOOT LEWIS H III: +0:The Wall | PROUDFOOT TIMOTHY COLE: +0:The Wall | PROUE JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PROVEAUX RICHARD BLAINE: +0:The Wall | PROVENCAL ROLAND ANDRE: +0:The Wall | PROVENCHER WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PROVENZANO ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PROVOST DAVID ARMAND: +0:The Wall | PRUDEN FREDERICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PRUDEN RENE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PRUDEN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PRUDHOMME JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PRUETT DARREL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | PRUETT DONOVAN JESS: +0:The Wall | PRUETT JAMES RANDALL: +0:The Wall | PRUETT WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | PRUHS ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | PRUIETT THOMAS PIERRE JR: +0:The Wall | PRUITT CARL DUANE: +0:The Wall | PRUITT DAVID MONROE: +0:The Wall | PRUITT FRANCIS JOHN J: +0:The Wall | PRUITT GEORGE ALAN: +0:The Wall | PRUITT JAMES ELMER: +0:The Wall | PRUITT JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | PRUITT OSIER LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PRUITT WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | PRUNER JOHN MARK: +0:The Wall | PRUNKA ALEXANDER E JR: +0:The Wall | PRUSH MONTY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PRUSKO PAUL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | PRY JERRY EARL: +0:The Wall | PRYEAR JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | PRYOR DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | PRYOR ERNEST PAUL: +0:The Wall | PRYOR JEROME: +0:The Wall | PRYOR LARRY ROY: +0:The Wall | PRYOR MELVIN SR: +0:The Wall | PRYOR ROBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | PRYOR THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PRYOR WILLIAM JACKIE: +0:The Wall | PRYS ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PRZELOMSKI PAUL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | PRZYBELSKI THOMAS F: +0:The Wall | PRZYBYLINSKI GERALD: +0:The Wall | PRZYBYLOWICZ WALTER JR: +0:The Wall | PTACEK TIMOTHY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PTAK THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | PTASNICK WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | PUARIEA JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | PUCCI DANIEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | PUCHALSKI WALTER MARTIN: +0:The Wall | PUCKETT DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | PUCKETT HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | PUCKETT JEAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PUCKETT ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | PUCKETT TROY MURL: +0:The Wall | PUDERBAUGH CHARLES KAY: +0:The Wall | PUDULS JURIS: +0:The Wall | PUENTES MANUEL RAMERIZ: +0:The Wall | PUENTES MIGUEL ANGEL: +0:The Wall | PUETZ MICHAEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | PUFF THOMAS JOE: +0:The Wall | PUFFENBARGER WILLIAM T: +0:The Wall | PUGGI JOSEPH DAVID: +0:The Wall | PUGH DAVID JAMES: +0:The Wall | PUGH DENNIS GERARD: +0:The Wall | PUGH EVERETT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PUGH GERALD RALPH: +0:The Wall | PUGH KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | PUGH KENNETH WARD: +0:The Wall | PUGH MICHAEL LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | PUGH MICHEL LEE: +0:The Wall | PUGH PERCY ISAIAH: +0:The Wall | PUGH RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | PUGH ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | PUGH ROGER LESLIE: +0:The Wall | PUGH STEPHEN BRIAN: +0:The Wall | PUGLIESE FRANK: +0:The Wall | PUGMIRE MAX WELKER: +0:The Wall | PUHI DANIEL KIMOKEO: +0:The Wall | PUHI KEITH JON: +0:The Wall | PUISHIS DALE SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PULASKI PETER JR: +0:The Wall | PULASKI ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PULLAM JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | PULLARA ANGELO: +0:The Wall | PULLEN CLAUDE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | PULLEN MELVIN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PULLEN ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | PULLEN THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PULLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PULLIAM CHARLES AUBREY: +0:The Wall | PULLIAM DALE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | PULLIAM EDGAR RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | PULLIAM ERIC VINCENT: +0:The Wall | PULLIAM ROBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | PULLIAM ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | PULLINS ROGERS JR: +0:The Wall | PULLUM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | PULS ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PULSE DOYLE GEAN: +0:The Wall | PULSIFER NELSON F JR: +0:The Wall | PULTZ ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | PUMA WAYNE PAUL: +0:The Wall | PUMAREJO-COLON WILFREDO: +0:The Wall | PUMILLO MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PUMPELLY WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | PUMPHREY CORNEALUS JR: +0:The Wall | PUMPHREY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | PUMPHREY EDWIN HOLLAND: +0:The Wall | PUMPHREY JAMES J L: +0:The Wall | PUNDSACK TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | PURCELL CHARLES KENT II: +0:The Wall | PURCELL DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PURCELL GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PURCELL HOWARD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | PURCELL LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | PURCELL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PURCELL RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | PURDIE ROBERT DAVID: +0:The Wall | PURDIN PATRICK LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | PURDON GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | PURDUM RALPH SCOTT: +0:The Wall | PURDY LOUIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | PURDY RANDALL BREWARD: +0:The Wall | PURELIS JOSEPH KENNETH: +0:The Wall | PURGIEL ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | PURIFOY HUBERT J: +0:The Wall | PURIFOY RAY WARREN: +0:The Wall | PURKEY JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | PURNELL ADRIAN FLOYD: +0:The Wall | PURSEL THOMAS RONALD: +0:The Wall | PURSELL CHARLES ALAN: +0:The Wall | PURSER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | PURSER DAVID ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | PURSER JAMES LEAVELL: +0:The Wall | PURTELL ROBERT BUCK: +0:The Wall | PURVIS ALFRED ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | PURVIS BERNARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | PURVIS PHILIP ALAN: +0:The Wall | PURWIN ANTONI BOGUSLAW: +0:The Wall | PURYEAR JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | PUSKARCIK RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | PUSSER THOMAS WILSON: +0:The Wall | PUTMAN THOMAS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | PUTNAM CHARLES LANCASTER: +0:The Wall | PUTNAM CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PUTNAM RONALD VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | PUTNEY EDWARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | PUTZ LAWRENCE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | PUZYREWSKI LESLIE: +0:The Wall | PYE SAFFORD SMITH: +0:The Wall | PYLE CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | PYLE CHRIS MONROE: +0:The Wall | PYLE HOWARD MACDONALD JR: +0:The Wall | PYLE JERRY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PYLE JESSE ANDREW: +0:The Wall | PYLE JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | PYLE LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | PYLE NICHOLAS IRVIN: +0:The Wall | PYLE TIMOTHY HOWARD: +0:The Wall | PYLE WILTON STROUD: +0:The Wall | PYLES HARLEY BOYD: +0:The Wall | PYNE ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | PYNNONEN MICHAEL JONAS: +0:The Wall | PYPNIOWSKI LARRY: +0:The Wall | PYRANT DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | PYSHER GERALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | PYSZ ALEX DENNIS: +0:The Wall | QUAGLIERI PAUL VINCENZO: +0:The Wall | QUAITE DANNY JOE: +0:The Wall | QUALLS ARTHUR GERALD: +0:The Wall | QUALLS DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | QUALLS TED WAYNE: +0:The Wall | QUAM JOHN ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | QUAMO GEORGE: +0:The Wall | QUAN KENNETH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | QUANDT ROBERT FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | QUARLES FLOYD ELMER: +0:The Wall | QUARLES WAYNE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | QUARTERMAN EARL QUINNON: +0:The Wall | QUAST WILLY VASCILLE: +0:The Wall | QUATRONE FERDINAND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | QUATTLEBAUM JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | QUEALY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | QUEBODEAUX WILLIAM C JR: +0:The Wall | QUEEN CARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | QUEEN CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | QUEEN DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | QUEEN WALTER LOUIS: +0:The Wall | QUEENER ULYSSES GRANT JR: +0:The Wall | QUENGA JOHNNY CRUZ: +0:The Wall | QUERRY HOWARD EMERSON: +0:The Wall | QUERY ROBERT PETER: +0:The Wall | QUESADA JESUS: +0:The Wall | QUESENBERRY BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | QUESENBERRY JOHN QUINCY: +0:The Wall | QUESNEY JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | QUEVEDO ANGEL ALARID: +0:The Wall | QUEY DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | QUEZADA ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | QUICK ADRIAN ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | QUICK GEORGE DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | QUICK ISHAM IKE: +0:The Wall | QUICK JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | QUICK MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | QUICK PAUL WAYNE III: +0:The Wall | QUICK RALPH RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | QUICK ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | QUICK ROBERT GLYNN: +0:The Wall | QUICK ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | QUIDACHAY JESUS AQUININGO: +0:The Wall | QUIGLEY HENRY LEROY: +0:The Wall | QUIGLEY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | QUIGLEY JOHN M: +0:The Wall | QUIGLEY RONALD LEEROY: +0:The Wall | QUIGLEY TERRY LYNN: 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+0:The Wall | QUINN MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | QUINN MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | QUINN PATRICK OWEN: +0:The Wall | QUINN PATRICK THOMAS: +0:The Wall | QUINN RAYMOND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | QUINN RICHARD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | QUINN RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | QUINN ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | QUINN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | QUINN ROGER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | QUINN RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | QUINN STEPHEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | QUINN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | QUINN THOMAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | QUINN WILLIAM DANIEL III: +0:The Wall | QUINONES DAVID: +0:The Wall | QUINONES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | QUINONES JOSE LUIS: +0:The Wall | QUINONES JUAN MANUEL: +0:The Wall | QUINONES JULIO JR: +0:The Wall | QUINONES-BORRAS NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | QUINONES-RODRIGUEZ LUISAR: +0:The Wall | QUINT ANTHONY PETER: +0:The Wall | QUINTAL JOHN VINCENT: +0:The Wall | QUINTANA FRANKLIN HARRY A: +0:The Wall | QUINTANA JUAN CARLOS: +0:The Wall | QUINTANA SANTIAGO V E: +0:The Wall | QUINTANA-SOTO LUIS E: +0:The Wall | QUINTANILLA FRANCISCO JR: +0:The Wall | QUINTANILLA JEFFERY I: +0:The Wall | QUINTERO FERNANDO MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | QUINTERO JOSE HERNANDEZ: +0:The Wall | QUIRION JOSEPH G L JR: +0:The Wall | QUIRK JEFFERY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | QUIROGA ALEX LEON: +0:The Wall | QUIROS CARLOS MANUEL: +0:The Wall | QUIROZ ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | QUIROZ ALFRED MAURO: +0:The Wall | QUIROZ JOSEPH ALBERT: +0:The Wall | QUITMEYER TONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAAB JAMES DONALD: +0:The Wall | RAAUM JOHN VILNIS: +0:The Wall | RABACAL PATRICK WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RABAIOTTI ANDREW CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RABB ROBERT IRA: +0:The Wall | RABEL LASZIO: +0:The Wall | RABEL VICTOR ART: +0:The Wall | RABER JOE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RABER JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | RABER PAUL J: +0:The Wall | RABER RALPH DONALD: +0:The Wall | RABEY KENNETH TILDEN: +0:The Wall | RABEY ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RABIDEAU JOHN J: +0:The Wall | RABINOVITZ BARRY IVAN: +0:The Wall | RABINOVITZ JACK: +0:The Wall | RABON JOSEPH LEVERN: +0:The Wall | RABREN LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RABURN WILLIAM FAY: +0:The Wall | RACCA WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RACEY BRADFORD GREG: +0:The Wall | RACEY KENZEL MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | RACHAL CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RACHAL LIONEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RACHON CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RACINE FRANKLIN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | RACKHAUS JOHN PELL: +0:The Wall | RACKLEY INZAR WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | RACKOW ANDREW CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RADA TERRY GENE: +0:The Wall | RADABAUGH HAROLD W II: +0:The Wall | RADCLIFF DONALD GORDON: +0:The Wall | RADCLIFF ROBERT PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | RADECKI PHILIP HENRY: +0:The Wall | RADER ALAN REED: +0:The Wall | RADER CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RADER FREDERICK M III: +0:The Wall | RADER GARY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | RADER JAMES DOIL: +0:The Wall | RADER REX EARL: +0:The Wall | RADES ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | RADFORD GARY MONROE: +0:The Wall | RADGOWSKI CHESTER J JR: +0:The Wall | RADICS DONALD M: +0:The Wall | RADIL RONALD LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | RADLEY LELAND EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RADONSKI KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RADTKE CARL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | RADTKE ERIC RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | RADTKE LE ROY CARL JR: +0:The Wall | RADU STEVEN NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | RADZELOVAGE JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RADZIECKI MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RAETZ ROBERT WILLIS: +0:The Wall | RAFFENSPERGER JAMES E JR: +0:The Wall | RAFFERTY BERNARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RAFFERTY EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAGANS HERBERT RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | RAGER DANA LEE: +0:The Wall | RAGER WILLIAM EARL: +0:The Wall | RAGIN WILLIAM DAVID HOWSA: +0:The Wall | RAGLAND DAYTON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAGLAND FRED MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAGLAND MASON ERWIN: +0:The Wall | RAGLAND ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RAGLE JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAGLIN RONDA LEE: +0:The Wall | RAGO STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RAGSDALE DONALD RAY O: +0:The Wall | RAGSDALE GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RAGSDALE JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAGSDALE ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | RAGSDALE STEPHEN LEON: +0:The Wall | RAGUSA FRANK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | RAHILLY ANDREW STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | RAHM ARNOLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAHN DONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | RAIFORD CHARLES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | RAIFORD MARK PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | RAIH ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAILEY GEORGE EDMUND: +0:The Wall | RAILING CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAILLA JEAN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RAIMEY CHRISTOPHER LA G: +0:The Wall | RAINAUD JEFFREY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAINBOLT JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINE DAVID SHELTON: +0:The Wall | RAINER CURTIS HALL: +0:The Wall | RAINES CHARLES RANSOME: +0:The Wall | RAINES ROBERT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | RAINES WARREN HENRY: +0:The Wall | RAINEY CHARLIE: +0:The Wall | RAINEY LARRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | RAINEY LLOYD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | RAINEY THOMAS BALLARD: +0:The Wall | RAINEY VERNON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINEY WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RAINFORD EDWARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RAINS CHRISTOPHER LEE: +0:The Wall | RAINS CLYDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINS FORREST DE VERE JR: +0:The Wall | RAINS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAINS VERNON BARTON: +0:The Wall | RAINVILLE RANDALL BRIAN: +0:The Wall | RAINWATER JAMES ALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | RAINWATER JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | RAINWATER JEWEL LEE: +0:The Wall | RAINWATER WILBUR DEAN: +0:The Wall | RAIOLO JAMES JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAISIS LEONIDAS: +0:The Wall | RAITT ALBERT HAROLD: +0:The Wall | RAJALA STANLEY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RAJCEVAC HANS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RAKENTINE KENNETH CARL: +0:The Wall | RAKER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | RAKUNAS RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RALEIGH LOUIS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | RALICH RONALD: +0:The Wall | RALLS RAYMOND BERNARD: +0:The Wall | RALPH DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RALPH GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | RALPH JAMES TROY: +0:The Wall | RALPH THOMAS HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | RALSTON FRANK DELZELL III: +0:The Wall | RALSTON JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | RALSTON THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RALSTON THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RALYA WARREN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | RAM CORNELIUS HERBERT: +0:The Wall | RAMAGE JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RAMAKER LAWRENCE FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | RAMBERG MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAMBERGER JERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | RAMBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | RAMBO ARTHUR JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAMBUR MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAMEY GLENN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAMEY JOE DON: +0:The Wall | RAMEY JORDAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RAMEY ROY LINDSEY: +0:The Wall | RAMEY SONEY: +0:The Wall | RAMEY THOMAS RANDELL: +0:The Wall | RAMEY VERNON LEMAR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ ALBERTO ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ ARMANDO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ DIEGO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ EDUARDO CRUZ: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ FLORENCIO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ HILDEFONSO M: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ HONORIO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ JESUS P: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ JOSE HERIBERTO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ JOSEPH YBARRA JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ JUAN JOSE: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ JUAN: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ LORENZO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ LUIS ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ MARIO: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ NELSON R: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ NELSON: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ RALPH ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ RAMIRO RIOS: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ ROBERTO MANDOZA: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ SAMUEL MEDINA: +0:The Wall | RAMIREZ VINCENT ALBERT: +0:The Wall | RAMM FERENC JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAMON ANDRES LOPEZ: +0:The Wall | RAMON AURELIO R JR: +0:The Wall | RAMON DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAMON EUGENE DOMINGUEZ: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ANGEL LUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ARMANDO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS BERNARDO KEALOHA: +0:The Wall | RAMOS BRINSLEY BERNARD: +0:The Wall | RAMOS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FELIX RICO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FIDEL JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FORREST LEE: +0:The Wall | RAMOS FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS JOSE PABLO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS JUAN MANUEL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS LEONARDO JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS LUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMOS PAUL LAJADA JR: +0:The Wall | RAMOS RAINER SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | RAMOS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS ROLAND ROLANDO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS STEPHEN KEALOHA: +0:The Wall | RAMOS-JIMENEZ RAUL: +0:The Wall | RAMOS-LOPEZ ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | RAMOS-RAMIREZ JOAQUIN: +0:The Wall | RAMP DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAMPLEY CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMPULLA TERRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAMSAY CHARLES JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAMSAY DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | RAMSBY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMSDEN GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | RAMSDEN RANDALL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ALAN RYAN: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ANTHONY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY BILL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY CALVIN WETZEL: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY CHARLES MARLIN: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY DON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ERNEST LEROY: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY HENRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY JOHN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY MILTON HARDIN: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY RANDOLPH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY ROCKE DARRELL: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY SAMUEL VIRGIL JR: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY STEVEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY THOMAS EARLE: +0:The Wall | RAMSEY VIRGUS FREDRICK JR: +0:The Wall | RAMSOWER IRVING BURNS II: +0:The Wall | RANALLO CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | RANC WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RANCE STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | RAND DWIGHT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | RAND EARLIE: +0:The Wall | RAND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAND RICHARD PAUL: +0:The Wall | RANDALL DELBERT BRYAN: +0:The Wall | RANDALL DONALD DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | RANDALL EDDIE SAM JR: +0:The Wall | RANDALL GARLAND JERONE: +0:The Wall | RANDALL JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | RANDALL JAMES GARY: +0:The Wall | RANDALL JAMES LAVERNE: +0:The Wall | RANDALL JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RANDALL LOUIS R: +0:The Wall | RANDALL LYNN MURRAY: +0:The Wall | RANDALL MICHAEL ALLEN SR: +0:The Wall | RANDALL MICHAEL EUGENE SR: +0:The Wall | RANDALL MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | RANDALL RICHARD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | RANDALL ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | RANDALL ROBERT JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | RANDALL RONALD MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | RANDALL SIMON: +0:The Wall | RANDALL TERRELL LYNN: +0:The Wall | RANDALL WAYNE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RANDAZZO EDWARD D: +0:The Wall | RANDAZZO JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RANDLE GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | RANDLES JOHN PETERS: +0:The Wall | RANDO JOSEPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH CLIFFORD L: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH CORTEZ ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH HOWARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH JAMES TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH LIONEL: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH RICHARD DALE: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH RICHARD MANFORD: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH RICHARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH SETH EARL: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH VAN LA SALLE JR: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH VERNON CHESTER: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | RANDOLPH WILLIAM LEWIS: +0:The Wall | RANELLUCCI RAYMOND ANTHON: +0:The Wall | RANEY STEVEN LEON: +0:The Wall | RANGE THOMAS RONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | RANGEL FLORENTINO: +0:The Wall | RANGEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | RANGES ROBERT HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | RANK DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RANKE ALLEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | RANKIN ANDREW BRYAN: +0:The Wall | RANKIN DAVID GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | RANKIN DONALD IRVIN: +0:The Wall | RANKIN EDWARD GARRY: +0:The Wall | RANKIN EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | RANKIN JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RANKIN KENNETH DEAN: +0:The Wall | RANKINS DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | RANKINS JOSEPH McKINLEY: +0:The Wall | RANKINS SAMUAL KAYE: +0:The Wall | RANSBOTTOM FREDERICK JOEL: +0:The Wall | RANSBOTTOM MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | RANSDELL CURTIS H: +0:The Wall | RANSHAW DOUGLAS LE ROY: +0:The Wall | RANSOM BRADLEY ROGERS: +0:The Wall | RANSOM ROBERT CRAWFORD JR: 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ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RATHBUN ROBERT FRANK: +0:The Wall | RATHBURN RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RATHE PHILIP HENRY: +0:The Wall | RATHMANN EUGENE LE ROY: +0:The Wall | RATHMELL HENRY PORTER: +0:The Wall | RATLEDGE DANIEL P JR: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF BILLY HARRISON: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF BOBBIE JOE: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF CLARENCE CECIL: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF DALLAS: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF EVERETT DUEL: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF FRED ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF FREDERICK R JR: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF JERRY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF LARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF OSCAR E: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF PAUL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF TERRY DIXON: +0:The Wall | RATLIFF THOMAS HENRY: +0:The Wall | RATTA FELICE NICHOLS: +0:The Wall | RATTEE CARL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | RATTIN DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RATZEL WESLEY DALLAS: +0:The Wall | RAUB FRANKLIN HARRISON: +0:The Wall | RAUBACH WILLIAM PIERCE: +0:The Wall | RAUBER DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RAUBER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RAUBOLT THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAUCH EDWARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | RAUCH KIRK LESLIE: +0:The Wall | RAUEN JOHN VERNON: +0:The Wall | RAULERSON CLIFFORD H JR: +0:The Wall | RAULSTON CHARLES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RAULSTON RILEY DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAUPACH KIM: +0:The Wall | RAUSCH JOHN ALEX: +0:The Wall | RAUSCH ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | RAUSCHENBERG DOUGLAS EDWA: +0:The Wall | RAUSCHER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | RAUSCHKOLB JAN: +0:The Wall | RAVA HENRY TONY: +0:The Wall | RAVELO-TORIBIO ELPIDIO J: +0:The Wall | RAVENCRAFT JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | RAVENNA HARRY M III: +0:The Wall | RAVER CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAWLIN ROY VERNON: +0:The Wall | RAWLING BRUCE H: +0:The Wall | RAWLINGS BENJAMIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RAWLINGS JEROME: +0:The Wall | RAWLINS JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | RAWLINSON TERRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | RAWLS CHARLES GLENN: +0:The Wall | RAWLS JERRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | RAWLS ROBERT EDWARDS: +0:The Wall | RAWSON JAMES HILTON: +0:The Wall | RAWSON WILLIAM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RAWSTHORNE EDGAR ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | RAY CARL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | RAY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | RAY DARRELL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RAY DARWIN ESKER: +0:The Wall | RAY DAVID L: +0:The Wall | RAY DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RAY DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAY DEWEY JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | RAY DEWEY VERN: +0:The Wall | RAY DURWARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | RAY EDWARD GEAN: +0:The Wall | RAY FRANKLIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | RAY FREDERICK FRANKLIN JR: +0:The Wall | RAY GUY EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | RAY JACKIE: +0:The Wall | RAY JAMES FLOYD: +0:The Wall | RAY JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | RAY JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RAY JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | RAY JOHN MACK: +0:The Wall | RAY KERMIT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RAY LANDON CLAIR: +0:The Wall | RAY MICHAEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | RAY MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RAY NOLAN REED: +0:The Wall | RAY RANDY DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAY ROBERT BRECKENRIDGE: +0:The Wall | RAY ROLAND WOOLDRIEDGE: +0:The Wall | RAY RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | RAY RONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | RAY RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | RAY RUFUS: +0:The Wall | RAY THOMAS FREDRICK JR: +0:The Wall | RAY THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | RAY TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | RAY WALTER DONALD: +0:The Wall | RAY WILLIAM CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | RAY WILLIAM COTTER: +0:The Wall | RAY WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | RAY WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | RAY WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAYBORN DANNY KEITH: +0:The Wall | RAYBURN EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | RAYBURN STEPHEN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | RAYCHEL JAMES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | RAYFIELD GREGORY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | RAYMER CARROLL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | RAYMO WINSTON GLENWOOD: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND CARL ROGER: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND EDWARD ROBERT III: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND FREDRICK CAROL JR: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND LAWRENCE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND PAUL DARWIN: +0:The Wall | RAYMOND RICHARD PAUL: 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PAGE: +0:The Wall | REAMER JAMES CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REAMS TERRY D: +0:The Wall | REAMS WILLIAM BLAIR JR: +0:The Wall | REARDON DENNIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | REARDON RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | REASONER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | REASONER FRANK STANLEY: +0:The Wall | REASONS JAMES ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | REASOR THOMAS W: +0:The Wall | REATHER WALLACE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | REATHERFORD LARRY REX: +0:The Wall | REAUME PAUL EDMUND: +0:The Wall | REAUME WADE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | REAVES FRED JR: +0:The Wall | REAVES HOMER LEE: +0:The Wall | REAVES JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | REAVES JOHN SHEPARD JR: +0:The Wall | REAVIS BRETT GRANT: +0:The Wall | REBELO JOAQUIM VAZ: +0:The Wall | REBER KENNETH NEAL: +0:The Wall | REBER MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | REBERG CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REBITS JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | RECK DAVID LYNN: +0:The Wall | RECK JOHN: +0:The Wall | RECTOR MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RECTOR ROY JACK: +0:The Wall | RECTOR WILLIAM THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | RECUPERO RICHARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | RED HAWK JESSE MILTON: +0:The Wall | REDD BOBBY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REDD CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REDDICK WILLIAM CARL: +0:The Wall | REDDING CHARLES V III: +0:The Wall | REDDING WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | REDDINGTON JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REDDIX MISTER JR: +0:The Wall | REDENIUS DAVID GARY: +0:The Wall | REDENIUS RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | REDFEARN DON ALLAN: +0:The Wall | REDFORD JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | REDIC TERRY PETE: +0:The Wall | REDMAN SYLVESTER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | REDMON LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | REDMON STANLEY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REDMOND CARTER: +0:The Wall | REDMOND DONALD MERLE: +0:The Wall | REDMOND JOSEPH VERN: +0:The Wall | REDMOND RALPH GEORGE: +0:The Wall | REDMOND WILLARD THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REDTKE DUANE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | REECE HOWARD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REECE PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REECE RONNEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | REECE STACEY DANA: +0:The Wall | REECE WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | REECE WESTON HENRY: 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Wall | REED JERRY DONNIE: +0:The Wall | REED JIMMIE LYNN: +0:The Wall | REED JOE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | REED JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | REED JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REED JON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REED KENNETH LEROY: +0:The Wall | REED LARRY BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REED LARRY: +0:The Wall | REED LEROY: +0:The Wall | REED LESLEY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | REED LOUIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | REED MARION EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REED MELVIN L JR: +0:The Wall | REED MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | REED OTTIS: +0:The Wall | REED PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | REED PAUL MARTIN: +0:The Wall | REED PHILIP PAUL: +0:The Wall | REED PHILLIP EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REED RALPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | REED RICHARD LEON: +0:The Wall | REED ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | REED ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | REED ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | REED ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | REED ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | REED RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | REED SAMUEL LEE: +0:The Wall | REED SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | REED SHELLIE JEAN: +0:The Wall | 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Wall | RIVERA-DELVALLE MANUEL A: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-FERNANDEZ SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-GALARZA BENIGNO: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-GARCIA WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-LOPEZ JAIME ALBERT: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-MARTES CONFESOR: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-MELENDEZ JESUS D: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-MONTES EDICTOR: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-PAGAN EDUARDO: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-REYES JOSE ALBERTO: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-RUIZ ANDRES: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-TRINIDAD NESTOR JU: +0:The Wall | RIVERA-VELAZQUEZ ANGEL A: +0:The Wall | RIVERE ALVIN PIERIE: +0:The Wall | RIVERS CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | RIVERS HARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RIVERS JETTIE JR: +0:The Wall | RIVERS JOHN WILSON: +0:The Wall | RIVERS MICHAEL ROSS: +0:The Wall | RIVERS NATHAN: +0:The Wall | RIVERS NELSON KEITH: +0:The Wall | RIVERS SANDY MITCHEL: +0:The Wall | RIVERS WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | RIVES JOHN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | RIVEST MARK HENRY: +0:The Wall | RIVET PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | RIVIERE FRANK IRA: +0:The Wall | RIX DOUGLAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | RIXMANN EDWARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | RIZO ALBERT MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | RIZOR DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | RIZZARDINI TIMOTHY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RIZZI RALPH JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RIZZO JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | RIZZO JOHN MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | RIZZO ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ROACH CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ROACH FRED LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | ROACH JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | ROACH JOHNNY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ROACH MARION LEE: +0:The Wall | ROACH ORLANDO SILAS: +0:The Wall | ROACH RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROACH RICHARD FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ROACH RONALD D: +0:The Wall | ROACH SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | ROACH TERENCE RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | ROACH THOMAS JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | ROADS DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | ROAR WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ROARK ANUND C: +0:The Wall | ROARK EDWARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ROARK JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROARK ROY ROGERS: +0:The Wall | ROARK WILLIAM MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | ROAT RODNEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBALIN ALBERT SIMON JR: +0:The Wall | ROBAR STEPHEN FRANK: +0:The Wall | ROBB MARION C: +0:The Wall | ROBB RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS ARNOLD LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS CHARLES LESTER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS DENNIS TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS HENRY EARL: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS HUGH MILLER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JAY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JERRY CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS JON PIUS: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LARRY OLIVER: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LAWRENCE STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LEROY BRIAN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LESTER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS LONNIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS RONALD: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS RUSSELL LINDSEY: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS WAYNE DUSTIN: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | ROBBINS WILLIAM JAY: +0:The Wall | ROBBLEY RICHARD PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | ROBENA CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERG JAMES AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | ROBERGE EDMUND EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON ARTHUR PAUL: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON DONALD RADFORD: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON JIMMY DARRELL: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON JIMMY DON: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON JOHN TARRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON JOHN WILL: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON LARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON LEONARD WADE: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON ROBERT SIDNEY JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON SAMUEL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON SAMUEL LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON WILBURN: +0:The Wall | ROBERSON WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ALAN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ALBERT C: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ALBERT FRED: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ALTON REESE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ARCHIE JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ARTHUR JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS BEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS BILLY DALE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS BILLY JACK: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES ALAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES CAMILLE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES DWAINE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES G: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES PRICE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES W JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CHARLES WADDELL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CLIFFORD ALTON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CLIFFORD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS CYRUS S IV: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DAVID OWEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS EDDIE LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS ERVIN BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS FRANK JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS FREDDIE JOE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GARY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GERALD JASON JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS GERALD RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HARLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HAROLD JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HERMAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS HOWARD TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JAMES AARON F JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JERRY ARDELL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JERRY MARCO: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOE RAYMOND JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN CLYDE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN J: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOHN WILSON III: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JOSEPH RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS JULIUS JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS KERMIT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS LESTER LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS LLOYD VERNON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS LONNIE BARRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS LOUIS WADE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS MARVIN JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS MICHAEL LAND: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS NOEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS PAUL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RICHARD DANIEL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS RONNY DEAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS STEPHEN LORD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS TERRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THEODORE IRWIN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THOMAS WARREN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS THURSTON CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS VIRGIL JESSIE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WALLACE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WALTER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WAYNE LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM JACKSON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ALLEN HARVEY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ALVIN WARNER: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ANDREW JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON BENJAMIN F JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON BRISTOL JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON CHARLES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON CLIFTON BOYD JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON DON MARK: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON DONALD REED: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ELLIS ANDRE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON GEORGE LORD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JIMMY KARON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOE CARROL: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOHN CHESTER: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOHN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOHN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOHN HARTLEY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOHN LEIGHTON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON JOHNNY BILL JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON LEONARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON MARK JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON MARSHALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON MARVIN KENT: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON MERLE ELDON: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON PIERCE IRVING: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON RAYMOND L JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROBERT GLENN: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROBERT M: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON RONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON ROY ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON THOMAS HARRY: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON TOMMY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBERTSON WILLIAM S III: +0:The Wall | ROBESON EVART EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBEY RICHARD NEAL: +0:The Wall | ROBICHAUD ROGER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBILLARD LARRY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | ROBILLARD WILFRED ROLAND: +0:The Wall | ROBILOTTO GEORGE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ROBIN DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | ROBINETTE CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINETTE DANNY LEON: +0:The Wall | ROBINS JAMES MILTON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ALAN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ALFRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON BRUCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON BRUCE ELTON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CALVIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CHARLES HARVEY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CHARLES HENRY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CLIFFORD LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON CLINTON CURTIS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON DALLAS DEAN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON DONALD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON DONALD RAYFORD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON EUGENE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON EUGENE MAJOR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON FLOYD HENRY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON FLOYD IRWIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON FRANK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GEORGE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GEORGE RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GERALD ARDEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON GUS BLAKELY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HAROLD JACK JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HENRY MILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HERMAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HERMAN RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HORACE VALLEY JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HORRIS GENE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON HOWARD CLINTON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES DELANO: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES MARCUS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES P: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JERRY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOEQUIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN CALVIN II: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN JACKLON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH EARL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH LUTHER: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON JOSEPH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LANCE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LARRY MICHEAL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LARRY WARREN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LEROY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LEWIS MERRITT: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LIONEL LARUE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LUCIEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON LUTHER: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MARSHALL LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MARTIN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MARVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MELVIN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MICHAEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON NATHAN LYEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON O'DELL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON PHILIP OWEN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON RALPH LEWIS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON RANDALL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON RAYMOND CARL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON RAYMOND DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON REMBRANDT CECIL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON ROY RAY: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON SAMUEL PERCELL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON SHEPPARD JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON STANLEY A JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON TERRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON THOMAS DALE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON THOMAS LEON: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON TIMOTHY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON TIMOTHY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON VAL CLARK: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WALTER R JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WALTER: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WARREN JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WILLARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WILLIAM D JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WILLIE CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | ROBINSON WINSTON TERRY: +0:The Wall | ROBIRDS PATRICK DALE: +0:The Wall | ROBISON DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | ROBISON DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBISON EDWARD KEITH: +0:The Wall | ROBISON GARY HERBERT: +0:The Wall | ROBISON JIM BRUCE: +0:The Wall | ROBISON LARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROBISON WILLIAM RANDALL: +0:The Wall | ROBITAILLE PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBLE JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROBLEDO EFRAIN JULIO: +0:The Wall | ROBLEDO JESUS JR: +0:The Wall | ROBLEDO RAUL: +0:The Wall | ROBLES CECILIO JR: +0:The Wall | ROBLES JOAQUIN: +0:The Wall | ROBLES-MIRANDA JOSE ANTON: +0:The Wall | ROBSON TIMOTHY FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ROBSON WILLIAM REID: +0:The Wall | ROBUSTELLINI DAVID W: +0:The Wall | ROBY CHARLES DONALD: +0:The Wall | ROCCO RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | ROCCO WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | ROCHA DANIEL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ROCHA FELICIANO: +0:The Wall | ROCHA GEORGE XAVIER: +0:The Wall | ROCHA JOSE MARIE: +0:The Wall | ROCHA RAYMOND GONZALEZ: +0:The Wall | ROCHA ROBERT SILAS: +0:The Wall | ROCHA ROBERTO JR: +0:The Wall | ROCHA RUBEN LOPEZ: +0:The Wall | ROCHA RUDOLFO LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | ROCHACZ RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROCHE JOHN DONALD: +0:The Wall | ROCHE JOHN: +0:The Wall | ROCHE JON PATRICK: +0:The Wall | ROCHE KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ROCHE MATTHEW PETER JR: +0:The Wall | ROCHEZ ESTEBAN VALERIANO: +0:The Wall | ROCHKES FRANCIS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ROCHOWICZ WAYNE CARL: +0:The Wall | ROCK ALLEN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | ROCK DON LESLIE: +0:The Wall | ROCK GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | ROCKEFELLER RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROCKENBAUGH WAYNE M: +0:The Wall | ROCKENSTYRE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | ROCKETT ALTON CRAIG JR: +0:The Wall | ROCKEY MICHAEL CRAIG: +0:The Wall | ROCKOWER HENRY NEIL: +0:The Wall | ROCKY ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ROCZEN ALEXANDER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ROD RONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | RODARTE ALEXANDER D: +0:The Wall | RODDAM RODDNEY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | RODDICK WILLIAM HENRY: +0:The Wall | RODDY DONALD BARRETT: +0:The Wall | RODEN GEORGE COLUMBUS JR: +0:The Wall | RODEN JOHN JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | RODENBECK RODERICK JAMES: +0:The Wall | RODENBERG JOHN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | RODERICK RONALD: +0:The Wall | RODERICK SCOTT JAMES: +0:The Wall | RODERIGUES PAUL IRVING: +0:The Wall | RODGERS BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | RODGERS BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | RODGERS CARROLL L: +0:The Wall | RODGERS GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | RODGERS GREGORY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | RODGERS HAYWOOD: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JAMES HAMILTON: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JERRY PAUL: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JOHN ARLINGTON: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JOHN CARL: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | RODGERS JOHNNY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | RODGERS LARRY JOE: +0:The Wall | RODGERS LARRY MORGAN: +0:The Wall | RODGERS LUIA: +0:The Wall | RODGERS MARTIN LEROY: +0:The Wall | RODGERS MOSES: +0:The Wall | RODGERS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | RODGERS TILLMAN DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | RODKEY WILLIAM EUGENE: +0:The Wall | RODMAN DAVID B: 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| SANFORD ROBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | SANGER STEPHEN CARROLL: +0:The Wall | SANGILLO WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SANGSTER GARY LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SANGSTER ROBERT LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SANKS JERRY WILLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SANSBURY RICHARD H: +0:The Wall | SANSEVERINO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SANSING JERRY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SANSONE DOMINICK: +0:The Wall | SANSONE DONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | SANSONE JAMES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SANTA CRUZ JOSE ANGEL: +0:The Wall | SANTA-CRUZ DAVID FRANK: +0:The Wall | SANTANA ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SANTANA FLORENTINO JOHN: +0:The Wall | SANTANA JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | SANTANA JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | SANTANGELO SAMUEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SANTANIELLO VINCENT BENOR: +0:The Wall | SANTEE HENRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SANTELLAN TEODORO: +0:The Wall | SANTELLANO LUIS ADRIAN: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO ALAN ANGEL: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO ALEXANDER P JR: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO ANGELO CARMELO: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO FELIPE OBED: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO GERMAN ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO HUMBERTO RUIZ JR: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO JOSE JUAN: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO LUIS SANTIAGO: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO ROBINSON: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO TIMOTEO MUNOZ JR: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-APONTE NELSON: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-ARROYO ANSELMO: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-CASTILLO REINALDO JR: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-COLON HECTOR: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-CRUZ RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-LUGO JOSE C JR: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-MALDONADO JUAN A: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-MARTINEZ ANDRES: +0:The Wall | SANTIAGO-VAZQUEZ BERNARDINO: +0:The Wall | SANTILLI RAYMO: +0:The Wall | SANTINAC LAWRENCE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SANTINELLO RALPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SANTISTEVAN BENNY M JR: +0:The Wall | SANTO PATRICK ANGELO: +0:The Wall | SANTONE JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SANTOR ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | SANTORA RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | SANTORELLA ROBERT H: +0:The Wall | SANTORI JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SANTORO ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SANTORO RONALD PETER: +0:The Wall | SANTOROSKI MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | SANTOS ALBERT WILLARD: +0:The Wall | SANTOS ENRIQUE ROSARIO: +0:The Wall | SANTOS ERNEST PABLO: +0:The Wall | SANTOS JAMES EDWARD ANDER: +0:The Wall | SANTOS JOHN F JR: +0:The Wall | SANTOS JOSE CARLOS: +0:The Wall | SANTOS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SANTOS LAYNE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SANTOS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SANTOS RAFAEL SALAS: +0:The Wall | SANTOS RENE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SANTOS-IZAGAS DIOSDADO: +0:The Wall | SANTOS-LOPEZ JOSE LUIS: +0:The Wall | SANTOS-PINEDO PEDRO: +0:The Wall | SANTOS-TRUJILLO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SANTOS-VEGA MARCELINO: +0:The Wall | SANTUCCI VINICIO FREDEK: +0:The Wall | SANTY STEVEN CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SANUT ALFREDO: +0:The Wall | SANVILLE ERNEST EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SANZONE ROBERT BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SANZOVERINO WILLIAM EUGEN: +0:The Wall | SAPINOSA ALFRED ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SAPORITO MICHAEL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SAPORITO RONALD: +0:The Wall | SAPP ALFRED GEORGE SR: +0:The Wall | SAPP BENNY JAMES: 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CUTLER: +0:The Wall | SARMENTO HENRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SARNA ARNOLD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SAROCAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SAROSSY STEVE SANDOR: +0:The Wall | SARSFIELD HARRY CARL: +0:The Wall | SARTOR JOHN VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SARTOR LEONDA: +0:The Wall | SARVELA MERREL GERALD: +0:The Wall | SARVIS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SAS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SAS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SAS THEODORE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SASAKI ALLYSON YUKIO: +0:The Wall | SASEK RICHARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SASSE PATRICK T: +0:The Wall | SASSER GEORGE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SATCHELL RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SATCHER CHARLES SHERLEE: +0:The Wall | SATER REGINALD MARK: +0:The Wall | SATHER RICHARD CHRISTIAN: +0:The Wall | SATHOFF DALE ERVIN: +0:The Wall | SATO TAKESHI: +0:The Wall | SATTER DONALD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SATTERFIELD HARRY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | SATTERFIELD HOWARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SATTERFIELD JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SATTERFIELD ROBERT W: +0:The Wall | SATTERFIELD WILLIAM HURLE: 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| SAVAGE VARIS JR: +0:The Wall | SAVAGE WILLIAM ROSS: +0:The Wall | SAVAGEAU JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | SAVANUCK PAUL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SAVARE HOWARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | SAVAS SAM MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | SAVELL FLOYD GWEN: +0:The Wall | SAVELL MYLES CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SAVICK JOSEPH JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | SAVIEO RICHARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | SAVILLE JOHN DERWOOD JR: +0:The Wall | SAVINO LAWRENCE NEIL: +0:The Wall | SAVOREN WILLIAM MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SAVOTH TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SAVOY CLAYTON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SAVOY M J: +0:The Wall | SAWAYA ROBERT MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | SAWICKI ANTHONY PETER: +0:The Wall | SAWICKI RICHARD P: +0:The Wall | SAWNEY JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SAWRAN RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SAWTELLE PAUL COBURN: +0:The Wall | SAWYER BRADFORD PRESTON: +0:The Wall | SAWYER DONALD SHERWOOD: +0:The Wall | SAWYER FRANK W JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JAMES EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JOHNNIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | SAWYER JONATHAN ANSEL: +0:The Wall | SAWYER KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SAWYER MICHAEL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SAWYER PAUL LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYER ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SAWYER WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | SAWYER WILLIAM LELON JR: +0:The Wall | SAWYERS CHARLES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SAWYERS ROGER THURSTON: +0:The Wall | SAXBY JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SAXON CLYDE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SAXON FRANK ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SAXON JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SAXON JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | SAXTON GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SAXTON JAMES HERSHEL JR: +0:The Wall | SAYER ALBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SAYER JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SAYER TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SAYERS LARRY VENCIL: +0:The Wall | SAYERS PAUL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SAYERS THOMAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR CHARLES DUANE: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR SCOTT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR WAYMOND ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SAYLOR WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SAYRE LESLIE BERKLEY: +0:The Wall | SCADUTO RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCAHILL EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCAIFE KENNETH DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SCALA RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCALES ASTOR JR: +0:The Wall | SCALES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCALF DARYL GENE: +0:The Wall | SCALF JAMES RAY: +0:The Wall | SCALISE EDWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCALISE THOMAS RANDAL: +0:The Wall | SCALLIONS CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCAMARONI LUIS GUILLERMO: +0:The Wall | SCANLAN GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCANLAN LAWRENCE WALKER: +0:The Wall | SCANLAN WARREN LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SCANLON MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCANLON WILLIAM MANUEL: +0:The Wall | SCARANO CHARLES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SCARBERRY DONALD YOUNG: +0:The Wall | SCARBERRY LARRY DALE: +0:The Wall | SCARBORO THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH EDMUND BAGWEL: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH ELMER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH GRIFFIN ELI: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH JACK WADE JR: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCARBOROUGH RUSSELL WILLI: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH ARTHUR BENJAMI: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH DAVID CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH ENNIS RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCARBROUGH ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCARMEAS JAMES SAM JR: +0:The Wall | SCARPINATO JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SCARPULLA FRANK MARK JR: +0:The Wall | SCATES CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SCATES CHARLIE KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCATUORCHIO DOMINIC N JR: +0:The Wall | SCAVELLA ALLAN NAPOLEON: +0:The Wall | SCAVELLA JESSE ELLISON JR: +0:The Wall | SCAVUZZO PETER GARY: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHAAF WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHACHNER DAVID BRENNAN: +0:The Wall | SCHACHTNER JAMES ALOYSIUS: +0:The Wall | SCHADDELEE WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER ALAN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER CHARLES HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER JOHN STEVE: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER ROGER BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCHAEFER ROY ANTHONY JR: 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WAYNE KEITH: +0:The Wall | SCHAMPIER ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHANCK HENRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHANCK WILLIAM G JR: +0:The Wall | SCHANEBERG LEROY CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SCHAP FRANK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHAPANICK CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SCHARES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHARF CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHARF RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHARFF LENNIE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHARIBONE DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHARLACH STEVEN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHARNBERG RONALD OLIVER: +0:The Wall | SCHARON ROBERT E III: +0:The Wall | SCHAROSCH PATRICK FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHASRE DAVID M: +0:The Wall | SCHATZLEY MICHAEL DONN: +0:The Wall | SCHATZMAN ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHAUB TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHAUBLE KENNETH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHAUERMANN ARTHUR GARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHAUTTEET LOUIS L JR: +0:The Wall | SCHAVELIN HUGH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SCHECK CLIFFORD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHECKLER PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHEELER VICTOR RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHEELY ROBERT JAMES: 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MICHAEL GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SCHERLAG ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHERLE WILLIAM JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHERMANN HERMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHERRER LAWRENCE FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHERTZ JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHETTIG ROBERT SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SCHETTL DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHETTLER HARRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHEU GUNTER WILFRIED: +0:The Wall | SCHEUBLE MELVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHEUER BOBBY DALE: +0:The Wall | SCHEULEN GARY JEROME J: +0:The Wall | SCHEURICH THOMAS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SCHIAVONE RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCHIBI JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHICKEL MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHIELE CRAIG BRIAN: +0:The Wall | SCHIELE JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHIERMEYER WILLIAM D JR: +0:The Wall | SCHIESL GERALD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHIESS THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHIEVE PAUL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SCHIFFHAUER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHIFRIN RAYMOND RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHILLER JOSEPH FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SCHILLER MARTIN SULLY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHILLING GEORGE DON: +0:The Wall | SCHIMANSKI KENNETH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SCHIMBERG JAMES PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SCHIMMEL STEVEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHIMMELS EDDIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHIMPF JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHINDLER EUGENE DONALD: +0:The Wall | SCHINDLER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHIRO GERALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHLAMP GARY OLIN: +0:The Wall | SCHLECHT JOHN III: +0:The Wall | SCHLEE HARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHLEY ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHLICHT JEROME JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHLICHTING VICTOR STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SCHLICK JOSEPH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHLIE KENNETH MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHLIEBEN KLAUS DIETER: +0:The Wall | SCHLIESMAN JERROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHLIEWE FLOYD ABNER: +0:The Wall | SCHLINGER JAMES IRWIN: +0:The Wall | SCHLOEMER CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHLOSSER STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTE LOUIS CHRIS: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTT DENNIS GUY: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTTMAN ALVERN WARREN: +0:The Wall | SCHLOTTMAN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHLUEB STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHLUTERMAN DAVID FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHLUTTER WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHMALE WILLIAM OTTO: +0:The Wall | SCHMALTZ DOUGLAS RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMALZ CARL FREDRICK JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMAUTZ FRANCIS PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SCHMECKER JOHN LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMEES WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMELING ERWIN ROSS: +0:The Wall | SCHMELTZ JERRY E: +0:The Wall | SCHMELZLE JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMERBECK DAVID J: +0:The Wall | SCHMICH JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMID JAY JULIUS: +0:The Wall | SCHMID JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SCHMID ROBERT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHMID RONALD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT ALLAN LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DALE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DALE W JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DANIEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DARYL JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DAVID JEROME: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DENIS GORDON: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DENNIS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT DONALD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT EDMUND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT FREDERICK CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT GARY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT GERALD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT HERBERT ELLIS: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JAMES DREW: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOSEPH VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT KARL ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT LARRY ROMAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT MARK VEDDER: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT PETER ALDEN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD HERMAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RICKFORD RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT ROBERT GUSTAVE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT SCOTT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT STEVEN WARREN: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WALTER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WALTER ROY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WILFRED F JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMIDT WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT FRANCIS BARON: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT GARY WALTER: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT JOHN KENNETH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHMITT RICHIE HUMES: +0:The Wall | SCHMITTOU EUREKA LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ CRAIG ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ LOREN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ PHILLIP NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ RICHARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ RICHARD TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHMITZ WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHMOLKE JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHMOLL JAMES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHMUDE JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHMUTZ ANTHONY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHNABLY DONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHNABOLK HOWARD JON: +0:The Wall | SCHNACK STEVEN SPENCER: +0:The Wall | SCHNAIDT RONALD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCHNAKE RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEBEL ROBERT FRED: +0:The Wall | SCHNEE DONALD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEEMAN CLIFFORD W JR: +0:The Wall | SCHNEGG CHARLES GLENN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER DENNIS PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER GARY GENE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER GERARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER HARRY WARREN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER JACK ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER JOHN MILLARD: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER ROBERT DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER ROGER LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER SCOTT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER TERRANCE H: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER THOMAS HERSCHAL: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHNEIDER WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHNELL JOSEPH RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHNELLER ANTHONY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SCHNELLER STEVEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | SCHNITGER GERARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHNOBRICH ANTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHNURRER REINHARD J JR: +0:The Wall | SCHOBER JACK ERVIN: +0:The Wall | SCHOBORG GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHOCK HAROLD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHODERER ERIC JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOEBEN SCOTT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHOEL RENNY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHOELIER TJEERD: +0:The Wall | SCHOENBAUM CRAIG RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHOENBERG RICHARD C: +0:The Wall | SCHOENER ROGER HARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHOENEWALD DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHOENHOFF ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOENIG EDMOND DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHOEPFLIN CHARLES DUAINE: +0:The Wall | SCHOEPKE ANTON JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOEPPNER LEONARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOETTNER GEORGE CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SCHOFER KARL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SCHOFF LEO RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD ALFRED VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD CECIL CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SCHOFIELD THOMAS HARVEY: +0:The Wall | SCHOLD RAY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCHOLES WILLIAM HADLEY: +0:The Wall | SCHOLL CLIFFORD LEO: +0:The Wall | SCHOLL CLIFFORD PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SCHOLLARD JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SCHOLZ KLAUS DIETER: +0:The Wall | SCHON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHONBERG DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHONFIELD JEFFREY ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHOOK GEORGE WASHINGTON: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLCRAFT CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLER STEVEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLEY JAMES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SCHOOLMEESTERS JOSEPH A: +0:The Wall | SCHOONMAKER LARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHOONOVER CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHOONVELD RICHARD JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHOPER GREGORY CARLYLLE: +0:The Wall | SCHOPMANN RAYMOND FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHOPPAUL ROBERT EARNEST: +0:The Wall | SCHOPPE FRANKLIN DALE: +0:The Wall | SCHOPPE SHERWIN CRESCENT: +0:The Wall | SCHORNDORF KENNETH FRANCI: +0:The Wall | SCHOSSOW DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHOTH WILLIAM WESLEY II: +0:The Wall | SCHOTT RICHARD SIMPSON: +0:The Wall | SCHOUVILLER THOMAS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOUWBURG GERRIT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHOUWEILER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER FRANKLIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER PETER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER RONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHRADER RUDOLF AUGUST: +0:The Wall | SCHRAM FREDERICK LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMEL KENNETH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM BROCK ROWLAND: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM CHRISTOPHER JOSEP: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM PETER FRYE: +0:The Wall | SCHRAMM WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHRAND ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRANK KARL F: +0:The Wall | SCHRECKENGOST FRED THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHRECKENGOST HAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRECONGOST FREDERIC LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHREFFLER CLEON LARRY: +0:The Wall | SCHRENK DONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHRINER JUNIOR LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHRIVER STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHRIVER THOMAS CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SCHROBILGEN WARREN H JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROCK PHILIP JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHROCK VERNON EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHRODER JACK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER ALFRED M JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER DONALD BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER GEORGE H JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER GLENN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER JOE LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER LYLE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER MICHAEL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER NICHOLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER RICHARD GLEN: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER ROBERT EMIL JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER STANLEY A: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER TIMOTHY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHROEDER WILLIAM RAY: +0:The Wall | SCHROEFFEL THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHROLLER LEO JOE JR: +0:The Wall | SCHROM JOHN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHROM KENNETH R: +0:The Wall | SCHROYER LAWSON J III: +0:The Wall | SCHRYVER PETER EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHUBERT GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHUBERT JOEL LUTHER: +0:The Wall | SCHUBERT WILLIS JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | SCHUCK DONALD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SCHUELLER JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SCHUEREN DANIEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHUETT JEROME ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHUETTE DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHUH ARNOLD RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCHUH DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHUKAR GENE LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCHUKAR RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | SCHULER GARY FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SCHULER HAROLD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCHULER ROBERT HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | SCHULMAN SHELDON BORIS: +0:The Wall | SCHULTE ALVIN CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SCHULTE HENRY GERARD: +0:The Wall | SCHULTE NORMAN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ALAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ CHESTER JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DANNY CARL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID JOEL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ DENNIS MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ EDWARD AUGUST: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ERNEST M III: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GARY A: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GEORGE CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JACK ELSWORTH: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JAMES CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JOHN JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JOHN LA VERN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ LOWELL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ MICHAEL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ RONNIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ SHELDON D: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ STEVEN OWEN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ THOMAS RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHULTZ WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ ALLAN HENRY: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ RONALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ RONALD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHULZ WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SCHULZE DAVID EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHULZE ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER JEFFREY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER RONALD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER STEPHEN LAWREN: +0:The Wall | SCHUMACHER WAYNE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SCHUMANN JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHUMMER DALE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SCHUNEMANN JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHURCH RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHURRER JON RODNEY: +0:The Wall | SCHUSSLER WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER DANIEL CARL: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHUSTER JOSEPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCHUTT RANDALL KARL: +0:The Wall | SCHUTZ PETER JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHUTZ RICHARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHUYLER RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHWAB RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCHWAB THOMAS PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHWAGEL KENNETH FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SCHWALBACH GEORGE AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | SCHWAN DANIEL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCHWANGER FREDERICK JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ ABRAHAM: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ ALLAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ CALVIN ELLIOT: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ CHARLES GLENNON: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ DANNY GILBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ DAVID EARL: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ GARY STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ JOHN GUSTAVE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ MARTIN PETER: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ RANDALL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ RUSSELL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ SAMUEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ TERRY E: +0:The Wall | SCHWARTZ WAYNE GILMORE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ DONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ FRANCIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZ ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHWARZKOPF ALLAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SCHWEBEL MICHAEL PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SCHWEBKE LARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCHWEFEL DALE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SCHWEIG VICTOR JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCHWEIGHOFER REED JAY: +0:The Wall | SCHWEIKL JEFFREY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SCHWELLENBACH GARY RALPH: +0:The Wall | SCHWENDLER RICHARD WILLIA: +0:The Wall | SCHWENDY RANDALL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCHWERDTFEGER JOSEPH ALLE: +0:The Wall | SCHWESINGER RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHWEYHER JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SCHWICHOW RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCHWICK MARTIN FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | SCHWIDERSKI RICHARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCHWINTZ BOBBITT: +0:The Wall | SCHWORER RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCHWUCHOW GERALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCHYSKA LEROY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCIARRETTI VINTURE: +0:The Wall | SCIBELLI THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCIBILIA ROBERT PETER: +0:The Wall | SCICUTELLA JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCISLO ROBERT TED: +0:The Wall | SCISNEY MICHAEL LYNN: +0:The Wall | SCIVOLINO ANTHONY CHRISTO: +0:The Wall | SCOBEL UWE-THORSTEN: +0:The Wall | SCOBY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCOFIELD HARVEY DREW: +0:The Wall | SCOFIELD JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SCOFIELD ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOGGIN ALLEN DEAN: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS FRANKLIN GRAHAM: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS ROYCE GLENN: +0:The Wall | SCOGGINS TONY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOGNAMILIO PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCOLLEY BENJAMIN ELMER: +0:The Wall | SCOLNICK DAVID: +0:The Wall | SCORSONE DONALD FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SCORSONE GEORGE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SCOTELLARO MICHAEL BERTRA: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ALVIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ARTHUR EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BARRY FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BILLY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BRUCE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT BUSTER LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT CHARLES F: +0:The Wall | SCOTT CHARLES LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT CLARENCE WALTER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAIN VANDERLIN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DANIEL R: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DARRYL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAVE RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAVID AMOS: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DAYNE YORK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DON RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DONALD BLUE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DORTY HINCHMAN JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT DUANE CARL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EDDIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EDWARD DRAKE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EDWARD EARL JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT EUGENE C: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GARY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GARY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GAYLAND OMER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GRADY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GREG BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GREGORY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT GREGORY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT HERBERT WILLIAM III: +0:The Wall | SCOTT HUGH DON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT IRA EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES ELLISON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES ELVIN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES FRANK: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES GUINAN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JAMES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JERRY N: +0:The Wall | SCOTT JIMMIE L: +0:The Wall | 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PRESTON ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RANDOLPH CLINTON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RICKEY LEROY: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROBERT MILLER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT RONALD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT SAMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT STEVEN CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SCOTT STEVEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SCOTT TERRENCE DUANE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT THOMAS LASANDA: +0:The Wall | SCOTT THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SCOTT TRAVIS HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT VERNON ELBERT: +0:The Wall | SCOTT VINCENT CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WALTER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WARREN TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM BENFORD: +0:The Wall | SCOTT WILLIAM BLAKE: +0:The Wall | SCOTT 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Wall | SHUFFITT KENNETH LEN: +0:The Wall | SHUGART LYNN DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SHUH FREDERICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHUKAS JAMES CHRIS: +0:The Wall | SHULER HAROLD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SHULER ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | SHULL SANDY LEE: +0:The Wall | SHULTS ROY EARL JR: +0:The Wall | SHULTS WALTER GLENN: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ CHARLES EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SHULTZ WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | SHUMAN ERNEST MAXWELL JR: +0:The Wall | SHUMAN MICHAEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SHUMAN WILLIAM CONRAD: +0:The Wall | SHUMATE BERLIN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SHUMATE NILE DEAN: +0:The Wall | SHUMATE WILLIAM CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SHUMBARGER DALE EARL: +0:The Wall | SHUMBRIS EUGENE PAUL: +0:The Wall | SHUMINSKI STANLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SHUMPERT CHARLES McCLAME: +0:The Wall | SHUMPERT JOE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SHUMWAY GEOFFREY RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SHUPE HERBERT CARSON: +0:The Wall | SHUPTRINE ROBERT M: +0:The Wall | SHURR ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SHURTLEFF BRUCE WARREN: +0:The Wall | SHUSTER DARRYL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SHUTT CARL ALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | SHUTTERS PATRICK ALAN: +0:The Wall | SHUYLER JAMES EARNEST: +0:The Wall | SHY GARY NOLAN: +0:The Wall | SIAMBONES GUS: +0:The Wall | SIBAYAN FRANKLIN DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SIBERT DARRELL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIBILLY JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIBLEY RALPH: +0:The Wall | SIBSON SCOTT MEYER: +0:The Wall | SICILIA BRIGGS KINNEY: +0:The Wall | SICILIANO JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | SICKEL JOHN AULDE III: +0:The Wall | SICKELS ROBERT T: +0:The Wall | SICKLER CHARLES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SICKLER HARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SICKLES JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SICKLES JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SICKLES RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SICKLES ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | SIDDALL JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | SIDDONS JAMES GARLAND: +0:The Wall | SIDELKO GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SIDENER WESLEY MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SIDERS MARVIN ISAAC: +0:The Wall | SIDES CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SIDES HAROLD ERWIN: +0:The Wall | SIDOR MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIEBE GERALD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIEBEN EDWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIEBEN THOMAS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIEBENALLER ROBERT CHARLE: +0:The Wall | SIEBERT FREDERICK W JR: +0:The Wall | SIEDENTOPF MARK: +0:The Wall | SIEGEL DAVID DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SIEGEL DENNIS LEE: +0:The Wall | SIEGEL THEODORE FRANK: +0:The Wall | SIEGER RAYMOND MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SIEGERT WILLIAM FRY: +0:The Wall | SIEGLER BOBBY TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | SIEGLER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIEGRIST WILBUR JERRY: +0:The Wall | SIEGRIST WILLIAM LEROY: +0:The Wall | SIEGWALT MARLIN LYNN: +0:The Wall | SIEGWARTH DONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SIEKIERKA DONALD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SIEMANOWSKI DAVID ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SIEMON DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | SIENGO RONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIERCHIO ALFONSO DONATO: +0:The Wall | SIETING STANLEY LAWTON: +0:The Wall | SIETSEMA DENNIS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SIETZ RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SIEVERS DALE GLENN JR: +0:The Wall | SIEVERS FRANCIS EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | SIEVERS JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIGAFOOS WALTER HARRI III: +0:The Wall | SIGALAS GEORGE CURTIS: +0:The Wall | SIGEL LEWIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIGG JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIGHOLTZ ROBERT H JR: +0:The Wall | SIGLER ADRIAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIGMAN CHRISTOPHER SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SIGMON HAROLD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIGMON WILLIAM SPENCER JR: +0:The Wall | SIGNA ANTHONY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIGNETT JAMES GUERDON: +0:The Wall | SIGSBEE MICHAEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIGURDSON JOHNNY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SIGWORTH RICHARD JACOB: +0:The Wall | SIJAN LANCE PETER: +0:The Wall | SIKES BOBBIE EARL: +0:The Wall | SIKES CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIKES THOMAS GARY: +0:The Wall | SIKICH MICHAEL MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | SIKKINK ROY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SIKON ROBERT ARCHIBALD: +0:The Wall | SIKORSKI DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SIKORSKI ELMER GERALD: +0:The Wall | SIKORSKI LARRY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIKORSKI LEO PETER: +0:The Wall | SIKORSKI SIGMOND MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SILAS THEODORE BUCHANAN: +0:The Wall | SILBA ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SILBAS ROSENDO FLORES: +0:The Wall | SILBERBERGER PAUL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SILBERSACK RONALD VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SILBERT LEO VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SILER GARY HUBERT: +0:The Wall | SILER JIMMY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SILER MANLEY EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | SILFEE JAMES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SILLAWAY CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SILLER PETER LENHART: +0:The Wall | SILLIMAN JACK LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SILLS DAREL LEE: +0:The Wall | SILLS FRANK RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SILLS KENNETH HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SILLS TOMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SILMAN GARY WILLIS: +0:The Wall | SILON JOSEPH ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | SILOS FRANKLIN ROSADO: +0:The Wall | SILVA ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SILVA CLAUDE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SILVA FEDERICO: +0:The Wall | SILVA GEORGE LEE: +0:The Wall | SILVA JOE REYES: +0:The Wall | SILVA JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SILVA MANUEL: +0:The Wall | SILVA RITO: +0:The Wall | SILVA ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SILVA THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SILVA WILLIAM GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SILVAS JORGE ALVARADO: +0:The Wall | SILVEE HERMAN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SILVEIRA JOSE A C: +0:The Wall | SILVEIRA LEONEL MENDONCA: +0:The Wall | SILVER EDWARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SILVER GARETH MacKENZIE: +0:The Wall | SILVER JOHN CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SILVER LAWRENCE JAY: +0:The Wall | SILVER LEE VERN: +0:The Wall | SILVER LONNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SILVER WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | SILVER WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SILVERBERG ARVID OSCAR JR: +0:The Wall | SILVERI DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SILVERII LOUIS ZANE: +0:The Wall | SILVERMAN SHELDON: +0:The Wall | SILVERNAIL DOUGLAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SILVERS MITCHELL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SILVERSTEIN GERALD LEON: +0:The Wall | SILVESAN DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | SILVEY HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | SILVIA CLIFFORD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIMANCAS LUIS JOSE: +0:The Wall | SIMBOLA JOSE SCOTTY: +0:The Wall | SIMCHOCK THOMAS PETER: +0:The Wall | SIME ROBERT JOY: +0:The Wall | SIMEONE CRAIG MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIMEONOFF FREDERICK M: +0:The Wall | SIMES ROBERT GARLAND JR: +0:The Wall | SIMETH THOMAS JAMES SR: +0:The Wall | SIMIELE DONATO JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMISON TERRY CLEO: +0:The Wall | SIMKAITIS ERICH: +0:The Wall | SIMKINS GARY B: +0:The Wall | SIMKO ANDREW MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIMMERMON ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMMERS GAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | SIMMERS GEORGE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMETH MAXIMILIAN HEINRI: +0:The Wall | SIMMONDS JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ARTHUR D: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BENNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BRADLEY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS BURNELL: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS CHESTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS CLARENCE JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS EDGAR LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS EDWARD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ELLIOTT JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ELROY: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS FAY CLYDE III: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS FRANK RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS GLENN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS HAROLD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS HARRY JENNINGS JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS HEROLIN THADUS: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ISIAH: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAKE A: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAMES BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAMES CHARLES DAN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS KENNETH JEROME: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS MACK DANIEL III: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NATHAN BEDFORD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NOLAN LESTER: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS NORBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS OBIE CLYDE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RANDALL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RICHARD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROSEVELT JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS SERGE BENSON: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS TOM WILLIS JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS TRAVIS A JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WAYNE CARL: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIAM PRESTWOOD: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIAM S JR: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIMMONS WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMMS JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIMMS LEON: +0:The Wall | SIMOES ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SIMON CURLEY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMON DAVID LOWELL: +0:The Wall | SIMON DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMON JAMES MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SIMON JOSEPH LOUIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIMON MICHAEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMON PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMON PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMON RALPH: +0:The Wall | SIMON RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIMON ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SIMON TERENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIMON THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMON VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SIMONDS HAROLD RILEY: +0:The Wall | SIMONE DENIS LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SIMONE JOSEPH RALPH: +0:The Wall | SIMONS AINSLEY CUDIE: +0:The Wall | SIMONS DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMONS EDWARD JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | SIMONS ERNEST EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMONS GARVIS KEITH: +0:The Wall | SIMONS GERALD SHIELDS: +0:The Wall | SIMONS LEROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMONS RAY OTIS JR: +0:The Wall | SIMONS ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SIMONSEN RICHARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SIMONSON DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMONSON LARRY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SIMPKIN WALLACE FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SIMPKINS ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SIMPKINS TIMOTHY HAYES: +0:The Wall | SIMPKINS WILMER FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ADAM ERNEST JR: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ALFRED FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON BLAIR H: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON BOBBY GENE: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON BRUCE LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON CHESTER PAUL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON DANNY ROY: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON DOUGLAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON EDWARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ELMORE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON GERRY GLEN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JAMES R: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOEL B: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOHN HARRISON: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOHN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOHNNY CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON JOSEPH LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON LOYDE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MAX COLEMAN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MELVIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MICHAEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON MORRIS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON OTIS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON RONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON WALTER STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SIMPSON WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMRAU ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SIMS CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMS CLIFFORD CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SIMS CLINT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SIMS EDWARD CLEO: +0:The Wall | SIMS ERWIN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SIMS FREDERICK AUGUSTAS: +0:The Wall | SIMS HARRY: +0:The Wall | SIMS HENRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMS JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | SIMS JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SIMS JEROME: +0:The Wall | SIMS JERRY G: +0:The Wall | SIMS JOHN CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SIMS KIRK WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIMS LARRY ROY: +0:The Wall | SIMS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIMS PONDER RAY: +0:The Wall | SIMS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIMS WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | SIMS WILLIAM JESS: +0:The Wall | SINCAVAGE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SINCAVAGE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SINCERE JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SINCHAK ANDREW RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SINCHAK WILLIAM ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR GARY PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR JOHN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR LEE ELDEN: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR PATRICK EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SINCLAIR ROBERT HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | SINE HARRY RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SINEGAL HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SINEGAL LARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINER WALLACE KINGSLEY: +0:The Wall | SINES TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SINGER ALAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SINGER DONALD MAURICE: +0:The Wall | SINGER KENNETH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SINGER MICHAEL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SINGER MORTON HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SINGER NORMAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SINGER SAMUEL ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SINGERHOUSE ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SINGLER DELBERT LEO JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY ALTON LAMER: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY HILBERT M JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY JAMES SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY NEELY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINGLETARY ROY LEE: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON ARTHUR DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON CHARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON CLIFFORD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON DANIEL EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON ELWIN EARL: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON GEORGE JAMES: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON GERALD BLAINE: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON J D: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON JAMES ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON JAMES PERRY: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON JESSE W JR: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON THOMAS ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SINGLETON WALTER KEITH: +0:The Wall | SINIBALDI MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SININGER TEDDY RAY: +0:The Wall | SINK CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SINK MELVIN FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SINK OTIS BEVERLEY: +0:The Wall | SINKEWICZ JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SINKLER MARVIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SINKS LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SINKSEN ARTHUR DALE: +0:The Wall | SINN BRADLEY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SINNETT ALBERT MERREL: +0:The Wall | SINNOCK JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SINNOTT DANIEL BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SINTIC GREGORY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SINTONI JOSEPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIOW GALE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SIP RAYMOND LEE: +0:The Wall | SIPE ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SIPE ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SIPES JAMES L: +0:The Wall | SIPES RICHARD EARL: +0:The Wall | SIPKA RONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SIPOS WILLIAM GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SIPP PETER ELMER: +0:The Wall | SIPP RODGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIPPEL WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | SIPPERLEY LORNE JAY: +0:The Wall | SIPPEY WAYNE KEITH: +0:The Wall | SIPPLE CONRAD ALAN: +0:The Wall | SIQUEIROS MANUEL MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | SIRATT JACOB F III: +0:The Wall | SIRBAUGH THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIRCHER PAUL CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SIRES ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIRIANNI DANIEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SIRIANNI PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SIRMANS ALBERT WILSON JR: +0:The Wall | SIRMANS RUFUS: +0:The Wall | SIROCCO WILLIAM DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | SIROIS LAWRENCE EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SIROIS MAURICE LEO: +0:The Wall | SIRON JAMES LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SIROUSA MICHAEL ANGELO: +0:The Wall | SISARIO FELIX ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SISCO ARTHUR CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | SISCO BILLY JOE: +0:The Wall | SISCO JERRY DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | SISK HARRY DUNCAN: +0:The Wall | SISK ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | SISK ROBERT DONALD: +0:The Wall | SISLER GEORGE KENTON: +0:The Wall | SISLER WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SISLEY RUSSELL JAY: +0:The Wall | SISLEY WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SISNEROS ARTURO SYLVESTER: +0:The Wall | SISNEROS ROMAN: +0:The Wall | SISSEL CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SISSON BENNIE JOE: +0:The Wall | SISSON DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SISSON RONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SISSON WINFIELD WADE: +0:The Wall | SISTRUNK CANOY LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SISTRUNK CREIGHTON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SISTRUNK DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SITEK THOMAS WALTER: +0:The Wall | SITLER BARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SITO RICHARD ANTHONY SR: +0:The Wall | SITTEN JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SITTNER RONALD NICHOLIS: +0:The Wall | SITTON DAVID THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SITTON TROY NELSON: +0:The Wall | SITZ EDWARD R: +0:The Wall | SIVATTA MARC ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SIVERLY DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SIVITS CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | SIVO ANTHONY JOHN: +0:The Wall | SIX CHRISTOPHER JAMES ROY: +0:The Wall | SIZELOVE EDWARD LEROY: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE DONNIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE JACK SR: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE JAMES ELMO: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE ROBERT RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE THOMAS JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | SIZEMORE WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | SKAAR WILBUR ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS FLOYD PETER: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS FREDERICK BRIAN: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS HAROLD ALONZO: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS LONNIE G: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS RAYMOND GENE: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS RICHARD ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS WILLARD JR: +0:The Wall | SKAGGS WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | SKAKEL GEORGE WALTER: +0:The Wall | SKALA DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SKALBA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKALLY THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SKANSON LOUIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SKAPINSKY GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKARMAN ORVAL HARRY: +0:The Wall | SKARPHOL ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SKAVARIL THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKEBECK EDWARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SKEEN RICHARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SKEEN STEVEN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SKEET PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SKEINS RODRICK ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SKELLY STEVEN G: +0:The Wall | SKELTON PAUL DARRELL II: +0:The Wall | SKELTON RONALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SKEWES ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SKIBBE DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SKIDGEL DONALD SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | SKIDMORE VERLE JENNINGS: +0:The Wall | SKILES JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SKILES THEODORE VAN: +0:The Wall | SKILES THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SKINNER BRIAN KAY: +0:The Wall | SKINNER CLAIBORNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SKINNER COURTNEY A: +0:The Wall | SKINNER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SKINNER DONALD ALVAH: +0:The Wall | SKINNER ERNEST MACK: +0:The Wall | SKINNER GORDON A II: +0:The Wall | SKINNER HERBERT KIRK: +0:The Wall | SKINNER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SKINNER JAMES CRAWFORD: +0:The Wall | SKINNER KENNETH W III: +0:The Wall | SKINNER LARRY RICKFORD: +0:The Wall | SKINNER OWEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SKINNER PHILLIP CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SKINNER RICHARD AARON: +0:The Wall | SKINNER ROBERT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SKINNER WALTER FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SKIPPER HUGH G: +0:The Wall | SKIPPER JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | SKIPPER MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | SKIRVIN JOHN DARREL: +0:The Wall | SKIRVIN ORVAL L: +0:The Wall | SKIVINGTON WILLIAM E JR: +0:The Wall | SKLODOSKI LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SKOCH EUGENE RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SKOCICH FRANK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SKODMIN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SKOGERBOE DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SKOLITS WAYNE E: +0:The Wall | SKOMSKI JAMES MARK: +0:The Wall | SKONIECKI LEONARD F JR: +0:The Wall | SKORO JOHN PETER JR: +0:The Wall | SKOUBY RICHARD LOWELL: +0:The Wall | SKOVIAK RONALD FRANK: +0:The Wall | SKOVRAN WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SKRINE WILLIE B JR: +0:The Wall | SKUMURSKI DAVID LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SKUNDA EDMUND: +0:The Wall | SKUTT DENNIS DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SKUZA ARVID BURDEEN: +0:The Wall | SKYLES GORDON RAY: +0:The Wall | SKYLES NYLES BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SLABINGER PETER WALTER: +0:The Wall | SLACK CHARLES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | SLACK DENTON RAY: +0:The Wall | SLACK DONALD FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SLACK LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SLACK RICHARD DON JR: +0:The Wall | SLACK STEVEN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SLADE BILLY RAY: +0:The Wall | SLADE JAMES L JR: +0:The Wall | SLADE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SLAGEL JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SLAGER CHARLES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLAGLE DAVID RODDY: +0:The Wall | SLAGLE LARRY RAY: +0:The Wall | SLAGOWSKI BENJAMIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLANAKER ROBERT JAY: +0:The Wall | SLANDER RICKEY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SLANE LYLE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SLANE RONALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SLANE WILLIAM LLEWELLYN: +0:The Wall | SLANKARD WAYNE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLATE DONALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SLATER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLATER FREDDIE LEON: +0:The Wall | SLATER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SLATER JERALD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLATER JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SLATER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLATON ALVIN MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | SLATTERY JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SLATTERY ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER FREDDIE L JR: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER HARVEY NEWTON: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER KENNETH WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER PHILLIP EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | SLAUGHTER WILLIAM SHELLEY: +0:The Wall | SLAVEN RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | SLAVENS WENDELL LEE: +0:The Wall | SLAVENSKY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SLAVIN RICHARD NEAL: +0:The Wall | SLAWEK JOSEPH DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | SLAY RONNIE GLYNN: +0:The Wall | SLAYMAKER LARRY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SLAYTON CHARLES DEWANN: +0:The Wall | SLAYTON RONALD DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SLEDGE DOUGLAS ROY: +0:The Wall | SLEEPER DAVID FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SLEIGH DUNCAN BALFOUR: +0:The Wall | SLEMP FREDERICK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLEMSEK FRED ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SLESH JOHN DANIEL JR: +0:The Wall | SLICHTER DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SLIFKA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SLIFKA JOSEPH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SLIGH ALVIN C: +0:The Wall | SLIM JIMMIE FARRELL: +0:The Wall | SLINGERLAND GERALD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SLINGERLAND HAROLD J JR: +0:The Wall | SLOAN ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | SLOAN BOBBY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SLOAN DOUGLAS DEAN: +0:The Wall | SLOAN GEORGE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SLOAN HAROLD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SLOAN JOHNNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN LESLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | SLOAN LEWIS LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SLOAN MAX EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | SLOAN MONTE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SLOAN ROBERT LELAND: +0:The Wall | SLOAN TERRY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SLOAN THOMAS NEWTON: +0:The Wall | SLOAN VERNAR: +0:The Wall | SLOAT BENNY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SLOAT DONALD PAUL: +0:The Wall | SLOAT GREGORY ALEC: +0:The Wall | SLOCUM QUENTON EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SLOCUM STEPHEN ELLIS: +0:The Wall | SLOCUM WILLIAM SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SLOMIANY KAZIMIERZ HENRYK: +0:The Wall | SLOPPYE ROBERT ROYCE: +0:The Wall | SLOUGH RUSSELL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SLUDER DONALD TED: +0:The Wall | SLUSHER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SLUSSEAR ALEXANDER MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SLUSSER CHARLES RODNEY: +0:The Wall | SLUSSER HARLAN RAY: +0:The Wall | SLY JOHNNIE RAE: +0:The Wall | SLY RICHARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SLYE GEORGE DALE: +0:The Wall | SMALL ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMALL BURT CHAUNCY JR: +0:The Wall | SMALL BURTON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMALL CLAUDIUS AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SMALL DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMALL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMALL KENNETH LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMALL NORMAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMALL ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMALL SAM JARRELL JR: +0:The Wall | SMALL SAMUEL OLIVER: +0:The Wall | SMALL TERRY SIDNEY: +0:The Wall | SMALL VERNARD JAY: +0:The Wall | SMALL WILLIAM DALE: +0:The Wall | SMALLIDGE JEFFREY RONALD: +0:The Wall | SMALLING CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | SMALLS BENJAMIN ALONZA: +0:The Wall | SMALLS BERNARD AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SMALLS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD ERRAL DALE: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD EUGENE FENTON: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD JIMMY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD JOHN JACKIE: +0:The Wall | SMALLWOOD THOMAS J JR: +0:The Wall | SMARR ALBERT WARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMARR KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMARSH JOSEPH II: +0:The Wall | SMART ARVEL RAY: +0:The Wall | SMART CEDRICK LOUVANE: +0:The Wall | SMART FRED STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SMART LESTER EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMART ROBERT HALL: +0:The Wall | SMARTT MICHAEL CHRISTOPHE: +0:The Wall | SMASO JACK: +0:The Wall | SMAY ATLAS JASPER MORENE: +0:The Wall | SMEAD CARL ROY: +0:The Wall | SMEAL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMEDLEY LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMEESTER DANIEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMELSER ROGER MYERS: +0:The Wall | SMELSER ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMELTZER CHARLES E III: +0:The Wall | SMENYAK MARK ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMERIGLIO ALBERT PETER: +0:The Wall | SMEVOLD EMIL HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SMIDDY KYLE: +0:The Wall | SMIDSTRA CHARLES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMIGLIANI DOMENIC: +0:The Wall | SMILES WALTER LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMILEY EDWARD ROWE JR: +0:The Wall | SMILEY FRANCIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMILEY FRANKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMILEY GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMILEY JIMMIE TAVY: +0:The Wall | SMILEY RONALD OWEN: +0:The Wall | SMILEY STANLEY KUTZ: +0:The Wall | SMILEY WILLIAM THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMILIE BLAINE PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH AARON BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH AARON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH AARON LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ADRIAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALAN IVAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALAN RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT HEUGH: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT MERRIMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALBERT PRESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALFRED DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALFRED JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALFRED JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLAN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN JAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALLEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH ALTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH AMMONS EWING JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANDREW DAVID III: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANDREW RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANDREW WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANTHONY ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SMITH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARCHIE D: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARIEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR BURMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ARTHUR WHORLOW: +0:The Wall | SMITH AUDRON L: +0:The Wall | SMITH AUTHOR C: +0:The Wall | SMITH AVERY GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARNEY McCOY: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BARRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BENNIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH BENNY JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH BENNY LEON: +0:The Wall | SMITH BERNARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLIE HAYWOOD: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY JAKE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BILLY: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOBBY DALE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOOKER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH BOYD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH BRIAN FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH BRUCE MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CAREY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARL GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARY CARSON: +0:The Wall | SMITH CARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH CECIL RAY JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES CLARENCE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES LENET: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES MARCELLEUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES PORTER JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES WALLACE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES WARREN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHARLES WENDLE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CHRISTOPHER SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLARENCE ELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLAUDE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLEO: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLIFTON BRADLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLIFTON THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLINTON ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | SMITH CLINTON DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH CRAIG LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH CURTIS DWAINE: +0:The Wall | SMITH CURTIS ORAN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH CURTIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH DALE GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DANIEL J: +0:The Wall | SMITH DANIEL JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DANNY LE MOYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DARRELL JACK: +0:The Wall | SMITH DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID ARLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID GERALD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID HUGH: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID II: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID LELAND: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID LEON: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID RONALD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID ROSCOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID WALTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID WILLARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH DEAN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DEANE FRANKLYN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DELBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS CAROL: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS GERALD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH DON: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD ALLEN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD BOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD C: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD EMMETT: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD GRAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD LAMAR: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD LAVERN: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD P: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONALD WOODROW: +0:The Wall | SMITH DONNIE PAUL: +0:The Wall | SMITH DOUGLAS BANE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DOUGLAS MARK: +0:The Wall | SMITH DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH DUANE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH EARL FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDDIE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDGAR ARMSTRONG: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDGAR LARUE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDMOND EUGENE III: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD DEWILTON JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH EDWARD SPENCER: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELDON WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELIJAH HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELLIOTT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH ELMELINDO RODRIGUES: +0:The Wall | SMITH EMORY MOREL: +0:The Wall | SMITH ERNEST WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH ERVIN DALE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EUGENE IVAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH EUGENE WILLARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH EVERETT HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH FERROL SHANE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FORREST LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH FORTUNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRANKLIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRED D: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRED DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH FRED WINSTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDERICK E: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDERICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDERICK PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SMITH FREDRICK JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GALEN MINOR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARRY GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY D: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY HOLDEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY KENT: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY ROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH GARY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GENE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH GENE DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH GENERAL DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEOFFREY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE CRAIG: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE FREETH: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE JULIUS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE W III: +0:The Wall | SMITH GEORGE W JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GERALD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GERRAL AUBREY: +0:The Wall | SMITH GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH GILBERT NOLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GREGG ALLISON: +0:The Wall | SMITH GREGORY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH GUS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HALLIE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARDING EUGENE SR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARLEY ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD MCRAE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD ROGER: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARRY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARRY ERNEST: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARRY WINFIELD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HARVIE G: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY BEALL JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY FLOYD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HENRY FONZO: +0:The Wall | SMITH HERBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH HERSHEL CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | SMITH HOMER LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH HOWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH HOWARD HORTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH HUBERT RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH HUGH EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH HURLEY ALVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH IVAN RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH J T: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK A: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK MILTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK RAE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACKIE GLENN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ANDERSEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES BRYAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES BUFORD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES CHRISTOPHER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES DELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES GORDON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES HOWELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES PRATT: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WARREN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEFFERY NOLAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEFFERY W: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEFFREY EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JEROME JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERROLD PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY WALTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JESSE E: +0:The Wall | SMITH JESSE LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIM L: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY DON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY HERMAN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JIMMY V: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOE CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOE WILKINS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN ARCHER: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN BYRON: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CLIFFORD III: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN CURTIS JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN GERDES: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN LEWIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNIE CECIL JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNIE EARL: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNY JEROME: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNY LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOHNNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOL NEBANE: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH BERNARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH EARNEST: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH EWING: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | SMITH 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II: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEONARD DALE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEONARD HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH LESLIE R: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEWIS BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LEWIS PHILIP II: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLEWELLYN ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLOYD EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLOYD HENRY: +0:The Wall | SMITH LLOYD STEVEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH LONNIE LEO: +0:The Wall | SMITH LOUGHTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LOWELL VETTER: +0:The Wall | SMITH LUKE ANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH LUTHER AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH LYLE ELTON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LYNN HUDSON: +0:The Wall | SMITH LYNN LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MALCOLM CARLIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARCUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARK JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARLIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARSHALL R: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARSHALL ROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN BONNEY JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN R: +0:The Wall | SMITH MARVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MATTHEW EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MAYNARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MELTON EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL DAVID: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL FRANK: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL LA VERN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL REX: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH MICKEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MILTON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH MILTON WARREN: +0:The Wall | SMITH MITCHELL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MOSE JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH MURRAY LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | SMITH MYRON FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SMITH NEAL ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SMITH NELSON LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH NOAH LELAND: +0:The Wall | SMITH NORRIS RAY: +0:The Wall | SMITH OLEN WAINWRIGHT: +0:The Wall | SMITH OTIS THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH PATRICK EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PATRICK JACKSON: +0:The Wall | SMITH PATRICK LEROY: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH PAUL WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SMITH PEDRO ANDRE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PERRY MONROE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP CORY: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP EDWIN JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP JR: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILIP THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILLIP CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILLIP JOE: +0:The Wall | SMITH PHILLIP ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SMITH PRESTON LEE: +0:The Wall | SMITH R J: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH JAMES: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH MACK: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH R: +0:The Wall | SMITH RALPH WENTZ: +0:The Wall | SMITH RAYBURN LESTER III: +0:The Wall | SMITH RAYMOND JULIUS: +0:The Wall | SMITH REGINALD 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PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | SONSTENG DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SONY THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SOOTER GARY ERCIL: +0:The Wall | SOPER JOHN CAMDEN: +0:The Wall | SOPER RICHARD ORRIN: +0:The Wall | SOPKO ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SORANNO VINCENT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SORCHINI ANDRES: +0:The Wall | SORCI MARK TIMOTHY: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN DALE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN DONALD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN KENNETH JAY: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN ODIN EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SORENSEN ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SORENSON EUGENE A: +0:The Wall | SORIANO JAMES GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | SORICK STEVEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SORIM ROLLEEN C: +0:The Wall | SORNSON EDWIN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SOROKA DOUGLAS MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SOROVETZ MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SORRELL SHERMAN AMOS: +0:The Wall | SORRELLS BOBBY HORACE: +0:The Wall | SORRENTI JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SORRENTINO GERALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SORROW CHARLES FINNEY JR: +0:The Wall | SORTER MICHAEL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | SOSA ARISTIDES: +0:The Wall | SOSA GEORGE RAMIRO: +0:The Wall | SOSA JORGE: +0:The Wall | SOSA MARCOS JR: +0:The Wall | SOSA SECUNDINO GARCIA JR: +0:The Wall | SOSA VICTORIANO PEREZ JR: +0:The Wall | SOSA-CAMEJO FELIX: +0:The Wall | SOSA-HIRALDO CARMELO: +0:The Wall | SOSINSKI JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOSNIAK TADEUSZ: +0:The Wall | SOSNOSKI RONALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SOSNOWSKI JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | SOSSAMON EDWARD DE CAMP: +0:The Wall | SOTAK TIBOR: +0:The Wall | SOTELO LUIS ALONZO: +0:The Wall | SOTH MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOTO ARTHUR OLOGUE: +0:The Wall | SOTO BRAVIE: +0:The Wall | SOTO CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SOTO EFRAIN SR: +0:The Wall | SOTO FELIX F: +0:The Wall | SOTO ISMAEL: +0:The Wall | SOTO JOHNNY: +0:The Wall | SOTO JOSEPH MARTINEZ: +0:The Wall | SOTO MARTIN JESUS: +0:The Wall | SOTO RICARDO HINOJOSA: +0:The Wall | SOTO THOMAS GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | SOTO-CONCEPCION JOSE: +0:The Wall | SOTO-FIGUEROA JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | SOTO-GARCIA GILBERTO: +0:The Wall | SOTO-RODRIGUEZ ANGEL MIGU: +0:The Wall | SOTZEN HAROLD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SOUCY RONALD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SOUHRADA TERRENCE LEE: +0:The Wall | SOULE CHARLES HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SOULE JOSEPH PAUL: +0:The Wall | SOULE RONALD GLEN: +0:The Wall | SOULE WILLIAM D: +0:The Wall | SOULE WILLIAM FRED: +0:The Wall | SOULIER DUWAYNE: +0:The Wall | SOURS BRUCE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SOUSA LAURENCE NELSON: +0:The Wall | SOUSA ROBERT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SOUTAR WALTER JACK: +0:The Wall | SOUTH JOHN HERSHEL: +0:The Wall | SOUTH OSWALD CLAYTON JR: +0:The Wall | SOUTHALL JOHN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHARD CHARLES A III: +0:The Wall | SOUTHARD HAROLD ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | SOUTHARD JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER DOUGLAS S JR: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER JOHN MARTIN: +0:The Wall | SOUTHER WALTER ALVIN III: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERLAND CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERLAND ROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERLAND VERNON DAVEY: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERN EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SOUTHERN RICKEY DALE: +0:The Wall | SOUTHEY JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SOUTHWICK HAROLD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SOUTHWICK JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | SOUTHWORTH RONALD HUBERT: +0:The Wall | SOUZA CHRIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SOUZA FRANCIS LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SOUZA RAYMOND JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOUZON JEAN PIERRE: +0:The Wall | SOVA CONRAD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SOVEY ELWOOD CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | SOVIZAL ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | SOWA JAMES ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SOWARD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SOWARD LOUIS RAY: +0:The Wall | SOWARDS DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SOWDER BERNARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SOWDERS BARRY GENE: +0:The Wall | SOWELL COTIES R: +0:The Wall | SOWELL DONALD BRITTON: +0:The Wall | SOWELL HARRY LEE JR: +0:The Wall | SOWELL RONALD: +0:The Wall | SOWER DONALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SOWERS CHARLES HENRY II: +0:The Wall | SOWERS JAMES RODNEY: +0:The Wall | SOWERS RANDAL GENE: +0:The Wall | SOWERS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SOWINSKI ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SOWLE NED ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | SOYLAND DAVID PECOR: +0:The Wall | SOZA REYNALDO: +0:The Wall | SPACH JIMMY RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | SPADARO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SPADARO VICTOR ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPAFFORD GALON GENE: +0:The Wall | SPAFFORD JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPAHN DENNIS M: +0:The Wall | SPAIN ERVIN: +0:The Wall | SPAIN HUGH FRED: +0:The Wall | SPAINHOUR WALTER J JR: +0:The Wall | SPAINHOWER CLAYTON MARQUI: +0:The Wall | SPAK GEORGE STEPHEN JR: +0:The Wall | SPAKES ESTEL DENNY: +0:The Wall | SPALDING AARON BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER CARL C: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER GEORGE OWEN: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER JAMES N: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER JOHN FLANAGAN: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER LARRY KIETH: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER MAX RAY: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SPANGLER STANLEY E JR: +0:The Wall | SPANN JAMES HALL: +0:The Wall | SPANN LYNN: +0:The Wall | SPARE WAYNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPARENBERG BENARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPARK MICHAEL MELVIN: +0:The Wall | SPARKMAN ISAAC: +0:The Wall | SPARKMAN LEONARD PETER: +0:The Wall | SPARKS CHARLES PIERCE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS CLIFFORD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPARKS DAVID LEO: +0:The Wall | SPARKS DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS GLENN LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SPARKS HENRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JOHN W: +0:The Wall | SPARKS JON MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPARKS PAUL ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SPARKS PETER ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SPARKS RICHARD L: +0:The Wall | SPARKS RICKIE D: +0:The Wall | SPARKS ROGER HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SPARKS RONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | SPARKS STEPHEN DUANE SR: +0:The Wall | SPARKS STEVEN LEE: +0:The Wall | SPARKS THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPARKS WILLIAM DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPARRE LYN DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | SPARROW CARL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPATAFORE DONALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPATES WILLIAM RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING DEAN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING JACK DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPAULDING RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | SPAW JAMES ODIS: +0:The Wall | SPEAK ERIC B: +0:The Wall | SPEAKMAN RICHARD PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | SPEAKS MAC WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPEAKS PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPEAR EDWARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SPEAR FRED HAROLD: +0:The Wall | SPEAR HOWARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SPEAR JOHN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | SPEAR MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPEAR MICHAEL SHELDON: +0:The Wall | SPEARE WALTER RICHARD III: +0:The Wall | SPEARMAN DAVID GLENN: +0:The Wall | SPEARMAN GORDON KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | SPEARMAN WILLIAM T III: +0:The Wall | SPEARMON J B: +0:The Wall | SPEARS BENJAMIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SPEARS DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPEARS JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPEARS JOHNNY CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | SPEARS MILTON EARL: +0:The Wall | SPEARS RONDALL PRESTON: +0:The Wall | SPEATH DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPECK DENNIS JEROME: +0:The Wall | SPECK GEORGE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | SPEER BYRON MORROW: +0:The Wall | SPEER JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SPEER LOUIS LEON: +0:The Wall | SPEER RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPEER ROBERT FRITZ: +0:The Wall | SPEIDEL LOUIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT FRANKLIN ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT JOHNNIE MOSES JR: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHT WILLIAM RUFUS: +0:The Wall | SPEIGHTS ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | SPEIR DALE LLOYD: +0:The Wall | SPELLER JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | SPELLMAN JOSEPH VICTOR: +0:The Wall | SPELLMAN WAYNE JUDE: +0:The Wall | SPENARD NORMAN JOSEPH GEO: +0:The Wall | SPENCE ALEX C JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCE DONALD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SPENCE EDGAR CLAY: +0:The Wall | SPENCE GEORGE ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPENCE JAMES MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | SPENCE JOHN ANDREW III: +0:The Wall | SPENCE JOSEPH C JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCE RICHARD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SPENCE ROGER JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPENCE RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER ARLIE JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER BOBBY LEE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER BUFORD RONALD: +0:The Wall | SPENCER CORDELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER DANIEL EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER DANNY RAY: +0:The Wall | SPENCER DEAN CALVIN III: +0:The Wall | SPENCER EDWARD ODELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER FLOYD BROWN JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER FLOYD TYRONE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER FRANK III: +0:The Wall | SPENCER GENE B: +0:The Wall | SPENCER GLENN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER HARRY HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SPENCER HAYWARD CARL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER HERBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES HERBERT: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JAMES PRICE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER JOHNNIE JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH CLINTON: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH DARRELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH GLENN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | SPENCER LEANDREW JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | SPENCER NORMAN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER PAUL MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | SPENCER PHILIP GLENN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER RICHARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SPENCER ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | SPENCER STEPHEN ALAN: +0:The Wall | SPENCER WARREN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SPENCER WENDELL: +0:The Wall | SPENCER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPENELLI DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SPENGLER HENRY MERSHO III: +0:The Wall | SPENS WILLIAM EDWARD III: +0:The Wall | SPENSKO LOUIS PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPERB WILLIAM LYLE: +0:The Wall | SPERL DONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | SPERLING WESLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPERRY WILLIAM FORSYTH: +0:The Wall | SPEYER ALFRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPICER DONALD FAYE: +0:The Wall | SPICER EUGENE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPICER JERRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPICER JERRY LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SPICER JONATHAN NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | SPICER MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | SPICZKA ALOYSIUS F JR: +0:The Wall | SPIDER ALVIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SPIEGEL ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPIEKER GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | SPIELMAN JOHN MARK: +0:The Wall | SPIER HARRY DIWAIN: +0:The Wall | SPIEROWSKI RUSSELL DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPIERS FRANK: +0:The Wall | SPIERS RANDOLPH: +0:The Wall | SPIERS STEPHEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SPIESS JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SPIKER PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | SPIKES A V: +0:The Wall | SPIKES STANLEY: +0:The Wall | SPILKER JAMES DENNIS: +0:The Wall | SPILKER KENNETH ALFRED: +0:The Wall | SPILLANE PAUL DONALD: +0:The Wall | SPILLER CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | SPILLER LEROY III: +0:The Wall | SPILLERS GEORGE THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SPILLERS WILLIAM ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPILLMAN CHARLES OTTO: +0:The Wall | SPILLMAN HAROLD RAY: +0:The Wall | SPILLNER ROBERT K: +0:The Wall | SPILMAN DYKE AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | SPINA ELMER FRANK: +0:The Wall | SPINA FRED CONCETTO: +0:The Wall | SPINALI DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPINDLER JOHN GATES: +0:The Wall | SPINELLI DOMENICK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPINK WARREN LEE: +0:The Wall | SPINKS ALLEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPINLER DARRELL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPINLER RAYMOND PAUL: +0:The Wall | SPINNER ALFRED WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPINNICCHIA JOSEPH FRANK: +0:The Wall | SPINO ANTHONY LAWRANCE: +0:The Wall | SPINUZZI JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | SPIRES JOHN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | SPIRES JOHN MILTON: +0:The Wall | SPIRES ROBERT EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SPIRES ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SPIRITO ANTHONY JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | SPISTO JUSTIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | SPITLER FORREST F S: +0:The Wall | SPITLER JERRY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPITLER NELSON EVERETT: +0:The Wall | SPITTLER IRA JAMES III: +0:The Wall | SPITZ GEORGE ROSS: +0:The Wall | SPITZER HOWARD RAY: +0:The Wall | SPITZER KENNETH LYLE: +0:The Wall | SPITZER THOMAS EDMUND: +0:The Wall | SPITZFADEN ALFRED LOUIS: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY EDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY ELMER LYNN: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY HARLEY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY JAMES WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY WILLARD EARL: +0:The Wall | SPIVEY WILLIE DALPHUS: +0:The Wall | SPOEHR WINFIELD AUGUST JR: +0:The Wall | SPOHN JOHN SCOTT: +0:The Wall | SPOHN KENNETH RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SPONG ERNEST ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SPOONER EUGENE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPOTANSKI SERGE WALTER: +0:The Wall | SPOTSWOOD MICHAEL CARR: +0:The Wall | SPOTWOOD FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN EDDIE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN GERALD DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPRADLIN ROGER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRAGG HAROLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPRAGINS CARROLL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRAGUE STANLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | SPRATLEY GLENN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPRATLIN MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SPRAY VICTOR GENE: +0:The Wall | SPRENKLE DENNIS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | SPREWELL JOHN SPURGEON: +0:The Wall | SPRICK DOYLE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPRIGGS OTHA THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | SPRING BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRING HOMER DOYLE: +0:The Wall | SPRING TIMOTHY LANZER: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER CHARLES A: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER JAMES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER LOUIS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER ROBERT L: +0:The Wall | SPRINGER TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD ALFRED C JR: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD CHARLES DEAN: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGFIELD WILLIAM VAL: +0:The Wall | SPRINGS ANDREW: +0:The Wall | SPRINGS RALPH RONALD JR: +0:The Wall | SPRINGSTEADAH DONALD K: +0:The Wall | SPRINGSTEEN DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SPRINGSTON THEODORE JR: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE JAMES LARRY: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE MICHAEL DUANE: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE ROGER DALE: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE STEVEN KENNETH: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE THOMAS THOMA: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLE VERNON PATRICK: +0:The Wall | SPRINKLES WILFORD LESLIE: +0:The Wall | SPROTT ARTHUR ROY JR: +0:The Wall | SPROUL RAYMOND RONALD: +0:The Wall | SPROUL ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | SPROULE WILLIAM C JR: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE LEE ROY DAVID: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE LONNIE DAVID: +0:The Wall | SPROUSE RONALD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPROUT RICHARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SPROWL JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SPRUILL JAMES POLK: +0:The Wall | SPRUILL OVELL: +0:The Wall | SPUDIS RONALD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | SPURGEON ROY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SPURLEY JAMES VIRGIL JR: +0:The Wall | SPURLIN DANIEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | SPURLOCK JOHN: +0:The Wall | SPURLOCK LON ARNOLD II: +0:The Wall | SQUAIRE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SQUARE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | SQUARRELL SAMUEL LUVENE: +0:The Wall | SQUIER WILLIAM RUSSELL JR: +0:The Wall | SQUIERS GARY LADD: +0:The Wall | SQUIRE BOYD EDWIN: +0:The Wall | SQUIRES DAVID RAY: +0:The Wall | SQUIRES ROY BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | SQUIRES SIDNEY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | SRADER CHARLES WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | SRAL LEONARD WALTER: +0:The Wall | SRB ERVIN RYNOLT JR: +0:The Wall | SROKA JOHN MICHAEL JR: +0:The Wall | SROKA RICHARD MARION: +0:The Wall | SROKA STEPHEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | SRSEN STEVE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | ST PIERRE DEAN PAUL: +0:The Wall | STAAB KURT CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STAAB RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STAATS GERALD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | STABLER JOHN LESLIE: +0:The Wall | STACEY GARY ROSS: +0:The Wall | STACEY JAMES SHELTON: +0:The Wall | STACEY RALPH MCGUIN JR: +0:The Wall | STACHOWSKI ARTHUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STACK JOSEPH VINCENT: +0:The Wall | STACKHOUSE HUBERT: +0:The Wall | STACKHOUSE JOHN E: +0:The Wall | STACKS RAYMOND CLARK: +0:The Wall | STACY MICHAEL LEIGH: +0:The Wall | STACY WALTER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STACY WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | STADDON PETER BRUCE: +0:The Wall | STADEL CHUCK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STADING GARY ALAN: +0:The Wall | STAEHLI BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STAFF JOHN STANLEY: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD FORREST MONTGOME: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD FRED PATRICK: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD HAROLD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD HENRY LEE: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD JAMES HUBERT: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD LEE ROY: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD PHILIP CLARK: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD ROBERT BERYL: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD RONALD WADE: +0:The Wall | STAFFORD THOMAS STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STAGER KENNETH L: +0:The Wall | STAGGS LARRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | STAGGS ROBERT DALE: +0:The Wall | STAHL ALVIN THORNTON: +0:The Wall | STAHL DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STAHL EDWARD ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | STAHL GEORGE HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | STAHL JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STAHL JOHN WELFRED: +0:The Wall | STAHL PHILLIP THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STAHL ROBERT HENRY: +0:The Wall | STAHL ROGER WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STAHLECKER GARY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STAHLSTROM ALLAN EMILE: +0:The Wall | STAINBACK MACK DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | STAINER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STAINES ERNEST MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STAIR GLENN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STAIR WILBUR THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STAKE KENDALL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STALEVICZ GREGORY HENRY: +0:The Wall | STALEY FREDDY KEITH: +0:The Wall | STALEY JOHN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STALEY ROBERT E: +0:The Wall | STALEY ROBERT LEE JR: +0:The Wall | STALEY RONALD ALEX: +0:The Wall | STALEY THOMAS W JR: +0:The Wall | STALINSKI STEFAN ZBIGNIEW: +0:The Wall | STALL WILLIAM ROBB: +0:The Wall | STALLARD DON GENE: +0:The Wall | STALLARD GILES WARREN: +0:The Wall | STALLCUP ALVIN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS FRANKLIN DELANO: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS JAMES D: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS JOHN LARRY: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS ROBERT ELVIS: +0:The Wall | STALLINGS RONALD CLARK: +0:The Wall | STALLS ELTON STANTON: +0:The Wall | STALNAKER LAWRENCE ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | STALNAKER LEONARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STALNECKER WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | STALTER JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STAMAN TERRY LA VERN: +0:The Wall | STAMATO VINCENT JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | STAMEY JIMMY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STAMM ERNEST ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STAMM MONTE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | STAMP GEORGE RILEY: +0:The Wall | STAMPER DAVID HIRAM: +0:The Wall | STAMPER FRANK RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STAMPER RICHARD G JR: +0:The Wall | STAMPFLI THEODORE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STAMPS GEORGE HARRELL: +0:The Wall | STAMPS JOHNNY GREEN: +0:The Wall | STAMPS OLIVER CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | STANBERRY JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STANCELL JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | STANCHEK EDWARD MILTON: +0:The Wall | STANCIL GREGORY HALE: +0:The Wall | STANCIL KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | STANCIL REGINALD ALFONSO: +0:The Wall | STANCIU KENNETH ALLAN: +0:The Wall | STANCROFF DENNIS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STANDEFER JAMES GLENN: +0:The Wall | STANDEFORD JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STANDERWICK ROBERT L SR: +0:The Wall | STANDIFER ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | STANDLEY THOMAS GARY: +0:The Wall | STANDRIDGE HARLEY ROY: +0:The Wall | STANDRIDGE JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STANDRIDGE PAUL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STANDRING LAUREN WALTER: +0:The Wall | STANDS DANIEL GILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | STANEART RONALD KEITH: +0:The Wall | STANEK ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | STANFIELD GARY KELVIN: +0:The Wall | STANFORD BOBBY GAYLE: +0:The Wall | STANFORD EARL MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STANFORD ERNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | STANGEL LAWRENCE NORBART: +0:The Wall | STANICH NADE MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STANISZEWSKI WLADYSLAW: +0:The Wall | STANKEVICH EDWARD JOHN: +0:The Wall | STANKIEWICZ KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | STANKO ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STANKO WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY BOBBY DWAYNE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY BUDDY ALFONZA: +0:The Wall | STANLEY CHARLES GERALD: +0:The Wall | STANLEY CHARLES HUBERT: +0:The Wall | STANLEY CHARLES IRVIN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DAVID CARL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DENNIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DENNIS RALPH: +0:The Wall | STANLEY DON SCOTT: +0:The Wall | STANLEY EARL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY EURAL JR: +0:The Wall | STANLEY FRANKIE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JACKIE G: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JAMES STEVEN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY JOE HARRY: +0:The Wall | STANLEY MARION HENRY: +0:The Wall | STANLEY MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY RAYMOND ERNEST: +0:The Wall | STANLEY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STANLEY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STANLEY THEODUS MORRIS: +0:The Wall | STANLEY THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | STANLEY VICKEY EARL: +0:The Wall | STANLEY VIRGIL JR: +0:The Wall | STANLEY WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STANNARD DARYL KENNETH: +0:The Wall | STANSBARGER RICHARD LAURE: +0:The Wall | STANSBURY DAVID JOE: +0:The Wall | STANSBURY RAYMOND L II: +0:The Wall | STANSBURY THOMAS RODGERS: +0:The Wall | STANSELL GERRALD AUNDRE: +0:The Wall | STANSELL RICHARD NORRIS: +0:The Wall | STANTON EDGAR DOUGLAS JR: +0:The Wall | STANTON EDWARD RYLAND II: +0:The Wall | STANTON EMMETT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STANTON HAROLD E: +0:The Wall | STANTON JAMES: +0:The Wall | STANTON RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STANTON RONALD: +0:The Wall | STANTON SCOTT NEAL: +0:The Wall | STANUSH THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STAPELMAN RONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | STAPLES ALTON LEON III: +0:The Wall | STAPLES GREGORY JOE: +0:The Wall | STAPLES JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STAPLES LOUIS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | STAPLES THOMAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | STAPLES THOMAS TRAMMEL II: +0:The Wall | STAPLETON CLIFFORD: +0:The Wall | STAPLETON LAWRENCE GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STAPLETON OLLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | STARBUCK ROBERT FRENCH: +0:The Wall | STARCHER DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STARCHER EDDIE DEAN: +0:The Wall | STARCKS JEROME STEVEN: +0:The Wall | STARK ALFRED: +0:The Wall | STARK COY FOSTER: +0:The Wall | STARK GERRY LYLE: +0:The Wall | STARK GORDON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARK HERBERT D: +0:The Wall | STARK JAMES ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | STARK LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STARK LAWRENCE J: +0:The Wall | STARK STEPHEN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARK WILLIE ERNEST: +0:The Wall | STARKEL MAX PAUL: +0:The Wall | STARKES JOHN MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | STARKES ROBERT B JR: +0:The Wall | STARKEY BLAIR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARKEY DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | STARKEY HENRY MORGAN: +0:The Wall | STARKEY JAMES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STARKEY KURT L: +0:The Wall | STARKEY LLOYD MARTAIN: +0:The Wall | STARKEY RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STARKS GEORGE LARRY: +0:The Wall | STARKS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STARKS WARNER: +0:The Wall | STARKWEATHER JEROME FRANK: +0:The Wall | STARLEY JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STARLING WALTER LEO: +0:The Wall | STARNES CULLEN GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | STARNES JAMES CECIL: +0:The Wall | STARNES KEITH NEWTON JR: +0:The Wall | STARNES MILBURN HINES: +0:The Wall | STARNS DAN CLIFTON JR: +0:The Wall | STARR ALLEN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STARR BENNY ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | STARR EDWARD IRWIN: +0:The Wall | STARR KIERAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | STARR RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | STARRETT JOHN DELBERT: +0:The Wall | STARRY DOUGLAS C: +0:The Wall | STASHONSKY JOHN RAY: +0:The Wall | STASIO RICHARD PETER: +0:The Wall | STASKO PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | STASKO THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STASSI JAMES STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STATECZNY HARRY JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | STATELMAN EDWARD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STATEN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STATEN TYRONE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STATES DAVID PERSHING: +0:The Wall | STATES JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STATES WILLIAM CODAR: +0:The Wall | STATH ALLEN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STATON DAVID WALDEN: +0:The Wall | STATON FRANK LYNN: +0:The Wall | STATON PAUL RAY: +0:The Wall | STATON ROBERT GARY: +0:The Wall | STATON ROBERT MILTON JR: +0:The Wall | STATON RODNEY DALE: +0:The Wall | STAUD ROBERT NICOLAS: +0:The Wall | STAUDOHAR TERRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STAUDT RUSSELL MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STAUFF ERIC LOUIS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STAUFFER GORDON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STAUFFER HERBERT HOLLINGE: +0:The Wall | STAUFFER ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | STAUNTON JOEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | STAVINOHA ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | STAVLAS PANORMITIS: +0:The Wall | STAYER HARRY SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | STAYROOK DONALD GLENN: +0:The Wall | STAYTON COY G: +0:The Wall | STEAD VERNON ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STEADMAN JAMES EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEADMAN STERLING DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | STEAGALL EDSEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEARNS ALLAN JULIUS: +0:The Wall | STEARNS FRANK EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STEARNS HARREL EARL: +0:The Wall | STEARNS JERRY SHELDON: +0:The Wall | STEARNS LLOYD PALMER: +0:The Wall | STEARNS MICHAEL FORRESTER: +0:The Wall | STEARNS ROGER HORACE: +0:The Wall | STEBBINS HARDY WESLEY JR: +0:The Wall | STEBNER ROBERT LYLE JR: +0:The Wall | STEC FRANK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | STEC ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STECKBAUER CURTIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | STECKER DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STECKER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STECKER RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | STEDL WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | STEDMAN LEE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEDMAN PAUL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STEED GERALD: +0:The Wall | STEED JERRY LYNE: +0:The Wall | STEED WILLIAM OWEN: +0:The Wall | STEEL JOHN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEEL KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | STEEL RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEEL ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEELE DANIEL SCOTT: +0:The Wall | STEELE DAVID MARK: +0:The Wall | STEELE EDWARD BERNARD: +0:The Wall | STEELE GARY LYN: +0:The Wall | STEELE PATRICK MATTHEW: +0:The Wall | STEELE RAYMOND THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROBERT HUGH: +0:The Wall | STEELE ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEELE STEVEN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | STEELE THOMAS DONALD: +0:The Wall | STEELE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEELE TOWNSER JR: +0:The Wall | STEELE WALTER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEELE WALTER EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STEELE WILLIAM DAVIS: +0:The Wall | STEELE WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | STEELEY MARK M: +0:The Wall | STEELMAN TEDDY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEEN ANTHONY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STEEN JAMES NELSON: +0:The Wall | STEEN MARTIN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEER JOHN CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | STEFANIAK STEPHEN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STEFANIC RUDOLPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STEFANICH NICHOLAS C: +0:The Wall | STEFANIK EDWARD PETER: +0:The Wall | STEFANSKI STEVEN RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | STEFFANS MARSHALL GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STEFFE MICHAEL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEFFEK EDWARD STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STEFFEN ALAN RALPH: +0:The Wall | STEFFEN CARL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | STEFFEN FREDERICK GEORGE: +0:The Wall | STEFFENS WALTER FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | STEFFES WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEFFLER CHARLES ERVIN: +0:The Wall | STEFFUS GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | STEFKO WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEGALL ALLAN JR: +0:The Wall | STEGALL ALTON LESKER: +0:The Wall | STEGALL DOUGLAS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEGALL LINDELL RAY: +0:The Wall | STEGALL LORENZO: +0:The Wall | STEGELAND JOHN JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | STEGER DAVID NAYLOR: +0:The Wall | STEGER JAMES ALVIN: +0:The Wall | STEGMAN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEHLE HERBERT NEIL: +0:The Wall | STEIBEL FRANK DALE: +0:The Wall | STEIDLER JOHNSON AUGUSTUS: +0:The Wall | STEIER WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEIGER WILLIAM FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | STEIGHNER JAMES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEIGLEMAN DERWOOD D JR: +0:The Wall | STEIMBACH JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | STEIMEL GREGG FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STEIMER ROBERT FENTON: +0:The Wall | STEIMER THOMAS JACK: +0:The Wall | STEIN ALAN ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STEIN ANDREW PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | STEIN ARMOND JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | STEIN CLAUDE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEIN DONALD VEARL: +0:The Wall | STEIN LEON CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEIN PAUL ANDREW: +0:The Wall | STEIN PAUL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | STEIN PHILIP CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STEIN RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STEIN RONALD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STEINBACH THOMAS RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | STEINBACHER STEVEN MICHAE: +0:The Wall | STEINBERG GEORGE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEINBRUNNER DONALD THOMA: +0:The Wall | STEINDAM RUSSELL ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STEINEKE JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | STEINER CHARLES THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STEINER JOSEPH R III: +0:The Wall | STEINER LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEINER LAWRENCE TERRELL: +0:The Wall | STEINER MARK STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STEINER TERRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STEINFELD HOWARD MARSHALL: +0:The Wall | STEINHEBEL KENNETH ERWIN: +0:The Wall | STEINKIRCHNER JAMES LEWIS: +0:The Wall | STEINKIRCHNER KENNETH M: +0:The Wall | STEINSIECK ROBERT T JR: +0:The Wall | STEIRO ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STELL JAMES ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STELLE GERALD CAIN: +0:The Wall | STELLMACH STANLEY R JR: +0:The Wall | STELPFLUG MERLIN CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STELTER NYMAN WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | STELZER CURTIS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STEMAC STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEMBRIDGE WAYLAND DAN: +0:The Wall | STEMEN FREDERICK MILTON: +0:The Wall | STEMMONS BIRCH UDELL: +0:The Wall | STEMPER PHILIP JON: +0:The Wall | STENBERG JERRY OSCAR: +0:The Wall | STENBERG JOHN MARVIN: +0:The Wall | STENDER PAUL ALAN: +0:The Wall | STENGEM PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STENHOUSE J LYNN JR: +0:The Wall | STEPAN JACOB FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STEPANOV ROBERT DUANE: +0:The Wall | STEPHAN LARRY ROY: +0:The Wall | STEPHAN RICHARD E: +0:The Wall | STEPHANAC MARK JOHN: +0:The Wall | STEPHEN PHILIPPE BRUCE: +0:The Wall | STEPHEN VIRGIL LYNN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ALLEY OAKLEY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ANDREW LEWIS: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ARTHUR ALLYN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ARTHUR CHARLE JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BEN WESLEY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BENNIE VORICE JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BING FOREST: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS BOYD ADAM JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS CLYDE J: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS CLYDE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS CURTIS ADRON: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DANNY LYNN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS GARY BENNETT: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS GEORGE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS HARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS HAYS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES ROWE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES WILLIAMS: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JASPER JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS JOHNNIE PERRY JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LARRY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LESTER AL: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS LLOYD ISAAC: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS MARVIN GENE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS MICHAEL EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS MICHAEL JEFF: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS NATHANIEL H JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS ROGER DEAN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS SONNIE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | STEPHENS WILLIE DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSEN MARK LANE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON BRUCE DONALD: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON DAVID RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON FREDERICK DALE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON GARY LUCKY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON HOWARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON KEITH POWELL: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON KENNETH RAY: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON KURT PATRICK: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON LYNN LADELLE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON RICHARD C: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON ROBERT CLAYTON: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON RONALD DEE: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON WAYMOND NELSON: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEPHENSON 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CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STEVENSON RUFUS NEWTON JR: +0:The Wall | STEVENSON THOMAS G JR: +0:The Wall | STEVENSON WILLIAM LUTHER: +0:The Wall | STEVENSON WILLIAM MAYO: +0:The Wall | STEVER JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | STEVERSON SIM SMEDDLEY: +0:The Wall | STEWARD ANDREW RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | STEWARD FLOYD LESTER: +0:The Wall | STEWARD JERRY WAINE: +0:The Wall | STEWARD STEVE LEE: +0:The Wall | STEWART ARNOLD LEE: +0:The Wall | STEWART BILLY GRAY: +0:The Wall | STEWART BYRON DUNCAN: +0:The Wall | STEWART CHARLES LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | STEWART CHARLIE ACES JR: +0:The Wall | STEWART DAN ROGERS: +0:The Wall | STEWART DAVID GLENN: +0:The Wall | STEWART DAVID SHERMAN: +0:The Wall | STEWART DAVID WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STEWART DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | STEWART DONALD DAVID: +0:The Wall | STEWART DONNY RAY: +0:The Wall | STEWART EDWARD LARRY: +0:The Wall | STEWART EDWARD SAMUEL: +0:The Wall | STEWART EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STEWART FRANCIS ERNEST: +0:The Wall | STEWART GARY LEE: +0:The Wall | 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WAYNE YEARWOOD: +0:The Wall | STEWART WENDELL WARREN: +0:The Wall | STEWART WILBERT JR: +0:The Wall | STEWART WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | STEWART WILLIAM LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | STEWART WILLIAM STEVEN: +0:The Wall | STEWART WILLIAM WESLEY: +0:The Wall | STIBBINS MILO BENETT: +0:The Wall | STICE LARRY DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | STICH VERNON GENE: +0:The Wall | STICHER JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STICKEL BRUCE JACOB: +0:The Wall | STICKEL GARY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STICKELS MARK GALEN: +0:The Wall | STICKLAND BILLIE GRANVIL: +0:The Wall | STICKLE TIMOTHY DAVID: +0:The Wall | STICKLER CLARK D: +0:The Wall | STICKLER ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STICKNEY PHILLIP JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STICKS STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STIDHAM ERNEST JAMES: +0:The Wall | STIEFERMAN CURTIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STIEHLER GEORGE DENNIS: +0:The Wall | STIERWALT LADDIE C: +0:The Wall | STIEVE WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | STIGALL ARTHUR DONALD: +0:The Wall | STIGALL CHARLES BENNETT: +0:The Wall | STIGEN WAYNE 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T: +0:The Wall | STOWERS JOE D: +0:The Wall | STOZEK GERALD STANLEY: +0:The Wall | STRACHOTA JOHN GREGORY: +0:The Wall | STRACK LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | STRACNER WILLIAM ELLIS: +0:The Wall | STRADER CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STRADTMAN THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | STRAFACE JEFFREY DENNIS: +0:The Wall | STRAFELLO CHARLES FRANKLI: +0:The Wall | STRAHAN LARRY: +0:The Wall | STRAHAN WALTER SPERRING: +0:The Wall | STRAHIN ARTHUR RONALD: +0:The Wall | STRAHL RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STRAHM PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | STRAHM ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | STRAIN EDWARD W: +0:The Wall | STRAIN JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | STRAIN KENNETH DALE: +0:The Wall | STRAIT BENNIE HOWARD: +0:The Wall | STRAIT DAVID LEON: +0:The Wall | STRAIT DOUGLAS FRANK: +0:The Wall | STRAIT LAFFEY FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | STRAKER GARY ENNIS: +0:The Wall | STRALEY JOHN LEROY: +0:The Wall | STRAND PHILIP STANLEY JR: +0:The Wall | STRANDBERG ERVIND CARL: +0:The Wall | STRANDE THOMAS ALVIN: +0:The Wall | STRANGE FLOYD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STRANGE PAUL ROBERT MACK: +0:The Wall | STRANGE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | STRANGE ROBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STRANGE ROBERT GREER: +0:The Wall | STRANGEWAY JAMES J JR: +0:The Wall | STRANO JAMES CLINTON: +0:The Wall | STRASSHOFER STEVE OTTO: +0:The Wall | STRASSNER CORNELIUS WILLI: +0:The Wall | STRASZEWSKI GEORGE STEPHE: +0:The Wall | STRATE BRUCE EDGAR: +0:The Wall | STRATE JOHN DELBERT: +0:The Wall | STRATEGOS PETER STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | STRATHMANN THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STRATTON CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | STRATTON EVERETT JR: +0:The Wall | STRATTON MILO HERSEY: +0:The Wall | STRATTON SIDNEY TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | STRATTON THOMAS ALLAN: +0:The Wall | STRAUB CONRAD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STRAUB JOHN EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STRAUB MARK ALAN: +0:The Wall | STRAUB TERRY GORDON: +0:The Wall | STRAUDOVSKIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | STRAUGHN WILLIAM HERSCHEL: +0:The Wall | STRAUS ALLEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STRAUSBAUGH HOWARD ALBERT: +0:The Wall | STRAUSER JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | STRAUSS HOWARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | STRAUSS KLAUS JOSEF: +0:The Wall | STRAUSS ROBERT STEPHAN: +0:The Wall | STRAUSSER DARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | STRAUSSER PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STRAW BARRY MERCER: +0:The Wall | STRAWBRIDGE JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STRAWN JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | STRAYER LAWRENCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | STRAYER PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | STRAZZANTI ALAN PETER: +0:The Wall | STREAMER FRANK MARION: +0:The Wall | STRECHA JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | STRECKERT RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | STREEKS FRANK MORRIS JR: +0:The Wall | STREET BRENT ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | STREET DOUGLAS GERALD: +0:The Wall | STREET LENARD JR: +0:The Wall | STREET MICHAEL RAY: +0:The Wall | STREET ROBERT ANDREW: +0:The Wall | STREET TOBY WINDFIELD: +0:The Wall | STREHLE ERNEST WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STREMLER DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | STRENGTH NORMAN HOWARD: +0:The Wall | STRIBBLING GWYMAN: +0:The Wall | STRIBLING JESSE B: +0:The Wall | STRIBLING VICTOR BERNARD: +0:The 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| STROUSE PAUL EDWIN: +0:The Wall | STROUT PHILIP WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | STROUT ROGER HENRY: +0:The Wall | STROVEN WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | STROYE FERDINAND: +0:The Wall | STROYMAN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | STRUBE JAMES CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | STRUBE STEVEN DREW: +0:The Wall | STRUBLE STANLEY DEAN: +0:The Wall | STRUCEL JOSEPH JOHN: +0:The Wall | STRUCHEN THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | STRUEBING DEWEY IRVIN: +0:The Wall | STRUNK WILLIAM LOCKE: +0:The Wall | STRUPP DAVID ALAN: +0:The Wall | STRUSS LARRY ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | STRYCHARZ STEPHEN S JR: +0:The Wall | STRYKER ROBERT FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | STUART CHARLES E: +0:The Wall | STUART EDWARD HAROLD: +0:The Wall | STUART JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | STUART JOE BEN JR: +0:The Wall | STUART JOHN DESMOND JR: +0:The Wall | STUART JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | STUART LEE DAVIS JR: +0:The Wall | STUART MARVIN BLAIR JR: +0:The Wall | STUART MILES BOYD: +0:The Wall | STUBBE WILLIAM LEROY: +0:The Wall | STUBBERFIELD ROBERT AUSTI: +0:The Wall | 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SULLIVAN MICHAEL NELSON: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN MICHAEL XAVIER: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN MIKAL JAMES: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN NEIL BRIAN: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN PAUL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN PETER MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN PIERRE LEROY: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN R D: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN RAYMOND WALTER: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN RICHARD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN RICHARD D JR: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN STANLEY HOUSTON: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN STEPHEN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN TERRENCE COLIN: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN THOMAS EMERSON: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN THOMAS HOWARD: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN TIMOTHY EMMETT: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN WILLIAM ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | SULLIVAN WILLIS M JR: +0:The Wall | SULSER DAVID WESLEY: +0:The Wall | SUMERLIN TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | SUMICH FRANKLIN JOHN: +0:The Wall | SUMIDA JERALD KATSUJI: +0:The 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EDWARD: +0:The Wall | SYKES KENNETH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | SYLVESTRE ARMAND ALVIN: +0:The Wall | SYLVIA JERRY: +0:The Wall | SYLVIA MICHAEL ALAN: +0:The Wall | SYLVIA WAYNE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYLWANOWICZ CASIMIR SYLWA: +0:The Wall | SYMANK TOMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | SYNKOWSKI VALENTINE JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYNOD MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | SYROVATKA ARNOLD DEAN: +0:The Wall | SYSAK CRAIG ALAN: +0:The Wall | SZABO ISTVAN: +0:The Wall | SZAHLENDER JULIUS NICHOLA: +0:The Wall | SZAWALUK NICKOLAS: +0:The Wall | SZCZEPANCZYK GEORGE V: +0:The Wall | SZCZUPAJ JAMES WALTER: +0:The Wall | SZEKELY AKOS DEZSO: +0:The Wall | SZEKELY JOSEPH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | SZEYLLER EDWARD PHILIP: +0:The Wall | SZIDOR JOSEPH DANIEL: +0:The Wall | SZIJJARTO STEPHEN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SZLAPA JOHN FRANK III: +0:The Wall | SZOR HENRY: +0:The Wall | SZOSZOREK GERALD JAMES: +0:The Wall | SZPONDER ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | SZUTZ BRAD JOHN: +0:The Wall | SZYDLO THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | SZYMANSKI FRANK ADAM IV: +0:The Wall | SZYMANSKI JOHN STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | SZYMANSKI ROBERT THOMAS: +0:The Wall | SZYSZPUTOWSKI GERALD ADAM: +0:The Wall | StAMAND RICHARD CARL: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR BRADLEY ANDREW: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR CHARLES DAVID: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR CLARENCE H JR: +0:The Wall | StCLAIR LEONARD RAY: +0:The Wall | StCYR JAMES AUGUSTINE: +0:The Wall | StGEORGE FRED DAVID: +0:The Wall | StGERMAINE RONALD HUBERT: +0:The Wall | StJEAN BERNARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | StJOHN DAVID MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | StJOHN RONALD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | StJOHN WILLIAM LUKE: +0:The Wall | StLAURENT LANCE WILFRED: +0:The Wall | StLAWRENCE ALBERT ALFRED: +0:The Wall | StLOUIS BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | StONGE MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | StPETER ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | StPETERS JOHN DONALD: +0:The Wall | StPIERRE MICHAEL LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TABABOO DANIEL JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | TABB PHIL: +0:The Wall | TABER JERRY DEAN: +0:The Wall | TABER MARTIN LESTER: +0:The Wall | TABET HENRY MARSIAL: +0:The 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GEORGE ELOY: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA JOHN OLIVIO: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA JOSEPH ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA MARK ALVAN: +0:The Wall | TAFOYA VICTOR ARNALDO: +0:The Wall | TAFT PHILIP JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | TAFT ROBERT EDMUND: +0:The Wall | TAFT THOMAS HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TAGATA LAAVALE FUATAU: +0:The Wall | TAGGART ISAAC: +0:The Wall | TAGGART LARRY JOEL: +0:The Wall | TAGGART WINSTON ADAMS: +0:The Wall | TAGLIEBER LEONARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TAGLIONE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAGMAN JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | TAGUE JOHN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TAGUE NICHOLAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TAILLON JOHN PHILLIPS: +0:The Wall | TAIRA CLIFFORD KAZUMI: +0:The Wall | TAISLER JOSEPH ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TAITAGUE JOHNNY SALAS: +0:The Wall | TAJCHMAN ADOLPH WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TAKACS THEODORE NELSON JR: +0:The Wall | TAKEHARA YOSHIO: +0:The Wall | TAKEMOTO KENNETH JAMES: +0:The Wall | TAKETA KEN HARRIS: +0:The Wall | TALAN ARISTON R JR: +0:The Wall | TALBERT CLAUDE JR: +0:The Wall | TALBOT THOMAS PAUL: 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BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | TALTY PATRICK ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TAMAGNINI JOSEPH EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAMAYO FRANCISCO MARIO JR: +0:The Wall | TAMAYO JOEL: +0:The Wall | TAMBURRI JOHN RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TAMER RICHARD EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TAMEYOZA NOE: +0:The Wall | TAMEZ NOE: +0:The Wall | TAMILIO THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TAMM RICHARD DAVID: +0:The Wall | TAMMEN WILLIAM DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | TAMS ROBERT NIELSEN: +0:The Wall | TANAKA MINORU: +0:The Wall | TANASSO AMBROSE P JR: +0:The Wall | TANDY MICHAEL GORDON: +0:The Wall | TANGARIE JOSEPH THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TANGEMAN JAMES LEROY: +0:The Wall | TANGEN TERENCE RONALD: +0:The Wall | TANGUAY ALAN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TANIMOTO MILES T: +0:The Wall | TANK CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TANK PHILIP LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TANKERSLEY JAMES ESTILL: +0:The Wall | TANKSLEY CLIFTON: +0:The Wall | TANKSLEY ROBERT WILLIE: +0:The Wall | TANNEHILL CHARLES DEVEAUX: +0:The Wall | TANNEHILL RAY EDWIN: +0:The Wall | TANNENBAUM DONALD CHARLES: 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DAVID LEROY: +0:The Wall | TASKER JAMES BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TASKER KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | TASSEY MALCOLM FAIRCHILD: +0:The Wall | TASTE WADE: +0:The Wall | TATARSKI LESLIE MILES: +0:The Wall | TATARYN GEORGE LUBOMYR: +0:The Wall | TATE ALENN MERRITT: +0:The Wall | TATE ALEXANDER JR: +0:The Wall | TATE ANTHONY GARY: +0:The Wall | TATE BERNIE LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE BRADLEY HAYNES: +0:The Wall | TATE CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TATE CHARLES THOMAS JR: +0:The Wall | TATE DANIEL HARRISON: +0:The Wall | TATE FENNELL: +0:The Wall | TATE FRED EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TATE GARY DENTON: +0:The Wall | TATE JACKIE LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE JAMES E: +0:The Wall | TATE JOHN CULLEN: +0:The Wall | TATE KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TATE LEE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TATE LYLE SCOTT: +0:The Wall | TATE RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE ROBERT ARNOLD JR: +0:The Wall | TATE ROBERT GERALD: +0:The Wall | TATE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | TATE SCIP: +0:The Wall | TATE TODD III: +0:The Wall | TATE TONY LARUE: 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Wall | TERHUNE DARYL BERT JR: +0:The Wall | TERLA LOTHAR GUSTAV T: +0:The Wall | TERLECKI WALTER ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TERMINI JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TERRAZAS JUAN LUIS: +0:The Wall | TERRAZAS NICHOLAS E: +0:The Wall | TERRELL ALVA RAY: +0:The Wall | TERRELL CALVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL DAVID WILLIS: +0:The Wall | TERRELL EDDIE GEAN: +0:The Wall | TERRELL GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL JOHN WESLY: +0:The Wall | TERRELL KEAVIN LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL LEMUEL EBB: +0:The Wall | TERRELL LOUIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TERRELL ROBERT EARL: +0:The Wall | TERRELL WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRILL PHILIP BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | TERRONEZ DOMINGO MENDOZA: +0:The Wall | TERRY ALLEN LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRY ANCEL JAMES: +0:The Wall | TERRY ARIE: +0:The Wall | TERRY ARLIE: +0:The Wall | TERRY BILL HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY CHESTER H JR: +0:The Wall | TERRY CONDON HUNTER: +0:The Wall | TERRY CORNELIUS: +0:The Wall | TERRY DANIEL LEE: +0:The Wall | TERRY DELTON EUGENE: +0:The Wall 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THIELGES CHARLES THEODORE: +0:The Wall | THIEM WILLIAM RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THIERY JOHN: +0:The Wall | THIESFELDT-COLLAZO WILLIAM J: +0:The Wall | THIEX RONALD CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THIGPEN WILLIAM HASSELL: +0:The Wall | THIGPEN WILLIE JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | THIGPEN WILLIE LEE: +0:The Wall | THIMM JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THIRKETTLE MICHAEL JOHN: +0:The Wall | THIROWAY PATRICK JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | THIRY SCOTT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | THODE LAWRENCE GREGORY: +0:The Wall | THOELE NICHOLAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOENNES MICHAEL WALTER: +0:The Wall | THOMA CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMAN FLOYD NICKOLAS: +0:The Wall | THOMAN THEODORE VAIL: +0:The Wall | THOMAN TYRONE GARY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS AARON LEON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALGERNON PAUL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALLEN WALKER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALLISON LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ALTON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ANDREW JACKSON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ARTHUR ISIAH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ARTHUR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BARRY DON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BENJAMIN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BERNARD MONROE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BILLY DEAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BILLY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BRUCE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS BRUCE MAYNARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES BLAKE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES ELBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES ELLIS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES F IV: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CHARLIE BERNARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CLYDE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS CLYDE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DALE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DANIEL PATRICK JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DANIEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DARWIN JOEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID GEORGE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DAVID ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DONALD LEROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS DOUGLAS MCARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS EARL WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS EDGAR DURPHY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ELMER WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FRANK HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FRED L: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FRED LOUIS JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FREDDIE LEE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS FREDDIE LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GARY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GEORGE DOLBRYN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GERALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GLENN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GREEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GREGORY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS GREGORY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HENRY BENNY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HENRY EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HOUSTON FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS HOWARD RAY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ISAAC JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ISIAH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JACK JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JACKSON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES CALVEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES ERNEST: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES LEON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES MYER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES OLIVER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES RICHARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JAMES WELDON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY DENVER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY GALE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JERRY T: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JESS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JIMMIE LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JIMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOE MINOR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN C: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN DERRAL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHN WILLIE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOHNIE B: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JONATHON E JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOSEPH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOSEPH HAROLD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JR WILLIAM A: +0:The Wall | THOMAS JULIUS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH BEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH DEANE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS L V JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LARRY BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LARRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEO TARLTON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEONARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS LEWIS MCCOY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MARSHALL FLOYD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MATTHEW ALONZO JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MELVIN RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL CLAIR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL DALE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL HERMAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL HOWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL JONES: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MICHAEL OLIVER: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MILTON HUMPHERY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MONTE VERNON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MORRIS E: +0:The Wall | THOMAS MURREL D: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NATHAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NORMAN ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS NORMAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS OSCAR LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS OSCAR LOW JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS OTHEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS PEARLY JUNIOR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RAYMOND BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS REGINALD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RICHARD ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT ERVIN JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT VIRGIL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RONALD GENE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RONALD MEDFORD II: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMAS ROY STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RUDOLPH CALVIN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS RUFUS ALFONZO JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS STEPHEN EVANS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS STEPHEN NEIL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TENNYSON AARON: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TERENCE PIERCE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS THEODORE DAVE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TIM: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TIMOTHY ARMA: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TOBY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TOM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS TOMMY ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WALTER REED: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WAYNE EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WAYNE LEWIS: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WAYNE ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM ARCHABLE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM DEWAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM HENRY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILLIAM PHILIP: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILSON DECOSTA: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WILTON HERMAN: +0:The Wall | THOMAS WYATT STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | THOMASON JAMES CALVIN: +0:The Wall | THOMASON KENNETH ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPKINS MICHAEL LAROY: +0:The Wall | THOMPKINS RONALD WINSTON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ALBERT C: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ALFRED L: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BARRY ALLAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BARRY NEAL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BENJAMIN A JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BERNARD DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BILLY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON BRUCE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CALVIN EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARL ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CARROLL U: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CECIL TRUMAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLES CLAIR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLES LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLIE EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON CHARLIE VANCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DALE EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DALE EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DALLAS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DANIEL FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DANNY STEWART: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DAVID BENTON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DAVID MATHEW: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS HUGH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DENNIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DON CARTHAL JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD EARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD R: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DONALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DOUGLAS GERALD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON EDGAR WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON EVERETT BARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON EVERETTE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FARLEY DEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FRANCIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FRANCIS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FRANK ALBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FREDDIE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON FREDERICK C JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GEORGE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GEORGE RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GEORGE WINTON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GERALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GERALD RONALD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GREGORY CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GREGORY MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON GROVER WILLIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HARRY NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HARRY STEWART: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HERBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON HOWARD MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES ESCOL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES PATRICK: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JENNINGS MILROY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JEROME: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JERRALD RICH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JERRY ELMER: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JERRY LENWOOD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JIM ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JIMMIE MALCOLM: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JIMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN BRYAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN CLYDE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN H: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN KIRKLAND: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN L JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN PATRICK: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHN WALTER: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOHNNY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOSEPH DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON JOSEPH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON KARL LUDWIG: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON KENDALL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON KENNETH DAVID: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LAWRENCE CURTIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LELAND HERBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LEONARD DEAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LEONARD LUKE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LESLIE DALE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LOUIS KENNETH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON LYLE JOHN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MELVIN CARL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MELVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MICHAEL GUY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MICHAEL KELLY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MORGAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON MYRON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON NATHANIEL ANTHON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON NATHANIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON NEIL STEWART: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ODIS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON OLIVER NATHAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ONNIE JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON OTHAT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON OTIS FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON PERRY EDDISON: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON PETER GARLAND: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON PHILIP BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RALPH LAYTON JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RANDALL ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RAYMOND MASSIE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD LEWIS JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD MARTIN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD VICKERS: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RICHARD W: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT ACQUINN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT ALAN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT DEWEY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT NOEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT R: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROBERT VINCENT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROGER ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROGER DARRIEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON ROY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RUDY MICHEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON RUSSELL LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON SAMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON SAMUEL DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON SOLOMON EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON STANLEY JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON STANLEY WENDELL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TERRY NEIL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THELBERT K JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THEODORE A JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THERMALL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THOMAS DONALD JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TIMOTHY JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TOMMY RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TROY MILLER JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON TURNER L JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON VENEY EWELL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON VICTOR HUGO III: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WALTER LEE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WAYLAND KENT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WESLEY ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM BERNARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM DARRELL: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM DEWEY JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM F JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM FRANK: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM HOWARD: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM MATT: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM NATHANIE: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIAM P JR: +0:The Wall | THOMPSON WILLIE RAY: +0:The Wall | THOMSEN GAIL WARD: +0:The Wall | THOMSON ROBERT BRIAN: +0:The Wall | THOMSON STUART HAROLD: +0:The Wall | THOMURE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THONEN JAMES LEO: +0:The Wall | THONUES GUENTER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THORESEN DONALD NELLIS: +0:The Wall | THORIK PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | THORMODSGARD ARVID PALMER: +0:The Wall | THORN CLIFTON CARDELL: +0:The Wall | THORN JOSEPH MEREL: +0:The Wall | THORNBURG SCOTT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THORNBURG VINCENT ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THORNE CHARLES GORDON: +0:The Wall | THORNE JOSEF LLOYD: +0:The Wall | THORNE JOSEPH CLAYTON JR: +0:The Wall | THORNE KEVIN GARNER: +0:The Wall | THORNE LARRY ALAN: +0:The Wall | THORNE ROBERT WALTER: +0:The Wall | THORNE-THOMSEN CARL SPAUL: +0:The Wall | THORNELL EDMUND FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THORNELL LESTER JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | THORNELL RICHARD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | THORNHILL JOHN R III: +0:The Wall | THORNHILL WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | THORNHILL WILLIAM JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THORNLEY REX EDWIN: +0:The Wall | THORNLOW GARY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THORNTON ALAN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON CARL LEE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THORNTON CURTIS FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | THORNTON DAVID LESLIE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON DWIGHT JACKSON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON EVANS JEROME: +0:The Wall | THORNTON FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JAMES HOLMES: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JAMES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JOHN BRUCE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | THORNTON JOSEPH RAY: +0:The Wall | THORNTON KENNETH CHARLES: +0:The Wall | THORNTON KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LARRY C: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LEO KEITH: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LEON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON LYNWOOD KEETON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON MATTHEW WINSTON: +0:The Wall | THORNTON ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THORNTON RODNEY GARDNER: +0:The Wall | THORNTON STEPHEN H: +0:The Wall | THORNTON TERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THORNTON TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | THORNTON WILLIAM A JR: +0:The Wall | THORNTON WILLIAM D JR: +0:The Wall | THORP JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | THORPE DAVID ALBERT: +0:The Wall | THORPE DAVID LOUIS: +0:The Wall | THORPE DENNIS RAY: +0:The Wall | THORPE FRANCIS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | THORPE FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | THORPE FRED ROBERT: +0:The Wall | THORPE GARY WILFORD: +0:The Wall | THORPE WILLIAM DAVID: +0:The Wall | THORSON ERNEST LEROY: +0:The Wall | THORSON WALLACE R JR: +0:The Wall | THORSTEINSON VERNON JOSEP: +0:The Wall | THOTLAND JOHN ALFRED: +0:The Wall | THOUVENELL ARMAND RENE: +0:The Wall | THRASHER JOHN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | THRASHER LARRY GLEN: +0:The Wall | THREADGILL DAVID ELLIS: +0:The Wall | THREATS GEORGE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | THREET HOWARD ANDREW: +0:The Wall | THREET PIERRE ANATOLE: +0:The Wall | THREET TROY TONY: +0:The Wall | THRESHER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | THRIFT FRED LEWIS: +0:The Wall | THROCKMORTON GARY GRAY: +0:The Wall | THROWER FREDRICK LAMAR: +0:The Wall | THRUSH OLIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | THRUSTON ROBERT READE III: +0:The Wall | THUET STEPHEN PAUL: +0:The Wall | THULIN DONALD FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | THUM RICHARD COBB: +0:The Wall | THUNMAN RICHARD GWINN: +0:The Wall | THURMAN CURTIS FRANK: +0:The Wall | THURMAN LARRY PRESTON: +0:The Wall | THURMAN RAYMOND DALE: +0:The Wall | THURMOND EDWARD SCOTT: +0:The Wall | THURMOND JAMES: +0:The Wall | THURNHAM JOHN BRENT: +0:The Wall | THURSBY RICHARD ALLEN: +0:The Wall | THURSTON CLAIR HALL JR: +0:The Wall | THURSTON DANIEL TUCKER: +0:The Wall | THURSTON WESLEY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TIBBETT CALVIN B: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS BRUCE HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS CLINTON E: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS DAVID RAMSEY: +0:The Wall | TIBBETTS GORDON EDMUND: +0:The Wall | TIBBS EUGENE COSTELLA: +0:The Wall | TICE EDWARD JOSEPH III: +0:The Wall | TICE FRED ROST: +0:The Wall | TICE GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | TICE JIMMIE RAY: +0:The Wall | TICE PAUL DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TICE WAYNE ARTAMUS: +0:The Wall | TICHENOR QUINN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TICHNELL KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TIDERENCEL JOHN WERNER: +0:The Wall | TIDERMAN JOHN MARK: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL DONNY GAY: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL EARL CARL E JR: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL ERICH LINWOOD: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL JOSEPH STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL ROBERT PAUL: +0:The Wall | TIDWELL VOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TIEFENTHALER JOSEPH THOMA: +0:The Wall | TIEMAN EDWARD LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TIEMAN WILLIAM EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIENDA DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIERNEY BRIAN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIERNEY KENNETH PETER: +0:The Wall | TIERNO JAMES: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY CLARENCE JAMES: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY DAVID L: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TIFFANY RAYMOND ELLIS: +0:The Wall | TIFFIN RAINFORD: +0:The Wall | TIFFT DANNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TIGHE CHARLES JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TIGHE JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIGHE JOHN ROY: +0:The Wall | TIGHE RAYMOND HOWARD: +0:The Wall | TIGHE THOMAS DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIGLAS THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | TIGNER JEFFREY SANDERS: +0:The Wall | TIGNER JOHN HENRY: +0:The Wall | TIGNER LEE MORROW: +0:The Wall | TIGUE PAUL EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA ARTHUR CASTILLO: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA HOMERO ELIUD: +0:The Wall | TIJERINA JOSE BENIGNO: +0:The Wall | TILGHMAN BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | TILGHMAN JIMMIE MACK: +0:The Wall | TILL JOHN JEREMIAH: +0:The Wall | TILL RALPH GARY: +0:The Wall | TILL WILLARD HAROLD JR: +0:The Wall | TILLEMAN PAUL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TILLER ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TILLER WALTER LEON: +0:The Wall | TILLERY JERRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TILLERY RONALD DEAN: +0:The Wall | TILLEY HUBERT SAMUEL JR: +0:The Wall | TILLEY JAMES A: +0:The Wall | TILLINGHAST BRADLEY OLEN: +0:The Wall | TILLITSON STANLEY SCOTT: +0:The Wall | TILLMAN CECIL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TILLMAN JOHN III: +0:The Wall | TILLMON WILLIE SANDFORD: +0:The Wall | TILLOTSON ROBERT VIRTUS: +0:The Wall | TILLOU JOHN FREDERICK JR: +0:The Wall | TILLQUIST ROBERT ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | TILLSON GARDNER JR: +0:The Wall | TILSON LANE ABERHAM: +0:The Wall | TIMBERLAKE DWIGHT ELMER: +0:The Wall | TIMBOE ARTHUR RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TIMIAN FRANK EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIMM DAVID WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TIMMER AKKE JANS JR: +0:The Wall | TIMMERMAN ALLAN DAVID: +0:The Wall | TIMMERMAN PETER STEVEN: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS BOBBY DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS BRUCE ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS DENNIS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS EDWARD HUGH: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS MICHAEL VINCENT: +0:The Wall | TIMMONS RICHARD RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | TIMMS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | TIMMS TERRY LYNN: +0:The Wall | TIMOTHY WAYNE ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | TIMPA JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TIMS ANDRE BARRY: +0:The Wall | TIMS FREDERICK HOWARD: +0:The Wall | TIMSON DAVID OLIVER: +0:The Wall | TINAJERO JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | TINDALL BRUCE GARLAND: +0:The Wall | TINDALL CORBIN CLARK: +0:The Wall | TINDELL JAMES FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TINDLE DANIEL WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TINE JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TINES FRANZ: +0:The Wall | TINGLE KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TINGLE TOM KERMIT: +0:The Wall | TINGLEY JOHN CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TINGLEY PHILIP ALLISON JR: +0:The Wall | TINGLEY THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | TINKER GARY LYNN: +0:The Wall | TINKER JOHN GREGG: +0:The Wall | TINKER NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | TINKO GEORGE DONALD: +0:The Wall | TINKUM ETHER ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | TINNEY DONALD WARREN JR: +0:The Wall | TINNEY JOHNNY MACK: +0:The Wall | TINNIN EUGENE SANFORD: +0:The Wall | TINO JOHN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TINSEY DAVID FREDERICK: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY FRANK DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY FRANKLIN DENIS: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY JAMES E: +0:The Wall | TINSLEY RONALD ETHRIDGE: +0:The Wall | TINSON PAUL DRAKE: +0:The Wall | TIPPERY TERRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TIPPETS LENNY MAURICE: +0:The Wall | TIPPETT ALBERT ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TIPPING HENRY ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TIPSY HAYWOOD WADE JR: +0:The Wall | TIPTON CHARLES ROY: +0:The Wall | TIPTON FREDDIE LEON: +0:The Wall | TIPTON JAY C: +0:The Wall | TIPTON JOHN EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TIPTON LYNWOOD AUSTIN: +0:The Wall | TIPTON MARTINIS GENE: +0:The Wall | TIPTON TIMOTHY TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | TIRADO DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TIRICO RICHARD LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TISCHLER HOMER ERICK: +0:The Wall | TISCHLER THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TISCORNIA JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TISDALE DONALD WAYNE: 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FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TODD CHARLES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TODD FRANKLIN GODFEY: +0:The Wall | TODD FREDRICK WELTON: +0:The Wall | TODD GEORGE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TODD JEROME DEAN: +0:The Wall | TODD JIMMIE LESTER: +0:The Wall | TODD JOHN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TODD JOHN CALVIN: +0:The Wall | TODD KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TODD LARRY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TODD ROBERT JACY: +0:The Wall | TODD ROBERT JAMES: +0:The Wall | TODD VERNON BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TODD WILLIAM ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TODI JOHN ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TODTENBIER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TOENNIES NORMAN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TOENYAN FRANCIS HENRY: +0:The Wall | TOEPRITZ RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOFFERI CHARLES EHNSTROM: +0:The Wall | TOGNAZZINI MILFORD MARVIN: +0:The Wall | TOGNERI DANIEL ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TOIA MATAU JR: +0:The Wall | TOINS FRED: +0:The Wall | TOKARSKI STANLEY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT CLARENCE ORFIELD: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT DALE WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT DELANCY DU BARRY: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT PAUL EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT REGINALD GAY: +0:The Wall | TOLBERT RODERICK KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TOLEDO THOMAS AMBROSE: +0:The Wall | TOLENTINO CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | TOLER DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TOLER EDMOND RAY: +0:The Wall | TOLER JOSEPH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TOLER RICHARD GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TOLER ROBERT WILBER JR: +0:The Wall | TOLER STANLEY GRAY: +0:The Wall | TOLESON THOMAS NORMAN: +0:The Wall | TOLETTE RICHARD ROSS: +0:The Wall | TOLIVER WILLIAM LEE: +0:The Wall | TOLLEFSON DWIGHT DUANE: +0:The Wall | TOLLESON LYNDOL EARL: +0:The Wall | TOLLETT ELIJAH GOAR JR: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY CALVIN COOLIDGE JR: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY EDWARD ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY LEE G: +0:The Wall | TOLLEY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER JIMMY ELLISON: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER SAMUEL STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TOLLIVER THOMAS JAMES: +0:The Wall | TOLPA ROBERT RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOLPAROFF ALEX ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TOLSMA RAYMOND EARL: 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Wall | TOOKE JOHN KARL: +0:The Wall | TOOLE TERRY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOLEY JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOLOOSE DALE LEROY: +0:The Wall | TOOMBS ALVIN CARNALL JR: +0:The Wall | TOOMBS WILLIAM HAYWARD: +0:The Wall | TOOMES WILLIS ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TOOMEY JOSEPH PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TOOMEY SAMUEL KAMU III: +0:The Wall | TOON JERRY WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TOONKEL BENJAMIN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TOOPS FRANCIS IVAN: +0:The Wall | TOOTHAKER JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TOPHAM ROBERT WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | TOPOLINSKI DENNIS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TOPORCER ANDREW JAMES JR: +0:The Wall | TOPPI CHRISTOPHER JOHN: +0:The Wall | TOPPS RONNIE NEAL: +0:The Wall | TORBETT STEPHEN JUSTENE: +0:The Wall | TORCIVIA ANTHONY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TORELLO CARL HARVEY: +0:The Wall | TORESON ROBERT WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TORGERSON BARRENT OTTO: +0:The Wall | TORI THOMAS JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TORLIATT CHARLES PETER JR: +0:The Wall | TORO JOSE MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | TORPIE WILLIAM JAMES: +0:The Wall | 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HERNANDEZ: +0:The Wall | TORRES RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TORRES REYNALDO LERMA JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES REYNALDO SANDOVAL: +0:The Wall | TORRES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TORRES ROBERTO: +0:The Wall | TORRES SANTIAGO JR: +0:The Wall | TORRES VICTOR LUIS: +0:The Wall | TORRES VINCENT: +0:The Wall | TORRES-ACEVEDO JUVENCIO: +0:The Wall | TORRES-LOPEZ RIGOBERTO: +0:The Wall | TORRES-OYOLA ORLANDO: +0:The Wall | TORRES-RIVERA RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | TORRES-RODRIGUEZ JOSE R: +0:The Wall | TORRES-RODRIGUEZ JULIO A: +0:The Wall | TORRES-SERRANO LUIS: +0:The Wall | TORRESRAMOS REY FRANCISCO: +0:The Wall | TORREY RAYMOND D: +0:The Wall | TORREY STEVEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TORREZ LAWRENCE DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TORREZ MANUEL ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | TORRINGTON THOMAS JACOB: +0:The Wall | TORSIELLO WAYNE LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TORTORICI BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TORTORICI FRANK: +0:The Wall | TORZOK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOSA ANTONIO TONY: +0:The Wall | TOSADO-HERNANDEZ VICTOR M: +0:The Wall | TOSCHI RICHARD WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TOSCHIK MARK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOSH BRENT JOHN: +0:The Wall | TOSH JAMES C III: +0:The Wall | TOSH MICHAEL CLAY: +0:The Wall | TOSTENSON MICHAEL LEE: +0:The Wall | TOTCOFF DENNIS STEVEN: +0:The Wall | TOTH ANDREW JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TOTH BERTALAN JAMES: +0:The Wall | TOTH DAVID McBRIDE: +0:The Wall | TOTH DONALD BONNEY: +0:The Wall | TOTH JOHN PAUL: +0:The Wall | TOTH ROBERT GENE: +0:The Wall | TOTH RONALD C: +0:The Wall | TOTH WILLIAM CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TOTORA CHRIS ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TOTTEN KENNETH ROMAINE JR: +0:The Wall | TOTTEN RANDY GENE: +0:The Wall | TOTTY DELBERT CHAN: +0:The Wall | TOUART FOSTER JEWELL G JR: +0:The Wall | TOUART JOHN ELLIOTT: +0:The Wall | TOUCHBERRY MILES D JR: +0:The Wall | TOUSEY GEARWIN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | TOUSLEY GEORGE HENRY III: +0:The Wall | TOVAR ATILANO URIEGAS: +0:The Wall | TOVEY DONALD LEE: +0:The Wall | TOWARD RONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TOWATER JERALD RILEY: +0:The Wall | TOWE EDWARD SCOTT: +0:The Wall | TOWER KENNETH KEITH JR: +0:The Wall | TOWERY HERMAN: +0:The Wall | TOWLE GARY CHESTER: +0:The Wall | TOWLE JOHN CLINE: +0:The Wall | TOWNE PETER CLARK: +0:The Wall | TOWNE TERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TOWNER ALLEN RAY: +0:The Wall | TOWNER JOHN GARTH: +0:The Wall | TOWNES LEROY: +0:The Wall | TOWNES MORTON ELMER JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNES ROBERT FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNLEY CYRIL HARRIS: +0:The Wall | TOWNLEY JAMES EDWARD SR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND BURDETTE D JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND CHARLES DWYNE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND CHARLES ROLAND: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND CHESTER DAVIS: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND DELMAS SHERWOOD: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND FRANCIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND FRANKLIN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND GEORGE HARRY: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND JAMES LEE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND JOHN A JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND JONATHAN: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND ROBERT FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND ROOSEVELT: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND STEPHEN LANCE: +0:The Wall | TOWNSEND WILLIAM PAUL JR: +0:The Wall | TOWNSLEY STEVEN DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TOWNSLEY THOMAS EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TOWNSON ARTHUR CLARENCE: +0:The Wall | TOWSLEE EDWARD LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TOY GERALD OSCAR: +0:The Wall | TOYER LEE ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TOYIAS CHARLES LESLIE: +0:The Wall | TOZER ELDON WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TOZOUR MARVIN GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TRAASETH LARRY DUANE: +0:The Wall | TRACY DOUGLAS LEE: +0:The Wall | TRACY GARY DALE: +0:The Wall | TRACY GERALD FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TRACY JOHN LEO: +0:The Wall | TRACY JOHN WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TRACY JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRACY PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TRACY ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TRAIL RANDELL GENE: +0:The Wall | TRAIL ROBERT HILL III: +0:The Wall | TRAIN STEVE WARREN: +0:The Wall | TRAIN WILLIAM FREW III: +0:The Wall | TRAINER DORRIS WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TRAINHAM JOHNNY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRAINHAM THOMAS NEIL: +0:The Wall | TRAINOR PAUL WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRAINOR TERRY LEO: +0:The Wall | TRAMEL WALTER OTHO: +0:The Wall | TRAMELL DANIEL: +0:The Wall | TRAMMELL HARRY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRAMMELL RODGER LEON: +0:The Wall | TRAMPSKI DONALD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TRANI FREDERICK EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | TRANT STEVEN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRANTHAM DONALD RAY: +0:The Wall | TRANTHAM RAYMOND FARLEY: +0:The Wall | TRANTHAM VAN VERNON III: +0:The Wall | TRAPANI ANDREW: +0:The Wall | TRAPP BOBBY RAY: +0:The Wall | TRASK LEWIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TRASTER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TRAUGHBER STEPHEN LEE: +0:The Wall | TRAVER CRAWFORD HENRY: +0:The Wall | TRAVER JOHN GROVE III: +0:The Wall | TRAVERS LOUIS WESLEY: +0:The Wall | TRAVERS WALLACE OLDHAM JR: +0:The Wall | TRAVIESO JOSE ANTONIO: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS DALLAS RAY: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS EDMUND BURKE: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS JAMES DAVID JR: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS JAMES LEONARD JR: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS JON PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS LYNN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS MICHAEL WARREN: +0:The Wall | TRAVIS WILLIAM HARRY: +0:The Wall | TRAVNICEK EDWIN RAY: +0:The Wall | TRAW JIM SILAS: +0:The Wall | TRAXLER TOMMY JR: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR FRED EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR JAMES DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR MARTHELL JR: +0:The Wall | TRAYLOR WAYNE MCKENNELY: +0:The Wall | TRAYNOR STEPHEN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRBOVICH DAVID JOHN: +0:The Wall | TREADWAY KENNETH EARL: +0:The Wall | TREADWAY THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TREADWAY WILLIAM MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TREADWELL EUGENE DURWOOD: +0:The Wall | TREADWELL MILLARD LEON JR: +0:The Wall | TREAS RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | TREASURE ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TREAT FLOYD GENE: +0:The Wall | TREBATOSKI THOMAS H: +0:The Wall | TRECINSKI LEON: +0:The Wall | TREDINNICK CHARLES NICHOL: +0:The Wall | TREECE JAMES ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TREEN HARLIN PERRY: +0:The Wall | TREESH JAMES M: +0:The Wall | TREEST NORMAN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TREGRE LARRY PETER: +0:The Wall | TREIBLE THOMAS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TREIBLEY KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TREJO JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TREJO JOSE MANUEL: +0:The Wall | TREJO JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TREJO MIGUEL: +0:The Wall | TREMAINE CURTIS LLEWELLYN: +0:The Wall | TREMAYNE JAMES RONALD: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY ALAIN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY JAMES ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TREMBLAY RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TREMBLEY J FORREST GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TRENT ALAN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRENT JIMMIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRENT LESLIE ROLAND: +0:The Wall | TRENT WILLIAM DERRILL: +0:The Wall | TRESCOTT CHARLES ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRESSLER DANIEL ARK JR: +0:The Wall | TRESTER DAVID ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TREVARTON LARRY GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TREVATHAN ROBERT LEWIS: +0:The Wall | TREVINO CARLOS V: +0:The Wall | TREVINO ESTEBAN ANGEL JR: +0:The Wall | TREVINO FAUSTINO: +0:The Wall | TREVINO GREGORIO JR: +0:The Wall | TREVINO JUAN RAMON: +0:The Wall | TREVINO MANUEL VAILLIDO: +0:The Wall | TREVINO RODOLFO: +0:The Wall | TREVINO RUDOLPH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TREVINO SAVAS ESCAMILLA: +0:The Wall | TREVISANO ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TREWEEK CHARLES JOHN: +0:The Wall | TREZEK JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRIANA SALVADOR PUGA: +0:The Wall | TRIBBETT LLOYD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TRIBBLE PRESTON JR: +0:The Wall | TRICKER CHARLES RUPERT: +0:The Wall | TRICKEY JOE H JR: +0:The Wall | TRIDLE LEON PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRIER KENNETH ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRIER ROBERT DOUGLAS: +0:The Wall | TRIEST LEON BUTLER: +0:The Wall | TRIEVEL CLYDE EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | TRIGALET ROBERT ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TRIGG ROBERT CARL: +0:The Wall | TRIGGS FOSTER F: +0:The Wall | TRIGGS WAYMON LEON: +0:The Wall | TRIM JACK RILEY: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE DENNIS ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE JAMES MITCHELL: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE LARRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRIMBLE TOMMY LEE: +0:The Wall | TRIMM ARCHIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRIMNAL GREGORY NEESE: +0:The Wall | TRINCHITELLA FRANCIS A: +0:The Wall | TRINKALA DAVID ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRINKLER DICKIE DAVIS: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT GORDON MARSHAL: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT GRADY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT JAMES MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT JOHNNY RAY: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT MARK LEON: +0:The Wall | TRIPLETT RALPH MORGAN: +0:The Wall | TRIPODO BENEDICT JOHN: +0:The Wall | TRIPP ALFRED LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TRIPP DENNIS ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRIPP DONALD DELMORE: +0:The Wall | TRIPP PETER LEADBETTER: +0:The Wall | TRIPPLETT A W: +0:The Wall | TRISDALE ROBERT LEE: +0:The Wall | TRISKE RICHARD FRANK: +0:The Wall | TRISKO WALTER HENRY: +0:The Wall | TRISLER RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | TRISSELL WOODROW N JR: +0:The Wall | TRISTAN ALBERT FLORES: +0:The Wall | TRITICO MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TRITSCH PHILIP ALON: +0:The Wall | TRITT JAMES FRANCIS: +0:The Wall | TRITTSCHUH GERALD F: +0:The Wall | TRIVELPIECE STEVE MAURICE: +0:The Wall | TRIVETTE JOHN THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TRIVISONNO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRIZZA SAM RICHARD JR: +0:The Wall | TROCK THEODORE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRODDEN PATRICK JOHN: +0:The Wall | TROELSTRUP THOMAS LEE: +0:The Wall | TROGDON RONALD GALE: +0:The Wall | TROGLEN JACKIE WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TROIANELLO CLEMENT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TROJAHN DARRELL CARL: +0:The Wall | TROLIA MICHAEL PATRICK: +0:The Wall | TROLLINGER JIMMY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TROMBETTA TONY: +0:The Wall | TROMBLEY MICHAEL LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TROMP WILLIAM LESLIE: +0:The Wall | TRONERUD STEPHEN LYLE: +0:The Wall | TRONNES ALVIN PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | TROSPER JACKIE EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TROTT DONALD HERMON: +0:The Wall | TROTTA FRANCIS JEFFREY: +0:The Wall | TROTTER DOUGLAS EARL: +0:The Wall | TROTTER PATRICK JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TROTTER RICHARD BARRY: +0:The Wall | TROTTER SHELBY MILES: +0:The Wall | TROTTER THOMAS MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TROUGHTON PHILLIP NIEL: +0:The Wall | TROUP RODRICK: +0:The Wall | TROUPE HERMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | TROUT BRADFORD LEE: +0:The Wall | TROUT MICHAEL RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TROUTT LOUIE JAY JR: +0:The Wall | TROVATO ROSS ANGELO: +0:The Wall | TROWBRIDGE DUSTIN COWLES: +0:The Wall | TROWER GARY RAY: +0:The Wall | TROXEL CHARLES LEONARD: +0:The Wall | TROXEL EDWIN NEWTON: +0:The Wall | TROXEL MARLON WADE: +0:The Wall | TROXELL DONALD RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TROXELL ROGER LEE: +0:The Wall | TROY PETER JOHN: +0:The Wall | TROYAN MICHAEL JOSEPH JR: +0:The Wall | TROYANO ROLAND DEAN: +0:The Wall | TROYE DANIEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TROYER JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TROYER RODNEY PHILLIP: +0:The Wall | TRUANCE FRANCIS PATTON: +0:The Wall | TRUBE DELBERT LEROY JR: +0:The Wall | TRUCANO ALAN DALE: +0:The Wall | TRUDEAU ALBERT RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TRUDEAU RAYMOND L: +0:The Wall | TRUE MALCOLM ROSCOE JR: +0:The Wall | TRUELOVE JAMES MELVIN: +0:The Wall | TRUELOVE JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TRUELOVE THOMAS WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TRUELUCK GEORGE GUTHRIE: +0:The Wall | TRUESDALE CHARLES KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TRUESDALE LARRY LEE: +0:The Wall | TRUESDALE STANLEY E: +0:The Wall | TRUESDELL JOHN LEROY: +0:The Wall | TRUETT QUINCY HIGHTOWER: +0:The Wall | TRUETT WILLIAM RANDAL: +0:The Wall | TRUEX GLENN ELLSWORTH: +0:The Wall | TRUGLIO ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TRUHLER BRUCE LEE: +0:The Wall | TRUITT JERRY BOB: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO FELIX MARCIAL: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO FRANCISCO M: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO GARY LEON: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO GREGORIO JR: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO JACOB ROMO: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO JOSEPH FELIX: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO RAYMOND ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO RICHARD TOBY: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO ROBERT STEVEN: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO VICTOR DAVID: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO WILLIAM OWEN: +0:The Wall | TRUJILLO-TRUJILLO ABRAHAM: +0:The Wall | TRUMBLAY LEONARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | TRUMBLE DARRELL LYNN: +0:The Wall | TRUNKHAHN PEKKA: +0:The Wall | TRUSHAW JAMES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TRUSLEY JASPER H JR: +0:The Wall | TRUSSELL LARRY HUGH: +0:The Wall | TRUSSELL ROYCE WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | TRUSTY MICHAEL JEFFERSON: +0:The Wall | TRUSTY WILLIAM ROBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TRYGG STANLEY HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TRYON FRED ALBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TRYON GARY PAUL: +0:The Wall | TRYON LEE JR: +0:The Wall | TRYPUS FRANK DONALD: +0:The Wall | TSCHAMBERS JOSEPH L: +0:The Wall | TSCHERTER VERNON S: +0:The Wall | TSCHUMI WILLIAM JOHN: +0:The Wall | TSCHUMPER ROBERT G: +0:The Wall | TSIROS ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TSIROVASILES PETER: +0:The Wall | TSOSIE ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TSOSIE LEE DINO: +0:The Wall | TUAZON SIMEON ANDRADE JR: +0:The Wall | TUBB JAMES CALVIN JR: +0:The Wall | TUBBS EDWIN FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | TUBBS GLENN ERNEST: +0:The Wall | TUBBY ROBERT WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TUBRE STEPHEN RENIER: +0:The Wall | TUCCI ROBERT LEON: +0:The Wall | TUCH JIMMIE: +0:The Wall | TUCK HUBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TUCK JAMES WILLIAM JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER ALVIN BERNARD: +0:The Wall | TUCKER ARTHUR L: +0:The Wall | TUCKER BARRY GLENN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER BOBBY DAN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER BYRON CLAIR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER CARL WESLEY: +0:The Wall | TUCKER CHARLES GILBERT: +0:The Wall | TUCKER DANNY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER DARRELL LEE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER DAVID BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER DAVID: +0:The Wall | TUCKER DONNY LYNN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER EARNEST ALFRED JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER EDWIN BYRON: +0:The Wall | TUCKER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER GEORGE LESLIE JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER GERALD ALEXANDER: +0:The Wall | TUCKER GREGORY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JAMES EDWARD JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JAMES ERIC: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JAMES HALE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JAMES TAYLOR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JEROME ERNIE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JERRY JAMES: +0:The Wall | TUCKER JOE NATHAN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER KENNETH WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER MELVIN EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER MICHAEL RAYMOND: +0:The Wall | TUCKER OLLIE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER OTTO DALE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER ROBERT EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER THOMAS CECIL: +0:The Wall | TUCKER THOMAS EDWIN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER TIMOTHY MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TUCKER TOMAS C: +0:The Wall | TUCKER VALENTINE: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WESLEY GRIFFIN: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIAM EUGENE JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIE JAMES: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIE JR: +0:The Wall | TUCKER WILLIE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TUELL DANIEL PAUL: +0:The Wall | TUELL ROBERT LEE III: +0:The Wall | TUELLER JAMES ALBERT: +0:The Wall | TUFF MICHAEL STEPHEN: +0:The Wall | TUFTS ROBERT BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TUGGLE JACK DE WAYNE JR: +0:The Wall | TUGGLE LORENZO: +0:The Wall | TUHOLSKI GREGORY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TUINSTRA DENNIS: +0:The Wall | TULL MARTIN NELSON: +0:The Wall | TULLER DENNIS J: +0:The Wall | TULLER ERIC LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TULLIER LONNIE JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TULLIS JAMES CLEVELAND: +0:The Wall | TULLY ROBERT EDWARD: +0:The Wall | TULLY STEPHEN MEREDITH: +0:The Wall | TULLY WALTER BUSILL JR: +0:The Wall | TULLY WILLIAM BOYD: +0:The Wall | TULP GUYLER NEIL: +0:The Wall | TUMINO JOHN JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TUMMINIA GIOVANNINO: +0:The Wall | TUNALL STANLEY WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | TUNGATE DAVID JESSEE: +0:The Wall | TUNGATE NORMAN LEE: +0:The Wall | TUNICK FRANKLIN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TUNISON GEORGE ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TUNNELL JOHN WALLACE: +0:The Wall | TUNNEY MICHAEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TUNNY NICHOLAS RANDLE: +0:The Wall | TUNSTILL FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | TUOHY JACKIE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TURBERT FRANCIS XAVIER: +0:The Wall | TURBERVILLE CHARLES WAYNE: +0:The Wall | TURBITT RICHARD JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | TURCHI LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TURCOTTE DANIEL JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURCOTTE PETER RUDOLPH: +0:The Wall | TURCOTTE RALPH JEAN: +0:The Wall | TURIANO BENJAMIN ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TURK CHRISTOPHER HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TURK EDWIN FRANCIS JR: +0:The Wall | TURK JOHN GEOFFREY: +0:The Wall | TURK JON PETER: +0:The Wall | TURK JOSEPH MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TURKSTRA ARTHUR JOHN: +0:The Wall | TURLEY CHARLES VAN: +0:The Wall | TURLEY MORVAN DARRELL: +0:The Wall | TURLEY RICHARD LYNN: +0:The Wall | TURN HENRY LON: +0:The Wall | TURNAGE EARNEST LEE: +0:The Wall | TURNAGE THOMAS ALFRED: +0:The Wall | TURNBOUGH CHARLES DANNIE: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL GARY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL JOSEPH PARKHILL: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL JUSTIN GLASTON: +0:The Wall | TURNBULL ROBERT CHESTER: +0:The Wall | TURNER ALAN BRADFORD: +0:The Wall | TURNER ALFRED LEE: +0:The Wall | TURNER ANDERSON: +0:The Wall | TURNER ARTHUR JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURNER ARTHUR JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER ARTHUR TRAVIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER BERNARD EMERSON: +0:The Wall | TURNER BRENDAN XAVIER: +0:The Wall | TURNER CHARLES HERBERT JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER CHARLES WONDREWS: +0:The Wall | TURNER CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TURNER CLARENCE S III: +0:The Wall | TURNER CLAUDE TYLER: +0:The Wall | TURNER DANIEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TURNER DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | TURNER DAVID ROBERT: +0:The Wall | TURNER DON ELDRIDGE: +0:The Wall | TURNER DONALD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER DONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | TURNER EARL RALPH JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER EDDIE D: +0:The Wall | TURNER EDWARD PHILLIP JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER FREDDIE: +0:The Wall | TURNER FREDRICK RAY: +0:The Wall | TURNER GEORGE ALLEN: +0:The Wall | TURNER GILBERT CRAIG JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER HAYZELL CALVIN: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES EARL: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES EDDY: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES MACK: +0:The Wall | TURNER JAMES PAUL: +0:The Wall | TURNER JEFFREY ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHN HAROLD: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHN MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHN RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TURNER JOHNNY CHARLES: +0:The Wall | TURNER JON ARNOLD: +0:The Wall | TURNER KELTON RENA: +0:The Wall | TURNER KENNETH EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER KENNETH LEON: +0:The Wall | TURNER LARRY BURNS: +0:The Wall | TURNER LARRY EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER LARRY THOMAS: +0:The Wall | TURNER LAWRENCE FRANK: +0:The Wall | TURNER LINDSAY CLINTON: +0:The Wall | TURNER LLOYD KENNETH: +0:The Wall | TURNER LOUIS G: +0:The Wall | TURNER MARCUS SHARPE JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER MERLE DEANE: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL BARRY: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL BRUCE: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL DENNIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL DENTIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER MICHAEL GLENN: +0:The Wall | TURNER MILAN ELLIOT: +0:The Wall | TURNER OTIS: +0:The Wall | TURNER PHILIP GERALD: +0:The Wall | TURNER PRESTON HARRY JR: +0:The Wall | TURNER RANDY VAN: +0:The Wall | TURNER RAYMOND RIVERS: +0:The Wall | TURNER RICHARD EUGENE: +0:The Wall | TURNER RICHARD MATHIAS: +0:The Wall | TURNER RICHARD: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT ALLAN: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT ELDON: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | TURNER ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | TURNER RODNEY CARL: +0:The Wall | TURNER STANLEY: +0:The Wall | TURNER STEPHEN FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | TURNER THOMAS GAINES: +0:The Wall | TURNER THOMAS GEORGE: +0:The Wall | TURNER TONY RAY: +0:The Wall | TURNER VAN 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| VALDEZ FRANK: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ GREGORIO JR: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ ISMAEL JOSE JR: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ JOHN BEN: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ JUAN PEDRO: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ LEROY EDWARD: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ LEROY FRANK: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ MODESTO: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ PHIL ISADORE: +0:The Wall | VALDEZ RODOLFO: +0:The Wall | VALE CHARLES: +0:The Wall | VALE TONY: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA AMADO ACOSTA: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA CLEMENT JR: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA FRANCISCO MACEDO: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA RALPH MARIO: +0:The Wall | VALENCIA ROSALIO: +0:The Wall | VALENCICH PETER LYLE: +0:The Wall | VALENTA RUDOLPH GLENN: +0:The Wall | VALENTE ANTHONY NICHOLAS: +0:The Wall | VALENTE GLENN CURTIS: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN MARTINIANO JR: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN MIGUEL ANGEL JR: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN RAFAEL: +0:The Wall | VALENTIN-PEREZ HECTOR M: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE DONALD LYNN: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE FRANK MICHAEL: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE JAMES RUSSELL: +0:The Wall | VALENTINE JERON FRANKLIN: 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DEAN: +0:The Wall | ZIEL JOSEPH BERNARD: +0:The Wall | ZIELINSKI JOHN PETER: +0:The Wall | ZIEMANN RONALD JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZIERDEN ROLAND STEVEN: +0:The Wall | ZIETLOW LAURENCE CRIS: +0:The Wall | ZIGALLA LEONARD JAMES: +0:The Wall | ZIGALO FRANK LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZILLGITT DONALD HENRY: +0:The Wall | ZIMBERLIN ROBERT E JR: +0:The Wall | ZIMMER JAMES LEON: +0:The Wall | ZIMMER JERRY ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ZIMMER WALTER JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERLE GORDON LEE: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERLE RENE AUGUST: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN ALAN HARRY: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN DAVID ERVIN: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN DAVID PAUL: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN DEAN ROGER: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN EDWARD ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN EDWARD C JR: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN GORDON F: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN JOHN RANDALL: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN KURT FREDRICK: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN RAYMOND L: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN RICHARD ELMER: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN RICHARD KING: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN ROGER: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN SANDY JR: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN STEVEN ARTHUR: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN TERRY RAY: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN TERRY: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN THOMAS ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ZIMMERMAN WILLIAM E JR: +0:The Wall | ZIMPFER FRED CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ZIMPRICH DENIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | ZIMULIS JOHN JAUTRIS: +0:The Wall | ZINDA FRANCIS JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZINDLE JEROME PAUL: +0:The Wall | ZINIMON OLIVER JR: +0:The Wall | ZINK ROBERT GEORGE: +0:The Wall | ZINN RONALD LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ZINNEL HERBERT OWEN JR: +0:The Wall | ZIONTS CHARLES A: +0:The Wall | ZIPP MARION LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZIRFAS EWALD: +0:The Wall | ZISKO RICHARD JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ZISS EMIL ROGER: +0:The Wall | ZISSU ANDREW GILBERT: +0:The Wall | ZITIELLO RONALD JEROME: +0:The Wall | ZITTERGRUEN LOUIS LLOYD: +0:The Wall | ZIY GERALD WAYNE: +0:The Wall | ZLOTORZYNSKI GERALD: +0:The Wall | ZOBEL STEVEN LYNN: +0:The Wall | ZOBOBLISH DONALD: +0:The Wall | ZODY RICHARD LEE: +0:The Wall | ZOELLER LEE BENJAMIN: +0:The Wall | ZOLDI GABRIEL: +0:The Wall | ZOLLER ERIC WARD: +0:The Wall | ZOLLER ROBERT WILLIAM II: +0:The Wall | ZOLLICOFFER FRANKLIN: +0:The Wall | ZOMBERG GEORGE ALAN: +0:The Wall | ZONAR FRANK CHARLES JR: +0:The Wall | ZONNE ROBERT JOHN JR: +0:The Wall | ZOODSMA JACK ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ZOOG CHARLES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZOOK DAVID HARTZLER JR: +0:The Wall | ZOOK HAROLD JACOB: +0:The Wall | ZORN THOMAS ONEAL JR: +0:The Wall | ZORNES HAMP EDWIN: +0:The Wall | ZORNES VERNON GLEN: +0:The Wall | ZORNOW ROBERT LAWRENCE: +0:The Wall | ZOZULA NICKOLAUS CHARLES: +0:The Wall | ZSIGO ALEXANDER C JR: +0:The Wall | ZUBAR WLADMIR WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ZUBKE DELAND DWIGHT: +0:The Wall | ZUCKER LOUIS CLAUDE: +0:The Wall | ZUCROFF STEVEN DALE: +0:The Wall | ZUEHLSDORF JOHN WILLIAM: +0:The Wall | ZUFELT ROY GLENN: +0:The Wall | ZUG HAROLD LECURNE JR: +0:The Wall | ZUKOV STEPHEN ANDREW: +0:The Wall | ZUKOWSKI ROBERT JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZUM MALLEN PHILIP OTTO J: +0:The Wall | ZUMALT TERRY LESTER: +0:The Wall | ZUMBRUN JAMES HENRY: +0:The Wall | ZUMWALT EDWIN ALLEN: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA CHARLES EDWARD: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA DANIEL MORAN: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA EFRAIN JR: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA GUADALUPE NATAL: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA JOSEPH ANTHONY: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA LEON JR: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA MARTIN HARRY: +0:The Wall | ZUNIGA VICENTE: +0:The Wall | ZUPAN JOHN: +0:The Wall | ZUPANCIC GEORGE PAUL: +0:The Wall | ZUREK MICHAEL ROBERT: +0:The Wall | ZUTTER DANIEL ROGER: +0:The Wall | ZUTTERMAN JOSEPH A JR: +0:The Wall | ZWERLEIN ROBERT LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZWIRCHITZ DENNIS JAMES: +0:The Wall | ZYCK FRED JOSEPH: +0:The Wall | ZYDEL RONALD WALTER: +0:The Wall | ZYDZIK FRANK JR: +0:The Wall | ZYPH JAMES LOUIS: +0:The Wall | ZYWICA GARY ROMAN: +0:The Wall | ZYWICKE DAVID LEE: +0:The Wall | editIS BENJAMIN GALU: +0:The Wall | editPRICE ROBERT H: +0Agent Orange: +0Background: +0Bibliography: +0Biography: +0Cronology: +0Early Years: +0Equipment: +0Glossary: +0Medal of Honor: +0Missions: +0Orders: +0Post War: +0Statistics: diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/votesked.txt b/politicalTextFiles/votesked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93826e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/votesked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +1992 Election Calendar + +Dates are subject to change. Check with local election officials to confirm. Voter +registration deadlines are generally well in advance of election dates. Check with local +election officials for registration information. + +JANUARY + 25 - 31 Hawaii GOP Caucuses + +FEBRUARY + ? Nevada GOP Caucuses + ? Virginia GOP District Conventions + 10 Alaska GOP Caucuses, Anchorage + 10 Iowa Caucuses + 16 CNN League of Womens Voters Televised Democratic Debate + 18 New Hampshire Presidential Primary + 23 Maine Democratic Municipal Caucuses + 25 South Dakota Presidential Primary + +MARCH + ? Arizona GOP County Conventions + ? Maine GOP Municipal Caucuses + ? North Dakota Caucuses + ? Vermont GOP Municipal Caucuses + ? Wyoming GOP County Conventions + 3 Colorado Presidential Primary + 3 Georgia Presidential Primary + 3 Idaho Democratic County Conventions + 3 Maryland Presidential and State Primaries + 3 Minnesota Caucuses + 3 Washington Democratic Caucuses + 5 ABC Democratic Debate + 7 Arizona Democratic County Caucuses + 7 South Carolina Democratic Presidential Primary + 7 Wyoming Democratic County Conventions + 8 Nevada Democratic Caucuses + 10 SUPER TUESDAY + 10 Delaware Democratic District Caucuses + 10 Florida Presidential Primary + 10 Hawaii Democratic Caucuses + 10 Louisiana Presidential Primary + 10 Massachusetts Presidential Primary + 10 Mississippi Presidential and State Primaries + 10 Missouri Democratic Caucuses + 10 Oklahoma Presidential Primary + 10 Rhode Island Presidential Primary + 10 Tennessee Presidential Primary + 10 Texas Presidential and State Primaries & Caucuses + 15 Puerto Rico Presidential Primary + 17 Illinois Presidential and State Primaries + 17 Michigan Presidential Primary + 24 Connecticut Presidential Primary + 31 Mississippi State Runoff + 31 Vermont Democratic Municipal Caucuses + +APRIL + ? Delaware GOP Caucuses + ? Missouri GOP County Conventions + ? Montana GOP County Conventions + 2 Alaska Democratic Caucuses + 7 Kansas Presidential Primary + 7 Minnesota Presidential Primary + 7 New York Presidential Primary + 7 Wisconsin Presidential Primary + 11 - 13 Virginia Democratic Caucuses + 14 Texas State Runoff + 20 Utah Caucuses + 23 Alaska GOP Convention + 28 Pennsylvania Presidential and State Primaries + +MAY + 2 Alaska Democratic District Conventions + 5 District of Columbia Presidential and District Primaries + 5 Indiana Presidential and State Primaries + 5 North Carolina Presidential and State Primaries + 5 Ohio Presidential and State Primaries + 12 Nebraska Presidential and State Primaries + 12 West Virginia Presidential and State Primaries + 19 Oregon Presidential and State Primaries + 19 Washington Presidential Primary + 26 Arkansas Presidential and State Primaries + 26 Idaho Presidential and State Primaries + 26 Kentucky Presidential and State Primaries + 30 - 31 Alaska Democratic Convention + +JUNE + 2 Alabama Presidential and State Primaries + 2 California Presidential and State Primaries + 2 Iowa State Primary + 2 Montana Presidential and State Primaries + 2 New Jersey Presidential and State Primaries + 2 New Mexico Presidential and State Primaries + 2 North Carolina State Runoff + 2 South Dakota State Primary + 9 Arkansas State Runoff + 9 Maine State Primary + 9 North Dakota Presidential and State Primaries + 9 South Carolina State Primary + 9 Virginia State Primary + 14 Puerto Rico Primaries + 23 South Carolina State Runoff + 30 Alabama State Runoff + +JULY + 13 - 16 Democratic National Convention + 21 Georgia State Primary + +AUGUST + 4 Kansas State Primary + 4 Michigan State Primary + 4 Missouri State Primary + 6 Tennessee State Primary + 11 Colorado State Primary + 11 Georgia State Runoff + 17 - 20 Republican National Convention + 18 Wyoming State Primary + 25 Alaska State Primary + 25 Oklahoma State Primary + +SEPTEMBER + 1 Florida State Primary + 1 Nevada State Primary + 5 Guam Primary + 8 Arizona State Primary + 8 New Hampshire State Primary + 8 Utah State Primary + 8 Vermont State Primary + 8 Virgin Islands Primary + 8 Wisconsin State Primary + 12 Delaware State Primary + 15 Connecticut State Primary + 15 Massachusetts State Primary + 15 Minnesota State Primary + 15 New York State Primary + 15 Oklahoma State Runoff + 15 Rhode Island State Primary + 15 Washington State Primary + 19 Hawaii State Primary + 29 Florida State Runoff + +OCTOBER + 3 Louisiana State Primary + +NOVEMBER + 3 General Election + +INDEX BY STATE/EVENT +ABC Debate, 3/5 +Alabama, 6/2; 6/30 +Alaska, 2/10; 4/2; 4/23; 5/2; 5/30-31; 8/28 +Arizona, 3/7; 9/8 +Arkansas, 5/26; 6/9 +California, 6/2 +CNN Debate, 2/16 +Colorado, 3/3; 8/11 +Connecticut, 3/24; 9/15 +Delaware, 3/10; 9/12 +Democratic National Convention, 7/13-16 +District of Columbia, 5/5 +Florida, 3/10; 9/1; 9/29 +General Election, 11/3 +Georgia, 3/3; 7/21; 8/11 +Guam, 9/5 +Hawaii,1/25-31; 3/10; 9/19 +Idaho, 3/3; 5/26 +Illinois, 3/17 +Indiana, 5/5 +Iowa, 2/10; 6/2 +Kansas, 4/7; 8/4 +Kentucky, 5/26 +Louisiana, 3/10; 10/3 +Maine, 2/23; 6/9 +Maryland, 3/3 +Massachusetts, 3/10; 9/15 +Michigan, 3/17; 8/4 +Minnesota, 3/3; 4/7; 9/15 +Mississippi, 3/10; 3/31 +Missouri, 3/10; 8/4 +Montana, 6/2 +Nebraska, 5/12 +Nevada, 3/8; 9/1 +New Hampshire, 2/18; 9/8 +New Jersey, 6/2 +New Mexico, 6/2 +New York, 4/7; 9/15 +North Carolina, 5/5; 6/2 +North Dakota, 6/9 +Ohio, 5/5 +Oklahoma, 3/10; 8/25; 9/15 +Oregon, 5/19 +Pennsylvania, 4/28 +Puerto Rico, 3/15; 6/14 +Republican National Convention, 8/17-20 +Rhode Island, 3/10; 9/15 +South Carolina, 3/7; 6/9; 6/23 +South Dakota, 2/25; 6/2 +Super Tuesday, 3/10 +Tennessee, 3/10; 8/6 +Texas, 3/10; 4/14 +Utah, 4/20; 9/8 +Vermont, 3/31; 9/8 +Virgin Islands, 9/8 +Virginia, 4/11-13; 6/9 +Washington, 3/3; 5/19; 9/15 +West Virginia, 5/12 +Wisconsin, 4/7; 9/8 +Wyoming, 3/7; 8/18 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/voynich.txt b/politicalTextFiles/voynich.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9175a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/voynich.txt @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ + Anyone who is interested in cryptography and who also is interested in +the occult and or bizzarre should be aware of the Voynich Manuscript. Here +is a brief rundown along with some references and speculations. + I am doing this all from memory (mine, not the computer's), so I can't +guarantee that it's accurate, but I think I've got all the major details +straight. (I did some research on it a few years back.) + The Voynich Manuscript is named for a fellow named Voynich (this part +is non-controversial), who discovered it while looking for old illuminated +manuscripts (excuse me girls--personuscripts). When he died, he donated it to +Yale, where, when last I heard, it still resides. + It is a couple hundred pages long. Most of each page is "text" (I'll +get back to that.). The margins of many or most of the pages contain +illustrations of EXTREMELY obscure significance; for instance, some of the +drawings look like naked women standing in what looks like a cross between a +tree root system and a set of vertical baths. Some of the illustrations, it +has been claimed, represent recognizable plants not known to the old world. +Attempts to interpret the illustrations have been just as lame as attempts to +decode the text. While the Voynich Manuscript ain't the Book of Kells, what +I've seen of it has its own weird charm, and both text and illustrations were +executed with care by someone who cared about what they were doing. This last +point bears repeating, as I don't think that it has elsewhere been +sufficiently emphasized: Whoever produced the Voynich Manuscript was hot +enough to do it that they went to serious effort to make it or expense to have +it made. They weren't dicking around. (This doesn't mean it isn't a joke, but +if it is, it's a goddam serious one. And it doesn't mean the author wasn't +crazy, but I don't have to tell YOU that there are shitpiles of serious +crazies.) + You really should take a look at it or you won't really have a good +idea of what it looks like; check the references a little farther on. I +remember that when I first heard about the Voynich Manuscript, I was given an +accurate description that just didn't convey what the damn d thing looks like. + The "text" is a bunch of squiggly letter-like lines (about 20 or so +different kinds) with fairly clear division into "words", laid out in "lines" +and "paragraphs". In other words (hah) it looks like writing. The "letters" +don't look much like anybody's real alphabet but they don't look that weird +either. (They don't look like "@#$%^%$#".) + By now you're probably wondering who the fuck made it. Nobody knows. + As to where it came from, something is known. There is a notation in +the MS indicating that sometime in the early 1600's it ended up in the library +of some Austrian or German count (or something; I don't remember the +details.). Between there and Voynich nothing is known or noone is talking. +Before there it looks as though the damn d thing belonged to John Dee(oo-ee- +oo). If you don't know who he was, you're reading the wrong file on the wrong +BBS. Count X was one of Dee's continental patrons and Dee's son Arthur said +that his dad had had a cipher manuscript that he wasn't able to crack. +Unfortunately, he doesn't say what happened to it. This, so far as I know is +the whole John Dee connection. More tenuous is the connection to Roger Bacon. +This seems to be based on assuming the Voynich Manuscript is a couple +centuries older than it probably is (about 1500 seems the most convincing +date), the romantic notion that Bacon had these marvellous secrets of the +illuminati that he hid in cipher, and the fact that Dee was an avid collector +of Bacon MSS (you could get them at fire sale prices when Hank8 closed down +the monastery scam). It looks to me that the Dee connection is likely enough +to assume it as a starting point for further research, the Bacon one +only interesting if another connection appears. + However, you should keep in mind that even if the MS was written by +Bacon, it doesn't mean that it was written in England. Roger spent some of +his time, including jail time, on the continent. Likewise if John Dee +obtained it, it wasn't necessarily in Britain. As far as I know, there is no +consensus as to where the Voynich Manuscript was written, although Europe +seems to be most probable. (To the extent that the writing looks like +anything, it looks like European scripts. + So we don't know very much about the Voynich Manuscript's origin, +originator or purpose. All we have is the thing itself, and it aint talking. + If no-one has managed to decode it, it isn't for lack of trying. +Since Voynich's day there have been several attempts of varying degrees of +nuttiness. Most of the early attempts are just lame: People who see more than +is there, creating a vast edifice of bullshit. People who see what they want +to see, creating more of the same. People who don't understand what ciphers +are all about, piling on more bullshit. + This last fuckup bears some elaboration, since it is so widespread and +infects moored as well as loose cannon. For a cipher to be reasonable it must +be able to be inverted ambiguously. To take an extreme example, suppose I +cipher the letters a-m as a, n-z as n. Then "dong" encodes to "abba". So +far, so lame. HOWEVER, "abba" can decode as "dong" or "long" or "pork" et- +fuckin'-cetera. You will NEVER be able to figure the encoder's intent. +Conversely, you get a variety of messages so you can pick your favorite. This +last has plagued the Voynich Manuscript interpreters (and [Francis] +Baconians). I'm not going to go into the ugly details of any of the dingbat +theories, but they seem to be inclined towards allowing the use of anagrams +and the assumption that the original author was illiterate in a fashion +specified by the interpreter. I mean, these folks are hopelessly lame and +THEY DON'T FUCKING KNOW IT. + So, you ask, are there any workable decipherments? Welllll sort of. +A recent book, The most mysterious manuscript: The Voynich "Roger Bacon" +cipher manuscript edited by a clown named Brumbaugh, is a collection of +essays, a couple of which claim tohave made some headway. To not run off +about it, I think that they are falling into subtler versions of the non- +invertiblity fallacy. Read the book and see if you agree. + Of course it is possible that the author of the Voynich Manuscript +DID use a bogus cipher. If so, we're shit out of luck. + Then there is the question of whether its a goddam cipher in the first +place. + The heavyweight cryptanalyst William Friedman came to the conclusion +that its written in an artificial language. Maybe so, but the vogue for +creating artificial languages, I seem to recall, was closer to the 1600's and +1700's. However, similar ideas were floating around in the late medieval +period. And you could look at the Kabbalah as the same sort of thing... + It was noticed early on that while the Voynich Manuscript does look +like writing it doesn't have a large repetition structure like real language. +(This seems to have been part of what gave Friedman his idea.) As far as I +know, the only person who has thought to test this statistically is the laser +physicist William Ralph Bennett Jr. In the mid 70's, he wrote a book, +Scientific and Engineering Problem-Solving With the Computer, which has a +chapter on cryptanalysis in general and the Voynich Manuscript in particular. +He does an analysis of the (statistical) information of single letters, +digrams, and trigrams for several known languages and the Voynich Manuscript. +Using these measures, he finds that the MS does not have statistics resembling +any of the tested languages. Except Hawaiian. Make of that what you will. + So that is the state of the art, as far as I know it. Now here are +some theories and speculations of my own, presented in no particular order of +logic, favor, coherence or sanity. + Is the MS written in a form of musical notation? Or is it an encoding +of non verbal vocalizations such as liturgy or chanting? Either of these +could explain why the Voynich Manuscript doesn't have the structure of +language. If either of these is the case, I don't hold much hope for +decipherment, unless a key is found. + I think one reasonable possibility is that this is a code, not a +cipher; that is, it isn't letter-to-letter substitution, but word-to-word +substitution. Again, without a key being discovered, cracking it is unlikely. + Then there is the John Dee connection. Maybe Dee wrote it. Or Edward +Kelley. I haven't seen any theory, nut or otherwise, that looks at these +possibilities. Is there a connection with the Enochian system? Kelley +mayhave been a fraud. If he was pulling Dee's leg about the Enochian stuff, +he was doing a singularly thorough and persistent job of it. Sound familiar? + And, for what it's worth, Dee may have been a bit of a spy. + Then, of course, the Voynich Manuscript might be concealing the true +assassins of JFK, the current whereabouts of Elvis, and the location of the +home planet of the Greys. + Enough. + One thing though. The goddam thing is real. It exists. This is an +honest-to-god what-the-fuck MYSTERY. + + + I know of extensive set of plates from the Voynich Manuscript. The +best set (3 or 4 pages) is in Bennett's book (he's at Yale). Kahn's The +Codebreakers has a couple of illos and gives the basic rundown. + + Windmill + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/vsipemp1.txt b/politicalTextFiles/vsipemp1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9ef306 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/vsipemp1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,700 @@ +[BBS file "VSIPEMP1.TXT"; "Employee's Guide to Buyouts" dated April +7, 1994.] +================================================================= + + THE EMPLOYEE'S GUIDE TO BUYOUTS + + U.S. OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT + FEDERAL WORKFORCE RESTRUCTURING OFFICE + +Version: APRIL 7, 1994 + + FEDERAL WORKFORCE RESTRUCTURING ACT OF 1994 + PUBLIC LAW 103-226, March 30, 1994 + +KEY FEATURES OF INCENTIVES PROGRAM + + To avoid or minimize involuntary separations due to +restructuring, executive branch agencies may pay voluntary +separation incentive payments (VSIP) in any designated component, +occupation, grade, series, and/or location to employees who +voluntarily agree to resign, retire, or take voluntary early +retirement (OPM must approve the agency's request for early +retirement). The agency may allow employees to take buyouts +through March 31, 1995. + + Employees may be offered an incentive only if the agency +utilizes the VSIP program. The agency will then notify employees +when they will have the opportunity to take the incentive. +Agencies do not have to get approval from OPM to offer VSIPs. + +To receive a VSIP offer, an employee must-- + +-be serving under appointment without time limit, +-have 12 months of continuous service, +-not be a reemployed annuitant, +-not be eligible for disability retirement, +-agree to resign or retire voluntarily during a period designated +by the agency, and +-be in a position designated by the agency as eligible for VSIP +offers. + + VSIPs are not available to employees separated by reduction +in force (RIF). + + The law sets no grade, series, or age requirements for VSIP. +Agencies may offer incentives to all eligible employees of the +agency or only to employees in designated: + +-organizational units, +-geographic locations, +-occupational categories (including grade levels), or +-any combination of these factors, + +but may not select individual employees on any personal basis +either to receive incentives or to be excluded from receiving +incentives. + + The VSIP amount is the lesser of $25,000 or an amount equal +to the employee's severance pay entitlement. We have attached a +worksheet for employees to use to estimate the amount of their +VSIP. The VSIP is also subject to all applicable federal, state, +and local taxes, social security, medicare, etc. + + The agency may delay employee separations up to March 31, +1997, to ensure performance of the agency's mission. + + An employee must repay the full VSIP if employed by the +Government of the United States, by appointment or personal +services contract, within 5 years after separation. This provision +applies to employees of the Department of Defense and the Central +Intelligence Agency who take VSIPs on or after March 30, 1994. + + -OPM may waive repayment only in cases where an individual +with unique abilities is the only qualified candidate for +appointment to a position. + + Employees must apply for separation incentive payments and +must sign an agreement that the decision to resign or retire under +these circumstances is entirely voluntary. The application process +and the order in which applicants are selected to receive VSIPs is +determined by each agency. Employees will need to contact the +servicing personnel office for details. + + If an employee is selected to receive the voluntary +separation incentive payment, these agreements will serve as a +commitment to resign or retire during the window period. If +employees are not selected to receive a separation incentive, they +will not be bound by this commitment. + + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +FREQUENTLY ASKED "BUYOUT" QUESTIONS (AND ANSWERS) + + + +1. "WHAT ARE VOLUNTARY SEPARATION INCENTIVE PAYMENTS? WHY ARE +FEDERAL AGENCIES OFFERING THEM?" + +The Administration is committed to reducing the size of the Federal +workforce. On March 30, 1994, the President signed Public Law +103-226, the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994. This +law allows agencies to offer Voluntary Separation Incentive +Payments, (VSIPs or "buyouts") of up to $25,000 to employees who +resign or retire. These payments are lump sum cash bonuses given +to employees who voluntarily leave Federal service. By allowing +employees to volunteer to leave the Government, agencies can +minimize or avoid firing employees through the use of costly and +disruptive reductions in force (RIFs). The cost of separating an +employee by RIF is far greater than the cost to pay employees VSIPs +to voluntarily quit. + + +2. "WHEN WILL MY AGENCY OFFER BUYOUTS?" + +The Federal Workforce Restructuring Act of 1994 authorizes the +heads of Executive Branch agencies to pay voluntary separation +incentives (buyouts) to eligible employees who resign or retire by +March 31, 1995. Since the agency head is authorized to determine +where and when to allow VSIPS, only YOUR agency can tell you where +and when buyouts will be offered. OPM CANNOT ANSWER THIS QUESTION +FOR YOU. + + +3. "DO I MEET THE AGE AND SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO BE ELIGIBLE +FOR A BUYOUT?" + +The law does not set any age or service requirements. However, the +law does allow agencies to limit where they use incentives. +Incentives can be targeted at positions in locations, +organizations, and/or occupations (including grade levels), but may +not be targeted at individuals. + +Many people believe that the "buyout" program is a RETIREMENT +program. It is not. It is a program that allows federal agencies +to pay separation incentives (buyouts) to ANY employee who +quits or takes regular or early retirement. If your agency elects +to offer buyouts to you, you will be eligible--regardless of age or +length of service. If you wish to retire, you must meet the age +and service requirements for retirement (see question 9). + + +4. "MY AGENCY IS NOT PLANNING TO USE BUYOUTS. IS THIS FAIR? +DON'T I HAVE A RIGHT TO A BUYOUT?" + +Agencies ARE NOT REQUIRED to use or pay incentives. Incentives ARE +NOT an employee right. The incentives are a management tool to +help the agency reduce the workforce without having to run +costly and disruptive RIFs. + +5. "HOW MUCH WILL MY INCENTIVE BE? DOES EVERYONE GET $25,000?" + +The amount of each employee's incentive will vary. The basic +formula for calculating your incentive is the same formula used for +calculating severance pay. Remember, the MAXIMUM amount that any +employee can receive is $25,000, (the amount you receive will be +EVEN LOWER after the appropriate taxes, social security, medicare, +etc. are deducted by your payroll office). You will need +to contact your servicing personnel office for an exact calculation +of your incentive amount. However, we have included a worksheet in +this packet to help you ESTIMATE your buyout. + +An incentive payment is the amount of severance pay you would get, +or $25,000, whichever is less. Severance pay is figured as if you +would get it; you don't have to be eligible for severance pay. +(Severance pay is normally only for people who separate +involuntarily. Leaving Federal service with an incentive payment +is a voluntary action.) + +The amount of severance pay would be 1 week's basic pay for each of +the first 10 years of your civilian service, plus 2 weeks' basic +pay for each year over 10 years. An age adjustment allowance +of 10% is added for each year you are over 40. (No credit is given +for military service unless the service interrupted otherwise +creditable civilian service.) + + +6. "WHAT MAKES AN EMPLOYEE ELIGIBLE FOR A BUYOUT?" + +To receive a VSIP offer, an employee must-- + +-be serving under appointment without time limit, +-have 12 months of continuous service, +-not be a reemployed annuitant, +-not be eligible for disability retirement, +-agree to resign or retire voluntarily during a period designated +by the agency, and +-be in a position designated by the agency as eligible for VSIP +offers. + + + +7. "ARE POSTAL SERVICE EMPLOYEES COVERED BY THIS LAW?" + +No. The law specifically excludes U.S. Postal Service and Postal +Rate Commission employees. + + + + +8. "ARE D.C. GOVERNMENT WORKERS WHO WERE FEDERAL EMPLOYEES +COVERED BY THIS LAW?" + +No. This law authorizes Federal agencies in the Executive branch +to pay incentives to their employees. The DC Government is not a +Federal agency. + +9. "DOES THE NEW LAW CHANGE ELIGIBILITY FOR RETIREMENT?" + +No. If you are under FERS or CSRS, you can take regular optional +retirement if you are 55 with at least 30 years of service; age 60 +with 20 years of service; or age 62 with 5 years. If your agency +offers early retirement, you must be at least 50 with 20 years of +service or have 25 years of service at any age. An employee under +FERS also is eligible for an immediate annuity if he/she has 10 +years of service and has reached the minimum retirement age (55 if +born before 1948, and gradually increasing to 57). An employee +under CSRS must meet the 1-out-of-last-2 years coverage +requirement and all employees must have at least 5 years of +civilian service. + + +10. "WHAT DOES AN "APPOINTMENT WITHOUT TIME LIMITATION" MEAN?" + +An employee on an appointment with a time limit works only until a +specified date and then goes off the rolls. The employing agency +sets the ending date when it hires the individual and/or when it +extends the appointment. For example, temporary and term employees +serve with a time limit, so they are not eligible for an incentive +payment. Career and career-conditional employees and permanent +employees in the excepted service have no limit so they are +eligible. + + +11. "I RETIRED FROM THE MILITARY BUT AM NOW A CIVILIAN EMPLOYEE. +CAN I APPLY FOR A SEPARATION INCENTIVE?" + +Yes, if you are otherwise eligible. The agency will figure the +incentive payment only on the basis of your civilian service. + + +12. "WHEN IS THE EARLIEST I CAN LEAVE WITH AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT? +WHEN IS THE LATEST?" + +Your agency can set windows for buyouts at any time through March +31, 1995. The agency may also delay your separation with an +incentive payment to no later than March 31, 1997, if your job is +essential for continuing operations. See your personnel office for +details on when windows will be available for you to apply. + + +13. "IF I MEET ALL THE REQUIREMENTS, DO I AUTOMATICALLY GET AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT IF I LEAVE? WHAT IF MY AGENCY GETS MORE +REQUESTS FOR INCENTIVE PAYMENTS THAN ARE NECESSARY TO MEET ITS +REDUCED STAFFING TARGETS. HOW WILL IT DECIDE WHICH REQUESTS TO +APPROVE?" + +You are eligible to apply for an incentive payment if you meet all +the requirements set by the law and your agency. Agencies may +exclude certain jobs or units from the incentive payment offer. +(See your agency for a list.) In handling applications, the agency +must use a fair and objective method to determine the order in +which applications will be approved (for example, order of +separation date, order of receipt of completed applications, +seniority, etc.). + +14. "WHEN WILL I RECEIVE MY INCENTIVE PAYMENT? WILL IT BE ALL AT +ONCE (LUMP SUM) OR MONTHLY? IS IT TAXABLE?" + +The agency will send you the incentive payment as soon as possible +after the date of your separation but cannot guarantee a specific +date. First, the agency must resolve any leave errors, salary +offsets, and employee debts to the Government. It is also subject +to garnishment for alimony and child support. The incentive +payment is taxable. You will receive it as a lump sum (less +Federal income tax withholding, applicable State and local taxes, +and FICA/Medicare taxes). + + +15. "DO I HAVE TO MAKE A COMMITMENT TO LEAVE IF I ACCEPT AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT?" + +Yes. Your agency will ask you to sign an agreement saying that in +exchange for an incentive payment you agree to resign or retire on +a specific date. If employees could change their minds, the agency +might not be able to meet its downsizing goal. + + +16. "WHAT DOES THE INCENTIVE PAYMENT AGREEMENT SAY?" + +The agreement says that you agree to leave by a certain date in +return for the incentive payment. It also says that if you accept +an incentive payment, you will not be eligible for reemployment +with the Federal government, in either a temporary or permanent +status, or on a personal services contract for 5 years following +the effective date of your separation--unless you repay the full +amount of the incentive payment. Waivers are allowed only in rare +cases. + + +17. "WHAT RIGHTS AND BENEFITS WOULD I BE GIVING UP TO TAKE AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT TO RETIRE OR RESIGN RATHER THAN WAITING TO BE +SEPARATED IN A RIF?" + +o Placement assistance; +o Taking a job in Government within next 5 years without paying +back the incentive payment; +o Full amount of severance pay (if eligible); +o Discontinued Service Retirement (if eligible); and the option +of a lump-sum refund of retirement contributions (available to +employees separated involuntarily through September 29, 1994). + + +18. "MAY I TAKE A DISCONTINUED SERVICE RETIREMENT, THE LUMP-SUM +REFUND OF RETIREMENT CONTRIBUTIONS, AND AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT?" + +No. Incentives are paid to employees who leave voluntarily. +Discontinued Service Retirement is based on an involuntary +separation. The lump-sum refund is available only to employees who +have a critical medical condition or are separated involuntarily no +later than September 29, 1994. + + +19. "IF I LEAVE WITH AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT, CAN I TAKE A JOB IN +ANOTHER FEDERAL AGENCY? AM I ELIGIBLE FOR PLACEMENT ASSISTANCE?" + + +If you retire or resign with an incentive payment, you may not take +a job with the Federal government for 5 years following the day of +your separation--unless you pay back the full amount of +the incentive payment. This prohibition covers any kind of +employment (for example, permanent, temporary, expert, consultant, +reemployed annuitant) as well as personal services contracts. +Repayment may be waived but only in those rare cases where an +individual is the only qualified applicant for a job and the agency +head requests the waiver from OPM. If OPM waives the repayment and +you are reemployed, you may not move out of that position--unless +you repay the incentive payment or unless OPM approves another +waiver. + +You are not entitled to placement assistance because employees +volunteer to leave Federal service with an incentive payment. +Placement assistance is for employees who are involuntarily +separated. + + +20. "CAN THE AGENCY DELAY MY SEPARATION UNTIL AFTER THE "WINDOW" +AND STILL GIVE ME AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT WHEN I LEAVE?" + +Generally, to receive an incentive payment, the effective date of +your resignation or retirement must be during the agency's window +period. However, the agency may extend individuals in certain +positions or whole groups of positions for any period up through +March 31, 1997, to ensure the performance of the agency's mission. + + +21. "HOW WILL THE AGENCY DECIDE WHICH EMPLOYEES TO DELAY?" + +Each agency can set its own policy on which positions they will +need to ensure the agency's mission. Check with your personnel +office to find out how your agency will be handling the option. + +22. "CAN I TURN DOWN MY AGENCY'S REQUEST THAT I STAY ON FOR AN +ADDITIONAL PERIOD AND LEAVE NOW AND STILL GET THE INCENTIVE +PAYMENT?" + +Agencies may approve the incentive payment for certain employees +contingent on their staying to finish essential activities. These +activities must be to ensure the agency's mission. If you are such +an employee, you could still resign at any time, or take early +retirement during the early retirement window, or take regular +retirement if you are eligible, but you may not get the incentive +payment if you left before the date the agency set. + + +23. "LEAVING FEDERAL SERVICE WITH THE INCENTIVE PAYMENT IS +SUPPOSED TO BE VOLUNTARY. IF I'M ELIGIBLE BUT DON'T CHOOSE TO +LEAVE, CAN MY AGENCY RETALIATE BY MOVING ME TO ANOTHER POSITION?" + +Incentives are for voluntary separations. Coercion is prohibited. +However, after the window closes, an agency may find it necessary +to move some remaining employees to other positions. Also, later +restructuring could mean the agency would have to reassign or even +separate employees. To take these actions agencies would have to +follow requirements of law, regulation, and applicable negotiated +procedures. + + +24. "IF I DECLINE AN OFFER OF AN INCENTIVE, CAN I BE RIFed?" + +Coercing an employee to take a buyout is prohibited. However, even +if an agency uses buyouts, it is possible that buyouts will not +result in a sufficient number of voluntary separations and the +agency may need to carry out a RIF. A buyout offer does not +protect the employee from RIF. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +VOLUNTARY EARLY RETIREMENT + +1. "WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR EARLY RETIREMENT?" + +OPM can authorize an agency to offer early retirement to eligible +employees. The agency can exclude employees in certain jobs that +are critical to the agency's operation. (See your agency for a +list.) The agency may change this list before the early retirement +window closes. Unless you are excluded because your job is on the +above list, you are eligible for early retirement as follows: + +o If you are under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), +you must have served in a position covered by the CSRS for at least +l year out of the 2 years immediately before retirement. + +o If you are under FERS, this rule does not apply. At least 5 +years must be civilian service, whether you are retiring under CSRS +or FERS. + +o You must be at least 50 with 20 years of service or have 25 +years of service at any age. + +o You must be serving under other than a temporary appointment; + +o You must have been on the agency's rolls at least 30 days +before the agency requested authority from OPM and you served +continuously since that date without a break in service. + + +2. "WHAT DOES THE EARLY RETIREMENT "WINDOW" MEAN?" + +Each agency sets a window, or period of time, during which eligible +employees can take early retirement. Normally, this coincides with +the window during which buyouts will be offered. If you want to +retire early, you would separate during the agency's window. You +must turn in your application as soon as possible to make sure you +can retire during the window. If your agency offers you an +incentive payment contingent on your staying beyond the window to +finish essential work, you do not have to retire during the window, +but you must apply during the window period. + + +3. "CAN ANYONE WHO IS ELIGIBLE AND WHO APPLIES FOR EARLY +RETIREMENT BE ASSURED OF RETIRING EARLY?" + +Just as it does with buyouts, the agency may set a limit on the +number of early retirements it offers. This number should take +care of all the employees who want to retire early and whose jobs +are not essential to the agency's continued operations. If the +agency receives more applications than it needs, the agency must +use a fair objective method to make decisions (for example, order +of separation date, order of receipt of completed applications, +seniority, etc.). + +4. "IF I TAKE EARLY RETIREMENT, IS MY ANNUITY REDUCED?" + +CSRS employees who retire under the voluntary early retirement +authority will have a reduction in their annuity of 2 percent per +year for each year they are under age 55. (The reduction is 1/6 of +1 percent for each full month.) This is a permanent reduction in +annuity. + +Employees with only FERS service will not have their annuities +reduced unless retiring under the MRA+10 provision before age 62. +Employees with both CSRS and FERS service will have a reduction +only for the CSRS portion of their service. + +Special rules apply to the calculation of annuities of employees +who have part-time service after 1986. The personnel office can +give you more details. + + +5. "IF I TAKE EARLY RETIREMENT, WHAT HAPPENS TO MY UNUSED SICK +LEAVE?" + +CSRS employees will receive service credit for any unused sick +leave in determining their annuity (but they must meet eligibility +requirements for retirement before the sick leave is added.) + +FERS employees do not receive credit. Employees who were +previously under CSRS but who transferred to FERS will receive +credit for either the amount of sick leave at the time of the +transfer to FERS, or at the time of retirement--whichever is less. + + +6. "CAN I CONTINUE HEALTH AND LIFE INSURANCE INTO RETIREMENT?" + +If you retire on an immediate annuity and if you have been enrolled +(or covered as a family member) in a plan (not necessarily the same +plan) under the Federal Employees Health Benefits program from (a) +the 5 years of service immediately preceding retirement, or (b) +from service since your first opportunity to enroll or, ( c) +continuously for the full period or periods of service beginning +with the enrollment which became effective no later than December +31, 1964. Also, your annuity must be sufficient to cover your +share of the premiums. + + +7. "WHAT FORMS DO I NEED TO APPLY FOR EARLY RETIREMENT WITH AN +INCENTIVE PAYMENT AND WHERE DO I GET THEM? + +Your personnel office will provide these forms to you. You will +sign: (1) an application for retirement, and (2) an incentive +payment agreement. + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + +VSIP COMPUTATION WORKSHEETS- + +The following are samples for use in ESTIMATING the amount of your +buyout. The actual calculation formula is quite complicated and +technical. The samples are intended to allow an employee to figure +the approximate amount of the buyout they may receive. OPM is not +responsible for the accuracy of the results that this worksheet may +give you. If you want a more accurate calculation, you will have +to contact your personnel office. + EXAMPLE OF VSIP COMPUTATION WORKSHEET + + +line 1.Salary at time of separation (GS-14/10)= $73,619 + +line 2.Weekly Rate (line 1 divided by 52)=$1,415.75 + +line 3.Years of Service (see A and B below)18 + + A. If your length of service is LESS THAN 10 years, enter +your length of service on line 3a. + + B. If your length of service is MORE THAN 10 years: + 1) enter your length of service: 18 + 2) subtract 10 from your length of service: - 10 + = 8 + 3) multiply the result, in this case, 8, by 2: = 16 + +10 + 4) add 10 to the amount listed in 3). 26 + 5) enter this total on line 3a. This is the factor for +your adjusted years of service and tells you approximately the +number of weeks of severance pay you would be entitled to. + +line 3a. Adjusted Years of Service 26 + +line 4.Basic Severance Pay (multiply amount in line 2 by number on +line 3a--Adjusted Years of Service) = $36809.50 + +line 5.Age Adjustment Factor (if your age is above 40, look your +age up on the "AGE TABLE AND FACTORS" chart attached. Enter the +"factor" number shown.) + + Age = 52 years. Factor = 2.20. + +Line 6. Severance Pay Amount + + Multiply line 4 by line 5 factor (38809.50 X 2.20) = + $80,980.90 + + 6a. If line 6 exceeds line 1, enter amount on line 1. + The amount of severance pay will be = 73,619 + +Line 7. Buyout Amount + + If line 6a exceeds $25,000, enter $25,000 +OR + If line 6a does not exceed $25,000, but is more than +line 1, enter amount on line 1. + + YOUR BUYOUT AMOUNT: = $25,000 + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + +VSIP COMPUTATION WORKSHEET + + +line 1.Salary at time of separation =_________ + +line 2.Weekly Rate (line 1 divided by 52) =_________ + +line 3.Years of Service (see A and B below) _________ + + A. If your length of service is LESS THAN 10 years, enter +your length of service on line 3a. + + B. If your length of service is MORE THAN 10 years: + 1) enter your length of service: ___ + 2) subtract 10 from your length of service:-10 + ___ + 3) multiply the result by 2: ___ + +10 + 4) add 10 to the amount listed in 3). ___ + 5) enter this total on line 3a. This is the factor for +your adjusted years of service and tells you approximately the +number of weeks of severance pay you would be entitled to. + +line 3a. Adjusted Years of Service ____________ + +line 4.Basic Severance Pay (multiply amount in line 2 by number on +line 3a--Adjusted Years of Service) = _________ + +line 5.Age Adjustment Factor (if your age is above 40, look your +age up on the "AGE TABLE AND FACTORS" chart attached. Enter the +"factor" number shown.) + + Age = _______years and _______months. Factor = _______ + +Line 6. Severance Pay Amount + + Multiply line 4 by line 5 factor $_________ + + 6a. If line 6 exceeds line 1, enter amount on line 1. + The amount of severance pay will be $_________ + +Line 7. Buyout Amount + + If line 6a exceeds $25,000, enter $25,000 +OR + If line 6a does not exceed $25,000, but is more than +line 1, enter amount on line 1. + + YOUR BUYOUT AMOUNT: $_________ + + +[BBS Note-Guide continues on next page.] + + + + + AGE TABLE AND FACTORS + +Yrs. Factor Yrs. Factor Yrs. Factor + Mos. Mos. Mos. + +40 3-5 1.O25 48 4-8 1.850 56 9-11 2.675 +40 6-8 1.050 48 9-11 1.875 57 0-2 2.700 +40 9-11 1.075 49 0-2 1.900 57 3-5 2.725 +41 0-2 1.100 49 3-5 1.925 57 6-8 2.750 +41 3-5 1.125 49 6-8 1.950 57 9-ll 2.775 +41 6-8 1.150 49 9-ll 1.975 58 0-2 2.800 +41 9-ll 1.175 50 0-2 2.000 58 3-5 2.825 +42 O-2 1.200 50 3-5 2.025 58 6-8 2.850 +42 3-5 1.225 50 6-8 2.050 58 9-ll 2.875 +42 6-8 1.250 50 9-11 2.075 59 0-2 2.900 +42 9-11 1.275 51 0-2 2.100 59 3-5 2.925 +43 0-2 1.300 51 3-5 2.125 59 6-8 2.950 +43 3-5 1.325 51 6-8 2.150 59 9-11 2.975 +43 6-8 1.350 51 9-ll 2.175 60 0-2 3.000 +43 9-11 1.375 52 0-2 2.200 60 3-5 3.025 +44 0-2 1.400 52 3-5 2.225 60 6-8 3.050 +44 3-5 1.425 52 6-8 2.250 60 9-11 3.075 +44 6-8 1.450 52 9-11 2.275 61 0-2 3.100 +44 9-11 1.475 53 0-2 2.300 61 3-5 3.125 +45 0-2 1.500 53 3-5 2.325 61 6-8 3.150 +45 3-5 1.525 53 6-8 2.350 61 9-11 3.175 +45 6-8 1.550 53 9-11 2.375 62 0-2 3.200 +45 9-11 1.575 54 0-2 2.400 62 3-5 3.225 +46 0-2 1.600 54 3-5 2.425 62 6-8 3.250 +46 3-5 1.625 54 6-8 2.450 62 9-11 3.275 +46 6-8 1.650 54 9-11 2.475 63 0-2 3.300 +46 9-11 1.675 55 0-2 2.500 63 3-5 3.325 +47 0-2 1.700 55 3-5 2.525 63 6-8 3.350 +47 3-5 1.725 55 6-8 2.550 63 9-11 3.375 +47 6-8 1.750 55 9-11 2.575 64 0-2 3.400 +47 9-11 1.775 56 0-2 2.600 64 3-5 3.425 +48 0-2 1.800 56 3-5 2.625 64 6-8 3.450 +48 3-5 1.825 56 6-8 2.650 64 9-11 3.475 + +[BBS Note-End of Guide.] + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/waco.txt b/politicalTextFiles/waco.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f41d6d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/waco.txt @@ -0,0 +1,648 @@ + +TEXT OF SEARCH WARRANT FROM WACO, TEXAS: + +Affiant alleges the following grounds for search and seizure: + +I, Davy Aguilera, being duly sworn, depose and state that: + +I am a Special Agent with the US Treasury Department, BATF, Austin, Texas, and I have been so employed for approximately 5 years. This affidavit is +based on my own investigation as well as information furnished to me by +other law enforcement officers and concerned citizens. + +*NEXT TWO PARAGRAPHS LIST THE AGENT'S QUALIFICATIONS* + +On June 4, 1992, I met with Lt. Gene Barber, McClennan County Sheriff's +Department, Waco, Texas, who has received extensive training in +explosives classification, identification and the rendering safe of +explosive devices and has been recognized in Federal Court as an expert +witness in this field. Lt. Barber stated that he had received +information in May 1992, from an employee of United Parcel Service, +Waco, Texas, that from April through June of 1992, several deliveries +had been made to a place known as the "Mag-Bag", Route 7, Box 555-B, +Waco, Texas, 76705, located on Farm Road number 2491, in the names of +Mike Schroeder and David Koresh, which the UPS employee believed to be +firearms components and explosives. Through my investigation, I know +that the place known as the "Mag-Bag" is a small tract of land located +at the above address which has two metal buildings located on it. The +name "Mag-Bag" comes from the shipping label which is accompanied many +items shipped to the above address. I and other agents have personally +observed vehicles consistently over the past six months at the "mag-Bag" +location which are registered to Vernon Wayne Howell, aka: David Koresh. +Lt. Barber further stated that the UPS employee, Larry Gilbreath, became +suspicious and concerned about the deliveries, most of which were +shipped COD because of their frequency and because of the method used by +the recipient to receive the shipments and to pay for them. + +Lt. Barber explained that David Koresh was an alias name used by Vernon +Wayne Howell who operated a religious cult commune near Waco, Texas, at +a place commonly known as the Mount Carmel Center, which is one of the +premises to be searched and more specifically described +above. I have learned from my investigation, particularly from my +discussions with former cult members that Vernon Howell adopted the name +David Koresh more than a year ago. The name "David Koresh" was chosen +by Howell because Howell believed that the name helped designate him as +the messiah or the anointed one of God. Lt. Barber further related that +he was told by Gilbreath that he had been making deliveries to the +"Mag-Bag" and the Mt. Carmel Center on Double EE Ranch Road, Waco, +Texas, for several years, but he had never been suspicious of any of the +deliveries until 1992. Gilbreath became concerned because he made +several COD deliveries addressed to the "Mag-Bag", but when he would +stop at that location he was instructed to wait while a telephone call +was made to the Mt. Carmel Center by the person at the "Mag-Bag", +usually Woodrow Kendrick or Mike Schroeder, notifying the person who +answered the phone at the Mt. Carmel Center that UPS was coming there +with a COD delivery, after which Gilbreath would be instructed to drive +to the Mt. Carmel Center to deliver the package and collect for it. +That on those occasions when he was at the Mt. Carmel Center to deliver +and collect for the COD packages he saw several manned observation +posts, and believed that the observers were armed. + +Lt. Barber stated that he was told by Larry Gilbreath (UPS) that in May +of 1992 two cases of inert hand grenades and a quantity of black +gunpowder were delivered by him to the "Mag-Bag." The source of these +shipments was unknown to Gilbreath. + +On June 9, 1992, I was contacted by Lt. Barber who told me that he had +learned from Larry Gilbreath that in June of 1992, the UPS delivered 90 +pounds of powdered aluminum metal and 30 to 40 cardboard tubes, 24 +inches in length and 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter, which were +shipped from the Fox Fire Company, Pocatello, Idaho, to "Mag-Bag." From +another shipper whose identity is unknown, to parcels containing a total +of 60 M-16/AR-15 ammunition magazines were delivered by UPS to the +"mag-Bag" on June 8, 1992. I know based upon my training and experience +that an AR-15 is a semi-automatic rifle practically identical to the +M-16 rifle carried by United States Armed Forces. The AR-15 rifle fires +.223 caliber ammunition and, just like the M-16, can carry magazines of +ammunition ranging from 30 to 60 rounds of ammunition. I have been +involved in many cases where defendants, following a relatively simple +process, convert AR-15 semi-automatic rifles to fully automatic rifles +of the nature of the M-16. This conversion process can often be +accomplished by an individual purchasing certain parts which will +quickly transform the rifle to fire fully automatic. Often times +templates, milling machines, lathes and instruction guides are utilized +by the converter. + +*THE NEXT FIVE PARAGRAPHS DESCRIBE THE HISTORY OF THE COMMUNE AND THE +DISPUTE BETWEEN KORESH AND THE COMMUNE'S ORIGINAL FOUNDER WHICH RESULTED +IN A GUN BATTLE. KORESH AND OTHERS WERE ACQUITTED ON ALL CHARGES* + +Lt. Barber furnished me with recently taken aerial photographs of the +Mt. Carmel Center which had been taken by Captain Dan Weyenberg of the +McClennan County Sheriff's Department, Waco, Texas. Among the things +noted in the photographs was a buried bus near the main structure and an +observation tower, approximately three or four stories tall with windows +on all four sides enabling a view from the structure of 360 degrees. + +I was also advised by Lt. Barber that Robert Cervenka, a known long time +McClennan County citizen, who lives near the Mt. Carmel Center compound, +had, on several occasions, from January through February of 1992, heard +machine gun fire coming from the compound property. Mr. Cervenka +offered law enforcement authorities his residence to be used as a +surveillance post. + +On July 21, 1992, I met with Robert L. Cervenka, Route 7, Box 103, +Riesel, Texas. Mr. Cervenka farms the property surrounding the east side +of the Mt. Carmel property. Mr. Cervenka stated that he has farmed that +area since 1948. From about January and February of 1992 he has heard +machine gun fire on the Vernon Howell property during the night hours. +He is familiar with and knows the sound of machine gun fire because he +did a tour overseas with the US Army. He believes that some of the +gunfire he heard was being done with .50 caliber machine guns and +possibly M-16 machine guns. + +On November 13, 1992, I spoke with Lt. Gene Barber who told me that Mr. +Cervenka, whose ranch is adjacent to the Mt. Carmel property, had +reported hearing bursts of gunfire from the Mt. Carmel compound on +November 8, 1992, at approximately 2:45 p.m. + +On June 8, 1992, based on information gained from Gilbreath by Lt. +Barber, I interviewed Dave Haupert, Olympic Arms Inc., Olympia +Washington, a company which had shipped several parcels to David Koresh +at the "Mag-Bag", Route 7, Box 555-B, Waco, Texas. Mr. Haupert told me +that the records of Olympic Arms Inc., indicated that approximately +forty-five AR-15/M-16 rifle upper receiver units, with barrels of +various calibers, had been shipped from March through April of 1992 to +the Mag-Bag corporation for a total cost of $11,107.31, cash on +delivery. + +On January 13, 1993, I interviewed Larry Gilbreath in Waco, Texas, and +confirmed the information which had previously been related to me by Lt. +Barber. Mr. Gilbreath told me that although he had been making +deliveries at the "Mag-Bag" and the Mt. Carmel Center for quite some +time, his suspicion about the packages being delivered to those places +was never aroused until about February 1992. At that time the invoices +accompanying a number of packages reflected that they contained firearm +parts and accessories as well as various chemicals. He stated that in +May 1992, a package which was addressed to the "Mag-Bag" accidentally +broke open while it was being loaded on his delivery truck. He saw that +it contained three other boxes, the contents of which were "pineapple" +type hand grenades which he believed to be inert. He stated that there +were about 50 of the grenades and that he later delivered them to the +Mt. Carmel Center. The Mt. Carmel Center is that tract of land depicted +in the photograph labeled "attachment B" with the main residential +structure being depicted in "attachment C." + +Mr. Gilbreath stated that these suspicious packages were usually +addressed to the "Mag-Bag" or to David Koresh. When he would stop to +deliver them to the "Mag-Bag" he was met most of the time by Woodrow +Kendrick and on other occasions by Steve Schneider. They would have him +wait while they telephoned the Mt. Carmel Center to tell them that UPS +was coming with a COD package. He would be instructed to take the +package(s) to the Mt. Carmel Center. Upon arriving at the Mt. Carmel +Center he was usually met by Perry Jones or on occasion by Steve +Schneider who would pay the COD charges in cash and would accept +delivery of the shipments. + +On this same date, June 8, 1992, I interviewed Glen Deruiter, manager, +Sarco Inc., Stirling, New Jersey, and learned from him that in May of +1992 their company shipped one M-16 parts set kit with a sling and +magazine to the "Mag-Bag" in the name of David Koresh. The total value +of these items was $284.95. + +Also on June 8, 1992, I interviewed Cynthia Aleo, Owner/manager Nesard +Gun Parts Co., Barrington, Illinois, and learned from her that in May of +1992 her company shipped to the "Mag-Bag" 2 M-16 machine gun CAR kits +and 2 M-16 machine gun EZ kits. These kits contain all the parts of an +M-16 machine gun except for the lower receiver unit which is the +"firearm" by lawful definition. Ms. Aleo stated that the total amount +of sales to the "Mag-Bag" was $1227.00. Within the past month I have +spoken with Curtis Bartlett, firearms technician with BATF and have +learned that Nesard Co. has been under investigation in the past by BATF +for engaging in a scheme to supply parts which would enable individuals +to construct illegal weapons from various component parts. + +*THE NEXT THREE PARAGRAPHS DESCRIBE THE AGENT'S RECORD SEARCH TO +DETERMINE IF ANY OF THE PRINCIPALS OF THE COMMUNE ARE REGISTERED AS +MACHINE GUN OWNERS OR FIREARMS MANUFACTURERS. HE DESCRIBES THE RESULT +AS NEGATIVE* + +On June 23, 1992, I spoke with ATF compliance inspector Robert Souza, +Seattle, Washington, who inquired about the "Mag-Bag" corporation, Route +7, Box 555, Waco, Texas. He had received some invoices reflecting a +large quantity of upper receivers and AR-15 parts being shipped to +"Mag-Bag", Waco, Texas, from Olympic Arms Inc., 624 Old Pacific Highway, +SE, Olympia, Washington. Inspector Souza faxed me copies of invoices +reflecting purchases of twenty AR-15 upper receiver units with barrels +by the "Mag-Bag" on March 26 and 30, 1992. These items are in addition +to the items referred to above. + +As a result of my investigation of shipments to Howell/Koresh and Mike +Schroeder at the "Mag-Bag" Corporation, Waco, Texas, through UPS and the +inspection of the firearms records of Henry McMahon, dba Hewitt +Handguns, Hewitt, Texas, I have learned that they acquired during 1992 +the following firearms and related explosive paraphernalia: + +104 AR-15/M-16 upper receiver groups with barrels +8,100 rounds of 9MM and .223 caliber ammunition for AR-15/M-16 +20 100 round capacity drum magazines for AK-47 rifles +260 M-16/AR-15 magazines +30 M-14 magazines +2 M-16 EZ kits +2 M-16 CAR kits +1 M-76 grenade launcher (not a typo, this is what it says) +200 M-31 practice rifle grenades +4 M-16 parts set kits "A" +2 flare launchers +2 cases (approximately 50) inert practice hand grenades +40-50 pounds of black gunpowder +30 pounds of potassium nitrate +5 pounds of magnesium metal powder +1 pound of igniter cord (a Class C explosive) +91 AR-15 lower receiver units +26 various calibers and brands of handguns and long guns +90 pounds of aluminum metal powder +30-40 cardboard tubes + +The amount of expenditure for the above listed firearm paraphernalia, +excluding the 91 AR-15 lower receiver units and the 26 complete +firearms, was in excess of $44,300.00. + +From my investigation I have learned that a number of shipments to the +"Mag-Bag" have been from vendors with questionable trade practices. One +is presently under investigation by the ATF for violations of the +National Firearms Act which prohibits unlawful possession of machine +guns, silencers, destructive devices, and machine gun conversion kits. + +Because of the sensitivity of this investigation these vendors have not +been contacted by me for copies of invoices indicating the exact items +shipped to the "Mag-Bag." + +On November 13, 1992, I interviewed Lt. Coy Jones, McClennan County +Sheriff's Department, Waco, Texas, and learned from him that he had +spoken with an employee of UPS, Waco, Texas, who wished to remain +anonymous. This person told Jones that Marshal Keith Butler, a relative +of the person who wishes to remain anonymous, is a machinist by trade +and is associated with Vernon Howell. + +The records of the Texas Department of Public Safety reflect that Butler +has been arrested on 7 occasions since 1984 for unlawful possession of +drugs. Two of the arrests resulted in convictions for possession of a +controlled substance. Butler's latest arrest and conviction was in +January 1992. Butler received a sentence of three years in the Texas +Department of Corrections. In April 1992 Butler was paroled to +McClennan County, Texas. + +On November 13, 1992, I interviewed Terry Fuller, a deputy sheriff for +the McClennan County Sheriff's Department, Waco, Texas, and learned from +him that on November 6, 1992, at approximately 1:25 pm while on route +patrol in the area of the Mt. Carmel Center, the property controlled by +Vernon Howell, he heard a loud explosion in the area of the north part +of the Mt. Carmel property. As he drove toward the area where he +thought the explosion had occurred, he observed a large cloud of grey +smoke dissipating from ground level on the north end of the Mt. Carmel +property. + +On December 7, 1992, I spoke with Special Agent Carlos Torres, BATF, +Houston, Texas, who had been assisting me in a portion of this +investigation. He related to me the results of his interview on +December 4, 1992, with Joyce Sparks, Texas Department of Human Services, +Waco, Texas. Special Agent Torres told me that Ms. Sparks received a +complaint from outside the State of Texas that David Koresh was +operating a commune-type compound and that he was sexually abusing young +girls. Ms. Sparks stated that on February 27, 1992, she, along with two +other employees of the Texas Dept. of Human Services, and two McClennan +County Sheriff's deputies responded to the complaint. They went to the +Mt. Carmel Center compound, located east of Waco in McClennan County. +When they arrived at the compound they were met by a lady who identified +herself as Rachel Koresh, the wife of David Koresh. + +Mrs. Koresh was reluctant to talk with Ms. Sparks because David Koresh +was not there. She had strict orders from him not to talk with anyone +unless he was present. Ms. Sparks finally was able to convince Mrs. +Koresh to allow her to talk with some of the children who were present. +She talked to a young boy about 7 or 8 years old. The child said that +he could not wait to grow up and be a man. When Ms. Sparks asked him +why he was in such a hurry to grow up he replied that when he grew up he +would get a "long gun" just like all the other men there. When Ms. +Sparks pursued the subject the boy told her that all the adults had guns +and that they were always practicing with them. + +Ms. Sparks also told Special Agent Torres that she was escorted through +part of the building where she noted a lot of construction being +performed. She also said that she could not determine how many people +were in the group but estimated about 60-70 people there including men, +women and children. She stated that she saw about 15-20 adult males +there. + +Ms. Sparks also said that on April 6, 1992, she visited the compound again. +On this occasion she talked with David Koresh. She asked Koresh about +the firearms which she had been told by the small child. Koresh +admitted that there were a few firearms there, but said that most of the +adults did not know of them, and there were too few to be of any +significance. Ms. Sparks said that when she pressed Koresh about the +firearms and their location at the compound, he offered to show her +around. He requested that she wait about 30 minutes until he could get +the other residents out of the building so they would not see where he +had the firearms stored. After a period of time, Ms. Sparks was +escorted through part of the building by Koresh. She noted that there +was more construction activity and that the inside of the structure +looked quite different from her previous visit. Each time Ms. Sparks +asked Koresh about the location of the firearms, he would tell her that +they were in a safe place where the children could not get to them. He +would then change the subject. + +Ms. Sparks said that she noticed a trap door in the floor at one end of +the building. When she inquired about it, Koresh allowed her to look +into the trap door. She could see a ladder leading down into a buried +school bus from which all the seats had been removed. At one end of the +bus she could see a very large refrigerator with numerous bullet holes. +She also saw three long guns lying on the floor of the bus, however, she +did not know the make or caliber of them. She stated that there was no +electricity in the bus. Everything she saw was with the aid of a pen +light. When questioned by Ms. Sparks, Koresh said that the bus was +where he practiced his target shooting in order not to disturb his +neighbors. + +Ms. Sparks felt the entire walk through the compound was staged for her +by Koresh. When she asked to speak with some of the children and other +residents, Koresh refused, stating they were not available. She said +that during her conversation with Koresh, he told her that he was the +"Messenger" from God, that the world was coming to an end, and that when +he "reveals" himself the riots in Los Angeles would pale in comparison +to what was going to happen in Waco, Texas. Koresh stated that it would +be a "military type operation" and that all the "non-believers" would +have to suffer. + +On December 11, 1992, I interviewed Robyn Bunds in LaVerne, California. +Robyn Bunds is a former member and resident of Vernon Howell's commune +in Waco, Texas. She told me that in 1988 at the age of 19, she gave +birth to a son who was fathered by Vernon Howell. Her departure from +the commune in 1990 was a result of Howell becoming progressively more +violent and abusive. + +While she was there she and other residents were subjected to watching +extremely violent movies of the Viet Nam war which Howell would refer to +as training films. Howell forced members to stand guard of the commune +24 hours a day with loaded weapons. Howell always was in possession of +firearms and kept one under his bed while sleeping. Robyn stated that +her present residence in California belonged to her parents. For a +period of several years, Howell had exclusive control of the residence +and used it for other members of his cult when they were in California. +It was later relinquished by Howell to Robyn's mother. In June 1992, +while she was cleaning one of the bedrooms of the residence, she found a +plastic bag containing gun parts. She showed them to her brother, David +Bunds, who has some knowledge of firearms. He told her it was a machine +gun conversion kit. She stored the gun parts in her garage because she +felt certain that Howell would send some of his followers to pick them +up. Subsequent to her discovery of the conversion kit, Paul Fatta, +Jimmy Riddle, and Neal Vaega, all members of Howell's cult, and +residents of the commune in Waco, came from Waco, Texas, to California, +and picked up the conversion kit. + +On December 12, 1992, I interviewed Jeannine Bunds, the mother of Robyn +and David Bunds. She told me that she was a former member of Howell's +group in Waco, Texas, having left there in September, 1991. She is a +registered nurse and was working in that capacity at the Good Samaritan +Hospital, Los Angeles, California. While at Howell's commune in Waco, +she participated in live fire shooting exercises conducted by Howell. +She saw several long guns there, some of which she described as AK-47 +rifles. Mrs. Bunds described the weapon to me and was able to identify +an AK-47 from among a number of photographs of firearms shown to her by +me. I believe that she is well able to identify an AK-47. In July of +1991 she saw Howell shooting a machine gun on the back portion of the +commune property. She knew it was a machine gun because it functioned +with a very rapid fire and would tear up the ground when Howell shot it. +Mrs. Bunds also told me that Howell had fathered at least fifteen +children from various women and young girls at the compound. Some of +the girls who had babies fathered by Howell were as young as 12 years +old. She had personally delivered 7 of these children. + +According to Ms. Bunds, Howell annuls all marriages of couples who join +his cult. He then has exclusive sexual access to the women. He also, +according to Mrs. Bunds, has regular sexual relations with young girls +there. The girls ages are from 11 years old to adulthood. + +On January 6, 1993, I interviewed Jeannine Bunds again, in Los Angeles, +California. I showed her several photographs of firearms and explosive +devices. She identified an AR-15 rifle, and a pineapple type hand +grenade as being items which she had seen at the Mt. Carmel Center while +she was there. She stated that she saw several of the AR-15 rifles and +at least one of the hand grenades. + +On January 7, 1993, I interviewed Deborah Sue Bunds in Los Angeles, +California. She was the wife of David Bunds, and she had been a member +of the "Branch Davidians" since birth. She stated she first met Vernon +Wayne Howell in July, 1980. When Howell assumed leadership of the +"Branch" in Waco, Texas, in 1987, he began to change the context of +their doctrine. While she was at the Mt. Carmel compound in Waco, +Texas, she was assigned under Howell's direction to guard duty with a +loaded weapon. About February, 1989, she observed Howell shooting a +machine gun behind the main structure of the compound. She is sure the +firearm was a machine gun because of the rapid rate of fire and the rate +of fire was much different from that which was usually conducted during +practice exercises on the compound. After describing the firing of this +weapon to me, I believe that Ms. Bunds was describing the firing of an +automatic weapon. + +Mrs. Deborah Bunds also told me that during an evening meal a short time +after having seen Howell shoot the machine gun, she overheard Howell and +his closest associates discussing machine guns. Howell was very excited +about having a machine gun. He voiced a desire to acquire additional +machine guns specifically AK-47 type macine guns. + +During this investigation I made inquiries of a number of law +enforcement data bases for information about those commune residents who +I have been able to identify. Through TECS I learned that some 40 +foreign nationals from Jamaica, United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and +New Zealand have entered the United States at various times in the past +and have used the address of the Mt. Carmel Center, Waco, Texas, as +their point of contact while here. According to INS records, most of +these foreign nationals have overstayed their entry permits or visas and +are therefore illegally in the United States. I know that it is a +violation of Title 18, U.S.C. Section 922, for an illegal alien to +receive a firearm. + +On January 1 and January 3, 1993, Mrs. Poia Vaega, of Mangere, Auckland, +New Zealand, was interviewed telephonically by Resident Agent in Charge +Bill Buford, BATF, Little Rock Arkansas, who also is assisting me in +this investigation. The results of Special Agent Buford's interview on +January 1, 1993, was reduced to writing and furnished to me. Special +Agent Buford's interview on January 3, 1993, was tape recorded with the +permission of Poia Vaega and has since been transcribed and typewritten. +Both the tape recording and the transcription was furnished to me by +Special Agent Buford. Both interviews with Poia Vaega revealed a false +imprisonment for a term of three and a half months which began in June +of 1991 and physical and sexual abuse of one of Mrs. Vaega's sisters, +Doreen Saipaia. This was while she was a member of the Branch Davidian +at the Mt. Carmel Center, Waco, Texas. The physical and sexual abuse +was done by Vernon Wayne Howell and Stanley Sylvia, a close follower of +Howell, on several occasions. + +It was learned From Mrs. Vaega that she and her husband Leslie were also +members of Howell's group in Waco for a short period of time in March, +1990. Upon their arrival at Mt. Carmel Center, she and her husband were +separated and not allowed to sleep together or have any sexual contact. + +According to Mrs. Vaega, all the girls and women at the compound were +exclusively reserved for Howell. She stated that Howell would preach +his philosophy, which did not always coincide with the bible, for hours +at a time. She and her husband left the compound after ten days because +her husband did not agree with Howell's doctrine but that her two +sisters stayed behind. + +Mrs. Vaega also related that she was present at one of the study periods +held by Howell when Howell passed his personal AK-47 machine gun around +for the group to handle and look over. + +On January 6, 1993, I received the results of an examination conducted +by Jerry A. Taylor, explosives enforcement officer, BATF, Walnut Creek, +California, in response to a request from me to render an opinion on +device design, construction, functioning, effects and classification of +explosives materials which have been accumulated by Howell and his +followers. Mr. Taylor has received extensive training in explosives +classification, identification and rendering safe of explosive devices +and has been recognized on numerous occasions as an expert witness in +Federal Court. Mr. Taylor stated that the chemicals Potassium Nitrate, +Aluminum and Magnesium, when mixed in the proper proportions do +constitute an explosive as defined by federal law. He further stated +that igniter cord is an explosive. Also Mr. Taylor stated that the +inert practice rifle grenades and hand grenades would, if modified as +weapons, with the parts available to Howell, become explosive devices as +defined by federal law. Finally, he stated that black powder is +routinely used as the main charge when manufacturing improvised +explosive weapons, such as grenades and pipe bombs. I know that Title +26, U.S.C. Section 5845, makes it unlawful for a person to possess any +combination of parts designed or intended for use in converting any +device into a destructive device. The definition of "firearm" includes +any combination of parts either designed or intended for use in +converting any device into a destructive device, such as a grenade, and +from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. See United +States vs Price, 877 F.2d 334 (5th Cir. 1989). So long as an individual +possesses all the component parts item constitutes a destructive device, +even though it is not assembled, so long as it can be readily assembled. +United States vs Russell, 468 F.SUPP. 322 (D.C. Tex. 1979). + +On January 8, 1993, I interviewed Marc Breault in Los Angeles, +California. He is an American citizen who lives in Australia with his +wife Elizabeth. He was once a member of the Branch Davidian in Waco, +Texas. He lived at the Mt. Carmel Center from early 1988 until +September 1989. While there he participated in physical training and +firearms shooting exercises conducted by Howell. He stood guard armed +with a loaded weapon. Guard duty was maintained 24 hours a day, 7 days +a week. Those who stood guard duty were instructed by Howell to "shoot +to kill" anyone who attempted to come through the entrance gate of the +Mt. Carmel property. On one occasion, Howell told him that he wanted to +obtain and/or manufacture machine guns, grenades and explosive devices. +Howell stated he thought that the gun control laws were ludicrous +because an individual could easily acquire a firearm and the necessary +parts to convert it to a machine gun, but if a person had the gun and +the parts together they would be in violation of the law. On another +occasion Howell told him that he was interested in acquiring the +"Anarchist's Cookbook" which I know is a publication outlining +clandestine operations to include instructions and formulas for +manufacturing improvised explosive devices. + +On January 12, 1993, I spoke with Special Agent Earl Dunagan, BATF, +Austin, Texas, who is assisting me in this investigation. He related +the results of his inquiry to the ATF firearms technology branch, +Washington, DC, for an opinion concerning the firearms parts which have +been accumulated by Howell and his group. Special Agent Dunagan stated +that he had spoken with Curtis Bartlett, firearms enforcement officer, +Washington, DC, and was told by Officer Bartlett that the firearms parts +which Howell has received and the method by which he has received them +is consistent with activities in other ATF investigations in various +parts of the US which have resulted in the discovery and seizure of +machine guns. Mr. Bartlett stated that the firearms parts received by +Howell could be used to assemble both semi-automatic firearms and +machine guns. He has examined many firearms which had been assembled as +machine guns which include these type parts. + +Mr. Bartlett also told Special Agent Dunagan that one of the vendors of +supplies to Howell has been the subject of several ATF investigations in +the past. ATF executed a search warrant at this company and had seized +a number of illegal machine guns and silencers. + +Special Agent Dunagan told me that on January 12, 1993, he spoke to +Special Agent Mark Mutz, ATF, Washington, DC, who was the case agent on +the above ongoing investigation dealing with the illicit supplier who +has provided gun parts to Howell. Special Agent Mutz stated that during +the execution of the federal search warrant at the company's office in +South Carolina he saw large quantities of M-16 machine gun and AK-47 +machine gun parts. The company maintained their inventory of these +parts as "replacement parts" so they fell easily within a loophole in +the federal law which prohibited ATF from seizing the parts. Special +Agent Mutz stated that the company had all the necessary parts to +convert AR-15 rifles and semi-automatic AK-47 rifles into machine guns +if their customers had the upper and lower receivers for those firearms. +Based on my investigation as stated above in the description of gun +parts shipped to Howell I know that Howell possesses the upper and lower +receivers for the firearms which he apparently trying to convert to +fully automatic. + +Mr. Bartlett told me that another one of the vendors of supplies to +Howell, Nesard Gun Parts Co., 27 West 990 Industrial Road, Barrington, +Illinois, has also been the subject of an ATF investigation. Officer of +that company, Gerald Grayson, Cynthia Aleo, and Anthony Aleo all plead +guilty to ATF charges. The Nesard Company which owned Sendra +Corporation was shipping AR-15 receivers through the Sendra Corporation, +along with part kits from the Nesard Company. When these parts are +assembled it resulted in the manufacture of a short barreled rifle. +Even though the above subjects are convicted felons they continue to +conduct business because the Nesard Gun Parts Co. distributes gun parts +and not firearms. + +On January 25, 1993, I interviewed David Block in Los Angeles, +California. He stated that he was a member of Howell's cult at the Mt. +Carmel Center, Waco, Texas, from March 1992 until June 13, 1992. During +the time he was there he attended two gun shows with Vernon Howell, Mike +Schroeder, Paul Fatta, and Henry McMahon, who is a federally licensed +firearms dealer. The gun shows were in Houston and San Antonio, Texas. + +While at the Mt. Carmel Center, he saw a metal lathe and a metal milling +machine which were normally operated by Donald Bunds and Jeff Little. +Donald Bunds, a mechanical engineer, has the capability to fabricate +firearm parts according to Block. On one occasion, at the Mt. Carmel +Center, he observed Bunds designing what Bunds described as a "grease +gun/sten gun" on an Auto Cad computer located at the residence building +at the compound. The computer has the capability of displaying a three +dimensional rendering of objects on a computer monitor screen. The +object appeared to be a cylindrical tube with a slot cut into the side +of it for a bolt cocking lever. Bunds told him that Howell wanted Bunds +to design a "grease gun" which they could manufacture. Mr. Block told +me that on another occasion at the Mt. Carmel Center, he saw Donald +Bunds designing a template which Bunds explained was to fit around the +"grease gun" tubes indicating where the bolt lever slots were to be +milled out. This was another step in manufacturing "grease guns" which +had been requested by Howell. I know that a "grease gun" is a machine +gun following after the design of a WWII era military weapon. + +During his time at the Mt. Carmel Center, Mr. Block was present on +several occasions when Howell would ask if anyone had any knowledge +about making hand grenades or converting semi-automatic rifles to +machine guns. At one point he also heard discussion about a shipment of +inert hand grenades and Howell's intent to reactivate them. Mr. Block +stated that he observed at the compound published magazines such as "The +Shotgun News" and other related clandestine magazines. He heard +extensive talk of the existence of the "Anarchist's Cookbook." + +Mr. Block told me that he observed a .50 caliber rifle mounted on a +bipod along with .50 caliber ammunition. However, what Mr. Block +described to ATF agents was a British Boys .52 caliber anti-tank rifle +(a destructive device.) Mr. Block further stated that he also heard +talk of the existence of two additional .50 caliber rifles on the +compound. There was also extensive talk about converting the .50 +caliber rifles and other rifles to machine guns. + +Mr. Block also told me that he met James Paul Jones from Redding, +Claifornia, who was visiting the Mt. Carmel Center in April or May of +1992. According to Howell, Jones was a firearms and explosives expert. + +On February 22, 1993, ATF Special Agent Robert Rodriguez told me that on +February 21, 1993, while acting in an undercover capacity, he was +contacted by David Koresh and was invited to the Mt. Carmel compound. +Special Agent Rodriguez accepted the invitation and met with David +Koresh inside the compound. Vernon Howell, aka David Koresh, played +music on a guitar for 30 minutes and then began to read the bible to +Special Agent Rodriguez. During this session, Special Agent Rodriguez +was asked numerous questions about his life. After answering all the +questions, Special Agent Rodriguez was asked to attend a two week bible +session with David Koresh. This was for Special Agent Rodriguez to +learn the seven seals and become a member of the group. Special Agent +Rodriguez was told that by becoming a member he (Rodriguez) was going to +be watched and disliked. David Koresh stated that Special Agent +Rodriguez would be disliked because the government did not consider the +group religious, and that he (Korseh) did not pay taxes, or local taxes +because he felt he did not have to. David Koresh told Special Agent +Rodriguez that he believed in the right to bear arms but that the US +government was going to take away that right. David Koresh asked +Special Agent Rodriguez if he knew that if he (Rodriguez) purchased a +drop-in sear for an AR-15 rifle it would not be illegal. But if he had +an AR-15 rifle with the sear that it would be against the law. David +Koresh stated that the sear could be purchased legally. David Koresh +stated that the bible gave him the right to bear arms. David Koresh +then advised Special Agent Rodriguez that he had something he wanted +Special Agent Rodriguez to see. At that point he showed Special Agent +Rodriguez a video tape on ATF which was made by the Gun Owner's +Association (GOA). This film portrayed ATF as an agency who violated +the rights of gun owners by threats and lies. + +I believe that Vernon Howell, aka David Koresh and/or his followers who +reside at the compound known locally as the Mt. Carmel Center are +unlawfully manufacturing and possessing machine guns and explosive +devices. + +It has been my experience over the five years that I have been a special +agent for BATF and that of other special agents of the BATF, some of +whom have the experience of twenty years or more, who have assisted in +this investigation, that it is a common practice for persons engaged in +the unlawful manufacture and possession of machine guns and explosive +devices to employ surreptitious methods and means to acquire the +products necessary to produce such items, and the production, use, and +storage of those items are usually in a protected or secret environment. +It is also my experience that persons who acquire firearms, firearms +parts, and explosive materials maintain records of receipt and ownership +of such items and instruction manuals or other documents explaining the +methods of construction of such unlawful weaponry. + +Davy Aguilera, Special Agent +Bureau of ATF + +Subscribed and sworn to before me this 25th day of February 1993 +Dennis G. Green +United States Magistrate Judge +Western District of Texas - Waco + +*********************************************************************** + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wacohis.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wacohis.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d51b335 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wacohis.txt @@ -0,0 +1,423 @@ +From: cs101b49@dcl-nxt11 (cs101 student) +Subject: WACO history +Date: Thu, 22 Apr 1993 19:18:24 GMT +Message-ID: +Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana + +=== Repost from Fidonet Civ_Lib === + +* Original: FROM: Linda Thompson +* Original: TO: All +* Original: AREA: AEN NEWS + +* Forwarded by Linda Thompson +* Forwarded Using QuickBBS 2.76 Ovr +* Forwarded at 02:46 on 21-Apr-93 + + + Words can't express the sickness, horror and outrage I +felt, watching an army tank bash holes in the walls of the +house at Mt. Carmel Monday, April 19, 1993 -- exactly 50 +years after the Nazis burned the Warsaw ghetto. +And all the while, the FBI's personal buffoon, Ricks, +sanctimoniously made claims that this was done to "urge" +the people to come out, that the FBI was "concerned about +child abuse" because of the "conditions the children were +living in." + + What utter and total baldfaced lies. + + The holes were bashed in the sides of the building, +not to introduce CS gas, so much as to make sure the house +was well ventilated, so that the fire would spread rapidly. + + I have received reports from no less than 15 people +across the country who saw on the TV footage, two men in +black uniforms, wearing gas masks, set the fire. + + I personally saw an incendiary fly through into the second +story window. + + Three others reported seeing footage where the tank +drove over a gas tank, exploding it. + + I represent several family members and Branch +Davidians. I have talked with several Branch Davidians. + + They are not glazed over moonie-type crazies. They are +well educated, articulate, very nice people. All of them +had normal jobs outside the Mt. Carmel Center. None of +them believed they were under David Koresh's "control." +All of them said they were free to leave whenever they +wanted. + + One of them said that there was no "suicide" -- that no +one from the Branch Davidians set the fire at all and +didn't know it was coming. + + And the real story follows. + +* Original: FROM: Linda Thompson +* Original: TO: All +* Original: AREA: AEN NEWS + +* Forwarded by Linda Thompson +* Forwarded Using QuickBBS 2.76 Ovr +* Forwarded at 02:46 on 21-Apr-93 + + Most of you have seen our earlier accounts of Waco while +the Branch Davidians were under seige and know from the TV +news what the conditions were there. + + The news media was kept 3 miles from the Mt. Carmel Center by +armed guards at all roads into the compound. And the media +dutifully reguritated whatever tripe the FBI fed them each +day at 10:30, calling it "news" as they slandered the +Branch Davidians, spreading lies of "child molesting", +"planned mass suicide", and "religious whackos in Waco." + + No matter, sensationalism sells newspapers, doesn't it? It +gets those network ratings up, too. It wouldn't be a story if +they told the truth. The FCC might shut down a network or two +or yank a permit. Better that 100 people should die in an +inferno than expose the depths of the depravity of the +leaders of this country. + + Well, the FBI lied and so have the major media +throughout this entire ordeal. Here's the real story: + + In 1992, Sheri Jewel and her ex-husband were in a +custody battle over their daughter, Keri. Sheri was a +Branch Davidian and she was killed in the fire Monday. + + Her ex-husband is a radio announcer. His wife is a TV +personality. They have money. + + A fellow named Mark Breault, who is reputed to have a felony +record, used to be a Branch Davidian. He proclaimed himself to be +a prophet. After awhile, he tried to take over the Mt. Carmel +compound and was ousted by David Koresh. Breault, an Australian, +left, vowing revenge. He often called the compound daily to +harrass the members. + + The Jewel's hired Mark Breault to testify in their +custody dispute. In an affidavit, Breault made +allegations of child molestation and religious weirdness. +This was in Michigan in 1992. + + Senators were contacted to investigate these allegations, as +was the "Cult Awareness Network." The Cult Awareness Network is +a group in Washington, D.C., headed by the wife of late Senator +Ryan who was killed at Jonestown. She has a personal +vendetta, too. And she wields a lot of power in +Washington, apparently, because if someone ends up on her +cult hit list, they frequently end up dead. + + The allegations of child molestation were investigated in the +intervening two years, twice, by Texas welfare department +authorities and found to be baseless. The Sheriff's department +investigated the allegations of illegal guns and these +claims were found to be baseless. The investigations were +peaceful. There were no problems. + + Mark Breault, however, continued to make his baseless and +slanderous allegations against the Branch Davidians. The +Cult Awareness Network turned up the pressure. + + The newspapers called Breault a "private investigator who has +tracked the Davidians for two and a half years." "Tracked"? +They had lived at the Mt. Carmel Center since 1935. How much +"tracking" did it take? "Investigator"? Ha. He's a self- +proclaimed "prophet" with a vendetta against the Branch +Davidians. And who paid him so handsomely that he could +afford to "track" them for 2-1/2 years, anyway? Did the +media bother to check any of this out? Never. + + You may remember that in the first few days the Branch +Davidians were under seige, they hung a sheet outside the +window that said, "Send in Don Stewart, CFA and Ron +Ingleman." I now know all these people pretty well by +phone. + + Don Stewart says he is a former paid informant and hired +assasin for the BATF. He named dates, times, and places, and +detailed a secret hit squad operated under the BATF by a man +code-named "Wolfgang" (whose name he identified to me). He +claims this secret hit squad killed a fellow named Tomassi +in California, a religious leader called the Bogwan +Rashnesh Shari, and provided the weaponry to the woman +named Moore who tried to shoot President Ford, driving her +through guards to get her in place. They took her +children to keep her quiet. He also says that John Wayne +Hearns, the man who ran the ad in Soldier of Fortune magazine as +a hired hitman that got Soldier of Fortune sued when he actually +carried out a hired murder for someone, was a paid +operative. Congressional records show that a man named +Dirk Stoffberg was another such operative, who was a hired +assassin of our government and also ran guns and cocaine +in and out of the country. Don Stewart is now on the run +from the BATF, living in an RV with his family. If even a +10th of his information is true, it is a sorry, sorry tale +of the depravity existing at the highest levels of our +government. + + CFA -- the Constitutional Foundational Association, was +started by Greg +Sali and Bill Griffith, to expose the true story in Waco. +They are also now working to establish common law courts +throughout the country to put corrupt judicial officials +and politicians behind bars, where they belong. Together +with Ken Fawcett, they have collected over 300 hours worth +of videotapes of the initial onslaught. People who have +studied these tapes in slow motion say that they show that +the BATF agents who were killed going in through the +second story window were killed by friendly fire and their +own frag grenade. +When they got inside the window, they were in a 10 x 10 +room that had a locked steel door. They couldn't get out. + They were hit by friendly fire and trapped in the room +when the frag grenade went off. + + One Branch Davidian, Mike Schroeder, left the Mt. Carmel +compound that morning to go to work as usual. He passed by +agents who never stopped him. He didn't learn of the initial +seige until later that day. When he tried to return home, he +was shot in the back as he climbed a fence. His body was +left hanging on the fence for days, as his wife and child +could see him there, from inside the house. The +government finally moved his body, using a grappling hook +from a helicopter, at night, to drop it into a nearby +field, where it was chewed by wild dogs and buzzards beyond +recognition as a human being. + + Another man was shot and his body was left up on the +water tower for days by the government and it, too, was +dropped to the ground at night by a helicopter, leaving +pieces to be scraped up from the ground. + + The two old ladies who came out of the compound with the +children said that all the children had been in an upstairs room +when they were suddenly fired upon by helicopters through the +roof the day of the seige. They covered the children with +their own bodies to protect them. These old ladies were +charged with murder and held in jail. Eventually, they +were put under arrest as material witnesses and held in a +half-way house out of the city. + + While the FBI was claiming to be urging the Branch Davidians to +surrender, FBI spokesperson Ricks announced on Friday, April +17th, that anyone who came out would be considered a threat to +the BATF agents and would be shot. Shots and percussion +grenades were fired at a person who tried to leave through +a window that day and at Steve Schneider. Ricks said that +Steve Schneider had "abused his privileges" and had to be +taught a lesson. + + For 51 days, the FBI tortured the people inside the Mt. Carmel +center. All utilities, including sanitation, were cut off. +Loudspeakers were set up all around the house to blare +sounds 24-hours a day, including the sounds of rabbits +being slaughtered, the sound a phone makes when it is left +off the hook, Tibetan monk chants, jet airplanes, babies +crying, and songs such as "these boots are made for +walking" and Christmas carols. + + Stadium lights were set up to keep the place lit up 24 hours a +day. Military tanks, including M1 Abrams and Bradley's, were +brought in and rapidly circled the house, firing +percussion grenades, continuously. The tanks would charge +up to the house and then stop within feet of the house +repeatedly. + + Black helicopters flew overhead. Two huey gunships also +flew over frequently, guns mounted in front. + + Around the 40th day of the seige, David Koresh announced that +the children and babies were out of milk. Two relief efforts +to bring baby food to the Mt. Carmel compound were turned +back. Two people, one of them Gary Spaulding from South +Bend, Indiana, were arrested for trying to take the food +past a roadblock. When I posed the direct question to the +FBI headquarters, "Has it come to this? Does the United +States government want babies to starve to death?" The +answer was, verbatim, "Yes." An ATF agent, in a pickup +truck that said "Wild Bill" on the side, stole the food, +too. And to that agent, and every state trooper, every BATF +agent, and every FBI agent who prevented those children +from receiving food, you are murderers. + + And how did the BATF account for what it did when it +assaulted the Branch Davidians? Did it offer to show the +American public the search warrant they claimed to have? +No. In fact, the search warrant and probable cause +affidavit, if they existed at all, were "sealed" by court +order. A court order from the same judge who apparently +signed it in the first place. + + The same judge, Walter Smith, Jr., of the Waco Division, +Western U.S. District Court in Waco, denied eight petitions for +relief filed by various lawyers seeking to order the FBI and BATF +to be made to follow the law and the United States +Constitution. The government never once filed a single +paper in opposition to any of these motions. There was +clear, controlling Supreme Court law that required that +these petitions be granted. The judge had no legal reason +to deny them, yet he did. And he used the same order, +nearly a xerox, to deny all of them. Walter Smith, Jr., +you are a murderer. + + Walter Smith is the same judge who allowed arraignments of +people who left the compound to be held in secret. When there +was not sufficient probable cause to hold them under arrest, he +allowed them to be detained in jails as "material +witnesses." + + And this same judge is the only judge in that division, +where all the remaining Branch Davidians, now facing +"murder" charges, will be put on trial. + + After the BATF and FBI learned that the American Justice +Federation had released a press release stating that the use of +military troops against United States citizens violated federal +law, specifically, the Posse Comitatus act at the BATF +released a cover story, claiming that the tanks were +"really" not Army, they were national guard, and had been +brought in under the "Drug interdiction act" because they +had heard there was a "methamphetamine lab" -- three weeks +after the FBI had already publicly announced there was +never any question whatsoever of drug involvement. + + Governor Ann Richards of Texas, who authorized the use +of the tanks, claimed she had been tricked. But she still +did not order the tanks to be withdrawn. Ann Richards, +you are a murderer. + + Each day, secret horrors were perpetuated upon the Branch +Davidians, out of sight of the American public, as the press +cowered like sheep, out on the fringes. Each day, the FBI gave +us "The Truth", as told by the FBI, and the news media dutifully +lapped it up and spread it throughout the country, +poisoning the minds of people across the country, just as +the FBI intended. FBI Agents Jeff Jamar and Ricks, you are +murderers. + + Did any of the news media ever challenge how the BATF +might have any jurisdiction at all over "child molesting" +allegations? Or their authority to bring in two cattle +trailers full of armed men, who threw grendades at the +front door and went in shooting at women and children on a +Sunday morning? Each of you in the media, who didn't +question, who didn't challenge, who didn't know enough +about the Constitution of this country to even ask an +intelligent question, each of you are murderers. + + One or two persons asked decent questions at the press +conference. Lewis Beam, a former KKK grand dragon and +political activist, and a reporter from Soldier of Fortune +Magazine, were kicked out of the press conference for +doing so. Lewis Beam was arrested. His crime? Asking "Is +this the beginning of gestapo tactics and martial law in +this country?" at the press conference. + + Two other known "trouble makers" (this author included), were +prevented from entering the press conference, despite valid press +credentials. In fact, later that day, I was detained, as a +BATF agent at a road block pointed a machine gun at me and +my partner, John Baird, and our credentials were stolen. +My crime? I had filed a lawsuit on behalf of the Branch +Davidians, asking that they be allowed to have legal +counsel. + + And, for all the unasked questions: No, it is not illegal to +own a machine gun in this country. Even if the Branch Davidians +had a machine gun, which it now appears they did not, if +it was "illegal" it merely meant that a $200 tax had not +been paid on it. All it takes to legally own a machine +gun in this country is to pay a $200 tax and fill out a +form 4. The BATF is supposed to check that those taxes +have been paid. + + Neighbors we have spoken with who have known the Branch +Davidians for 15 years described them as "good samaritan" +types who helped their neighbors and were kind and +friendly. Normal people, good neighbors. The kind of +folks you'd probably rather have living around you than the +thugs who commit the drive-by shootings, rapes, and +robberies, for instance. + + Calling a religion a "cult" and putting out false information +across the media about "child molesting" and "weapons caches" is +exactly the same technique that was used by the Nazis to portray +the Jews as filthy, disgusing people, so they could be killed. +It is the same technique used by every tyrannical government, to +kill an unpopular and potentially vocal adversarial group. But +in this country, we are supposed to have freedom of religion. It +would seem that is a pipe dream. + + We have three confirmed reported citings of trainloads of U.N. +tanks going into Portland, Oregon, over the past few weeks, and +troop movements of unmarked military vehicles across the +nation. Perhaps you might want to ponder the significance +of these events. And tonight, Peter Jennings, in yet +another "made for propaganda" ABC News TV special, gave a +full and impartial (not) accounting of events by having +those bastions of integrity, Kisser, of the Cult Awareness +Network, and a former Branch Davidian, give us "insight" +into how Branch Davidians and "all cults" think. As if +they know. Peter Jennings twice said tonight, that "there are +more than 100 cults across the country and this is a warning of +things to come." + + Paul Fatta, a Branch Davidian, held a Class III dealer's +license. That meant that he could legally own, sell, and +buy, any type of gun. It is thus highly unlikely that +there were any "illegal" guns in the center at all. +And who is responsible for issuing these permits? The +BATF. They knew Paul Fatta had a license. + + Paul Fatta was not at the Mt. Carmel Center the day the BATF +assaulted the Branch Davidians. Nonetheless, he is now listed on +the FBI's "10 Most Wanted" list as "armed and dangerous." +This gives the government the ability to shoot him on sight and +then claim he was a "fleeing felon." It is, in otherwords, a +license for the government to kill, again. To bury the best +evidence against them, again. + + David Koresh had a message for the world. He wasn't holding +out to commit suicide. He didn't hold anyone hostage. He wanted +to give what he believed was a gift to the world. He believed he +held the secret to the seven seals, spoken of in Revelations. He +wanted to offer what he knew for anyone who could hear it, +believing he had a duty to offer it to help save the souls of +those who did not know. He wanted the time to write it down, +which he had to do in candlelight, using a manual typewriter, on +scraps of paper. + + He sent a message to the FBI telling them this. He also +sent messages, Bible scriptures, that said that God would +send his holy armies to smite his enemies. + + That much may be true. The Waco massacre has awakened +Americans all across the nation to what is horribly wrong +in this country. A voice of unity is being heard, growing +louder each day. Interstingly, the day the Branch +Davidians were murdered is also the anniversary of the ride +of Paul Revere. + + We have seen our leaders on the television, lying to us with +straight faces, offering justifications for this carnage, as if +there could ever be any possible moral explanation or excuse that +could be enough. That the people offering these excuses are +morally bankrupt and corrupt, should be obvious. A simple, "We're +sorry" would at least show a glimmer of common decency and +humanity, but those words have never crossed any of their lips. +And each of them, Bill Clinton, Janet Reno, William Sessions, and +Lloyd Bentsen, are murderers. + + So, America, we have cold-blooded killers running our +country. Isn't it about time you put down your beer, get +up off the sofa, and do something about it? + +Linda Thompson +American Justice Federation +317-780-5204 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wacomyst.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wacomyst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c822c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wacomyst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + + Another Unsolved Mystery + by + Matt Giwer (c) 1994 + + It is commonly repeated that David Koresh and his followers +were hell bent upon some form of suicide. We heard and read +constant comparisons to the mass suicide lead by Jim Jones. And +as the clincher we are told they burned themselves alive. + I have a problem with this. Why would people who were +desperately seeking a cease fire be considered suicidal? And on +top of that, why were we mislead? + For fifty one days the government was releasing statements +suggesting David Koresh and the Branch Davidians were suicidal, +that they were looking for some massive confrontation with the +government, that they would kill themselves rather than +surrender. + Now let us imagine what our perception would have been if we +had known what the government knew. The government knew from the +first day these people purported seeking a confrontation and +death were in fact the people who sought a cease fire. We did +not learn this until after the FBI Bar-B-Que and then not until +we heard the full tape and not the FBI doctored tape. + The government, having this tape and knowing full well they +were not suicidal, proceeded to mislead us for seven weeks. Why? +Was it truly necessary? Why would it be necessary to mislead us? + I hate to get paranoid here but it appears we have a +remarkably prescient government in expecting suicide or there was +in fact no suicide. How is it that people demonstrably not +suicidal on 28 February can become suicidal in fifty one days AND +the government knowing it all along? Something just does not +ring true here. + Were I the paranoid type I would call the government stories +a matter of scene setting. It is the Chinese story telling style +starting off with, "I am going to tell you of a mass suicide," +and then going on to tell the story. + It is difficult to imagine how the government could have set +up such an event. Certainly they were shooting enough burning +gas grenades into the second floor and in fact the second floor +is where the first network videos show the first flames. This +does not equate to starting fires at all the exits in order to +prevent escape. + On the other hand we do not have evidence of fires at all +the exits yet very few escaped. This does fit with mass suicide +but it requires a grave deliberation of purpose for a person to +remain calm while being consumed by fire. + We have to accept that obviously non-suicidal people turned +suicidal in 51 days and that the government's psychic powers were +sufficient to predict it. I can conceive of no reasonable +explanation for either this drastic change or for the +government's ability to predict it. + Shall we say, we are left with a mystery. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wacotank.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wacotank.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c20cdb --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wacotank.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +for those interested in responding to the following, the address is: + +Letters to the Editor +The Washington Times +3600 New York Ave., N.E. +Washington D.C. 20002 + + +The Washington Times +October 9, 1993 +page A9 + + FBI still probing video of tank at Waco + +By Jerry Seper + + A Justice Department official who helped write a report on the +role of the department and the FBI in the Branch Davidian raid +says a video purporting to show a tank shooting flames into the +compound is under review. + Richard Scruggs, an assistant to Attorney General Janet Reno, +said the video by Indianapolis lawyer Linda Thompson +"raised our eyebrows and caused the same concern" others have +expressed. + Distributed to news organizations around the country, the video +purports to show one of the FBI tanks at the Waco compound firing +flames into the building before the start of the fire. + Miss Thompson has claimed it proves the FBI started the blaze +that killed 85 persons, including 24 children. + Mr. Scruggs said that Justice officials submitted the video to +the University of Maryland for expert analysis and that +preliminary results have not been conclusive. + He said that the armored vehicle used by federal authorities, +on loan from the military, was not equipped with any type of +flame-throwing capability and that the only way a flame could +have come from it would have been through some type of "busted +hydraulic line or something like that." + He said Justice officials had examined the vehicle and found no +evidence of broken parts. Another analysis of the tape has been +ordered, he said. + Mr. Scruggs noted that a preliminary assessment of the video is +that what appears to be a flame shooting out of the vehicle was a +flash from the dispersant carbon monoxixde used to propel +the chemical agent CS into the compound. + A second possibility, he said, was a defect in the way the +video was shot. + "I don't know what it is," he said. "I'll have to be honest +with you." + He noted that the fire at the compound did not erupt for at +least 35 to 40 minutes after the light flash is observed in the +video. + An inquiry into the video was continuing, Mr. Scruggs said. + + [end] diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/war-on-d.txt b/politicalTextFiles/war-on-d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbfab2d --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/war-on-d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,447 @@ + +------------------------------------------------------------------- +| Date: Sun Jan 17 1993 07:24:00 | +| From: Linda Thompson | +| To: Everyone | +| Subj: WOD (1) | +| LAW | +| | +| War on Crime Expands U.S. Prosecutors' Powers; Aggressive | +| Tactics Put Fairness at Issue | +| | +| By Jim McGee | +| Washington Post Staff Writer | +| | +| Public pressure to combat rising crime, together with 12 | +| years of conservative administrations and a "law and order" | +| Supreme Court majority, has transformed the U.S. criminal | +| justice system and vastly expanded the powers of federal | +| prosecutors over the past decade. | +| | +| The changes can be measured in numbers: The Justice | +| Department's budget grew from $2.3 billion in 1981 to $9.3 | +| billion today, while the number of attorneys, including | +| those who prosecute on behalf of the government, has nearly | +| doubled, to 7,881. | +| | +| At the same time, Justice Department policies and Supreme | +| Court rulings have given prosecutors more flexibility than | +| ever before in pursuing convictions, and made it | +| increasingly difficult for courts or aggrieved individuals | +| to hold federal prosecutors accountable for tactics that | +| once were considered grounds for case dismissal or | +| disciplinary action. | +| | +| These tactics include manipulation of grand juries; | +| failure to disclose evidence favorable to a suspect or | +| defendant; government intrusion into the relationship | +| between defense attorneys and clients; intimidation of | +| witnesses; and blitzkrieg indictments or threats of | +| indictment designed to force capitulation without the need | +| for a trial. | +| | +| Polls show that many Americans believe their federal | +| court system still coddles criminal defendants. But a | +| growing minority of federal judges and other legal experts | +| say that the system has tilted too far in the other | +| direction, and they have complained, in court opinions and | +| journal articles, of a rising official tolerance for | +| prosecution maneuvers they see as unfair, abusive and | +| manifestly improper. | +| | +| Often sounding "procedural" or like "legal | +| technicalities" to the layman, such tactics can result in a | +| "radical skewing of the balance of advantage in the criminal | +| justice system in favor of the state," as law professor | +| Bennett L. Gershman put it in a recent law review article | +| that he called "The New Prosecutors." "First, prosecutors | +| wield vastly more power than ever before," Gershman wrote. | +| "Second, prosecutors are more insulated from judicial | +| control over their conduct. Third, prosecutors are | +| increasingly immune from ethical restraints." | +| | +| These changes, critics like Gershman argue, have | +| endangered both the fight against crime and the fairness of | +| the American legal system. In some cases, critics contend, | +| allowing prosecutors to pursue their cases too aggressively | +| can result in the release of the guilty and legal ordeals | +| for the innocent. | +| | +| Among the protesters are judges appointed by President | +| Ronald Reagan for their "tough on crime" credentials. "The | +| War on Crime, which is being waged in this country, is an | +| important one with high stakes," wrote U.S. District Judge | +| H. Franklin Waters of Arkansas' western district, a Reagan | +| appointee, in a 1991 opinion setting aside a guilty verdict | +| he thought was achieved through unfair government tactics. | +| "But every person concerned with freedom and justice should | +| recognize that, as in most wars, innocent persons are | +| sometimes irreparably harmed." | +| | +| Conscious that such rulings often run against public | +| sentiment, some of the dissenting judges see themselves as | +| today's equivalent of jurists who made unpopular rulings in | +| favor of civil rights during an earlier era. "That's not an | +| unfair analogy," Waters said in a recent interview. | +| | +| Several recent celebrated cases have focused attention on | +| these issues:Since last September, the 6th U.S. Circuit | +| Court of Appeals, in Cincinnati, has been conducting its own | +| investigation into whether the Justice Department | +| disregarded information suggesting it had misidentified | +| retired Cleveland auto worker John Demjanjuk as Nazi death | +| camp guard "Ivan the Terrible." Based on the identification, | +| Demjanjuk was deported in 1986 to Israel, where he was | +| convicted and sentenced to death. On Dec. 14 in Los | +| Angeles, U.S. District Judge Edward Rafeedie acquitted | +| Mexican physician Humberto Alvarez Machain - whose abduction | +| from Mexico for U.S. trial had been arranged by federal | +| agents - of charges that he had participated in the 1985 | +| torture killing of U.S. drug agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena. | +| Rafeedie accused federal prosecutors of failing to disclose | +| information from an informant that another doctor, not | +| Alvarez Machain, had committed the crime. Recent | +| convictions of leaders of the El Rukns, Chicago's most | +| notorious street gang, are in jeopardy after allegations - | +| now under judicial consideration - that federal prosecutors | +| suppressed key evidence and engaged in other misconduct that | +| denied the defendants a fair trial. | +| | +| But other cases that have raised questions about federal | +| prosecutorial power, while often well-known in legal | +| circles, have not made headlines. Beginning in the | +| mid-1980s a special unit in the Justice Department used | +| threats of simultaneous prosecutions in multiple | +| jurisdictions - prohibitively expensive to defend against | +| and once specifically discouraged as a prosecutorial tactic | +| in the U.S. Attorney's Manual - to force the distributors of | +| sexually oriented materials out of business without a legal | +| determination that the materials were obscene. Three courts | +| have labeled the tactic as unfair and unconstitutional. In | +| the District of Columbia in 1988, a prosecutor obtained a | +| bribery-conspiracy indictment against a prominent | +| businessman with grand jury tactics that were later | +| criticized by an internal Justice Department review. The | +| review acknowledged that the prosecutor had exercised "poor | +| judgment" in his handling of a grand jury witness. The | +| businessman was quickly acquitted by a judge who said there | +| was no direct evidence against him. But his reputation and | +| business suffered severely from the indictment, and he | +| continues to seek redress in the courts. | +| | +| In Los Angeles two years ago, a U.S. district judge threw | +| out a major payola-racketeering case because, he said, the | +| federal prosecutor did not disclose evidence that tended to | +| exonerate a defendant. In May, an appeals court agreed that | +| the government's conduct was "intolerable," but reinstated | +| the case, saying that recent Supreme Court rulings left it | +| powerless to do otherwise. The prosecution is still pending. | +| In 1991, a federal judge in California dismissed a | +| government drug case because "overzealous government agents | +| and prosecutors" had allowed a defendant to retain an | +| attorney who was actively working with the government | +| against him. While pretending to be honestly representing | +| the accused, the attorney was setting him up for the | +| government. In December 1991, a racketeering case against | +| one of Miami's most notorious criminal suspects was thrown | +| out because a judge determined that prosecutors had plotted | +| to provoke the target into breaking a plea bargain agreement | +| they had made with him. | +| | +| Senior Justice Department officials argue that the few | +| cases in which excesses occur stand out largely because the | +| vast number of cases are handled | +| fairly, and that federal prosecutors use the weapons | +| available to them with great restraint. | +| | +| "By reason of focusing on a number of individual cases, | +| whether they are right or wrong," said Assistant Attorney | +| General Robert S. Mueller III in an interview, "you are | +| going to tar any number of prosecutors out there who have | +| dedicated their lives to what they feel is participating in | +| the criminal justice system in a way that is fair and just. | +| | +| "You are going to paint us . . . as being some form of | +| Hessians that will trample over rules without any restraints | +| in order to put somebody away," said Mueller, who heads the | +| department's Criminal Division. "That bothers me. That | +| disappoints me." | +| | +| "You have to judge us overall by what is the net result of | +| the department's performance," said Deputy Attorney General | +| George Terwilliger III. "Is (it) . . . that we have a lot of | +| kamikaze prosecutors out there, running around, doing all | +| kinds of inappropriate things? Or is (it) . . . that we have | +| a very highly capable, professional corps of prosecutors and | +| investigators out there who produce outstanding results under | +| difficult conditions for a lot less pay than their | +| counterparts in the private sector make?" | +| | +| Reagan-Era Crusade Against Crime | +| | +| Crime fighting as a theme for national crusade was not | +| born with the Reagan administration. But Reagan and his | +| lieutenants came to Washington with a strong belief that | +| America had been weakened by an era of social and judicial | +| liberalism, and that the nation was under siege by what the | +| president in 1982 called "this dark, evil enemy within." | +| | +| "Crime today is an American epidemic," Reagan said during | +| a speech at the Justice Department that year in which he | +| promised to hire hundreds of new prosecutors and agents to | +| attack a "hardened criminal class." | +| | +| Armed with the growing fear of many Americans that their | +| way of life was threatened by lawlessness, and the | +| intellectual energy of conservative think tanks that traced | +| the threat to imbalances in the courtroom, the administration | +| began tilting the scale in favor of the prosecution. | +| | +| One of the leading champions of the crusade was former | +| attorney general Edwin Meese III, who declared war on such | +| things as the exclusionary rule - which allowed judges to | +| suppress illegally seized evidence - and denounced as | +| "infamous" the Miranda warnings meant to protect a suspect's | +| rights against self-incrimination. | +| | +| Meese gave voice to the sentiments of millions of | +| Americans who were disgusted with crime and impatient with | +| laws that appeared to hamper police. "The rule of law has | +| managed to maintain a precarious edge over the forces of | +| chaos ever since the revival of Western Civiliation," Meese | +| said in a 1988 speech. "In a sense we are facing up to | +| another barbarian-type invasion." | +| | +| If Meese challenged the law, his successor as attorney | +| general, Dick Thornburgh, promoted the autonomy of federal | +| prosecutors. During a 1991 CNN interview, Thornburgh | +| explained his belief - reflected in Justice policies - that | +| federal prosecutors should have more leeway than other | +| lawyers. | +| | +| "Law enforcement is basically a conservative business," | +| he said. "You're putting bad guys in jail. You're trying to | +| get every edge you can on those people who are devising | +| increasingly more intricate schemes to rip off the public, | +| hiring the best lawyers, providing the best defenses. | +| | +| "So you're constantly pushing the edge of the envelope | +| out to see if you can get an edge for the prosecution. | +| That's a conservative undertaking. And as a law | +| enforcement official, I think many who subscribe to the old | +| liberal agenda of the '60s when the Warren Court was expanding | +| a defendant's rights objected to the fine tuning that we were | +| proposing in these laws, not to abolish constitutional rights, | +| but to give the law enforcement officer an even break." | +| | +| For those prosecutors accused of taking more than an "even | +| break," the Justice Department has its own self-policing unit, | +| the Office of Professional Responsibility. From 1985 through | +| 1991, according to the department, 22 assistant U.S. attorneys | +| resigned during "pending" internal investigations into | +| allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, ranging from | +| improperly securing arrest warrants to improperly contacting | +| defendants who were represented by lawyers. One other attorney | +| was fired outright. | +| | +| A quiet resignation "allows the attorney to leave with more | +| of his reputation intact than if the record showed he was | +| dismissed," said Michael E. Shaheen Jr., counsel to the | +| professional responsibility unit. ". . . It's an easy | +| resolution for us." | +| | +| But it is difficult to judge the efficacy of the office, or | +| the standards that it uses, because its operations are secret | +| and it rarely provides specific information about complaints | +| it receives or their disposition. And, while the department's | +| U.S. Attorneys Manual sets high standards on paper for the | +| behavior of its prosecutors, it acknowledges that they are not | +| necessarily bound by them. | +| | +| A recent General Accounting Office report - prompted by | +| congressional frustration with the oversight office's secrecy | +| - criticized the Office of Professional Responsibility for its | +| "informal ways and unsystematic approach." Despite the near | +| doubling in the number of prosecutors, the office has | +| consisted of no more than six lawyers at a time since 1979. | +| | +| Erosion of Judicial `Supervisory Powers' | +| | +| Over the last decade, the powers judges once had to | +| question or stop government misconduct in the criminal justice | +| system have been significantly eroded by Supreme Court | +| decisions. Some have categorized as "harmless errors" - not | +| justifying reversal of a conviction - prosecutorial breaches | +| that once were considered serious. In 1991, for example, the | +| court held that using a coerced confession as evidence against | +| a defendant could be considered "harmless error." | +| | +| The present discomfort of some federal judges stems most | +| directly from a decline of their "supervisory power" over the | +| conduct of federal prosecutors and agents. Although rarely | +| used, this diminishing power has been a last-resort remedy | +| that judges can invoke to end prosecutions they considered | +| abusive, whether or not they violated any specific | +| constitutional guarantee. | +| | +| In recent years, the Supreme Court has cut back drastically | +| on the circumstances in which the supervisory power may be | +| applied, arguing that it too often represents an undue | +| intrusion into the affairs of the prosecutorial branch. | +| | +| Most recently, the court last term, in a case called U.S. | +| v. Williams, severely restricted the "supervisory powers" of | +| judges to enforce "fundamental fairness" by throwing out cases | +| tainted by grand jury abuse. | +| | +| Writing for the dissenters in a 5 to 4 decision, Justice | +| John Paul Stevens warned of the dangers of allowing | +| "overzealous or misguided prosecutors" to operate free of any | +| meaningful judicial deterrent. | +| | +| In such cases, the high court has referred aggrieved | +| individuals to the disciplinary machinery in state bar | +| associations or to the Justice Department for relief. However, | +| the Justice Department declared in June 1989 that its | +| prosecutors were not subject to state bar discipline when, in | +| the view of the department, it would allow excessive state | +| interference in federal investigations and prosecutions. | +| | +| While much of the new power of prosecutors stems directly | +| from acts of Congress designed to combat white-collar crime | +| and drug trafficking, Congress has been relatively | +| deferential in dealing with the overall conduct of the | +| department and its disciplinary unit. | +| | +| As a result of Supreme Court, department and congressional | +| actions, U.S. District Judge John L. Kane of Colorado said in | +| an interview, "The system of checks and balances is out of | +| whack," giving rise to what he called a "sorry episode of one | +| egregious act after another" by the government. | +| | +| A "senior status" retired judge who can choose his cases, | +| Kane has taken the symbolic step of refusing to hear any | +| criminal cases. The role of the federal judge in criminal | +| cases has become little more than a "clerical function," and | +| without the ability to deter prosecutorial misconduct, he | +| said in an interview, he cannot in good conscience promise | +| defendants a fair trial. | +| | +| The experience of U.S. District Judge Terry J. Hatter Jr. | +| typifies the conflict that has arisen between some trial | +| judges, who confront government tactics at ground zero and get | +| outraged, and appellate judges, who confront them more in the | +| abstract and have to measure them against Supreme Court | +| precedents. | +| | +| In 1984, Hatter was presented with the indictment of one | +| Darrell P. Simpson on charges of drug trafficking. The FBI | +| became interested in Simpson after receiving a tip from | +| Canadian authorities that he was an international drug | +| smuggler. The agents then used as an informant a woman who | +| was a prostitute, heroin user and a fugitive from Canada. | +| They arranged for her to meet Simpson as if by accident. The | +| two became intimate and, at her urging, Simpson procured | +| heroin from an undercover agent. | +| | +| In the course of her work for the FBI, she continued to | +| engage in prostitution, heroin use and shoplifting and, | +| according to court records, the agency allowed her to keep a | +| $10,000 profit from a heroin sale. | +| | +| Hatter dismissed the indictment saying that the | +| government's action was so outrageous as to be | +| unconstitutional. "I am constantly in the business of sending | +| messages to drug dealers," said the judge. "It is important | +| that I send a message now to the government that this kind of | +| activity will not be tolerated." | +| | +| Two years later, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals | +| reversed Hatter and sent the case back to him, saying the | +| government's behavior did not violate the Constitution. In | +| 1988, Hatter dimissed the charges a second time, acting, he | +| said, under his "supervisory powers" as a federal judge. | +| | +| In March 1991, a panel of the 9th Circuit reversed him | +| again, this time with a lecture delivered by Judge Alex | +| Kozinski. Hatter, Kozinski wrote, was "rightfully disturbed | +| by the less-than-exemplary conduct of the government." But | +| "sleazy tactics alone" do not empower a judge to throw out a | +| case. "In the exercise of the supervisory power," Kozinski | +| wrote, "judges must be careful to supervise their own affairs | +| and not those of the other branches." Unilateral Exemption | +| From Ethics Rules | +| | +| One of the greatest continuing controveries over the | +| control of federal prosecutorial behavior stems from | +| Thornburgh's 1989 move as attorney general to limit | +| significantly the authority over government lawyers of state | +| bar | +| organizations, the bodies that license lawyers. | +| | +| Thornburgh was responding to a 1988 decision by the 2nd | +| U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirming that bar | +| disciplinary rules restrict the behavior of federal | +| prosecutors as well as all other lawyers. Unilaterally, | +| Thornburgh declared in a memorandum that Justice Department | +| lawyers are exempt from state bar associations' codes of | +| professional conduct, if those ethical provisions interfere | +| with investigative and prosecutorial activities authorized by | +| law. The issue that sparked the memorandum was whether federal | +| prosecutors could directly contact defendants who had lawyers. | +| | +| District of Columbia Superior Court Judge Gladys Kessler | +| encountered the issue in a 1988 case. She determined that a | +| federal prosecutor in Washington had violated a bar | +| disciplinary rule by having conversations with a murder | +| defendant without his lawyer being present. Kessler referred | +| the matter to bar authorities in the District, but because the | +| prosecutor originally was licensed as a lawyer in New Mexico, | +| the allegation was transferred to the bar disciplinary board | +| there. | +| | +| When it got there, the Justice Department, invoking | +| Thornburgh's memorandum, declared that there was nothing state | +| authorities could do about it and went to federal court to | +| have the matter removed from the hands of state authorities. | +| | +| In New Mexico, U.S. District Judge Juan G. Burciaga was | +| astonished when he heard the government claim of immunity from | +| state disciplinary action for its lawyers. "The Government," | +| he wrote in an August opinion rejecting the Justice | +| Department's position, "threatens the integrity of our | +| tripartite structure by arguing its lawyers, in the course of | +| enforcing the laws regulating public conduct, may disregard | +| the laws regulating their own conduct. The irony of such an | +| assertion not only fuels public discontent with our system of | +| justice, but the insolence with which the Government promotes | +| this as official policy irresponsibly compromises the very | +| trust which empowers it to act. It falls to this Court to | +| disabuse the Government of its novel self-conceived notion | +| that Government lawyers, unlike any other lawyer, may act | +| unethically." | +| | +| Burciaga said that Thornburgh, before issuing his | +| memorandum, "would have done well to have taken a few steps | +| from his office to contemplate the inscription on the (Justice | +| Department) . . . wall. . . . `The United States wins its case | +| whenever justice is done one of its citizens in the courts.' " | +| | +| On Dec. 23, the Justice Department asked a federal judge in | +| the District to enjoin Virginia L. Ferrara, the chief | +| disciplinary counsel for the New Mexico Supreme Court, from | +| "taking any adverse action against an attorney employed by the | +| United States Department of Justice for the performance of | +| federal duties or responsibilities consistent with federal | +| law." | +| | +| "It's makes me sound like some kind of drug runner," said | +| Ferrara, who estimated that the New Mexico bar's small | +| disciplinary office has so far spent $18,000 defending itself | +| from the Justice Department's legal attacks. Staff researchers | +| Barbara Saffir and Margot Williams contributed to this report. | +| | +| QuickBBS 2.76 Ovr | +| Origin: MotherBoard BBS-Indianapolis, IN (317) 881-2743 | +| (1:231/110) | +------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/war.txt b/politicalTextFiles/war.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48ba44a --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/war.txt @@ -0,0 +1,289 @@ + + + WAR + + + The smell of rotting human flesh was heavy in the air. + It was a something you'd remember for the rest of your life. + War is hell, I've heard. Now I know! + The battle against German troops near a quaint, obscure + French village had been going on for days. This miserable + rain had soaked us to the skin. + Every house in the village had grape vines in their + yards. Yet there was no one to pick beautiful bunches which + seemed to beg to be harvested. The Germans were experts in + booby trapping the vines and many who tried to pick grapes + paid for it with their lives. It isn't very pretty to see + people killed and draped over vines that way. + Suddenly, we heard mortar shells headed in our direc- + tion. We dove for our foxholes. This was a fierce battle + and apparently we had backed the German troops into one of + their supply depots. They never were short of ammunition. + In a momentary lull, we heard voices. To our amaze- + ment, three elderly French people were walking along a road + like they were on a Sunday stroll. They paid no attention + to the foreboding sounds of the shells and bullets. The + roads in this area were built higher than the surrounding + ground to prevent flooding during rain storms. This high + road bed made them look like targets in a shooting gallery. + None of us could believe they hadn't already been wounded or + even killed. + They were absolutely dazed. Two old women and an old + man, in tattered old coats, carrying what they could have of + their possessions. + Two of us ran toward them, keeping our profiles as low + to the ground as we could. They paid no attention to us as + we approached. + "Please," we pleaded with them in our basic French, + "get off this road until the shelling is over. Do you want + to get yourselves killed? There has been enough of that + here already." + They paid no attention to our pleas. They were in a + daze and numb. We finally just grabbed them and pulled them + into the ditch away from the direction of the shells. + "Please, stay here until the shelling stops. We'll let + you know when it's safe to go on." + The older of the two women finally understood what we + were telling them to do. She told the others to stay here + with her until it was safe to go on. We returned to our + positions certain we had the three safe for now. + It was a good feeling we had then. Suddenly the + thought hit me. Here we were in the middle of the French + countryside making the world safe for democracy. We were + killing or being killed. How grand and glorious! Did those + three poor harmless old people know we were here to make the +  + world safe for democracy? + It really didn't make much sense to me. Our government + had been telling us for years we were fighting an enemy to + make the world safe for democracy. The raving of mad men. + DEMOCRACY IS THE WORST OF ALL POLITICAL EVILS! This + was the consensus of our Founding Fathers. They considered + democracy a dirty word. + James Madison wrote "[D]emocracies have ever been + spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been + found to be incompatible with personal security or the + rights of property; and have in general been as short in + their lives as they have been violent in their deaths." + (The Federalist Papers, No. 10. All references to 'paper + no.' in this book are from The Federalist Papers.) + It was an agreement shared by the men who were at the + drafting of our Constitution in May of 1787. + Where does the notion come from that the United States + is a democracy? The word democracy or democratic does not + even appear in our Constitution. Nowhere. + When did they decide we are a democracy? This sounds + ominously like the 'newspeak' which George Orwell spoke of + in his book 1984. World War I and II were billed as wars to + make the world safe for democracy. What a sham put over on + Americans! + Look at our pledge of allegiance. "[A]nd to the + Republic for which it stands. . ." That doesn't say + anything about a democracy, does it? + Yet, this is all we hear today. No one ever mentions + we are a republic. This has been intentional since as James + Madison said, democracies are inconsistent with personal + security or the rights of property. The philosophy of the + IRS! + The word republic is derived from the Latin 'res', a + thing, and 'publicus', belonging to the people. + Webster defines a republic as a nation in which the + supreme power rests in all citizens entitled to vote and + exercised by representatives elected, directly or indirect- + ly, by them and responsible to them. + The people we have elected throughout the years are + trying to convince us that our country is now a democracy. + That way they no longer need to consider themselves respon- + sible to those who elected them. Remember the pay raises? + Perhaps they trying to create the dissension and + turbulence which James Madison cautioned us about. + Another statement heard from government honchos is "We + would like to see a democracy established in such and such a + country." Just a slip of the tongue? + Let's examine some of the notes taken by several people + during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in + 1787. One of the best sources is a government publication + titled "Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union + of the American States". (House Document No. 398, 69th + Congress, 1st Session, 1965) + Another book which details the deliberations of the +  + convention is "Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of + 1787" by James Madison. Ohio University Press printed this + book in 1966. + Two points are recurrent throughout the debates and + speeches of the convention. The new government was to be + republican and they despised and feared democracy. + Note particularly Article IV, Section 4 of our + Constitution which states: "The United States shall + guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of + government . . . ." + Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented the + first plan to the Constitutional Convention. The above + statement was in all three texts of resolutions proposed + including those in secret debates. They never questioned + the republican concept and it's in the document as we can + see. + Dr. James McHenry of Maryland agreed saying, "None of + the state constitutions provide sufficient checks against + democracy." + Alexander Hamilton of New York makes the statement that + we are now forming a republican government. + These were the feelings and convictions of our Founding + Fathers. One of their fears was a democracy could easily + turn into a monarchy. By looking at the period this is + understandable. + Hamilton further observes there are "Two principles in + which Americans are unanimous, (1) attachment to Republican + government and (2) to two branches of legislature." This + same thought was often heard from Col. George Mason of + Virginia. + Neither Gov. Randolph or Col. Mason signed the finished + proposed document. Both felt the power given to Congress by + the document was dangerous. They wanted another convention + to consider the amendments proposed by each state as the + Constitution was ratified. Sadly, this never occurred. + Col. Mason feared the dangerous power and structure of + the government and his conclusion was "that it would end + either in monarchy, or a tyrannical aristocracy; which, he + was in doubt, but one or the other, he was sure." A + tyrannical democracy would be closer to the truth today. + On page 952 of Documents Illustrative of the Formation + of the Union of the American States, we find the following + interesting little story which happened when the convention + was completed: (punctuation added) + A lady asked Dr. Franklin, "Well Doctor, what have we + got? A republic or a monarchy?" "A republic," replied the + Doctor, "if you can keep it." + His admonition was prophetic. We haven't been able to + keep it. + Webster defines a democracy in part as majority rule. + That's precisely what we have today. The majority has found + they can get our elected representatives to violate their + oaths. They pass laws to take money out of the public + treasury to give to those who produce nothing. Democracy +  + then reigns. + When did this turn about? There is NO authority to + dispense public funds beyond the permission which we + entrusted when we agreed to this business of government. + The supremacy clause is verification . . . "This + Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall + be made in pursuance thereof . . shall be the supreme Law of + the Land;" + There it is in a nutshell. ALL laws made have to + comply with the warrant we granted in the basic document or + they are not laws. This is what makes the command of due + process of law so important. If any law goes beyond the + grant of power, there is no due process of law! And we are + not required to obey such a law. + To hold the feet of the people working for the + federales to the fire, we included the requirement that all + elected Senators and Representatives, as well as anyone who + works for government, take an oath to support the supremacy + of the Constitution. (Art VI, Sec 3). + In paper No.51, Madison states that it is of great + importance in a republic to guard the society against the + oppression of its rulers. It is equally important to guard + one part of society against the injustice of the other part. + We now have part of society not protected against + oppression by rulers or from the injustices of another part + of our society. Another warning not heeded. + Let's take another look at paper No. 57 by Madison: + The House of Representatives are restrained from oppressive + measures in "that they can make no law which will not have + its full operation on themselves and their friends, as well + as the great mass of society . . It creates between them + that communion of interests and sympathy of sentiments of + which few governments have furnished examples; but without + which every government degenerates into a tyranny. If it be + asked, what is to restrain the House of Representatives from + making legal discriminations in favor of themselves and a + particular class of society? I answer: the genius of the + whole system; the nature of just and constitutional laws; + and, above all, the vigilant and manly spirit which actuates + the people of America -- a spirit which nourishes freedom, + and in return is nourished by it." + "If this spirit shall ever be so far debased as to + tolerate a law not obligatory on the legislature as well as + on the people, the people will be ready to tolerate anything + but liberty." + It's common knowledge today that Congress passes all + sorts of laws but exempts themselves and their staff from + any requirement to be held accountable. What horse manure! + Madison said the vigilant and manly spirit which + inspires Americans and in turn is nourished by freedom. + This is the spirit which needs to be awakened and rekindled + to restore our Republic. + In the beginning of our history, the republican theory + was alive and well in all branches of government. Even +  + decisions by the Supreme Court referred to our government as + a republic. Justice Joseph Story summarized it well when he + wrote in about 1837: "The founders of the Constitution laid + the cornerstone of our national republic." + The farther our government strayed from the specific + powers we granted, the idea was spread that America is now a + democracy. Big brother has convinced the people of this + nation that they are doing what is best for us. They are + even going to determine what goes into our pizza or how much + television cable companies can charge customers. They are + showing us they are the hallmark of a great democracy and + thereby gain support for specific welfare and free cheese. + And, they are doing it, getting away with it and we go + along with it. Apparently, it shows our approval. + The introduction to our Constitution shows the objec- + tives for our country when it was established. These + objectives illustrate the spirit and ideals of another great + document, the Declaration of Independence. This introduc- + tory statement is the antithesis of democracy. + Search for the domestic tranquility they sought. We + won't find it at Kent State University or at hundreds of + other oppressive situations which occur throughout our land + each month. Look at the wanton stealing by the IRS with + their audits and seizure of property. Is this promoting the + general welfare? Our elected and appointed officials have + decided power and might are now a right. The people and the + Constitution be damned! + Dr. Benjamin Franklin, on signing the proposed + document, said any government could turn into despotism. + This would happen when the people became so corrupted they + would be incapable of any other. (House Document No.398) + We are almost at that stage today. Are the people so + corrupted we are incapable of anything but a despotic + government? Despotism is an absolute power or influence of + any kind. + Americans are not so corrupted that today we are + incapable of receiving anything but a despotic government. + There is a problem however. We have lost the true purpose + of our republic. This has been intentional on the part of + some people in our government. We must reverse this + tendency and wake Americans to the pitfalls of democracy and + to their birthright of our republic. + If we do not reverse this, we will lose our republic by + default! The road to slavery is devious and slippery. If + we are not watchful, we could wake some morning to find we + are now called the Sovereign State of the United Nations. + Are we already receiving our mental conditioning on TV for + that possibility? Conditioning to become part of the 'New + World Order'? + The principles and ideals established in the preamble + were to be for us and for our posterity. Posterity means + all future generations. What will it be like for our + children or grandchildren should we allow this idea to + perpetuate? Will the distress and conflict of a democracy +  + continue and increase? One of our duties as a citizen is to + make certain our republican form of government continues. + For evil to continue, good men and women only need to + do nothing. People don't want to get involved. People will + be forcibly involved someday when they have to line up to + have their number tattooed on their arm. + Slaves or a free people? The choice is ours! + + + SUPPORT THE SHAREWARE CONCEPT . . + + REGISTER WITH THE AUTHOR . . + + ONLY $19.95  diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wastvote.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wastvote.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6cb992 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wastvote.txt @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +What does it mean to cast a "wasted" vote? Why your vote is *always* +valuable. + +DON'T WASTE YOUR VOTE +by Steven J. Alexander + + Many people hear about the Libertarian Party and say "I don't want to +waste my vote." That's quite understandable and commendable; voting is +the second most important thing in a free country like ours. + + But what does it mean when we say "don't waste your vote?" How should +we vote so it won't be wasted? + + We waste money when we spend it for something we did not really want. +We waste time when we use it for an activity that doesn't do us any good. +We waste our breath when we talk to somebody without convincing him. How do +we waste our vote? + + Some people say "I won't waste my vote on Jones because he has no +chance to win." Does this make sense? Is voting a matter of predicting the +winners? + + In 1984, Mondale ran for president and got 37 million votes. Everyone +knew that Reagan would be reelected. Did those millions of Americans who +voted for Mondale all waste their votes? What should they have done? + + In 1976, Reagan and Ford were competing for the presidential +nomination. The Republican Party chose Ford because they "knew" Reagan had +no chance to win. + + Ford lost. Four years later, Reagan won. Do we really know who has no +chance to win? + + In 1948, everyone "knew" that Harry Truman had no chance to win. He +was way behind in the polls. Yet Truman won. Did the people who voted +for Truman waste their votes? Did the people who voted against Truman +waste their votes? + + But why should we vote for somebody just because he (or she) is going +to win? Do we get a prize if we can guess the winner ahead of time? + + People who voted for Reagan got a prize: four more years of Reagan. +People who voted for Mondale got ... four more years of Reagan. People who +voted for David Bergland, the Libertarian candidate for president, got four +more years of Reagan. + + No matter how we voted, we got the same thing. Even nonvoters got the +same thing. Voting is not like horse racing; guessing right doesn't change +the payoff. + + Some people say "I won't waste my vote on Jones because my vote +couldn't help him win; he's too far behind." Does this make sense? Does a +vote for one candidate have more value than a vote for another candidate? + + In most congressional districts, the incumbent almost always wins. In +some cases, nobody even challenges the incumbent. We waste our votes if we +vote for the incumbent; he has no chance to lose! Our vote has no effect on +the outcome of that election. + + Let's imagine a more even election campaign of Smith versus Smythe +versus Jones. In a poll, the month before the vote, Smith gets 45%, Smythe +gets 40%, and Jones (the Libertarian) gets 15%. + + Jones has no chance to win, right? A vote for Jones is wasted because +it can't save his campaign. Instead, we should vote for Smith or Smythe +because that could tip the balance. Right? + + Wrong. How often does a candidate win by one vote? How often does one +vote tip the balance? The only case I know was Tom Tryon in Calaveras +County. He became county supervisor by one vote. Tom Tryon is a +Libertarian. + + If the election goes 45-40-15 like the poll, Smith will win no matter +how we vote. He will win by thousands or millions of votes. A vote for +Jones is no more wasted than a vote for Smythe; both of them lost, or a +vote for Smith, who can win with or without us. + + This is depressing. Why should we vote at all? We don't get a special +prize for picking the winner, nor can we individually determine the outcome +of an election. + + Let's try a different approach. Why do we vote? What does it mean? Why +do we have elections? Most people know the difference between elections and +horse races. They don't vote just to pick the winners. They study the +issues and vote to help decide the future of our country. They say "I don't +want to waste my vote, I want it to have the most effect for the good of +society." + + Elections serve two purposes. First they decide which candidates will +hold office. Second they inform those officeholders as to the wishes of +the people. Also, let's remember that we have elections every year, and we +all get to vote over and over again. A voting strategy should focus on the +long term trends. Sometimes, during a campaign, we think that the world +ends on election day. Actually, the election merely sets the foundation for +the future, including the election after it. + + Let's imagine the election campaign of Smith versus Smythe versus +Jones. Smith and Smythe are close in the polls with Jones trailing behind. +Smith and Smythe each have a chance to win. Jones has "no chance to win." +(We think.) + + Who should get our vote? + + Let's add some details to the example. Suppose we agree with most of +Jones's positions and a few of Smythe's positions. On the other hand, we +believe Smith is wrong on all counts. Are these facts relevant to our +choice? + + Smythe has the best chance to beat Smith, so we could vote for Smythe +to avoid letting Smith win. This is the "lesser of two evils" strategy. It +minimizes our chances of a very bad outcome, but it also minimizes our +chances of a very good outcome. No guts, no glory. We waste money when we +spend it for something we didn't really want. Do we waste our vote that +way? + + Jones has the beliefs and principles closest to our own, so we could +vote for Jones to best reflect our opinion. This is the "vote your +conscience" or the "send a message" strategy. It means we are voting for +somebody who is unlikely to win, but we hope to build a foundation for +long term improvement in society. Which strategy should we use? Which +strategy will have the most effect for the good of society? (We could vote +for Smith and hope he changes his views, but that's a risky approach.) + + The important part of elections is not just who wins, but also what he +(or she) does in office. If our choice wins, will that have the most effect +for the good of society? + + If we choose Smythe, the lesser of two evils, and he wins, what will +he do? Will he emphasize the issues we agree on, or will he emphasize the +positions we don't like? Will he try to attract voters from Smith's camp by +adopting some of Smith's positions? We waste time when we use it for an +activity that doesn't do us any good. If our candidate wins, and we live to +regret it, have we wasted our vote? + + No politician thinks of himself as the lesser of two evils. +Politicians tend to think of themselves as statesmen and historic figures. +They assume that their victories mean mandates and their opponents' +victories are aberrations. Yet our elections are heavily focused on +choosing officeholders and not on discovering the wishes of the people. If +voting our conscience is not fashionable, can we expect integrity from our +officeholders? If our voting strategies don't look beyond the election, can +we expect our officeholders to care about anything besides the next +election? + + Let's remember that elections come every year. Do we want to vote for +the lesser of two evils every year, year after year, for our whole lives? +If Smythe wins elections every time, he has no reason to change. We waste +our breath when we talk to somebody without convincing him. Smythe can get +our vote without heeding our wishes. He just has to strive to always be the +second worst candidate. + + This is not what democracy was meant to be. Is that a wasted vote? + + If we choose Jones, and vote our conscience, several things happen. +First, he probably loses anyway. Smith or Smythe are elected. But the +election does more than choose a winner. It sends a message to the winner +as to the wishes of the people. He is bound to notice those people who +stood up and were counted for Jones. They didn't expect Jones to win, but +they held strong beliefs and were true to them. + + A voter who is steadfast and true to his or her beliefs will +eventually win. A shortsighted voter who compromises for crumbs of the +victor's banquet will have only stale crumbs to show for a lifetime of +trying. + + No Libertarian yet has been elected to national office or California +state office. Yet, in the years since the party was formed, gold ownership +became legal, military draft ended, proposition 13 passed and the tax +revolt began, Reagan cut taxes, airlines were deregulated, banks were +deregulated, railroads were deregulated, and trucking was deregulated. + + We didn't do any of it. It was done by the Smiths and Smythes of the +major parties. They know what it means when someone votes Libertarian. It +means that ten more people wanted to, but thought it would waste their +votes. + + Voting Libertarian does us more good than the tally tells. It +convinces the major parties to pay heed to our principles. It is not a +wasted vote. The waste is to live a life in a free society, where we can +speak and vote freely, and to have never spoken our minds. + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/weather.txt b/politicalTextFiles/weather.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..354a01e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/weather.txt @@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ + In the best-selling 1962 spy thriller SEVEN DAYS IN MAY, the +Joint Chiefs of Staff plot to overthrow the U.S. president. Their +conspiracy centers on a place called Mount Thunder, a secret +subterranean command post where government leaders would go in the +event of a nuclear attack. + On December 1, 1974, a TWA Boeing 727 jet crashed into a fog- +shrouded mountain in northern Virginia and burned, killing all +ninety-two persons aboard. Near the wreckage was a fenced +government reserve identified as Mount Weather. + Mount Weather is a real place; eighty-five acres located +forty-five miles west of Washington and 1,725 feet above sea +level, near the town of Bluemont, Virginia. In the event of all- +out war, an elite of civilian and military leaders are to be taken +to Mount Weather's cavernous underground shelter to become the +nucleus of a postwar American society. The government has a secret +list of those persons it plans to save. + The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) runs Mount +Weather. When it has to talk about the place, which is rare, it +calls it the "special facility." Its more common name comes from a +weather station that the U.S. Department of Agriculture had +maintained on the mountain. + The authors of SEVEN DAYS IN MAY, Fletcher Knebel and Charles +W. Bailey II, were Washington journalists who learned a lot about +the then-quite-secret post. Few readers of Knebel and Bailey's +fiction could have imagined how close to the truth it was. The +novel gives detailed highway directions from Washington: + + ...the Chrysler wheeled onto Route 50, + heading away from Washington.... + In the jungle of neon lights and access + roads at Seven Corners, Corwin saw Scott bear + right onto Route 7, the main road to Leesburg. + The two cars moved slowly through Falls Church + before the traffic began to thin out and speed + up.... + At the fork west of Leesburg, Scott bore + right on Route 9, heading toward Charles + Town.... They began to climb toward the Blue + Ridge, the eastern rim of the Shenandoah + Valley.... + West of Hillboro, where the road crossed + the Blue Ridge before dropping into the + valley....Scott turned left. Corwin followed + him onto a black macadam road that ran + straight along the spine of the ridge. + ...Because of his White House job, Corwin + knew something about this road that few other + Americans did. Virginia 120 appeared to be + nothing more than a better-than-average Blue + Ridge byway, but it ran past Mount Thunder, + where an underground installation provided one + of the several bases from which the President + could run the nation in the event of a nuclear + attack on Washington. + + Knebel and Bailey disguised the directions slightly. You +continue on Route 7 west of Leesburg, turning left on Route 601 +just west of Bluemont. It's Virginia Route 601 that runs right up +to the gates of Mount Weather. Residents have long known there is +something funny about that road; it is always the first road +cleared after a snowstorm. + At one point, the government asked the local paper not to +print any articles about the facility. But it is all but +impossible to keep such a place secret. The Appalachian Trail runs +right by Mount Weather, and hikers can get close enough to see +signs and flashing lights. One sign reads: "All persons and +vehicles entering hereon are liable to search. Photographing, +making notes, drawings, maps or graphic representations of this +area or its activities are prohibited." In the late 1960s an +unidentified "hippie" is supposed to have stumbled upon the +facility and sketched it from a tree. His drawing turned up in the +QUICKSILVER TIMES, an underground newspaper in Washington. + Residents also tell of the time a hunt club chased a fox onto +the site and triggered an alarm. The club had to go to the main +gate to get the dogs back. + After the TWA crash, a spokesman "politely declined to +comment on what Mt. Weather was used for, how many people work +there, or how long it has been in its current use," the WASHINGTON +POST reported. The POST published a picture of the facility, +citing far-fetched speculation that Mount Weather's radio antennas +may have interfered with the jet's radar and caused the disaster. + You don't get into Mount Weather without an invitation. The +entrance is said to be like the door to a bank vault, only +thicker, set into a mountain made out of the toughest granite in +the East. It is guarded around the clock. + Mount Weather got more unsolicited publicity in 1975. Senator +John Tunney (D-Calif.) charged that Mount Weather held dossiers on +100,000 or more Americans. A sophisticated computer system gives +the installation access to detailed information on the lives of +virtually every American citizen, Tunney claimed. Mount Weather +personnel stonewalled question after question in two Senate +hearings. + "I don't understand what they're trying to hide out there," +Douglas Lea, staff director of the Senate Subcommittee on +Constitutional Rights, said. "Mount Weather is just closed up to +us." Tunney complained that Mount Weather was "out of control." + Mount Weather has been owned by the government since 1903, +when the site was purchased by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. +Calvin Coolidge talked about building a summer White House there. +In World War I it was an artillery range, and during the +Depression it was a workfarm for hobos. Mount Weather as an +alternate capital seems to have been the idea of Millard F. +Caldwell, former governor of Florida. + There is a fallout shelter under the East Wing of the White +House. No one believes it offers any real protection from a +nuclear attack on Washington, however. FEMA has elaborate plans +for getting the president and other key officials out of +Washington should there be a nuclear attack. + In that event, the president is supposed to board a Boeing +747 National Emergency Airborne Command Post ("Kneecap"). That is +presumed to be safer than any point on the ground. The president's +plane can be refueled in the air from other planes and may be able +to stay airborne for as long as three days. Then its engine will +conk out for lack of oil. That is where Mount Weather comes in. + Government geologists selected the site because it has some +of the most impregnable rock in the United States. The shelter was +started in the Truman administration, and it took years to tunnel +into the mountain. + There is a whole chain of shelters for leaders and critical +personnel. The Federal Relocation Arc, a system of ninety-six +shelters for specific U.S. Government agencies, sweeps through +North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and +Pennsylvania. A duplicate of the Pentagon is located at a site +called Raven Rock in Maryland. The administrative center of the +whole system, and the place where the top civilians would go, is +Mount Weather. + Mount Weather is much more than a fallout shelter; it is a +troglodytic Levittown. In the mid-1970s Richard Pollack, a writer +for PROGRESSIVE magazine, interviewed a number of persons who had +been associated with Mount Weather. According to them, Mount +Weather is an underground city with roads, sidewalks, and a +battery-powered subway. A spring-fed artificial lake gleams in the +fluorescent light. There are office buildings, cafeterias, and +hospitals. Large dormitories are furnished with bunks or "hot +cots" -- hammocks intended to be occupied in three eight-hour +shifts. There are private apartments as well. Mount Weather has +its own waterworks, food storage, and power plant. A "bubble- +shaped pod" in the East Tunnel houses one of the most powerful +computers in the world. + The Situation Room, a circular chamber, would be a nerve +center in the time of war. The Mount Weather folks set great store +by visual aids and retain artists and cartographers at all times. +A futuristic color videophone system is the basic means of +communication within Mount Weather's subterranean world. "All +important staff meetings were conducted via color television as +far back as 1958, long before it was generally available to the +public," one former staffer bragged. + The most surprising of Pollack's revelations is that Mount +Weather has a working back-up of U.S. Government EVEN NOW. +Undisclosed persons there duplicate the responsibilities of our +elected leaders, making Mount Weather an eerie doppelganger of the +United States. + An Office of the Presidency is ensconced in an underground +wing known as the White House. The elected president or survivor +closest in the chain of command would make his way there and take +over the reins. Until then, a staffer appointed by FEMA would be +carrying out duties said to simulate those of the real president. + Installed at Mount Weather are nine federal departments, +their very names ironic in the context: Agriculture, Commerce, +Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, +Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, and the Treasury. +Miniature versions of the Selective Service, the Veteran's +Administration, the Federal Communications Commission, the Post +Office, the Civil Service Commission, the Federal Power +Commission, and the Federal Reserve are there, too. + "High-level government sources, speaking under the promise of +strict anonymity, told me that each of the federal departments +represented at Mount Weather is headed by a single person on who +is conferred Cabinet-level official," Pollack reported. "Protocol +even demands that subordinates address them as 'Mr. Secretary.' +Each of the Mount Weather 'Cabinet members' is apparently +appointed by the White House and serves an indefinite term. Many +of the 'secretaries' have held their positions through several +administrations." + What do all these people DO? Twice a month, Mount Weather +stages a war game to train its personnel and explore various dire +scenarios. Once a year they pull out all the stops and have a +super drill in which REAL Cabinet members and White House staffers +fly in from Washington. + General Leslie Bray, director of the Federal Preparedness +Agency, FEMA's predecessor, told the Senate that Mount Weather has +extensive files on "military installations, government facilities, +communications, transportation, energy and power, agriculture, +manufacturing, wholesale and retail services, manpower, financial, +medical and educational institutions, sanitary facilities, +population, housing shelter, and stockpiles." Additional +information is kept in safekeeping at other shelters in the +Federal Relocation Arc. + There is a body of opinion that considers Mount Weather +obsolete. Mount Weather is a non-movable target, and a very +strategic one if the relocation works. The "toughest granite in +the East" may have offered some protection in Eisenhower's time, +but multiple strikes could blast the mountain away. It was +reported that the TWA jet crash knocked out power at Mount Weather +for two and a half hours. What would a bomb do? + The Soviet Union knows exactly where Mount Weather is -- and +almost certainly knew long before the Western press did. The +Soviets tried to buy an estate near Mount Weather as a "vacation +retreat" for embassy employees. The State Department stopped the +sale. + + +The Survivor List + + In 1975 General Bray told the Senate that the Mount Weather +survivor list had sixty-five hundred names on it. Who might be +included? + The president, of course, provide he survives his Kneecap +command. The vice-president and Cabinet members are on the list +because they take part in the annual dry runs. Beyond that, little +is known and the few existing accounts conflict. + For instance, what about Congress? General Bray said that his +responsibilities included the executive branch only, not Congress +or the Supreme Court. But in an interview in 1976, Senator Hubert +Humphrey insisted that he had visited the shelter as vice- +president and seen "a nice little chamber, rostrum and all," for +postnuclear sessions of Congress. + Furthermore, Earl Warren is said to have been invited when he +was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Warren refused because he +was not allowed to take his wife. The protocol for ordering +persons to Mount Weather specifies that messages not be left with +family members answering the phone. + The vast majority of the persons on the list are believed to +be ranking bureaucrats from the nine federal agencies with +branches at Mount Weather. Pollack said he heard stories that some +construction workers were on the list "because, the Mount Weather +analysts reasoned, excavation work for mass graves would be needed +immediately in the aftermath of a thermonuclear war." General Bray +admitted that some others such as telephone company technicians +are included. + Each person on the survival list has an ID card with a photo. +The card reads: THE PERSON DESCRIBED ON THIS CARD HAS ESSENTIAL +EMERGENCY DUTIES WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. REQUEST FULL +ASSISTANCE AND UNRESTRICTED MOVEMENT BE AFFORDED THE PERSON TO +WHOM THIS CARD IS ISSUED. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wells.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wells.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e9c503 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wells.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +Hillary Rodham Clinton +Remarks to Wellesley College Graduating Class of 1992 +Friday, May 29, 1992 +Boston, MA + + + President Keohane, distinguished trustees, faculty, +students, parents, friends, and, most of all, honored graduates of +the Class of 1992. This is my second chance to speak from +this podium. The first was 23 years ago, when I was a graduating +senior. My classmates selected me to address them as the first +Wellesley student ever to speak at a commencement. I can't +claim that 1969 speech as my own; it reflected the hopes, values +and aspirations of the women in my graduating class. It was full +of the uncompromising language you only write when you're 21. But +it's uncanny the degree to which those same hopes, values and +aspirations have shaped my adulthood. We passionately +rejected the notion of limitations on our abilities to make the +world a better place for everyone. We saw a gap between our +expectations and realities, and we were inspired, in large part by +our Wellesley education, to bridge that gap. On behalf of my class +in 1969, I said, "The challenge now is to practice politics as the +art of making what appears to be impossible, possible." That is +the challenge of politics, especially in today's far more cynical +climate. The aspiration I referred to then was "the struggle +for an integrated life ... in an atmosphere of ... trust and +respect." What I meant by that was a life that combines personal +fulfillment in love and work with fulfilling responsibility to the +larger community. A life that balances family, work and service +throughout life. It is not a static concept, but a constant +journey. When the ceremonies and hoop-la of my graduation +were over, I commenced by adult life by heading straight for Lake +Waban. Now, as you all know, swimming in the lake other than at +the beach is not allowed. But it was one of my favorite rules to +break. I stripped down to my swimsuit, took off my coke-bottle +glasses, laid them carefully on top of my clothes on the ground, +and waded in off Tupelo Point. While I was happily +paddling around, feeling relieved that I had survived the day, a +security guard came by on his rounds, picked up my clothes from the +shore and carried them off. He also took my glasses. Blind as a +bat, I had to feel my way back to my room at Davis. I'm +just glad that picture hasn't come back to haunt me. You can +imagine the captions: "Girl offers vision to classmates and then +loses her own. " Or, the tabloids might have run something like: +"Girl swimming, blinded by aliens after seeing Elvis." +While medical technology has allowed me to replace those glasses +with contact lenses, I hope my vision today is clearer for another +reason: the clarifying perspective of experience. The opportunity +to share that experience with you today is a privilege and a kind +of homecoming. Wellesley nurtured, challenged and guided me; +it instilled in me not just knowledge, but a reserve of sustaining +values. I also made friends who are still my closest friends today. + When I arrived as a freshman in 1965 from my "Ozzie and +Harriet" suburb of Chicago, both the college and the country were +going through a period of rapid, sometimes tumultuous change. My +classmates and I felt challenged and, in turn, challenged the +college from the moment we arrived. Nothing was taken for granted. +Our Vil Juniors despaired of us green-beanied '69ers because we +couldn't even agree on an appropriate, politically correct cheer. +To this day when we attend reunions, you can hear us cry: "1-9-6-9 +Wellesley Rah, one more year, still no cheer." There often +seemed little to cheer about. We grew up in a decade dominated by +dreams and disillusionments. Dreams of the civil rights movement, +of the Peace Corps, of the space program. Disillusionments starting +with President Kennedy's assassination, accelerated by the divisive +war in Vietnam, and the deadly mixture of poverty, racism, and +despair that burst into flames in the hearts of some cities and +which is still burning today. A decade when speeches like "I Have +a Dream" were followed by songs like "The Day the Music Died." + I was here on campus when Martin Luther King was murdered. My +friends and I put on black armbands and went into Boston to march +in anger and pain -- feeling much as many of you did after the +acquittals in the Rodney King case. Much changed - and much +of it for the better - but much has also stayed the same, or at +least not changed as fast or as irrevocably as we might have hoped. + Each new generation takes us into new territory. But, while +change is certain, progress is not. Change is the law of nature; +progress is the challenge of both a life and a society. Describing +an integrated life is easier than achieving one. What better +place than to speak integrating the strands of women's lives than +Wellesley, a college that not only vindicates the proposition that +there is still an essential place for an all-women's college, but +which defines its mission as seeking "to educate women who will +make a difference in the world." And what better time to +speak than in the spring of 1992, when women's special concerns are +so much in the news as real women - and fictional television +characters - seek to strike a balance in their lives that is right +for them. I've traveled all over American, talking and +listening to women who are: struggling to raise their children and +somehow make ends meet; battling against the persistent +discrimination that still limits their opportunities for pay and +promotion; bumping up against the glass ceiling; watching the +insurance premiums increase; coping with inadequate or non-existent +child support payments; existing on shrinking welfare payments with +no available jobs in sight; anguishing over the prospect that +abortions will be criminalized again. We also talk about our +shared values as women and mothers, about our common desire to +educate our children, to be sure they receive the health care they +need, to protect them from the escalating violence in our streets. +We worry about our children - something mothers do particularly +well. Women who pack lunch for their kids, or take the +early bus to work, or stay out late at the PTA or spend every spare +minute taking care of aging parents don't need lectures from +Washington about values. We don't need to hear about an idealized +world that never was as righteous or carefree as some would like to +think. We need understanding and a helping hand to solve our own +problems. We're doing the best we can to find the right balance in +our lives. For me, the elements of that balance are family, +work and service. First, your personal relationships. When +all is said and done, it is the people in your life and the +friendships you form and the commitments you maintain that give +shape to that life. Your friends and your neighbors, the people at +work, at your church, all those who touch your daily lives. And if +you choose, a marriage filled with love and respect. When I stood +here before, I could never have predicted - much less believed that +I would fall in love with Bill Clinton and follow my heart to +Arkansas. But I'm very glad I had the courage to make that choice. + Second, your work. For some of you, that may overlap with +your contribution to the community. For some of you, the future +might not include work outside the home (and I don't mean +involuntary unemployment) but most of you will at some point in +your life work for pay, maybe in jobs that used to be off-limits +for women. You may choose to be a corporate executive or a rocket +scientist, you may choose to run for public office, you may choose +to stay home and raise you children - you can now make any or all +of these choices for the work in your life. Third, your +service. As students, we debated passionately what responsibility +each individual has for the larger society and just what the +College's Latin motto - "Not to be ministered unto, but to +minister" - actually meant. The most eloquent explanation I have +found of what I believe now and what I argued then is from Vaclav +Havel, the playwright and first freely- elected President of +Czechoslovakia. In a letter from prison to his wife, Olga, he +wrote: "Everything meaningful in life is distinguished by a +certain transcendence of human existence - beyond the limits of +mere 'self-care' - toward other people, toward society, toward the +world ... Only by looking outward, by caring for things that, in +terms of pure survival, you needn't bother with at all ... and by +throwing yourself over and over again into the tumult of the world, +with the intention of making your voice count - only thus will you +really become a person." I first recognized what I cared +most while I was in law school where I worked with children at the +Yale New Haven Hospital and Child Study Center and represented +children through legal services. And where during my first summer +I worked for the Children's Defense Fund. My experiences gave +voice to deep feelings about what children deserved from their +families and government. I discovered that I wanted my voice count +for children. Some of you may have already had such a +life-shaping experience; for many it lies ahead. Learn to +recognize it and nurture it when it occurs. Because my +concern is making children count, I hope you will indulge me as I +tell you why. The American Dream is an intergenerational compact. +Or, as some once said, one generation is supposed to leave the key +under the mat for the next. We repay our parents for their love in +the love we give our children - and we repay our society for the +opportunities we are given by expanding the opportunities granted +others. That's the way it's supposed to work. You know too well +that it is not. Too many of our children are being impoverished +financially, socially and spiritually. The shrinking of their +futures ultimately diminishes us all. Whether you end up having +children of your own or not, I hope you will recognize the need for +a sensible national family policy that reverses the neglect of our +children. If you have children, you will owe the highest +duty to them and will confront your biggest challenges as parents. +If, like me at your age, you now know little (and maybe care less) +about the mysteries of good parenting, I can promise you there is +nothing like on-the-job-training. I remember one very long night +when my daughter, Chelsea, was about four weeks old and crying +inconsolably. Nothing from the courses in my political science +major seemed to help. Finally, I said, "Chelsea, you've never +been a baby before and I've never been a mother before, we're going +to have to help each other get though this together." So far, we +have. For Bill and me, she has been the great joy of our life. +Watching her grow and flourish has given greater urgency to the +task of helping all children. There are as many ways of +helping children. You can do it through your own personal lives by +being dedicated, loving parents. You can do it in medicine or +music, social work or education, business or government service, +by making policy or making cookies. It is a false choice to +tell women - or men for that matter - that we must choose between +caring for ourselves and our own families or caring for the larger +family of humanity. In their recent Pastoral Letter, +"Putting Children and Families First," the National Conference of +Catholic Bishops captured this essential interplay of private and +public roles: "No government can love a child and no policy can +substitute for a family's care," the Bishops wrote, "government can +either support or undermine families ... there has been an +unfortunate, unnecessary and unreal ... polarization in discussions +of how best to help families ... the undeniable fact is that our +children's future is shaped both by the values of their parents and +the policies of our nation." As my husband says, "Family +values alone won't feed a hungry child. And material security +cannot provide a moral compass. We need both." Forty-five +years ago, the biggest threat to our country came from the other +side of the Iron Curtain; from the nuclear weapons that could wipe +out the entire plant. While you were here at Wellesley, that +threat ended. Today, our greatest national threat comes not +from some external Evil Empire, but from our own internal +Indifference Empire that tolerates splintered families, unparented +children, embattled schools, and pervasive poverty, racism, and +violence. Not for one more year can our country think of +children as some asterisk on our national agenda. How we treat our +children should be front and center of our national agenda, or it +won't matter what else is on that agenda. My plea is that +you not only nurture the values that will determine the choices you +make in your personal lives, but also insist on policies with those +values to nurture our nation's children. "But really +Hillary," many of you may be saying to yourselves, "I've got to pay +off my student loans. I can't even find a good job, let alone +someone to love. How am I going to worry about the world? Our +generation has fewer dreams, fewer illusions than yours." +And I hear you. As women today, you face tough choices. You know +the rules are basically as follows: If you don't get married, +you're abnormal. If you get married but don't have children, you're +a selfish yuppie. If you get married and have children, but work +outside the home, you're a bad mother. If you get married and have +children, but stay home, you've wasted your education. And if you +don't get married, but have children and work outside the home as +a fictional newscaster, then you're in trouble with Dan Quayle. So +you see, if you listen to all the people who make these rules, you +might conclude that the safest course of action is just to take +your diploma and crawl under your bed. But let me propose an +alternative. Hold onto your dreams. Take up the challenge of +forging an identity that transcends yourself. Transcend yourself +and you will find yourself. Care about something you needn't +bother with at all. Throw yourself into the world and make your +voice count. Whether you make your voice count for children +or for another cause, enjoy your life's journey. There is no dress +rehearsal for life and you may have to ad lib your way through each +scene. The only way to prepare is to do what you have done: get +the best possible education; continue to learn from literature, +scripture and history, to understand the human experience as best +you can so that you have guidepost charting the terrain toward +whatever decisions are right for you. I want you to remember +this day and remember how much more you have in common with each +other than with the people who are trying to divide you. And I +want you to stand together then as you stand together now; +beautiful, brave, invincible. Congratulations to each of you. +Look forward to and welcome the challenges ahead. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/what_is.txt b/politicalTextFiles/what_is.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d7f6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/what_is.txt @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ + Invited PRAVDA Op-Ed Old Gate Farm + Rt 4 Box 168 + Wytheville, VA 24382 + (703) 228-5524 + + + WHAT'S REALLY GOING ON? + + By Richard C. Hoagland + + Copyright (C) 1989 + We are living in extraordinary times . . . + Concepts like "freedom," "democracy," and "self-determination" are +sweeping from the East like rising wind -- from the heartland of the Union of +Soviet Socialist Republics, across the steppes of Hungary and Poland, through +the streets of Prague, then Westward . . . to the very structure that has come +to stand for a divided Europe -- if not a divided Humankind -- for almost +thirty years: the Berlin Wall. + A hundred nasty little wars -- yesterday, euphemistically termed "regional +conflicts" by one side, and "wars of liberation" by the other -- are, +strangely, winding down. Many of the bloodiest, from the ten-year Iran-Iraq War +to the fifteen-year War of Angolan Liberation, have now actually ended -- +almost overnight. Superpower defense budgets, monies that for over forty years +have stockpiled megatons of obscene weapons systems -- weapons that could, in +thirty minutes, end the future of Humanity itself -- are suddenly, almost +inexplicably, beginning sharply to decline; one expert recom- mendation to the +American Department of Defense suggests cutting half a trillion dollars in the +next ten years. + Critics, who for decades have railed against the waste of critical +resources represented by these massive weapons budgets, are almost dizzy with +the prospect of suddenly freed billions -- billions they can now realistically +envision being spent on other problems underfunded for too long, if not on +those not even currently addressed -- such as rescuing the planet. + And behind it all, a rising call -- from millions in the East and West, be +it for "A common European Home," or for recognition that "We are all One Human +Family . . . on one Earth" -- echoing around the world on global television. + What's happening? What the hell is really going on . . . ? + * * * + President Ronald Reagan, shortly after his first Soviet Summit, described +to a Baltimore high school class his first private meeting with then-Secretary +Gorbachev in a small cottage by historic Lake Geneva. According to the +President, + "I couldn't help but say to him, just think how easy his task and mine +might be in these meetings that we held, if suddenly there was a threat to this +world from some other species . . . from another planet . . . outside in the +universe." + The President concluded, + "Such an event would force us to forget all the little local differences +that we have between our countries, and allow us to find out that we really are +all human beings here on this Earth together." + That was in November, 1985. + * * * + Thirteen years ago, four unmanned spacecraft -- Viking Orbiters 1 and 2, +and their respective Landers -- made an odyssey . . . to Mars. + In the summer of 1976 -- the Bicentennial of the American Experiment -- +while the Orbiters took up their preprogrammed orbits, and snapped an estimated +60,000 television pictures, the two Landers descended to the cold, red Martian +deserts to scoop up soil samples, sniff the air . . . and look for signs of +Life. + Contrary to what you might have heard from NASA, the U.S. space agency +which launched the Viking mission -- that Viking found no evidence of Life on +Mars, either past or present -- new, state-of- the-art analysis of some of +those 60,000 images, conducted by several teams of independent scientists +operating outside of NASA both in the Soviet Union and in the United States, +now strongly indicates that Viking may have, in fact, photographed an awesome +set of ancient ruins on the planet. The Viking images, when analyzed by new +computer and systems analysis techniques (unavailable when NASA first secured +the images), reveal what many are now coming to regard as a bonafide, vast, +"architectural complex" -- located in a Northern desert of the planet. A +"complex," the evidence suggests, that may have been built and inhabited by +prior intelligent visitors to Mars -- perhaps hundreds of thousands of years +before the appearance of intelligence on this planet. + Extraordinary? Yes. Inconceivable, within the framework of even present +science? No. + * * * + The "artifacts," discovered by myself and others in a region called +"Cydonia," consist of one gargantuan central feature -- a mile-long, 1500 +foot-high, eerily accurate, bilateral resemblance to a humanoid "face" -- +around which are grouped a series of similar- scaled "pyramids" and other +remarkably "architectural-looking" structures. The features are linked by an +exquisite, redundant system of fundamental mathematics and geometrical +relationships, which seem to be encoded even in the geodetic latitude of the +"Cydonia complex" on the planet. + The thirteen-year history of this unique investigation, and the names of a +legion of dedicated scientists and institutions -- from the U.S. to the +U.S.S.R. -- who have pursued the truth regarding these intriguing photographs, +are related in my book, The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever +(North Atlantic, Berkeley, CA, 1987). More recent developments -- including our +first, tentative decoding of a potential "message," found in the "Cydonia +mathematics" -- are available on a new audio-tape "docudrama" inspired by the +book, also called The Monuments of Mars: Evidence of a Lost City? (Enhanced +Audio Systems, Emeryville, CA, 1989). The tape concludes with a +Russian-language re-creation of one of my firm hopes: a U.S - Soviet landing at +Cydonia -- for cooperative exploration and resolution of this exquisite mystery +on behalf of all Mankind. + * * * + Because of continuing publicity surrounding the on-going investigation in +the United States, a wave of public and political sentiment has recently +developed to hasten verification of this unprecedented scientific prospect. +Efforts have been mounted in recent months to force NASA to reverse its 13-year +position on "the artifacts" -- consistently demeaned by the space agency as +"tricks of light and shadow"; specifically, the initiative has focused on +getting NASA, during the upcoming 1993 Mars Observer mission (the next unmanned +NASA spacecraft going back), to take new, high- resolution images of the +"enigmatic landforms" in Cydonia -- with 50 times Viking's resolution. These +would convincingly support or refute our "intelligence hypothesis," put forth +as a result of our in-depth, six-year analyses of these key Viking frames. + But, according to NASA correspondence dated as late as March, 1989, ". . . +there are no plans to make specific studies of the so-called 'Mars Face' during +the Mars Observer Mission. The 'Mars Face' is generally believed [by NASA +scientists] to be a natural erosion formation, and is therefore not regarded as +a high scientific priority in comparison with other Mars Observer mission goals +. . ." + In direct contradiction of this statement, then, and in direct support of +the extraordinary possibility that there may indeed be NASA evidence of +"ancient artifacts on Mars" -- which NASA inexplicably ignored for thirteen +years -- is the following statement by Chairman Robert A. Roe (D-New Jersey), +head of the pivotal House Committee (of the U.S. Congress) on Science, Space +and Technology. + Said Chairman Roe, in direct response to a constituent's inquiry, dated +September 26: + "It is my understanding that NASA does intend to try to capture, with the +narrow-angle camera, the Cydonia region, including the unique features you have +referred to as the "Monuments of Mars." NASA will attempt to locate and focus +on this region both because it has interesting geological features and +[because] it has attracted wide popular interest." + In a radio interview conducted earlier, the Chairman of this key +Congressional Committee -- which oversees all federal funding for science in +America -- went even further: + "I have seen the pictures . . . and they [the "Monuments"] don't appear +natural. It would be stupid not to look!" + If this observation, made by one of the most powerful and knowledgeable +representatives in the field of science in the U.S. government, is upheld by +Mars Observer, these discoveries will undoubtedly, radically, change the future +course of history on Earth . . . + If they haven't accomplished that already . . . and what we are now seeing +nightly on our television screens, is merely a foreshadowing of what's to come +. . . + * * * + Mr. Reagan repeated his scenario -- that, if we were suddenly confronted +by some "unmistakable evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence," we would +rapidly come together as one "human family" -- on at least four separate +occasions during the course of his final term as President: the first, during +his first Summit in Geneva, in late 1985; the second, when he returned and +publicly related these private "ET musings," between himself and Mr. Gorbachev, +to that Maryland high-school class; the third, during a live, +globally-televised address to the United Nations, in August, 1987; and the +fourth, before a prestigious world-affairs conference in Chicago, in early +1988, where he specifically used the term "one human family." + Remarkably, no political observer seems to have put these repeated, +enigmatic statements -- by none other than a President of the United States -- +together with the staggering, world-wide "unification" of the "human family" +now heralded by the shattering political events that have engulfed us . . . or +to have connected them to what is, now almost certainly, waiting for the "human +family" on the surface of the planet Mars . . . + * * * + When our initial "Independent Mars Investigation Team" completed the first +phase of its analyses of the "enigmatic landforms" on the Viking photographs, +and had published in 1984 a preliminary paper at a Boulder scientific +conference at the University of Colorado, we also began a serious effort to +alert our government to the data and their enormous implications: a potential +set of extraterrestrial artifacts -- and right "next door," on Mars. + We presented copies of our computer-enhanced Viking photographs and +preliminary papers to colleagues of President Reagan's Science Advisor, Dr. +George Keyworth; to staff members of the President's Office of Science and +Technology Policy; and to a close friend, and member of the President's +newly-appointed Space Commission, Dr. David Webb. + Simultaneously, in view of the enormous geopolitical implications, and the +need for the earliest verification of our hypothesis, we relayed copies of our +research, through "second track" diplomatic channels, to the Institute for +Space Research, in Moscow; the Institute had just announced an ambitious +unmanned return mission to the Red Planet in 1988, termed "Phobos," designed to +carry out new imagery of Mars in addition to close-up composition studies of +the inner Martian moon, the namesake of the mission. If the Cydonia objects +were truly artificial, and their "creators" truly visitors to Mars, there was a +significant probability in our opinion of discovering additional "artifacts" +waiting on the Martian moons . . . + Later, at the National Academy of Sciences, in Washington, D.C., I met +personally with Dr. Roald Sagdeev, then head of the Institute for Space +Research, and handed him a copy of our papers, even as I invited him to +participate in helping us discover what we'd found. + That was in January, 1985. + It was a few months later, after we had briefed high-level members of both +governments on the staggering possibility that Viking may indeed have +photographed the first hard evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence -- +"artifacts" lying on a near-by planet . . . that President Reagan, at the first +U.S.-- U.S.S.R. Summit of his presidency, posed for the first time his +extraordinary "extraterrestrial scenario" to Mr. Gorbachev. And, according to +the President, Mr. Gorbachev agreed. + Coincidence? + * * * + In January, 1987, one of our team associates, a former +scientist-astronaut, Dr. Brian O'Leary, met in Moscow with members of the +Institute for Space Research, including its director, Dr. Sagdeev. During the +discussions, O'Leary specifically reissued our request that the Phobos planners +consider new Cydonia photography as part of their own mission. And he left +copies of our latest Cydonia computer-enhanced photographs of the "enigmatic +landforms." + In January, 1989, the one surviving Phobos spacecraft (of the two that had +initially been launched) successfully arrived in Martian orbit. For two +exciting months, Phobos 2 took hundreds of new close-up photographs of Mars, +observed magnetic fields and radiation, and tracked the orbit of its eventual +destination: Phobos. Then, without any advance warning or impending difficulty, +according to official Soviet news sources, the spacecraft suddenly "expired" -- +just prior to initiation of the third, most crucial phase of its intended +mission: a close-up rendezvous with Phobos, and "tree-top" examination of its +surface. + Western space observers listening to Radio Moscow that night were both +puzzled and amazed to hear the news reports, describing the inexplicable +"failure of the mission," interspersed with stories of "orthodox Russian +priests invited to the Moscow Phobos 2 Control Center . . . to be shown +photographs of Mars . . . and to discuss the Creation . . ." + Curious, to say the least. + In April, less than a month after the unfortunate demise of the Soviet +Mars mission, and the dashing of our hopes that we might get additional +information on Cydonia or Phobos from the Russian spacecraft, a group of us met +in Washington with the head of the key U.S. Congressional Committee which could +direct that NASA take new images of the "anomalies" with Mars Observer, +Chairman Robert Roe. There in his Capitol Hill office, three of us -- imaging +team expert, Dr. Mark Carlotto, a member of the Defense Mapping Agency (working +unofficially with our research), Mr. Erol Torun, and myself -- showed the +Congressman the best computer-enhanced Cydonia images we had, presented +geometric maps demonstrating the inexplicable mathematical relationships +between the "Cydonia anomalies" -- and discussed the extraordinary global +implications of our data. + Months passed . . . + Then, in mid-September, came Chairman Roe's announcement: that, in direct +contravention of their previous "position," NASA does indeed intend to take +new, high-resolution images of the "Monuments of Mars," with Mars Observer . . +. now guaranteed -- by no less than the Chairman of the House Committee on +Science, Space and Technology himself. Thus, in less than four years -- 48 +months -- the world will finally Know . . . + * * * + That there are extraordinary, unprecedented changes sweeping the whole +world is undeniable at this point. But for what reasons? And why now? And why +with such acceleration? + Standard political analysts cite abysmal economic conditions in the Soviet +Union and in Eastern Europe, the general need for radical political and +economic institutional reform, and the basic human drive for freedom, +democracy, and the right of self-determination, long-repressed and overdue. +Release this pent-up energy, these analysts insist, and the world will rapidly +resemble what we're seeing on our television screens. + These "explanations," in the face of ten thousand years of extinct +civilizations -- gone, because their leaders couldn't change to meet the +people's changing needs -- seem strangely lacking in perspective; naive, in +fact, and almost myopically surreal. So, what alternative for what we have been +witnessing could possibly be stronger? + What if Mr. Reagan, through the constant repetition of his +"extraterrestrial scenario," was obliquely telling us the truth?! + What if, unknown to all but a handful "at the top," the world is on the +brink of finally Finding Out That We Are Not Alone -- that the Martian +"artifacts," if not their builders, are very, very Real . . . ? + * * * + Shortly after he returned to Washington from the successful Moscow Summit +(his third face-to-face meeting with Mr. Gorbachev -- of what would eventually +become an unprecedented four times, in less than three years), Mr. Reagan was +asked by a reporter for The Washington Post how he was going to respond to Mr. +Gorbachev's curious public invitation, just before the Summit, "to go to Mars +together." The President responded, + "I've seen the photographs [of Mars]. And I'll be darned if I can see why +anyone would want to live there!" + * * * + What if Mr. Bush has inherited the awesome potentials . . . and the grave +responsibilities . . . the imminent reality of confirming the "Monuments of +Mars" will force upon the "human family" in the next few years; and, along with +Mr. Gorbachev, knows with absolutely certainty tonight that this Reality is +coming . . . because Phobos 2 did find something on the moons! -- behind a +carefully fabricated cover story? + Suppose that these few people -- who hold in their hands the literal +destiny of the entire world -- know that there exist tonight awesome, ancient +ruins on the surface of a nearby world that we will visit shortly . . . ruins +filled with unknown wonders, spectacular technologies, and perhaps, secrets of +our own beginnings . . . which someone built and occupied . . . and +mysteriously abandoned . . . when the human race was new. Ruins whose +centerpiece is a mile-long "monument to us" . . . and, perhaps, to what we +would become, in several hundred thousand years . . . ? + How would they -- could they! -- tell a world that story, a world held +hostage for ten thousand tragic years by a thousand animosities and hatreds, a +world not yet ready for a vastly different future, unless . . . ? + Would not the dynamic, almost inconceivable political changes which have +suddenly been thrust upon us -- glimmerings of sudden, real new hope, not just +in Eastern Europe, but for age-old conflicts all around the globe, from South +Africa to Central America to the Middle East itself -- resemble, in appearance +if not in conformance with the repeated "warnings" of a former President of the +United States, what is now happening with increasing and dizzying acceleration: +the long sought End of Childhood, the first hesitating steps toward realization +of our vast, too-long delayed potential -- as "one human family . . . on one +Earth?" And behind it all . . . waiting . . . an almost timeless Monument -- +lying on a near-by planet, foreshadowing this ancient Truth? + * * * + Which brings us to the stormy Malta Summit . . . + First of all, why "Malta?" + Was it only sheer "convenience" -- close to Rome, where the leader of the +Communist world had just completed an unprecedented audience with Pope +John-Paul -- or was a deeper symbolism also subtly intended . . . including, a +meeting in the only bay on Earth called "Marsaxlokk" -- "the Bay of Mars!" + And why the almost dogged insistence on meeting on those ships -- to the +point where the most severe Mediterranean storm in over twenty years was +allowed (in peacetime!) to threaten the life of the President of the United +States -- and then, the meetings merely shifted to another ship, but still +within the Bay -- instead of (as common sense would strongly seem to indicate), +a stable location on the island? More symbolism -- to reinforce the +"importance" of the Bay -- or that . . . coupled with someone's overriding +interest in "security?" But security from whom -- the press?; what could +possibly have been that "secret?" + Which brings us to one of the few results, coming from this quite +extraordinary meeting, that we've been told about so far: the announcement of +an accelerated timetable on the complex, but globally-important Strategic Arms +Reduction Talks. Which raises an additional important question: why a sudden +decision to come to an agreement by next June? Just so a treaty (on weapons +whose likelihood of use is rapidly diminishing) can formally be ratified at the +next Summit? Or . . . is Something Else urging now an even greater acceleration +of events . . . beyond the dizzying rate at which they've been occurring (such +as the GDR Party coming apart for the second time, and just as the Malta Summit +was concluding . . .)? + These are only some of the nagging questions left hanging in the air by a +suddenly-called Summit, in a bay called "Mars" at Malta . . . as Something lies +waiting for us on the planet Mars itself . . . something Big Enough to be +shaping all of this . . . if we could only see the evidence before us. + Mr. Gorbachev . . . Mr. Bush . . . under any definition of "glasnost" or +"self-determination" -- as we now enter your self- proclaimed "New Era" -- we +have a right to know. + /exit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/whatfrms.txt b/politicalTextFiles/whatfrms.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d25593 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/whatfrms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +Subject: Leaflet: What is Freemasonry + +This is the text of a leaflet published by by the Board of +General Purposes of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1984. + + What is Freemasonry + +Introduction: + Freemasonry is one of the world's oldest secular fraternal +societies. This leaflet is intended to explain Freemasonry as it is +practised under the United Grand Lodge of England, which administers +Lodges of Freemasons in England and Wales and in many places overseas. +The explanation may correct some misconceptions. + Freemasonry is a society of men concerned with moral and +spiritual values. Its members are taught its precepts by a series of +ritual dramas, which follow ancient forms and use stonemasons' customs +and tools as allegorical guides. + +The Essential Qualification for Membership: + The essential qualification for admission into and continuing +membership is a belief in a Supreme Being. + Membership is open to men of any race or religion who can fulfil +this essential qualification and are of good repute. + +Freemasonry and Religion: + Freemasonry is not a religion, nor is it a substitute for +religion. Its essential qualification opens it to men of many +religions and it expects them to continue to follow their own faith. +It does not allow religion to be discussed at its meetings. + +The Three Great Principles: + For many years Freemasons have followed three great principles: + + Brotherly Love + + Every true Freemason will show tolerance and respect for the + opinions of others and behave with kindness and + understanding to his fellow creatures. + + Relief + + Freemasons are taught to practise charity, and to care, not + only for their own, but also for the community as a whole, + both by charitable giving, and by voluntary efforts and + works as individuals. + + Truth + + Freemasons strive for truth, requireing high moral standards + and aiming to achieve them in their own lives. + + Freemasons believe that these principles represent a way of +achieving higher standards in life. + +Charity: + From its earliest days, Freemasonry has been concerned with the +care of orphans, the sick and the aged. This work continues today. In +addition, large sums are given to national and local charities. + +Freemasonry and Society: + Freemasonry demands from its members a respect for the law of the +country in which a man works and lives. + Its principles do not in ay way conflict with its members' duties +as citizens, but should strengthen them in fulfulling their private and +public responsibilities. + The use by a Freemason of their membership to promote his own or +anyone else's business, professional or personal interests is condemned, +and is contrary to the conditions on which he sought admission to +Freemasonry. + His duty as a citizen must always prevail over any obligation to +other Freemasons, and any attempt to shield a Freemason who has acted +dishonourably or unlawfully is contrary to this prime duty. + +Secrecy: + The secrets of Freemasonry are concerned with its traditional modes +of recognition. It is not a secret society, since all members are free +to acknowledge their membership and will do so in response to inquiries +for respectable reasons. Its constitutions and rules are available to +the public. There is no secret about any of its aims and principles. +Like many other societies, it regards some of its internal affairs as +private matters for its members. + +Freemasonry and Politics: + Freemasonry is non-political, and the discussion of politics at +Masonic meetings is forbidden. + +Other Masonic Bodies: + Freemasonry is practised under many independent Grand Lodges with +standards similar to those set by the United Grand Lodge of England. + There are some Grand Lodges and other apparently masonic bodies +which do not meet these standards, e.g. which do not require a belief in +a Supreme Being, or which allow or encourage their members to +participate in political matters. These Grand Lodges and bodies are not +recognised by the United Grand Lodge of England as being masonically +regular, and masonic contact with them is forbidden. + +Conclusion: + A Freemason is encouraged to do his duty first to God (by whatever +name he is known) through his faith and religious practice; and then, +without detriment to his familiy and those dependent on him, to his +neighbour through charity and service. + None of these ideas is exclusively Masonic, but all should be +universally acceptable. Freemasons are expected to follow them. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wijustice.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wijustice.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..206054c --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wijustice.txt @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ + The following article appeared, in edited form, in the + September, 1992 issue of \Liberty\. This file contains + the original, unedited, and complete text. Reproduction + on computer bulletin boards is permitted for informational + purposes only. Copyright (c) 1992 by J. Neil Schulman. + All other rights reserved. + + + IF EXECUTION IS JUST, WHAT IS JUSTICE? + + by J. Neil Schulman + + Democracy has no more sensitive gauge than the public + opinion poll, and the recent \Los Angeles Times\ poll which shows + that four out of five Californians favored the execution of + murderer Robert Alton Harris tells us everything we need to know + about the political will of the people on this subject. + + But while the voice of the people may be the final word + regarding our political decisions, few could argue that it + disposes of moral questions, or even that such a political will + is unchanging. At various times in human history, the voice of + the people has favored slavery, the execution of blasphemers, + and the Divine Right of Kings. Obviously, both a public moral + sense, and the political will which follow from such feelings, + are subject to revision. + + The largest single reason, given by those who supported the + decision to execute Harris, was "Justice/Eye for An Eye." I find + it both refreshing and comforting that moral, rather than merely + utilitarian, considerations are at the forefront of most people's + consciousness. + + Still, the question remains to be asked: on what basis does + one believe that retribution -- "an eye for an eye" -- is a valid + principle of moral justice? + + Is it primarily an emotional, rather than an intellectual, + reaction based on empathy to the victims? What, then of the + revulsion felt by others to the premeditated killing of a hogtied + man? + + Is it a sense that something which was codified four + millennia ago in the Code of Hammurabi must be right because of + its age? What, then, of that code's literal call for + retaliations including putting out eyes and cutting off hands? + + Is it because the Old Testament tells us that God told Moses + that He was ordering us to execute murderers? First, how do we + know that early authors didn't do some rewriting, or even that + Moses -- a politician -- wasn't lying when he said the code was + written by God? Second, if we are using the Book of Exodus as + our legal code, why are we not executing people who curse their + parents, or witches, or those who commit bestiality, or those who + make sacrifices to any other deity? Third, if we take the New + Testament as updated orders, do we obey Jesus when he says he who + lives by the sword dies by the sword, or when he tells us that he + who is without sin shall cast the first stone? And fourth, what + business does a secular state have enforcing a \religious\ code + in the first place? + + If we answer that we do not decide what is moral or just + based on emotions, or tradition, or ancient religious writings, + then there remain only two other ways to derive moral premises: + direct revelation or human reason. Either our moral premises are + personally dictated to us by a Superior Power -- and that claim + must be backed with incontrovertible proof or it has no merit -- + or we must use our own powers of reason to figure out morality + for ourselves. + + Perhaps such a rational inquiry can begin by asking why it + is right for the State -- a secular organization acting as agent + for ordinary individuals -- to do that which is universally + despised when done by any of those individuals? Does the State + act from practical, utilitarian considerations alone -- in which + case such utility must first be subjected to moral limitations -- + or can it justify its killings on the basis of moral premises + which can be derived without reference to sectarian religious + documents? + + The State of California finds it fairly straightforward to + define justifiable homicide for the private individual. + According to the California Department of Justice's booklet + \California Firearms Laws 1991\, "The killing of one person by + another may be justifiable when necessary to resist the attempt + to commit a forcible and life-threatening crime, \provided\ that + a reasonable person in the same situation would believe that: a) + the person killed intended to commit a forcible and life- + threatening crime; b) there was imminent danger of such crime + being accomplished; and, c) the person acted under the belief + that such force was necessary to save himself or herself or + another from death or a forcible and life-threatening crime. + Murder, mayhem, rape, and robbery are examples of forcible and + life-threatening crimes." + + For the private person -- or even the police officer -- the + instant the threat ends, the grounds for justifiable homicide + end. + + Strictly speaking, the State is no more than a group of + individuals acting for common purpose. It is hard to imagine how + it may rightly do more than the sum of the rights of the + individuals comprising that group. How, then, does this + transformation -- whereby homicide is justified long after the + threat has ended -- occur? Does mere group procedure sanctify + killing? If so, how many individuals must be in a group before + it earns a license to kill? What \moral\ premise distinguishes + the state criminal justice system from the lynch mob? + + The obvious answer is that in the absence of a Divine Ruler + anointed by God, there is no moral basis for the State to do + anything which it is not right for the private individual or + group to do. Logic dictates that if it is morally justifiable for + the State to kill in just retribution, then it must likewise be + morally justifiable for other individuals or groups to do so as + well -- the Mafia, the Crips, and the Bloods included. + + If it seems obviously wrong to you that private individuals + have a right to retaliate -- if California's definition of + justifiable homicide seems to you to be based on a valid moral + premise -- then you must come up with a \moral\ justification for + the State to do that which none of its principals may do. + + For me, I answer that it is wrong to punish murderers with + death, because it far exceeds the scope of human justice. Human + justice is based on the concept of seeking repair rather than + further destruction. The religious concept of just retribution + -- punishment, by another name -- is mere tit for tat, + underivable from principles of reparative equity and therefore + thoroughly irrelevant to justice or moral behavior as it may be + enforced by a legal system. The allure of legal punishment is to + adrenaline rather than reason. + + Consequently, I see no possible justification for the State, + as an agent of the people, to claim a moral right to do that + which none of its principals may do. If we have learned anything + in four millennia of limiting the role of government, it is that + if civil justice is to exist in a secular society, it means + limiting equity among individuals to reparation of wrongful + harms. + + If one believes, as I do, that killing a murderer has no + reason-derived moral basis, it does not logically follow that one + is advocating that murderers should continue to enjoy a pleasant + life at the expense of their victims. The principle of + reparation derives the object that murderers should labor hard + until the end of their days, and all that they produce beyond + their mere subsistence should be paid to the heirs of their + victims. There is no reasonable moral basis for the practice of + murderers spending their days being supported as privileged wards + of a welfare state. Such false humanitarianism is gravely + offensive to those who remember the murderer's victims, and + such offense is possibly the basis for much of the emotion behind + calls for state executions. + + To those of religious precepts, I must argue that it is + quite enough for the institutions of a non-theocratic society to + place immovable walls between murderers and the rest of us, and + extract what value can be obtained for their victims' benefit. + That is all safety and equity calls for. That is all that we -- + as individuals or as a group -- are entitled to. Beyond that + imperfect human institutions should not go, and what perfect + vengeance is required must be left to God, who in His own good + time disposes of all lives as He sees fit anyway. + + **** + + J. Neil Schulman is a novelist, screenwriter, and host of a + weekly program on the American Radio Network. + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wod-ed.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wod-ed.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98a605e --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wod-ed.txt @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +From andrey@cs.arizona.edu Tue Dec 18 22:05:08 1990 +From: andrey@cs.arizona.edu (Andrey Yeatts) +Newsgroups: talk.politics.drugs,alt.drugs +Subject: Editorial in the Arizona Daily Star +Date: 17 Dec 90 00:01:14 GMT + +Someone asked about what the jackbooter's letter that I quoted early +was in reference to. It was an excellent editorial in Tucson's Arizona +Daily Star of Nov. 28, and referred to a Gallup poll with particularly +chilling results: + +Rights? What Rights? + +How the Constitution lost the War on Drugs + + Ask Americans what makes them so special and most will talk about liberty, +freedom and a lot Bill of Rights stuff. + Ask Arizonans to hand over one of those rights in the name of the War on +Drugs, and most will say, "sure." + A recent poll of Arizona employees found 95 percent favor some sort of +workplace drug testing. Fifty-six percent support random drug testing of all +employees, whether there was cause to suspect a problem or not. + So much for the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unreasonable searches +and seizures. So much for the "right of the people to be secure in their +persons." + So much for common sense. + Drug testing is a simplistic non-solution. It ignores the causes of illegal +drug use. It treats a freedom-loving people like chattle. It is often +inaccurate. It is an invasion of privacy. + And it magnifies the problem all out of proportion. In 1985, say researchers +at the University of California at San Francisco, alcohol abuse accounted for +$27.4 billion in lost productivity; drug use accounted for $6 billion. + In 1989, the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that drug abuse had +been declining for 10 years, most dramatically in the last five years. Severe +problems do exist, especialy among unemployed, disenfranchised Americans who +seek escape from their miserable lives in addiction. But these people are not +the target of the frenzy to install an Office of Drug Testing in every +workplace. + Drug abuse on the job is a problem, and, depending on the type of job, it +can be dangerous. But when a freedom-loving nation begins to mindlessly +acquiesce to an erosion of its freedoms, that's a bigger problem. + More and more private businesses are requiring drug tests. They are spurred +on by the self-serving interests of those who make money selling drug tests. +Together they, and the federal Captains of the Drug War, are whipping up the +populace: Give us your privacy and we'll solve the drug problem. + Private businesses may be within their legal rights to demand drug tests. +But should Americans be bleating approval of this invasive approach? Shouldn't +they be demanding better answers? + They should be, but they aren't. The recent Gallup poll of 500 Arizona +workers was comissioned by the Washington-based Institute for a Drug Free +Workplace. The institute, representing businesses, is conducting 12 such polls +around the nation. It won't be surprising if all show similar results. Previous +polls have indicated support nationally for random drug testing. + America says it's OK to strip away a few rights in the name of War on Drugs. +Which suggests the freedom Americans love the most may be the freedom from +thinking. + +------- +Phew! and there you have it folks. We have a big job ahead of us... + +andrey + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wod-lies.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wod-lies.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..454ccb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wod-lies.txt @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ + The Hartford Courant + + "Untruths, unreliable data create obstacles in war on drugs." + +It is a stark message designed to persuade youths to stay away from +marijuana. + +And it is a lie. + +The narrator tells television viewers they are watching the brain waves +of a normal 14-year-old. As he speaks, squiggly lines with high peaks +show an obviously active brain. + +The picture changes: The lines flatten. These, the narrator says, are +the brain waves of a 14-year-old on marijuana. + +The problem with this national television advertisement is that the +flatter "brain waves" are not those of a teenager on dope; they are not +brain waves at all. The electroencephalograph was not hooked up to +anyone. + +It is not just brain waves that are being manipulated in the war +against drugs. Truth has been a casualty in other areas as well. + +For example: + + A study cited by presidents and business leaders to demonstrate the + effect of drug use on worker productivity has no scientific validity + according to the organization that conducted it. + + No one has been able to produce another widely quoted study that + purportedly showed drug users cost companies more in worker's + compensation claims and medical benefits. + + A third study, used to show that marijuana could cause long-term + impairment, was improperly conducted and reached conclusions no other + study has been able to duplicated, according to one of its authors. + +[article goes on to say that drugs are bad but that lying about it +destroys the credibility of the anti-drug crusade.] + +"Part of the problem we have as drug educators today is that kids don't +believe us," said Dr. Lester Grinspoon, an associate professor of +psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School who has researched the effects +of marijuana. + +"They've been told for so long that marijuana is very bad for them and +then they go off to college and see a brilliant English major that +smokes dope and nothing's happened to his or her brain or heart. Then +they use it themselves and discover it's the least harmful illegal +drug. So they say that maybe they've been lied to about cocaine or +PCP, too." + +But such questions are not the foremost concern of the organization +that created the brain-wave advertisement. The Partnership for a +Drug-Free America wants, above all else, to prevent people from using +drugs. + +Theresa Grant, public information director for the nonprofit +organization, said she doesn't see any problem with the ad. + +"The marijuana brain-wave commercial was one of the ads that we used as +a fact, rather than a fear-inducing ad," Grant said. later, she +acknowledged: "It was a simulation. They manipulated the machine. It +was not attached to any person. It was not scientific. At the time we +created it in 1987, we were told that it was an appropriate +representation," by the government's National Institute on Drug Abuse. + +... She emphasized that the partnership has not conceded that the +brain-wave representation was inaccurate ... + +"It's a flat lie," said Grinspoon. "Marijuana has no clinically +significant effect on the electroencephalograph." ... + +Citing a Harvard Medical School study, he said, "Nobody has been able +to demonstrate one iota of brain damage from smoking marijuana." + + Social 'Studies' + +Last year President Bush declared that "drug abuse among American +workers costs businesses anywhere from $60 billion to $100 billion a +year in lost productivity, absenteeism, drug-related accidents, medical +claims and theft." + +Where did he get those number? + +Bush, and President Reagan before him, have based their comments about +drugs and productivity on a study conducted by the Research Triangle +Institute, a nonprofit research organization near Raleigh, N.C., +according to Henrick J. Harwood, who led the study and now is senior +policy analyst in the White House drug policy office. ... + +"It was an inexpensive study done with inadequate data," said Reid +Maness, senior manager of communications for Research Triangle +Institute. "Unfortunately, there hasn't been attempt since then to do +anything better. This still remains the most recent and best study of +its type. + +"When we see people being critical about it, we don't get too upset. +RTI would agree that the study does not have a lot of precision. We +never claimed that it did," Maness said. + +The study concluded: + + o People who had *ever* been heavy marijuana users cost the nation + $34.2 billion in diminished worker productivity in 1980. + + o Adding the costs of drug-related health problems, crime and + accidents -- figures that exist only in very rough estimates -- the + study concluded that all drug abuse, excluding alcohol, cost the + country $47 billion in 1980. + +How did the institute come up with its figures? + +Using statistics from a 1982 household survey by the National Institute +on Drug Abuse, the institute compared the average income for households +in which one person admitted to having every used marijuana daily to +the average for households in which no one admitted to having ever used +marijuana daily. + +Households with former heavy smokers of marijuana had an average income +27.9 percent lower than similar households in which marijuana had not +been used heavily, the institute said. + +The study concluded that, when the figures were extrapolated to the +general population, marijuana abuse caused an estimated loss in income +of $34.2 billion in 1980. In turn, the researchers equated the reduced +income with reduced productivity. ... + +"The study is worthless," said Dr. John P. Morgan, medical professor +and head of the pharmacology department at the City University of New +York Medical School. "It is obviously absurd. It has to do with the +fact that NIDA is functioning chiefly as a minister of propaganda in +the war on drugs." + +The study did not prove any relationship between marijuana use and +reduced household income. Despite its conclusion that "The +[productivity] loss due to marijuana abuse was estimated at $34.2 +billion for 1980," the study elsewhere notes that the reduced income +was not necessarily a result of marijuana use. + +Even if it were, income does not equal productivity. + +In an article in the University of Kansas Law Review, Morgan write that +if income were the same as productivity, then "a judge is less +productive than a practicing lawyer, a medical school professor is less +productive than a practicing physician, a farmer is less productive +than a florist and an elementary school teacher is less productive than +an owner of a daycare center." + +The study arrived at one particularly curious conclusion: + +People who were *currently* abusing any illegal drug cost the nation +nothing in diminished worker productivity + +A 34-year-old who told researchers in 1982 that he had smoked marijuana +every day during the summer of 1966 and had not touched an illegal drug +since would be classified as a worker whose productivity was +significantly diminished by drug use. + +But the classification for diminished productivity applied only when +someone *quit* smoking marijuana, not if someone continued to use +marijuana, cocaine or heroin. + +Harwood acknowledged this. + +"We looked at current drug users vs. others and found no significant +difference [in productivity] between current users and never-users," he +said. + + The study that wasn't. + +Shocking anti-drug statistics seem always to make headlines, regardless +of what they are based upon. + +In 1983, Dr. Sidney Cohen, a clinical professor of psychiatry at UCLA, +wrote in the Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Newsletter that drug users were +five times as likely to file workers' compensation claims and that they +received three times the average level of benefits for illness. + +His source was a study purportedly done by the Firestone Tire and +Rubber Co. Many other drug fighters, particularly people in favor of +widespread drug testing of employees, have quoted either the Firestone +study or the newsletter edited by Cohen, who has since died. + +In fact, there appears to have been no such study. + +"About three people have asked me for that study," said the Firestone +medical director, Dr. E. Gates Morgan. "I'm unaware of it. We had an +[employee assistance program] man with us, but left the company in 1983 +and died in 1987. I've looked all over for the stuff he wrote, but we +don't have any copies of it at all." ... + + A life of their own + +Other widely quoted studies have even larger margins of error -- but +you wouldn't know that by listening to the people who quote them. + +"Marijuana does not wear off in a couple of hours," said Rosanna +Creighton, president of the nonpartisan lobbying group "Citizens for a +Drug-free Oregon." + +"The pleasure high is gone, but the effect it has ... on motor skills, +eye-to-hand coordination, peripheral vision ... is not gone. A +Stanford University study showed that 24 hours after smoking marijuana, +the ability of airplane pilots was impaired." + +Creighton was referring to a 1985 study paid for by the National +Institute on Drug Abuse and the Veterans Administration Medical +Research Service. It has been used to show that even casual marijuana +use is dangerous -- despite many government studies that have concluded +the opposite. ... + +The study said that although the pilots were unaware they were +impaired, their marijuana-induced errors could easily lead to airplane +crashes. + +But a co-author of the study is not confident of those findings. + +"The results of the study were suggestive, non conclusive," said Dr. +Von Otto Leirer, an experimental psychologist. "We didn't have the +appropriate controls for the experiment. That was a real serious +problem." + +Leirer said a follow-up study, using the proper controls and methods, +was conducted. That study was published in December, but attracted +little notice. +... + +In the past 20 years, studies have shown marijuana to cause brain +damage, paranoia, early senility, heart malfunction and sexual +problems, Grinspoon said. In every case, he said, follow-up studies +failed to confirm that marijuana caused any of those problems. + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wod-lsd.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wod-lsd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50b10fa --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wod-lsd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +Via NY Transfer News Collective * All the News that Doesn't Fit + +from Slingshot + + THE WAR ON DRUGS: LSD SENTENCES + SO HARSH THEY'RE CRAZY + +How come the Federal sentence for possession of $1500 of LSD is +10.1 to 13.9 years while the sentence for rape is only 5.8 to 7.2 +years and the sentence for stealing more than $80 million is only +4.2 to 5.2 years? What is going on here? + +Welcome to the wild world of federal sentencing guidelines and the +recent crackdown on LSD and "Deadheads." + +In 1986 Congress passed a law that imposed "Mandatory Minimum" +sentences for federal crimes. The law took away the traditional +discretion federal judges had in deciding how to sentence +convicted defendants and substituted the "US Sentencing Guidelines +Manual." + +The Manual, the size of a phone book, provides formulas to be used +in sentencing. For drug crimes, the formula is based on the +weight of the drugs involved. + +For purposes of "drug weight," the government decided to weigh the +"carrier" of LSD (blotter paper, sugar cube, etc.) rather than the +active drug itself. Since LSD itself hardly weighs anything, this +decision produced absurd results. + +If a person is charged with possession of 100 hits of pure LSD, +the sentence would be 10 months in prison. If the LSD is on +blotter paper, the same 100 hits results in 5 years in prison. +If, God forbid, the drug is on sugar cubes, the same 100 hits will +sentence the offender to 16 years in prison. Since this is a +"mandatory" sentence, the judge in the case has no power to +rationalize these widely differing sentences. + +In 1991, the US Supreme Court upheld this irrationality. +Currently, unless Congress specifically addresses the problem, it +is law. + +Since then, prosecutors have realized that they could put +relatively small time LSD dealers away for the better part of +their lives due to this irregularity in the law. In December, USA +Today reported that the government has used the law to target LSD +in general and "Deadheads" in particular. They write that "1500 +to 2000 Deadheads are [now] in prison, up from fewer than 100 four +years ago." The DEA has tripled spending, personnel and arrests +for LSD since 1990. + +According to the (so called) Justice Department, a third of those +sentenced to prison in 1991 were convicted of drug charges, +compared with only 7.5 percent in 1980. The proportion of the +total US population in prison has more than doubled during the 80s +from 139 per 100,000 in 1980 to 310 per 100,000 in 1991. In 1991, +823,414 people were in state or federal jails in the US, a record +number. The United States has a higher proportion of its +population in jail than any other country in the world. + + What can you do? + +Slingshot has been getting a stream of letters from prisoners +serving long LSD sentences urging us to cover this subject. They +are trying to organize a political campaign to get the law changed +for future people and to try to get their sentences reduced. They +suggest that people write to their Senators and Representatives +(Name, US Senate, Washington, DC 20510 or Name, House of Reps, +Washington, DC 20515) and in particular to Senator Joseph Biden +(of the Judiciary committee) and Representative Jack Brooks (House +Judiciary Comm). Biden introduced a Bill that would have +corrected the LSD weight problem but it was never voted on. Last +year, Congressman Don Edwards introduced a bill to abolish +Mandatory Minimums which also never made it to a vote. They +encourage letters explaining the LSD weight problem, demanding +that sentences be based on LSD weight only, and demanding that the +law be retroactive (that it reduce the sentences of those already +in prison). + +Another thing you can do is write to the US Sentencing Commission +which writes the Sentencing Guidelines Manual. They may be +considering changes to the way LSD is treated and letters could +have an influence. The address is: US Sentencing Commission, +Attn. Public Information, One Columbus Circle, Suite 2500, +Washington, DC 20002. + +For interesting information about this issue, write Families +Against Mandatory Minimums, 1001 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 200 +South, Washington, DC 20004. + + Typical Slingshot Rhetoric section + +Of course we need to do more than just change the way LSD +offenders are sentenced. And more is necessary than writing +letters to "elected" officials begging for tinkering with the +oppressive system. (We printed the above section at the request +of many imprisoned individuals who are suffering here and now and +for whom Rhetoric will be inadequate.) + +Consenting adults should be able to do whatever they want with +their bodies. Destroying people's with lives with prison because +they happen to select LSD as their drug of choice rather than +cigarettes or alcohol is insane. + +The War on Drugs as to "hippie" drugs has given the government a +huge excuse to crack down on people they hated because of their +ideas. These "mind expanding" drugs tend to make people question +work, authority and the system and therefore are seen as +particularly dangerous. + +As to "powder drugs" the War has given the government an excuse to +attack already oppressed communities in a two pronged attack. The +government imports heroin and cocaine to destroy minority +communities, and then turns around to arrest the low level +marketers at the street level. Police pressure causes competition +and battles for market share. New "Police powers" are "justified" +at every step. + +What do we need? The police by their very existence need to +"create" criminals. We can get rid of crime by getting rid of the +police. Organized and free people can protect and take care of +each other. + +How the prescribed prison sentence for a first time offender with +$ 1,500 worth of LSD compares with sentences1 for other federal +crimes: + +Crime Minimum Maximum + +LSD possession 10.1 13.9 +Attempted murder with harm 6.5 8.1 +Rape 5.8 7.2 +Armed robbery 4.7 5.9 +Kidnapping 4.2 5.2 +Theft of $ 80 million or more 4.2 5.2 + + +1 No parole is available on any sentence. Source: U.S. Sentencing +Guidelines Manual; Drug Enforcement Administration + + -30- + +Sidebar: + + "War on Drugs" prisoner list + +The following is a list of people serving prison terms for drug +offenses. Of course there are thousands more. Writing to a +prisoner is a very rewarding and educational experience. + +According to the (so called) Justice Department, a third (33%) of +those sentenced to prison in 1991 were convicted of drug charges, +compared with only 7.5 percent in 1980. The proportion of the US +population in prison has more than doubled during the 80s from 139 +per 100,000 in 1980 to 310 per 100,000 in 1991. + +When you write to one of these people, write their entire name and +any number given in the address. Where we have more than one name +at a particular prison, we have printed several names but the +prison address only once. You must select only one name for each +envelop. Note to prisoners: If you want to get on this list in +the future, please write us. + + +Robert Kitchin 911 A 3769 +BHCF, Cady Rd., Box 20 +Malone, NY 12953 + +Wayne Nelson 90 T 3677 2D +PO Box 2500 +Marcy, NY 13403 + +Chas Pugliese 90 T 4409 +Collins Correctional Facility +Hersmith, NY 14079 0220 + +Robert Umstead 89 B 2765 +CCF Main PO Box 2001 +Dannemoro, NY 12929 2001 + +Leslie Kelly 83760 011 +Aaron Lowdon 09540 036 +PO Box 905 J unit Genessee +Raybrook, NY 12999 0330 + +Fred McKee 03220 082 Ausable +Curtis Elwell 09563 036 MOH +PO Box 901 +Raybrook, NY 12977 + +Steve Benkoski 233 243 +Bob Branscome 227 812 +Michael Logar R151 058 +RCI Box 7010 +Chillicothie, OH 45601 + +Tim Clark 247 900 +CCI PO Box 5500 +Chillicothie, OH 45601 + +Gordon Selter 231 419 +PO Box 740 +London, OH 43140 +Matt Capelli 249 243 +PO Box 69 +London, OH 43140 + +Mike Gough 214 634 +Alan Yorko 216942 +MCI Box 57 K Block +Marion, OH 43302 + +Mike Hollowman 1942 +2500 Westgate +Pendleton, OR 97801 + +Brian Phillippe +13357 075 Unit 5 +PO Box 5002 +Sheridan, OR 97378 + +Dominick Serratore +99 Water St. +Wilkes Barre, PA 18702 + +Fred Anderson 02777052 +W Prem Atri 02468 089 +David Chevvette +24937 198, 3B + +Robert Lohr 01559087 2 A +PO Box 8000 +Baradford, PA 16701 + +Robert Levin 157831 +Rte. 1 PO Box 330 +Tiptonville, TN 38079 + +Michael King 229842 +ACSU/NSP Box 2300 +Newark, NJ 07114 + +John Davis 11133 050 +BMB 771 Box 7000 +Texarkana, TX 75501 + +Brian Dunn +Rte. 3 Box 5012 +Bennington, VT 05201 + +Chris Jones 181067 +SCC Box 3500 +Staunton, VA 24401 +Billy Stallings +Rte. 2 Box 1090 +Ridge, VA 24148 + +Robert Moody 184849 +BCC Rte. 2 Box 143 +Bland, VA 24315 + +Charles Mills 180783 C 2018 A +PO Box 488 +Burkeville, VA 23922 + +Joe M. Calafactor J86318 +SCU #21 +384 Eskimo Hill Rd. +Stafford, VA 22554 + +Jason Reed 182722 +C 3 115A Uni C +Greensville CC Rte. 1 Box 205 +Jarratt, VA 23867 9614 + +Craig Theriault 178056 +6900 Courthouse Rd. +Chesterfield, VA 23832 + +Janet Goodwin 16134 057 +Box Z C 2 +Alderson, WV 24910 + +Pat Hamlin 10399 068 +Terry McCabe 0946 036 +Box 1000 Gerard Unit +Morgantown, WV 26507 1000 + + -30- + +Slingshot +700 Eshleman Hall +Berkeley, CA 94702 + + ++ Join Us! Support The NY Transfer News Collective + ++ We deliver uncensored information to your mailbox! + ++ Data: 718-448-2358 FAX: 448-3423 e-mail: nyxfer!nyt@speedway.net + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wodborsr.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wodborsr.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f91023 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wodborsr.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1241 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + + + + Eric Postpischil + + 6 Hamlett Drive, Apt. 17, Nashua, NH 03062 + + edp@jareth.enet.dec.com + + + + 6 October 1990 + + + + Permission is granted to copy this article and to convert it as + needed for copying and/or transmission in other forms of media, + including radio, television, computer mail, and print. + + I would like to thank the numerous people who enter reports on + Usenet and the dozens who provided me with information. Without + their efforts, I would not have had the volume of information + that made this article possible. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ii + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Introduction + + How many rights do you have? You should check, because it might + not be as many today as it was a few years ago, or even a few + months ago. Some people are not concerned that police will + execute a search warrant without knocking or that they set up + roadblocks to stop and interrogate innocent citizens. They do + not regard these as great infringements on their rights. But + when you put current events together, there is information that + may be surprising to people who have not yet been concerned: The + amount of the Bill of Rights that is under attack is alarming. + + 15 December 1991 will be the two-hundredth anniversary of the + ratification of the Bill of Rights. How has it stood up over two + hundred years? Let's take a look at the Bill of Rights and see + which aspects are being pushed on or threatened. The point here + is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or wrongness, + but the sheer number of rights that are under attack. + + Amendment I + + Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re- + ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- + ing the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right + of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the + Government for a redress of grievances. + + Establishing religion: While campaigning for his first term, + George Bush said "I don't know that atheists should be consid- + ered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots."[1] + Bush has not retracted, commented on, or clarified this state- + ment, in spite of requests to do so. According to Bush, this + is one nation under God. And apparently if you are not within + Bush's religious beliefs, you are not a citizen. Federal, state, + and local governments promote a particular religion (or, occa- + sionally, religions) by spending public money on religious dis- + plays. Governments also establish religion via blue laws, which + ___________________ + + [1] "Bush on Atheism," Free Inquiry 8, no. 4 (Fall 1988): 16. + + 1 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + set Sunday as a special day on which business is prohibited or + limited. + + Free exercise of religion: Robert Newmeyer and Glenn Braunstein + were jailed in 1988 for refusing to stand in respect for a + judge.[2] Braunstein says the tradition of rising in court + started decades ago when judges entered carrying Bibles. Since + judges no longer carry Bibles, Braunstein says there is no + reason to stand - and his Bible tells him to honor no other + God. For this religious practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were + jailed and are now suing. + + Free exercise of religion: On 17 April 1990, the Supreme Court + ruled that Native Americans do not have a Constitutional right + to use peyote during their religious ceremonies. Peyote is a + mild hallucinogen derived from cactus plants. It is also, to + members of the Native American Church, an essential sacrament, + the physical embodiment of the Great Spirit. During the Prohibi- + tion, the Federal government permitted the Roman Catholic Church + to use sacramental wine at masses, but Native Americans are not + receiving equal treatment now. In the majority opinion, Justice + Antonin Scalia admitted the decision would place minority reli- + gious practices at a disadvantage. The Supreme Court decision + is so generally opposed that three weeks after the decision, + a petition for rehearing was filed jointly by American Jewish + Congress, Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, National + Council of Churches, National Association of Evangelicals, Peo- + ple for the American Way, Presbyterian Church USA, American + Civil Liberties Union, Christian Legal Society, American Jewish + Committee, Unitarian-Universalist Association, General Confer- + ence of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Worldwide Church of + + + + + ___________________ + [2] Steve Green, "Courtroom Respect Case Goes to Trial," United + + Press International (UPI), circa 9 August 1990. + + 2 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + God, Missouri Synod of Lutheran Church, and Americans United for + Separation of Church and State.[3][,][4] + + Free speech: Technology has given the government an excuse to + interfere with free speech. Claiming that radio frequencies are + a limited resource, the government tells broadcasters what to + say (such as news and public and local service programming) and + what not to say. This includes prohibitions on obscenity, as + defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC + is investigating Boston PBS station WGBH-TV for broadcasting + photographs from the Mapplethorpe exhibit. Also, a broadcaster + that supported legalization of drugs would be in danger of + violating FCC rules. + + Free speech: There are also laws to limit political statements + and contributions to political activities. In 1985, the Michi- + gan Chamber of Commerce wanted to take out an advertisement + supporting a candidate in the state house of representatives. + But a 1976 Michigan law prohibits a corporation from using its + general treasury funds to make independent expenditures in a + political campaign. In March 1990, the Supreme Court upheld that + law. According to dissenting Justice Anthony Kennedy, it is now + a felony in Michigan for the Sierra Club, the American Civil + Liberties Union, or the Chamber of Commerce to advise the pub- + lic how a candidate voted on issues of urgent concern to their + members.[5] + + + + + ___________________ + [3] Rob Boston, "The Day 'Sherbert' Melted," Church and State 43, + + no. 6 (June 1990): 4-6. + [4] Steve Moore, "Supreme Court Deals Devastating Blow to Native Amer- + + ican Church," Native American Rights Fund Legal Review (Spring 1990). + [5] Michael Gartner, "If Corporations Are Silenced in Political + Debate, Who's Next?", Wall Street Journal, 5 April 1990, sec. + + A, 19. + + 3 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Free press: In an apparently unprecedented order, New York + Supreme Court Justice Michael J. Dontzin issued an order for + prior restraint against the publication of a book by a former + member of Mossad, an Israeli intelligence service. Further, + Dontzin issued this order with only scant information about the + alleged menace represented by the book. The justice made the + ruling based upon lawyers' descriptions of material in a sealed + affidavit in Ontario, Canada - material the justice had not + seen.[6] + + Free press: The equipment Craig Neidorf used to publish Phrack, + a worldwide electronic magazine about phones and hacking, was + confiscated after Neidorf published a three-page document copied + from a Bell South computer and entitled "A Bell South Standard + Practice (BSP) 660-225-104SV Control Office Administration of + Enhanced 911 Services for Special Services and Major Account + Centers, March, 1988."[7] All of the information in this doc- + ument was publicly available in other documents and could be + ordered by calling a toll-free 800 number.[8] The government has + not alleged that Neidorf was involved with or participated in + the copying of the document, only that he published it.[9] The + person who copied this document from telephone company comput- + ers also placed a copy on a bulletin board run by Rich Andrews. + Andrews notified AT&T officials and cooperated with author- + ities fully. In return, the Secret Service (SS) confiscated + Andrews' computer along with all the mail and data that were on + it. Andrews was not charged with any crime.[10] + + ___________________ + [6] Roger Cohen, "Judge Halts Publication of Book by Ex-Israeli + Intelligence Agent," New York Times, 13 September 1990, sec. + + A, 1, and sec. C, 24. + [7] John Perry Barlow, "Crime and Puzzlement," Whole Earth Review + + 68 (Fall 1990): 44-57. + [8] Jef Poskanzer of Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), computer + mail to author, 17 September 1990. EFF provided litigation sup- + + port to Neidorf. + + [9] "Legal Case Summary," Electronic Frontier Foundation, 10 July 1990. + + [10] Barlow. + + 4 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Free press: On 1 March 1990 the SS ransacked the offices of + Steve Jackson Games (SJG); irreparably damaged property; and + confiscated three computers, two laser printers, several hard + disks, and many boxes of paper and floppy disks. The target of + the SS operation was to seize all copies of a game of fiction + called GURPS Cyberpunk. The Cyberpunk game contains fictitious + break-ins in a futuristic world, with no technical information + of actual use with real computers, nor is it played on com- + puters. The SS never filed any charges against SJG but still + refused to return confiscated property.[11] + + Peaceable assembly: The right to assemble peaceably is no longer + free - you have to get a permit. Even that is not enough; some + officials have to be sued before they realize their reasons for + denying a permit are not Constitutional. + + Peaceable assembly: In Alexandria, Virginia, there is a law + that prohibits people from loitering for more than seven minutes + and exchanging small objects. Punishment is two years in jail. + Consider the scene in jail: "What'd you do?" "I was waiting at a + bus stop and gave a guy a cigarette." This is not an impossible + occurrence: In Pittsburgh, Eugene Tyler, 15, has been ordered + away from bus stops by police officers.[12] Sherman Jones, also + 15, was accosted with a police officer's hands around his neck + after putting the last bit of pizza crust into his mouth. The + police suspected him of hiding drugs.[13] + + Petition for redress of grievances: Rounding out the attacks + on the first amendment, there is a sword hanging over the right + to petition for redress of grievances. House Resolution 4079, + the National Drug and Crime Emergency Act, tries to modify the + right to habeas corpus. It sets time limits on the right of + people in custody to petition for redress and also limits the + + ___________________ + + [11] Ibid. + [12] Dan Donovan and Ellen Perlmutter, "Teens Say Drug Tactics + + Hassle the Innocent," Pittsburgh Press, 10 July 1990. + + [13] Ibid. + + 5 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + courts in which such an appeal may be heard.[14] And on 5 March + 1990, the Supreme Court limited the ability of state prison + inmates to obtain Federal court review of their convictions and + sentences. By ruling that prisoners cannot make appeals based + on favorable court rulings issued in other cases since their + own convictions, the Supreme Court permitted states to execute + people even though their death sentences would not be permitted + today in light of subsequent rulings.[15] If a state imposed + a death sentence in "good faith," but it turns out the state + was mistaken, the Supreme Court has given the okay to refusing + to hear the prisoner's petition for redress of grievances. The + defendant will be killed even though the state made a mistake. + + Amendment II + + A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of + a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, + shall not be infringed. + + Right to bear arms: This amendment is so commonly challenged + that the movement has its own name: gun control. Legislation + banning various types of weapons is supported with the claim + that the weapons are not for "legitimate" sporting purposes. + This is a perversion of the right to bear arms for two reasons. + First, the basis of freedom is not that permission to do le- + gitimate things is granted to the people, but rather that the + government is empowered to do a limited number of legitimate + things - everything else people are free to do; they do not + need to justify their choices. Second, the purpose of the sec- + ond amendment is not to provide arms for sporting purposes. The + right to bear arms is the last line of defense of our rights. + In case there is an emergency, in case the people running the + + ___________________ + [14] House of Representatives, House Resolution 4079, 101st + + Congress, 2d session, 1990, 37-43 + [15] Linda Greenhouse, "Justices Limit Path to US Courts for State Pris- + oners on Death Row," New York Times, 6 March 1990, sec. A, 1 and + + 20. + + 6 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + government get out of control, guns in the hands of the people - + all the people - are the last chance to defend our freedom. + + Some people contend the second amendment forbids Congress to + prohibit the maintenance of a state militia. If so, this amend- + ment is threatened by an incident described below, at the tenth + amendment, in which the Federal government took control of the + state militias. + + Firearms regulations also empower local officials, such as po- + lice chiefs, to grant or deny permits. This gives local offi- + cials power to grant permits only to friends of people in the + right places or to deny permits on sexist or racist bases - + such as denying women the right to carry a weapon needed for + self-defense. + + Amendment III + + No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, + without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in + a manner to be prescribed by law. + + Quartering soldiers: This amendment is fairly clean so far, but + it is not entirely safe. In July and August of 1990, 200 troops + in camouflage dress with M-16s and helicopters swept through + King Range National Conservation Area in Humboldt County, Cal- + ifornia, in a militarized attack involving the California Na- + tional Guard, the Army, and seven other federal agencies.[16] + In the process of searching for marijuana plants, soldiers as- + saulted people with M-16s, trespassed on private land, and de- + stroyed private property, including a fire-protection spring box + and watering system the day before a major fire (they thought it + + + + ___________________ + [16] Eric Brazil, "Troops Raid Humboldt Pot Farms," San Francisco + + Examiner, 31 July 1990, sec. A, 1 and 16. + + 7 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + might be used to irrigate marijuana plants).[17][,][18][,][19] + This is not a direct hit on the third amendment, but the disre- + gard for private property is threateningly close. + + Amendment IV + + The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall + issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirma- + tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, + and the persons or things to be seized. + + Right to be secure in persons, houses, papers, and effects + against unreasonable searches and seizures: The RICO law is + making a mockery of the right to be secure from seizure. Entire + stores of books or videotapes have been confiscated based upon + the presence of some sexually explicit items. Bars, restaurants, + or houses are taken from the owners because employees or tenants + sold drugs. In Volusia County, Florida, Sheriff Robert Vogel + and his officers stop automobiles for contrived violations. If + large amounts of cash are found, the police confiscate it on the + presumption that it is drug money - even if there are no drugs + or other evidence of a crime and no charges are filed against + the car's occupants.[20][,][21] The victims can get their money + back only if they prove the money was obtained legally. One + couple got their money back by proving it was an insurance + + ___________________ + [17] Rick DelVecchio, "US Marijuana Busters Find 'Good Quantities'," + + San Francisco Chronicle, 1 August 1990, sec. A, 1f. + [18] DelVecchio, "Humboldt Man Talks About Close Encounters," San Fran- + + cisco Chronicle, 2 August 1990, sec. A, 2. + [19] Ronald M. Sinoway, "Nationwide Class-Action Lawsuit Filed Against + Operation Green Sweep," Civil Liberties Monitoring Project, 9 Au- + + gust 1990. + [20] Jacob Sullum, "Little Big Brothers," Trends, Reason 21, no. + + 10 (March 1990): 14. + + [21] 20/20, American Broadcasting Companies, January 1990. + + 8 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + settlement. Two other men who tried to get their two thousand + dollars back were denied by the Florida courts. + + Right to be secure in persons, houses, papers, and effects + against unreasonable searches and seizures: A new law goes into + effect in Oklahoma on 1 January 1991. All property, real and + personal, is taxable, and citizens are required to list all + their personal property for tax assessors, including household + furniture, gold and silver plate, musical instruments, watches, + jewelry, and personal, private, or professional libraries. If a + citizen refuses to list their property or is suspected of not + listing something, the law directs the assessor to visit and + enter the premises, getting a search warrant if necessary.[22] + Being required to tell the state everything you own is not being + secure in one's home and effects. + + No warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported + by oath or affirmation: As a supporting oath or affirmation, + reports of anonymous informants are accepted. This practice has + been condoned by the Supreme Court. + + Particularly describing the place to be searched and persons + or things to be seized: Today's warrants do not particularly + describe the things to be seized - they list things that might + be present. For example, if police are making a drug raid, they + will list weapons as things to be searched for and seized. + This is done not because the police know of any weapons and + can particularly describe them, but because they allege people + with drugs often have weapons. + + The two items immediately above both apply to the warrant the + Hudson, New Hampshire, police used when they broke down Bruce + Lavoie's door at 5 a.m. with guns drawn and shot and killed him. + The warrant claimed information from an anonymous informant, + and it said, among other things, that any guns found were to be + + ___________________ + [22] Don Bell, "Supreme Court Dictatorship in America," The CDL Re- + port 129 (June 1990), quoting the text of the bill as printed + + in The Christian World Report, 16 May 1989. + + 9 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + seized.[23] Although Bruce Lavoie had no guns and there was no + reason to suspect he did, the mention of guns in the warrant was + used as reason to enter with guns drawn. Bruce Lavoie was not + secure from unreasonable search and seizure. + + Other infringements on the fourth amendment include roadblocks + and the Boston Police detention and deliberate harassment of + known gang members.[24] Gang membership is known by such things + as skin color and clothing color. And in Pittsburgh again, Eu- + gene Tyler was once searched because he was wearing sweat pants + and a plaid shirt - police told him they heard many drug dealers + at that time were wearing sweat pants and plaid shirts.[25] + + Amendment V + + No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise + infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of + a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval + forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time + of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject + to the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or + limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a + witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, + or property, without due process of law; nor shall private + property be taken for public use without just compensation. + + Indictment of a grand jury: Kevin Bjornson has been proprietor + of Hydro-Tech for nearly a decade and is a leading author- + ity on hydroponic technology and cultivation. On 26 October + 1989, both locations of Hydro-Tech were raided by the Drug + Enforcement Administration. National Drug Control Policy Di- + rector William Bennett has declared that some indoor lighting + + ___________________ + [23] Hudson Police Shooting, Investigation report case I-89-220, + + Concord: New Hampshire State Police, 13 August 1989, 243. + [24] Jerry Thomas, "Police Sweep of Gangs Deemed a Success," Boston + + Globe, 21 May 1989, 40. + + [25] Donovan and Perlmutter. + + 10 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + and hydroponic equipment is purchased by marijuana growers, + so retailers and wholesalers of such equipment are drug prof- + iteers and co-conspirators. Bjornson was not charged with any + crime, nor subpoenaed, issued a warrant, or arrested. No illegal + substances were found on his premises. Federal officials were + unable to convince grand juries to indict Bjornson. By February, + they had called scores of witnesses and recalled many two or + three times, but none of the grand juries they convened decided + there was reason to criminally prosecute Bjornson. In spite of + that, as of March 1990, his bank accounts were still frozen and + none of the inventories or records had been returned.[26] Grand + juries refused to indict Bjornson, but the government is still + penalizing him. + + Twice put in jeopardy of life or limb: Raymond Buckey was put + on trial a second time for child molesting in the McMartin + Preschool case, after a first trial lasting three years ac- + quitted him of 40 charges but deadlocked on 13 other counts.[27] + Anthony Barnaby was tried for the same murder three times before + New Hampshire released him,[28] even though there was virtually + no physical evidence linking him to the scene of the crime.[29] + These were mistrials rather than not-guilty verdicts, but they + were not mistrials caused by accident (such as a juror falling + ill) or incorrect procedure (such as misconduct by a prosecu- + tor). The facts here are that the prosecutors did not convince + the juries that the defendants were guilty, yet the defendants + were tried over and over again, sapping them in finances and + in years from their lives. The trying and retrying of a person + + ___________________ + [26] Amy Swanson, "Libertarian Activist in Northwest Victim of + Bennett's Drug War," Libertarian Party News 5, no. 3 (March + + 1990). + [27] "2d Trial Opens in Preschool Molestation Case," New York + + Times, 8 May 1990, sec. A, 13. + [28] Pendleton Beach, "Barnaby 'Ecstatic' at Release," Nashua Telegraph, + + 11 July 1990, 1. + [29] Carolyn Magnuson, "Caplin Shadows Barnaby Trial," Nashua Telegraph, + + 8 October 1989, sec. A, 1 and 4. + + 11 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + becomes an abuse that threatens the right to continue with one's + life after having withstood the jeopardy to life or limb. + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: Oliver North was + forced to testify against himself. Congress granted him immunity + from having anything he said to them being used as evidence + against him, and then they required him to talk. After he did + so, what he said was used to develop other evidence which was + used against him.[30] + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: In the New York + Central Park assault case, three people were found guilty of + assault. But there was no physical evidence linking them to + the crime; hair, clothing, and semen did not match any of the + defendants.[31][,][32] The only evidence the state had was + confessions. To obtain these confessions, the police questioned + 15-year-old Yusef Salaam without a parent present - which is + illegal under New York state law.[33] Police also refused to let + the subject's Big Brother, an assistant United States attorney, + see him during questioning. Police screamed "You better tell us + what we want to hear and cooperate or you are going to jail," + at 14-year-old Antron McCray, according to Bobby McCray, his + father.[34] Antron McCray "confessed" after his father told + him to, because the police said they would release him if he + confessed.[35] These people were coerced into bearing witness + + ___________________ + [30] "Say Goodnight, Mr. Walsh," Review & Outlook, Wall Street + + Journal, 10 September 1990, sec. A, 14. + [31] Ronald Sullivan, "Scientific Link is Still Missing in Jogger + + Trial," New York Times, 20 July 1990, sec. B, 1 and 5. + [32] Sullivan, "Defense Asks, Was Jogger Really Raped?", New York Times, + + 8 August 1990, sec. B, 1 and 3. + [33] Sullivan, "Police Ignored Warnings on Age of Jogger Suspect, Wit- + + nesses Say," New York Times, 31 July 1990, sec. B, 3. + [34] Peg Byron, "Father Says He Told Son to Lie After Police Lied to + + Him," UPI, circa 30 July 1990. + [35] Sullivan, "Youth's Father Says He Urged Park-Rape Lie," New York + + Times, 28 July 1990, 23 and 26. + + 12 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + against themselves, and those confessions were used to convict + them. + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: Your answers to Cen- + sus questions are required by law, with a $100 penalty for each + question not answered. But people have been evicted for giv- + ing honest Census answers. According to the General Accounting + Office, one of the most frequent ways city governments use cen- + sus information is to detect illegal two-family dwellings. This + has happened in Montgomery County, Maryland; Pullman, Washing- + ton; and Long Island, New York. In this and other ways, Census + answers are used against the answerers.[36] + + Compelled to be a witness against himself: The government is + requiring drug tests from more and more people, even when there + is no probable cause, no accident, and no suspicion of drug + use. Requiring people to take drug tests compels them to provide + evidence against themselves. + + Deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process + of law: This clause is violated on each of the items life, + liberty, and property. Incidents including such violations + are described elsewhere in this article. Here are two more: + On 26 March 1987, in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, Jeffrey Miles + was killed by police officer John Rucker, who was looking for a + suspected drug dealer. Rucker had been sent to the wrong house; + Miles was not wanted by police.[37] He received no due process. + In Detroit, $4,834 was seized from a grocery store after dogs + detected traces of cocaine on three one-dollar bills in a cash + register.[38] + + + ___________________ + [36] James Bovard, "Honesty May Not Be Your Best Census Policy," + + Wall Street Journal, 8 August 1989, sec. A, 10. + [37] John Dentinger, "Narc, Narc," Playboy 37, no. 4 (April 1990): + + 49-50. + + [38] Sullum. + + 13 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Private property taken for public use without just compensation: + RICO is shredding this aspect of the Bill of Rights. The money + confiscated by Sheriff Vogel goes directly into Vogel's budget. + Federal and local governments seize and auction cars and boats. + Vehicles are seized even if the owners are not present or re- + sponsible for the presence of drugs (as in the case of chartered + vehicles). One car was seized because an inspector believed the + smell of marijuana was in it.[39] Under RICO, the government is + seizing property without due process. The victims are required + to prove not only that they are not guilty of a crime, but that + they are entitled to their property. Otherwise, the government + auctions off the property and keeps the proceeds. + + Amendment VI + + In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the + right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of + the State and district wherein the crime shall have been com- + mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained + by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the ac- + cusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to + have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, + and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. + + The right to a speedy and public trial: Surprisingly, the right + to a public trial is under attack. When Marion Barry was being + tried, the prosecution attempted to bar Louis Farrakhan and + George Stallings from the gallery. This request was based on + an allegation that they would send silent and "impermissible + messages" to the jurors.[40] The judge initially granted this + + + ___________________ + [39] Jon Nordheimer, "Tighter Federal Drug Dragnet Yields Cars, + Boats and Protests," New York Times, 22 May 1988, sec. A, 1 + + and 16. + [40] Sandra Sardella, "ACLU Says Farrakhan, Stallings Can Attend + + Barry Trial," UPI, circa 5 July 1990. + + 14 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + request.[41] One might argue that the whole point of a public + trial is to send a message to all the participants: The message + is that the public is watching; the trial had better be fair. + + By an impartial jury: The government does not even honor the + right to trial by an impartial jury. US District Judge Edward + Rafeedie is investigating improper influence on jurors by US + marshals in the Enrique Camarena case. US marshals apparently + illegally communicated with jurors during deliberations.[42] + + Of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been + committed: Manuel Noriega is being tried so far away from the + place where he is alleged to have committed crimes that the + United States had to invade another country and overturn a + government to get him. Nor is this a unique occurrence; in a + matter separate from the jury tampering, Judge Rafeedie had + to dismiss charges against Mexican gynecologist Dr. Humberto + Alvarez Machain on the grounds that the doctor was illegally + abducted from his Guadalajara office in April 1990 and turned + over to US authorities.[43] + + To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation: Steve + Jackson Games, nearly put out of business by the raid described + previously, has been stonewalled by the SS. "For the past month + or so these guys have been insisting the book wasn't the target + of the raid, but they don't say what the target was, or why + they were critical of the book, or why they won't give it back," + Steve Jackson says. "They have repeatedly denied we're targets + but don't explain why we've been made victims."[44] Attorneys + for SJG tried to find out the basis for the search warrant that + ___________________ + [41] B. Drummond Ayres, Jr., "Witness in Barry Trial Now Denies Exceed- + + ing Agents' Instructions," New York Times, 4 July 1990, 10. + [42] Carol Baker, "Camarena Judge Vows to Get to 'Bottom' of Mis- + + trial Motion," UPI, circa 9 August 1990. + [43] "US Appeals Order to Return Suspect to Mexico," New York + + Times, 18 August 1990, 9. + [44] "CyberPunk Could Prove End of Steve Jackson Games," UPI, 10 + + May 1990. + + 15 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + led to the raid on SJG. But the application for that warrant was + sealed by order of the court and remained sealed at last report, + in July 1990.[45] Not only has the SS taken property and nearly + destroyed a publisher, it will not even explain the nature and + cause of the accusations that led to the raid. + + To be confronted with the witnesses against him: The courts + are beginning to play fast and loose with the right to confront + witnesses. Testimony via videotape or one-way television is + being used for former Presidents and children. Such procedures + reduce the information a jury receives. First, the lack of the + physical presence of the witness makes it more difficult for + the jury to judge the witness' veracity and get an accurate + impression of what the witness is saying. Second, the cumbersome + procedures involved reduce the ability for either prosecution or + defense to cross-examine the witness - a step which is essential + to bringing out the truth in difficult situations. + + To have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses: When John M. + Poindexter subpoenaed Ronald Reagan as a witness in Poindexter's + trial, Reagan fought the subpoena.[46] The White House and the + Justice Department also opposed providing documents in response + to subpoenas of Oliver North.[47] Without the disputed papers, + Federal District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell had to dismiss the + main criminal charges against North.[48] The government said the + documents were being withheld for reasons of national security. + Some of the documents had already been made public by release to + + + + ___________________ + + [45] "Legal Case Summary," Electronic Frontier Foundation, 10 July 1990. + [46] "Reagan Fighting a Subpoena," New York Times, 3 January 1990, + + sec. A, 16. + [47] Philip Shenon, "North Subpoenas Face Fight by White House," New + + York Times, 1 January 1989, 12. + [48] Michael Wines, "Key North Counts Dismissed by Court," New York Times, + + 14 January 1989, 1. + + 16 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + a private institute in another court case. The prosecution knew + this but still told the court the documents were secret.[49] + + To have the assistance of counsel: Connecticut Judge Joseph + Sylvester is refusing to assign public defenders to people + accused of drug-related crimes, including drunk driving.[50] + + To have the assistance of counsel: RICO is also affecting the + right to have the assistance of counsel. The government confis- + cates the money of an accused person, which leaves them unable + to hire attorneys. The IRS has served summonses nationwide to + defense attorneys around the country, demanding the names of + clients who paid cash for fees exceeding $10,000.[51] + + Amendment VII + + In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall + exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be + preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise + reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according + to the rules of common law. + + Right of trial by jury in suits at common law: There are several + ways this right can be taken from somebody. If a person is + not careful about knowing when to ask for a jury trial, the + government might refuse to grant the right. Under the Federal + Rules of Civil Procedure, failure to demand a trial by jury in + + + + + ___________________ + [49] David Johnston, "Trial of North Stalled Again; Defense Moves for + + Dismissal," New York Times, 1 March 1989, sec. A, 1 and 20. + [50] "Drug Suspects Barred From Public Defenders," New York Times, + + 12 July 1990, national edition, sec. B, 3. + [51] "IRS Issues Summonses to Defense Lawyers," New York Times, 7 + + March 1990, sec. A, 17. + + 17 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + time constitutes a waiver of the right.[52] The rules courts + are using allow judges to direct a jury to return a particular + verdict. Or a judge can decide a verdict is wrong according + to the evidence, set aside the jury's verdict, and order a new + trial.[53] In Slocum v. New York Life Insurance Company, the + Supreme Court decided that in a case where the judge allowed the + jury to deliberate, the matter could not be changed by directing + the verdict, because of the seventh amendment, but it was okay + to declare a mistrial and order a new trial in which the judge + could direct the jury verdict.[54] This sidesteps the seventh + amendment and removes the power to decide justice and facts from + the people of a jury. + + Amendment VIII + + Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines + imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + + Excessive bail and fines: Tallahatchie County in Mississippi + charges ten dollars a day to each person who spends time in the + jail, regardless of the length of stay or the outcome of their + trial. This means innocent people are forced to pay. Marvin + Willis was stuck in jail for 90 days trying to raise $2,500 bail + on an assault charge. But after he made that bail, he was kept + imprisoned because he could not pay the $900 rent Tallahatchie + demanded. Nine former inmates are suing the county for this + practice.[55] + + ___________________ + [52] Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service, The Con- + stitution of the United States of America: Analysis and + Interpretation, edited by Johnny H. Killian and Leland E. + Beck, 99th Congress, 1st session, 1987, Senate document 99-16, + + 1376. + + [53] Ibid, 1382. + + [54] Ibid. + [55] "Ex-inmates Take Issue with Jail Cell Fees," Insight (16 April + + 1990): 55. + + 18 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Cruel and unusual punishments: House Resolution 4079 threatens + this right too: "... a Federal court shall not hold prison + or jail crowding unconstitutional under the eighth amendment + except to the extent that an individual plaintiff inmate proves + that the crowding causes the infliction of cruel and unusual + punishment of that inmate."[56] + + Cruel and unusual punishments: A life sentence for selling a + quarter of a gram of cocaine for $20 - that is what Ricky Isom + was sentenced to in February 1990 in Cobb County, Georgia. + It was Isom's second conviction in two years, and state law + imposes a mandatory sentence. Even the judge pronouncing the + sentence thinks it is cruel; Judge Tom Cauthorn expressed grave + reservations before sentencing Isom and Douglas Rucks (convicted + of selling 3.5 grams of cocaine in a separate but similar case). + Judge Cauthorn called the sentences "Draconian."[57] + + Amendment IX + + The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall + not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the + people. + + Other rights retained by the people: Other rights retained by + the people include the right of a citizen to work in or for a + political party and the right to marital privacy.[58] Those are + some of the rights the authors of the Constitution were trying + to protect by telling us in this amendment that the other parts + of the Constitution were not to be interpreted as a complete + list, that people have fundamental rights other than those + explicitly listed, and those rights should not be infringed. + But still the government tries. The Hatch Act limits political + activities of people who are employed by the government. Various + + ___________________ + + [56] House Resolution 4079, 8-9. + [57] Mark Curriden, "Man Gets Life for $20 Sale of Cocaine," At- + + lanta Journal, 22 February 1990. + + [58] Constitution: Analysis and Interpretation, 1412-1413. + + 19 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + states attempt to regulate marital relations. Another right + considered fundamental is the right to travel, including travel + abroad across borders in either direction and travel within + the country.[59] Yet the Federal government limits travel to + Cuba and other countries, and states establish roadblocks to + question and examine citizens. And aspects of our private lives + are increasingly regulated. At home, recreation, and work, laws + and regulations dictate what the government thinks is good for + us. + + Amendment X + + The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- + tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to + the States respectively, or to the people. + + Powers reserved to the states or the people: Until 1937, this + amendment was used to keep Congress within limits in such things + as regulation of commerce, enforcement of the fourteenth amend- + ment, and laying and collecting taxes.[60] Today, this protec- + tion has eroded. The Federal government exercises much power + through purse strings, by taking money from the people and cor- + porations within the states and refusing to return it unless + states conform to Federal rules. By controlling money, the Fed- + eral government coerces obedience from the states in setting + speed limits, defining crimes, and setting criminal sentences + and penalties. In 1984, Reagan signed a law ordering millions + of dollars withheld from states not raising their drinking age + to 21.[61] South Dakota objected to this and sued, with sup- + port from eight other states.[62] On 23 June 1987, the Supreme + + ___________________ + [59] Milton R. Konvitz, Bill of Rights Reader: Leading Constitutional + + Cases, 5th ed. (New York: Cornell University Press, 1973): 518. + + [60] Constitution: Analysis and Interpretation, 1418. + [61] Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Signs Law Linking Federal Aid to Drink- + + ing Age," New York Times, 18 July 1984, sec. A, 15. + [62] Dick Pawelek, "Resolve Two Federal-State Conflicts," Scholastic + + Update 119, no. 10 (26 January 1987): 21-22. + + 20 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + Court ruled against the states.[63] On the same day, the Supreme + Court overturned an 1861 decision prohibiting Federal courts + from ordering states to extradite criminal suspects to other + states.[64] That power of a state to refuse extradition saved + a free black person from being extradited in 1861 from Ohio + to Kentucky to face trial for the crime of helping a slave to + escape, but the power is now gone. + + Powers reserved to the states or the people: Article I, section + eight of the Constitution reserves to the states the authority + of training the militia. In 1986, Minnesota and eleven other + states refused permission for their National Guard units to be + sent to Honduras for training missions. A Federal judge denied + the states this authority.[65] + + Summary + + Out of ten amendments, all are under attack. All of the indi- + vidual parts of each amendment are threatened. Many of them are + under multiple attacks of different natures. If this much of the + Bill of Rights is threatened, how can you be sure your rights + are safe? A right has to be there when you need it. Like insur- + ance, you cannot afford to wait until you need it and then set + about procuring it or ensuring it is available. Assurance must + be made in advance. + + The bottom line here is that your rights are not safe. You do + not know when one of your rights will be violated. A number + of rights protect accused persons, and you may think it is not + important to protect the rights of criminals. But if a right + is not there for people accused of crimes, it will not be there + when you need it. With the Bill of Rights in the sad condition + + ___________________ + [63] Stuart Taylor, Jr., "Justices Back Use of Aid to Get States to Raise + + Drinking Age," New York Times, 24 June 1987, sec. A, 20. + + [64] Ibid. + [65] "States Lose Suit on the Guard's Latin Missions," New York + + Times, 5 August 1987, sec. A, 10. + + 21 + + + + + Bill of Rights Status Report + + + + described above, nobody can be confident they will be able + to exercise the rights to which they are justly entitled. To + preserve our rights for ourselves in the future, we must defend + them for everybody today. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 22 + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wodc0001.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wodc0001.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a392c55 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wodc0001.txt @@ -0,0 +1,579 @@ +San Jose Mercury News +Sunday, August 29, 1993 + +Front Page + + +LAW FILLS COPS' COFFERS BUT INVITES ABUSES + +By GARY WEBB +Mercury News Sacramento Bureau + +After Kay Van Sant's 30-year-old son was arrested on drug trafficking charges +last spring, the Bakersfield police marched into her bank and drained her +checking account of $3,912. Van Sant, a self-employed bookkeeper who hasn't +lived with her son in 10 years, has never been accused of a crime. And she +hasn't gotten her money back. + +Miluska Portilla and Percy Ormeno, T-shirt vendors who live in Daly City, lost +$1,045 when San Francisco police raided their house looking for drugs. No +drugs were found. No arrests were made. The only thing police officers found +was a piece of paper that they said was a record of narcotics sales -- a +document the prosecutor who took their cash admitted he'd never seen. + +Roberto De La Torres' pickup was seized in March after his cousin was arrested +in it with a pound of marijuana. De La Torres, who speaks no English, wanted +to explain that he'd loaned the truck to his cousin before leaving on a +Mexican vacation. He never got the chance. Announcing that ``the court doesn't +speak Spanish,'' a Kern County judge awarded De La Torres' pickup to the +police, ignoring his pleas for an interpreter. + +These tales and dozens like them are the untold story of California's asset +forfeiture law, a 5-year-old experiment designed to combat the overlords of +the state's multibillion-dollar illegal drug industry. The state's top law +enforcement officers call the experiment -- which they estimate has resulted +in at least $1 billion in seizures -- an unqualified success, and are pushing +to make it permanent. + +But a three-month Mercury News investigation found a very different world -- +one of widespread abuses, where suspicion and hearsay can cost you your car, +your cash, your house, the pictures on your wall and the clothes in your +closet; where the police seize property first and ask questions later; where +you're guilty unless you prove otherwise -- and if you can't afford a lawyer, +too bad. + +It is a world where, if you're poor or ignorant, you stand almost no chance of +winning -- even if you happen to be innocent. + +Police and prosecutors ``have gone crazy with this law,'' said attorney Robin +Walters, who ran the Kern County district attorney's asset forfeiture unit for +two years. ``They're rabid. They'll take anything, whether it has anything to +do with drugs or not, because they know most people will never be able to get +it back.'' + +No one knows how widespread the problem is, because there is no statewide +oversight and no real accountability. But cases of abuse are on file in almost +every courthouse in the state. + +Law enforcement spokesmen deny the law has spawned a statewide bounty hunting +system. Such ``alleged horror stories,'' they say, are just propaganda. + +``To date, out of all the scores and scores and scores of asset seizures under +California law, there's not been a problem with one single case. Not one,'' +said Mike Carrington, a spokesman for Gov. Pete Wilson's Office of Criminal +Justice Planning, which gets 10 percent of all forfeitures made in the state. +``There has never, ever been a problem. That's how the record stands.'' + +Others who have been more directly involved disagree. + +``These seizures have been legal street robberies,'' said former Los Angeles +narcotics detective Robert R. Sobel, who ran one of Los Angeles County's most +productive anti-drug squads in the late 1980s. Sobel and Eufrasio Cortez -- a +former California Narcotics Officer of the Year -- recently told a federal +corruption jury in Los Angeles that members of their task force routinely lied +under oath, falsified police reports, invented informants, planted drugs and +beat suspects to get money and valuables from them. So far, 12 officers have +been convicted of various crimes. + +The way asset forfeiture works is quite simple: If police officers believe +you're a drug dealer, they can take nearly anything you own. No crime is +required; no arrests are necessary. + +You have 10 days to contest the seizure, or your property is gone forever. +It's up to you to prove to the district attorney that your assets are +drug-free. + +And don't assume receipts, property titles or paycheck stubs will necessarily +suffice. You're guilty until proven innocent. + +``Everybody's always got a receipt for something,'' scoffed Deputy District +Attorney Kyle Hedum, who handles forfeiture cases for Yolo County. ``You ought +to hear some of the stories I hear. These people are dopers, and it's my job +to take that money.'' + +If you fail to persuade the district attorney, your only recourse is to go to +court. Most cases in California never get there, because it usually costs more +to get the property back than it's worth. If you lose, your assets are divided +among the district attorney (13.5 percent), police (76.5 percent) and the +state (10 percent.) + +In many instances, people who lose assets are drug dealers. But not always. + +``I don't doubt that there may have been an abuse here and there, but the +Department of Justice and most of the local agencies I know about are very +cautious and very conservative when it comes to using this law,'' said Joe +Doane, chief of the attorney general's Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement. + +The California Legislature began experimenting with the idea of allowing +police and prosecutors to profit from suspected drug crimes in 1989. Since +then, tens of thousands of forfeitures have taken place. Last year alone, more +than 6,000 forfeiture cases were filed in California. + +But the experiment is scheduled to end this year, and that prospect has the +law enforcement establishment frantic, because many agencies are using the +money to pay salaries and overtime, furnish their offices and pay rent -- uses +that were never intended when the law was enacted. + +`THEY HAVE TO HAVE IT' + +``Much like a drug addict becomes addicted to drugs, law enforcement agencies +have become dependent on asset forfeitures,'' said Deputy Attorney General +Gary Schons, who helped write the state's forfeiture laws. ``They have to have +it.'' + +State Attorney General Dan Lungren agreed: ``We can argue about semantics, but +the fact of the matter is this is the lifeblood of local law enforcement.'' + +Because statewide reporting requirements do not exist -- and some counties +have not revealed how much they've made -- it is impossible to know exactly +how much the forfeiture laws have brought to police coffers. The Department of +Justice estimates that of the estimated $1 billion in seizures, $180 million +has been forfeited since 1989. + +To keep that pipeline flowing, the law enforcement lobby has launched a +high-pressure campaign in Sacramento to make the law permanent and to expand +it so money and property will be easier to get. Other lawmakers -- an unusual +coalition of liberals and conservatives -- are trying to roll it back, arguing +that police and prosecutors have become more interested in seizing cash than +in fighting crime. + +The anti-forfeiture movement is being led by Assemblyman John Burton, D-San +Francisco, head of the powerful Assembly Rules Committee. On the +pro-forfeiture side are Senate Minority Leader Ken Maddy, R-Fresno, and +Attorney General Lungren. Both groups are meeting now and are supposed to +present a compromise bill to the Legislature in the next few weeks. + +The courts also are taking another look at forfeiture. In recent months, the +U.S. Supreme Court has handed down two rulings defining the outer limits of +the federal forfeiture laws. Local prosecutors, though, say the decisions will +have little impact. + +STRIPPING AWAY SAFEGUARDS + +While their impact may be debatable, the court decisions are the first time +anyone has succeeded in halting the steady expansion of the forfeiture law. +Since the first modern forfeiture laws went on the books in the late 1970s, +police groups have waged a patient and extraordinary lobbying campaign that +methodically stripped away nearly every safeguard wary legislators had written +to prevent police profiteering: + +-- The amount of proof the state needed to win a forfeiture case in court has +been reduced three times, from guilt ``beyond a reasonable doubt'' to the +current standard of ``more likely than not.'' Now, forfeitures are being +granted on nothing more incriminating than the lack of a job or a drug dog's +behavior around a stack of $20 bills. + +Sean Thomas of Los Angeles had $14,500 taken from him by the California +Highway Patrol and Bakersfield police in November because they didn't believe +his explanation that he was a rap music promoter and that the money had come +from ticket sales -- even though a record company executive had confirmed the +existence of Thomas' production company for police. + +``The story of being a rap concert promoter or rap group promoter is widely +used by both black as well as Hispanic narcotic traffickers,'' the police +report said. ``The $14,500 was seized pursuant to asset forfeiture.'' + +Thomas, a black man with no criminal record, was a passenger in a van that had +been stopped for speeding. No drugs were found, and no drug arrests were made. +Yet Thomas lost his money because the legal fight to recover the funds became +too expensive. + +-- The amount of drugs necessary to seize a vehicle -- originally set at a +level high enough to keep the law focused on major narcotics dealers -- has +been cut in half twice. The variety of drugs that can cause forfeitures has +been broadened to include common prescription pain relievers. + +Greg Augustus of Sacramento was jailed on drug trafficking charges last year +because he was found with $230 and 10 Vicodin tablets, a painkiller his doctor +had prescribed for crippling arthritis. The evidence for his arrest: talking +to another person ``as if possibly he was engaging in a narcotics +transaction.'' + +The charges were dropped, and Augustus had to go to court to get back his $230 +-- which, ironically, he'd just received from the Sacramento Police Department +as a settlement for an accident claim in which a police car had crashed into +his vehicle. + +``I wouldn't have gone to jail if I hadn't had the money on me,'' said +Augustus, who lives in a poor section of Sacramento called Del Paso Heights. +``It happens all the time in the Heights because they know some people are +scared to go back and get it.'' + +-- The kinds of property that can be seized -- at first limited to boats and +airplanes -- have been expanded to include real estate, computers, +motorcycles, campers, televisions, compact disc players and anything else the +person may have purchased in the five years prior to the seizure. Weapons were +added to the list in 1990, and a Department of Justice forfeiture manual +advises police to seize every gun found on the premises during a drug raid, +even if they were legally obtained and have no connection to drug trafficking. + +The Mercury News found cases in which police had seized such items as a set of +tires and rims, a child's Nintendo game, a belt buckle and a jar of pennies. + +Sacramento attorney Phil Cozens said that when police raided an apartment +owned by one of his clients, they were very discriminating about which assets +they seized. + +``They took a bottle of Lafitte Rothschild 1984, but strangely enough, they +left a bottle of Dom Perignon 1982,'' said Cozens, a former prosecutor. ``They +took some very bizarre red wines and left champagnes and whites.'' + +-- The amount of money police and prosecutors can keep from forfeitures has +soared from nothing under the original law to 90 percent under the current +law, with the difference coming at the expense of drug prevention programs. In +1983, the California Department of Mental Health was receiving 50 percent of +all forfeiture dollars. Now, it gets a maximum of $1.5 million a year -- +roughly 3 percent. + +Up until 1988, police lobbyists had a standard reply to lawmakers who worried +that innocent people might be harmed: Forfeiture, they reminded them, could +only be used if the owner had been convicted of drug trafficking. + +A FINAL BARRIER: CONVICTION + +But in 1988, a bill carried by Assemblyman Richard Katz, a Los Angeles +Democrat, knocked down that final barrier. Convictions were no longer required +-- and the money started rolling in. + +``When that statute was written, everybody saw dollar signs,'' said Rich +Bradshaw, a budget officer with the state Justice Department. + +An internal 1988 Justice Department analysis of the Katz bill predicted that +``aggressive enforcement . . . could eventually produce as much as $10,000,000 +a year for California's law enforcement agencies.'' + +The estimate was off by more than 500 percent. + +From 1988 to 1989, the value of asset forfeitures in California soared from $7 +million to $30 million. In 1991, it was $55.8 million. + +PROGRAM FEEDS ITSELF + +``That's not because law enforcement is greedy and selfish and will only do it +when they get the money,'' Attorney General Lungren assured a legislative +panel recently. Rather, he said, it's because the money allows the hiring of +more prosecutors and narcotics agents, which produces more forfeitures. + +Since the current forfeiture law went into effect in 1989, drug arrests in +California have declined dramatically, but asset forfeiture cases have +continued to increase. Defense lawyers say they are seeing an unusual number +of clients who have lost cash and property but have not been charged with a +crime. + +``They're more interested now in the money than in catching crooks,'' said +attorney David Weiner of Cameron Park in El Dorado County. ``A lot of them +would rather let the guys go so they can come around later and pop them again. +The whole thing has grown into a monster.'' + +The narcotics bureau's Doane agreed that the lure of easy money has warped the +views of some law enforcement officials. + +``There are a lot of people both in and out of law enforcement who believe +that income generation is the primary point of the law,'' Doane said. ``To me, +that's not even part of the equation. It's nice if we do (get the money), but +if we didn't, it's OK by me.'' + +A LAW GONE TOO FAR? + +Even some narcotics agents believe the law has gone too far. + +``Truthfully, I would like to see this swung a little bit more back to the +conservative approach,'' said Sgt. Dearl Skinner, who handles forfeiture cases +for the Sutter County Sheriff's Department. ``I wouldn't mind if I had to get +a conviction of possession for sale.'' +But Skinner acknowledged that his view is not a popular one with most police, +particularly those in urban counties. + +``They just don't have the manpower to go out and make the (criminal) cases,'' +Skinner said. ``I mean, what they're hoping is that they just file the +(forfeiture) paperwork and the people won't file a claim, . . . and then it's +automatically theirs.'' + +Contra Costa County District Attorney Gary Yancey, however, thinks the law is +too restrictive and chafes at the ``loophole'' that prevents him from seizing +property used for growing marijuana. + +``If an individual is growing marijuana in his house with hydroponics and +whatever, it's the equivalent of a meth(amphetamine) lab or manufacturing rock +cocaine,'' Yancey told the Legislature recently. ``You ought to be able to +take the whole thing.'' + +Attorney General Lungren also said he thinks the law doesn't go far enough. +He'd like to see it expanded so that the state would be able to seize an +entire apartment complex if the landlord knew one of the tenants was selling +drugs. + +To critics who argue police are already running wild with this law, Lungren +says the system has plenty of checks and balances. While the cops might be +making the seizures, he said, it's the district attorneys who are making the +decisions about whether or not to keep the property. + +``That, I think, is some protection against a misunderstanding that some +people have that somehow law enforcement goes out there and grabs whatever +they think they can find and then refuses to allow people to have their +property back,'' Lungren testified recently. + +What he didn't mention was that a district attorney often has a more direct +interest in keeping the items than a police officer does. Under state law, +13.5 percent of the money a forfeiture case produces goes to the district +attorney's office. In many counties, that money is used to pay the salary of +the prosecutor handling the case. + +-- + + +Is Anyone Immune? +Before you decide your assets couldn't possibly be seized under the state's +forfeiture laws, you should know what items authorities would look for in your +house or on you to make their case that you're a drug dealer. Here is a sample: + +# $20 and$100 bills: The Sacramento County District attorney's Office says +those denominations are always suspect because "drugs are most frequently sold +in $20 and $100 sizes." + +# $5, $10, $20 and $50 bills: In Bakersfield, they're on the lookout for those +denominations because, in the district attorney's opinion, they are +"consistent with street-based sales of illicit drugs." + +# Pagers or Beepers: Possession of a pager or beeper always raises eyebrows, +particularly if police don't think you need one. Cases were found in which +police decided an assistant manager of a muffler shop and a mechanic did not +have jobs "that would normally require a pager." That was cited as evidence of +drug dealing. + +# Written notes: They can come back to haunt you if police think they're +"pay/owrs transactions straight. Terry Dalere, a 41 year old farm worker, had +his pickup, four guns, and $18,631 seized from his bank account last year +because Delano police found six marijuana plants growing in his back yard. +Dalere was charged with selling marijuana. As evidence, police produced what +they said was a pay/owe sheet. The note, Dalere said, was a list of families +that had chipped in money to buy a slaughtered cow. The trafficking charges +were dropped, but Dalere had to hire a lawyer to get his money back. + +# Nothing: When all else fails, there's always the approach Sacramento police +took with Stephanie Robinson, who lost $1,245 last year after a pinhead-sized +bit of methamphetamine was found between the front seats of her car. Since a +search of her house and her body turned up nothing but the money, police +decided the "lack of narcotics paraphernalia" and "the lack of the suspect +being under the influence" suggested she'd gotten the money from drug sales.San Jose Mercury News +Monday, August 30, 1993 + +A1 + +SWEEPING LAW LEAVES POOR, VULNERABLE WITH LITTLE RECOURSE + +By GARY WEBB +Mercury News Sacramento Bureau + +Prosecutors like to tell the story of the 1989 Sylmar raid in Southern +California, when police burst into an unguarded warehouse and found $12.2 +million in cash, just sitting there, surrounded by 21 tons of Colombian +cocaine. + +If it weren't for asset forfeiture laws, they say, some drug dealer would have +gotten his money back. Instead, it went to police. + +But for every Sylmar, there are hundreds of Paula Martinezes. Martinez, a +single mother from south Sacramento, had $244 taken from her in December when +police found a half-ounce of marijuana in her cigarette pack. + +The money was from the $307 welfare check Martinez gets to support her +8-year-old daughter. + +``I was without money for the whole month,'' said Martinez, 23, who was fined +$60 for marijuana possession. ``I had stuff on layaway in the stores for my +little girl for Christmas. And I told them that, and they still didn't care. I +had to borrow the money from my Mom to get my little girl some presents for +Christmas.'' + +Mike R. Galli, the deputy district attorney who prosecutes Santa Clara +County's forfeitures, calls such cases ``an abomination of the law. . . . We +don't play ball that way here. The law is designed to take the money from +people who are trafficking in narcotics. It's not meant to be legalized +thievery.'' + +A Mercury News investigation found that major narcotics dealers -- who can +secrete assets around the globe and hire lawyers and accountants to defend +them -- are often successful in fending off forfeitures. It's people like +Martinez -- the poor, those who speak little English and casual drug users -- +who lose. They were never intended to be forfeiture targets under California's +law in the first place. + +Taking their money, said forfeiture lawyer Justin Scott of Sacramento, ``is +like shooting fish in a damned barrel.'' + +Because of the way the law works, people who are victimized by forfeiture can +do very little about it, particularly if they don't have bank accounts or +don't keep detailed financial records. Many Hispanic families, prosecutors and +defense lawyers agreed, are especially vulnerable to forfeiture because they +tend to keep their cash at home or with the most senior man in the family. + +CASH SEEN AS SUSPICIOUS + +``There is a presumption now that if you have cash at your house, over +whatever figure the police think is appropriate, then it must be from drug +money,'' Scott said. ``Of course, it could be from anything, but people, +according to the cops, don't keep cash at home.'' + +All it takes to lose your money is an unconvincing or undocumented explanation +of where you got it. + +Unlike criminal defendants, forfeiture claimants almost never get to plead +their cases before an unbiased judge or a jury. The vast majority of cases are +decided by the local district attorney, who keeps 13.5 cents of every dollar +taken in a forfeiture case. + +The district attorney's ``court'' works like this: If the district attorney +believes your story, you'll probably get some of your property back. If not, +you lose. Your only alternative is to go to court. + +That's where the story usually ends. State Justice Department statistics +reveal that in many counties last year, three of four forfeiture cases never +got to court. In some, such as Shasta and Solano counties, the figure was more +than 90 percent. + +TOO EXPENSIVE TO FIGHT + +Why? Lawyers say it's because most cases are so small that it's pointless to +take them to court. The average forfeiture case in California is worth less +than $2,000, records and interviews reveal, and the expense of a trial would +far exceed that. + +``If it's less than a couple thousand dollars, I tell people not to bother +unless they've got some kind of ironclad proof. And usually when it's cash, +you don't have it,'' Scott said. ``They're looking at paying $182 just to file +a claim to ask for the money back. Then they've got to pay me, and then +there's a chance they can spend all this money and lose anyway. Economically, +it's just not worth it.'' + +Trying to fight forfeiture without a lawyer is suicidal, because the law -- a +strange hybrid of civil and criminal law -- is a nightmare. + +``I can't even explain it to some lawyers,'' said Michael Yraceburn, a Kern +County prosecutor who heads the California District Attorneys Association +asset forfeiture division. ``I'm still learning it five years later.'' + +LIMITED OPTIONS + +But most people who have property seized are forced either to defend +themselves or to give up. Here are the options: + +-- If you want a lawyer, jury or court reporter, you have to pay for them, +which can be a problem when all your assets have been seized. Because +forfeiture cases are handled in civil, not criminal court, you have no right +to a court-appointed attorney. + +When the Santa Barbara County Public Defender's Office volunteered a few years +ago to defend some forfeiture cases, the district attorney went all the way to +the California Supreme Court in an unsuccessful effort to get the volunteers +kicked out of the courtroom. + +``The cops felt that, `Why should we have to fight extra hard against these +guys with a court-appointed lawyer?' '' said Santa Barbara Deputy District +Attorney Tom Muscio. `` `Let him hire his own lawyer, or let him represent +himself, so our job will be a little bit easier.' '' + +-- You have only 10 days from the time of the seizure to file a claim for the +property, or it's gone forever. Filing a claim, which costs $182, can be tough +when you're in jail and the police have all your money. + +Robin Walters, who ran the Kern County district attorney's forfeiture unit for +two years, said she ``loved'' the 10-day deadline when she was a prosecutor. + +``That almost guaranteed they weren't going to have a lawyer,'' she said. + +-- You have no Fifth Amendment rights. If you don't answer the prosecutor's +questions, you lose. If you don't answer them fast enough, you can be fined. +If you don't fill out the claim form exactly right, the game's over. + +Karri Welch was arrested in 1992 for drug trafficking after Sacramento County +deputies found 0.08 grams of methamphetamine -- about the size of a grain of +salt -- in her purse. They seized $1,013 and tossed her in jail. When Welch +got out, she had five days to file a claim and no money to hire a lawyer. + +``By the time I got down to the D.A., all my time had run out. I just barely +made it. But they didn't notify me until after the time expired that I hadn't +signed the form correctly,'' said Welch, 35. ``I lost $1,000 because I didn't +sign the form in two places. I only signed it in one place.'' + +No evidence was produced that Welch was a drug dealer. She pleaded guilty to a +possession charge. + +WEAPON IN THE WRONG HANDS + +William Cummings, who until recently prosecuted Butte County's asset +forfeiture cases, said that in the wrong hands, forfeiture laws can become a +bludgeon. + +``If you are aggressive about it and you do everything the law allows you to +do, you can easily give yourself an unfair advantage,'' Cummings said. ``It +used to make me sick to see some of the cases D.A.s in other counties would +write up and send around, where they had taken some poor pro per (a person +with no lawyer) to court and beaten the hell out of them. They were real proud +of it.'' + +S. Jon Gudmunds, a former Santa Barbara County judge, says police there have +figured out a way to keep people from even knowing they can file claims. + +Although the law requires police to give you a written notice explaining how +to claim your property, Gudmunds said officers wait to do that until their +prisoner is ready to be booked into the county jail. + +10 SECONDS WITH PAPERS + +``They get him in front of the jailer who's going to do the booking, they hand +him the notice at that moment, and the jailer says, `Empty your pockets, give +me everything you've got,' and he takes the paper out of the guy's hand,'' +Gudmunds said. ``The guy has the notice in his hand for 10 seconds maybe, if +he's lucky.'' + +Another Santa Maria attorney confirmed that. + +``That's pretty standard here,'' Dario Bejarano Jr. said, adding that he's +handled a dozen such cases in the past two years. ``By the time we find out +about it, the 10 days have run, effectively keeping the client from ever +making a claim. We've complained about it, but it hasn't done any good.'' + +Deputy Santa Barbara County District Attorney Thomas Muscio first confirmed +that he'd heard such complaints and called them ``crap,'' then acknowledged it +was entirely possible. + +``You're allowed to keep legal papers in your cell, but if they don't +understand what it is, it may be taken away from them,'' he said. + +Filing a claim is just the start, however. Then come the interrogatories and +the depositions. + +BARRAGE OF QUESTIONS + +Dozens of cases were found in which claimants without lawyers were barraged +with 14-page questionnaires containing nearly 200 questions, demanding +documentation for every purchase they'd made of more than $500, all of their +bank statements and canceled checks and a list of their medical and dental +expenses -- for the past five years. + +The Justice Department's forfeiture manual advises district attorneys to give +``most serious consideration'' to conducting depositions of claimants -- +formal sessions at which prosecutors can cross-examine claimants for hours on +end. + +``The very spectre of facing the prosecutor under oath may be sufficient to +provoke settlement discussions,'' the manual says. + +But prosecutors said the reason most forfeiture cases go uncontested isn't the +high cost or lopsided odds of challenging them: It's because most people who +have their assets seized are guilty of something. + +``If they don't have the gumption to go down and file a claim, then they're +out of luck,'' Muscio said, ``but I think that happens to any consumer in this +day and age. If you don't speak up, you're going to be in trouble.'' + + +End. + + + + +"Government is not reason, it is not eloquence - it is force! Like fire it is +a dangerous servant and a fearful master; never for a moment should it be left +to irresponsible action" - George Washington diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wodmedia.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wodmedia.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3636835 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wodmedia.txt @@ -0,0 +1,527 @@ +Article 21146 of alt.drugs: +Path: news.claremont.edu!usc!wupost!sdd.hp.com!caen!garbo.ucc.umass.edu!hamp.hampshire.edu!dhirmes +From: dhirmes@hamp.hampshire.edu +Newsgroups: alt.drugs +Subject: "War on Drugs and Media" Paper (LONG) +Message-ID: <1991Dec10.205213.1@hamp.hampshire.edu> +Date: 11 Dec 91 00:52:13 GMT +Sender: usenet@nic.umass.edu (USENET News System) +Organization: Hampshire College +Lines: 521 + +Representation of the "War on Drugs" in "Time" and "Newsweek" + +By David Hirmes (dhirmes@hamp.hampshire.edu) + +December, 1991 + + + The Big Picture?: A Case for Perplexity + + My method of research was fairly simple. I searched for articles in +Time and Newsweek that in some way dealt with the "War on Drugs" +between 1986 and 1989. I came up with several cover stories, and many +smaller ones. As for my purpose: I was looking for how these news +magazines handled a problem that has been a part of society for thousands +of years, and yet just recently has been declared a "war". Even in terms of +hightened awareness about drugs, there were several times in history, not +just the 60's and 70's, in which drugs became of "national importance". So +why the hype? How had it changed and how does it change through the +years analysed? I decided that the best way to discover this would be to +search for the "frames" the media used to portray the "war on drugs". +The idea of frames was first introduced to me in Todd Gitlin's book "The +Whole World Is Watching". Gitlin's example was the turbulent times of +the 60's, and in particular, the New Left. He found that the media used +various ways of framing the New Left which gave a distorted view of +what the movement was all about. In this paper I hope to expose some +frames used in the "war on drugs". + + The overall impression I got through reading a plethora of articles from +Time and Newsweek from August of 1986 to November of 1989 was that +the news media were just as perplexed as the government and the general +populous about drug abuse. The questions asked in '86 were still being +asked in '89, with perhaps a heightened sense of urgency. The question of +why people do drugs in the first place, why and how it leads to addiction, +how serious is the problem, is it getting worse, what can we do about it as +citizens, what can the government do about it, how has it gotten this far, +who is to blame... The questions remain in a steady stream, yet no one +seems to have realistic answers. Those who do make promises or +predictions usually end up looking foolish a month or a year later. +President Bush has learned his lessons, and has made little promises on +how successful the "war on drugs" will be in the near future. Recently, +"Drug Czar" William Bennett resigned from his post. One of the prices +payed for turning a problem into a "war" is that there is always the chance +one might lose. + + Framing the Problem - 1986 + + Discovery + + The government's "war on drugs", and therefore, coverage of the +nation-wide drug epidemic, began in full force when large scale drug abuse +expanded from the inner-city to middle-class Americans and the +workplace. Coverage also expanded with increased violence in urban, +and later rural areas. There is an interesting admission to this subtle (and +not so subtle) classism in both 1986 cover stories from Time and +Newsweek. In Newsweeks' "Saying No" article (8/11/86) it is stated that: +"In part, the change in the public mood has a racist tinge: drugs simply +moved from the black and Hispanic underclass to the middle-class +mainstream and are being felt as a problem there."1 While the admission +of racism within mainstream America was surprising, it was equally as +interesting that Newsweek blamed Americans for their lack of caring +about the plight of the inner-city, and not the lack of news coverage itself. I +have found, although I did very little research before 1986, that the +problems of drug abuse in the inner-city were covered only when the +problem had reached many more levels of American society. This is +exemplified by what seemed to be an extremely offensive comment in the +Time article "The Enemy Within": +As drugs have moved out of the ghetto and into the workplace, as bus +drivers and lawyers and assembly-line workers get hooked, innocent +consumers are put as risk. The cost of employers from drug abuse-- from +lost productivity, absenteeism and higher accident rates-- is estimated at +about $33 billion by the government.2 + + Are they assuming that there are no bus drivers, lawyers, and +assembly-line workers in the ghetto? Is the loss of work- place +productivity more of a concern than the decay of the inner- city? +Obviously, Time knows its audience. + + A History Lesson + + After realizing that there is indeed a drug problem in America, the two +news magazines diverged on two different paths. While Newsweek +chose to deal with the current administrations changing policy, Time +decided to give some historical context to the drug problem. Since the +article had already framed itself as as dealing with the "war on drugs", the +history that was presented held all drugs at an equally evil level. Pot, +heroin, cocaine, and PCP were all equally responsible for the current drug +crisis. Of course, no mention of legalization efforts, were mentioned, two +notable deletions seemed to be the World War II program of "Hemp for +Victory" as well as the complete failure of prohibition. While pot is +regularly lumped with much more dangerous drugs such as cocaine, +heroin, and PCP, or in the context of a "gateway" drug, cigarettes and +alcohol are rarely mentioned. By leaving out cigarettes and alcohol, which +account for over 100 times more deaths a year than all illegal drugs +combined, an important facet of this issue is missing.3 The violent aspects +of drugs like crack and PCP are hyped in many articles, but rarely are the +moods of those on alcohol. + There were some positive aspects of "The Enemy Within" article. For +one, a framing in which the "enemy" is ourselves, rather than some evil +Latin American drug empire is a positive shift the idea that DEA officials +can cure the drug problem by cutting off the Southern supply. And the +article did spend almost half of a small paragraph explaining the +disproportionate cases of death and health care costs from tobacco and +alcohol opposed to other illegal drugs. But it must be stressed that +devoting even a half a paragraph on this subject was the exception to the +rule. + Reagan's Analysis + Probably due to my reading Mark Hertsgaard's "On Bended Knee", a +book about the relationship between the Reagan administration and the +press, the coverage of Reagan seemed especially dubious. In the +Newsweek cover story "Saying No", it is stated point blank that Reagan +began taking the drug crisis seriously only when public opinion polls +deemed it necessary. While Nancy's Just Say No campaign had been in +full swing for a few years, the President had not considered it a top priority +until '86. The article states that Reagan's philosophy had always been one +of education and treatment, where volunteers and corporate America +should take the responsibility to deal with the problem. Yet at the same +time, a full $1.8 billion of the $2 billion given for "war on drugs" in 1985 was +for enforcement, leaving the remaining $200 million to be divided between +education and treatment programs.4 In fact, from 1982 to 1986, the +allotment for treatment and education actually decreased over $80 +million.5 + The Newsweek article also featured a short interview with the +President. When asked "You've described America as 'upbeat, optimistic' +--why are drugs such a problem now?" Reagan replied: .ls1 +For one thing... the music world.. has... made it sound as if it's right there and +the thing to do, and rock-and-roll concerts and so forth. Musicians that +young people like... make no secret of the fact that they are users, [And] I +must say this, that the theatre--well, motion-picture industry--has started +down a road they'd been on before once, with alcohol abuse...6 +(note: ... and [] are Newsweeks, not mine.) + + When asked directly why drugs were a problem in America, our +Presidents answer was rock and roll and the movies. This is the president +who had been cutting social programs for the last five years, who had been +virtually ignoring the problems of the inner-city, and this was his thoughtful +analysis. But this had been part of Reagan's fairy-tale version of America +from the start. By framing the issue in this way, Reagan disqualified his +domestic policy from any part in the drug crisis, and at the same time +trivialized the issue as non-political. + As a side note, just as Hertsgaard points out over and over in "On +Bended Knee", the press let the President frame the issues. Following his +short interview, Newsweek dedicated a full article entitled "Going After +Hollywood" which spent a good amount of time nit-picking at recent +movies in which drug use was glorified.7 While the initial Newsweek +cover story was entitled "Saying No!", no one from the inner-city was +asked about the effectiveness of this campaign, nor were they asked about +any of the new policy changes. In the place where the drug crisis +supposedly originated, no voice was given at all. + + Framing the Solution - 1986 + The Big Three + + Options to combat drug abuse are limited to the Big Three: +enforcement, treatment, and education. Throughout the four years +analyzed, the "debate" always dealt with which of the three is more +important to focus on financially. Legalization is barely mentioned at any +level, except to completely lambaste the idea. On the other end, +enforcement debates range from cracking down on casual users, to full +military intervention at home and abroad.8 + + "Battle Strategies"/Reagans on TV + Even as early as September of 1986, the news magazines had a cynical + view of the "war on +drugs". The First Couple went on national television urging Americans to +stop the using drugs at the same time when law enforcement officials +were telling the press there was no way to stop the supply of drugs from +entering the U.S.9 A Time article entitled "Battle Strategies" explained +the various methods of "combat" (remember, this is a "war"): The border +patrols, heightened arrests, drug testing (which would soon become a +major issue), treatment, and education.10 Another article in Newsweek +(9/22/86) explained how the Reagans were getting involved through +Nancy's Just Say No campaign and Ronald's new interest in the issue +(now that he realized voters felt it an important issue).11 The tone of both +articles seemed to take the issue as more of a political one that a social or +economic problem, a trend that would continue through my research. In a +September, 1986 article, Time extolled: "The abuse of illegal drugs has +certainly become the Issue of the Year, except that the main issue +involved seems to be how far politicians scramble to outdo one another in +leading the crusade."12 One must ask: Whose fault is that-- the politicians, +the news media, or both? + In framing the solution, the news magazines seem to forget that the +problem itself has not truly been identified. The so- called solutions are +attacking the symptoms, not the disease. This simple fact is not recognized +by the news magazines. By telling kindergardeners in the inner-city not to +do drugs is one thing, but when these same children grow old enough to +see the best opportunity for wealth and power is that of the drug dealer, +ideals could change quite easily.13 + + Re-Framing the Problem - 1988 + Night of the Living Crack Heads + + The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) conducts a survey every +two to three years called the National Household Survey on Drug Use, +which questions about 8,000 people.14 Much of the government's policy +relies on this document for data. In 1988, after decades of almost steady +increase, the survey showed a decline in most drug use in the United +States. The marked exception was cocaine (and its smokable derivative +crack) which went down for casual use, but rose steadily for those who +used the drug more than once a week.15 By this time, the "war on drugs" +had been in full swing for several years, and while the NIDA statistics +showed one side of the story, the "rising tide of violence" (a favorite media +catch phrase), "crack babies", rise of crack use by upper and middle-class +whites, and what appeared to be the growth of gangs, gang violence, and +drugs in small towns across America, showed quite another. A common +frame to begin articles in which policy changes or announcements were +being made by Bush or William Bennett, were specific incidents of +violence or irony resulting from the drug crisis.16 Interestingly enough, +while this gave a cynical and somewhat confrontational frame for the +article, it also seemed to lead into something of an aggressive opinion +regarding the implementation of enforcement policy: In response to more +violence, reporters' first reactions seemed to be "Where are our guns?" + The vast majority of articles found from 1988 on that did not report +specifically on an event or government announcement, dealt with various +aspects of crack. Two out of the three cover stories dealing with drugs +from 1988 to 1990 had to do with crack: Time had "Kids Who Sell Crack" +(5/9/88) and Newsweek simply had "Crack" (11/28/88). The third was +entitled "Addictive Personalities" and featured Kittie Dukakus on the +cover (Newsweek, 2/20/89). Both "crack" cover stories had various +problems and inaccuracies, although in general Time seemed to have a +slightly better grasp on the "big picture" (i.e. some semblance of analysis) +than Newsweek, in which sensationalism seemed a much higher priority. +I'd like to give a somewhat detailed account of these articles because to a +large degree, they focus on most of the (domestic) frames used in media to +represent the "war on drugs". + The Time story begins with the tale of a 13 year old dealer named Frog. +In describing why young blacks from the ghetto might begin to deal drugs, +Time explains: "Like most young American people, they are material girls +and boys. They crave the glamorous clothes, cars, and jewelry they see +advertised on TV." I suppose because most young Americans do not read +their magazines, this allows Time to print ads of a similar type (not to +mention another highly addictive drug, nicotine, which kids can't see on +TV). Showing that not only kids from the ghetto can get hooked, Time +next focuses on Eric, an upper-middle class white honor student who +became addicted to crack. The next section of the article discusses the +"live for today" attitude of many teenagers involved in drug dealing, as well +as prison over- crowding. When a huge raid in L.A. is conducted and "Half +(of those arrested) had to be released for lack of evidence" A mere +sentence is dedicated to this frightening trend of mass arrest, with only the +"civil libertarians" upset over the seeming loss of civil rights.17 The article +redeems itself to some degree, towards the end, when it goes into a +somewhat detailed account of the current job and educational situation for +lower-class people in America. This is the only article I found where more +than half a sentence is used to blame cuts in job training and education +programs by the Federal government as a possible problem somehow +related to drugs.18 It is also worthwhile mentioning that this article was +written on Reagan's way out, over seven years since Reaganomics began. + Newsweek, which tried to give a nation-wide view of the drug war by +going to a crack house, a prison, a rehab center, and a court, failed to find +any connections or insights into the drug problem except to equate all drug +addicts as on the same low-life level. It's hard to expect much from an +article that in the third paragraph states: .ls1 + +These are the two Americas. No other line you can draw is as trenchant +as this. On one side, people of normal human appetites, for food and sex +and creature comforts; on the other, those who crave only the roar and +crackle of their own neurons, whipped into a frenzy of synthetic euphoria. +The Crack Nation. It is in our midst, but not a part of us; our laws barely +touch it on its progress through our jails and hospitals, on its way to our +morgues.19 + If images virtually out of "Night of the Living Dead" are used as the +initial frame towards the drug addict, why would anyone not feel that these +"Others" should be dealt with by any means necessary. Since this article +was purported to be a "day in the life piece", practically no historical +background on the crisis, and no analysis of a larger picture were given, +leaving a very narrow view of the true problem. + In Herbert Gans' book "Deciding What's News", he describes what he +calls "enduring values", values that the press consider an intragle, positive, +and necessary part of American society. It is when these values are +threatened, that the news responds. Some of Gans' "enduring values" +include: "ethnocentrism, altruistic democracy, responsible capitalism, +moderatism, [and] social order"(p.42) All of these values are threatened +by drugs. Newsweek's portrayal of this bipolar society, the "Crack +Nation", is proof of how the threatening of these values can turn to +dangerous assumptions, exaggerations, and misrepresentations within the +"objective" news media. + + Re-Framing the Solution - 1988 + Big Guns + The journalists seemed as war-weary as the DEA agents they were +reporting about. So when Time purports in March of 1988 that +"Americans lose patience with Panama", they are possibly referring more +to the administration and news journalists, than the American people.20 +With hind-sight, we can see that Noreiga was actually a minor player in +Latin American drug smuggling operations. Soon after the U.S. invation, +the New York Times reported that the flow of drugs in and out of Panama +actually had increased. + Later in 1989, when Newsweek reports on William Bennett's progress +as Drug Czar (one of the oddest terms associated with the "war on +drugs"), the reporter intones: "...he is likewise correct that tougher law +enforcement is the necessary first response."21 + To a large degree, it seems that reporting on the drug war by 1988-9 +turned from cynical, somewhat hopeless, and aloof, to cynical, angry, and +battle-worn. Reporters began to tire of the governments rhetoric, and as +drugs began to draw closer to their own homes, they became more +anxious for a solution. So perhaps because of the fact that law-makers are +giving no other solutions, when Bennett and Bush explain the solution +begins with more cops, more guns, more prisons, and harsher treatment of +casual users (as well as treatment and education, of course), the press are +not so alarmed. When the Presidential appointee Bennett explains that +legalization would be a "national disaster" as would attacking the "social +front", one find the options even more limiting.22 .pa + + Breaking the Frames: Distortions and Omissions + In beginning to understand the framing of the "war on drugs" within the +news media, one must first look at the statistics (the NIDA survays) and +how they are used to shape governmental policy and public opinion. First, +it must be noted that these are household surveys, which would exclude +the homeless and those with no permanent homes. Second, the rising +trend to punish the casual user would automatically create an atmosphere +of distrust and suspicion. Third, the surveys do not consider legal drugs +such as alcohol and cigarettes, which account for many more deaths a +year than all other illegal drugs combined. I am unaware if the police +reports, which have been used to show that large amounts of people +arrested test positive for drugs, include alcohol. While these reasons do +not completely disqualify the results of the surveys, they do question their +accuracy.23 + The next problem found through the articles analyzed were the +selection of sources for information and anaylsis, in a word: who was given +a voice in the news. By this I mean who was interviewed, quoted, and +used as the source of information for the articles. For the most part, +ordinary citizens were interviewed only to determine the level of the +crisis-- how bad a neighborhood had gotten, how many people they knew +were involved with illegal drugs, etc. Never was a man or woman from +the inner-city, or even one from a suburban area for that matter, asked +what they thought the causes of the drug crisis were, or why it was so bad +in certain areas. For the most part, the Big Picture was left to the +government and to a lesser extent, the news media itself. + Where were the voices of teachers, medical professionals, social +workers, minority group leaders, civil rights activists, and the most taboo of +all, legalization activists? The medical professionals and social workers +were asked how their various programs were coping, and sometimes the +successful ones were examined in detail, but that was the extent of their +voice. Minority leaders, even media favorites like Jesse Jackson, were +ignored, and their cries for reinstating social programs lost in the Reagan +years were never heard. Civil rights activists were only refereed to in the +third person as in "civil libertarians were worried of this law" or "those +concerned with civil rights had reservations about the legality". The one +notably exception to this was the continuing controversy over drug testing. +But it is important to realize that this controversy deals with almost all +Americas. Anyone with a job (no longer simply air-traffic controllers and +government employees with "security" positions) could be effected by +these measures. And yet the truly dangerous actions, ones that most +Americans take for granted, are all but ignored. From mass arrests of +suspected drug dealers and not using warrants to search homes and cars, +to suggestions of using the military to destroy coca fields in other countries- +- these issues were barely discussed. + The entertainment element within the news media played an important +role in the "war on drugs" as well. Just as with Magic Johnson now, were +it not for the death of Len Bias and the scandal of Daryll Strawberry, who +knows how long it would have taken the media to catch on that there was +a drug problem in America. When looking up source articles for this +paper, the list of "Drugs and Sports" was longer than that of "Drug Abuse" +or "Crack" for several of the years between 1986 and 1990. Possibly the +media found in sports-drug related scandal,an entertainment side of the +drug war that had more mass appeal than an inner-city murder or siezure +of some odd tonnage of cocaine from Latin America. + Finally, while it is not a panacea, nor a complete answer to the reasons +behind America's drug crisis, I had thought that questioning the social and +economic policies of Reaganomics would have brought to light some of the +reasons why drug dealing, let alone drug abuse would become more +appealing to those who suffered from the cuts in Federally funded social +programs in housing, medical care, and education. But those comparisons +were never made. Except for a small section in the Time cover story of +1988 mentioned earlier in the paper, simply the idea that economic factors +were somehow involved in drug abuse were completely ignored. A +portion of the reason for this might have to do with Reagan's insistence +that it is the drug user and potential drug user that must be focused on. It is +"Just Say No" and law enforcement-- these are our options. Not much +has changed. + + + + +10"Battle Strategies" Time (Sep 15 86) + +11"Rolling Out the Big Guns" Time (Sep 22 86) + +12"The Enemy Within" Time [cover story] (Sep 15 86) + +13see "Addictive Personalities" Newsweek [cover story] (Feb 20 89) for +the sillyness of trying to find a definition. + +14see "Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research", U.S. Dept. of Health and +Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, 1991, also see the first chapter of +"Communications Campaigns About Drugs", Pamela J. Shoemaker, ed., +Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1989. + +15 see "Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research", U.S. Dept. of Health and +Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, 1991, and "National Drug Control +Strategy", U.S. Government document, 1990. + +16"Tears of Rage" Time (Mar 14 88) and "Bennett's Drug War" +Newsweek (Aug 21 89) + +17"Crack" Newsweek [cover story] (Nov 28 88) + +18"Kids Who Sell Crack" Time [cover story] (May 9 88) + +19"Crack" Newsweek [cover story] (Nov 28 88) + +20"Tears of Rage" Time (Mar 14 88) + + +21"Bennett's Drug War" Newsweek (Aug 21 89) + +22Ibid. + +23see the chapter "Cocaine-Related Deaths: Who are the Victims? What +is the cause?" Linda S. Wong, M.A., and Bruce K. Alexander, Ph.D., in the +book "Drug Policy 1989-1990: A Reformer's Catalogue" Arnold Tresbach, +ed., The Drug Policy Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1989. + + + + Article Bibliography + (in chronological order) + +"Saying No!" Newsweek [cover story] (Aug 11 86) + +"Going After Hollywood" Newsweek (Aug 11 86) + +"The Enemy Within" Time [cover story] (Sep 15 86) + +"Battle Strategies" Time (Sep 15 86) + +"Rolling Out the Big Guns" Time (Sep 22 86) + +"Urban Murders: On the Rise" Newsweek (Feb 9 87) + +"L.A. Law: Gangs and Crack" Newsweek (Apr 27 87) + +"The Southwest Drug Connection" Newsweek (Nov 23 87) + +"Drug Use: Down, But Not in the Ghetto" Newsweek (Nov 23 87) + +"Tears of Rage" Time (Mar 14 88) + +"Where the War Is Being Lost" Time (Mar 14 88) + +"Kids Who Sell Crack" Time [cover story] (May 9 88) + +"Crack" Newsweek [cover story] (Nov 28 88) + +"Addictive Personalties" Newsweek [cover story] (Feb 20 89) + +"Fighting on Two Fronts" Time (Aug 14 89) + +"Bennett's Drug War" Newsweek (Aug 21 89) + +"A Plague Without Boundries" Time (Nov 6 89) + + + BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research", U.S. Dept. of Health and +Human Services (NIDA is under this orginization), Rockville, Maryland, +1991. + +Gans, Herbert J., "Deciding What's News", Vintage Books, New York, +1979. + +Gitlin, Todd, "The Whole World Is Watching", Univ. of CA Press, +Berkeley, 1980. + +Hertsgaard, Mark, "On Bended Knee", Schocken Books, 1988. + +Hiebert, Ray E., ed., "What Every Journalist Should Know About the +Drug Abuse Crisis", Voice of America, Wash. DC., 1987? + (this book has articles from Nancy Reagan and Ed Meese + amoung others.) + +Hoffman, Abbie, "Reefer Madness", The Nation, Nov. 21, 1987. + +Levine, Michael, "Going Bad", Spin, June 1991. + (this article is the story of a DEA agent disallusioned + by the governments handling of the drug war) + +"National Drug Control Strategy", U.S. Government document, 1990. + +Shoemaker, Pamela J., ed., "Communication Campaigns About Drugs", +Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, NJ, 1989. + (a suprisingly uninformative book.) + +Trebach, Arhold S., ed., "Drug Policy 1989-1990: A Reformer's +Catalogue", The Drug Policy Foundation, Wash. DC, 1989. + (an excellent resource for those interested in + drug legalization.) + +Some sources suggested to me that I didn't get a chance to read: + +"The Great Drug War" by Arnold Treback. Macmillan, 1987. +"Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream" by Jay Stevens, +Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987. +"Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Revolution" by Martin +Lee (one of the founders of F.A.I.R.) and Bruce Shlain, Grove +Press, 1985. + + +[END OF PAPER] + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wodprobl.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wodprobl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..051eb4b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wodprobl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,384 @@ +Permission is granted to reproduce this paper as long as you're cool about +it: i.e. don't change it, don't take my name off of it, and don't make any +money off of it, or if you do, share with me! :-) + + --germuska@casbah.acns.nwu.edu + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +American Drug Policy: What's the Real Problem? + by Joe Germuska (germuska@casbah.acns.nwu.edu) + [copyright 1989] + +"There were 2000 drug arrests in Cleveland in 1987, 3700 in 1988, and +[former mayor George] Voinovich predicted 6000 in 1989. Arrests are +growing at 70% a year. Juveniles arrested for drug abuse in Cleveland +increased from 23 in 1985 to 142 in 1988 with a prediction of more than 520 +arrests in 1989" +-Cleveland Plain Dealer, 2 April 1989 + +"U.S. Stops Some Airborne Drugs but Admits the Smugglers Are Winning" +-Headline in The New York Times, 30 July 1989 + +"On Thursday, March 17, 1988, at 10:45 p.m, in the Bronx, Vernia Brown was +killed by stray bullets fired in a dispute over illegal drugs. The +19-year-old mother of one was not involved in the dispute, yet her death +was a direct consequence of the "war on drugs." +-from "Thinking About Drug Legalization" by James Ostrowski (1989) + +(In Colombia:) "Since 1980, assassins have gunned down 178 judges; eleven +of the 24 members of the Supreme Court died in a 1986 shootout between the +army and leftist guerillas thought to have been paid by the drug barons. +Also hit were two successive Justice Ministers (one survived), an Attorney +General, the police chief of the nation's second largest city, Medellin, +and the editor of the newspaper, El Espectador in the capital city of +Bogota. The drug lords also kidnaped the 33-year-old son of a former +President." +-Time, 4 September 1989 + +"The operation of New York's famous Rockefeller Drug Law, which provided +high mandatory minimum sentences for heroin sellers and restricted plea +bargaining . . . caused essentially no decrease in heroin activity, but did +lead to a drop in the number of heroin offenders arrested and convicted, a +considerable increase in the court and correctional resources necessary to +process those apprehended, and a significant increase in the overcrowding +of the state's prison system." +-from The Hardest Drug by John Kaplan (1983) + + It was recently noted that the Eighties are the first decade since the +depression in which the U.S. was not involved in any wars. In a +traditional sense, this may be true, but, especially in the latter half, +the war of the 80's has been the American government's "war on drugs". +Suggested solutions have ranged from Nancy Reagan's glib "Just Say No!" to +George Bush's extravagant "I'm requesting--altogether--an almost billion +and a half increase in drug-related federal spending on law enforcement...." +(from President Bush's televised address, 5 September 1989) However, all +efforts of law enforcement officials to crush the drug traffic seem to have +little end effect on traffic. For example, in 1984, Colombian authorities +seized and destroyed thirteen and a half tons of cocaine, more than the +total amount seized in the history of law enforcement, and yet "it did not +nudge the price of coke on the street in the United States." (Latimer, +1985) In fact, the effects of law enforcement may sometimes actually be +detrimental. Columnist Doug Bandow reports, "A government study in Detroit +found that as the drug laws were more strictly enforced, drug prices rose +and the number of other crimes committed increased." (1984) Obviously, +with respect to drugs, the state of the American nation is absolutely +intolerable. In an August Gallup poll, Americans named drugs as the biggest +problem facing their country. "Drugs," however, is but a very vague +simplification of the problem in America. Before American policy can win +the war, the enemy must be defined. Analysts and policy makers debate with +little progress. Drugs are blamed for crime, loss of productivity, and the +decay of social institutions. Now, though, many experts are suggesting +that the problem may actually lie in the actual laws prohibiting drug use. +Whichever argument is more convincing will direct the future of policy. If +the drugs themselves are the culprits, then enforcement efforts must be +stepped up so as to minimize illicit drug sales and abuse. However, if the +scenario created by prohibition of drugs is judged to be the true problem, +then legalization methods must be developed. + Current American policy is based on the premise that the use of illicit +drugs is, by nature, wrong. The laws, some say, were enacted to protect +Americans from the harm drug abuse can cause. However, socialization has +created several "drugs of choice" which are, despite possibly being more +dangerous, considered acceptable to use and even abuse. For too long, +American society has accepted caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol as "O.K." +drugs, despite possible negative side effects. The government tried to +protect its citizens with the eighteenth amendment, but tenacious drinkers +who wanted ways around the law motivated criminals to industrialize +bootlegging, which became the foundation of organized crime in America. +Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop released a study declaring nicotine +a drug at least as addictive as heroin, yet President Bush's appointed +"Drug Czar," William Bennett, is still hooked on cigarettes. In fact, +technically speaking, if nicotine were discovered today, it would be listed +as a "Class C narcotic," putting it in a league with heroin and cocaine, +neither of which has been a part of our culture long enough to be accepted +like tobacco. Because of the nature of illegal drugs, few studies have +been conducted. However, it seems that neither heroin nor cocaine have +long term health effects anywhere near as severe as the chronic effects of +America's drugs of choice. Lawyer James Ostrowski writes: + + It is well known that tobacco causes cancer, heart disease, and + emphysema. While the effects of heavy alcohol consumption are not as well + known, they include anemia, fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, + pancreatitis, gastritis, ulcer, hypoglycemia, congestive heart failure, + ataxia, brain damage, blurred vision, dementia, cranial nerve palsy, + circulatory collapse, and hemorrhages. (1989) + +The government is trying more to protect its citizens from the acute, or +immediate effects of these drugs. However, many scholars argue that the +acute dangers of cocaine and heroin are predominantly because of their +illegality. It has been "reasonably estimated that at least 80 percent of +deaths from illegal drugs today are attributable to the effects of drug +prohibition." (Ostrowski, 1989) Obviously, legalization would prevent all +of these deaths. First, street drugs are not monitored, so the user has no +idea what he is actually putting into his body. Many drugs are cut with +other substances to increase their bulk at no cost to the dealer. The fact +that some of these additives may be harmful or fatal need not bother +dealers, as their customers have no legal recourse. This is comparable to +the sale of denatured alcohol during prohibition. Criminals often sold +blindness-inducing wood alcohol to unknowing customers. Obviously, since +the repeal of Prohibition, brewers and distillers have been obeying +government safety measures. It has been quite a while since anyone was +sold methyl alcohol as an intoxicant! Also, because street drugs are not +labeled, the user has no idea of the potency of the drug he may be using. +A drug user may shoot up with a dose of the same quantity as the last time, +and therefore be apparently safe. If the second dose is more pure, +however, the user may overdose. Since distribution of alcohol includes +legislation requiring consistent percentages of alcohol by volume, drinkers +can know how much they've been drinking. If currently illegal drugs were +instead monitored by the government in essentially the same way as legal +"drugs of choice," those who so desired would be able to monitor their use +much more carefully and responsibly, as may today's drinkers and smokers. + + Also, the illegality of drugs may be the motivation for users to turn to +more dangerous methods of administration. Randy Barnett, a law professor, +writes, "Intravenous injection, for example, is more popular in countries +where the high drug prices caused by prohibition give rise to the most +'efficient' means of ingesting the drug. In countries where opiates are +legal, the principal methods of consumption are [smoking] or snorting. . . +. [N]either is as likely as intravenous injections to result in an +overdose." (1987) Also, addicts often share needles, which helps spread +AIDS and hepatitis. It seems that, from a strict health standpoint, the +laws outlawing drugs are causing users more harm than use through +government approved channels might. + The one health aspect that would be constant regardless of the legality +of drugs is the prospect of addiction. The laws in place today are there +primarily to prevent Americans from becoming enslaved to a chemical. +However, there are serious problems with these motivations. First, +Americans can and do become addicted to alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and +numerous legal over-the-counter and prescription drugs. The government +does not, however, forbid the use of these addictive chemicals. And +marijuana has been determined not to be physically addicting. That is, a +marijuana user will suffer no health problems if deprived of THC for an +extended period of time. If the government will outlaw psychologically +addictive substances such as this, then it may as well include gambling, +eating, and even dieting, all of to which people can become psychologically +addicted, or more accurately, all of with which people can become obsessed. +The only grounds upon which the government would be justified in +maintaining this inconsistency is if it were demonstrable that addiction to +currently illegal drugs would necessarily be more harmful or more +inevitable than addiction to currently accepted drugs. There is simply no +reason to believe that this would be so. Popular belief may hold that +these drugs are particularly worse than the ones we use today, but many +people are basing their beliefs on fear-motivated research such as that +which produced the film "Reefer Madness." In this film, marijuana smokers +were depicted as raving psychotics after one puff of smoke. While this +myth has been debunked, similar misbeliefs about other drugs persist. For +example, Henry Giordano, former head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, +said that his agency's research showed that anyone who used heroin more +than six times would become an addict. Even at that time, several studies +showed that those who had tried heroin far outnumbered those who became +addicted. And today, "it is now clear that there exists a sizeable +population of nonaddicted but regular heroin users who seem well integrated +into society and in many ways indistinguishable from the rest of the +population." (Kaplan, 1983) It is likely that, as with alcohol, caffeine, +and tobacco, other drugs would after a short period of acculturation be +similarly compatible with daily life. + Also, there are considerable questions about the rights of the government +to prohibit what is often called a "victimless crime." The United States +government was founded on principles of limited government. Many +libertarians point out that it is not the government's business to regulate +commerce between consenting adults. To these people, drug use is a private +matter in which the government has no business. Obviously, neither the +buyer nor the seller of drugs objects to the transaction. One counter to +this viewpoint is the claim that drug abuse cannot truly be victimless: +the user's friends and family may suffer if he becomes an addict, and many +drug users commit crimes to support their habits. What about these +victims? + Well, a person's associates may suffer if that person were to become +obsessed with anything, not just illegal drugs. However, this in other +cases is considered a social problem and not a criminal problem. Or, in +the case of child abuse or neglect, the parent is punished for that crime, +not for the possible causes of his misdeeds. + As for crime, quite simply the laws against drugs cause many more crimes +than simply drug sales and possession. Because of the legal risk, sellers +can inflate prices. A dose of heroin that costs pennies to hospitals sells +for $10-20 on the streets. Also, because the market is illegal, ruthless +"businessmen" can resort to violence and terror to control business, since +their customers could certainly not turn to the police and risk detection +themselves. This danger inflates the prices still further. But, drug +conviction records keep many users from gaining useful employment and +money. Therefore, they must rob or steal to maintain their habit. Drugs +themselves do not tend to promote violent crimes against persons. As Duane +McBride reports, "Non-drug users were more likely to commit crimes against +person than were all types of drug users. . . . Heroin addicts concentrated +their activities on behaviors that would result in the most monetary gain," +so that they could by drugs. (1981) Experts generally agree that very few +of the violent crimes committed that are connected to drugs are committed +because of the pharmacological effects of the drugs. As New York Police +Department Deputy Chief Raymond Kelly said, "When we say drug-related, +we're essentially talking about territorial disputes or disputes over +possession. . . . We're not talking about where somebody is deranged +because they're on a drug. It's very difficult to measure that." (quoted +in The New York Times, 1988) If the drug prices were not inflated, the +addicts would be buying their drugs over the counter with money earned at +legitimate jobs, and crime would be reduced tremendously. After all, few +alcoholics need to resort to muggings to buy their booze. + To summarize: prohibition of drugs is justified on the following +grounds: Americans must be protected from the ill effects of drugs, both +on their health, and addiction; also, Americans must be protected from +those who use drugs, particularly those who commit crimes because of their +drug use. But, though the long term side effects of illegal drugs are +unclear, they are unlikely to be worse than alcohol and tobacco. The +immediate dangers of drug use have been shown to be largely attributable to +illegalities which would be absent from a legally regulated production +industry. Addictiveness of illegal drugs has not been shown to be any +greater than addictiveness of alcohol or nicotine. And, the crime caused +by drugs is committed for two reasons: to meet high prices which would be +much less without the inflation caused by criminalization; and in the +course of criminal business, to settle disputes that legitimate industry +would take to court. It would seem, in fact, that much of the problem that +faces America today is truly a result of the laws prohibiting drugs rather +than the drug use itself. If this is the case, then legalization must be +considered. And, if the social cost of legalization would be less than the +current costs of criminalization, then the solution must be implemented. +Let us examine how legalization might go. + If drugs were legalized, use would increase. This is inevitable at +first. However, it is not necessarily true that the novelty would last any +longer than any other fads which strike our country periodically. When the +government of the Netherlands reformed its laws, their goal was to "make +marijuana boring." And, since decriminalization, marijuana use has +declined markedly in that country. As with alcohol after prohibition, +society's use would soon stabilize, and with America's growing concern over +health, drug use would probably soon follow the trend lines of decreased +use of tobacco and alcohol. Also, legalization would free up $4.7 billion +dollars that George Bush budgeted for 1990 for enforcement and corrections. +Much of this, in addition to tax revenue on drug sales, could be added to +the $2 billion already budgeted for education and treatment programs. + If drugs were legalized, the drugs themselves would become safer. +Brewers don't spike their beer with rubbing alcohol or any other dangerous +liquids, and pharmaceutical companies would be similarly bound by FDA +regulations. And, users would probably use safer and easier methods of +administration. More people drink beer and wine than hard liquor. +Similarly, relatively few Americans would resort to injection, given the +common fear of needles, especially when one is not concerned with +"maximizing" the high obtained per dollar. For those who would use +needles, some of the "windfall" dollars liberated from enforcement could be +diverted to an education campaign about the dangers of injection and +sharing needles. + Of course, the sudden legalization of drugs would open a new area of +danger, although lessened. Although at first it sounds unusual, a user +licensing system might be the most practical way to educate users. After +all, we require citizens to have licenses to drive cars and carry guns. +All adults who desire to use drugs could be required to pass some kind of +test about effects and dangers of drug use. Those who pass would be issued +a license which would be presented when drugs are bought. While this +system would certainly not be infallible (neither is driver or gun +licensing), it would help somewhat. + Most importantly, if drugs were legalized, crime would be radically +changed. Property crime would decrease. Users would no longer have to +resort to theft to purchase drugs. Users would not necessarily have +criminal records, allowing them to seek gainful legal employment. Violent +crime committed by dealers would vanish entirely. Those who sell drugs +would be behind drugstore counters rather than in back alleys. Few +pharmacists resort to violent crime to boost their sales or eliminate a +competitor. + Finally, drug legalization would effect great change in many of our +social institutions. Children in poverty would no longer have a shortcut +to riches. Although they might be reluctant at first, they would +eventually begin to strive for success along traditional pathways such as +education and hard work. Also, school children would be free of the +spectre of dealers hanging around the playground trying to find new +customers. With the profits available through legal sales, pharmacists +would be no more likely to break the law and hawk their wares to children +than are liquor store proprietors. As for families torn by drug abuse, if +the problem were accepted as a social, rather than criminal problem, social +policy solutions could be pursued. Once again, the billions of dollars +freed from the "Drug War Chest" could be put towards programs designed to +rehabilitate addicted parents, educate mothers-to-be about the dangers of +drug use to their unborn children, and warn children away from ever +starting to use drugs. + In conclusion, it seems that the cost of maintaining prohibition of drugs +is much greater than the cost of legal drug sales would be. In fact, in +1988 Ostrowski challenged nine major players in the drug war (George Bush, +William Bennett, Assistant Secretary of State for drug policy Ann +Wrobleski, White House drug policy adviser Dr. Donald Ian McDonald, and the +public information directors of the FBI, DEA, General Accounting Office, +National Institute of Justice, and National Institute on Drug Abuse) +challenging them to name any study "that demonstrated the beneficial +effects of drug prohibition when weighed against its costs." None of the +nine were able to cite such a study. + For more than a century, America has been threatened by horror stories +about the effect of drugs. It seems about time that our country took a +more objective look at the situation it has fallen into. The radical +changes that legalization would bring no doubt terrify many people. +However, ever-increasing enforcement efforts seem to be leading nowhere but +down. Every time criminals are convicted, the huge profit basically +ensures that someone will move in to take their place. While the demand +for drugs continues, someone will meet that demand, especially with the +profits available in a prohibition system. America must begin to study +legalization options. For the sake of consistency, for the sake of the +American tradition of limited government intrusion, and most of all, for +the sake of every American citizen who suffers from drug laws in place +today, America must open its eyes and learn a lesson from its own past. As +we saw in the 1920's, if a population wants something badly enough, someone +will oblige them, whether it be Chicago's Al Capone or Medellin's Jorge +Ochoa. As soon as America stops adding to the problems with drug laws, it +can spend its time, energy, and money on the underlying causes and effects +of drug use and abuse. +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Bibliography + +"America After Prohibition: The Next Debate Over Drug Legalization: How + Would It Work?" (Collection of essays) in Reason, October, 1988. p. 22-29 +"Americans Are Placing Issue of Drugs At the Top of Their National Agenda," + in The Washington Post, 18 August 1989. p. A1. +Baltic, Bernard. "Drug Laws are the problem, not the solution," in The + Plain Dealer, 2 April 1989. p. 1-C. +Bandow, Doug. "The U.S. Should End Its War on Drugs," in Chemical + Dependency, Claudia Debner (ed.) St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven Press, 1985 +Barnett, Randy E. "Curing the Drug-law Addiction: The Harmful Side + Effects of Legal Prohibition," in Dealing With Drugs, Ronald + Hamowy (ed.) San Francisco: Pacific Research Inst., 1987. +"Bush Heats Up War on Drugs," Chicago Tribune, 6 September, 1989. p. 1. +Chaiken, Marcia R. and Bruce D. Johnson. Characteristics of Different + Types of Drug Involved Offenders. Washington, D.C.: National + Institute of Justice, Office of Communication and Research + Utilization. 1988. +Daniels, Mitch. "Bennett Knows Best," in The Washington Post, 22 August + 1989. p. A19. +Ehrenreich, Barbara. "Drug Frenzy: Why the war on drugs misses the real + target," in Utne Reader, March/April 1989. p. 76. +"Going Too Far: The drug thugs trigger a backlash in Colombia and + Kennebunkport," in Time, 4 September 1989. p. 12. +Kaplan, John. The Hardest Drug. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. +Latimer, Dean. "Cocaine Use is Sensationalized," in Chemical Dependency, + Claudia Debner (ed.) St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven Press, 1985. +McBride, Duane C. "Drugs and Violence" in The Drugs-Crime Connection, + James Inciardi (ed.) Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, 1981. +Moynihan, Daniel. "The U.S. Should Strengthen Its War on Drugs," in + Chemical Dependency, Claudia Debner (ed.) St. Paul, MN: + Greenhaven Press, 1985. +Ostrowski, James. "Policy Analysis: Thinking About Drug Legalization." + Washington, D.C.: The Cato Institute. 1989. +Rich, Robert M. Crimes Without Victims. Washington, D.C.: University + Press of America, 1978. +"Should drugs be legalized?" (opposing editorials) in Utne Reader, + March/April 1989. p. 80. +"U.S. Stops Some Airborne Drugs but Admits the Smugglers Are Winning," in + The New York Times, 30 July 1989. p. 1. +Zuckerman, Mortimer B. "The Enemy Within," in U.S. News and World Report, + 11 September 1989. p. 91. + + +-- +|----Joe Germuska | germuska@casbah.acns.nwu.edu | ---- (708) 864-5939 ---| +|-Join the Peter Gabriel Mailing List:gabriel-request@casbah.acns.nwu.edu-| +|"Old men sing about their dreams, women laugh and |"How can we be in when| +|children scream, and the band keeps playin' on..."|there is no outside?"-| + + + + +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X + Another file downloaded from: The NIRVANAnet(tm) Seven + + & the Temple of the Screaming Electron Taipan Enigma 510/935-5845 + Burn This Flag Zardoz 408/363-9766 + realitycheck Poindexter Fortran 510/527-1662 + Lies Unlimited Mick Freen 801/278-2699 + The New Dork Sublime Biffnix 415/864-DORK + The Shrine Rif Raf 206/794-6674 + Planet Mirth Simon Jester 510/786-6560 + + "Raw Data for Raw Nerves" +X-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-X diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/women.txt b/politicalTextFiles/women.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32fec87 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/women.txt @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +##### Updated format + + + + + CLINTON/GORE ON ISSUES OF CONCERN TO WOMEN + + + +Never before have American women had so many +options or been asked to make such difficult +choices. It's time not only to make women full +partners in government, but also to make government +work for American women. + +The Bush Administration says it is committed to +women, but it has repeatedly acted against their +interests. A Clinton/Gore Administration will be +different. Instead of fighting to deprive women of +their legal right to choose, we will support the +Freedom of Choice Act -- not because we are +"pro-abortion," but because we think certain +choices are too personal for politics. + +Instead of making life-saving research a political +issue, we will let it serve American women by +lifting the ban on fetal tissue research and +directing adequate resources to women's health +issues. And instead of vetoing legislation to give +Americans the right to take leave from work to care +for newborn children and sick relatives -- a right +enjoyed in very other major industrialized nation +-- we will sign into law the Family and Medical +Leave Act. + +The Bush Administration has failed to do right by +American women. We will do better. + +Protect a woman's right to choose + + Sign into law the Freedom of Choice Act. Bill +Clinton and Al Gore recognize that personal privacy +is a fundamental liberty guaranteed and protected +by the United States Constitution; and that our +government thus has no right to interfere with the +difficult and intensely personal decisions women +must sometimes make regarding abortion. Signing +the Freedom of Choice Act will ensure that a +woman's right to choose is not jeopardized by a +Supreme Court reversal or limitation of Roe v. +Wade. + +* Urge Congress to repeal the Hyde Amendment, which + prohibits federally funded abortions even for + rape and incest victims. + +* Repeal President Bush's "gag" rule, which + prohibits medical personnel in federally funded + clinics from advising women on pregnancy options + including abortion. + +* Oppose any federal attempt to limit access to + abortion through mandatory waiting periods or + parental or spousal consent requirements; support + state efforts to require some form of adult + counseling or consultation for underage girls who + choose to have an abortion as long as workable + and effective judicial bypass provisions are + attached to such laws. + +* Initiate measures to protect women and + care-givers from intimidation, harassment and + threats posed by radical demonstrators who + illegally block health clinics. + +* Reduce the need for abortion by urging Congress + to re-authorize the Title X Family Planning + Program; by prioritizing research and development + of safe, effective contraception at the National + Institutes of Health; by providing improved + family planning services and education programs; + and by ensuring the availability of + contraceptives to low-income women. + +Protect women's rights in the workplace + +* Support efforts to ensure fair wages for all + workers, regardless of gender; and to ban + gender-based discrimination in federal hiring, + promotion and contracts. + +* Hire and appoint more women at all levels of + government so that a Clinton/Gore Administration + better reflects this country's population. + +* Press for and enforce tough sexual harassment + guidelines in all government agencies. + +Support pro-family and pro-children policies + +* Grant additional tax relief to families with + children. + +* Expand the Earned Income Tax Credit to guarantee + a "working wage" so that no American who works + full-time is forced to live in poverty. + +* Sign into law the Family and Medical Leave Act, + which George Bush vetoed in 1990, so that no + worker is forced to choose between maintaining + his or her job and caring for a newborn child or + sick family member. + +* Create a child care network as complete as the + public school network, tailored to the needs of + working families; give parents choices between + competing public and private institutions. + +* Establish more rigorous standards for licensing + child care facilities and implement improved + methods for enforcing them. + +* Crack down on deadbeat parents by reporting them + to credit agencies, so they can't borrow money + for themselves when they're not taking care of + their children. Use the Internal Revenue Service + to collect child support, start a national + deadbeat databank, and make it a felony to cross + state lines to avoid paying support. + +Ensure affordable, quality health care for all +Americans + +* Provide health coverage for all Americans with a + core benefits package that includes ambulatory + physician care, in-patient hospital care, + prescription drugs, basic mental health services, + and important preventive programs like pre-natal + care and annual mammograms. + +* Sign into law the Women's Health Research Act, + the Reproductive Health Equity Act and similar + legislative measures designed to address current + deficiencies in the treatment of women's health + problems. + +* Use whatever means are available to find cures + for diseases like ovarian cancer, breast cancer + and osteoporosis including lifting the fetal + tissue research ban. + +* Develop a comprehensive maternal and child health + network to reduce both the infant mortality rate + and the number of low birth-weight babies. + +* Support testing of RU-486. We will instruct the + FDA to treat RU 486 like any other drug that + requires testing, not like a political football. + +Crack down on violence against women + +* Sign the Violence Against Women Act, which would + provide tougher enforcement and stiffer penalties + to deter domestic violence. + +Reproductive rights + +* Governor Clinton never wavered in his support of + a woman's legal right to choose as set out in the + Supreme Courts landmark Roe v. Wade opinion; + recently signed an amicus brief in Planned + Parenthood v. Casey which argued that the Court + should respect stare decisis and uphold the + fundamental right to choose as recognized in Roe + v. Wade. + +* Signed a parental notification law which contains + an effective judicial bypass provision so that + minors who are deemed sufficiently mature to + exercise their right to choose are not + arbitrarily deprived of it; the original bill + would have required parental consent. + + +* Senator Gore has consistently voted to protect a + woman's right to choose and is a cosponsor of the + Freedom of Choice Act. + +Women in the workplace + +* Governor Clinton required every state agency to + develop and implement a sexual harassment policy. + +* Hired and appointed more women to state courts, + boards and commissions than all previous Arkansas + governors combined; ranked sixth among the + nations governors by the National Womens + Political Caucus in the percentage of women + appointed to cabinet-level positions. + +* Hired women to manage his gubernatorial + campaigns; his longest-tenured chief-of-staff was + a woman. + +* Advocated passage of the Equal Rights Amendment + from the beginning; urged Congress to pass a + strong Civil Rights bill to prohibit job + discrimination in 1991, and appointed an Arkansas + task force to develop complementary state + legislation. + +* Bill Clinton has consistently supported + legislation to overturn Supreme Court decisions + which limit the rights of women, cosponsoring the + Equal Remedies Act to provide women greater + opportunity to gain compensation for employment + discrimination. + +* Senator Gore has cosponsored legislation that + overturned Supreme Court decisions which limited + the rights of minorities and women. Laws he + cosponsored include the Fair Housing Amendments + Act, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, and the + Civil Rights Acts of 1990 and 1991. + +* Cosponsored the Equal Remedies Act, which will + remove limitations on dollar amounts of + compensatory and punitive damage awards in cases + of intentional employment discrimination against + women. + +Families and children + +* Bill Clinton was a driving force in writing the + Family Support Act of 1988, representing the + nation's governors in a major revision of the Aid + to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) + program and Title IV of the Social Security Act. + The Family Support Act emphasizes work, child + support and family benefits, and encourages and + assists needy children and parents in obtaining + the education, training and employment necessary + to avoid long-term welfare dependence. + +* Made Arkansas the first state in the country to + implement a statewide child care voucher system; + named by the National Women's Political Caucus + one of 10 "Good Guys" in 1988, recognizing + leadership in the campaign for safe, quality + child care. + +* Raised licensing standards for child-care + centers, hired more state inspectors to enforce + those standards, and established a special fund + to train child care workers. + +* Led Arkansas in initiating, through state and + federal funds, comprehensive health clinics in + schools, including reproductive health + information and services with a local option to + distribute contraceptives. + +* Led efforts to pass a law mandating that deadbeat + parents with overdue child support payments be + reported to consumer credit agencies; established + a rebuttable presumption of paternity if the + father's name and social security number are + recorded on birth certificates. + +* The Arkansas Child Support Enforcement Unit has + received national recognition for identifying + deadbeat parents and for aggressive enforcement + of child support payments. + +* Al Gore cosponsored the Family and Medical Leave + Act which President Bush vetoed. + +* Supported the Child Enforcement Act. + +Health care + +* As a leader of the Southern ad National Governors + Associations, Bill Clinton helped secure + congressional passage of the Pregnant Women and + Infants Act, easing Medicaid eligibility + requirements for pregnant women. This program + has expanded critical pre- and post-natal care + services for thousands of women and children in + Arkansas and across the nation. + +* Established the "Good Beginnings" program in + 1987, which took advantage of new federal + regulations to provide basic health services to + more low-income women and their young children; + Arkansas was the first state to launch such a + program. + +* Led Arkansas nationally acclaimed efforts to + combat unwanted teen pregnancies through + school-based clinics, outreach services and + consistent and aggressive public advocacy. + +* Enacted a 1989 law requiring the Department of + Health to establish and administer quality + standards for x-ray facilities conducting + mammography. + +* Al Gore supported legislation to create an Office + of Research on Women's Health to ensure that + research on women's health is a priority in the + National Institutes of Health. + +* Supported legislation to lift the ban on fetal + tissue research. + +Violence + +* Governor Clinton created a Children's Trust Fund, + financed by a $5.00 fee on marriage licenses, + which finances child abuse and neglect prevention + projects through grants. + +* Signed legislation under which Arkansas pays for + examinations of sexual assault victims and + publishes treatment guidelines that hospitals are + required to follow for those victims. + +* Senator Gore cosponsored the Violence Against + Women Act, which helps make streets, campuses, + and homes safe for women. The Act creates the + first federal laws to help protect women from + spousal abuse. It also defines gender-motivated + crimes as bias or hate crimes that violate civil + rights. + +* Cosponsored the Campus Crime Statistics Act to + increase safety on campuses by compiling and + disseminating crime statistics on campuses. + +* Supported legislation to expand funding for + family violence prevention. diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/wrongs.txt b/politicalTextFiles/wrongs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..036138b --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/wrongs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ + THE "OFFICIAL" PROPOSED BILL OF ANIMAL RIGHTS - A CRITIQUE + MALCOLM MCMAHON [100015,514] + + I read an article in "New Scientist" magazine about a year ago whose +advice has stayed with me. I commend this advice to animal rights people +and, in fact, all who want to change the world. The subject of the article +was "Seeing the future with hindsight" and the advice was roughly this:- + + When you have an idea that you think will improve the world in + some way proceed as follows. Assume that the idea will, if + implemented have the opposite of the desired effect. Now work + out a plausible mechanism by which this perverse effect will + occur and look for a way to prevent it. + +Having read the proposed bill of animal rights I think it's very much in +need of this kind of analysis. If implemented as given I think it would do +enormous harm to man and beast alike. So we know what we're talking about +it here it is as kindly provided by Deb: + + Declaration of the Rights of Animals + + Whereas It Is Self-Evident + + That we share the earth with other creatures, great and small; + That many of these animals experience pleasure and pain; + That these animals deserve our just treatment, and + That these animals are unable to speak for themselves; + + We Do Therefore Declare That These Animals + + HAVE THE RIGHT to live free from human exploitation, + whether in the name of science or sport, exhibition + or service, food or fashion. + + HAVE THE RIGHT to live in harmony with their nature + rather than according to human desires; and + + HAVE THE RIGHT to live on a healthy planet. + + This Declaration of the Rights of Animals adopted and proclaimed on this, + the Tenth Day of June 1990, in Washington, DC. + +Interpretation +============== + + Firstly let me say that this ringing oration is useless without +interpretation. It each clause there is a pivotal concept which requires +definition. When you make declarations with the intent that they be +enshrined in law they better be more that foolproof, they better be lawyer +proof. + + In the first clause the pivotal concept is "exploitation". Now my +dictionary says to exploit is to use, with or without the implication "use +selfishly". Thus clause one implies "use selfishly" but actually only says +"use". No allowance is made for reciprocity. No allowance for the fact +that one can use an animal without harming it. + + Now in the second clause we have the wooly sixtys phrase "in harmony +with" which means, as far as I can see, very little of substance. I assume +the intended meaning is "in compliance with". Now we come to "their +natures". Which natures exactly? Their natures before or after +domestication? If we take it to mean "their nature as it would exist +without human intervention" we make domestication, or indeed keeping +animals at all impossible for we would not be able to train them (thus +altering their natures) or confine them (thus interfering with their +exploratory urges). Yes, that means dogs too. Even if we take "natures" on +an is basis then since animals always attempt, almost by definition, to +act in accordance with their natures that means no form of restraint would +be allowed. To shut the gate to keep your dog from running into the road +would be a clear violation of his rights. + + As to the third clause one is tempted to ask where this healthy +planet is to be found. In order for it to be anything more than a vague +expression of longing, some kind of target must be given. About the only +way a truely healthy planet might eventually be obtained would be the mass +departure of the human race. + +Applicability to Humans +======================= + +As stated this declaration does not exclude the human animal. Of course it +could be modified to do so but I mean to show that, if applied to humans, +it would, in some directions, go far beyond any rights ever contemplated +and destroy society as we know it. I'm not being pedantic. I'm trying to +show how wide ranging such rights could be. + + Firstly in section one a good synonym for "exploitation" might be +"employment". The closest thing ever tried to this is in Gadhaffi's Libia +were he has enshrined the principle "no man may profit from another's +labour" in law. This mean no middle men. No managers as we know them. If +you want to buy a turnip you must buy it from a turnip farmer. Think that +would be practical in our countries? + + Section two is the real killer. As far as I can see there's nothing to +stop, say, a rapist standing up in court and saying "If you punish me you +are attempting to prevent me from raping again. This is a clear violation +of my rights as an animal since it is preventing me from living in +accordance with my nature." Contrary to common sense? We're talking law +here, common sense doesn't enter into it. + + So we'll exclude the H animal shall we? Give animals rights that +humans don't have. OK then substitute man eating tiger for rapist. + + +Pets +==== + +If clause two is given it's less radical interpretation the keeping of dogs +might just be possible for people living well out in the country (though I +doubt that sufficient domestication would be possible without physical +restraint). For people living in the city the life expectancy of a dog +would be a matter of a few days. Cat's, being more independent, are rather +more possible (though cat's that are allowed to run free are always being +killed by cars). However I don't think clause two could be stretched to +allow neutering. + +Farming - Developed World +========================= + +In the developed world farm animals can, just about, be regarded as a +luxury. However it must be considered that they provide a livelyhood for, +I would guess, maybe 1% of the population. Would these people receive +compensation for the loss of their livelyhood? For people who like to +compare animal liberation with the abolition of slavery I would like to +remind them that one of the costs of abolition was the Ammerican civil war, +and that the number of people dependant for their livelyhood on slavery +must have been far less than the number dependant on livestock farming. + +Farming - Developing World +========================== + +Here animals are not a luxury. Land is used for pastural farming because it +is unsuitable for arable farming. In addition animal labour often makes the +difference between survival and starvation. It's not for nothing that +cattle are the currency in some places. Losing the use of pastural land the +pressure to expand arable farming into existing wilderness areas would be +greatly increased. Nomadic herdsmen would, of course, have their whole way +of life destroyed. You can expect many people to oppose such a change with +total violence. + +Effect on Domestic Animals +========================== + +Well, presumably as soon as the amendments become inevitable breeding would +be stopped. Of course the amendment would be fought tooth and nail up to +the last moment. Immediately before the amendment they would be slaughtered +in their tens of millions. Any survivors would have to be released as soon +as the rights came into effect. They'd cause total chaos for a few months +and then all but a handful of the most independent, who might make it into +nature, would die. Maybe we could pay farmers for a few decades to keep the +animals for their natural lives. Of course such animals would not be +getting their full rights as defined by the bill. + +Effect on Wild Animals +====================== + +At first sight the prospects for wild animals look better. Not only are +they safe from hunting (assuming, contrary to all experience, you could +prevent poaching). Furthermore humans wouldn't be allowed to protect either +themselves, their children or their crops from exploitation by the animals. +After all the bill speaks only of exploitation by humans, exploitation of +humans by animals is fine. + + On the other hand the bill says nothing about exploitation of the +resources the animals need. Virtually all of the economic compensations for +reserving wilderness areas are now illegal under clause one. Wildlife +tourism is the main reason why their are still wildlife reserves in Africa, +for example. With the sudden increase in demand for land suitable for +arable farming occasioned by the demise of pastoral farming pressure on +land resources will suddenly increase. Within a few years I would expect to +see the collapse of many national parks. What wild animals survive will be +increasingly dependant on humans. + +Effects on Human Attitudes to Animals +===================================== + +At the moment most of us have access to animals and regard wild animals +with love rather than fear. This would certainly change. People would no +longer see animals as useful and friendly but as a menace constantly +threatening to force them into breaking the law. Animals would be our +friends no longer but our enemies. + +Conclusion +========== + I'm not against animal rights as an idea but fuzzy minded rhetoric like +this does nobody any good. It's astonishing and disturbing that so many +organisations could put their names to this without, apparently, even +starting to consider the real consequences. + + + diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/yob92env.txt b/politicalTextFiles/yob92env.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3288583 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/yob92env.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1118 @@ + The Environmental Movement and the Value of "Moderation" + by Brian K. Yoder + +[Presented at a 1992 commencement address in California. An excellent +analysis of the totalitarian threat posed by environmentalism. The +historical examples discussed here bring to mind Santayana's maxim, +"Those who do not learn from the past are condemned to repeat it."] + +If you could give some advice to a fish about how not to end up on a +fisherman's stringer, you might recommend that he closely examine each +juicy tidbit he encounters to see if it contains a hook. I would like to +make that same recommendation to you this evening with regard to +political ideologies. If you consider swallowing an ideology containing +some true and good components, you should scrutinize its structure in +order to determine whether it contains a false and evil hook. + +A look at history will show us many instances of large numbers of people +adopting tyrannical ideologies which killed and enslaved them. What +caused this? Were these people less intelligent than we are? Weimar +Germany had one of the best educated populations in the world before the +Nazis came to power. Certainly they weren't grossly stupid or +uneducated. Even today, many of the most vocal proponents of Marxism on +American campuses are otherwise intelligent people. + +Were they more subject to evil intent? There is certainly no evidence of +this. Nobody promotes ideas he considers to be evil. Do you have ideas +you consider to be evil? Of course not. Neither did the citizens of +Russia and Germany. It must be something else. + +How could the proponents of tyranny have been so effective and the oppo +nents so ineffective? If the common people wouldn't stand up for +themselves, didn't business and religious leaders stand up to the +tyrants? No, for the most part, they supported them. How can it be that +intelligent, well-meaning people can allow and even support the +development of tyrannical political movements? The answer is that the +majority swallowed some juicy bait uncritically, without looking for an +ideological hook, and that's how they ended up on the stringer. + +So, how does one identify a "hook" of this kind? Answering this question +is vitally important today because we are being presented with an +ideology similar in many respects to those of the worst tyrannies of the +20th century. It is necessary to be able to recognize such ideologies in +order to fight against them. + +The ideology I would like to discuss this evening is environmentalism as +a philosophical and political movement. We will examine the philosophy +of environmentalism, and determine whether or not it is safe to swallow. + +I could speak about the scientific case (or lack of it) behind such +issues as ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and the solid waste +"crisis", but I won't, because these issues have been dealt with by many +others already, and because I do not believe that science is what makes +environmentalism "work" as a political movement. Let's begin by looking +at several environmental issues and trying to see what they have in +common and how they differ. + +Remember Acid Rain? Asbestos? Mercury in fish? Ozone Depletion from +Supersonic Transports? Alar in apples? Rachel Carson's Silent Spring of +the 1960s? The Coming Ice Age of the 1970s? Paul Ehrlich's Population +Bomb of the 1980s? What all of these have in common is that they are +based on dubious scientific theories, and that they predicted disaster +unless the environmentalists were given the power to violate the rights +of individual citizens. Also, ultimately all of the apocalyptic claims +were proven to be false, if for no other reason than that the massive +disease and death these theories predicted never materialized. + +What about today's predictions such as ozone depletion from CFCs, the +greenhouse effect, deforestation, and the solid waste crisis? What do +they all have in common? + +They are being trumpeted by the same people, they have the same dubious +scientific foundations, and they are accompanied by the same demands for +power to violate individual rights as the previous list. The only +difference is that this last list is newer and therefore has not yet +fallen to scientific disproof. Actually, global warming is already on +its way out as more and more scientists stand up and point out the +theory's faults. Don't worry though, there will be more sources of +doomsday predictions next year. Perhaps the next big crisis will be the +evil of road kills, paint fumes, neon lights, navigation beacons, or +something else I can't even imagine. Probably that. + +If these predictions of doomsday are again and again shown to be false, +why do new ones rise to take the place of each one that falls? This +propensity can only be understood in a philosophical and political +context rather than a scientific one. That is because environmentalism +is a philosophical and political movement rather than a scientific one. +It is no more scientific than communism (with its pseudo-science of +history) or Naziism (with its pseudo-science of race). + +The communists claimed that scientific socialism would put an end to +poverty and alienation. The Nazis claimed that the science of genetics +proved that the Aryan race was blessed by nature with superior +abilities. No matter how many times these theories were disproved, the +adherents remained loyal to the ideology. Even today one can find many +proponents of Marxist or racial ideologies plying their wares. Is +environmentalism an ideology of the same kind? + +If we are to understand the nature of tyrannical political ideologies +and determine whether environmentalism fits into that mold, we should +examine some historical examples, and identify what makes them tick +politically. + +We'll start with the communists. The essence of what they said to the +public was, "Poverty is bad. We are the people opposed to poverty. In +order for poverty to be eliminated, the people opposed to it must be +given the power to violate individual rights. After all, helping others +is the moral ideal and that's all we are doing. Trust us, we'll do it +right this time.". + +The Nazis had a slightly different message for the common man. They +said, "The destruction of Germany is bad. We are the people opposed to +the destruction of Germany. In order for Germany to be defended, the +people who defend Germany must be given the power to violate individual +rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal and that's all we +are doing. Trust us, we'll do it right this time." + +The Khmer Rouge in Cambodia said, "Corruption is bad. We are the people +opposed to corruption. In order for corruption to be eliminated, the +people opposed to it must be given the power to violate individual +rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal and that's all we +are doing. Trust us, we'll do it right this time." Each of these +ideologies has a common set of attributes. + + 1. Each defends an utterly uncontroversial position about which + most people are likely to be concerned. (In these examples, that + poverty is bad, that national destruction is bad, or that + corruption is bad). + + 2. Each offers to solve the uncontroversial problem, if only the + public will grant the group the power to violate the rights of + individuals. + + 3. Each justifies that violation on the basis of the morality of + altruism, that is, the moral theory that the standard of + goodness is doing what is beneficial for others. + + 4. Each resulted in millions of deaths, and slavery for millions + more. + +Ideologies of this kind work by establishing a "package deal" in which a +true and good idea is attached to a false and evil one which is +swallowed whole by the unwitting citizen. This works the same way as a +worm on a fisherman's hook and has similar results for those who swallow +the combination. + +The simplest way of understanding how people can be tricked into +swallowing a package deal of this kind is to notice that the first claim +of each of these ideologies (that poverty, national destruction, and +corruption are evil) are things everyone already agrees with. So ask +yourself, what does taking such a position accomplish in a political +context? Does it mobilize the public to change its opinions on the +issue? Of course not, everyone already agrees. Does it differentiate the +movement from the massive pro-poverty, pro-national destruction, or +pro-corruption forces afoot in the population? Certainly not, there are +no such wide-scale movements. It merely serves as the "worm" for the +hook that follows. + +Once one has swallowed the worm and believes that "The Communists are +the opponents of poverty," "The Nazis are the defenders of Germany," or +"The Khmer Rouge are the opponents of corruption," there is only one +step left for the advocates of tyranny. They must establish their goal +as a moral primary. This is necessary because otherwise people could +object to the tyranny on the basis of some higher moral principle such +as individual rights. + +What I mean by "Moral Primary" is a moral concept which need not be +justified on the basis of any other moral premise. For example, if I +said, "It is good to eat your vegetables." you might ask why, to which I +would answer, "A diet containing vegetables promotes health." That means +my vegetable-eating principle was not moral primary. It was based on a +more fundamental moral principle . . . the goodness of health. After +hearing this, you might ask, "But why is being healthy good?" to which I +would answer (depending on my moral philosophy), "Because having a +healthy body is important to my life," or "Because God commands it," or +"Because society needs strong citizens to survive," or "Because health +brings pleasure." In each case, one is expressing a moral primary, that +one's life, the will of God, the good of society, or pleasure is the +foundation of moral evaluation. Each of these is moral primary. An +egoist has no moral principle that underlies his evaluation of his life +as his standard of value. What underlies it is an epistemological +principle. A theist cannot explain what moral issue underlies the +goodness of God. A collectivist cannot explain what moral issue +underlies the goodness of society, and a hedonist cannot explain what +moral issue underlies the goodness of pleasure. In each case, the +explanation of the standard of good is epistemological, not moral. The +theist, the collectivist, and the hedonist, will typically explain why +their standard is correct with some version of "My standard is good +because I feel it is." We'll get back to this issue later when we +discuss the relationship between theories of knowledge and ethical +systems. We will see why egoism can be defended on the basis of more +than arbitrary feelings, while the others cannot. + +The moral foundation that the creators of tyrannical package deals count +on, and the moral system already accepted by most people, is altruism. +Altruism is the ethical theory which says that the moral ideal is to do +what benefits others. Broadly speaking, "others" could include other +people, supernatural beings, or even inanimate objects; the important +issue is that altruism demands that one abandon one's own concerns and +do things which are contrary to one's rational self-interest in order to +lead a morally acceptable life. This is the perfect basis for a +tyrannical ideology since anyone who claims that he is being personally +harmed by Communism, Naziism, or the Khmer Rouge, is merely being +selfish and is thus an agent of poverty, national destruction, or corrup +tion. (Do you see how the package deal works here? To oppose the +movement is taken as opposition to the uncontroversial idea, and since +that idea has been elevated to a moral primary, such opposition must be +considered the worst possible sin.) So, how can anyone oppose the +tyranny? + +Once one has swallowed the hook, the chance for the citizen to oppose +the violation of his rights in a consistent way is gone. Accepting the +premises that the tyrants are the advocates of the good, and that the +good supersedes the rights of any individual leads inexorably to the +conclusions of the tyrants . . . that they should rule outside of +considerations of individual rights. + +In our examples, anyone opposed to communism was considered to be in +favor of poverty, and therefore could be treated without regard to +individual rights, since communism was considered to be equivalent to +the opposition to poverty, which was considered to be a moral primary. +Anyone opposed to Naziism was considered to be in favor of the +destruction of Germany, and therefore could be treated without regard to +his rights. Anyone opposed to the Khmer Rouge was considered to be in +favor of corruption, and therefore could be treated without regard to +his rights. By grafting the movement to an uncontroversial idea which is +a moral primary, tyrants can dismiss any objections to their movement as +opposition to that moral idea. Opposition to the actions of the movement +therefore becomes an unforgivable sin, subject to any retaliation the +movement chooses. + +I should point out that the worst of such retaliation historically has +not become a reality until after the tyrants took power. Obviously they +can't build death camps before they take over, so you should not assume +that any movement that hasn't imposed press censorship or started mass +purges yet is not tyrannical. Mass killings and censorship are not the +hallmarks of tyranny on the rise, they are the hallmarks of tyrannies in +power. + +OK. Enough for history. Let's look at current affairs. + +Consider the reaction to those who speak out against environmentalism +here in 1992. Anyone opposed to the environmentalists is considered to +be in favor of pollution, and can be treated without regard to his +rights (at least if the environmentalists have their way). + +The essential message of the environmental movement is, "Pollution is +bad. We are the people opposed to pollution. In order for pollution to +be eliminated, the people opposed to it must be given the power to +violate individual rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal +and that's all we are doing. Trust us. we'll do it right this time." One +can expect that the results of this package deal will be the same as +those generated by its ideological counterparts if the environmentalists +have their way. + +Let's look at what several prominent environmentalists have to say in +their own words . . . + +Christopher Manes, the editor of the Earth First! Journal writes, "[T]he +biological meltdown is most directly the result of values fundamental to +what we have come to recognize as culture under the regime of +technological society: economic growth, "progress", property rights, +consumerism, religious doctrines about humanity's dominion over nature, +[and] technocratic notions about achieving an optimum human existence at +the expense of all other life-forms." + +Lynn White, a professor of history at UCLA wrote: "men must not crowd +coyotes [or] try to exterminate locusts," because, he says: "we can +sense our comradeship with a glacier, a subatomic particle, or a spiral +nebula," and therefore, "We must extend compassion to rattlesnakes, and +not just to koala bears." + +Paul Ehrlich, a prominent writer on population control in the Population +Bomb writes: "We must have population control . . . by compulsion if +voluntary methods fail." + +Dave Foreman, a founder of the Earth First! movement and a former repre +sentative for The Wilderness Society writes: "An individual human life +has no more intrinsic value than does an individual Grizzly Bear life. +Human suffering resulting from drought in Ethiopia is tragic, yes, but +the destruction there of other creatures and habitat is even more +tragic." + +Kirkpatrick Sale, an "ecological historian" was quoted in the Washington +Post as saying Western civilization is "founded on a set of ideas that +are fundamentally pernicious, and they have to do with rationalism, +humanism, materialism, science, progress. These are to my mind just +pernicious concepts." + +David Graber is a research biologist with the National Park Service. In +Graber's Los Angeles Times review of Bill McKibben's book, The End of +Nature he wrote: + +"Somewhere along the line_at about a billion [sic] years ago, maybe half +that_we quit the contract and became a cancer. We have become a plague +upon ourselves and upon the Earth . . . Until such time as Homo sapiens +should decide to rejoin nature, some of us can only hope for the right +virus to come along." + +When I present this evidence and reasoning to friends and debating +opponents, a common reaction is "Oh sure, those guys are bad, but they +are just on the lunatic fringe. I'm no misanthrope, I just want clean +air and clean water. That's why I'm an environmentalist, not because I +believe in all those radical ideas." But aren't these "radicals" the +ones who are leading influential environmentalist groups? Writing books? +Making speeches? Raising and spending millions of dollars for environmen +talist causes? Writing educational materials for our children? Even so, +the everyday environmentalists say "That's not what I mean when I talk +about environmentalism. I'm a moderate and I'm an environmentalist. Why +don't you talk about what moderate environmentalists have to say?" Well, +that's exactly what I would like to do this evening. Let's look at what +Senator Al Gore, someone moderate enough to be elected vice-president of +the United States, thinks is a proper response to the environmental +"crisis". + +First, let's turn to the explanation Gore gives in his book Earth In the +Balance: Ecology & the Human Spirit of why we are in such a terrible +position in the first place. He essentially gives two reasons. First, +that we human beings and Western civilization are mentally ill. + +On the one hand, we are individually "addicted" to civilization . . . + +[p. 222] "Industrial civilization's great engines of distraction + still seduce us with a promise of fulfillment. Our new power to + work our will upon the world can bring with it a sudden rush of + exhilaration, not unlike the momentary "rush" experienced by + drug addicts when a drug injected into their bloodstream + triggers changes in the chemistry of the brain." + +That is because we are more interested in technology than in nature: + +[p. 207] "[F]ar too often, our fascination with technology + displaces what used to be a fascination with the wonder of + nature." + +On the other hand Western civilization itself is "addicted" to +technology . . . + +[p. 220] "I believe that our civilization is, in effect, addicted + to the consumption of the Earth itself. This addictive + relationship distracts us from the pain of what we have lost: a + direct experience of our connection to the vividness, vibrancy, + and aliveness of the rest of the natural world. The froth and + frenzy of industrial civilization masks our deep loneliness for + that communion with the world that can lift our spirits . . ." + +How can addicts of civilization solve this problem? + +[p. 225] "Rather than distracting their inner awareness through + behavior, addicts must learn to face the real pain they have + sought to avoid. Rather than distracting their inner awareness + through behavior, addicts must learn to face their pain_feel it, + think it, absorb it, own it. Only then can they begin to + honestly deal with it instead of running away." + +Notice that according to Gore, in order to even recognize that one is +addicted, one needs to accept the idea that one is making choices +because of addiction, rather than because of reason. Anyone who claims +to make rational choices in favor of technological civilization, must be +mentally ill and therefore blind to his illness. In fact, the only +"solution" to this illness is for people to accept that it is real +despite the fact that there is no evidence of this +technologically-induced mental illness: + +[p. 236] "[Experts have shown] than the act of mourning the + original loss while fully and consciously feeling the pain it + has caused can heal the wound and free the victim from further + enslavement." + +So, anyone who claims not to feel this "psychic pain", is a wounded, +enslaved victim who can only be cured of this disease, which he doesn't +know he has, by adopting an environmentalist view of civilization, by +mourning, and by experiencing pain. Those who don't agree are mentally +ill and are in need of re-education and psychological help. This is +reminiscent of the attitude of the Soviet Union toward dissidents. + +Gore's second explanation is that the prime mover of history is not +philosophy, necessity, money, religion, or great men, but the weather. +He equivocates about this considerably explaining that he really isn't +saying that climate is necessarily the most important factor in the +course of civilization, but you can decide what he really thinks. He +attributes more historic events to weather than I have time to recite, +but I'll read you a few just to give you an idea of where Gore is coming +from. He says weather caused: + + Human evolution, p. 63 + Vanishing of the Minoan civilization, p. 58 + Mass disappearance of population in Scotland in 1150 BC, p. 58 + Cannibalism & failed harvests in China in 209 B.C. p. 59 + Migration of Indians to America, p. 61 + The rise of Mesopotamia and Jericho, p. 62, p. 103 + The rise of Egypt, p. 62 + End of northern bronze age, p. 64 + The invasion of Europe by germanics, p. 64 + Macedonian conquest of Greece, p. 64 + Alexander the Great's conquest, p. 64 + Expansion of Chinese civilization, p. 64 + Decline of the Mali civilization in West Africa, p. 65 + Disappearance of the Mycenaean civilization, p. 65 + Migration of bronze age people from Balkans, p. 65 + The collapse of Hittite civilization, p. 65 + The rise of Rome, p. 65 + The imperial nature of Roman civilization, p. 64 + The fall of Rome & Barbarian invasions, p. 64 + The fall of the Mayan civilization, p. 66,67,379 + The voyages of Leif Erikson & Eric the Red, p. 66 + French revolution, p. 59 + Napoleonic wars, p. 57 + Anti-semitic riots in Wurzburg, p. 57 + The European emigration to the United States, p. 71 + The rise of the modem bureaucratic state (including the New Deal), + p. 73 + The renaissance and enlightenment, & individualism in politics, p. + 68 + +If you still don't think that Gore considers weather to be the prime +mover of history, I suggest you read his book and look at the rest of +the list I didn't have time to recite. + +Third, he explains that we as a civilization are a "dysfunctional +family" because we can't seem to give up on science and reason, a +dreadful hang-up according to Gore. + +[p. 230] "Like the rules of a dysfunctional family, the unwritten + rules that govern our relationship to the environment have been + passed down from one generation to the next since the time of + Descartes, Bacon, and the pioneers of the scientific revolution + some 375 years ago. We have absorbed these rules and lived by + them for centuries without seriously questioning them. As in a + dysfunctional family, one of the rules in a dysfunctional + civilization is that you don't question the rules." + +All of this addiction and dysfunctional interaction ultimately arises, +according to Gore from "psychic pain" [p. 219] which we experience +because we are separated from nature. This separation began with the +invention of agriculture, and is directly related to the use of +knowledge in the creation of civilization. Civilization keeps us "out of +touch" with nature by creating artificial environments like homes and +fields. Being "in touch with nature" apparently requires the most +primitive animal state of existence. + +Another problem Gore cites is that we have too much information +available to us: + +[p. 197] " . . . rarely do we examine the negative impact of + information on our lives . . ." + +[p. 200] "We have . . . automated the process of generating + data_with inventions like the printing press and + computer_without taking into account our limited ability to + absorb the new knowledge thus created." + +[p. 201] "Vast amounts of information ultimately become a kind of + pollution." + +So, we westerners and our civilization have been driven to insanity by +too much civilization, technology and information. What method does Gore +suggest we should use to understand our problem? He gives a long list of +methods: the Hindu method, the American Indian method, the Buddhist +method, the Christian method, the Baha'i method and others. All of these +methods, Gore tells us, will lead to the same conclusion . . . that +civilization is a failure, that technology doesn't work, and that we +should give it all up for some higher purpose. This theme is repeated in +his book again and again in regard to pesticides, fertilizers, +mechanical trucks and plows, mass-production, decorations, electronic +communication, transportation, and the mass-production of artwork. Gore +bases this on some interesting and very scientific premises: + +[p. 244] "Whatever is done to the Earth must be done with an + awareness that it belongs to God." + +[p. 243] "From the biblical point of view, nature is only safe from + pollution and brought into a secure moral relationship when it + is united with people who love it and care for it." + +His scientific analysis continues on: + +[p. 244] "... whatever verses are selected in an effort to lend + precision to the Judeo-Christian definition of life's purpose, + that purpose is clearly inconsistent with the reckless + destruction of that which belongs to God and which God has seen + as `good'." + +Now we arrive at the real enemy ... human efficacy and achievement. The +idea that we can have what we want out of life is wrong according to +Gore. + +[p. 206] "Technological hubris tempts us to lose sight of our place + in the natural order and believe that we can achieve whatever we + want." + +To be more specific ... + +[p. 240] "We have been so seduced by industrial civilization's + promise to make our lives comfortable that we allow the + synthetic routines of modern life to soothe us in an inauthentic + world of our own making. Life can be easy, we assure ourselves. + We need not suffer heat or cold; we need not sow or reap or hunt + and gather. We can heal the sick, fly through the air, light up + the darkness, and be entertained in our living rooms by + orchestras and clowns whenever we like." + +Apparently, Gore thinks that medicine, aircraft, heating, light bulbs +and agriculture are intrusions against God's creation. If God had meant +us to be mobile, healthy, well-fed, warm in the winter, and able to read +at night, he would have provided us with wings, disease-free bodies, +heated caves, and nite-lights. Since he didn't, it is wrong for us to +provide them for ourselves. That wasn't what God created and saw to be +"good" . + +But isn't environmentalism supposed to be a scientific ideology? If so, +why bother with the religious arguments? According to Gore, we can +reconcile science with religion in such a way as to allow religious +revelation to inform scientific opinion. + +[p. 253] "... science offers a new way to understand_and perhaps + begin healing_the long schism between science and religion." + Aand he goes on to explain that the Heisenberg uncertainty + principle opens the way to allowing religion and science to + coexist without contradiction. Exactly how he proposes that this + might be done, is not clear, but Gore really does think that + religion can be used in place of science, and therefore that + religion is a proper method for discovering the truth. + +In a C-Span interview just after his book was published, Gore explained +that the source of the idea that civilization must be restrained is +irrelevant. One can justify that idea using science, religion, social +solidarity, whatever you like, as long as the conclusion is that we +should renounce our civilization, technology, and power over nature. Any +method that does not create that conclusion should be discarded. + +The moral goal toward which that renunciation is to be directed is also +optional according to Gore. You can give up your comforts for the +benefit of the state, for your children, for your class, for the +biosphere, for cute little animals, or for God. What matters is that we +use some method to arrive at the conclusion that we should perform some +acts of renunciation toward some end other than ourselves. This is +simple unadorned altruism. The method of thought doesn't matter to Gore. +The recipient of the sacrifices doesn't matter either. What matters, and +he said this literally over and over again, is that we must sacrifice +something, to anyone or anything, for any reason. + +As Ayn Rand said in For the New Intellectual, p. 73, "It stands to +reason that where there's sacrifice, there's someone collecting the +sacrificial offerings. Where there is service, there is someone being +served. The man who speaks to you of sacrifice speaks of slaves and +masters. And he intends to be the master." + +To sum it up, the environment reigns supreme as a force in history. +People and civilization are insane, and we should rely on religious +insights in order to see this. We should choose some person, thing, or +superstitious entity to sacrifice ourselves for, and give up everything +we can to accomplish this. Anyone who selfishly refuses to do this is +acting immorally because of his mental illness. + +OK, that's the theory . . . lets look at the practice that follows from +it. + +Gore outlines two political programs in his book. The first is a "Global +Marshall Plan" by which the United States transfers billions of dollars +to the rest of the world to get them to adopt environmentally benign +lifestyles. The second is the SEI (Strategic Environment Initiative), +the domestic counterpart which will completely transform the domestic +economy according to a plan of environmentalist control. This pair of +initiatives are, according to Gore, designed to transfer the entire +foundation of civilization from its current focus on fulfilling +individual human needs and desires toward one based on the preservation +of the world in its natural state. + +[p. 269] "I have come to believe that we must take bold and + unequivocal action; we must make the rescue of the environment + the central organizing principle of civilization." + +[p. 270] "Although it has never yet been accomplished on a global + scale, the establishment of a single shared goal as the central + organizing principle for every institution of society has been + realized by free nations several times in modern history." + +In other words, rather than being in the business of promoting the lives +of human beings, as it does now, civilization ought to primarily be in +the business of making it more difficult for human beings to extract +values from nature. + +According to Gore, existing civilization is based on the fulfillment of +human wants and desires: + +[p. 243] "[O]ur civilization is built on the premise that we can + use nature for our own ends." + +and goes on to explain that this is contrary to religious dictates. + +Civilization, Gore says, is wrong because it tries to do good things for +people, when it should be trying to do good things for Bambi instead and +he knows this because God told him so. + +He explicitly calls for a change in the central organizing principle of +civilization to one which has as its goal the maintenance of the world +in a wild state, and he claims that the only way to accomplish this is +by the establishment of a world-wide pseudo-government which will +control all of the human activities which have any impact on the +environment. + +[p. 204] "the people of all nations have begun to feel that they + are part of a truly global civilization, united by common + interests and concerns_among the most important of which is the + rescue of our environment. " + +[p. 295] "what's required now is a plan that combines large-scale, + long-term, carefully targeted financial aid to developing + nations, massive efforts to design and then transfer to poor + nations the new technologies needed for sustained economic + progress, a worldwide program to stabilize world population, and + binding commitments by the industrial nations to accelerate + their own transition to an environmentally responsible pattern + of life." + +[p. 302] "We must negotiate international agreements that establish + global constraints on acceptable behavior but that are entered + into voluntarily_albeit with the understanding that there will + be both incentives and legally valid penalties for + non-compliance." + +This [p. 301] "framework of global agreements" Gore insists is not a + government despite its binding nature and enforcement + mechanisms and Gore assures us that our fear of such a + delegation of sovereignty to a global government is a + guarantee that it couldn't possibly develop. Clearly he + wants it both ways . . . to have a global government to + manage the economies of the world but without it having any + power. For what it is worth, the index of the book says that + this page contains a discussion of "Post-nationalism" even + though that word is never actually used . . . it is pretty + obvious that is really what he is proposing here, a global + environmentalist state. + +As you might guess, this switch from the idea of the individual good to +the collective good involves a switch away from the idea of individual +rights, and toward the power of a universal government just like the +ones proposed by the other tyrannical ideologies. + +[p. 278] "we have tilted so far toward individual rights and so far + away from any sense of obligation that it is now difficult to + muster an adequate defense of any rights vested in the community + at large or in the nation_much less rights properly vested in + all humankind or posterity." + +With this anti-individual rights paradigm in hand, Gore can plan his +domestic policy. He can argue for it on the basis that his opponents are +insane and therefore need not be answered rationally. He can argue that +religious determination is more important than individual rights. He can +argue that people ought to be prevented from using the Earth to improve +their lives, and that all of this follows from the desire for clean +water and air. + +He can base it on that same old kind of package deal: "Pollution is bad. +We are the people opposed to pollution. In order for pollution to be +eliminated, the people opposed to it must be given the power to violate +individual rights. After all, helping others is the moral ideal and +that's all we are doing. Trust us, we'll do it right this time." + +Let's look at the Strategic Environment Initiative. Here is an outline +of the parts of the plan: +[p. 319-320] + + 1. Tax incentives for government-approved technologies and + disincentives for those the government doesn't approve of. + + 2. Research and development funding for government-approved + technologies and bans for all those the government doesn't + approve of. + + 3. Government purchasing programs for the new technologies. + + 4. Government promises of large profits in a market certain + to emerge as older technologies are phased out. + + 5. The establishment of rigorous technology assessment + centers which evaluate new technologies and determine whether + they are "appropriate". + + 6. The establishment of a network of training centers to + create a core of environmentalist planners and technicians to + control third world economies. + + 7. The imposition of export controls in developed countries + to assess a technology's ecological effect and prevent all trade + the government doesn't approve of. + + 8. The expansion of intellectual property rights to + include genetic materials which will be the property of the + governments where various species emerged. + +This amounts to complete domination of the domestic economy by environ +mentalist government agencies. It is quite consistent with Gore's +proposal to change the central organizing principle of civilization to +be the preservation of the world in a natural state. That being the +case, individual rights, economic efficiency, and human advancement must +all be made subservient to environmentalist dictates. + +Gore doesn't believe that just dominating the lives of Americans is good +enough. He insists that the only way he can achieve his goals is through +coordinated global actions, through a global state with powers of +economic planning, technology approval, redistribution of income, and +enforcement of its demands. Of course, everyone will voluntarily +cooperate with this, so no violence will be necessary. "After all, +helping others is the moral ideal, and that is all we are doing." + +Here are a few of his "strategic goals": + + 1. A comprehensive population control program, p. 311-314 + + 2. A blur in what Gore calls the artificial distinction + between hard and soft currencies in international trade, p. 344 + + 3. The establishment of debt-for-nature swaps whereby poor + countries have their debts forgiven in return for their promise + to leave their resources untouched, p. 345 + + 4. The establishment of a CO2 trading credit system with + fewer and fewer credits being issued each year, p. 345 + + 5. A change in the way GNP and productivity are calculated to + include the use of natural resources to counteract the apparent + creation of wealth when a resource is used to create goods, p. + 346 + + 6. A shift in the legal burden of proof from those who want + to prove environmental harm to those who want to prove they are + innocent, p. 341 + +This last is particularly ominous since it assumes that everyone is +guilty of crimes without proof, and with counterproof an impossibility +because it is impossible to prove a negative. We are to be considered +guilty until proven innocent of crimes which violate the central +organizing principle of civilization. What could be worse? + +There are some additional ominous items in the joint Clinton-Gore +campaign book, Putting People First which are not in Earth in the +Balance. For example: + + 1. A national identification card with a magnetic strip which + will be required to gain access to government services such as + medical care. + + 2. A national service corps where young people will serve the + state in order to gain access to government services. + + 3. The establishment of a government-controlled national + computer network linking every home, library, and classroom in + the country. + + 4. A change in the corporate average fuel economy regulations + from current 27.5 MPG to 40 MPG by the year 2000 and to 45 MPG + by 2015. + + 5. Massive spending on public transportation. + + 6. Opposition to use of nuclear power. + + 7. A national program to re-educate citizens to produce + environmentally correct behavior. + +Elsewhere in Putting People First, we see proposals for government +control of other areas as well, including doctors, insurance companies, +hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, labor, transportation, education, +energy production, civilian R&D, the arts, political elections, day +care, space exploration, computer telecommunication, the housing market +. . . have I left anything out? The principle is clear. If the citizens +are not doing what the wise managers of the environment desire, there is +no reason why the individual rights of the people involved should get in +the way. "In order for pollution to be eliminated, those opposed to +pollution must be given the power to violate individual rights. Trust +us, we'll do it right this time." + +What's that you say? You don't want government control of everything? +You don't want a global state whose central organizing principle is to +thwart your use of the earth to make your life better? You want the +government to respect your rights? Why, if that's what you want, you +must want to drink polluted water and breathe poisonous air! Remember, +"Pollution is bad. Environmentalists are the people opposed to +pollution. In order for pollution to be eliminated, environmentalists +must be given the power to violate individual rights. After all, helping +others is the moral ideal and that's all we are doing. Trust them, +they'll do it right this time." + +The unstated argument here is that individual rights are incompatible +with life, and that respecting them will lead to death and suffering. Of +course, if that argument were to be addressed in this head-on way by the +environmentalists, they would have to make admissions they would prefer +to avoid. Among them, what individual rights actually are, that +environmentalists are opposed to individual rights, and that this is on +the grounds that citizens are incompetent to arrange their own affairs, +and must turn to government bureaucrats for orders. Free thought and +free action are what individual rights exist to defend. If they are +forced to address the question, environmentalists have to admit that +they are opposed to free thought and free action and in favor of +government control of individual lives and property. + +As we look at the history of the 20th century, we observe that the most +"toxic" thing present is not plutonium, dioxin, pesticide residues, or +mercury. These have at worst killed a few thousand people. Far more +dangerous than these are the things they combat: spoiled food, the +winter cold, starvation, and disease. Before the 20th century these were +very wide-scale killers and cripplers of human beings, and they have +been in the 20th century where modern technology was not available. But +both of these hazards pale in comparison to the hazards of political +tyranny. Governments using ideological package deals of the kind +environmentalists present have killed hundreds of millions and enslaved +billions more. Even if there really are dangerous environmental +catastrophes looming on the horizon, abandoning technological +civilization, and granting the government (a world-wide one at that) the +power to violate individual rights is FAR more dangerous. + +If anything, the environmentalists are worse than the Nazis, the Khmer +Rouge, and the Communists. At least the Nazis, Communists, and Khmer +Rouge were claiming some kind of human goal as the reason for their +activities. The environmentalists are explicitly promoting the idea that +having human needs and desires met is a bad thing. + +I hope you can see by now that there can be no such thing as a "moderate +environmentalist" any more than there can be a "moderate Nazi", +"moderate communist" or a "moderate axe murderer". Anyone who grants +moral support to an ideology of this kind is helping to bring it into +reality . . . not just the "clean air part" or the "anti-poverty part" +but the whole package deal, worm, hook, and all. + +So, what is the position of the leader of the Republican Party, George +Bush, on this? He says "I'm an environmentalist too . . . just a +moderate one." Unfortunately, Bush and many other conservatives think +that the way to win battles against those who want to violate individual +rights is to leap out ahead of the pack and show that they agree with +every premise of the environmentalists, and to claim that their policies +are every bit as severe as those of the radicals. + +Witness George Bush's recent performance at the Rio Earth Summit [June +1992]. Rather than pointing out the scientific faults of the +environmentalist cause, or pointing out the moral flaws in the idea that +governments should violate the rights of individuals, or pointing out +the counterproductivity of various environmental proposals, or simply +staying away from the Earth Summit entirely, he conceded every point +immediately. He begged the audience to believe that the Clean Air Act, +the policies of the EPA, and a myriad of other laws he has supported are +as strong as the restrictions the radical environmentalists wish to +impose. + +This is obviously false. Worse yet, by arguing this way, opponents of +the environmentalists, such as Bush is supposed to be, cannot hope to +win. They concede every important point before they even begin. They +have swallowed the environmental package deal hook, line and sinker. + +In political life today, there are no anti-environmentalists. There are +only "pretend environmentalists" like Bush who pretend to be both +pro-and anti-environmentalist, and there are "moderate environmen +talists" like Gore who offer the public a dangerous package deal. This +situation is not a good one. We are not given a choice between +environmentalism and anti-environmentalism, but between enthusiastic +genuine environmentalism and weak-kneed "me-too" environmentalism. It is +heads-environmentalism and tails-environmentalism. + +What conservatives like Bush lack is a rational philosophy to counter +the irrational philosophy of the environmentalists. At best, they simply +offer no philosophical alternative, and at worst, they offer a religious +or emotional one which (fortunately) they are shy about expressing. To +combat a philosophy one cannot use emotion or raw conviction as +intellectual weapons. The opponents of environmentalism are in desperate +need of philosophical ideas. What they need is a philosophical answer to +the people like Al Gore who deny free will in favor of climatological +determinism. What they need is an answer to those who deny reason in +favor of religion, emotion, or social consensus as a method of thought. +What they need is an answer to those who deny the objectivity of values +in favor of intrinsic values based on some irrational revelation. What +they need is an answer to those who deny individual rights in favor of +collectivistic tyranny. + +In short, what they need is an intellectual defense of their opposition +of tyranny. Without one, they will ultimately fail in their fight. What +they need is Objectivist philosophy. + +For those of you who may not be familiar with Objectivism, I would like +to present to you the outlines of the Ojectivist point of view to help +you understand why such an intellectual foundation is necessary for an +intellectual defense of any ideas whether they are scientific, moral or +political. + +Obviously, I cannot in the few minutes remaining give a thorough +exposition of objectivist philosophy. What I can do is recommend that +you read Ayn Rand's books: Atlas Shrugged, Capitalism: The Unknown +Ideal, and The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution. I also +recommend Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand and The Ominous +Parallels by Leonard Peikoff. I also recommend Ayn Rand's novella +Anthem, it you want to have a look at the kind of "in touch with nature" +society these "moderate" environmentalists propose. + +Although I cannot give a complete exposition of Objectivism in the +remaining time, I will offer a brief outline: + +There are 5 branches of philosophy, four of which are important in the +context we are examining: + + Metaphysics-Which answers questions about the fundamental nature of + reality. + + Epistemology-Which deals with the nature of knowledge and the means + by which it can be acquired. + + Ethics-Which deals with questions regarding what choices one ought + to make with that knowledge. + + Politics-Which deals with issues of ethics in a social context. + +Let's look briefly at each of these: + +In metaphysics, some believe that the ultimate foundation of existence +is one's own mind and that there is no external reality. Others believe +that it is the collective mind of society which is the source of +existence. For others, it is the mind of God, and for others, there is +simply no reality and no way to know anything about it if it did exist. +The objectivist view is that reality is the foundation of existence. +Objectivism says that External reality exists independent of the mind. + +In epistemology, there are many who believe intuition, religious +revelation, social consensus, or word games are the means by which +knowledge can be acquired. Others deny that knowledge of the real world +is possible by any means. The objectivist position is that human beings +possess free will and can choose to use a process of reason and science +on information presented by the senses in order to achieve knowledge of +reality. Objectivism says that reason allows knowledge of existence. + +In ethics, many believe that people should make their choices of action +based on what would benefit the race, the class, the nation, one's +neighbor, God, or the ecosystem. Others claim that any kind of ethical +principle is naive and that one ought to act on the expediency of the +moment. The objectivist position is that one ought to make choices which +are to one's rational self-interest. Objectivism says that rational +choices of action are those which are consistent with one's +self-interest. + +In politics, many people believe that the proper role of government is +to plan the lives of individuals, to do the will of the majority, to +serve the will of God, to serve the interests of the powerful, to serve +the interests of the weak, to maximize the common good, or to preserve +nature against human intrusions. The objectivist position is that the +proper purpose of the government is to protect the rights of individuals +by outlawing the initiation of force and fraud from human affairs. +Objectivism says that the rational way to live in a social context is by +the principle of individual rights. + +To review: + External reality exists independent of the mind. + Reason allows knowledge of existence. + Rational choices of action are those which are consistent with + one's self-interest. + The rational way to live in a social context is by the principle of + individual rights. + +The objectivist political message is this: "The initiation of force is +bad. In order for the initiation of force to be eliminated, the +government must protect the individual rights of every citizen and never +violate these rights itself. After all, rational self-interest is the +moral ideal, and that is the source of the idea that individuals have +rights." This is different from the tyrannical ideologies in that it +doesn't demand that people renounce the control of their lives to the +government. It demands that the government renounce the violation of +rights and prevent others from doing so as well. This provides the kind +of environment where individuals are free to solve their problems, +economic, personal, environmental, and otherwise. + +You cannot mix and match these positions. It you believe that the +foundation of reality is social consensus, how could you conclude that +individuals have inalienable rights? Maybe next week there will be a +poll in which most people deny individual rights. + +If you believe that reality cannot be known, how can you conclude that +one course of action is actually better than any other? + +If you conclude that serving God is the ethical ideal, how can you +consistently defend a secular government? What if God demands theocracy? +What if God changes his mind? + +Just as the objectivist ideas of reality, reason, egoism, and individual +rights are consistent with one another, so are theism, skepticism, +irrationalism, altruism, and tyranny. If you are consistent (and most +people are not) you will ultimately have to choose between these +incompatible systems of ideas. + +At any point in the philosophical hierarchy, objectivism answers the +arguments of environmentalists that the "me-tooism" of the kind Bush +exemplifies cannot. + +In metaphysics, the environmentalists claim that the ground of existence +is anything but reality, and that allows them to turn away from the +facts when it suits them. Objectivism claims that reality is a primary +which cannot be ignored or wished away. + +In epistemology, environmentalists claim that religion, intuition, and +tradition just are as valid as reason and science. Objectivism counters +this with an insistence on observation and reason. Each position flows +from the previous metaphysical premises. A conservative who agrees that +reality is not a primary, but a matter of social consensus, religion, or +intuition, cannot consistently adopt a pro-scientific position and will +have to slug it out in the epistemological free-for-all that results +when one's ideas have no firm ground to stand on. + +In ethics, environmentalists claim that trees and animals have +"intrinsic value." How do they know? They "feel it", or God has told +them so. Without a rational epistemology, how can such claims be +discredited? A conservative who agrees that non-rational methods of +thought are valid cannot consistently accuse environmentalists of flaws +in the way they determine what has value and why. He has thrown away +every tool that could have disproven the ethical claims of the +environmentalists. + +In politics, environmentalists claim that the government knows best how +to organize society and that individuals ought to be forced to conform +to the demands of the government as long as the world is being +maintained in a natural state. They claim that people have no rights if +the government considers itself to have a good reason to violate them. A +conservative who simply asserts the existence of rights (using some +equally flawed epistemology based on emotion, intuition, tradition, or +revelation) can't even explain what rights are. His arguments are just +as weak as those of the environmentalists. They typically amount to +nothing more than appeals to emotion. Such arguments are only empty +shells. Their foundation has been undercut by a lack of any intellectual +foundation in ethics. + +Finally, when the environmentalists claim that this or that law ought to +be passed or that this or that industry ought to be attacked and +destroyed, the conservatives show their bankruptcy. They have no +intellectual arguments with which to combat such laws. They are reduced +to pathetic me-tooism rather than a principled opposition. They have no +principles and nothing to build them out of. + +How have large business concerns reacted to this onslaught? No better +than the politicians, I am afraid. They have pumped millions of dollars +into environmentalist groups, and into their own ad campaigns that +promote their products as being ecologically beneficial. They hope that +by doing this, they will get the environmentalists to leave them alone. +They are just as wrong as the supposed opponents of environmentalism in +government. They too need an intellectual defense of their existence and +of their freedom, and without one, they will continue answering attacks +with bribes rather than with moral condemnation. + +So, how can one fight against this ideology once one concludes that it +is tyrannical? + +If you are a part of the political process as either an intellectual, a +politician, or a voter, you need to take sides. A "moderate" position is +no more acceptable against environmentalist tyranny than against Nazi or +Communist tyranny. It you are a businessman, you must stop sanctioning +your destroyers. Stop supporting environmentalist groups with donations. +Stop advertising your products as "recyclable". Stop any support of the +environmental movement that may encroach on your work. Lastly, if you +are a student, parent, or a teacher, work to restore a sound science +curriculum to your school. If there are environmentalist materials in +your curriculum, complain about them. Learning about science is +important, learning environmentalist pseudo-science is not, and every +hour wasted discussing the apocalypse of the month is time that could +have been spent studying important things like literature, science, +history, and math. Youth is too important to waste on pseudo-scientific +propaganda. + +When citizens are presented with a tyrannical ideology, they can either +accept the package deal and suffer the consequences or recognize it for +the trap it is and reject it. Germany, Russia, and Cambodia failed to do +so, and suffered the horrible consequences we have all seen. + +It you were a fisherman, you might offer advice to nearby fish along the +following lines: "Worms taste good. This tidbit contains a worm. In +order for you to benefit from the worm, you have to swallow it all the +way down. After all, eating is the most important thing fish do, and +that's all I'm suggesting. Don't look too closely, it'll be tasty this +time." I hope I have helped to cleared the way for you to see that +environmentalism is a worm on a hook. I urge you not to take the bait. + +Thank you. + + [The following is not part of the original speech.] + + Remarks by Mike Sivertsen + +On page 16 Mr. Yoder states: "It you conclude that serving God is the +ethical ideal, how can you consistently defend a secular government?" + + A secular government which departs from the principles of our U.S. + Constitution and the first ten Amendments does not warrant a + consistent defense; rather effort should be directed to changing it + or replacing it with one that does. This is clearly stated in the + Declaration of Independence: + + "... We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men + are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator + with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, + liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these + rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their + just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever + any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it + is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to + institute new government, laying its foundation on such + principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to + them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and + happiness..." + +If one equates serving God with defending any and all secular +governments then Marxism is on an equal footing with our original +republic. Our Constitution has been subverted by elected representatives +and by court decisions which make law rather than passing upon the +constitutionality of it. The Constitution demands strict adherence in +order to preserve the most successful form of government in history. Our +Constitution does not need to be changed, rather it is those who have +run it into the ground who must be replaced. Evil prospers when good men +do nothing. + +On page 16 Mr. Yoder states: "What if God demands theocracy? What if God +changes his mind?" + +God does NOT change His mind. Malachi 3:6a in the Old Testament states +"For I [am] the Lord, I change not..." + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/zapatist.txt b/politicalTextFiles/zapatist.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7d3ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/politicalTextFiles/zapatist.txt @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +Feb. 14, 1994 + ZAPATISMO + Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade + +1. The Zapatista uprising in Chiapas has suddenly taken on a certain +importance. Despite its small scale it has not yet been crushed, +apparently because the PRI fears public outrage. Moreover, municipalities +in various places in Mexico have been taken over by various groups in +sympathy with the Zapatistas. This news has been blacked out in the US +media, doubtless for reasons connected with NAFTA. If the PRI begins to +totter, US involvement becomes probable. + +2. A reading of Zapatista communiques and manifestos (as translated by +the RESIST! group in California) reveals a program completely in keeping +with the principles of Ernesto Zapata himself -- modified for +contemporary relevance but basically anarcho-agrarian -- "Tierra y +Libertad". As anarchists we should remember that Zapata's goals were +supported by the Flores Magon brothers, who worked behind the front +organization of the "Mexican Liberal Party", but were in fact out out +revolutionary anarchists. In 1911, European and N. American anarchists +ranging from Individualists to Wobblies participated in the short-lived +Republic of Tiajuana. The revolt in Chiapas which began last New Year's +Eve would appear to be the first non-authoritarian movement with real +revolutionary potential since Paris 68 or Italy in the early 70s. We +should not let marxist-leninist groups in the US "monopolize" the +Zapatistas. We should demonstrate our support, and we should make it +clear that we offer this support as anarchists. + +3. Moreover, it seems possible for ALL tendencies within the anarchist +movement to join in offering this support. Anarcho-communists, anarcho- +syndicalists, Wobblies, and others with historical reasons to welcome a +rebirth of Zapatismo, will need no convincing. As for the individualists, +post-Situ's, "Type-3's", etc., we should consider that the Chiapas uprising +is a courageous adventure in the spirit of human freedom. The Zapatistas +themselves have evoked the romanticism of revolt by choosing their name. +"Romanticism" is a value despised only by those too cynical or too tired +to remember that -- from an "existential" p.o.v. -- revolt is an end in +itself. + +4. It's important to note that Chiapas seems to be the first real "post- +1989" radical uprising. The involvement of the USSR helped change the +Sandinista movement (also named after and anarchist) into an +authoritarian government. But this time there is no USSR to get involved. +Zapatista documents make no reference to marxist-leninist forms of +organization. (The New York Times even went so far as to call the +Zapatistas "post-modern"!) For the first time since 1916 we don't have +to watch our backs or protect our flank against leninism -- or stalinism. +Anarchism is free to act. + +5. Some anarchists may dislike the involvement of "Liberation Theology" +in the Zapatista movement. But since 1989 the meaning of Liberation +Theology has also changed or shifted. The Vatican, which tacitly +encouraged Lib. Theol. as a wedge into marxism in Latin America, now no +longer needs it and has virtually reduced it to the status of a near-heresy. +In theory, Lib. Theol. must by now be purged of its "jesuit" wing and its +"marxist" wing, leaving only the sincere radicals. The religious situation +in Chiapas is very complex, involving Mayan/Christian syncretistic cults, +and other churches beside the Roman Catholics. As yet the presence of +organized religions in Chiapas seems to offer no real obstacle top +anarchist enthusiasm for Zapatismo. + +6. The Stirnerite anarchist Ret Marut adopted the "existential" position +(see para. 3 above) when he joined the Bavarian Soviet of 1919 with +Gustav Landauer and other anarchists. Escaping a death-sentence in +Munich, Marut fled to Mexico and changed his name to B. Traven. In the +early 20s he lived for a while in Chiapas and wrote a book about it +(unfortunately never translated). Traven went on to write the best of all +anarchist adventure novels - The Deathship, The Wobbly, Treasure of the +Sierra Madre, and above all his Mahogany series, set in Chiapas during the +Mexican Revolution. When Traven died he was buried in San Cristobal -- +where the Zapatista revolt broke out last New Year's Eve. Traven is +someone we might remember, not only because he was a "gringo" who +loved Chiapas and supported the Revolution, but also because he +transcended all limited "ideological" anarchist tendencies to embrace a +grand vision of human tragedy, endurance, and freedom. + +7 As of this writing the Zapatistas have called on radicals outside Mexico +for support but have not yet specified what form they'd like it to take. +Obviously, in light of the media black-out, spreading the word has top +priority. Sending medicine and supplies, et cetera, may soon become both +necessary and possible. Given the very great chance of US involvement to +protect the PRI and NAFTA, we should begin the organization of domestic +resistance networks now, so as not to be caught napping again. The +anarchist press should remain closely informed, and should provide +background as well as news (one of our members is in Mexico now, looking +for real info). The authors of this letter are prepared to join with any +responsible non-authoritarian support group which might emerge. If you +are organizing or would like to help organize on behalf of Zapatismo, or if +you have information for broadcast, please contact us. + Tierra y Libertad! +Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade +Box 113 WBAI-Pacifica, 505 8th Avenue, New York, NY 10018 diff --git a/politicalTextFiles/zimmerma.txt b/politicalTextFiles/zimmerma.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..401f0ef Binary files /dev/null and b/politicalTextFiles/zimmerma.txt differ